tijiiiiiiti

^j) Cljarlcfi ^pra5;tte ^arsent

A MANUAL OF THE TREES OF NORTH AMERICA, EX-
CLUSIVE OF MEXICO. With over 600 illustrations drawn
by Charles Edward Faxon. In one octavo volume. $6.00,
7tet, postpaid.

THE SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA; OR A DESCRIPTION
OF THE TREES WHICH GROW NATURALLY IN NORTH
AMERICA, EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO. With about 740
plates, drawn from Nature, by Charles Edward Faxon, de-
scribing 567 species belonging to the Forest Flora of North
America, exclusive of varieties. 14 volumes. 4to, |'35o.oo, 7iet.
{Sold only by subscription for the e^itire set.)

TREES AND SHRUBS. Illustrations of New or Little Known
Ligneous Plants. Prepared chiefly from material at the Ar-
nold Arboretum of Harvard University, and edited by Charles
Sprague Sargent. Issued in 4to Parts, four Parts to a Volume.
With Plates, by Charles Edward Faxon. Each Part, $5.00,
net. Volume I. now ready.

THE FOREST FLORA OF JAPAN. With illustrations. 4to,
$7.50, net.

HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY
Boston and New York

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

1

PRINCIPAL TREE REGIONS OF NOETH AMERICA

A ^Wth Eastern
C South Eastern

B IS^orth ^"estern A B ISTorth Eastern & JSTorth. Western

D Tropical Florida E Texas-Mexican Boundary

F Eocky Mountains

Q Oregon & California H Kew Mexico & Ai-izona

Mexican Boundary

MANUAL OF THE TREES
OF NORTH AMERICA

(EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO)

BY

CHARLES SPRAGUE SARGENT

Director of the Arnold Ai-boretum of Harvard University
Author of The Silva of North America

WITH SIX HUNDRED AND FORTY-FOUR ILLUSTRATIONS

FROM DRAWINGS BY

CHARLES EDWARD FAXON

LIBRARY
NEW YORK
BOTANICAL

GARDEN

BOSTON AND NEW YORK
HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN AND COMPANY

1905

COPYRIGHT IQ05 BY CHARLES SPRAGUE SARGENT
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

Published March^ iqo§

To M. R. S.,

THE WISE AND KIND FRIEND OF THIRTY YEARS, THIS BOOK IS
DEDICATED WITH GRATITUDE AND AFFECTION

viii TKEFACE

Oak in that region need occupy himself only with those species which in the conspectus
of the genus Quercus or Pinusare followed by the letter (A), while a person wishing
to determine an Oak or a Pine-tree in Oregon or California may pass over all species
which are not followed by (G), the letter which represents the Pacific coast region
south of the state of Washington.

The sign of degrees (°) is used in this work to represent feet, and the sign of min-
utes (') inches.

The illustrations which accompany each species and important variety are one
half the size of nature, except in the case of a few of the large Pine cones, the flow-
ers of some of the Magnolias, and the leaves and flower-clusters of the Palms. These
are represented as less than half the size of nature in order to make the illustrations
of uniform size. These illustrations are from drawings by Mr. Faxon, in which he
has shown his usual skill and experience as a botanical draftsman in bringing out
the most important characters of each species, and in them will be found the chief
value of this Manual. For aid in its preparation I am indebted to him and to my
other associates, Mr. Alfred Rehder and Mr. George R. Shaw, who have helped me

in compiling the most difficult of the keys.

C. S. Sargent.
Arnold Arboketum, Jamaica Plain, Mass.
January, 1905.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

Map of North America (exclusive of Mexico) showing the eight re-
gions into which the country is divided according to the prevailing
character of the trees ...... Frontisjjiece

Synopsis of Families of Plants ....... xi

Analytical Key of FAivnLiES of Plants, based on the character of

their leaves ........... xvi

Manual of Trees

Gymnospermae .......... 1

Angiospermse . . . . . . . . . .102

Monocotyledons . . ... . . . . , . 102

Dicotyledons .......... 125

Apetalse 125

Petalae 315

Polypetalae ........... 315

Gamoj^etalse .......... 718

Glossary of Technical Terms 815

Index 819

SYNOPSIS

OF THE FAMILIES OF PLANTS DESCRIBED IN THIS BOOK

Class I. GYMNOSPERMiB.

Resinous trees ; stems formed of bark, wood, or pith, and increasing in diam-
eter by the annual addition of a layer of wood inside the bark ; flowers uni-
sexual ; stamens numerous ; ovules and seeds 2 or many, borne on the face of
a scale, not inclosed in an ovary ; embryo with 2 or more cotyledons ; leaves
straight-veined, without stipules.

I. Conif erae (p. 1). Flowers usually monoecious ; ovules 2 or several ; fruit a woody cone
(in Juniperus berry-like) ; cotyledons 2 or many ; leaves needle-shaped, linear or scale-hke,
persistent {deciduous in Larix and Taxodium).

II. Taxaceae (p. 97). Flowers dioecious, axillary, solitary ; ovules 1 ; fruit surrounded
by or inclosed in the enlarg-ed fleshy aril-like disk of the flower ; cotyledons 2 ; leaves
linear, alternate, persistent.

Class 11. ANGIOSPERMiE.

Carpels or pistils consisting of a closed cavity containing the ovules and
becoming the fruit.

Division I. MONOCOTYLEDONS.

Stems with woody fibres distributed irregularly through them, but without
pith or annual layers of growth ; parts of the flower in 3's ; ovary superior,
3-celled ; embryo with a single cotyledon ; leaves parallel-veined, persistent,
without stipules.

HI. Palmae (p. 102). Ovule solitary ; fruit baccate or drupaceous, 1 or rarely 2 or
3-seeded ; leaves alternate, pinnate, flabellate or orbicular, persistent.

IV. LiliacBce (p. 115). Ovules numerous in each cell ; fruit 3-celled, capsular or bac-
cate ; leaves linear-lanceolate.

Division II. DICOTYLEDONS.

Stems formed of bark, wood, or pith, and increasing by the addition of an
annual layer of wood inside the bark ; parts of the flower mostly in 4's or 5's ;
embryo witli a pair of opposite cotyledons ; leaves netted-veined.

Subdivision 1. Apetal.^. Flowers without a corolla and sometimes with-
out a calyx.

Section 1. Flowers in unisexual aments {female flowers of Juglans and
Quercus solitary/ or in spikes) ; ovary inferior {superior in Leitneriacece)
wlien a calyx is present.

V. Juglandaceae (p. 125). Flowers monoecious; fruit a nut inclosed in an indehiscent
(Juglans) or 4-valved (Hicoria) fleshy or woody shell ; leaves alternate, unequally pinnate,
without stipules, deciduous.

XU SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES

VI. Myricaceee (p. 146). Flowers monoecious or diceeious ; fruit a dry drupe, covered
with waxy exudations ; leaves simple, alternate, resinous-punctate, persistent.

VII. Leitneriaceae (p. I.jO). Flowers diu3cious, the staminate without a calyx; ovary
superior ; fruit a compressed oblong drupe ; leaves alternate, simple, without stipules,
deciduous

VIII. Salicaceae (p. l.">2). Flowers diceeious, without a calyx. Fruit a 2-4-valved
capsule. Leaves simple, alternate, with stipules, deciduous.

IX. Betulaceae (p. 189). Flowers moncecious ; fruit a nut at the base of an open leaf-
like involucre (Carpinus), in a sack-like involucre (Ostrya), in the axil of a scale of an
anient (Betula), or of a woody strobile (Alnus) ; leaves alternate, simple, with stipules,
deciduous.

X. Fagaceee (p. 210). Flowers monoecious ; fruit a nut more or less inclosed in a woody
often spiny involucre ; leaves alternate, simple, with stipules, deciduous (in some species of
Quercus and in Castanopsis and Pasania persistent).

Section 2. Flowers unisexual (j^erfect in Ulmiis) ; calyx regular, the
stamens as many as its lobes and opposite them ; ovary superior, l-cellecl ;
seed 1.

XI. Ulniaceae (p. 287). Fruit a compressed wing-ed samara (Ulmus) or a drupe (Celtis) ;
leaves simple, alternate, with stipules, deciduous.

XII. Moracese (p. 302). Flowers in ament-like spikes or heads; fruit drupaceous,
inclosed in the thickened calyx and united into a compound fruit, oblong and succulent
(Morus), large, dry and g'lobose (Toxylon), or immersed in the fleshy receptacle of the
flower (Fieus) ; leaves simple, alternate, with stipules, deciduous (persistent in Ficus).

Section 3. Flowers usually perfect ; calyx 5-lobed ; ovary superior, 1-celled ;
fruit a nutlet inclosed in the thickened calyx ; leaves simjile, persistent.

XIII. Polygonaceae (p. 311). Leaves alternate, their stipules sheathing- the stems.

XIV. Nyctaginaceae (p. 313). Leaves alternate or opposite, without stipules.

Subdivision 2. Petals. Flowers with both calyx and corolla {without
a corolla in Lauraceoe, in Liquidamhar in Hamamelidacece, in Cercocarjous
in Rosacece, in EuphorhiacecB, in some species of Acer, in Reynosia, Con-
dalia, and Krugiodendron in Rhamnacece, in Fremmitodendron in Sterculia-
cece, in Chytracidia in Myrtacece, and in Conocarpus in Combretacece).

Section 1. Polypetalae. Corolla of separate petals.

A. Ovary superior {partly inferior in Haniamelidacece ; inferior in Malus,
Sorhus, Cratcegus, and Amelanchier in Rosacece).

XV. Magnoliaceae (p. 315). Flowers perfect ; sepals and petals in 3 or 4 rows of 3
each ; fruit cone-like, composed of numerous cohering carpels ; leaves simple, alternate,
their stipules inclosing the leaf -buds, deciduous or rarely persistent.

XVI. Anonaceae (p. 326). Flowers perfect ; sepals 3 ; petals 6 in 2 series ; fruit a
pulpy berry developed from 1 or from the union of several carpels ; leaves simple, alter-
nate, without stipules, deciduous or persistent.

XVII. Lauraceae (p. 329). Flowers perfect or unisexual; corolla 0; fruit a 1-seeded
drupe or berry ; leaves simple, alternate, punctate, without stipules, persistent (deciduous
in Sassafras).

XVIII. Capparidaceae (p. 338). Flowers perfect ; sepals and petals 4 ; fruit baccate,
elongated, dehiscent; leaves alternate, simple, without stipules, persistent.

XIX. Hamamelidaceae (p. 339). Flowers perfect or unisexual ; sepals and petals 5
(corolla 0 in Liquidamhar) ; ovary partly inferior ; fruit a 2-celled woody capsule opening at
the summit ; leaves simple, alternate, with stipules, deciduous.

SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES XUl

XX. Platanaceae (p. 343). Flowers monoecious, in dense unisexual capitate heads;
fruit an akene ; leaves simple, alternate, with stipules, deciduous.

XXI. Rosaceee (p. 348). Flowers perfect ; sepals and petals 5 (petals 0 in Cercocar-
pus) ; ovary inferior in Mains, Sorbus, Cratcegus, and Amelanchier ; fruit a drupe (Hetero-
meles, Frunus, and Chrysobalanus), a capsule (Vauquelinia and Lyonothamnus), an akene
(Cercocarpus), or a pome (Mains, Sorbus, Cratfeg-us, and Amelanchier) ; leaves simple
or pinnately compound, alternate [opposite in Lyonothamnus), with stipules, deciduous or
persistent.

XXII. Leguminosae (p. 533). Flowers perfect, regular or irregular; fruit a legume;
leaves compound, or simple (Dalea), alternate, with stipules, deciduous or persistent.

XXIII. Zygophyllaceae (p. 578). Flowers perfect; calyx 5-lobed ; petals 5; fruit
capsular, becoming fleshy ; leaves opposite, pinnate, with stipules, persistent.

XXIV. Rutaceae (p. 580). Flowers unisexual or perfect ; fruit a capsule (Fagara), a
samara (Ptelea), of indehiscent wing-ed 1-seeded carpels (Helietta), or a drupe (Amyris) ;
leaves alternate or opposite, compound, glandular-punctate, without stipules, persistent or
rarely deciduous (0 in Canotia).

XXV. Simarubaceae (p. 589). Flowers dioecious, calyx 5-lobed; petals 5; fruit
drupaceous ; leaves alternate, equally pinnate, without stipules, persistent.

XXVI. Burseraceae (p. 591). Flowers perfect ; calyx 4 or 5-parted ; petals 5 ; fruit
a drupe ; leaves alternate, compound, without stipules, deciduous.

XXVII. Meliaceae (p. 593). Flowers perfect ; calyx 5-lobed ; petals 5 ; fruit a 5-celled
dehiscent capsule ; leaves alternate, equally pinnate, without stipules, persistent.

XXVIII. Euphorbiaceae (p. 594). Flowers perfect; calyx 4-G-parted (Drypetes), 3-
lobed (Hippomane), or 0 (Gymnanthes) ; petals 0 ; fruit a drupe (Drypetes and Hippomane),
or a 3-lobed capsule (Gymnanthes).

XXIX. Anacardiaceae (p. 601). Flowers usually unisexual, dioecious or polygamo-
dioecious ; fruit a dry drupe ; leaves simple or compound, alternate, without stipules, decid-
uous (persistent in one species of Rhus).

XXX. Cyrillaceae (p. 610). Flowers perfect; calyx 5-8-lobed; petals 5-8; fruit an
indehiscent capsule ; leaves alternate, without stipules, persistent (more or less deciduotis in
Cyrilla).

XXXI. Aquifoliaceae (p. 613). Flowers polygarao-dioecious ; calyx 4 or 5-lobed;
petals 5 ; fruit a drupe, with 4-8 1-seeded nutlets ; leaves alternate, simple, with stipules,
persistent or deciduous.

XXXII. Celastraceae (p. 619). Flowers perfect, polygamous or dioecious; calyx 4 or
5-lobed ; petals 4 or 5 ; fruit a drupe, or a capsule (Evonymus) ; leaves simple, opposite or
alternate, with or without stipules, persistent (deciduous in Evonymus).

XXXIII. Aceraceae (p. 624). Flowers dioecious or monoeeiously polygamous ; calyx
usually 5-parted ; petals usually 5, or 0 ; fruit of 2 long-winged samara joined at the base ;
leaves opposite, simple or rarely pinnate, without or rarely with stipules, deciduous.

XXXIV. Hippocastanaceae (p. 643). Flowers perfect, irregular; calyx 5-lobed;
petals 4 or 5, unequal ; fruit a 3-celled 3-valved capsule ; leaves opposite, digitately com-
pound, long-petiolate, without stipules, deciduous.

XXXV. Sapindaceae (p. 649). Flowers polygamous ; calyx 4 or 5-lobed ; corolla of

4 or 5 petals ; fruit a berry (Sapindus and Exothea), a drupe (Hj'pelate), or a 3-celled
capsule (Ungnadia) ; leaves alternate, compound, without stipules, persistent, or deciduous
(Ungnadia) .

XXXVI. Rhamnaceae (p. 657). Flowers usually perfect ; calyx 4 or 5-lobed ; petals 4 or

5 (0 in Beynosia, Condalia, and Krugiodendron) ; fruit drupaceous ; leaves simple, alternate
(mostly opposite in Beynosia and Krugiodendron) , with stipules, persistent (deciduous in some
species of Bhamnus).

XXXVII. Tiliaceae (p. 669). Flowers perfect; sepals and petals 5 ; fruit a nut-like
berry ; leaves simple, alternate, mostly oblique at the base, with stipules, deciduous.

XIV SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES

XXXVIII. Sterculiacece (p. CT6). Flowers perfect; calyx 5-lobed ; petals 0 ; fruit
a 4 or 5-valved dehiscent capsule ; leaves simple, alternate, with stipules, persistent.

XXXIX. Theaceae (p. 677). Flowers perfect ; sepals and petals 5 ; fruit a 5-celled
woody dehiscent capsule, loeulicidally dehiscent ; leaves simple, alternate, without stipules,
persistent or deciduous.

XL. Canellaceae (p. 680). Flowers perfect; sepals 3 ; petals 5 ; filaments united into a
tube ; fruit a berry ; leaves simple, alternate, without stipules, persistent.

XLI. Koeberliniaceae (p. 681). Flowers perfect ; sepals and petals 4, minute ; leaves
bract-like, alternate, without stipules, caducous.

XLII. Caricaceae (p. 082). Flowers unisexual or perfect; calyx 5-lobed ; petals 5;
fruit baccate ; leaves palmately lobed or digitate, alternate, without stipules, persistent.

B. Ovary inferior {partly i7if67%or in Rhizophora).

XLIII. Cactaceee (p. 684). Flowers perfect ; petals and sepals numerous ; fruit a berry ;
leaves usually wanting-.

XLIV. Rhizophoraceae (p. 691). Flowers perfect; calyx 4-parted ; petals 4 ; ovary
partly inferior ; fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded berry perforated at the apex by the germinating
embryo ; leaves simple, opposite, entire, with stipules, persistent.

XLV. Myrtaceae (p. 693). Flowers perfect; calyx usually 4-lobed, or reduced to a
single body forming a deciduous lid to the flower (Chytraculia) ; petals usually 4 {0 in
Chytraculia) ; fruit a berry ; leaves simple, opposite, pellucid-punctate, without stipules,
persistent.

XLVI. Combretaceae (p. 700). Flowers perfect or polygamous; calyx 5-lobed;
petals 5 (0 in Conocarpus) ; fruit drupaceous ; leaves simple, alternate or opposite, without
stipules, persistent.

XL VII. Araliaceae (p. 704). Flowers perfect or polygamous ; sepals and petals usu-
ally 5 ; fruit a drupe ; leaves twice pinnate, alternate, with stipules, deciduous.

XLVIII. Cornaceae (p. 706). Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious ; calyx 4 or 5-
toothed ; petals 4 or 5 ; fruit a fleshy drupe ; leaves simple, opposite {alternate in one species
ofCornus), without stipules, deciduous.

Section 2. Gamopetalse. Corolla of united petals (divided in Elliottia in
Ericacece, 0 in some species of Fraxinus in Oleacece.)

A. Ovary superior (inferior m Vaccinium in Ericacece, partly inferior in
Symplocacece and Styracece).

XLIX. Ericaceae (p. 718). Flowers perfect; calyx and corolla 5-lobed {in Elliottia
corolla of 4 petals) ; {ovary inferior in Vaccinium) ; fruit capsular, drupaceous or baccate ;
leaves simple, alternate, without stipules, persistent {deciduous in Elliottia and Oxydendrum).

L. Myrsinaceae (p. 733). Flowers perfect; calyx and corolla 5-lobed; stamens 5;
fruit a drupe ; leaves simple, alternate, entire, without stipules, persistent.

LI. Theophrastaceae (p. 735). Flowers perfect, with staminodia ; sepals and petals
5 ; stamens 5 ; fruit a berry ; leaves simple, opposite or alternate, entire, without stipules.

LII. Sapotaceae (p. 736). Flowers perfect ; calyx 5-lobed ; corolla 5-lobed {6-lobed
in Mimusops), often with as many or twice as many internal appendages borne on its
throat ; fruit a berry ; leaves simple, alternate, without stipules, persistent {deciduous in
some species of Bumelia).

LIII. Ebenaceae (p. 748). Flowers perfect, dioecious, or polygamous ; calyx and co-
rolla 4-lobed ; fruit a 1 or several seeded berry ; leaves simple, alternate, entire, without
stipules, deciduous.

LIV. Symplocaceae (p. 752). Flowers perfect; calyx and corolla 5-lobed; ovary
partly inferior ; fruit a drupe ; leaves simple, alternate, without stipules, deciduous ; pubes-
cence simple.

SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES XV

LV. Styraceee (p. 754). Flowers perfect ; calyx 4-tootlied ; corolla 4-lobed or divided
nearly to the base ; ovary partly inferior ; fruit a drupe ; leaves simple, alternate, without
stipules, deciduous ; pubescence mostly scurfy or stellate.

LVI. Oleaceae (p. 757). Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious ; calyx 4-lobed [0 in
some species of Fraxinus) ; corolla 2-6-parted {0 in some species of Fraxinus); fruit a winged
samara (Fraxinus) or a fleshy drupe (Chionanthus and Osmanthus) ; leaves pinnate (Fraxinus)
or simple, opposite, without stipules, deciduous {persistent in Osmanthus).

LVII. Borraginaceae (p. 781). Flowers perfect or polygamous ; calyx and corolla
5-lobed ; fruit a drupe ; leaves simple, alternate, scabrous-pubescent, without stipules, per-
sistent or tardily deciduous.

LVIII. Verbenaceae (p. 787). Flowers perfect; calyx 5-lobed; corolla 4 or 5-lobed;
fruit a drupe or a 1-seeded capsule ; leaves simple, opposite, without stipules, persistent.

LIX. Bignoniaceae (p. 791). Flowers perfect; calyx bilabiate; corolla bilabiate, 5-
lobed ; fruit a woody capsule (Catalpa and Chilopsis) or a berry (Crescentia) ; leaves sim-
ple, opposite {sometimes alternate in Chilopsis), without stipules, deciduous {persistent in
Crescentia).

B. Ovary inferior (^partly superior in Sambucus in Caprifoliacece).

LX. RubiaceSB (p. 798). Flowers perfect; calyx and corolla 4 or 5-lobed; fruit a cap-
sule (Exostema and Pinckneya), a drupe (Guettarda), or nut-like (Cephalanthus); leaves
simple, opposite, or in verticils of -3 (Cephalanthus), with stipules, persistent {deciduous in
Pinckneya and Cephalanthus).

LXI. Caprifoliaceae (p. 804). Flowers perfect; calyx and corolla 5-lobed; fruit a
drupe; leaves unequally pinnate (Sambucus) or simple (Viburnum), opposite, without
stipides, deciduous.

ANALYTICAL KEY

TO THE FAMILIES OF PLANTS INCLUDED IN THIS BOOK,
BASED ON THE CHARACTER OF THE LEAVES

1. Leaves opposite.
*Leaves simple.
-^Leaves persistent.
a Leaves with stipules.

Leaves entire or sometimes slightly crenate or serrate.

Leaves emarginate at the apex, very short-stalked, 1^-2' long.
Leaves obovate, gradually narrowed into the petioles.

Gyminda in CelastraceaB (p. 621).
Leaves oval to oblong, rounded or broadly cuneate at the base {rarely alter-
nate).

Reynosia and Krugiodendron in Rhamnaceae (pp. 658, 660).
Leaves obtusish, 3i'-5' long. Rhizophoraceae (p. 691).

Leaves acute or acuminate.

Exostema and Guettarda in Rubiaceae (pp. 800, 803).
Leaves serrate {usually compound). Lyonothamnus in Rosaceae (p. 350).

aa Leaves without stipules.

Petioles with 2 large glands ; leaves obtuse, l^'-2^' long.

Laguncularia in Combretaceae (p. 703).
Petioles not glandular.

Leaves furnished on the under side with dark glands, obtuse to acute, aromatic ;
petioles short. Myrtacese (p. 693).

Leaves without glands on the under side.
Leaves obtuse or emarginate, rarely acute.

Leaves green and glabrous beneath, obovate to oblong-ob ovate, l'-l|' long

{sometimes alternate). Nyctagiiiaceae (p. 313).

Leaves pubescent or cauescent beneath, generally obovate-oblong, 2'-4' long.

Verbenaceae (p. 787).
Leaves acute or acuminate, glabrous. Osmanthus in Oleaceae (p. 779).
-4--t-Leaves deciduous.

a Leaves without lobes.
b Leaves serrate.

Winter-buds with several opposite outer scales ; leaves puberulous beneath.

Evonymus in Celastraceae (p. 619).
Winter-buds enveloped by 2 large scales ; leaves glabrous, or ruf ous-tomentu-
• lose along the midribs beneath. Viburnum in Caprif oliaceae (p. 804).

hh Leaves entire.

c Leaves without stipules.
Leaves oval to oblong.

Winter-buds small, with several pairs of opposite scales.

Fraxinus anomala and Chionanthus in Oleaceae (pp. 765, 777).
Winter-buds enveloped by 2 opposite scales.

Cornus in Cornaceae (p. 712).

ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES xvii

Leaves broadly ovate, cordate at the base, acuminate, 5'-12 long, on long

petioles. Catalpa in Bignouiacese (p. 792).

Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, short-stalked or sessile {sometimes alternate).

Chilopsis in Bignoniaceae (p, 791).
cc Leaves with persistent stipules, entire,

Pinckneya and Cephalantlius in Rubiaceae (pp. 798, 802).
aa Leaves palmately lobed. Aceraceae (p. 624).

**Leaves compound.

-•-Leaves persistent, with stipules.

Leaves equally pinnate ; leaflets entire. Zygophyllaceae (p. 578).

Leaves unequally pinnately parted into 3-8 linear-lanceolate segments {sometimes

entire). Lyonothamnus in Rosacese (p. 350).

Leaves trifoliate. Helietta and Amyris in Rutaceae (pp. 585, 588).

-1- -^-Leaves deciduous.

Leaves unequally pinnate or trifoliate.

Winter-buds with 1 or 2 pairs of obtuse outer scales, usually puberulous.
Leaflets 3-5, incisely serrate ; primary veins extending to the teeth.

Acer Negundo in Aceraceag (p. 641).

Leaflets usually many, rarely 3 or 1, crenate-serrate or entire, the veins arching

and uniting within the margin. Fraxinus in Oleaceae (p. 758).

Winter-buds with many opposite acute glabrous scales ; leaflets sharply serrate ;

branches with thick pith. Sambucus in Caprifoliaceae (p. 805).

Leaves digitate, with 5-7 sharply serrate leaflets ; terminal buds large.

Hippocastanaceae (p. 643).
2. Leaves alternate.
*Leaves simple.
-i-Leaves persistent.

a Leaves crowded at the end of simple or sparingly branched stems, parallel-nerved,
without stipules.

Leaves flabellate, stem simple. Thrinaz, Coccothrinax, Sabal, Wash-

ingtonia, Serenoa in Palmae (pp. 103-111).
Leaves linear-lanceolate, stem often branched. Lillaceae (p. 115).

aa Leaves scattered singly or in fascicles along the branches.
h Leaves linear or scale-like, without stipules.

Leaves linear, flattened, light green beneath ; branchlets remaining green 2-4

years. Taxaceae (p. 97).

Leaves scale-like, needle-shaped or flattened ; marked by white bands of stomata.

Coniferae (p. 1).
66 Leaves orbicular to lanceolate,
c Leaves palmately lobed.

Leaves stellate-pubescent, about 1^' in diameter, with stipules.

Sterculiaceae (p. 676).
Leaves glabrous, l°-2° in diameter, without stipules. Caricaceae (p. 682),
cc Leaves not lobed.

d Branches spinescent.

Leaves clustered at the ends of the branches, at least 2'-3' long.

Bucida in Combretaceae (p. 702).
Leaves scattered, not more than i'-l' long, generally obovate, mucronate,
glabrous and green or brownish tomentulose beneath,

Condalia in Rhamnaceas (p, 657).
Leaves fascicled on lateral branchlets obtuse or emarginate, pale and gla-
brous beneath, Bumelia angustifolia in Sapotaceae (p, 744).
dd Branches not spinescent.
e Leaves serrate or lobed.

XVlll ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES

yjuice watery.

g IStipules present.

/i Primary veins extending' straight to the teeth.

Pasaiiia and some species of Quercus in Fagaceae (pp. 224,

220).
hh Primary veins arching and united within the margin.
Leaves 3-nerved from the base.

Ceanothus in Rhamnaceae (p. 065).
Leaves not o-nerved.
Leaves acute.
Leaves sinuately dentate, with few spiny teeth, glabrous.

Ilex opaca in Aquifoliaceae (p. 014).
Leaves serrate.

Vauquelinia, Heteromeles, and Prunus Carolin-
iaua and Prunus ilicif olia in Rosaceae (pp. o40,

358, 527, 530).
Leaves obtuse, sometimes mucronate.
Leaves spinose-serrate, g-labrous.

Rhamnus crocea in Rhamnaceae (p. 602).
Leaves crenate {often entire), oval to oblong.

Hex vomitoria in Aquifoliaceae (p. 010).
hhh Primary veins extending straight to the teeth.

Cercocarpus in Rosaceae (p. 504).
gg Stipules wanting-.

Leaves resinous-dotted, aromatic. Myricaceae (p, 140).

Leaves not resinous-dotted, crenately serrate, gradually narrowed
into short stout petioles ; bark red-brown.

Gordonia Lasianthus in Theaceae (p. 078).
_// Juice milky.

Hippomane and Gymnanthes in Euphorbiaceae (pp. 598, 599).
€e Leaves entire {rarely sparingly toothed on vigorous hranchlets).
i Stipules present.
j Stipules connate, at least at first.

Stipules persistent, forming a sheath surrounding the branch above
the node; leaves obtuse. Polygonaceae (p. 311).

Stipules deciduous, enveloping the young leaf before unfolding.
Leaves ferrugineous-tomentose beneath.

Magnolia fcetida in Magnoliaceae (p. 310).
Leaves glabrous beneath, with milky juice.

Ficus in Moraceae (p. 308).
jj Stipules free.
k Juice milky.

Drypetes and Gymnanthes in Euphorbiaceae

(pp. 595, 599).
kk Juice watery.

/ Leaves obtuse or emarginate at the apex.

Leaves with ferrugineous scales beneath, their petioles slender.

' Capparidaceae (p. 338).

Leaves without ferrugineous scales.

Leaves rarely 2'-3' long, standing on the branch at acute

angles. Chrysobalanus in Rosaceae (p. 532).

' Leaves rarely more than 1 ' long, spreading (sometimes 3-nerved).

Ceanothus spinosus in Rhamnaceae (pp. 067).

ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES xix

U Leaves acute.

Petioles with 2 glands.

Conocarpus in Combretaceae (p. 700).
Petioles without glands.

Leaves and branchlets more or less pubescent, at least while
young.
Leaves fascicled except on young branchlets.

Cercocarpus in Rosacese (p. 504).
Leaves not fascicled.

Winter-buds minute, with few pointed scales.

Ilex Cassine in Aquifoliaceas (p. 615).
Winter-buds conspicuous, with numerous scales.

Castanopsis, Pasania, and Quercus in
FagaceaB (pp. 222, 224, 226).
Leaves and branchlets glabrous.

Prunus (Cherry Laurels), in Rosaceae (p. 527).
ii Stipules wanting.

m Leaves aromatic when bruised.

Leaves resinous-dotted. Myricaceae (p. 146).

Leaves not resinous-dotted.

Leaves obtuse, obvate, glabrous. Canellaceae (p. 680).

Leaves acute.

Leaves mostly rounded at the narrowed base, glabrous.

Anona in Anonaceae (p. 328).
Leaves more or less wedge-shaped at the base.

Persea, Ocotea, and Umbellularia in Lauraceae

(pp. 329, 332, 334).
mm Leaves not aromatic.

n Leaves acute or acutish.

Leaves obovate, gradually narrowed into short petioles.
Leaves 2'-2|' long. Schaefferia in CelastraceaB (p. 622).
Leaves at least 6'-8' long.

Crescentia in Bignouiaceae (p. 796).
Leaves elliptic to oblong or ovate.

Leaves rough above, pubescent below, subcordate to cuneate at
the base.

Ehretia and Cordia in Borraginaceae (pp. 781, 785).
Leaves smooth above.
Winter-buds scaly.

Rhododendron, Kalmia, Xolisma, Arbutus
in Ericaceae (pp. 720, 722, 726, 727).
Winter-buds naked.

Leaves more or less pubescent below.

Sideroxylum, Dipholis, Chrysophyllum (with
milky juice), in Sapotaceae (pp. 737, 738, 745).
Leaves glabrous beneath, marked by minute black dots.

Myrsinaceae (p. 733).
nn Leaves obtuse or emarginate at the apex.

o Leaves rounded or cordate at the base, emarginate, their 'petioles
slender.

Leaves reniform to broadly ovate, cordate ; juice watery.

Cercis in Leguminosae (p. 551).
Leaves elliptic to oblong, rounded at base ; juice milky or vdscid.

XX ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES

Leaves eniarf^-inate ; petioles slender, mfoxis-tonientiilose.
Mimusops ill Sapotaceae (p. 740).
Leaves obtuse at the apex ; petioles stout, grayish-tomen-
tulosc or j^labrons.

Rhus integiifolia in Anacardiaceae (p. 609).
00 Leaves cuneate at the base.

Petioles slender, ^' long. Bourreria in Borraginaceae (p. 784).
Petioles short and stout.

Leaves coriaceous, with thick revolute margins {sometimes oppo-
site). Theophrastaceae (p. 735).
Leaves subcoriaceous, slightly revolute.

Leaves oval to obovate ; branches spreading.

Vaccinium in Ericaceae (p. 731).
Leaves obovate-oblong to oblong--lanceolate ; branches upright
{sometimes decirfuous in Cyrilla). Cyrillaceae (p. GIO).
-♦•-••Leaves deciduous.

*+Leaves conspicuous.

a Leaves entire, sometimes 3 or 4-lobed.
b Stipules present.

Juice milky. Moraceae (p. 302).

Juice watery.

Stipules connate, enveloping the young leaves. Magnoliaceae (p. 315).
Stipules distinct.

Branches spineseent, leaves glandular, caducous (crenateJy serrate on
vigorous shoots). Dalea in Leguminosae (p. 570).

Branches not spineseent ; leaves without glands.
Winter-buds with a single pair of connate scales.

Salix in Salicaceae (p. 166).
Winter-buds with several pairs of imbricate scales ; branchlets without
terminal buds.

Celtis Mississippiensis in Ulmaceae (p. 300).
bb Stipules wanting.

c Leaves broad, oval to lanceolate.

Branchlets bright green and lustrous for the first 2 or 3 years ; leaves
sometimes 3-lobed, aromatic. Sassafras in Lauraceae (p. 335).

Branchlets brown or gray.
Leaves acute or acuminate.

Leaves 10'-12' long, obovate-oblong, acuminate, glabrous, emitting a
disagreeable odor. Asimina in Anonaceae (p. 326).

Leaves smaller.

Leaves glabrous, or pubescent below at maturity.

Petioles very slender l'-2' long ; leaves elliptic, acuminate.

Cornus alternifolia in Cornaceae (p. 717).
Petioles short.

Branchlets without lenticels, light reddish brown.

Elliottia in EricaceaB (p. 719).
Branchlets with small lenticels.
Branchlets with terminal buds.

Nyssa in Cornaceae (p. 707).
Branchlets without terminal buds.

Diospyros Virginiana in Ebenaceae (p. 749).
Leaves tomentose below, elliptic to lanceolate-oblong.

Leitneriaceae (p. 150).

ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES XXI

Leaves obtuse or acute.
Branchlets not spinescent.

Leaves glabrous at maturity, their petioles slender.

Cotinus in Anacardiaceas (p. 601).
Leaves pubescent below at maturity ; their petioles short and thick.

Diospyros Texana in Ebenaceae (p. 750).
Branchlets spinescent ; leaves often fascicled on lateral branchlets.

Bumelia in Sapotaceae (p. 740).
cc Leaves linear, fascicled and scattered on the young branches, or 2-ranked in
Taxodium. Larix and Taxodium in Coniferae (pp. 34, 70).

aa Leaves serrate or pinnately lobed.
d Stipules present.
e Winter-buds naked.

Leaves oblique at the base, the upper side rounded or subcordate, ob-
ovate, coarsely toothed.

Hamamelis in Hamamelidaceae (p. 341).
Leaves equal at the base, cuneate, finely serrate or crenate.

Rhamnus Caroliniana and Rhamnus Purshiana in

Rhamnaceae (pp. 663, 664).
ee Winter-buds covered by scales.

Winter-buds with a single pair of connate scales.

Primary veins arching and uniting within the margins ; leaves sim-
ply serrate or crenate, sometiraies entire.

Salix in Salicaceae (p. 166).
Primary veins extending to the teeth, leaves doubly serrate, often
slightly lobed. Alnus in Betulaceae (p. 208).

eee Winter-buds with several pairs of imbricate scales.

Terminal buds wanting, branchlets prolonged by upper axillary buds.
Leaves distinctly oblique at the base. Ulmaceae (p. 287).

Leaves slightly or not at all oblique at the base.

Carpinus, Ostrya, and Betula in Betulaceae (pp. 180,

191, 194).
Terminal buds present.

Primary veins arching and uniting within the margin {extending to
the margin in the lobed leaves of Malus).

Winter-buds resinous ; leaves crenate, usually truncate at the
base ; petioles slender.

Populus in Salicaceae (p. 152).
Winter-buds not resinous.

Malus, Amelanchier, Prunus in Rosaceae (pp. ,351,

360, 509).
Primary veins extending to the teeth or to the lobes.

Leaves lobed or remotely dentate or crenate ; lobes not serrate,
but occasionally coarsely toothed.

Fagus, Castanea, Quercus in Fagaceae (pp. 217,

219, 226).
Leaves doubly or simply serrate, or lobed, with serrate lobes ;
branches often furnished with spines.

Malus and Crataegus in Rosaceae (pp. 351, 363).
dd Stipules wanting,
y* Leaves not lobed.

Leaves subcoriaceous.
Leaves obovate, acute.

Gordonia Altamaha in Theaceae (p. 679).

XXll ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES

Leaves oblong, najrowed at the ends, sometimes nearly entire.

Symplocaceae (p. 752).
Leaves membranaceous.

Leaves oblong' or lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous or puberulous while
young, turning scarlet in the autumn.

Oxydendrum in Ericaceae (p. 724).
Leaves ovate to elliptical, stellate-pubescent while young, turning
yellow in the autumn. Styraceae (p. 754),

^Leaves palmately lobed.

Stipules large, foliaceous, united ; branchlets without terminal buds.

Platanaceae (p. 343).
Stipules small, free, caducous ; branchlets with terminal buds.

Liquidambar in Hamamelidaceae (p. 339).
•M.-M- Leaves inconspicuous or wanting ; sj)iny or prickly trees.

Branches or stems succulent, armed with numerous prickles.

Cactaceae (p. 684).
Branches rigid, spinescent.

Leaves minute, narrowly obovate.
Branchlets bright green. Koeberliniaceae (p. 681).

Branchlets red-brown. Dalea in Leguminosae (p. 570).

Leaves scale-like. Canotia in Celastraceae (p. 623).

**Leaves compound.
-*■ Leaves 3-foliolate, without stipules.

Leaves persistent ; leaflets entire. Hypelate in Sapindaceae (p. 654).

Leaves deciduous, strongly scented and bitter ; leaflets serrate or entire, acute.

Ptelea in Rutaceae (p. 587).
-••Leaves pinnate.

a Leaves twice pinnate ; stipules present.

Branches and stem armed with scattered prickles ; leaves 2°-4° long ; leaflets
serrate, 2'-3'long. Araliaceae (p. 704).

Branches unarmed, or armed with axillary or stipular spines ; leaflets entire or
crenate-serrate.

Zygia, Lysiloma, Acacia, Leucaena, Gymnocladus, Gle-
ditsia in Leguminosae (pp. 535, 538, 540, 545, 553, 555).
aa Leaves equally pinnate.

Stipules wanting ; leaves persistent ; leaflets entire.

Leaflets 2-4, generally oblong-obovate. Exothea in Sapindaceae (p. 653).
Leaflets 6-12.

Leaflets obtuse, 6-12.

Leaflets 8-12, 2'-3' long ; leaves occasionally opposite.

Simarubaceae (p. 589).
Leaflets 6-8, 1'-li' long. Fagara coriacea in Anacardiaceae (p. 584).
Leaflets acuminate, 6-8. Meliaceae (p. 593).

Stipules present ; leaves deciduous or persistent.

Prosopis, Parkinsonia, Cercidium, Eysenhardtia, Olneya

in Leguminosae (pp. 547, 559, 562, 569, 575).
aaa Leaves unequally pinnate.
6 Stipules present.

Leaflets sharply serrate ; leaves deciduous ; winter-buds resinous.

Sorbus in Rosaceae (p. 356).
Leaflets entire or crenately serrate ; leaves deciduous (persistent in Eysenhardtia,
Olneya, and in Sophora secundijiora).

Gleditsia, Sophora, Cladrastis, Robinia, Olneya, Ichthy-
omethia in Leguminosae (pp. 555, 564, 567, 571, 575, 577).

ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE FAMILIES xxiii

hb Stipules wanting.

c Leaves clustered at the apex of simple stout stems, parallel-nerved, persistent.

Roystonea and Pseudophcenix in Palmae (pp. 112, 114).
cc Leaves scattered on branched stems.
d Leaves persistent.

Leaflets long-stalked (sometimes nearly sessile in Fagara flava).
Leaflets ovate-oblong, wedge-shaped at the base.

Fagara flava in Rutaceae (p. 583).
Leaflets broadly ovate, usually rounded or subeordate at the base.

Metopium in Anacardiaceae (p. 603).
Leaflets sessile or nearly so.
Petiole and rachis winged.
Leaflets crenate, obovate, about ^' long ; branches prickly.

Fagara Fagara in Rutaceae (p. 581).
Leaflets entire, oblong, usually acute, 3'-4' long ; branches unarmed.

Sapindus Saponaria in Sapindaceae (p. 650).
Petiole and rachis not winged ; leaflets acuminate, 7-19.

Sapindus marginatus in Sapindaceae (p. 651).
dd Leaves deciduous.

Leaflets long-stalked, entire, acute, 3-7. Burseraceae (p. 591).

Leaflets sessile or nearly so.

Branches prickly ; leaflets crenate.

Fagara Clava-Herculis in Rutaceae (p. 582).
Branches unarmed.
Juice milky or viscid ; leaflets serrate or entire ; rachis sometimes
winged. Rhus in Anacardiaceae (p. 604).

Juice watery ; rachis without wings.
Leaflets entire, acuminate, 7-9.

Sapindus Drummondi in Sapindaceae (p. 652).
Leaflets serrate or crenate.

Winter-buds large and scaly or naked ; leaves aromatic.

Juglandaceae (p. 125).
Winter-buds minute, globose, scaly ; leaflets 5-7, ovate, not aro-
matic. Ungnadia in Sapindaceae (p. 655).

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

(Exclusive of Mexico)

Class 1. GYMNOSPERM^,

Ovules and seeds borne on the face of a scale, not inclosed in an
ovary ; resinous trees, with stems increasing in diameter by the annual
addition of a layer of wood inside the bark.

I. CONIFER-ai.

Trees, with narrow or scale-like generally persistent clustered or alternate
leaves and usually scaly buds. Flowers appearing in early spring, mostly sur-
rounded at the base by an involucre of the more or less enlarged scales of the
buds, unisexual, monoecious (dlmcious in Juniioerus)^ the staminate consisting
of numerous 2-celled anthers, the pistillate of scales bearing on their inner
face 2 or several ovules, and becoming at maturity a woody cone or rarely a
berry. Seeds with or without wings ; seed-coat of 2 layers ; embryo axile in
copious albumen ; cotyledons 2 or several. Of the thirty-one genera scattered
over the surface of the globe, but most abundant in northern temperate regions,
thirteen occur in North America.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN GENERA.

Scales of the pistillate flowers in the axils of persistent bracts ; ovules and seeds borne
directly on the scales.

Abietine^. Scales of the pistillate flower numerous, spirally arranged ; ovules 2,
inverted ; seeds attached at the base in shallow depressions on the inner side of the
scales, falling from them at maturity and usually carrying away a scarious wing ;
leaves fascicled or scattered [deciduous in Larix).
Fruit maturing in two or rarely in three seasons.
Leaves fascicled, needle-shaped.

Leaves in axillary 1-5-leaved clusters, inclosed at the base in a membranaceous
sheath ; cone-scales thick and woody, much longer than their bracts.

1. Pinus.
Fruit maturing in one season.

Leaves in many-leaved clusters on short spur-like branchlets, deciduous ; cone-
scales thin, usually shorter than their bracts. 2. Laris.
Leaves scattered, linear. *
Cones pendulous, the scales persistent on the axis.

Branchlets roughened by the persistent leaf -bases ; leaves deciduous in dry-
ing ; bracts shorter than the cone-scales.

Leaves sessile, 4-sided, or flattened and stomatiferous above. 3. Picea.
Leaves stalked, flattened and stomatiferous below, or angular. 4. Tsuga.

2 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Branchlets not roughened by leaf-bases.

Leaves stalked, flattened ; bracts of the cone 2-lobed, aristate, longer
than the scales. 5. Pseudotsuga.

Cones erect, theix scales deciduous from the axis, longer or shorter than the
bracts.

Leaves sessile, flat or 4-sided. 0. Abies.

Scales of the pistillate flowers without bracts ; ovules and seeds borne on the face of minute
scales adnate to the base of the flower-scales, enlarging and forming the scales of the
cone.

Taxodi^. Scales of the pistillate flowers numerous, spirally arranged, forming a woody
cone ; ovules erect, 2 or many under each scale ; leaves linear, alternate, often of 2
forms {deciduous in Taxodium).

Ovules and seeds numerous under each scale ; leaves persistent. 7. Sequoia.

Ovules and seeds 2 under each scale ; leaves mostly spreading in 2 ranks, decidu-
ous. 8. Taxodium.
CuPKESSiNBiE. Scales of the pistillate flower few, decussate, forming a small cone, or
rarely a berry ; ovules 2 or many under each scale ; leaves decussate or in 3 ranks,
often of 2 forms, usually scale-like, mostly adnate to the branch, the earliest free
and subulate.

Fruit a cone ; leaves scale-like.

Cones oblong, their scales oblong, imbricated or valvate ; seeds 2 under each
scale, maturing the first year.

Scales of the cone 6, the middle ones only fertile ; seeds unequally 2-winged.

9. Libocedrus.
Scales of the cone 8-12 ; seeds equally 2-winged. 10. Thuya.

Cones subglobose, the scales peltate or wedge-shaped, maturing in one or two
years ; seeds few or many under each scale.

Fruit maturing in two seasons ; seeds many under each scale.

11. Cupressus.
Fruit maturing in one season ; seeds 2 under each scale.

12. Chamaecyparis,
Fruit a berry formed by the coalition of the scales of the flower ; ovules in pairs
or solitary ; flowers dioecious ; leaves decussate or in 3's.

Leaves subulate or scale-like, often of 2 forms. 13. Juniperus.

1. PINUS, Duham. Pine.

Trees or rarely shrubs, with deeply furrowed and sometimes laminate or with thin
and scaly bark, hard or often soft heartwood often conspicuously marked by dark
bands of summer cells impregnated with resin, pale nearly white sapwood, and large
branch-buds formecj during summer. Leaves needle-shaped, clustered, the clusters
borne on rudimentary branches in the axils of scale-like primary leaves, inclosed in
the bud by numerous scales lengthening and forming a more or less persistent sheath
at the base of each cluster. Staminate flowers clustered at the base of leafy growing
shoots of the year, each flower surrounded at the base by an involucre of 3-6 scale-
like bracts, composed of numerous^sessile anthers, imbricated in many ranks and sur-
mounted by crest-like nearly orbicular connectives ; the pistillate subterminal or
lateral, their scales in the axils of non-accrescent bracts. Fruit a woody cone matur-
ing at the end of the second or. rarely of the third season, composed of the hardened
and woody scales of the flower more or less thickened on the exposed surface (the
apophysis), with the ends of the growth of the previous year appearing as terminal
or dorsal brown protuberances or scars (the umbo). Seeds usually obovate, shorter or

CONIFERS 6

longer than their wings; outer seed-coat crustaceous or thick, hard, and bony, the
inner membranaceous; cotyledons 3-18, usually much shorter than the inferior radicle.

Pinus is widely distributed through the northern hemisphere from the Arctic
Circle to the West Indies, the mountains of Central America, the Canary Islands,
northern Africa, Bermuda, the Philippine Islands, and Sumatra. About eighty species
are recognized. Of exotic species the so-called Scotch Pine, Pinus sylvestris, L., of
Europe and Asia, the Swiss Stone Pine, Pinus Cembra, L., and the Austrian Pine and
other forms of Pinus Laricio, Poir., from central and southern Europe, are often
planted in the northeastern states, and Pinus Pinaster, Ait., of the coast region of
western France and the Mediterranean Basin is successfully cultivated in central and
southern California. Pinus is the classical name of the Pine-tree.

The North American species can be conveniently grouped in two sections, Soft
Pines and Pitch Pines.

SOFT PINES.

Wood soft, close-grained, light-colored, the sapwood thin and nearly white ; sheaths of the
leaf-clusters deciduous ; leaves with one fibro-vascular bundle.
Leaves in 5-leaved clusters.
Cones long-stalked.

Cones bright green at maturity, becoming light yellow-brown, their scales thin,
with terminal unarmed umbos. White Pines.

Seeds shorter than their wings ; leaves 4' long or less.
Leaves slender, flexible.

Cones h'-Q' long. 1. P. Strobus (A).

Leaves stout, more rigid.

Cones o'-lV long. 2. P. monticola (B, G).

Cones 12'-18' long. 3. P. Lambertiana (G).

Seeds longer than their wings ; leaves slender, ?i^'-^' long.

Cones 5'-9' long, their scales strongly reflexed at the apex.

4. P. strobiformis (H).
Cones short-stalked.

Cones green or purple at maturity, becoming yellow-brown, their scales thick with
terminal sometimes pointed umbos.

Seeds much longer than their wings ; leaves 2' long or less, stout and rigid.
Stone Pines.

Cones .S'-IO' long, their scales opening at maturity and losing their seeds.

5. P. flexilis (F).
Cones I'-S' long, their scales remaining closed at maturity.

6. P. albicaulis (B, F, G).
Cones purple at maturity, their scales thick, the dorsal umbos armed with slender
prickles ; seeds shorter than their wings ; leaves in crowded clusters, incurved,
less than 2' long. Foxtail Pines.

Cones armed with minute incurved prickles. 7. P. Balfouriana (G).

Cones armed with long slender piickles.' 8. P. aristata (F, G).

Leaves in 1-4-leaved clusters.

Cones globose, green at maturity, becoming- light brown, their scales few, concave,
much thickened, only the middle scales seed-bearing; seeds large and edible,
their wings rudimentary ; leaves 2' or less, often incurved. Nut Pines.

Leaves stout, usually in 4-leaved clusters. 9. P. quadrifolia (G).

Leaves slender, usually in 3-leaved clusters. 10. P. cembroides (H).

Leaves stout, in 2-leaved clusters. 11. P. edulis (F).

Leaves stout, usually in 1-leaved clusters. 12. P. monophylla (F, G).

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

1. Leaves in 5-leaved clusters.

*Cones long-stalked, their scales thin, unarmed.
-»- Wings longer than the seeds.

1. Pinus Strobus, L. White Pine.

Leaves soft bluish green, whitened on the ventral side by 3—5 bands of stomata,
3'-5' long, mostl}^ turning yellow and falling in September in their second season,

or persistent until
the following June.
Flowers: stami-
nate yellow, pistil-
late bright pink,
with purple scale
margins. Fruit

fully grown by July
1st of the sec-
ond season, 6'-ll'
long, opening and
discharging its
seeds in September ;
seeds narrowed at
the ends, Y long,
red-brown mottled
with black, about
one fourth as long
as their wings.
A tree, while

young with slender horizontal or slightly ascending branches in regular whorls
usually of 5 branches; at maturity often 100°, occasionally 250° high, with a tall
straight stem 3°-4° or rarely 6° in diameter; wOien crowded in the forest with
short branches forming a narrow head, or rising above its forest companions with
long lateral branches sweeping upward in graceful curves, the upper branches
ascending and forming a broad open irregular head, and slender branchlets coated
at first with rusty tomentum, soon glabrous, and orange-brown in their first winter.
Bark on young stems and branches thin, smooth, green tinged with red, lustrous
during the sunmier, becoming V-2' thick on old trunks and deeply divided by shal-
low fissures into broad connected ridges covered with small closely appressed pur-
plish scales. Wood light, not strong, straight-grained, easily worked, light brown
often slightly tinged with red ; largely manufactured into lumber, shingles, and
laths, used in construction, for cabinet-making, the interior finish of buildings,
woodenware, matches, and the masts of vessels.

Distribution. Newfoundland to Manitoba, through the northern states to Penn-
sylvania, Illinois, and Iowa, and along the Alleghany Mountains to eastern Kentucky
and Tennessee and northern Georgia, forming nearly pure forests on sandy drift
soils, or more often in small groves scattered in forests of deciduous-leaved trees on
fertile well-drained soil, also on the banks of streams, river flats, or rarely in swamps.
Largely planted as an ornament of parks and gardens in the eastern states, and
in many European countries, where it grows with vigor and rapidity.

CONIFERS 5

2. Pinus monticola, D. Don. White Pine.

Leaves blue-green, glaucous, whitened by 2-6 rows of ventral and often by dorsal
stomata. Flowers : staminate yellow; pistillate pale purple. Fruit 12'-18' long,

shedding its seeds late in the summer or in early autumn; seeds narrowed at the
ends, I' long, pale red-brown mottled with black, about one third as long as their wings.

A tree, often 100° or occasionally 150° high, with a trunk frequently 4°-5° or
rarely 7°-8° in diameter, slender spreading slightly pendulous branches clothing
young stems to the ground and in old age forming a narrow open often unsymmetri-
cal pyramidal head, and stout tough branchlets clothed at first with rusty pubescence,
dark orange-brown and puberulous in their first and dark red-purple and glabrous in
their second season. Bark of young stems and branches thin, smooth, light gray,
becoming on old trees |'-1^' thick and divided into small nearly square plates by
deep longitudinal and cross fissures covered by small closely appressed purple scales.
"Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained, light brown or red; sometimes
manufactured into lumber, used in construction and the interior finish of buildings.

Distribution. Scattered through mountain forests from the basin of the Columbia
River in British Columbia to Vancouver Island, along the western slopes of the
Rocky Mountains to northern Montana, on the mountains of northern Idaho and
Washington, on the coast ranges of Washington and Oregon, and on the Cascade
and Sierra Nevada ranges southward to the Kern River valley, California ; most
abundant and of greatest value in northern Idaho on the bottom-lands of streams
tributary to Lake Fend Oreille; reaching the sea-level on the southern shores of the
Straits of Fuca, and elevations of 10,000° on the California Sierras.

Often planted as an ornamental tree in Europe, and occasionally in the eastern
United States where it grows more vigorously than any other Pine-tree of western
America.

3. Pinus Lambertiana, Dougl. Sugar Pine,

Leaves stout, rigid, 3^ '-4' long, marked on the two faces by 2-6 rows of stomata;
deciduous during their second and third years. Flowers : staminate light 3'ellow,
pistillate pale green. Fruit fully grown in August and opening in October, ll'-18'
or rarely 21' long; seeds l|'-5' long, dark chestnut-brown or nearly black, and half

6

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

the leiif^th of their finu daik brown obtuse wiii<Ts broadest below tlie middle and

i' w

ide.

A tree, in early life with remote regular whorls of slender branches often clothing
tlie stem to the ground and forming an open narrow pyramid; at maturity 200°-220°
high, with a trunk 0°-8° or occasionally 12" in diameter, a flat-topped crown fre-
quently 00° or 70° across of comj)aratively slender branches sweeping outward and
downward in graceful curves, and stout branchlets coated at first with pale or rufous
pubescence, dark orange-brown during their first winter, becoming dark purple-
brown. Bark on young stems and branches thin, smooth, dark green, becoming on
old trunks 2'-3' thick and deeply and irregularly divided into long thick plate-like
ridges covered with large loose ricli purple-brown or cinnamon-red scales. Wood
light, soft, straight-grained, light red-brown; largely manufactured into lumber and

used for the interior finish of buildings, woodwork, and shingles. A sweet sugar-like
substance exudes from wounds made in the heartwood.

Distribution. Mountain slopes and the sides of ravines and canons; Oregon from
the valley of the Santiam River southward along the Cascade and coast ranges; Cali-
fornia along the northern and coast ranges to Sonoma County, along the western
slopes of the Sierra Nevada, where it grows to its greatest size at elevations between
3000° and 7000°, on the mountains in the southern part of the state; and on Mt. San
Pedro Martir in Lower California,

Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in western Europe and in the eastern
states, the Sugar Pine has grown slowly in cultivation and shows little promise of
attaining the large size and great beauty which distinguish it in its native forests.

-«- -«- Wings shorter than the seeds.

4. Pinus strobiformis, Engelm. "White Pine.

Leaves slender, rigid, pale green, whitened on the ventral side by 3-4 rows of
stomata, 3^'-4' long, deciduous during their third and fourth years. Fruit 5'-9' long,
with scales much reflexed at the apex; seeds broadly ovate, ^' long, about ^ wide,
dark red-brown, with a thin shell produced into a narrow margin, their wings
rounded, about ^' wide.

A tree, 80°-100° high, with a trunk rarely more than 2° in diameter, a narrow

CONIFERvE

pyramidal head of slender often pendulous branches and slender branchlets at first
orange-brown, becomhig pur-
ple, often covered with a a n/TV^x ^ "^?%
glaucous bloom and coated
while young with rufous pu- p I
bescence. Bark I'-l^' thick
and irregularly divided by
deep connected fissures into
narrow rounded ridges cov-
ered by small loose red-brown
scales. Wood hard, light,
not strong-, oale red.

Distribution. Scattered
usually singly or occasionally
in small clusters on rocky
ridfifes and the sides of ca-
nons of the Santa Catalina,
Santa Rita, and Chiracahua
Mountains of southern Arizona, and on the Sierra Madre of Chihuahua.

**Cones short-stalked^ their scales thickened ; ivings much shorter than the seeds.

5. Pinus flexilis, James. Rocky Mountain "White Pine.

Leaves stout, rigid, dark green, marked on all sides by 1-4 rows of stomata,
l^'-3' long, deciduous in their fifth and sixth years. Flowers: staminate reddish;
pistillate clustered, bright red-purple. Fruit oval or subcylindrical, horizontal or
slightly declining, green or rarely purple at maturity, 3'-10' long, with narrow and
slightly reflexed scales opening at maturity ; seeds compressed, -g'-^' long, dark
red-brown mottled with black, with a thick shell produced into a narrow margin,

their wings about J^' wide, generally
persistent on the scale after the seed
falls.

A tree, usually 40°-50°, occasionally
80° high, with a short trunk 2°-o°
in diameter, stout long - persistent
branches ultimately forming a low
wide round-topped head, and stout
branchlets orange-green and covered
at first with soft fine pubescence, usu-
ally soon glabrous and darker colored ;
at high elevations often a low-spread-
ing shrub. Bark of young stems and
brauches thin, smooth, light gray or
silvery white, becoming on old trunks
l'-2' thick, dark brown or nearly
black, and divided by deep fissures into broad ridges broken into nearly square plates
covered by small closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, pale
clear yellow, turning red with exposure ; occasionally manufactured into lumber.
Distribution. Eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains from Alberta to western

r^\Q ?

8

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Texas, and westward on mountain ranges at elevations of 5000° to 12,000° to Montana,

and southeastern California, reaching the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada at the

head of King's River; usually scattered singly or in small groves; forming open

forests on the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains of Montana and on the ranges

of central Nevada; attaining its largest size on those of northern New Mexico and

Arizona.

6. Pinus albicaulis, Engelm. White Piiie.

Leaves stout, rigid, slightly incurved, dark green, marked by 1-3 rows of dorsal
stomata, clustered at the ends of the branches, l^'-2^' long, persistent for five to
eight years. Flow^ers opening in July, scarlet. Fruit ripening in August, oval or
subglobose, horizontal, sessile, dark purple, l^'-3' long, with scales thickened, acute,
often armed with stout pointed umbos, remaining closed at maturity; seeds acute,
subcylindrical or flattened on one side, Y~k' ^^"S' ¥ *^l'ick, with a thick dark chestnut-
brown hard shell produced into a narrow border, and wings about ^ broad.

A tree, usually 20°-30° or rarely 60° high, generally with a short trunk 2°-4° in

diameter, stout very
flexible branches, finallv
often standing nearly
erect and forming an
open very irregular
broad head, and stout
dark red-brown or or-
ange-colored branchlets
puberulous for two years
or sometimes glabrous;
at high elevations often
a low shrub, with wide-
spreading nearly pros-
trate stems. Bark thin,
f~|(^ 5 except near the base of

old trunks and broken
by narrow fissures into thin narrow brown or creamy white plate-like scales.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, brittle, light brown. The large sweet seeds are
gathered and eaten by Indians.

Distribution. Alpine slopes and exposed ridges between 5000° and 12,000° eleva-
tion, forming the timber-line on many mountain ranges from latitude 53° north in
the Rocky Mountains and from the valley of the Iltasyouco River southward through
British Columbia, along the Rocky Mountains to the Yellowstone plateau, and on
the mountains of eastern Washington and Oregon, the Cascade Range, on Mt.
Shasta and along the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino Mountains of southern
California.

* Cones short-stalked, subcylindrical, dark purple, their scales armed with slender
prickles • wings longer than the seeds ; leaves in crowded clusters.

7. Plnus Balfouriana, A. Murr. Foxtail Pine.

Leaves stout, rigid, dark green and lustrous on the back, pale and marked on the
ventral faces by numerous rows of stomata, I'-l^' longj persistent for ten or twelve
years. Flo"wers: staminate dark orange-red ; pistillate dark purple. Fruit 3^'-5'

CONIFERS

9

loiio-. with scales armed with minute incurved prickles, dark purple, turning after open-
ing dark red or mahogany color; seeds full and rounded at the apex, compressed at
the base, pale, conspicuously mottled with dark purple, i' long, their wings nar-
rowed and oblique at the apex,
about V long and \' wide.

A tree, usually 30°-40o or
rarely 90° high, with a trunk
generally l°-2° or rarely 5° in
diameter, short stout branches
forming an open irregular
pyramidal picturesque head,
and long rigid more or less
spreading puberulous, soon
glabrous, dark orange-brown
ultimately dark gray-brown or
nearly black branchlets, clothed
only at the extremities with
the long dense brush - like
masses of foliage. Bark thin,

smooth, and milky white on the stems and branches of young trees, becoming on old
trees sometimes |' thick, dark red-brown, deeply divided into broad flat ridges,
broken into nearly square plates separating on the surface into small closely ap-
pressed scales. Wood light, soft and brittle, pale reddish brown.

Distribution. California, on rocky slopes and ridges, forming scattered groves on
Scott Mountain, Siskiyou County, at elevations of o000°-6000°, on the mountains at
the head of the Sacramento River, on Mt. Yolo Bally in the northern Coast Range,
and on the southern Sierra Nevada up to elevations of 11,500°, growing here to its
largest size, and here at the highest elevations often a low shrub, with wide-spread-
ing prostrate stems.

8. Pinus aristata, Engelm. Foxtail Pine. Hickory Pine.

Leaves stout or slender, dark green, lustrous on the back, marked by numerous

rows of stomata on the ventral faces,
, „^ I'-li' long:, often deciduous at the end

of ten or twelve years or persistent
four or five years longer. Flowers :
staminate dark orange-red, pistillate
dark purple. Fruit 3'-3l' long, wdth
scales armed with slender incurved
brittle prickles nearly ^' long, dark
purple-brown on the exposed parts, the
remainder dull red, opening and scat-
tering their seeds about the 1st of Octo-
ber ; seeds nearly oval, compressed,
light brown mottled with black, ^ long,
their wings broadest at the middle,
about I' long and ^' wide.

A bushy tree, occasionally 40°-50^
high, with a short trunk 2°-3o in diameter, short stout branches in regular whorls

10

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

while young, in old age growing very irregularly, the upper erect and much longer
than the usually pendidous lower branches, and stout light orange-colored, glabrous,
or at first puberulous, ultimately dark gray-brown or nearly black branchlets
clothed at the ends with long compact brush-like tufts of foliage. Bark thin, smooth,
milky white on the stems and branches of young trees, becoming on old trees ^'-f
thick, red-brown, and irregularly divided into fiat connected ridges separating on
the surface into small closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, light
red; occasionally used for the timbers of mines and for fuel.

Distribution. Rocky or gravelly slopes at the upper limit of tree growth from
the outer range of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado to those of southern Utah, cen-
tral and southern Nevada, southeastern California, and the San Francisco peaks of
northern Arizona.

2. Leaves in l-If-leaved clusters ; cones short-stalked or nearly sessile, globose, with
few much-thickened scales j seeds large and edible, with rudimenlary wings.

9. Pinus quadrifolia, Sudw. Nut Pine. Pinon.

Leaves in 1-5 usually 4-leaved clusters, stout, incurved, pale glaucous green,
marked on the three surfaces by numerous rows of stomata, l^'-l^' long, irregularly

deciduous, mostly falling in their
third year. Flowers: staminate
in elongated spikes, the bracts of
their involucres large and conspic-
uous; pistillate nearly sessile.
Fruit subglobose, l^'-2' broad;
seeds narrowed and compressed
at the apex, rounded at the base,
I' long, dark red-brown and mot-
tled, their wings \' wide,

A tree, 30°-40^ high, with a
short trunk occasionally 18' in
diameter, and thick spreading
branches forming a compact regu-
lar pyramidal or in old age a low
round-topped irregular head, and
stout branchlets coated at first with soft pubescence and light orange-brown. Bark
^'-f thick, dark brown tinged with red, and divided by shallow fissures into broad
flat connected ridges covered by thick closely appressed plate-like scales. Wood
light, soft, close-grained, pale brown or yellow. The seeds form an important article
of food for the Indians of Lower California.

Distribution. Arid mesas and low mountain slopes of Lower California south-
ward to the foothills of Mt. San Pedro Martir, extending northward across the bound-
ary of California to the desert slopes of the Santa Rosa Mountains, Riverside
County, where it is common at elevations of 5000° above the sea-level.

10. Pinus cembroides, Zucc. Nut Pine. Piiion.

Leaves in 2 or 3-leaved clusters, slender, much incurved, dark green, marked by
rows of stomata on the 3 faces, 1-2' long, deciduous irregularly during their third and
fourth years. Flowers : staminate in short crowded clusters, yellow ; pistillate

Fici 9

CONIFERS

11

dark red. Fruit subglobose, l'-2' broad ; seeds subcylindrical or obscurely tri-
angular, more or less compressed at the pointed apex, full and rounded at the base,
nearly black on the lower side and dark chestnut-brown on the upper, ^'— |' long,
their wings light chestnut-brown, about 3^2' ^vide.

A bushy tree, with a short trunk
rarely more than a foot in diameter
and a broad round-topped head, usually
15''-20^ high, stout spreading branches,
and slender dark orange - colored
branchlets covered at first with matted
pale deciduous hairs, dark brown and
sometimes nearly black at the end of
five or six years; in sheltered canons
on the mountains of Arizona and in
Lower California occasionally 50° or
60° tall. Bark about I' thick, irregu-
larly divided by remote shallow fis-
sures and separated on the surface into

numerous large thin light red-brown scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, pale
clear yellow. The large oily seeds are an important article of food in northern
Mexico, and are sold in large quantities in Mexican towns.

Distribution. Mountain ranges of central and southern Arizona, usually only
above elevations of 6500°, often covering their upper slopes with open forests;
Lower California, and over many of the mountain ranges of northern Mexico.

11. Pinus edulis, Engelm. Nut Pine. Pinon.
Leaves in 2 or rarely in 3-leaved clusters, stout, semiterete or triangular, rigid,
incurved, dark green, marked by numerous rows of stomata, f -1^' long, deciduous
during the third or not until the fourth or fifth year, dropping irregularly and some-
times persistent for eight or nine years. Flo'wers : staminate in elongated clusters,
dark red; pistillate short-stalked. Fruit subcylindrical, f'-l^' long and almost
as broad; seeds ovate, acute, full and rounded at the base, dark red-brown on the

lower and light orange-yellow on the upper

side, ^' long, with a thin brittle shell, their

wings light reddish brown and about ^' wide.

A tree, rarely 30°-40° high, with a

short often divided trunk occasionally 2^°

in diameter, stout branches forming at first

a broad compact pyramid, and in old age a

dense low round-topped head, and stout

branchlets orange color during their first

and second years, finally becoming light gray

or dark brown sometimes tinged with red.

Bark ^'-^' thick and irregularly divided into

connected ridges covered by small closely

appressed light brown scales tinged with

red or orange color. "Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, pale brown; largely

used for fuel and fencing, and as charcoal used in smelting; in western Texas

occasionally sawed into lumber. The seeds form an important article of food

12

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

among Indians and Mexicans, and are sold in the markets of Colorado and New
Mexico.

Distribution. Eastern foothills of the outer ranges of the Rocky Mountains, from
Colorado to western Texas, westward to the eastern borders of Utah, southwestern
Wyoming, nortliern and central Arizona, and over the mountains of northern Mexico;
often forming extensive open forests at the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains,
on the Colorado plateau, and on many mountain ranges of northern and central Ari-
zona up to elevations of 7000° above the sea.

12. Pinus nionophylla, Torr. Nut Pine. Piiion.

Leaves in 1 or 2-leaved clusters, rigid, incurved, pale glaucous green, marked
by 18-20 rows of stomata, usually about 1^' long, sometimes deciduous during

their fourth and fifth seasons, but
frequently persistent until their
twelfth year. Flovrers: staminate
dark red ; pistillate short-stalked.
Fruit short-oblong, l^'-2^' long;
seeds oblong, full and rounded at
the base, acute at the apex, dark
red-brown and rounded on the lower
side, slightly compressed and pale
yellow-brown on the upper side,
about -|' long and \' broad, with a
thin brittle shell, their wings light
brown, ^' to ^' wide.

A tree, usually 15°-20°, occa-
sionally 40°-50° high, with a short
trunk rarely more than a foot in
diameter and often divided near the ground into several spreading stems, short thick
branches forming while the tree is young a broad rather compact pyramid, and in
old age often pendulous and forming a low round-topped often picturesque head,
and stout light orange-colored ultimately dark brown branchlets. Bark of the trunk
about I' thick and divided by deep irregular fissures into narrow connected flat
ridges broken on the surface into thin closely appressed light or dark brown scales
tinged with red or orange color. Wood light, soft, weak, and brittle; largely used
for fuel, and charcoal used in smelting. The seeds supply an important article of
food to the Indians of Nevada and California.

Distribution. Dry gravelly slopes and mesas from the western base of the Wasatch
Mountains of Utah, westward over the mountain ranges of Nevada to the eastern
slopes of the southern Sierra Nevada, and to their western slope at the head-waters
of King's River, and southward to northern Arizona and to the mountains of southern
and Lower California; often forming extensive open forests at elevations between
5000° and 7000°.

PITCH PINES.

Wood usually heavy, coarse-grained, g-enerally dark-colored, with pale often thick sap-
wood ; cones green at maturity {sometimes purple in 15 and S7) becoming' various shades
of brown ; cone-scales more or less thickened, mostly armed ; seeds shorter than their
win^s {except in 23 and 34) ; leaves with 2 fibro-vascular bundles.

CONIFERS 13

Sheaths of the leaf -clusters deciduous.

Cones i'-2' long, maturing' in the third year, leaves in 3-leaved clusters, slender,
2i'-4' long. 13. P. Chihuahuana (H).

Sheaths of the leaf-clusters persistent.

Leaves in o-leaved clusters {S and 2-leaved in 15, 17, and 21, 5-leaved in 14)-
Cones subterminal.

Cones 2'-2i' long ; leaves in 5-leaved clusters. 14. P. Arizonica (H).

Cones usually deciduous above the basal scales persistent on the branch.

Buds brown ; leaves in 2 and o-leaved clusters. 15. P. ponderosa (B, F, G, H).
Buds white. 16. P. palustris (C).

Cones lateral.

Cones symmetrical, their outer scales not excessively developed.

Young cones reflexed ; leaves in 2 and 3-leaved clusters, 8'-12' long.

17. P. Caribsea (C).

Cones oblong, prickles stout ; leaves 6'-9' long. 18. P. Taeda (A, C)-

Cones ovate, prickles slender.

Leaves 3'-5' long. 19. P. rigida (A).

Leaves 6'-8' long. 20. P. serotina (C).

Cones unsymmetrical by the excessive development of the scales on the outer side.

Prickles of the cone-scales minute. 21. P. radiata (G).

Prickles of the cone-scales stout. 22. P. attenuata (G).

Cones 6'-14' long, their scales prolonged into stout straight or curved spines ;

leaves long and stout.

Cones broad-ovate ; seeds longer than their wings. 23. P. Sabiiiiana (G).
Cones oblong-conical. . . 24. P. Coulteri (G)

Leaves in 2-leaved clusters (3 and 3-leaved in 29).
Cones subterminal.

Cones symmetrical, 2'-2| ' long, their scales unarmed ; leaves 5'-6' long, flexible.

25. P. resinosa (A).
Cones unsymmetrical by the greater development of the scales on the outer
side, armed with slender prickles; leaves l'-4' long.

26. P. contorta (B, F, G).
Cones lateral.

Cones about 2' long, mostly unarmed and incurved, their scales very unevenly
developed ; leaves less than 2' long. 27. P. divaricata (A).

Cones about 2' long, their scales evenly developed, armed with weak or decidu-
ous prickles ; leaves 4' long or less.

Bark of the branches and upper trunk smooth. 28. P. glabra (C).

Bark of the branches and upper trunk roughened. 29. P. echinata (A, C).
Cones about 3' long, armed with persistent spines.

Cone-scales evenly developed, their prickles slender, acuminate, from a broad
base ; leaves soft, 3' long or less.

Cones opening at maturity. 30. P. Virginiana (A, C)

Cones often remaining closed for many years. 31. P. clausa (C).

Outer cone-scales excessively developed and armed with stout prickles.

Cones 2'-3|' long, remaining closed ; leaves 4'-6' long. 32. P. muricata (G).
Cone-scales armed with very stout hooked spines.

Cones 2i'-3' long; leaves 2' long or less. 33. P. pungens (A).

Leaves in 5-leaved clusters.

Cones 4-6 long, unsymmetrical, their scales thick ; seeds shorter than their wings ;
leaves stout, 9'-13' long. 34. P. Torreyana (G).

14

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

1. Sheaths of the leaf-clusters deciduous ; leaves in S-leaved clusters.

13. Pinus Chihuahuana, Eiigelm. Yellow Pine.

Leaves slender, pale glaucous green, marked by G-8 rows of conspicuous stomata
ou each of the 3 sides, 2^-4' long, irregularl}- deciduous from their fourth season,
their sheaths deciduous. Flowers : stamiuate yellow; pistillate yellow-green. Fruit

ovate, horizontal or slightly
declining, long-stalked, l^'-2'
long, becoming light chestnut-
brown and lustrous, maturing
at the end of the third season,
with scales only slightly thick-
ened, their ultimately pale um-
bos armed with recurved de-
ciduous prickles ; seeds oval,
rounded above and pointed be-
low, about ^' long, with a thin
dark brown shell, their wings
^' loilg and broadest near the
middle. .

A tree, rarely more than
40°-o0° high, with a tall trunk
sometimes 2° in diameter, stout slightly ascending branches forming a narrow open
pyramidal or round-topped head of thin pale foliage, and slender bright orange-
brown branchlets, soon becoming dull red-brown. Bark of old trunks f'-l^' thick,
dark reddish brown or sometimes nearly black, and deeply divided into broad flat
ridges covered with thin closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft, not strong but
durable, light orange color, with thick much lighter colored sapwood ; occasionally
used as fuel.

Distribution. Mountain ranges of southern New Mexico and Arizona, usually at
elevations between 6000° and 7000° ; not common ; more abundant on the Sierra
Madre of northern Mexico and on several of the short ranges of Chihuahua and
Sonora, and of a larger size in Mexico than in the United States.

2. Sheaths of the leaf-clusters persistent.

* Leaves in 3-leaved clusters (3 and 2-leaved in 15, 17, and 21, 5-leaved in IJf).
-i- Cones subterminal.

14. Pinus Arizonica, Engelm. Yellow Pine.

Leaves tufted at the ends of the branches, in 5-leaved clusters, stout, rigid, dark
green, stomatiferous on their 3 faces, 6'-7' long, deciduous during their third season.
Flowers dark purple: staminate in short spikes; pistillate on stout peduncles, usually
in pairs. Fruit oval, horizontal, 2'-2|^' long, becoming light red-brown, with thin
scales much thickened at the apex and armed with slender recurved spines ; seeds
full and rounded below, slightly compressed towards the apex, \' long, with a thick
shell, their wings broadest above the middle, about y long and \' wide.

A tree, 80o-100° high, witli a tall straight massive trunk 3°-4° in diameter, thick
spreading branches forming a regular open round-topped or narrow pyramidal head,
and stout branchlets orange-brown when they first appear, becoming dark gray-

CONIFERS

15

brown. Bark on young trunks dark brown or almost black and deeply furrowed,
becoming on old trees l^'-2' thick and divided into large unequally shaped plates
separating on the
surface into thin
closely appressed
light cinnamon-red
scales. Wood light,
soft, not strong,
rather brittle, light
red or often yellow,
with thick lighter
yellow or white sap-
wood ; in Arizona
occasionally manu-
factured into coarse
lumber.

Distribution .
High cool slopes on
the sides of canons of ,

the mountain ranges of southern Arizona at elevations between 6000° and 8000°,
sometimes forming nearly pure forests ; more abundant and of its largest size on
the mountains of Sonora and Chihuahua.

15. Pinus ponderosa, La-ws. Yellow Pine. Bull Pine.

Leaves tufted at the ends of naked branches, in 2- or in 2 and 3-leaved clus-
ters, stout, dark yellow-green, marked by numerous rows of stomata on the 3 faces,
o'-ll' long, mostly deciduous during their third season. Flowers : staminate yel-
low; pistillate clustered or in pairs, dark red. Fruit oval, horizontal or slightly
declining, nearly sessile or short-stalked, 3'-6' long, often clustered, bright green or
purple when fully grown, becoming light reddish brown, with narrow scales much

thickened at the apex and
armed with slender prickles,
mostly falling soon after
they open and discharge
their seeds, generally leav-
ing the lower scales attached
to the peduncle ; seeds
ovate, acute, compressed at
the apex, full and rounded
below, y long, with a thin
dark purple often mottled
shell, their wings usuallf
broadest below the middle,
gradually narrowed at the
oblique apex, I'-l^ long,
about V wide.

