LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA. GIFT OF . .L!WA^X^i4^.^.)Q Class BIOLOGY LIBRARY G / >. ^ PBEVIOUS PUBLICATIONS. Bureau of Government Laboratories. * No. 1, 1902, to No. lit, 1904. No. 15, 1904, Biological and Serum Laboratories. — Report on Bacillus Violaceus Ma- nilse : A Pathogenic Micro-Organism. By Paul G. Woolley, M. D. * No. 16, 1904, Biological Laboratory. — Protective Inoculation against Asiatic Cholera : An Experimental Study. By Richard P. Strong, M. D. No. lit, 1904. — New or Noteworthy Philippine Plants, II. By Elmer D. Merrill, Botanist. * No. 18, 190^, Biological Laboratory. — I. Amebas : Their Cultivation and Etiologic Significance. By W. E. Musgrave, M. D. and Moses T. Clegg. II. The Treatment of Intestinal Amrebiasis (Amoebic Dysentery) in the Tropics. By W. E. Musgrave, M. D. No. 19, 1904, Biological Laboratory. — Some Observations on the Biology of the Chol- era Spirillum. By W. B. Wherry, M. D. No. 20, 1904. — Biological Laboratory : I. Does Latent or Dormant Plague Exist Where the Disease is Endemic? By Maximilian Herzog, M. D. and Charles B. Hare. Serum Laboratory: II. Broncho-Pneumonia of Cattle: Its Association with B. Bovisepticus. By Paul G. Woolley, M. D. and Walter Sorrell, D. V. S. III. Pinto (Pano Blanco). By Paul G. Woolley, M. D. Chemical Laboratory: IV. Notes on Analysis of the Water from the Manila Water Supply. By Charles L. Bliss, M. S. Serum Laboratory : V. Framboesia : Its Occurrence in Natives in the Philippine Islands. By Paul G. Woolley, M. D. No. 21, 1904, Biological Laboratory. — Some Questions Relating to the Virulence of Micro-Organisms with Particular Reference to Their Immunizing Powers. By Richard P. Strong, M. D. No. 22, 1904, Bureau of Government Laboratories. — I. A Description of the New Build- ings of the Bureau of Government Laboratories. By Paul C. Freer, M. D., Ph. D. II. A Catalogue of the Library of the Bureau of Government Laboratories. By Mary Polk, Librarian. * No. 23, 1904, Biological Laboratory. — Plague : Bacteriology, Morbid Anatomy, and Histopathology (Including a Consideration of Insects as Plague Carriers). By Maximilian Herzog, M. D. .No. 24, 1904, Biological Laboratory. — Glanders: Its Diagnosis and Prevention (To- gether with a Report on Two Cases of Human Glanders Occurring in Manila and Some Notes on the Bacteriology and Polymorphism of Bacterium Mallei). By William B. Wherry, M. D. No 25, 1904. — Birds from the Islands of Romblou, Sibuyan, and Cresta de Gallo. By Richard C. McGregor. (For first four bulletins of the ornithological series, see Philippine Museum bcl No 26, 1904, Biological Laboratory. — The Clinical and Pathological Significance of Balantidium Coli. By Richard P. Strong, M. D. No. 27, 1904. — rA Review of the Identification of the Species Described in Blanco's Flora de Filipinas. By Elmer D. Merrill, Dot No. 28, 1904. — I. The Polypodiaceae of the Philippine Islands. II. Edible Philippine Fungi. By Edwin B. Copeland, Ph. D. No. 29,1904. — I. New or Noteworthy Philippine Plants, III. II. The Source of Manila Elemi. By Elmer D. Merrill, Botanist. No. SO, 1905, Chemical Laboratory. — I. Autocatalytic Decomposition of Silver Oxide. II. Hydration iu Solution. By Gilbert N. Lewis, Ph. D. No. 31, 1905, BioJofficaJ Laboratory. — I. Notes on a Case of Haematochyluria (Together with Some Observations on the Morphology of the Embryo Nematode, Filaria Nocturna). By William B. Wherry, M. D. and John" R. McDill, M. D., Manila, P. I. II. A Search into the Nitrate and Nitrite Content of Witte's "Peptone," with Special Reference to Its Influence on the Demonstration of the Indol and Cholera-Red Reactions. By William B. Wherry M. D. No. 32, 1905. — Biological Laboratory: I. Intestinal Haemorrhage as a Fatal Complica- tion in Amoebic Dysentery and Its Association with Liver Abscess. By Richard P. Strong, M. D. II. The Action of Various Chemical Substances upon Cultures of Amcebae. By J. B. Thomas, M. D., Baguio, Benguet. Binlof/iral and Scrum Laboratories: III. The Pathol- ogy of Intestinal Amoebiasis. By Paul G. Woolley, M. D. and W. E. Musgrave, M. D. No. 33, 1905, Biological Laboratory. — Further Observations on Fibrin Thrombosis in the Glomerular and in "Other Renal Vessels in Bubonic Plague. By Maximilian Herzog, M. D. * No. 34, 1905. — I. Birds from Mindoro and Small Adjacent Islands. II. Notes on Three Rare Luzon Birds. • By Richard C. McGregor. No. 35, 1905. — I. New or Noteworthy Philippine Plants, IV. II. Notes on Cuming's Philippine Plants in the Herbarium of the Bureau of Government Laboratories. III. Hackel, "Notes on Philippine Grasses." IV. Ridley, "Scitimineae Philippinensis." V. Clarke, "Philippine Acanthaceae." By Elmer D. Merrill, Botanist. No. 36, 1905. — A Hand-List of the Birds of the Philippine Islands. By Richard C. McGregor and Dean C. Worcester. * Report of the Superintendent of Government Laboratories for the Year Ending August 31, 1902. (Appendix M of Third Annual Report of the Philippine Commission). * Report of the Superintendent of Government Laboratories in the Philippine Islands for the Year Ending September 1, 1903. (Appendix G of the Fourth Annual Report of the Philippine Commission). Third Annual Report of the Superintendent of the Bureau of Government Laboratories for the Year Ending August 31, 1904. Fourth Annual Report of the Superintendent of the Bureau of Government Laboratories for the Year Ending August 31, 1905. Bureau of Science. No. 1, 1909. — A Check-List of Philippine Fishes. By David Starr Jordan and Robert Earl Richardson. In press. No. 2, 1909.— A Manual of Philippine Birds. By Richard C. McGregor. Part I. Galliformes to Eurylaemiformes. Note. — The second and final part of this Manual con- taining the order Passeriformes will be paged in continuation of the first part. A sys- tematic index to the orders, families, and genera (Galliformes to Eurylaemiformes) is * Out of print. (Concluded on third page of cover.) A MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS BY RICHARD C. MCGREGOR PART I GALLIFORMES TO EURYLOUFORMES ^ OF THE f UNIVERSITY j 77719 BUREAU OF PRINTING IQOQ BIOLOGY LIBRARY G DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, BUREAU OF SCIENCE, MANILA. Publication No. 2, Part I. (Actual date of publication, April 15, 1909.) TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Preface 1 Use of the keys 5 CLASS AYES 7 SUBCLASS CARINAT.E ....: 7 ORDER GALLIFORMES 9 FAMILY MEGAPODHDZE 9 Genus Megapodius Gaimard 10 1. cumingi Dillwyn 10 SUBORDER PHASIANI 11 FAMILY PIIASIANID/E 11 Genus Excalf actor ia Bonaparte 12 2. lineata (Scopoli) 12 Genus Gallus Brisson 13 3. gallus (Linnaeus) 14 Genus Polyplectron Temminck 16 4. napoleonis Lesson 16 ORDER HEMIPODII 17 FAMILY TURNICID.E 18 Genus Turnix Bonnaterre 18 5. fasciata (Temminck) 18 6. ocellata (Scopoli) 20 7. whiteheadi Grant 20 8. suluensis Mearns 21 9. celestinoi McGregor 22 10. worcesteri McGregor .• 23 ORDER COLUMBIFORMES 23 SUBORDER COLUMB^E 24 FAMILY TBERONID.*: 24 SUBFAMILY TRERONIN^E 24 Genus Treron Vieillot 25 11. nipalensis (Hodgson) 25 Genus Sphenocercus Gray 26 12. australis McGregor 26 Genus Osmotreron Bonaparte 26 13. axillaris (Bonaparte) 27 14. everetti Rothschild 28 15. vernans (Linnaeus) 28 Genus Phapitreron Bonaparte 29 16. amethystina Bonaparte 30 17. cinereiceps Bourns and Wor- cester 31 IS. brunneiceps Bourns and Wor- cester .. 32 Page. Genus Phapitreron Bonaparte — Ct'd. 19. frontalis Bourns and Wor- cester 32 20. maculipectus BournS and Worcester 33 21. leucotis (Temminck) 33 22. occipitalis Salvadori 34 23. nigrorum Sharpe 35 24. brevirostis Tweeddale 35 25. albifrons McGregor 36 SUBFAMILY PTILOPODINJE 36 Genus Leucotreron Bonaparte 37 26. occipitalis (Bonaparte) 37 27. marchei (Oustalet) 38 28. leclancheri (Bonaparte) 39 Genus Lamprotreron Bonaparte 40 29. temmincki (Prevost and Des Murs) 40 Genus Spilotreron Salyadori 41 30. bangueyensis (A. B. Meyer).. 41 SUBFAMILY MUSCAJDIVORIX^E 42 Genus Muscadivores Gray 42 31. nuchalis (Cabanis) 43 32. chalybura (Bonaparte) 43 33. palawanensis (Blasius) 44 34. *nea (Linnaeus) 44 35. pickeringi (Cassin) 44 36. langhornei (Mearns) 45 Genus Ptilocolpa Bonaparte 45 37. carola (Bonaparte) 46 38. nigrorum Whitehead 47 39. mindanensis Grant 47 Genus Zonophaps Salvadori 48 40. poliocephala (Hartlaub) 48 41. mindorensis (Whitehead) 49 Genus Myristicivora Reichenbach.... 50 42. bicolor (Scopoli) 50 FAMILY COLUMBIIXE 51 SUBFAMILY COLUMBINJE 51 Genus Columba Linnaeus 51 43. griseogularis (Walden and Layard) „ 51 SUBFAMILY MACROPYGIN^E 52 in 203007 IV TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Genus Macropygia Swainson 52 44. tenuirostris Bonaparte 52 45. phaea McGregor 53 FAMILY PERISTERID.E 54 SUBFAMILY TURTUBIN.E 54 Genus Streptopelia Bonaparte 54 46. dussumieri (Temminck) 54 Genus OSnopopelia Blanford 56 47. humilis (Temminck) 56 Genus Spilopelia Sundevall 56 48. tigrina (Temminck and Knip) 57 SUBFAMILY GEOPELIIN^E 57 Genus Geopelia Swainson 57 49. striata (Linnaeus) 57 SUBFAMILY FHABINJE 58 Genus Chalcophaps Gould 58 50. indica (Linnaeus) 59 SUBFAMILY GEOTBYGONIN.E 60 Genus Phlegoenas Reichenbach 60 51. luzonica (Scopoli) 60 52. criniger (Jacquinot and Pu- cheran) 61 53. keayi Clarke 62 54. menagei Bourns and Wor- cester .' 63 55. platenae Blasius 64 SUBFAMILY CAIXENADIN.C 64 Genus Caloenas Gray 64 56. nicobarica (Linnaeus) 65 ORDER RALLIFOBMES 65 FAMILY RALLID^E 66 SUBFAMILY RALLIN.« 66 Genus Hypotaenidia Reichenbach .... 66 57. striata (Linnaeus) 67 58. philippensis (Linnaeus) 67 59. torquata (Linnaeus) 68 Genus Rallina Reichenbach 69 60. fasciata (Raffles) 70 61. eurizonoides (Lafresnaye) 70 Genus Porzana Vieillot 71 62. auricularis Reichenbach 71 63. plumbea (Gray) 72 Genus Poliolimnas Sharpe 73 64. cinereus (Vieillot) 73 Genus Limnobaenus Sundevall 73 65. fuscus (Linnaeus) 74 66. paykulli (Ljungh) 74 Genus Amaurornis Reichenbach .... 75 67. olivacea (Meyen) 75 68. phoenicura (Pennant) 76 Genus Gallinula Brisson 77 69. chloropus (Linnaeus) 77 Page. Genus Gallicrex Blyth 78 70. cinerea (Gmelin) 79 Genus Porphyrio Brisson 80 71. pulverulentus Temminck 81 SUBFAMILY FULICIN.E 81 Genus Fulica Linnaeus 81 72. atra Linnaeus 81 ORDER COLYMBIFORMES 82 FAMILY COLYMBID.E 82 Genus Tachybaptus Reichenbach 82 73. 'philippensis (Bonnaterre) 83 ORDER PROCELLARIIFORMES 84 FAMILY PBOCELLARIID.E 84 SUBFAMILY PROCELLARIIN.E 84 Genus Oceanodroma Reichenbach.... 84 74. species McGregor 84 FAMILY PUFFINID^E 84 SUBFAMILY PUFFININJE 85 Genus Puffinus Brisson 85 75. leucomelas Temminck 85 ORDER LARIFORMES 85 FAMILY LARID^E 86 SUBFAMILY STEBNIN^E 86 Genus Hydrochelidon Boie 86 76. leucoptera (Meisner and Schinz) 86 77. hybrida (Pallas) 87 Genus Sterna Linnaeus 88 78. hirundo Linnaeus 89 79. longipennis Nordmann 89 80. boreotis (Bangs) 90 81. anaestheta Scopoli 91 82. fuscata Linnaeus 92 83. sinensis Gmelin 92 84. melanauchen Temminck 93 Genus Anous Stephens 94 85. stolidus (Linnaeus) 94 SUBFAMILY LARIN.E 95 Genus Larus Linnaeus :. 95 86. ridibundus Linnaeus 95 87. vegae (Palmen) 97 ORDER CHARADRIIFORMES 98 SUBORDER CIIARADRII 99 FAMILY CHARADRIID^E 90 SUBFAMILY ARENABIINJE 99 Genus Arenaria Brisson 99 88. interpres (Linnaeus) 99 SUBFAMILY LOBIVAXELLIX.E 101 Genus Microsarcops Sharpe 101 89. cinereus (Blyth) 101 SUBFAMILY CHARADRIIN.E 102 Genus Squatarola Leach 103 90. squatarola (Linnseus) 103 TABLE OF CONTENTS. i Page. Genus Charadrius Linnaeus 104 91. fulvus Gmelin 104 Genus Ochthodromus Reichenbach.... 105 92. geoffroyi (Wagler) 106 93. mongolus (Pallas) 107 94. veredus (Gould) 108 Genus ^Egialitis Boie : 109 95. dubia (Scopoli) 109 96. peroni (Bonaparte) Ill 97. alexandrina (Linnaeus) 112 SUBFAMILY HIMANTOPODIN.E 113 Genus Himantopus Brisson 113 98. leucocephalus Gould 113 SUBFAMILY TOTANIN^ 114 Genus Numenius Brisson 114 99. arquatus (Linnseus) 115 100. cyanopus Vieillot 116 101. variegatus (Scopoli) 117 Genus Mesoscolopax Sharpe 119 102. mimitus (Gould) 119 Genus Limosa Brisson 119 103. baueri Naumann 120 104. limosa (Linnaeus) ; 121 Genus Totanus Bechstein 122 105. eurhinus (Oberholser) 122 Genus Helodromas Kaup 123 106. ochropus (Linnseus) 123 Genus Heteractitis Stejneger 124 107. brevipes (Vieillot) 125 Genus Actitis Illiger 126 108. hypoleucos (Linnaeus) 126 Genus Terekia Bonaparte 127 109. cinerea ( Gtildenstadt ) 127 Genus Glottis Koch 129 110. nebularius (Gunnerus) 129 Genus Rhyacophilus Kaup 130 111. glareola (Linnaeus) 130 SUBFAMILY SCOLOPACIN.E 132 Genus Calidris Illiger 132 112. leucophaea (Pallas) 132 Genus Pisobia Billberg 133 113. minuta (Leisler) 134 114. ruficollis (Pallas) 135 115. damacensis (Horsfield) 136 116. temmincki (Leisler) 137 Genus Heteropygia Cones 138 117. aurita (Latham) 138 Genus Erolia Vieillot 139 118. ferruginea (BrUnnich) 139 Genus Tringa Linnaeus 141 119. crassirostris Temminck and Schlegel 141 Page. Genus Limicola Koch 142 120. platyrhyncha (Temminck).. 142 Genus Gallinago Koch 143 121. stenura (Bonaparte) 144 122. megala Swinhoe 145 123. gallinago (Linnaeus) 146 Genus Rostratula Vieillot 147 124. capensis (Linnaeus) 147 SUBFAMILY PHALAROPODIN.E 149 Genus Lobipes Cuvier 149 125. lobatus (Linnaeus) 149 SUBOBDEB PAIUELE 150 FAMILY PABBIDJE 150 Genus Hydrophasianus Wagler 150 126. chirurgus (Scopoli) 150 Genus Hydralector Wagler 15? 127. gallinaeeus (Temminck) 151 SUBOBDEB CUBSORII 152 FAMILY GLAREOLUXE 152 Genus Glareola Brisson 152 128. orientalis Leach 152 SUBOBDEB CEDICNEMI 154 FAMILY CEDICNEMDXE 154 Genus Orthorhamphus Salvadori.... 154 129. magnirostris (Vieillot) 154 OBDEB GBUIFOBMES 155 SUBOBDEB GBUES 155 FAMILY GBUID^E 155 Genus Antigone Reichenbach 155 130. sharpi Blanford 156 OBDEB ABDEIFOBMES 157 SUBOBDEB PLATALE^E 157 FAMILY IBIDIDJE 157 Genus Plegadis Kaup 157 131. autumnalis (Linnaeus) 157 FAMILY PLATALEID^E 158 Genus Platalea Linnaeus 158 132. minor Temminck and Schlegel 159 SUBOBDEB CICONLE 159 FAMILY CICONIID^E 159 SUBFAMILY CICONIIN^E 159 Genus Dissoura Cabanis 159 133. episcopus (Boddaert) 160 SUBOBDEB ABDE^E 161 FAMILY ABDEID.E 161 Genus Pyrrherodia Finsch and Hartlaub 162 134. manilensis (Meyen) 162 Genus Ardea Linnaeus 163 135. cinerea Linnaeus 163 136. sumatrana Raffles .. .. 165 VI TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Genus Mesophoyx Sharpe 105 137. intermedia (Wagler) 166 Genus Herodias Boie 160 138. timoriensis (Lesson) 166 Genus Egretta Forster 167 139. garzetta (Linnaeus) 167 Genus Demigretta Blyth 168 140. sacra (Gmelin) 168 Genus Nycticorax Forster 169 141. nycticorax (Linnaeus) 170 142. manillensis Vigors 171 Genus Gorsachius Bonaparte 172 143. melanolophus (Raffles) 172 144. goisagi (Temminck) 174 Genus Butorides Blyth 174 145. javanica (Horsfield) 174 146. amurensis (Schrenck) 176 147. spodiogastef Sharpe 176 Genus Bubulcus Bonaparte 177 148. coromandus (Boddaert) 177 Genus Ixobrychus Billberg .. 178 149. sinensis (Gmelin) 178 150. cinnamomeus (Gmelin) 179 Genus Nannocnus Stejneger 180 151. eurhythmu.s (Svvinhoe) 181 Genus Dupetor Heine and Reichen- bacli 182 152. flavicollis (Latham) 182 Genus Botaurus Stephens 183 153. stellaris (Linnaeus) 183 ORDER ANSERIFORMES 184 FAMILY ANATID.E 185 SUBFAMILY PLECTROPTERIN^E 185 Genus Nettapus Brandt 185 154. coromandelianus (Gmelin).. 185 SUBFAMILY ANA-TIN.* 187 Genus Dendrocygna Swainson 187 155. arcuata (Horsfield) 187 156. guttulata Wallace 189 Genus Anas Linnaeus 189 157. luzonica Fraser 189 Genus Polion'etta Oates 190 158. zonorhyiicha (Swinhoe) 191 Genus Mareca Stephens 191 159. penelope (Linmeus) 192 Genus Nettion Kaup 192 160. crecea (Linnaeus) 193 Genus Dafila Stephens 194 161. acuta (Linnaeus) 194 Genus Querquedula Oken 195 162. querquedula (Linnaeus) 195 Genus Spatula Boie 196 163. clypeata (Linnaeus) 196 Page. SUBFAMILY MABILIX,*: lit; Genus Marila Oken 197 104. marila (Linnaeus) 198 1<»5. fuligula (Linnaeus) u»«i ORDER PELECAMFOKMKS 200 FAMILY PHALACROCORACID.E 200 Genus Phalacrocorax Brisson 200 1 »»<». carbo (Linnanis) 200 FAMILY ANHIXGID.E -jn-j Genus Anliinga l?i -i— <>n 202 167. melanogaster Pennant 202 FAMILY SULID^E 2<::; Genus Sula Brisson 204 168. piscator (Linnaeus) 204 169. leucogastra (Boddaert) 205 FAMILY FREGATID,*: 2m; Genus Fregata LacSpede 206 170. aquila (Linnaeus) 206 171. ariel (Gould) 207 FAMILY PELECAXID.E 208 Genus Pelecanus Linmetis 208 172. philippensis Gmelin 2os ORDER ACCIPITRI FORMES 210 SUBORDER ACCIPITRES 211 FAMILY FALCONID.E 211 SUBFAMILY ACCIPITKIN i: 211 Genus Circus Lac^pede 211 173. spilonotus Kaup 212 174. melanoleucos (Pennant) .... 214 175. aeruginosus (Linmtus) 21^ Genus Astur Lac£pede 216 176. trivirgatus (Temmim-k) 21 (i 177. soloensis (Latham) 217 178. cuculoides (Temminck) 218 Genus Accipiter Bris.son 219 171>. gularis (Temminck and Schlegel) 219 180. virgatus (Temminck) 220 181. manillensis (Meyen) 22«i SUBFAMILY AQUILINE: -1-1-1 Genus Ixjphotriorchis Sharpe 223 182. kieneri (Geoffroy St. Hil- aire) 223 Genus Spizaetus Vieillot 224 183. philippensis Gurncy 224 184. limnaetus (Horsfield) 2_>:> Genus Pithecophaga Grant 220 185. jefferyi Grant 226 Genus Spilornis Gray 227 186. bacha (Daudin) 227 187. holospilus (Vigors) 228 188. panayensis Steere 229 TABLE OF CONTENTS. VII Page. Genus Butastur Hodgson 230 189. indicus (Gmelin) 230 Genus Haliseetus Savigny 232 190. leucogaster (Gmelin) 232 Genus Haliastur Selby 233 191. intermedius Gurney 233 Genus Elanus Savigny 234 192. hypoleucus Gould 234 Genus Pernis Cuvier 235 193. ptPorhyncus (Temminck) .... 235 Genus Baza Hodgson 236 194. magnirostris Gray 236 195. leucopais Sharpe 237 Genus Microhierax Sharpe 238 196. erythrogenys (Vigors) 238 197. meridionalis Grant 239 Genus Falco Linnaeus 239 198. peregrinus Tunstall 240 199. melanogenys Gould 241 200. ernesti Sharpe 242 201. sevdrus Horsfield 243 Genus Cerchneis Boie 243 202. tinnunculus (Linnaeus) 244 SUBORDER PAXDIONES 244 FAMILY PANDIONID.E 245 Genus Pandion Savigny 245 203. haliaetus (Linnaeus) 245 204. leucocephalus Gould 246 Genus Polioaetus Kaup 247 205. ichthyaetus (Horsfield) 248 ORDER STRIGIFORMES 249 FAMILY STRIGID.^ 249 SUBFAMILY BUBONIN^E 249 Genus Pseudoptynx Kaup 249 206. philippensis Kaup 250 207. gurneyi Tweeddale 250 208. mindanensis Grant 251 Genus Otus Pennant 252 209. megalotis (Gray) 252 210. everetti (Tweeddale) 253 211. fuliginosus (Sharpe) 254 212. sibutuensis (Sharpe) 254 213. longicornis (Grant) 255 214. mindorensis ( Whitehead) .... 256 215. whiteheadi (Grant) 256 216. rufescens (Horsfield) 256 217. cuyensis McGregor 257 218. calayensis McGregor 258 219. romblonis McGregor 259 220. boholensis McGregor 260 Genus Ninox Hodgson 260 221. lugubris (Tickell) . ,.. 261 Page. Genus Ninox Hodgson — Continued. 222. scutulata (Raffles) , 262 223. japonica (Temminck and Schlegel) 263 224. philippensis Bonaparte 264 225. everetti Sharpe 265 226. spilocephala Tweeddale 266 227. spilonota Bourns and Wor- cester 266 228. reyi Oustalet 267 229. mindorensis Grant 268 230. plateni Blasius 268 SUBFAMILY STRIGIN^E 270 Genus Strix Linnaeus 270 231. whiteheadi (Sharpe) 270 FAMILY ALUCONID^: 271 Genus Aluco Fleming 271 232. longimembris (Jerdon) 271 ORDER PSITTACIFORMES 272 FAMILY LORIID^E 272 Genus Trichoglossus Vigors and Horsfield 273 233. johnstoniae Hartert 273 FAMILY CACATUID^E 273 SUBFAMILY CACATUIN^E 274 Genus Cacatua Vieillot 274 234. haematuropygia (P. L. S. Miiller) 274 FAMILY PSITTACIDJE 275 SUBFAMILY PAJ^EORNITHIN^: 275 Genus Prioniturus Wagler 275 235. verticalis Sharpe 276 236. montanus Grant 276 237. discurus (Vieillot) 277 238. waterstradti Rothschild 279 239. mindorensis Steere 279 240. cyaneiceps Sharpe 280 241. luconensis Steere 280 Genus Tanygnathus Wagler 281 242. lucionensis (Linnaeus) 281 243. megalorhynchos (Boddaert).. 283 244. everetti Tweeddale 283 245. burbidgei Sharpe 284 Genus Bolbopsittacus Salvadori 284 246. lunulatus (Scopoli) 285 247. intermedius Salvadori 285 248. mindanensis (Steere) 280 Genus Loriculus Blyth 286 249. chrysonotus Sclater 288 250. regulus Souance 288 251. bournsi McGregor 289 VIII TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Genus Loriculus Blyth — Continued. 252. philippensis (P. L. S. Mlil- ler) 290 253. mindorensis Steere 290 254. siquijorensis Steere 291 255. apicalis Souance" 292 256. dohertyi (Hartert) 292 257. Worcester! Steere 293 258. galgulus (Linnaeus) 294 259. bonapartei Souance 294 OBDEB COBACIIFOBMES 295 SUBOBDEB PODABGI 296 FAMILY PODABGID.E 296 Genus Batrachostomus Gould 296 260. septimus Tweeddale 296 261. microrhynchus Grant 297 262. menagei Bourns and Wor- cester 298 263. javensis (Horsfield) 300 264. affinis Blyth 301 SUBOBDEB COBACLE 301 FAMILY COBACIID^E 301 SUBFAMILY COBACIIN^E 301 Genus Eurystomus Vieillot 301 ! 265. orientalis (Linnaeus) 302 ! SUBOBDEB HALCYONES 303 | FAMILY ALCEDINIDJE 303 j Genus Pelargopsis Gloger 303 ! 266. javana (Boddaert) 303 j 267. gouldi Sharpe 304 268. gigantea Walden 305 Genus Alcedo Linnaeus 305 269. bengalensis Gmelin 306 270. meninting Horsfield 307 Genus Alcyone Swainson 308 271. cyanopectus (Lafresnaye) .... 308 272. argentata,( Tweeddale) 309 273. flumenicola (Steere) 310 274. nigrirostris (Bourns and Worcester) 311 Genus Ceyx Lacgpede 1 311 275. melanura Kaup 312 276. mindanensis Steere 312 277. samarensis Steere 313 278. euerythra Sharpe 314 279. bournsi Steere 316 280. goodfellowi Grant 318 Genus Halcyon Swainson 318 281. coromandus (Latham) 319 282. gularis (Kuhl) 320 283. pileatus (Boddaert) .. .. 321 Page. Genus Halcyon Swainson — Cont'd. 284. winchelli Sharpe 322 285. chloris (Boddaert) 323 286. hombroni (Bonaparte) 324 287. lindsayi (Vigors) 32r> 288. moseleyi (Steere) , 320 SUBOBDEB BUCEBOTES 326 FAMILY BUCEBOTID^E 326 Genus Hydrocorax Brisson 327 289. hydrocorax (Linnseus) 327 290. mindanensis (Tweeddale).... 328 291. semigaleatus (Tweeddale).... 329 Genus Anthracoceros Reichenbach.. 330 292. montani (Oustalet) 330 Genus Gymnolsemus Grant 331 293. lemprieri (Sharpe) 331 Genus Penelopides Reichenbach 332 294. panini (Boddaert) 332 295. manillffi (Boddaert) 333 296. talisi Finsch 334 297. mindorensis Steere 335 298. affinis Tweeddale 336 299. basilanica Steere 337 300. samarensis Steere 337 Genus Craniorrhinus Cabanis and Heine : 338 301. leucocephalus (Vieillot) 338 302. waldeni Sharpe 339 SUBOBDEB MEBOPES 339 FAMILY MEBOPID^E 339 Genus Merops Linnaeus 339 303. americanus P. L. S. Mliller.. 340 304. philippinus Linnaeus 341 SUBOBDEB CAPBIMULGI 342 FAMILY CAPBIMULGID.E 342 SUBFAMILY CAPBIMULGIN^E 342 Genus Lyncornis Gould 342 305. macrotis (Vigors) 342 Genus Caprimulgus Linnaeus 344 306. griseatus Walden 344 307. mindanensis (Mearns) 346 308. manillensis Walden 346 309. macrurus Horsfield 348 310. jotaka Temminck and Schlegel 349 SUBORDEB MlCBOPODII 350 FAMILY HEMIPBOCNIID.E 350 Genus Hemiprocne Nitzsch 350 311. major (Hartert) .. ... 350 TABLE OF CONTEXTS. IX Page. FAMILY MICHOPODIU^E 351 SUBFAMILY CH.ETURIN.E 352 Genus Colloealia Gray 352 312. lowi (Sharpe) 352 313. whiteheadi Grant 353 314. origenis Oberholser 353 315. fuciphaga (Thunberg) 354 316. germani Oustalet 355 317. troglodytes Gray 355 318. marginata Salvador! 356 319. isonota (Oberholser) 357 Genus Chaetura Stephens 357 320. gigantea (Temnrinck) 357 321. celebensis (Sclater) 358 322. dubia McGregor 359 323. picina Tweeddale 359 SUBFAMILY MICROPODIN^E 360 Genus Tachornis Gosse 360 324. pallidior McGregor 360 Genus Micropus Meyer and Wolfe.. 361 325. pacificus (Latham) 361 326. subfurcatus (Blyth) 362 ORDER TROGONES 362 FAMILY TROGOXID.E ....? 362 Genus Pyrotrogon Bonaparte 362 327. ardens (Temminck) 362 ORDER COCCYGES ...: 363 SUBORDER CUCULI 364 FAMILY CUCULID.IC 364 SUBFAMILY CUCULINJE 364 Genus Clamator Kaup 364 328. coromandus (Linnaeus) 365 Genus Surniculus Lesson 365 329. lugubris (Horsfield) 366 t330. velutinus Sharpe 367 Genus Hierococcyx S. Muller 368 331. sparverioides (Vigors) 368 332. fugax (Horsfield) 369 Genus Cuculus Linnaeus 370 333. mieropterus Gould 370 334. canorus Linnaeus 371 335. saturatus Hodgson 372 Genus Penthoceryx Cabanis 373 336. sonnerati (Latham) 373 Genus Cacomantis S. Muller 374 337. memlinus (Scopoli) 374 Genus Chalcococcyx Cabanis -375 338. xanthorhynchus (Horsfield).. 376 339. malayanus (Raffles) .. .. 377 Page. Genus Eudynamys Vigors and Horsfield 377 340. honorata (Linnaeus) 378 341. mindanensis (Linnaeus) ...... 379 342. frater McGregor 379 SUBFAMILY CENTROPODINJE 380 Genus Centropus Illiger 380 343. mindorensis (Steere) 381 344. carpenteri Mearns 382 345. steeri Bourns and Worcester . 382 346. sinensis (Stephens) 383 347. viridis (Scopoli) 383 348. javanicus (Dumorft) 384 349. melanops Lesson 386 350. unirufus (Cabanis and Heine) 386 SUBFAMILY PHJENICOPHAIN^E 387 Genus Dryococcyx Sharpe 387 351. harringtoni Sharpe 387 Genus Dasylophus Swainson 388 352. superciliosus (Cuvier) 388 Genus Lepidogrammus Reichenbach 388 353. cumingi (Fraser) 388 ORDER SCANSORES 389 SUBORDER CAPITONES 389 FAMILY CAPITONID^E 389 Genus Xantholaema Bonaparte 389 354. haemacephalum (P. L. S. Muller) 390 355. roseum (Dumont) 391 ORDER PICIFORMES 392 SUBORDER PICI 392 FAMILY PICID^E 392 SUBFAMILY PICIN^E 392 Genus Yungipicus Bonaparte 392 356. validirostris (Blyth) 393 357. maculatus (Scopoli) 394 358. menagei Bourns and Wor- cester 395 359. leytensis Steere 396 360. fulvifasciatus Hargitt 396 361. ramsayi Hargitt 397 Genus Tiga Kaup 398 362. everetti Tweeddale 398 Genus Chrysocolaptes Blyth 39D 363. erythrocephalus Sharpe 399 364. haematribon (Wagler) 400 365. lucidus (Scopoli) 401 366. montanus Grant 401 367. rufopunctatus Hargitt 402 368. xanthocephalus Walden and Lavard . ... 402 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Genus Lichtensteinipicus Bona- parte 403 369. funebris (Valenciennes) 403 370. fuliginosus (Tweeddale) 404 Genus Mulleripicus Bonaparte 404 371. pulverulentus (Temminck).. 404 Genus Thriponax Cabanis and Heine 405 372. javensis (Horsfield) 406 373. pectoralis Tweeddale 407 Page. Genus Thriponax Cabanis and Heine — Continued. 374. multilunatus McGregor 408 375. mindorensis Steere 408 376. hargitti Sharpe 409 OBDEB EUBYL^MIFOBMES 410 FAMILY EUBYL^EMID^E 410 SUBFAMILY EUBYL^MIN^: 410 Genus Sarcophanops Sharpe 410 377. steeri (Sharpe) 410 378. samarensis Steere .. ... 411 -PREFACE. During several years spent in collecting zoological specimens in the Philippine Islands the author has constantly experienced the need of a book containing descriptions of the Philippine birds. That others have felt the same want is evident from the many requests for literature received. Lists of Philippine birds * have been published from time to time but they contain no descriptions and are of use to those only who have a considerable library at hand. The Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum contains descriptions of most of the known species of birds and these include very many of the Philippine species but the" bulk of its 27 volumes would preclude the use of this work in the field even if its rarity and cost were not prohib- itory. Thus there is an almost total lack of adequate means for identify- ing Philippine birds which has been a serious check to activity and interest in ornithological work throughout the Islands. To < meet this need and to place descriptions of the birds inhabiting the Philippines in a convenient form for the use of local naturalists the present work has been prepared. Technical terms and references to internal structure have been avoided as far as possible although this method weakens, to some extent, the keys and diagnoses of the higher groups. The diagnoses of orders, families, and genera being drawn from Philippine species may or may not define these groups as represented outside of the Archipelago. The actual material which has been available for study consists of '"" The most important of these lists are the following : MARTENS, E. V.: [Title not seen] Jour, filr Ornith. (1866), 8-31. WALDEN, Viscount : A List of Birds Known to Inhabit the Philippine Archipelago. Trans. Zool Soc. London (1875), 9, pt. 2, 125-252, pis. 23-34. RAMSAY, R. G. W. : Revised List of the Birds Known to Occur in the Philippine Islands, Showing their Geographical Distribution. Appendix, pp. 653-660, to the Ornithological Works of Arthur, Ninth Marquis of Tweeddale. London (1881). ELEBA, R. P. Fr. Casto de: Aves. Catalogo Sistematico de toda la Fauna de Filipinas. Manila ( 1895 ) , 1 , 52-398. WORCESTER, D. C. and BOURNS, F. S.: A List of the Birds Known to Inhabit the Philippine and Palawan Islands, Showing their Distribution within the Limits of the Two Groups. Proc. V. S. Nat. Mus. Washington (1898), 20, 549-566. MCGREGOR, R. C. and WORCESTER, D. C. : A Hand-List of the Birds of the Philip- pine Islands. Bur. Govt. Labs. Manila (1906), No. 36, 1-121. 