A tree, sometimes loO°-
230° high, with a massive stem 5°-8° in diameter, short thick many-forked often
pendulous branches generally turned upward at the ends and forming a regidar

16

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

spire-like head, or in arid regions a broader often round-topped head surmounting
a short trunk, and stout orangce-eolored briuichlets frequently becoming nearly
black at the end of two or three years. Bark for 80-100 years broken into
rouiulod ridges covered with small closely appresscd scales, dark brown, nearly
black or light ciunanu)n-red, on older trees becoming •2'-4' thick and deeply and
irregularly divided into plates sometimes 4°-5° long and 12'-18' wide, and sepa-
rating into thick bright cinnamon-red scales. Wood hard, strong, comparatively
fine-grained, light red, with nearly white sapwood sometimes composed of more
than 200 layers of annual growth ; largely manufactured into lumber used for all
sorts of construction, for railway-ties, fencing, and fuel. ^

Distribution. Mountain slopes, dry valleys, and high mesas from northwestern
Nebraska and western Texas to the shores of the Pacific Ocean, and from southern
British Columbia to Lower California and northern Mexico ; extremely variable in
different parts of the country in size, in the length and thickness of the leaves, size of
the cones, and color of the bark. The form of the Rocky Mountains (var. scopulorum,
Engelm.), ranging from Nebraska to Texas and over the mountain ranges of Wy-
oming, eastern Montana, and Colorado, and to northern New Mexico and Arizona,
where it forms on the Colorado plateau the most extensive Pine forests of the conti-
nent, has nearly black furrowed or bright cinnamon-red bark, rigid leaves in clusters
of 2 or 3 and 3'-6' long, and smaller cones, with thin scales armed with slender
prickles hooked backward. More distinct is

Pinus ponderosa, var. Jeffreyi, Vasey.

This tree forms great forests about the sources of the Pitt River in northern
California, along the eastern slopes of the central and southern Sierra Nevada,

growing often on the most exposed and driest ridges, and in southern California on
the San Bernardino and San Jacinto ranges up to elevations of 8000° above the sea,
on the Cuyamaca Mountains, and in Lower California on Mt. San Pedro Martir.

A tree, 100° to nearly 200° high, with a tall massive trunk 4°-6° in diameter,
covered with bright cinnamon-red bark deeply divided into large irregular plates,
stiffer and more elastic leaves 4'-9' long and persistent on the glaucous stouter
branchlets for six to nine years, yellow-green staminate flowers, short-stalked usually

CONIFERS

17

purple cones 5'-15' long, their scales armed with stout or slender prickles usually
hooked backward, and seeds often nearly i' long and larger wings.

Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in eastern Europe, especially the
variety Jeffreyi, which is occasionally successfully cultivated in the eastern states.

16. Pinus palustris, Mill. Long-leaved Pine. Southern Pine.

Leaves in crowded clusters, forming dense tufts at the ends of the branches,
slender, flexible, pendulous, dark green, 8'-18' long, deciduous at the end of their

second year. Flowers in very early spring before the appearance of the new leaves,
staminate in short dense clusters, dark rose-purple; pistillate just below the apex
of the lengthening shoot in pairs or in clusters of 3 or 4, dark purple. Fruit
cylindrical or conical-oblong, slightly curved, nearly sessile, horizontal or pendant,
6'-10' long, with thin flat scales rounded at the apex and armed with small reflexed
prickles, becoming dull brown ; in falling leaving a few of the basal scales attached
to the stems; seeds almost triangular, full and rounded on the sides, prominently
ridged, about \' long, with a thin pale shell marked with dark blotches on the upper
side, and wings widest near the middle, gradually narrowed to a very oblique apex,
about If long and ^-^' wide.

A tree, 100°-120° high, with a tall straight slightly tapering trunk usually 2°-21°
or occasionally 3° in diameter, stout slightly branched gnarled and twisted limbs
covered with thin dark scaly bark and forming an open elongated and usually very
irregular head one third to one half the length of the tree, thick orange-brown
branchlets, and acute winter-buds covered by elongated silvery white lustrous scales
divided into long spreading filaments forming a cobweb-like network over the bud.
Bark of the trunk -i^'-^' thick, light orange-brown, separating on the surface into
large closely appressed papery scales. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong,
tough, coarse-grained, durable, light red to orange color, with very thin nearly
white sapwood ; largely used as *' southern pine " or " pitch pine " for masts and
spars, bridges, viaducts, railway-ties, fencing, flooring, the interior finish of buildings,
the construction of railway-cars, and for fuel and charcoal. A large part of the
naval stores of the world is produced from this tree, which is exceedingly rich in
resinous secretions.

18

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Distribution. Generally confined to a belt of late tertiary sands and gravels
stretching along the coast of the Atlantic and Gulf states and rarely more than 125
miles wide, from southeastern Virginia to Cape Canaveral and the shores of Tampa
Bay, Florida, and along tlie Gulf coast to the uplands east of the Mississippi River,
extending northward in Alabama to the southern foothills of the Appalachian Moun-
tains; west of the Mississippi River to the valley of the Trinity River, and through
eastern Texas and western Louisiana nearly to the northern borders of this state.

-t- -i-Cones lateral.

17. Pinus Caribaea, Morelet. Slash Pine. Swamp Pine.

{Pinus keterophylla, Silva N. Am. xi. 157.)

Leaves stout, in crowded 2 and 3-leaved clusters, dark green and lustrous,
marked by numerous bands of stomata on each face, 8'-12' long, deciduous at the
end of their second season. Flowers in January and February before the appear-
ance of the new leaves, staminate in short crowded clusters, dark purple; pistillate
on long peduncles, pink. Fruit ovate or elongated, reflexed during its first year,
conical, pendant, 3'-C' long, with thin flexible flat scales armed with minute incurved
or recurved prickles, becoming dark rich lustrous brown ; seeds almost triangular,

Piq l5

full and rounded on the sides, l^'-l^' long, with a thin brittle dark gray shell mottled
with black, and dark brown wings f-V long and \' wide, their thickened bases en-
circling the seeds and often covering a large part of their lower surface.

A tree, often 100*^ high, with a tall tapering trunk 2i°-3° in diameter, heavy hori-
zontal branches forming a handsome round-topped head, and stout orange-colored
ultimately dark branchlets. Bark |'-^' thick, and irregularly divided by shallow
fissures into thin dark red-brown scales. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong,
durable, coarse-grained, rich dark orange color, with thick nearly white sapwood ;
manufactured into lumber and used for construction and railway-ties. Naval stores
are largely produced from this tree.

Distribution. Coast region of South Carolina southward over the coast plain to
the keys of southern Florida and along the Gulf coast to the valley of the Pearl River,
Louisiana; common on the Bahamas, on the Isle of Pines, and on the highlands of

CONIFERS

19

Central America; in the coast region of the southern states gradually replacing the
Long-leaved Pine, Pinus palustris, Mill.

18. Pinus Taeda, L. Loblolly Pine. Old Field Pine.

Leaves slender, stiff, slightly twisted, pale green and somewhat glaucous, 6'-9'
long, marked by 10-12 rows of large stomata on each face, deciduous during their
third year. Flow-
ers opening from
the middle of March
to the first of May;
staminate crowded
in short spikes, yel-
low; pistillate lateral
below the apex of the
growing shoot, soli-
tary or clustered,
short - stalked, yel-
low. Fruit ovate-
oblong to broadly
conical, nearly ses-
sile, 3'-5' long, be-
coming light reddish
brown, with thin

scales rounded at the apex and armed with short stout straight or reflexed prickles,
opening irregularly and discharging their seeds during the autumn and winter, and
usually persistent on the branches for another year; seeds rhomboidal, full and
rounded, \' long, with a thin dark brown rough shell blotched with black, and pro-
duced into broad thin lateral margins, encircled to the base by the narrow border of
their thin pale brown lustrous wings broadest above the middle, V long and about
\' wide.

A tree, generally 80°-100° high, with a tall straight trunk usually about 2° but occa-
sionally 5° in diameter, short thick much divided branches, the lower spreading, the
upper ascending and forming a compact round-topped head, and comparatively slender
glabrous branchlets brown tinged with yellow and covered with a glaucous bloom dur-
ing their first season and gradually growing darker in their second year. Bark of
the trunk |'-1^' thick, bright red-brown, and irregularly divided by shallow fissures
into broad flat ridges covered with large thin closely appressed scales. Wood weak,
brittle, coarse-grained, not durable, light brown, with orange-colored or often nearly
white sap wood, often composing nearly half the trunk; largely manufactured into
lumber, used for construction and the interior finish of buildings.

Distribution. Cape May, New Jersey, southward near the coast to Cape Malabar
and the shores of Tampa Bay, Florida, westward to middle North Carolina and through
South Carolina and Georgia and the eastern Gulf states to the Mississippi River, ex-
tending into southern Tennessee ; west of the Mississippi River from southern Arkan-
sas and the southwestern part of the Indian Territory through western Louisiana to
the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, and through eastern Texas to the valley of the
Colorado River; on the Atlantic coast often springing up on lands exhausted by
agriculture; west of the Mississippi River one of the most important timber-trees,
frequently growing in great nearly pure forests on rolling uplands.

20

TREES OF NORTn AMERICA

PiCi 20

19. Pizius ligida, Mill. Pitch Fine.

Leaves stout, rigid, dark yt'llu\v-<^roon, marked on the 3 faces by many rows of
stomata, 3'-5' long, standing stiflly and at right angles with the hranelies, decidu-
ous during their second year.
Flo-wers : staminate in short
crowded spikes, yellow or
rarely purple ; pistillate often
clustered and raised on short
stout stems, light green more
or less tinged with rose color.
Fruit ovate-conical or ovate,
nearly sessile, often clustered,
l'-3^' long, becoming light
brown, with thin flat scales
armed with recurved rigid
prickles, often remaining on
the branches for ten or twelve
years ; seeds nearly triangular,
full and rounded on the sides,
Y long, with a thin dark brown
mottled roughened shell and wings broadest below the middle, gradually narrowed
to the very oblique apex, |' long, ^' wide.

A tree, o0°-60° or rarely 80° high, with a short trunk occasional!}' 3° in diameter,
tiiick contorted often pendulous branches covered with thick much roughened bark,
forming a round-topped thick head, often irregular and picturesque, and stout
bright green branchlets becoming dull orange color during their first winter and
dark gray-brown at the end of four or five years; often fruitful when only a few feet
high. Bark of young stems thin and broken into plate-like dark red-brown scales,
becoming on old trunks f -1^' thick, deeply and irregularly fissured and divided
into broad flat connected ridges separating on the surface into thick dark red-brown
scales often tinged with purple. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-
grained, very durable, light brown or red, with thick yellow or often white sap-
wood ; largely used for fuel and in the manufacture of charcoal ; occasionally sawed
into lumber.

Distribution. Sandy plains and dry gravelly uplands, or less frequently cold deep
swamps ; valley of the St. John River in New Brunswick to the northern shores of
Lake Ontario, southward in the Atlantic states to northern Georgia; crossing the
Alleghany Mountains to their western foothills in West Virginia, Kentucky, and
Tennessee ; very abundant on the Atlantic coast south of Massachusetts Bay ; often
forming extensive forests in southern New Jersey.

20. Pinus serotina, Michx. Pond Pine. Marsh Pine.

Leaves in clusters of 3 or occasionally of 4, slender, flexuose, dark j^ellow-green,
6'-8' long, marked by numerous rows of stomata on the 3 faces, deciduous dur-
ing their third and fourth j^ears. FloTwers : staminate in crowded spikes, dark
orange color ; pistillate clustered or in pairs on stout stems. Fruit subglobose to
ovate-oblong, full and rounded or pointed at the apex, subsessile or short-stalked,
horizontal or slightly declinate, 2'-2^' long, with thin nearly flat scales armed with

CONIFEK^

21

slender incurved mostly deciduous prickles, becoming light yellow-brown at matu-
rity, remaining closed for one or two years and after opening long-persistent on the
branches ; seeds nearly tri-
angular, often ridged be- Wf
low, full and rounded at the
sides, y long, with a thin
nearly black roughened
shell produced into a wade
border, and wings broadest
at the middle, gradually
narrowed at the ends, |^'
long, Y wide.

A tree, usually 40°-50°
or occasionally 70°-80°
high, with a short trunk
sometimes 3° but generally
not more than 2° in diame-
ter, stout often contorted branches more or less pendulous at the extremities, form-
ing an open round-topped head, and slender branchlets dark green when they first
appear, becoming dark orange color during their first winter and dark brown or
often nearly black at the end of four or five years. Bark of the trunk ^'-f thick,
dark red-brown and irregularly divided by narrow shallow fissures into small plates
separating on the surface into thin closely appressed scales. "Wood very resinous,
heavy, soft, brittle, coarse-grained, dark orange color, with thick pale yellow sap-
wood ; occasionally manufactured into lumber. In the coast region of North Caro-
lina turpentine is produced from this tree.

Distribution. Low wet flats or sandy or peaty swamps ; North Carolina southward
near the coast to the banks of the St. John's River, Florida.

■HrCofies unsymmetrical by the excessive development of the scales on the outside.

i 21. Pinus radiata, D. Don. Monterey Pine.

Leaves in 3 rarely in 2-leaved clusters, slender, bright rich green, 4'-6' long,

mostly

during

deciduous
their third season. Flow-
ers : staminate in dense
spikes, yellow ; pistillate
clustered, dark purple.
Fruit oval, pointed at the
apex, very oblique at the
base, short-stalked, deflexed,
3' -5' long, becoming deep
chestnut-brown and lustrous,
with scales much thickened
and mammillate toward the
base on the outer side of the
cone, thinner on the inner
side and at its apex, and
armed with minute thickened incurved or straight prickles, long-persistent and

22

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

often remaining closed on the brandies for many years ; seeds oval, compressed, ^
long, with a thin brittle rongh nearly black shell, their wings light brown, longitudi-
nally striped, broadest above the middle, gradually narrowed and oblique at the
apex, 1' long and ^' wide.

A tree, 80°-100° high, with a tall trunk usually 2°-3° but occasionally 5°-6° in
diameter, spreading brandies forming a regular narrow open round-topped head,
and slender brandilets light or dark orange color, at first often covered with a glau-
cous bloom, ultimately dark red-brown. Bark of the trunk l^'-2' thick, dark red-
brown, and deeply divided into broad flat ridges broken on the surface into thick
appressed plate-like scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained ;
occasionally used as fuel.

Distribution. Onlv in a narrow belt a few miles wide on the California coast from
Pescadero to the shores of San Simeon Bay, on the islands of Santa Rosa and Santa
Cruz of the Santa Barbara group; and on Guadaloupe Island off the coast of Lower
California ; most abundant and of its largest size on Point Pinos south of the Bay of
Monterey.

Largely planted for the decoration of parks in western and southern Europe,
occasionally planted in the southeastern states and in Mexico, Australia, New Zea-
land, and other regions with temperate climates, and more generally in the coast
region of the Pacific states from Vancouver Island southward than any other Pine-
tree.

22. Pinus attenuata, Lemm. Knob-cone Pine.

Leaves slender, firm and rigid, pale yellow or bluish green, marked by numerous
rows of stoniata on their 3 faces, 3'-7', usually 4'-5' long. Flowers : staminate

f-IC, Z^

orange-brown; pistillate fascicled, often with several fascicles on the shoot of the
year. Fruit elongated, conical, pointed, very oblique at the base by the greater
development of the scales on the upper side, whorled, short-stalked, strongly reflexed
and incurved, 3'-6' long, becoming light chestnut-brown, with thin flat scales rounded
at the apex, those on the outer side being enlarged into prominent transversely flat-
tened knobs armed with thick flattened incurved spines, those on the inner side of
the cone slightly thickened and armed with minute recurved prickles, persistent on
the stems and branches for thirty or forty years, often becoming completely imbedded
in the bark of old trunks and usually not opening until the death of the tree ; seeds

CONIFEK^

23

nearly oval, compressed, acute at the apex, \' long, with a thin oblique shell, their
wings broadest at the middle, gradually narrowed to the ends, 1^' long, i' wide.

A tree, usually about 20° high, with a trunk a foot in diameter, and often fruitful
when only 4° or 5° tall ; occasionally growing to the height of 80°-100°, with a
trunk 21° thick, and frequently divided above the middle into two ascending stems,
slender branches arranged in regular whorls while the tree is young, and in old age
forming a narrow round-topped straggling head of sparse thin foliage, and slender
dark orange-brown branchlets growing darker during their second season. Bark of
young stems and branches thin, smooth, pale brown, becoming at the base of old
trunks Y~¥ thick and dark brown often tinged with purple, slightly and irregularly
divided by shallow fissures and broken into large loose scales. "Wood light, soft,
not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, light brown, with thick sapwood sometimes
slightly tinged with red.

Distribution. Dry mountain slopes from the valley of the Mackenzie River in
Oregon over the mountains of southwestern Oregon, where it is most abundant and
grows to its largest size, often forming pure forests over large areas, southward
along the western slopes of the Cascade Mountains, the cross ranges of northern
California, the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, and over the California coast
ranges from Santa Cruz to the southern slopes of the San Bernardino Mountains,
where it is abundant up to elevations of 4000° above the sea.

++++

Cones very large, their scales prolonged into stout straight or curved spines.

I 23. Pinus Sabiniana, Dougl. Digger Pine. Bull Pine.

Leaves stout, flexible, pendant, pale blue-green, marked on each face with numer-
ous rows of pale stomata, 8'-12' long, deciduous usually in their third and fourth
years. FloTwers: staminate yellow; pistillate on stout peduncles, dark purple.
Fruit oblong-ovate,
full and rounded at
the base, pointed, be-
coming light reddish
brown, 6'-10' long,
long-stalked, pendu-
lous, with scales nar-
rowed into promi-
nent flattened knobs
erect or incurved
above the middle of
the cone, strongly re-
flexed below, and
armed with short
sharp hooks and
spur-like incurved
spines ; seeds full

and rounded below, somewhat compressed toward the apex, f long, ^ wide, dark
brown or nearly black, with a thick hard shell, encircled by their wings much thick-
ened on the inner rim, obliquely rounded at the broad apex and about ^' longer
than the seeds.

A tree, usually 40°-o0" but occasionally 80° high, with a trunk 3°-4° in diame-

24 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

ter, divided generally 15°-20° above the ground into 3 or 4 thick secondary stems,
clothed with short crooked branches pendant below and ascending toward the suni-
niit of the tree, and forming an open round-topped head remarkable for the sparse-
ness of its foliage, and stout pale glaucous branchlets, becoming dark brown or
nearly black during their second season. Bark of the trunk 1^-2' thick, dark
brown slightly tinged with red or nearly black and deeply and irregularly divided
into thick connected ridges covered with small closely appressed scales. Wood
light, soft, not strong, close-grained, brittle, light brown or red, with thick nearlj'
white sapwood. Abietine, a nearly colorless aromatic liquid with an odor of oil of
oranges, is obtained by distilling the resinous juices. The large sweet slightly resin-
ous seeds formed an important article of food for the Indians of California.

Distribution. Scattered singly or in small groups over the dry foothills of western
California, ranging from 500° up to 4000° above the sea-level and from the southern
slopes of the northern cross range to the Teliachapi Mountains and the Sierra de la
Liebre ; most abundant and attaining its largest size on the eastern foothills of the
Sierra Nevada near the centre of the state at elevations of about 2000°; here often
the most conspicuous feature of the vegetation.

24. Pinus Coulteri, D. Don. Pitch Pine.

Leaves tufted at the ends of the branches, stout, rigid, dark blue-green, marked
by numerous bands of stomata on the 3 faces, 6'-12' long, deciduous during their
third and fourth seasons. Flowers: staminate yellow; pistillate dark reddish brown.

I

Fruit oval, acute, short-stalked and pendant, 10'-14' long, becoming light yellow-
brown, with thick broad scales terminating in flattened elongated knobs straight or
curved backward and armed with flattened more or less incurved spines ^'-1^' long,
gradually opening in the autumn and often persistent on the branches for several
years ; seeds oval, compressed, ^' long, ^'-^ wide, dark chestnut-brown, with a thick
shell, inclosed by their wings broadest above the middle, oblique at the apex, nearly
1' longer than the seeds, about |' wide.

A tree, 60°-70° high, with a trunk sometimes 4° in diameter, thick branches covered
with dark scaly bark, long and mostly pendulous below, short and ascending above,

CONIFERS

25

and forming a loose unsymmetrical often picturesque head, and very stout branch-,
lets dark orange-brown at first, becoming sometimes nearly black at the end of
three or four years. Bark of the trunk l^'-2' thick, dark brown or nearly black
and deeply divided into broad rounded connected ridges covered with thin closely
appressed scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, light red,
with thick nearly white sapwood ; occasionally used for fuel. The seeds were for-
merly gathered in large quantities and eaten by the Indians of southern California.
Distribution. Scattered singly or in small groves through coniferous forests on the
dry slopes and ridges of the coast ranges of California at elevations of 3000°-6000°
above the sea, from Mount Diablo and the Santa Lucia Mountains to the Cuyamaca
Mountains ; most abundant on the San Bernardino and San Jacinto ranges at eleva-
tions of about 5000°.

*^ Leaves in 2-leaved clusters {2 and 3-leaved in 29).
-*■ Cones suhterminal.

25. Pinus resinosa. Ait. Red Pine. Norway Pine.

Leaves slender, soft and flexible, dark green and lustrous, 5'-6' long, obscurely
marked on the ventral faces bv bands of minute stomata, deciduous during their

fourth and fifth seasons. Flowers: staminate in dense spikes, dark purple; pistil-
late terminal, short-stalked, scarlet. Fruit ovate-conical, subsessjle, 2'-2^' long, with
thin slightly concave scales, unarmed, becoming light chestnut-brown and lustrous
at maturity ; shedding their seeds early in the autumn and mostly persistent on the
branches until the following summer; seeds oval, compressed, \' long, with a thin
dark chestnut-brown more or less mottled shell and wings broadest below the middle,
oblique at the apex, f long, \'-y broad.

A tree, usually 70°-80° or occasionally 150° high, with a tall straight trunk
2°-3° in diameter, thick spreading more or less pendulous branches clothing the
young stems to the ground and forming a broad irregular pyramid, and in old age
an open round-topped picturesque head, and stout branchlets at first orange color,
finally becoming light reddish brown. Bark of the trunk f'-l^ thick and slightly
divided by shallow fissures into broad flat ridges covered by thin loose light red-
brown scales. Wood light, hard, very close-grained, pale red, with thin yellow
often nearly white sapwood ; largely used in the construction of bridges and build-
ings, for piles, masts, and spars. The bark is occasionally used for tanning leather.

26

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Distribution. Light sandy loam or dry rocky ridges, usually forming groves
rarely more than a few hundred acres in extent and scattered througli forests of other
Pines and deciduous-leaved trees from Nova Scotia to Lake 8t. John, westward
through Quebec and central Ontario to the valley of the Winnipeg River, and south-
ward to eastern Massachusetts, the mountains of Pennsylvania; and to central
Michigan, Wisconsin, and Miiniesota, most abundant and growing to its largest size
in the northern parts of these states; rare and local in eastern Massachusetts and
southward.

Often planted for the decoration of parks, and the most desirable as an ornamental
tree of the Pitch Pines which flourish in the northern states.

26. Pinus contorta, Loud. Scrub Pine.

Leaves dark green, slender, I'-l^' long, marked by G-10 rows of stomata on each
face, mostly deciduous in their seventh and eighth years. Flowers orange-red :
staniiuate in short crowded spikes ; pistillate clustered or in pairs on stout stalks.

Fruit oval to subcylindri-
cal, usually very oblique
at the base, horizontal or
declining, often clustered,
|'-2' long, with thin
slightly concave scales
armed with long slender
more or less recurved
often deciduous prickles,
and toward the base of
the cone especially on the
upper side developed into
thick mammillate knobs,
becoming light yellow-
brown and lustrous, sometimes opening and losing their seeds as soon as ripe, or
remaining closed on the branches and preserving the vitality of their seeds for many
years ; seeds oblique at the apex, acute below, about ^' long, with a thin brittle
dark red-brown shell mottled with black and wings widest above the base, gradually
tapering toward the oblique apex, ^' long.

A tree, sometimes fertile when only a few inches high, usually 15°-20° or occa-
sionally 30° tall, with a short trunk rarely more than 18' in diameter, compara-
tively thick branches forming a round-topped compact and symmetrical or an open
picturesque head, and stout branchlets light orange color when they first appear,
finally becoming dark red-brown or occasionally almost black. Bark of the trunk
f'-l' thick, deeply and irregularly divided by vertical and cross fissures into small
oblong plates covered with closely appressed dark red-brown scales tinged with
purple or orange color. Wood light, hard, strong although brittle, coarse-grained,
light brown tinged with red, with thick nearly white sapwood ; occasionally used for
fuel.

Distribution. Coast of Alaska, usually in sphagnum-covered bogs southward in
the immediate neighborhood of the coast to the valley of the Albion River, Men-
docino County, California ; south of the northern boundary of the United States
generally inhabiting sand dunes and barrens or occasionally near the shores of
Puget Sound the margins of tide pools and deep wet swamps ; spreading inland

CONIFERS

27

aud ascending the coast ranges and western slopes of the Cascade Mountains, where
it is not common and where it gradually changes its habit and appearance, the thick
deeply furrowed bark of the coast form being found only near the ground, while
the bark higher on the stems is thin, light-colored, and inclined to separate into
scales, and the leaves are often longer and broader. This is

Pinus contorta, var. Murrayana, Engelm. Lodge Pole Pine.

Leaves yellow-green, usually about 2' long, although varying from 1-3' in
length and from Jg' to nearly ^' in width. Fruit occasionally opening as soon as
ripe but usually remaining closed
aud preserving the vitality of
the seeds sometimes for twenty
years.

A tree, usually 70°-80° but
often 150° high, with a trunk
generally 2°-3° but occasionally
5°-6° in diameter, slender much-
forked branches frequently per-
sistent nearly to the base of
the stem, light orange-oolored
during their early years, some-
what pendulous below, ascend-
ing near the top of the tree,
and forming a narrow pyrami-
dal spire-topped head. Bark of the trunk rarely more than ^' thick, close and
firm, light orange-brown and covered by small thin loosely appressed scales. Wood
light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained and easily worked, not durable,
light yellow or nearly white, with thin lighter colored sapwood ; occasionally
manufactured into lumber, also used for railway-ties, mine-timbers, and for
fuel.

Distribution. Common on the Alaska hills in the valley of the Yukon River ; on
the interior plateau of northern British Columbia, and eastward to the eastern foot-
hills of the Rocky Mountains, covering with dense forests great areas in the basin of
the Columbia River ; forming forests on both slopes of the Rocky Mountains of
Montana, on the Yellowstone plateau at elevations of 7000°-8000°; common on the
mountains of Wyoming, and extending southward to southern Colorado; common
on the ranges of eastern Washington and Oregon, on the mountains of northern
California, and southward along the Sierra Nevada, where it attains its greatest size
and beauty in alpine forests at elevations between 8000° and 9500° ; in southern
California forming the timber-line on the highest peaks of the San Bernardino and
San Jacinto Mountains.

Pl^. 2S

-I- -I- Cones lateral.

27. Pinus divarioata, Du Mont de Cours. Gray Pine. Jack Pine.

Leaves in remote clusters, stout, flat or slightly concave on the inner face, at first
light yellow-green, soon becoming dark green, f -1^' long, gradually and irregularly
deciduous in their second or third year. Flo"wers : staminate in short crowded
clusters, yellow ; pistillate clustered, dark purple, often with 2 clusters produced on

28

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

tlu' s:\ine shoot. Fruit «>l>lon<;r-conical, acute, oblique at the base, sessile, usually
erect and stron<'ly incurved, l.\'--' loi>j;< dull piiiplo or yreon when fully grown,
beeoniing light yellow and lustrous, with thin still' scales armed with minute incurved
often deciduous prickles ; seeds nearly triangular, full and nmnded on the sides, '^
long, with an almost black roughcnrd shell and wings broadest at the middle, full
and rounded at the apex, ^' long, ^' wide.

A tree, frequently 70° high, with a straight trunk sometimes free of brunches
for '20"-,'U)'' and rarely exceeding 2'^ in diameter, long spreading branches form-
ing an open symmetrical head, and slender tough ilexible pale yellow-green branch-
lets turning dark purple during their first winter and darker the following year;
often not more than 2()''-3(r tall, with Ji stem 10'-12' in diameter ; generally
fruiting when only a few years old ; sometimes shrubby with several low slender
stems. Bark of the trunk thin, dark brown slightly tinged with red, very irregu-
larly divided into narrow rounded connected ridges se})arating on the surface into
small thick closely appressed scales. "Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained,
clear pale brown or rarely orange color, with thick nearl}' white sapwood ; used for
fuel and occasionally for railway-ties and posts ; occasionally manufactured into
lumber.

Distribution. From Nova Scotia to the valley of the Athabasca River and down
the jNlackenzie to about latitude ()o° north, ranging southward to the coast of Maine,

ri(i 29

northern New Hampshire and Vermont, northern New York, the southern shores
of Lake Michigan, northern Illinois, and central ISIinnesota ; abundant in central
Michigan, covering tracts of barren lands ; common and of large size in the region
north of Lake Superior ; most abundant and of its greatest size west of Lake AVinni-
peg and north of the Saskatchewan, here often spreading over great areas of sandy
sterile soil.

28. Finns glabra. "Walt. Spruce Fine. Cedar Fine.

Leaves soft, slender, dark green, l^'-3' long, marked by numerous rows of sto-
mata, deciduous at the end of their second and in the spring of their third year.
Flowers : staminate in short crowded clusters, yellow; pistillate raised on slender
slightly ascending peduncles. Fruit single or in clusters of 2 or 3, retlexed on short
stout stalks, subglobose to oblong-ovate, ^'-2' long, becoming reddish brown and
rather lustrous, with thin slightly concave scales armed with minute straight or
incurved usually deciduous prickles; seeds nearly triangular, full and rounded on

CONIFERiE

29

the sides, \' long, with a thin dark gray shell mottled with black and wings broadest
below the middle, |' long, ]' wide.

A tree, usually 80°-100o or occasionally 120° high, with a trunk 2°-2^''-' or rarely
3i° in diameter, comparatively small horizontal branches, and slender flexible branch-
lets at first light red more or less tinged with purple, ultimately dark reddish
brown. Bark ^'-f thick,
slightly and irregularly
divided by shallow fis-
sures into flat connected
ridires broken into small
closely appressed light
reddish brown scales.
Wood light, soft, not
strong, brittle, close-
grained, light brown, with
thick nearly white sap-
wood ; occasionally used
for fuel and rarely manu-
factured into lumber.

Distribution. Valley
of the lower Santee River,

South Carolina to middle and northwestern Florida, and to central Mississippi and
the swamps of Bayou Fiialia, eastern Louisiana ; usually growing singly or in small
groves; attaining its largest size and often occupying areas of considerable extent in
northwestern Florida.

f^K^ do

29. Pinus echinata. Mill. Yellow Pine. Short-leaved Pine.

Leaves in clusters of 2 and of 3, slender, flexible, dark blue-green, 3'-5' long, be-
ginning to fall at the end of their second season and dropping irregularly until their
fifth year. Flowers : staminate in short crowded clusters, pale purple ; pistillate iji

Pi^ 31

5 b^^l ,

^ ' ^

clusters of 2 or 3 on stout ascending stems, pale rose color. Fruit ovate to oblong-
conical, subsessile and nearly horizontal or short-stalked and pendant, generally
clustered, l^'-2^' long, becoming dull brown, with thin scales nearly flat below and
rounded at the apex, armed with short straight or somewhat recurved frequently

30

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

deciduous prickles; seeds nearly triangular, full and rounded on the sides, about
^^^' long, with a thin pale brown hard shell conspicuously mottled with black, their
wings broadest near the middle, ^' long, \' wide.

A tree, usually 80°-100° occasionally 120° high, with a tall slightly tapering trunk
3°-4° in diameter, a short pyramidal truncate head of comparatively slender branches,
and stout brittle pale green or violet-colored branchlets covered at first with a glau-
cous bloom, becoming dark red-brown tinged with purple before the end of the first
season, their bark beginning in the third year to separate into large scales. Bark of
the trunk |'-1' thick and broken into large irregularly shaped plates covered with
small closely appressed light cinnamon-red scales. Wood very variable in quality,
and in the thickness of the nearly white sapwood, heavy, hard, strong and usually
coarse-grained, orange-colored or yellow-brown; largely manufactured into lumber.

Distribution. Staten Island, New York, to North Florida and to West Virginia
and eastern Tennessee, and through the Gulf states to eastern Louisiana, and
southern Missouri to eastern Texas; most abundant and of its largest size west of
the Mississippi River.

30. Pinus Virginiana, Mill. Jersey Pine. Scrub Pine.

Leaves in remote clusters, stout, gray-green, l^'-3' long, marked by many
rows of minute stomata, gradually and irregularly deciduous during their third and
fourth years. Flovrers : staminate in crowded clusters, orange-brown; pistillate
on opposite spreading peduncles near the middle of the shoots of the year, gener-
ally a little below and alternate with 1 or 2 lateral branchlets, pale green, the scale-

tips tinged with rose color. Fruit oblong-conical, often curved, dark green and lus-
trous, with thin nearly flat scales, bright red-brown umbos and stout or slender
persistent prickles, 2'-3' long, becoming dark red-brown, opening in the autumn
and slowly shedding their seeds, turning dark reddish brown, and remaining on the
branches for three or four years; seeds nearly oval, full and rounded, \' long, with a
thin pale brown rough shell, their wings broadest at the middle, ^' long, about l' wide.
A tree, usually 30°-40° high, with a short trunk rarely more than 18' in diame-
ter, long horizontal or pendulous branches in remote whorls forming a broad open
often flat-topped pyramid, and slender tough flexible branchlets at first pale green
or green tinged with purple and covered with a glaucous bloom, becoming purple

CONIFERS

31

and later light gray-brown ; toward the western limits of its range a tree frequently
100° tall, with a trunk 2lo-3° in diameter. Bark of the trunk ^'-h' thick, broken
by shallow fissures into flat plate-like scales separating on the surface into thin
closely appressed dark brown scales tinged with red. "Wood light, soft, not strong,
brittle, coarse-grained, durable in contact with the soil, light orange color, with
thick nearly white sapwood ; often used for fuel and occasionally manufactured into
lumber.

Distribution. Long Island, New York, southward generally near the coast to
the valley of the Savannah River, Georgia, to northeastern Alabama and through
eastern and middle Tennessee and Kentucky to southern Indiana ; usually small in
the Atlantic states and only on light sandy soil, spreading rapidly over exhausted
fields ; attaining its largest size west of the Alleghany Mountains on the low hills
of southern Indiana.

31. Pinus clausa, Sarg. Sand Pine. Spruce Pine.

Leaves slender, flexible, dark green, 2'-3^' long, marked by 10-20 rows of sto-
mata, deciduous during their third and fourth y^ars. Flowers : staminate in short
crowded spikes, dark orange
color; pistillate lateral on stout
peduncles. Fruit ovoid-conical,
often oblique at the base, usu-
ally clustered and reflexed, 2'-
3^' long, nearly sessile or short-
stalked, with concave scales
armed with short stout straight
or recurved deciduous prickles,
becoming dark reddish brown
in the autumn; some of the
cones opening at once, others re-
maining closed for three or four
years before liberating their
seeds, ultimately turning to an
ashy gray color; others still un-
opened becoming enveloped in the growing tissues of the stem and branches and
finally entirely covered by them ; seeds nearly triangular, compressed, i' long, with
a black slightly roughened shell, their wings widest near or below the middle, ^' long,
about \' wide.

A tree, usually 15°-20° high, with a stem rarely a foot in diameter, generally
clothed to the ground with wide-spreading branches forming a bushy flat-topped
head, and slender tough flexible branchlets, pale yellow-green when they first appear,
becoming light orange-brown and ultimately ashy gray ; occasionally growing to
the height of 70°-80° with a trunk 2° in diameter. Bark on the lower part of
the trunk ^'— ^' thick, deeply divided by narrow fissures into irregularly shaped
generally oblong plates separating on the surface into thin closely appressed bright
red-brown scales; on the upper part of the trunk and on the branches thin,
smooth, ashy gray. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, light orange color or
yellow, with thick nearly white sapwood; occasionally used for the masts of small
vessels.

Distribution. Coast of the Gulf of Mexico from southern Alabama to Peace

l^icj.33

32

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Creek, Florida, seldom extending more than thirty miles inland ; eastern Florida
from the neighborhood of St. Augustine to New River, occupying a narrow belt
usually not more than a mile or two wide, and covering sandy wind-swept plains ;
growing to its largest size on the east coast of Florida near the head of Halifax
River.

32, Pinus muricata, D. Don. Prickle-cone Pine.

Leaves in crowded clusters, thick, rigid, dark yellow-green, 4'-6' long, beginning
to fall in their second year. Flo"wers: staminate in elongated spikes, orange-

colored ; pistillate short-stalked, whorled, 2 whorls often being produced on the
shoot of the year. Fruit ovate-oblong, oblique at the base, sessile, in clusters of 3-5
or sometimes of 7, 2'-3^' but usually about 3' long, becoming light chestnut-brown
and lustrous, with scales much thickened on the outside of the cone, those toward
its base produced into stout mammillate incurved knobs sometimes armed with stout
flattened spur-like spines incurved above the middle of the cone and recurved
toward its apex, and on the inside of the cone slightly flattened and armed with
stout or slender straight prickles; often remaining closed for several years and usu-
ally persistent on the stem and branches during the entire life of the tree without
becoming imbedded in the wood ; seeds nearly triangular, ^' long, with a thin
nearly black roughened shell, their wings broadest above the middle, oblique at the
apex, nearly V long and 1' wide.

A tree, usually 40°-50° but occasionally 90° high, with a trunk 20-3° in diame-
ter, thick spreading branches covered with dark scaly bark, in youth forming a
regular pyramid, and at maturity a handsome compact round-topped head of dense
tufted foliage, and stout branchlets dark orange-green at first, turning orange-
brown more or less tinged with purple. Bark of the lower part of the trunk often
4'-6' thick and deeply divided into long narrow rounded ridges roughened by closely
appressed dark purplish brown scales. Wood light, very strong, hard, rather
coarse-grained, light brown, with thick nearly white sapwood ; occasionally manu-
factured into lumber.

Distribution. California coast region from Mendocino County southward, usually
in widely separated localities to Tomales Point, north of the Bay of San Francisco,

CONIFERS

33

and from Monterey to San Luis Obispo County; in Lower California on Cedros
Island, and on the coast between Ensanado and San Quintan; of its largest size and
the most common Pine-tree on the coast of Mendocino County.

33. Pinus pungens, Michx. Table Mountain Pine. Hickory Pine.

Leaves in clouded clusters, rigid, usually twisted, dark blue-green, li'-2^' long,
deciduous during their second and third years. Flowers : staminate in elongated
loose spikes, yellow; pistillate clustered, long-stalked. Fruit oblong-conical, oblique
at the base by the greater development of the scales on the upper than on the lower
side, sessile, deflexed, in clusters usually of 3 or 4, or rarely of 7 or 8, 2'-3|'
long, becoming light brown and lustrous, with thin tough scales armed with stout
hooked spines incurved above the middle of the cone and recurved below it, those
on the inner side of the cone slightly thickened, and on the outer, especially near
the base of the cone, produced into much thickened mammillate knobs, opening
as soon as ripe and gradually shedding their seeds, or often remaining closed for
two or three years longer, and frequently persistent on tlie branches for eighteen or
twenty years; seeds almost triangular, full and rounded on the sides, nearly ^'
long, with a thin conspicuously roughened light brown shell, their wings widest
below the middle, gradually narrowed to the ends, 1' long, ^' wide,

A tree, when crowded in the forest occasionally 60° high, with a trunk 2°-3° iu
diameter, and a few short branches near the summit forming a narrow round-topped
head ; in open ground
usually 20°-30° tall,
and often fertile
when only a few feet
high, with a short
thick trunk frequent-
ly clothed to the
ground, and long
horizontal branches,
the lower pendulous
toward the extremi-
ties, the upper sweep-
ing in graceful up-
ward curves and
forming a flat-topped
often irregular head,

and stout branchlets, light orange color when they first appear, soon growing darker
and ultimately dark brown. Bark on the lower part of the trunk |'-1' thick and
broken into irregularly shaped plates separating on the surface into thin loose dark
brown scales tinged with red, higher on the stem, and on the branches dark brown
and broken into thin loose scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very coarse-
grained, pale brown, with thick nearly white sapwood ; somewhat used for fuel,
and in Pennsylvania manufactured into charcoal.

Distribution. Dry gravelly slopes and ridges of the Appalachian Mountains
from Pennsylvania to North Carolina and eastern Tennessee, sometimes ascending
to elevations of 3000°, with isolated outlying stations in Virginia, eastern Pennsyl-
vania, and western New Jersey; often forming toward the southern limits of its
range pure forests of considerable extent.

34

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

***Leaves in 5-leaved clusters.
Seeds shorter than their wings.

34. Pinus Torreyana, Torr. Torrey's Pine.

Leaves forming great tufts at the ends of the branches, stout, dark green,
conspicuously marked on the 3 faces by numerous rows of stomata, 8'-13' long.
Flowers from January to ]\Iarch ; staniinate yellow, in short dense heads ; pistillate

PiQ c36

subterminal on long stout peduncles. Fruit broadly ovate, spreading or deflexed, on
long stalks 4'-6' in length, becoming bright chestnut-brown, with thick scales armed
with minute spines ; mostly deciduous in their fourth year and in falling leaving
a few of the barren scales on the stalk attached to the branch ; seeds oval, more
or less angled, |'-1' long, dull brown and mottled on the lower side, light yellow-
brown on the upper side, with a thick hard shell, nearly surrounded by their dark
brown wings often nearly 1' long.

A tree, usually 30°-40° high, with a short trunk about 1° in diameter, or occa-
sionally 50°-60° tall, with • a long straight slightly tapering stem 2^° in diameter,
stout spreading and often ascending branches, and ver^'^ stout branchlets bright green
in their first season, becoming light purple and covered with a metallic bloom the
following year, ultimately nearly black. Bark of the trunk |'-1' thick, deeply and
irregularly divided into broad flat ridges covered by large thin closely appressed
light red-brown scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, light yellow,
with thick yellow or nearly white sapwood; occasionally used for fuel. The large
edible seeds are gathered in large quantities and are eaten raw or roasted.

Distribution. Only in a narrow belt a few miles long on the coast near the mouth
of the Soledad River just north of San Diego, and on the island of Santa Rosa, Cali-
fornia; the least widely distributed Pine-tree of the United States.

2. LARIX, Adans. Larch.

Tall pyramidal trees, with thick sometimes furrowed scaly bark, heavy heartwood,
thin pale sapwood, slender remote horizontal often pendulous branches, elongated
leading branchlets, short thick spur-like lateral branchlets, and small subglobose
buds, their inner scales accrescent and marking the lateral branchlets with promi-

CONIFERS 35

nent ring-like scars. Leaves awl-shaped, triangular and rounded above, or rarely
4-angled, spirally disposed and remote on leading shoots, on lateral branchlets in
crowded fascicles, each leaf in the axil of a deciduous bud-scale, deciduous. Flowers
solitary, terminal, the staminate globose, oval or oblong, sessile or stalked, on leaf-
less branches, yellow, composed of numerous spirally arranged anthers with connec-
tives produced above them into short points, the pistillate appearing with the leaves,
subglobose, composed of few or many green nearly orbicular stalked scales in the
axes of much longer mucronate usually scarlet bracts. Fruit a woody ovoid-oblong
conical or subglobose short-stalked cone composed of slightly thickened suborbicular
or oblong-obovate concave scales, shorter or longer than their bracts, gradually de-
creasing from the centre to the ends of the cone, the small scales usually sterile.
Seeds nearly triangular, rounded on the sides, shorter than their wings; the outer
seed-coat crustaceous, light brown, the inner membranaceous, pale chestnut-brown
and lustrous; cotyledons usually 6, much shorter than the inferior radicle.

Larix is widely distributed over the northern and mountainous region of the north-
ern hemisphere from the Arctic Circle to the mountains of Pennsylvania and Oregon
in the Xevr World, and to central Europe, the Himalayas, central China, and Japan
in the Old World. Nine species are recognized. Of the exotic species the European
Larix Larix, Karst., has been much planted for timber and ornament in the northeast-
ern states, where the Japanese Larix Kcempferi, Sarg., also flourishes.

Larix is the classical name of the Larch-tree.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Cones small, subglobose ; their scales few, longer than the bracts.

Leaves triang-ular. 1. L. Americana (A B, F).

Cones elongated ; their scales numerous, shorter than the bracts.

Young branchlets pubescent, soon becoming glabrous ; leaves triangular.

2. L. occidentalis (B, G).

Young branchlets tomentose ; leaves 4-angled. 3. L. Lyallii (B, F).

1. Larix Americana, Michx. Tamarack. Larch.

Leaves linear, triangular, rounded above, prominently keeled on the lower surface,
f'-iy long, bright green, conspicuously stomatiferoiis when they first appear; turn-
ing yellow and falling in September or October. Flowers : staminate subglobose
and sessile, pale yellow ; pistillate oblong, with light-colored bracts produced into
elongated green tips, and nearly orbicular rose-red scales. Fruit on stout incurved
stems, oblong, rather obtuse, I'-f long, composed of about 20 scales slightly erose
on their nearly entire margins, rather longer than broad and twice as long as their
bracts, bright chestnut-brown at maturity, usually falling during their second year;
seeds \' long, about one third as long as their light chestnut-brown wings broadest
near the middle and obliquely rounded at the apex.

A tree, 50°-60° high, with a trunk 18'-20' in diameter, small horizontal branches
forming during the early life of the tree a narrow regular pyramidal head always
characteristic of this tree when crowded in the forest, or with abundant space sweep-
ing out in graceful curves, often becoming contorted and pendulous and forming a
broad open frequently picturesque head, and slender leading branchlets often covered
at first with a glaucous bloom, becoming light orange-brown during their first win-
ter and conspicuous from the small globose dark red lustrous buds. Bark of the
trunk \'-^' thick, separating into thiu closely appressed rather bright reddish brown

36

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

scales. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, rather coarse-grained, very durable, light
brown; largely used for the upper knees of small vessels, fence-posts, telegraph-poles,
and railway-ties.

Distribution. At the north often on well-drained uplands, southward in cold
deep swamps which it often clothes with forests of closel}' crowded trees, from

Labrador to the Arctic Circle, ranging west of the Rocky Mountains to latitude
65° 35' north, and southward through Canada and the northern states to northern
Pennsylvania and Preston County, West Virginia, northern Indiana and Illinois, and
central Minnesota, and along the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains to about
latitude 53°; very abundant in the interior of Labrador, where it is the largest
tree ; common along the margins of the barren lands stretching beyond the sub-
Arctic forest to the shores of the Arctic Sea; attaining its largest size north of Lake
Winnipeg on low benches which it occasionally covers with open forests; rare and
local toward the southern limits of its range.

Often planted as an ornamental tree in the northeastern states, growing rapidly
and attaining in cultivation a large size and picturesque habit.

2. Larix occidentalis, Nutt. Tamarack.

Leaves triangular, rounded on the back, conspicuously keeled below, rigid, sharp-
pointed, I'-lf long, about ^' wide, light pale green, turning pale yellow early in
the autumn. Flowers: staminate oblong, pale yellow; pistillate oblong, nearly ses-
sile, with orbicular scales and bracts produced into elongated tips. Fruit oblong,
short-stalked, I'-l-^' long, with numerous thin stiff scales nearly entire and some-
times a little reflexed on their margins, much shorter than their bracts, more or less
thickly coated on the lower surface below the middle with hoary tomentum, and
standing after the escape of the seeds at right angles to the axis of the cone, or often
becoming reflexed; seeds nearly y long, with a pale brown shell, one half to two
thirds as long as the thin fragile pale wings broadest near the middle and obliquely
rounded at the apex.

A tree, sometimes 250° high, with a tall tapering naked trunk 6°-8° in diame-
ter, or on dry soil and exposed mountain slopes usually not more than 100° tall,
surmounted by a short narrow pyramidal head of small branches clothed with scanty

CONIFERS

37

foliage, or occasionally by a, larger crown of elongated drooping branches, stout
branchlets covered when they first appear with soft pale pubescence, usually soon
glabrous, bright orange-brown in their first year, ultimately becoming dark gray-
brown, and dark chestnut-brown winter-buds about ^' in diameter. Bark of young
stems thin, dark-colored and scaly, becoming near the base of old trunks 5' or 6' thick
and breaking into irregularly shaped oblong plates often 2° long and covered with
thin closely appressed light cinnamon-red scales. "Wood very heavy, exceedingly
hard and strong, close-grained, very durable in contact with the soil, bright light red,
with thin nearly white sapwood; largely used for railway -ties and fence-posts, and
manufactured into lumber used in cabinet-making and the interior finish of buildings.
Distribution. Moist bottom-lands and on high benches and dry mountain sides
generally at elevations between 2000° and 7000° above the sea-level, usually singly or

p-ic, ^,S

in small groves, through the basin of the upper Columbia River from southern British
Columbia to the western slopes of the continental divide of northern Montana, and
to the eastern slopes of the Cascade INIountains of Oregon; most abundant and of its
largest size on the bottom-lands of streams flowing into Flat Head Lake in northern
Montana, and in northern Idaho.

Occasionally planted in the eastern states and in Europe, but in cultivation showing
little promise of attaining a large size or becoming a valuable ornamental or timber-
tree.

3. Larix Lyallii, Pari. Tamarack,

Leaves 4-angled, rigid, short-pointed, pale blue-green, I'-l^' long. Plo"wers :
staminate oblong, with pale yellow anthers; pistillate ovate- oblong, with dark red or
occasionally pale yellow-green scales and dark purple bracts abruptly contracted
into elongated slender tips. Fruit ovate, rather acute, 1^-2' long, subsessile or
raised on slender stalks coated with hoary tomentum, with dark reddish purple or
rarely green erose scales, fringed and covered on their lower surface with matted
hairs and at maturity spreading nearly at right angles and finally much reflexed,
much shorter than their dark purple very conspicuous long-tipped bracts; seeds full
and rounded on the sides, ^' long and about half as long as their light red lustrous
wings broadest near the base with nearly parallel sides.

A tree, usually 40°-o0'^ but occasionally 75° high, with a trunk generally 18'-20'
but rarely 3°-4° in diameter, and remote elongated exceedingly tough persistent

38

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

branches sometimes pendulous, developing very irregularly and often abruptly ascend-
ing at the extremities, stout branchlets coated with hoary toinentum usually persist-
ent until after their second winter, ultimately becoming nearly black, and prominent
winter-buds with conspicuous long white matted hairs fringing the margins of their
scales and often almost entirely covering the bud. Bark of young trees and of the
branches thin, rather lustrous, smooth, and pale gray tinged with yellow, becoming
loose and scaly on larger stems and on the large branches of old trees, and on fully
grown trunks ^-f thick and slightly divided by shallow fissures into irregularly
shaped plates covered by thin dark red-brown loosely attached scales. Wood heavy,
hard, coarse-grained, light reddish brown.

Distribution. Near the timber-line on mountain slopes at elevations of 4000°-
5200°, from southern Alberta on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains and the
interior of southern British Columbia, southward along the Cascade Mountains of

Pic^ (59

northern Washington to Mt. Stewart at the head of the north fork of the Yakima
River, and along the continental divide to the middle fork of Sun River, forming
here a forest of considerable size at elevations of 7000°-8000°, and to Pend d'Oreille
Pass, iMontana.

3. PICEA, Link. Spruce.

Pyramidal trees, with tall tapering trunks often stoutly buttressed at the base,
thin scaly bark, soft pale wood containing numerous resin canals, slender whorled
twice or thrice ramified branches, their ultimate divisions stout, glabrous or pubescent,
and leaf-buds usually in 3's, the 2 lateral in the axils of upper leaves. Leaves linear,
spirally disposed, extending out from the branch on all sides or occasionally appear-
ing 2-ranked by the twisting of those on its lower side, mostly pointing to the end
of the branch, entire, articulate on prominent persistent rhombic ultimately woody
bases, keeled above and below, 4-sided and stomatiferous on the 4 sides, or flattened
and stomatiferous on the upper or occasionally on the lower side, persistent from
seven to ten years, deciduous in drying. Flowers terminal or in the axils of upper
leaves, the staminate usually long-stalked, composed of numerous spirally arranged
anthers with connectives produced into broad nearly circular toothed crests, the pis-
tillate oblong, oval or cylindrical, with rounded or pointed scales, each in the axis of
an accrescent bract shorter than the scale at maturity. Fruit an ovoid or oblong-

CONIFERiE 39

cylindrical pendant cone, crowded on the upper branches or in some species scattered
over the upper half of the tree. Seeds ovoid or oblong, usually acute at the base,
much shorter than their wings ; outer seed-coat crustaceous, light or dark brown, the
inner membranaceous, pale chestnut-brown ; cotyledons 4-15.

Picea is widely distributed through the colder and temperate regions of the north-
ern hemisphere, some species forming great forests on plains and high mountain
slopes. Eighteen species are now recognized, ranging from the Arctic Circle to the
slopes of the southern Appalachian Mountains and to those of northern New Mexico
and Arizona in the New World, and to central and southeastern Europe, the Caucasus,
the Himalayas, western China and Japan. Of exotic species the so-called Norway
Spruce, Picea Abies, Karst., one of the most valuable timber-trees of Europe, has
been largely planted for ornament and shelter in the eastern states, where the Cau-
casian Picea orientalis, Carr., and some of the Japanese species also flourish.

Picea was probably the classical name of the Spruce-tree.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH A31ERICAN SPECIES.

Leaves 4-8idecl, -with stomata on the 4 sides.
Cone-scales rounded at the apex.

Cone-scales stiif and rigid at maturity ; branehlets pubescent.

Cones ovate on strong-ly incurved stalks, persistent for many years, their scales erose

or dentate ; leaves blue-^reen. 1. P. Mariana (A B, F).

Cones ovate-oblong, early deciduous, their scales entire or denticulate ; leaves dark

yellow-green. 2. P. rubens (A).

Cone-scales soft and flexible at maturity ; branehlets glabrous.

Cones oblong-cylindrical, slender, their scales entire ; leaves blue-green.

3. P. Canadensis (A B, F).
Cone-scales oblong or rhoraboidal, narrowed to the truncate or acute apex ; leaves blue-
green.

Cones oblong-cylindrical or oval ; branehlets pubescent ; leaves soft and flexible.

4. P. Engelmanni (F, B, G).
Cones oblong-cylindrical ; branehlets glabrous ; leaves rigid, spinescent.

5. P. Parryana (F).
Leaves flattened, usually with stomata only on the upper surface.
Cone-scales rounded, entire ; branehlets pubescent.

Cones oblong-cylindrical, leaves obtuse, with stomata only on the upper svirface.

6. P. Breweriana (G).
Cone-scales oblong-oval, rounded, denticulate above the middle ; branehlets glabrous.
Cones cylindrical-ovoid, leaves acute or acuminate, with stomata occasionally on the
lower surface. 7. P. Sitchensls (B, G).

1. Leaves 4-sided.

* Cone-scales rounded at the apex,
-i- Branehlets pubescent.

1. Picea Mariana, B., S. 8c P. Black Spruce.

Leaves slightly incurved above the middle, abruptly contracted at the apex into
short callous tips, pale blue-green and glaucous at maturity, \'-\' long, hoary on
the upper surface from the broad bands of stomata, and lustrous and slightly stoma-
tiferous on the lower surface. Flowers : staminate subglobose, with dark red
anthers ; pistillate oblong-cylindrical, with obovate purple scales rounded above, and
oblong purple glaucous bracts rounded and denticulate at the apex. Fruit ovate,

40

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

pointed, gradually narrowed at the base into short strongly incurved stalks, ^'-1^'
long, with rigid puberulous scales rounded or rarely somewhat pointed at the apex
and more or less erose on the notched pale margins, turning as they ripen dull gray-
brown and becoming as the scales gradually open and slowly discharge their seeds
almost globose ; sometimes remaining on the branches for twenty or thirty years,
the oldest close to the base of the branches near the trunk ; seeds oblong, nar-
rowed to the acute base, about ^' long, very dark brown, with delicate pale brown
wings broadest above the middle, very oblique at the apex, about ^' long and ^'
wide.

A tree, usually 20°-30° and occasionally 100° high, with a trunk 6'-12' and rarely
3° in diameter, and comparatively short branches generally pendulous with upward
curves, forming an open irregular crown, light green branchlets coated with pale
pubescence, soon beginning to grow darker, and during their first winter light cinna-
mon-brown and covered with short rusty pubescence, their thin brown bark gradu-
ally becoming glabrous and beginning to break into small thin scales during their
second year ; at the extreme north sometimes a low semiprostrate shrub ; fre-
quently cone-bearing when only 2°-3° high. Winter-buds ovate, acute, light
reddish brown, puberulous, about ^' long. Bark \'-^' thick and broken on the surface
into thin rather closely appressed gray-brown scales. Wood light, soft, not strong,
pale yellow-white, with thin sapwood; probably rarely used outside of Manitoba and
Saskatchewan, except in the manufacture of paper pulp. Spruce-gum, the resinous

exudations of the Spruce-trees of northeastern America, is gathered in considerable
quantities principally in northern New England and Canada, and is used as a mas-
ticatory. Spruce-beer is made by boiling the branches of the Black and Red Spruces.
Distribution. At the north on well-drained bottom-lands and the slopes of barren
stony hills, and southward in sphagnum-covered bogs, swamps and on their borders,
from Labrador to the valley of the Mackenzie River in about latitude 65° north, and,
crossing the Rocky Mountains, through the interior of Alaska to the valley of White
River ; southward through Newfoundland, the maritime provinces, eastern Canada
and the northeastern United States to Pennsylvania, and along the Alleghan^^Moun-
tains to northern Virginia; and from the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains
in Alberta, through Assiniboia, northern Saskatchewan and northern Manitoba, to
central Wisconsin and Michigan ; very abundant at the far north and the largest
coniferous tree of Saskatchewan and northern Manitoba, covering here large areas

CONIFERS

41

and growing to its largest size ; common in Newfoundland and all the provinces of
eastern Canada except southern Ontario ; in the United States less abundant and
usually only in cold sphagnum swamps.

Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree, the Black Spruce is short-lived in cul-
tivation and one of the least desirable of all Spruce-trees for the decoration of parks
and gardens.

2. Picea rubens, Sarg. Red Spruce.

Leaves more or less incurved above the middle, acute or rounded and furnished
at the apex with short callous points, dark green often slightly tinged with yel-
low, very lustrous,
marked on the upper
surface by 4 rows of
stomata and on the
lower less conspicu-
ously by 2 rows of
stomata on each side
of the prominent mid-
rib, ^'— I' long, nearly
^ig' wide. Flowers:
staminate oval, al-
most sessile, bright
red; pistillate ob-
long-cylindrical, with
thin rounded scales

reflexed and slightly erose on their margins, and obovate bracts rounded and lacini-
ate above. Fruit on very short straight or incurved stalks, ovate-oblong, gradually
narrowed from near the middle to the acute apex, 1^-2' long, with rigid puberu-
lous scales entire or slightly toothed at the apex ; bright green or green somewhat
tinged with purple when fully grown, becoming light reddish brown and lustrous
at maturity, beginning to fall as soon as the scales open in the autumn or early
winter, and generally disappearing from the branches the following summer ;
seeds dark brown, about ^' long, with short broad wings full and rounded above the
middle.

A tree, usually 70°-80° and occasionally 100° high, with a trunk 2°-3° in dia-
meter, branches long-persistent on the stem and clothing it to the ground, forming
a narrow rather conical head, or soon disappearing below from trees crowded in
the forest, stout pubescent light green branchlets, becoming bright reddish brown
or orange-brown during their first winter, glabrous the following year, and covered
in their third or fourth year with scaly bark. Winter-buds ovate, acute, \'-^'
long, with light reddish brown scales. Bark Y~k' thick, and broken into thin closely
appressed irregularly shaped red-brown scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained,
not strong, pale slightly tinged with red, with paler sap wood usually about 2' thick;
largely manufactured into lumber in the northeastern states, Pennsylvania, and
western Virginia, and used for the flooring and construction of houses, for the
sounding-boards of musical instruments, and in the manufacture of paper pulp.

Distribution. Well-drained uplands and mountain slopes, often forming a large
part of extensive forests, from Prince Edward Island and the valley of the St.
Lawrence southward to the coast of Massachusetts, along the interior hilly part of

42

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

New England and New York, and the Alleghany Mountains to the high peaks of
North Carolina.

Occasionally planted in the eastern states and in Europe as an ornamental tree,
but growing in cultivation more slowly than any other Spruce-tree.

-H — hBranchlets glabrous.

3. Picea Canadensis, B., S. & P. • White Spruce.

Leaves crowded on the upper side of the branches by the twisting of those on the
lower side, i-sided, incurved, acute or acuminate and terminating in rigid callous
tips, pale blue and hoary when they first appear, becoming dark blue-green or pale
blue, marked on each of the 4 sides by 3 or 4 rows of stomata, ^-f long. Flowers:
staminate pale red, soon appearing yellow from the thick covering of pollen ; pis-
tillate oblong-cylindrical, with round nearly entire pale red or yellow-green scales,
broader than long, and nearly orbicular denticulate bracts. Fruit nearly sessile or
borne on short thin straight stems, oblong-cylindrical, slender, slightly narrowed to
the ends, rather obtuse at the apex, usually about 2' long, pale green sometimes

tinged with red when
fully grown, becom-
ing at maturity pale
brown and lustrous,
with nearly orbicu-
lar scales, rounded,
truncate, and slight-
ly emarginate, or
rarely narrowed at
the apex, and very
thin, flexible and
elastic at maturity,
usually deciduous in
the autumn or dur-
ing the following

winter; seeds about i' long, pale brown, with narrow wings gradually widened
from the base to above the middle and very oblique at the apex.

A tree, with disagreeable smelling foliage, sometimes 150° higU, with a trunk
3°-4° in diameter, but east of the Rocky Mountains and especially toward the south-
eastern limits of its range rarely more than 60°-70° tall, with a trunk not more
than 2° in diameter, long comparatively thick branches densely clothed with stout
rigid laterals sweeping out in graceful upward curves, and forming a broad-based
rather open pyramid often obtuse at the apex, stout glabrous branchlets orange-
brown during their first autumn and winter, gradually growing darker grayish
brown. Winter-buds broadly ovate, obtuse, covered by light chestnut-brown scales
with thin often refiexed ciliate margins. Bark I'-i' thick, separating irregularly
into thin plate-like light gray scales more or less tinged with brown on the surface.
Wood light, soft, not strong, straight-grained, light yellow, with hardly distinguish-
able sap wood; manufactured into lumber in the eastern provinces of Canada and
in Alaska, and used in construction, for the interior finish of buildings, and for paper
pulp.

Distribution. Banks and borders of streams and lakes, ocean cliffs, and in the

ri^ 42

CONIFERJE

43

north the rocky slopes of low hills, from Labrador along the northern frontier of
the forest nearly to the shores of the Arctic Sea, reaching Behring Strait in 66° 44'
north latitude, and southward down the Atlantic coast to southern Maine, northern
New Hampshire, Vermont, and New York, northern Michigan and Wisconsin, the
Black Hills of Dakota, and through the interior of Alaska and along the Rocky
Mountains to northern Montana.

Often planted in Canada, northern New England, and northern Europe as an
ornamental tree; southward suffering from heat and dryness.

** Cone-scales oblong or rhomhoidal.
-*-Branchlets pubescent.

4. Picea Engelmanni, Engelm. White Spruce. Engelmann Spruce.

Leaves soft and flexible, with acute callous tips, slender nearly straight or slightly
incurved on vigorous sterile branches, stouter shorter and more incurved, on fer-

piC, 45

tile branches, l'-l|^' long? marked on each face bj^ 3-5 rows of stomata, covered
at first with a glaucous bloom, soon becoming dark blue-green or pale steel-blue.
Flo"wers : staminate dark purple; pistillate bright scarlet, with pointed or rounded
and more or less divided scales, and oblong bracts rounded or acute or acuminate
and denticulate at the apex or obovate-oblong and abruptly acuminate. Fruit
oblong-cylindrical, oval, gradually narrowed to the ends, usually about 2' long,
sessile or very short-stalked, produced in great numbers on the upper branches, hori-
zontal and ultimately pendulous, light green somewhat tinged with scarlet when
fully grown, becoming light chestnut-brown and lustrous, with thin flexible slightly
concave scales, generally erose-dentate or rarely almost entire on the margins,
usually broadest at the middle, wedge-shaped below, and gradually contracted above
into a truncate or acute apex, or occasionally obovate and rounded above; mostly
deciduous in the autumn or early in their first winter soon after the escape of the
seeds ; seeds obtuse at the base, nearly black, about ^ long and much shorter than
their broad very oblique wings.

A tree, with disagreeable smelling foliage, often 150° high, with a trunk 4°-5°
in diameter, spreading branches produced in regular whorls and forming a narrow
compact pyramidal head, gracefully hanging short lateral branches, and compara-
tively slender branchlets pubescent for three or four years, light or dark orange-

44

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

brown or gray tinged with brown during their first winter, their bark beginning to
separate into small flaky scales in their fourth or fifth year. Winter-buds coni-
cal or slightly obtuse, with pale chestnut-brown scales scarious and often free and
sliglitly reflexed on the margins. Bark of the trunk ^'— |' thick, light cinnamon-red,
and broken into large thin loose scales. "Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained,
pale yellow tinged with red, with thick hardly distinguishable sapwood; largely manu-
factured into lumber used for the construction of buildings; also employed for fuel
and charcoal. The bark is sometimes em])loyed in tanning leather.

Distribution. High mountain slopes, often forming great forests from the moun-
tains of Alberta and British Columbia, southward over the interior mountain sys-
tems of the continent to northern New Mexico and Arizona, from elevations of 5000°
at the north up to 11,500° at the south, and westward through Montana and Idaho
to the Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon; attaining its greatest size
and beauty north of the northern boundary of the United States.

Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in the New England states and north-
ern Europe, where it grows vigorously and promises to attain a large size; usually
injured in western Europe by spring frosts.

—I — i-Branchlets glabrous.

5. Picea Parryana, Sarg. Blue Spruce.

Leaves strongly incurved, especially those on the upper side of the branch, stout,
rigid, acuminate and tipped with long callous sharp points, 1 -1|' long on sterile

branches, often not more
than half as long on the
fertile branches of old
trees, marked on each
side by 4-7 rows of sto-
mata, dull bluish green
on some individuals and
light or dark steel-blue
or silvery white on oth-
ers, the blue colors grad-
ually changing to dull
blue-green at the end of
three or four years.
Flo^wers: staminate yel-
low tinged with red ; pis-
tillate with broad oblong
or slightly obovate pale
green scales truncate or slightly emarginate at the denticulate apex, and acute bracts.
Fruit produced on the upper third of the tree, sessile or short-stalked, oblong-
cylindrical, slightly narrowed at the ends, usually about 3' long, green more or less
tinged with red when fully grown at midsummer, becoming pale chestnut-brown
and lustrous, with flat tough rhomboidal scales flexuose on the margins, and acute,
rounded, or truncate at the elongated erose apex ; seeds ^' long or about half the
length of their wings, gradually widening to above the middle and full and rounded
at the apex.

A tree, usually 800-100° or occasionally 150° high, with a trunk rarely 3° in dia-

CONIFERS

45

meter and occasionally divided into 3 or 4 stout secondary stems, rigid horizontal
branches disposed on young trees in remote whorls and decreasing regularly in
length from below upward, the short stout stiff branchlets pointing forward and
making flat-topped masses of foliage, on old trees short and remote, with stout
pendant lateral branches forming a thin ragged pyramidal crown and stout rigid
glabrous branchlets, pale glaucous green, becoming bright orange-brown during the
first winter and ultimately light grayish brown. Winter-buds stout, obtuse or rarely
acute, \'-^' long, with thin pale chestnut-brown scales usually reflexed on the mar-
gins. Bark of young trees gray or gray tinged with cinnamon-red and broken into
small oblong plate-like scales, becoming on the lower part of old trunks f'-l^'
thick and deeply divided into broad rounded ridges covered with small closely ap-
pressed pale gray or occasionally bright cinnamon-red scales. Wood light, soft,
close-grained, weak, pale brown or often nearly white, with hardly distinguishable
sapwood.

Distribution. Banks of streams or on the first benches above them singly or in
small groves at elevations between 6500° and 10,000° above the sea; Colorado and
eastern Utah northward to the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming.

Often planted as an ornamental tree in the eastern and northern states and in
western and northern Europe, especially individuals with blue foliage; very beauti-
ful in early life but in cultivation soon becoming unsightly from the loss of the
lower branches.

2. Leaves flattened.

* Cone-scales rounded at the apex.

6. Picea Breweriana, Wats. Weeping Spruce.
Leaves abruptly narrowed and obtuse at the apex, straight or slightly incurved,
rounded and obscurely ridged and dark green and lustrous on the lower surface, flat-

tened and conspicuously marked on the upper surface by 4 or 5 rows of stomata on
each side of the prominent midrib, f '-1|^' long, Jg'- ■^-^' wide. Flowers : staminate
dark purple; pistillate oblong-cylindrical, with obovate scales rounded above and re-
flexed on the entire margins and oblong bracts laciniately divided at their rounded
or acute apex. Fruit oblong, gradually narrowed from the middle to the ends, acute

46 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

at the apex, rather oblique at the base, suspended on straight slender stalks, deep
rich purple or green more or less tinged with purple wiien fully grown, becoming
light orange-brown, 2'-4' long, with thin broadly ovate Hat scales longer than broad,
rounded at the apex, opening late in the autumn after the escape of the seeds, often
becoming strongly reflexed and very flexible; usually remaining on the branches until
the second winter; seeds acute at the base, full and rounded on the sides, ^' long,
dark brown, and about one quarter the length of their wings broadest toward the
full and rounded apex.

A tree, usually 80°-100° high, with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter above the swell-
ing of its enlarged and gradually tapering base, and furnished to the ground with
crowded branches, those at the top of the tree short and slightly ascending, with com-
paratively short pendulous lateral branches, those lower on the tree horizontal or
pendulous and clothed with slender flexible whip-like laterals often 7°-8° long and
not more than ^ thick and furnished with numerous long thin lateral branchlets,
their ultimate divisions slender, coated with fine pubescence persistent until their
third season, bright red-brown during their first winter, gradually growing dark
gray-brown. Winter-buds conical, light chestnut-brown, ^' long and ^' thick. Bark
of the trunk |'-|' thick, broken into long thin closely appressed scales dull red-brown
on the surface. Wood heavy, soft, close-grained, light brown or nearly white, with
thick hardly distinguishable sapwood.

Distribution. Dry mountain ridges and peaks near the timber-line on both slopes
of the Siskiyou Mountains on the boundary between California and Oregon, forming
small groves at elevations of about 7000° above the sea; on a high peak west of
Marble Mountain in Siskiyou County, California; on the Oregon coast ranges at the
head- waters of the Illinois River at elevations of 4000°-5000°.

*^ Cone-scales oblong-oval, denticulate above the middle.

7. Picea Sitchensis, Carr. Tideland Spruce. Sitka Spruce.

Leaves standing out from all sides of the branches and often nearly at right
angles to them, frequently bringing their white upper surface to view by a twist at
their base, straight or slightly incurved, acute or acuminate, with long callous tips
slightly rounded, green, lustrous, and occasionally marked on the lower surface with
2 or 3 rows of small conspicuous stomata on each side of the prominent midrib,
flattened, obscurely ridged and almost covered with broad silvery white bands
of numerous rows of stomata on the upper surface, ^-l^^' long and yb'-jV wide.
Flo"wers : staminate at the ends of the pendant lateral branchlets, dark red ; pistil-
late on rigid terminal shoots of the branches of the upper half of the tree, with
nearly orbicular denticulate scales, often slightly truncate above and completely
hidden by their elongated acuminate bracts. Fruit cylindrical-oval, short-stalked,
yellow-green often tinged with dark red when fully grown, becoming lustrous and
pale yellow or reddish brown, 2^'-4' long, with thin stiff oblong-oval scales rounded
toward the apex, denticulate above the middle, and nearly twice as long as their lan-
ceolate denticulate bracts, deciduous mostly during their first autumn and winter;
seeds full and rounded, acute at the base, pale reddish brown, about \' long, with
narrow oblong slightly oblique wings \'-\' in length.

A tree, usually about 100° high, with a conspicuously tapering trunk often 3° -
4° in diameter above its strongly buttressed and much-enlarged base, occasionally
200° tall, with a trunk 15° - 16° in diameter, horizontal branches forming an open

CONIFERS

47

loose pyramid and on older trees clothed with slender pendant lateral branches
frequently 2°-3° long, and stout rigid glabrous brauchlets pale green at first,
becoming dark or light
orange-brown during
their first autumn and
winter and finally dark
gray - brown ; at the
extreme northwestern
limits of its range occa-
sionally reduced to a
low shrub. Winter-
buds ovate, acute, or
conical, ^'-|' long, with
pale chestnut - brown
acute scales, often
tipped with short
points and more or less
reflexed above the mid-
dle. Bark y-|' thick and broken on the surface into large thin loosely attached
dark red-brown or on young trees sometimes bright cinnamon-red scales. Wood
light, soft, not strong, straight-grained, light brown tinged with red, with thick
nearly white sapwood; largely manufactured into lumber used in the interior finish
of buildings, for fencing, boat-building, cooperage, wooden-ware, and packing-cases.

Distribution. Moist sandy, often swampy soil, or less frequently at the far north
on wet rocky slopes, from the eastern end of Kadiak Island southward through the
coast region of Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon to Mendocino
County, California.

Often planted in western and central Europe and occasionally in the middle Atlan-
tic states as an ornamental tree.

pic, 4-6

4. TSUGA, Carr. Hemlock.

Tall pyramidal trees, with deeply furrowed astringent bark bright cinnamon-red
except on the surface, soft pale wood, nodding leading shoots, slender scattered hori-
zontal often pendulous branches, the secondary branches three or four times irregu-
larly pimiately ramified, with slender round glabrous or pubescent ultimate divisions,
the whole forming graceful pendant masses of foliage, and minute winter-buds.
Leaves flat or angular, obtuse and often emarginate or acute at the apex, spirally
disposed, usually appearing almost 2-ranked by the twisting of their petioles, those
on the upper side of the branch then much shorter than the others, abruptly nar-
rowed into short petioles jointed on ultimately woody persistent bases, with stomata
on the lower surface ; on one species not 2-ranked, and of nearly equal length, with
stomata on both surfaces. Flowers solitarv, the staminate in the axils of leaves of
the previous year, globose, composed of numerous subglobose anthers, with connec-
tives produced into short gland-like tips, the pistillate terminal, erect, with nearly
circular scales slightly longer or shorter than their membranaceous bracts. Fruit
an ovate-oblong, oval, or oblong-cylindrical obtuse usually pendulous nearly sessile
green or rarely purple cone becoming light or dark reddish brown, with concave sub-
orbicular or ovate-oblong scales thin and entire on the margins, much longer than

48 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

their minute bracts, persistent on the axis of the cone after the escape of the seeds.
Seeds furnished with resin-vesicles, ovate-oblong, compressed, nearly surrounded by
their much longer obovate-oblong wings; outer seed-coat crustaccous, light brown,
the inner membranaceous, pale chestnut-brown, and lustrous ; cotyledons 3-G, much
shorter than the inferior radicle.

Tsuga is confined to temperate North America, Japan, central and western China,
and the Himalayas ; seven species have been distinguished.

Tsuga is the Japanese name of the Ilendock-tree.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Leaves flat, obtuse or emarginate at the apex, with stomata only on the lower surface ;
cones ovate-oblong' or oval.
Cones stalked.

Cone-scales orbicular-oblong, about as wide as long, their bracts broad and truncate.

1. T. Canadensis (A).
Cone-scales oblong, much longer than wide, their bracts obtusely pointed.

2. T. Caroliniana (A).
Cones sessile.

Cone-scales oblong, longer than broad, often abruptly contracted near the middle,

their bracts gradually narrowed to an obtuse point.

3. T. heterophylla (B, F, G).

Leaves convex or keeled above, bluntly pointed, with stomata on both surfaces ; cones ob-

long-cyndrical.

Cone-scales oblong-obovate, longer than broad, much longer than their acuminate

short-pointed bracts. 4. T. Mertensiana (B, F, G).

1. Tsuga Canadensis, Carr. Hemlock.

Leaves oblong, rounded and rarely emarginate at the apex, dark yellow-green,
lustrous and obscurely grooved especially toward the base on the upper surface,
marked on the lower surface by 5 or 6 rows of stomata on each side of the low
broad midrib, y— |' long, about ^q' wide, deciduous in their third season from dark
orange-colored persistent bases. Flo'wers : staminate light yellow ; pistillate pale
green, with broad bracts coarsely laciniate on the margins and shorter than their
scales. Fruit on slender puberulous stalks often |' long, ovate-oblong, acute, ^'-f
long, with orbicular oblong scales almost as wide as long, and broad truncate bracts
slightly laciniate on the margins, opening and gradually losing their seeds during
the winter and mostly persistent on the branches until the following spring ; seeds
^^g' long, usually with 2 or 3 large oil-vesicles, nearly half as long as their wings
broad at the base and gradually tapering to the rounded apex.

A tree, usually 60°-70°, and occasionally 100° high, with a trunk 2°-4° in diame-
ter, gradually and conspicuously tapering toward the apex, long slender horizontal
or pendulous branches, persistent until overshadowed by other trees and forming
a broad-based rather obtuse pyramid, and slender light yellow-brown pubescent
branchlets, growing darker during their first winter and glabrous and dark red-
brown tinged with purple in their third season. Winter-buds obtuse, light chest-
nut-brown, slightly puberulous, about ^Ig' long. Bark of the trunk ^'-f thick, deeply
divided into narrow rounded ridges covered with thick closely appressed scales
varying from cinnamon-red to gray more or less tinged with purple. Wood light,
soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, difficult to work, liable to wind-shake and
splinter, not durable when exposed to the air, light brown tinged with red, with thin

CONIFERiE

49

somewhat darker sapwood; largely manufactured iuto coarse lumber employed for
the outside finish of buildings. The astringent inner bark affords the largest part
of the material used in the northeastern states and Canada in tanning leather. From
the young branches oil of hemlock is distilled.

Distribution. Scattered through upland forests and often covering the northern
slopes of rocky ridges and the steep rocky banks of narrow river-gorges from Nova
Scotia to eastern Minnesota, and southward through the northern states to New-
castle County, Delaware, southern Michigan, southwestern Wisconsin, and along the
Appalachian Mountains to northwestern Alabama; most abundant and frequently

ric, 1X1

an important element of the forest in New England, northern New York, and west-
ern Pennsylvania; attaining its largest size near streams on the slopes of the high
mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee.

Largely cultivated with numerous seminal varieties as an ornamental tree in the
northern states, and in western and central Europe.

2. Tsuga Caroliniana, Engelm. Hemlock.

Leaves retuse or often emarginate at the apex, dark green, lustrous and conspic-
uously grooved on the upper surface, marked on the lower surface by a band of
7 or 8 rows of stomata on each side of the midrib, ^-f ' long, about ^ wide, decidu-
ous from the orange-red bases during their fifth year. Flowers: staminate tinged
with purple; pistillate purple, with broadly ovate bracts, scarious and erose on the
margins and about as long as their scales. Fruit on short stout stalks, oblong, I'-l^'
long, with oblong scales gradually narrowed and rounded at the apex, rather abruptly
contracted at the base into distinct stipes, thin, concave, puberulous on the outer
surface, twice as long as their broad pale bracts, spreading nearly at right angles to
the axis of the cone at maturity, their bracts rather longer than wide, wedge-shaped,
pale, nearly truncate or slightly pointed at the broad apex ; seeds 1' long, with
numerous small oil-vescicles on the lower side, and one quarter as long as the pale
lustrous wings broad or narrow at the base and narrowed to the rounded apex.

A tree, usually 40°-50°, or occasionally 70° high, with a trunk rarely exceeding
2° in diameter, short stout often pendulous branches forming a handsome compact
pyramidal head, and slender light orange-brown pubescent branchlets, usually
becoming glabrous and dull brown more or less tinged with orange during their

50

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

third year. Winter-buds obtuse, dark chestnut-brown, pubescent, nearly ^' long.

Bark of the trunk f -1;^' thick, red-brown, and deeply divided into broad flat con-
nected ridges cov-
ered with thin closely
appressed plate-like
scales. "Wood light,
soft, not strong, brit-
tle, coarse-grained,
pale brown tinged
with red, with thin
nearly white sap-
wood.

D is tribution.
Rocky banks of
streams usually at
elevations between
2500° and 3000° on
the Blue Ridge from

southwestern Virginia to northern Georgia, generally singly or in small scattered

groves of a few individuals.

Often planted as an ornamental tree in the northern states, and occasionally in

western Europe.

3. Tsuga heterophylla, Sarg. Hemlock. '

Leaves rounded at the apex, conspicuously grooved, dark green and very lus-
trous on the upper surface, marked below by broad white bands of 7-9 rows of
stomata, abruptly contracted at the base into slender petioles, ^'-f long and -^-\^
wide. Flowers: staminate yellow; pistillate purple and puberulous, witli broad
bracts gradually narrowed to an obtuse point and shorter than their broadly ovate

Piq ^9

slightly scarious scales. Fruit oblong-oval, acute, sessile, f '-1' long, with slightly
puberulous scales longer than broad, often abruptly narrowed near the middle, and

CONIFERS 51

tlark purple puberulous bracts rounded and abruptly contracted at the apex; seeds
y long, with occasional oil- vesicles, one third to one half as long as their narrow-
wings.

A tree, frequently 200" high, with a tall trunk 6°-10° in diameter, and short
slender usually pendulous branches forming a narrow pyramidal head, and slender
pale yellow-brown branchlets ultimately becoming dark reddish brown, coated at
first with long pale hairs, and pubescent or puberulous for five or six years. Win-
ter-buds ovate, bright chestnut-brown, about -^q' long. Bark on young trunks thin,
dark orange-brown, and separated by shallow fissures into narrow flat plates broken
into delicate scales, becoming on fully grown trees I'-l^' thick and deeply divided
into broad flat connected ridges covered with closely appressed brown scales more
or less tinged with cinnamon-red. Wood light, hard and tough, pale brown tinged
with yellow, with thin nearly white sapwood ; stronger and more durable than the
wood of the other American hemlocks; now largely manufactured into lumber used
principally in the construction of buildings. The bark is used in large quantities
in tanning leather; from the inner bark the Indians of Alaska obtain one of their
principal articles of vegetable food.

Distribution. Southeastern Alaska, southward near the coast to Marin County,
California, extending eastward over the mountains of southern British Columbia,
northern Wasliington and Idaho, to the western slopes of the continental divide, and
through Oregon to the western slopes of the Cascade Mountains, sometimes ascend-
ing in the interior to elevations of 6000° above the sea ; most abundant and of its
largest size on the coast of Washington and Oregon; often forming a large part of
the forests of the northwest coast.

Frequently planted as an ornamental tree in temperate Europe.

4. Tsuga Mertensiana, Sarg. Mountain Hemlock. Patton Spruce.
Leaves standing out from all sides of the branch, remote on leading shoots and
crowded on short lateral branchlets, rounded and occasionally obscurely grooved or

on young plants sometimes conspicuously grooved on the upper surface, rounded and
slightly ribbed on the lower surface, bluntly pointed, often more or less curved,
stomatiferous above and below, with about 8 rows of stomata on each surface, light
bluish green or on some individuals pale blue, t^'-l' long, about ^-^' wide, abruptly

52 TKEES OF NORTH AMERICA

narrowed into nearly straight or slightly twisted petioles articulate on bases as long
or rather longer than the petioles, irregularly deciduous during their third and fourth
years. Flo"wers : staniinate borne on slender pubescent drooping stems, violet-
purple; pistillate erect, with delicate lustrous dark purple or yellow-green bracts
gradually narrowed above into slender often slightly reflexed tips and much longer
than their scales. Fruit sessile, cylindrical-oblong, narrowed toward the blunt apex
and somewhat toward the base, erect until more than half grown, pendulous or
rarely erect at maturity, |'-3' long, with thin delicate scales usually as broad as
long, and gradually contracted from above the middle to the wedge-shaped base,
rounded at the slightly thickened more or less erose margins, puberulous on the
outer surface, usually bright bluish purple or occasionally pale yellow-green, four
or five times as long as their short-pointed dark purple or brown bracts ; seeds light
brown, ^ long, often marked on the surface next their scales with 1 or 2 large
resin-vesicles, with wings nearly ^' long, broadest above the middle, gradually
narrowed below, slightly or not at all oblique at the rounded apex.

A tree, usually 70°-100° but occasionally 150° high, with a slightly tapering trunk
4°-5° in diameter, gracefully pendant slender branches furnished with drooping
frond-like lateral branches, their ultimate divisions erect and forming an open
pyramid surmounted by the long drooping leading shoots, and thin flexible or some-
times stout rigid branchlets light reddish brown and covered for two or three years
with short pale dense pubescence, becoming grayish brown and very scaly. Winter-
buds acute, about ^' long, the scales of the outer ranks furnished on the back with
conspicuous midribs produced into slender deciduous awl-like tips. Bark of the
trunk I'-iy thick, deeply divided into connected rounded ridges broken into thin
closely appressed dark cinnamon scales shaded with blue or purple. "Wood light,
soft, not strong, close-grained, pale brown or red, with thin nearly white sapwood;
occasionally manufactured into lumber.

Distribution. Exposed ridges and slopes at high altitudes along the upper border
of the forest from southeastern Alaska, southward over the mountain ranges of
British Columbia to the Olympic Mountains of Washington, and eastward to the
western slopes of the Selkirk Mountains in the interior of southern British Colum-
bia, northern Montana, northern Idaho, the Powder River Mountains, and along the
Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon, on the mountain ranges of northern
California, and along the Sierra Nevada to the canon of the south fork of King's
River, California; in Alaska occasionally descending to the sea-level, and toward
the southern limits of its range often ascending to elevations of 10,000°.

Often planted as an ornamental tree in western and central Europe, and rarely in
the eastern United States.

5. PSEUDOTSUGA, Carr.

Pyramidal trees, with thick deeply furrowed bark, hard strong wood, with spirally
marked wood-cells, slender usually horizontal irregularly whorled branches clothed
with slender spreading lateral branches forming broad flat-topped masses of foliage,
ovate acute leaf-buds, the lateral buds in the axils of upper leaves, their inner scales
accrescent and marking the branchlets with ring-like scars. Leaves linear, flat,
rounded and obtuse or acuminate at the apex, straight or incurved, grooved on the
upper side, marked on the lower side by numerous rows of stomata on each side of
the prominent midrib, spreading nearly at right angles with the branch. Flowers

CONIFERS 53

solitary, the staminate axillary, scattered along the branches, oblong-cylindrical,
with numerous globose anthers, their connectives terminating in short spurs, the pis-
tillate terminal or in the axils of upper leaves, composed of spirally arranged ovate
rounded scales much shorter than their acutely 2-lobed bracts, with midribs pro-
duced into elongated slender tips. Fruit an ovate-oblong acute pendulous cone
maturing in one season, with rounded concave rigid scales persistent on the axis of
the cone after the escape of the seeds, and becoming dark red-brown, much shorter
than the 2-lobed bracts with midribs ending in rigid woody linear awns, those at the
base of the cone without scales and becoming linear-lanceolate by the gradual sup-
pression of their lobes. Seeds nearly triangular, full, rounded and dark-colored on
the upper side and pale on the lower side, shorter than their oblong wings infolding
the upper side of the seeds in a dark covering; outer seed-coat thick and crusta-
ceous, the inner thin and membranaceous; cotyledons 6-12, much shorter than the
inferior radicle.

Pseud otsuga is confined to western North America and Japan. Three species are
recognized.

Pseudotsuga, a barbarous combination of a Greek with a Japanese word, indicates
the relation of these trees with the Hemlocks.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Leaves usually rounded and obtuse at the apex, dark yellow-green or rarely blue-green ;
cones small, their bracts much exserted. 1. P. mucronata (B, E, F, G, H),

Leaves acuminate at the apex, bluish gray ; cones large, their bracts slig-htly exserted.

2. P. macrocarpa (G).

1. Pseudotsuga mucronata, Sudw. Douglas Spruce. Red Fir.

Leaves straight or rarely slightly incurved, rounded and obtuse at the apex, or
acute on leading shoots, |'-1^' long, Ye'-yV ^ic^^, dark yellow-green or rarely light
or dark bluish green, usually persistent until their eighth year. Flo"wers : stami-
nate orange-red ; pistillate with slender elongated bracts deeply tinged with red.
Fruit pendant on long stout stems, 2'-4r^' long, with thin slightly concave scales
rounded and occasionally somewhat elongated at the apex, usually rather longer than
broad, when fully grown at midsummer slightly puberulous, dark blue-green below,
purplish toward the apex, bright red on the closely appressed margins, and pale
green bracts becoming slightly reflexed above the middle, j~i' wide, often extending
^' beyond the scales; seeds light reddish brown and lustrous above, pale and marked
below with large irregular white spots, \' long, nearly ^' wide, almost as long as their
dark brown wings broadest just below the middle, oblique above and rounded at the
apex.

A tree, often 200° high, with a trunk 3°-4° in diameter, frequently taller, with a
trunk 10°-12° in diameter, but in the dry interior of the continent rarely more than
80°-100° high, with a trunk hardly exceeding 2°-3° in diameter, slender crowded
branches densely clothed with long pendulous lateral branches, forming while the
tree is young an open pyramid, soon deciduous from trees crowded in the forest, often
leaving the trunk naked for two thirds of its length and surmounted by a compara-
tively small narrow head sometimes becoming flap-topped by the lengthening of the
upper branches, and slender branchlets pubescent for three or four years, pale orange
color and lustrous during their first season, becoming bright reddish brown and ulti-
mately dark gray-brown. Winter-buds ovate, acute, the terminal bud often ^' long

54

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

and nearly twice as large as the lateral buds. Bark on young trees smooth, thin, rather
lustrous, dark gray-brown, usually becoming on old trunks 10'-12' thick, and divided
into oblong plates broken into great broad rouuded and irregularly connected ridges
separating on the surface into small thick closely appressed dark red-brown scales.
Wood light red or yellow, with nearly white sap wood ; very variable in density,
quality, and in the thickness of the sap wood; largely manufactured into lumber in
British Columbia, western Washington and Oregon, and used for all kinds of con-
struction, fuel, railway-ties, and piles. The bark is sometimes used in tanning
leather.

Distribution. From about latitude 55° north in the Rocky Mountains and from the
head of the Skeena River in the coast range, southward through all the Rocky Moun-
tain system to the mountains of western Texas, southern New Mexico and Arizona,
and of northern Mexico, and from the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains to
the Pacific coast, but absent from the arid mountains in the great basin between the
Wahsatch and the Sierra Nevada ranges; most abundant and of its largest size near
the sea-level in the coast region of southern British Columbia and of Washington

and Oregon, and on the western foothills of the Cascade Mountains; ascending on
the California Sierras to elevations of 5500° above the sea.

Often planted for timber and ornament in temperate Europe, and for ornament in
the eastern and northern states, where only the form from the interior of the con-
tinent flourishes.

2. Pseudotsuga maorocarpa, Mayr. Hemlock.

Leaves acute or acuminate, terminating in slender rigid callous tips, apparently
2-ranked by the conspicuous twist at their base, incurved above the middle, j-l\'
long, about ^Ig' wide, dark bluish gray. Flowers : staminate pale yellow, inclosed
for half their length in conspicuous involucres of the lustrous bud-scales; pistillate
with pale green bracts tinged with red. Fruit produced on the upper branches and
occasionally on those down to the middle of the tree, short-stalked, 4'-6y long, with
scales near the middle of the cone l^'-2' across, stiff, thick, concave, rather broader
than long, rounded above, abruptly wedge-shaped at the base, puberulous on the
outer surface, often nearly as long as their comparatively short and narrow bracts
with broad midribs produced into short flattened flexible tips; seeds full and rounded

CONIFERS

55

on both sides, rugose, dark chestnut-brown or nearly black and lustrous above, pale
reddish brown below, ^' long, -|' wide, with a thick brittle outer coat and wings
broadest near the middle, about ^' long, nearly \' wide, and rounded at the apex.

A tree, usually 40°-50° and rarely 80" high, with a trunk 3°-4° in diameter,
remote elongated branches pendulous below, furnished with short stout pendant

f'C, ^Z

or often erect laterals forming an open broad-based symmetrical pyramidal head,
slender branchlets dark reddish brown and pubescent during their first year, be-
coming glabrous and dark or light orange-brown and ultimately gray-brown. "Win-
ter-buds ovate, acute, usually not more than 1' long, often nearly as broad as
long. Bark 3' -6' thick, dark reddish brown, deeply divided into broad rounded
ridges covered with thick closely appressed scales. "Wood heavy, hard, strong^
close-grained, not durable; occasionally manufactured into lumber; largely used for
fuel.

Distribution. Steep rocky mountain slopes in southern California at elevations of
3000^-5000'^ above the sea, often forming open groves of considerable extent, from
the Santa Inez Mountains in Santa Barbara County to the Cuyamaca Mountains.

6. ABIES, Link. Fir.

Tall pyramidal trees, with bark containing numerous resin-vesicles, smooth, pale,
and thin on young trees, often thick and deeply furrowed in old age, pale and usually
brittle wood, slender horizontal wide-spreading branches in regular remote 4 or
5-branched whorls, clothed with twice or thrice forked lateral branches forming flat-
topped masses of foliage gradually narrowed from the base to the apex of the branch,
the ultimate divisions stout, glabrous, or pubescent, and small globose or oblong win-
ter branch-buds usually thickly covered with resin, or in one species large and acute,
with thin loosely imbricated scales. Leaves linear, sessile, on young plants and on
lower sterile branches flattened and mostly grooved on the upper side, or in one
species 4-sided, rounded and usually emarginate at the apex, appearing 2-ranked by
a twist near their base or occasionally spreading from all sides of the branch, only
rarely stomatiferous above, on upper fertile branches and leading shoots usually
crowded, more or less erect, often incurved or falcate, thick, convex on the upper
side, or quadrangular in some species and then obtuse, and acute at the apex and

56 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

frequently stomatiferous above; persistent usually for eight or ten years, in fallin"'
leaving small circular scars. Flowers axillary, from buds formed the previous sea-
son on branchlets of the year, surrounded at the base by conspicuous involucres of
enlarged bud-scales, the staminate very abundant on the lower side of branches above
the middle of the tree, oval or oblong-cylindrical, with yellow or scarlet anthers sur-
mounted by short knob-like projections, the pistillate usually on the upper side only
of the topmost branches, or in some species scattered also over the up])er half of the
tree, erect, globose, ovoid or oblong, their scales imbricated in many series, obovate,
rounded above, cuneate below, much shorter than their acute or dilated mucronate
bracts. Fruit an erect ovoid or oblong cylindrical cone, its scales closely imbricated,
thin, incurved at the broad apex and generally narrowed below into long stipes,
decreasing in size and sterile toward the end of the cone, falling at maturity
with their bracts and seeds from the stout tapering axis of the cone long-persist-
ent on the branch. Seeds furnished with large conspicuous resin-vesicles, ovoid or
oblong, acute at the base, covered on the upper side and infolded below on the
lower side by the base of their thin wings abruptly enlarged at the oblique apex;
seed-coat thin, of 2 layers, the outer thick, coriaceous, the iitner membranaceous;
cotyledons 4-10, much shorter than the inferior radicle.

Abies is widely distributed in the New World from Labrador and the valley of the
Athabasca River to the mountains of North Carolina, and from Alaska through the
Pacific and Rocky Mountain regions to the highlands of Guatemala, and in the Old
World from Siberia and the mountains of central Europe to southern Japan, central
China, the Himalayas, Asia Minor, and the highlands of northern Africa. Twenty-
five species are now recognized. Several exotic species are cultivated in the north-
ern and eastern states; of these the best known and most successful as ornamental
trees are Abies Nordmanniana, Spach, of the Caucasus, Ahies Cilicica, Carr., of
Asia Minor, Abies Cephalonica, Loud., a native of Cephalonia, Abies Veitchi, Lindl.,
SLud Abies homolepis, S. & Z., of Japan, Abies Picea, Lindl., of the mountains of south-
ern and central Europe, and Abies Pinsapo, Boiss., of the Spanish Sierra Nevada.

Abies is the classical name of the Fir-tree.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Leaves flat and grooved above, with stomata on the lower and sometimes on the upper sur-
face, rounded and often notched, or on fertile branches frequently acute at the apex.
Leaves dark green and lustrous above, pale below.
Cones purple.

Bracts of the cone-scales much longer than their scales, reflexed.

1. A. Fraseri (A).
Bracts of the cone-scales shorter or rarely slightly longer than their scales.

2. A. balsamea (A).
Bracts of the cone-scales gradually narrowed into long slender tips half the length
of their scales ; leaves crowded, silvery white below. 3. J^. amabilis (B, G).
Cones green.

Bracts of the cone-scales laciniate and short-pointed at the apex ; leaves conspicu-
ously notched on fertile branches. 4. A. grandis (B, G).
Leaves pale blue-green.
Cones purple.

Bracts of the cone-scales rounded, emarginate and long-pointed at the apex ; leaves
obtusely pointed and occasionally notched, and on fertile branches thickened and
acute- at the apex. 5. A. lasiocarpa (B, F, G).

CONIFERS

57

Cones purple, green, or yellow.

Bracts of the cone-scales short-pointed ; leaves more or less erect by the twist at
their base, on fertile branches often falcate, thickened and keeled above.

G. A. concolor (F, G, H).

Bracts of the cone-scales produced into elongated rigid, flat tips many times longer

than the obtusely pointed scales ; leaves acuminate, dark yellow-green above,

white below, similar on sterile and fertile branches ; winter-buds large, with thin

loosely imbricated scales. 7. A. venusta (G).

Leaves often 4-sided, blue-green, usually glaucous, with stomata on all surfaces, bluntly

pointed or acute, incurved and crowded on fertile branches ; cones purple.

Leaves of sterile branches flattened and distinctly grooved above.

Bracts of the cone-scales rounded and fimbriate above, long-pointed, incurved, light
green, much longer than and covering their scales. 8. A. nobilis (G).

Leaves of sterile branches 4-sided.

Bracts of the cone-scales acute or acuminate or rounded above, with slender tips
shorter or longer than their scales. 9. A. magnifica (G).

1. Leaves flat.

^Leaves dark green.
-i-Cones purple.

1. Abies Fraseri, Poir, Balsam Fir. She Balsam.

Leaves obtusely short-pointed or occasionally slightly emargiuate at the apex,
dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, marked on the lower surface by

PlCi c5g)

wide bands of 8-12 rows of stomata, 1' to nearly V long, about ^V wide. Flowers :
starainate yellow tinged with red; pistillate with scales rounded above, much broader
than long and shorter than their oblong pale yellow-green bracts rounded at the
broad apex terminating in a slender elongated tip. Fruit oblong-ovate or nearly
oval, rounded at the somewhat narrowed apex, dark purple, puberulous, about 2^'
long, with scales twice as wide as long, at maturity nearly half covered by their pale
yellow-green reflexed bracts; seeds 1' long, with dark lustrous wings much ex-
panded and very oblique at the apex.

A tree, usually 30°-40° and rarely 70° high, with a trunk occasionally 2^° in diame-
ter, and rather rigid branches forming an open symmetrical pyramid and often dis-

58

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

appearing early from the lower part of the trunk, and stout branchlets pubescent for
three or four years, pale yellow-brown during their first season, becoming dark reddish
brown often tinged with purple, .and obtuse orange-brown winter-buds. Bark of the
trunk y-^' thick, and covered with thin closely appressed bright cinnamon-red scales,
generally becoming gray on old trees. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained,
pale brown, with nearly white sapwood; occasionally manufactured into lumber.

Distribution. Appalachian Mountains from southwestern Virginia to western
North Carolina and eastern Tennessee, often forming forests of considerable extent
at elevations between 4000° and G000° above the sea-level.

Occasionally planted in the parks and gardens of the northern states and of
Enrope, but short-lived in cultivation and of little value as an ornamental tree.

2. Abies balsamea, Mill. Balsam Fir.

Leaves dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, silvery white on the lower
surface, with bauds of 4-8 rows of stomata, ^' long on cone-bearing branches to IV

P'Cic^H-

long on the sterile branches of young trees, straight, acute or acuminate, with short
or elongated rigid callous tips, spreading at nearly right angles to the branch on
young trees and sterile branches, on the upper branches of older trees often broadest
above the middle, rounded or obtusely short-pointed at the apex, occasionally
emarginate on branches at the top of the tree. Flowers: staminate yellow, more
or less deeply tinged with reddish purple; pistillate with nearly orbicular purple
scales much shorter than their oblong-obovate serrulate pale yellow-green bracts
emarginate with a broad apex abruptly contracted into a long slender recurved tip.
Fruit oblong-cylindrical, gradually narrowed to the rounded apex, puberulous, dark
rich purple, 2'-4' long, with scales usually longer than broad, generally almost twice
as long but rarely not as long as their bracts; seeds about ^' long and rather
shorter than their light brown wings.

A tree, 50°-60° high, with a trunk usually 12'-18', or rarely 30' in diameter, spread-
ing branches forming a handsome symmetrical open broad-based pyramid, the lower
branches soon dying from trees crowded in the forest, and slender branchlets pale
yellow-green and coated with fine pubescence at first, becoming light gray tinged
with red, and often when four or five years old with purple. Winter-buds nearly
globose, ^'-\' in diameter, with lustrous dark orange-green scales. Bark on old
trees often ^' thick, rich brown, much broken on the surface into small plates covered

CONIFERS

59

with scales. "Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, perishable, pale brown
streaked with yellow, with thick lighter colored sapwood; occasionally made into
lumber principally used for packing-cases. From the bark of this tree oil of fir used
in the arts and in medicine is obtained.

Distribution. From the interior of the Labrador peninsula northwestward to the
shores of the Lesser Slave Lake, southward through Newfoundland, the maritime
provinces of Canada, Quebec and Ontario, northern New England, northern New
York, northern Michigan and Minnesota to northern and central Iowa; and along
the Appalachian Mountains from western Massachusetts and the Catskills of New
York to the high mountains of southwestern Virginia; common and often forming
a considerable part of the forest on low swampy ground ; on well-drained hillsides
sometimes singly in forests of spruce or forming small almost impenetrable thickets;
near the timber-line on the mountains of New England and New York reduced to a
low almost prostrate shrub.

Often planted in the northern states in the neighborhood of farmhouses, but
usually short-lived and of little value as an ornamental tree in cultivation; formerly
but now rarely cultivated in European plantations.

3. Abies amabilis, Forbes. White Fir.

Leaves deeply grooved, very dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, sil-
very white on the lower, with broad bauds of 6 or 8 rows of stomata between the
prominent midribs and recurved margins, on sterile branches obtuse and rounded,
or notched or occasionally acute at the apex, j-l\' long, ^ -yL wide, often broadest
above the middle, erect by a twist at their base, very crowded, those on the upper
side of the branch much shorter than those on the lower and usually parallel with

and closely appressed against it, on fertile branches acute or acuminate, with callous
tips, occasionally stomatiferous on the upper surface near the apex, |'-f' long, on
vigorous leading shoots acute, with long rigid points, closely appressed or recurved
near the middle, about f long and nearly i' wide. Flowers: staminate red; pistil-
late with broad rounded scales and rhombic dark purple lustrous bracts erose above
the middle and gradually contracted into broad points. Fruit oblong, slightly nar-
rowed to the rounded and often retuse apex, deep rich purple, puberulous, 3^'-6'
long, with scales I'-l^ wide, nearly as long as broad, gradually narrowed from the
rounded apex and rather more than twice as long as their reddish rhombic or oblong-

GO

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

obovate bracts terminatin<jf in long slender tips; seeds light yellow-brown, ^' long,
with oblique pale brown lustrous wings about :|' long.

A tree, often 250° tall, or at higli altitudes and in the north usually not more than
70°-80° tall, with a trunk 4^'-G^ in diameter, in thick forests often naked for 150°,
but in open situations densely clothed to the ground with comparatively short
brandies sweeping down in graceful curves, and stout branchlets clothed for four or
five years with soft fine pubescence, light orange-brown in tlieir first season, becom-
ing dark purple and ultimately reddish brown. "Winter-buds nearly globose, I'-V
thick, with closely imbricated lustrous purple scales. Bark on trees up to 150 years
old thin, smooth, pale or silvery white, becoming near the ground on old trees 11'-
2^' thick, and irregularly divided into comparatively small plates covered with
small closely appressed reddish brown or reddish gray scales. "Wood light, hard,
not strong, close-grained, pale brown, with nearly white sapwood; in Washington
occasionally manufactured into lumber used in the interior finish of buildings.

Distribution. High mountain slopes and benches from British Columbia south-
ward along the Cascade Mountains to northern Oregon, and on the coast ranges of
Oregon and Washington; attaining its largest size on the Olympic Mountains, where
it is the most common Fir-tree.

Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental tree in western Europe, but without de-
veloping there the beauty which distinguishes this species in its native forests.

-I — i- Cones green.

4. Abies grandis, Lindl. "White Fir.

Leaves thin and flexible, deeply grooved, very dark green and lustrous on the
upper surface, silvery white on the lower surface, with two broad bauds of 7-10

rows of stomata, on sterile branches remote, rounded and conspicuously emarginate
at the apex, l^'-2^' long, usually about |' vv^ide, spreading in two ranks nearly at*
right angles to the branch, on cone-bearing branches more crowded, usually I'-l^'
long, less spreading or nearly erect, blunt-pointed or often notched at the apex, on
vigorous young trees i'-|' long, acute or acuminate. Flowers: staminate pale yel-
low sometimes tinged with purple; pistillate light yellow-green, with semiorbicular

CONIFERS 61

scales and short oblong bracts emarginate and denticulate at the broad obcordate
apex furnished with a short strongly reflexed tip. Fruit cylindrical, slightly nar-
rowed to the rounded and sometimes retuse apex, puberulous, bright green, 2'-4'
long, with scales usually about two thirds as long as wide, gradually or abruptly nar-
rowed from their broad apex and three or four times as long as their short pale
green bracts; seeds f in length, light brown, with pale lustrous wings ^'— |' long
and nearly as broad at their abruptly widened rounded apex.

A tree, in the neighborhood of the coast 2o0°-300° high, with a slightly tapering
trunk often 4° in diameter, long somewhat pendulous branches sweeping out in
graceful curves, and comparatively slender pale yellow-green puberulous branchlets
becoming light reddish brown or orange-brown and glabrous in their second season;
on the mountains of the interior rarely more than 100° tall, with a trunk usually
about 2° in diameter, often smaller and much stunted at high elevations. Winter-
buds globose, ^'-\' thick. Bark becoming sometimes 2' thick at the base of old trees
and gray-brown or reddish brown and divided by shallow fissures into low flat ridges
broken into oblong plates roughened by thick closely appressed scales. "Wood light,
soft, coarse-grained, not strong nor durable, light brown, with thin lighter colored
sapwood; occasionally manufactured into lumber in western Washington and Oregon
and used for the interior finish of buildings, packing-cases, and wooden-ware.

Distribution. Vancouver Island southward in the neighborhood of the coast to
Mendocino County, California, and along the mountains of northern Washington
and Idaho to the western slopes of the continental divide in northern Montana, and to
the mountains of eastern Oregon; near the coast scattered on moist ground through
forests of conifers; common in Washington and northern Oregon from the sea up
to elevations of 4000°; in the interior on moist slopes in the neighborhood of streams
from 2500° up to 7000° above the sea.

Occasionally planted in the parks and gardens of temperate Europe, where it
grows rapidly and promises to attain a large size ; rarely planted in the United
States.

** Leaves pale blue-green.
Cones purple.

5. Abies lasiocarpa, Nutt. Balsam Fir.

Leaves marked on the upper surface but generally only above the middle with
4 or 5 rows of stomata on each side of the conspicuous midribs and on the lower
surface by 2 broad bands each of 7 or 8 rows, crowded, nearly erect by the twist
at their base, on lower branches l'-l|' long, about J^' wide, and rounded and occa-
sionally emarginate at the apex, on upper branches somewhat thickened, usually
acute, generally not more than i' long, on leading shoots flattened, closely appressed,
with long slender rigid points. Flowers : staminate dark indigo-blue, turning violet
when nearly ready to open; pistillate w4th dark violet-purple obovate scales much
shorter than their strongly reflexed bracts contracted into slender tips. Fruit
oblong-cylindrical, rounded, truncate or depressed at the narrowed apex, dark purple,
puberulous, 21'-4' long, with scales gradually narrowed from the broad rounded or
nearly truncate apex to the base, usually longer than broad, about three times as
long as their oblong-obovate red-brown bracts laciniately cut on the margins, rounded,
emarginate and abruptly contracted at the apex into long slender tips; seeds ^'
long, with dark lustrous wings covering nearly the entire surface of the scales.

62

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

A tree, usually 80°-100°, occasionally 175° high, with a trunk 2°-5° in diame-
ter, short crowded tough branches, usually slightly pendulous near the base of the

tree, generally clothing the trunks of the oldest trees nearly to their base and form-
ing dense spire-like slender heads, and comparatively stout branchlets coated for three
or four years with fine rufous pubescence, or rarely glabrous before the end of their
first season, pale orange-brown, ultimately gray or silvery white. Winter-buds
subglobose, ^'-\' thick, covered with light orange-brown scales. Bark becoming on
old trees f'-l^' thick, divided by shallow fissures and roughened by thick closely
appressed cinnamon-red scales. "Wood light, soft, not strong, pale brown or nearly
white, with light-colored sapwood; little used except for fuel.

Distribution. High mountain slopes and summits from about latitude 61° in
Alaska, southward along the coast ranges to the Olympic Mountains of Washington,
over all the high mountain ranges of British Columbia and Alberta, and southward
along the Cascade Mountains of Washington and Oregon, over the mountain ranges
of eastern Washington and Oregon, and of Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah
to the San Francisco peaks of northern Arizona.

Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in the northern United States and in
northern Europe.

-i-Cones yellow, green, or purple.

6. Abies concolor, Lindl. & Gord. White Fir.

Leaves crowded, spreading in 2 ranks and more or less erect from the strong
twist at their base, pale blue or glaucous, becoming dull green at the end of two or
three years, with 2 broad bands of stomata on the lower, and more or less stoma-
tiferous on the upper surface, on lower branches flat, straight, rounded, acute or
acuminate at the apex, 2'-3' long, about J/ wide, on fertile branches and on old
trees frequently thick, keeled above, usually falcate, acute or rarely notched at
the apex, |'-1|' long, often 1' wide. Flowers: staminate dark red or rose color;
pistillate with broad rounded scales, and oblong strongly reflexed obcordate bracts
laciniate above the middle and abruptly contracted at the apex into short points.
Fruit oblong, slightly narrowed from near the middle to the ends, rounded or obtuse
at the apex, 3'-5' long, puberulous, grayish green, dark purple or bright canary-
yellow, with scales much broader than long, gradually and regularly narrowed from

CONIFERS

63

the rounded apex, rather more than twice as long as their emarginate or nearly
truncate bracts broad at the apex and terminating in short slender tips; seeds i'-l'
lono-, acute at the base, dark dull brown, with lustrous rose-colored wings widest
near the middle and nearly truncate at the apex.

A tree, on the California sierras 200°-250° high, with a trunk often 6° in diame-
ter or in the interior of the continent rarely more than 125° tall, with a trunk seldom
exceeding 3° in diameter, a narrow spire-like crown of short stout branches clothed
with long lateral branches pointing forward and forming great frond-like masses of
foliage, and glabrous lustrous comparatively stout branchlets dark orange color dur-
ing their first season, becoming light grayish green or pale reddish brown, and ulti-
mately gray or grayish brown. Winter-buds globose, |'-^' thick. Bark becoming
on old trunks sometimes 5'-6' thick near the ground and deeply divided into
broad rounded ridges broken on the surface into irregularly shaped plate-like scales.

Wood very light, soft, coarse-grained and not strong nor durable, pale brown or
sometimes nearly white; occasionally manufactured into lumber and in northern
California used for packing-cases and butter-tubs.

Distribution. Rocky Mountains of southern Colorado, westward to the mountain
ranges of California, extending northward into northern Oregon, and southward
over the mountains of New Mexico and Arizona into northern Mexico; the only Fir-
tree in the arid regions of the Great Basin and of southern Xew Mexico and
Arizona.

Often planted as an ornamental tree in Europe, and in the eastern states where it
grows more vigorously than other Fir-trees.

***Leaves yellow-green.

Bracts of the cone-scales with long rigid Jlat tips ; pinter-buds elongated, with
loosely imbricated scales.

7. Abies venusta, K. Koch. Silver Fir.

Leaves thin, flat, rigid, linear or linear-lanceolate, gradually or abruptly nar-
rowed toward the base, often falcate especially on fertile branches, acuminate, with
long slender callous tips, dark yellow-green, lustrous and slightly rounded on the upper

64 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

surface, marked below the middle with obscure grooves, silvery white or on old
leaves pale on the lower surface, with bands of 8-10 rows of stomata between the
broad midrib and the thickened strongly revolute margins, 2-ranked from the con-
spicuous twist near their base and spreading at nearly right angles to the branch or

somewhat ascending on upper fertile branches, 1^-2^ long, on leading shoots stand-
ing out at almost right angles, rounded on the upper surface, more or less incurved
above the middle, 1^'-1|' long, about ^ wide. Flo-wers : staminate produced in
great numbers near the base of the branchlets on branches from the middle of the
tree upward, pale yellow; pistillate near the ends of the branchlets of the upper
branches only, with oblong scales rounded above and nearly as long as their cuneate
obcordate yellow-green bracts ending in slender elongated awns. Fruit on stout
peduncles sometimes ^' long, oval or subcylindrical, full and rounded at tile apex,
glabrous, pale purple-brown, 3'-4' long, with thin scales strongly incurved above,
obtusely short-pointed at the apex, obscurely denticulate on the thin margins, about
one third longer than their oblong-obvate obcordate pale yellow-brown bracts termi-
nating in flat rigid tips I'-lf ' long, above the middle of the cone pointing toward its
apex and often closely appressed to its sides, below the middle spreading toward its
base and frequently much recurved, firmly attached to the cone-scales and decidu-
ous with them from the thick conical sharp-pointed axis of the cone; seeds dark
red-brown, about f long, and nearly as long as their oblong-obovate pale reddish
brown lustrous wings rounded at the apex.

A tree, 100°-150° high, with a trunk sometimes 3° in diameter, comparatively
short slender usually pendulous branches furnished with long sinuous rather remote
lateral branches sparsely clothed with foliage, forming a broad-based pyramid
abruptly narrowed 15°-20° from the top of the tree into a thin spire-like head, and
stout glabrous light reddish brown branchlets covered at first with a glaucous bloom.
Winter-buds ovate, acute, f '-1' long, ^'-^' thick, with very thin loosely imbricated
pale chestnut brown acute, boat-shaped scales. Bark becoming near the base of the
tree ^-f ' thick, light reddish brown, slightly and irregularly fissured and broken into
thick closely appressed scales. "Wood heavy, not hard, coarse-grained, light brown
tinged with yellow, with paler sap wood.

Distribution. In a few isolated groves along the moist bottoms of caiions, usually

CONIFERS

65

at elevations of about 3000° above the sea on both slopes of the outer western rido-e
of the Santa Lucia Mountains in Monterey County, California.

Occasionally and successfully grown as an ornamental tree in the milder parts of
Great Britain and in northern Italy.

2. Leaves mostly 4.-sided, blue-green.
* Cones purple.

8. Abies nobilis, Lindl. Red Fir. Larch.

Leaves marked on the upper surface with deep sharply defined grooves, rounded
aud obscurely ribbed on the lower surface, stomatiferous above and below, dark
or light blue-green, often very glaucous during their first season, crowded in
several rows, those on the lower side of the branch two-ranked by the twisting
of their bases, the others crowded, strongly incurved, with the points erect or
pointing away from the end of the branch, on young plants and on the lower

piQ 6o

sterile branches of old trees flat, rounded, usually slightly notched at the apex, I'-l-j'
long, about -^q' wide, on fertile branches much thickened and almost equally 4-sided,
acuminate, with long rigid callous tips, ^'-f' long, on leading shoots flat, gradually
narrowed from the base, acuminate, with long rigid points, about 1' long. Flo"wers:
staminate reddish purple ; pistillate often scattered over the upper part of the tree,
with broad rounded scales much shorter than their nearly orbicular bracts erose on
the margins and contracted above into slender elongated strongly reflexed tips.
Fruit oblong-cylindrical, slightly narrowed but full and rounded at the apex, 4'-5'
long, purple or olive-brown, pubescent, with scales about one third wider than long,
gradually narrowed from the rounded apex to the base, or full at the sides, rounded
and denticulate above the middle and sharply contracted and wedge-shaped below,
nearly or entirely covered by their strongly reflexed pale green spatulate bracts, full
and rounded above, fimbriate on the margins, with broad foliaceous midribs produced
into short broad flattened points; seeds 1' long, pale reddish brown, about as long
as their wings, gradually narrowed from below to the nearly truncate slightly
rounded apsx.

A tree, in old age with a comparatively broad somewhat rounded head, usually
150°-200° and occasionally 250° high, with a trunk 6°-8° in diameter, short rigid

66

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

branches, short stout remote Literal branches stan(lin«r out at right angles, and slender
reddish brown branchlets puberulous for four or five years and generally pointing
forward. Wiiiter-buds ovoid-oblong, red-brown, about ^' long. Bark becoming
on old trunks l'-2' thick, bright red-brown, and deeply divided into broad Hat ridges
irregularly broken by cross fissures and covered with thick closely appressed
scales. Wood light, hard, strong, rather close-grained, pale brown streaked with
red, with darker colored sap wood; occasionally manufactured into lumber and used
under the name of larch for the interior finish of buildings and for packing-cases.

Distribution. Often forming extensive forests on the Cascade Mountains of Wash-
ington, ranging southward to the valley of the Mackenzie River, Oregon; coast moun-
tains of Washington to the Siskiyou Mountains, California; most abundant on the
western slopes of the Cascade Kange in Washington and northern Oregon at eleva-
tions of 2500° to 5000° above the sea; less abundant and of smaller size on the
eastern and northern slopes of these mountains.

Often planted in western and central Europe as an ornamental tree, and in the
eastern states hardy in sheltered positions as far north as Massachusetts.

9. Abies magnifica, A. Murr. Red Fir.

Leaves almost equally 4-sided, ribbed above and below, with 6-8 rows of
stomata on each of the 4 sides, pale and very glaucous during their first season, later

p^i^ 6i

becoming blue-green, persistent usually for about ten years; on young plants and
lower branches oblanceolate, somewhat flattened, rounded, bluntly pointed, f'-l^'
long, Jg' wide, those on the lower side of the branch spreading in 2 nearly horizon-
tal ranks by the twist at their base, on upper, especially on fertile branches, much
thickened, with more prominent midribs, acute, with short callous tips, ^' long on
the upper side of the branch to 1^' long on the lower side, crowded, erect, strongly^
incurved, completely hiding the upper side of the branch, on leading shoots |' long,
erect and acuminate, with long rigid points pressed against the stem. Flowers:
staminate dark reddish purple; pistillate with rounded scales much shorter than
their oblong pale green bracts terminating in elongated slender tips more or less
tinged with red. Fruit oblong-cylindrical, slightly narrowed to the rounded truncate
or retuse apex, dark purplish brown, puberulous, from 6'-9' long, with scales often
1^' wide and about two thirds as wide as long, gradually narrowed to the cordate base,

CONIFERS

67

somewhat longer or often two thirds as long as their oblong spatulate acute or acu-
minate bracts with slender tips slightly serrulate above the middle and often sharply
contracted and then enlarged toward the base; seeds dark reddish brown, |' long,
about as wide as their lustrous rose-colored obvate cuneate wings nearly truncate
and often ^' wide at the apex.

A tree, in old age occasionally somewhat round-topped, often 200° high, with
a trunk 8° -10° in diameter and often naked for half the height of the tree, com-
paratively short small branches, the upper somewhat ascending, the lower pen-
dulous, and stout light yellow-green branchlets pointing forward, slightly puberulous
during their first season, becoming light red-brown and lustrous and ultimately gray
or silvery white. Winter-buds ovate, acute, ^'-^' long, their bright chestnut-brown
scales with prominent midribs produced into short tips. Bark becoming 4'-6' thick
near the ground, deeply divided into broad rounded ridges broken by cross fissures
and covered by dark red-brown scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, comparatively
durable, light red-brown, with thick somewhat darker sapwood; largely used for
fuel, and in California occasionally manufactured into coarse lumber employed in
the construction of cheap buildings and for packing-cases.

Distribution. Cascade Mountains of southern Oregon, southward over the moun-
tain ranges of northern California, and along the entire length of the western slope
of the Sierra Nevada; common in southern Oregon at elevations between 5000° and
7000° above the sea, forming sometimes nearly pure forests; very abundant on the
Sierra Nevada, and the principal tree in the forest belt at elevations from 6000° to
9000°; ascending towards the southern extremity of its range to over 10,000°.

Often planted as an ornamental tree in western and central Europe, and some-
times hardy in the United States as far north as eastern Massachusetts.

A distinct form is

Abies magnifica, var. Shastensis, Lemm. Red Fir.

On the mountains of southern Oregon and at high elevations on those of northern
California, and on the southern Sierra Nevada, occurs this form distinguished only

f'lCi 62.

by the longer rounded or obtusely pointed (not acute) bright yellow bracts which
sometimes cover nearly half their scales.

68 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

7. SEQUOIA, Endl.

Resinous aromatic trees, with tall massive lobed trunks, thick bark of 2 layers, the
outer composed of fibrous scales, the inner thin, close and firm, soft, durable, straight-
grained red heartwood, thin nearly white sapwood, short stout horizontal branches,
terete lateral branchlets deciduous in the autumn, and scaly or naked buds. Leaves
ovate-lanceolate or linear and spreading in 2 ranks especially on young trees and
branches, or linear, acute, compressed, keeled on the back and closely appressed or
spreading at the apex, the two forms appearing sometimes on the same branch or on
different branches of the same tree. Flowers minute, solitary, monoecious, appearing
in early spring from buds formed the previous autumn, the staminate terminal in the
axils of upper leaves, ovoid or oblong, surrounded by an involucre of numerous im-
bricated ovate acute and apiculate bracts, with numerous spirally disposed filaments
dilated into ovate acute subpeltate connectives bearing on their inner face 2-5 pendu-
lous globose 2-valved anther-cells; the pistillate terminal, ovoid or oblong, composed
of numerous spirally imbricated ovate scales abruptly keeled on the back, the keels
produced into short or elongated points closely adnate to the short ovule-bearing
scales rounded above and bearing below their -upper margin in 2 rows 5-7 ovules at
first erect, becoming reversed. Fruit an ovoid or short-oblong pendulous cone ma-
turing during the first or second season, persistent after the escape of the seeds, its
scales formed by the enlargemeut of the united flower and ovuliferous scales, becom-
ing woody, bearing large deciduous resin-glands, gradually enlarged upward and
widening at the apex into a narrow thickened oblong disk transversely depressed
through the middle and sometimes tipped with small points. Seeds 5-7 under each
scale, oblong-ovate, compressed; seed-coat membranaceous, produced into broad thin
lateral wings; cotyledons 4-6, longer than the inferior radicle.

Sequoia, widely scattered with several species over the* northern hemisphere during
the cretaceous and tertiary epochs, is now confined to the mountains of California,
where two species exist.

The name of the genus is formed from Sequoiah, the inventor of the Cherokee
alphabet.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Leaves of 2 forms, mostly spreading in 2 ranks; cones maturing- in one season; buds scaly.

1. S. sempervirens (G).

Leaves ovate, acute or lanceolate, slightly spreading or compressed ; cones maturing in

their second season ; buds naked. 2. S. Wellingtonia (G).

1. Sequoia sempervirens, Endl. Redwood.

Leaves of secondary branches and of lower branches of young trees lanceolate,
more or less falcate, acute or acuminate and usually tipped with slender rigid points,
slightly thickened on the revolute margins, decurrent at the base, spreading in 2 ranks
by a half-turn at their base, ^'-^ lo^^g? about ^' wide, obscurely keeled and marked
above by 2 narrow bands of stomata, glaucous and stomatiferous below on each
side of their conspicuous midribs, on leading shoots disposed in many ranks, more
or less spreading or appressed, ovate or ovate-oblong, incurved at the rounded apicu-
late apex, thickened, rounded, and stomatiferous on the lower surface, concave, promi-
nently keeled and covered with stomata on the upper surface, usually about ^' long;
dying and turning reddish brown at least two years before falling. Flowers opening

CONIFERS

69

in late winter or very early spring; staminate ovate, obtuse ; pistillate with about
20 broadly ovate acute scales tipped with elongated and incurved or short points.
Fruit oblong, f -1' long, i' broad, its scales gradually enlarged from slender stipes
abruptly dilated above into disks penetrated by deep narrow grooves, and usually
without tips; seeds about ^q' long, light brown, with wings as broad as their body.

A tree, from 200^-340° high, with a slightly tapering and irregularly lobed trunk
usually free of branches for 75°-100°, usually 10°-15°, rarely 28° in diameter at
the much buttressed base, slender branches, clothed with branchlets spreading in
2 ranks and forming while the tree is young an open narrow pyramid, on old trees
becoming stout and
horizontal, and form-
ing a narrow rather
compact and very
irregular head re-
markably small in
proportion to the
height and size of
the trunk, and slen-
der leading branch-
lets covered at the
end of three or four
years after the leaves
fall with cinnamon-
brown scaly bark.
Buds with numerous
loosely imbricated

ovate acute scales persistent on the base of the branchlet. Bark 6'-12' thick, divided
into rounded ridges and separated on the surface into long narrow dark brown
fibrous scales often broken transversely and in falling disclosing the bright cinnamon-
red inner bark. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, easily split and worked,
very durable in contact with the soil, clear light red; largely manufactured into
lumber and used for shingles, fence-posts, railway-ties, wine-butts, and for building
purposes.

Distribution. Southern borders of Oregon, southward near the coast to Monterey
County, California, rarely found more than twenty or thirty miles from the coast, or
beyond the influence of the ocean fogs, or over 3000° above the sea-level; often form-
ing in northern California pure forests occupying the sides of ravines and the banks
of streams; southward growing usually in small groves scattered among other trees;
most abundant and of its largest size north of Cape Mendocino.

Often cultivated as an ornamental tree in the temperate countries of Europe.

2. Sequoia Wellingtonia, Seem. Big Tree.

Leaves ovate and acuminate, or lanceolate, rounded and thickened on the lower
surface, concave on the upper surface, marked by bands of stomata on both sides
of the obscure midribs, rigid, sharp-pointed, decurrent below, spreading or closely
appressed above the middle, ^'-\' or on leading shoots ^ long. Flowers opening in
late winter and early spring; staminate in great profusion over the whole tree, ter-
minal, with ovate acute or acuminate connectives; pistillate with 25-40 pale yellow
scales slightly keeled on the back and gradually narrowed into long slender points.

70

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Fruit maturing in the second year, ovate-oblong, 2'-3^' long, 1^-2^' wide, dark
reddish brown, the scales gradually thickened upward from the base to the slightly

dilated apex, f -1^' long and j-^' wide, deeply pitted in the middle and often fur-
nished with an elongated reflexed tip ; seeds linear-lanceolate, compressed, ^'-^'
long, light brown, surrounded by laterally united wings broader than the body of the
seed, apiculate at the apex, often very unequal.

A tree, at maturity usually about 275° high, with a trunk 20° in diameter near
the ground, occasionally becoming 320° tall, with a trunk 35° in diameter, much
enlarged and buttressed at the base, fluted with broad low rounded ridges, in old age
naked often for 150°, with short thick horizontal branches, slender leading branchlets
becoming after the disappearance of the leaves reddish brown more or less tinged
with purple and covered with thin close or slightly scaly bark and naked buds. Bark
l°-2° thick, divided into rounded lobes 4°-5° wide, corresponding to the lobes of
the trunk, separating into loose light cinnamon-red fibrous scales, the outer scales
slightly tinged with purple. "Wood very light, soft, not strong, brittle and coarse-
grained, turning dark on exposure; manufactured into lumber and used for fencing,
in construction, and for shingles.

Distribution. Western slopes of the Sierra Nevada of California, in an inter-
rupted belt at elevations of 5000°-8400° above the level of the sea, from the middle fork
of the American River to the head of Deer Creek just south of latitude 36°; north of
King's River in isolated groves, southward forming forests of considerable extent,
and best developed on the north fork of the Tule River.

Universally cultivated as an ornamental tree in all the countries of central and
southern Europe; and occasionally in the eastern United States, where it does not
flourish.

8. TAXODIUM, Rich. Bald Cypress.

Resinous trees, with furrowed scaly bark, light brown durable heartwood, thin white
sapwood, erect ultimately spreading branches, deciduous usually 2-ranked lateral
branchlets, scaly globose buds, and stovit horizontal roots often producing erect woody
projections (knees). Leaves spirally disposed, pale and marked with stomata below
on both sides of the obscure midribs, dark green above, linear-lanceolate, spreading
in 2 ranks, or scale-like and appressed on lateral branchlets, the two forms appearing

CONIFERS

71

on the same or on different branches of the same tree or on separate trees, deciduous.
Flowers unisexual, from buds formed the previous year; staminate in the axils of
scale-like bracts in long terminal drooping panicles, with 6-8 stamens, opposite in 2
ranks, their filaments abruptly enlarged into broadly ovate peltate yellow connectives
bearing on their inner face in 2 rows 4-9 2-valved pendulous anther-cells ; pistillate
scattered near the ends of the branches of the previous year, subglobose, composed
of numerous ovate spirally arranged long-pointed scales adnate below to the thick-
ened fleshy ovuliferous scales bearing at their base 2 erect bottle-shaped ovules.
Fruit a globose or obovoid short-stalked woody cone maturing the first year and per-
sistent after the escape of the seeds, formed from the enlargement and union of the
flower and ovule-bearing scales abruptly dilated from slender stipes into irregularly
4-sided disks often mucronate at maturity, bearing on the inner face, especially on
the stipes, large dark glands filled with blood-red fragrant liquid resin. Seeds in
pairs under each scale, attached laterally to the stipes, erect, unequally 3-angled ;
seed-coat light brown and lustrous, thick, coriaceous or corky, produced into 3 thick
unequal lateral wings and below into a slender elongated point; cotyledons 4-9,
shorter than the superior radicle.

Taxodium, widely distributed through North America and Europe in Miocene and
Pliocene times, is now confined to the coast region of the south Atlantic and Gulf
states and to Mexico. Two species are distinguished.

The generic name, from rd^og and eldof, indicates a resemblance of the leaves with
those of the Yew-tree.

1. Taxodium distichum, Rich. Bald Cypress. Deciduous Cypress.

Leaves on distiehously spreading branchlets linear-lanceolate, apiculate, ^'-f long,
about yY wide, light bright yellow-green or occasionally silvery white below, or on

the form with pendulous compressed branchlets long-pointed, keeled and stomatifer-
ous below, concave above, more or less spreading at the free apex, about ^' long; in
the autumn turning with the branchlets dull orange-brown before falling. Flowers:
panicles of staminate flowers 4'-5' long, l-|'-2' wide, with slender red-brown stems,
obovate flower-buds nearly l' long, pale silvery-gray during winter and purple when
the flowers expand in the spring. Fruit usually produced in pairs at the extremity

72 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

of the branch or irregularly scattered along it for several inches, nearly globose or
obovate, rugose, about 1' in diameter, the scales generally destitute of tips ; seeds
with wings nearly y long and ^' wide.

A tree, with a tall lobed gradually tapering trunk, rarely 12° and generally 4°-5°
in diameter above the abruptly enlarged strongly buttressed usually hollow base,
occasionally 150° tall, in youth pyramidal, with slender branches often becoming
elongated and slightly pendulous, in old age spreading out into a broad low rounded
crown often 100° across, and slender branchlets light green when they first appear,
light red-brown and rather lustrous during their first winter, becoming darker the
following year, deciduous lateral branchlets S'-l' long, spreading at right angles to
the branch, or in the form with acicular leaves pendulous or erect and often C long.
Bark l'-2' thick, light cinnamon-red and divided by shallow fissures into broad flat
ridges sepai'ating on the surface into long thin closely appressed fibrous scales. Wood
light, soft, not strong, easily worked, light or dark brown, sometimes nearly black;
largely used for construction, in cooperage, railway-ties, posts, and fences.

Distribution. River swamps usually submerged during several months of the
year, low wet banks of streams, and the wet depressions of Pine-barrens from south-
ern Delaware southward near the coast to the shores of Mosquito Inlet and Cape
Romano, Florida, and through the Gulf coast region to the valley of Devil River,
Texas, through Louisiana and Arkansas to southeastern Missouri, and through west-
ern Mississippi, Tennessee, and Kentucky to southern Illinois and Indiana; most
common and of its largest size in the south Atlantic and Gulf states, often cover-
ing with nearly pure forests great river swamps. From South Carolina to western
Florida and southern Alabama the form with acicular leaves ( Taxodium disdchum,
var. imbricarium, Sarg.) is not rare as a small tree in Pine-barren ponds.

Often cultivated, especially the var. imbricarium, as an ornamental tree in the north-
ern United States, and in the countries of temperate Europe.

9. LIBOCEDRUS, Endl.

Tall resinous aromatic trees, with scaly bark, spreading branches, flattened branch-
lets disposed in one horizontal plane and forming an open 2-ranked spray and often
ultimately deciduous, straight-grained durable fragrant wood, and naked buds. Leaves
scale-like, in 4 ranks, on leading shoots nearly equally decussate, closely compressed
or spreading, dying and becoming woody before falling, on lateral flattened branch-
lets much compressed, conspicuously keeled, and nearly covering those of the other
ranks ; on seedling plants linear-lanceolate and spreading. Flowers monoecious, solitary,
terminal, the two sexes on different branchlets; staminate oblong, with 12-16 decus-
sate filaments dilated into broad connectives usually bearing 4 subglobose anther-cells;
pistillate oblong, subtended at the base by several pairs of leaf-like scales slightly
enlarged and persistent under the fruit, composed of 6 acuminate short-pointed scales,
those of the upper and middle ranks much larger than those of the lower rank, ovate
or oblong, fertile and bearing at the base of a minute accrescent ovuliferous scale 2
erect ovules. Fruit an oblong cone maturing in one season, with subcoriaceous scales
marked at the apex by the free thickened mucronulate border of the enlarged flower-
scales, those of the lowest pair ovate, thin, reflexed, much shorter than the oblong
thicker scales of the second pair widely spreading at maturity ; those of the third
pair confluent into an erect partition. Seeds in pairs, erect on the base of the scale;
seed-coat membranaceous, of 2 layers, produced into thin unequal lateral wings, one

CONIFERS

73

narrow, the other broad, oblique, nearly as long as the scale; cotyledons 2, about
as long as the superior radicle.

Libocedrus is confined to western North America, western South America, where it
is distributed from Chili to Patagonia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, New Guinea,
Formosa, and southwestern China. Eight species are distinguished.

Libocedrus, from Ki^ds and Cedrus, relates to the resinous character of these trees.

1. Libocedrus decurrens, Torr. Incense Cedar.

Leaves oblong-obovate, decurrent and closely adnate on the branchlets except at
the callous apex, ^' long on the ultimate lateral branchlets to nearly l' long on leading

shoots, those of the lateral ranks gradually narrowed and acuminate at the apex,
keeled and glandular on the back, and nearly covering the flattened obscurely glandu-
lar-pitted and abruptly pointed leaves of the inner ranks. Flo"wers appearing in
January on the ends of short lateral branchlets of the previous year;staminate tinge-
ing the tree with gold during the winter and early spring, ovate, nearly ^' long, with
nearly orbicular or broadly ovate connectives, rounded, acute or acuminate at the
apex and slightly erose on the margins; pistillate subtended by 2-6 pairs of leaf -like
scales, with ovate acute light yellow-green slightly spreading scales. Fruit ripening
and discharging its seeds in the autumn, oblong, ^'-V long, pendulous, light red-
brown; seeds oblong-lanceolate, y-^' long, semiterete and marked below by con-
spicuous pale basal hilums; inner layer of the seed-coat penetrated by elongated
resin-chambers filled with red liquid balsamic resin.

A tree, frequently 150° high, with a tall straight slightly and irregularly lobed
trunk tapering from a broad base and sometimes 7° in diameter, slender branches erect
at the top of the tree, below sweeping downward in bold curves, forming a narrow open
feathery crown becoming in old age irregular in outline by the greater development
of a few ultimately upright branches forming secondary stems, and stout branchlets
somewhat flattened and light yellow-green at first, turning light red-brown during the
summer and ultimately brown more or less tinged with purple, the lateral branchlets
much flattened, 4'-6' long, and usually deciduous at the end of the second or third
season. Bark ^'-1' thick, bright cinnamon-red, and broken into irregular ridges
covered with closely appressed plate-like scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained

74 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

very durable in contact with the soil, light reddish brown, with thin nearly white sap-
wood; often injured by dry rot but largely used for fencing, laths and shingles, the
interior finish of buildings, for furniture, and in the construction of flumes.

Distribution. Singly or in small groves from the basin of the Santiam River, Ore-
gon, southward along the Cascade Mountains and the western slopes of the Sierra
Nevada, and on the California coast ranges from Mendocino County to the mountains
of southern California and Lower California; most abundant and of its largest size
on the sierras of central California at elevations of 5000°-7000° above the sea.

Often cultivated as an ornamental tree in western and central Europe, where it
grows rapidly and promises to attain to a large size; hardy and occasionally planted
in the middle Atlantic states. •

10. THUYA, L. Arbor-vitae.

Resinous aromatic trees, with thin scaly bark, soft durable straight-grained heart-
wood, thin nearly white sapwood, slender spreading or erect branches, pyramidal
heads, flattened lateral pendulous branchlets disposed in one horizontal plane, form-
ing a flat frond-like spray and often finally deciduous, and naked buds. Leaves
decussate, scale-like, acute, stomatiferous on the back, on leading shoots appressed
or spreading, rounded or slightly keeled on the back, narrowed into long slender
points; on lateral branchlets much compressed in the lateral ranks, prominently
keeled and nearly covering those of the other ranks; on seedling plants linear-
lanceolate, acuminate, spreading or reflexed. Flowers minute, monoecious, from
buds formed the previous autumn, terminal solitary, the two sexes usually on dif-
ferent branchlets ; staminate ovoid, with 4-6 decussate filaments, enlarged into sub-
orbicular peltate connectives bearing on their inner face 2-4 subglobose anther-cells;
pistillate oblong, with 8-12 oblong acute scales opposite in pairs, the ovuliferous
scales at their base bearing usually 2 erect bottle-shaped ovules. Fruit an ovoid-
oblong erect pale cinnamon-brown cone maturing in one season, its scales thin,
leathery, oblong, acute, marked near the apex by the thickened free border of the
enlarged flower-scales, those of the 2 or 3 middle ranks largest and fertile. Seeds
usually 2, erect on the base of the scale, ovate, acute, compressed, light chestnut-
brown ; seed-coat membranaceous, usually produced into broad lateral wings distinct
at the apex; cotyledons 2, longer than the superior radicle.

Thuya is confined to northeastern and northwestern America, to Japan and
northern China. Four species are recognized. Of the exotic species the Chinese
Thuya orientalis, L., with many varieties produced by cultivation, is frequently planted
in the United States, especially in the south, for the decoration of gardens, and is
distinguished from the Japanese and American species by the thick umbonate scales
of the cone, only the 4 lower scales being fertile, and by the thick rounded dark red-
purple seeds without wings.

Thuya is the classical name of some coniferous trees.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Fruit with usually 4 fertile scales. 1. T. occidentalis (A).

Fruit with usually 6 fertile scales. 2. T. plicata (B, F, G).

1. Thuya occidentalis, L. "White Cedar. Arbor-vitae.

Leaves on leading shoots often nearly ^' long, long-pointed and usually conspicu-
ously glandular, on lateral branchlets much flattened, rounded and apiculate at the

CONIFERS

75

apex, without glands or obscurely glandular-pitted, about ^' long. Flowers opening
in April and May, liver color. Fruit ripening and discharging its seeds iii the early
autumn, ^'-^' long; seeds ^' long, the thin wings as wide as the body.

A tree, 50-60° high, with a short often lobed and buttressed trunk, occasion-
ally 6° although usually not more than 2°-3° in diameter, often divided into 2 or
3 stout secondary stems, short horizontal branches soon turning upward and forming
a narrow compact pyramidal head, light yellow-green branchlets paler on the lower
surface than on the upper, changing with the death of the leaves during their
second season to light cinnamon-red, growing darker the following year, gradually
becoming terete and abruptly enlarged at the base and finally covered with smooth
lustrous dark orange-brown bark, and marked by conspicuous scars left by the
falling of the short pendulous lateral branchlets. Bark \'-\' thick, light red-brown
often tinged with orange color and broken by shallow fissures into narrow flat
connected ridges separating into elongated more or less persistent scales. "Wood
light, soft, brittle, very coarse-grained, durable, fragrant, pale yellow-brown; largely

used in Canada and the northern states for fence-posts, rails, railway-ties, and shin-
gles. Fluid extracts and tinctures made from the young branchlets are sometimes
used in medicine.

Distribution. Frequently forming nearly impenetrable forests on swampy ground
or often occupying the rocky banks of streams, from Nova Scotia and Xew Bruns-
wick, northwestward to the mouth of the Saskatchewan, and southward throuo-h the
northern states to southern New Hampshire, central Massachusetts and New York,
northern Pennsylvania, central Michigan, northern Illinois, and central Minnesota,
and along the high Alleghany Mountains to southern Virginia and northeastern
Tennessee; very common at the north, less abundant and of smaller size southward;
on the southern Alleghany Mountains only at high elevations.

Often cultivated, with many forms produced in nurseries, as an ornamental tree
and for hedges ; and in Europe from the middle of the sixteenth century.

2. Thuya plicata. D. Don. Red Cedar. Canoe Cedar.

Leaves on leading shoots ovate, long-pointed, often conspicuously glandular on
the back, frequently ^ long, on lateral branchlets ovate, apiculate, without glands

76

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Fic, 67 a

or obscurely g^luiulnlar-pitted, usually uot more tluui |' loii<;. Flowers about j\/
long, (lark brown. Fruit ripening early in the autumn, clustered near the ends of

the branches, much rellexcd,
^' long, with thin leath-
ery scales, conspicuously
marked near the apex by
the free border of the flow-
er-scales furnished with
short stout erect or recurved
dark mucros; seeds often
3 under each fertile scale,
rather shorter than their
usually slightly unequal
wings about ^' long.

A tree, frequently 200°
high, with a broad gradu-
ally tapering buttressed
base sometimes 15° in di-
ameter at the ground and in old age often separating toward the summit into 2 or 3
erect divisions, short horizontal branches usually pendulous at the ends forming a
dense narrow pyramidal head, and slender much compressed branchlets often slightly
zigzag, light bright yellow-green during their first year, then cinnamon-brown, and
after the falling of the leaves, usually in their third year, lustrous and dark reddish
brown often tinged with purple, the lateral branchlets 5'-G' long, light green and
lustrous on the upper surface, somewhat paler on the lower surface, turning yellow
and falling generally at the end of their second season. Bark bright cinnamon-red,
^'-|' thick, irregularly divided by narrow shallow fissures into broad ridges rounded
on the back and broken on the surface into long narrow rather loose plate-like scales.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, easily split, dull brown tinged
with red; largely used in Washington and Oregon for the interior finish of build-
ings, doors, sashes, fences, shingles, and in cabinet-making and cooperage. From
this tree the Indians of the northwest coast split the planks used in the construction
of their lodges, carved the totems which decorate their villages, and hollowed out
their great war canoes; and from the fibres of the inner bark made ropes, blankets,
and thatch for their cabins.

Distribution. Singly and in small groves on low moist bottom-lands or near
the banks of mountain streams, from the sea-level to elevations of 6000° in the
interior, and from Yas Bay, Alaska, southward along the coast ranges of British
Columbia, western Washington and Oregon, where it is the most abundant and
grows to its largest size, and through the California coast region to Mendocino
County, spreading eastward along many of the interior ranges of British Columbia
to the western slope of the continental divide, and along those of northern Washing-
ton and Idaho to the mountains of northern Montana.

Often cultivated as an ornamental tree in the parks and gardens of western and
central Europe where it has grown rapidly and vigorously, and occasionally in the
middle and north Atlantic states.

CONIFERS 77

11. CUPRESSUS, L. Cypress.

Resinous trees, with bark often separating into long shred-like scales, fragrant
durable usually light brown heartwood, pale yellow sap wood, stout erect branches
becoming horizontal in old age, slender i-angled branchlets, and naked buds. Leaves
scale-like, ovate, acute or acuminate or rarely rounded at the apex, with slender
spreading or appressed tips, thickened, rounded, and often glandular on the back,
opposite in pairs, becoming brown and woody before falling; on vigorous leading
shoots and young plants needle-shaped or linear -lanceolate and spreading. Flowers
minute, monoecious, terminal, yellow, the two sexes on separate branchlets; the
staminate oblong, of numerous decussate stamens, with short filaments enlarged
into broadly ovate connectives bearing 2-6 globose pendulous anther-cells; pistil-
late oblong or subglobose, composed of 6-10 thick decussate scales bearing in sev-
eral rows at tlie base of the ovuliferous scale numerous erect bottle-shaped ovules.
Fruit an erect nearly globose cone maturing in the second year, composed of the
much thickened ovule-bearing scales of the flower, abruptly dilated, clavate, and
flattened at the apex, bearing the remnants of the flower-scales developed into short
central more or less thickened mucros or bosses; long-persistent on the branch
after the escape of the seeds. Seeds numerous, in several rows, erect, thick, and
acutely angled or compressed, with thin lateral wings; seed-coat of 2 layers, the
outjBr thin and membranaceous, the inner thicker and crustaceous; cotyledons 3 or
4, longer than the superior radicle.

Cupressus with ten or twelve species is confined to Pacific North America and
Mexico in the New World and to southeastern Europe, southwestern Asia, the Hima-
layas, and China in the Old World, Of the exotic species Cupressus semper vir ens, L.,
of southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia, and especially its pyramidal variety,
are often planted for ornament in the south Atlantic and Pacific states.

Cupressus is the classical name of the Cypress-tree.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Leaves obscurely g-landular.

Branchlets stout; leaves dark green. 1. C. macrocarpa (G).

Branchlets stout ; leaves glaucous. 2. C. Arizonica (F, H).

Branchlets slender ; leaves dark green. 3. C. Goveniana (G).

Branchlets stout ; leaves dark green ; seeds black. 4. C. pygmaea (G).

Leaves conspicuously glandular ; branchlets slender ; leaves dark green, often slightly

glaucous. 5. C. Macnabiana (G).

1. Cupressus macrocarpa, Gord. Monterey Cypress.

Leaves about \' long, dark green, on young plants prominently ridged below and
\'-\' long; deciduous at the end of three or four years. Flowers opening late in Feb-
ruary or early in March, yellow; staminate with 6 or 8 stamens, their connectives
bearing 4 or 5 dark-colored pollen-sacs; pistillate oblong, with spreading acumi-
nate scales. Fruit clustered on short stout peduncles, oblong, slightly puberulous,
I'-iy long, about |' broad, composed of 4 or 6 pairs of scales, with broadly ovate thick-
ened or occasionally on the upper scales subconical bosses, the scales of the upper
and lower pairs being smaller than the others and sterile; seeds about 20 under each
fertile scale, angled, light chestnut-brown, about ^^' long.

A tree, often 60o-70° high, with a short trunk 2°-3° or exceptionally 5°-6°

78

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

in diameter, slender erect branches forming a narrow or broad bushy pyramidal
head, becoming stout and spreading in old age into a broad tlat-topped crown, stout

branchlets covered when
the leaves fall at the end
.of three or four years
with thin light or dark
reddish brown bark sep-
arating into small pa-
pery scales. Bark |'-1'
thick and irregularly di-
vided into broad flat con-
nected ridges separating
freely into narrow elon-
gated thick persistent
scales, dark red-brown
on young stems and up-
per branches, becoming
at last almost white on
old and exposed trunks. Wood heavy, hard and strong, very durable, close-grained.
Distribution. Coast of California south of the Bay of Monterey, occupying an area
about two miles long and two hundred yards wide from Cypress Point to the shores
of Carmel Bay, with a small grove on Point Lobos, the southern boundary of the bay.
Universally cultivated in the Pacific states from Vancouver Island to Lower Cali-
fornia, and often used in hedges and for wind-breaks; occasionally planted in the
southeastern states; much planted in western and southern Europe, temperate South
America, and in Australia and New Zealand.

2. Cupressus Arizonica, Greene. Cypress.

Leaves thick, keeled, usually without glands, pale glaucous green, about |' long,
dying and becoming light red-brown and glaucous in their second season, and
remainino- on the
branches for two or
three years longer.
FloTvers : stami-
nate oblong, obtuse,
their 6 or 8 stamens
with broadly ovate
acute yellow connec-
tives slightly erose
on the margins; pis-
tillate not seen.
Fruit on stout pe-
duncles, \'-^' long,
subglobose, slightly
puberulous, about 1'
in diameter, dark

red-brown, covered with a thick glaucous bloom, their 6 or occasionally 8 scales with
stout cylindrical pointed or incurved prominent bosses; seeds oblong to nearly tri-
angular, yg'-^' long, dark red-brown, with thin narrow wings.

rici 69

CONIFERS

79

A tree, usually 30°-40° but occasionally 70° high, with a trunk 2°-4° in diame-
ter, horizontal branches forming a narrow pyramid or occasionally a broad flat head,
and stout branchlets covered after the leaves have fallen with smooth close thin light
red-brown bark more or less covered with a glaucous bloom. Bark of young trunks
and branches broken into large irregular thin scales, becoming on old trees dark red-
brown, and separating freely into long shreds l'-2' wide, and often persistent for
many years. Wood light, soft, close-grained, gray often faintly streaked with
yellow.

Distribution. Mountains of central, eastern, and southern Arizona, often on
northern slopes forming almost pure forests of considerable extent at elevations of
5000°-6000° above the sea; on the mountains of northern Souora and Chihuahua.

Rarely cultivated as an ornamental tree in western Europe.

3. Cupressus Goveniana, Gord. Cypress.

Leaves obscurely glandular or without glands, dark green, j^g'— |' long, turning
bright red-brown in drying and falling at the end of three or four years; on young

plants i'-V lo"g«
Flowers : staminate
with thin slightly
erose connectives;
pistillate of 6 or 8
acute slightly spread-
ing scales. Fruit
subglobose or oblong,
^'-1' long, reddish
brown or purple, lus-
trous, slightly puber-
ulous, its 6 or 8 scales
with broadly ovate
generally rounded
and flattened and
rarely short-obconical
bosses; seeds light brown and lustrous, ^' long, about 20 under each fertile scale.

A tree, occasionally 50° high, with a short trunk 2° in diameter, slender erect or
spreading branches forming a handsome open head, and thin branchlets covered with
close smooth bark, at first orange-colored, becoming bright reddish brown, and ulti-
mately purple or dark brown; usually much smaller and often shrubby. Bark
\'-^' thick, dark brown tinged with red, irregularly divided into narrow ridges cov-
ered with thin persistent oblong scales. "Wood light, soft, not strong, light brown,
with thick nearly white sapwood.

Distribution. Widely distributed through the California coast regions from So-
noma County to the mountains of San Diego, frequently ascending in the canons of
the mountain ranges of the central part of the state to elevations of nearly 3000°
above the sea-level.

Occasionally cultivated in western and southern Europe as an ornamental tree.

f^iq 70

4. Cupressus pygmaea, Sarg. Cypress.

Leaves dark green, without glands. Flowers : staminate obscurely 4-angled,
with broadly ovate peltate connectives; pistillate with 6-10 ovate pointed scales.

80

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Fruit usually sessile, short-obloug, \'-^' loujj, its scales tenuiuuting iu small bosses;
seeds compressed, black, about I' long,

A tree, sometimes 30^^ bigb> ofteu begiuning to bear cones when only 1° or 2° tall,
with a trunk rarely more than 1'^ in diameter, ascending branches, and comparatively

stout bright reddish brown branchlets, becoming purple and ultimately dark reddish
brown. Bark bright reddish brown, about \' thick, and divided by shallow fissures
into fiat ridges separating on the surface into long thread-like scales. "Wood soft,
very coarse-grained, pale reddish brown.

Distribution. Sandy barrens of Mendocino County, California, in a narrow belt,
beginning about three quarters of a mile from the ocean, and extending inland for
three or four miles from Ten-Mile Run on the north to the Navarro on the south.

5. Cupressus Macnabiana, A. Murr. Cypress.

Leaves acute or rounded at the apex, rounded and conspicuously glandular on the
back, deep green, often slightly glaucous, usually not more than y^^' long. Flo"wers

in March and April, the
staminate nearly cylindri-
cal, obtuse, with broadly
ovate rounded connectives;
pistillate subglobose, with
broadly ovate scales short-
pointed and rounded at the
apex. Fruit oblong, sub-
sessile or raised on a slen-
der stalk, I'-l' long, dark
reddish brown more or
less covered with a glau-
cous bloom, slightly puber-
ulous, especially along the
margins of the 6 or rarely
8 scales, their prominent bosses thin and recurved on the lower scales, and much

PICj 79.

CONIFERS 81

thickened, conical, and more or less incurved on the upper scales ; seeds dark
chestnut-brown, usually rather less than yY long, with narrow wings.

A bushy tree, rarely 30^^ high, with a short trunk 12'-15' in diameter, slender
branches covered with close smooth compact bark, bright purple after the falling of
the leaves, soon becoming dark brown; more often a shrub with numerous stems
6°-12° tall forming a broad open irregular head. Bark thin, dark reddish brown,
broken into brown flat ridges, and separating on the surface into elongated thin
slightly attached long-persistent scales. Wood light, soft, very close-grained.

Distribution. California, dry hills and low slopes, Mt. -^tna, in central Napa
County through Lake County to Red Mountain on the east side of Ukiah Valley,
Mendocino County, and in Trinity County between Shasta and Whiskeytown.

Occasionally cultivated in western and southern Europe as an ornamental tree.

12. CHAMiECYPARIS.

Tall resinous pyramidal trees, with thin scaly or deeply furrowed bark, nodding
leading shoots, spreading branches, flattened, often deciduous or ultimately terete
branchlets 2-ranked in one horizontal plane, pale fragrant durable heartwood, thin
nearly white sapwood, and naked buds. Leaves scale-like, ovate, acuminate, with
slender spreading or appressed tips, opposite in pairs, becoming brown and woody
before falling, on vigorous sterile branches and young plants needle-shaped or linear-
lanceolate and spreading. Flowers minute, moncecious, terminal, the two sexes on
separate branchlets, the staminate oblong, of aiumerous decussate stamens, with
short filaments enlarged into ovate connectives decreasing in size from below upward
and bearing usually 2 pendulous globose anther-cells; the pistillate subglobose,
composed of usually 6 decussate fertile peltate scales bearing at the base of the ovu-
liferous scales 2-5 erect bottle-shaped ovules. Fruit an erect globose cone maturing
at the end of the first season, surrounded at the base by the sterile lower scales of
the flowers, formed by the enlargement of the ovule-bearing scales, abruptly dilated,
club-shaped and flattened at the apex, bearing the remnants of the flower-scales as
short prominent points or knobs; persistent on the branches after the escape of the
seeds. Seeds 1-5, erect on the slender stalk-like base of the scale, subcyliudrical
and slightly compressed ; seed-coat of 2 layers, the outer thin and membranaceous,
the inner thicker and crustaceous, produced into broad lateral wings; cotyledons 2,
longer than the superior radicle.

Chamaecyparis is confined to the Atlantic and Pacific coast regions of North
America, and to Japan and Formosa. Six species are distinguished. Of exotic species
the Japanese Retinosporas, ChamcEcyparis ohtusa, Endl., and Chamcecyparis pisifera,
Endl., with their numerous abnormal forms are familiar garden plants in all tem-
perate regions.

Chamcecyparis, is from X"M'*'> oJi the ground, and KvirdpiaaoSf cypress.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Bark thin, divided into flat ridges.

Branchlets slender, often compressed ; leaves dull blue-green, usually conspicuously

glandular. 1. C. thyoides (A, C).