1 2 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS, about 8,000 specimens of birds collected for the Bureau of Science, a few skins received in exchange from the Menage Collection, nearly 200 skins received from the United States National Museum, part in exchange and part as a loan, and a few small lots of skins from various sources. There are, however, some 150 species inhabiting the Philippines of which not a single specimen has been examined. Of some other species the available material is quite inadequate for complete descriptions ; this is particularly true of the shore and water birds, most of which visit the Philippine Islands as migrants and can not be obtained here in breeding plumage. To meet these deficiencies a large number of descriptions have been taken from previous works, notably the Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum, Oates's Birds of British Burmah, and the four volumes on birds in the Fauna of British India, while a few have been taken from periodicals. All copied descriptions and parts of descriptions are inclosed in quotation marks followed by the authors' names; the exact reference in each case will be found in the synonymy of the species described. The quotations ending with "Bourns and Worcester MS." are taken from a manuscript prepared by Messrs. Frank S. Bourns and Dean C. Worcester and based upon the ornithological specimens collected by the Menage Expedition. This manuscript was intended for publication by the Minnesota Academy of Natural Sciences, but as that institution was unable to meet the necessary expense, the right to use the manuscript reverted to the authors who have permitted the publication of their notes in this Manual. The scientific name, an English name, and such native names as seem to be commonly used with some degree of accuracy are given for each species. The synonymy consists of references to original descriptions and to all works from which quotations are made ; also to the following works when the species is given in them : Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum, Sharpens Hand-List of the Genera and Species of Birds, Gates and Reid's Catalogue of Birds' Eggs in the British Museum, and McGregor and Worcester's Hand-List of Philippine Birds ; other references are to plates or figures, records of rare species, important descriptions, notes on habits, or critical remarks.* The distribution of each species is given by islands, arranged alphabet- ically, with the names of collectors so far as these have been worked out from the available literature. Distribution outside of the Philippine Islands is given in a general way only. To the descriptions and measurements of the birds are added notes * Very full references to literature may be found in Catalogue of the Birds in the British Museum and in Catalogue of the Collection of Birds' Eggs in the British Museum (Natural History). PREFACE. 6 on habits, nests and eggs, abundance, etc. and in very many cases manuscript notes by Bourns and Worcester, giving information on habits, colors of soft parts, measurements, and validity of species. All measurements are in the metric system. In copied descriptions inches and hundredths have been carefully reduced to millimeters and the English measurements omitted, tenths and hundredths of millimeters being disregarded in most instances. In accordance with Canon XXXVII of the Code of Nomenclature adopted by the American Ornithologists' Union, Eevised Edition (1908), generic and specific names, unless evidently misprinted, are spelled as in the original descriptions. Dr. Charles W. Richmond, Assistant Curator, Division of Birds, United States National Museum, has most kindly verified a very large number of these citations. The last half century has been exceedingly fruitful in systems of clas- sification, some of them excellent, most of them suggestive and helpful. The whole subject has been reviewed in a masterly way by Newton, Dic- tionary of Birds, London (1896), 45-120 of introduction. The present author has not the ability to judge of the relative merits of the schemes of classification proposed by various authors but the system set forth in Sharpens Hand-List * and copied in McGregor and Worcester's Hand-List of Philippine Birds is followed as being both convenient and well known. * SHARPE, R. B. : A Hand-List of the Genera and Species of Birds. London (1899-1903), 1-4, Vol. 5 in press. For other systems of classification the following may be consulted: HUXLEY. T. H.: On the Classification of Birds; and on the Taxonomic Value of the Modifications of Certain of the Cranial Bones observable in that Class. Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1867), 415-472. STEJNEGER, L. : Standard Natural History. Boston (1885), 4, Birds (part). An outline of Stejneger's scheme of classification may be found in the Zoological Record (1885), 22, pt. Aves. 14-18. FURBRINGER, M. : Untersuchungen zur Morphologic und Systematik der Vogel, Zugleich ein Beitrage zur Anatomie der Stiitz- und Bewegungsorgane. Royal Zoological Society, Amsterdam ( 1888) . For reviews of Fiirbringer's classifica- tion see Gadow, Nature (1888), 39, 150-152; 177-181, and Evans, Zool. Record, Aves (1888), 25, 14-16. EVANS, A. H. : Cambridge Natural History, Birds. New York and London (1900), 9, xi-xvi (Scheme of Classification). GADOW, H. : On the Classification of Birds. Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1892), 229-256. DUBOIS, A.: Synopsis Avium. Brussels (1899-1904), 1-1339, pis. 1-16. RIDGWAY, R.: The Birds of North and Middle America. Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus. Washington (1901), No. 50, pt. 1, 1-12. CLARK, H. L.: The Classification of Birds. Auk (1901), new ser., 18, 370-38.1. SHUFELDT R. W.: An Arrangement of the Families and Higher Groups of Birds. Am. Naturalist (1904), 38, 833-857. OF THE UNIVERSITY OF USE OF THE KEYS. A key is a short cut used to approximate identification without reading a great number of descriptions. The keys given here differ in no essential particular from those to be found in other systematic works on ornitholog}r, but for the benefit of the beginner their use may be briefly explained. Having in hand an unknown bird begin with the key to the Orders (p. 7), reading first the line beginning a1', if the specimen has the characters given after a1 then the bird belongs to the Order Pelecani- formes and another key is to be used which will be found under that order, (p. 200). If the characters on the line after a1 are not found in the specimen., then those given on the line a2 are to be examined and these the specimen must have, if no mistake has been made. The next choice is between &1 and &2 and so on until characters are found which agree with those of the specimen and at the same time lead to a word at the right printed in heavy face type; this is the name of the order to which the specimen belongs. Having determined the order turn to the page where the order begins and use the key there which leads to the suborders or to the families, then find and use the keys to genera and species. To illustrate the use of keys with a concrete example,, suppose that we have a specimen of the common spoon-billed duck or shoveler, but know nothing of its affinities. Beginning with the key to orders we find : "a1. Hind toe connected by a web to the inner toe." As this does not agree with our specimen we try : "a2. Hind toe not connected by a web to the inner toe." Yes. "&1. Nostrils tubular." No. "62. Nostrils not tubular." Yes. "c1. Cutting edges of bill more or less distinctly fringed or serrated, tip of bill rounded Anseriformes." Yes, and our bird belongs in the order Anseriformes. By a similar procedure we find that our duck belongs in the subfamily Anatince (p. 185) and in the key to genera (p. 187) we find: "a1. Bill not spatulate." "a2. Bill flattened, and spatulate Spatula." As our duck has a flattened, spatulate bill we turn to the genus Spatula (p. 196) and as there is but one Philippine species in this genus we know that our bird is — Spatula clypeata (Linnaeus). SHOVELBR. A MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. By RICHARD C. MCGREGOR. Class AVES. Oviparous, warm-blooded., amniotic vertebrates which have their an- terior extremities transformed into wings. Metacarpus and fingers carry- ing feathers or quills. With an intertarsal joint. Not more than four toes of which the first is the hallux. (Gadow.) Subclass CARINATJl. Sternum with a keel; scapulae and coracoids fused forming an acute or a right angle ; foramen ischiadicum present ; distal six or seve'n verte- brae fused to form the pygostyle. Orders. a1. Hind toe connected by a web to the inner toe Pelecaniformes (p. 200) a2. Hind toe not connected by a web to the inner toe. 61. Nostrils tubular. c1. Bill strong and decidedly hooked at the tip Procellariformes (p. 84) c2. Bill weak, very small, gape very wide.. Caprimulgi in Coraciif ormes ( p. 295 ) 62. Nostrils not tubular. c1. Cutting edges of bill more or less distinctly fringed or serrated, tip of bill rounded Anseriformes(p. 184) c2. Cutting edges of bill not fringed. d1. Rectrices rudimentary; or if evident not prominent, being short, soft, and hidden by the upper coverts. e1. Tarsus flat; toes lobed _., Colymbif ormes (p. 82) ez. Tarsus normal ; toes not lobed. f1. Hind toe wanting Hemipodii (p. 17) f2. Hind toe present. Excalfactoria and Megapodius in Gallif ormes (p. 9) d2. Rectrices not rudimentary; if short not hidden by upper coverts. e1. Anterior toes distinctly webbed and tarsus shorter than tail. Larif ormes (p. 85) e~. Anterior toes not distinctly webbed; or, if webbed, tarsus decidedly longer than tail; or else bill extremely small with gape very broad and deeply cleft. f. Lower portion of thighs naked; or, if feathered, the bill lengthened and grooved along each side, the outer and middle toes separated for their entire length. 7 8 .MAM AL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. gl. Hind toe well developed and inserted on the level of the anterior toes; claws not excessively lengthened; loral or orbital region or both naked Ardeiformes (p. 157) y-. Hind toe if present, small and inserted above the level of the rest; or else size of bird small (less than 1 meter), loral and orbital regions fully feathered and middle claw not pectinate. hl. If more than 1 meter long the hind toe short and elevated; if less than 1 meter long the hind toe not elevated. t1. Size very large; hind toe small and elevated. Gruiformes (p. 155) i*. Size medium to small ; hind toe not elevated. Balliformes (p. 65) ft2. Less than 1 meter long, usually much less; the hind toe if present, short and elevated, or if long the claws excessively long and wings spurred Charadriiformes (p. 98) f3. Lower portion of thighs feathered; or else middle and outer toes united for at least half their length, the bill if lengthened not grooved along the side. gl. Bill strongly hooked and with a distinct cere at base of upper mandible. ft1. Toes three in front; or else outer toe reversible; claws sharp • and powerful. t1. No facial disk of modified feathers; plumage normal, com- pact; nostrils generally not concealed by bristles. Accipitriformes (p. 210) t2. Eyes surrounded by a disk of modified featlu'rs; plumage soft and fluffy ; nostrils usually concealed by stiff bristles. Strigiformes (p. 249) ft2. Toes two in front and two behind, the outer toe permanently reversed; claws small and dull Psittaciformes (p. 272) y-. Bill not strongly hooked and without a cere at base of upper mandible. ft1. Hind toe small and elevated Galliformes (p. 9) ft2. Hind toe or toes well developed and on the same Icvrl us the anterior toes. •i1. Upper mandible with a soft swollen ba>r. Columbiformes (p. 23) Is. Bill without a soft swollen base. y1. Toes two in front, two behind; rarely two in front and one behind, then the bill straight and the rectrices stiff and pointed. A'1. Two toes in front united for their basal joint. l\ Inner toe reversed, tail graduated.... Trogones (p. 362) 1-. Outer toe reversed, tail nearly square. Scansores (p. 389) A-'-'. Two toes in front perfectly free. 71. Bill straight, its tip chisel-shaped; rectrices stiff, with stiff, pointed tips Piciformes (p. 392) ?'-'. Bill more or less curved; rectrices long and soft, with- out stiff, pointed tips Coccyges (p. 363) MEGAPODIIDJE. 9 j*. Toes three in front, one behind; rarely two in front and one behind, then the tail soft; or rarely four toes turned forward and arranged in pairs. k1. Claw of hind toe shorter than that of third toe; feet weak, or feet strong and two toes united for their basal joint Coraciiformes (p. 295) k2. Claw of hind toe equal to or longer than that of middle toe. I1. Outer and middle toes united for their basal joint ; bill broad; eye surrounded by a fleshy wattle; tail graduated Eurylaemiformes (p. 410) P. Outer and middle toes not united ; toes four in number ; rectrices twelve with rare exceptions; bill variable in shape, never extensively membranous, softly tumid, nor cered Passeriformes (p. 413) Order GALLIFORMES. MEGAPODES, PAINTED QUAIL, AND PHEASANTS. Bill short and stout, culmen curved; head small; body heavy; wings short and rounded, curved to the body; tail either very short or greatly elongated; legs moderate to heavy; claws well developed; toes four, slightly webbed at base. Members of this order are terrestrial; their flight is strong and swift but can not be sustained for a long distance. Their food consists of grain, seeds, and insects. The nest is usually a slight hollow in the ground, hidden by grass or brush; the megapodes, however, bury their eggs in mounds. Suborders. a1. Hind toe on a level with the other toes $ feet and claws very heavy; colors plain, the sexes similar in color Megapodii (p. 9) a-. Hind toe slightly elevated; feet and claws moderate in size; sexes very different in color; males much brighter Phasiani (p. 11) Suborder MEGAPODII. Family MEGAPODIID^. Nostrils oval, situated near anterior border of surrounding membrane ; bill moderate, culmen curved; orbital area nearly naked; ear-opening small; chin, throat, and face scantily feathered with short plumes, the skin usually red or dusky ; legs, feet, and claws very large and powerful ; claws slightly curved and usually blunt; anterior face of tarsus bearing a row of large scutes; rectrices short, exceeding coverts but little; sexes alike. 10 MANUAL OP PHILIPPINE BIRDS. Genus MEGAPODIUS Gaimard, 182:!. Characters same as those given for the Family. 1. MEGAPODIUS CUMINGI Dillwyn. PHILIPPINE MEGAPODE. Megapodius cumingii DILLWYN, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1851), 119, pi. 39. Megapodius pusillus TWEEDDALE, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 765, pi. 78 (juv.). Megapodius dilluyni TWEEDDALE, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 766. Megapodius cumingi GRANT, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 22, 449; MF.YKH and WIGLESWOBTH, Birds of Celebes (1898), 2, 671, pi. 41, fig. 1; SHARPE, Hand-List (1899), 1, 12; OATES, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1901), 1, 16; MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 7. Ou-cong', Calayan, Camiguin N.; ta-bon', Luzon, Mindoro, Cagayancillo, and in general. Balabac (Steere, Everett) ; Bantayan (McGregor) ; Basilan (Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester)-, Cagayancillo (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Camiguin N. (McGregor) ; Cebu (Everett, Bourns d Worcester) ; Cresta de Gallo (McGregor) ; Fuga ( Whitehead, McGregor) ; Luzon (Cuming, Heriot, White- head) ; Marinduque (Steere Exp.) ; Mindanao (Steere, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow) ; Mindoro (McGregor, Porter) ; Palawan (Everett, Lempriere, Whitehead, Platen, Bourns d Worcester, White) ; Romblon (Bourns & Worcester) ; Samar (Bourns & Worcester) ; Sibutu (Everett) ; Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester) ; Sulu (Bourns d Worcester, Platen) ; Tablas (Bourns if Worcester); Tawi Tawi (Bourns d Worcester); Ticao (McGregor). Celebean Islands and islands of northwestern Borneo. Adult. — Top of head dark blue-gray with a wash of olive-brown; a narrow gray collar on hind neck; rest of upper parts, including exposed parts of folded wing, rich olive-brown; lower parts dark blue-gray. Iris brown; bill yellow, dusky at base and about nostrils; legs and nails black or dark brown; skin about eye varies from bright red to almost black. A male from Cagayancillo measures, 340 in length; wing, 230; tail, 72.4; tarsus, 62; middle toe with claw, 57; bill from nostril, 14. A female from the same island measures, 340 in length; wing, 235; tail, 70 ; tarsus, 58 ; middle toe with claw, 57 ; bill from nostril, 14. Young. — A bird measuring but 165 in length, taken in Calayan, Oc- tober 7, 1903, bears a general resemblance to the adult but the superorbital space, lores, chin, and throat are closely feathered; forehead, chin, and area below eye dull yellowish brown; throat, sides of neck, and breast dull brown; middle of abdomen dark ochraceous brown; feathers of upper parts dark brown, obscurely, edged with olive-brown on back, scapulars, and wing-coverts; plumage, except remiges and rectrices, soft and decomposed. Nest. — The incubation mound built by this species is fully described below. The eggs are prized by the natives for food; both the eggs and PHASIANID^B. 1 1 the birds are quite palatable. When fresh the thin surface layer of the egg is dark pink, usually smooth, but occasionally roughened by small lumps; when exposed to air and light for some time the color becomes dull, dirty brown and in many cases the outer layer crumbles away exposing the true shell which is dull white and closely pitted. Five eggs from Calayan taken in December measure : 78 by 52 ; 82 by 52.5 ; 82.5 by 47; 80 by 51; 79 by 51. "This species probably occurs on every island of any size in the group. It is frequently met with a considerable distance inland, where it fre- quents wooded plains and hill. Its nest is usually, though by no means always, built near the seashore. Several pairs of birds frequently nest in the same mound, scratching up a little additional material every time that an egg is deposited, eventually forming a very large mound of earth, decayed leaves, sticks, etc., which in extreme cases comes to measure from 4 to 5 meters in diameter by 1| meters high in the middle. The mound is frequently formed about the roots of some old stump. When ready to lay, the female tunnels into this mound, sometimes even burrowing into the solid ground to a depth of half a meter or more, so that the eggs are one to two meters below the surface of the mound. The egg is deposited at the bottom of this burrow, which is then filled up. The young birds dig to the surface as soon as hatched. They can run and fly when they leave the shell, and seem always to shift for themselves from the day of their birth. M. cumingi seems to lay all the year round, the female apparently depositing an egg about once a week. The eggs are oval in form, of a curious pinkish color when fresh, but rapidly fading to a light dirty brown if exposed to the light. "The old birds seem rather reluctant to take wing and when flushed fly but a short distance, alight on the ground and run with great rapidity. "There is much individual variation as to size and color even in birds from one locality. Length, 336 to 380; culmen, 15 to 19; tarsus, 55 to 68; wing, 210 to 233; tail, 63 to 86. Iris dark chocolate-brown; bill light yellowish at tip, brown at base; legs sometimes dark brown, but usually strongly tinged with red, especially at back; feet dark brown to black; nails black." (Bourns and Worcester MS.) Suborder PHASIANI. Family PHASIANID-E. Bill strong and horny, nostrils oblong, never hidden by feathers; culmen curved but not hooked ; tarsi naked and in the male armed with spurs (Excalfactoria without spurs) ; toes four, naked, and never pecti- nated along sides; sexes differently colored. 12 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. Genera. a1. Much smaller; length less than 150 mm.; head without crest or comb; spurs absent Excalfactoria (p. 12) a2. Much larger; length more than 350 mm.; head crested or with a comb; spurs present in the male. 61. No crest but with a fleshy comb; tail-coverts without ocelli; male with one pair of spurs Gallus (p. 13) 62. No comb but with an elongated crest; longer tail-coverts ocellated; male with two or three pairs of spurs Polyplectron (p. 16) Genus EXCALFACTOEIA Bonaparte, 1856. This genus resembles Turnix but is distinguished from it by having a hind toe; the male is much handsomer than the female; the tail has but eight short rectrices which are hidden by the long upper coverts. 2. EXCALFACTORIA LINEATA (Scopoli). ISLAND PAINTED QUAIL. Oriolus lineatus SCOPOLI, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. (1786), 2, 87. 'Excalfactoria lineata GRANT, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 22, 253; SHABPE, Hand-List (1899), 1, 32; OATES, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1901), 1, 48, pi. 4, fig. 2; MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 7. Pu-gong bu-quet, ti-co ti-co, Manila; pu-gong pa-rang, Calapan, Mindoro. Basilan (McGregor) ; Batan (McGregor) ; Bongao (Everett) ; Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester) ; Cebu (Bourns & Worcester) ; Lubang (McGregor) ; Luzon (Heriot, Whitehead, McGregor)-, Masbate (Bourns d Worcester)-, Mindanao (Koch d Schadenberg, Clemens) ; Mindoro (McGregor, Porter) ; Negros (Layard, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Palawan ( Whi tehead, Bourn* & Worcester, White)-, Panay (Bourns d Worcester)-, Samar (Whitehead) ; Sibuyan (Mc- Gregor); Siquijor (Celestino) ; Sulu (Guillemard) ; Ticao (McGregor). Suma- tra, Java, Borneo, Australia. Adult male. — Upper parts dark brown; most of the feathers with light shaft-lines, large subterminal black blotches, and some black bars; the black markings heaviest on lower back; forehead, circumorbital area, sides of neck, breast, and flanks slate-blue ; chin, upper throat, and lower half of face black ; throat patch bordered posteriorly by a wide, crescentic, white patch which is bordered posteriorly by a narrow black band; a white included patch on side of face from lower mandible to below ear, the anterior end of which is pointed; a narrow white line from below nostril to eye; a patch of rich chesnut covering middle of abdomen and lower breast; wings sandy brown; coverts and secondaries vermiculated with darker brown; tail chestnut; upper tail-coverts chestnut mixed with slate-blue. Iris deep red; bill dark blue, black along upper part; legs dark yellow; nails brown. Length about 135. Five males measure: GALLUS. 13 Wing, 66 to 70; tail-coverts,* 26 to 28; exposed culmen, 9 to 11; tarsus, 18 to 19. Adult female. — Upper parts and wings as in the male, but with a light buff, median line on head ; forehead, sides of head, and throat dark buff ; the black and white throat patch of male replaced in female by an equal area of dark buff in which the white bases of feathers show through on chin and upper throat; a line of fine black spots from gape to below ear-coverts; breast and flanks light buff, each feather crossed by one to three crescentic marks of blackish brown; middle of abdomen white or with a pale buff wash. Five females measure: Wing, 67 to 71; tail- coverts, 22 to 26; exposed culmen, 10 to 11; tarsus, 17 to 18.5. Young. — In a very young chick from Sibuyan, sex undetermined, the upper parts, including wings and coverts, are blackish brown; top of head marked with three buffy lines extending from forehead to nape and separated by wide blackish brown bands; wing-coverts and feathers of back with edges and shafts buff; chin and throat pale yellow; upper breast, sides, and flanks black with wide white shaft-stripes; belly dirty yellowish buff. A nearly full grown male in mixed plumage, from Gala- pan, has the black chin-spot developed, the white patches partly developed, and the breast, abdomen, and flanks retain some of the old striped feathers of the first plumage along with the new chestnut and slate feathers. The young female of E. chinensis is said to have the upper breast and sides spotted; as age increases these spots resolve themselves into trans- verse bars. The young female of E. lineata probably undergoes a similar change of plumage. Both the painted and bustard quails frequent grassy fields and plains, usually in small companies. When flushed they fly but a short distance and seldom get up a second time, seeming to place more reliance on running than on flight. Except Polyplectron the genera of the Philip- pine Turnicidce and Phasianidce range from the coasts to the highlands. Genus GALLUS Brisson, 1760. Head surmounted by a fleshy comb; a wattle on each side of throat; tail laterally compressed, the central feathers being higher than the lateral ones; the former greatly elongated and curved in the males; feathers of neck and rump long and pointed; each tarsus armed with a long sharp spur. * It is a matter of difficulty to distinguish between the soft short tail-feathers and the long, overhanging coverts; in this species, therefore, it is more convenient to measure from base of tail to tip of longest covert. 14 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIUDS. 3. CALLUS CALLUS (Linmeus). BED JUNGLE FOWL. Phasianus gallus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 158. Gallus bankiva TEMMINCK, Pig. et Gall. (1813), 2, 87. Gallus gallus GRANT, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 22, 344; SHABPE, Hand- List (1899), 1, 39; GATES, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1901), 1f 59; MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 8. f Gallus stramineicollis SHARPE, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1879), 317.* La-bu-yu, Lubang, Manila, and generally; ma-noc* i-has', Bohol. Balabac (Steere) ; Basilan (Everett, Bourns d Worcester, McGregor) ; Bohol (McGregor); Bongao (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns d Worcester); Camiguin N. (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor); Cebu (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns d Worcester, McGregor) ; Fuga (Whitehead, McGregor) ; Guimaras (Meyer, Steere Exp.) ; Lubang (McGregor) ; Luzon (Meyer, Schmacker, Whitehead, McGregor) ; Marinduque (Steere Exp.) ; Masbate (Bourns d Worcester); Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Goodfellow) ; Mindoro (Steere Exp., Bourns d Worcester, McGregor, Porter) ; Negros (Bourns d Worcester, Keay) ; Palawan (Steere, Whitehead, Platen, Bourns d Worcester, White) ; Panay (Steere, Bourns d Worcester) ; Romblon (Bourns d Worcester) ; Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns d Worcester) ; Sibuyan (Bourns d Worcester, McGregor) ; Siquijor (Steere Exp., Celestino) ; Sulu (Guillemard, Bourns d Worcester); Tablas (Bourns d Worcester); Ticao (McGregor). Malay and Indian Peninsulas, Indo-Malayan Islands, Indo-Chinese countries. Adult male. — Sides of head, chin, and throat clothed with scattered hair-like feathers; ear protected by short close-set feathers; feathers on top of head, neck, and mantle lanceolate, those of mantle very long ; head, neck, and sides of neck dark reddish brown, becoming lighter and yellowish near ends of longest feathers, and forming a zone of orange- yellow, the tips again darker, reddish, and shaft-lines darker; mantle feathers hidden by hackles, and lesser coverts blackish brown with slight gloss; lower back and median coverts rich maroon-red forming a wide crescent; lanceolate rump feathers dark orange-red; below (except a few lanceolate reddish feathers on throat) blackish brown with a slight green gloss not always evident ; primaries dark brown edged with buff ; second- aries dark brown with exposed outer webs dark cinnamon, mottled near * The status of Gallus stramineicollis, described from a specimen collected in Sulu by Burbidge, is somewhat doubtful; Grant considers it a domestic bird. The original description follows: "General color above black, shot with green and purple; wing-coverts like the back, the innermost and the scapulars with a slight subterminal shine of coppery brown; primary-coverts and primaries black, the secondaries externally green; feathers of the lower back and rump straw-yellow, with darker longitudinal centers of black or green; upper tail-coverts and tail glossy oil-green; crown of head and nape black; hind-neck and neck-hackles, as well as sides of neck, straw- yellow, deeper on the hind-neck, with green longitudinal centers to the feathers; remainder of under surface of body black with a green gloss; comb short and rounded; sides of face and entire throat bare. Total length 34.5 inches [876 mm.], culmen 1.1 [28], wing 9.0 [229], tail 17.5 [445], tarsus 3.4 [86]." GALLUS. 