Branchlets stout, slightly flattened or terete ; leaves dark blue-green, usually without

glands. 2. C. Nootkateusis (B, G).

Bark thick, divided into broad rounded ridges.

Branchlets slender, compressed ; leaves bright green, conspicuously glandular.

3. C. Lawsoniana (G).

82 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

1. Chameecyparis thyoides, Britt. "White Cedar.

(Cupressus thyoides, Sllva N. Am. x. 111.)

Leaves closely appressed or spreading at the apex, especially on vigorous leading
shoots, keeled and glandular or conspicuously glandular-punctate on the back, dark
dull blue-green, at the north becoming russet-brown during the winter, t^g'-V long,
dying during the second season and then persistent for many years. FloTvers : stami-
nate composed of 5 or G pairs of stamens, with ovate connectives rounded at the apex,
dark brown below the middle, nearly black toward the apex; pistillate subglobose,
with ovate acute spreading pale liver-colored scales and black ovules. Fruit globose,
^' in diameter, sessile on a short leafy branch, light green covered with a glaucous

bloom when fully grown, then bluish purple and very glaucous, finally becoming dark
red-brown, its scales terminating in ovate acute, often reflexed bosses; seeds 1 or 2
under each fertile scale, ovate, acute, full and rounded at the base, sightly com-
pressed, gray-brown, about ^ long, with wings as broad as the body of the seed and
dark red-brown.

A tree, 70°-80° high, with a tall trunk usually about 2 and occasionally 3°-4°
in diameter, slender horizontal branches forming a narrow spire-like head, 2-ranked
compressed branchlets disposed in an open fan-shaped more or less deciduous spray,
the persistent gradually becoming terete, light green tinged with red, light reddish
brown during the first winter, and then dark brown, their thin close bark separating
slightly at the end of three or four years into small papery scales. Bark |'-1'
thick, light reddish brown, and divided irregularly into narrow flat connected ridges
often spirally twisted round the stem, separating on the surface into elongated loose
or closely appresse.d plate-like scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained,
slightly fragrant, light brown tinged with red; largely used in boat-building and
cooperage, for woodenware, shingles, the interior finish of houses, fence-posts, and
railway-ties.

Distribution. Cold swamps usually immersed during several months of the
year, often forming dense pure forests, from southern Maine southward only near
the coast to northern Florida, and westward to the valley of the Pearl River, Mis-
sissippi; most abundant south of Massachusetts Bay; comparatively rare east of
Boston and west of Mobile Bay.

CONIFERS

83

Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in the eastern states and in the coun-
tries of temperate Europe.

2. Chamaecyparis Nootkatensis, Lamb. Yello-w Cypress, Sitka Cypress.

(Cupressus Nootkatensis, Silva N. Am. x. 115.)

Leaves rounded, eglandular or glandular-pitted on the back, dark blue-green,
closely appressed, about \' long, on vigorous leading branchlets somewhat spreading
and often i' long, with
more elongated and
sharper points ; begin-
nins: to die at the end
of their second year
and usually falling dur-
inon the third season.
Flowers : staminate
on lateral branchlets of
the previous year, com-
posed of 4 or 5 pairs of
stamens, with ovate
rounded slightly erose
light yellow connec-
tives ; pistillate clus-
tered near the ends of

upper branchlets, dark liver color, the fertile scales bearing 2^ ovules each. Fruit
ripening in September and October, subglobose, nearly l' in diameter, dark red-
brown, with usually 4 or 6 scales tipped with prominent erect pointed bosses and
frequently covered with conspicuous resin-glands; seeds 2-4 under each scale, ovate,
acute, slightly flattened, about ^' long, dark red-brown, with thin light red-brown
wings often nearly twice as wide as the body of the seed.

A tree, frequently 120° high, with a tall trunk 5°-6° in diameter, horizontal
branches forming a narrow pyramidal head, stout distichous somewhat flattened or
terete light yellow branchlets often tinged with red at first, dark or often bright
red-brown during their third season, ultimately paler and covered with close thin
smooth bark. Bark ^-f' thick, light gray tinged with brown, irregularly fissured
and separated on the surface into large thin loose scales. Wood hard, rather
brittle, very close-grained, exceedingly durable, bright clear yellow, with very thin
nearly white sapwood; fragrant, wath an agreeable resinous odor; used in boat and
shipbuilding, the interior finish of houses, and the manufacture of furniture.

Distribution. Southwestern Alaska, and southward over the highlands and coast
mountains of Alaska and British Columbia, and along the Cascade Mountains of
Washington and Oregon to the valley of the Santiam River, extending eastward to
the head-waters of the Yakima River on the eastern slope of the range; most abun-
dant and of its largest size near the coast of Alaska and northern British Columbia,
ranging from the sea-level up to elevations of 3000° ; at high elevations on the Cas-
cade Mountains sometimes a low shrub.

Occasionally cultivated, with its numerous abnormal forms, as an ornamental tree
in the middle Atlantic states and in California, and commonly in the countries of
western and central Europe.

84

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

3. Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana, A. Murr. Port Oiford Cedar. Law^son

Cypress.

(Cupressus Lawsoniana, Silva N. Am. x. 110.)

Leaves bright green, conspicuously glandular on the back, usually not more than
^^' long on lateral branchlets, on leading shoots often spreading at the apex, \' to
nearly ^' long; usually dying, turning bright red-brown and falling during their
third year. Flowers : starninate with bright red connectives bearing usually 2 pol-
len-sacs; pistillate with dark ovate acute spreading scales, each bearing 2-4 ovules.
Fruit clustered on the upper lateral branchlets and produced in great profusion,
ripening in September and October, globose, about \' in diameter, green and glaucous
when full grown, red-brown and often covered with a bloom at maturity, its scales
with thin broadly ovate acute reflexed bosses ; seeds 2-4 under each fertile scale,
ovate, acute, slightly compressed, \' long, light chestnut-brown, with broad thin wings.

A tree, often 200° high, with a tall trunk frequently 12° in diameter above its
abruptly enlarged base, a spire-like head of small horizontal or pendulous branches
clothed with remote fiat spray frequently 6'-8' long. Bark often 10' thick at the

f-\c, 75

base of old trees and 3'-4' thick on smaller stems, dark reddish brown, with 2 dis-
tinct layers, the inner \'-\' thick, darker, more compact, and firmer than the outer,
divided into great broad-based rounded ridges separated on the surface into small
thick closely appressed scales. "Wood light, hard, strong, very close-grained, abound-
ing in fragrant resin, durable, easily worked, light yellow or almost white, with
hardly distinguishable sapwood ; largely manufactured Into lumber used for the
interior finish and flooring of buildings, railway-ties, fence-posts, and ship and boat-
building, and on the Pacific coast almost exclusively for matches. The resin is a
powerful diuretic.

Distribution. Usually scattered in small groves from the shores of Coos Bay,
southwestern Oregon, south to the mouth of the Klamath River, California, ranging
inland usually for about thirty miles; also near Waldorf, in Josephine County, Ore-
gon, on the slopes of the Siskiyou Mountains, and on the southern flanks of Mt.
Shasta; most abundant north of Rogue River on the Oregon coast and attaining its
largest size on the western slopes of the Coast Range foothills, forming between Point

CONIFERS 85

Gregory and the mouth of the Coquille River a nearly continuous forest belt
twenty miles long.

Often cultivated with the innumerable forms originated in nurseries, in the middle
Atlantic states and California, and in all the temperate countries of Europe.

13. JUNIPERUS, L. Juniper.

Puno-ent aromatic trees or shrubs, with usually thin shreddy bark, soft close-grained
durable wood, slender branches, and scaly or naked buds. Leaves sessile, in whorls
of 3, persistent for many years, convex on the lower side, concave and stomatiferous
above, linear-subulate, sharp-pointed, without glands; or scale-like, ovate, opposite in
pairs or ternate, closely imbricated, appressed and adnate to the branch, glandular on
the back, becoming brown and woody on the branch, but on young plants and vigor-
ous shoots often free and awl-shaped. Flowers minute, dicecious, axillary or terminal
on short axillary l^anches from buds formed the previous autumn on branches of
the year; the staminate solitary, oblong-ovate, with numerous stamens decussate or
in 3's, their filaments enlarged into ovate or peltate yellow scale-like connectives
bearing near the base 2-6 globose pollen-sacs; the pistillate ovoid, surrounded at
the base by many minute scale-like bracts persistent and unchanged under the fruit,
composed of 2-6 opposite or ternate pointed scales alternate with or bearing on their
inner face at the base on a minute ovuliferous scale 1 or 2 ovules. Fruit a berry-like
succulent fleshy blue, blue-black, or red strobile formed by the coalition of the flower-
scales, inclosed in a membranaceous epidermis covered with a glaucous bloom, ripening
during the first, second, or rarely during the third season, smooth or marked by the
ends of the flower-scales, or by the pointed tips of the ovules, closed, or open at the
top and exposing the apex of the seeds. Seeds 1-12, ovate, acute or obtuse, terete
or variously angled, often longitudinally grooved by depressions caused by the pres-
sure of resin-cells in the flesh of the fruit, smooth or roughened and tuberculate,
light chestnut-brown, marked below by the large conspicuous usually 2-lobed hilum;
seed-coat of 2 layers, the outer thick and bony, the inner thin, membranaceous or
crustaceous; cotyledons 2, or 4-6, about as long as the superior radicle.

Juniperus is widely scattered over the northern hemisphere from the Arctic Cir-
cle to the highlands of Mexico, Lower California, and the West Indies in the New
-World, and to the Azores and Canary Islands, northern Africa, Abyssinia, the moun-
tains of east tropical Africa, Sikkim, central China, and the mountains of southern
Japan in the Old World. About thirty-five species are now distinguished. Of the
exotic species cultivated in the United States the most common are European forms
of Juniperus communis, L., with fastigiate branches, and dwarf forms of Juniperus
Sabina, L., and of Juniperus recurva, D. Don, of the Himalayas.

Juniperus is the classical name of the Juniper.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Flowers axillary; stamens decussate; ovules 3, alternate with the scales of the flower, their
tips persistent on the fruit ; seeds usually 3 ; leaves in 3's, awl-shaped, rigid, free and
jointed at the base, without glands ; buds scaly.

Fruit subglobose, bright blue covered with a glaucous bloom ; leaves spreading, dark
yellow-green, channeled and white glaucous on the upper surface.

1. J. communis (A, B, F).
Flowers terminal, on short axillary branchlets ; stamens decussate or in 3's ; ovules in the

86 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

axils of small fleshy scales, often enlarged and conspicuous on the fruit; seeds 1-12;
leaves in 3's or opposite, mostly scale-like, crowded, closely appressed and adnate on the
branches, free and awl-shaped on vigorous shoots and young plants ; buds naked.
Fruit large, reddish brown^ with dry fibrous sweet flesh.
Seeds single or few ; cotyledons 4-6.

Fruit usually oblong ; seeds 1 or 2 ; leaves in 3's, rounded at the apex, conspicu-
ously glandular on the back ; branchlets stout. 2. J. Calif ornica (G).
Fruit mostly globose ; seeds usually solitary ; leaves in 3's or in pairs, acute or
acuminate, without glands ; branchlets slender. 3. J. Utaheiisis (F, G).
Seeds 4-12 ; cotyledons 2.

Fruit oblong or globose ; leaves in pairs, glandular, often slightly spreading at the
acute or acuminate apex; branchlets slender. 4. J. flaccida (F).

Fruit globose ; seeds usually 4 ; leaves in pairs, acute, glandular ; branchlets slen-
der ; bark thin, broken into small oblong plates. 5, J. pachyphlaea (E, F, H).
Fruit small (large in 6), blue or blue-black {rarely copper color in 7), with resinous
juicy flesh ; seeds 1-4 ; cotyledons 2.
Fruit subglobose or oblong, the flesh filled with large resin-glands ; seeds 2 or 3 ;
leaves in 3's, conspicuously glandular ; branchlets stout.

6. J. occidentalis (B, G).
• Fruit globose or oblong ; seeds 1 or rarely 2 ; leaves usually without glands ;

branchlets slender. 7. J. monosperma (F).

Fruit globose ; seeds 1-4 ; leaves obtuse or rarely acute, keeled and glandular ;
branchlets slender. 8. J. sabiiioides (C).

Fruit subglobose ; seeds 1-4 ; leaves acute, acuminate, or rarely obtuse, glandu-
lar ; branchlets stout, often erect. 9. J. Virginiaiia (A, C).
Fruit small, subglobose ; seeds usually 2 ; leaves in pairs, acute or acuminate,
glandular ; branchlets very slender ; pendulous. 10. J. Barbadensis (C).
Fruit subglobose, maturing the second season ; seeds usually 2 ; leaves acute or
acuminate; branchlets rigid, often erect. 11. J. scopulorum (B, F).

1. Leaves awl-shaped, rigid, free and jointed at the base.

1. Juniperus communis, L. Juniper.

Leaves in ternate whorls, spreading nearly at right angles to the branchlets, linear-
lanceolate, acute and tipped with sharp slender points, articulate and truncate at the
base, thickened, rounded, obscurely ridged, dark green and lustrous on the lower
surface, snowy white and covered with stomata on the upper surface, y-^' long, about
^' wide, turning during winter a deep rich bronze color on the lower surface, per-
sistent for many years. Flowers : staminate composed of 5 or 6 whorls each of 3
stamens, with broadly ovate acute and short-pointed connectives, bearing at the very
base 3 or 4 globose anther-cells; pistillate surrounded by 5 or 6 whorls of ternate
leaf-like scales, composed of 3 slightly spreading ovules abruptly enlarged and open
at the apex, with 3 minute obtuse fleshy scales below and alternate with them.
Fruit maturing in the third season, subglobose or oblong, tipped with the remnants
of the enlarged points of the ovules, about \' in diameter, with soft mealy resinous
sweet flesii and 1-3 seeds; often persistent on the branches one or two years after
ripening; seeds ovate, acute, irregularly angled or flattened, deeply penetrated by
numerous prominent thin-walled resin-glands, about \' long, the outer coat thick and
bony, the inner membranaceous.

In America only occasionally tree-like and 20°-30° tall, with a short eccentric ir-
regularly lobed trunk rarely a foot in diameter, erect branches forming an irregular

CONIFERiE

87

open head, slender brauehlets, smooth, lustrous, and conspicuously 3-angled between
the short nodes during their first and second years, light yellow tinged with red,
gradually growing darker, their dark red-brown bark separating in the third season
into small thin scales, and ovate acute buds about ^ long and loosely covered with
scale-like leaves ; more often a shrub, with many short slender stems prostrate at
the base and turning upward and forming a broad mass sometimes 20° across and
3° or 4° high; at high elevations and in the extreme north prostrate, with long de-
cumbent stems (var. Sibirica, Rydb.). Bark about ^^g' thick, dark reddish brown,
separating irregularly into many loose papery persistent scales. Wood hard, close-
grained, very durable in contact with the soil, light brown, with pale sapwood. In

northern Europe the sweet aromatic fruit of this tree is used in large quantities to
impart its peculiar flavor to gin ; occasionally employed in medicine.

Distribution. Southern Greenland to the highlands of Pennsylvania, northern
Nebraska, along the Rocky Mountains to western Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona,
and on the Pacific coast from Alaska to northern California, only becoming truly
arborescent in America on the limestone hills of southern Illinois ; in the Old World
widely distributed through all the northern hemisphere from arctic Asia and Europe
to the Himalayas and the mountains of the Mediterranean Basin.

Often planted, especially in some of its pyramidal and dwarf forms, in the eastern
United States and in the countries of western, central, and northern Europe.

2. Leaves scale-like, closely appressed and adnate to the branches.
*Fruit large, reddish brown.
-t-Seeds single or few.

2. Juniperus Californioa, Carr. Juniper.

Leaves usually in 3's, closely appressed, thickened, slightly keeled and conspicu-
ously glandular-pitted on the back, rounded at the apex, distinctly cartilaginously
fringed on the margins, light yellow-green, about ^' long, dying and turning brown
on the branch at the end of two or three years; on vigorous shoots linear-lanceolate,
rigid, sharp-pointed, j-^' long, whitish on the upper surface. Flovrers from
January to March; staminate of 18-20 stamens, disposed in 3's, with rhomboidal

88

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

short-pointed connectives; scales of the pistillate flower usually 6, ovate, acute,

spreading, obliter-
ated or minute on
the fruit. Fruit
ripening in the au-
tumn of the second
season, globose or
oblong, ^'-|' long,
reddish brown, with
membranaceous

f'WZ

a

loose epidermis cov-
ered with a thick
glaucous bloom, thin
fibrous dry sweet
flesh, and 1 or 2
large seeds; seeds
ovate, acute, sharp-
pointed, irregularly
lobed and angled, with a thick shell, the outer coat hard and bony, the inner thin,
white, and cartilaginous, and 4-6 cotyledons.

A conical tree, occasionally 40° high, with a straight large-lobed unsymmetrical
trunk l°-2° in diameter; more often shrubby, with many stout irregular usually con-
torted stems forming a broad open head. Bark thin and divided into long loose
plate-like scales ashy gray on the outer surface and persistent for many years. Wood
soft, close-grained, durable in contact with the soil, light brown slightly tinged with
red, with thin nearly white sap wood ; used for fencing and fuel. The fruit is eaten
by Indians fresh or ground into flour.

Distribution. Dry mountain slopes and plains from the valley of the lower Sac-
ramento River southward through the California coast-ranges to Lower California,
spreading inland along the southern coast mountains to their union with the Sierra
Nevada, and northward along the western slopes of the sierras to the neighborhood
of Kernville; also on the desert slopes of the Tehachapi Mountains, or the north-
ern foothills of the San Bernardino Mountains, and on the eastern slopes of the San
Jacinto and Cuyamaca ranges.

3. Juniperus Utahensis, Lemm. Juniper.

Leaves opposite or occasionally in 3's, rounded, mostly without glands on the back,
acute or often acuminate, light yellow-green, rather less than i' long, persistent for
many years, the elongated and long-pointed leaves of young shoots passing gradually
into the. acerose leaves of more vigorous shoots and seedling plants. Flowers :
staminate with 18-24 opposite or ternate stamens, their connectives rhomboidal;
scales of the pistillate flower acute, spreading, often in pairs. Fruit ripening during
the autumn of the second season, subglobose or oblong, marked by the more or less
prominent tips of the flower-scales, reddish brown, with a thick firm epidermis cov-
ered with a glaucous bloom and closely investing the thin dry sweet flesh, ^'-j long,
with 1 or rarely 2 seeds; seeds ovate, acute, conspicuously acutely angled, marked
nearly to the apex by the hilum, ye'-^' long, with a hard bony shell, a membranaceous
pale brown inner seed-coat, and 4-6 cotyledons.

A bushy tree, rarely exceeding 20° in height, with a short usually eccentric trunk

CONIFERJE 89

sometimes 2° in diameter, generally divided near the ground by irregular deep fis-
sures into broad rounded ridges, many erect contorted branches forming a broad open
head, slender light yellow-green branchlets covered after the falling of the leaves
with thin light red-brown scaly bark; more often with numerous stems spreading
from the ground and frequently not more .than 8°-10° high. Bark about \' thick,

ri<. 78

ashy gray or sometimes nearly white, and broken into long tliin persistent scales.
Wood light brown, slightly fragrant, with thick nearly white sapwood ; largely used
locally for fuel and fencing. The fruit is eaten by Indians fresh or ground and
baked into cakes.

Distribution. In the desert region between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra
Nevada, where it is the most abundant and most generally distributed tree, from the
western foothills of the Wahsatch Mountains in eastern Utah to southeastern Cali-
fornia, northern Arizona, western Colorado, and southern Wyoming; in central
Nevada often descending into the valleys and forming open stunted forests at ele-
vations of about 5000°; more abundant and of larger size on arid slopes to eleva-
tions of 8000° above the sea in dense nearly pure forests.

-« — *- Seeds j^-12.

4. Juniperus flaocida, Schlecht. Juniper.

Leaves opposite, long-pointed, and sometimes slightly spreading at the apex,
rounded and conspicuously glandular on the back, light yellow-green, about \' long,
turning cinnamon-red and dying on the branch; on vigorous young shoots ovate-
lanceolate, sometimes ^ long, with elongated rigid callous tips. Flo"wers: stami-
nate slender, composed of 16-20 stamens, with ovate pointed connectives promi-
nently keeled on the back; pistillate with acute or acuminate spreading scales.
Fruit globose or oblong, irregularly tuberculate, dull red-brown, more or less
covered with a glaucous bloom, marked by the numerous reflexed tips of the flower-
scales, ^'-f' long, with a close firm epidermis and dry mealy flesh ; seeds 4-12,
often abortive and distorted, about \' long, with 2 cotyledons.

A tree, occasionally 30° high, with gracefully spreading branches and long slender
drooping branchlets, covered after the leaves fall with thin bright cinnamon-brown
bark separating into thin loose papery scales; often a shrub.

90

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

;V\ T'^ 79

Distribution. In the United States only on the slopes of the Chisos Mountains
in southwestern Texas; common in northeastern Mexico, growing at elevations of
6000°-8000° on the hills east of the Mexican table-lands.

Occasionally cultivated in the gardens of southern France and Algeria.

5. Juniperus pachyphlaea, Torr. Juniper. Checkered-bark Juniper.

Leaves in pairs, appressed, rounded and apiculate at the apex, thickened, obscurely
keeled and glandular on the back, bluish green, rather less than 1' long; on vigorous
shoots and young branchlets linear-lanceolate, tipped with slender elongated points,
and pale blue-green like the young branchlets. Flowers opening in February and
March, the staminate stout, ^ long, with 10 or 12 stamens, their connectives broadly
ovate, obscurely keeled on the back, short-pointed; scales of the pistillate flower
ovate, acuminate, and spreading. Fruit ripening in the autumn of the second
season, globose or oblong, irregularly tuberculate, about ^' long, usually marked

pic, SO

with the short tips of the flower-scales, occasionally opening and discharging the
seeds at the apex, dark red-browm, more or less covered with a glaucous bloom,
especially during the first season and then occasionally bluish in color, with a thin
.epidermis closely investing the thick dry mealy flesh, and usually 4 seeds; seeds
acute, conspicuously ridged and gibbous on the back, with a thick shell, a pale inner
seed-coat, and 2 cotyledons.

CONIFERS

91

A tree, often o0°-60° high, with a short trunk 3° -5° in diameter, long stout
spreading branches forming a broad-based pyramidal or ultimately a compact round-
topped head, and slender branchlets covered after the disappearance of the leaves
with thin light red-brown usually smooth close bark occasionally broken into laro-e
thin scales. Bark |'-4' thick, dark brown tinged with red, deeply fissured and
divided into nearly square plates V-2' long, and separating on the surface into small
thin closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained,
clear light red often streaked with yellow, with thin nearly white sapwood. The
fruit is gathered and eaten by Indians.

Distribution. Dry arid mountain slopes usually at elevations of 4000°-6000°
above the sea, from the Eagle and Limpio mountains in southwestern Texas, west-
ward along the desert ranges of New Mexico and Arizona, south of the Colorado
plateau, extending northward to the lower slopes of many of the high mountains of
northern Arizona and southward into Mexico.

** Fruit small [large in G'], blue or blue-black j seeds 1-J^.

6. Juniperus occidentalis, Hook. Juniper.

Leaves in 3's, closely appressed, acute or acuminate, rounded and conspicuously
glandular on the back, gray-green, about \' long. Flowers : staminate stout, obtuse,
with 12-18 stamens, their connectives broadly ovate, rounded, acute or apiculate and

Piq ^\

scarious or slightly ciliate on the margins; scales of the pistillate flower ovate,
acute, spreading, mostly obliterated from the fruit. Fruit subglobose or oblong,
\'-\' long, with a thick firm blue-black epidermis coated with a glaucous bloom, thin
dry flesh filled with large resin-glands, and 2 or 3 seeds ; seeds ovate, acute, rounded
and deeply grooved or pitted on the back, flattened on the inner surface, about
\' long, with a thick bony shell, a thin brown inner seed-coat, and 2 cotyledons.

A tree, occasionally 60° high, with a tall straight trunk 2°-3° in diameter, more
often hardly exceeding 20° in height, with a short trunk sometimes 10° in diameter,
enormous branches, spreading at nearly right angles and forming a broad low head,
and stout branchlets covered after the leaves fall with thin bright red-brown bark
broken into loose papery scales; frequently when growing on dry rocky slopes and

92

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

toward the northern limits of its range shruhby, with many short erect or semi-
prostrate stems. Bark about ^' thick, bright cinnamon-red, divided by broad shallow
fissures into wide liat irregularly connected ridges separating on the surface into thin
lustrous scales. "Wood light, soft, very close-grained, exceedingly durable, light red
or brown, with thick nearly white sapwood ; used for fencing and fuel. The fruit is
gathered and eaten by the California Indians.

Distribution. ISIountain slopes and high prairies of western Idaho and western
Washington and Oregon, along the summits and upper slopes of the Sierra Nevada
of California, southward to the San Bernardino Mountains; attaining its greatest
trunk diameter on the wind-swept peaks of the California sierras, usually at eleva-
tions between 6000° and 10,000° above the sea.

7. Juniperus monosperma, Sarg. Juniper.

Leaves in pairs or rarely in 3's, often slightly spreading at the apex, acute or
occasionally acuminate, much thickened and rounded on the back, usually without

or occasionally with obscure dorsal glands, gray-green, rather less than ^' long, turn-
ing bright red-brown before falling; on vigorous shoots and young plants ovate, acute,
tipped with long rigid points, thin, conspicuously glandular on the back, often ^' long.
Flowers : staminate with 8-10 stamens, their broadly ovate, rounded, or pointed con-
nectives slightly erose on the margins; pistillate with spreading pointed scales.
Fruit globose or oblong, ^'-\' long, dark blue or occasionally copper color, with a
thick firm epidermis covered with a thin glaucous bloom, thin resinous flesh, and 1 or
rarely 2 or 3 seeds; seeds broadly ovate, often 4-angled, somewhat obtuse at the'
apex, with numerous slender grooves between the ridges, a comparatively thin brittle
shell, and 2 cotyledons.

A tree, occasionally 40°-50° high, with a stout much-lobed and buttressed trunk
sometimes 3° in diameter, short stout branches forming an open very irregular
head, and slender branchlets covered after the falling of the leaves with light red-
brown bark spreading freely into thin loose scales. Bark thin, ashy gray, divided
into irregularly connected ridges, broken into long narrow persistent shreddy scales.
Wood heavy, slightly fragrant, light reddish brown, with nearly white sapwood and
eccentric layers of annual growth; largely used for fencing and fuel. The fruit is

CONIFERS

93

ground into flour and baked by the Indians, who use the thin strips of fibrous bark
in making saddles, breechcloths, and sleeping-mats.

Distribution. Along the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains from the divide
between the Platte and Arkansas rivers in Colorado to western Texas, spreading
over the Colorado plateau, over the mountain ranges of Nevada, southern New
Mexico and Arizona, and southward into northern Mexico; often covering, with the
Nut Pine, in southern Colorado and Utah, and in northern and central New Mexico
and Arizona, great areas of rolling hills 6O00°-700O° above the sea-level; reaching
its largest size in northern Arizona.

8. Juniperus sabinoides, Nees. Cedar. Rock Cedar.

Leaves in pairs, thickened and keeled on the back, obtuse or acute at the apex,
mostly without glands, rather more than -^q' long, dark blue-green; on vigorous
young shoots and seedling plants lanceolate, long-pointed, rigid, i -^' long. Flowers :
staminate with 12-18 stamens, their connectives ovate, obtuse, or slightly cuspidate;
scales of the pistillate flower ovate, acute, and spreading, very conspicuous when the
fruit is half grown, becoming obliterated at its maturity. Fruit subglobose, \'-^' in
diameter, dark blue, with a thin epidermis covered with a glaucous bloom, sweet
resinous flesh, and 1 or rarely 2 seeds; seeds broadly ovate, acute, slightly or

Fic, 83

conspicuously ridged, rarely tuberculate, nearly 1' long and 1' thick, with a small
hilum, a thin outer seed-coat, a membranaceous dark brown inner coat, and 2 coty-
ledons.

A tree, occasionally 100° but generally not more than 20°-30° high, with a short
or elongated slightly lobed trunk seldom exceeding a foot in diameter, small spread-
ing branches forming a wide round-topped open and irregular or a narrow pyramidal
head, slender sharply 4-angled branchlets becoming terete after the falling of the
leaves, light reddish brown or ashy gray, with smooth or slightly scaly bark; often a
shrub, with numerous spreading stems. Bark on young stems and on the branches
gray tinged with red, covered with a network of flat plates, scaly on the surface and
separated on the margins into thin pale shreds, becoming on old trees \'-^' thick,
brown tinged with red, and divided into long narrow slightly attached scales per-
sistent for many years and clothing the trunk with a loose thatch-like covering.

94

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Wood light, hard, not strong, slightly fragrant, brown streaked with red; largely
used for fencing, fuel, telegraph-poles, and railway-ties.

Distribution. From Brazos County over the low limestone hills of western and
southern Texas, and southward into Mexico; forming great thickets and growing to
its largest size on the San Bernardo River; much smaller farther westward, and
usually shrubby at the limits of vegetation on the high mountains of central Mexico.

9. Juniperus Virginiana, L. Red Cedar. Savin.

Leaves in opposite pairs, acute or acuminate with short slender points or occa-
sionally obtuse, rounded and glandular or eglandular on the back, about Jg' long,

dark blue-green or glaucous, at the north turning russet or yellow-brown during the
winter, beginning in their third season to grow hard and woody, and remaining two
or three years longer on the branches; on young plants and vigorous branches linear-
lanceolate, long-pointed, light yellow-green, without glands, ^'-f ' long. Flovrers :
dioecious or very rarely monoecious; staminate with 10 or 12 stamens, their connec-
tives rounded and entire, with 4 or occasionally 5 or 6 pollen-sacs; scales of the
pistillate flower violet color, acute and spreading, becoming obliterated from the
fruit. Fruit subglobose, Y-^' in diameter, pale green when fully grown, dark blue
and covered with a glaucous bloom at maturity, with a firm epidermis, thin sweet-
ish resinous flesh, and 1 or 2 or rarely 3 or 4 seeds; seeds acute and occasionally
apiculate at the apex, marked below with a comparatively small 2-lobed hilum,
i'-i' long, with a thick bony outer coat, a pale brown membranaceous inner coat,
and 2 cotyledons.

A tree, occasionally 100° high, with a trunk 3°-4° in diameter, often lobed and
eccentric, and frequently buttressed toward the base, generally not more than 40°-
50° tall, with short slender branches horizontal on the lower part of the tree, erect
above, forming a narrow compact pyramidal head, in old age usually becoming broad
and round-topped or irregular, and slender 4-angled branchlets terete after the dis-
appearance of the leaves and covered with close dark brown bark tinged with red or
gray. Bark ^'-j thick, light brown tinged with red, and separated into long narrow
scales fringed on the margins, and persistent for many years. "Wood light, close-
grained, brittle, not strong, dull red, with thin nearly white sapwood, very fragrant,
easily worked; largely used for posts, the sills of buildings, the interior finish of

CONIFERS

95

houses, the lining of closets and chests for the preservation of woolens against the
attacks of moths, and largely for pails and other small articles of woodenware. A
decoction of the fruit and leaves is used in medicine, and oil of red cedar distilled
from the leaves and wood as a perfume.

Distribution. Dry gravelly slopes and rocky ridges, often immediately on the sea-
coast, from southern Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to the coast of Georgia, the
interior of southern Alabama and Mississippi, and westward to the valley of the
lower Ottawa River, eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska and Kansas, the Indian Ter-
ritory and eastern Texas, not ascending the mountains of New England and New
York nor the high southern Alleghanies; in middle Kentucky and Tennessee, and
northern Alabama and Mississippi, covering great areas of low rolling limestone hills
with nearly pure forests of small bushy trees.

Often cultivated in the northern and eastern states as an ornamental tree and
occasionally in the gardens of western and central Europe.

10. Juniperus Barbadensis, L. Red Cedar.

Leaves opposite in pairs, narrow, acute or gradually narrowed above the middle
and acuminate, marked on the back by conspicuous oblong glands. Flo'wers open-
ing in early March, staminate elongated, ^' to nearly ^' long, with 10 or 12 stamens,
their connectives rounded, entire, and bearing usually 3 pollen-sacs; pistillate with
scales gradually narrowed above the middle, acute at the apex, and obliterated from

the ripe fruit. Fruit subglobose, dark blue, covered when ripe with a glaucous
bloom, usually about 1' in diameter, with a thin epidermis, sweet resinous flesh,
and usually 2 seeds.

A tree, sometimes 50° high, with a trunk occasionally 2° in diameter, small branches
erect when the tree is crowded in the forest, spreading when it has grown in open
ground and forming a broad flat-topped head often 30° or 40° in diameter, long
thin secondary branches erect at the top of the tree and pendulous below, and
slender 4-angled pendulous branchlets becoming light red-brown or ashy gray at the
end of four or five years after the disappearance of the leaves. Bark thin, light
red-brown, separating into long thin scales. Wood light, close, straight-grained,

96

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

fragrant, dull red; formerly exclusively used in the manufacture of the best lead
pencils.

Distribution. Inundated river swamps from southern Georgia, southward to the
shores of the Indian River, Florida, and on the west coast of Florida from the north-
ern shores of Charlotte Harbor to the valley of the Appalachicola River, often forming
great thickets under the shade of larger trees; common on the Bahamas, San Do-
mingo, the mountains of Jamaica, and Antigua.

Often planted for the decoration of squares and cemeteries in the cities and towns
in the neighborhood of the coast from Florida to western Louisiana, and now often
naturalized on the Gulf coast; occasionally cultivated in the temperate countries of
Europe, and in cultivation the most beautiful of the Junipers.

11. Juniperus scopulorum, Sarg. Red Cedar.

Leaves opposite in pairs, closely appressed, acute or acuminate, marked on the
back by obscure elongated glands, dark green, or often pale and very glaucous.
Flowers : staminate with about 6 stamens, their connectives rounded and entire,

bearing 4 or 5 anther-sacs ; scales of the pistillate flower spreading, acute or acumi-
nate, and obliterated from the mature fruit. Fruit ripening at the end of the second
season, nearly globose, \'-^' in diameter, bright blue, with a thin epidermis covered
with a glaucous bloom, sweet resinous flesh, and 1 or usually 2 seeds; seeds acute,
prominently grooved and angled, about y^' long, with a thick bony outer coat and a
small 2-lobed hilum.

A tree, 30°-40° high, with a short stout trunk sometimes 3° in diameter, often
divided near the ground into a number of stout spreading stems, thick spread-
ing and ascending branches covered with scaly bark, forming an irregular round-
topped head, and slender 4-angled branchlets becoming at the end of three or four
years terete and clothed with smooth pale bark separating later into thin scales.
Bark dark reddish brown or gray tinged with red, divided by shallow fissures
into narrow flat connected ridges broken on the surface into persistent shredded
scales.

Distribution. Scattered often singly over dry rocky ridges, except near the
coast usually at elevations of more than 6000° above the sea, from the eastern foot-

TAXACE^ 97

hill resrion of the Rockv Mountains from Alberta to western Texas, and westward to
the coast of British Columbia and Washington and to eastern Oregon, Nevada, and
northern Arizona.

II. TAXACEiE.

Slightly resinous trees and shrubs, producing when cut vigorous stump
shoots, with fissured or scaly bark, light-colored durable close-grained wood,
slender green branchlets, linear-lanceolate entire rigid acuminate sharp-pointed
spirally disposed leaves, usually appearing 2-ranked by a twist in their short
compressed petioles and persistent for many years, and small ovate acute buds.
Flowers opening in early spring from buds formed the previous autumn,
dicEcious, axillary and solitary, surrounded by the persistent decussate scales
of the buds, the staminate composed of numerous filaments united into a
column, each filament surmounted by several more or less united pendant pollen-
cells ; the pistillate of a single erect ovule, becoming in fruit a seed with a
hard bony shell, raised upon or more or less surrounded by the enlarged and
fleshy aril-like disk of the flower; embryo axile, in fleshy ruminate or uniform
albumen ; cotelydons 2, shorter than the superior radicle. Of the ten genera
widely distributed over the two hemispheres, two occur in North America.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN GENERA.

Filaments dilated into 4 pollen-sacs united into a half ring ; fruit drupe-like ; albumen
riiminate. 1. Tumion.

Filaments dilated into a globose head of 4-8 connate pollen-sacs ; fruit berry-like, scarlet ;
albumen uniform. 2. Taxus.

1. TUMION, Raf.

Glabrous fcetid or pungent aromatic trees, with fissured bark and verticillate or
opposite spreading or drooping branches. Leaves thin, long-pointed, abruptly con-
tracted at the base, slightly rounded on the back, grooved below, with a broad sto-
matiferous groove on each side of the midvein, revolute and slightly thickened on
the margins, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, often pale on the lower
surface. Flowers : the staminate crowded in the axils of adjacent leaves, oval or
oblong, composed of 6 or 8 close whorls each of 4 stamens, subverticillately arranged
on a slender axis ; filaments stout and expanded above into 4 globose yellow pollen-
sacs united into a half ring, their connectives produced above the cells ; the pistillate
less numerous and scattered, sessile, the ovule surrounded by and finally inclosed
in an ovate urn-shaped fleshy sac, and becoming at maturity an ovoid or obovate
drupe-like green or purple fruit pointed at the apex, separating when ripe from the
basal scales persistent on the short stout stalk, covered with a thick leathery outer
coat closely investing the seed. Seed ovoid, acute at the ends, apiculate at the apex,
marked at the base by the large dark hilum ; seed-coat thick and woody, its inner
layer folded into the thick white albumen.

Tumion is now confined to Florida, western California, Japan, and central and
northern China. Four species are recognized. Of the exotic species the Japanese
Tumion nuciferum, Greene, is occasionally cultivated in the eastern states.

Tumion is from 6{>fjiiov, a name given by the ancients to some kind of Yew-tree.

98

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

CONSPECTUS OF THE NOKTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Leaves slig-htly rounded on the back, pale on the lower surface ; fruit more or less deeply
tinged with purple ; leaves, branches, and wood fcBtid. 1. T. taxifolium (C).

Leaves nearly Hat, green below, elongated ; fruit green slightly tinged with purple ; leaves,
branches, and wood pungent-aromatic. 2. T. Californicum (G).

1. Tumion taxifolium, Greene. Stinking Cedar. Torreya.

Leaves slightly falcate, 1^' long, about |' wide, somewhat rounded, dark green and
lustrous above, paler and marked below with broad shallow grooves. Flow^ers
appearing in March and April; staminate with pale yellow anthers; pistillate broadly
ovate, with a dark purple fleshy covering to tlie ovule, i' long, and inclosed at the
base by broad thin rounded scales. Fruit fully grown at midsummer, slightly obovate,
dark purple, I'-l^ long, |' broad, with a thin leathery covering, a light red-brown
seed furnished on the inner surface of the brittle woody coat with 2 opposite longitu-
dinal thin ridges extending from the base toward the apex, and conspicuously rumi-
nate albumen penetrated by the brown inner seed-coat.

A tree, occasionally 40° high, with a short trunk l°-2° in diameter, whorls of
spreading slightly pendulous branches forming a rather open pyramidal head

tapering from a broad base. Bark 1' thick, brown faintly tinged with orange
color, and irregularly divided by broad shallow fissures into wide low ridges slightly
rounded on the back and covered with thin closely appress6d scales. Wood hard,
strong, clear bright yellow, with thin lighter colored sapwood; largely used for
fence-posts.

Distribution. Limestone soil on bluffs along the eastern bank of the Appalachi-
cola River, Florida, from River Junction to the neighborhood of Bristol, Gadsden
County.

Occasionally cultivated in the northern states and in' western Europe.

2. Tumion Californicum, Greene. California Nutmeg.

Leaves slightly falcate, nearly flat, dark green and lustrous on the upper, some-
what lighter and marked with deep narrow grooves on the lower surface, tipped with
slender callous points, l'-3^' long, -^q'-^' wide. Flowers appearing in March and

TAXACE^

99

April; staminate with broadly ovate acute scales; pistillate nearly ^' long, with
oblong ovate ronnded scales. Fruit ovate or oblong-ovate, I'-l^' long, light green
more or less streaked with purple.

. A tree, oO°-70° but occasionally 100° high, with a trunk l°-2° or rarely 4° in
diameter, and whorls of spreading slender slightly pendulous branches forming
a handsome pyramidal and in old age a round-topped head. Bark ^'-^' thick,
gray-brown tinged with orange color, deeply and irregularly divided by broad fis-
sures into narrow ridges covered with elongated loosely appressed plate-like scales.

Wood light, soft, close-grained, clear light yellow, with thin nearly white sap wood;
occasionally used for fence-posts.

Distribution. Borders of mountain streams, California, nowhere common but
widely distributed from Mendocino County to the Santa Cruz Mountains in the coast
region and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada from Eldorado to Tulare
County at elevations of 3000^-5000° above the sea; most abundant and of its largest
size on the northern coast ranges.

Rarely cultivated as an ornamental tree in western Europe.

2. TAXUS, L. Yew.

Trees or shrubs, with brown or dark purple scaly bark, and spreading usually hori-
zontal branches. Leaves flat, often falcate, gradually narrowed at the base, dark
green, smooth and keeled on the upper surface, paler, papillate, and stomatiferous
on the lower surface, their margins slightly thickened and revolute. Flowers : the
staminate composed of a slender stipe bearing at the apex a globular head of 4—8
pale yellow stamens consisting of 4-6 conical pendant pollen-sacs peltately con-
nate from the end of a short filament; the pistillate sessile in the axils of the upper
scale-like bracts of a short axillary branch, the ovule erect, sessile on a ring-like
disk, ripening in the autumn into an ovate-oblong seed gradually narrowed and
short-pointed at the apex, marked at the base by the much-depressed hilum, about ^'
long, entirely or nearly surrounded by but free from the now thickened succulent
translucent sweet scarlet aril-like disk of the flower closed or open at the apex;
seed-coat thick, of two layers, the outer thin and membranaceous or fleshy, the
inner much thicker and somewhat woody; albumen uniform.

100

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Taxus with six species, which can be distinguished only by their leaf characters and
habit, is widely distributed through the northern hemisphere, and is found in east-
ern North America where two species occur, in Pacific North America, Mexico, Europe
northern Africa, western and southern Asia, China and Japan. Of the exotic species
the European, African, and Asiatic Taxus baccata, L., and its numerous varieties, is
often cultivated in the United States, especially in the more temperate parts of the
country, and is replaced with advantage by the hardier Taxus cuspidata, S. & Z., of
eastern Asia in the northern states, where the native shrubby Taxus Canadensis,
Marsh, with monoecious flowers is sometimes cultivated.

Taxus, from rd^os, is the classical name of the Yew-tree.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.

Leaves short, yellow-green.

Leaves elongated, usually falcate, dark green.

1. T. brevifolia (G).

2. T. Floridana (C).

1. Taxus brevifolia, Nutt. Yew.

Leaves ^-f' long, about ^^g' wide, dark yellow-green above, rather paler below,
with stout midribs, and slender yellow petioles ^^' long, persistent for four or five
years. Flovrers and fruit as in the genus.

A tree, usually 40°-50° but occasionally 70°-80° high, with a tall straight trunk
l°-2° or rarely 4^° in diameter, frequently unsymmetrical, with one diameter much
exceeding the other, and irregularly lobed, with broad rounded lobes, and long slender
horizontal or slightly pendulous branches forming a broad open conical head. Bark
about ^' thick and covered with small thin dark red-purple scales. "Wood heavy,
hard, strong, bright red, with thin light yellow sapwood; used for fence-posts and by
the Indians of the northwest coast for paddles, spear-handles, bows, and other small
articles.

Distribution. Banks of mountain streams, deep gorges, and damp ravines, grow-
ing usually under large coniferous trees; nowhere abundant, but widely distributed

usually in single individuals or in small clumps from Queen Charlotte Islands and
the valley of the Skeena River, southward along the coast ranges of British Colum-
bia, Washington, and Oregon, where it attains its greatest size, along the coast ranges
of California as far south as the Bay of Monterey, and along the western slopes of

TAXACE^

101

the Sierra Nevada to Tulare County at elevations between 5000° and 8000° above
the sea-level, ranging eastward in British Columbia to the Selkirk Mountains, and
over the mountains of Washington and Oregon to the western slopes of the conti-
nental divide in Montana; in the interior much smaller than near the coaist and
often shrubby in habit.

Occasionally cultivated in the gardens of western Europe.

2. Taxus Floridana, Chapm. Yew.

Leaves usually conspicuously falcate, |' to nearly 1' long, yV"?' wide, dark green
above, pale below, with obscure midribs and slender petioles about ^q' long. Flowers
appearing in March. Fruit ripens in October.

A bushy tree, rarely 25° high, with a short trunk occasionally 1° in diameter,
and numerous stout spreading branches; more often shrubby in habit and 12°-15°

f\(, 90

tall. Bark ^ thick, dark purple-brown, smooth, compact, occasionally separating
into large thin irregular plate-like scales. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained,
dark brown tinged with red, with thin nearly white sapwood.

Distribution, River bluffs and ravines on the eastern bank of the Appalachicola
River, in Gadsden County, western Florida, from Aspalaga to the neighborhood of
Bristol.

102 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Class 2. ANGIOSPERM^.

Carpels or pistils consisting of a closed cavity containing the ovules
and becoming the fruit.

Division I. Monocotyledons.

Stems with woody fibres distributed irregularly through them, but
without pith or annual layers of growth. Parts of the flower in 3's :
ovary superior ; embryo with a single cotyledon. Leaves parallel-
veined, alternate, long-persistent, without stipules.

III. PALMiE. PALMS.

Trees, growing by a single terminal bud, with stems covered with a thick
rind, usually marked below by the ring-like scars of fallen leaf-stalks, and
clothed above by their long-persistent sheaths ; occasionally stemless. Leaves
clustered at the top of the stem, plaited in the bud, fan-shaped or pinnate,
their rachises sometimes reduced to a narrow border, long-stalked, with petioles
dilated into clasping sheaths of tough fibres (vaginas)^ on fan-shaped leaves,
furnished at the apex on the upper side with a thickened concave body (llgule).
Flowers minute, perfect or unisexual, in the axils of small thin mostly decid-
uous bracts, in large compound clusters (spadix) surrounded by boat-shaped
bracts (sjyathes) ; sepals and petals free or more or less united ; stamens
usually 6 ; anthers 2-celled, introrse, opening longitudinally ; ovary 3-celled,
with a single ovule in each cell ; styles 1—3. Fruit a drupe or berry ; embryo
cylindrical in a cavity of the hard albumen near the circumference of the seed.
Of the 130 genera now usually recognized and chiefly inhabitants of the tropics,
seven have arborescent representatives in the United States.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT GENERA.

Leaves fan-shaped.
Leaf-stalks unarmed.

Calyx and corolla united into a short 6-lobed cup.

Fruit white, drupaceous ; albumen even. 1. Thrinax.

Fruit black, baccate ; albumen channeled. 2. Coccothrinax.

Perianth of a distinct calyx and corolla.

Filaments subulate, united below into a slender cup adnate to the base of the corolla ;
fruit baccate. 3. Sabal.

Leaf -stalks armed with marginal spines.

Filaments slender, free ; fruit baccate. ' 4. Washingtbnia.

Filaments triangular, united into a cup adnate to the base of the corolla ; fruit dru-
paceous. 5. Serenoa.
Leaves pinnate.

' Flower-clusters produced on the stem below the leaves ; fruit violet-blue.

6. Roystonea.
Flower-clusters produced from among the leaves; fruit bright orange-scarlet.

7. Pseudophoenix.

PALM^ 103

1. THRINAX, Sw.

Small unarmed trees, with stems covered with pale gray rind. Leaves orbicular, or
truncate at the base, thick and firm, usually silvery white on the lower surface, divided
to below the middle into narrow acuminate parted segments with thickened margins
and midribs; rachises narrow borders, with thin usually undulate margins; ligules
thick, concave, pointed, lined while young with hoary tomentum ; petioles com-
pressed, rounded above and below, thin and smooth on the margins, with large clasp-
ing bright mahogany-red sheaths of slender matted fibres covered with thick hoary
tomentum. Spadix interfoliar, stalked, its primary branches short, alternate, flat-
tened, incurved, with numerous slender rounded flower-bearing branchlets; spathes
numerous, tubular, coriaceous, cleft and more or less tomentose at the apex. Flowers
opening in May and June, and occasionally irregularly in the. autumn, solitary, per-
fect ; perianth 6-lobed ; stamens inserted on the base of the perianth, with subulate
filaments thickened and only slightly united at the base, or nearly triangular and
united into a cup adnate to the perianth, and oblong anthers; ovary 1-celled, grad-
ually narrowed into a stout columnar style crowned by a large funnel-formed flat or
oblique stigma; ovule basilar, erect. Fruit a globose drupe with juicy bitter ivory
white flesh easily separable from the thin-shelled tawny brown nut. Seed free, erect,
slightly flattened at the ends, with an oblong pale conspicuous subbasilar hilum, a
short-branched raphe, a thin coat, and uniform albumen more or less deeply pene-
trated by a broad basal cavity ; embryo lateral.

Thrinax is confined to the tropics of the New World and is distributed from south-
ern Florida through the West Indies to the shores of Central America. Seven or
eight species are now generally recognized.

The wood of the Florida species is light and soft, with numerous small fibro-vascu-
lar bundles, the exterior of the stem being much harder than the spongy interior.
The stems are used for the piles of small wharves and turtle crawls, and the leaves
for thatch, and in making hats, baskets, and small ropes.

Thrinax, from dpiva^, is in allusion to the shape of the leaves.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Flowers on elongated pedicels ; perianth obscurely lobed ; filaments subulate, barely united
at the base ; stigma oblique. 1. T. Floridana (D).

Flowers on short pedicels ; lobes of the perianth ovate, acuminate ; filaments nearly trian-
gular, united below into a cup ; stigma flat.

Seeds pale chestnut-brown ; spadix about 6° long ; leaves 3°-4° in diameter.

2. T. Keyensis (D).
Seeds dark chestnut -brown ; spadix less than 3° long ; leaves not over 2° in diameter.

3. T. microcarpa (D).

1. Thrinax Floridana, Sarg. Thatch.

Leaves 21°-3° in diameter, rather longer than broad, yellow-green and lustrous on
the upper surface, silvery white on the lower surface, with long-pointed, bright
orange-colored ligules |' long and broad; their petioles 4°-4^° long, pale yellow-green
or orange color toward the apex, coated at first with hoary deciduous tomentum,
much thickened and tomentose toward the base. Flowers: spadix 3°-3^° long,
. the primary branches 6'-8' long and ivory-white, flower-bearing branches l^'-2' in
length. Flowers on slender pedicels nearly \' long, ivory-white, very fragrant, with

104

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

an obscurely-lobed perianth, much exserted stamens barely united at the base, and
an oblique stigma. Fruit |' in diameter, somewhat depressed at the ends; seeds

f^.9i

from 1' to nearly ^ "^ diameter, dark chestnut-brown, penetrated almost to the
apex by the broad basal cavity.

A tree, with a slightly tapering stem 20°-30° high and 4'-6' in diameter, clothed
to the middle and occasionally almost to the ground with the sheaths of dead leaf-
stalks.

Distribution. Florida, dry coral ridges and sandy shores of keys from Long Key
to Torch Key, and on the mainland from Cape Romano to Cape Sable.

2. Thrinax Keyensis, Sarg. Thatch.

Leaves rather longer than broad, 3°-4° long, the lowest segments parallel with the
petiole or spreading from it nearly at right angles, light yellow-green and lustrous
on the upper surface, with bright orange-colored margins, below coated while young

with deciduous hoary tomentum and pale blue-green and more or less covered
with silvery white pubescence at maturity, with thick pointed ligules 1' long and
wide, lined at first with hoary tomentum; their petioles flattened above, obscurely

PALM^

105

ridged ou the lower surface, tomentose while young, pale blue-green, 3°-4° long.
Flowers: spadix usually about 6° long, spreading and gracefully incurved, with
spathes more or less coated with hoary tomentum, large compressed primary
branches, and short bright orange-colored flower-bearing branches. Flowers on short
thick disk-like pedicels, about -|' long, white, slightly fragrant, with a tubular
perianth, the lobes broadly ovate and acute, stamens with nearly triangular filaments
united at the base, and a flat stigma. Fruit Jg' to nearly l' in diameter; seeds
brown, y^ in diameter, penetrated only to the middle by the basal cavity.

A tree, with a stem often 25° high and 10'-14' in diameter, raised on a base
of thick matted roots 2°-3° high and 18'-20' in diameter, and a broad head of
leaves, the upper erect, the lower pendulous and closely pressed against the stem.

Distribution. Dry sandy soil close to the beach on the north side of the largest
of the Marquesas Keys, and on Crab Key, a small island to the westward of Torch
Key, one of the Bahia Honda group, Florida; on the Bahamas.

3. Thrinax microcarpa, Sarg. Silver-top Palmetto. Brittle Thatch.

Leaves 2°-3° across, pale green above, silvery white below, more or less thickly
coated while young with hoary tomentum, especially on the lower surface, divided

near the base almost to the rachis, with orbicular thick concave ligules lined with
a thick coat of white tomentum; their petioles thin and flexuose. Flowers: spadix
elongated, with short compressed erect branches slightly spreading below, numerous
slender pendulous flower-bearing branches, and long acute spathes deeply parted
at the apex, coriaceous and coated above the middle with thick hoary tomentum.
Flowers on short thick disk-like pedicels, with a cupular perianth, the lobes broadly
ovate and acute, stamens with thin nearly triangular exserted filaments slightly
united at the base and oblong anthers becoming reversed and extrorse at maturity,
and a deep orange-colored ovary narrowed above into a short thick style dilated
into a large funnel-formed stigma. Fruit globose, i' in diameter; seeds subglobose,
bright to dark chestnut-brown, depressed, penetrated nearly to the middle by the
broad basal cavity.

A tree, rarely more than 30° high, with a trunk 8'-10' in diameter.

Distribution. Dry coral soil, on the shores of Sugar Loaf Sound, and on No
Name and Bahia Honda kevs, Florida.

106

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

2. COCCOTHRINAX, Sarg.

Small unarmed trees, with simple or clustered stems or rarely stemless. Leaves
orbicular, or truncate at the base, pale or silvery white on the lower surface, divided
into narrow obliquely-folded segments acuminate and divided at the apex; rachises
narrow; ligules thin, free, erect, concave, pointed at the apex; petioles compressed,
slightly rounded and ridged above and below, thin and smooth on the margins,
gradually enlarged below into elongated sheaths of coarse fibres forming an open
network covered while young by thick hoary tomentum. Spadix interfoliar, panicu-
late, shorter than the leaf-stalks, its primary branches furnished with numerous
short slender pendulous flower-bearing secondary branches; spathes numerous, papery,
cleft at the apex. Flowers solitary, perfect, jointed on elongated slender pedicels;
perianth cup-shaped, obscurely-lobed ; stamens 9, inserted on the base of the perianth,
with subulate filaments enlarged and barely united at the base, and oblong anthers;
ovary 1-celled, narrowed into a slender style crowned by a funnel-formed oblique
stigma; ovule basilar, erect. Fruit a subglobose berry raised on the thickened torus
of the flower, with thick juicy black flesh. Seed free, erect, depressed-globose, with
a thick hard vertically-grooved shell deeply infolded in the bony albumen; hilum
subbasilar, minute; raphe hidden in the folds of the seed-coat; embryo lateral.

Coccothrinax is confined to the tropics of the New World. Two species, of which
one is stemless, inhabit southern Florida, and at least two other species are scat-
tered over several of the West Indian islands.

Coccothrinax, from k6kkgs and Thrinax, is in allusion to the berry-like fruit.

1. Coccothrinax jucunda, Sarg. Brittle Thatch.

Leaves nearly orbicular, the lower segments usually parallel with the petiole, thin
and brittle, 18'-24:' in diameter, divided below the middle of the leaf or toward its

base nearly to the ligule, with much-thickened bright orange-colored midribs and mar-
gins, pale yellow-green and lustrous on the upper surface, bright silvery white and
coated at first on the lower surface with hoary deciduous pubescence, with thin undu-
late obtusely short-pointed dark orange-colored rachises, thin concave crescent-shaped
often oblique slightly undulate short-pointed and light or dark orange-colored ligules

PALM^ 107

I' wide, y deep, their petioles slender, pale, yellow-green, 2^°-3° long. Flovrers :
spadix 18'-24' long, with flattened stalks, slender much-flattened primary branches
8'-10' long and light orange-colored slender terete flower-bearing branches 1^-3'
long, and pale reddish brown spathes coated toward the ends with pale pubescence.
Flowers opening in June and irregularly also in the autumn on ridged spreading
pedicels 4' long, with an orange-colored ovary surmounted by an elongated style
dilated into a rose-colored stigma. Fruit ripening at the end of six months, from
^'-¥ in diameter, bright green at first when fully grown, becoming deep violet color,
with succulent very juicy flesh, ultimately black and lustrous; seeds light tawny
brown.

A tree, with a stem slightly enlarged from the ground upward, 15°-25° high, 4'-6'
thick, covered with pale blue rind, and surmounted by a broad head of leaves at first
erect, then spreading and ultimately pendulous. Wood used for the piles of small
wharves and turtle crawls. The soft tough young leaves are* made into hats and
baskets.

Distribution. Dry coral ridges and sandy flats from the shores of Bay Biscayne
along many of the southern keys to the Marquesas group, Florida.

3. SABAL, Adans. Palmetto.

Unarmed trees, with stout columnar stems covered with red-brown rind. Leaves
flabellate, tough and coriaceous, divided into many narrow long-pointed parted
segments plicately folded at the base, often separating on the margins into narrow
threads; rachises extending nearly to the middle of the leaves, rounded and broadly
winged toward the base on the lower side, thin and acute on the upper side; ligules
adnate to the rachises, acute, concave, with thin incurved entire margins; petioles
rounded and concave on the lower side, conspicuously ridged on the upper side, acute
and entire on the margins, with elongated chestnut-brown shining sheaths of stout
fibres. Spadix interfoliar, stalked, decompound, with a flattened stem, short branches,
slender densely flowered ultimate branches, and numerous acuminate spathes, the
outer persistent and becoming broad and woody. Flowers solitary, perfect, calyx
tubular, unequally lobed, the lobes slightly imbricated in the bud; corolla deeply
lobed, with narrow ovate-oblong concave acute lobes valvate at the apex in the bud;
stamens 6, those opposite the corolla-lobes rather longer than the others, with subu-
late filaments united below into a shallow cup adnate to the tube of the corolla and
ovate anthers, their cells free and spreading at the base; ovary of 3 carpels, 3-lobed,
3-celled, gradually narrowed into an elongated 3-lobed style truncate and stigmatic
at the apex; ovule basilar, erect. Fruit a small black 1 or 2 or 3-lobed short-stemmed
berry with thin sweet dry flesh. Seed depressed-globose, marked on the side by the
prominent micropyle, with a shallow pit near the minute basal hilum, a thin seed-coat,
and a ventral raphe; embryo minute, dorsal, in horny uniform albumen penetrated
by a hard shallow basal cavity filled by the thickening of the seed-coat.

Sabal belongs to the New World, and is distributed from the Bermuda Islands
and the south Atlantic and Gulf states of North America, through the West Indies
to Venezuela and Mexico.

Of the eight species now recognized four inhabit the United States; of these two
are small stemless plants.

The generic name is of uncertain origin.

108

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.

Spadix short ; fruit subglobose, 1-celled ; seed-coat light chestnut color.

1. S. Palmetto (C).
Spadix elongated ; fruit often 2 or 3-lobed, with 2 or 3 seeds ; seed-coat dark chestnut-
brown. 2. S. Mexicana (E).

1. Sabal Palmetto, R. & S. Cabbage Tree. Cabbage Palmetto.

Leaves 5°-6° long and 7°-8° broad, dark green and lustrous, deeply divided
into narrow parted recurved segments, with ligules 4' long; their petioles 6°-7° long
and 1^' wide at the apex. Flowers : spadix 2°-2l° long, with slender incurved
branches, slender ultimate divisions, and thin secondary spathes flushed with red at
the apex and conspicuously marked by pale slender longitudinal veins. Flowers in
the axils of minute deciduous bracts much shorter than the perianth, opening in

June. Fruit ripening late in the autumn, subglobose or slightly obovate, gradu-
ally narrowed at the base, 1-seeded, about ^' in diameter ; seeds light bright chestnut-
colored, ^' broad.

A tree, with a trunk often 30°-40° high, and 2° in diameter, broken by shallow
irregular interrupted fissures into broad ridges, with a short pointed knob-like under-
ground stem surrounded by a dense mass of contorted roots often 4° or 5° in diameter
and 5° or 6° deep, from which tough light orange-colored roots often nearly ^' in
diameter penetrate the soil for a distance of 15° or 20°, and a broad crown of leaves at
first upright, then spreading nearly at right angles with the stem, and finally pendu-
lous. Wood light, soft, pale brown, with numerous hard fibro-vascular bundles, the
outer rim about 2' thick and much lighter and softer than the interior. In the south-
ern states the trunks are used for wharf-piles, and polished cross sections of the
stem sometimes serve for the tops of small tables; the wood is largely manufactured
into canes. From the sheaths of young leaves the bristles of scrubbing-brushes are
made. The large succulent leaf-buds are cooked and eaten as a vegetable, and coarse
hats, mats, and baskets are made from the leaves. Pieces of the spongy bark of the
stem are used as a substitute for scrubbing-brushes.

Distribution. Sandy soil in the immediate neighborhood of the coast from
Smith Island at the mouth of Cape Fear River, North Carolina, to Key Largo,

PALM^

109

Florida, and along the Gulf coast to the mouth of the Appalachicola River; most
abundant and of its largest size on the west coast of the Florida peninsula.

Occasionally cultivated for ornament in the cities of the south Atlantic states.

2. Sabal Mesiicana, Mart. Palmetto.

Leaves dark yellow-green and lustrous, 5°-6° long, often 7° wide, divided nearly
to the middle into narrow divided segments, with thickened pale margins sepa-

rating into long thin fibres, with ligules about 6' long, their petioles 7°-8° long, 1^'
wide at the apex. Flowers : spadix 7°-8° long, with stout ultimate divisions.
Flowers in Texas appearing in March or April in the axils of persistent bracts half
as long as the perianth. Fruit ripening early in the summer, globose, often 2 or
3-lobed; seeds nearly ^' broad and Y wide, dark chestnut-brown, with a broad shallow
basal cavity and a conspicuous orange-colored hilum.

A tree, with a trunk 30°-o0° high, often 2i° in diameter, and a broad head of erect
ultimately pendulous leaves. Wood light, soft, pale brown tinged with red, with thick
light-colored rather inconspicuous fibro-vascular bundles, the outer rim V thick, soft,
and light-colored. On the Gulf coast the trunks are used for wharf -piles, and on the
lower Rio Grande the leaves for the thatch of houses.

Distribution. Rich soil of the bottom-lands near the mouth of the Rio Grande
in Texas, and southward in Mexico in the neighborhood of the coast. Frequently
planted as a street tree in the towns on the lower Rio Grande.

4. WASHINGTONIA. H. Wendl.

Trees, with stout columnar stems and broad crowns of erect and spreading finally
pendulous leaves. Leaves flabellate, divided nearly to the middle into many narrow
deeply parted recurved segments separating on the margins into numerous slender
pale fibres ; rachises short, slightly rounded on the back, gradually narrowed from a
broad base, with concaved margins furnished below with narrow erect wings, and
slender and acute above; ligules elongated, oblong, thin and laciniate on the margins;
petioles elongated, broad and thin, flattened or slightly concave on the upper side,
rounded on the lower, armed irregularly with broad thin large and small straight
or hooked spines confluent iuto a thin bright orange-colored cartilaginous margin,

110

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

gradually enlarged at the base into thick broad concave bright chestnut-brown
sheaths composed of a network of thin strong iibres. JSpadix interfoliar, stalked,
elongated, paniculate, with pendulous flower-bearing ultimate divisions and numerous
long spathes. Flowers perfect, jointed on thick disk-like pedicels; calyx tubular,
scarious, thickened at the base, gradually enlarged and slightly lobed at the apex,
the lobes imbricated in the bud; corolla funnel-formed, with a fleshy tube inclosed
in the calyx and about half as long as the lanceolate lobes, thickened and glandular
on the inner surface at the base, imbricated in the bud; stamens inserted on the
tube of the corolla, with free filaments thickened near the middle and linear-oblong
anthers; ovary 3-lobed, 3-celled, with slender elongated flexuose styles stigmatic at
the apex; ovules lateral, erect. Fruit a small ellipsoidal short-stalked black berry
with thin dry flesh. Seed free, erect, oblong-ovate, concave above, with a flat base
depressed in the centre, a minute sublateral liilum, a broad conspicuous rachis, a
minute lateral micropyle, and a thin pale chestnut-brown inner coat closely investing
the simple horny albumen; embryo minute, lateral, with the radicle turned toward
the base of the fruit. •

Two species of Washingtonia are known: one inhabits the interior dry region of
southern California and the adjacent parts of Lower California, and the second the
mountain canons of western Sonora and southern Lower California.

The genus is named for George Washington.

1. Washingtonia filamentosa, O. Kuntze. Desert Palm. Fan Palm.

Leaves 5°-6° long and 4°-5° wide, light green, slightly tomentose on the folds,
their petioles 4°-6° long and about 2' broad at the apex, with sheaths 16'-18' long
and 12'-14' wide, and ligules 4' long and cut irregularly into long narrow lobes.

Flowers: spadix 10°-12° long, 3 or 4 being produced each year from the axils
of upper leaves, the outer spathe inclosing the bud, narrow, elongated, and gla-
brous, those of the secondary branches coriaceous, yellow tinged with brown, and
laciniate at the apex. Flowers slightly fragrant, opening late in May or early in
June. Fruit produced in great profusion, ripening in September, 1' long; seeds
Y long, 1' thick.

A tree, occasionally 75° high, with a trunk sometimes 50°-60° tall and 2°-3° in
diameter, covered with a thick light red-brown scaly rind and clothed with a thick

PALM^ 111

thatch of dead pendant leaves descending in a regular cone from the broad crown of
living leaves sometimes nearly to the ground. "Wood light and soft, with numerous
conspicuous dark orange-colored fibro-vascular bundles. The fruit is gathered and
used as food by the Indians.

Distribution. Often forming extensive groves or small isolated clumps in wet
usually alkali soil in depressions of the Colorado Desert in southern California,
sometimes extending for several miles up the caiions of the San Bernardino and San
Jacinto mountains, and in Lower California.

Now largely cultivated in southern California, southern Europe, and other tem-
perate regions.

5. SERENOA, Hook. f.

Unarmed trees and shrubs, with tall often clustered stems, or on one species
with subterranean stems. Leaves semiorbicular, truncate at the base, coriaceous,
divided from the apex to below the middle into numerous parted segments ob-
liquely folded at the base; rachises short, acute; ligules thin, concave, abruptly
short-pointed, with a broad thin dark red deciduous border; petioles slender, flat on
the upper, rounded and ribbed on the lower surface, denticulate on the margins,
with thin light mahogany-red sheaths of slender fibres. Spadix interfoliar, pani-
culate, elongated, with a slender compressed stem and numerous slender elongated
gracefully drooping flat branches coated with hoary tomentum, slender terete flower-
bearing secondary branches, and flattened clavate spathes furnished at the apex
with a thin red-brown border. Flowers perfect, sessile, solitary, or in 2 or 3-flow-
ered clusters; calyx unequally lobed, the lobes valvate in the bud; corolla parted
nearly to the base, its divisions valvate in the bud, oblong, thick, concave, acute,
grooved on the inner surface with 2 or 3 deep depressions; stamens with nearly
triangular filaments united below into a cup adnate to the tube of the corolla, and
short-oblong anthers ; ovary of 3 carpels, free below, united above into a long slen-
der style tipped with a minute stigma; ovule erect from the bottom of the cell.
Fruit a 1-seeded black drupe, the outer coat thin and fleshy, the inner orange-
brown, resinous, fibrous, and strong-smelling, closely investing the pale brown thin-
shelled nut. Seed erect, with a hard chestnut-brown coat, lighter-colored with a
conspicuous mark on the ventral side, a small subbasilar hilum, and an elongated
ventral raphe; embryo lateral in homogeneous albumen.

Serenoa, with two species, is confined to the south Atlantic and Gulf region of North
America. One species is arborescent, the other is a low shrub often occupying wide
areas of sandy barren soil from South Carolina to Louisiana.

Serenoa commemorates the botanical labors of Sereno Watson.

1. Serenoa arborescens, Sarg.

Leaves about 2° in diameter, light yellow-green on the upper surface, blue-green
on the lower surface, divided nearly to the base into numerous lobes, slightly thick-
ened at the pale yellow midribs and margins, their petioles 18'-24' long, armed
with stout flattened curved orange-colored teeth. Flowers: spadix 3°-4° long,
with a slender much-flattened stalk, panicled lower branches 18'-20' in length, and
6-8 thick firm pale green conspicuously ribbed spathes deeply divided and dilated
at the apex into a narrow membranaceous border. Flowers solitary toward the
ends of the branches and in 2 or 3-flowered clusters at their base, with a light chest-
nut-brown calyx and a pale yellow-green corolla. Fruit globose, |' in diameter;

112

TKEES OF NORTH AMERICA

seeds subglobose, somewhat flattened below, with a pale vertical mark on the lower
side, and a minute hilum joined to the mieropyle by a pale band.

A tree, from 30°-40° high, with 1 or several clustered erect inclining or occa-

sionally semiprostrate stems 3' -4' in diameter, covered almost to the ground by
the closely clasping bases of the leaf-stalks and below with a thick pale rind.

Distribution. Low undrained soil covered for many months of every year in
water from l'-18' deep, occasionally occupying almost exclusively areas of several
acres in extent or more often scattered among Cypress-trees or Royal Palms, in the
swamps and along the hummocks adjacent to the Chokoloskee River and its tribu-
taries in southwestern Florida.

6. ROYSTONEA, Cook. Royal Palm.

Unarmed trees, with massive stems enlarged near the middle, and terminating in
long slender bright green cylinders formed by the densely imbricated sheaths of
the leaf-stalks. Leaves equally pinnate, with linear-lanceolate long-pointed un-
equally cleft plicately-f olded pinnae inserted obliquely on the upper side of the rachis,
folded together at the base, with thin midribs and margins; rachises convex on the
back, broad toward the base of the leaf and acute toward its apex; petioles semi-
cylindrical, gradually enlarged into thick elongated green sheaths. Spadix large,
decompound, produced near the base of the green part of the stem, with long
pendulous branches and 2 spathes, the outer semicylindrical and as long as the
spadix, the inner splitting ventrally and inclosing the branches of the spadix.
Flowers monoecious, in a loose spiral, toward the base of the branch in 3-flowered
clusters, with a central staminate and smaller lateral pistillate flowers, higher on the
branch the staminate in 2-flowered clusters; calyx of the staminate flower of minute
broadly ovate obtuse scarious sepals imbricated in the bud, much shorter than the
corolla; petals nearly equal, valvate in the bud, ovate or obovate, acute, slightly
united at the base, coriaceous; stamens 6, 9, or 12, with subulate filaments united
below and adnate to the base of the corolla, and large ovate-sagittate anthers, the
cells free below; ovary rudimentary, subglobose or 3-lobed; pistillate flowers much
smaller, ovoid-conical; sepals obtuse; corolla erect, divided to the middle into acute

PALM^

113

erect lobes incurved at the apex; starainodia 6, scale-like, united into a cup adnate to
the corolla; ovary subglobose, obscurely 2 or 3-lobed, 2 or 3-celled, gibbous, the cells
crowned with a 3-lobed stigma becoming subbasilar on the fruit; ovule ascending.
Fruit a short-stalked drupe with thin crustaceous flesh. Seed oblong-reniform,
marked by the conspicuous fibrous reticulate branches of the raphe radiating from
the narrow basal hilum, and covered with a thin crustaceous coat; embryo minute,
cylindrical, lateral, in uniform albumen.

Roystonea is confined to the tropics of the New World, where two or three species
occur.

The genus as here limited was named for General Roy Stone of the United States
army.

1. Roystonea regia, Cook. Royal Palm.

(Oreodoxa regia, Silva N. Am. x. 31.)

Leaves 10°-12° long, closely pinnate, the pinnae 2^°-3° long, 1^' wide near the
base of the leaf, and gradually decreasing in size toward its apex, deep green with
slender conspicuous veins, and covered below with minute pale glandular dots, their
petioles almost terete, concave near the base, with thin edges separating irregularly

into pale fibres, and enlarged into bright green cylindrical clasping bases 8° or 9°
long and more or less covered with dark chafipy scales. Flo"wers : spadix about 2° long,
with a nearly terete peduncle and slightly ridged primary and secondary branches
compressed above, abruptly enlarged at the base, and simple slender flexuose long-
pointed flower-bearing brauchlets 3'-6' long, pendant and closely pressed against
the secondary branches. Flowers opening in Florida in January and February, the
staminate nearly ^' long and rather more than twice as long as the pistillate. Fruit
oblong-obovate, full and rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base, violet-blue,
about ^' long, with a thin outer coat and a light red-brown inner coat, loose and
fibrous on the outer surface, and closely investing the thin light brown seed.

A tree, 80°-100° high, with a trunk rising from an abruptly enlarged base, grad-
ually tapering from the middle to the ends and often 2° in diameter, covered with
light gray rind tinged with orange color, marked with dark blotches and irregularly
broken into minute plates, the green upper portion 8°-10° long, and a broad head
of gracefully drooping leaves. Wood of the interior of the stem spongy, pale brown,

114

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

much lighter than the hard exterior rim, containing numerous dark conspicuous fibro-
vascular bundles. The outer portion of the stem is made into canes, and the trunks
are sometimes used for wharf-piles and in construction.

Distribution. Florida, hummocks on Rogue River twenty miles east of Caximbas
Bay, Long's Key, and the shores of Bay Biscay ne near the mouth of Little River;
common in the West Indies and Central America.

Largely cultivated as an ornamental tree in tropical countries, and often planted
to form avenues, for which its tall pale columnar stems and noble heads of graceful
foliage make it valuable.

7. PSEUDOPHCENIX, H. Wendl.

A tree, with a slender stem abruptly enlarged at the base or tapering from the
middle to the ends, covered with thin pale blue or nearly white rind, and conspicu-
ously marked by the dark scars of fallen leaf -stalks. Leaves erect, abruptly pinnate,
with crowded linear-lanceolate acuminate leaflets increasing in length and width
from the ends to the middle of the leaf, thick and firm in texture, dark yellow-green
above, pale and glaucous below; rachises convex on the lower side, concave on the
upper side near the base of the leaf, with thin margins, becoming toward the apex of
the leaf flat and narrowed below and acute above, marked on the sides at the base
with dark gland-like excrescences; petioles short, concave above, with thin entire
margins separating into slender fibres, gradually enlarged into broad thick sheaths
of short brittle fibres. Spadix interfoliar, compound, pendulous, stalked, much
shorter than the leaves, with spreading primary branches, stout and much flattened
toward the base, slender and rounded above the middle, furnished at the base with
a thickened ear-like body, slender secondary branches, short thin rigid densely flow-
ered ultimate divisions, and compressed light green double spathes eroded on their

thin dark brown margins. Flowers unknown. Fruit a stalked globose 2 or 3-lobed
orange-scarlet thin-fleshed drupe marked by the lateral style and surrounded below
by the withered remnants of a 3-lobed calyx, oblong reflexed petals, and 6 slender
spreading staminodia tipped with abortive anthers; peduncle abruptly enlarged at
the base, articulate from a persistent cushion-like body furnished in the centre with

LILIACE^ 115

a minute point penetrating a cavity in the base of the peduncle. Seed subglobose,
free, erect, with a basal hilum and a thin light red-brown coat marked by the pale
conspicuous ascending 2 or 3-branched raphe; embryo minute, basal, in uniform
horny albumen.

PseudophoBnix with a single species inhabits the keys of southern Florida, and the
Bahamas.

The generic name is in allusion to a fancied resemblance to Phoenix, a genus of
Palms.

1. Pseudophoenix Sargenti, H. Wendl.

Leaves 5°-6° long, with pinnae often 18' long and V wide near the middle of
the leaf, becoming at its extremities not more than half as long and wide; their
petioles 6'-8' in length. Flovrers : spadix 3° long and 2\° wide. Fruit ripening in
May and June, ^'-f in diameter on a peduncle ^ long; seeds \' in diameter.

Distribution. Florida, east end of Elliott's Key, and east end of Key Largo near
the southern shore, here forming a grove of 200 or 300 plants.

Occasionally cultivated in the gardens of southern Florida.

IV. LILIACE-53.

(yucce.)

Leaves, alternate, linear-lanceolate. Flowers in terminal panicles ; sepals
and petals nearly similar, subequal, withering-persistent ; ovary with more or
less deeply introduced dorsal partitions ; ovules numerous, 2-ranked in each
cell ; embryo subulate, obliquely placed across the seed ; cotyledon arched in
germination.

Yuccse as here limited consists of two American genera, Hesperaloe, with two
species, low plants of Texas and Mexico, and Yucca.

1. YUCCA, L.

Trees, with simple or branched stems prolonged by axillary naked buds, dark
thick corky bark, light fibrous wood in concentric layers, and large stout horizontal
roots. Leaves involute in the bud, at first erect, usually becoming reflexed, abruptly
narrowed above the broad thickened clasping base, usually widest near the middle,
concave on the upper surface, involute toward the horny usually sharp-pointed apex,
convex and often slightly keeled toward the base on the lower surface, the margins
serrulate or filamentose, light or dull green. Flowers fertilized by insects and open-
ing for a single night, on slender pedicels in 2 or 3-flowered clusters or singly at the
base of the large compound panicle furnished with conspicuous leathery white or
slightly colored bracts, those at the base of the pedicels thin and scarious; perianth
cup-shaped, with thick ovate-lanceolate creamy white segments more or less united
at the base, usually furnished with small tufts of white hairs at the apex, those of the
outer rank narrower, shorter, and more colored than the more delicate petal-like
segments of the inner rank; stamens 6, in 2 series, free, shorter than the ovary {as
long in 1), white, with club-shaped fleshy filaments, obtuse and slightly 3-lobed at
the apex, and cordate emarginate anthers attached on the back, the cells opening
longitudinally, curling backward and expelling the large globose powdery pollen-
grains; ovary oblong, 6-sided, sessile or stalked, with nectar-glands within the par-
titions, dull greenish white, 3-celled, gradually narrowed into a short or elongated

116 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

3-lobed ivory-white style forming a triangular stigmatic tube. Fruit oblong or oval,
more or less distinctly 6-angled, 6-celled, usually beaked at the apex, baccate and
indehiscent or capsular and 3-valved, the valves finally separating at the apex; peri-
carp of 2 coats, the outer at maturity thick, succulent and juicy, thin, dry and
leathery, or thin and woody. Seeds compressed, triangular, obovate or obliquely ovate
or orbicular, thick, with a narrow 2-edged rim, or thin, with a wide or narrow brittle
margin; seed-coat thin, black, slightly rugose or smooth; embryo in plain or rarely
ruminate hard farinaceous oily albumen; cotyledon much longer than the short
radicle turned toward the small oblong white hilum.

Yucca is confined to the New World and is distributed from Bermuda and the
eastern Antilles, through the south Atlantic and Gulf states, and through New Mex-
ico and northward along the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains to South Dakota,
westward to middle California, and southward through Arizona, Mexico, and Lower
California to Central America. About thirty species with many varieties and probable
hybrids are recognized. Of the species which inhabit the territory of the United
States nine assume the habit and attain the size of small trees. The root-stalks of
Yucca are used as a substitute for soap, and ropes, baskets, and mats are made from
the tough fibres of the leaves. Many of the species are cultivated, especially in
countries of scanty rainfall, for their great clusters of beautiful flowers, or in hedges
to protect gardens from cattle.

The generic name is from the Carib name of the root of the Cassava.

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.

Flower-clusters usually sessile, or short-stalked.

Fruit pendulous, with thick succulent flesh ; seeds thick ; albumen ruminate.
Segments of the perianth slightly united at the base.
Panicle glabrous or puberulous.
Ovary stipitate.

Leaves sharply toothed on their horny margins, smooth, dark green, slightly con-
cave. 1. Y, aloifolia (C).
Ovary sessile.

Leaves concave, blue-green, rough on the lower siirfaee.

2. Y. Treculeana (E).
Leaves concave above the middle, smooth, light yellow-green.

Style elongated. 3. Y. macrocarpa (E, H).

Style short. 4. Y. Mohavensis (G, H).

Panicle coated with hoary tomentum.

Leaves concave, smooth, light yellow.-green. 5. Y. Schottii (H).

Segments of the perianth united below into a narrow tube.

■ Leaves flat, smooth, dark green. 6. Y. Faxoniana (E).

Fruit erect or spreading, the flesh becoming thin and dry at maturity ; seeds thin ; albu-
men entire.

Leaves concave above the middle, blue-green, sharply serrate.

7. Y. arborescens (F, G).

Leaves thin, flat or concave toward the apex, rough on the lower surface, dull or

glaucous green, more or less plicately folded. 8. Y. gloriosa (C).

Flower-clusters long-stalked ; fruit capsular, erect, finally splitting between the carpels

and through their backs at the apex ; seeds thin ; albumen entire.

Leaves thin, flat, filamentose on the margins, smooth, pale yellow-green.

9. Y. radiosa (E, H).

LILIACE^

117

1. Fruit with thick succulent flesh.

* Segments of the flower slightly united at the base.

1. Yucca aloifolia, L. Spanish Bayonet.

Leaves 18'-32' long, l^-^i' wide, erect, rigid, conspicuously narrowed above the
light green base, widest above the middle, slightly concave on the upper surface,
smooth, dark rich green, with stiff dark red-brown spines and horny finely and ir-
regularly serrate margins; long-persistent. Flowers from June until August on
stout pedicels, in nearly sessile glabrous or slightly pubescent panicles 18'-24' long;
perianth V-l\' in length and 3' or 4' across when fully expanded, the segments
ovate, thick and tumid toward the base, those of the outer rank rounded and often

marked with purple at the apex, the inner acuminate and short-pointed; stamens as
long or sometimes a little longer than the light green ovary raised on a short stout
stipe. Fruit ripening from August to October, elongated, elliptical, hexagonal,
3'-4' long, l^'-l^' thick, light green when fully grown, and in ripening turning
dark purple, the outer and inner coats forming a thick succulent mass of bitter-
sweet juicy flesh, finally becoming black and drying on its stalk; seeds \'-y broad,
about -^q' thick, with thin narrow ring-like borders to the rim.

A tree, occasionally 25° high, usually much smaller, with an erect or more or less
inclining simple or branched trunk slightly swollen at the base, and rarely more
than 6' in diameter; sometimes with numerous clustered stems. Bark near the
base of the trunk thick, rough, dark brown, marked above by scars left by falling
leaves.

Distribution. Sand dunes of the coast from North Carolina to eastern Louisi-
ana ; west of the Appalachicola River attaining its largest size and sometimes
ranging inland through Pine forests for thirty or forty miles.

A common garden plant in all countries with a temperate climate, and long natu-
ralized in some of the West Indian islands and on the Gulf coast of Mexico. Forms
with leaves variously striped with white, yellow, and red are frequent in cultivation.

2. Yucca Treculeana, Carr. Spanish Bayonet. Spanish Dagger.

Leaves 2^°-4° long, 2'-3^' wide, slightly or not at all contracted above the
dark red lustrous base, concave, stiff, rigid, dark blue-green, rough on the lower sur-

118 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

face, nearly smooth on the uj)per, with short stout dark red-hrown spines and dark
brown margins roiigliened by minute deciduous teeth and idtimately separating into
slender dark fibres; persistent for many years, the dead leaves hanging closely
appressed against the trunk below the terminal crown of closely imbricated living
leaves. Flow^ers in March and April on slender pedicels, in dense many-tlowered

glabrous or puberulous panicles 2°-4° long and raised on short stout stalks; peri-
anth l'-2' long, 2'-4' in diameter when fully expanded, with narrow elongated ovate-
lanceolate to ovate segments, |' wide, acute, thin and delicate, furnished at the apex
with conspicuous tufts of short pale hairs; filaments slightly papillose, about as
long as the prismatic ovary gradually narrowed above and crowned by the deeply
divided stigmatic lobes. Fruit ripening in the summer, S'-l' long, about V thick,
dark reddish brown or ultimately black, with thin succulent sweetish flesh; seeds
about 1' broad, nearly Jg' thick, with narrow borders to the rim.

A tree, occasionally 25°-30° high, with a trunk sometimes 2° in diameter and
numerous stout wide-spreading branches; usually smaller and often forming broad
low thickets 4°-5° tall. Bark on old trunks j-^' thick, dark red-brown and
broken into thin oblong plates covered by small irregular closely appressed scales.
"Wood light brown, fibrous, spongy, heavy, difficult to cut and work.

Distribution. Shores of Matagorda Bay, southward through western Texas into
Nuovo Leon, and through the valley of the Rio Grande to the eastern base of the
mountains of western Texas; forming open stunted forests on the coast dunes at the
mouth of the Rio Grande ; farther from the coast often spreading into great im-
penetrable thickets.

Cultivated as an ornamental plant in the gardens of central and western Texas,
and occasionally in those of southern Europe.

3. Yucca macrocarpa, Coville. Spanish Dagger.

Leaves ll°-2° long, l'-2' wide, gradually narrowed from the dark red lustrous
bases to above the middle, rigid, concave, yellow-green, rough on the lower surface
and frequently also on the upper surface, with stout elongated dark spines and thick-
ened margins separated into stout gray filaments. Flo"wers in March and April in
densely flowered sessile or short-stalked glabrous or occasionally pubescent panicles;
perianth usually about 2' long, with acuminate segments, those of the outer and

LILIACEJi

119

inner rows nearly of the same size; stamens shorter than the elongated style.
Fruit 3'-4' long, about 1^' thick, abruptly contracted at the apex into a stout point,

nearly black when fully ripe, with sweet succulent flesh; seeds about ^' wide,
^' thick, with narrow borders to the rim.

A tree, rarely exceeding 15° in height, with a usually simple stem 6'-8' in
diameter, and often clothed to the ground with living leaves. Bark dark brown and
scaly.

Distribution. Arid plains from western Texas to eastern Arizona and southward
in Chihuahua.

4. Yucca Mohavensis, Sarg. Spanish Dagger.

Leaves 18'-20' long, about 1^' wide, abruptly contracted above the dark red lus-
trous base, gradually narrowed upward to above the middle, thin and concave except

pi^.'io^

toward the slightly thickened base of the blade, dark green, smooth on both sur-
faces, with stout rigid sharp-pointed tips and entire bright red-brown margins soon
separating into numerous long thick pale filaments. Flowers from March to

120

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

May on slender erect ultiniiitely. drooping pedicels I'-IV long, in densely flowered
sessile or short-stemmed panicles 12'-18' in length ; perianth l'-2' long, the seg-
ments nuited at the base into a short tnbe, thickened and hood-shaped at the apex,
those of the outer rank often deeply flushed with purple, but little longer than
the less prominently ribbed usually wider and thinner segments of the inner rank;
stamens with more or less pilose fllaments nearly as long as the short style. Fruit
ripening in August and September, 3'-4' long, about 1^' thick, usually much con-
stricted near the middle, abruptly contracted at the apex into a short stout point,
dark dull brown or nearly black, with flesh often nearly ^' thick; seeds ^' wide,
rather less than ^' thick, with narrow borders to the rim.

A tree, rarely exceeding 15° in height, with a trunk usually simple or occasionally
furnished with short spreading branches, and 6'-8' in diameter, usually sur-
rounded by a cluster of shorter more or less spreading stems and often clothed to
the ground with living leaves. Bark dark brown and scaly. Wood soft, spongy,
light brown.

Distribution. Southern Nevada and northwestern Arizona across the Mohave
Desert to the California coast, extending northward to the neighborhood of Monterey,
California, and southward into northern Lower California; common and attaining
its largest size on the Mohave Desert, and sometimes ascending arid mountain slopes
to elevations of 4000° above the sea.

5. Yucca Schottii, Engelm. Spanish Dagger.

Leaves 2i°-3° long, about 1^ wide, gradually narrowed upward from the com-
paratively thin lustrous red base to above the middle, flat except toward the apex,

smooth, light yellow-green, with long rigid sharp light red points and thick entire
red-brown margins finally separating into short thin brittle threads. Flowers from
July to September in erect stalked tomentose panicles; perianth l'-l|' long, the
broad oval or oblong-obovate thin segments pubescent on the outer surface toward
the base and furnished at the apex with conspicuous clusters of white tomentum;
stamens about two thirds as long as the ovary, with filaments pilose at the base,
and only slightly enlarged at the apex. Fruit ripening in October and November,
obscurely angled, 3^'-4' long, about 1^' thick, often narrowed above the middle, with

LILIACE^

121

a stout thick point, and thin sweet succulent flesh; seeds ^' broad, about \' thick,
with thin conspicuous marginal rims.

A tree, in Arizona rarely 18°-20° high, with a trunk often crooked or slightly
inclining and simple or furnished with 2 or 3 short erect branches, covered below
with dark brown scaly bark, roughened for many years by persistent scars of fallen
leaves, and clothed above by the pendant dead leaves of many seasons.

Distribution. Dry slopes of the mountain ranges of Arizona near the Mexican
boundary, usually at elevations between 5000° and 6000°, and southward through
Sonora.

**Segments of the flowers united below into a narrow tube.

6. Yucca Faxoniana, Sarg., nov. nom. Spanish Dagger.

( Yucca macrocarpa, Silva N. Am. x. 13.)

Leaves 2-|°-4° long, 2^' -3' wide, abruptly contracted above the conspicuously
thickened lustrous base, widest above the middle, flat on the upper surface, thick-
ened and rounded on the lower surface toward the base, rigid, smooth and clear dark
green, with short stout dark spines and brown entire margins breaking into numer-

al (^. 106

ous stout gray or brown fibres short and spreading near the apex of the leaf, longer,
more remote, and forming a thick cobweb-like mass at their base. Flowers appear-
ing in April on thin drooping pedicels, in dense many-flowered glabrous panicles
3°-4° long, with elongated pendulous branches; perianth 2\' long, the segments thin,
concave, widest above the middle, narrowed at the ends, united at the base into a
short tube, those of the outer rank being about half as wide as those of the inner
rank and two thirds as long; stamens much shorter than the ovary, with slender
filaments pilose above the middle and abruptly dilated at the apex; ovary con-
spicuously ridged, light yellow marked with large pale raised lenticels, and gradually
narroAved into an elongated slender style. Fruit ripening in early summer, slightly
or not at all angled, abruptly contracted at the apex into a long or short hooked beak,
3'— 4' long, V-iy thick, light orange-colored and lustrous when first ripe, becoming
nearly black, with thick succulent bitter-sweet flesh; seeds ^ long, about 1' thick,
with narrow nearly obsolete margins to the rim.

A tree, often 40° high, with a trunk sometimes 2° in diameter above the broad

122

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

abruptly enlarj^ed base, imbranched or divideU into several short branches, and
covered above by a thick thatch of the pendant dead leaves of many seasons; fre-
quently smaller and until ten or twelve years old clothed from the ground with
erect living leaves. Bark near the base of old trees dark reddish brown, ^'-^' thick,
broken on tlie surface into small thin loose scales.

Distribution. Common on the high desert plateau of southwestern Texas.

2. Fruit with thin dry Jlesh,

7. Yucca arborescens, Trel. Joshua Tree.

Leaves 5'-8' or on young plants rarely 10'-12' long, \'-\' wide, rigid, crowded
in densely imbricated clusters, lanceolate, gradually tapering from the bright red-
brown lustrous base, bluish greeu and glaucous, smooth or slightly roughened, con-

P'^. 107

cave above the middle, with sharp dark brown points, and thin j^ellow margins
armed with sharp minute teeth; persistent for many years. Flowers appearing
from March until the beginning of May, the creamy white closely imbricated bracts
of the nearly sessile pubescent panicle forming before its appearance a conspicuous
cone-like bud 8' or 10' long ; perianth globose to oblong, l'-2' long, greenish white,
waxy, dull or lustrous, its segments slightly united at the base, keeled on the
back, thin below the middle, gradually thickened upward into the concave incurved
rounded tip, those of the outer rank rather broader, thicker, and more prominently
keeled than those of the inner rank, glabrous or pubescent; stamens about half as
long as the ovary, with filaments villose-papillate from the base; ovary conical,
3-lobed above the middle, bright green, with narrow slightly developed septal nectar-
glands and a sessile nearly equally 6-lobed stigma. Fruit ripening in May or June,
spreading or more or less pendant at maturity, oblong-ovate, acute, slightly 3-angled,
2'-4' long, l^'-2' broad, light red or yellow-brown, the outer coat becoming dry and
spongy at maturity; seeds nearly ^ long, rather less than y^' thick, with broad
well-developed margins to the rim and large conspicuous hilums.

A tree, 30°-^0° high, with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter, rising abruptly from a
broad thick basal disk, stout tough roots descending deeply into the soil, and stout
branches spreading into a broad, often symmetrical head formed by the continued
forking of the branches at the base of the terminal flower-clusters; until 8°-10°

LILIACE^

123

high the stem simple and clothed to the ground with leaves erect until after the ap-
pearance of the first flowers, then spreading at right angles and finally becoming
reflexed. Bark I'-l^ thick, deeply divided into oblong plates frequently 2° long.
"Wood light, soft, spongy, difficult to work, light brown or nearly white; sometimes
cut into thin layers and used as wrapping material or manufactured into boxes and
other small articles. The seeds are gathered and eaten by the Indians.

Distribution. Southwestern Utah to the western and northern rim of the Mo-
have Desert in California; most abundant and of its largest size on the foothills on
the desert slope of the Tehachapi Mountains.

8. Yucca gloriosa, L. Spanish Dagger.

Leaves 2°-2|^° long, gradually narrowed above the broad base and then gradually
broadened to above the middle, thin, flat or slightly concave toward the apex,
frequently longitudinally folded, dull often glaucous green, roughened on the under
surface especially above the middle, with stout dark red points, and pale margins
serrulate toward the base of the leaf, with minute early deciduous teeth, or occa-
sionally separating into thin fibres. Flo'wers in October, in pubescent or glabrate
panicles, 2°-4° long, on stout stalks sometimes 3°-4° in length, their large

creamy white bracts forming before the panicle emerges a conspicuous egg-shaped
bud 4'-6' long; perianth when fully expanded 3^'— 4' across, its segments thin, ovate,
acute, or lance-ovate, often tinged with green or purple, slightly united at the base,
pubescent at the apex; stamens about as long as the ovary, with hispid or slightly
papillose filaments and deeply emarginate anthers; ovary slightly lobed, 6-sided,
light green, gradually narrowed into the elongated spreading stigmatic lobes. Fruit
very rarely produced, prominently 6-ridged, pendulous, 3' long, 1' in diameter,
cuspidate, raised on a short stout stipe, with a thin leathery almost black outer
coat; seeds ^' wide and about jq' thick, with a smooth coat.

A tree, with a trunk occasionally 6°-8° high and 4'-6' in diameter, simple or
rarely furnished with a few short branches and usually clothed to the base with pend-
ant dead leaves; in cultivation often becoming much larger, with a stout trunk
covered with smooth light gray bark, and erect or in one form (var. recurvifolia,
Eugelm.) pendulous leaves.

y:

124

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Distribution. Sand dunes and the borders of beaches of the South Carolina
seacoast.

Often cultivated with many forms in the gardens and pleasure-grounds of all
temperate countries.

3. Fruit a capsule.

9. Yucca radiosa, Trel. Spanish Dagger.

( Yucca constricta, Silva N. Am. x. 27.)

Leaves 20-30' long, l'-^' wide, rigid, gradually narrowed from the thin base,
tapering toward the apex, or sometimes somewhat broadest at the middle, thin, flat
on the upper surface, slightly thickened and rounded on the lower surface toward

F

the base, smooth, pale yellow-green, with slender stiff red-brown points, and thick-
ened entire pale margins soon splitting into long slender filaments. Flowers in
May and June on slender spreading more or less recurved pedicels, in glabrous much-
branched panicles 4°-6° long, raised on stout naked stems 3°-7° in length ; perianth
ovate and acute in the bud, when fully expanded 3|^'-4' across, its segments united
at the base into a short slender distinct tube, ovate or slightly obovate, those of the
outer rank usually acute, not more than half as broad as those of the inner rank;
stamens as long or a little longer than the ovary, with slender nearly terete
filaments; ovary sessile, almost terete, pale green, abruptly contracted into the
stout elongated style. Fruit an erect oblong capsule rounded and obtuse at the
ends, tipped by a short stout mucro, conspicuously 3-ribbed, with rounded ridges on
the back of the carpels, l^'-2' long, I'-l^' wide, with a thin firm light brown ligneous
outer coat closely adherent to the lustrous light yellow inner coat, in ripening split-
ting from the top to the bottom between the carpels and through their backs at the
apex; seeds ^ wide and about jL' thick, with a smooth coat and thin brittle wide
margins to the rim.

A tree, with a tough much-branched underground stem penetrating deep into the
soil and a trunk often 10°-12° high and 7'-8' in diameter, covered above with a
thick thatch of the pendant dead leaves of many years, simple, or branched with
numerous short stout branches densely covered with leaves at first erect, then
spreading nearly at right angles, and finally pendulous. Bark dark brown, irregu-

JUGLANDACE^ 125

larly fissured, broken into thin plates, about ^' thick. Wood light, soft, spongy,
pale brown or yellow.

Distribution. High desert plateaus from southwestern Texas to southern Arizona,
southward into northern Mexico; most abundant and of its largest size on the eastern
slope of the continental divide in southern New Mexico and along the northern rim
of the Tucson Desert in Arizona.

Division II. Dicotyledons.

Stems formed of bark, wood, or pith, and increasing by the addi-
tion of an annual layer of wood inside the bark. Parts of the flower
mostly in 4's and 5's ; embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons.
Leaves netted-veined.

Subdivision 1. Apetalae. Flowers without a corolla and some-
times without a calyx.

Section 1. Flowers in unisexual aments (^female flowers of
Juglans and Querciis soUtaty or in spikes^ ; ovary inferior
(^siqjerior in Leitneviacece) when calyx is present.

V. JUGLANDACEiE.

Aromatic trees, with watery juice, terete branchlets, scaly buds, the lateral
buds usually superposed, 2-4 together, and alternate unequally pinnate decid-
uous leaves with elongated grooved petioles, and without stipules, the leaflets
increasing in size from the lowest upward, penniveined, sessile, short-stalked or
the terminal usually long-stalked. Flowers monoecious, opening after the un-
folding of the leaves, the staminate in lateral aments and comj^osed of a 3—6-
lobed calyx in the axil of and adnate to an ovate acute bract, and numerous
stamens inserted on the inner and lower face of the calyx in 2 or several rows,
with short distinct filaments and oblong anthers opening longitudinally ; the
pistillate in a spike terminal on a branch of the year and composed of a 1-3-
celled ovary subtended by an involucre free toward the apex and formed
by the union of an anterior bract and 2 lateral bractlets, a 1 or 4-lobed calyx
inserted on the ovary, a short style with 2 plumose stigmas stigmatic on the
inner face, and a solitary erect orthotropous ovule. Fruit a nut inclosed in an
indehiscent or 4-valved husk, its walls and partitions more or less penetrated
by internal longitudinal cavities filled with dry powder. Seed solitary, 2-lobed
from the apex nearly to the middle, light brown, its coat thin, of 2 layers, with-
out albumen ; cotyledons fleshy and oily, sinuose or corrugated, 2-lobed ; radicle
short, superior, filling the apex of the nut. Of the six genera of the Walnut
family two occur in North America.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN GENERA.

Aments of staminate flowers simple, sessile, or short-stalked ; husk of the fruit indehiscent ;

nut sculptured ; pith In plates. 1. Juglans.

Aments of staminate flowers branched, long-stalked ; husk of the fruit 4-valved ; nut not

sculptured ; pith solid. 2. Hicoria.

126 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

1. JUGLANS, L. Walnut.

Trees, with furrowed scaly bark, durable dark-colored wood, stout branchlets,
laminate pith, terminal buds with 2 pairs of opposite more or less oj^en scales often
obscurely pinnate at the apex, those of the inner pair more or less leaf-like, and ob-
tuse slightly flattened axillary buds formed before midsummer and covered with 4
ovate rounded scales, closed or open during winter. Leaves with numerous leaflets,
and terete petioles leaving in falling large conspicuous elevated obcordate 3-lobed
leaf-scars displaying 3 equidistant U-shaped clusters 6f dark fibro-vascular bundle-
scars; leaflets conduplicate in the bud, ovate, acute or acuminate, mostly unequal
at the base, with veins arcuate and united near the margins. Aments of the stami-
nate flowers many-flowered, elongated, solitary or in pairs from lower axillary buds of
upper nodes, appearing from between persistent bud-scales in the autumn and remain-
ing during the winter as short cones covered by the closely imbricated bracts of the
flowers; calyx 3-6-lobed, its bract free only at the apex; stamens 8-40, in 2 or several
ranks, their anthers surmounted by a conspicuous dilated truncate or lobed con-
nective; pistillate flowers in few-flowered spikes, their involucre villous, free only at
the apex and variously cut into a laciniate border (corolla ?) shorter than the erect
calyx-lobes; ovary rarely of 3 carpels; stigmas club-shaped, elongated, fimbriately
plumose. Fruit ovoid, globose or pyriform, cylindrical or obscurely 4-angled, with
a fleshy indehiscent glabrate or hirsute husk; nut ovoid or globose, more or less flat-
tened, hard, thick-walled, longitudinally and irregularly rugose, the valves alternate
with the cotyledons, and more or less ribbed along the dorsal sutures and in some
species also on the marginal sutures. Seed more or less compressed, gradually nar-
rowed or broad and deeply lobed at the base, with conspicuous dark veins radiating
from the apex and from the minute basal hilum.

Juglans is confined to temperate North America, the West Indies, South America
from Venezuela to Peru, Persia, northwestern India, northern China, Manchuria, and
Japan. Ten species are known. Of exotic species Juglans regia, L., an inhabitant
probably of Persia and northwestern India, is cultivated in the middle Atlantic and
southern states and largely in California for its edible nuts, which are an important
article of commerce. The wood of several species is valued for the interior finish of
houses and for furniture.

Juglans, from Jupiter and glands, is the classical name of the Walnut-tree.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Fruit racemose ; nut prominently 4-ribbed at the sutures, 2-celled at the base ; heartwood
light brown.

Leaflets 11-17, oblong-lanceolate. 1. J. cinerea (A).

Fruit usually solitary or in pairs ; nut without sutural ribs, 4-celled at the base ; heartwood
dark brown.

Leaflets 15-23, ovate-lanceolate ; nut prominently and irregularly ridged, with often
interrupted ridges. 2. J. nigra (A, C.)

Leaflets 9-23, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate ; nut deeply grooved.

3. J. rupestris (C, E, H).
Leaflets 11-17, ovate-lanceolate ; nut obscurely grooved. 4. J. Californica (G.)

1. Juglans cinerea, L. Butternut.

Leaves 15'-30' long, with stout pubescent petioles, and 11-17 oblong-lanceolate
acute or acuminate leaflets 2'-3' long, l^'-2' wide, finely serrate except at the

JUGLANDACE^

127

unequal rounded base, glandular and sticky as they unfold, at maturity thin, yellow-
green and rugose above, pale and soft-pubescent below, turning yellow or brown and
falling early in the autumn. Flowers : staminate in thick aments 3'-5' long, calyx
usually 6-lobed, light yellow-green, puberulous on the lower surface, ^'long, their

bracts rusty-pubescent, acute at the apex; stamens 8-12, with nearly sessile dark
brown anthers and slightly lobed connectives; pistillate in 6-8-flowered spikes, con-
stricted above the middle, about ^' long, their bracts and bractlets coated with sticky
white or pink glandular hairs and rather shorter than the linear-lanceolate calyx-
lobes; stigmas bright red, ^' long. Fruit in 3-5-fruited drooping clusters, cylindri-
cal, obscurely 2 or rarely 4-ridged, ovate-oblong, coated with rusty clamm}^ matted
hairs, li'-2y long; nut ovate, abruptly contracted and acuminate at the apex, with 4
prominent and 4 narrow less conspicuous ribs, light brown, deeply sculptured between
the ridges into thin broad irregular longitudinal plates, 2-celled at the base and
1-celled above the middle, with a narrow pointed apical cavity; seed sweet, very
oily, soon becoming rancid.

A tree, occasionally 100° high, with a tall straight trunk 2°-3° in diameter, and
sometimes free of branches for half its height; more frequently divided 20° or 30°
above the ground into many stout limbs spreading horizontally and forming a broad
low symmetrical round-topped head, and dark orange-brown or bright green rather
lustrous branchlets coated at first with rufous pubescence, covered more or less thickly
with pale lenticels, gradually becoming puberulous, brown tinged with red or orange
in their second year and marked by light gray leaf-scars with large black fibro-vas-
cular bundle-scars and elevated bands of pale tomentum separating them from the
lowest axillary buds. Winter-buds : terminal ^'-f long, V wide, flattened and
obliquely truncate at the apex, their outer scales coated with short pale pubescence;
axillary ovate, flattened, rounded at the apex, 1' long, covered with rusty brown or
pale pubescence. Bark of young stems and of the branches smooth and light gray,
becoming on old trees f'-l' thick, light brown, deeply divided into broad ridges
separating on the surface into small appressed plate-like scales, that of young trunks
and branches smooth and light gray. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained,
light brown, turning darker with exposure, with thin light-colored sapwood com-
posed of 5 or 6 layers of annual growth ; largely employed in the interior finish of

128

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

houses, and for furniture. Tlie inner bark possesses mild cathartic properties. Sugar
is made from the sap, and the green husks of the fruit arc used to dye cloth yellow
or oraufre color.

Distribution. Rich moist soil near the banks of streams and on low rocky hills,
soutiiern New Brunswick and the valley of the St. Lawrence River in Ontario to
eastern Dakota, southeastern Nebraska, central Kansas, northern Arkansas, and
Delaware, and on the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia and northern
Alabama; most abundant and of its largest size northward.

2. Juglans nigra, L. Black Walnut.

Leaves l°-2° long, with pubescent petioles, and 15-23 ovate-lanceolate leaflets
3'-3^' long, I'-iy wide, often unequal at the base, long-pointed, sharply serrate
except at the more or less rounded unequal base, thin, bright yellow-green, lustrous
and glabrous above, soft-pubescent below, especially along the slender midribs and

primary veins, turning bright clear yellow in the autumn before falling. Flovrers :
staminate in stout puberulous aments 3'-5' long, rotund, 6-lobed, with nearly orbicu-
lar lobes concave and pubescent on the outer surface, their bracts ^' long, nearly
triangular, coated with rusty brown or pale tomentum; stamens 20-30, arranged
in many series, with nearly sessile purple and truncate connectives; pistillate in
2-5- flowered spikes, ovate, gradually narrowed at the apex, ^ long, their bracts and
bractlets coated below with pale glandular hairs and green and puberulous above,
sometimes irregularly cut into a laciniate border, or reduced to an obscure ring just
below the apex of the ovary; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, light green, puberulous on the
outer, glabrous or pilose on the inner surface; stigmas yellow-green, tinged on the
margins with red, ^-f long. Fruit solitary or in pairs, globose, oblong or slightly
pyriform, light yellow-green, roughened by clusters of short pale articulate hairs,
1^-2' in diameter; nut oval or oblong, slightly flattened, 1^-1^' in diameter, dark
brown tinged with red, deeply divided on the outer surface into thin or thick often
interrupted irregular ridges, 4-celled at the base and slightly 2-celled at the apex;
seed sweet, soon becoming rancid.

A tree, frequently 100° and occasionally 150° high, with a straight trunk often clear
of branches for 50°-60° and 4°-6° in diameter, thick limbs spreading gradually
and forming a comparatively narrow shapely round-topped head of mostly upright

JUGLANDACEJE

129

rigid branches, and stout branchlets covered at first with pale or rusty matted hairs,
dull orange-brown and pilose or puberulous during their first winter, marked with
raised conspicuous orange-colored lenticels and elevated pale leaf-scars, gradually
growing darker and ultimately light brown. "Winter-buds : terminal ovate, slightly
flattened, obliquely rounded at the apex, coated with pale silky tomentum, y long,
with usually 4 obscurely pinnate scales; axillary i' long, tomentose, their outer scales
opening at the apex during the winter. Bark of young stems and branches light
brown and covered with thin scales, becoming on old trees 2'-3' thick, dark brown
slightly tinged with red, and deeply divided into broad rounded ridges broken on the
surface into thick appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather coarse-
grained, very durable, rich dark brown, with thin lighter colored sap wood of 10-20
layers of annual growth; largely used in cabinet-making, the interior finish of houses,
gun-stocks, and in boat and shipbuilding.

Distribution. Rich bottom-lands and fertile hillsides, western Massachusetts to
southern Ontario, southern Michigan and Minnesota, central and northern Nebraska,
eastern Kansas, and southward to western Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi,
and the valley of the San Antonio River, Texas; most abundant in the region west
of the Alleghany Mountains, and of its largest size on the western slopes of the high
mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee, and on the fertile river bottom-lands
of southern Illinois and Indiana, southwestern Arkansas, and the Indian Territory;
largely destroyed for its valuable timber, and now rare.

Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental tree in the eastern United States, and

in western and central Europe.

«

3. Juglans rupestris, Engelm. "Walnut.

Leaves 7'-15' long, with slender scurfy-pubescent petioles and 9-23 ovate-lanceo-
late leaflets unequal on the two edges, coarsely or finely crenulate-serrate nearly to

the rounded or unequal base, dark yellow-green and glabrous, 2^-5' long, i'-l^'
wide, thin, dark yellow-green and glabrous, or pubescent on the lower surface,
especially along the stout yellow midribs and primary veins, turning yellow before
falling in the autumn. Flowers: staminate in slender aments 2|'-4' long, 3-5-lobed,
nearly orbicular, light yellow-green, glabrous or slightly pubescent on the lower
surface, short-stalked, their bracts ovate-lanceolate, acute, coated with thick pale

130 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

tomeiituni; stamens about 20, with nearly sessile yellow anthers and dark conspicu-
ous slightly lobed connectives; pistillate in few-llowcred sjjikes, narrowed at the
ends, coated with pah' or rufous tonicntuui, -1'-^' long, their bract and braetlets green
above, puberulous at the apex on the outer surface, and irregularly divided into a
laciniate border rather shorter than the ovate acute calyx-lobes puberulous on the
outer surface; stigmas green, tinged with red, ^' long. Fruit globose or rarely
oblong, V-IV i'l diameter, with a thin husk glabrate or coated with short rufous
hairs; nut globose, without ridges, often compressed at the ends and sometimes
flattened laterally, dark reddish brown to black, deeply grooved, with longitudinal
simple or forked grooves, 4-celled at the base, 2-celled at the apex; seed small
and sweet, retaining its flavor for a long time.

A tree, 50° high, with a short trunk occasionally 5° in diameter, sometimes
divided near the ground or usually 10°-15° above it into several stout nearly
upright branches forming a narrow head, or in moist soil frequently spreading a
few feet above the division of the trunk and becoming pendulous at the extremities,
and branclilets coated at first with pale or light brown scurfy pubescence or tomentum
often persistent for two or three years, orange-red in their first winter, marked by
mau}^ small pale lenticels, and ultimately pale or nearly white; often a shrub send-
ing up from the ground a cluster of stems only a few feet tall. Winter-buds: ter-
minal \'-^' long, compressed, narrowed and often oblique at the apex, covered with
rusty or pale tomentum; axillary ^' long, compressed, coated with pale pubescence.
Bark of young trunks and of the branches smooth, pale, often nearly white, becoming
on old trees V thick, deeply furrowed and broken on the surface into thin appressed
scales. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, rich dark brown, with thick* nearly white
sap wood.

Distribution. Limestone banks of the streams of central and western Texas, here
shrubby or rarely more than 30° high; common and of larger size in canons of the
mountains of New Mexico and Arizona south of the Colorado plateau; in northern
Mexico.

Occasionally cultivated in the eastern United States, and hardy as far north as
Massachusetts; and rarely in Europe.

4. Juglans Californica, Wats. Walnut.

Leaves 6'-9' long, with slender puberulous petioles, and 11-17 ovate-lanceolate
often somewhat falcate long-pointed leaflets l^'-3' long, ^-f wide, coarsely serrate
except at the rounded or subcordate or wedge-shaped base, thin, light green, glabrous
or furnished on the under surface with tufts of pale hairs in the axils of primary
veins. Flovrers: staminate in slender puberulous aments 2'-3' long, calyx elongated,
light green, coated like its bract on the outer surface with rufous pubescence, divided
into 5 or 6 acute lobes, short-stalked ; stamens 30^0, with yellow anthers and short
connectives bifid at the apex; pistillate broadly ovate or subglobose, glabrate or
puberulous, -|' long, the free border of their bract and braetlets ring-like, nearly entire
and much shorter than the broad ovate pubescent calyx-lobes; stigmas yellow, ^ long.
Fruit globose, |'-1^' in diameter, with a thin dark-colored husk coated with soft
pubescence; nut nearly globose, without ridges, slightly compressed, sometimes flat-
tened at the ends, dark brown, obscurely grooved, with remote shallow grooves,
4-celled at the base, imperfectly 2-celled at the apex; seed large and sweet,
retaining its flavor for several months.

A tree, rarely 60° high, with a trunk 18'-20' in diameter, and stout pendulous

•JUGLANDACE^

131

branches forming a graceful symmetrical romid-topped head, and slender branchlets
covered while young with rufous scurfy tomentum, dark reddish brown, puberulous,
and marked during their first winter with pale scattered lenticels and small elevated
obscurely 3-lobed leaf-scars, becoming darker and gradually glabrous in their second
year and ultimately nearly white; often much smaller, sometimes shrubby in habit.

Winter-buds: terminal acute, compressed, more or less oblique at the apex, coated
with pale tomentum, ^' long; axillary usually solitary, nearly globose, ^q' long, and
covered with thick pale rufous tomentum. Bark of young stems and upper branches
smooth, pale or nearly white, becoming on old trunks ^'-^' thick, dark brown or
nearly black, deeply divided into broad irregular ridges separating on the surface
into thin appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, rather cross-grained, dark brown,
often mottled, with thick pale sapwood of 8-10 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Banks of streams and bottom-lands in the California coast region,
usually twenty or thirty miles from the sea, from the valley of the lower Sacramento
River to the southern slopes of the San Bernardino Mountains.

Often cultivated in California as a shade-tree and as stock on which to graft
varieties of Juglans regia, L.

2. HICORIA, Raf. Hickory.

Trees, with smooth gray bark becoming on old trunks rough and scaly, strong
hard tough brown wood, tough terete flexible branches, solid pith, buds covered with
few valvate or with numerous imbricated scales, the axillary buds often stalked and
sometimes solitary. Leaves often glandular-dotted, their petioles sometimes per-
sistent on the^ branches during the winter, and in falling leaving large elevated ob-
long or semiorbicular more or less 3-lobed emarginate leaf-scars displaying small
marginal clusters and central radiating lines of dark fibro-vascular bundle-scars;
leaflets involute in the bud, ovate or obovate, usually acuminate, thick and firm,
serrate, mostly unequal at the base, with veins forked and running to the margins,
turning clear bright yellow in the autumn. Aments of the staminate flowers ternate,
slender, solitary or fascicled in the axils of leaves of the previous year or at tlie base
of branches of the year from the inner scales of the terminal bud, the lateral branches

132 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

in the axils of lanceolate acute persistent bracts; calyx usually 2 rarely 3-lobed,
its bract free nearly to the base and usually much longer than the ovate rounded
calyx-lobes; stamens 3-10, in 2 or 3 series, their anthers ovate-oblong, emarginate
or divided at the a])ex, pilose or hirsute, as long or longer than their slender con-
nectives; pistillate flowers sessile, in 2-10-flowered spikes, with j)erianth-like involu-
cres, slightly -l-ridged, une(pially 4-lobed at the apex, villous on the outer surface,
the bract much longer than the bractlets and single calyx-lobe ; stigmas short,
papillose-stigmatic. Fruit ovoid, globose or pyriform, with a lliiii oi- thick husk
becoming hard and woody at maturity, 4-valved, the sutures alternate with those of
the nut, sometimes more or less broadly winged, splitting to the base or to the mid-
dle; nut oblong, obovate or subglobose, acute, acuminate, or rounded at the apex,
tipped by the hardened renmants of the style, narrowed and usually rounded at the
base, cylindrical or compressed contrary to the valves, the wall thin and brittle or
thick, hard, and bony, smooth or variously rugose or ridged on the outer surface,
-l-celled at the base, 2-celled at the apex. Seed compressed, variously grooved on
the back of the flat or concave lobes, sweet or bitter.

Hicoria is confined to the temperate region of eastern North America from the
valley of the St. Lawrence River to the highlands of Mexico. Of the twelve species,
eleven inhabit the territory of the United States.

The generic name is formed from the popular name of these trees.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Bud-scales few, valvate, the inner strap-shaped and only slightly accrescent ; fruit more or
less broadly winged at the sutures ; shell of the nut thin and brittle, with large cavities
{thick in 4)'

Aments of staminate flowers nearly sessile, usually on branches of the previous year.
Leaflets 13-15, oblong-lanceolate, more or less falcate ; nut ovate-oblong, cylin-
drical; kernel sweet. 1. H. Pecan (A, C).
Leaflets 7-11, lanceolate, often falcate ; nut oblong, compressed ; kernel bitter.

2. H. Texana (C).
Aments of staminate flowers long-stalked on branches of the year or of the previous
year.

Leaflets 7-11, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate ; nut often broader than long, slightly
4-angled ; kernel bitter. 3. H. minima (A, C).

Leaflets 7-11, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate-obovate ; nut ellipsoidal, cylindrical,
thick-shelled ; kernel sweet. 4. H. myristicaef ormis (C).

Leaflets 7-13, lanceolate, more or less falcate ; nut compressed, rugose, prominently
ridged ; kernel bitter. 5. H. aquatica (C).

Bud-scales numerous, imbricated, the inner becoming much enlarged, often highly colored
and much reflexed and twisted before falling ; aments of staminate flowers at the base
of branches of the year, long-stalked ; fruit without sutural wings {sometimes slightly
winged in 11) ; shell of the nut thick and bony, wnth minute cavities.
Bark separable from old trunks in long loose plates.
Branehlets light red-brown ; nut pale or nearly white.

Leaflets 5-7, ovate to oblong-lanceolate or obovate ; nut thick or thin-shelled ;
branehlets stout. 6. H. ovata (A, C).

Leaflets usually 5, lanceolate ; nut thin-shelled ; branehlets slender.

7. H. Carolinae-septentrionalis (C).
Branehlets pale orange color.

Leaflets 5-9, obovate or oblong-lanceolate, puberulous on the lower surface ; nut
ovate, thick-walled, prominently 4-angled, dull white to light reddish brown.

8. H. laciniosa (A, C).

JUGLANDACE^

133

Bark closely furrowed, rarely exfoliating' in plate-like scales.

Leaflets 7-9, oblong-lanceolate to obovate-lanceolate, more or less tomentose on the
lower surface, very fragrant ; nut globose or oblong, often long-pointed, 4:-ridged
toward the apex, thick-shelled, reddish brown. 9. H. alba (A, C).

Leaflets usually 5-T, oblong to obovate-lanceolate, glabrous or villous-pubescent ;
fruit pyriform or globose ; husk usually thin, slightly ridged at the sutures ; nut
oblong-oval or globose, thick or thin-shelled. 10. H. glabra (A, C).

Leaflets 5-9, lanceolate to oblanceolate, pubescent and covered below while young
with silvery peltate scales ; fruit subglobose to pyriform ; husk thin ; nut angled,
thick-shelled. 11. H. villosa (A, C).

1. Bud-scales few y valvule.

1. Hicoria Pecan, Britt. Pecan.

Leaves 12'-20' long, with slender glabrous or pubescent petioles, and 9-17
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate more or less falcate long-pointed coarsely often
doubly serrate leaflets rounded or wedge-shaped at the unequal base, sessile, with
the exception of the terminal leaflet, or short-stalked, thin and firm, dark yellow-
green and glabrous or pilose above, and pale and glabrous or pubescent below,

4'-8' long, V-S' wide, with narrow yellow midribs and conspicuous veins. Flowers:
staminate in slender puberulous clustered aments 3'-5' long, from buds formed in
the axils of leaves of the previous year or occasionally on shoots of the year, sessile
or short-stalked; calyx light yellow-green and hirsute on the outer surface, with
broadly ovate acute lobes rather shorter than the oblong or obovate bract, and nearly
sessile yellow anthers; pistillate oblong, narrowed at the ends, slightly 4-angled and
coated with yellow scurfy pubescence. Fruit in clusters of 3-11, pointed, 4-winged
and angled, l'-2i' long, -j'-l' broad, dark brown and coated with clusters of yellow
articulate hairs, with a thin hard and brittle husk splitting at maturity nearly to the
base and often persistent on the branch during the winter after the discharge of
the nut; nut ovoid to ellipsoidal, nearly cylindrical or slightly 4-angled toward the
pointed apex, rounded and usually apiculate at the base, bright reddish brown, with
irregular black markings, l'-2' long, with thin brittle walls and papery partitions;

134 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

seed sweet, retl-brown, its nearly Hat lobes grooved t roiu near the base to the apex
by 2 deep longitudinal grooves.

A tree, 100°-170° high, with a tall massive trunk occasionally C° in diameter above
its enlarged and buttressed base, stout slightly spreading branches forming in the
forest a narrow symmetrical and inversely pyramidal head, or with abundant room a
broad round-topped crown, and branehlets at first slightly tinged with red and coated
with loose pale tomentum, becoming glabrous or puberulous in their first winter,
and marked with numerous oblong orange-colored lenticels and with large oblong
concave leaf-scars surrounded by a broad thin membranaceous border embracing the
lower axillary bud. Winter-buds acute, compressed, covered with clusters of bright
yellow articulate hairs and pale tomentum, terminal ^' long; axillary ovate, often
stalked, especially the large upper one. Bark I'-l^' thick, light brown tinged with
red, and deeply and irregularly divided into narrow forked ridges broken on the
surface into thick appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, coarse-
grained, light brown tinged with red, with thin light brown sapwood; less valuable
than that of most Hickories, and used chiefly for fuel, and occasionally in the manu-
facture of wagons and agricultural implements. The nuts, which vary in size and
shape and in the thickness of their shells and in the quality of the kernels, are an
important article of commerce.

Distribution. Low rich ground in the neighborhood of streams from the valley
of the Mississippi River in Iowa, through southern Illinois and Indiana, western
Kentucky and Tennessee, to central Mississippi and Alabama, and through Missouri
and Arkansas to southeastern Kansas, the Indian Territory, western Louisiana and
the valley of the Concho River, Texas, reappearing on the mountains of Mexico;
most abundant and of its largest size in southern Arkansas, the Indian Territory, and
eastern Texas.

Occasionally planted as a shade-tree, especially in the southern states, and now
largely for its nuts in orchards of trees raised from selected seeds or by grafts of
trees producing nuts of the largest size and best quality.

2. Hicoria Texana, Le Conte. Bitter Pecan.

• Leaves 10'-12' long, with slender petioles, and 7-11 lanceolate acuminate finely
serrate leaflets, hoary-tomentose at first, and more or less villous in the autumn,
thin and firm, dark yellow-green, nearly glabrous above, pale yellow-green and
puberulous below, 3' -5' long, about 1^' wide, the terminal leaflet gradually narrowed
to the acute base and short-stalked, the lateral often falcate, unsymmetrical at the
base, subsessile or short-stalked. Flowers: staminate in villous aments 2'-3' long;
calyx light yellow-green and villous on the outer surface, with oblong-ovate rounded
lobes, much shorter than the ovate acuminate bract; pistillate oblong, slightly 4-an-
gled, villose. Fruit in few-fruited clusters, oblong or oblong-obovate, apiculate at
the apex, slightly 4-winged at the base, dark brown, more or less covered with artic-
ulate hairs, l|^'-2' long, with a thin husk; nut oblong-ovate or oblong-obovate, com-
pressed, acute at the ends, short-pointed at the apex, apiculate at the base, obscurely
4-angled, bright red-brown, rough and pitted and usually 1^-1^' long, with a thin
brittle shell, thin papery walls, and a low basal ventral partition; seed very bitter,
bright red-brown, flattened, its lobes rounded and slightly divided at the apex,
longitudinally grooved and deeply penetrated on the outer face by the prominent
reticulated folds of the inner surface of the shell of the nut.

A tree, sometimes 100° high on the bottoms of the Brazos River, with a tall straight

JUGLANDACE^ 135

trunk 3° in diameter, and ascending branches, or on the borders of prairies in low-
wet woods usually lo°-25° tall, with a short trunk 8'-10' in diameter, small
spreading branches forming a narrow round-topped head; and slender branchlets
coated at first with thick hoary tomentum sometimes persistent until the autumn,
bright red-brown and marked by occasional large pale lenticels during their first

winter and by the large concave obcordate leaf-scars nearly surrounding the lowest
axillary buds, becoming darker in their second season and dark or light gray-brown
in their third year. Winter-buds covered with light yellow articulate hairs, ter-
minal oblong, acute or acuminate, somewhat compressed, about Y lor^g? ^^^d rather
longer than the upper lateral bud. Bark ^'-f thick, light reddish brown, and rough-
ened by closely appressed variously shaped plate-like scales. Wood close-grained,
tough and strong, light red-brown, with pale brown sapwood.

Distribution. Bottom-lands and low wet woods of eastern Texas for a distance
of 100 to 150 miles from the coast.

3. Hicoria minima, Britt. Bitternut. Swamp Hickory.

Leaves 6'-10' long, with slender pubescent or hirsute petioles, and 5-9 lanceolate
to oblong or ovate-lanceolate or obovate long-pointed sessile leaflets coarsely serrate
except at the equally or unequally wedge-shaped or subcordate base, thin and firm,
dark yellow-green and glabrous above, lighter and pubescent below, especially along
the midribs, 4'-6' long, |'-1^' wide. Flowers: staminate in slightly pubescent aments
3'-4' long, with a slender peduncle often 1' in length, usually on branches of the
previous year or rarely from the base of shoots of the year; calyx coated with
rufous hairs like its ovate acute bract; stamens 4, with ovate yellow anthers deeply
emarginate at the apex; pistillate ^' long, slightly 4-angled, covered with yellow
scurfy tomentum. Fruit f -1^' long, obovate to subglobose, 4-winged from the apex
to about the middle, with a thin husk, more or less thickly coated with yellow scurfy
pubescence; nut ovate or oblong, often broader than long, compressed and marked
at the base with dark lines along the sutures and alternate with them, depressed
or obcordate, and abruptly contracted into a long or short point at the apex, gray
tinged with red or light reddish brown, with a thin brittle shell; seed bright reddish
brown, very bitter, much compressed, deeply rugose, with irregular cross-folds.

136

TKKES OF NORTH AMEKICA

A tree, often 100" liigli, with a tall straij^lit trunk 2°-3° in diameter, stout
spreadinj:^ branches forniinfj a broad handsome head, and slender branchlets marked
with oblon*:^ pale lentieels, bri<j;-ht green and covered more or less thickly with rusty
hairs at tirst, reddish brown and glabrous or pid)erul()us during their first summer,
reddish brown and lustrous during the winter and ultimately light gray, with small
elevated obscurely 3-lobed obcordate leaf-scars. "Winter-buds comjjresscd, bright
yellow, terminal |^'-f' long, oblique at the apex, covered with 2 pairs of scales; lat-
eral slightly -i-angled, often stalked, ^'-^ ^ong, with ovate pointed slightly accres-
cent scales keeled on the back. Bark y-|' thick, light brown tinged with red, and
broken into thin plate-like scales separating on the surface into small thin flakes.
Wood heavy, very hard, strong, tough, close-grained, dark brown, with thick light
brown or often nearly white sapwood; largely used for hoops and ox-yokes, and for
fuel.

Distribution. Low wet woods near the borders of streams and swamps or high
rolling uplands often remote from streams, southern Maine to Ontario, central

pic, ii6

Michigan and Minnesota, southeastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas and the Indian
Territory, and southward to northwestern Florida, northern Alabama, and eastern
Texas; one of the largest and commonest Hickory-trees of southern New England,
and abundant in all the central states east and west of the Appalachian Mountains;
growing to its largest size on the bottom-lands of the lower Ohio basin; the common
Hickory of Iowa, Nebraska, and Kansas.

4. Hicoria myristicaBformis, Britt. Nutmeg Hickory.

Leaves 7'-14' long, with slender terete scurfy-pubescent petioles, and 5-11 ovate-
lanceolate to broadly obovate acute leaflets usually equally or sometimes unequally
wedge-shaped or rounded at the narrow base, coarsely serrate, short-stalked or
nearly sessile, thin and firm, dark green above, more or less pubescent or nearly
glabrous and silvery white and very lustrous below, 4' -5' long, I'-l^ wide, with
pale scurfy pubescent midribs, changing late in the season to bright bronzy brown.
Flo"wers: staminate in aments 3'-4' long and coated like the ovate-oblong acute
bract and calyx of the flower with dark brown scurfy pubescence; stamens 6, with
oblong emarginate anthers; pistillate oblong, narrowed at the ends, slightly 4-angled,

JUGLANDACE^

137

covered with thick brown scurfy pubescence. Fruit usually solitary, ellipsoidal or
slightly obovate, 4-ridged to the base, with broad thick ridges, 1-^' long, coated with
yellow-brown scurfy pubescence, the husk not more than ^' thick, and splitting

nearly to the base; nut ellipsoidal or sometimes slightly obovate, 1' long, |' broad,
rounded and apiculate at the ends, smooth, dark reddish brown, and marked with
longitudinal broken bands of small gray spots covering the entire surface at the
ends, the shell ^' or more thick, hard and bony, with a thick partition, and a low
thin dorsal division; seed sweet, small, dark brown.

A tree, 80^-100° high, with a tall straight trunk often 2° in diameter, stout
slio-htly spreading branches forming a comparatively narrow rather open head, and
slender branchlets coated with lustrous golden or brown scales often persistent
until the second year, light brown or ashy gray during their first winter, ultimately
dark reddish brown, and marked with small scattered pale lenticels and small oval
emarginate elevated leaf-scars. Winter-buds covered with thick brown scurfy
pubescence, terminal ^'-\' long, ovate, rather obtuse; axillary much smaller, acute,
slightly flattened, sessile or short-stalked, often solitary. Bark ^-f thick, dark
brown tinged with red, and broken irregularly into small thin appressed scales.
"Wood hard, very strong, tough, close-grained, light brown, with thick lighter
colored sapwood of 80-90 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Banks of rivers and swamps in rich moist soil or rarely on higher
ground, eastern South Carolina, and through central Alabama and Mississippi to
southern Arkansas; on the mountains of northeastern Mexico; rare and very local in
the coast region of South Carolina; more abundant westward; common in southern
Arkansas.

5. Hicoria aquatica, Britt. Bitter Pecan. "Water Hickory.

Leaves 9'-15' long, with slender dark red puberulous or tomentose petioles, and
7-13 ovate lanceolate long-pointed falcate equilateral leaflets rounded or wedge-
shaped at the base or oblique and very unequally wedge-shaped, finely or coarsely
serrate, sessile or stalked, 3'-o' long, ^'-1^' wide, covered with yellow glandular
dots, thin and membranaceous, dark green above, brown and lustrous or tomentose
on the lower surface, especially on the slender midribs and primary veins, the ter-

188

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

niinal leaflet more or less deourrent by its wedge-shaped base on a slender stalk or
rarely nearly sessile. Flo"wers : staniinate in solitary or fascicled hirsute anients
2i'-3' long from branches of the previous year or at the base of branches of the
year; calyx covered like the bract with yellow glandular pubescence; stamens G, with
oblong slightly emarginate anthers; pistillate oblong, slightly flattened, 4-angled,
glandular-pubescent. Fruit often in 3 or 4-fruited clusters, much compressed,
usually broadest above the middle, rounded at the slightly narrowed base, rounded
or abruptly narrowed at the apex, conspicuously 4-winged, dark brown or nearly
black, covered more or less thickly with bright yellow pubescence, 1^' long, I'-l^'
wide, with a thin brittle husk splitting tardily and usually only to the middle; nut
flattened, slightly obovate, 1-1^' long, nearly as broad, rounded and abruptly short-
pointed at the apex, rounded at the narrow base, 4-angled and ridged, dark reddish
brown, and longitudinally and very irregularly wrinkled, with thin walls and par-
titions containing large irregular cavities filled with dark red bitter powder; seed
oblong, compressed, dark brown, irregularly and ustially longitudinally furrowed.

A tree, occasionally 80°-100° high, with a trunk rarely exceeding 2° in diameter,
slender upright branches forming a narrow head, and slender dark reddish brown
or ashy gray lustrous branchlets marked with numerous pale lenticels, at first slightly
glandular and coated with loose pale tomentum, glabrous or puberulous during the
summer, and marked during the winter with small nearly oval or obscurely 3-lobed
slightly elevated leaf -scars, growing dark red-brown and ultimately gray. Winter-
buds slightly flattened, acute, dark reddish brown, covered with caducous yellow
glands, terminal ^'-\' long, often villose; axillary much smaller, frequently nearly
sessile, often solitary. Bark ^'-f ' thick, separating freely into long loose plate-like

light brown scales tinged with red. "Wood heavy, strong, close-grained, rather brit-
tle, dark brown, with thick light-colored or often nearly white sapwood; occasionally
used for fencing and fuel.

Distribution. River swamps often inundated during a considerable part of the
year from southeastern Virginia southward through the coast regions to Cape Mal-
abar and the valley of the Caloosa River, Florida, through the maritime portions
of the Gulf states to the valley of the Brazos River in Texas, and northward through
western Louisiana to northeastern Arkansas, western Mississippi, and southern Illi-

JUGLANDACEJE 139

nois; most abundant and of its largest size in western Mississippi, Arkansas, and
Louisiana.

2. Bud-scales numerous, imbricated.

6. Hicoria ovata, Britt. Shellbark Hickory. Shagbark Hickory.

Leaves 8'-14' long, with stout glabrous or pubescent petioles, and 5 or rarely 7
ovate to ovate-lanceolate or obovate leaflets, acuminate or rarely rounded at the apex,
sessile or short-stalked, more or less thickly ciliate on the margins, finely serrate ex-
cept toward the usually cuneate base, thick and firm, dark yellow-green and glabrous

above, paler, glabrous and lustrous or puberulous below, the terminal leaflet decur-
rent on a slender stalk, 5'-T long, 2'-3' broad, rather larger than the upper leaflets,
and two or three times as large as those of the lowest pair. Flo'wers: staminate
opening after the leaves have grown nearly to their full size, in slender light green
glandular-hirsute aments 4'-5' long, short-stalked, glandular-hirsute, their elon-
gated ovate acute lanceolate bract two or three times as long as the ovate concave
rounded or acute calyx-lobes; stamens 4, with nearly sessile yellow anthers tinged with
red; pistillate in 2-5-flowered spikes, ^' long, clothed with rusty tomentum. Fruit
solitary or in pairs, subglobose, rather longer than broad or slightly obovate, de-
pressed at the apex, dark reddish brown or nearly black at maturity, roughened by
small pale lenticels, glabrous or pilose, l'-2^' long, the husk ^-1' thick and splitting
freely to the base ; nut oblong, nearly twice as long as broad, or obovate and broader
than long, compressed, prominently or obscurely 4-ridged and angled, acute and
gradually or abruptly narrowed or rounded and nearly truncate at the apex, gradu-
ally narrowed and rounded at the base, pale or nearly white, thick or rarely thin-
walled, ^'-V long, I'-l' wide; seed light brown, lustrous, sweet, with an aromatic
flavor.

A tree, 70°-90° and occasionally 120° high, with a tall straight trunk 3°-4° in
diameter, in the forest often free of branches for 50°-60° above the ground and
then divided into a few small limbs forming a narrow head, or with more space some-
times dividing near the ground or at half the height of the tree into stout slightly
spreading limbs, forming a narrow inversely conical round-topped head of more or

140 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

less peiuhilous branches, and stout branchlets marked with ()bh)n<^ pale lenticels,
covered at first with caducous brown scurf and coated with pale glandular pubes-
cence, soon bright reddish brown and lustrous, glabrous or pubescent, growing dark
gray in their second year and ultimately light gray, and marked by pale and slightly
elevated ovate semiorbicular or obscurely .'J-lobed leaf-scars. "Wiiiter-buds: ter-
minal broadly ovate, rather obtuse, ^'-f Iwig, h'~¥ ^^oad, tlie l\ or 4 outer scales
nearly triangular, acute, dark brown, pubescent and hirsute on the outer surface, the
exterior scales often abruptly narrowed into long rigid points and deciduous before
the unfolding of the leaves, inner scales lustrous, covered with resinous glands, yel-
low-green often tinged with red, oblong-obovate, pointed, becoming 2^ '-3' long and
^' broad, usually persistent until after the fall of the staminate ameuts; axillary
coated at first with thick white tomentum, becoming y-^' long when fully grown.
Bark light gray, |'-1' thick, separating in thick stripes often a foot or more long and
6'-8' wide, and more or less closely attached to the trunk by the middle, giving it
the shaggy appearance to which the tree owes its common name. "Wood heavy, very
hard and strong, tough, close-grained, flexible, light brown, with thin nearly white
sapwood; largely used in the manufacture of agricultural implements, carriages,
wagons, and for axe-handles, baskets, and fuel. The nut is the common hickory nut
of commerce.

Distribution. Low hills or near streams and swamps, in rich deep moderately
moist soil from southern Maine to the valley of the St. Lawrence River near Mon-
treal, south westward along the northern shores of Lake Erie and Ontario to southern
Michigan, central Minnesota, and southeastern Nebraska, southward to Pennsylvania
and Delaware and along the Appalachian Mountains to western Florida, northern
Alabama and Mississippi, and westward to central Kansas, the Indian Territory and
eastern Texas; most common and of its largest size on the western slopes of the
southern Alleghany Mountains and in the basin of the lower Ohio River.

7. Hicoria Carolinae-septentrionalis, Ashe. Shagbark Hickory.

Leaves 4'-8' long, with slender glabrous petioles, usually 5 but occasionally 3
lanceolate long-pointed leaflets gradually narrowed at the acuminate symmetrical
or unsymmetrical base, coarsely serrate, ciliate with long white hairs as the leaves
unfold, thin, dark green above, pale yellow-green and lustrous below, the upper
leaflets 3'-4' long, I'-l^' wide, and about twice as large as those of the lower pair,
turning dull brown or yellow-brown some time before falling. Flo"wers : stami-
nate in slightly villous aments, pedicellate, glandular-hirsute on the outer surface,
with linear elongated acuminate villous bracts; stamens 4; pistillate usually in 2-
flowered spikes, oblong and covered with clustered golden hairs, their bract linear
and ciliate on the margins. Fruit broader than high, or short-oblong, slightly de-
pressed at the apex, f '-1^' wide, dark red-brown, roughened by small pale lenticels,
with a husk y-^' thick, splitting freely almost to the base; nut ovate, compressed,
prominently 4-angled, acute at the ends, nearly white or pale brown, f -1' long, with
a thin shell; seed light brown, sweet.

A tree, on moist bottom-lands sometimes 80° tall, with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter,
and short small branches forming a narrow oblong head, or on dry hillsides usually
not more than 20°-30° tall, with a trunk generally not exceeding a foot in diame-
ter, and slender red-brown branchlets marked by numerous small pale lenticels and
by the small low truncate or slightly obcordate leaf-scars, becoming ultimately dull
gray-brown. Winter-buds : terminal ovate, gradually narrowed to the obtuse

JUGLANDACEJE

141

apex, about \' long, with glabrous bright red-brown and lustrous acute and apieulate
strongly keeled spreading outer scales, the inner scales becoming when fully grown

bright yellow, long-pointed, and sometimes 2' long; axillary oblong, obtuse, not
more than Jg' long. Bark light gray, ^'-f thick, separating freely into thick strips
often a foot or more long, 3' or 4' wide, and long-persistent, giving to the trunk the
shaggy appearance of the northern Shagbark Hickory. "Wood hard, strong, very
tough, light reddish brown, with thin nearly white sapwood.

Distribution. Dry limestone hills, and river-bottoms; central North Carolina
to northern Georgia, and through western North Carolina to eastern Tennessee and
central Alabama.

8. Hicoria laciniosa, Sarg. Big Shellbark. Bottom Shellbark.

Leaves lo'-22' long, with stout glabrous or pubescent petioles often persistent
on the branches during the winter, and 5-9, usually 7, ovate to oblong-lanceolate or
broadly obovate leaflets, the upper 5'-9' long and 3'-o' broad and generally two or
three times as large as those of the lowest pair, usually equilateral, acuminate, equally
or unequally wedge-shaped or rounded at the often oblique base, finely serrate, ses-
sile or short-stalked, dark green and lustrous above, pale yellow-green or bronzy
brown and covered with soft pubescence below. Flo"wers : staminate in aments
5'-8' long and glabrous or covered with rufous scurfy tomentum, short-pedicellate,
with linear-lanceolate acute bracts two or three times as long as the broader rounded
calyx-lobes, and hirsute yellow subsessile more or less deeply emarginate anthers;
pistillate in 2-o-flowered spikes, oblong-ovate, about twice as long as broad, slightly
angled, clothed with pale tomentum, with linear acute bracts much longer than the
nearly triangular bractlets and calyx-lobe. Fruit solitary or in pairs, ellipsoidal,
ovate or subglobose, depressed at the apex, roughened with minute orange-colored
lenticels, downy or glabrous, light orange-colored or dark chestnut-brown at matur-
ity, l|'-2y long and l^'-2' broad, with a hard woody husk pale and marked on the
inside with dark delicate veins, and \'-\' thick ; nut ellipsoidal or slightly obovate,
longer than broad or sometimes broader than long, flattened and rounded at the ends
or gradually narrowed and rounded at the base, and occasionally acuminate at the
apex, more or less compressed, prominently l-ridged and angled or often 6-ridged,

142

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

furnished at the base with a stout long point, lij;lit ycHow to reddish brown, l^'-2^'
long and li'-lf wide, with a hard bony shell sometimes ]' thick ; seed light chest-
nut-brown, very sweet.

A tree, occasionally 120° high, \nth a straight slender trunk often free of branches
for more than half its height and rarely exceeding 3° in diameter, comparatively
small spreading branches forming a narrow oblong head, and stout dark or light
orange-colored branchlets at first pilose or covered with pale or rufous pubescence
or tomentum, roughened by scattered elevated long pale lenticels. orange-brown and
glabrous or puberulous during their first winter and marked with oblong 3-lobed
emarginate leaf-scars. "Winter-buds: terminal ovate, rather obtuse, sometimes 1'
long and 5' broad, and three or four times as large as the axillary buds, usually
covered by 11 or 12 scales, the outer dark brown, puberulous, generally keeled,
with a long point at the apex, the inner scales obovate, pointed and rounded at the
apex, light green tinged with red, or bright red or yellow, covered with silky pu-
bescence on the outer face, slightly resinous, becoming 2'-3' long and 1' broad. Bark

l'-2' thick, light gray, separating into broad thick plates frequently 3°-4° long,
sometimes remaining for many years hanging on the trunk. Wood heavy, very
hard, strong and tough, close-grained, very flexible, dark brown, with comparatively
thin nearly white sapwood. The large nuts are often sold in the markets of western
cities and commercially are not often distinguished from those of the Shellbark
Hickory.

Distribution. Rich deep bottom-lands usually inundated during several weeks
of every year from Iowa to southeastern Nebraska, through Missouri and Arkansas,
eastern Kansas and the eastern portion of the Indian Territory, through southern
Illinois and Indiana to East Tennessee, southern Michigan, western and central
New York, eastern Pennsylvania and middle North Carolina; rare and local east of
the Allegbany Mountains and comparatively rare in Arkansas, Kansas, and the In-
dian Territory; one of the commonest trees of the great river swamps of central
Missouri and the lower Ohio basin.

Occasionally cultivated on old estates in Virginia, and rarely in central and west-
ern Europe.

JUGLANDACEiE

143

9. Hicoria alba, Britt. Mockernut. Big Bud Hickory.

Leaves fragrant, with a powerful resinous pleasant odor, 8'-12' long, with hirsute
or tomentose petioles, and 5-7 oblong-lanceolate to obovate-lanceolate leaflets gradu-
ally or abruptly acuminate, mostly equilateral, equally or unequally rounded or
wedge-shaped at the base, minutely or coarsely serrate, sessile or short-stalked, dark
yellow-green and rather lustrous above, lustrous, paler or light orange-colored or
brown and clothed with soft pale pubescence on the lower surface, the upper leaflets
o'-8' long and 3'-5' wide, and two or three times as large as those of the lowest pair.
Flo"wers: staminate in aments 4'-o' long, with slender light green stems coated
with matted hairs, short-stalked, pale yellow-green, ye'"^' ^^^S^ scurfy-pubescent,
with elongated ovate-lanceolate bracts ending in tufts of long pale hairs, and three
or four times as long as the calyx-lobes, and 4 stamens with nearly sessile oblong
emarginate bright red hirsute anthers; pistillate in crowded 2-5-flowered spikes,
slightly contracted above the middle, coated with pale tomentum, the bract ovate,
acute, sometimes ^' long, about twice as long as the broadly ovate nearly triangular
bractlets and calyx-lobe; stigmas dark red. Fruit ellipsoidal or obovate, gradually
narrowed at the ends, acute at the apex, abruptly contracted toward the base, pilose
or nearly glabrous, dark red-brown, 1^-2' long, with a husk about ^ thick splitting
to the middle or nearly to the base; nut nearly globose, ellipsoidal or obvate-
oblong, narrowed at the ends, rounded at the base, acute and sometimes attenuated
and long-pointed at the apex, much or only slightly compressed, obscurely or promi-
nently 4-ridged, light reddish brown, becoming darker and sometimes red with age,
|'-2' long, f '-1^' wide, with very thick hard walls and partitions ; seed small, sweet,
dark brown, and lustrous.

A tree, rarely 100° high, usually much smaller, with a tall trunk occasionally 3°
in diameter, comparatively small spreading branches forming a narrow or often a

broad round-topped head of upright rigid or of gracefully pendulous branches, and
stout branchlets clothed at first with thick pale tomentum, rather bright brown,
nearly glabrous or pubescent or tomentose, and marked by conspicuous pale lenticels
during their first season, becoming light or dark gray, with pale emarginate leaf-
scars almost equally lobe'd or elongated with the lowest lobe two or three times as

144

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

long" as the others. Winter-buds: terminal broadly ovate, acute or obtuse, ^'-|'
long, two or three times as large as the axillary buds, the three or four outer butl-
scales ovate, acute, often keeled and apiculate, thick and firm, dark reddish brown
and pilose, usually deciduous late in the autumn, the inner scales ovate, rounded or
acute and short-pointed at the apex, light green covered with soft silky pubescence
Du the outer, and often bright red and pilose on the inner surface, becoming I'-l^'
long and ^' broad. Bark .V-']' thick, slightly ridged by shallow irregular interrupted
fissures and covered by dark gray closely appressed scales. "Wood very heavy,
hard, tough, strong, close-grained, flexible, rich dark brown, with thick nearly white
saj)woo(l; used for the same purposes as that of the Shellbark Hickory.

Distribution. Southern Ontario southward to Cape Canaveral and the shores of
Tampa Bay, Florida, and westward to eastern Kansas, the Indian Territory, and
eastern Texas; comparatively rare at the north, growing on ridges and less fre-
quently on alluvial river-bottoms; the most abundant and generally distributed of
the Hickory-trees of the south, attaining its largest size in the basin of the lower
Ohio River and in Missouri and Arkansas; the only Hickory in the southern mari-
time Pine-belt, growing in great abundance on low sandy hummocks close to the
shores of bays and estuaries along the coast of the south Atlantic and Gulf states.

10. Hicoria glabra, Britt. Pignut.

Leaves 8'-12' long, with slender glabrous petioles, and 5 or 7 or rarely 9 oblong
to obovate-lanceolate leaflets gradually or abruptly long-pointed at the apex, equally

or unequally rounded at the base, sharply serrate, subsessile or short-stalked, thick
and firm, at first glandular-punctate and villose, becoming glabrous, dark yellow-green
above, paler and sometimes bright yellow or yellow-brown below, the upper 6'-8'
long and 2'-21' broad, and three or four times larger than those of the lowest pair.
Flowers: staminate in short-stalked scurfy pubescent aments 3'-7' long, yellow-
green coated with pale pubescence or tomentura, with bracts lanceolate, acute and
much longer than or ovate rounded and not longer than the calyx-lobes, and 4 stamens,
with nearly sessile ovate emarginate orange-colored anthers slightly hirsute above
the middle; pistillate in 2-5-flowered spikes, ^' long, more or less prominently
4-ribbed, nearly glabrous or coated with scurfy pubescence or pale tomentum, their

JUGLANDACE^ 145

bract lanceolate, acute, sometimes ^' long, much longer than the ovate acute bract-
lets and the calyx-lobe; stigmas yellow. Fruit extremely variable in shape and size,
pyriform, ellipsoidal, or subglobose (var. odorata, Sarg.), rounded or often much
depressed at the apex, abruptly or gradually narrowed at the base, cylindrical or
often obscurely winged to the middle or nearly to the base, reddish brown, often
pubescent or covered with scattered clusters of bright yellow hairs, l^'-2' long,
3'_ii' broad, with valves 3V~t^6' thick, opening in some forms only at the apex and
continuing to inclose the nut after it has fallen to the ground, in others splitting
to the middle or nearly to the base; nut ellipsoidal to subglobose, often nearly as
broad as long, rounded at the ends, or obcordate or rarely acumiuate at the apex,
obscurely 4-angled, compressed or cylindrical, ^'-1^' long, with thick or thin hard
walls and partitions; seed small, light brown, bitter or sweet.

A tree, 80°-90° high, with a tall slender often forked trunk occasionally 3° or 4°
in diameter, spreading limbs forming a rather narrow head of slender more or less
pendulous and often contorted branches, and slender branchlets marked with oblong
pale lenticels, light green and nearly glabrous at first, rather light red-brown during
their first season, turning dark red in their second year, with small semiorbicular to
oblong obscurely lobed leaf -scars. Winter-buds: terminal usually about \' long,
ellipsoidal, acute or obtuse, and two or three times as large as the axillary buds, the
outer scales acute or often slightly keeled and frequently long-pointed, light orange-
brown or dark reddish brown, lustrous and covered with short soft pubescence,
usually deciduous early in the autumn, the inner scales yellow-green more or less
tinged with red, covered with long pale hairs on the outer surface, lustrous on the
inner, lanceolate and acute to broadly obovate and apiculate, frequently becoming
2^' long and 1^' wide. Bark of the trunk |'-f' thick, light gray, with a firm close
surface usually divided by small fissures, or rarely scaly, with loose thick plate-like
scales 5' or 6' long. Wood heavy, hard, very strong and tough, flexible, light or
dark brown, with thick lighter colored or often nearly white sap wood; used for the
handles of tools and in the manufacture of wagons and agricultural implements, and
largely for fuel.

Distribution. Dry ridges and hillsides, southern Maine to southern Ontario,
and southward to the shores of the Indian River and Peace Creek, Florida, southern
Alabama and Mississippi, and through southern Michigan to southeastern Nebraska,
Missouri, eastern Kansas, Arkansas, the Indian Territory, and Texas; most common
in Missouri and Arkansas; of its largest size in the basin of the lower Ohio River;
ranging farther south in Florida than other Hickories, and, with the exception of
the Pecan, farther to the southwest in Texas. The var. odorata from eastern New
England to Michigan and Missouri, and southward to the District of Columbia.

11. Hicoria villosa, Ashe. Hickory.

Leaves 6'-10' long, with slender petioles pubescent in the spring and furnished
with conspicuous tufts of pale or brownish hairs, and glabrous or puberulous in the
autumn, and 5-9, usually 7, sessile or short-stalked lanceolate or oblanceolate acumi-
nate leaflets gradually or abruptly narrowed and nearly symmetrical or unsymmet-
rical at the entire base, coarsely serrate above, with remote glandular incurved teeth,
covered as they unfold with deciduous resinous globules and on the lower surface
with soft hairs mixed with the peltate silvery scales characteristic of this tree in
early spring and often deciduous before the leaves are fully grown; at maturity dark
green and glabrous above, pale or bright yellow below, the largest 4'-5' long, V-l\'

146

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

wide, and more than twice as large as those of the h)wcst pair. Flowers: staininate
in hairy catkins 5'-7' long, with broad rounded bracts and Inactlets, scurfy, villous on
the outer surface, and 4 nearly sessile hairy anthers; })istillate oblong, i)roniinently
4-ribbed, coated with scurfy yellow pubescence, their bracts lanceolate, acuminate,
much longer than the ovate acute bractlets and the calyx-lobe. Fruit subglobose to
pyriform, |'-lf' long, 4-winged, more or less thickly covered with yellow scurfy

scales, with a thin husk splitting to below the middle or nearly to the base ; nut
slightly angled, somewhat compressed, narrowed at the ends, pale or light brown,
with a thick shell; seed light brown, small, and sweet.

A tree, usually not more than 18°-20°, or sometimes 40°-50° high, with a short
trunk 12'-18' in diameter, and small branches, the upper ascending, forming a nar-
row oblong head, the lower pendulous, and slender branchlets coated at first with
pale tomentum or pubescence, mixed with silvery peltate scales, glabrous or puber-
ulous, bright purplish brown during their first winter, and marked by occasional
oblong light gray lenticels and by the small low nearly circular leaf-scars, becoming
rather darker colored the following year. Winter-buds : terminal sessile or stalked,
ovate, acute, -|' to nearly ^ long, with puberulous scales more or less covered on the
outer surface with yellow glands ; axillary often solitary. Bark |'-f' thick, light
gray or grayish brown, and irregularly divided by deep fissures into broad connected
ridges covered with closely appressed scales.

Distribution. Sandy plains or sterile rocky ridges from southern New Jersey to
eastern Florida, and from the valley of the Maramec River, Missouri, to eastern
Texas; common on the sandy soil of southern Delaware and in the foothill region
of the southern Appalachian Mountains; very abundant and often the only Hickory-
tree on the dry flinty soil of low hills in southern Missouri and Arkansas.

VI. MYRICACEiE.

Aromatic resinous trees and shrubs, with watery juice, terete branches, and
small scaly buds. Leaves alternate, revolute in the bud, serrate, resinous-
punctate, persistent, in falling leaving elevated semiorbicular leaf-scars show-
ing the ends of three nearly equidistant fibro-vascular bundles. Flowers

MYRICACE^ 147

unisexual, dioecious or monoecious, usually subtended by minute bractlets, in the
axils of the deciduous scales of unisexual or androgynous simple oblong aments
from buds in the axils of the leaves of the year, opening in early spring, the
staminate below the pistillate in androgynous aments ; staminate, perianth 0 ;
stamens 4 or many, inserted on the thickened base of the scales of the ament ;
filaments slender, united at the base into a short stipe ; anthers ovate, erect,
2-celled, introrse, opening longitudinally ; ovary rudimentary or 0 ; pistillate
flowers single or in pairs ; ovary sessile, 1-celled ; styles short, divided into 2
elongated filiform stigmas stigmatic on the inner face ; ovule solitary, erect
from the base of the cell, orthotropous, the micropyle superior. Fruit a globose
or ovoid dry drupe usually covered with waxy exudations ; nut hard, thick-
walled ; seed erect, with a thin coat, without albumen ; embryo straight ;
cotyledons plano-convex, fleshy ; radicle short, superior, turned away from the
minute basal hilum.

The family consists of the genus Myrica, L., of about thirty or forty species
of small trees and shrubs, widely distributed through the temperate and warmer
parts of both hemispheres. Of the seven North American species three are
trees. Wax is obtained from the exudations of the fruit of several species.
The bark is astringent, and sometimes used in medicine, in tanning, and as
an aniline dye. Myrica sajoida, Wall., of eastern Asia and the Malay Archi-
pelago, is cultivated for its succulent aromatic fruit.