15 tips; alula and greater coverts blackish brown, the latter with green and purple gloss ; tail and its upper coverts black, glossed with green ; middle pair of rectrices curved outward and about twice the length of next pair. Top of head decorated with a deeply emarginated, fleshy comb, crimson in color; a wattle on each side of throat also crimson; a round lappet below each ear light bluish ; other bare areas of head and neck pale crim- son ; bill dark brown above, .lighter below ; legs gray, spurs black, nails dark brown. The length varies greatly, of course, with the development of central rectrices. A male from Mariveles, Bataan measures, 660 in length; wing, flat on rule, 235; tail, 368; bill from front of comb, 17; tarsus, 74 ; middle toe with claw, 59 ; spur, 24. A male from Fuga, tail, 508; spur, 28. "Adult female. — Top of the head rust-red, shading into orange on the neck and pale yellow on the upper mantle, each feather with a wide black stripe down the center; rest of upper parts pale reddish brown, finely mottled with black and with pale shafts; quills blackish brown, the outer half of the outer webs of secondaries mottled with pale reddish brown; fore part of neck chestnut; chest and breast pale light red, shading into pale reddish brown on sides, flanks, and belly, each feather with a pale shaft; under tail-coverts brownish black; tail-feathers like the secondaries, the center pair of feathers mottled on the margins of both webs, and the outer pairs on the outer web, with pale rufous. Soft parts much the same as those of the male ; comb very much smaller, and wattles absent. Length, 420 ; wing, 190 ; tail, 140 ; tarsus, 61. "Immature males have the hackles of the mantle much paler than in the majority of adult birds and mostly with dark shaft-stripes; the chestnut part of the outer webs of the secondaries finely mottled with black nearly to the margins; the feathers underlying the hackles of the mantle dull, brownish black without any green gloss, and the comb and wattles rudi- mentary." ( Grant. ) Chick. — Below light yellow-buff, palest on chin; throat, upper breast, and sides of neck washed with brownish buff ; top and sides of head dark yellow-buff; a band from above angle of mouth backward through eye to side of neck dark cinnamon, bordered above with blackish brown ; middle of crown and hind neck with a wide, black-bordered cinnamon patch which becomes diffused on interscapular region, reappears on middle of back and is continued to the tail; the black bordered on each side with light buff followed by dark brown; wings and tail light brown, speckled and vermiculated with darker brown. Iris light brown; bill, legs, and nails flesh. Small chicks were taken in Mariveles, Province of Bataan, March 8, 1902, and at Irisan, Province of Benguet, on April 30, 1903. Nest. — A slight hollow dug in the earth in the shelter of bushes or grass is the usual nest. The eggs are much smaller than with domestic varieties; four from a nest found February 26, 1904, near Mariveles, 16 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. Bataan, measure respectively : 47 by 36 ; 44 by 34 ; 45 by 35 ; 46 by 35. In color the eggs are light creamy buff; the shape is similar to that found in eggs from the domestic varieties. The jungle fowl is found throughout the Philippines and the males are frequently domesticated by the natives and used for their national pas- time of cock fighting. In this country at least the wild chickens afford the gunner no sport whatever as they habitually remain within thick tangles of brush where wing-shots are impossible, or, if by chance caught in the open, they scurry to the nearest thicket. There is no great diffi- culty, however, in securing specimens, if one cares to kill them sitting. Their flesh is usually tender and more savory than that of the domestic birds. The male has a high falsetto voice resembling very much that of a young domestic cock. Delighting in small growth mixed with a tangle of bamboo and rattan, especially if near cultivated fields, this species generally avoids true forest unless there be near-by clearings. The natives are very successful in taking the cocks alive by employing a live decoy which they picket within a small corral of snares. Genus POLYPLECTROX Temminck, 1807. Bill similar to that of Gall us; feathers of crown forming a long . wings short and rounded; rectrices twenty-four in number and great 1\ graduated; upper tail-coverts lengthened; tarsi covered with transvrisi plates and each tarsus armed with two or three sharp spurs ; tarsus longer than middle toe with claw. 4. POLYPLECTRON NAPOLEONIS Lesson. PALAWAN PEACOCK PHEASANT. Polyplectron napoleonis LESSON, Traite d' Orn. (1831), 487, 650; GRANT. Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 22, 361; BOURNS and WORCESTER. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 43; MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 8. Polyplectron nehrkorrice BLASIUS, Mitth. orn. Ver. Wien (1891), 1; GRAN i Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 22, 360. Polyplectrum napoleonis SHARPE, Hand-List (1899), 1, 39. Pavo real, Spanish name. Palawan (Everett, Whitehead, Platen, Bourns d Worcester, White). Adult male. — Black; top of head, crest, and hind neck green, changing with the light to purple ; a large white patch from base of lower mandible extending over ear-coverts; a narrow superciliary line of white (this line is absent in some specimens; in others wider and confluent on nape) ; mantle, secondaries, and greater and median wing-coverts green, changing to blue and purple, bases of the feathers black ; remainder of wing brown or blackish ; back and rump black, thickly marked with small, rusty buff spots; longest coverts and rectrices similar but the spots fewer and lighter and each feather with two large, round or oval spots of peacock- POLYPLECTRON. 17 green, surrounded by a black ring and an outer gray ring; longest coverts tipped with a narrow line of pale buff; rectrices tipped with lines of black, gray, white, and gray, the white line narrow and sharply defined ; under parts all black, except tail-coverts which are speckled with buff. "Bill black tipped with pale horn-color; eyes chocolate-brown; legs, feet, and nails brown." (Bourns and Worcester.) A male from Iwahig, Pa- lawan, measures: Wing, 190; tail, 240; exposed culmen, 28; bill from nostril, 15; tarsus, 66; middle toe with claw, 56. Female. — Top of head and a short crest dark brown ; sides of face, chin, and throat white; remainder of the plumage brown, more rusty above and on wings, finely speckled with dark brown and black; tail with the large round metallic spots of the male replaced by black spots having little or no metallic color. A female from Iwahig, Palawan, measures: Wing, 180; tail, 183; exposed culmen, 22; bill from nostril, 13; tarsus, 54; middle toe with claw, 48. Young. — "An immature male resembles the female, but has tail and greater coverts like those of adult male, though the ocelli are much smaller and absent on inner webs of all the tail-feathers except three middle pairs; one or two feathers of mantle have a metallic bluish green patch in the middle and traces are apparent of black plumage on mantle, wing-coverts, throat, and under parts." (Grant.) This beautiful peacock pheasant, the "pavo real" of the Spaniards, is confined to the Island of Palawan. Bourns and Worcester state that the species is extremely shy, all of their specimens, including 18 adults beside young, being taken by natives in snares. They give the following average measurements: Eleven males, length, 519; wing, 180; tail, 222:, culmen, 24; tarsus, 61; seven females, length, 420; wing, 166; tail, 150; culmen, 22; tarsus, 55. Bourns and Worcester have shown that the character upon which P. nehrkornce was based — i.e., narrow superciliary stripes not confluent on nape — is variable to a great degree and not dependent upon age, so napoleonis is accepted as the correct specific name for the Palawan bird, although originally applied to a specimen supposed to have come from Luzon, an island in which the genus certainly does not exist. Major John E. White has secured a fine series of these birds at the Iwahig penal colony, and he states that he has seldom seen the birds until snared by the natives. Order HEMIPODII. BUTTON QUAILS. Culmen curved but not hooked; nostrils opening by a slit beneath a horny scale; tarsi naked, without spurs; hind toe absent; wings short, rounded, and curved to the body; rectrices short, soft, and nearly hidden by the long fluffy coverts. 77719 2 18 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDvS. Family TURNICIDJE. Size small, the largest Philippine species under 200 mm. in length, the others much smaller. Birds of this family resemble Excalfactoria in general form but may be recognized by their lack of a hind toe. They are usually found in grassy plains. The flight is rapid but of short dura- tion ; the birds get up at one's feet but seldom flush a second time. The nest is placed on the ground beneath a tuft of grass ; eggs, three or four, spotted with brown. Genus TURNIX Bonnaterre, 1790. Characters same as those given for the Family. Species. a1. Breast without chestnut or rusty buff, heavily cross-barred with black. fasciata (p. 18) aa. Breast chestnut or rusty buff, without black cross-bars. ft1. Larger; wing more than 80 mm.; breast rich chestnut; chin white ( \w black nor mixed with black. c1. Bill more slender, depth at angle of gonys, 4 mm. or less. d1. Smaller; wing, 57 to 60; tarsus, 16.5 to 18 mm whiteheadi (p. 20) da. Larger; wing, 65.5 or more; tarsus, 19 mm. or more. el. Larger; wing, 67 mm.; upper parts lighter suluensis (p. 21) e9. Smaller; wing, 65.5 mm.; upper parts darker celestinoi (p. 22) c2. Bill stouter, depth at angle of gonys, 5.8 mm Worcester! (p. 23) 5. TURNIX FASCIATA (Temminck). PHILIPPINE BUTTON QUAIL. Hemipodius fasciatus TEMMINCK, Pig. et Gall. (1815). 3, 634, 757. Turnix fasciata GRANT, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 22, 535; SHABPE, Hand-List (1899), 1, 48; GATES, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1901), 1, 70; MC- GREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 8. Turnix nigrescens TWEEDDALE, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 765. Turnix haynaldi BLASIUS, Ornis (1888), 4, 317. Pu-gong daan, Manila; tic-ti'-co, Calapan, Mindoro. Calamianes (Bourns d Worcester) ; Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester) ; Luzon (Everett, Heriot, Whitehead, McGregor, M earns) ; Masbate (Bmirn* d Worcester) ; Mindoro (McGregor, Porter) ; Negros (Kteere Exp.) ; Palawan (Whitehead, Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns d Worcester, White); Panay (Bourn* d Worcester) ; Sibuyan (Bourns d Worcester). Adult male. — Above blackish brown; feathers of back largely black with white or buff margins; in some specimens the margins largely rufous; chin and throat white; breast and sides light buff with clear-cut, subterminal, black cross-bars ; abdomen and belly dirty white ; flanks and TURNIX. 19 under tail-coverts washed with buff; quills blackish brown, first three or four narrowly edged with pale buff or white ; first alula-quill widely edged with pale buff or white; coverts light buff, more or fewer with strong cross-bars. Bill black, yellow at base ; legs pale greenish yellow. Length, 140. Three males measure: Wing, 68 to 76; tail, 23 to 28; culmen, 12 to 13; tarsus, 21 to 22; middle toe with claw, 18 to 19.5. Adult female. — Like the adult male but larger; chin and throat black; hind neck and sides of neck decorated with a collar of rich chestnut. Iris white; bill yellow, slightly greenish toward tip; legs greenish; nails flesh-colored. Length, 160. Three females measure: Wing, 72 to 81; tail, 29 to 30.5; culmen, 13 to 14; tarsus, 23 to 25; middle toe with claw, 20 to 23. Young. — Immature birds of both sexes resemble the adult male but the bars of breast are reduced to spots or to irregular Y-shaped bars; above more uniform, dull rusty brown and edges of feathers more or less rusty; wing-coverts blackish brown, notched with white. There is much variation in the color of the upper parts due to wear; birds in fresh plumage (February, Manila) are largely chestnut above and males may have a narrow chestnut collar; the rich color fades and the feathers become abraded very rapidly. A male (March 17, Tarlac) shows scarcely any chestnut and that of a faded hue. The species is easily recognized in any plumage by the black bars (spots in young) on breast. Eggs. — "The eggs of the Philippine bustard quail are grayish white, densely covered with specks and dots of yellowish brown and small blotches of pale purple. The three examples in the collection [collected by the Steere Expedition in Negros, November 10], are very broad ovals and measure respectively: 28.4 by 21.3; 27 by 21.3; 26 by 21.3." (Oate».) A nest believed to belong to this species was found in Mindoro, March 23, 1905. It was made of dry grass and placed on the ground in an old clearing, where it was well hidden by the surrounding grass. The three eggs were slightly incubated; two of them measure 25 by 20 and the third measures 24.6 by 19.8. The ground-color is white, closely speckled with dull greenish brown and occasional small spots of various shades of lilac, the larger end rather thickly marked with blotches of blackish brown. One specimen from Manila, July 30, 1908, measures 23.5 by 18.5. "Common about old paddy-fields and on grassy plains. It flies but a short distance and then buries itself in the grass, where it runs rapidly and hides so well that one is seldom able to flush a bird the second time." (Bourns and Worcester MS.) 20 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BINDS. 6. TURNIX OCELLATA (Scopoli). SPOTTED BUTTON QUAIL. Oriolua ocellatus SCOPOLI, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. (1786), pt. 2, 88. Turnix ocellata GRANT, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 22, 548; SHARH:, Hand-List (1899), 1, 49; MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 8. Pu-gong gu'-bat, Manila. Luzon (Everett, Heriot, Whitehead, McGregor, Worcester, M earns). Adult male. — Above mottled and spotted; head and sides of face black with roundish white spots and some rusty edging to feathers; rest of upper parts with large black centers to feathers whose edges are light buff and tips rusty; a slight trace of a chestnut nuchal collar; chin and middle of throat white; breast uniform ruf ous-chestnut ; middle of belly dirty white; flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts dirty buff; primaries brown with pale edges; secondaries mottled and with wider, buff edges; coverts and tertials buff, each with a larger, roundish, black spot. "Iris white, upper mandible grayish brown at tip, pale yellow from nostrils back; lower mandible pale yellow, except tip light brown, legs and feet light straw-yellow, except joints and soles light brown; nails gray. Length, 165." (Worcester.) \ specimen from Benguet measures: Wing, 93; tail, 33; culmen, 15; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, >M. Adult female. — Similar to male but larger; throat and chin black; chestnut of breast continued above as a wide nuchal collar. Iris white; bill pale yellow, grayish at tip; legs dull yellow; nails whitish. Length, 180; wing, 115; tail, 37; culmen, 17; tarsus, 29; middle toe with claw, 27.5. These measurements are from a specimen taken near Manila. Young. — In young males the throat is more or less spotted with black and many of the breast-feathers are subterminally spotted with black. In young females the throat is more or less spotted with white. This is much the largest of the Philippine button quails and appears to be confined to the Island of Luzon. 7. TURNIX WHITEHEADI Grant. WHITEHEAD'S BUTTON QUAIL. Turnix ichitchcadl GRANT, Hand-Book Game Bds. (1896), 2, 276; WIIITK HEAD, Ibis (1899), 5, 493; SHARPE, Hand-List. (1899), 1, 48; MC- GREGOR, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 4, 7, pi. 1, fig. 2; McGRK<;oK and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 8. Luzon (Whitehead, Mc(jregor). Adult male. — General color above black, finely vermiculated with gray and dull reddish brown or with dull chestnut; crown mostly black with dull chestnut tips to the feathers; a distinct median line of buff from bill to neck ; many feathers on back edged with buff or whitish buff ; fore- head and whole side of face pale buff, most of the feathers black tipped ; TURNIX. 21 chin,, upper throat, and abdomen white ; breast dark buff ; a few black spots on sides of breast; a few feathers on sides, under wings, dull chestnut; quills brown with light edges; long alula-quill edged with white; coverts largely ochraceous-buff or dull chestnut and more or less marked with large black spots; long scapulars broadly edged with ochraceous-buff or pale yellow-buff. Iris white ; upper mandible .dark horn ; lower mandible dull blue; legs and nails flesh-colored. Length, about 1*20.; wing, 56.5 to 01; tail, 10.5 to 28; culmen, 9 to 10; tarsus, 16.5 to 18. Adult female. — Differs from the adult male in having median crown- line and sides of face pale straw or whitish; a narrow collar of dull chestnut; above generally darker and marked with a greater amount of dull chestnut. Wing, 60 to 64; tail, 18 to 22; culmen, 9.5 to 11.5; tarsus, 17 to 18. Young. — Immature birds are similar to adults but have the breast white, streaked with dark brown; upper parts more uniformly and less richly colored. Eggs. — White with numerous, obscure, lilac markings; around the larger end a band of dark sienna; larger end covered to middle of egg with a wash of dark brown; edge of this color-area well-defined and slightly irregular; smaller end of egg with a few small specks and a faint brown wash. Two eggs measure respectively 20 by 16 and 20 by 16.5. Another egg, measuring 20.6 by 16.2, is white, speckled with brown and has nearly one-half the surface, at the larger end, covered with dark vandyke-brown. Eggs are deposited in August so far as known. The only known specimens of Whitehead's button quail were purchased in the Quinta Market, Manila. It is said that they are trapped in the vicinity of Parafiaque, some 7 kilometers from Manila. 8. TURNIX SULUENSIS Mearns. SULU BUTTON QUAIL. Turnix suluensis ME^RNS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. (1905), 18, 83; MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 8. Sulu (Mearns). "Adult female (type and only specimen}. — General color of upper parts walnut-brown, the feathers finely banded and vermiculated with gray and black; top. of head clove-brown, the feathers almost imperceptibly edged with gray, divided by a median stripe of isabella-color extending from the base of the bill to the occiput ; sides of head and neck buffy white speckled with clove-brown ; nape walnut-brown, the feathers edged with gray ; mantle walnut-brown, the feathers edged with gray, and vermiculated with black, gray, and traces of very pale cinnamon; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts clove-brown, the feathers narrowly edged with gray on the back and upper rump, more broadly with cinnamon on the lower 22 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. rump and upper tail-coverts; tail grayish drab, the feathers perceptibly cross-banded with wavy lines of dusky, edged with cinnamon on outer webs, with middle pair of feathers extending 7 mm. beyond the next pair; scapulars and numerals conspicuously edged externally with golden buff and cinnamon; primaries grayish drab, the two outer ones edged externally with wood-brown; secondaries darker drab, edged with cin- namon on the outer web; greater wing-coverts cinnamon, drab at base, with a subterminal black spot on the outer web; lesser wing-coverts cinnamon-rufous, edged with buff, with a subterminal black ocellus : chin, upper throat, and malar region, whitish, the last speckled witli blackish brown; lower neck and upper breast clay-color, bordered by a chain of oval black spots, the largest 3 mm. in length; lower breast and middle of belly whitish ; sides of lower neck, and sides of chest and breast, chestnut mixed with black and clay-color; flanks light clay-color; under , tail-coverts darker clay-color; lining of wings pale clay-color and pale grayish drab. Length of skin, 120; wing, 68; tail, 31; culmen, 11.5; depth of bill at angle of gonys, 3.8; tarsus, 19.5." (Mearns.) 9. TURNIX CELE8TINOI McGregor. CELESTINO'S BUTTON QUAIL. Turnix celestinoi MCGREGOR, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 292, 317. Bohol (McGregor). Adult male (type and only specimen). — Ground-color of upper parts black ; feathers of head narrowly edged with dull buff, paler on forehead ; a narrow median line of pale buff from forehead to nape; hind neck, mantle, rump, and tail-coverts with wavy, broken, cross-lines of dark rusty buff, obsolete on neck; lores and side of head light buff with small black tips to feathers; a patch on each side of neck pale vinaceous-buff with narrow black cross-lines; chin and throat white, each feather with narrow buff tips, middle of abdomen white; rest of lower parts rusty buff or clay-color, a trifle lighter than in T. worcesteri; each feather on sides of breast marked with a wide black bar; primaries, secondaries, primary-coverts, and alula drab-gray; first primary and first feather of alula edged exteriorly with ocherous-buff ; secondary-coverts and inner secondaries with wide edges of ocherous-buff preceded by large black spots or bars; wing-lining and axillars drab-gray; tail bluish slate and hidden by the long coverts. Length, 130 ; wing, 6 5. -5 ; tail, 18.1 ; exposed culmen, 11.5; depth of bill at angle of gonys, 4; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 18.5. The only specimen known was taken on a grassy hill near the town of Guindulman, in Bohol, J.une 22, 1906. It is closely related to T. suluensis. TUKNIX. 23 10. TURNIX WORCESTERI McGregor. WORCESTER'S BUTTON QUAIL. furnix worcesteri MCGREGOR, Bull. Philippine Mus. (1904), 4, 8, pi. 1, fig. 1; MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 8. Luzon ( McGregor ) . Adult (sexes nearly alike). — General color above black; forehead spotted with white; feathers of crown and nape tipped with pale buff and some edged with white, producing an incomplete white line on middle of head (this line may be perfect in a well made skin) ; feathers on back and rump barred and tipped with pale buff; tertials and scapulars edged with whitish buff; feathers on sides of face mostly white with black tips; lores white; feathers on sides of neck black, each with a wide, sub- terminal, white bar; a small black spot behind ear; breast and throat rusty buff or dark clay-color, this color extending up each side of the white chin-area as rusty-buff tips to the feathers and bounded above by the black-tipped white feathers of malar region ; flanks, under tail-coverts, and sides of abdomen and breast also rusty buff, but paler ; middle of abdomen whitish ; a few feathers on sides of abdomen barred with blackish brown ; primaries, their coverts, and secondaries drab-gray; four outer primaries narrowly edged with whitish; secondaries barred with whitish on outer webs; secondary-coverts blackish, mottled and edged with pale buff; rectrices blackish, edged with buff. Bill pale bluish ; legs flesh-pink, nails slightly darker; iris very pale yellow. A male measures: Length, 120; wing, 65; tail, 27; culmen from base, 10; depth of bill at angle of gonys, 5; tarsus, 17; middle toe with claw, 16. Length of female,, 128; wing, 71; tail, 23.5; culmen, 11.4; depth of bill at angle of gonys, 5.8; tarsus, 16.7; middle toe with claw, 18. Worcester's quail is known from four specimens which were purchased in Quinta Market, Manila. It resembles T. whiteheadi but differs from that species in having the bill much deeper. Major E. A. Mearns informs me that he is quite sure that he saw a live bird of this species in Manila, in August, 1907. Order COLUMBIFORMES. DOVES AND PIGEONS. Tip of bill horny and strongly convex forming a "nail" which is often of a shade or color different from that of the soft, contracted, basal por- tion; covering of nostril generally tumid; toes four, three in front, cleft to the base or with a slight web; hind toe not elevated; legs and toes never much lengthened; tarsus either slightly longer or slightly shorter than middle toe without claw; wing flat and rather long; in several genera the primaries variously cut or attenuated; tail usually square or slightly rounded ; never forked ; in Macropygia and Geopclia the rectrices 24 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE 11IRDS. are greatly graduated. A few genera are terrestrial, but most of them are more or less arboreal and generally capable of strong, swift, and sustained flight. Their food is largely grain and small seeds; the larger species feed on the fruits of trees, rarely on the leaves. The nest is a slight structure of twigs placed on the ground, in a shrub, or in a tall tnv. Eggs one or two, pure white or slightly cream-colored ; in shape rather long, equal ended, ovals. Suborder COLUMB^]. ('liaracters same as those given for the Order. Families. a1. Soles very broad; tarsus stout, more or less feathered, and generally shorter than middle toe without claw. 61. Nostril coverings flat or but slightly .swollen Treronidae (p. 24) 6Z. Nostril coverings swollen forming a grape-seed shaped prominence on each side of culnien Columbidae (p. 51) aa. Soles not greatly expanded on sides of toes; tarsus more slender, unfeathered, and longer than middle toe without claw Peristeridae (p. 54) Family TRERONID^. Soles very broad ; tarsus stout, more or less feathered ; bill stout or large; gape very wide in some; nostril covering flat or somewhat swollen; tail moderate in length, nearly square ; medium to large sized species. Subfamilies. /».. Bourns d Worcester) ; Siasi (Guillemard) ; Sibay (Porter) ; Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns d Worcester, Celestino) . Celebes, Malay Peninsula. Indo-Malay Islands, Indo-Chinese provinces. Adult male. — Head, chin, and upper throat blue-gray, darkest on crown; forehead, sides of face, chin, and throat faintly greenish; neck all round and sides of head behind eye lavender-gray, forming a narrow band on hind neck and a wide patch on lower throat, followed by a patch of deep orange on breast ; lower breast and abdomen yellowish green, PHAPITKERON. 29 clear lemon-yellow on middle of belly; sides and lining of wing blue- gray ; flanks and thighs dark olive-green, the latter streaked with light lemon-yellow; under tail-coverts chestnut; back, rump, mantle, and secondary-coverts dull gray-green, richer green on the coverts ; upper tail- coverts like rump but with a faint chestnut wash; primaries, alula, primary-coverts, and outer secondaries black; some of the primaries and secondaries edged with yellow; greater coverts broadly margined with pale yellow, forming a conspicuous band ; rectrices slate-gray above, each with a black subterminal band and washed with green near the base; rectrices blackish below with narrow slate-gray tips. Base of bill black, tip pale blue; iris light yellow; legs and feet coral-pink. Salvador! quotes the following iris colors from Davidson : "Irides with three rings, the outer one rose-pink, the next prussian-blue, the innermost ultra- marine-blue." Length, 280 ; wing, 147 ; tail, 92 ; culmen from base, 19 ; tarsus, 23. Adult female. — Nearly all green; somewhat similar to the male but darker green above; the lavender wanting on head and neck, and orange wanting on breast, these parts being dark green; under tail-coverts pale yellow, more or less washed with cinnamon on inner webs. One female from Mariveles, Bataan Province, measures: Length, 280; wing, 148; tail, 93; culmen from base, 19; tarsus, 22. "Young male. — Resembles the female, but with some trace of the vinaceous purple color on the neck, and of the brown-orange on the breast. "Young female. — Has the rufescent color of the upper tail-coverts scarcely visible, and the central tail-feathers more or less tinged with green. "Some specimens have the forehead and throat more or less tinged with greenish, but they are not confined to a particular locality. I have seen in the Museum of Paris a variety entirely of a canary-yellow." (Salvadori.) "Its nest is a mere platform of twigs, grass-stems, tendrils, and leaves, measuring about 180 mm. in breadth. The eggs are nearly oval in form, pure white in color, and measure 31 by 24." (Bourns and Worcester MS.) Genus PHAPITRERON Bonaparte, 1854. Length, 230 to 280 mm.; sexes alike in color; colors nearly uniform brown of various shades; a wide iridescent band on neck; primaries neither scooped not cut ; rectrices graduated and rounded and with gray tips ; under tail-coverts gray or dark buff. Birds of this genus are closely related inter se, maculipectus alone showing a slight departure from the type in its mottled breast. The species fall naturally into two groups which might take the rank of subgenera were anything to be gained 30 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. thereby. The first five species (see key to species), the amethystina group are rare deep-woods birds; their colors are generally darker brown than those of the leucotis group and the bill is noticeably longer and heavier, being longer than tarsus. The five species of the leucotis group are fairly common in their respective ranges ; they are to be found in more open country or even on the borders of rice- fields; in this group the tarsus equals, or is slightly greater than, the culmen. Species. a1. Culmen more than 19 mm.; longer than tarsus. ft1. Breast not mottled. c1. Under tail-coverts cinnamon or ocherous-brown. d1. Breast brown; wing longer amethystina (p. 30) d3. Breast pearly ash; wing shorter brunneiceps (p. 32) c*. Under tail-coverts ashy gray. d1. Under tail-coverts not tipped with fulvous cinereiceps (p. 31) d3. Under tail-coverts slightly tipped with fwlvous frontalis (p. 32) b2. Breast distinctly mottled maculipectus (p. 33) a3. Culmen less than 17 mm.; equal to or less than tarsus. bl. Forehead gray or fulvous, not white. c1. Throat and cheeks deep ruddy fulvous. d1. Throat darker; occiput dull amethystine-rufous leucotis (p. 33) d2. Throat lighter; occiput bright coppery amethystine., occipitalis (p. 34) c9. Throat and cheeks pale fulvous. d1. Forehead grayish; light streak under eye fulvous nigrorum (p. 35) d3. Forehead pale fulvous; light streak under eye white. brevirostris (p. 35) ft2. Forehead and chin pure white albifrons (p. 36) 16. PHAPITRERON AMETHYSTINA Bonaparte. AMETHYSTINE BROWN PIGEON. Phapitreron amethystina BONAPARTE, Consp. Gen. Avium (1854), 2, 28; Compt. Rend. (1855), 40, 214; MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 10. Phabotreron amethystina WALDEN, Trans. Zool. Soc. (1875), 9, 214, pi. 34, fig. 2; SALVADORI, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21, 66; SHARPK. Hand-List (1899), 1, 55. Bohol (McGregor); Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Steere Exp.) ; Luzon (Meyer, McGregor) ; Mindanao (Everett, Goodfellow, Celestino) ; Panaon (Everett) ; Sa- mar (Steere Exp., Whitehead). Adult. — A black line below eye from gape to neck; below this a line of white mixed with reddish brown; general color above dark brown, lighter on forehead and fore crown ; bird held toward the light, neck and its sides, beautiful, iridescent purple and violet-blue; wing-coverts, back, rump, and tail-coverts, dark glossy green; bird held away from the light, PHAPITRERON. 