The generic name is probably from the ancient name of some shrub, possibly
the Tamarisk.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Flowers dioecious.

Leaves oblong-spatiilate, iisnally acute or rarely rounded at the apex, mostly coarsely

serrate above the middle, yellow-green, coated below with conspicuous orang-e-colored

glands. 1. M. cerifera (A, C).

Leaves usually broadly oblong-obovate, rounded or rarely acute at the apex, entire, dark

green, and lustrous. 2. M. inodora (C).

Flowers monoecious.

Leaves lanceolate-cuneate or oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate, dark green, and lustrous.

3. M. Calif ornica (G).

1. Myrica cerifera, L. "Wax Myrtle.

Leaves lanceolate-cuneate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or rarely gradually nar-
rowed and rounded at the apex, cuneate at the base, decurrent on short stout petioles,
coarsely serrate above the middle or entire, yellow-green, covered above by minute
dark glands and below by bright orange-colored glands, l|'-4' long and ^'-^' wide,
with slender pale midribs often puberulous below, and few obscure arcuate veins,
fragrant with a balsamic resinous odor, gradually deciduous at the end of their first
year. Flowers in small oblong aments, with ovate acute ciliate scales, those of the
staminate plant l'-|' long, about twice as long as those of the pistillate plant;
stamens few, with oblong slightly obcordate anthers at first tinged with red, becoming
yellow; ovary of the pistillate flower gradually narrowed into 2 slender spreading
stigmas longer than its scale. Fruit in short spikes, ripening in September and
October and persistent on the branches during the winter, irregularly deciduous in
the s})ring and early summer, globose, about ^' in diameter, slightly papillose, light
green, coated with thick pale blue wax.

148

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

A tree, occasionally 40° liip:li, with a tall trunk 8'-10' in diameter, slender up-
right or slig-htly spreading branches forming a narrow ronnd-topped head, and
slender branchlets marked by small pale lentieels, coated at first with loose rufous
tonientum and caducous orange-colored glands, bright red-brown or dark brown
tinged with gray, usually lustrous and nearly glabrous during their first winter,
finally becoming dark brown; generally smaller, frequently shrubby, with many
slender stems, sometimes only a few inches high. Winter-buds oblong, acute,
^^'-^' long, with numerous ovate acute imbricated scales, the inner scales becoming

nearly i' long, and often persistent until the young branch has completed its growth.
Bark of the trunk ^' thick, compact, smooth, light gray. Wood light, soft and
brittle, dark brown, with thin lighter-colored sapwood.

Distribution. Cape May, New Jersey, southern Delaware and Maryland to
southern Florida in the neighborhood of the coast, through the Gulf states to the
shores of Aransas Bay, Texas, and northward in the region west of the Mississippi
River to the valley of the Washita River, Arkansas; on the Bermuda and Bahama
islands and on several of the Antilles; most abundant and of its largest size on the
south Atlantic and Gulf coasts in sandy swamps and pond holes; in the sandy soil
of Pine-barrens and on dry arid hills of the interior, often only a few inches in
height.

2. Myrica inodora, W. Bartr. Wax Myrtle.

Leaves broadly oblong-obovate or rarely ovate, rounded or sometimes pointed
and occasionally apiculate at the apex, narrowed at the base, decurrent on short
stout petioles, entire or rarely obscurely toothed toward the apex, thick and coria-
ceous, glandular-punctate, dark green and very lustrous above, bright green below,
2'-4' long, f -1^' wide, with broad conspicuously glandular midribs slightly pubes-
cent on the lower side, and few remote slender obscure primary veins forked and
arcuate near the much-thickened and revolute margins, gradually deciduous from
May until midsummer. Flowers in aments f'-l' long, with ovate acute glandular
scales; stamens numerous, with oblong slightly emarginate yellow anthers; pistillate
flowers usually in pairs, with ovate glabrous ovaries and slender bright red styles.
Fruit produced sparingly in elongated spikes, oblong, ^'—^' long, papillose, black, and
covered with a thin coat of white wax.

MYRICACE^

149

Usually a shrub, with numerous slender stems, occasionally arborescent and 18°-
20° hio-h, with a straight trunk 6°-8° tall and 2-3' in diameter, and stout branchlets

roughened with small scattered lenticels, coated at first with dense pale tomentum,
soon becoming bright red-brown, scurfy, and glabrous or pubescent. Bark thin,
smooth, nearly white. "Winter-buds ovate, acute, nearly \' long, with numerous
loosely imbricated lanceolate acute red-brown scurfy-pubescent scales.

Distribution. Deep swamps near Appalachicola, Florida, near Mobile and
Stockton, Alabama, and near Poplarville in the valley of the Pearl River, Missis-
sippi.

3. Myrica Californica, Cham. "Wax Myrtle.

Leaves lanceolate-cuneate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, remotely serrate except
at the gradually narrowed base, with small incurved teeth, decurrent on short stout
petioles, thin and firm, dark green and lustrous above, yellow-green, glabrous or

puberulous and marked with minute black glandular dots below, 2'-4' long, ^'-f '
wide, with narrow yellow midribs and numerous obscure primary veins arcuate near

150 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

the thickened and revolute margins, sli<^liily fragrant, gradually dceiduons after the
end of their first year. Flowers subtended by conspicuous bractlets, those of the
two sexes on the same })lant; staminate in oblong simple aments often 1' long, pis-
tillate in shorter anients in the axils of upper leaves, androgynous aments occurring
between the two with staminate Howers at their base and pistillate flowers above,
or with staminate flowers also mixed with the pistillate at their apex; scales of the
aments ovate, acute, coated with pale tomentum; stamens numerous, with oblong
slightly emarginate dark red-purple anthers soon becoming yellow; ovar}'^ ovate,
with bright red exserted styles. Fruit in short crowded spikes ripening in the
early autumn and usually falling during the winter, globose, papillose, dark purple,
covered with a thin coat of grayish white wax.

A tree, occasionally 40° high, with a trunk 14'-15' in diameter, short slender
branches forming a narrow compact round-topped head, and stout branchlets, coated
at first with loose tomentum, dark green or light or dark red-brown, glabrous or
pubescent during their first season, becoming in the second year much roughened
by the elevated leaf-scars, darker and ultimately ashy gray; usually smaller at the
north and toward the northern and southern limits of its range reduced to a low
shrub often only 3°-4° tall. Winter-buds ovate, acute, about ^' thick, with
loosely imbricated ovate acute dark red-brown tomentose scales nearly ^' long when
fully grown and long-persistent on the branch. Bark smooth, compact, Yi'-^' thick,
dark gray or light brown on the surface and dark red-brown internally. Wood
heavy, very hard and strong, brittle, close-grained, light rose color, with thick lighter
colored sapwood.

Distribution. Ocean sand-dunes and moist hillsides in the vicinity of the coast
from the shores of Puget Sound to the neighborhood of Santa Monica, California;
of its largest size on the shores of the Bay of San Francisco.

Occasionally used in California as an ornamental plant.

VII. LEITNERIACE-ai.

A tree or shrub, with pale slightly fissured bark, scaly buds, stout terete
pithy branchlets marked by pale conspicuous nearly circular lenticels and with
elevated crescent-shajied angled or obscurely 3-lobed leaf-scars, very light soft
wood, and thick fleshy stoloniferous yellow roots. Leaves involute in the bud,
lanceolate to elliptical-lanceolate, acuminate or acute and short-pointed at the
apex, gradually narrowed at the base, entire, with slightly revolute undulate
margins, penniveined, with remote primary veins arcuate and united near the
margins and conspicuous reticulate veinlets, petiolate, at first coated on the
lower surface and on the petioles with thick pale tomentum and puberulous on
the upper surface, thick and firm at maturity, bright green and lustrous above,
pale and villose-pubescent below, deciduous. Flowers in unisexual aments, with
ovate acute concave tomentose scales, the male and female on different plants,
opening in early spring from buds formed the previous autumn and covered
with acute chestnut-brown hairy scales ; the staminate clustered near the ends
of the branches, their scales bearing on the thickened stipes a ring of 3-12 sta-
mens, with slender incurved filaments and oblong light yellow introrse 2-celled
anthers opening longitudinally ; perianth 0 ; pistillate aments scattered, shorter
and more slender than the staminate, their scales bearing in their axils a
short-stalked pistil surrounded by a rudimentary perianth of small gland-
fringed scales, the 2 larger lateral, the others next the axis of the inflorescence;

LEITNERIACE^

151

ovary superior, pubescent, 1-celled, with an elongated flattened style inserted
obliquely, curving inward above the middle in anthesis, grooved and stigmatic
on the inner face ; ovule solitary, attached laterally, ascending, semianatropous ;
micropyle directed upward. Fruit an oblong compressed dry drupe thick and
rounded on the ventral, narrowed on the dorsal edge, rounded at the base, thin
and pointed at the apex, chestnut-brown, rugose, with a thick dry exocarp
closely investing the thin-walled light brown crustaceous rugose nutlet. Seed
flattened, rounded at the ends, light brown, marked on the thick edge with the
oblong nearly black hilum ; embryo erect, surrounded by thin fleshy albumen ;
cotyledons oblong, flattened ; radicle superior, conical, short, and fleshy.

The family consists of a single genus, Leitneria^ Chapm., with one species
of the southern United States, named for a German naturalist killed in Florida
during the Seminole War.

1. Leitneria Floridana, Chapm. Cork Wood.

Leaves 4'-6' long, l\'-2^' wide, with petioles l'-2' in length. Flowers opening at
the end of February or early in March; staminate aments I'-l^' long, \' thick, and
twice as long as the pistillate. Fruit solitary or in clusters of 2-4, ripening when
the leaves are about half grown, |' long, 1' wide.

A shrub or small tree, occasionally 20° high, with a slender straight trunk 4'-5'
in diameter above the swollen gradually tapering base, spreading branches form-

ing a loose open head, and branchlets at first light reddish brown and thickly coated
with gradually deciduous hairs, becoming in their first winter glabrous or puber-
ulous, especially toward the ends, and dark red-brown. Winter-buds : terminal
broad, conical, \' long, covered by 10 or 12 oblong nearly triangular closely imbri-
cated scales coated with pale tomentum and long-persistent at the base of the
branch; lateral scattered, ovoid, flattened. Bark about Jg' thick, dark gray faintly
tinged with brown, divided by shallow fissures into narrow rounded ridges. Wood
soft, exceedingly light, close-grained, the layers of annual growth hardly distinguish-
able, pale yellow, without trace of heartwood ; occasionally used for the floats of
fishing-nets.

152 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Distribution. Muddy saline shores on tlie coast of the Gulf of Mexico near Appa-
lachicola, Florida, swamps of the Brazos River near Columbia, Texas; and in Butler
and Duncan counties, southeastern Missouri, here sometimes occupying muddy
sloughs of considerable extent to the exclusion of other woody plants.

VIII. SALICACEiE.

Trees or shrubs, with watery juice, alternate simple stalked deciduous leaves
with stipules, soft light usually pale wood, astringent bark, scaly buds, and
often stolonif erous roots. Flowers appearing in early spring before the leaves,
solitary in the axils of the scales of unisexual anients from buds in the axils of
leaves of the previous year, the male and female on different plants ; perianth
0 ; stamens 2 or many, their anthers introrse, 2-celled, the cells opening longi-
tudinally ; styles usually short or none ; stigmas 2-4, often 2-lobed. Fruit a
1-celled 2-4-valved capsule, with 2-4 placentas bearing below their middle
numerous ascending anatropous seeds without albumen and surrounded by tufts
of long white silky hairs attached to the short stalks of the seeds and deciduous
with them ; embryo straight, filling the cavity of the seed ; cotyledons flattened,
much longer than the short radicle turned toward the minute hilum.

The two genera of this family are widely scattered but most abundant in the
northern hemisphere, with many species, and are often conspicuous features
of vegetation.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.

Scales of the aments laciniate ; flowers surrounded by a cup-shaped often oblique disk ;

stamens numerous ; buds with numerous scales. 1. Populus.

Scales of the ament entire ; disk a minute g-land-like body ; stamens 2 or many ; buds with

a single scale. 2. Salix.

1. POPULUS, L. Poplar.

Large fast-growing trees, with pale furrowed bark, terete or angled branchlets,
resinous winter-buds covered by several thin scales, those of the first pair small and
opposite, the others imbricated, increasing in size from below upward, accrescent
and marking the base of the branchlet with persistent ring-like scars, and thick
roots. Leaves involute in the bud, usually ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, dentate,
with usually glandular teeth, or lobed, penniveined, turning yellow in the autumn,
long-stalked, the stalks sometimes laterally compressed, those of the lower leaves
furnished at the apex on the upper side with 2 nectariferous glands, leaving in fall-
ing oblong often obcordate, elliptical, arcuate, or shield-shaped leaf-scars displaying
the ends of 3 nearly equidistant fibro-vascular bundles; stipules caducous, those of
the first leaves resembling the bud-seales, smaller higher on the branch, and linear-
lanceolate and scarious on the last leaves. Flowers in pendulous stalked aments,
the pistillate lengthening and rarely becoming erect before maturity, their scales
obovate, gradually narrowed into slender stipes, dilated and lobed, palmately cleft
or fimbriate at the apex, membranaceous, glabrous or villose, more crowded on the
staminate than on the pistillate ament, usually caducous; disk of the flower broadly
cup-shaped, often oblique, entire, dentate or irregularly lobed, fleshy or membrana-
ceous, stipitate, usually persistent under the fruit; stamens 4-12 or 12-60 or more,
inserted on the disk, their filaments free, short, light yellow; anthers ovate or
oblong, purple or red; ovary sessile in the bottom of the disk, oblong-conical, sub-

SALICACE^ 153

globose or ovate-oblong, cylindrical or slightly lobed, with 2 or 3 or rarely 4 placentas ;
styles usually short; stigmas as many as the placentas, divided into liliform lobes
or broad, dilated, 2-parted or lobed. Fruit ripening before the full growth of the
leaves, greenish, reddish brown, or buff color, oblong-conical, subglobose or ovate-
oblong, separating at maturity into 2-4 recurved valves. Seeds broadly obovate or
ovate, rounded or acute at the apex, light chestnut-brown; cotyledons elliptical.

Populus in the extreme north often forms great forests, and is common on the
alluvial bottom-lands of streams and on high mountain slopes, ranging from the
Arctic Circle to northern Mexico and Lower California and from the Atlantic to
the Pacific in the New World, and to northern Africa, the southern slopes of the
Himalayas, central China, and Japan in the Old World. Of the twenty-five species
now generally recognized eleven are found in North America. The wood of many
of the American species is employed in large quantities for paper-making, and
several species furnish wood used in construction and in the manufacture of small
articles of woodenware. The bark contains tannic acid and is used in tanning
leather and occasionally as a tonic, and the fragrant balsam contained in the buds
of some species is occasionally used in medicine. The rapidity of their growth, their
hardiness and ease with which they can be propagated by cuttings, make many of
the species useful as ornamental trees or in wind-breaks, although planted trees
often suffer severely from the attacks of insects boring into the trunks and branches.
Of the exotic species, the Abele, or White Poplar, Populus alba, L., of Europe and
western Asia, and its fastigiate form, and the so-called Lorabardy Poplar, a tree of
pyramidal habit and a form of the European and Asiatic Populus nigra, L., have
been largely planted in the United States. »

Populus, of obscure derivation, is the classical name of the Poplar.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Stigmas 2, 2-lobed, their lobes filiform ; capsule oblong'-conical, thin-walled, 2-valved ;
leaf-stalks elongated, compressed laterally ; buds slightly resinous.

Leaves ovate or semiorbicular, short-pointed, slightly cordate or truncate at the base,
finely serrate ; buds usually glabrous. 1, P. tremuloides (AB, F, G).

Leaves broadly ovate, coarsely crenate ; buds tomentose.

2. P. grandidentata (A).
Stigmas 2-4, 2-lobed and dilated, the lobes variously divided ; capsule subglobose to ovate-
oblong, usually thick- walled, 2-4-valved ; buds resinous.
Leaf-stalks round.

Leaves broadly ovate, acute, short-pointed or rounded at the apex, erenately serrate.

3. P. heterophylla (A, C).
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, dark green and lustrous on the iipper
surface, pale and often rusty on the lower.

4. P. balsamifera (AB, F, G).

Leaves ovate or lanceolate, green on both surfaces. 5. P. angustifolia (F).

Leaves rhomboid-lanceolate, long-pointed, green on both surfaces.

6. P. acuminata (F).

Leaves usually broadly ovate, acuminate, rounded or cordate at the broad base, dark

green on the upper surface, pale, rusty, or silvery on the lower ; ovary tomentose.

7. P. trichocarpa (B, G).
Leaves rhombic to broadly deltoid, elongated, acute or acuminate, green on both
surfaces. 8. P. Mexicana (H).

Leaf-stalks compressed laterally.
Pistillate flowers on short pedicels.

154 TREES OF NORTH .\3IERICA

Leaves deltoid or broadly ovate, usually abruptly acuiniiiate, coarsely creuately

serrate. D. P. deltoidea (A, C, F).

Leaves deltoid or reniform, usually short-pointed at the apex, coarsely and irreg-u-

larly creuately serrate. 10. P. Fremoutii (F, G).

Pistillate flowers on long- slender pedicels.

Leaves deltoid, abruptly short-pointed, coarsely creuately serrate.

11. P. Wislizeni (E, H).

1. Stiffmas 2 ^ capsule 2-valved- leaf -stalks compressed laterally- buds slightly resinous.

1. Populus tremuloides, Michx. Aspen. Quaking Asp.

Leaves ovate or semiorbicular, abruptly narrowed at the apex into short broad
points, regularly serrate, with small incurved callous glandular teeth, except at the
broad slightly cordate truncate or rarely wedged-shaped base, thin and firm, dark
green and lustrous above, pale dull yellow-green below, l|'-2' long and broad, with
slender veins forked and united near the margins and reticulate veinlets; their peti-

oles slender, compressed laterally, l^'-3' long. Flowers : aments l|'-2^' long, the
pistillate becoming 4' long at maturity, their scales deeply divided into 3-5 linear
acute lobes fringed with long soft gray hairs; disk oblique, the staminate entire, the
pistillate slightly crenate; stamens 6-12; ovary conical, with a short thick style and
erect stigmas thickened and club-shaped below and divided into linear diverging
lobes. Fruit maturing in May and June, oblong-conical, light green, thin-walled,
nearly i' long; seeds obovate, light brown, about -^^ long.

A tree, often 100° high, with a trunk occasionally 3° but generally not more than
18'-20' in diameter, slender remote and often contorted branches somewhat pen-
dulous toward the ends, forming a narrow symmetrical roundrtopped head, and
slender branchlets covered with scattered oblong orange-colored lenticels, bright
red-brown and very lustrous during their first season, gradually turning light gray
tinged with red, ultimately dark gray, and much roughened for two or three years
by the elevated leaf-scars. Winter-buds slightly resinous, conical, acute, often
incurved, about ^' long, narrower than the more obtuse flower-buds, with 6 or 7
lustrous glabrous red-brown scales scarious on the margins. Bark thin, pale yellow-

SALICACE^

155

brown, orange-green, or nearly white, often roughened by horizontal bands of circular
wart-like excrescences, frequently marked below the branches by large rows of
lunate dark scars, becoming near the base of old trees nearly black, 2' thick, and
deeply divided into broad flat ridges broken on the surface into small appressed
plate-like scales. "Wood light brown, with nearly white sapwood of 25-30 layers
of annual growth.

Distribution. Southern Labrador to the southern shores of Hudson's Bay and
northwesterly to the mouth of the Mackenzie River and the valley of the Yukon
River, Alaska, through the northern states to the mountains of Pennsylvania, north-
eastern Missouri and northwestern Nebraska, and through all the mountain regions
of the west, often ascending to elevations of 10,000° above the level of the sea,
to the sierras of central California, northern Arizona and New Mexico, the hiofh
mountain ranges of Chihuahua and to Mt. San Pedro Martir in Lower California; in
the east common and generally distributed usually on moist sandy soil and gravelly
hillsides; bordering the midcontinental prairie region with a wide belt, and growing
with its greatest vigor and to its largest size on the western margin of the Atlantic
forest north of the 49th degree; farther to the northwest forming with the Birch
and the Spruce the forests of high ridges; in the west and southwest on the high
slopes of mountains and along the banks of streams; most valuable in the power of
its seeds to germinate quickly in soil made infertile by fire and of its seedlings to
grow rapidly in exposed situations; now widely spread over vast areas of the slopes
of the Rocky Mountains swept by fire of their former covering of coniferous trees.

2. Populus grandidentata, Michx. Poplar.

Leaves broadly ovate, short-pointed and coarsely and irregularly crenate, with
stout incurved callous teeth except at the broad abruptly wedge-shaped truncate or
rounded base, thin and firm in texture, dark green above, paler on the lower surface,

3'-^' long, 2'-3' broad, with prominent yellow, midribs, conspicuously forked veins,
?.nd reticulate veinlets, their petioles slender, laterally compressed, l^'-2^' long.
Flowers: aments 1^-2^' long, the pistillate becoming ^-h' long at maturity,
their scales pale and scarious below, divided above into 5 or 6 small irregular
acute lobes covered with soft pale hairs; disk shallow, oblique, the staminate entire.

156 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

•

the pistillate slightly crenate; stamens C-12, with short slender filaments and light
red anthers; ovary oblong-eonieal, bright green, puberulons, with a short style and
spreading stigmas divided nearly to the base into elongated filiform lobes. Fruit
ripening as the leaves nnfold, often more or less curved above the middle, light
green and pnberulous, thin-walled, 2-valved, about ^' long, and raised on a slender
pubescent stalk; seeds minute, dark brown.

A tree, often G0°-70° high, with a trunk occasionally 2° in diameter, and slender
rather rigid branches forming a narrow round-topped head, and stout branchlets
marked with scattered oblong orange-colored lenticels, coated at first like the un-
folding leaves, their petioles and stipules with thick short hoary deciduous tomentum,
becoming during their first year dark red-brown or dark orange-colored and glabrous
or lustrous, or covered with a delicate gray pubescence, and in their second year
dark gray sometimes slightly tinged with green and much roughened by the elevated
3-lobed leaf-scars; generally smaller and usually not more than 30°-40° tall. Win-
ter-buds terete, broadly ovate, acute, with light briglit chestnut-brown scales, pu-
berulons during the winter especially on their thin scarious margins, about ^ long
and not more than half the size of the flower-buds. Bark thin, smooth, light gray
tinged with green, becoming near the base of old trunks |'-1' thick, dark brown
tinged with red, irregularly fissured and divided into broad flat ridges roughened on
the surface by small thick closely appressed scales. Wood light brown, with thin
nearly white sapwood of 20-30 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Rich moist sandy soil near the borders of swamps and streams;
Nova Scotia, through New Brunswick, southern Quebec and Ontario to northern
Minnesota, southward through the northern states to northern Delaware, southern
Indiana and Illinois, northeastern and central Iowa, alid along the Alleghany Moun-
tains to North Carolina, and westward to central Kentucky and Tennessee.

2. Stigmas 2-4 ; capsules 2-4-valved ; buds very resinous.
*Leaf-stalks round.

3. Populus heterophylla, L. Swamp Cottonwood. Black Cottonwood.

Leaves broadly ovate, gradually narrowed and acute, short-pointed or rounded at
the apex, slightly cordate or truncate or rounded at the broad base, usually fur-
nished with a narrow deep sinus, finely or coarsely crenate, with small incurved
glandular teeth, covered as they unfold with thick hoary tomentum soon deciduous
from the upper surface, becoming thin and firm in texture, dark deep green above,
pale and glabrous below, with stout yellow midribs, forked veins and conspicuous
reticulate veinlets, 4'-7' long, 3'-6' broad, with slender terete tomentose or nearly
glabrous petioles 2i'-3^' long. Flowers: staminate aments broad, densely flowered,
1' long, erect when the flowers first open, becoming pendulous and 2'-2|' long, their
scales narrowly oblong-obovate, brown, scarious and glabrous below, divided into
numerous elongated filiform light red-brown lobes; disk oblique, slightly concave;
stamens 12-20, with slender filaments about as long as the large dark red anthers;
pistillate aments slender, pendulous, few-flowered, l'-2' long, becoming erect and
4'-6' long before maturing, their scales concave and infolding the flowers, linear-
obovate, brown and scarious, laterally lobed, fimbriate above the middle, caducous;,
disk thin, irregularly divided in numerous triangular acute teeth, long-stalked;
ovary ovoid, terete or obtusely 3-angled, with a short stout elongated style and 2 or 3
much-thickened dilated 2 or 3-lobed stigmas. Fruit on elongated pedicels, ripening

SALICACEiE

157

when the leaves are about one third grown, ovate, acute, dark red-brown, rather
thick-walled, 2 or 3-valved, about i' long; seeds obovate, minute, dark red-brown.

A tree, 80°-90° high, with a tall trunk 2°-3° in diameter, short rather slender
branches forming a comparatively narrow round-topped head, and stout branchlets,

marked by small elongated pale lenticels, coated at first with hoary caducous toraen-
tum, becoming dark brown and rather lustrous or ashy gray, or rarely pale orange
color and glabrous or slightly puberulous, or covered with a glaucous bloom in
their first winter, growing darker in their second year and much roughened by the
large thickened leaf-scars; usually much smaller and at the north rarely more than
40° tall. Winter-buds slightly resinous, broadly ovate, acute, with bright red-
brown scales, about ^' long and about one half the size of the flower-buds. Bark on
young trunks divided by shallow fissures into broad flat ridges separating on the
surface into thick plate-like scales, becoming on old trunks |'-1' thick, light brown
tinged with red, and broken into long narrow plates attached only at the middle and
sometimes persistent for many years. Wood dull brown, with thin lighter brown
sapwood of 12-15 layers of annual growth; now often manufactured into lumber in
the valley of the Mississippi River and in the Gulf states, and as black poplar used
in the interior finish of buildings.

Distribution. Southington, Connecticut, and Northport, Long Island, southward
near the coast to southern Georgia, through the Gulf states to western Louisiana,
and through Arkansas to southeastern Missouri, western Kentuck}^ and Tennessee,
and southern Illinois and Indiana; in the north Atlantic states in low wet swamps,
and rare and local; more common south and west on the borders of river swamps;
very abundant and of its largest size in the valley of the lower Ohio and in south-
eastern Missouri, eastern Arkansas, and western Mississippi.

4. Populus balsamifera, L. Balsam. Tacamahac.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, gradually narrowed and acute or acuminate at the apex,
rounded or cordate at the broad or rarely narrowed base, finely crenately serrate,
with slightly thickened revolute margins, coated when they unfold with the gummy
secretions of the bud and sometimes slightly puberulous, becoming thin and firm in
texture, deep dark green and lustrous above, pale green and more or less rusty and
conspicuously reticulate-venulose below, 3'-o' long, 1^'S' wide, with thin veins run-

158

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

ning obliquely almost to the margins, and slender terete petioles 1^' long, abruptly
enlarged at the base. Flowers: aments long-stalked, the pistillate becoming 4'-5'
long before the fruit ripens, their scales broadly obovate, light brown and scarious,
often irregularly 3-parted at the apex, cut into short thread-like brown lobes; disk
of the staminate flower oblique, short-stalked; stamens 20-30, with short filaments
and large light red anthers; disk of the pistillate flower cup-shaped; ovary ovate,
slightly 2-lobed, with 2 nearly sessile large oblique dilated crenulate stigmas. Fruit
ovate-oblong, acute and often curved at the apex, 2-valved, light brown, about \'
long, raised on a slender stalk y^'-^' long; seeds oblong-obovate, pointed at the
apex, narrowed and truncate at the base, light brown, about ■^' long.

A tree, often 100° high, with a tall trunk 6°-7° in diameter, stout erect branches
usually more or less contorted near the ends, forming a comparatively narrow
open head, and branchlets marked by oblong bright orange-colored lenticels, much

roughened by the thickened leaf-scars, at first red-brown and glabrous or pubescent,
becoming bright and lustrous in their first winter, dark orange-colored in their
second year, and finally gray tinged with yellow-green ; usually much smaller toward
the southern limits of its range. Winter-buds saturated with a yellow balsamic
sticky exudation, ovate, terete, long-pointed, terminal 1' long and ^ broad; axillary
about 1^' long, ^ig' broad, with 5 oblong pointed concave closely imbricated thick
chestnut-brown lustrous scales. Bark light brown tinged with red, smooth or
roughened by dark excrescences, becoming on old trunks f -1' thick, gray tinged
with red, and divided into broad rounded ridges covered by small closely appressed
scales. Wood light brown, with thick nearly white sapwood.

Distribution. Low often inundated river-bottom lands and swamp borders;
Labrador to latitude 65° north in the valley of the Mackenzie River, and to the Alas-
kan coast, south to northern New P^ngland and New York, central Michigan and Min-
nesota, the Black Hills of Dakota, northwestern Nebraska, northern Montana, Idaho,
Oregon, and Nevada; the characteristic tree on the streams of the prairie region
of British America, attaining its greatest size on the islands and banks of the Peace,
Athabasca, and other tributaries of the Mackenzie; common in all the region near
the northern boundary of the United States from Maine to the western limits of the
Atlantic forests; the largest of the sub-Arctic American trees, and in the far north
the most conspicuous feature of vegetation.

Often planted at the north for shelter or ornament.

SALICACE^ 159

In the northeastern United States and in Canada a form of this tree, var. candi-
cans, Gray, Balm of Gilead, is frequently cultivated as a shade-tree and has some-
times escaped and become spontaneous. It differs from the common form in its
more spreading branches, forming a broader and more open head, in its broader
cordate coarsely serrate leaves, with gland-tipped teeth, more or less pubescent
when young and at maturity paler on the lower surface, ciliate on the margins, with
short white hairs and usually pubescent along the principal veins, and in its pubes-
cent petioles and rather heavier wood; of uncertain origin, probably not indigenous
in New England or eastern Canada.

5. Populus angustifolia, James. Narro"w-leaved Cotton-wood.

Leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate or rarely obovate, narrowed to the tapering-
acute or rounded apex, gradually narrowed and wedge-shaped or rounded at the
base, finely or on vigorous shoots coarsely serrate, thin and firm, bright yellow-green
above, glabrous or rarely puberulous and paler below, 2'-3' long, ^'-1' wide, or on
vigorous shoots occasionally 6'-7' long, and 1^' wide, with stout yellow midribs
and numerous slender oblique primary veins arcuate and often united near the

slightly thickened revolute margins; their petioles slender, somewhat flattened on
the upper side, and in falling leaving small nearly oval obcordate scars. Flo-wers:
aments densely flowered, glabrous, short-stalked, l|'-2i' long, the pistillate becoming
2\'-A' long before the fruit ripens, their scales broadly obovate, glabrous, thin, sca-
rious, light brown, deeply and irregularly cut into numerous dark red-brown fili-
form lobes; disk of the staminate flower cup-shaped, slightly oblique, short-stalked;
stamens 12-20, with short filaments and large light red anthers; disk of the pistil-
late flower shallow, cup-shaped, slightly and irregularly lobed, short-stalked; ovary
ovate, more or less 2-lobed, with a short or elongated style and 2 oblique dilated
irregularly lobed stigmas. Fruit broadly ovate, often rather abruptly contracted
above the middle, short-pointed, thin- walled, 2-valved, on stems often \' long; seeds
ovate or obovate, rather obtuse, light brown, nearly \' long.

A tree, 50°-60° high, with a trunk rarely more than 18' in diameter, slender
erect branches forming a narrow and usually pyramidal head, and slender glabrous
or rarely puberulous branchlets marked by pale lenticels, at first light yellow-
green, becoming "bright or dark orange-colored during their first winter, pale yellow

160

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

ill their second, and nltiniatoly ashy gray. "Winter-buds very resinous, ovate, long-
pointed, covered by usually o thin concave chcstuut-hrown scales, the terminal
\'-^' long and nearly twice as large as the axillary buds. Bark ^'-V thick, light
yellow-green, divided near the base of old trees by shallow fissures into bnxid Hat
ridges, smooth and much thinner above. Wood light brown, with thin nearly white
sapwood of 10-30 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Banks of streams usually at elevations of 5000°-10,000° above
the sea; southwestern Assiniboia to the Black Hills of Dakota and northwestern
Nebraska, and southward along the mountain streams of the interior of the conti-
nent to central Nevada and New Mexico and southern Arizona; the common Cot-
tonwood of northern Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, southern Montana, and eastern
Idaho.

6. Populus acuminata, Rydb. CottonTvood.

Leaves rhombic-lanceolate, abruptly acuminate, gradually or abruptly narrowed
and cuneate or concave-cuneate, or rarely broad and rounded at the mostly entire
base, coarsely crenately serrate except near the apex, dark green and lustrous above,
dull green below, 2'-4' long, |'-2' wide, with slender yellow midribs, thin remote
primary veins and obscure reticulate veinlets; their petioles slender, nearly terete,
l'-3' long. Flo"wers: aments slender, short-stalked, 2'-3' long, the pistillate becom-
ing 4' or 5' long before the fruit ripens, their scales scarious, light brown, glabrous,
dilated and irregularly divided into filiform lobes; disk of the staminate flower wide,
oblique, and membranaceous; stamens numerous, with short filaments and dark red
anthers ; disk of the pistillate flower deep cup-shaped ; ovary broadly ovate, gradually

ti(>- !34

narrowed above, with large laciniately lobed nearly sessile stigmas. Fruit pedicel-
late, oblong-ovate, acute, thin- walled, slightly pitted, about \' long, 3 or rarely
2-valved; seeds oblong-obovate, rounded at the apex, light brown, about ^' in
length.

A tree, usually about 40° high, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, stout spreading
ascending branches forming a compact round-topped head, and slender terete or
slightly 4-angled pale yellow-brown branchlets roughened for two or three years by

SALIC ACE^ 161

the elevated oval horizontal leaf-scars. Winter-buds aeumiuate, resinous, about ^'
long, with 6 or 7 light chestnut-brown lustrous scales. Bark on young stems and
large branches smooth, nearly white, becoming on old trunks pale gray-brown, about
^' thick, deeply divided into broad flat ridges.

Distribution. Banks of streams in the arid eastern foothill region of the Rocky
Mountains ; Assiniboia to western Nebraska, eastern Wyoming, and southern Colo-
rado.

Sometimes planted as a shade-tree in the streets of cities in the Rocky Mountain
region.

7. Populus trichocarpa, Hook. Black Cotton^wood. Balsam Cotton-wood.

Leaves broadly ovate to oblong-rhombic, gradually narrowed and usually short-
pointed or rarely acute at the apex, broad, rounded or slightly cordate or occasion-
ally slightly narrowed and wedge-shaped at the base, finely erenately serrate, coated

at first with rufous or pale pubescence, becoming thick and firm, dark rich green,
glabrous or puberulous and lustrous above, pale and rusty or silvery white and con-
spicuously reticulate-venulose below, 3'-4' long, l^'-3' broad ; their petioles slender,
terete, puberulous, l'-2' long. Flo^wers : aments stalked, the staminate densely flow-
ered, 1^-2' long, 1^' thick, with slender glabrous stems, the pistillate loosely flowered,
2^'-3' long, with stout hoary-tomentose stems becoming 4'-5' long before the fruit
ripens, their scales dilated at the apex, irregularly cut into numerous filiform lobes,
glabrous or slightly puberulous on the outer surface; disk of the staminate flower
broad, slightly oblique; stamens 40-60, with slender elongated filaments longer than
the large light purple anthers; disk of the pistillate flower deep cup-shaped, with
irregularly crenate or nearly entire revolute margins; ovary subglobose, coated with
thick hoary tomentum, with 3 nearly sessile broadly dilated deeply lobed stigmas.
Fruit subglobose, nearly sessile, pubescent or rarely almost glabrous, thick-walled,
3-valved; seeds obovate, apiculate at the gradually narrowed apex, light brown,
puberulous toward the ends, ^V long.

A tree, often 200° high, with a trunk 7°-8° in diameter, heavy upright branches
forming a broad open head, and stout branchlets terete or slightly angled while
young, marked by many orange-colored lenticels, coated at first with deciduous
rufous or pale pubescence, light or dark orange-colored and lustrous during their

162

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

first year, gradually becoming dark gray, and roughened by the greatly enlarged
and thickened elevated leaf-scars. "Winter-buds resinous, fragrant, ovate, long-
pointed, frequently curved above the middle, |' long and ^' broad, vv^ith 6 or 7
light orange-brown slightly puberulous scales scarious on the margins. Bark l^'-2^'
thick, ashy gray, deeply divided into broad rounded ridges broken on the surface
into thick closely appressed scales. "Wood light, dull brown, with thin nearly white
sap wood; largely used in Oregon and Washington for the staves of sugar barrels
and in the manufacture of woodenware.

Distribution. In open groves by the banks of streams; southern Alaska, south-
ward to western Oregon, along the mountains and islands of western California to the
southern slopes of the San Bernardino Mountains, and eastward through British
Columbia to the valley of the Columbia River; of its largest size near the level
of the sea in all the coast region north of California; southward and beyond the
influence of the ocean often not more than 30-°40° tall ; sometimes ascending to
elevations of 6000° above the sea on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada of
central California; the largest of the broad-leaved trees of British Columbia, Wash-
ington, and Oregon.

8. Populus Mexicana, Wesm. Cotton"wood.

Leaves rhombic and long-pointed, especially on young trees, or broadly deltoid
and acute or acuminate, broadly or acutely cuueate or truncate or slightly cordate
at the base, or often rounded at the apex and much broader than long, usually
coarsely and irregularly crenately serrate except at the base and toward the apex,
the broad and rounded leaves finely crenulate-serrate above the middle, as they un-
fold dark red, covered below with pale pubescence, puberulous above, ciliate on the

margins, thin, terete, glandular, with bright red caducous glands, soon becoming
glabrous, and at maturity subcoriaceous, bright yellow-green, very lustrous, 2'-3'
long and somewhat narrower or much broader than long, with slender yellow mid-
ribs and obscure primary veins; their petioles terete, at first puberulous, soon gla-
brous, l^'-2' long. Flowers: staminate aments dense, cylindrical, I'-l^' long; pis-
tillate aments slender, many-flowered, l^'-2' long, 3'-4' long before the fruit ripens;

SALICACE^

163

disk of the staminate flower broad, oblong; stamens numerous; disk of the pistillate
flower deep cup-shaped, nearly entire; ovary ovate, rounded at the apex, slightly 3
or 4-angled, short-stalked, nearly inclosed in the cup-shaped membranaceous disk.
Fruit on short stout pedicels, round-ovoid, buff color, slightly 3 or 4-lobed, deeply
pitted, thin-walled, about ^' long.

A tree, sometimes 80° high, with a trunk 3°-4° in diameter, gracefully spread-
ing and ascending branches forming a broad open head, and slender branchlets, pale
green and more or less pubescent or villose at first, soon becoming glabrous, and
light yellow-brown during their first season. Winter-buds narrow, acute, light
orange-brown, puberulous toward the base of the outer scales, the terminal about ^'
long, and two or three times as large as the much-compressed oblong lateral buds.
Bark pale gray or rarely white, and deeply divided into broad flat ridges.

Distribution. Banks of mountain streams; southern Arizona and southwestern
New Mexico; widely distributed through northern Mexico.

Often planted as a shade-tree in Mexican cities.

**Leaf-stalks compressed laterally.

9. Populus deltoidea. Marsh. Cottonvrood.

Leaves deltoid or broadly ovate, acuminate, with entire points, or rarely rounded
at the apex, truncate, slightly cordate or occasionally abruptly wedge-shaped at the
entire base, coarsely crenately serrate above, with incurved glandular teeth, as they

unfold gummy, fragrant with a balsamic odor, covered more thickly below than above
with soft white caducous hairs, and tomentose on the margins, at maturity thick and
firm, light bright green and lustrous, paler on the lower than on the upper surface,
3'-5' long and broad, with stout yellow midribs often tinged with red toward the base,
raised and rounded on the upper side, and conspicuous primary veins; their petioles
slender, pilose at first, soon glabrous, compressed laterally, yellow more or less
tinged with red, 2^-3^' long. Flowers: aments short-stalked, the staminate densely
flowered, 3'-4' long, ^' thick, with stout glabrous stems, the pistillate sparsely
flowered, thin-stemmed, often becoming a foot long before the fruit ripens, their
scales scarious, light brown, glabrous, dilated and irregularly divided at the apex

164 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

into filiform lobes ; disk of the staniinate flower broad, oblique, slightly thickened
and revolute on the margins ; stamens 60 or more, with short filaments and large
dark red anthers; disk of the pistillate flower broad cup-shaped; ovary subglobose,
with 3 or 4 nearly sessile dilated or laciniately lobed stigmas. Fruit oblong-ovate,
rather abruptly contracted and acute at the apex, slightly pitted, thin-walled, \'-^'
long, dark green, 3 or 4-valved, its stem j-^' long ; seeds oblong-obovate, rounded
at the apex, light brown, about ^■^' long.

A tree, sometimes 100° high, with a trunk occasionally 7°-8° in diameter, divided
often 20°-30° above the ground into several massive limbs spreading gradually
and becoming pendulous toward the ends, and forming a graceful rather open head
frequently 100° across, or on young trees nearl}"^ erect above and spreading below
almost at right angles with the stem, and forming a symmetrical pyramidal head,
and stout branchlets marked with long pale lenticels, terete or, especially on vigor-
ous trees, becoming angled in their second year, with thin more or less prominent
wings extending downward from the two sides and the bases of the large 3-lobed leaf-
scars. Winter-buds very resinous, ovate, acute, the lateral much flattened, 1' long,
with 6 or 7 light chestnut-brown lustrous scales. Bark thin, smooth, light yellow
tinged with green on young stems and branches, becoming on old trunks l^'-2' thick,
ashy gray, and deeply divided into broad rounded ridges broken into closely ap-
pressed scales. Wood dark brown, with thick nearly white sap wood, warping badly
in drying and difficult to season.

Distribution. Banks of streams, often forming extensive open groves; Province
of Quebec and the shores of Lake Champlain, through western New England and
New York, Pennsylvania west of the Alleghany Mountains, and the Atlantic states
south of the Potomac River to western Florida, and westward to the base of the
Rocky Mountains from southern Alberta to northern New Mexico; westward passing
into the var. occidentalis, Rydb., with deltoid more abruptly acuminate and more
coarsely toothed leaves with longer points, and broader at the base, and the com-
mon Cottonwood in the region along the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains from
Alberta to New Mexico and through western Texas. Comparatively rare and of
smaller size in the east and in the coast region of the south Atlantic and east Gulf
states, and the largest and one of the most abundant trees along the streams between
the Appalachian and the Rocky Mountains, marking their course over the midconti-
nental plateau to the extreme limit of tree-growth, and growing to its largest size as
far west as the 100th meridian.

Often planted for shelter and ornament on the treeless plains and prairies between
the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains, and as an ornamental tree in the
eastern United States, and largely in western and northern Europe.

10. Populus Fremontii, Wats. Cottonwood.

Leaves deltoid or reniform, generally contracted into broad short entire points,
or rarely rounded or emarginate at the apex, truncate, ^lightly cordate or abruptly
wedge-shaped at the entire base, coarsely and irregtdarly serrate, with few or many
incurved gland-tipped teeth, coated like the petioles when they unfold with short
spreading caducous pubescence, at maturity thick and firm, bright green and lus-
trous, 2'-2|' long, 21'-3' broad, with thin yellow midribs and 4 or 5 pairs of slender
veins; their petioles flattened, yellow, l^'-3' long. Flowers: staminate aments
densely flowered, l^'-2' long, nearly ^' broad, with slender glabrous stems; the
pistillate sparsely flowered, with stout glabrous or puberulous stems, 2' long, becom-

SALICACE^

165

iiig before the fruit ripens 4' or 5' long , their scales light brown, thin and scarious,
dilated and irregularly cut at the apex into filiform lobes; disk of the stamiuate

fK,. OS

flower broad, oblique, slightly thickened on the entire revolute margins; stamens 60
or more, with large dark red anthers; disk of the pistillate flower cup-shaped;
ovary ovate or ovate-oblong, with 3 broad irregularly crenately lobed stigmas.
Fruit ovate, acute or obtuse, slightly pitted, thick-walled, 3 or rarely 4-valvecl,
^'-^' long, its stalk stout, from ^'-^' loiig; seeds ovate, acute, light brown, and
nearly 1' long.

A tree, occasionally 100° high, with a short trunk o°-6° in diameter, and stout
spreading branches pendulous at the ends and forming a broad rather open graceful
head, and slender terete branchlets light green and covered at first with short pale
caducous pubescence, becoming light yellow before winter, dark or light gray more
or less tinged with yellow in their second year, and only slightly roughened by the
small 3-lobed leaf -scars. Winter-buds ovate, acute, with light green lustrous scales,
■the terminal usually about ^' long and usually two or three times as large as the
lateral buds. Bark on young stems light gray-brown, tbin, smooth or slightly
fissured, becoming on old trees l^'-2' thick, dark brown slightly tinged with red, and
deeply and irregularly divided into broad connected rounded ridges covered with
small closely appressed scales. Wood light brown, with thin nearly white sapwood.

Distribution. Banks of streams ; valley of the upper Sacramento River south-
ward through western California to Lower California and eastward to central Ne-
vada, southern Utah, southern Colorado, and western Texas.

Often planted in southern California as a shade-tree, and for the fuel produced
quickly and abundantly from pollarded trees.

11. Populus Wislizeni, Sarg. Cotton-wood.

Leaves broadly deltoid, abruptly short-pointed, truncate or sometimes cordate at
the broad entire base, coarsely and irregularly crenately serrate except toward the
entire apex, coriaceous, glabrous, yellow-green and lustrous, 2'-2^' long, usually about
3' wide, with slender yellow midribs, thin remote primary veins and conspicuous
reticulate veinlets; their petioles slender, glabrous, l^'-2' long. Flowers: aments
2'-4' long, the pistillate becoming 4'-5' long before the fruit ripens, their scales
scarious, light red, divided at the apex into elongated filiform lobes; disk of the

166

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

staminate flower broad and oblique; stamens numerous, with large oblong anthers
and short filaments; disk of the pistillate flower cup-shaped, irregularly dentate,
inclosing to the middle the long-stalked ovary full and rounded at the apex, with
3 broad crenulate lobed stigmas raised on the short branches of the style. Fruit
oblong-ovate, thick-walled, acute, 3 or 4-valved, slightly ridged, buff color, ^' long,
on slender pedicels ^-f in length and placed rather remotely on the slender gla-
brous rachis of the ament.

A large tree, with wide-spreading branches, stout light orange-colored glabrous

branchlets, and acute lustrous buds. Bark pale gray-brown, deeply divided into
broad flat ridges.

Distribution. The common Cottonwood in the valley of the Rio Grande of
western Texas and New Mexico, and the adjacent parts of Mexico.

2. SAUX, L. W'illow.

Trees or shrubs, with watery juice, scaly bark, soft wood, slender terete tough
branchlets often easily separated at the joints, and winter-buds covered by a single
scale of 2 coats, the inner membranaceous, stipular, rarely separable from the
outer, inclosing at its base 2 minute opposite lateral buds alternate with 2 small
scale-like caducous leaves coated with long pale or rufous hairs. Leaves variously
folded in the bud, alternate, simple, lanceolate, obovate, rotund or linear, penni-
veined; their petioles sometimes glandular at the apex, and more or less covering the
bud, in falling leaving U-shaped or arcuate elevated leaf-scars displaying the ends
of 3 small equidistant fibro-vascular bundles; stipules oblique, serrate, small and
deciduous, or foliaceous and often persistent, generally large and conspicuous on
vigorous young branches, leaving in falling minute persistent scars. Flowers in
sessile or stalked aments, terminal and axillary on leafy branchlets; scales of the
ament lanceolate, concave, rotund or obovate, entire or glandular-dentate, of uniform
color or dark-colored toward the apex, more or less hairy, deciduous or persistent;
disk of the flower nectariferous, composed of an anterior and posterior or of a single
posterior gland-like body; stamens 3-12 or 2, inserted on the base of the scale, with
slender filaments free or rarely united and usually light yellow, glabrous or hairy
toward the base, and small ovate or oblong anthers generally rose-colored before

SALICACE^ 167

anthesis, becoming orange or purple; ovary sessile or stipitate, conical, obtuse to
subulate-rostrate, glabrous, tomentose or villous, with an abbreviated style divided
into 2 short recurved retuse or 2-parted stigmas; ovules 4-8 on each of the 2
placentas. Fruit an acuminate 1-celled capsule separating at maturity into 2 re-
curved valves. Seeds minute, narrowed at the ends, dark chestnut-brown or nearly
black ; cotyledons oblong.

Salix inhabits the banks of streams and low moist ground, the alpine summits of
mountains, and the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions of the northern hemisphere, ran-
ging southward in the New World, with a few species, through the West Indies and
Central America to the Andes of Chili, and in the Old World to Madagascar,
southern Africa, the Himalayas, Burmah, the Malay peninsula, Java, and Sumatra.
Of the 160 or 170 species which are now recognized about seventy are found in North
America. Of these twenty-one attain the size and habit of trees, the others being
small and sometimes prostrate shrubs. Of exotic species, Salix alba, L., and Salix fra-
gilis, L., important European timber-trees, are now generally naturalized in the
northeastern states. The flexible tough branches of several species are used in mak-
ing baskets; the bark is rich in tannic acid and is used in tanning leather and yields
salicin, a bitter principle valuable as a tonic. Many of the species are cultivated
as ornamental trees.

Salix is the classical name of the Willow-tree.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.

Scales of the aments of uniform color ; aments usually on leafy branches.
Stamens 3 or more ; aments terminal.
Petioles without glands.

Leaves green on both surfaces, narrowly lanceolate, long-pointed, often falcate.

1. S. nigra (A, C, E, G, H).
Leaves pale below, lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate.

Leaves silvery white below, short-petiolate. 2. S. longipes (A, C, H).

Leaves pale or glaucous below, slender-petiolate.

3. S. amygdaloides (A, B, F).
Leaves pale blue-green, lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, minutely
denticulate or nearly entire, coriaceous, subpersistent.

Leaves pale or glaucous below. 4. S. laevigata (G).

Leaves often falcate, silvery white below, distinctly serrulate.

5. S. Bonplandiana (H.)
Petioles glandular ; leaves lanceolate, taper-pointed.

Leaves pubescent as they unfold, pale or glaucous below.

6. S. lasiandra (B, F, G).
Leaves glabrous, coriaceous, dark green and lustrous above, pale below.

7. S. lucida (A).
Stamens 2 ; aments terminal and axillary ; leaves linear-lanceolate.

Leaves denticulate, usually green on both surfaces, mostly glabrous.

8. S. fluviatilis (A, B, C, E, F, G, H).
Leaves entire or nearly so, light yellow-green, villous below, with lustrous pale
hairs. 9. S. sessilifolia (B, G).

Leaves small, entire or nearly so, pale gray-green and puberulous.

10. S. taxifolia (H).
Scales of the aments dark-colored at the apex ; aments on short branches, with leaves
usually reduced to scales ; stamens 2,

168 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Capsules glabrous.
Leaves acute.

Leaves ovate or lanceolate, glaucous and conspicuously reticulate-veined below.

11. S. balsamifera (A).
Leaves oblanceolate to lanceolate-oblong, pale or glaucous below.

12. S. lasiolepis (G, H).
Leaves acuminate, lanceolate to oblanceolate.

Leaves glabrous and glaucous below ; branchlets glabrous.

13. S. cordata var. Mackenzieana (F, G)-
Leaves pale, often silvery white below, pubescent, at least while young ; branch-
lets pubescent. 14. S. Missouriensis (A).
Capsules pubescent {glabrous in 10).

Leaves glabrous or nearly so at maturity {pubescent sometimes in 15) ; style short.
Leaves elliptic-oblong to lanceolate, acute, with a usually twisted apex, serrate
or sometimes entire.

Leaves usually glabrous, glaucous below ; pedicel of the ovary shorter than
the scale ; branchlets glabrous or rarely puberulous.

15. S. discolor (A).
Leaves pubescent or tomentose below, often nearly glabrous at maturity ;
pedicel of the ovary much longer than the scale ; branchlets pubescent.

16. S. Bebbiana (A, B, F).
Leaves obovate to oblong, obtuse to acute, entire or nearly so ; style elongated.
Leaves yellow-green. 17. S. Nuttallii (F, G).

Leaves glaucous below. 18. S. amplifolia (B).

Leaves pubescent or tomentose below.

Leaves hoary-tomentose below, elliptic to oblong-obovate ; capsule glabrous;
aments thick. 19. S. Hookeriana (B, G).

Leaves densely covered below with a shiny white tomentum ; aments slender.
Leaves oblong-obovate to oblanceolate ; stamens united.

20. S. Sitchensis (B, G).
Leaves elliptic-lanceolate to obovate ; stamens distinct.

21. S. Alaxensis (B).

1. Scales of the aments of uniform color.
* Stamens 3 or more ; aments terminal.
-hPetioles without glands.

1. Salix nigra, Marsh. Black Willow.

Leaves involute in the bud, lanceolate, gradually narrowed above into long taper-
ing usually curved tips, wedge-shaped or rounded below, finely serrate, thin bright
light green, rather lustrous, with obscure reticulate veins, glabrous or often pubes-
cent on the under side of the midribs and veins and on the short slender petioles,
3'-6' long, ^'-f wide, sometimes conspicuously scythe-shaped (vRr.falcata, Torr.);
at the north turning light yellow before falling in the autumn; stipules semicordate,
acuminate, foliaceous, persistent, or ovoid, minute, and deciduous. Flowers : aments
terminal on leafy branches, narrowly cylindrical, l'-3' long, with short yellow scales
rounded at the apex and coated on the inner surface with pale hairs; stamens 3-5,
with filaments hairy toward the base; ovary ovate, long-stalked, glabrous, gradually
narrowed above the middle to the apex, with nearly sessile thick slightly divided
stigmatic lobes. Fruit ovate-conical, short-stalked, glabrous, about 1' long, light
reddish brown.

A tree, usually 30°-40° high, with usually several clustered stout stems, occa-

SALICACE^

169

sionally 120° high, with a trunk 3° in diameter, stout spreading upright branches
forming a broad somewhat irregular handsome open head, and rather bright reddish
brown to pale orange-colored brancblets, glabrous or coated at first with pale pubes-
cence or snowy tomentum and easily separated at the joints. Winter-buds acute,
about \' long. Bark I'-l^' thick, dark brown or nearly black or light brown tinged
with orange color, and deeply divided into broad flat connected ridges separating freely
into thick plate-like scales and becoming shaggy on old trunks. Wood light, soft,
weak, light reddish brown, with thin nearly white sapwood.

Distribution. Low moist alluvial banks of streams and lakes; southern New
Brunswick and the northern shores of Lakes Huron and Superior to southern Florida,
and to eastern Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and the Indian Territory; through west-
ern Texas, southern New Mexico and Arizona, and southward in Mexico; along the
western foothills of the Sierra Nevada, and northward in western California to the

valley of the Sacramento River and the eastern base of the Coast Range in Caloosa
County ; the largest and most conspicuous native Willow of eastern North America;
most abundant in the basin of the Mississippi River, and of its largest size in southern
Indiana and Illinois and in the valley of the lower Colorado River in Texas; rare in
California.

2. Salix longipes, Anders. Black Willow.

(Salix Wardi, and Salix occidentalism Silva N. Am. ix. 107, 109.)

Leaves involute in the bud, finely and unequally serrate, lanceolate to ovate-lance-
olate, often slightly falcate, rounded or cordate at the base, obliquely long-pointed,
4:'-7' long, I'-l^' wide, or linear-lanceolate, acute, rounded or auriculate at the base
and often less than ^' wide, often puberulous, becoming glabrous and bright light
green above, silvery white below, pubescent along the under side of the midribs and
veins, their petioles broad, flat, sometimes f long; stipules foliaceous, reniform,
rhomboidal or oblong, obtuse, serrate above the middle, frequently ^' long, some-
times persistent. Flowers: aments terminal on leafy glabrous or hoary-pubescent
branches, narrowly cylindrical, the staminate 3' or 4' long, rather longer than the
pistillate, their scales ovate, obtuse, villous, orange- yellow; stamens 3-7, with fila-
ments furnished at the base with numerous long slender hairs ; anthers yellow; ovary

170

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

globose, ovate or ovate-conical, long-stalked, with nearly sessile slightly divided
stigmatic lobes. Fruit globose-conical, about \' long, light reddish brown, minutely
glandular.

A tree, occasionally 30*^ high, with a trunk 6'-8' in diameter, slender spreading
slightly drooping branches, and slender branchlets not easily separated at the joints,

hoary-pubescent sometimes into their second year, becoming in their first winter red-
dish brown and gray tinged with brown the following year; usually smaller, fre-
quently shrubby in habit. Winter-buds bright chestnut-brown, lustrous, about
Y^g' long. Bark '^'-^' thick, dark reddish brown or nearly black, deeply ridged and
crosschecked, covered by small closely appressed plate-like scales. Wood dark red-
brown, with thin nearly white sapwood.

Distribution. Rocky or gravelly banks and beds of streams; near the city of
Washington, near Lexington, Kentucky, central Tennessee and western Illinois, cen-
tral Missouri, and southward to southern Florida, the Indian Territory, southern
Texas, and New Mexico; very abundant and a conspicuous feature of vegetation in the
Ozark region of southwestern Missouri and in northwestern and western Arkansas.

3. Salix amygdaloides, Anders. Peach Willow. Almond Willow.

Leaves revolute in the bud, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, frequently falcate,
wedge-shaped or gradually rounded and often unequal at the base, gradually or
abruptly narrowed into long slender points, finely serrate, slightly puberulous when
they unfold, becoming at maturity thin and firm in texture, light green and lustrous
above, pale and glaucous below, 2i'-4' long, f -1^' wide, with stout yellow or orange-
colored midribs, prominent veins and reticulate veinlets; their petioles elongated,
slender, nearly terete; stipules reniform, serrate, often 1' broad on vigorous shoots,
usually caducous. Flo"wers: aments elongated, cylindrical, slender, arcuate, stalked,
pubescent or tomentose, 2'-3' long, on leafy branches; their scales yellow, sparingly
villous on the outer, densely villous on the inner face, the staminate broadly ovate,
rounded at the apex, the pistillate oblong-obovate, narrower, caducous; stamens 5-9,
with free filaments slightly hairy at the base; ovary oblong-conical, long-stalked,
glabrous, with a short style and emarginate stigmas. Fruit globose-conical, light
reddish yellow, about \' long.

SALICACE.E

171

A tree, sometimes 60°-70° high, with a single straight or slightly inclining trunk
rarely more than 2° in diameter, straight ascending branches, and slender glabrous
branchlets marked with scattered pale lenticels, dark orange color or red-brown
and lustrous, becoming in their first winter light orange-brown. "Winter-buds
broadly ovate, gibbous, dark chestnut-brown, very lustrous above the middle, light
orano-e-browu below, \' long. Bark i'-|' thick, brown somewhat tinged with red, and
divided by irregular fissures into flat connected ridges separating on the surface
into thick plate-like scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, light brown, with thick
nearly white sapwood.

Distribution. Banks of streams; near Montreal and in Cayuga County, New
York, to the valley of the Saskatchewan, southward to Ohio and Missouri, and

westward over the great plains and through the Rocky Mountains from southwestern
Texas to Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia; comparatively rare in the
east; abundant in the lower Ohio valley; the common arborescent Willow on the
streams flowing eastward from the Rocky Mountains and in all the central mountain
region of the continent.

4. Salix laevigata, Bebb. Black Willo-w.

Leaves involute in the bud, obovate, gradually narrowed and wedge-shaped at
the base, narrowed and rounded or acute and mucronate at the apex, with slightly
revolute obscurely serrate margins, on sterile branches lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate,
acute or acuminate; in one form narrow, long-pointed, and falcate (yar. angustifolia,
Bebb); when they unfold light blue-green and coated on the lower surface with long
pale or tawny deciduous hairs, at maturity glabrous, dark blue-green and lustrous
above, paler and glaucous below, 3'-T long, f'-l^' wide, with broad flat yellow
midribs, their petioles broad, grooved, puberulous, rarely ^' long; stipules ovate,
acute, finely serrate, usually small and caducous. Flowers: aments cylindrical,
slender, lax, elongated, 2'-4' long, on leafy branches; their scales peltate, dentate at
the apex, covered with long pale hairs, the staminate obovate, rounded, the pistillate
narrower and more or less truncate ; stamens usually 5 or 6, with free filaments hairy
at the base; ovary conical, acute, rounded below, rather short-stalked, glabrous,
with broad spreading eraarginate stigmatic lobes. Fruit elongated, conical, long-

172

TREES OF NORTn AMERICA

T'Ci. i^^

stalked, nearly ^ in length, or in one form globose-conical and short-stalked (var.
C07igesta, Bebb).

A tree, 40°-50° high, with a straight trunk nearly 2° in diameter, slender spread-
ing branches, and slender light or dark orange-colored or bright red-brown branch-
lets coated at first with hoary deciduous pubescence; often much smaller, with an
average height of 20°-30°. Winter-buds ovate, somewhat obtuse, pale chestnut-
brown, ^'-i' long. Bark |'-1' thick, dark brown slightly tinged with red and deeply
divided into irregular connected flat ridges broken on the surface into thick closely
appressed scales. Wood light, soft, light brown tinged with red, with thick nearly
white sapwood.

i Distribution. Banks of streams; western California from the Oregon boundary
to the southern borders of the state, ascending to elevations of 3000° on the western
slopes of the Sierra Nevada.

5. Salix Bonplandiana, H. B. K. Willo-w.

Leaves involute in the bud, 4'-6' long, |'-f ' wide, linear-lanceolate to oblong-
lanceolate, gradually narrowed and often unequal at the wedge-shaped base, acumi-
nate, with long slender points, obscurely serr9,te, with glandular teeth, or entire,
with revolute margins, thick and firm, reticulate-venulose, yellow-green and lustrous
above, silvery white below, with broad yellow midribs, falling irregularly during
the winter; their petioles stout, grooved, reddish; stipules ovate, rounded, slightly
undulate, thin and scarious, Y~¥ broad, often persistent during the summer.
FloTvers: aments on leafy branches, cylindrical, erect, slender, short-stalked, the
staminate I'-l^' long and somewhat longer than the pistillate; their scales broadly
obovate, rounded at the apex, light yellow, villose on the outer face and glabrous
or slightly hairy above the middle on the inner face; stamens usually 3, with free
filaments slightly hairy at the base; ovary slender, oblong-conical, short-stalked,
glabrous, with nearly sessile much-thickened club-shaped stigmas, surrounded below
by a large irregular cup-shaped glandular disk. Fruit ovate-conical, rounded at
the base, light reddish yellow.

A tree, rarely more than 30° high, with a trunk 12'-15' in diameter, slender
erect and spreading branches often pendulous at the ends, forming a broad round-
topped head, and slender glabrous branchlets marked with occasional pale lenticels,

SALICACE^

173

licrht yellow, becoming light or dark red- brown and lustrous, and paler orange-
brown in their second year. Winter-buds narrowly ovate, long-pointed, more or
less falcate, bright red-brown, lustrous, \' long. Bark

^'-j thick, dark brown or

F'^ lU-ih

nearly black, and deeply divided by narrow fissures into broad flat ridges separating
on the surface into closely appressed scales.

Distribution. Banks of streams in the canons of the mountains of southern
Arizona; through central and southern Mexico.

—I — hPetioles glandular.

6. Salix lasiandra, Benth. Black Willow.

Leaves involute in the bud, linear-lanceolate, long-pointed, gradually rounded at
the narrowed base, finely serrate, when they unfold pilose on the upper surface and
pubescent or tomentose on the lower, at maturity dark green and lustrous above,
pale or glaucous below, 4'-5' long, ^'-V wide, with broad orange-colored midribs;
their petioles glabrous or pubescent, \'-^' long, furnished at the apex with 2 or more
large dark glands; stipules semilunar, glandular-serrate, small and deciduous, or on
vigorous shoojts large and foliaceous. Flowers : aments terminal, erect, cylindrical,
l^'-2' long, on leafy branches, the staminate sometimes ^' in diameter and nearly twice
as broad as the pistillate, their scales obovate, yellow, more or less villous below the
middle, glandular-dentate, scales of the pistillate anient narrower and sometimes
nearly entire ; stamens 5-9, with free filaments hairy at the base; ovary cylindrical,
short-stalked, glabrous, with a short style and spreading slightly emarginate stigmas.
Fruit light reddish brown, about ^ long.

A tree, often 60° high, with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter, straight ascending branches
forming an open irregular head, rather stout branchlets, at first dark purple, reddish
brown or yellow, pilose, with scattered hairs, or pubescent or tomentose or often
covered with a glaucous bloom, becoming at the end of the first season dark pur-
ple, bright red-brown, or light orange color ; toward the southern limits of its range
and in the interior of the continent much smaller, sometimes shrubby. Winter-
buds broadly ovate, acute, light chestnut-brown and lustrous above the middle, pale

174

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

at the base, ]' long. Bark ^'-f' thick, dark brown slightly tinged with red aud
divided by shallow fissures into broad Hat scaly ridges broken by cross fissures into
oblong plates. Wood light, soft, brittle, light brown, with lighter colored or often
nearly white sapwood.

Distribution. River banks and the shores of lakes; California west of the Sierra
Nevada; in western Oregon, Washington, and southern British Columbia often re-
placed by the var. Lyallii, Sarg., with leaves tapering from a rounded or subcordate
base, usually white below and often 7'-8' long, more glandular petioles, and narrow
and less hairy scales of the pistillate ament, and in western Oregon and Washington
one of the commonest trees on river banks, with tall clustered stems ; in the interior
from the sierras of northern California to northern Montana, Colorado, and northern

New Mexico by the var. caudata, Sudw., with smaller thicker and more coriaceous
often more or less falcate leaves, wedge-shaped at the base, green above and below,
with thicker and more densely flowered staminate aments, yellow branchlets, and
larger often villous winter-buds.

7. Salix lucida, Muehl. Shining Willow.

Leaves involute in the bud, lanceolate, gradually or abruptly narrowed and
wedge-shaped or rounded at the base, acute at the apex, with long tapering points,
finely serrate, 3'-5' long, I'-l^' wide, covered when they unfold with scattered pale
caducous hairs, at maturity coriaceous, smooth and lustrous, dark green above, paler
below, with broad yellow midribs, and slender primary veins arcuate and united near
the margins; their petioles stout, yellow, puberulous, glandular at the apex, with
several dark or yellow conspicuous glands, ^'-^' long ; stipules nearly semicircular,
glandular-serrate, membranaceous, \'-\' broad, often persistent during the summer.
FloTvers: aments erect, tomentose, on stout puberulous peduncles terminal on short
leafy branches, the staminate oblong-cylindrical, densely flowered, about 1^' broad,
the pistillate slender, elongated, l^'-2' long, of ten persistent until late in the season;
their scales oblong or obovate, rounded, entire, erose or dentate at the apex, light
yellow, nearly glabrous or coated on the back with pale hairs, often ciliate on the
margins; stamens usually 5, with elongated free filaments slightly hairy at the base;

SALICACE^

175

ovary narrowly cylindrical, long-stalked, elongated, glabrous, with nearly sessile
emarginate stigmas. Fruit cylindrical, about ^' long, lustrous.

A tree, occasionally 25° high, with a short trunk 6'-8' in diameter, erect branches
forming a broad round-topped symmetrical head, and stout glabrous branchlets dark

orange color and lustrous in their first season, becoming darker and more or less
tinged with red the following year; usually smaller and shrubby in habit. Winter-
buds narrowly ovate, acute, light orange-brown, lustrous, about ^' long. Bark thin,
smooth, dark brown slightly tinged with red.

Distribution. Banks of streams and swamps ; Newfoundland to the shores of
Hudson's Bay and northwestward to the valley of the Mackenzie River and the
eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, southward to southern Pennsylvania and west-
ward to eastern Nebraska; very abundant at the north, rare southw^ard.

**Stamens 2; aments terminal and axillary.

8. Salix fluviatilis, Nutt. Sand Bar Willow.

Leaves involute in the bud, linear-lanceolate or often somewhat falcate, gradually
narrowed at the ends, long-pointed, dentate, with small remote spreading callous
glandular teeth, 2'-6' long, ^'-^' wide, when the}' unfold coated below with soft lus-
trous silky hairs, at maturity thin, glabrous, light yellow-green, darker on the upper
than on the lower surface, with yellow midribs, slender arcuate primary veins, and
slender reticulate veinlets, their petioles grooved, \'-\' long; stipules ovate-lance-
olate, foliaceous, about ^' long, deciduous. Flowers: aments on stout peduncles
covered with soft silky pale pubescence, the pistillate oblong-cylindrical, about V long,
I' broad, terminal or axillary on short or elongated lateral branches, the staminate
cylindrical, elongated, 2' or 3' long, about ^' broad, terminal on leafy branches; their
scales obovate-oblong, entire, erose or dentate above the middle, light yellow-green,
densely villous on the outer surface, slightly hairy on the inner; stamens 2, with free
filaments slightly hairy at the base; ovary oblong-cylindrical, acute, short-stalked,
glabrous or pubescent, with large sessile deeply lobed stigmas. Fruit light brown,
glabrous or villous, about ^' long.

A tree, usually about 20° high, with a trunk only a few inches in diameter, spread-

176

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

ing by stoloniferous roots into broad thickets, short slender erect branches, and
slender glabrous light or dark orange-colored or purplish red branchlets, growing
darker after their first season; occasionally 60°-70" high, with a trunk 2° in diame-
ter; often a shrub not more than 5°-6° tall. "Winter-buds narrowly ovate, acute,
chestnut-brown, about ^' long. Bark ^'-\' thick, smooth, dark brown slightly tinged
with red and covered with small closely appressed irregularly shaped scales. Wood
light, soft, light brown tinged with red, with thin light brown sapwood.

Distribution. River banks and sand-bars; shores of Lake St. John and the Island
of Orleans in the Province of Quebec, southward through western New England to the
valley of the Potomac River, northwestward to within the Arctic Circle in the valley of
the Mackenzie River and to British Columbia and California, and southward through
the basin of the Mississippi River to northern Mexico and Lower California; exceed-
ingly common in the valley of the Mississippi, attaining its largest size in southern
Indiana and Illinois and in southern Arkansas; gradually becoming smaller and less
common toward the Atlantic seaboard; abundant in all the prairie region of British
America and lining the banks of streams flowing eastward through the central plateau
of the continent, where it is the commonest Willow; common in Texas west of the

valley of the Pecos River; rare in New Mexico and Arizona south of the Colorado
plateau; common in the region adjacent to the Pacific coast from Lower California
to northern British Columbia. From western Texas to northern California often
replaced by the var. argyrophylla, Sarg., with leaves and capsules covered with silky
pale tomentum, and by the var. exigua, Sarg., with very short linear leaves.

9. Salix sessilifolia, Nutt. Willow.

Leaves involute in the bud, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, often slightly falcate,
narrowed at the ends, long-pointed at the apex, entire or dentate above the mid-
dle, covered as they unfold with hoary tomentum, at maturity light yellow-green,
glabrous or puberulous above, villous below, with silky lustrous white hairs, l^'-5'
long, j-^'-^ wide, with yellow midribs and obscure arcuate veins; their petioles stout,
pubescent, rarely more than ^ ^^ng; stipules acute, hoary pubescent, about ^ long,
deciduous. Flowers: aments cylindrical, densely flowered, terminal and axillary on
leafy branches, 3' long on the pistillate plant, not more than one half as long and

SALICACE^

177

broader on the starainate plant; their scales obloug-obovate, erose and denticulate
above the middle, pale yellow-green and villous on the back, with pale silky hairs,
those of the staniinate anient rather broader than those of the pistillate; stamens
2, with free glabrous filaments; ovary oblong-cylindrical, short-stalked, villous,
crowned with a nearly sessile bifid stigma. Fruit elongated, cylindrical, bright red-
brown, more or less villous, about \' long.

A tree, occasionally 30^ high, with a trunk 1° in diameter, slender erect branches
forming a narrow head, and slender branchlets coated at first with hoary pubescence
o-radually deciduous during the summer, becoming reddish brown; or often, espe-
cially at the south, reduced to a tall or a low shrub. Winter-buds narrow, ovate,
acute, nearly |' long. Bark nearly ^' thick, dark brown, slightly fissured and cov-

ered with thick irregular closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained,
light red, with thin nearly white sapwood.

Distribution. Banks of streams from the shores of Puget Sound, southward
through western Washington and Oregon and along the western slopes and foothills
of the Sierra Nevada to the valleys and foothills of the coast ranges of southern
California, where it is one of the commonest Willows.

10. SaUx taxifoUa, H. B. K. Willow.

Leaves Involute in the bud, linear-lanceolate, narrowed at the ends, acute, slightly
falcate and mucronate at the apex, entire and obscurely dentate above the middle,
coated as they unfold with long soft white hairs, at maturity pale gray-green, slightly
puberulous, ^'-Ij' long, -12'-^' wide, with slender midribs, thin arcuate veins, and
thickened slightly re volute margins; their petioles stout, puberulous, rurelj ^^'l^ng;
stipules ovate, acute, scarious, minute, caducous. Flowers: aments densely flowered,
oblong-cylindrical or subglobose, j'— |' long, terminal, or terminal and axillary on the
staminate plant, on short leafy branches; their scales oblong or obovate, rounded
or acute and sometimes apiculate at the apex, coated on the outer surface with hoary
tomentum and pubescent or glabrous on the inner; stamens 2, with free filaments
hairy below the middle; ovary ovate-conical, short-stalked or subsessile, villous, with
pale hairs, with nearly sessile deeply emarginate stigmas. Fruit cylindrical, long-
pointed, bright red-brown, more or less villous, short-stalked, about ^ long.

178

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

A tree, often 40°-50° high, with a trunk 18' in diameter, erect and drooping
branches forming a broad open head, and slender branchlets covered during their
first season with hoary tomentum, becoming light reddish or purplish brown and
much roughened by the elevated persistent leaf-scars. Winter-buds ovate, acute,

ri^. 145)

dark chestnut-brown, puberiilous, about ^^g' long and nearly as broad as long. Bark
of the trunk |'-1' thick, light gray-brown, and divided by deep fissures into broad
flat ridges covered by minute closely appressed scales.

Distribution. Near El Paso, Texas, and along mountain streams in southern Ari-
zona, southward through Mexico to Guatemala, and in Lower California.

2. Scales of the aments dark-colored at the apex, stamens 2.
"^Capsule glabrous.

11. Salix balsamifera, Barr. Willo"w.

Leaves involute in the bud, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, broad
and rounded and usually subcordate at the base, finely serrate, with glandular teeth,
balsamic particularly while young, when they unfold thin, pellucid, red and coated
below with long slender caducous hairs, at maturity thin and firm, dark green above,
pale and glaucous below, 2'-4' long, I'-l^' wide, with yellow midribs and conspicuous
reticulate veinlets; their petioles reddish or yellow, y-\' long; stipules often want-
ing or on vigorous shoots foliaceous, broadly ovate and acute. Flo^vers: aments
cylindrical, I'-l^' long, on long slender leafy branches; their scales obovate, acute,
rose-colored, coated with long white hairs; stamens 2, with free filaments and reddish
ultimately yellow anthers; ovary narrow, long-stalked, gradually contracted above the
middle, with nearly sessile emargiuate stigmas. Fruit ovate-conical, long-stalked,
^' long, dark orange color.

Usually a shrub, often making clumps of crowded slender erect stems generally
destitute of branches except near the top, rarely arborescent, with a height of 25°, a
trunk 12'-14' in diameter, erect branches, and comparatively stout reddish brown
branchlets becoming olive-green in their second year and marked with narrow
slightly raised leaf-scars. Winter-buds acute, much-compressed, bright scarlet,
very lustrous, about \' long. Bark thin, rather smooth, dull gray.

SALICACE^

179

Distribution. Cold wet bogs; coast of Labrador to northern Maine, northern
New Hampshire and New York, and westward to the valley of the Saskatchewan,
and to northern Michigan and Minnesota; known to become arborescent only near
Fort Kent on the St. John River, Maine.

12. Salix lasiolepis, Benth. White Willow.

Leaves involute in the bud, oblanceolate to lanceolate-oblong, often inequilateral
and occasionally falcate, gradually or abruptly wedge-shaped or rounded at the base,
acute or acuminate or rarely rounded at the apex, entire or remotely serrate, pilose
above and coated below with thick hoary tomentum when they unfold, at maturity
thick and subcoriaceous, conspicuously reticulate-venulose, dark green and glabrous
above, pale or glaucous and pubescent, or puberulous below, 3'-6' long, ^'-V wide,
with broad yellow midribs and slender arcuate veins forked and united within the
slightly thickened and revolute margins; their petioles slender, ^'-^' long; stipules

ovate, acute, coated with hoary tomentum, minute and caducous, or sometimes foli-
aceous, semilunar, acute or acuminate, entire or denticulate, dark green above, pale

180

TREES OF NOUTII AMERICA

below, persistent. Flo'wers: lunents erect, cylindrical, slightly flexuose, densely
llowered, nearly sessile, on short tonientose branelilets, 1^' lonj,'-, the staminate ^ thick,
and nearly twice as thick as the pistillate; their scales ohlonj^-obovate, rounded or
acute at the apex, dark-colored, clothed with long crisp white hairs, persistent under
the fruit; staniens 2, with elongated glabrous filaments more or less united below
the middle; ovary narrow, cylindrical, acute and long-pointed, dark green, glabrous,
with a short style and broad nearly sessile stigmas. Fruit oblong, cylindrical, light
reddish brown, about ^ long.

A tree, 20°-30°, or occasionally 50° high, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, slender
erect branches forming a loose open head, and stout branchlets coated at first with
hoary tomentum, bright yellow or dark reddish brown and puberulous or pubescent
during their first year, becoming darker and glabrous in their second season; or often
at the north and at high elevations a low shrub. Winter-buds ovate, acute, com-
pressed, cojitracted laterally into thin wing-like margins, light brownish yellow,
glabrous or puberulous. Bark on young stems and on the branches thin, smooth,
light gray-brown, becoming on old trunks dark, about ^ thick, roughened by small
lenticels and broken into broad flat irregularly connected ridges. "Wood light, soft,
close-grained, light brown, with thick nearly white sapwood; in southern California
often used as fuel.

Distribution. Banks of streams in low moist ground; valley of the Klamath
River southward through western California to Lower California, and on the moun-
tains of southern Arizona; one of the commonest and most variable of the California
Willows, growing at the south at low altitudes as a large tree; on the western slopes
of the Sierra Nevada and in Arizona reduced to a many-stemmed shrub.

13. Salix cordata, var. Mackenzieana, Hook. Willo"w.

Leaves involute in the bud, lanceolate to oblanceolate, gradually narrowed or
wedge-shaped or rounded at the base, long-pointed, occasionally slightly falcate

above the middle, finely and obscurely crenately serrate or entire, reddish and
pilose with caducous pale hairs when they unfold, at maturity thin and firm in
texture, dark green above, pale below, 2'-3' long, about ^' wide, with slender yellow
midribs, arcuate veins, and obscure reticulate veinlets; their petioles thin, yellow,

SALICACE^

181

about y long; stipules reniform, conspicuously veiued, about ^^' broad, usually
persistent during the season. Flowers: aments densely flowered, oblong, cylindrical,
erect, often more or less curved, about 1^' long, terminal on short branches ; their
scales oblong-obovate, acute, dark-colored, glabrous except at the base, persistent
under the fruit; stamens 2, with elongated free glabrous filaments; ovary cylindri-
cal, long-stalked, elongated, gradually narrowed into a slender style, with spreading
emarginate stigmas. Fruit elongated, light brown slightly tinged with red, about
i' long.

A small tree, with a slender trunk and upright branches forming a narrow shapely
head, and slender branchlets marked with scattered lenticels, glabrous or slightly
puberulous and often tinged with red at first, soon becoming yellow and lustrous,
growing lighter colored in tlieir second year. Winter-buds ovate, rounded on the
back, compressed and acute at the apex, bright orange color, about 1' long.

Distribution. Shores of Great Slave Lake southward through the region at
the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains to northern Idaho, and to Lake County,
California, and now regarded as a western form of the shrubby Salix cordata, Muehl.,
one of the commonest and most variable of American Willows, ranging from the
Arctic Circle to the northern United States, and from the shores of the Atlantic
Ocean to British Columbia and California.

14. Salix Missouriensis, Bebb. Willow.

Leaves involute in the bud, lanceolate or oblanceolate, gradually narrowed from
above the middle to the wedge-shaped or rounded base, acuminate and long-pointed
at the apex, finely serrate, with glandular teeth, coated with pale hairs on the lower

surface and pilose on the upper surface when they unfold, soon becoming nearly gla-
brous, at maturity thin and firm, dark green above, pale and often glaucous below,
4'-6' long, I'-iy wide, with slender veins often united near the margins and connected
by reticulate coarse veinlets; their petioles stout, pubescent, or tomentose, ^'— I'long;
stipules foliaceous, semicordate, pointed or rarely reniform and obtuse, serrate, with
incurved teeth, dark green and glabrous on the upper side, coated on the lower
with hoary tomentum, reticulate-venulose, often ^' long, deciduous or persistent
during the season. Flowers: aments oblong-cylindrical, erect, densely flowered.

182

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

appearing early in February on short leafy branches, the staminate ly long and
nearly \' wide and rather longer than the more slender pistillate aments becoming
at maturity lax and 3' -4' long ; their scales oblong-obovate, light green, and clothed
on the outer surface with long straight silvery hairs; stamens 2, with elongated free
glabrous filaments; ovary cylindrical, short-stalked, beaked, glabrous, with a short
style and spreading entire or slightly emarginate stigmas. Fruit narrow, long-
pointed, light reddish brown, long-stalked.

A tree, 40°-50° high, with a tall straight trunk 10'-12' or rarely 18' in diameter,
rather slender upright slightly spreading branches forming a narrow open symmet-
rical head, and slender branchlets marked by small scattered orange-colored lenticels,
light green and coated during their first year with thick pale pubescence, becoming
reddish brown and glabrous or puberulous in their second winter. Winter-buds
ovate, rounded on the back, flattened or acute at the apex, reddish brown, hoary-
tomentose, nearly V long. Bark thin, smooth, light gray slightly tinged with red,
and covered with minute closely appressed plate-like scales. Wood dark red-brown,
with thin pale sapwood; durable, used for fence-posts.

Distribution. Deep sandy alluvial bottom-lands of the Missouri River in western
Missouri, through northeastern Kansas, and from the neighborhood of St. Louis to
northwestern Iowa.

** Capsule pubescent (glabrous in 19).

~*-Leaves glabrous or nearly so at maturity (pubescent sometimes in 15).

15. Salix discolor, Muehl. Glaucous Willo-w.

Leaves convolute in the bud, oblong or oblong-obovate or rarely lanceolate, gradu-
ally narrowed at the ends, remotely crenulate-serrate, as they unfold thin, light
green often tinged with red, pubescent above and coated with pale tomentum below,
at maturity thick and firm, glabrous, conspicuously reticulate-venulose, bright green
above, glaucous or silvery white below, 3'-5' long, |'-1^' wide, with broad yellow

midribs and slender arcuate primary veins; their petioles slender, ^'-1' long; stipules
foliaceous, semilunar, acute, glandular-dentate, about \' long, deciduous. Flowers :
aments appearing late in winter or in very early spring, erect, terminal on abbre-

SALICACE^

183

viated branches coated with thick white tomentmn, with leaves reduced to minute
deciduous scales, obloug-cyliudrical, about V long and -|' thick, the staniinate soft and
silky before the flowers open and densely flowered ; their scales oblong-obovate, dark
reddish brown toward the apex, covered on the back with long silky silvery white
hairs; stamens 2, with elongated glabrous filaments; ovary oblong-cylindrical, long-
stalked, narrowed above the middle, villous, with a short distinct style and broad
spreading entire stigmas. Fruit cylindrical, more or less contracted above the
middle, long-pointed, light brown, coated with pale pubescence.

A tree, rarely more than 25° high, with a trunk about 1° in diameter, stout as-
cending branches forming an open round-topped head, and stout branchlets marked
by occasional orange-colored lenticels, dark reddish purple and coated at first with
pale deciduous pubescence; more often shrubby, with numerous tall straggling stems.
Winter-buds semiterete, flattened and acute at the apex, about f ' long, dark red-
dish purple and lustrous. Bark ^' thick, light brown tinged with red, and divided
by shallow fissures into thin plate-like oblong scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained,
brown streaked with red, with lighter brown sapwood.

Distribution. Moist meadows and the banks of streams and lakes; Nova Scotia
to Manitoba, and southward to Delaware, southern Indiana and Illinois, and north-
eastern Missouri; common.

16. Salix Bebbiana, Sarg. Willow.

Leaves conduplicate in the bud, oblong-obovate to oblong-elliptical or lanceolate,
gradually narrowed and wedge-shaped or rounded at the base, acuminate and short-

pointed or acute at the apex, remotely and irregularly serrate usually only above the
middle, or rarely entire; when they unfold pale gray-green, glabrous or villous, and
often tinged with red on the upper surface and coated on the lower with pale tomen-
tum or pubescence, at maturity thick and firm, dull green and glabrous or puberulous
above, blue or silvery white and covered with pale rufous pubescence below, espe-
cially along the midribs, veins, and conspicuous reticulate veinlets, l'-3' long, ^'-1'
wide; their petioles slender, often pubescent, reddish, \'-^' long; stipules foliaceous,
semicordate, glandular-dentate, sometimes nearly 1' long on vigorous shoots, decid-
uous. Flowers: aments erect and terminal on short leafy branches; their scales

18-i TKEES OF NORTH AMERICA

ovate or oblong, rounded at the apex, broader on the stanilnate than on the pistillate
plant, yellow below, rose color at the apex, villose, witli long pale silky hairs, per-
\ sistent under the fruit; staniinate cylindrical, obovate, narrowed at the base, densely
Howered, |'-1' long, ^-4' broad; i)i.stillate oblong-cylindrical, loosely flowered, about
1' long; stamens 2, with free glabrous filaments; ovary cylindrical, villous, with long
silky white hairs, gradually narrowed at the apex into broad sessile entire or emar-
ginate spreading yellow stigmas. Fruit elongated-cylindrical, gradually narrowed
into a long thin beak, and raised on a slender stalk sometimes ^' long.

A bushy tree, occasionally 25° high, with a short trunk G'-8' in diameter, stout
ascending branches forming a broad round head, and slender branchlets coated at
first with hoary deciduous tomentum, varying during their first winter from reddish
purple to dark orange-brown, marked by scattered raised lenticels and roughened
by conspicuous elevated leaf-scars, growing lighter colored and reddish brown in
their second year; usually much smaller and often shrubby in habit. "Winter-buds
oblong, gradually narrowed and rounded at the apex, full and rounded on the back,
bright light chestnut-brown, nearly 1' long. Bark thin, reddish or olive-green or
gray tinged with red, and slightly divided by shallow fissures into appressed plate-
like scales.

Distribution. Borders of streams, swamps, and lakes, hillsides, open woods and
forest margins, usually in moist rich soil; valley of the St. Lawrence River to the
shores of Hudson's Bay, the valley of the Mackenzie River within the Arctic Circle,
Cook Inlet, Alaska, and the coast ranges of British Columbia, forming in the region
west of Hudson's Bay almost impenetrable thickets with twisted and often inclin-
ing stems; common in all the northern states, ranging southward to Pennsylvania
and westward to Minnesota, through the Rocky Mountain region from western
Idaho and northern Montana to the Black Hills of Dakota and western Nebraska,
and southward through Colorado to northern Arizona; ascending as a low shrub in
Colorado to elevations of 10,000°.

17. Salix Nuttallii, Sarg. Black Willow.

Leaves involute in the bud, oblong-obovate, gradually Jiarrowed and wedge-
shap'ed at the often unequal base, acute or abruptly acuminate, with short or long
points, or broad and rounded at the apex, entire or remotely and irregularly cre-
nately serrate, pilose above and coated below with pale pubescence or tomentum
when they unfold, at maturity thin and firm, dark yellow-green and lustrous above,
pale and glabrous or pilose below, l^'-4' long, ^'-1^' wide, with broad yellow pubescent
midribs and slender veins forked and arcuate within the slightly thickened and revo-
lute margins and connected by conspicuous reticulate veinlets, their petioles slender,
puberulous, \'-^' long; stipules foliaceous, semilunar, glandular-serrate, ^'-^ long,
caducous. Flovsrers: aments oblong-cylindrical, erect, nearly sessile, on short tomen-
tose branches, the staniinate about 1' long and rather more than ^' thick, the pistillate
1^' long, about |' thick, their scales oblong, narrowed at the ends, acute at the apex,
dark-colored, covered with long white hairs, persistent under the fruit; stamens 2,
with free glabrous filaments; ovary cylindrical, short-stalked, long-pointed, coated
with hoary pubescence, with broad nearly sessile emarginate stigmas. Fruit light
reddish brown, covered with pale pubescence, about |' long.

A tree, occasionally 30° high, with a short trunk rarely exceeding 1° in diameter,
slender pendulous branches forming a rather compact round-topped shapely head,
and stout branchlets marked by scattered yellow lenticels, coated at first with pale

SALICACE^

185

early deciduous pubescence, becoming bright yellow or dark orange color, and in
their second year dark red-brown and much roughened by the conspicuous leaf-scars.
"Winter-buds ovate, acute, nearly terete or slightly flattened, with narrow lateral
wing-like margins, light or dark orange color, glabrous or pilose at the base, about
V long. Bark thin, dark brown slightly tinged with red, and divided into broad flat
ridges. Wood light, soft, close-grained, light brown tinged with red, with thick
nearly white sapwood. *

Distribution. Borders of mountain streams usually at high elevations; southern
Assiniboia and the banks of the Columbia River in British Columbia, southward
through the Rocky Mountain region to northern New Mexico and Arizona; in Cali-
fornia on the Sierra Nevada and on the San Bernardino Mountains as a low shrub

pi^ iJ6

up to elevations of 10,000° above the sea. In the Pacific coast region from Alaska
to Santa Barbara, California, represented by the var. brachystachys, Sarg., a tree
sometimes 70° high, with a tall trunk often 2^' in diameter, stouter branches, larger
pubescent winter-buds, larger obovate leaves, and rather shorter pistillate aments;
the most abundant Willow of western Washington and Oregon, and of its largest
size in swamp and bottom-lands near the shores of Puget Sound.

18. Salix amplifolia. Gov. Willow.

Leaves revolute in the bud, oval to broadly obovate, rounded or broadly pointed
at the apex, gradually or abruptly narrowed at the cuneate base, dentate-serrulate
or entire, densely villous when they unfold, with long matted white hairs, at maturity
nearly glabrous, pale yellow-green above, slightly glaucous below, 2^-2^ long, V-\\'
wide, with midribs broad and hoary-tomentose toward the base of the leaf and thin
and glabrous above the middle; their petioles slender, tomentose. FloTvers: aments
appearing about the middle of June, stout, pedunculate, tomentose, on lateral leafy
branchlets, the staminate l^'-2' long and shorter than the pistillate, their scales
oblanceolate or lanceolate, dark brown or nearly black, covered with long pale hairs;
stamens 2, with slender elongated glabrous filaments; ovary ovate-lanceolate, short-
stalked, glabrous or slightly pubescent, gradually narrowed into the elongated slender
style crowned with a 2-lobed slender stigma. Fruit ovoid-lanceolate, glabrous,
short-stalked, \' long.

186

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

A tree, occasionally 25° high, with a trunk a foot in diameter, and stout branch-
lets conspicuously roughened by the large elevated U-shaped leaf-scars, and marked

by occasional pale lenticels, coated at first with thick villous pubescence, becoming
during their second and third years dark dull reddish purple.

Distribution. Sand dunes on the shores of Yakutat Bay and Disenchantment
Bay, Alaska.

-i — ^Leaves pubescent or tomentose below.

19. Salix Hookeriana, Hook. Willow.

Leaves oblong to oblong-obovate, gradually narrowed and wedge-shaped or
rounded at the base, acute or abruptly acuminate, with short points, or rarely
rounded and frequently apiculate at the apex, coarsely crenately serrate, especially
those on vigorous shoots, or entire, when they unfold villous, with pale hairs, or

tomentose above and clothed below with silvery white tomentum, at maturity thin
and firm, bright yellow-green and lustrous, nearly glabrous or tomentose on the
upper surface, pale and glaucous and tomentose or pubescent on the lower surface,

SALIC ACE^

187

especially along the midribs and slender arcuate primary veins and conspicuous
reticulate veinlets, 2'-6' long, I'-l^' wide; their petioles stout, tomentose, ^'-^' long.
Flo'wers: aments oblong-cylindrical, erect, rather lax, often more or less curved,
about 1^' long, on short tomentose branchlets, the staminate |' thick and rather
thicker than the pistillate; their scales oblong-obovate, yellow, coated with long pale
hairs, the staminate rounded above and rather shorter than the more acute scales
of the pistillate ament persistent under the fruit; stamens 2, with free elongated
glabrous filaments; ovary conical, stalked, with a slender stalk about one third as
long as the scale, gradually narrowed above, with a slender elongated bright red
style and broad spreading entire stigmas. Fruit oblong-cylindrical, narrowed above,
about Y long.

A tree, occasionally 30° high, with a trunk 1° in diameter, and stout branchlets
marked by large scattered orange-colored lenticels, covered during their first
season with hoary tomentum and rather bright or dark red-brown and pubescent
in their second summer; more often shrubby, with numerous stems 4'-8' thick and
lo°-20° high; frequently a low bush, with straggling almost prostrate stems. Win-
ter-buds ovate, acute, nearly terete, dark red, coated with pale pubescence, about
i' long. Bark nearly ^ thick, light red-brown, slightly fissured and divided into
closely appressed plate-like scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, light brown
tinged with red, with thin nearly white sapwood.

Distribution. Borders of salt marshes and ponds and sandy coast dunes; Van-
couver Island southward along the shores of Puget Sound and the Pacific Ocean to
southern Oregon.

20. Salix Sitchensis, Bong. Willow.

Leaves conduplicate in the bud, oblong-obovate to oblanceolate, entire or dentate,
with remote minute spreading glandular teeth, gradually narrowed and wedge-shaped
at the base, acute or acuminate, or rounded and short-pointed, or rounded at the

apex, when they unfold pubescent or tomentose on the upper surface, and coated
on the lower with lustrous white silky pubescence or tomentum persistent during
the first season or sometimes deciduous from the leaves of vigorous young shoots,
at maturity thin and firm, dark green, lustrous and glabrous above, with the excep-
tion of the pubescent midribs, 2'-5' long, f '-1^' wide, with conspicuous slender veins

188

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

arcuate and united within the margins and prominent reticulate veinlets; their petioles
stout, pubescent, rarely ^' long; stipules foliaceous, semilunar, acute or rounded at the
apex, glandular-dentate, coated below with hoary tomentum, often ^' long, caducous.
Flowers: aments cylindrical, densely flowered, erect on short tomentose branches,
the staminate l^'-2' long and ^' broad, the pistillate 2^ '-3' long, and ^' broad; their
scales yellow or tawny, the staminate oblong-obovate, rounded at the apex, covered
with long white hairs, much longer than the more acute pubescent scales of the pistil-
late anient; stamen 1, with an elongated glabrous filament, or very rarely 2, with
filaments united below the middle or nearly to the apex; ovary short-stalked, ovate,
conical, acute, and gradually narrowed into the elongated style, with entire or slightly
emarginate stigmas. Fruit ovate, narrowed above, light red-brown, about Y long.

* A much-branched tree, occasionally 25°-30° high, with a short contorted often
inclining trunk sometimes 1° in diameter, and slender branchlets coated at first with
hoary tomentum, pubescent and tomentose and dark red-brown or orange color during
their first winter, becoming darker, pubescent or glabrous, and sometimes covered
with a glaucous bloom in their second season; more often shrubby and 6°-15° tall.
Winter-buds acute, nearly terete, light red-brown, pubescent or puberulous, about
Y long. Bark about ^' thick and broken into irregular closely appressed dark brown
scales tinged with red. Wood light, soft, close-grained, pale red, with thick nearly
white sapwood.

Distribution. Banks of streams and low moist ground; Cook Inlet and Kadiak
Island, Alaska, southward in the neighborhood of the coast to Santa Barbara, Cali-
fornia.

21. Salix Alaxensis, Gov. Feltleaf Willow.

Leaves revolute in the bud, elliptical-lanceolate to obovate, acute or occasionally
rounded at the apex, gradually narrowed below into short thick petioles, coated
above as they unfold with thin pale deciduous tomentum and covered below with a
thick mass of snowy white lustrous hairs persistent on the mature leaves, entire,
often somewhat wrinkled, dull yellow-green above, 2'-4', long, I'-l^' wide, with
broad yellow midribs; stipules linear-lanceolate to filiform, entire, ^'-f long, usually

persistent until midsummer. Flowers: aments appearing in June when the leaves
are nearly fully grown, stout, erect, tomentose, stalked, on lateral pendulous branchlets.

BETULACE^ 189

the staminate I'-l^' long, much shorter than the pistillate; their scales oblong-ovate,
rounded at the apex, dark-colored, and coated with long silvery white soft hairs;
stamens 2, with slender elongated filaments; .ovary acuminate, short-stalked, covered
with soft pale hairs, gradually narrowed into the elongated slender style with 2-lobed
stigmas. Fruit nearly sessile, ovate, acuminate, covered with close dense pale
tomentum, ^' long.

A tree, sometimes 30° high, with a trunk 4'-6' in diameter, and stout branchlets
thickly coated at first with matted white hairs, becoming in their second year gla-
brous, dark purple, lustrous, marked by large elevated pale scattered lenticels and
much roughened by large U-shaped leaf-scars; often shrubby and in the most exposed
situations frequently only a foot or two high, with semiprostrate stems.

Distribution. Coast of Alaska from the Alexander Archipelago to Cape Lis-
bourne, and eastward to the valley of the Mackenzie River and to the shores of
Coronation Gulf; the only arborescent Willow in the coast region west and north of
Kadiak Island; attaining its largest size from the Shumagin Islands eastward.

IX. BETULACEiE.

Trees, with sweet watery juice, without terminal buds, their slender terete
branchlets marked by numerous pale lenticels and lengthening by one of the
upper axillary buds formed in early summer, and alternate simple penniveined
usually doubly serrate deciduous stalked leaves, obliquely plieately folded along
the primary veins, their petioles in falling leaving small semioval slightly
oblique scars showing three equidistant fibro-vascular bundle-scars ; stipules
inclosing the leaf in the bud, fugacious. Flowers vernal, appearing with or
before the unfolding of the leaves, or rarely autumnal, moncecious, the stami-
nate 1-3 together in the axils of the scales of an elongated pendulous lateral
ament and composed of a 2— 4-parted membranaceous calyx and 2-20 sta-
mens inserted on a receptacle, with distinct filaments and 2-celled erect
extrorse anthers opening longitudinally, or without a calyx, the pistillate in
short lateral or capitate aments, with or without a calyx, a 2-celled ovary, nar-
rowed into a short style divided into two elongated branches longer than the scales
of the ament and stigmatic on the inner face or at the apex, and a single ana-
tropous pendulous ovule in each cell of the ovary. Fruit a small mostly 1-celled
1-seeded nut, the outer layer of the shell light brown, thin and membranaceous,
the inner thick, hard, and bony. Seed solitary by abortion, filling the cavity of
the nut, suspended, without albumen, its coat membranaceous, light chestnut-
brown ; cotyledons thick and fleshy, much longer than the short superior radi-
cle turned toward the minute hilum.

Of the six genera, all confined to the northern hemisphere, five are found in
North America; of these only Corylus is shrubby.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT GENERA.

Scales of the pistillate ament deciduous ; nut wingless, more or less inclosed in an involucre

formed by the enlargement of the bract and bractlets of the flower ; staminate flowers

solitary in the axjls of the scales of the ament ; calyx 0 ; pistillate flowers with a calyx.

Staminate aments covered during the winter : involucre of the fruit flat, 3 -cleft, foli-

aceous. 1. Carpinus.

Staminate aments naked during the winter : involucre of the fruit bladder-like, closed.

2. Ostrya.

190 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Scales of the pistillate ament persistent and forming a woody strobile ; nut without an in-
volucre, more or less broadly winged ; staminate flowers 3-6 together in the axils of the
scales of the ament ; calyx present ; pisl^llate flowers without a calyx.

Pistillate amenta solitary, their scales 3-lobed, becoming thin, brown, and woody, de-
ciduous; stamens 2; filaments 2-branched, each division bearing a half -anther ;
winter-buds covered by imbricated scales. 3. Betula.

Pistillate aments racemose, their scales erose or 5-toothed, becoming thick, woody, and
dark-colored, persistent ; stamens 1-3 or 4 ; filaments simple ; wings of the nut often
reduced to a narrow border ; winter-buds without scales. 4. Alnus.

1. CARPINUS, L. Hornbeam.

Trees, with smooth close bark, hard strong close-grained wood, elongated conical
buds covered by numerous imbricated scales, the inner lengthening after the open-
ing of the buds. Leaves open and concave in the bud, ovate, acute, often cordate;
stipules strap-shaped to oblong-obovate. Flowers : staminate in aments emerging
in very early spring from buds produced the previous season near the ends of short
lateral branchlets of the year and inclosed during the winter, and composed of 3-20
stamens crowded on a pilose receptacle adnate to the base of a nearly sessile ovate
acute coriaceous scale longer than the stamens; filaments short, slender, 2-branched,
each branch bearing a 1-celled oblong yellow half-anther hairy at the apex; pistillate
in lax semierect aments terminal on leafy branches of the year, in pairs at the base
of an ovate acute leafy deciduous scale, each flower subtended by a small acute bract
with two minute bractlets at its base; calyx adnate to the ovary and dentate on the
free narrow border. Nuts ovate, acute, compressed, conspicuously longitudinally
ribbed, bearing at the apex the remnants of the calyx, marked on the broad base by
a large pale scar and separating at maturity in the autumn from the leaf-like 3-lobed
conspicuously serrate green involucres formed by the enlargement of the bract and
bractlets of the flowers and inclosing only the base of the nuts, fully grown at mid-
summer and loosely imbricated into a long-stalked open cluster.

Carpinus is confined to the northern hemisphere, and is distributed from the
Province of Quebec through the eastern United States to the highlands of Central
America in the New World, and from Sweden to southern Europe, Asia Minor, the
temperate Himalayas, central China and Japan in the Old World. Ten or twelve
species are recognized; one only is American. Of the exotic species, the European
and west Asian Carpinus Betulus, L., is frequently planted as an ornamental tree in
the northeastern United States, where some of the species of eastern Asia promise to
become valuable.

Carpinus is the classical name of the Hornbeam.

1. Carpinus Caroliniana, "Walt. Hornbeam. Blue Beech.

Leaves often somewhat falcate, long-pointed, sharply doubly serrate, with stout
spreading glandular teeth, except at the rounded or wedge-shaped often unequal
base, pale bronze-green, and covered with long white hairs when they unfold, at
maturity thin and firm, pale dull blue-green above, light yellow-green and glabrous
or puberulous below, with small tufts of white hairs in the axils of the veins, 2'-4'
long, I'-lf wide, with slender yellow midribs, numerous slender veins deeply
impressed and conspicuous above, and prominent cross veinlets, turning deep scarlet
and orange color late in the autumn; their petioles slender, terete, bairy, about ^
long, bright red while young; stipules ovate-lanceolate, acute, pubescent, hairy on the

BETULACE^ 191

margins, bright red below, light yellow-green at the apex, ^'long. Flovrers: stam-
inate aments 1^' long when fully grown, with broadly ovate acute boat-shaped
scales green below the middle, bright red above; pistillate aments ^'-f long, with
ovate acute hairy green scales; styles scarlet. Fruit: nuts ^' long, their involucres

short-stalked, with one of the lateral lobes often wanting, coarsely serrate, but
usually on one margin only of the middle lobe, I'-l^' long, nearly 1' wide, on slender
terete pubescent red-brown stems 5'-C' long.

A bushy tree, rarely 40° high, with a short fluted trunk occasionally 2° in
diameter, long slightly zigzag slender tough spreading branches pendulous toward
the ends, and furnished with numerous short thin lateral branches growing at acute
angles, and branchlets at first pale green coated with long white silky hairs, orange-
brown and sometimes slightly pilose during the summer, becoming dark red and
lustrous during the first winter and ultimately dull gray tinged with red. Winter-
buds ovate acute, about ^' long, with ovate acute chestnut-brown scales white and
scarious on the margins. Bark light gray-brown, sometimes marked with broad
dark brown horizontal bands, y^'— f' thick. Wood light brown, with thick nearly
white sap wood; sometimes used for levers, the handles of tools, and other small
articles.

Distribution. Borders of streams and swamps, generally in deep rich moist soil;
southern and western Quebec to the northern shores of Georgian Bay, southward
to Cape Malabar and the shores of Tampa Bay, Florida, and westward to northern
Minnesota, eastern Nebraska and Kansas, the Indian Territory, and eastern Texas;
reappearing on the mountains of southern Mexico and Central America; common
in the eastern and central states, most abundant and of its largest size on the
western slopes of the southern Alleghany ISIountains and in southern Arkansas and
Texas.

2. OSTRYA, Scop. Hop Hornbeam.

Trees, with scaly bark, heavy hard strong close-grained wood, and acute elongated
winter-buds formed in early summer and covered by numerous imbricated scales,
the inner lengthening after the opening of the bud. Leaves open and concave in
the bud; their petioles slender, nearly terete, hairy; stipules strap-shaped to oblong-
obovate. Flowers: staminate in long clustered sessile or short-stalked aments de-

192

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

veloped in early summer from lateral buds near the ends of short lateral branchlets
of the year and coated while young with hoary tomcntum, naked and conspicuous
during the winter, and composed of 3-14 stamens crowded on a pilose receptacle
adnate to the base of an ovate concave scale rounded and abruptly short-pointed at
the apex, ciliate on the margins, longer than the stamens; filaments short, 2-branched,
each branch bearing a 1-celled half-anther hairy at the apex; pistillate in erect lax
aments terminal on short leafy branches of the year, in pairs at the base of an
elongated ovate acute leaf-like ciliate scale persistent until midsummer, each flower
inclosed in a hairy sack-like involucre formed by the union of a bract and 2
bractlets; calyx adnate to the ovary, denticulate on the free narrow border. Nuts
ovate, acute, flattened, obscurely longitudinally ribbed, crowned with the remnants
of the calyx, marked at the narrow base by a small circular pale scar, inclosed in
the much enlarged pale membranaceous conspicuously longitudinally veined reticu-
late-venulose involucres of the flower, short, pointed and hairy at the apex, hirsute
at the base, with sharp rigid stinging hairs, imbricated into a short strobile fully
grown at midsummer, and suspended on a slender hairy stem.

Ostrya is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere from Nova Scotia to
Texas, northern Arizona, and to the highlands of southern Mexico and Guatemala in
the New World, and through southern Europe and southwestern Asia and in northern
Japan in the Old World. Of the four species now recognized two are American.

Ostrya is the classical name of the Hop Hornbeam.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or acute at the apex.
Leaves oval or obovate, acute or rounded at the apex.

1. O. Virginiana (A, C).
2. O. Knowltoni (F).

1. Ostrya Virginiana, K. Koch. Hop Hornbeam. Ironwood.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, gradually narrowed into long slender points or acute
at the apex, narrowed and rounded, cordate or wedge-shaped at the often unequal

base, sharply serrate, with slender incurved callous teeth terminating at first in tufts
of caducous hairs, when they unfold light bronze-green, glabrous above and coated
below on the midribs and primary veins with long pale hairs, at maturity thin and

BETULACE^ 193

extremely tough, dark dull yellow-green above, light yellow-green and furnished
with conspicuous tufts of pale hairs in the axils of the veins below, 3'-5' long, l^'-2'
wide, with slender midribs impressed and puberulous above, light yellow and pubes-
cent below, and numerous slender veins forked near the margins, turning clear
yellow before falling in the autumn; their petioles about V long; stipules rounded
and often short-pointed at the apex, ciliate on the margins, with long pale hairs,
hairy on the back, about ^' long and |' broad. Flo-wers : staminate aments about
1' long during their first season, with light red-brown rather loosely imbricated
scales narrowed into long slender points, becoming when the flowers open 2' long,
with broadly obovate scales rounded and abruptly contracted at the apex into short
points, ciliate on the margins, green tinged with red above the middle, light brown
toward the base; pistillate aments slender, about \' long, on thin hairy stems, their
scales lanceolate, acute, light green, often flushed with red above the middle, hirsute
at the apex, decreasing in size from the lowest. Fruit : nuts '^' long, about ^' wide,
rather abruptly narrowed below the apex, their involucres in clusters l^'-2' long
and f'-l' wide, on slender stems about 1' in length.

A tree, occasionally o0°-60° high, with a short trunk 2° in diameter, usually not
more than20°-30° tall, with a trunk 18'-20' thick, long slender branches drooping at
the ends and forming a round-topped or open head frequently 50° across, and slender,
very tough branchlets, light green, coated with pale hairs when they first appear,
becoming light orange color and very lustrous at midsummer, dark red-brown and
lustrous during their first winter, and then gradually darker brown and losing their
lustre. Winter-buds ovate, light chestnut-brown, slightly puberulous, ^' long.
Bark about Y thick, broken into thick narrow oblong closely appressed plate-like
light brown scales slightly tinged with red on the surface. Wood strong, hard,
tough, durable, light brown tinged with red or often nearly white, with thick pale
sapwood of 40-50 layers of annual growth; used for fence-posts, handles of tools,
mallets, and other small articles.

Distribution. Dry gravelly slopes and ridges often in the shade of oaks and other
large trees; Island of Cape Breton and the shores of the Bay of Chaleur, through
the valley of the St. Lawrence River, and along the northern shores of Lake Huron
to western Ontario, northern Minnesota, the Black Hills of Dakota, eastern and
northern Nebraska, eastern Kansas and southward to northern Florida and eastern
Texas; most abundant and of its largest size in southern Arkansas and Texas.

2. Ostrya Kno"wltoni, Gov. Iron-wood.

Leaves oval to obovate, acute or rounded at the apex, gradually narrowed and
often unequal at the rounded wedge-shaped rarely cordate base, sharply serrate,
with small triangular callous teeth, covered with loose pale tomentum when they un-
fold, at maturity dark yellow-green and pilose above, pale and soft-pubescent below,
l'-2' long, I'-l^' wide, with slender yellow midribs slightly raised on the upper side,
few slender primary veins connected by obscure reticulate veinlets, turning dull
yellow in the autumn before falling; their petioles ^'—|' loiig; stipules pale yellow-
green, often tinged with red toward the apex, ^' long, about ^' wide. Flovrers:
staminate aments on stout stalks covered with rufous tomentum and sometimes ^'
long, rarely sessile, about ^ long during their first season, with dark brown puber-
ulous scales gradually contracted into long slender subulate points, becoming when
the flowers open I'-l^' long, with broadly ovate concave scales abruptly narrowed
into nearly triangular points, yellow-green near the base, bright red above the mid-

194 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

die; pistillate aments about \' long, with ovate-lanceolate light yellow-green puber-
ulous scales ciliate on the margins. Fruit: nuts \' long, gradually narrowed at the

apex, their involucres 1' long, nearly glabrous at the apex, sometimes slightly stained
with red toward the base, in clusters I'-l^' long and about |' broad, on stems ^' long.

A tree 20°-30° high, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, usually divided 1° or 2°
above the ground into 3 or 4 stout upright stems 4'-5' thick, slender pendulous often
much contorted branches forming a narrow round-topped symmetrical head, and
slender branchlets dark green and coated with hoary tomentum when they appear,
dark red-brown and pubescent during their first summer, becoming light cinnamon-
brown, glabrous, and lustrous in the winter, and ultimately ashy gray. Winter-
buds ovate, dark red-brown, about -|' long. Bark internally bright orange color,
I' thick, separating into loose hanging plate-like scales light gray slightly tinged
with red, l'-2' long and 1' or 2' wide. Wood light reddish brown, with thin sap-
wood.

Distribution. Only on the southern slope of the canon of the Colorado River in
Arizona at elevations of 6000°-7000° above the sea near Talfrey, seventy miles
north of Flagstaff.

3. BETULA, L. Birch.

Trees, with smooth resinous bark marked by long longitudinal lenticels, often sep-
arating freely into thin papery plates, becoming thick, deeply furrowed, and scaly at
the base of old trunks, short slender branches more or less erect and forming on young
trees a narrow symmetrical pyramidal head, becoming horizontal and often pendu-
lous on older trees, tough branchlets, short stout spur-like 2-leaved lateral branchlets
much roughened by the crowded leaf-scars of many years, and elongated winter-
buds covered by numerous ovate acute scales, and fully grown and bright green at
midsummer. Leaves open and convex in the bud, often incisely lobed; stipules ovate
and acute or oblong-obovate, scarious. Flowers in 3-flowered cymes, the lateral
flowers of the cyme subtended by bractlets adnate to the base of the scale of the
ament; staminate aments long, pendulous, solitary or clustered, appearing in summer
or> autumn in the axils of the last leaves of a branchlet of the year or near the ends
of the short lateral branchlets, erect and naked during the winter, their scales in the
spring broadly ovate, rounded, short-stalked, yellow or orange-color below the middle

BETULACE^ 195

and dark chestnut-browu and lustrous above; staminate flowers composed of a mem-
brauaceous 4:-lobed calyx often 2-lobed by suppression, the anterior lobe obovate,
rounded at the apex, as long as the stamens, much longer than the minute posterior
lobe, and of 2 stamens inserted on the base of the calyx, with short 2-branched
filaments, each branch bearing an erect half-anther; pistillate aments oblong or
cylindrical, terminal on the short spur-like lateral branchlets, their scales closely
imbricated, oblong-ovate, 3-lobed, light yellow, often tinged with red above the
middle, accrescent, becoming brown and woody at maturity, and forming sessile or
stalked erect or pendulous short or elongated strobiles usually ripening in the
autumn, deciduous with the nuts from the slender rachis; calyx of the pistillate
flower 0; ovary sessile, compressed, with styles stigmatic at the apex. Nut minute,
oval or obovate, compressed, bearing at the apex the persistent stigmas, marked at
the base by a small pale scar, the outer coat of the shell produced into a marginal
wing interrupted at the apex.

Betula is widely distributed from the Arctic Circle to Texas in the New World,
and to southern Europe, the Himalayas, China, and Japan in the Old World, some
species forming great forests at the north, or covering high mountain slopes. Of the
twenty-eight or thirty species now recognized thirteen are found in North America;
of these ten are trees. Of exotic species the European and Asiatic Betula alba, L.,
in a number of forms is a common ornamental tree in the northern states, where
several of the Birch-trees of eastern Asia also flourish. Many of the species produce
wood valued by the cabinet-maker, or used in the manufacture of spools, shoe-lasts,
and other small articles. The thin layers of the bark are impervious to water and
are used to cover buildings, and for shoes, canoes, and boxes. The sweet sap pro-
vides an agreeable beverage.

Betula is the classical name of the Birch-tree.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.

Strobiles oblong'-ovoid, nearly sessile, erect, the lateral lobes of their scales broad and
slightly divergent ; wing not broader than the nut ; leaves with 9-11 pairs of veins; bark
of young branches aromatic.

Leaves heart-shaped or rounded at the base ; scales of the strobiles glabrous ; bark
dark brown, not separating into thin layers. 1. B. lenta (A, C).

Leaves wedge-shaped or slightly heart-shaped at the base ; scales of the strobiles
pubescent ; bark yellow or silvery white, separating into thin layers.

2. B. lutea (A).
Strobiles oblong or cylindrical, erect, spreading or pendant, on slender peduncles ; wing
broader than the nut ; leaves with 5-9 pairs of veins.

Strobiles oblong, erect, ripening in May or June, their scales pubescent, deeply lobed,
the lateral lobes erect.

Leaves rhombic-ovate, glaucescent and more or less silky-pubescent beneath; bark
light reddish brown, separating freely into thin persistent scales.

3. B. nigra (A, C).
Strobiles cylindrical, pendant or spreading.

Scales of the strobiles pubescent, with recurved lateral lobes, the middle lobe trian-
gular, nearly as broad as long ; leaves long-pointed, their petioles slender, elon-
gated.

Leaves triangular to rlioniboidal, bright green and lustrous ; bark chalky white,
not separable into thin layers. 4. B. populifolia (A).

196

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Leaves ovate, wedge-shaped to truncate or rounded at the base, dull blue-green ;
bark white tinged with pink, lustrous, not easily separable into thin layers.

5. B. ccerulea (A).
Scales of the strobiles with ascending or spreading lateral lobes, the middle lobe
usually acuminate, longer than broad ; leaves acute or acuminate, their petioles
more or less stout.

Bark separating freely into thin layers.
Bark creamy white and lustrous.

Leaves ovate, dull dark green ; scales of the strobiles glabrous.

6. B. papyrifera (A, F).
Bark reddish brown to grayish white ; scales of the strobiles ciliate.

Leaves ovate, mostly rounded or cordate at the broad base ; scales of the
strobiles puberulous. 7. B, occidentalis (B).

Leaves ovate, cuneate ; scales of the strobiles glabrous except on the mar-
gins ; young branches not or only slightly glandular.

8. B. Kenaica (B).
Leaves rhomboidal to deltoid ; scales of the strobiles glabrous except on
the margins ; young branchlets thickly covered with glands.

9. B. Alaskana (A, B).
Bark not separable into thin layers, dark brown ; scales of the strobiles
glabrous or puberulous.

Leaves ovate, truncate or rounded at the broad base, dull green.

10. B. fontinalis (B, F, G).

1. Strobiles oblong-ovoid, erect; wing not broader than the nut ; leaves with 9-11 pairs
of veins.

1. Betula lenta, L. Cherry Birch. Black Birch.

Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate, gradually narrowed and often
unequal at the cordate or rounded base, sharply serrate, with slender incurved teeth,
when they unfold light green, coated on the lower surface and the margins with

long white silky hairs, and slightly hairy on the upper surface, at maturity thin and
membranaceous, dark dull green above, light yellow-green below, with small tufts
of white hairs in the axils of the veins, 2 ^'-6' long, 1^-3' wide, with yellow midribs
and primary veins prominent and hairy on the lower surface, and obscure reticulate

BETULACE^ 197

cross veinlets, turning bright clear yellow late in the autumn; their petioles stout,
hairy, deeply grooved ou the upper side, |'-1' long; stipules ovate, acute, light green
or nearly white, scarious and ciliate above the middle. Flo"wers: staminate aments
during the winter about |' long, nearly ^ thick, with ovate acute apiculate scales
bright red-brown above the middle and light brown below, becoming 3'-4' long; pis-
tillate aments ^'-f ' long, about |^' thick, with ovate pale green scales rounded at the
apex; styles light pink. Fruit: strobiles oblong-ovoid, sessile, erect, glabrous, I'-l^'
long, about ^' thick; nut obovate, pointed at the base, rounded at the apex, about as
broad as its wing.

A tree, with aromatic bark and leaves, 70°-80° high, with a trunk 2°-o° in diame-
ter, slender branches finally spreading almost at right angles, becoming pendulous
toward the ends and gradually forming a narrow round-topped open graceful head,
and branchlets light green, slightly viscid and pilose when they first appear, soon
turning dark orange-brown, lustrous during the summer, bright red-brown in their
first winter, becoming darker and finally dark dull brown slightly tinged with red.
Winter-buds ovate, acute, about ^' long, with ovate acute light chestnut-brown
loosely imbricated scales, those of the inner ranks becoming -^'-f' long. Bark on
young stems and branches close, smooth, lustrous, dark brown tinged with red, and
marked by elongated horizontal pale lenticels, becoming on old trunks ^'-f ' thick,
dull, deeply furrowed and broken into large thick irregular plates covered with
closely appressed scales. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, dark
brown tinged with red, with thin light brown or yellow sapwood of 70-80 layers of
annual growth; largely used in the manufacture of furniture and for fuel, and occa-
sionally in ship and boatbuilding. Oil used medicinally as a flavor is distilled from
the wood, and beer is obtained by fermenting the sugary sap.

Distribution. Rich uplands from Newfoundland and the valley of the Saguenay
River to northwestern Ontario, and central Iowa, and southward to Delaware, south-
ern Indiana and Illinois, and along the Alleghany Mountains to western Florida,
central Kentucky and Tennessee; a common forest tree at the north, and of its
largest size on the western slopes of the southern Appalachian Mountains.

2. Betula lutea, Michx. Yellow Birch. Gray Birch.

Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, acuminate or acute at the apex, gradually narrowed
to the rounded cuneate or rarely heart-shaped usually oblique base, sharply doubly
serrate, when they unfold bronze-green or red and pilose, with long pale hairs above
and on the under side of the midribs and veins, at maturity dark dull green above,
yellow-green below, S'-4^' long, l^'-2' wide, with stout midribs and primary veins
covered below near the base of the leaf with short pale or rufous hairs, turning clear
bright yellow in the autumn before falling; their petioles slender, pale yellow, hairy,
I'-l' long; stipules ovate, acute, light green tinged with pink above the middle,
about ^' long. Flowers: staminate aments during the winter f'-l' long, about ^'
thick, with ovate rounded scales light chestnut-brown and lustrous above the middle,
ciliate on the margins, becoming 3'-3y long and i-' thick; pistillate aments about f'long,
with acute scales, pale green below, light red and tipped with clusters of long white
hairs at the apex, and pilose on the back. Fruit: strobiles erect, sessile, short-stalked,
pubescent, V-l^ long, about |' thick; nut oval or obovate, about 1' long, rather
broader than its wing.

A tree, with slightly aromatic bark and leaves, occasionally 100° high, with a
trunk 3°^° in diameter, spreading and more or less pendulous branches forming

198

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

a broad round-topped head, and branclilets at first green and covered witli long pale
hairs, liglit orange-bi'own and pilose during their first summer, becoming glabrous
and light brt)\vn slightly tinged with orange, and ultimately dull and darker. Win-
ter-buds about Y long, somewhat viscid and covered with loose pale hairs during
the summer, becoming light chestnut-brown, acute, and slightly j)uberulous in winter.
Bark of young stems and of the branches bright silvery gray or light orange color,
very lustrous, separating into thin loose persistent scales more or less rolled on the
margins, becoming on old trees ^' thick, reddish brown, and divided by narrow irregu-
lar fissures into large thin plates covered with minute closely apprcssed scales. Wood

heavy, very strong, hard, close-grained, light brown tinged with red, with thin nearly
white sapwood ; largely used in the manufacture of furniture, button and tassel
moulds, boxes, the hubs of wheels, and for fuel.

Distribution. Moist uplands, in rich soil, and one of the largest deciduous-leaved
trees of northeastern America; Newfoundland and along the northern shores of the
Gulf of St. Lawrence to the valley of Rainy River, and southward to northern Dela-
ware and northern Minnesota, and along the Alleghany Mountains to the high peaks
of North Carolina and Tennessee; very abundant and of its largest size in the east-
ern provinces of Canada and in northern New York and New England ; small and
rare in southern New England and southward.

2. Strobiles oblong or cylindrical ; wing broader than the nut ; leaves with 5-9 pairs
of veins.
*Strobiles oblong, erect, ripening in May or June.

3. Betula nigra, L. Red Birch. River Birch.

Leaves rhombic-ovate, acute, abruptly or gradually narrowed and wedge-shaped
at the base, doubly serrate, on vigorous young branches often more or less laciniately
cut into acute doubly serrate lobes, when they unfold light yellow-green and pilose
above and coated below, especially on the midribs and petioles, with thick white
tomentum, at maturity thin and tough, l^'-3' long, l'-2' wide, deep green and
lustrous above, glabrescent, pubescent, or ultimately glabrous below, except on the
stout midribs and remote primary veins, turning dull yellow in the autumn ; their

BETULACE^

199

petioles slender, slightly flattened, tomentose, about ^ long; stipules ovate, rounded
or acute at the apex, pale green, covered below with white hairs. Flowers: stami-
nate aments clustered, during the winter about ^' long and -^^' thick, with ovate
rounded dull chestnut-brown lustrous scales, becoming 2'-3' long and ^' thick; pistil-
late aments about ^' long, with bright green ovate scales pubescent on the back,
rounded or acute at the apex, and ciliate, with long white hairs. Fruit ripening in
May and June; strobiles cylindrical, pubescent, I'-l-^' long, ^' thick, erect on stout
tomentose peduncles ^ long; nut ovate or oval, ^' long, pubescent or puberulous at
the apex, about as broad as its thin puberulous wing ciliate on the margin.

A tree, 80°-90° high, with a trunk often divided 15°-20° above the ground
into 2 or 3 slightly diverging limbs, and sometimes 5° in diameter, slender branches
forming in old age a narrow irregular picturesque crown, and branchlets coated at
first with thick pale or slightly rufous tomentum gradually disappearing before
winter, becoming dark red and lustrous, dull red-brown in their second year, and
then gradually growing slightly darker until the bark separates into the thin flakes
of the older branches; or often sending up from the ground a clump of several

small spreading stems forming a low bushy tree. Winter-buds ovate, acute, about
^' long, covered in summer with thick pale tomentum, glabrous or slightly puberulous,
lustrous and bright chestnut-brown in winter, the inner scales strap-shaped, light
brown tinged with red, and coated with pale hairs. Bark on young stems and large
branches thin, lustrous, light reddish brown or silvery gray, marked by narrow
slightly darker longitudinal lenticels, separating freely into large thin papery scales
persistent for several years, and turning back and showing the light pink-brown
tints of the freshly exposed inner layers, becoming at the base of old trunks from
f'-l' thick, dark red-brown, deeply furrowed and broken on the surface into thick
closely appressed scales. Wood light, rather hard, strong, close-grained, light
brown, with pale sapwood of 40-50 layers of annual growth; used in the manufacture
of furniture, woodenware, wooden shoes, and in turnery.

Distribution. Banks of streams, ponds, and swamps, in deep rich soil often
inundated for several weeks at a time; northeastern Massachusetts, Long Island,
New York, southward to western Florida through the region east of the Alleghany
Mountains except in the immediate neighborhood of the coast, through the Gulf

200

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

states to the valley of the Trinity River, Texas, and through the Mississippi valley
to the Indian Territory, eastern Kansas, the bottom-lands of the Missouri River,
in eastern Nebraska, central Minnesota, southern Wisconsin, and Ohio; the only
semiaquatic species and the only species ripening its seeds in the spring or early
summer; attaining its largest size in the damp semitropical lowlands of Florida,
Louisiana, and Texas, and the only Birch-tree of such warm regions.

Often cultivated in the northeastern states as an ornamental tree, and growing
rapidly in cultivation,

**Strohiles cylindrical, pendant or spreading. *

-i-Scales of the strobiles pubescent, with recurved lateral lobes, the middle lobe
nearly as broad as long • leaves long-pointed, their petioles slender, elongated.

4. Betula populifolia, Marsh. Gray Birch. "White Birch.

Leaves nearly triangular to rhomboidal, long-pointed, coarsely doubly serrate,
with stout spreading glandular teeth except at the broad truncate or slightly cordate
or wedge-shaped base, thin and firm, dark green and lustrous and somewhat rough-
ened on the upper surface early in the season by small pale glands in the axils of
the conspicuous reticulate veinlets, 21'-3' long, l^'-2^' wide, with stout yellow
midribs covered with minute glands, and raised and rounded on the upper side, and
obscure yellow primary veins, turning pale yellow in the autumn; their petioles
slender, terete, covered with black glands, often stained with red on the upper side,
I'-l' long; stipules broadly ovate, acute, membranaceous, light green slightly tinged
with red. Flcwers : staminate aments usually solitary or rarely in pairs, l^'-l^'

long, about i' thick during the winter, becoming 2^'-4' long, with ovate acute
apiculate scales; pistillate aments on glandular peduncles about ^ long, slender,
about ^' long, with ovate acute pale green glandular scales, Fruit: strobiles cylin-
drical, pubescent, obtuse at the apex, about f long and ^' thick, pendant or spreading
on slender stems; nut oval or obovate, acute or rounded at the base, a little narrower i
than its obovate wing.

A short-lived tree, 20'-30' or exceptionally 40° high, with a trunk rarely 18' in
diameter, short slender often pendulous more or less contorted branches usually

BETULACE^

201

clothing the stem to the ground and forming a narrow pyramidal pointed head, and
brauchlets roughened by small raised leuticels, resinous-glandular when they first
appear, like the unfolding leaves, gradually growing darker, bright yellow and
lustrous before autumn like the young stems, bright reddish brown during the first
winter, and ultimately white near the trunk; often growing in clusters of spreading
stems springing from the stumps of old trees. "Winter-buds ovate, acute, pale
chestnut-brown, glabrous, about \' long. Bark about ^ thick, dull chalky white on
the outer surface, bright orange on the inner, close and firm, with dark triangular
markings at the insertion of the branches, becoming at the base of old trees thicker,
nearly black, and irregularly broken by shallow fissures. Wood light, soft, not
strong, close-grained, not durable, light brown, with thick nearly white sapwood;
used in the manufacture of spools, shoe-pegs and wood pulp, for the hoops of bar-
rels, and largely for fuel.

Distribution. Dry gravelly barren soil or on the margins of swamps and ponds;
Nova Scotia and the valley of the lower St. Lawrence River southward to northern
Delaware, and westward through northern New England and New York, ascending
sometimes to altitudes of 1800°, to the southern shores of Lake Ontario; rare and
local in the interior, very abundant in the coast region of New England and the
middle states; springing up in great numbers on abandoned farm-lands or on lands
stripped by fire of their original forest covering; most valuable in its ability to
grow rapidly in sterile soil and to afford protection to the seedlings of more valuable
and less rapidly growing trees.

5. Betula coerulea, Blanch. Blue Birch.

Leaves ovate, long-pointed, broadly or narrowly concave-cuneate at the entire
often unequal base, sharply mostly doubly serrate above, with straight or incurved

glandular often apiculate teeth, covered above when they unfold with pale deciduous
glands, at maturity dull bluish green on the upper surface, pale yellow-green on
the lower, and sparingly villose along the under side of the slender yellow midribs
and primary veins, 2'-21' long, I'-l^' wide, their petioles slender, f-l\' long, yellow
more or less deeply tinged with red. Flowers: staminate aments usually in pairs,
or singly or in 3's, ll'-2' long, about j\' thick, with ovate rounded short-pointed

202

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

scales; pistillate aments slender, about J' long, with acuminate pale green much re-
flexed scales. Fruit: strobiles cylindrical, pubescent, slightly narrowed at the obtuse
apex, about 1' long and ^' thick, pendant on slender peduncles \'-^' in length; nut
oval, much narrower than its broad wing.

A tree, rarely more than 30° high, with a trunk 8'-10' in diameter, small ascend-
ing finally spreading branches, and slender branchlets marked by numerous small
raised pale lenticels, purplish and sparingly villous when they first appear, soon
glabrous, becoming bright red-brown; often forming clumps of several stems. Bark
thin, white tinged with rose, lustrous, not readily separable into layers, the inner
bark light orange color.

Distribution. Moist slopes, Stratton and Windham, Vermont, at elevations of
about 1800° (W. H. Blanchard), Haystack Mountain, Aroostook County, Maine
(M. S. Fernald) ; the American representative of the European Betula pendula,
Roth., and probably widely distributed over the hills of northern New England and
eastern Canada.

Apparently passing into a form with larger leaves often rounded and truncate at
the broad base and 3'-3^' long and 2' wide, stouter staminate aments, and strobiles
frequently 1^' long and \' thick (var. Blanchardi, Sarg. nov. nom. fig. 168 A). This
under favorable conditions is a tree 60°-70° high, with a trunk 18' in diameter, and
possibly when better known may be considered a distinct species; common with
Betula ccerulea at Windham and Stratton, Vermont (H. W. Blanchard), and on a
hill near the coast in Washington County, Maine (M L. Fernald').

-I — t- Scales of the strobiles unth ascending or spreading lateral lobes, the middle
lobe longer than broad ; leaves acute or acuminate.
++Bark creamy white to reddish broum, separating freely into thin layers.

6. Betula papyrifera. Marsh. Canoe Birch. Paper Birch.

Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, with short broad points, coarsely usually
doubly and often very irregularly serrate except at the rounded abruptly wedge-
shaped, gradually narrowed, or deeply cordate (var. cordifolia, Fern.) base, bright

green, glandular-resinous, pubescent and clothed below on the midribs and primary
veins and on the petioles with long white hairs when they unfold, at maturity thick

BETULACE^

203

and firm, dull dark green and glandless or rarely glandular on the upper surface,
light yellow-green and glabrous or puberulous, with small tufts of pale hairs in the
axils of the primary veins and covered with many black glands on the lower sur-
face, 2'-3' long, 1^-2' wide, with slender yellow midribs marked, like the remote
primary veins, with minute black glands, turning light clear yellow in the autumn;
their petioles stout, yellow, glandular, glabrous or pubescent, ^'-f long; stipules
ovate, acute, ciliate on the margins, with pale hairs, light green. Flo'wers : stami-
nate aments clustered, during the winter f -1^ long, about ^' thick, with ovate, acute
scales light brown below the middle, dark red-brown above, becoming 3^'-4' long,
and about ^ thick; pistillate aments I'-l^ long, about ^q' thick, with light green
lanceolate scales long-pointed and acute or rounded at the apex; styles bright
red. Fruit : strobiles cylindrical, glabrous, about 1^' long and ^' thick, hanging on
slender stalks; nut oval, about J^' long, much narrower than its thin wing.

A tree, usually 60°-70° tall, with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter, becoming in old age,
or when crowded by other trees, branchless below and supporting a narrow open head
of short pendulous branches, and brauchlets at first light green, slightly viscid,
marked by scattered orange-colored oblong lenticels and covered with long pale
hairs, dark orange color and glabrous or pubescent during the summer, becoming
dull red in their first winter, gradually growing dark orange-brown, lustrous for four

h^- 170

or five years and ultimately covered with the white papery bark of older branches.
Winter-buds ovate, acute, about ^' long, pubescent below the middle and coated
with resinous gum at midsummer, dark chestnut-brown, glabrous and slightly resin-
ous during the winter, their inner scales becoming strap-shaped, rounded at the
apex, about ^' long and ^ wide. Bark on young trunks and large limbs thin, creamy
white, lustrous on the outer surface, bright orange color on the inner, marked by
long narrow slightly darker colored raised lenticels, separating into thin papery lay-
ers pale orange color when first exposed to the light, becoming on old trunks for a few
feet above the ground sometimes ^' thick, dull brown or nearly black, sharply and
irregularly furrowed and broken on the surface into thick closely appressed scales.
"Wood light, strong, hard, tough, very close-grained, light brown tinged with red, with
thick nearly white sapwood; largely used for spools, shoe-lasts, pegs, and in turnery,
the manufacture of wood-pulp, and for fuel. The tough resinous durable bark im-
pervious to water is used by all the northern Indians in their canoes and for baskets,

204

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

bags, drinking-cups, and other small articles, and often to cover their wigwams in
winter.

Distribution. Rich wooded slopes and the borders of streams, lakes, and swamps,
scattered through forests of other trees; Labrador to the southern shores of Hud-
son's Bay and Great Slave Lake, and soutliward to Long Island, New York, north-
ern Pennsylvania, central Michigan, central Iowa, northern Nebraska, the Black
Hills of Dakota, northern Montana and northwestern Washington; common in the
maritime provinces of Canada and north of the Great Lakes, and in northern New
England and New York; small and comparatively rare in the coast region of south-
ern New England and southward; not common in the Rocky Mountain region; on
the highest mountains of New England the var. cordifolia (Fig. 170) is common as
a small tree or shrub, and also occurs northward and on the Rocky Mountains.

Often planted in the northeastern states as an ornamental tree.

7. Betula occidentalis. Hook. Birch.

Leaves ovate, acute, usually rounded, occasionally cordate or rarely cuneate at
the broad base, coarsely and generally doubly serrate, with straight or incurved
glandular teeth, while young light yellow-green, covered with dark reddish resinous
viscid glands, and villous along the midribs and veins, with long white hairs often
also in large persistent tufts in the axils of the primary veins, and at maturity thin
and firm in texture, marked by the scars of the fallen glands, dull dark green above,
pale yellow-green below, and puberulous on both sides of the stout yellow midribs
and slender primary veins, 3'-4' long, l^'-2' wide ; their petioles stout, glandular, at
first tomentose, ultimately pubescent or puberulous, about |' long ; stipules oblong-
obovate, rounded or acute and apiculate at the apex, ciliate on the margins, puber-
ulous, glandular-viscid, about \' long, \'-\' wide. Flowers: staminate aments dur-
ing the winter about |' long and \' thick, with ovate scales rounded or abruptly

narrowed and acute at the apex, puberulous on the outer surface, ciliate on the
margins, becoming 3'-4' long and about \' wide ; pistillate aments about V long
and yV thick, with acuminate bright green scales. Fruit : strobiles cylindrical, pu-
berulous, spreading, 1|^'-1^' long, \'-y thick, on stout peduncles f in length, their
scales ciliate on the margins ; nut oval, about ■^' long, and nearly as wide as its wings.

BETULACE^

205

A tree, 100°-120° high, with a trunk 3°-4° iu diameter, comparatively small
branches often pendulous on old trees, and pale orange-brown branchlets more or less
glandular and coated with long pale hairs when they first appear, becoming bright
orange-brown and marked by numerous minute pale lenticels and pubescent or
puberulous during their first winter and nearly destitute of glands, and in their
second year orange-brown, glabrous, and very lustrous. Winter-buds acute, bright
orange-brown, ^-^ long, their light brown inner scales sometimes becoming |^' long.
Bark thin, marked by large oblong horizontal raised lenticels, dark orange-brown,
very lustrous, separating freely into thin papery layers displaying in falling the
bright orange-yellow inner bark.

Distribution. Banks of streams and lakes ; southwestern British Columbia and
northwestern Washington ; nowhere common and probably of its largest size on the
alluvial banks of the lower Fraser River, and on the islands of Puget Sound.

8. Betula Kenaica, Evans. Red Birch. Black Birch.

Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, broadly cuneate or somewhat rounded at the
entire base, irregularly coarsely often doubly serrate above, puberulous on the upper

c, \j&

surface and ciliate on the margins when they unfold, at maturity glabrous, dark
dull green above, pale yellow-green below, l^'-2' long, I'-lf ' wide, with slender yel-
low midribs and 5 pairs of thin primary veins ; their petioles slender, |'-1' long.
Flowers : staminate aments clustered, V long, with ovate acute scales apiculate at
the apex, puberulous on the outer surface ; pistillate aments ^'-^' long, about ^q'
wide, on slender glandular pubescent peduncles ^'-f long, with acuminate light
green strongly reflexed scales; styles bright red. Fruit : strobiles cylindrical, gla-
brous, 1' long, their scales ciliate on the margins; nut oval, somewhat narrower than
its thin wing.

A tree, 30°-40° high, with a trunk 12'-2(y in diameter, wide-spreading branches,
stout branchlets marked by numerous small pale lenticels, bright red-brown during
2 or 3 years, gradually becoming darker. Bark thin, more or less furrowed, very
dark brown or nearly black near the base of the trunk, grayish white or light red-
dish brown and separating into thin layers higher on the stem and on the branches.

206

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Distribution. Coast of Alaska from Cook Inlet southward to the head of the
Lynn Caual.

9. Betula Alaskana, Sarg. White Birch.

Leaves rhoniboidal to deltoid-ovate, long-pointed, truncate, rounded or broadlj'
cuneate, or on leading shoots occasionally cordate at the entire base, coarsely and
often doubly glandular-serrate above, when they unfold yellow-green and covered
with resinous glands, lustrous and villous above and slightly pnberulous below, at

maturity thin, dark green above, pale and yellow-green below, l^'-3' long, I'-l^'
wide, with slender midribs and primary veins pubescent or ultimately glabrous be-
low ; their petioles often bright red, somewhat hairy at first, finally glabrous, about
1' long; stipules oblong, gradually narrowed and rounded at the apex, villous partic-
ularly toward the margins. Flowers : staminate aments clustered, sessile, 1' long,
^' thick, with ovate acuminate scales pnberulous on the outer surface, bright red, with
yellow margins; pistillate aments slender, cylindrical, glandular, 1' long, ^' thick,
on stout peduncles nearly ^' long. Fruit : strobiles glabrous, pendulous or spread-
ing, I'-l^' longj V~h' thick, their scales ciliate on the margins; nut oval, narrower
than its broad wing.

A tree, usually 30°-40°, occasionally 80°, high, with a trunk 6'-12' in diameter,
slender erect and spreading or pendulous branches, and glabrous bright red-brown
branchlets more or less thickly covered during their first year with resinous glands
sometimes persistent until the second or third season. Winter-buds ovate, obtuse
at the gradually narrowed apex, about ^ long? with light red-brown shining outer
scales sometimes ciliate on the margins, and oblong rounded scarious inner scales
hardly more than l' long when fully grown. Bark thin, marked by numerous elon-
gated dark slightly raised lenticels, dull reddish brown or sometimes nearly white
on the outer surface, light red on the inner surface, close and firm, finally separable
into thin plate-like scales.

Distribution. Valley of the Saskatchewan northwestward to the valley of the
Yukon, growing sparingly near the banks of streams in forests of coniferous trees
and in large numbers on sunny slopes and hillsides; the common Birch-tree of the
Yukon basin.

BETULACE^

207

++++ Bark dark browns not separable into thin layers.

10. Betula fontinalis, Sarg. Black Birch.

Leaves broadly ovate, acute, sharply and often doubly serrate, except at the
rounded abruptly wedge-shaped truncate subcordate and often unequal base, and
sometimes slightly laciniately lobed, pale green, pilose above, and covered by conspicu-
ous resinous glands when they unfold, at maturity thin and firm, dark dull green
above, pale yellow-green, rather lustrous and covered by minute glandular dots be-
low, l'-2' long, I'-l' wide, with slender pale midribs, remote glandular veins, and
rather conspicuous reticulate veinlets, turning dull yellow in the autumn before falling;
their petioles stout, puberulous, light yellow, glandular-dotted, flattened on the upper
side, often flushed with red, y-^' long; stipules broadly ovate, acute or rounded at
the apex, slightly ciliate, bright green soon becoming pale and scarious. Flcwers:
staminate aments clustered, ^'-f long and ^^' thick during the winter, with ovate
acute light chestnut-brown scales pale and slightly ciliate on the margins, becoming

2'-2^' long, and about \' thick, with apiculate scales; pistillate aments short-stalked,
about I' long, with ovate acute green scales; styles bright red. Fruit: strobiles
cylindrical, rather obtuse, puberulous or nearly glabrous, I'-l^' long, erect or pendu-
lous on slender glandular stalks, \' to nearly |' long; nut ovate or obovate, puberulous
at the apex, much narrower than its wing.

A tree, occasionally 30° -40° high, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, slender
spreading gracefully pendulous branches forming an open feathery head, and branch-
lets light green and much roughened at first by large lustrous resinous glands
persistent until the second season, soon becoming dark orange color, rather bright
red-brown during their first winter, dark reddish brown or bronze color and very
lustrous the following summer, and marked by conspicuous pale lenticels; more
commonly shrubby, with many thin spreading stems forming open clusters, 15°-20°
high, often much lower, and frequently crowded in almost impenetrable thickets.
Winter-buds oval to ovate, acute, very resinous, chestnut-brown, i' long. Bark
about \' thick, dark bronze color, very lustrous, marked by pale brown longitudinal
lenticels becoming on old trunks often 6'-8' long and \' wide. "Wood soft and

208 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

strong, light brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood; sometimes used for fuel and
fencing.

Distribution. Moist soil near the banks of streams in mountain canons; gen-
erally distributed, altiiough nowhere very common, from the basin of the upper Fraser
and Peace rivers in Britisli Columbia, southward to the valleys of Mt. Shasta and
the eastern slopes of the northern Sierra Nevada, California, eastward through
Alberta and along the valley of the Saskatchewan, and southward along the Rocky
Mountains and the interior ranges of Nevada, Utah, and northern New Mexico,
extending eastward in the United States to the Black Hills of Dakota, northwestern
Nebraska, and the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado.

4. ALNUS, L. Alder.

Trees and shrubs, with astringent scaly bark, soft straight-grained wood, naked
stipitate winter-buds formed in summer and nearly inclosed by the united stipules
of the first leaf, becoming thick, resinous, and dark red. Leaves open and convex
in the bud, falling without change of color; stipules of all but the first leaf ovate,
acute, and scarious. Flowers vernal or in one species autumnal, in 1-3-flowered
cymes in the axils of the peltate short-stalked scales of stalked aments formed in
summer or autumn in the axils of the last leaves of the year or of those of minute
leafy bracts; staminate aments elongated, pendulous, paniculate, naked and erect
during the winter, each staminate flower subtended by 3-5 minute bractlets adnate
to the scales of the anient, and composed of a 4-parted calyx, 1-3 or usually 4
stamens inserted on the base of the calyx opposite its lobes, with short simple
filaments; pistillate aments ovoid or oblong, erect, stalked, produced in summer in
the axils of the leaves of a branch developed from the axils of an upper leaf of the
year, and below the staminate inflorescence, inclosed at first in the stipules of
the first leaf, emerging in the autumn and naked during the winter, or remaining
covered until early spring; pistillate flowers in pairs, each flower subtended by 2-4
minute bractlets adnate to the fleshy scale of the anient becoming at maturity
thick and woody, obovate, 3-5-lobed or truncate at the thickened apex, forming an
ovoid or subglobose strobile persistent after the opening of its closely imbricated
scales; calyx 0; ovary compressed; nut minute, bright chestnut-brown, ovate to
oblong, flat, bearing at the apex the remnants of the style, marked at the base by
a pale scar, the outer coat of the shell produced into lateral wings often reduced
to a narrow membranaceous border.

Alnus inhabits swamps, river bottom-lands, and high mountains, and is widely and
generally distributed through the northern hemisphere, often forming the most
conspicuous feature of vegetation on mountain slopes, ranging at high altitudes
southward in the New World through Central America to Colombia, Peru, and
Bolivia, and to upper Assam and Japan in the Old World. Of the eighteen or twenty
species now recognized nine are North American; of these six attain the size and habit
of trees. Of the exotic species, Alnus glutinosa, Gaert., a common European, North
African, and Asiatic timber-tree, was introduced many years ago into the northeast-
ern states, where it has become locally naturalized. The wood of Alnus is very
durable in water, and the astringent bark and strobiles are used in tanning leather
and in medicine.

Abius is the classical name of the Alder.

BETULACEJE

209

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.

Flowers opening- in spring- with or after the leaves ; stamens 4 ; pistillate aments inclosed
during- the winter ; nut furnished with a broad wing.

Leaves ovate, sinuately lobed, lustrous on the lower surface.

1. A. Sitchensis (B, F, G).
Flowers opening- in winter or early spring before the unfolding of the leaves ; pistillate
aments usually naked during the winter.
Wing of the nut broad.

Leaves ovate or elliptical, rusty-pubescent on the lower surface ; pistillate aments
often inclosed during the winter ; stamens 4. 2. A. Oregoua (B, G).

Wing of the nut reduced to a narrow border.

Leaves oblong-ovate, glabrous or puberulous on the lower surface ; stamens 4.

3. A. tenuifolia (B, F, G).
Stamens usually 2 or 3.
Leaves ovate or oval, pale and slightly puberulous on the lower surface.

4. A. rhombifolia (B, F, G).
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, pale and sometimes puberulous on the lower sur-
face. 5. A. oblongifolia (H).
Flowers opening in autumn from aments of the year ; stamens 4 ; wing of the nut reduced
to a narrow border.

Leaves oblong-ovate or obovate, dark green and lustrous above, pale yellow-green
below. 6. A. maritima (A).

1. Flowers opening in spring with or after the leaves : pistillate aments inclosed during
the winter.

1. Alnus Sitchensis, Sarg. Alder.

Leaves ovate, acute, full and rounded and often unsymmetrical and somewhat
oblique, or abruptly narrowed and cuneate at the base, divided into numerous short
acute lateral lobes, sharply and doubly serrate, with straight glandular teeth, glandu-

lar-viscid as they unfold, at maturity membranaceous, yellow-green on the upper
surface, pale and very lustrous on the lower surface, glabrous, or villous along the
under side of the stout midribs, with short brown hairs also forming tufts in the axils
of the numerous slender primary veins, 3'-6' long, l^'-4' wide ; their petioles stout,

210 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

grooved, abruptly enlarged at the base, |'-f' long; stipules oblong to spatulate,
rounded and apiculate at the apex, puberulous, about \' long. Flo"wers: staminate
aments in pairs in the axils of the upper leaves sometimes reduced to small bracts,
and single in the axil of the leaf next below it, sessile, during the winter about 4'
long and ^' thick, with dark red-brown shining puberulous apiculate scales, becoming
when the flowers open from spring to midsummer 4' or 5' long, with a puberulous
light red rachis and ovate acute apiculate 3-flowered scales; calyx-lobes rounded,
shorter than the 4 stamens; pistillate aments in elongated panicles, inclosed during
winter in buds formed the previous summer in the axils of the leaves of short lateral
brauchlets, long-pedunculate, ^ long, 1' thick. Fruit: strobiles on slender peduncles
in elongated sometimes leafy panicles 4'-6' long, oblong, ^'-f long, about ^' thick,
their truncate scales thickened at the apex; nut oval, about as wide as its wings.

A tree, sometimes 40° high, with a trunk 7'-8' in diameter, short small nearly
horizontal branches forming a narrow crown, and slender slightly zigzag branchlets
puberulous and very glandular when they first appear, bright orange-brown and
lustrous and marked by numerous large pale lenticels during their first season,
much roughened during their second year by the elevated crowded leaf-scars, becom-
ing light gray. Winter-buds acuminate, dark purple, covered especially toward
the apex with close fine pubescence, about ^' long; often a shrub only a few feet tall
spreading into broad thickets.

Distribution. Northwest coast from the borders of the Arctic Circle to Oregon;
common in the valley of the Yukon and eastward through British Columbia to Al-
berta, and through Washington and Oregon to the western slopes of the Rocky Moun-
tains; at the north with dwarf Willows, forming great thickets; in southeastern Alaska
often a tall tree on rich moist bottom-lands near the mouths of mountain streams, or
at the upper limits of tree growth a low shrub; very abundant in the valley of the
Yukon on the wet banks of streams and often arborescent in habit ; in British Co-
lumbia and the United States generally smaller, growing usually only at elevations of
more than 3000° above the sea, and often forming thickets on the banks of streams
and lakes.

2. Flowers opening in winter or early spring before the unfolding of the leaves j pistil-
late aments usually naked during the winter.

2. Alnus Oregona, Nutt. Alder.

Leaves ovate to elliptical, acute, abruptly or gradually narrowed and wedge-
shaped at the base, crenately lobed, dentate, with minute gland-tipped teeth, and
slightly revolute on the margins, covered when they unfold with pale tomentum, at
maturity thick dark green and glabrous or pilose, with scattered white hairs above,
clothed below with short rusty pubescence, 3'-5' long, If '-3' broad, or on vigorous
branches sometimes 8'-10' long, with broad midribs and primary veins green on the
upper side and orange-colored on the lower, the primary veins running obliquely
to the points of the lobes and connected by conspicuous slightly reticulate cross vein-
lets; their petioles orange-colored, nearly terete, slightly grooved, ^'— |' long; stipules
ovate, acute, pale green flushed with red, tomentose, ^'-j long. Flo"wers: stami-
nate aments in red-stemmed clusters 2'-3' long, during the winter 1^' long, 1'
thick, with dark red-brown lustrous closely appressed scales, becoming 4'-6' long
and ^' thick, with ovate acute orange-colored glabrous scales; calyx yellow, with
ovate rounded lobes rather shorter than the 4 stamens; pistillate aments in short

BETULACE^

211

racemes usually inclosed during the winter in buds formed during the early summer
and opening in the early spring, |^'-^' long, about -^^' thick, with dark red acute
scales; styles bright red. Fruit: strobiles raised on stout orange-colored peduncles

sometimes ^' long, ovate or oblong, i'-l' long, i'-l' wide, with truncate scales much
thickened toward the apex ; nut orbicular to obovate, surrounded by a membrana-

ceous wing.

A tree, usually 40°-50°, occasionally 80° high, with a trunk sometimes 3^° in
diameter, slender somewhat pendulous branches forming a narrow pyramidal head,
and slender branchlets marked by minute scattered pale lenticels, light green and
coated at first with hoary tomentum sometimes persistent until their second year,
becoming during the first winter bright red and lustrous and ultimately ashy gray.
Winter-buds about ^' long, dark red, covered with pale scurfy pubescence. Bark
rarely more than 1' thick, close, roughened by minute wart-like excrescences, pale
gray or nearly white, with a thin outer layer, and bright red-brown inner bark.
Wood light, soft, brittle, not strong, close-grained, light brown tinged with red,
with thick nearly white sap wood; in Washington and Oregon largely used in the
manufacture of furniture; by the Indians of Alaska the trunks are hollowed into
canoes.

Distribution. Southeastern Alaska southward, near the coast to the canons of
the Santa Inez Mountains, California; common along the banks of streams, and of
its largest size near the shores of Puget Sound.

3. Alnus tenuifolia, Nutt. Alder.

Leaves ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate, broad and rounded or cordate, or occa-
sionally abruptly narrowed and wedge-shaped at the base, usually acutely laciniately
lobed and doubly serrate, when they unfold light green often tinged with red, pilose
on the upper surface and coated on the lower with pale tomentum, at maturity thin
and firm, dark green and glabrous above, pale yellow-green and glabrous or puberu-
lous below, 2'^' long, l^'-2^' wide, with stout orange-colored midribs impressed on
the upper side and slender primary veins running to the points of the lobes; their
petioles stout, slightly grooved, orange-colored, ^'-V long; stipules ovate, acute, thin,
and scarious, ^' long, about ^' wide, covered with pale pubescence. Flowers: stami-

212

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

nate anients 3 or 4 in number in slender-stemmed racemes, nearly sessile or raised
on stout peduncles often ^' long, during the winter light purple, |'-1' long and
\' thick, becoming l^'-2' long; calyx-lobes rounded, shorter than the 4 stamens;
pistillate aments naked during the winter, dark red-brown, nearly ^' long, with
acute apiculate loosely imbricated scales, only slightly enlarged when the flowers
open. Fruit : strobiles ovate-oblong, ^-^^ long? their scales much thickened, trun-
cate and 3-lobed at the apex; nut nearly circular to slightly obovate, surrounded
by a thin membranaceous border.

A tree, occasionally 30° tall, with a trunk 6'-8' in diameter, small spreading
slightly pendulous branches forming a narrow round-topped head, and slender branch-
lets marked at first by a few large orange-colored lenticels and coated with fine pale
or rusty caducous pubescence, becoming light brown or ashy gray more or less

-^-f*»J*v|

P'^ 7^

deeply flushed with red in their first winter and ultimately paler; more often shrubby,
with several spreading stems, and at the north and at high elevations frequently only
40-50 tall. "Winter -buds \'-^' long, bright red, and puberulous. Bark rarely more
than \' thick, bright red-brown, and broken on the surface into small closely ap-
pressed scales.

Distribution. Banks of streams and mountain canons from Francis Lake in
latitude 61° north, to the valley of the lower Fraser River, British Columbia, east-
ward along the Saskatchewan to Prince Albert, and southward through the Rocky
Mountains to northern New Mexico; on the Sierra Nevada of southern California,
and in Lower California; the common Alder of mountain streams in the northern
interior region of the continent; very abundant on the eastern slopes of the Cascade
Mountains, and on the southern California sierra, forming great thickets at 6000°-
7000° above the sea along the head-waters of the rivers of southern California flowing
to the Pacific Ocean; the common Alder of eastern Washington and Oregon, and of
Idaho and Montana; very abundant and of its largest size in Colorado and northern
New Mexico.