31 neck and sides of neck blue or deep violet; wings, back, tail, and its coverts washed with purple; below uniform light brown except middle of abdomen and tail-coverts which are dark buff; tail dark brown with a broad, apical, gray band, the middle pair of rectrices do not show this band from above. Iris light brown; bare skin about eyes dark, dirty red ; bill black ; legs and feet bright carmine ; nails horn-colored. Length, about 255. In a male from Bataan Province, Luzon, the wing is 140; tail, 99 ; culmen, 23 ; tarsus, 20.5. Salvadori gives the following measure- ments : Wing, 146 ; tail, 78 ; bill, 22 ; tarsus, 22. "A rare bird in the few islands where it is found. Legs dull pink; iris dark brown; feet dark pink; nails brown; bill black. Length, 292; wing, 145; tail, 97; culmen, 25; tarsus, 21; middle toe with claw, 30." (Bourns and Worcester MS.) 17. PHAPITRERON CINEREICEPS Bourns and Worcester. GRAY-HEADED PIGEON. Phabotreron cinereiceps BOURNS and WORCESTER, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1,8; SHARPE, Hand-List (1899), 1, 55. Phapitreron cinereiceps MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 10. Tawi Tawi (Bourns & Worcester). "Adult. — Top of head, nape, and sides of neck clear ashy gray, slightly washed with rufous on forehead ; hind neck amethystine as in P. amethys- tina; back, rump, and upper tail-coverts brown with bronze reflections, the tail-coverts slightly more ruddy than back; four outer pairs of tail- feathers dark brown, lighter at base ; two central pairs ruddy brown with bronze reflections; all the tail-feathers with ashy tips which form a distinct terminal band 6 mm. in width; shafts of tail-feathers black; wing-coverts and secondaries uniform with back; primaries dark brown, the first five sharply edged with rusty brown on outer web; a narrow black stripe under eye; sides of face, ear-coverts, fore neck, and breast rich niddy brown, the breast with a slight metallic gloss ; chin and throat lighter; abdomen and thighs fulvous brown; flanks darker with slight metallic wash; under tail-coverts clear ashy gray; shafts of tail-feathers with basal half black, apical half white; under surface of tail nearly black, the terminal gray band distinct and wider than on upper surface, measuring 15 mm. on outer pair of feathers; under wing-coverts and axillars like the flanks ; under surface of quills uniform dark brown. Bill black; legs and feet dirty purplish; nails black; iris in one specimen bright yellow, in another orange-red. Length, 260; wing, 134; tail, 99; culmen, 20; tarsus, 18. Sexes alike." (Bourns and Worcester.) This species is known from the types only. 32 MAXTAL OF PIIILIPPIM: RIUDS. 18. PHAPITRERON BRUNNEICEPS Bourns and Worcester. BROWN-HEADED PIGEON. hnin neiceps BOURNS and WORCESTER, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1,9; SHARPE, Hand-List (1899), 1, 55. I'hfipitreron brunnciceps MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 10; MCGREGOR, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 281. Basilan (Bourn* tC- Worcester, McGregor). "Adult. — Above dark brown with greenish reflections ; amethystine spot on hind neck less blue than in P. amethystina; top of head brown, forehead slightly lighter and nape slightly darker than crown; sides of face and ear-coverts brown, paler than crown; a narrow, dark brown streak under eye; chin and throat grayish fulvous; breast pearly a.-!i : abdomen, flanks, thighs, and under tail-coverts ochraceous-brown ; under surface of tail brownish black with a broad, gray, terminal band; under wing-coverts and axillars fulvous-brown; primaries with sharply defined light edges on upper web; below slightly more ashy; tail-feathers brown above with distinct terminal bands of gray, central pair with slight metallic gloss; shafts of quills black above and below except the terminal 15 mm. which are white. Bill black; feet dark pink; nails brown; iris orange-red. Length, 255; wing, 132; tail, 89; culmen, 24; tarsus, 18. A well-defined species distinguished from P. amethystina by its smaller size and the entirely different color of its under surface." (Bourns and Worcester.) This species is very distinct from P. amethystina being smaller and differently colored. A male measures: Length, 267; wing, 135; tail, 100; culmen from base, 25. 19. PHAPITRERON FRONTALIS Bourns and Worcester. CEBTJ AMETHYSTINE PIGEON. I'habotreron frontalis BOURNS and WORCESTER, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (18941), 1, 10; SHARPE, Hand-List (1899), 1, 55. Phapitreron frontalis MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 10. Cebu (Bo urns tf- \Vorcester}. "'Adult. — General color of upper surface as in P. brunnciceps but forehead and crown lighter, nape washed with ashy gray, and lacking metallic gloss; tail glossed with dull bronze instead of amethystine and the terminal band less strongly marked than in brunncnr^; under sur- face much as in Irunneiceps but everywhere darker; under tail-cou-rts ashy gray, slightly tipped with fulvous; tail much as in brunneic<'i>*, tin- outer web of outer pair of feathers being, however, light brown; basal half of shafts dirty whitish; apical fourth white, rest brown. Iris pale orange; bill black; legs and feet purple; nails light brown. Sexes alike. Length, 260; wing, 140; tail, 100; culmen, 51; tarsus, 21." (Bourns and Worcester.) Of THE UNIVERSITY X PHAPITRERON. 33 The length of culmen given above (2 inches in original description) is undoubtedly an error. 20. PHAPITRERON MACULIPECTUS Bourns and Worcester. MOTTLED AMETHYSTINE PIGEON, Phabotreron maculipectus BOURNS and WORCESTER, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. Occ. Papers (1894), 1, 10; SHARPE, Hand-List (1899), 1, 55; GRANT, Ibis (1896), 563. Phapitreron maculipectus MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 10. Negros (Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead). "Adult male. — Upper surface exactly as in P. amethystina except that the primaries are slightly darker ; dark brown stripe under eye extending from gape through ear-coverts to hind neck; below this a white stripe and a second shorter dark stripe below the latter; cheeks fulvous brown; chin and throat more ruddy brown; breast clear ashy gray, each feather having an edging distinctly lighter than its center, producing a beautiful mottled appearance ; feathers on center of fore breast washed with brown and forming a distinct patch; feathers of abdomen lack the dark centers, and their edges washed with light brown; thighs and under tail-coverts cinnamon-brown, much lighter than in P. amethystina; under surface of tail-feathers dark brown, nearly black, with faint metallic gloss and a broad, gra}^, terminal band; shafts of feathers black changing to white at tips ; under surface of wing and axillars uniform fulvous brown. Bill black; feet dark pink; nails dark brown, nearly black. Wing, 145; tail, 115; culmen, 26; tarsus, 20. Length not taken from birds in flesh. This beautiful species was obtained in the Island of Negros on the moun- tains of the interior, where it is by no means common. It is distinguished from all the other species of the genus by its fine mottled breast." (Bourns and Worcester.) 21. PHAPITRERON LEUCOTIS ( Temminck ) . NORTHERN WHITE-EARED PIGEON, Columba leucotis TEMMINCK, PI. Col. (1823), 189. Phabotreron leucotis SALVADORI, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21, 67; SHARPE, Hand-List (1899), 1, 55; GATES, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1901), 1, 83. Phapitreron leucotis MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 10; MCGREGOR, Bur. Govt. Labs. Manila (1905), 34, 6, pi. 3 (nest). Gcopelia striata GRANT and WHITEHEAD, Ibis (1898), 246 (eggs) ! error. Ba-to ba-to tu-loc, Manila; cu-lu-cu-luc, Lubang. Catanduanes (Whitehead) ; Luzon (Meyer, Heriot, Everett, Steere Exp., White- head, McGregor) ; Mindoro (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Everett, McGregor, Porter}. Adult. — A black line from gape to nape below eye; below this a white line from opposite the posterior border of eye to nape; above, general 77719 - 3 34 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. color brown; forehead and crown dark gray; below brown; chin, upper throat, and cheeks ruddy fulvous; lower breast and abdomen slightly ochraceous, much paler posteriorly; under tail-coverts dark pearl-gray; wings brown; primaries with pale edges; rectrices brown, each with a wide, terminal, gray band. Metallic reflections; specimen held toward the light, occiput, neck, sides of neck, throat, breast, sides of body, and flanks bronze-green ; a blue collar on hind neck and a blue band across interscapulars ; back, rump, and wing-coverts touched with purple; when specimen is held away from the light the blue bands change to green; the green of neck and lower parts becomes purple; the back, \ving-co\vrt >. tail-coverts, and rectrices are touched with violet and dark purple. Iris varies, usually mottled pinkish surrounded by a narrow white ring or n pale blue ring; bill black; legs carmine; nails horn-brown. Length. about 235. Three males average : Wing, 134 ; tail, 81 ; culmen from base, 18; tarsus, 20. Four eggs taken by Whitehead at Cape Engano in May, 1895, are "glossy and measure from 26.5 to 28.5 in length, and from 19.5 to 20 in breadth." (Oates.) "Fairly common in deep woods. Breeds in April. Legs and feet deep pink; nails brown. Length, 260; wing, 127; tail, 95; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 29." (Bourns and Worcester MS.) This species is fairly abundant in the islands where it occurs. Several nests were found in Mindoro; they were constructed of twisted plant- tendrils which material gave the nests the appearance of being made of spiral springs. The nest was invariably placed in a small tree and rested on a horizontal branch at from 2 to 6 meters from the ground. Eggs and nestlings were found from April 8 to May 6. 22. PHAPITRERON OCCIPITALIS Salvador!. BASILAN WHITE-EARED PIGEON. Phabotreron occipitalis SALVADORI, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21, 68; SHARPE, Hand-List (1899), 1, 55. Phapitreron occipitalis McGREGOB and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 10, Basilan (Ererett, Steere Exp., Bourns t(- Worcester, McGregor). • Adult (sexes similar). — "Similar to P. leucotis, but the rufous throat more vinous, and the occiput of a coppery amethystine, very conspicuous ; the back and wings of a more greenish hue. 'Iris light warm brown ; bill black; feet carmine.' (Everett.) Length, about 230; wing, 127; tail, 91; bill, 15; tarsus, 20." (Salvador!.) "Iris purple ; legs and feet dark pink ; nails brown ; bill black. Length, 250; wing, 126; tail, 86; culmen, 18; tarsus, 18.5; middle toe with claw, 28. Abundant in Basilan. A deep woods bird." (Bourns and Wor- cester MS.) PHAPITRERON. 35 23. PHAPITRERON NIGRORUM Sharpe. NEGROS WHITE-EARED PIGEON. Phabotreron nigrorum SHABPE, Trans. Linn. Soc. Zool. (1877), 1, 346, 353; Hand-List (1899), 1, 55; SALVADORI, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21, 68. Phapitreron nigrorum MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 10. Tuc-mo, Masbate, Ticao, and in general use. Cebu (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor) ; Guimaras (Meyer, Steere Exp.) ; Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor) ; Negros (Layard, Steere, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay) ; Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Wor- cester) ; Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor) ; Tablas (Bourns & Worcester) ; Ticao (McGregor). Adult. — Very similar to Phapitreron leucotis but smaller; chin, sides of face, and upper throat much paler; the white line on auricular region replaced by a wider line of pale fulvous from bill to nape. Bill black; iris gray; legs dark scarlet; nails brown. Four specimens, two of each sex, measure: Wing, 119 to 124 (122):, tail, 90 to 96.5 (94); culmen from base, 17 to 18 (17.5) ; tarsus, 16.5 to 18 (17.5). "Very common in the forests of the central Philippines. Iris dark brown; legs and feet dark pink; nails leaden; bill black. Length, 229 to 250; wing, 119 to 127; tail, 84 to 96; culmen, 17 to 19; middle toe with claw, 26 to 29." (Bourns and Worcester MS.) 24. PHAPITRERON BREVIROSTRIS Tweeddale. SHORT-BILLED PIGEON. Phabotreron brevirostris TWEEDDALE, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1877), 549; Challenger Report (1881), 2, Zool. pt. 8, pi. 6; SALVADORI, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21, 69; SHARPS, Hand-List (1899), 1, 55. Phapitreron brevirostris MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 10. Dinagat (Everett); Leyte (Everett, Steere Exp., Whitehead) ; Mindanao (Murray, Everett, Koch & Schadenberg, Goodfellow, Clemens, Celestino) ; Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns E Blasius. MINDORO PUNALADA. Phlogcenas platence "BLASIUS," HABTEBT, Jour, fiir Ornith. (1891) 302; SALVADOBI, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1893), 21, 588; SHABPE, Hand-List (1899), 1, 88; McGBEGOB and WOBCES.TEB, Hand-List (1906), 15. Mindoro (Platen, Schmacker, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor). Adult (sexes similar). — Head and neck dark metallic green changing to amethystine ; scapulars, back, and rump chestnut, many of the feathers edged with metallic green; below white becoming faint buff or ochraceous on abdomen, flanks, and tail-coverts ; 'finely speckled with gray on si1. Bill more slender; exposed culmen equal to middle toe without claw. Hypotanidia (p. 66) b2. Bill stouter; exposed culmen much less than middle toe without claw. cl. Culmen not swollen at base; wing less than 140 mm. d1. Tarsus longer than middle toe with claw Eallina (p. 69) (P. Tarsus about equal to middle toe with claw or shorter. el. Culmen decidedly longer than hind toe with claw; under tail-coverts banded with white. f1. Smaller; wing, 90 mm. or less; forehead, throat, and breast slate-gray. Porzana (p. 71) /*. Larger; wing, 100 mm. or more; forehead, throat, and breast chestnut. Limnobaenus (p. 73) e2. Culmen but little longer than hind toe with claw; under tail-coverts unhanded Poliolimnas (p. 73) c2. Culmen slightly swollen at base but not forming a frontal shield; wing more than 150 mm Amaurornis (p. 75) a2. Frontal shield present ; legs and feet long and heavy. 61. Nostrils elongate; frontal shield narrower; terminal half of bill green or yellowish green. c1. Under tail-coverts pure white; tarsus less than 65 mm.. Gallinula (p. 77) c2. Under tail-coverts not white; tarsus more than 75 mm.. Gallicrex (p. 78) 6*. Nostrils small and circular; frontal shield wider; bill all red. Porphyrio (p. 80) Genus HYPOT^E^IDIA Reichenbach, 1852. Bill slender ; abdomen and flanks black or brown, banded with white. Species. a1. Chin white; upper parts more or less spotted with white. bl. Smaller; wing less than 125 mm.; breast uniform; no white eyebrow. striata (p. 67) b-. Larger; wing more than 140 mm.; breast barred with black and white; a white eyebrow * philippensis (p. 67) a*. Chin black; upper parts uniform torquata (p. 68) HYPOTJENIDIA. 67 57. HYPOT/ENIDIA STRIATA (Linnaeus). BLUE-BREASTED RAIL, Rallus striatus LINN^US, Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1766), 1, 262. Hypotcenidia striata SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1894), 23, 33; Hand- List (1899), 1, 95; GATES, Cat. Bird's Eggs (1901), 1, 111; MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 15. Tic-ling, general name for rails. Calamianes (Bourns & Worcester) ; Cebu (Everett) ; Guimaras (Steere Exp.) ; Leyte (Everett) ; Luzon (Cuming, McGregor, Gevers) ; Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow) ; Mindoro (McGregor, Porter)-, Negros (Steere Exp., Keay) ; Palawan (Celestino, White) ; Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester)-, Samar (Steere Exp.) ; Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester)-, Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester) ; Sulu ( Guillemard ) . Burmese countries to China, Malay Peninsula, Indo-Malay Islands, Southern India, Ceylon, Formosa, Celebes. Adult male. — Above olive-brown, feathers centered with black and barred with broken white lines ; crown, neck, and sides of neck dull chest- nut, brighter on the last ; center of crown blackish ; chin and upper throat; lores, sides of face, and ear-coverts, lower throat, fore neck, and breast slate-gray ; posterior lower part of body,- under wing-coverts, and axillars blackish barred with white; alula blackish brown; primary-coverts and primaries blackish brown spotted and barred with white; tail and its coverts similar to the back. "Basal half of bill rose-pink, the anterior half horn-color; legs and toes deep olive-brown; claws pale brown; iris red." ( Oates. ) Length, 246 ; culmen, 38 ; wing, 120 ; tail, 47 ; tarsus, 37. '"Adult female. — Similar to the male, but paler and decidedly more olive, head not so bright chestnut ; white bars on lower parts much tinged with fulvous. Length, 240 ; culmen, 35 ; wing, 110 ; tail, 41 ; tarsus, 35. "In winter the plumage is entirely overshaded with olive-brown and there is a distinct fulvescent tinge on abdomen and under tail-coverts, almost hiding the black bars on the latter. "Young. — Differs from the adults in having the bill black, and the upper surface much darker and without any white spots and bars on the back; head blackish, and back darker olive-brown with broad black cen- ters to the feathers; no rufous on the head or sides of crown and sides of neck." (Sharpe.) 58. HYPOT/ENIDIA PHILIPPENSIS (Linn^us). PECTORAL RAIL. Rallus philippensis LINN^US, Syst. Nat. ed. 12 ( 1766) , 1 , 263. Hypotcenidia, philippinensis SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1894'), 23, 39; Hand-List (1899), 1, 96; GATES, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1901), 1, 113; MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 16. Batan (Edmonds)-, Luzon (Everett, Whitehead, McGregor). Pacific Islands, Malay Archipelago, Australia, New Zealand. "Adult raaZe.— General color above ochraceous-brown, all the feathers black, with ochraceous edgings, and spangled with white spots on the 68 MANUAL OP PHILIPPINE BIRDS. mantle and back; lower back and rump ochraceous-brown, with white centers to the feathers, but no white spots; wing-coverts like the back, but more uniform, and with scarcely any spots on the lesser and median series, the greater series, however, having large white spots and interme- diate bars of black; alula black, checkered with white spots and bars; primary-coverts rufous, olive-brown at tip and banded with black; quills rufous, banded with black, and black at tips, the first two primaries checkered on the outer web and barred on the inner web with white; secondaries blackish, externally and at the tips ochraceous-brown, with numerous ovate spots or bars, the innermost secondaries ochraceous-brown, with broad black centers resembling the back; tail-feathers ochraceous- brown centered with black ; crjown of head olive-brown, with black longitu- dinal spots to the feathers; hinder neck ferrugineous, mottled with blackish center^ to the feathers, which are edged with olive-brown, obscur- ing the rufous; lores and broad band through the eye dusky brown, becoming rufous on the ear-coverts and extending to the sides of the neck, where it is a little brighter rufous; over the lores a white band extending above the eye, and continued in a broad band of light ashy gray above the$ ear-coverts, and extending to the sides of the nape ; cheeks light ashy gray, extending over the fore neck, which is washed with brown; fore part of the cheeks and throat white, remainder of under surface white, with black bars, very distinct, but narrow on the sides of fore neck, broader and more regular on the sides of body, where the feathers have olive-brown tips ; flank feathers distinctly barred with black and white, the black bands being the broader ; feathers at the sides of the vent tawny-buff, black at the base, and barred with white; long under tail-coverts black, with white bars, tawny-buff at the ends, the lower coverts tawny-buff, with black bases; thighs tawny-buff, dusky brown behind, under wing-coverts black, broadly edged with white; axillars black, barred with white. 'Bill warm brown ; feet and claws light grayish brown; iris indian-red/ (Everett.) Length, 292; culmen, 32; wing, 145; tail, 67; tarsus, 39; middle toe with claw, 47." (Sharpe.) Female. — An immature female agrees with the description of the male but the lower throat and fore breast are obscured with slate-gray and a slight olive wash. Bill dull brick-red, the terminal third brown; iris red; legs and nails light brown. Length, 305; wing, 136; tail, 73; culmen, 30; tarsus, 39; middle toe with claw, 43. This species is rare in Luzon. 59. HYPOT/ENIDIA TORQUATA (Linnaeus). PHILIPPINE RAIL. Rallus torquatus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1766), 1, 262. Hypotcenidia torquata SHABPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1894), 23, 43; Hand- List (1899), 1, 96; MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 16. RALLIXA. 69 Bantayan (McGregor) ; Bongao (Everett) ; Cagayancillo (McGregor) ; Ca- miguin N. (McGregor); Catanduanes ( Whitehead) ; Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor) ; Diriagat (Everett) ; Leyte (Everett) ; Luzon (Cuming, Meyer, Everett, Bourns d Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor) ; Marinduque (Steere Exp.) Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor) ; Mindanao (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Goodfellow) ; Mindoro (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor) ; Negros (Everett, Keay) ; Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns cC- Worcester) ; Romblon (Bourns d Worcester, McGregor] ; Samar (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester] ; Sibuyan (McGregor) ; Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino) ; Ticao (McGregor) ; Verde (McGregor). Adult (sexes afike). — Above olive-brown with a few, obscure, black lines on forehead ; lores and eircumocular area black, continued as a wide black band behind eye to side of nape; below this a wide white band from gape to neck, slightly washed with chestnut at its end; chin gray; throat and lower part of face black ; lower throat and rest of lower parts black profusely banded with white; vent and under tail-coverts washed with clay-brown; a wide band of chestnut across breast; under wing- coverts and axillars barred with black and white like the breast. Iris red; bill, legs, and nails brown. Three males: Length, 317 to 330; wing, 151 to 155; tail, 54 to 65; exposed culmen, 41 to 43; tarsus, 52 to 53; middle toe with claw, 52, 55. Two females: Length, 305, 317; wing, 142, 144; tail, 51, 60; exposed culmen, 39, 41; tarsus, 51, 52; middle toe with claw, 51, 52. Young. — Resembles the adult but has more white on the chin; band across breast wider and olive-brown; vent and under tail-coverts barred with reddish brown. "H. torquata usually deposits four eggs, more rarely three. The ground-color of the egg is creamy white, sparingly marked with spots and a few blotches of brown varying from dark chocolate to reddish, and with more numerous spots and blotches of pale lilac ; all the markings more numerous at the larger end. Ten eggs average 38 by 28.4." . (Bourns and Worcester MS.) The Philippine rail is the most abundant species of its family with the possible exception of Poliolimnas cinereus; both species are often taken in snares. Genus RALLINA Eeichenbach, 1849. 4 The species of this genus are of small size with short stout bills; middle toe with claw shorter than tarsus ; head, neck, and chest chestnut ; sides and abdomen barred with white. Species. a1. Wing-coverts broadly barred with white or buffy-white fasciata (p. 70) a*. Wing-coverts uniform or with few irregular white bars.... eurizonoides (p. 70) 70 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. 60. RALLINA FASCIATA (Raffles). MALAY BANDED CRAKE. Rallus fasciatus RAFFLES, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1822), 13, pt. 2, 328. Rallina fasciata SHABPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1894), 23, 75; Hand-List (1899), 1, 99; MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List {1906), 16. Balabac (Everett)-, Mindoro (Porter); Palawan (Whitehead, Platen). Bur- mese provinces, Malay Peninsula, Indo-Malayan Islands, Halmhera, Pelew Islands. "Adult male. — General color above ruddy brown, scapulars like the back ; rump a little more olive-brown ; upper tail-coverts and tail-feathers reddish brown ; lesser and median coverts ruddy brown, with buffy white bars, each of which is margined with black ; greater coverts black, rather broadly barred with white, as well as the alula and primary-coverts; quills blackish brown, checkered with white spots on outer web, and barred with white on the inner one ; secondaries broadly barred and tipped with white, these white markings obsolete on the innermost, rufous-brown secondaries; crown, neck, sides of face, ear-coverts, cheeks, throat, and chest chestnut, a little lighter on the throat; breast and sides white, broadly banded with black, the abdomen white; thighs white externally, ashy brown internally ; under tail-coverts barred with black and white or ruf ous- white ; under wing-coverts and axillars white, barred with black like the inner lining of quills. 'Bill dark horny; orbital skin and gape vermilion; feet and exposed portion of tibia bright coral-red; iris dull cinnabar-red.' (Davidson.) Length, 216; culmen, 24; wing, 132; tail, 48; tarsus, 46. "Adult female. — Similar to the male in color, but a little browner, and with narrower black bars on the under surface, the abdomen being, there- fore, whiter. 'Bill plumbeous; feet coral-red; iris reddish brown/ (Davidson.) Length, 230 ; culmen, 23 ; wing, 124 ; tail, 48 ; tarsus, 38r "Young. — Differs from the adult in being browner, the bands on the wing being buffy white; sides of face, fore neck, and chest ashy brown,, with a rufous tinge; throat whitish, as also the breast and abdomen, which have a few bars of dusky blackish on the sides of the body." (Sharpe.) 61. RALLINA EURIZONOIDES ( Laf resnaye ) . PHILIPPINE BANDED CRAKE. Gallinula eurizonoides LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool. (1845), 368. Rallina euryzonoides SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1894), 23, 78, pi. 8, fig. 1; Hand-List (1899), 1, 100; MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 16. Basilan (McGregor); Cagayancillo (McGregor); Cebu (Everett); Leyte (Everett) ; Luzon (Cuming, Dussumier, Mollendorff, Bourns d Worcester) ; Min- danao (Bourns & Worcester); Mindoro (McGregor, Porter); Negros (Everett); Panay (Bourns & Worcester); Sulu (Guillemard). PORZANA. 71 Adult male. — Back, wings, rump, tail, and tail-coverts dark brown with a slight olive tinge ; head, neck, throat, and breast bright chestnut ; posterior half of breast, abdomen, flanks, under tail-coverts, under wing- coverts and axillars black with wide white cross-bars, most conspicuous on the breast ; thighs brown with but little white ; primaries and second- aries blackish with wide white bars on inner webs. "Bill blackish, the base tinged light green, tip grayish; legs dull greenish leaden; feet dark lead-gray; nails gray; iris brilliant red." (Everett.) Length of a male from Basilan, 254; wing, 128; tail, 65; exposed culmen, 23; tarsus, 46; middle toe with claw, 37. Adult female. — Differs little if any from the male. A specimen from Cagayancillo had upper mandible black; lower mandible pea-green, tip bluish ; legs very dark green ; nails dark brown. Length, 215 ; wing, 128 ; tail, 69; exposed culmen, 23; tarsus, 40; middle toe with claw, 35. "So far as our observation goes R. eurizonoides is a woods form, all of our specimens having been killed in deep forest. Byes orange-red; legs and feet dark olive; upper mandible nearly black; lower olive-green." (Bourns and Worcester MS.) Genus PORZANA Yieillot, 1816. Smallest of the Philippine rails; bill slender; middle toe with claw longer than tarsus. Species. a1. Upper surface freckled with white auricularis (p. 71) a2. Upper surface uniform plnmbea (p. 72) 62. PORZANA AURICULARIS Reichenbach. PALLAS'S CRAKE, 1 Porzana auricularis REICHENBACH, Jour, fur Orn. (1898), 139; SHARPE, Hand-List (1899), 1, 102; GATES, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1901), 1, 118. Porzana pusilla, (not of Pallas) SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1894), 23, 106; MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 16. Luzon (Heriot). Eastern Siberia, Japan, China, Burmah, India, Ceylon, Borneo. Adult male. — General color above dark ochraceous-brown with black centers to nearly all the feathers which are marked with white spots freckled with black; lower back black, freckled with white but only slightly washed with ochraceous-brown; upper tail-coverts ochraceous- brown with black centers ; center of crown and hind neck dark ochraceous or reddish brown, only faintly streaked with black centers to the feathers ; forehead and broad eyebrow as well as entire side of face, throat, and breast clear slaty gray; a distinct band of reddish brown along ear- coverts to sides of neck; abdomen, flanks, and thighs blackish, mottled with white bars; under tail-coverts deep black, barred with white; lesser 72 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. and median wing-coverts uniform ochraceous-brown like the back, greater series with blackish centers and white f recklings; innermost secondaries like the back with broad black centers, the inner webs paler ochraceous- brown thereby forming a broad longitudinal band on each side of the back; alula, primary-coverts, and quills sepia-brown; edges of alula and first primary white; under wing-coverts and axillars dusky brown with a few white spots and bars; tail-feathers blackish, edged with dark ochraceous-brown. (Compiled from Sharpe, Catalogue of Birds). "Bill green, dusky on the culmen and at the tips; legs and feet green, with a yellowish tinge, sometimes brownish olive, sometimes pale green or pale olive-green; claws pale brown; iris normally red, sometimes briar-red, crimson, or carmine." (Hume.) Length, 178; culmen, 19; wing, 89; tail, 42; tarsus, 28; middle toe and claw, 38. "Adult female. — Similar to the male in color. Length, 178; culmen, 16; wing, 94; tail, 43; tarsus, 28. "Young. — Is like the adult on the upper surface and is similarly marked with black and white, but the general tone of the plumage is rather more rufous; the head like the back; sides of face rufous-brown, as also eyebrow; lores whitish; throat, breast, and abdomen dull white; fore neck and chest ruf escent, barred across with dusky ; lower flanks, vent, and under tail-coverts black, barred with white. 'Iris orange-red or reddish brown.' (Hume.)" (Sharpe.) 63. PORZANA PLUMBEA (Gray). LEAD-COLORED CRAKE. Crex plumbea GRAY, in Griffith ed. Cuvier (1829), 3, 410. Porzana tabuensis SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1894), 23, 111 (part). Porzana plumbea SHARPE, Hand-List (1899), 1, 102; MCGREGOR and WOR- CESTER, Hand-List (1906), 16. Luzon (Meyer, McGregor). New Hebrides, Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Chatham, Samoa, and Fiji Islands. Adult (sexes alike). — Above including wings reddish chocolate-brown; rump slightly darker; head and neck blackish; sides of face and under parts dark slate-gray; chin and throat more or less whitish; under tail- coverts black with white bars; edge of wing, first alula quill, and first primary white; under wing-coverts mottled with ashy brown and white. Bill black; iris and eyelids brick-red; legs and feet light salmon; nails dark brown. Ten specimens from the vicinity of Manila measure: Length, 165 to 178; wing, 69 to 78 (average 75) ; tail, 36 to 44 (average 40) ; exposed culmen, 15 to 19 (average 16) ; tarsus, 23 to 26 (average 25) ; middle toe with claw, 29 to 32 (average 31). "Young. — Differs from the adult in having the throat white and the center of chest and abdomen for the most part white." (Sharpe.) At times great numbers of this little rail are sold in the Manila markets, but I have never taken a specimen in the field. POLIOL1MNAS. 73 Genus POLIOLIMNAS Sharpe, 1893. Tarsus less than middle toe with claw and less than twice the culmen ; plumage of under parts mostly white. 64. POLIOLIMNAS CINEREUS (Vieillot). ASHY CRAKE. Porphyrio cinereus VIEILLOT, Nouv. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. (1819), 28, 29. Poliolimnas cinereus SHABPE, Cat. Birds. Brit. Mus. (1894), 23, 130; Hand- List (1899), 1, 104; MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 17. Basilan (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Calayan (Mc- Gregor) ; Cebu (Steere, Everett, Bourns <& Worcester) ; Dinagat (Everett) ; Guimaras (Steere Exp.) ; Leyte (Everett, Steere Exp.) ; Luzon (Bourns & Wor- cester, Cuming, Whitehead, McGregor) ; Marinduque (Steere Exp.) ; Mindanao (Everett, Bourns & Worcester) ; Mindoro (Bourns d Worcester, Porter) ; Negros (Bourns & Worcester) ; Panay (Bourns & Worcester] ; Sibuyan (McGregor) ; Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester) ; Ticao (McGregor). Oceania, Mala- yan Peninsula, Greater and Lesser Sunda Islands, Buru, Australia. Adult (sexes alike). — General color above wood-brown; scapulars, inner secondaries,, lower back, rump, and tail seal-brown; scapulars and inner secondaries with wide sandy brown edges ; top of head black or dark slate- gray; a white line from bill over eye; a large loral space black, below this a white band separating black post-ocular space from ashy ear-coverts ; lower throat, sides of neck, and sides of body ashy gray; chin, upper throat, thighs, and middle of breast and abdomen white; flanks, vent, and under tail-coverts sandy buff or clay-color ; wings and tail dark brown ; first primary edged with white. Iris bright red; bill yellowish brown; legs brown with greenish and yellowish tints; nails brown. Length, 190 to 203. Three males from Bohol measure : Wing, 91 to 98 (average 95) ; tail, 45 to 51 (average 48) ; exposed culmen, 23; tarsus, 36 to 39 (average 37.8) ; middle toe with claw, 46 to 52 (average 46). Young. — The fully feathered young resembles the adult in color pattern but top of head and blackish loral band are brown and the ashy gray of ear-coverts, lower throat, and sides is replaced by yellowish buff. The downy young is coal-black. A downy young bird was collected in Calayan, October 8, 1903, and a half -grown bird was collected in Ticao, April 22, 1902. "Very common about lakes and fresh-water pools. Breeds abundantly in the tall grass and rushes. Called by the natives "y-a-gut-yut." (Bourns and Worcester MS.) Genus LIMNOB^ENUS Sundevall, 1873. In colors this genus resembles Rallina but has the middle toe with claw longer than the tarsus. 74 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. Species. a1. Flanks olive-brown with narrow whitish bars, the bars sometimes wanting. fuscus (p. 74) a2. Flanks white, barred with dusky blackish payknlli (p. 74) 65. LIMNOBXENUS FUSCUS (Linnaeus). RUDDY CRAKE. Rallus fuscus LINN.EUS, Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1766), 1, 262. Limnobawus fuscus SHABPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1894), 23, 146; Hand- List (1899), 1, 105; GATES, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1901), 1, 120; MC- GREGOR and WOBOESTER, Hand-List (1906), 17. Cagayancillo ( McGregor ) ; Ley te (Everett); Luzon (Cuming, Heriot, Steere Exp., Whitehead) ; Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp.) ; Mindoro (McGregor); Negros (Keay). Ceylon, Indian and Malay Peninsulas, Burmese countries to China and Japan, Christmas Island, Java, Borneo. Adult male. — Above including wing-coverts dark olive; forehead, sides of head, chin, throat, and breast vinous-chestnut, chin more or less whitish; abdomen and flanks olive-brown with narrow white bars; vent and under tail-coverts blackish with wider white bars; wings and tail brown; axillars and under wing-coverts fringed with white. Iris brick- red, a narrow inner circle brown ; bill dark brown, lighter at tips ; legs red ; nails brown. A male from Manila market, September 2, 1904, measures: Length, 190; wing, 93; tail, 42; exposed culmen, 20; tarsus, 30; middle toe with claw, 35. Adult female. — Similar to the male. A female from Cagayancillo, February 23, 1903, measures : Length, 210 ; wing, 96 ; tail, 47 ; exposed culmen, 18.5 ; tarsus, 32 ; middle toe with claw, 37. A breeding female from Manila market, August 20, 1902, measures : Length, 210 ; wing, 98 ; tail, 47 ; exposed culmen, 20 ; tarsus, 32 ; middle toe with claw, 37. Young. — Manila market, August 14, 1902. Above olive and blackish brown, chin and throat white; remainder of under parts sooty brown mixed with white. Iris light green; upper mandible black; lower dark flesh; legs brown; nails black. Length, 200. This little crake is either very shy or very scarce as few specimens are seen. It is usually found in dry brush-land or on forest paths and is extremely quick in making its escape. 66. LIMNOB/ENUS PAYKULLI (Ljungh). PAYKULL'S CRAKE. Rallus paykulli LJUNGH, Sver. Vet. Akad. Handl. (1813), 258. Porzana paykulli STEERE, List Birds & Mams. Steere Exped. (1890), 82. Limnobcenus paykulli SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1894), 23, 149; Hand- List (1899), 1, 105; MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 17. Basilan (Steere Exp.). China, Eastern Siberia, Malay Peninsula, Java, Borneo. AMAURORNIS. 70 "Adult male. — Similar to L. fuscus, and having red legs like the latter species; upper surface ashy brown, as also the wings and tail; head ashy brown, with a rufous tinge on the forehead; lores, sides of face, throat, and breast pale vinous-chestnut ; chin whitish ; sides of breast ashy brown ; flanks and thighs white, barred with dusky blackish; under tail-coverts black, barred and tipped with white; axillars and under wing-coverts white, with dusky blackish bars. 'Bill bluish gray, blackish on the cul- men and about the tip, pea-green about the base; inside of mouth flesh- color; iris crimson; eyelid red; legs and toes salmon-color, brownish on the under surface of the tarsi, on the toes, and on their soles/ (Swinhoe.) Length, 215; culmen, 28; wing, 119; tail, 55; tarsus, 38. "Young (type of Eallina rufigenis). — Similar to the adult, but duller above, paler rufous below, the abdomen white with a vinous tinge; throat white; wing-coverts much more numerously banded with white." (Sharpe.) Steere is the only author who has recorded this species from the Philippines. Genus AMAUROKNIS Reichenbach, 1852. Bill rather stout; base of upper mandible slightly swollen; legs and feet large; middle toe with claw longer than tarsus; plumage with neither spots nor bars. Species. a1. Chin, throat, and breast slate-gray olivacea (p. 75) a2. Chin, throat, and breast pure white phoenicura (p. 76) 67. AMAURORNIS OLIVACEA (Meyen). PHILIPPINE WATERHEN. Gallinula olivacea MEYEN, Nova Acta C. L-C. Acad. Nat. Cur. (1834), 16, Suppl. 1, 109, pi. 20. Amaurornis olivacea WALDEN, Trans. Zool. Soc. (1875), 9, 231, pi. 33, fig. 1; SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1894), 23, 153; Hand-List (1899), 1, 106; GRAXT and WHITEHEAD, Ibis (1898), 247 (eggs) ; GATES, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1901), 1, 120. • Amauronis olivacea MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1907), 17 ( error ) . Tin-gad, Ticao; ba-na-ti-ran, Calayan; ba-hu-gocf, Batan. Batan (McGregor); Bohol (McGregor); Calayan (McGregor) ; Cebu (Everett, Bourns & Worcester, McGregor} ; Leyte (Everett) ; Luzon (Meyen, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead) ; Masbate (McGregor) ; Mindanao (Platen, Goodfelloio) ; Mindoro (McGregor); Negros (Keay) ; Panay (Bourns & Worces- ter) ; Samar (Bourns £ Worcester) ; Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester) ; Ticao (Mc- Gregor). Adult (sexes alike). — Above olive-brown; below bluish slate-gray, most intense on breast, lighter on chin, throat, and middle of abdomen ; flanks and thighs dull olive-brown; under tail-coverts ruddy brown. Iris red; 76 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. bill sea-green; legs dirty yellow; nails brown. Length of a male from Bohol, 330; wing, 175; tail, 63; culmen from base, 37; tarsus, 65; middle toe with claw, 70. Length of a male from Calayan, 305; wing, 178; tail, 57; culmen from base, 41; tarsus, 69; middle toe with claw, 73. A female from Mindoro, May 6, 1905, measures : Length, 290 ; wing, 165 ; tail, 53 ; culmen from base, 37 ; tarsus, 57 ; middle toe with claw, 64. "A common bird, snared in abundance by the natives. Two sets of eggs were obtained by us in Siquijor. The nest was in each case placed on a slight elevation, and was a mere heap of dried leaves and grasses. The ground-color of the eggs is rather a rich creamy buff. They are heavily blotched and spotted with a rich light chocolate-brown, the blotches being more numerous at the larger end, where they are often confluent. A few inconspicuous lilac markings are also present. The eggs measure from 40.6 to 43 in length, and from 29 to 32 in greatest breadth." (Bourns and Worcester MS.) Gates describes two eggs collected in Siquijor in February by the Steere Expedition. "The eggs of the Philippine crake are of a broad oval form, and they have but little gloss. The ground is creamy white, and this is spotted, streaked, and blotched, more thickly at the larger end than elsewhere, with reddish brown and underlying pale purple. Two examples measure respectively 41.9 by 30.9; 39.3 by 28.7." A nest of this species found at Balete, Mindoro, was well hidden in a clump of saw-grass. It was very weakly made of dry grass and had a deep cup. The single egg was heavily incubated when taken on May 20. It measures 41.6 by 30.9 mm. The ground-color is pale creamy white. Small spots and fine dots of reddish brown are scattered over the whole shell, but more numerously on the larger end where there are also two large blotches of lavender. A few small lavender dots are scattered over the entire surface. 68. AMAURORNIS PHCENICURA (Pennant). WHITE-BREASTED WATERHEN. Gallinula phamicurus PENNANT, Ind. Zool. (1769), 10, pi. 9. Amaurornis phccnicura SHABPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1894), 23, 156; Hand-List (1899), 1, 106; GATES, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1901), 1, 121, pi. 9, fig. 5, Amaurornis phcenicura BLANFORD, Fauna Brit. Ind. Birds" (1898), 4, 173, fig. 36 (head). Amauronis phcenicura MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 18 ( error ) . Sally-quawk, in general use. Basilan (Bourns d Worcester, McGregor); Bohol (McGregor}; Bongao (Everett) ; Cagayan Sulu (McGregor) ; Calamianes (Bourns d Worcester) ; Cebu (McGregor); Marinduque (Steere Exp.) ; Mindanao (Everett, Martens, Koch d Schadenberg, Steere Exp., Bourns d Worcester) ; Mindoro (Bourns d Worcester, GALLINULA. 77 McGregor)-, Palawan (Platen., White); Panay (Bourns & Worcester) ; Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester, Celestino) ; Sulu (Guillemard) ; Tawi Tawi (Bourns d Worcester). Indian and Malay Peninsulas, Ceylon, Indo-Burmese Provinces, China, Greater and Lesser Sunda Islands, Celebes. Adult (sexes alike). — Above including wings dark slate-gray; middle of neck, back, and inner secondaries washed with olive; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts dull brown; forehead, eyebrow, face, sides of neck, chin, throat, and breast white; from behind eye a black streak separating the gray above from the white below, abdomen and thighs washed with light chestnut; flanks and under tail-coverts chestnut; some of the upper tail-coverts slightly chestnut; alula and primaries blackish, first feather of each edged with white ; edge of wing white ; under wing- coverts blackish, fringed with white ; tail blackish. Iris dark brown ; up- per mandible red behind nostril, remainder dark green; lower mandible pea-green ; legs yellowish brown or light brown. Length, 292 to 305. A male from Danao, Cebu, August 2, 1906, meas- ures : Wing, 147 ; tail, 63 ; culmen from base, 38 ; tarsus, 56 ; middle toe with claw, 65. A male from Palawan, January 17, 1906, measures: Wing, 156; tail, 69; culmen from base, 37; tarsus, 56; middle toe with claw, 64. A female from Basilan, December 21, 1906, measures : Wing, 147; tail, 58; culmen from base, 35; tarsus, 53 ; middle toe with claw, 63. A very common bird in marshy regions and along fresh-water streams. Called "sally-quawk" by the natives from its notes/' (Bourns and Worcester MS.) Genus GALLINULA Brisson, 1760. Bill moderate, the culmen extending backward on the forehead to opposite center of eye and forming a tumid shield with rounded posterior margin; toes with a narrow fold on each side; middle toe without claw longer than tarsus ; plumage black with white on flanks and under tail- coverts. 69. GALLINULA CHLOROPUS (Linnaeus). MOORHEN. Fulica chloropus LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 152. Gallinula chloropus SHAKPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1894), 23, 169; Hand- List (1899), 1, 107; BLANFORD, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1898), 4, 175, fig. 37 (head); GRANT and WHITEHEAD, Ibis (1898), 246 (eggs); GATES, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1901), 1, 123; MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 18. Ca-rab' i-tu-mon', Bohol. Basilan (McGregor) ; Bohol (McGregor) ; Calayan (McGregor) ;,Cebu (Everett) ; Guimaras (Bourns & Worcester) ; Leyte (Everett) ; Luzon (Meyer, Everett, Steere Exp., Bourns cC- Worcester, Whitehead, McGregor) ; Mindanao (Everett, Bourns luiua'2; tarsus, 24; middle toe with claw, 25. "Young. — Above dusky brown, all the feathers edged with sandy buff or rufous; wings and tail as in the adult; crown dark brown, streaked with sandy buff, the margins of the feathers being of this color; tail- feathers white, with a broad, subterminal band of black, decreasing in MICROSARCOPS. 101 extent toward the outermost feathers, all the feathers tipped with sandy buff; throat and under surface white; lower throat, fore neck, sides of neck, and sides of breast, mottled with dusky blackish centers to the feathers, marking the black pattern of the adults, even the semi-lunar neck-band of the adults being indicated by a broad, crescentic band of sandy buff in the young. "Winter plumage of the adult. — Above nearly uniform dusky brown, but not showing the tawny rufous margins to feathers of upper surface, the edges being ashy brown; head uniform brown like the back; hind neck and sides of neck ashy, mottled with dusky centers to the feathers; sides of face brown, with more or less white on ear-coverts ; black mark- ings on cheeks and throat as in the breeding bird, but the white semi- lunar band on the sides of the neck replaced by a patch of light brown. "The difference between the winter plumage of the adult and the first full plumage of the young birds consists in the sandy buff margins to the feathers of the upper surface, which are very distinct in the latter at first. Afterwards they become abraded, and then there is scarcely any distinguishing mark between the winter plumages of the adult and young. In the spring the red plumage is very rapidly acquired, and I believe that it is gained quite as much by the change in the pattern of the feathers as by a direct molt." (Sharpe.) "Often seen in small flocks during the winter months." (Bourns and Worcester MS.) Not uncommon on tide-flats in the winter months; it is easily recog- nized by its bright red legs. Subfamily Genus MICROSARCOPS Sharpe, 1896. A hard round knob at bend of wing; a small fleshy wattle on each side of head at base of bill; bill plover-like with a decided swelling at the tip ; nostril linear in a groove ; wing pointed, first and second prima- ries equal and largest; tarsus long, covered with large hexagonal scales which appear as transverse plates in front; front toes webbed at base; hind toe small. 89. MICROSARCOPS CINEREUS (Blyth). GRAY-HEADED LAPWING. Pluvianus cinerea BLYTH, Jour. As. Soc. Bengal (1842), 11, 587. Microsarcops cinereus SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1896), 24, 133; Hand- List (1899), 1, 149; GATES, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 9; MCGREGOR, Phil. Jour. Sci. (1907), 2, sec. A, 295. Luzon (Guerrero). Korea and southern Japanese islands to Mongolia and northern China; southern China, Indo-Burmese countries, and north-eastern Bengal in winter. 102 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. "Adult male. — Above light brown, with a slight bronzy gloss; rump, upper tail-coverts, and base of ,tail white ; terminal third of tail black, forming a broad band, tips white with a slight subterminal shade of brown, the black band vanishing toward the outer tail-feather, which is entirely white; wing-coverts brown like the back, but a little paler; median coverts with narrow white tips, except the outer ones, which are pure white; greater coverts nearly entirely white, with brown at the extreme base, increasing in extent on the inner ones ; alula dark brown ; primary-coverts and quills black; secondaries pure white; outer ones dusky near the ends, inner ones externally light brown, and innermost brown like the back; crown, nape, and hind neck, as well as side of face and neck, throat, fore neck, and chest light pearly gray, with a narrow black band across the upper breast; chin rather paler gray; remainder of under surface including under wing-coverts and axillars, pure white. 'Basal two-thirds of bill deep yellow, terminal third black; feet dull ydlow, claws black; edges of eyelids and lappets deep yellow/ (Oates.) Length, 355 ; culmen, 35 ; wing, 239 ; tail, 102 ; tarsus, 67. "Adult female. — Similar to the male in plumage. Length, 368; cul- men, 35; wing, 239; tail, 107; tarsus, 68. "Adult in winter. — Differs from the summer plumage in having the gray of head and throat washed with brown, especially on the chest; the black band obscured by ashy or whitish tips to the feathers." (Sharpe.) Young male in winter. — Upper parts brown with a slight gloss, the feathers with dusky shafts ; forehead and neck a trifle lighter and grayer ; upper tail-coverts and tail white, rectrices with a subterminal, blackish band which is widest on central pair and absent from outermost pair; chin whitish; throat, and sides of head and neck, light brown with whitish streaks; breast brown, rest of under parts white; wing-coverts brown like the back but a little paler, median coverts with narrow white tips, except the outer ones which are pure white; greater coverts nearly entirely white, with brown at extreme base, increasing in extent on inner ones; alula dark brown; primary-coverts and quills black; secondaries white, the inner ones externally light brown and the innermost brown like the back. This lapwing resembles a large plover, but is distinguished by having a small hind toe, a short and blunt wing-spur, and a small, fleshy wattle or lappet between the eye and the base of bill. The only Philippine specimen known was taken near Manila in January, 1906. Subfamily CHARADRIINyE. Bill moderate, not longer than head, culmen flat and straight from base to the terminal swollen dertrum ; first primary slightly the longest ; tarsus covered on all sides with small hexagonal scales; toes webbed at base; hind toe minute or absent. SQUATAROLA. 103 Genera. a1. Larger; wing more than 165 mm.; upper parts much spotted. ft1. A minute hind toe; axillars sooty black Squatarola (p. 103) 62. No hind toe; axillars gray or white Charadrius (p. 104) a8. Smaller; wing less than 165 mm.; upper parts nearly uniform gray or brown. 61. Larger; wing, 140 to 165 mm.; bill stouter Ochthodromus (p. 105) b~. Smaller; wing, 100 to 115 mm.; bill more slender -ffigialitis (p. 109) Genus SQUATAROLA Leach, 1816. This genus is similar to Charadrius but differs in having a minute hind toe; the character is scarcely of generic value. 90. SQUATAROLA SQUATAROLA (Linnseus). GRAY PLOVER, Tringa squatarola LINN^US, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 149. Squatarola helvetica SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1896), 24, 182; Hand- List (1899), 1, 152; GATES, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 17; MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 22. Bantayan (McGregor) ; Bohol (McGregor) ; Cebu (McGregor) ; Cuyo (Meyer) ; Luzon (Sanches) ; Mindanao (Everett)', Negros (Layard) ; Palawan (White- head) ; Siquijor (Steere Eocp. Bourns & Worcester, Celestino). Subarctic regions, south in winter to Australia, Cape of Good Hope, and South America. "Adult male in breeding plumage. — Above mottled with bars of black and ashy white, the feathers being black, notched with white and broadly tipped with the latter; scapulars and wing-coverts like back, the greater series edged externally with white, inner ones distinctly notched with white; alula and primary-coverts black, the former slightly, the latter more plainly, tipped with white; quills black, the shaft white about the middle; first two primaries white for the greater portion of the inner web, decreasing in extent on the succeeding quills, which also have the median portion of the shaft white, but after the fourth this white shaft accompanied by an increasing amount of white on outer web ; secondaries brown, with white edges and tips, bases of inner webs also white; inner- most secondaries resembling the back, and notched with ashy brown and blackish ; lower back and rump dusky brown, with white spots and fringes to the feathers; upper tail-coverts and tail white, barred with black or blackish brown, the bars decreasing toward the outer feathers, where they are broken up into spots on the outer web ; crown like the back, but more minutely mottled and more hoary white; forehead and a broad eye- brow white, extending down sides of neck, and forming a large patch on sides of upper breast; lores, sides of face, ear-coverts, and under surface black, excepting abdomen and under tail-coverts, which are pure white; thighs white, streaked with black; under wing-coverts white; axillars black, with slightly indicated fringes of brown at tips ; quills below dusky, with white on inner webs; lower primary-coverts pale ashy. 'Bill, legs, 104 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. feet, and claws black; iris dark hazel/ (Seebohm.) Length, 267; cul- men, 33 ; wing, 206 ; tail, 74 ; tarsus, 46. "Adult female in breeding plumage. — Above, not so strongly mottled with black as the male, and consequently rather browner, especially on the head; black of face and under parts not so much developed, these parts being mottled with irregular black markings. Length, 279 ; culmen, 33 ; wing, 203; tail, 74; tarsus, 46. "Adult in winter plumage. — Differs from the summer plumage chiefly in wanting the black on face and breast, but, from the absence of black mottling on the back, the whole upper surface appears more uniform, being ashy brown with narrow whitish edgings to the feathers, before which is a blackish subterminal shade; lores white, but base of forehead like crown; a line of white above and below eye, but the white eyebrow scarcely visible above the ear-coverts, which are dingy blackish; sides of face white, streaked with dusky; throat and under parts pure white, lower throat and fore neck pale ashy brown, slightly mottled with dusky markings; under wing-coverts white, except the lower primary-coverts, which are dusky ashy; axillars black. "Young. — Like the winter plumage of the adults, and always to be distinguished from the golden plover by the black axillars, though it is spangled with golden buff on the upper surface, as is the latter species." (Sharpe.) The gray plover, known as the black-bellied plover in the United States, is found along the seashore in small numbers during the winter months. As seen in the Philippines it is usually in the gray plumage but as with its very near relative, the golden plover, individuals having the breast mottled with black are not uncommon. Genus CHARADRIUS Linnaeus, 1758. This genus differs from Squatarola in being smaller and in lacking the hind-toe. 91. CHARADRIUS FULVU8 Gmelin. PACIFIC GOLDEN PLOVER. Charadrius fulvus GMELIN, Syst. Nat. (1788), 1, 167; GATES, Bds. Brit. Burmah (1883), 2, 364; McGBEGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 22. Charadrius dominicus SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1896), 24, 195 (part); Hand-List (1899), 1, 152 (part); GATES, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 18 (part). Ca-sa-huit', Calayan; ma-tang-vd-ca, Manila. Balabac (Steere, Steere Exp.) ; Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (McGregor) ; Batan (McGregor); Bohol (Everett); Calamianes (Bourns d Worcester); Ca- layan (McGregor) ; Cebu (Everett, McGregor); Cuyo (McGregor) ; Fuga ( Mc- Gregor) ; Leyte (Everett) ; Lubang (McGregor) ; Luzon (Cuming, Meyer, Everett, Heriot, Whitehead, McGregor) ; Masbate (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor) ; Mindanao (Murray, Everett, Steere Exp. Bourns & Worcester, Celestino) ; Min- OCHTHODROMUS. 105 doro (McGregor) ; Negros (Layard, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Keay) ; Palawan (Platen, Whitehead, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, White) ; Sibay (McGregor & Worcester)-, Sibuyan (Bourns & Worcester); Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino) ; Sulu (M earns) ; Ticao (McGregor). Northern Asia and Alaskan coasts of Bering Sea, south in winter to Australia and Polynesia. "Male and female in summer. — Forehead white, continued back over each eye as a broad supercilium and extending down the sides of neck; whole upper plumage black, each feather with large marginal yellow spots on both webs, the spots on the wing-coverts tending to white; primary-coverts and the greater series brown, tipped and margined with white ; primaries brown, the central portion of the shaft whitish ; second- aries brown tipped with whitish; tail blackish, irregularly barred with white; chin, throat, fore neck, breast, and abdomen black; vent and flanks black mottled with white; under tail-coverts white; axillars smoky brown with white tips. "Male and female in winter. — Upper plumage black, the feathers mar- gined with yellow; wing-coverts margined with dull white; quills and tail much as in summer; forehead and sides of head fulvous, the latter part streaked with brown; chin and upper throat fulvous-white; lower throat, fore neck, and feathers under cheeks and ear-coverts rather bright fulvous with minute streaks of brown; breast grayish, the feathers broadly margined with fulvous; remainder of lower plumage pale buffy white; sides of body more or less marked and fringed with fulvous; axillars smoky brown, tipped with white as in summer. Bill dark brown ; iris dark hazel-brown; legs plumbeous; claws horn-color. Length, 254; tail, 63; wing, 160; tarsus, 46; bill from gape, 28. The sexes are of about the same size. "The golden plover frequents waste ground, grassy plains, and wet paddy-fields, and also the edges of rivers, and is generally met with in flocks of considerable size. It breeds in China, and also it is said in some parts of India, laying four eggs in a hollow lined with a few blades of grass. The eggs are yellowish blotched with blackish sepia." (Oates.) The Eastern golden plover is found in the Philippines on migration and is then usually in its gray winter dress but specimens have been taken with numbers of black feathers from the summer plumage. Genus OCHTHODROMUS Reichenbach, 1852. This genus should be united to JEgialitis from which its members differ only in being a little larger. Species. a1. Axillars and under wing-coverts white; wing about 140 mm. &1. Larger; culmen more than 23 mm geoffroyi (p. 106) b'2. Smaller; culmen less than 20 mm mongolus (p. 107) a3. Axillars and under wing-coverts smoky brown; wing about 165 mm. veredus (p. 108) 106 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. 92. OCHTHODROMUS GEOFFROYI (Wagler). LARGER SAND PLOVER. Charadrius geoffroyi WAQLEB, Syst. Av. (1827), 61. Ochthodromus geoffroyi SHABPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1896), 24, 217; Hand-List (1899), 1, 153; GATES, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 20; MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 23. Ma-tang va-ca de collar, general name for small plovers. Bantayan (McGregor); Batan (McGregor) ; Bohol (Everett, McGregor)-, Ca- gayancillo (McGregor)-, Cebu (McGregor)-, Cuyo (McGregor); Leyte (Everett); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor); Negros (Everett, Bourns & Worcester) ; Mindanao (Mearns) ; Mindoro (McGregor, Porter) ; Palawan (Everett, Levnpriere, Platen, Whitehead, Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, White) ; Panay (Steere Exp.) ; Pata (Mearns) ; Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester). Japan, Formosa, and Hainan, south in winter to Africa, India, and Australia. "Adult in breeding plumage. — Above light brown, with a slight olive- greenish gloss, wing-coverts like the back, with obsolete indications of paler fringes to some of the feathers, greater series tipped with white, forming a narrow wing-bar; alula, primary-coverts, and quills brown, primaries darker brown along their outer webs and at tips, shafts white; inner primaries with a white mark toward the base of outer web ; second- aries brown, with white fringes to the end of outer web and white tips, shafts white, with a little extension along the sides of the shaft in the inner secondaries ; innermost long secondaries like back, outer ones white along their outer web; rump and upper tail-coverts a little lighter and more ashy brown than the back, with white fringes to most of the feathers; sides of rump white; tail ashy brown with a broad white tip, a subterminal shade of darker brown, forming an obsolete, subterminal band; outer feathers with more or less white near base of inner web, outermost one almost entirely white, except for a slight shade of smoky brown and a slightly indicated subterminal shade of darker brown ; hinder crown light brown, entirely surrounded by pale cinnamon-rufous, which occupies fore part of crown and extends down sides of neck round hinder neck, where it forms a broad collar of pale cinnamon-rufous; base of forehead white, followed by a narrow black band; lores black; feathers in front of and below the eye black ; which unite with a black band along top of ear-coverts; sides of face and under surface of body white; across fore neck and chest a broad band of cinnamon-rufous or light chestnut, which extends a little way down the sides of upper breast; under wing- coverts, axillars, and quill-lining white. Length, 215 ; culmen, 25 ; wing, 140; tail, 51; tarsus, 37. "Adult in winter plumage. — Differs from the summer plumage in wanting the rufous chest and in the absence of all facial markings. Above uniform brown, head like the back, hind neck paler and more ashy brown ; lores, forehead, eyelid, and a broad eyebrow white; feathers below eye brown extending in a streak along ear-coverts; cheeks and entire under OCHTHODROMUS. 107 surface white, with a patch of brown on each side of upper breast. 'Bill black; tarsus greenish gray or pale olive; toes dusky or blackish; iris brown.' (Hume.) "Young. — Similar to the adults in winter plumage, but dark brown, with faint edges of sandy buff to the feathers of upper surface; eyebrow and sides of face washed with sandy rufous, a strong shade of which color pervades chest and sides of upper breast/' (Sharpe.) In winter plumage Ochthodromus geoffroyi and 0. mongolus are very similar but the former may be recognized by its larger size and longer bill. In a male the wing measures 136; tail, 57; exposed culmen, 24; tarsus, 36 ; middle toe with claw, 24. Wing of a female, 140 ; tail, 55 ; exposed culmen, 24; tarsus, 37; middle toe with claw, 23. 93. OCHTHODROMUS MONGOLUS (Pallas). LESSER SAND PLOVER. Charadrius mongolus PALLAS, Reise Russ. Reichs (1776), 3, 700. Ochthodromus mongolus SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1896), 24, 223; Hand-List (1899), 1, 153; MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 23. ffigialitis mongolica GRANT, Ibis (1896), 126. Basilan (McGregor) ; Batan (McGregor) ; Bohol (Everett) ; Cagayancillo (Mc- Gregor) ; Calayan (McGregor) ; Cebu (McGregor) ; Cuyo (McGregor) ; Leyte (Everett)-, Lubang (McGregor)', Luzon (Whitehead, McGregor); Mindanao (M earns) ; Mindoro (Porter) ; Negros (Bourns & Worcester) ; Palawan (Platen, Whitehead) ; Ticao (McGregor). Northern Asia, south in winter to China, Malay Archipelago, and Australia. "Adult in breeding plumage. — Similar to 0. geoffroyi, but smaller, bill and tarsus much shorter; a broader black line along sides of face; ear- coverts entirely black; the white throat separated from the rufous chest- band by a narrowly indicated line of black. 'Bill black; feet somewhat bluish black, toes darker; iris dark brown.' (Stejneger.) Length, 190; culmen, 19; wing, 127; tail, 53; tarsus, 30. "Adult female in summer plumage. — Similar to the male, but less richly colored; rufous chest-band never so pronounced; facial markings less developed, the black bands on the forehead often obsolete. 'Bill black; feet dark gray, with an olive tinge ; toes darker, blackish ; iris dark hazel.' (Stejneger.) Length, 178 ; culmen, 20 ; wing, 140 ; tail, 47 ; tarsus, 30. "Adult in winter plumage. — Differs from the summer plumage in wanting the facial markings and the rufous chest. Very similar to the winter plumage of 0. geoffroyi, and distinguished chiefly by its smaller size, shorter bill, and shorter tarsus ; there is also a little more brown on the ear-coverts. "Young. — Similar to the adults in winter plumage, but darker brown, all the feathers edged with sandy brown ; eyebrow, sides of face, and under surface of body with a strong tint of sandy buff. 'Bill, angle of mouth, 108 MANUAL OP PHILIPPINE BIRDS. and ring round eyes black; legs clear gray; tarsus tinged with yellowish, toes with blackish, and soles with reddish; iris dark brown/ (Stejneger.) "The exact method by which the rufous chest of the summer plumage is gained is not easy to discover. In some specimens in winter dress there is a distinct narrow line of brown across the fore neck; in most of the series of skins in the Museum this is wanting, as it is also in young birds. It may therefore be a sign of very old birds only, as there are traces of brown feathers in an old bird which has not quite attained its full summer plumage. In the specimen in question it is also evident that the rufous breast is being acquired by a change of color in the feather, from brown to rufous, as well as by a molt. Probably only very old birds go through this double process, as in the majority of specimens the rufous breast appears to be gained by a molt only. When first devel- oped all the rufous feathers are edged with white. "A young bird is described by Dr. Stejneger as somewhat resembling the adult: 'The brownish gray of the back is paler, and each feather narrowly edged with isabella-color, with which also the lower parts are suffused. On the pectoral region a huffish tinge replaces the rufous collar, and the black markings are absent from the head, the cheeks and ear- coverts being slightly dusky; the forehead between the bill and the eyes whitish, suffused with isabella-color/ '"The winter plumage and young livery of the western and eastern forms of 0. mougolm are, as might have been expected, very difficult to distinguish, but the western form seems always to have a longer tarsus (about 32 mm.), whereas the eastern form has the tarsus about 28 mm/' (Sharpe.) 94. OCHTHODROMUS VEREDUS (Gould). EASTERN DOTTEREL. Charadrius veredus GOULD, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1848), 38. Ochthodromus veredus SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1896), 24, 232; Hand-List (1899), T, 153; MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 23. Palawan (Platen, Bourns d Worcester, White). Mongolia and China, in winter to the Moluccas and Australia. "Adult in summer plumage. — Similar to 0. geoffroyi, but with a longer and more slender bill, and distinguished by its smoky brown axillars, under wing-coverts, and quill-linings. Upper parts uniform brown, with slightly indicated rufous edgings to many of the feathers; alula, primary- coverts, and quills dark brown, first primary only having a white shaft, and no white present on inner webs of quills; secondaries uniform dark brown, with an obsolete white fringe to the tips; innermost secondaries like back; tail-feathers brown, with white tips and a subterminal shade of darker brown, outer feather white along outer web ; crown brown like back, slightly washed with rufous, as also the hind neck, where, however, JEGIALITIS. 109 there is no distinct collar as in 0. geoffroyi; forehead white to middle of eye ; eyebrow, sides of face, and throat white ; lower throat, fore neck, and chest bright chestnut, extending down the sides of the upper breast and followed by a horseshoe mark of black; breast, abdomen, and under tail- coverts pure white; under wing-coverts and axillars dark smoky brown, with ashy whitish tips; quill-lining also dark smoky brown. 'Bill deep olive-brown, blacker on the terminal portion; feet light brownish flesh- color; toes washed with gray, blackish on joints; claws black; eyelids grayish black.' (Swinhoe.) Length, 215; culmen, 25; wing, 165; tail, 61; tarsus, 44. "Adult in ivinter plumage. — Differs from the summer plumage in wanting the rufous chest-band. Above dark brown, including crown; forehead and eyebrow isabelline white, hinder part of the latter shaded with sandy buff, which color also pervades the sides of face and of neck, and forms a faint collar round hind neck; throat isabelline white; lower throat, fore neck, and chest pale brown ; remainder of under surface white ; under wing-coverts, axillars, and quill-lining smoky brown." (Sharpe.) Genus ^EGIALITIS Boie, 1822. This genus includes a number of small plovers not differing greatly from Charadrius except in size and colors; the plumage is never spotted and, with the exception of a more or less complete dusky band across the chest, the lower parts are pure white. Species. a1. A black or rusty band across fore breast. 61. Shafts of primaries dark, excepting of the first which may be partly or entirely white dubia (p. 109) 62. Shafts of all the primaries white , peroni (p. Ill) a". A smoky brown band on sides of fore breast or faintly across breast. alexandrina (p. 112) 95. XEGIALITIS DUBIA (Scopoli). LITTLE RINGED PLOVER. Charadrius dubius SCOPOLI, Del Flor. et Faun. Insubr. (1786), 2, 93. .Egialitis dubia SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1896), 24, 263; Hand-List (1899), 1, 154; BLANFORD, .Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1898), 4, 241, fig. 54 (head) ; GATES, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 25; MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 23. Basilan (McGregor) ; Bohol (Everett) ; Cagayancillo (McGregor) ; Calayan (McGregor) ; Catanduanes (Whitehead) ; Cebu (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor] ; Guimaras (Steere Exp.} ; Leyte (Everett}; Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Eve- rett) ; Mindanao (Everett, Steere Exp., Goodfellow) ; Mindoro (Bourns & Wor- cester, McGregor); Negros (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan (Platen, Whitehead, Steere Exp., White) ; Panay (Steere Exp.) ; Sibuyan (McGregor) ; Tablas (Bourns & Worcester). Europe and northern Asia to Japan, in winter to India, Africa, and Malay Archipelago; accidental in California and Alaska. 110 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. "Adult male. — Above light brown, a little darker on rump and central tail-coverts ; sides of rump and lateral upper tail-coverts pure white ; wing- coverts like back; feathers round the bend of wing darker brown; alula blackish with white tips; primary-coverts blackish; primary quills blackish, internally lighter brown, with dark shafts to all the primaries except the first, where it is white; secondaries dusky, lighter and more ashy brown internally, inner secondaries smoky brown, with a good deal of white on both webs, the long inner secondaries like the back ; tail ashy brown, tipped with white, and with a subterminal black bar, outer feathers more distinctly edged with white, the two outermost almost entirely white, with a black patch on inner web corresponding to the subterminal bar on the rest of the feathers; base of forehead, lores, feathers above and below eye, and ear-coverts black ; a broad frontal band of white, followed by another broad band of black above the eye, which is again succeeded by another black line, which widens out above the eye and forms a distinct eyebrow ; hinder crown as far as nape ashy brown ; round the neck a broad white collar, continuous with the white throat, and followed by a broad band of black on lower hind neck, and continued across fore neck, widen- ing out on the sides; cheeks, throat, and under surface pure white, in- cluding under wing-coverts and axillars. 'Bill dusky black; feet flesh- color; iris dusky brown; ring round eye bright yellow.' (Emin.) Length, 173; culmen, 15; wing, 117; tail, 60; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 20. "Adult female. — Similar to the male, but with the markings not so well developed, especially the black markings of the face and the black bands on the hind neck and fore neck, the latter being much mixed with brown. 'Bill black; feet pale flesh-color; iris dark brown; ring round eye bright yellow.' (Hartert.) Length, 165; culmen, 16; wing, 117; tail, 60; tarsus, 25. "Young. — Differs from the adults in wanting the black on the head, as well as the black collars on the mantle and fore neck; general tone of the plumage more rufescent than in the adults, and the whole of the upper surface varied with wavy lines of pale sandy buff, before which is a subterminal dusky bar; forehead pale sandy buff; ear-coverts dusky blackish; the collar on the fore neck composed of brown feathers, with generally a tinge of sandy buff on the throat. The black markings on the head and the black collars are gained by a molt in the following spring. There appears to me to be also a change of feathers especially on the neck collar." (Sharpe.) This little plover was abundant along the Baco River in the vicinity of Balete, Mindoro, where it nested on the extensive gravel-flats exposed by low water. A nest found April 24, 1905, was a slight hollow, lined with a mosaic of small pebbles. The three eggs measure 30.4 by 21.8: 28.9 by 21.8 ; 30.9 by 21.8. Their ground-color is very pale gray, almost white, carrying a considerable number of small lilac-colored spots. Small ^EGIALITIS. Ill spots and irregularly shaped markings of dark brown are scattered over the entire surface, but are more numerous on the larger end. "A resident species, usually met with about small fresh-water streams in the interior." (Bourns and Worcester M8.) 96. >EGIALITIS PERONI (Bonaparte). MALAY SAND PLOVER. Charadrius peroni BONAPARTE, Compt. Rend. (1856), 43, 417. Mgialitis peroni SHAEPE, Cat, Birds Brit. Mus. (1896), 24, 273; Hand- List (1899), 1, 154; GRANT and WHITEHEAD, Ibis (1898), 247, pi. 6, fig. 8 (egg); GATES, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 25; MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 23. Bantayan (McGregor) ; Basilan (McGregor) ; Bohol (Everett) ; Calayan (Mc- Gregor) ; Cebu (McGregor] • Fuga (McGregor) ; Leyte (Everett) ; Lubang (Mc- Gregor) ; Luzon (Whltehead, McGregor); Mindanao (Steere Exp., Everett) ; Mindoro (Porter) ; Negros (Steere Exp.) ; Palawan (Lempriere, Whitehead, Platen)-, Romblon (McGregor); Sibutu (Everett); Sibuyan (McGregor); Siqui- jor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor). Greater Sunda Islands to Celebes. "Adult male. — Above light ashy brown, darker on rump and central upper tail-coverts; sides of rump and lateral upper tail-coverts pure white; wing-coverts like the back, with a band of dark sepia-brown along marginal coverts; greater coverts broadly tipped with white; alula and primary-coverts dark brown, with white tips, the shafts conspicuously white; inner primaries white toward base of outer web; secondaries dark brown, white at ends of outer web, increasing in extent toward the innermost ; long inner secondaries like the back ; four center tail-feathers dark brown, next pair smoky brown, next pair white with a little smoky brown at the ends, remainder pure white; crown rufous, with a nuchal collar of pure white, this collar followed by a broad black band on hind neck overspreading mantle; forehead white, reaching to above eye and separated from rufous of crown by a tolerably broad band of black; a distinct loral streak of black; sides of face and ear-coverts with a black band along upper margin of the latter; cheeks and under surface pure white, with a large black patch on each side of fore neck; under wing- coverts and axillars white ; quills below ashy gray. 'Bill black, orange at base; feet gray, claws black; iris warm chocolate-brown; orbital ring pure orange/ (Everett.} Length, about 150; culmen, 16; wing, 95; tail, 39; tarsus, 27; middle toe with claw, 20. "Adult female. — Similar to the male, but without the black band across forehead; black on mantle and hind neck represented by dark brown mixed with rufous ; black patch at the side of fore neck replaced by dark brown mixed with rufous, with a tinge of the latter color spreading across fore neck. 'Bill black, base yellowish; feet purplish gray; iris dark brown.' (Everett.} Length, 140: culmen, 16; wing, 102; tail, 38; tarsus, 27. 112 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. "In some specimens, apparently very old males, the black band is continued right across the fore neck. "Young birds resemble the adults, but have no facial black markings or any black or rufous on the mantle or sides of the chest, the whole of the upper surface being uniform ashy brown, with broad sandy-buff margins." ( Sharpe. ) This little plover differs from ^gialiti* dubia and ^-E. alexandrina in having a comparatively stout bill. Whitehead took three eggs of the Malay sand-plover at Cape Engano, Luzon, on May 26, 1895. They are described as follows: "Shape short ovate. Ground-color pale cream; the whole shell with small blotches, streaks, and zigzag pencillings of rich sepia and pale lavender. Measure- ments 30 mm. by 22 mm. The three eggs were deposited on the bare sand among sea-drift and only a few yards above high-water mark. The female was shot. On the same day young plovers nearly ready to fly were captured." (Grant and Whitehead.) 97. /CGIALITIS ALEXANDRINA (Linnaeus). KENTISH PLOVER. Charadrius alexandrines LINN.EUS, Syst. Nat. ed 10, (1758), 1, 150. &gialitis alexandrina SHABPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1896), 24, 275; Hand-List (1899), 1, 154; GATES, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 26; MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 24. Bohol (Everett, Stecre Exp.) ; Calayan (McGregor) ; Cebu (McGregor) ; Cuyo (McGregor) ; Mindanao (Everett) ; Palawan (Whitehead, Platen, Everett, Steere Exp.)-, Panay (Steere Exp.) ; Siquijor (Steere Exp.); Ticao (McGregor). Europe and central Asia to China and Japan, in winter to Africa, Indian Penin- sula, and Australia. "Adult male in breeding plumage. — Above pale earthy brown, with faint remains of paler margins to the feathers; wing-coverts like back, marginal ones blackish brown, greater series darker brown with a narrow white edging to the tip ; alula and primary-coverts dark sepia-brown, the latter fringed with white at the tip; quills sepia-brown, with white shafts to the primaries, which are pale brown on inner web; inner primaries for the most part white toward the base of outer web ; second- aries dusky brown with white tips, inner ones also white along the margins of both webs, innermost long secondaries brown like back ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts dark sepia-brown, lateral ones white. forming a patch on each side; the four center tail-feathers dark sepia- brown, paler toward the base, and having white shafts to the center ones, three outer feathers white, next ones smoky brown, with white shafts; crown ashy brown, washed with light tawny-rufous, especially distinct toward nape; hind neck and sides of neck white, forming a collar; forehead and a distinct eyebrow white, with a broad black band separating white of forehead from brown of crown; eyelid and loral streak black ; feathers below the eye and sides of face white, with a black HIMANTOPUS. 113 patch on hinder ear-coverts; cheeks and under surface pure white, with a patch of black on each side of chest; under wing-coverts and axillars white; quills below light ashy like the lower primary-coverts. 'Bill black, with the base of lower mandible of a dusky flesh-color ; tarsi dusky, toes darker, claws black; iris brown/ (Macgillivray.) Length, 165; culmen, 18 ; wing, 105 ; tail, 43 ; middle toe with claw, 18. "Adult female. — Similar to the male, but with less rufous on the head, this being represented by a tinge over the eye and round the nape ; black band on the fore part of crown absent; black patch on each side of the chest represented by a brown patch with a rufous tinge. Length, 165; culmen, 18 ; wing, 109 ; tail, 48 ; tarsus, 28. "The Kentish plovers which attain their breeding plumage in the plains of India are certainly much brighter in color than any which are seen in Europe. The black forehead and patch at the side of the chest are also strongly developed. Occasionally a rufous tinge overshades the back. "The adult bird in winter plumage differs from the summer plumage in the entire absence of bright rufous on the head, and the black markings on the face and sides of the breast are also not developed. The head is like the back, the forehead and eyebrow are white, the lores dusky, and there is always a more or less distinct white collar united to the two sides of the neck. "Young birds in first winter plumage only differ from the adults in having the whole upper surface distinctly marked with pale edges to the feathers/' ( Sharp e. ) This plover appears to be a winter visitant to the Philippines and may be found in small flocks along the seashore wherever there are tide-flats. It differs from both 2E. dubia and peroni in being slightly larger and in having an incomplete band on the fore breast. Subfamily HIMANTOPODIN^E. Genus HIMANTOPUS Brisson, 1760. Bill long, slender, straight, and pointed; wing long and slender, reaching well beyond tip of tail, first primary much the longest; tail short and square; legs extremely long and slender; bare portion of tibia equal to three-fourths of tarsus, the latter two and one-half times as long as middle toe with claw ; toes webbed at base ; hind toe wanting. 98. HIMANTOPUS LEUCOCEPH ALUS Gould. AUSTRALIAN STILT. Himantopus leucocephalus GOULD, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1837), 26; SHARPS, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1896), 24, 317; Hand-List (1899), 1, 156; GATES, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 34; MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 24. Basilan (McGregor); Mindanao (Cuming, Everett, Steere Exp., Celestino) . Greater Sunda Islands, Moluccas, Australia, New Guinea. 77719 g 114 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. Male. — A narrow black collar on hind neck ; entire wings, their coverts, and scapulars glossy black; rest of the plumage white. Bill and nails black; legs and feet bright red, said to be pink in life. Length, about 350 ; wing, 220 ; tail, 77 ; exposed culmen, 59 ; tarsus, 126. Female. — Smaller and the scapulars dark brown. Wing, 210; tail, 75 ; exposed culmen, 58; tarsus, 110. "Young. — Brown on the upper back and inner secondaries; the hind neck, from the nape to the mantle, ashy gray, mottled with dusky sub- terminal bars to the feathers; crown dull ashy gray; lores and fore part of face white like the under surface of the body." (Sharpe.) The stilt, even at a considerable distance, is easily recognized by its very long, slender, red legs. I observed a solitary individual in Malamaui Island near Basilan and Celestino collected a number of specimens in northern Mindanao. Subfamily TOTANINyE. Bill long, slender, usually straight, in some species gently curved; tarsus scutellate both in front and behind except in Numenius which has the back of tarsus reticulate and the bill very long and decurved; toes slightly webbed at base. Genera. a1. Tarsus transversely scaled in front, reticulated behind; culmen more than 65 mm.; bill decurved _ Numenius (p. 114) a3. Tarsus transversely scaled both in front and behind. 61. Bill decurved; culmen less than 50 mm „ Mesoscolopax (p. 119) 6*. Bill straight or slightly upturned. c1. Much larger ; culmen more than 70 mm. ; bill recurved and slightly exceed- ing tail Limosai p. 119) c8. Much smaller ; culmen less than 65 mm. d1. Culmen equal to, and usually greater than, middle toe with claw. «*. Tarsus longer than middle toe with claw. f1. Tarsus about one and one-half times the length of middle toe with claw. g1. Culmen not recurved Totanus (p. 122) g*. Culmen slightly recurved Glottis (p. 129) f. Tarsus but little greater than middle toe with claw. g1. Culmen slightly recurved Terekia (p. 127) g*. Culmen not recurved. A1. Axillars not uniform white. t1. Axillars gray Heteractitis (p. 124) i2. Axillars brown barred with white Helodromas (p. 123) h*. Axillars pure white Actitis (p. 126) da. Culmen shorter than middle toe with claw, about equal to toe without claw Rhyacophilus (p. 130) Genus NUMENIUS Brisson, 1760. Back of tarsus covered with small hexagonal scales. Large wading birds with long legs; bill very long and decurved, tip of upper mandible blunt and projecting beyond the lower mandible. NUMENIUS. 115 Species. a1. Culmen, 115 mm. or more; crown uniform in color with the back. 61. Lower back and rump white or with streaks and spots of black; axillars pure white or with traces of dusky lines arqnatus (p. 115) b2. Lower back and rump brown; axillars white, broadly barred with blackish. cyanopus (p. 116) a-. Culmen, 90 mm. or less; crown blackish with a pale or whitish central vertical band variegatus (p. 117) 99. NUMENIUS ARQUATUS (Linnseus). COMMON CURLEW. Scolopax arquata LINN^US, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 145. Numenius arquatus SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1896), 24, 341; GATES, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 36. Numenius arquata SHARPE, Hand-List (1899), 1, 157; BLANFOBD, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1898), 4, 252, fig. 58 (head); MCGREGOR and WOR- CESTER, Hand-List (1906), 24. Masbate (Bourns tt- Worcester) ; Negros (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester) ; Palawan (WMtehead, Bourns & Worcester); Samar (Whitehead) . India and Africa; Europe east to Lake Baikal, in winter to southern China and Malay Peninsula. "Adult male in breeding plumage. — Above brown, with longitudinal black centers to the feathers imparting a broadly striped appearance; feathers of upper surface notched with ashy or rufous, giving to many of the scapulars a somewhat barred appearance ; wing-coverts dark brown, edged with whity brown, median and greater series also checkered with whity brown, imparting a somewhat barred appearance to this part of the wing; alula, primary-coverts, and primaries blackish, externally glossed with bottle-green; primary-coverts slightly tipped with white, shafts of outer primaries white, those of inner ones brown, primaries notched or barred, on inner web only, with sandy buff or whitish, inner primaries thus marked on both webs; secondaries distinctly barred with brown and white, both webs being deeply notched with ashy whitish; innermost secondaries ashy brown with dusky brown cross-bars, the center of the feathers being also dusky brown; lower back and rump pure white with black longitudinal spots or streaks, a little more distinct on the rump; upper tail-coverts barred with black and white or with sagittate subterminal spots, the longer ones tinged with sandy buff, giving a streaked appearance; neck more ashy, streaked with brown; over the eye a white streak, narrowly lined with black ; sides of face and sides of neck, throat, and chest pale sandy buff streaked with blackish brown, more narrowly on the sides of face ; chin and upper throat white ; breast, abdomen, sides of body, thighs, and under tail-coverts white, streaked with dark brown on breast, and very narrowly on abdomen and under tail-coverts; thighs unstreaked; sides of body with distinct bars or sagittate markings of dark brown; under wing-coverts and axillars pure white, mottled with blackish centers to the feathers; axillars more 116 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. or less regularly barred with blackish or with subterminal, heart-shaped spots; lower primary-coverts and quills below ashy gray with white notches to the inner webs. 'Bill fleshy brown, shading into dark brown toward the tip; feet dusky; iris brown.' (Shelley.) Length, 533; culmen, 121; wing, 279; tail, 108; tarsus, 74. "Adult female in breeding plumage. — Similar to the male, but larger, and with a longer bill. Length, 610; culmen, 155; wing, 305; tail, 145; tarsus, 81. "Adults in winter plumage. — Very similar to the breeding plumage, but paler, and much less heavily striped, especially on the under surface of the body; the black spots and streaks on the rump scarcely apparent, and concealed by the white plumage; upper tail-coverts white, with very few brown cross-bars : tail white, barred with brown. 'Feet pale leaden gray, claws blackish; bill blackish brown, flesh-color at the base of the lower mandible.' (Hume.) "There is evidently a spring molt, but whether partial or entire I have not been able to determine. The breeding plumage is gained by a widening of the longitudinal centers to the feathers, of which the pattern changes on several portions of the body. Such parts as the rump and the abdomen and under tail-coverts have scarcely any visible streaks, but these appear with the summer plumage and are gained by a change of the feather. The sides of the body change from a streaked to a barred appear- ance, this being effected by a preliminary widening of the brown centers to the feathers which develop into bars without any direct molt. The innermost secondaries, at the autumn molt, seem to be entirely uniform, and the bars make their appearance gradually. "Young. — Differs from the adult in being much more tawny, and, as Seebohm has pointed out, young birds may always be distinguished from the old ones by the much lighter patterns of the notches and bars in the innermost secondaries, these markings being tawny buff, and the black centers to the feathers being much broader." (Sharpe.) This large curlew is extremely wary and although individuals an- occasionally seen on tide-flats, they are difficult to kill. 100. NUMENIUS CYANOPUS Vieillot. ASIATIC CURLEW. Numeniiis cyanopus VIEILLOT, N. Diet. d'Hist. Nat. (1817), 8, 306; SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1896), 24, 350; Hand-List (1899), 1, 158; MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 24. Bohol (McGregor)-, Cebu ( McGregor) ; Xegros (Steere Exp., Bourns & Wor- cester). Japan and eastern Siberia, in winter to Australia. "Adult female in breeding plumage. — Similar to N. arquatus and of the same size, but distinguished by the dark lower back and rump and NUMENIUS. 1 1 7 the regular barring of axillars and under wing-coverts. General appear- ance more fulvous ; under surface tinged with vinous-buff all over ; lower back and rump sandy buff with blackish brown centers to the feathers, thus greatly resembling the rest of back; upper tail-coverts barred with blackish brown and sandy buff or white. 'Bill black, flesh-colored at base of lower mandible; feet bluish gray; iris dark brown/ (Tacza- nowski.) Length, 610; culmen, 183; wing, 318; tail, 117; tarsus, 88. "Adult male. — In this species the difference in size between the sexes is not so apparent as in some of the allied ones. Length, 533 ; culmen, 173; wing, 303; tail, 109; tarsus, 81. "Young. — Much more tawny than the adults and having tawny-buff bars or notches on the innermost secondaries; the streaks on the under surface very fine and narrow. "Adults in winter plumage do not differ very much from the summer plumage, but the under surface is much less distinctly streaked; the upper surface is very similar at both times of the year." (Sharpe.) This curlew like the next preceding is a large bird and usually, singly or in pairs, is found feeding on flats exposed at low tide. 101. NUMENIUS VARIEGATUS (Scopoli). EASTERN WHIMBREL. Tantalus variegatus SCOPOLI, Del. Flor. et Faun. Insubr. (1786), 2, 92. Numenius variegatus SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1896), 24, 361; Hand-List (1899), 1, 158; MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 24. Ta-ling'-ting, Cagayancillo. Bantayan (McGregor); Bohol (McGregor)-, Cagayancillo (McGregor); Cebu (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, McGregor) ; Cuyo (Meyer) ; Lubang (Mc- Gregor) ; Luzon (Heriot) ; Malanipa (Murray) ; Mindanao (Platen, Goodfellow) ; Negros (Steere Exp., Keay) ; Palawan (Whitehead) ; Panay (Steere Exp.)', Samar (Sanchez) ; Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester) ; Ticao (Mc- Gregor)*. Japan and eastern Siberia, in winter southern China to Australia. "Adult male in breeding plumage. — Above nearly uniform dark brown, excepting for the broad, ashy brown markings on mantle' and upper back ; wing-coverts like back, but margins paler and more whitish, greater series with whitish notches on both webs ; alula and primary-coverts dark brown, fringed with white at the ends; primaries blackish brown, notched with white on inner webs, which have a barred appearance along the edge; inner primaries notched with white on both webs; secondaries brown, notched on outer webs and barred on inner; innermost secondaries nearly uniform with the back; shaft of outer primary white, of second whity brown, and of the rest pale brown; lower back and rump white, very * The Ticao specimen was listed as Numenius arquata, McGregor and Worcester, Hand-List, p. 24 ; it is really a specimen of N. variegatus. 118 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. thickly mottled with spots and bars of brown; upper tail-coverts barred with brown and whitish, the brown bars somewhat irregular and not coterminous; tail ashy brown, tipped with white, and crossed by regular bars of dark brown, about nine in number ; center of crown whitish and streaked with brown, remainder of crown dark brown, forming tw6 broad bands and followed by a broad eyebrow of dull white and narrowly streaked with small lines of blackish ; lores and upper margins of ear-coverts dark- brown; remainder of sides of face and neck pale brown, streaked with darker brown, cheeks somewhat whiter; chin and upper throat white, with scarcely any brown spots; lower throat, breast, and sides of body pale, rufescent buff, thickly clouded with longitudinal streaks of dark brown on throat and breast; dark brown bars of a more or less sagittate shape on sides of body and flanks ; abdomen and under tail-coverts white, the latter with streaks and bars of dark brown; under wing-coverts and axillars white with broad dusky brown bars, very distinct on the latter. 'Bill blackish, dark brown at base of lower mandible ; feet dark lead-color ; claws black; iris very dark brown.' (Taczanowski.) Length, 380; cul- men, 76 ; wing, 223 ; tail, 96 ; tarsus, 55. "Adult female in breeding plumage. — Similar to the male. "Young birds may always be distinguished by the more mottled ap- pearance of upper surface, most of the feathers being spotted on both webs with whitish or pale, rufescent buff ; lower back and rump plentifully mottled with spots of dusky brown, and innermost secondaries very dis- tinctly notched with rufescent buff; streaks on throat and breast and bars on flanks almost as plentifully developed as in the adult ; bars on axillars often very incomplete, and, in rare instances, absent. "The differences between this race and the whimbrel (N. phceopus) of Europe are not so strongly pronounced in all cases as to render the determination of specimens always a matter of certainty. Some of the Philippine specimens, for instance, are very difficult to separate from European examples, and many others also appear to be intermediate be- tween the two forms." {Sharpe.) The above descriptions of the adult male and of the young are slightly modified from Sharpe's descriptions of Numenius phaopus of which the eastern whimbrel is but a subspecies. The eastern whimbrel is much smaller than either of the two preced- ing species and usually it may be killed with little trouble. In the vicinity of tide-flats at high water it often congregates in flocks, but as the feeding grounds become exposed the individuals scatter to various parts following the receding tide. In length the male is about 420 ; wing, 205 ; tail, 100 ; exposed culmen, 82 ; tarSus, 53 ; middle toe with claw, 4-1 . Wing of female, 240; tail, 110; exposed culmen, 79; tarsus, 60. LIMOSA. 119 Genus MESOSCOLOPAX Sharpe, 1896. In structure this genus is similar to Numenius but the tarsus is trans- versely scutellated both in front and behind. 102. MESOSCOLOPAX MINUTUS (Gould). PYGMY CURLEW. Numenius minutus GOULD, Proc. Zool. Soc. (1840), 176. Mesoscolopax minutus SHABPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1896), 24, 371; Hand-List (1899), 1, 159; MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 25. Marinduque (Steere Exp.} ; Mindanao (Mearns). China, eastern Siberia, Korea, and Mongolia; in winter Japan to Australia. "Adult female. — Above blackish, mottled with sandy-buff spots and margins; wing-coverts blackish brown, with sandy-buff edges inclining to whitish on greater coverts, which show traces of dusky bars ; lesser coverts, alula, primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown; first primary with a white shaft, all the quills rather paler brown on inner web; long inner secondaries tawny on both webs, with dark brown centers and notches; lower back, rump, and upper taiLcoverts blackish, mottled with spots of ashy white, with which color also the feathers are tipped; upper tail- coverts regularly barred with ashy and blackish; tail-feathers ashy gray narrowly barred with blackish ; bars six in number, but not always strictly continuous across the feathers ; crown blackish, feathers slightly margined with sandy buff; along center of crown a pale streak of the latter color; lores, eyebrow, and sides of face uniform isabelline buff; upper margins of ear-coverts slightly streaked with dark brown; throat whitish; lower throat and fore neck sandy buff like the sides of body, the former streaked, and the latter barred with dusky brown; center of breast, abdomen, and under tail-coverts isabelline whitish ; under wing-coverts and axillars pale sandy buff, with bars of dusky brown, mostly triangular in shape, the axillars having a slight vinaceous tinge. 'Bill blackish brown, flesh-color at base of lower mandible; feet gray; iris dark brown/ (Dybowski.) Length, 330; culmen, 44; wing, 180; tail, 72; tarsus, 46. (Sharpe.) "Obtained by Bourns in 1888, while with the Steere Expedition, and not mentioned by Steere." (Bourns and Worcester MS.) Genus LIMOSA Brisson, 1760. Legs and bill long and slender, the latter gently curved upward ; cul- men, 100 mm. or more. Species. a1. Tail barred with blackish brown and white baueri (p. 120) aa. Tail with a white base and broad, black, terminal band; upper tail-coverts pure white limosa (p. 121) 120 MA.MAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. 103. LIMOSA BAUERI Naumann. PACIFIC GODWIT. Limosa baueri NAUMANN, Vog. Deutschl. (1834), 8, 4-29. Limosa novce-zealandice GRAY, Gen. Birds (1847), 3, 570; SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1896), 24, 377; Hand-List (1899), 1, 159; MC- GREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 25. Bantayan (McGregor) ; Bohol (Everett, McGregor) ; Cuyo (McGregor) ; Luzon (Celestino) ; Negros (Steere Exp. ) ; Samar (Whitehead). Alaska and eastern Siberia ; south in winter to Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania. "Adult male in breeding plumage. — Above blackish mottled with pale chestnut-red; wing-coverts dark brown, with white edgings; many of the coverts tinged with chestnut, especially inner greater coverts; alula, pri- mary-coverts, and quills blackish; secondaries brown, edged with white, a longitudinal, subterminal mark of white along inner web; innermost secondaries like the back; feathers of lower back and rump blackish with white edges; upper tail-coverts barred with black and white or chestnut and black; tail brown, tipped and barred with white, the bars sometimes tinged with chestnut; crown-feathers chestnut, streaked with blackish brown centers, narrower on hind neck ; broad eyebrow chestnut ; lores and sides of face chestnut with numerous blackish spots on lores; a whitish spot under eye; lower parts chestnut with blackish streaks on sides of upper breast; under wing-coverts white with indistinct, dusky brown spots ; axillars white barred with dusky brown. 'Bill clear reddish for its basal half, blackish toward the terminal part, the base of the lower mandible paler; feet blackish brown; iris brown.' (Taczanowski.) Length, 395 ; wing, 220 ; tail, 77 ; culmen, 86 ; tarsus, 52 ; middle toe with claw, 36. "Adult female in breeding plumage. — Similar to the male, but not so entirely cinnamon-rufous below, and with remains of brown bars on the under surface, especially on the flanks. Length, 406 ; culmen, 109 ; wing, 240; tail, 82; tarsus, 58. "Young. — The young birds may be told from the adults in winter plumage by their more tawny color, and by the ashy gray shade on the throat and chest, as well as by the fulvescent bars and notches to the feathers of the upper surface." (Sharpe.) Winter plumage. — Above ashy brown with rusty shaft-lines; back, rump, and upper tail-coverts white with more or less hidden black arrow marks of dark brown, these taking the form of bars on longest coverts; below nearly pure white; slightly dusky on breast and with a few narrow shaft-lines on breast ; under tail-coverts with broken, dusky bars ; primaries blackish brown; wing-coverts and secondaries with broken, dusky bars; primaries blackish brown; coverts and secondaries gray with blackish shaft-lines and hoary edges. Birds taken in the Philippines in the spring are in the white and gray LIMOSA. 121 winter dress, but in the autumn (September) many individuals arrive in nearly perfect breeding plumage, while others are in mixed plumage, showing numerous light feathers among the dark and chestnut feathers of the summer dress. 104. LIMOSA LIMOSA (Linnaeus). BLACK-TAILED GODWIT. Scolopax limosa LINNJEUS, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 147. Limosa limosa SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1896), 24, 381; Hand-List (1899), 1, 159; GATES, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 40; MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 25. Limosa belgica BLANFORD, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1898), 4, 254', fig. 59 (head). Luzon (Celestino) ; Negros (Everett, Steere Exp.) ; Samar ( Whitehead) . Central and northern Europe to valley of Ob River; in winter Mediterranean countries and northeastern Africa. "Adult male in winter plumage. — Above ashy brown, with slightly paler edges to the feathers; lower back and rump blackish brown; upper tail- coverts white, long ones tipped with black; lesser wing-coverts darker brown than back; median coverts dusky brown, lighter brown externally and fringed with white, forming a wing-band ; alula blackish ; primary- coverts blackish, the inner ones broadly tipped with white; primaries blackish, with white shafts, the greater part of the inner webs white, and then subterminally brown, the white extending to the base of the outer web on all but the first primary and increasing in extent on the inner primaries and secondaries, the latter being white with broad, blackish tips, which gradually diminish in size on the inner secondaries; the innermost secondaries brown like the back; tail white at the base, with a broad, black, terminal band, gradually decreasing in size toward the outer feathers, which are edged with white at the tip, the center feathers brownish at the tip; head ashy brown, the forehead more hoary; an indistinct whitish eyebrow extending from the base of the nostril to behind the eye; lores dusky gray; below the eye a whitish spot; sides of face, sides of neck, throat, and chest light ashy brown, a little darker on the sides of the body; fore part of cheeks and upper throat white, as well as the whole of the center of the breast, abdomen, under tail-coverts, under wing-coverts, and axillars; edge of wing mottled with dark brown bases to the feathers ; quill-lining white. 'Bill pale fleshy, blackish brown at the tip; feet olivaceous-green, toes blackish brown; iris brown.' (Hume.) Length, 417; culmen, 112; wing, 223; tail, 76; tarsus, 81. "Adult female in winter plumage. — Similar to the male in color, but rather larger. 'Bill livid pink, blackish horny at the tip; feet blackish plumbeous, toes brownish; iris brown.' (Hume.) Length, 444; culmen, 127; wing, 216; tail, 76; tarsus, 85. "Adult male in summer plumage. — Differs in having the back more or 122 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. less mottled with rufous and black, crown rufous with short, broad streaks of black, sides of face and entire neck all round rufous, fore neck and breast overshaded with rufous and barred with dusky blackish, these bars also developed on abdomen and on the sides of body. "Adult female in summer plumage. — Similar to the male, but with less rufous, and distinguished by the larger size. "Young. — Distinguished from the adults by being darker brown above, with broad, sandy-rufous edges to the feathers of the upper surface, the innermost secondaries banded with blackish brown and sandy rufous ; the head rufous, streaked with dark brown, but indistinctly; sides of face buffy white, with very fine streaks of brown; throat white; lower throat, sides of neck, and chest reddish buff, slightly mottled with dusky bases to the feathers of the side of breast; remainder of under surface white, suffused with rufescent buff, and shaded with ashy brown on the sides of the body. "It is evident from the molting specimens in the collection that the black markings are acquired first, and that the rufous-color overspreads the plumage afterwards. Great variation in the amount of the nuptial decoration is seen in the series, and sometimes very old individuals have the abdomen, and even the under tail-coverts, barred." (Sharpe.) The black-tailed god wit is extremely rare in the Philippines, the only specimens examined by me being two killed near Manila, in February, 1908. Genus TOTANUS Bechstein, 1803. Culmen straight, equal to tarsus; secondaries and rump white. 105. TOTANUS EURHINUS ( Oberholser ) . ASIATIC REDSHANK. Totanus calidris SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1896), 24, 414 (part); Hand-List (1899), 1, 160 (part); GATES, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 43 (part). Totanus totanus eurhinus OBEBHOLSEB, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. (1900), 22, 207. Totanus eurhinus McGBEOOB and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 25. Bantayan (McGregor)-, Basilan (McGregor)-, Bohol (Everett, McGregor); Cebu (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor) ; Cuyo (McGregor) ; Mindanao (M earns) ; Mindoro (Porter) ; Negros (8teere Exp., Bourns d Worcester) ; Palawan (Platen, Whitehead) -, Siquijor (8teere Exp., Bourns & Worcester). Central and eastern Asia, south in winter to Malay Archipelago. "Male. — Above rufescent broccoli-brown, the feathers everywhere with dark brown centers, the back more or less irregularly barred with the same ; rump pure white, sparingly marked with brownish ; tail and upper tail-coverts dull white, heavily barred with sepia-brown, the terminal por- tion of central tail-feathers buffy; wings fuscous, the innermost second- HELODROMASw 123 aries like the back and barred on exposed portions with dark brown; remainder of secondaries white, but pale brown on concealed bases ; greater coverts white or grayish distally, brownish gray basally, and barred with sepia; median coverts brownish gray, barred with sepia; lesser coverts almost plain ; lower surface white, more or less heavily marked throughout with sepia, these markings taking on throat and breast the form of broad streaks, on flanks, sides, and crissum of bars, and elsewhere of more or less irregular spots; lining of wing white, varied with brownish, except on axillars. 'Length of male, 292; of female 298; bill black, orange- brown at base beneath; iris dark brown; feet orange-red; claws black.' (Abbott.) "The form of Totanus totanus inhabiting Central and Eastern Asia, although seemingly identical with the European bird in color and mark- ings, is yet so much larger, particularly in length of wing, tail, and culmen, that its separation as a subspecies appears to be warranted." (Oberholser.) Taking the measurements of three males and two females from Central Asia as recorded by Oberholser gives the following average measurements : Wing, 163 ; tail, 66.8 ; exposed culmen, 46.6 ; tarsus, 47.2 ; middle toe, 30.2. A male from Cuyo measures : Wing, 159 ; tail, 61 ; exposed culmen, 46 ; tarsus, 49; middle toe with claw, 34. A female from Cuyo, wing, 151; tail, 59; exposed culmen, 43; tarsus, 47; middle toe with claw, 35. I refer Philippine specimens of the redshank to the Asiatic sub- species as being the one more likely to occur here if two races of Totanus totanus be recognized. Genus HELODBOMAS Kaup, 1829. Bill straight, equal to tarsus, greater than middle toe with claw ; rump and tail-coverts white. 106. HELODROMAS OCHROPUS ( Linnseus ) . GREEN SANDPIPER. Tringa, ocrophus* LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 149. Helodromas ochropus SHAEPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1896), 24, 437; Hand- List (1899), 1, 160; GATES, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 44; MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 25. Bohol (McGregor) ; Luzon (Everett, Steere, Whitehead) ; Negros ( White head ) ; Samar ( Steere ) . Africa, Europe, and northern Asia ; in winter to Indian Penin- sula and Malay Archipelago. "Adult male in winter plumage. — Above uniform olive-brown with a slight gloss of bronzy olive; scapulars and wing-coverts like back, but having a few tiny white spots on the margins; lower back and rump * "Ocrophus" is said to be a misprint. 124 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. darker, blackish brown with white edges to the feathers; upper tail- coverts pure white; lesser wing-coverts, outer median, and outer greater coverts uniform olive-brown; alula, primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown, secondaries like the back and freckled with tiny white spots on the edges ; tail-feathers white, the center ones with three black bars on the terminal half, these bars disappearing gradually on the lateral feathers, outer ones being entirely white; crown, hind neck, and mantle uniform ashy brown; a supra-loral streak of white; lores dusky, surmounted by an indistinct, white eyebrow, lined with blackish streaks; sides of face, ear-coverts, and cheeks white, rather broadly streaked with blackish brown ; throat white, streaked with brown on the sides ; lower throat, sides of neck, and fore neck also distinctly streaked with brown ; remainder of under surface pure white; sides of upper breast brown, slightly mottled with white ; under wing-coverts and axillars blackish, barred very plainly with white; lower primary-coverts and inner lining of quills uniform, with white dots along the inner edge of the secondaries. 'Bill dusky above, reddish beneath ; feet grayish blue, tinged with green ; iris dusky/ (Macgillivray.) Length, 228 ; culmen, 35 ; wing, 13? ; tail, 56 ; tarsus, 33. "Adult male in breeding plumage. — Differs from the winter plumage in being much more variegated, the whole of the back being spotted with white, the spots being arranged in pairs on the edges of the feathers, which are also tipped with a bar or twin spots of white ; the whole of the head and neck streaked with white, and the brown streaks on the side of the face, fore neck, and chest very broad and distinct, the sides of the upper breast being brown, very much mottled with bars of white. Length, 236; culmen, 35; wing, 137; tail, 55; tarsus, 30. "Adult female in breeding plumage. — Does not differ in color from the male, but is not quite so strongly marked. Length, 229; culmen, 38; wing, 142; tail, 50; tarsus, 33. "Young in autumn plumage. — Scarcely differs from the winter plumage of the adult, but, when freshly molted, it has indistinct margins of ashy bronze on the feathers of the upper surface; the tail-bands are narrower on the center feathers, while the subterminal band is broader than in the adults. "The change to the summer plumage is apparently effected by a distinct molt, which takes place while the bird is in its winter quarters, and in many instances, especially in the case of the males, the summer plumage is completely assumed before the species leaves for its breeding place." (Sharpe.) Genus HETERACTITIS Stejneger, 1884. Bill straight, longer than tarsus; back, rump, and tail-coverts uniform in color. HETERACTITIS. 125 107. HETERACTITIS BREVIPE8 (Vieillot). POLYNESIAN TATTLER. Totanus brevipes VIEILLOT, Nouv. Dict.xTHist. Nat. (1816), 6, 410. Heteractitis brevipes SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1896), 24, 549; Hand- List (1899), 1, 161; MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 26. Bantayan (McGregor) ; Batan (McGregor] ; Basilan (McGregor) ; Bohol (Everett, McGregor) ; Cagayancillo (McGregor) ; Calayan (McGregor) ; Cebu (Everett, McGregor) ; Cuyo (McGregor) ; Leyte (Everett) ;. Lubang (McGregor) ; Luzon (Whitehead) ; Malanipa (Murray)', Mindanao (Steere Exp., Goodfellow) ; Negros (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester) ; Palawan (Platen, White) ; Siquijor (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor). Eastern Siberia; in winter China to Malay Archipelago and Australia. "Adult male in winter plumage. — Above uniform ashy gray, with slightly indicated light ashy margins; scapulars like the back; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts purer gray than the back, with distinct whitish edges; the long upper tail-coverts with subterminal dusky bars; wing-coverts like back, with paler margins, greater series margined with white; primary-coverts and quills blackish, externally washed with ashy and fringed with white, inner secondaries ashy gray like the back, fringed with whitish; tail-feathers uniform ashy, with narrow whitish margins; head and neck like back; base of forehead and large supra-loral spot white, extending in a narrow streak above the eye; lores blackish; sides of face and ear-coverts white; the upper edge of the latter ashy gray; cheeks and under surface of body pure white, with a shade of ashy gray over the fore neck and chest ; sides of breast and flanks also ashy gray, as well as the outer aspect of the thighs ; under wing-coverts and axillars ashy gray, fringed with white at the ends ; quills below ashy, lighter along the inner edged. 'Bill blackish gray, light brownish gray at base of lower mandible ; feet light ocher-yellow, joints with a faint greenish tinge ; iris dark brown.' (Stejneger.) Length, 223; wing, 162. "Adult female in winter plumage. — Similar to the male. 'Bill black, grayish yellow at base ; feet dirty chrome-yellow ; claws black/ (Everett.) Length, 229; culmen, 37; wing, 157; tail, 71; tarsus, 32. "Young in winter plumage. — Differs from the winter plumage of the adults in having the wing-coverts, scapulars, and back mottled with white dots on the outer webs of the feathers. "The adult birds appear to molt into winter plumage after quitting their summer haunts for southern latitudes, arriving with worn and abraded feathers, but with the barred under surface of the breeding dress. "Adult male in 'breeding plumage. — Resembles the winter plumage as regards the upper surface of the body being entirely ashy gray, but differs in the coloring of the lower surface, which is profusely spotted and barred. The throat is white, but the cheeks, lower throat, and fore neck are spotted and streaked with dusky blackish; the chest and breast, as 126 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. well as the sides of the body and flanks, are also barred with dusky blackish, with a few bars on the under tail-coverts. 'Bill brown; feet yellow-ocher ; iris dark brown.' (H. Whitely.) Length, 241; culmen, 38; wing, 155; tail, 66; tarsus, 29. "Adult female in breeding plumage. — Does not differ from the male. Length, 241; culmen, 38; wing, 152; tail, 66; tarsus, 30." (Sharpe.) This tattler occurs in great numbers during migration and may be found feeding on tide-flats. Genus ACTITIS Illiger, 1811. Bill straight ; culmen, tarsus, and middle toe with claw subequal ; back and rump uniform in color ; secondaries nearly as long as primaries. 108. ACTITIS HYPOLEUCOS (Linnaeus). COMMON SANDPIPER. Tringa hypoleucos LINNAEUS, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 149. Tringoides hypoleucus SHABPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1896), 24, 4">«J; Hand-List (1899), 1, 161; GATES, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 45. Actitis hypoleucus MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 26. Agutaya ( McGregor)-, Balabac (Everett); Bantayan (McGregor); Basilan (Steere Exp.) ; Batan ( McGregor) ; Bohol (Everett) ; Cagayancillo (McGregor); Cagayan Sulu (Guillemard, McGregor); Calamianes (Bourns d Worcester); Ca- layan (McGregor) ; Camiguin S. (Murray) ; Cebu (Everett, Bourns d Worcester, McGregor); Cuyo (McGregor) ; Guimaras (Steere Exp., Bourns d Worcester); Lubang (McGregor); Luzon (Jagor, Everett, Bourns & Worcester, Whitehead. McGregor); Masbate (Bourns d Worcester); Mindanao (Murray, Everett); Mindoro (Schmacker, McGregor, Porter) ; Negros (Steere Exp., Bourns d Wor- cester) ; Palawan (Everett, Platen, Whitehead, Steere Exp., Bourns d Worcester, White) ; Panay (Steere Exp., Bourns d Worcester) ; Samar ( Bourns d Worcester) ; Sibay (McGregor d Worcester); Siquijor (Celestino) ; Ticao (McGregor) ; Verde (McGregor). Africa, Europe, and northern Asia; south in winter from Indian Peninsula to Australia. "Adult male in breeding plumage. — Above bronzy brown, the feathers with arrow-shaped central markings of black, which take the form of bars on scapulars and inner secondaries, wing-coverts bronzy brown like the back, but regularly barred with blackish ; median and greater coverts with ashy fringes, the latter rather broadly tipped with white; alula, primary- coverts, and quills brown with an olive gloss; secondaries tipped with white and having a broad white base; inner secondaries like the back; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts like the back; lateral coverts barred with blackish and with white on outer web; tail-feathers bronzy brown, with irregular cross-bars of blackish brown; middle feather- narrowly, outer feathers broadly, tipped with white, penultimate feather barred with white on outer web, outermost feather almost entirely white with a little brown on inner web, which is barred with blackish; crown and neck bronzy brown, with narrow mesial shaft-lines of blackish brown, TEREKIA. 127 a narrow superciliary line of whitish, extending from base of bill ; sides of face bronzy brown, with blackish shaft-lines to the feathers; fore part of cheeks and under surface pure white, with dusky streaks on the throat, these being a little longer on chest, the sides of latter and sides of upper breast brown; under wing-coverts white, mottled with blackish bases, especially distinct on edge of wing; axillars pure white; quills dusky below, white toward base of inner web. 'Bill dusky above, brownish gray beneath ; feet grayish, tinged with green, claws black ; iris brown.' (Mac- gillivray.) Length, 203; culmen, 28; wing, 104; tail, 51; tarsus, 24. "Adult female in breeding plumage. — Similar to the male in color, but not quite so heavily marked, and the streaks on the fore neck and chest less pronounced. Length, 178 ; culmen, 28 ; wing, 109 ; tail, 61 ; tarsus, 22. "Adult in winter plumage. — A little more bronzy olive than in summer, and uniform above, without the black central streaks and black spear- shaped spots which are characteristic of the summer dress ; the streaks on the throat are also much narrower and not so distinct. "Young. — Easily distinguished by the cross-bars of sandy or reddish buff and dusky brown, which give the upper surface a freckled appearance ; throat uniform, with scarcely any indications of streaks on the lower part/' (Sharpe.) The common sandpiper is widely distributed and is often found along fresh-water streams as well as near the sea. Genus TEREKIA Bonaparte, 1838. Bill curved upward; tarsus longer than middle toe with claw and less than two-thirds of culmen; wings long, when folded extending to or beyond the end of tail. 109. TEREKIA CINEREA ( Guldenstadt ) . AVOCET SANDPIPER. Scolopax cinerea GULDENSTADT, Novi Comm. Acad. Sci. Imp. Petrop. (1775), 19, 473, pi. 19. Terekia cinerea SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1896), 24, 474; Hand-List (1899), 1, 161; GATES, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 47; MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 26. Bohol (Everett) ; Cebu (McGregor) ; Masbate (Bourns & Worcester) ; Negros (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester)-, Palawan (Whitehead) . Northern Siberia, northeastern Europe; in winter Africa and Indian Peninsula to Australia. "Adult male in breeding plumage. — Differs from the winter plumage in having black centers to feathers of upper surface; head streaked with blackish brown ; a ruf escent tint pervades the upper surface ; lesser wing- coverts and scapulars almost entirely black, the latter forming a double band down the back"; wing-coverts, secondaries, lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts, mottled with dusky markings; below white; lower throat and fore neck streaked with blackish. 'Bill black, base of lower 128 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. mandible yellowish green; feet olive-gray; iris dark brown.' (Taczanow- ski.) Length, 215; oilmen, 51; wing, 136; tail, 56; tarsus, 29. "The yellow base to the lower mandible appears to me to be a sign of immaturity and winter plumage, as it seems to disappear entirely in breeding birds. "Adult female in breeding plumage. — Similar to the male, with less of the bronzy tint above ; black streaks on upper surface and dusky streaks on throat less pronounced. Length, 241; culmen, 48; wing, 136; tail, 56; tarsus, 25. "Young male of the year. — Similar to the adults, but with a much shorter bill, its base conspicuously yellow ; mantle streaked with blackish ; scapulars marked with black almost as much as in the adult bird ; upper tail-coverts and tail barred with dusky and pale rufous; greater coverts black, forming a band across wing ; head, neck, and under parts as in the adult winter plumage, the throat not being streaked with dusky. 'Bill blackish olive, yellowish olive at base of both mandibles; feet, including web, bright orange-yellow; iris blackish brown.' (Stejneger.) "Adult in winter plumage. — General color above light ashy gray, with obsolete whitish edges to scapulars and wing-coverts, especially the greater series; lesser coverts distinctly black in the center; alula, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, outer primaries with white shafts, inner primaries ashy toward the ends, with a white fringe; secondaries broadly tipped with white, and white along the inner web; inner secondaries ashy gray like the back, with blackish shaft-lines ; lower back, rump, and upper tail- coverts like the back, the latter freckled and edged with ashy white ; tail- feathers ashy gray, whitish at base, mottled with ashy; head and neck ashy gray; forehead and eyebrow white, becoming fulvescent above ear- coverts; lores dusky ashy; sides of face whitish, streaked with ashy gray, the upper edge of ear-coverts uniform ashy; cheeks, throat, and under surface pure white; sides of neck and sides of upper breast ashy gray, the latter with a distinct dusky patch; axillars and under wing-coverts white ; feathers along edge of wing ashy gray ; quills grayish below. 'Bill dark brown, yellowish at base of lower mandible ; feet and toes yellow ; iris brown.' (Oates.)" (Sharpe.) This curious sandpiper was met with in considerable numbers on the tide-flats near Minglanilla, Cebu, in November, 1906. At or near high water the species was found, in company with Heteractitis, resting among the roots of mangrove trees and at such times it was no uncommon occurrence to kill several specimens of each species at one shot. As the rocky flats became exposed these birds scattered to feed and became more difficult to approach. The bill of the female is much longer than that of the male, but the plumage is similar in the two sexes. In a male taken November 20, the bill was black, except the yellow base, legs bright orange-chrome, and nails black. GLOTTIS. 129 Genus GLOTTIS Koch, 1816. Bill slightly curved upward; culmen decidedly shorter than tarsus; the latter about twice the middle toe without claw ; rump white. 110. GLOTTIS NEBULARIUS (Gunnerus). GREENSHANX. Scolopax nebularius GUNNERUS, Leem. Lapp. Beschr. (1767), 251. Glottis nebularius SHABPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1896), 24, 481; Hand- List (1899), 1, 161; GATES, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 47; MC- GREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 26. Bohol ( McGregor ) ; Cebu (McGregor)-, Luzon (McGregor)-, Mindanao (Pla- ten) ; Mindoro (McGregor) ; Negros (Steere Exp.) . Africa, northern Europe and northern Asia ; in winter Indian Peninsula to Australia. "Adult in winter plumage. — General color above ashy brown, mottled with whitish edges to the feathers, which are freckled and subterminally lined with darker brown, the shafts being also well marked; scapulars clearer ashy gray, with an interrupted subterminal line of blackish brown ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts pure white; exterior wing- coverts uniform blackish brown ; median and greater covers lighter brown, fringed with white; alula, primary-coverts, and quills blackish, the latter fringed with white at the end of the inner webs ; secondaries ashy brown, edged with white, innermost long secondaries spotted with black on the margins; tail white, center feathers crossed with regular but somewhat interrupted bars of brown, outer feathers with a few broken spots and bars of brown on outer webs; crown and hind neck grayish brown, the feathers edged with white, imparting a streaked appearance, more marked on the head; forehead, lores, and sides of face pure white; sides of neck and upper margin of ear-coverts narrowly streaked with ashy brown; entire under surface pure white ; sides of upper breast irregularly freckled with brown; under wing-coverts white, with a subterminal bar of brown, or a central arrowhead line of the latter color ; axillars white, with a few remains of brown spots ; lower primary-coverts ashy, with whitish edgings ; quills below ashy, the lateral markings of the secondaries indicated below. "Bill and feet light slate-color; iris dark brown.' (Ayres.) Length, 330 ; culmen, 56; wing, 183; tail, 60; tarsus, 55. "Adult male in breeding plumage. — Of a more ruddy brown than in the winter plumage and with black centers to feathers of upper surface; head and neck streaked with black ; sides of face white, narrowly streaked with black ; below white, lower throat, fore neck, and chest with numerous ovate spots of black; flanks with a few irregular bars of black; under wing-coverts and axillars white barred with black, bars on the latter somewhat interrupted ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts white, lateral coverts barred with black; two center tail-feathers ashy gray, slightly freckled with dusky, and notched with black on the margins; 77710 o 130 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. remainder of tail-feathers white barred with blackish, the bars becoming more irregular on the lateral feathers, which have distinct bars only on the outer webs. 'Bill blackish brown, lighter brownish gray toward base, especially on lower jaw; feet yellowish gray, joints bluish.' (Stejneger.) Length, 305; culmen, 53; wing, 190; tail, 76; tarsus, 56. "Adult female. — Similar to the male in color. 'Bill blackish brown, basal half lighter, on upper mandible with a bluish, on lower one with a reddish-gray tinge; feet dirty olive-gray, joints darker and more bluish gray/ ( Stejneger. ) "Young after first molt. — Similar to the winter plumage of the adults but more tinged with rufous-brown and with the feathers spotted with whity brown on both webs; center tail-feathers white, distinctly barred across with black, chest also distinctly streaked with dusky ; sides of breast spotted and mottled with dusky brown." (Sharpe.) Genus RHYACOPHILUS Kaup, 1829. Bill straight; culmen equal to middle toe without claw but much less than tarsus; rump white. 111. RHYACOPHILUS GLAREOLA (Linnams). WOOD SANDPIPER. % Tringa glareola LINN^US, Syst. Nat. ed. 10 (1758), 1, 149. Rhyacophilus glareola SHABPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1896), 24, 491; Hand-List (1899), 1, 162; GATES, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 48; Mc- GBEGOB and WORCESTER Hand-List (1906), 27. Basilan (McGregor)-, Bohol (Everett); Cagayan Sulu ( M earns) ; Calamianes (Bourns d Worcester)-, Calayan (McGregor) ; Cebu (Bourns & Worcester, Mc- Gregor); Guimaras (Steere Exp.) ; Lubang ( M cGregor ) ; Luzon (Jagor, Meyer, Everett, Whitehead) ; Mindanao (Steere Exp., Bourns & Worcester, Celestino) ; Negros (Steere Exp.) ; Palawan (Platen, Whitehead, Steere Exp., Bourns d Wor- cester, White) ; Panay (Steere Exp., Bourn* d Worcester) ; Siquijor (Bourns & Worcester); Ticao (McGregor). Africa, Europe, and northern Asia; in winter Indian Peninsula to Australia. "Adult male in winter plumage. — Above bronzy brown, with light ashy bronze margins to the feathers, which are slightly spotted with white on both edges; scapulars like back, but with somewhat larger white spots; lower back and rump uniform brown, feathers of the latter edged with white; upper tail-coverts pure white, lateral ones with blackish shaft- streaks and irregular longitudinal markings; lesser wing-coverts uniform brown; median and greater coverts spotted with white on both webs and resembling the scapulars; alula, primary-coverts, and quills blackish brown, fringed with white at the ends; secondaries notched with white on both webs, with a barred appearance of blackish intermediary bands; center tail-feathers ashy brown, barred with blackish brown, and deeply RHYACOPHILUS. 131 notched with white; lateral feathers white, barred with blackish, these bars becoming irregular on lateral feathers and reduced to a few freckles on outermost ones ; feathers of crown and hind neck almost uniform ashy brown, slightly mottled with darker brown centers; lores dusky, sur- mounted by a distinct white eyebrow ; sides of face white, slightly streaked with dark brown; ear-coverts uniform dark brown along their upper edge; cheeks and throat white; sides of neck, lower throat, fore neck, and chest ashy, varied with shaft-lines of brown; remainder of under surface pure white ; sides of upper breast ashy brown ; lateral under tail- coverts with blackish shaft-streaks and a few f recklings of black; under wing-coverts white, mottled with blackish bases ; axillars white, with a few irregular bars and freckles; lower primary-coverts and quills below dusky brown, with whitish spots on the edges of the inner secondaries. 'Basal half of bill olive-brown, terminal half black; legs and feet pale greenish; claws dark horn-color; iris brown/ (Oates.) Length, 216; culmen, 29 ; wing, 12 ; tail, 47 ; tarsus, 35. "Adult female. — Similar to the male. 'Bill blackish, olive at the base of lower mandible ; feet olive ; iris very dark brown.' (Butler.) Length, 203; wing, 124; tail, 48; culmen, 28; tarsus, 38. "Adult male in summer plumage. — More variegated than in winter, the back being uniform dark brown, with large notches of white on both webs, and having very distinct white edges to scapulars and inner wing- coverts; long upper tail-coverts barred with dusky blackish and resem- bling the center tail-feathers; head and neck streaked with white; sides of face, lower throat, and fore neck very distinctly and broadly streaked with blackish brown centers to the feathers; sides of body and under tail-coverts mottled with cross-bars of blackish brown; the axillars narrowly barred with blackish brown. 'Bill blackish olive, below at base lighter brownish olive; feet light grayish olive; iris dark brown.' (Stejneger.) Length, 178 ; culmen, 33 ; wing, 124; tail, 47 ; tarsus, 35. "Young after first molt. — Differs from the adults in being closely spotted on the upper surface, but the spots more or less rufescent; lower throat and chest ashy as in the winter plumage of the adults, but the dusky brown stripes very distinct and invading sides of body; axillars pure white, or with the merest trace of brown frecklings. 'Bill dusky brown, inclining to greenish olive toward base; feet greenish olive, iris blackish brown/ (Butler.) "In the breeding season the white spots on the upper surface become much worn and abraded, so that the general appearance of the back is very uniform; the mottling on the fore neck and chest becomes very distinct by reason of the abrasion of the white margins of the feathers, and the axillars are completely barred across with brown." (Sharpe.) 132 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. Subfamily SCOLO PACING. This subfamily contains all of the snipes and a number of small sand- pipers; the toes are without webs, otherwise many of the genera might easily fall in the subfamily Totanince. Genera. a1. Culmen equal to or less than tarsus. 6'. No hind toe Calidrii (p. 132) 6a. Hind toe present. c1. Tarsus about equal to middle toe with claw Pisobia (p. 133) c*. Tarsus longer than middle toe with claw f Heteropygia (p. 138) c2. Culmen longer than tarsus. 61. Eye not placed far back in the head; ear opening well behind posterior margin of eye. c1. Larger; wing more than 150 mm.; culmen more than 40 mm. Tringa (p. 141) c'. Smaller; wing less than 130 mm.; culmen less than 40 mm. dl. Bill slender, upper mandible narrow, its tip slightly expanded; upper tail-coverts white Erolia (p. 139) d*. Bill broad and flat; end of upper mandible decidedly decurved, it* tip pointed; upper tail-coverts not white Limicola (p. 142) ba. Eye placed well back in head; ear opening just below hinder margin of eye. c1. Tarsus less than middle toe with claw; culmen nearly twice the length of tarsus; culmen straight Gallinago (p. 143) c9. Tarsus more than middle toe with claw and but little less than culmen; culmen decidedly decurved at its tip Bostratula (p. 147 Genus CALIDRIS Illiger, 1811. Bill straight, slightly expanded at tip, culmen about equal to tarsus and longer than middle toe with claw ; hind toe wanting. 112. CALIDRIS LEUCOPH/EA (Pallas). 8ANDEKLING. Tringa leucophcea PALLAS, in Vroeg's ratal. ( 1764), 32. Trynga alba PALLAS, Vroeg's Catal. Adumbr. (1764), 7; SHEBBOBN, Smiths. Misc. Colls. (1905), 47, 341. Tringa arenaria LINN^US, Syst. Nat. ed. 12 (1766), 1, 251. Calidris arenaria GATES, Bds. Brit. Burmah (1885), 2, 308; Cat. Bird-' Eggs (1902), 2, 52; SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1896), 24, 526; Hand-List (1899), 1, 163. Calidris alba RICHMOND, Smiths. Misc. Colls. (1905), 47, :U7. Calidris abba MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand- List (1906), 27 (error). Calidris leucophcea A. O. U. COMMITTEE, Auk (1908), 25, 367. Luzon ( Whitehcad, McGregor). Arctic regions; in winter to Africa, South America, Marshall Islands, Indian Peninsula to Australia. "Winter plumage. — Forehead, face, and the whole lower plumage pure white; crown, nape, hind neck, back, and scapulars pale ashy, the crown PISOBIA. 133 with well-defined black shaft-streaks, the other parts with narrower and less distinct shaft-streaks; wing-coverts blackish, the median and greater coverts broadly edged with white; primaries dark brown, blacker on the tips and outer webs, the shafts white, a portion of the outer webs of the later ones white; secondaries black, whitish at base and tipped with white ; tertiaries rather broadly edged with white ; tail pale brown on the outer webs, more or less white on the inner. 'Iris dark brown ; bill, legs, feet, and claws black.' (Armstrong.) Length, 190; tail, 51; wing, 122; tarsus, 25; bill from gape, 28." (Oates.) "Male in summer plumage. — Differs from the winter plumage in being mottled and not uniform, the upper surface being cinnamon-rufous, mottled with black centers to the feathers, which have hoary whitish or ashy edges ; the inner secondaries cinnamon-rufous like the scapulars and back; sides of lower back and lateral upper tail-coverts pure white; sides of face, throat, and sides of breast deep cinnamon-rufous, mottled with black centers to the feathers; rest of under surface white. Length, 165; culmen, 23; wing, 124; tail, 48; tarsus, 23; middle toe with claw, 19. "Female in summer plumage. — Similar to the male but has not quite so much bright rufous in the plumage, the fore neck being barred with blackish. Length, 203; culmen, 27; wing, 124; tail, 49; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 20. "Young. — Somewhat similar to the winter plumage of the adult but not so uniform above; entire under surface pure white, as also the fore- head and sides of face; center of forehead mottled with blackish to base of bill ; a dusky streak between bill and eye, as well as along upper edge of ear-coverts; on sides of breast and on fore neck a tinge of vinous-buff or vinous ; sides of upper breast and of neck distinctly spotted with black ; upper surface black, mottled with spots of white or sandy whitish, these spots being mostly terminal on back and scapulars ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts ashy with a sandy buff tip and a subterminal spot of black, and fringed at the tips with a narrow blackish line, giving the rump the appearance of being lined transversely with black; feathers of head blackish, varied with brown or whitish edges, and forming a more or less distinct cap, which is separated from mantle by the light color of hind neck; mantle ashy streaked with dusky brown; wings much as in the winter plumage of the adult but the greater and median coverts, and inner secondaries mottled like the back." (Sharpe.) A male taken near Manila in March measures: Wing, 118; tail, 52; exposed culmen, 24; tarsus, 25; middle toe with claw, 19. Genus PISOBIA Billberg, 1828. Bill slender and straight, a little longer than tarsus ; hind toe small and elevated; small sandpipers about 127 mm. in length. 134 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. Species. a1. Outer tail-feathers pale smoky or ashy brown. 61. Feet blackish; middle toe with claw not over 19 mm. c1. Tarsus slightly more than 20 mm. ; sides of face and throat slightly rufescent in summer ; rufous color predominating over the black above. minuta (p. 134) c9. Tarsus shorter, about 19 mm.; entire throat and chest bright rufous in summer rnficollis (p. 135) V. Feet olive-brown; middle toe with claw about 23 mm.... damacensis (p. 136) a2. Outer tail-feathers pure white temmincki (p. 137) 113. PISOBIA MINUTA (Leisler). LITTLE STINT. Trvnga minuta LEISLEB, in Bechst. Naturg. Deutschl. (1812), 1, 74; BLAN- FOBD, Fauna Brit. Ind. Bds. (1898), 4, 273, fig. 63 (head). Limonites minuta SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1896), 24, 538; Hand- List (1899), 1, 163; OATES, Cat. Birds' Eggs (1902), 2, 52; Mc- GBEQOB and WOBCESTEB, Hand-List (1906), 27. Mindanao (M earns). Northern Europe and northern Asia to Lake Baikal; in winter Africa, Indian Peninsula, and Ceylon. "Adult in winter plumage. — General color above ashy brown, slightly darker along the shafts ; lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts blackish brown ; sides of lower back and lateral upper tail-coverts pure white ; tail- feathers light smoky brown, the long central ones dark brown, with a very narrow whitish fringe; wing-coverts rather darker brown than the back, with ashy fringes to the median series; greater coverts tipped with white, forming a wing-band; alula and primary-coverts blackish brown, edged with white at tips ; quills dark brown, with white shafts, a few of the inner primaries also edged with white near the base ; secondaries dark brown, fringed with white at the tips, bases of inner webs white, forming a continuous band with the one on greater coverts ; long inner secondaries light brown like scapulars, the shafts blackish brown; crown brown like the back, the feathers with darker brown centers; forehead and supra- loral region pure white ; lores dusky brown ; ear-coverts and feathers below eye light brown, with narrow streaks of dark brown; above ear-coverts a streak of white lined with brown, forming an indistinct eyebrow; cheeks, throat, and under surface pure white slightly ashy on throat and fore neck; sides of neck and upper breast brown, with slightly darker centers or shaft-streaks; under wing-coverts and axillars white; coverts round edge of wing dark brown, with white margins; lower primary- coverts dull ashy brown, forming an inconspicuous wing-patch. 'Bill, feet, and claw black; iris hazel.' (Seebohm.) Length, 132 ; culmen, 18; wing, 96; tail, 41; tarsus, 20; middle toe with claw, 18. "Adult male in summer plumage. — Much more rufous than in winter; PISOBIA. 135 feathers of upper surface sandy rufous ; black centers and white margins to many of the scapulars and feathers of the back; feathers of head rufous, with black centers; neck rufous, streaked with dusky blackish, these streaks being smaller and less distinct on sides of face, which are also rufous ; a slight indication of a whitish eyebrow ; under surface white, throat tinged with rufous, chest pervaded with ashy, and throat, fore neck, and sides of breast mottled with dusky spots in the centers of the feathers. Lenth, 152; culmen, 19; wing, 96; tail, 36; tarsus, 20. "Adult female in summer plumage. — Similar to the male, but some- what less distinctly spotted on the breast. Length, 152; culmen, 18; wing, 98; tail, 37; tarsus, 20. "Young. — Blackish above, with rufous edgings to the feathers, and thus somewhat resembling the summer plumage of the adults, but they may always be distinguished by the more numerous white edgings to the dorsal and scapular feathers, by the ashy color of the hind neck, by the absence of spots on the fore neck and chest, both of which are tinged with isabelline-buff. "Nestling. — Mottled with rufous and black down, the tips of which are silvery white or sandy buff; the hind neck sandy buff, forming a collar; the crown black, slightly mottled with rufous and dotted with silvery white, the black extending in a line on the forehead, which is buff, continued into a somewhat broad eyebrow; a black loral line and a black spot on each side of the hinder crown as well as on the ear-coverts ; under surface of body whitish, with a tinge of sandy buff on the lower throat." (Sharpe.) 114. PISOBIA RUFICOLLIS (Pallas). ASIATIC LITTLE STINT. Trynga ruficollis PALLAS, Reise Russ. Reichs (1776), 3, 700. Limonites ruficollis SHARPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1896), 24, 545; Hand- List (1899), 1, 163; McGsEQOB and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 27. Ti-.ut ti-ut, Bantayan. Bantayan (McGregor)-, Bohol (Everett, McGregor)-, Calayan (McGregor); Cebu (Bourns & Worcester, McGregor); Cuyo (McGregor); Luzon (Meyer, Whitehead); Mindanao (M earns, Celestino) ; Negros (Bourns & Worcester); Palawan ( Platen, Whitehead, Steere Exp. ) . Eastern Siberia, Japan, and Korea ; in winter Burmese countries to Australia. "Adult in winter plumage. — Eesembles the winter plumage of L. minuta, but distinguished by the whiter fore neck and chest, and by the slightly shorter tarsus. Length, 145; culmen, 18; wing, 96; tail, 42; tarsus, 19; middle toe with claw, 18. "Adult male in summer plumage. — Much more mottled on the upper surface than in winter, the centers of the feathers being blackish, and 136 MANUAL OF PHILIPPINE BIRDS. upper parts overspread with a brighter chestnut color, with which the feathers aje broadly margined; crown blackish, washed with rufous and mottled with gray margins; forehead and eyebrow shaded with bright rufous, this color occupying entire sides of face, sides of neck, throat, and chest; chin whitish. 'Bill and feet black;. iris nearly black.' (Dy- bowski.) Length, 135 ; culmen, 18 ; wing, 98 ; tail, 43 ; tarsus, 19 ; middle toe with claw, 19. "Adult female in summer plumage. — Does not differ materially from the male, but is perhaps scarcely so rufous, and retains a little more of the hoary gray of the winter plumage. 'Iris brown/ (Everett.) Length, 127; culmen, 18; wing, 99; tail, 43 ; tarsus, 19 ; middle toe with claw, 18. "Young. — Scarcely distinguishable from the young of L. minuta." (Sharpe.) "Frequently seen in large flocks during the winter months." (Bourns and Worcester MS.) Of the stints that visit the Philippine Islands in winter the Asiatic little stint undoubtedly occurs in greater numbers than all the others taken together; it is the only abundant species and is usually found in large or small flocks on tide-flats. 115. PISOBIA DAMACENSIS (Horsfield). LONG-TOED STINT. Totanus damacensis HOBSFIELD, Trans. Linn. Soc. (1821), 13, 192. Limonites damaccnsis SHABPE, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus. (1896), 24, 553; Hand-List (1899), 1, 163; MCGREGOR and WORCESTER, Hand-List (1906), 28. Pisobia damacensis A. O. 1T. COMMITTEE, Auk (1908), 35, 367. Basilan (McGregor) ; Luzon (Heriot) ; Mindanao (Mearns) • Palawan (Platen, Steere Exp., Bourns d Worcester). Japan, eastern Siberia, islands of Bering Sea, China to northeastern Bengal ; in winter Burma to Australia. "Adult male in winter plumage. — Similar to the winter plumage of L. minuta and L. ruficollis, but darker than either of them, with the head and neck much more thickly spotted with black, and the lower throat and foil' neck very distinctly stieaknl