4. Alnus rhombifolia, Nutt. Alder.

Leaves ovate or oval or sometimes nearly orbicular, rounded or acute at the apex,
especially on vigorous shoots, gradually or abruptly narrowed and wedge-shaped at

BETULACE^ 213

the base, finely or sometimes coarsely and occasionally doubly serrate, slightly thick-
ened and reflexed on the somewhat undulate margins, when they unfold pale green

and covered with deciduous matted white hairs, at maturity dark green and lustrous
on the upper suface, frequently marked, especially on the midribs, with minute glan-
dular dots, light yellow-green and slightly puberulous below, 2'-3' long, 1^-2' wide,
with stout yellow midribs and primary veins; their petioles slender, yellow, hairy,
flattened and grooved on the upper side, ^'-f' long; stipules ovate, acute, scarious,
puberulous, about \' long. Flo"wers: staminate aments in slender-stemmed pubescent
clusters, usually short-stalked, during the summer dark olive-brown and lustrous,
I'-l' long and about y^ thick, beginning to lengthen late in the autumn before the
leaves fall, fully grown and 4'-6' long and \' thick in January, with dark orange-
brown scales, and deciduous in February before the appearance of the new leaves;
calyx yellow, 4-lobed, rathe'r shorter than the 2 or occasionally 3 or rarely single
stamen; pistillate aments in short pubescent racemes emerging from the bud in
December, their scales broadly ovate and rounded. Fruit: strobiles oblong, ^'— j'
long, with thin scales slightly thickened and lobed at the apex, fully grown at mid-
summer, remaining closed until the trees flower the following year; nut broadly
ovate, with a thin acute margin.

A tree, frequently 70°-80° high, with a tall straight trunk 2°-3° in diameter, long
slender branches pendulous at the ends, forming a wide round-topped open head,
and slender branchlets marked by small scattered lenticels, at first light green and
coated with pale caducous pubescence, soon becoming dark orange-red and glabrous,
and darker during the winter and following summer. Winter-buds nearly ^' long,
very slender, dark red, and covered with pale scurfy pubescence. "Wood light, soft,
not strong, brittle, close-grained, light brown, with thick lighter colored often nearly
white sapwood.

Distribution. Banks of streams from northern Idaho to the eastern slope of the
Cascade Mountains of Washington and southwestern Oregon and southward over the
coast ranges and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada to the mountains of
southern California; the common Alder of the valleys of central California, and the
only species at low altitudes in the southern part of the state.

214

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

5. Alniis oblongifolia, Toir. Alder.

(Alnuif acuminata, Silva, N. Am. ix. 79.)

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute or rarely obovate and rounded at the apex, grad-
ually narrowed and wedge-shaped at the base, sharply and usually doubly serrate,
more or less thickly covered, especially early in the season, with black glands, dark
yellow-green and glabrous or slightly puberulous above, pale and glabrous or puber-
ulous below, especially along the slender yellow midribs and veins, with small tufts
of rusty hairs in the axils of the primary veins, 2'-3' long, about 1^' wide; their
petioles slender, grooved, pubescent, |' long; stipules ovate-lanceolate, brown and
scarious, about \' long. Flowers: staminate aments in short stout-stemmed racemes,
during the winter light yellow, ^'-f long and about -^-^' thick, becoming when the
flowers open at the end of February before the appearance of the leaves 2'-2^'

long, with ovate pointed dark orange-brown scales; calyx 4-lobed; stamens 3 or occa-
sionally 2, with pale red anthers soon becoming light yellow; pistillate aments naked
during the winter, ^' to nearly i' long, with light brown ovate rounded scales;
stigmas bright red. Fruit : strobiles 1-1' long, with thin scales slightly thickened
and nearly truncate at the apex; nut broadly ovate, with a narrow membranaceous
border.

A tree, in the United States rarely more than 20°-30° high, with a trunk some-
times 8' in diameter, long slender spreading branches forming an open round-topped
head, and slender branchlets slightly puberulous when they first appear, light orange-
red and lustrous during their first winter, and marked by small conspicuous pale
lenticels, becoming in their second year dark red-brown or gray tinged with red and
much roughened by the elevated leaf-scars. Winter-buds acute, bright red, lus-
trous, glabrous, ^' long. Bark thin, smooth, light brown tinged with red.

Distribution. Banks of streams in canons of the mountains of southern New
Mexico and Arizona at elevations of 4000°-6000° above the sea; and on the moun-
tains of northern Mexico.

BETULACE^

3. Flowers opening in autumn from aments of the year.

215

6. Alnus maritima, Nutt. Alder.

Leaves oblong, ovate, or obovate, acute, acuminate, or rounded at the apex, grad-
ually narrowed and wedge-shaped at the base, remotely serrate, with minute in-
curved glandular teeth, and somewhat thickened on the slightly undulate margins.

when they unfold, light green tinged with red, hairy on the midribs, veins, and
petioles, and coated above with pale scurfy pubescence, at maturity dark green,
very lustrous, and covered below by minute pale glandular dots, 3'-4' long, l^'-2'
wide, with stout yellow midribs and primary veins prominent and glandular on the
upper side and slightly puberulous below; their petioles stout, yellow, glandular,
flattened and grooved on the upper side, ^'-f' long; stipules oblong, acute, about
\ long, dark reddish brown, caducous. Flowers: aments appearing in July ou
branches of the year and fully grown in August or early in September; staminate in
short scurfy-pubescent glandular-pitted racemes on slender peduncles sometimes
^' in length from the axils of upper leaves; pistillate usually solitary from those of
the lower leaves; staminate aments covered at first with ovate acute dark green
very lustrous scales slightly ciliate on the margins and furnished at the apex with
minute red points, at maturity l^'-2^' long, y to nearly ^' thick, with dark orange-
brown scales raised on slender stalks, and bright orange-colored stamens; pistillate
aments on stout pubescent peduncles, bright red at the apex and light green below
before opening, wath ovate acute scales slightly ciliate on the margins, about |' long
when the styles protrude from between the scales, beginning to enlarge the follow-
ing spring. Fruit attaining full size at midsummer and then stalked, broadly ovate,
rounded and depressed at the base, gradually narrowed to the rather obtuse apex,
about I' long and '^ broad, with thin lustrous scales slightly thickened and crenately
lobed at the apex, turning dark reddish brown or nearly black and opening late in
the autumn and remaining on the branches until after the flowers unfold the follow-
ing year; nut oblong-obovate, gradually narrowed and apiculate at the apex, with a
thin membranaceous border.

A tree, occasionally 30° high, with a tall straight trunk 4'-5' in diameter, small
spreading branches forming a narrow round-topped head, slender slightly zigzag

216 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

braiichlets, light green and hairy at first, pale yellow-green, very lustrous, slightly
puberulous, marked with occasional small orange-colored lenticels, and glandular,
with minute dark glandular dots during their first summer, becoming dull light
orange or reddish brown in the winter, and ashy gray often slightly tinged with red
the following season; more often shrubby, with numerous slender spreading stems
15°-20° tall. "Winter-buds acute, dark red, coated with pale lustrous scurfy pubes-
cence, about ^' long. Bark ^' thick, smooth, light brown or brown tinged with
gray. Wood light, soft, close-grained, light brown, with thick hardly distinguish-
able sapwood.

Distribution. Banks of streams and ponds in southern Delaware and Maryland,
and on the banks of the Red River in the Indian Territory.

Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental tree in the eastern states and hardy as
far north as Massachusetts.

X. FAGACEiE.

Trees, with watery juice, slender terete branchlets marked by numerous usu-
ally pale lenticels, alternate stalked penni veined leaves, and narrow mostly
deciduous stipules. Flowers monoecious, the staminate in unisexual heads or
aments, composed of a 4— 8-lobed calyx, and 4 or 8 stamens, with free simple
filaments and introrse 2-celled anthers, the cells parallel and contiguous, open-
ing longitudinally ; the pistillate solitary or clustered, in terminal unisexual or
bisexual spikes or heads, subtended by an involucre of more or less united
imbricated bracts becoming woody and partly or entirely inclosing the fruit, and
composed of a 4— 8-lobed calyx adnate to the 3-7-celled ovary with as many
styles as its cells and 1 or 2 pendulous anatropous ovules in each cell. Fruit a
nut 1-seeded by abortion, the outer coat cartilaginous, the inner membrana-
ceous or bony. Seed filling the cavity of the nut, without albumen ; seed-coat
membranaceous ; cotyledons fleshy, including the minute superior radicle ;
hilum basal, minute.

The six genera of this widely distributed family are represented in the North
American silva with the exception of Nothofagus, separated from Fagus to
receive the Beech-trees of the southern hemisphere.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN GENERA.

Staminate flowers fascicled in g-lobose-stalked heads ; the pistillate in 2-4-flowered clusters.
Nut triangular. 1. FagUS.

Staminate flowers in slender aments.

Pistillate flowers in 2-5-flowered clusters below the staminate, in bisexual aments.
Fruit inclosed in a prickly burr.

Leaves deciduous ; ovary 6-eelled ; fruit maturing in one season ; branchlets length-
ening by an upper axillary bud ; bud-scales 4. 2. Castanea.
Leaves persistent ; ovary 3-celled ; fruit maturing at the end of the second season ;
branchlets lengthening by a terminal bud ; bud-scales numerous.

8. Castanopsis.
Fruit inclosed only partly in a shallow cup covered by slender recurved scales united
only at the base, free above. 4. Pasania.

Pistillate flowers solitary, in few-flowered unisexual spikes.

Fruit more or less inclosed in a cup covered by thin or thickened scales, closely ap-
pressed or often free toward its rim. 5. Quercus.

FAGACE^ 217

1. FAGUS, L. Beech.

Trees, with smooth pale bark, hard close-graiued wood, and elongated acute
bright chestnut-brown buds, their inner scales accrescent and marking the base of
the branchlets with persistent ring-like scars. Leaves convex and plicate along the
veins in the bud, thick and firm, deciduous; their petioles short, nearly terete, in
falling leaving small elevated semioval leaf-scars, with marginal rows of minute
fibro-vascular bundle-scars; stipules linear-lanceolate, infolding the leaf in the bud.
Flowers vernal after the unfolding of the leaves; staminate short-pedicellate, in
globose many-flowered heads on long drooping bibracteolate stems at the base
of the shoots of the year or from the axils of their lowest leaves, and composed of
a subcampanulate 4— 8-lobed calyx, the lobes imbricated in aestivation, ovate and
rounded, and 8-16 stamens inserted on the base of and longer than the calyx, with
slender filaments and oblong green anthers; pistillate in 2-4-flowered stalked
clusters in the axils of upper leaves of the year, surrounded by numerous awl-shaped
hairy bracts, the outer bright red, longer than the flowers, deciduous, the inner
shorter and united below into a 4-lobed involucre becoming at maturity woody,
ovoid, thick-walled, and covered by stout recurved prickles, inclosing the usually 3
nuts and ultimately separating into 4 valves; calyx urn-shaped, villous, divided into
4 or 5 linear-lanceolate acute lobes, its 3-angled tube adnate to the 3-celled ovary
surmounted by 3 slender recurved pilose styles green and stigmatic toward the apex
and longer than the involucre; ovules 2 in each cell. Nut ovate, unequally 3-angled,
acute or winged at the angles, concave and longitudinally ridged on the sides,
chestnut-brown and lustrous, tipped with the remnants of the styles, marked at the
base by a small triangular scar, with a thin shell covered on the inner surface with
rufous tomentum. Seed dark chestnut-brown, suspended with the abortive ovules
from the tip of the hairy dissepiment of the ovary pushed by the growth of the seed
into one of the angles of the nut; cotyledons sweet, oily, plano-convex.

Fagus as here limited is confined to the northern hemisphere, with a single
American species and four or five Old World species; of these one is widely dis-
tributed through Europe to southwestern Asia, and the others are confined to eastern
temperate Asia. Of exotic species, the European Fagus sylvatica, L., an important
timber-tree, is frequently planted for ornament in the eastern states in several of
its forms, especially those with purple leaves, and with pendulous branches. The
wood of Fagus is hard and close-grained. The sweet seeds are a favorite food of
swine, and yield a valuable oil.

Fagus is the classical name of the Beech-tree.

1. Fagus Americana, S-weet. Beech.

Leaves remote at the ends of the branches and clustered on short lateral
branchlets, oblong-ovate, acuminate, with long slender points, coarsely serrate, with
spreading or incurved triangular teeth except at the gradually narrowed wedge-
shaped rounded or cordate base, when they unfold pale green and clothed on the
lower surface and margins with long pale lustrous silky hairs, at maturity dull dark
bluish green above, light yellow-green and very lustrous below, with tufts of long
pale hairs in the axils of the veins, 21'-5' long, l'-3' broad, with slender yellow
midribs covered above with short pale hairs, and slender primary veins running
obliquely to the points of the teeth, turning bright clear yellow in the autumn; their
petioles hairy, \'-\' long; stipules ovate-lanceolate on the lower leaves, strap-shaped

218

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

to linear-lanceolate on the upper, brown or often red below the middle, membrana-
ceous, lustrous, I'-l^' long. Flowers opening when the leaves are about one third
grown; staminate in globose heads 1' in diameter, on slender hairy peduncles about 2'
long; pistillate in usually 2-flowered clusters, on short clavate hoary peduncles i'-f
long. Fruit: involucres about |' in length, on stout hairy club-shaped peduncles
i'_|.' long, fully grown at midsummer, and puberulous, dark orange-green, and cov-
ered by slender straight or slightly recurved prickles red above the middle, be-
coming at maturity in the autumn light brown, tomentose, with much recurved
pubescent prickles, persistent on the branch after opening late into the winter;
nut about f ' long.

A tree, usually 70°-80° but exceptionally 120° high, sending up from the roots
numerous small stems sometimes extending into broad thickets round the parent
tree, in the forest with a long comparatively slender stem free of branches for more
than half its length, and short branches forming a narrow head, in open situations

short-stemmed, with a trunk often 3°-^° in diameter, and numerous limbs spreading
gradually and forming a broad compact round-topped head of slender slightly
drooping branches clothed with short leafy laterals, and branchlets pale green and
coated with long soft caducous hairs when they first appear, olive-green or orange-
colored during their first summer and conspicuously marked by oblong bright
orange lenticels, gradually growing red, bright reddish brown during their first
winter, darker brown in their second season and ultimately ashy gray. Winter-
buds puberulous, especially toward the apex, |' to nearly V long, about ^' broad, the
inner scales hirsute on the inner surface and along the margins and when fully
grown often 1' long, lustrous, brown above the middle, and reddish below. Bark
\'~^' thick, with a smooth light steel gray surface. Wood hard, strong, tough, very
close-grained, not durable, difficult to season, dark or often light red, with thin
nearly white sapwood of 20-30 layers of annual growth; largely used in the manu-
facture of chairs, shoe-lasts, plane-stocks, the handles of tools, and for fuel. The
sweet nuts are gathered and sold in the markets of Canada and of some of the
western and middle states.

Distribution. Rich uplands and mountain slopes, often forming nearly pure

FAGACEiE 219

forests, and southward on the bottom-lands of streams and the margins of swamps;
valley of the Restigouche River, the northern shores of Lake Huron and northern
Wisconsin, southward to western Florida, and through southern Illinois and south-
eastern jNIissouri to the valley of the Trinity River, Texas; one of the most widely
distributed trees of eastern North America; of its largest size in the forests on
intervale lands in the basin of the lower Ohio River, and on the slopes of the southern
Alleghany Mountains.

Often planted in the northern states as an ornamental tree.

2. CASTANEA, Adans. Chestnut.

Trees or shrubs, with astringent juice, furrowed bark, porous brittle wood, terete
branchlets without terminal buds, axillary buds covered by 2 pairs of slightly im-
bricated scales, the outer lateral, the others accrescent, becoming oblong-ovate and
acute and marking the base of the branch with narrow ring-like scars, stout perpen-
dicular tap-roots; producing when cut numerous stout shoots from the stump. Leaves
convolute in the bud, ovate, acute, coarsely serrate, except at the base, with thin veins
running to the points of the slender glandular teeth, deciduous; their petioles leav-
ing in falling small elevated semioval leaf-scars marked by an irregular marginal
row of minute fibro-vascular bundle-scars; stipules ovate to linear-lanceolate, acute,
scarious, infolding the leaf in the bud, caducous. Flowers moncecious, opening in
early summer, unisexual, strong-smelling; the staminate, in 3-7-flowered cymes, in
the axils of minute ovate bracts, in elongated simple deciduous aments first appearing
with the unfolding of the leaves from the inner scales of the terminal bud and from
the axils of the lower leaves of tlie year, composed of a pale straw-colored slightly
puberulous calyx deeply divided into 6 ovate rounded segments imbricated in the bud,
and 10-20 stamens inserted on the slightly thickened torus, with filiform filaments
incurved in the bud, becoming elongated and exserted, and ovoid or globose pale
yellow anthers; the pistillate scattered or spicate at the base of the shorter persist-
ent androgynous aments from the axils of later leaves, sessile, 2 or 3 together or soli-
tary within a short-stemmed or sessile involucre of closely imbricated oblong acute
bright green bracts scurfy-pubescent or tomentose below the middle, subtended by a
bract and 2 lateral bractlets, each flower composed of an urn-shaped calyx, with
a short limb divided into 6 obtuse lobes, minute sterile stamens shorter than the
calyx-lobes, an ovary 6-celled after fecundation, with 6 linear spreading white styles
hairy below the middle and tipped by minute acute stigmas, and 2 ovules in each
cell, attached on its inner angle, descending, semianatropous. Fruit maturing in one
season, its involucre inclosing 1-3 nuts, globose or oblong, pubescent or tomentose
and densely spiny on the outer surface, with elongated ridged bright green ultimately
brown branched spines fascicled between the deciduous scales, coated on the inner
surface with lustrous pubescence, splitting at maturity into 2-4 valves; nut ovate,
acute, crowned by the remnants of the style, bright chestnut-brown and lustrous,
tomentose or pubescent at the apex, cylindrical, or when more than 1 flattened,
marked at the broad base by a large conspicuous pale circular or oval thickened
scar, its shell lined with rufous or hoary tomentum. Seed usually solitary by abor-
tion, dark chestnut-brown, marked at the apex by the abortive ovules, with thick
and fleshy more or less undulate ruminate sweet farinaceous cotyledons.

Castanea is confined to the northern hemisphere, and is widely distributed through
eastern North America, southern Europe, northern Africa, western Asia, and central

220

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

and northern China and Japan. Four species are distinguished. Of the exotic species,
the European Castanea Castanea, Karsten, a tree frequently cultivated in Europe and
Japan for its large sweet seeds which are an important article of food in the countries
of southern Europe and in eastern Asia, has been occasionally planted in the middle
states. Of the American species two are trees, and one, Castanea alnifolia, Nutt., is a
low shrub. Castanea produces coarse-grained wood very durable in contact with the
soil, and rich in tannin,

Castanea is the classical name of the Chestnut-tree. •

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, long-pointed, green and glabrous on both surfaces ; nuts 2 or 3
in each involucre, flattened. 1. C. dentata (A, C).

Leaves oblong, acute, silvery white and pubescent on the lower surface ; nut solitary, cylin-
drical. 2. C. pumila (A, C).

1. Castanea dentata, Borkh. Chestnut.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute and long-pointed at the apex, gradually narrowed
and wedge-shaped at the base, when they unfold puberulous on the upper surface
and clothed on the lower with fine cobweb-like tomentum, at maturity thin, glabrous.

dark dull yellow-green above, pale yellow-green below, 6'-8' long, about 2' wide,
with pale yellow midribs and primary veins, turning bright clear yellow late in the
autumn; their petioles stout, slightly angled, puberulous, \' long, often flushed with
red ; stipules ovate-lanceolate, acute, yellow-green, puberulous, about \' long. Floor-
ers : staminate aments about y long when they first appear, green below the middle
and red above, becoming when fully grown 6'-8' long, with stout green puberulous
stems covered from the base to the apex with crowded flower-clusters; androgynous
aments, slender, puberulous, 2^'-5' long, with 2 or 3 irregularly scattered involucres
of pistillate flowers near their base. Fruit: involucres attaining their full size by
the middle of August, 2'-2\' in diameter, sometimes a little longer than broad, some-
what flattened at the apex, glabrous and covered on the outer surface with crowded
fascicles of long slender glabrous much-branched spines, opening with the first
frost and gradually shedding their nuts; nuts usually much compressed, ^-V wide,

FAGACE^ 221

usually rather broader than long, coated at the ap3x or nearly to the middle with
thick pale tomentum, the interior of the shell lined with thick rufous tomentura;
seed very sweet.

A tree, occasionally 100^ high, with a tall straight columnar trunk 3°-4° in diame-
ter, or often when uncrowded by other trees with a short trunk occasionally 10°-12°
in diameter, and usually divided not far above the ground into 3 or 4 stout horizon-
tal limbs forming a broad low round-topped head of slightly pendulous branches
frequently 100° across, and branchlets at first light yellow-green sometimes tinged
with red, somewhat angled, lustrous, slightly puberulous, soon becoming glabrous
and olive-green tinged with yellow or brown tinged with green and ultimately dark
brown. Winter-buds ovate, acute, about \' long, with thin dark chestnut-brown
scales scarious on the margins. Bark from 1-2' thick, dark brown and divided by
shallow irregular often interrupted fissures into broad flat ridges separating on the
surface into small thin closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, liable
to check and warp in drying, easily split, reddish brown, with thin lighter colored
sapwood of 3 or 4 layers of annual grow^th; largely used in the manufacture of cheap
furniture and in the interior finish of houses, for railway-ties, fence-posts, and rails.
The nuts, which are superior to those of the Old World Chestnut in sweetness and
flavor, are gathered in great quantities in the forest and sold in the markets of the
eastern cities.

Distribution. Southern Maine to the valley of the Winooski River, Vermont,
and southern Ontario, along the southern shores of Lake Ontario to southern Michi-
gan, southward to Delaware and southeastern Indiana, and along the Alleghany
Mountains to central Alabama and Mississippi, and to central Kentucky and Ten-
nessee; very common on the glacial drift of the northern states and, except at the
north, mostly confined to the Appalachian hills; attaining its greatest size in western
North Carolina and eastern Tennessee.

Occasionally planted in the eastern states as an ornamental and timber tree, and
for its nuts, of which several varieties are now recognized.

2. Castanea pumila. Mill. Chinquapin.

Leaves oblong-oval to oblong-obovate, acute, coarsely serrate, with slender rigid
spreading or incurved teeth, gradually narrowed and usually unequal and rounded
or wedge-shaped at the base, when they unfold tinged with red and coated above
with pale caducous tomentum and below with thick snowy white tomentum, at ma-
turity rather thick and firm in texture, bright yellow-green on the upper surface,
hoary or silvery-pubescent on the lower, 3'-5' long, l-j'-2' wide, turning dull yel-
low in the autumn; their petioles stout, pubescent, flattened on the upper side, j—^'
long; stipules light yellow-green, pubescent, those of the 2 lowest leaves broad,
ovate, acute, covered at the apex by rufous tomentum, on later leaves ovate-lanceo-
late, often oblique and acute, becoming linear at the end of the branch. Flo"wers :
staminate aments -|' long when they first appear, pubescent, green below, bright red
at the apex, becoming when fully grown 4'-6' long, with stout hoary tomentose stems
and crowded or scattered flower-clusters; androgynous aments silvery tomentose,
3'-4' long; involucres l-flowered, scattered at the base of the ament or often spicate
and covering its lower half, sessile or short-stalked. Fruit : involucres I'-l^ in di-
ameter, with thin walls coated on the inner surface with pale silky hairs, tomentose
and covered on the outer surface with crowded fascicles of slender spines tomentose
toward the base, or with scattered clusters of stouter spines; nut ovate, cylindrical,

222

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

rounded at the slightly narrowed base, gradually narrowed and pointed at the apex,
more or less coated with silvery white pubescence, dark chestnut-brown, very lus-
trous, I'-l' long, y broad, with a thin shell lined with a coat of lustrous hoary
tomentum, and a sweet seed.

A round-topped tree, rarely 50° high, with a short straight trunk 2°-3° in diame-
ter, slender spreading branches, and branchlets coated at first with pale tomentum
becoming during their first winter pubescent or remaining tomentose at the apex,

f^Kk. 'S3

bright red-brown, glabrous, lustrous, olive-green or orange-brown during their
second season and ultimately darker; usually a shrub spreading into broad thickets
by prolific stolons, with numerous intricately branched stems often only 4° or 5°
tall. Winter-buds ovate, or oval, about ^' long, clothed when they first appear in
summer with thick hoary tomentum, becoming red during the winter and scurfy-
pubescent. Bark ^'-1' thick, light brown tinged with red, slightly furrowed and
broken on the surface into loose plate-like scales. Wood light, hard, strong,
coarse-grained, dark brown, with thin hardly distinguishable sapwood of 3 or 4
layers of annual growth; used for fence-posts, rails, and railway-ties. The sweet
nuts are sold in the markets of the western and southern states.

Distribution. Dry sandy ridges, rich hillsides and the borders of swamps;
southern Pennsylvania to northern Florida and the valley of the Neches River,
Texas; usually shrubby in the region east of the Alleghany Mountains ; arborescent
west of the Mississippi Kiver; most abundant and of its largest size in southern
Arkansas and eastern Texas.

3. CASTANOPSIS, Spach.

Trees, with scaly bark, astringent wood, and winter-buds covered by numerous
imbricated scales. Leaves convolute in the bud, 5-ranked, coriaceous, entire or
dentate, penniveined, persistent; stipules obovate or lanceolate, scarious, mostly
caducous. Flowers in 3-flowered cymes, or the pistillate rarely solitary or in pairs,
in the axils of minute bracts, on slender erect aments from the axils of leaves of the
year; the staminate on usually elongated and panicled aments, and composed of a
campanulate 5 or6-lobed or parted calyx, the lobes imbricated in the bud, usually 10
or 12 stamens inserted on the slightly thickened torus, with elongated exserted filiform

FAGACE^

223

filaments and oblong anthers, and a minute hirsute rudimentary ovary; the pistillate
on shorter simple or panicled aments or scattered at the base of the staminate
inflorescence, the cymes urrounded by an involucre of imbricated scales; calyx
urn-shaped, the short limb divided into 6 obtuse lobes; abortive stamens inserted
on the limb of the calyx and opposite its lobes; ovary sessile on the thin disk,
3-celled after fecundation, with 3 spreading styles terminating in minute stigmas,
and 2 ovules in each cell attached to its interior angle. Fruit maturing at the end
of the second season, its involucre inclosing 1-3 nuts, ovoid or globose, sometimes
more or less depressed, rarely obscurely angled, dehiscent or indehiscent, covered
by stout spines, tuberculate or marked by interrupted vertical ridges; nut more
or less angled by mutual pressure when more than 1, often pilose, crowned with
the remnants of the style, marked at the base by a large conspicuous circular
depressed scar, the thick shell tomentose on the inner surface. Seed usually solitary
by abortion, bearing at the apex the abortive ovules; cotyledons plano-convex, fleshy,
farinaceous.

Castanopsis inhabits California with one species, and southeastern Asia where it is
distributed with about twenty-five species from southern China to the Malay Archi-
pelago and the eastern Himalayas.

Castanopsis, from Kacrrava and o-^is, in allusion to its resemblance to the Chestnut-
tree.

1. Castanopsis chrysophylla, A. DC. Chinquapin. Golden-leaved

Chestnut.

Leaves lanceolate or oblong, gradually narrowed at the ends or sometimes ab-
ruptly contracted at the apex into short broad points, entire, with slightly thickened
revolute margins, when they unfold thin, coated below with golden yellow persistent
scales and above with scattered white scales, at maturity thick and coriaceous, dark

green and lustrous above, 2'-6' long, ^' to nearly 2' broad, with stout midribs raised
and rounded on the upper side, turning yellow at maturity and falling gradually at
the end of their second or in their third year; their petioles \'-y long; stipules
ovate, rounded or acute at the apex, brown and scarious, puberulous, \'-\' long.
Flovrers appearing irregularly from June until February in the axils of broadly
ovate apiculate pubescent bracts on staminate and androgynous scurfy stout-stemmed

224 TRKES OF NORTH AMERICA

aments 2'-2^' lonj; and crowded at the ends of tlie bnuiclies; calyx of the stanii-
nate Hower coated on the onter snrface with hoary tonientnni, divided into hroiully
ovate ronnded h)bes nmcli shorter than tlie slender stamens; calyx of the pistillate
flower oblonj^-canipanulate, free from the ovary, clothed with hoary tomentnm,
divided at the apex into short ronnded lobes, rather shorter than the minnte abortive
stamens, with red anthers; ovary conical, hirsnte, with elongated slightly spreading
thick pale stigmas. Fruit : involucres globose, dehiscent, irregularly 4-valved, sessile,
solitary or clustered, tomentose and covered on the outer surface by long stout or
slender rigid spines I'-l^' in diameter, containing 1 or occasionally 2 nuts; nuts
broadly ovate, acute, obtusely 3-angled, light yellow-brown and lustrous; seeds
dark purple-red, sweet and edible.

A tree, 100°-150° high, with a massive trunk 5°-10° in diameter, frequently free
of branches for 80°, stout spreading branches forming a broad compact round-
topped or conical head, and rigid branchlets coated when they first appear with
bright golden-yellow scurfy scales, dark reddish brown and slightly scurfy during
their first winter, and gradually growing darker in their second season; generally
much smaller and sometimes, especially at high elevations and southward, reduced
to a low shrub, with slender diverging stems. Winter-buds fully grown at mid-
summer, usually crowded near the end of the branch, ovate or subglobose, with
broadly ovate apiculate thin and papery light brown scales slightly puberulous on
the back, ciliate on the scarious often reflexed margins, the terminal bud about ^
long and broad and rather larger than the often stipitate axillary buds. Bark l'-2'
thick and deeply divided into rounded ridges 2'-3' broad, broken into thick plate-
like scales, dark red-brown on the surface and bright red internally. Wood light,
soft, close-grained, not strong, light brown tinged with red, with thin lighter colored
sapwood of 50-60 layers of anntial growth ; occasionally used in the manufacture of
ploughs and other agricultural implements.

Distribution. Valley of the Columbia River, Oregon, southward along the west-
ern slopes of the Cascade Mountains, and in California along the western slopes of
the Sierra Nevada and through the coast ranges to the elevated valleys of the San
Jacinto Mountains, sometimes ascending to elevations of 4000° above the sea; usu-
ally shrubby at high elevations and on the California coast ranges south of the
Bay of San Francisco; of its largest size in the humid coast valleys of northern
California.

Occasionally cultivated in the gardens of temperate Europe.

4. PASANIA, Orst.

Trees, with astringent properties, stellate pubescence, deeply furrowed scaly bark,
hard close-grained brittle wood, stout branchlets, and winter-buds covered by few
erect or spreading foliaceous scales. Leaves convolute in the bud, petiolate, persist-
ent, entire or dentate, with stout midribs, primary veins running obliquely to the
points of the teeth, or on entire leaves forked and united near the margins, and retic-
ulate veinlets; stipules oblong-obovate to linear- lanceolate, those of the upper leaves
persistent and surrounding the buds during the winter. Flowers in erect unisexual
and in bisexual tomentose aments from the axils of leaves of the year, from the inner
scales of the terminal bud or from separate buds in the axils of leaves of the previous
year; staminate in 3-fiowered clusters in the axils of ovate rounded bracts, the lateral
flowers subtended by similar but smaller bracts, each flower composed of a 5-lobed

FAGACE^

225

tomentose calyx, with nearly triangular acute lobes, 10 stamens, with slender elon-
gated filaments and small oblong or emarginate anthers, and an acute abortive hairy
ovary; pistillate scattered at the base of the upper aments below the staminate
flowers, solitary, in the axils of acute bracts, furnished with minute lateral bractlets,
and composed of a G-lobed ovate calyx, with rounded lobes, inclosed in the tomen-
tose involucral scales, 6 stamens, with abortive anthers, an ovate-oblong 3-celled
ovary, 3 elongated spreading light green styles thickened and stigmatic at the apex,
and 2 anatropous ovules in each cell. Fruit an oval or ovate nut maturing at the
end of the second season, 1-seeded by abortion, surrounded at the base by the
accrescent woody cupular involucre of the flower, marked at the base by a large
pale circular scar, the thick shell tomentose on the inner surface. Seed red-brown,
filling the cavity of the nut, bearing at the apex the abortive ovules; cotyledons thick
and fleshy, yellow and bitter.

Pasania is intermediate between the Oaks and the Chestnuts, and, with the excep-
tion of one California species, is confined to southeastern Asia, where it is distributed
with many species from southern Japan and southern China through the Malay
Peninsula to the Indian Archipelago.

Pasania is from the vernacular name of one of the Java species.

1. Pasania densiflora, Orst. Tan Bark Oak. Chestnut Oak.

(^Quercus densiflora, Silva N. Am. viii. 183.)

Leaves oblong or oblong-obovate, rounded or acute or rarely cordate at the
base, occasionally rounded at the apex, repand-dentate, with acute callous teeth, or
entire, with thickened revolute margins, coated when they unfold with fulvous
tomentum and glandular on the margins, with dark caducous glands, at maturity
pale green, lustrous and glabrous or covered with scattered stellate pubescence on

the upper surface, rusty-tomentose on the lower, ultimately becoming glabrous
above and glabrate and bluish white below, 3'-5'long, |'-3' wide, with midribs raised
and rounded on the upper side, thin or thick primary veins and fine conspicuous
reticulate veinlets, persistent until the end of their third or fourth years; their
petioles stout, rigid, tomentose, ^'-f ' long; stipules brown and scarious, hirsute on
the outer surface. Flo^wers in early spring and frequently also irregularly during

226 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

the autumn; aments stout-steramed, 3'-4' long; staminate flowers crowded, hoary-
tomentose in the bud, their bracts toinentose. Fruit solitary or often in pairs, on a
stout tomentose peduncle ^'-1' long; nut full and rounded at the base, gradually
narrowed and acute or rounded at the apex, scurfy-pubescent when fully grown,
becoming light yellow-brown, glabrous and lustrous at maturity, |-'-l' long, ^'-1'
broad, its cup sliallow, tomentose, with lustrous red-brown hairs on the inner surface,
and covered by long linear rigid spreading or recurved light brown scales coated
with stellate hairs, frequently tipped, especially while young, with dark red glands
and often tomentose near the base of the cup.

A tree, usually 70°-80° but sometimes nearly 100° high, with a trunk 3°-6° in
diameter, stout branches ascending in tbe forest and forming a narrow spire-like
head, or in open positions spreading horizontally and forming a broad dense sym-
metrical round-topped crown, and branchlets coated at first with a thick fulvous
tomentiim of stellate hairs often persistent until the second or third year, becoming
dark reddish brown and frequently covered with a glaucous bloom ; or sometimes
reduced to a shrub, with slender stems only a few feet high (var. echinoides, Sarg.).
Winter-buds ovate, obtuse, \'-y long, often surrounded by the persistent stipules
of the upper leaves, with tomentose loosely imbricated scales, those of the outer
ranks linear-lanceolate, increasing in width toward the interior of the bud, those of
the inner ranks ovate or obovate and rounded at the apex. Bark f'-l^ thick,
deeply divided by narrow fissures into broad rounded ridges broken into nearly
square plates covered by closely appressed light red-brown scales. "Wood hard,
strong, close-grained, brittle, reddish brown, with thick darker brown sap wood;
largely used as fuel. The bark is exceedingly rich in tannin and is largely used for
tanning leather.

. Distribution. Valley of the Umpqua River, Oregon, southward through the
coast ranges to the Santa Inez Mountains, California, and along the western slope of
the Sierra Nevada up to elevations of 4000° above the sea to Mariposa County;
very abundant in the humid coast region north of San Francisco Bay and of its
largest size in the Redwood forest of Napa and Mendocino counties; southward and
on the Sierras less abundant and of smaller size.

5. QUERCUS, L. Oak.

Trees or shrubs, with astringent properties, stellate pubescence, scaly or dark and
furrowed bark, hard and close-grained or porous brittle wood, slender branchlets
marked by pale lenticels and more or less prominently 5-angled. Winter-buds clus-
tered at the ends of the branchlets, with numerous membranaceous chestnut-brown
slightly accrescent caducous scales closely imbricated in 5 ranks, in falling marking
the base of the branchlet with ring-like scars. Leaves 5-ranked, lobed, dentate or
entire, often variable on the same branch, membranaceous or coriaceous, the primary
veins prominent and extending to the margins or united within them and connected
by more or less reticulate veinlets, deciduous in the autumn or persistent until
spring or until their third or fourth year; their petioles in falling leaving slightly
elevated semiorbicular more or less obcordate leaf-scars broader than high, marked
by the ends of numerous scattered fibro- vascular bundles ; stipules obovate to lanceo-
late, scarious, caducous, or those of upper leaves occasionally persistent throtigh the
season. Flowers vernal with or after the unfolding of the leaves; staminate solitary,
in the axils of lanceolate acute caducous bracts, or without bracts, in graceful pen-

FAGACE^ 227

dulous clustered aments, from separate or leafy buds iu the axils of leaves of the
previous year, or from the axils of the inner scales of the terminal bud or from
those of the leaves of the year; calyx campanulate, lobed or divided to the base into
4-7, usually G, membranaceous lobes; stamens 4-6, rarely 2, or 10-12, inserted on
the slightly thickened torus, with free filiform exserted filaments and ovate-oblong
or subglobose glabrous or rarely hairy 2-celled usually yellow anthers; pistillate soli-
tary, subtended by a caducous bract and 2 bractlets, in short or elongated few-
flowered spikes from the axils of leaves of the year; calyx urn-shaped, with a short
campanulate 6-lobed limb, the tube adnate to the incompletely 3 or rarely 4 or
o-celled ovary inclosed more or less completely by an accrescent involucre of imbri-
cated scales, becoming the cup of the fruit; styles as many as the cells of the ovary,
short or elongated, erect or incurved, dilated above, stigmatic on the inner face or at
the apex only, generally persistent on the fruit; ovules anatropous or semianatropous,
2 in each cell. Fruit a nut {acorn) maturing in one or in two years, ovoid, globose, or
turbinate, short-pointed at the apex, 1-seeded by abortion, marked at the base by a
large conspicuous circular scar, with a thick shell, glabrous or coated on the inner
surface with pale tomentum, more or less surrounded or inclosed in the accrescent
cupular involucre of the flower (cup), its scales thin or thickened, loosely or closely
imbricated. Seed marked at the base or at the apex or rarely on the side by the
abortive ovules; cotyledons thick and fleshy, usually plano-convex and entire.

Quercus inhabits the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere and high
altitudes within the tropics, ranging in the New World southward to the mountains
of Colombia and in the Old World to the Indian Archipelago. Two hundred and
seventy-five species have been described; fifty-two are North American; of these
five are shrubs. Of exotic species, the European Quercus pedunculata, Ehrh., and
Quercus sessilijiora, Salisb., have been frequently cultivated as ornamental trees iu
the eastern United States, where, however, they are usually short-lived and unsatis-
factory. Many of the species are important timber-trees; their bark is often rich in
tannin and is used in tanning leather, and all produce wood valuable for fuel and in
the manufacture of charcoal.

Quercus is the classical name of the Oak-tree.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.

1. Fruit maturing at the end of the second season {except 22) ; shell of the acorn silky-
tomentose on the inner surface ; leaves or their lobes bristle-tipped. Black Oaks.
*Stamens usually 4-6 ; styles elong-ated, finally recurved ; abortive ovules basal.
-•-Leaves deciduous in their first autumn or winter.
•M-Leaves pinnately lobed, convolute iu the bud.
Leaves green on both sides.

Cup saucer-shaped ; leaves g-labrous, with exception of axillary tufts of hairs ;
winter-buds glabrous or puberulous.
Cup broad and thick.

Leaves dull green above, pale yellow-green below, oblong-obovate to
oblong, the lobes tapering gradually from broad bases and acute
and usually dentate at the apex. 1. Q. rubra (A).

Cup thin and narrow ; leaves lustrous.

Leaves obovate, sinuate-lobed by deep wide sinuses, the spreading lobes
acute or obtuse, usually coarsely repand-dentate.

2. Q. palustris (A, C).

Leaves oval or obovate, glabrous, sinuately lobed, their lobes usually

acute and entire. 3. Q. Georgiana (C).

228 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Cup turbinate or hemispherical {sometimes saucer-shaped in C),

Scales of the cup small, closely appressed ; leaves lustrous, glabrous with
the exception of axillary tufts of hairs ; winter-buds glabrous or puberu-
lous.

Leaves oval to obovate-orbicular, deeply 5-7-lobed, dark green and
lustrous on the upper surface. 4. Q. ellipsoidalis (A).

Leaves obovate, truncate or abruptly wedge-shaped at the base, deeply
lobed, with broad rounded sinuses, tte lobes sinuate-dentate at the
usually broad apex. 5. Q. Texana (A, C).

Leaves oblong or obovate, deeply lobed, with broad rounded sinuses,
the slender lobes coarsely repand-dentate toward the apex, glabrous.

G. Q. coccinea (A).
Scales of the cup large, more or less loosely imbricated, forming a free
margin ; leaves usually pubescent below.

Winter-buds tomentose ; leaves ovate or obovate, slightly or deeply
lobed, with broad or narrow nearly entire or dentate lobes, more or
less pubescent below. 7. Q. velutina (A, C).

Winter-buds glabrous or puberulous.

Leaves oblong or obovate, deeply lobed, the lobes tapering, acute,
or broad and obovate at the apex, repand-dentate or entire, gla-
brous or pubescent below. 8. Q. Californica (G).
Leaves oblong-obovate or triangular, distinctly cuneate, deeply lobed,
with acute spreading often falcate lobes, glabrous or rusty-pubes-
cent below, short-stalked. 9. Q. Catesbaei (C).
Leaves whitish or grayish tomentulose below.

Leaves mostly acutely 5-lobed, obovate, with short broad lobes.

10. Q. nana (A).
Leaves with elongated mostly falcate lobes.

Leaves oblong or obovate, fulvous or pale pubescent below, the lobes
usually elongated and falcate, or broad and 3-lobed at the apex.

11. Q. digit ata (A, C).

Leaves oval to oblong, deeply 5-11-lobed, the lobes acuminate, mostly

falcate, white -tomentose below. 12. Q. pagodaefolia (A, C).

Leaves widening upward, often abruptly dilated at the broad sinuate or

obscurely 3-5-lobed apex.

Leaves broadly obovate, rusty-pubescent below.

1.3. Q. Marilandica (A, C).
Leaves obovate-spatulate or narrowly wedgershaped, glabrous.

14. Q. nigra (C).
I I I I Leaves lanceolate to oblong or lanceolate-obovate, usually entire, involute in the
bud. Willow Oaks.
Leaves glabrous.

Leaves lanceolate, narrowed and acute at the ends.

15. Q. Phellos (A, C).

Leaves oblong to oblong-obovate, dark green and lustrous above,

somewhat paler below. 10. Q. laurifolia (C).

Leaves tomentulose or pubescent below, oblong-lanceolate to oblong-obovate.

Leaves pale blue-green, coated below with hoary tomentum.

17. Q. brevifolia (C).
Leaves dark green and lustrous above, pubescent below.

18. Q. imbricaria (A).
-•• -i-Leaves persistent until the appearance of those of the following year, revolute in
the bud {involute in 21).

Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, entire or spinose-

FAGACE^ 229

toothed toward the apex, covered below with pale or fulvous toraen-
tum. 19. Q. hypoleuca (E, H).

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire or sinuate-dentate, dark green and
lustrous. 20. Q. Wislizeni (G).

Leaves oval to oblong-obovate, rounded or acute at the apex, mostly
entire, with thickened revolute margins, involute in the bud.

21. Q. myrtifolia (C).

Leaves oval, orbicular to oblong, entire or sinuately spinose-toothed,

convex on the upper surface ; fruit maturing at the end of the first

season. 22. Q. agrifolia (G).

**Stamen3 usually 6-8 ; styles dilated j abortive ovules basal or lateral ; leaves persistent,

involute in the bud.

Leaves oblong, acute or cuspidate, entire or dentate or sinuate-toothed, fulvous-
tomentose and ultimately pale on the lower surface. 23. Q. chry solepis (G, H).
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, crenate-dentate or entire, conspicuously veined,
pubescent or tomentose below. 24. Q. tomentella (G).

2. Fruit maturing at the end of the first season ; shell of the acorn glabrous on the inner
surface {hoary-tomentose in -^7) ; abortive ovules basal ; stamens 6-8 ; styles dilated.
White Oaks.
*Leaves and their lobes usually without bristle-tips, except on vigorous shoots, yellow-
green, deciduous in their first autumn or winter, convolute in the bud {conduplicate
in 25 and 23).
-t-Leaves lyrate or sinuate-pinnatifid, rarely nearly entire.

Leaves glabrous, obovate-obloug, obliquely 3-9-lobed or pinnatifid, pale below,
conduplicate in the bud. 25. Q. alba (A, C).

Leaves pubescent beneath.

Leaves oblong-obovate, deeply lobed, usually stellate-pubescent above, pale
below, conduplicate in the bud. 26. Q. lobata (G)

Leaves obovate or oblong, coarsely pinnatifid-lobed.

27. Q. Garryana (B, G)
Leaves obovate or oblong-lanceolate, lobed or pinnatifid.

28. Q. Gambelii (F)

Leaves oblong-obovate, usually 5-lobed, stellate-pubescent above ; anthers hir

sute. 29. Q. minor (A, C)

Leaves entire or slightly sinuate-lobed toward the apex, oblong or oblong'

obovate ; anthers hirsute. 30. Q. Chapmani (C)

Leaves white-tomentulose beneath.

Leaves obovate or oblong, lyrately pinnatifid or deeply sinuate-lobed or divided
cup fringed by the awned scales. 31. Q. macrocarpa (A, C)

Leaves obovate-oblong, deeply 5-9-lobed or pinnatifid ; nut often nearly inclosed
in its Clip. 32. Q. lyrata (C)

-t--*- Leaves coarsely sinuate-toothed. Chestnut Oaks.

Fruits on peduncles much longer than the petioles ; leaves obovate or oblong-
obovate, generally sinuate-dentate or lobed, pubescent, and usually hoary on
the lower surface. 33. Q. platanoides (A, C).

Fruits on peduncles about as long or shorter than the petioles.

Leaves obovate or oblong-obovate, wedge-shaped or rounded at the broad
or narrow base, tomentose or pubescent, and often silvery white below.

34. Q. Michauxii (A, C).

Leaves obovate or oblong to lanceolate, acuminate, with rounded or acute

teeth. 35. Q. Prinus (A).

Fruits sessile or nearly so ; leaves oblong to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, or

broadly obovate, puberulous and pale, often silvery white on the lower surface.

36. Q. acuminata (A, C).

230 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

**Leaves often dentate or spinesoent, or sometimes entire.

-♦•Leaves deciduous in their first autumn or winter, blue-green, convolute in the bud.

Leaves obovate or oblong-, undulate-lobed or entire, pale, and often silvery white

and pubescent on the lower surface. 87. Q. breviloba (C).

Leaves oblong-, sinuate-dentate, entire, pinnatifid-lobed or spinesoent, pubescent

below. 38. Q. undulata (F, H).

Leaves oblong-, lobed, spinescent or entire, pubescent below.

39. Q. Douglasii (G).
-t--i-Leaves mostly persistent until the appearance of those of the following- spring,
revolute in the bud {convolute in 4^),
Leaves blue-green.

Fruit solitary or in pairs.

Cup hemispherical or turbinate, inclosing about one third of the acorn,
raised on a short peduncle or nearly sessile.

Leaves oblong-obovate, usually obtuse and rounded at the apex, entire

or remotely dentate. 40. Q. Engelmanni (G).

Leaves ovate, oval or obovate, usually cordate, entire or remotely

spinulose-dentate. 41. Q. oblongifolia (E, H).

Leaves oblong'-lanceolate or broadly obovate, cordate or rounded at

the base, spinose-dentate, pubescent and conspicuously reticulate-

venulose on the lower surface. 42. Q. Arizonica (H).

Cup saucer-shaped, inclosing- about one fourth of the acorn, sessile ; leaves

ovate or ovate-oblong or oval, entire or remotely spinose-dentate.

43. Q. Toumeyi (H).

Fruits several on a long- and slender peduncle. Leaves broadly obovate,

cordate, usually rounded and obtuse at the apex, repandly spinose-dentate,

coarsely reticulate-venulose. 44. Q. reticulata (H).

Leaves dark green.

Leaves oblong or obovate, entire, sinuate-toothed or lobed, pubescent and
often pale below, convolute in the bud. 45. Q. dumosa (G).

Leaves oblong, elliptical or obovate, entire or remotely spinose-dentate,
pale or silvery white on the lower surface ; anthers hirsute.

46. Q. Virginiana (C).
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire or repand-serrate, coriaceous ; inner sur-
face of the shell of the acorn hoary-tomentose. 47. Q. Emoryi (F, H).

1. Fruit maturing at the end of the second season (except 22); shell of the acorn tomen-
tose on the inner surface ; leaves or their lobes bristle-tipped. Black Oaks.
* Stamens usually Jf-—6 • abortive ovules basal.

—h Leaves deciduous in their first autumn or winter.
++ Leaves pinnately lobed.

1. Quercus rubra, L. Red Oak.

Leaves obovate or oblong, acute or acuminate, abruptly or gradually wedge-
shaped or rounded at the broad or narrow base, usually divided about half way to
the midribs by wide oblique sinuses rounded at tlie bottom into 11 or sometimes
into 7 or 9 acute oblique ovate lobes tapering from broad bases and mostly sinuately
3-toothed at the apex, with elongated bristle-pointed teeth, or sometimes oblong-
obovate, gradually narrowed and wedge-shaped at the base, and sinuately lobed, with
broad acute usually entire or slightly dentate lobes, when they unfold pink, covered
with soft silky pale pubescence on the upper surface and below with thick white
tomentum, soon glabrous, and at maturity thin and firm, dark green, dull and gla-

FAGACE^

231

brous above, pale yellow-green, glabrous or rarely puberulous and sometimes fur-
nished with small tufts of rusty hairs in the axils of the veins below, 5'-9' long, 4'-6'
broad, falling early in the autumn after turning dull or sometimes bright orange-
color or brown; their petioles stout, yellow or red, l'-2' long. Flowers: staminate in
pubescent ameuts 4'-5' long; calyx deeply divided into 4 or 5 narrow ovate rounded

lobes shorter than the stamens; pistillate on short glabrous peduncles, their invo-
lucral scales broadly ovate, dark reddish brown, shorter than the conspicuous linear
acute bract of the flower and as long as the lanceolate acute calyx-lobes; stigmas
bright green. Fruit solitary or in pairs, sessile or stalked; acorn ovate or oval, with
a broad base, gradually narrowed and rounded at the apex, f '-1^' long, ^'-1' wide,
usually inclosed only at the base in the thick shallow saucer-shaped cup reddish
brown and puberulous within, and covered by thin closely appressed ovate acute
bright red-brown puberulous scales.

A tree, usually 70°-80° or occasionally 150° high, with a trunk 3°-4° in diameter,
and stout branches spreading gradually artd usually forming a comparatively narrow
round-topped head, or growing at right angles to the stem into a broad round-topped
crown, and slender lustrous branchlets bright green and covered when they first
appear with pale scurfy caducous pubescence, dark red during their first winter, be-
coming more or less tinged with orange-green in their second and third years and
ultimately dark brown. Winter-buds ovate, gradually narrowed at the acute apex,
about y long, with thin ovate acute light chestnut-brown scales. Bark on young
stems and on the upper part of the limbs of large trees smooth, light gray, becoming
on older trunks I'-l^' thick, dark brown tinged with red, and divided into small thick
appressed plates scaly on the surface. "Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained,
light reddish brown, with thin darker colored sapwood; used in construction, for the
interior finish of houses, and in furniture.

Distribution. Nova Scotia and southern New Brunswick through Quebec to the
northern shores of Lake Huron and to Lake Naraekagon, southward to middle Ten-
nessee and Virginia, and along the high Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia,
and westward to eastern Nebraska and central Kansas; rare and of small size toward
the northern limits of its range; abimdant in southern Nova Scotia, Quebec, and
Ontario; one of the largest and most common trees of the forests of the northern

232

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

states, and of its largest size in the region north of the Ohio River; less common
and usually of smaller size southward.

Often planted as an ornamental or shade tree in the northeastern states and in
the countries of western and northern Europe; generally more successful in Europe
than other American Oaks.

2. Quercus palustris, Muench. Pin Oak. Swamp Spanish Oak.

Leaves obovate, narrowed and wedge-shaped or broad and truncate at the base,
divided by wide deep sinuses rounded at the bottom into 5-7 lobes, the terminal
lobe ovate, acute, 3-toothed toward the apex or entire, the lateral lobes spreading or
oblique, sometimes falcate, especially those of the lowest pair, gradually tapering
and acute at the dentate apex or obovate and broad at the apex, when they unfold
light bronze-green stained with red on the margins, lustrous and puberulous above.

h^. (g'7

coated below and on the petioles with pale scurfy pubescence, at maturity thin and
firm, dark green and very lustrous above, pale below, with large tufts of pale hairs
in the axils of the primary veins, 4'-6' long, 2'-4' wide, with stout midribs and con-
spicuous primary veins, late in the autumn turning gradually deep scarlet; their
petioles slender, yellow, ^'-2' long. Flowers :,staminate in hairy aments 2'-3' long;
calyx puberulous and divided into 4 or 5 oblong rounded segments more or less
laciniately cut on the margins, shorter than the stamens; pistillate on short tomentose
peduncles, their involucral scales broadly ovate, tomentose, shorter than the acumi-
nate calyx-lobes; stigmas bright red. Fruit sessile or short-stalked, solitary or clus-
tered; acorn nearly hemispherical, about ^' in diameter, light brown, often striate,
inclosed only at the base in a thin saucer-shaped cup dark red-brown and lustrous
within, and covered by closely appressed ovate light red-brown thin puberulous
scales.

A tree, usually 70°-80° high, with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter, often clothed with
small tough drooping branches, or when crowded in the forest sometimes 120° high,
with a trunk 60°-70° tall and 4°-5° in diameter, slender branches beset with short-
ridged spur-like laterals a few inches in length, forming while young a broad sym-
metrical pyramidal head, becoming open and irregular, with rigid and more pendu-
lous branches often furnished with small drooping branchlets, and slender tough

FAGACE^

233

branchlets dark red and covered at first by short pale silvery tomentum, soon be-
coming green and glabrous, lustrous, dark red-brown or orange color in their first
-winter, growing darker in their second year and ultimately dark gray-brown.
Winter-buds ovate, gradually narrowed and acute at the apex, about i' long, with
imbricated light chestnut-brown scales puberulous toward the thin sometimes ciliate
margins. Bark of young trunks and branches smooth, lustrous, light browu fre-
quently tinged with red, becoming on older trunks f'-l^ thick, light gray-brown,
generally smooth and covered by small closely appressed scales. Wood heavy,
hard, strong, coarse-grained, light brown, with thin rather darker colored sapwood;
sometimes used in construction, and for shingles and clapboards.

Distribution. Borders of swamps and river-bottoms in deep moist rich soil;
valley of the Connecticut River in western Massachusetts to southern Missouri, and
southward to the valley of the lower Potomac River, Virginia, central Kentucky,
southwestern Tennessee, northern Arkansas and the eastern borders of the Indian
Territory; rare and of small size in New England; exceedingly common on the coast
plain south of the Hudson River; of its largest size and very abundant on the bot-
tom-lands of the streams of the lower Ohio basin.

Often cultivated as an ornamental tree in the northeastern states and in the coun-
tries of western and central Europe.

3. Quercus Georgiaua, M. A. Curtis.

Leaves convolute in the bud, oval or obovate, gradually narrowed and wedge-
shaped at the base, divided generally about half way to the midribs by wide or nar-
row oblique sinuses rounded at the bottom into 3-7 lobes, the terminal lobe ovate,
acute, or rounded and entire or frequently furnished with 1 or 2 small lateral teeth,
the lateral lobes oblique or spreading, mostly triangular, acute and entire, or those

i

of the upper or of the middle pair often broad and repand-lobulate at the oblique
ends, sometimes gradually 3-lobed at the broad apex and narrowed and entire below,
or equally 3-lobed, with broad or narrow spreading lateral lobes, or occasionally
pinnatifid, when they unfold bright green tinged with red, ciliate on the margins
and coated on the midribs, veins, and petioles with loose pale stellate pubescence, at
maturity thin, bright green and lustrous above, paler below, and glabrous or fur-

234

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

nished with tufts of hairs in the axils of the primary veins, usually about 2|' long
and 1^' wide, turning dull orange and scarlet in the autumn before falling; their
petioles slender, ^'-f' long. Flowers: staminate in slender glabrous or pubescent
aments 2'-3' long; calyx divided into 4 or 5 broadly ovate rounded segments rather
shorter than the stamens; pistillate on short glabrous slender stalks, their involucral
scales rather shorter than the acute calyx-lobes, pubescent or puberulous; stigmas
bright red. Fruit short-stalked; acorn ellipsoidal or subglobose, ^'-^ long, light
red-brown and lustrous, inclosed for one third to nearly one half its length in a
thick cup-shaped cup light red-brown and lustrous on the inner surface, and cov-
ered by thin ovate bright light red-brown truncate erose scales.

Distribution. Central Georgia, on Stone Mountain, Dekalb County, and on a
few other granite hills between the Yellow and Oconee rivers in the region south
and east of Stone Mountain.

4. Quercus ellipsoidalis, E. J. Hill. Black Oak.

Leaves oval to obovate-orbicular, acute or acuminate, truncate or broadly cune-
ate at the base, deeply divided by wide sinuses rounded at the bottom into 5-7
oblong lobes repandly dentate at the apex, or often, especially those of the upper

piQ. 18'9

pair, repandly lobulate, when they unfold slightly tinged with red and hoary-tomen-
tose, soon becoming glabrous with the exception of small tufts of pale hairs in the
axils of the principal veins, at maturity thin and firm, bright green and lustrous
above, paler and sometimes entirely glabrous below, 3'-5' long, 2^-4' wide, with
stout midribs and primary veins and prominent reticulate veinlets, late in the
autumn turning yellow or pale brown more or less blotched with purple; their peti-
oles slender, glabrous or rarely puberulous, l^'-2' long. Flowers: staminate in
puberulous aments l^'-2' long; calyx membranaceous, campanulate, usually tinged
with red, 2-5-lobed or parted into oblong-ovate or rounded segments, glabrous or
slightly villous, fringed at the apex with long twisted hairs, about as long as the 2-5
stamens with short filaments and oblong anthers; pistillate on stout tomentose 1-3-
flowered peduncles, red, their involucral scales broad, hairy, oblong, acute; calyx
campanulate, 4-7ilobed, ciliate on the margins. Fruit short-stalked or nearly ses-
sile, solitary or in pairs; acorn ellipsoidal, cylindrical to subglobose, chestnut-brown,

FAGACE^

235

often striate and puberulous, inclosed for one third to one half its length in a turbi-
nate or cup-shaped cup gradually narrowed at the base, thin, light red-brown, pu-
berulous on the inner surface, and covered by narrow ovate obtuse or truncate
brown pubescent closely appressed scales.

A tree, 60°-70° high, with a short trunk rarely 3° in diameter, much forked
branches ascending above and often pendulous low on the stem, forming a narrow
oblong head, and slender branchlets covered at first with matted pale hairs, bright
reddish brown during their first winter, becoming dark gray-brown or reddish brown
in their second season. Wiiiter-buds ovate, obtuse, or acute, sometimes slightly
angled, about ^long, with ovate or oval red-brown lustrous slightly puberulous outer
scales ciliate on the margins. Bark thin, light yellow internally, close, rather
smooth, divided by shallow connected fissures into thin plates, dark brown near the
base, dull above, gray-brown and only slightly furrowed on the large branches.

Distribution. In the neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois, to eastern Iowa and
southeastern Minnesota.

5. Quercus Texana, Buckl. Red Oak.

Leaves obovate, truncate or abruptly or rarely gradually wedge-shaped at the
base, divided by wide or narrow oblique sinuses rounded at the bottom into usually
7 rarely 9 or sometimes 5 lobes, the terminal lobe oblong, dentate or entire toward
the acute apex, with two spreading lateral teeth, the lateral lobes contracted below
the broad apex or occasionally tapering from the base and coarsely repand-dentate
above the middle, when they unfold light red and covered with pale scurfy pu-
bescence, at maturity thin and firm, bright green, lustrous and glabrous above, paler,

r^

with large tufts of pale hairs in the axils of the primary veins below, 2l'-6' long,
2'-5' wide, with slender red or yellow midribs, late in the autumn turning gradually
dark vinous red or brown, or often falling with only a slight change of color; their
petioles slender, nearly terete, reddish, l'-2' long. Flovrers : staminate in slender
slightly pubescent aments 2'-3' long; calyx thin, villous on the outer surface, divided
into 4 or 5 acute laciniately cut segments ; pistillate on short hoary-tomentose pe-
duncles, their involucral scales brown tinged with red, pubescent; stigmas bright
red. Fruit sessile or stalked, usually solitary; acorn oval, abruptly narrowed and

236 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

rounded at the base, full and rounded or gradually or abruptly narrowed and rounded
at the apex, puberulous, light reddish brown, sometimes conspicuously striate, with
broad dark bands, ^'-1^' long, inclosed for one thii'd to nearly one half its length in
a turbinate or deeply cup-shaped cup light reddish brown and puberulous within,
covered by thin closely imbricated ligiit brown scales rounded at the ends and hoary-
tomentose, except on their red-brown margins.

A tree, occasionally nearly 200° high, with a trunk free of branches for 80°-90°,
and 7°-8° in diameter above the nmch enlarged buttressed base, comparatively
small branches spreading into a narrow head, and stout brittle branchlets coated at
first with hoary pubescence, soon glabrous and bright green, lustrous, orange or
reddish brown during their first winter, becoming ashy gray or dark brown the fol-
lowing year; often much smaller toward the western limits of its range in Texas
and usually 30°-40° tall; sometimes reduced to a shrub. "Winter-buds ovate or
obovate, full and abruptly rounded at the apex, ^'-\' long, with thin closely imbri-
cated dark brown scales. Bark of young stems and branches thin, smooth, light
gray, becoming on old trunks f'-l^' thick, light brown tinged with red, and divided
into broad ridges broken into thick square plate-like scales. Wood heavy, hard,
close-grained, light reddish brown; now often manufactured into lumber in the
Mississippi valley and considered more valuable than that of the eastern Red Oak.

Distribution, Northeastern Iowa and central Illinois, through southern Illinois
and Indiana and western Kentucky and Tennessee to the valley of the Appalachi-
cola River, Florida, northern Georgia, central South Carolina, and the coast plain
of North Carolina, and through southern Missouri, Arkansas, and Louisiana to the
mountains of western Texas; most abundant and of its largest size on the low bot-
tom-lands of the Mississippi basin, often forming a considerable part of lowland
forests; less abundant in the eastern Gulf states; in western Texas on the low lime-
stone hills and on bottom-lands in the neighborhood of streams.

6. Quercus coccinea, Moench. Scarlet Oak.

Leaves oblong-obovate or oval, truncate or wedge-shaped at the base, deeply
divided by wide sinuses rounded at the bottom into 7 or rarely 9 lobes repand-den-
tate at the apex, the terminal lobe ovate, acute, and 3-toothed, the middle division
the largest and furnished with 2 small lateral teeth, the lateral lobes obovate, oblique
or spreading, sometimes falcate, usually broad and oblique at the coarsely toothed
apex, when they unfold bright red covered with loose pale pubescence above and
below with silvery white tomentum, green at the end of a few days, at maturity
thin and firm, bright green, glabrous and very lustrous above, paler and less lustrous
and sometimes furnished with small tufts of rusty pubescence in the axils of the
veins below, 3'-6' long, 2^'-4' broad, with yellow midribs and primary veins, late in
the autumn turning brilliant scarlet; their petioles slender, terete, l^'-2^' long.
Flo"wers: staminate in slender glabrous aments 3'-4' long; calyx pubescent, bright
red before opening, divided into 4 or 5 ovate acute segments shorter than the
stamens; pistillate on pubescent peduncles sometimes ^ long, bright red, their in-
volucral scales ovate, pubescent, shorter than the acute calyx-lobes. Fruit sessile or
stalked, solitary or in pairs; acorn oval, oblong-ovate or hemispherical, truncate or
rounded at the base, rounded at the apex, ^-1' long, |'-f ' broad, light reddish brown
and occasionally striate, inclosed for one third to one half its length in a deeply cup-
shaped or turbinate thin cup light reddish brown on the inner surface, and covered by
closely imbricated oblong-ovate acute light reddish brown slightly puberulous scales.

FAGACE^

237

A tree, 70°-80° high, with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter, comparatively small branches
spreading gradually and forming a rather narrow open head, and slender branchlets
coated at first with loose scurfy pubescence, soon pale green and lustrous, light red

or orange-red in their first winter and light or dark brown the following year; usu-
ally much smaller. Winter-buds oval or ovate, gradually narrowed at the acute
apex, ^'-\' long, dark reddish brown, and pale-pubescent above the middle. Bark
of young stems and branches smooth, light brown, becoming on old trunks |^'-1'
thick and divided by shallow fissures into irregular ridges covered by small light
brown scales slightly tinged with red. Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained,
light or reddish brown, with thicker darker colored sapwood.

Distribution. Light dry usually sandy soil; valley of the Androscoggin River,
Maine, through southern New Hampshire and Vermont and central New York to
southern Ontario, westward through central Michigan and Minnesota to southeastern
Nebraska, and southward to the District of Columbia and northern Illinois, and
along the Alleghany Mountains to North Carolina; very abundant in the coast
region from Massachusetts Bay to southern New Jersey; less common in the inte-
rior, growing on dry gravelly uplands, and on the prairies skirting the western mar-
gins of the eastern forest.

Occasionally planted in the northeastern states and in Europe as an ornamental
tree valued chiefly for the brilliant autumn color of the foliage.

7. Quercus velutina, Lam. Black Oak. Yello-w-bark Oak.

Leaves ovate or oblong, rounded, wedge-shaped or truncate at the base, mostly
7-lobed and sometimes divided nearly to the middle by wide rounded sinuses into
narrow obovate more or less repand-dentate lobes, or into elongated nearly entire
mucronate lobes tapering gradually from a broad base, the terminal lobe oblong,
elongated, acute, furnished with small lateral teeth, or broad, rounded, and coarsely
repand-dentate, or slightly divided into broad dentate lobes or sinuate-dentate,
bright crimson when they unfold, and covered above by long loose scattered white
hairs and below with thick pale or silvery white tomentum, hoary-pubescent when
half grown, and at maturity thick and firm or subcoriaceous, dark green and lustrous
above, below yellow-green, brown or dull copper color and more or less pubescent
or glabrous with the exception of tufts of rusty hairs in the axils of the principal

238

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

veins, 3'-12' long and 2'-10' wide, but usually 5'-6' long and 3'^' wide, with stout
midribs and primary veins, late in the autumn turning dull red, dark orange color,
or brown, and falling gradually during the winter; their petioles stout, yellow, gla-
brous or puberulous, 3'-G' long. Flowers: staminate on tomentose or pubescent
aments 4'-6' long; calyx coated with pale hairs, with ovate acute lobes; pistillate
on short tomentose peduncles, their involucral scales ovate, shorter than the acute
calyx-lobes; stigmas bright red. Fruit sessile or short-stalked, solitary or in pairs;
nut ovate-oblong, obovate, oval or hemispherical, broad and rounded at the base,
full and rounded at the apex, light red-brown, often striate, frequently coated with
soft rufous pubescence, ^'-|' long, inclosed for about one half its length in the thin
deeply cut-shaped turbinate cup dark red-brown and puberulous on the inner surface.

covered by thin light chestnut-brown acute hoary scales closely appressed at the base
of the cup, loosely imbricated above the middle, with free scarious tips forming a
fringe-like border to its rim.

A tree, often 70°-80° and occasionally 150° high, with a trunk 3°^° in diameter,
slender branches spreading gradually into a narrow open head, stout branchlets
coated at first with pale or fulvous scurfy tomentum, becoming in their first winter
glabrous, dull red or reddish brown, growing dark brown in their second year or
brown slightly tinged with red. Winter-buds ovate, strongly angled, gradually
narrowed and obtuse at the apex, hoary-tomentose, \'-^' long. Bark of young stems
and branches smooth, dark brown, deep orange color internally, becoming f -1^'
thick on old trunks, and deeply divided into broad rounded ridges broken on the
surface into thick dark brown or nearly black closely appressed plate-like scales.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, bright brown tinged with red, with thin
lighter colored sapwood; of little value except as fuel. The bark abounds in tannic
acid and is largely used in tanning, as a yellow dye, and in medicine.

Distribution. Dry gravelly uplands and ridges; coast of southern Maine to
northern Vermont, southern and western Ontario and central Minnesota, and south-
ward to northern Florida, southern Alabama and Mississippi, southeastern Nebraska,
eastern Kansas, the Indian Territory and eastern Texas; one of the commonest Oaks
on the gravelly drift of southern New England and the middle states; often forming
a large part of the forest growth in the foothill regions of the southern Appalachian

FAGACE^

239

Mountains; abundant in all parts of the Mississippi basin, and of its largest size in
the valley of the lower Ohio River; the common species of the Black Oak group
reaching the south-Atlantic and Gulf coast, and here generally scattered on dry
ridges through the maritime Pine belt.

Quercus velutina, which is more variable in the form of its leaves than the other
North American Black Oaks, is easily recognized by the bright yellow color of the
inner bark, in early spring by the deep red color of the unfolding leaves, becoming
pale and silvery in a few days, and by the large tomentose winter-buds. From west-
ern Missouri to northwestern Arkansas a form occurs (var. Missouriensis, Sarg., nov.
var.^ with the mature leaves stellate-pubescent above, and coated below and on the
petioles and summer brauehlets with rusty pubescence, and with broader more loosely
imbricated hoary-tomentose cup-scales.

8. Quercus Californica, Coop. Black Oak.

Leaves oblong or obovate, truncate, wedge-shaped or rounded at the narrow base,
7 or rarely o-lobed by wide and deep or shallow and oblique sinuses rounded at the
bottom, the terminal lobe ovate, 3-toothed at the acute apex, the lateral lobes taper-
ing gradually from the base or broad and obovate, coarsely repand-dentate, with
acute pointed teeth, or rarely entire, when they unfold dark red or purple and pilose
above and coated below and on the petioles with thick silvery white tomentum, at

maturity thick and firm, lustrous, dark yellow-green and glabrous or rarely stellate-
pubescent above, light yellow-green or brownish and glabrous or pubescent, or occa-
sionally hoary-tomentose below, 3'-6' long, 2'-4' wide, turning yellow or brown in
the autumn before falling; their petioles slender, yellow, l'-2' long. Flo"wers :
staminate in hairy aments 4'-5' long; calyx pubescent, divided into 4 or 5 ovate
acute segments shorter than the stamens, with bright red anthers; pistillate on short
tomentose peduncles, their involucral scales ovate, coated like the acute calyx-lobes
with pale tomentum; stigmas dark red. Fruit short-stalked, solitary or clustered;
acorn oblong, oval or obovate, broad and rounded at the base, full and rounded or
gradually narrowed and acute at the puberulous apex, I'-l^' long, about |' broad,
light chestnut-brown, often striate, inclosed for one fourth to two thirds its length
in the deep cup-shaped cup light brown and puberulous on the inner surface, and
covered by thin ovate-lanceolate lustrous light chestnut-brown scales, sometimes

240 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

rounded and thickened on the back toward the base of the cup, their tips elongated
thin and erose on the margins, often forming a narrow fringe-like border to the rim
of the cup.

A tree, occasionally 100° high, with a trunk 3°-4° in diameter, stout spreading
brandies forming an open round-topped head, and branchlets coated at first witli
thick hoary caducous tomentum, bright red or brown tinged with red, and usually
glabrous or pubescent or puberulous during their first winter, becoming dark red-
brown in their second year; frequently much smaller and at high elevations a small
shrub. Winter-buds ovate, gradually narrowed and acute at the apex, about \'
long, with closely imbricated pale chestnut-brown scales ciliate on the thin scari-
ous margins and pubescent toward the point of the bud. Bark of young stems and
branches smooth, light brown, becoming on old trunks I'-l^ thick, dark brown
slightly tinged with red or nearly black, divided into broad ridges at the base of old
trees and broken above into thick irregular oblong plates covered by minute closely
appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, very brittle, bright red, with thin
lighter colored sapwood; occasionally used as fuel.

Distribution. Valleys and mountain slopes ; basin of the Mackenzie River in
western Oregon, southward over the California coast ranges, and along the western
slopes of the Sierra Nevada up to elevations of 7000°-8000° to the Cuyaraaca Moun-
tains near the southern boundary of California; rare in the immediate neighborhood
of the coast; the largest and most abundant Oak-tree of the valleys of southwestern
Oregon and of the Sierra Nevada, sometimes forming groves of considerable extent
in coniferous forests; of its largest size at elevations of about 6000° above the sea.

9. Querous Catesbaei, Michx. Turkey Oak.

Leaves oblong or obovate or nearly triangular, gradually narrowed and wedge-
shaped at the base, deeply divided by wide rounded sinuses into 3 or 5 or rarely 7

pK^. ]94-

lobes, the terminal lobe ovate, elongated, acute and entire or repand-dentate, or
obovate and coarsely equally or irregularly 3-toothed at the apex, the lateral lobes
spreading, usually falcate, entire and acute, tapering from their broad bases, and
broad, oblique, and repand-lobulate at the apex; or 3-toothed at the broad apex and
gradually narrowed to the base, coated when they unfold with rufous articulate

FAGACE^ 241

hairs, and when fully grown thick and rigid, bright yellow-green and lustrous above,
paler, lustrous, and glabrous below, with large tufts of rusty hairs in the axils of the
veins, 3'-12' long, I'-IO' wide, but usually about 5' long and broad, with broad yel-
low or red-brown midribs, turning brown or dull yellow before falling in the autumn;
their petioles stout, grooved, ^'-f long. Flowers: staminate in slender hairy red-
steramed aments 4'-5' long; calyx puberulous and divided into 4 or 5 ovate acute
lobes; pistillate on short stout tomentose peduncles, their involucral scales bright
red, pubescent, hairy at the margins; stigmas dark red. Fruit short-stalked, usually
solitary; acorn oval, full and rounded at the ends, about 1' long and |' broad, dull
light brown, covered at the apex by a thin coat of snow-white tomentum, inclosed
for about one third its length in a thin turbinate cup often gradually narrowed into
a stout stalk-like base, light red-brown, lustrous, and puberulous on the inner surface,
covered by ovate-oblong rounded scales extending above the rim of the cup and down
over the upper third of the inner surface, and hoary-pubescent except on their thin
bright red margins.

A tree, usually 20°-30°, or occasionally 50°-60° high, with a trunk rarely exceed-
ing 2° in diameter, stout spreading more or less contorted branches forming a nar-
row open irregular generally round-topped head, and stout branchlets coated at first
with stellate articulate hairs, nearly glabrous and deep red when the leaves are half
grown, dark red in their first winter, gradually growing dark brown; generally much
smaller and sometimes shrubby. Winter-buds elongated, acute, ^' long, with light
chestnut-brown scales erose on the thin margins, and coated, especially toward the
point of the bud, with rusty pubescence. Bark ^'-V thick, red internally, dark gray
tinged v/ith red on the surface, and at the base of old trunks becoming nearly black,
deeply and irregularly furrowed and broken into small appressed scales. Wood
heavy, hard, strong, rather close-grained, light brown tinged with red, with thick
lighter colored sapwood; largely used for fuel.

Distribution. Dry barren sandy ridges and sandy bluffs and hummocks in the
neighborhood of the coast; North Carolina to Cape Malabar and the shores of Peace
Creek, Florida, and to eastern Louisiana; comparatively rare tow'ard the western
limits of its range, and most abundant and of its largest size on the high bluff-like
shores of bays and estuaries in South CarMina and Georgia.

10. Quercus nana, Sarg. Bear Oak. Scrub Oak.

Leaves obovate or rarely oblong, gradually or abruptly wedge-shaped at the
base, divided by wide shallow sinuses into 3-7, usually 5, acute lobes, the terminal
lobe ovate, elongated, rounded and 3-toothed or acute and dentate or entire at the
apex, the lateral lobes spreading, mostly triangular and acute, or those of the upper
pair broad, oblique and repand-lobulate, or broad at the apex, slightly 3-lobed and
entire below, or deeply 3-lobed above and sinuate below, or occasionally oblong to
oblong-obovate and entire, with undulate margins, dull red and puberulous or
pubescent on the upper surface and coated on the lower and on the petioles with
thick pale tomentum when they unfold, when half grown light yellow-green, lus-
trous, slightly pubescent above and tomentose below, with conspicuous tufts of silvery
white hairs in the axils of the veins, at maturity thick and firm, dark green and
lustrous above, covered below with pale or silvery white pubescence, 2'-o' long,
l^'-3' wide, with stout yellow midribs and slender primary veins, turning dull
scarlet or yellow before falling in the autumn; their petioles slender, glabrous, or
pubescent, I'-l^' long. Flowers: staminate in hairy aments I'-o' long, and often

242

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

persistent until midsummer; calyx red or green tinged with red and irregularly
divided into 3-5 ovate rounded lobes shorter than the stamens, with bright red
ultimately yellow anthers; pistillate on stout tomentose peduncles, their involucral
scales ovate, about as long as the acute calyx-lobes, red, and tomentose; stigmas

P-'^' ^9J-

dark red. Fruit produced in great profusion, sessile or stalked, in pairs or rarely
solitary; acorn ovoid, broad, flat or rounded at the base, gradually narrowed and
acute or rounded at the apex, about ^' long and broad, light brown, lustrous, usually
faintly striate, inclosed for about one half its length in the cup-shaped or saucer-
shaped cup often abruptly enlarged above the stalk-like base, thick, light reddish
brown and puberulous within, and covered by thin ovate closely imbricated red-
brown puberulous scales acute or truncate at the apex, the minute free tips of the
upper scales forming a fringe-like border to the cup.

A tree, occasionally 18°-20° high, with a trunk 5'-6' in diameter, with slender
spreading branches usually forming a round-topped head, and slender branchlets
dark green more or less tinged with red and hoary-pubescent at first, during their
first winter red-brown or ashy gray and pubescent or puberulous, becoming glabrous
and darker in their second year and ultimately dark brown or nearly black; more
frequently an intricately branched shrub, with numerous contorted stems 3°-10° tall.
Winter-buds ovate, obtuse, about ^' long, with dark chestnut-brown rather loosely
imbricated glabrous or pilose scales. Bark thin, smooth, dark brown, covered by
small closely appressed scales.

Distribution. Dry sandy barrens and rocky hillsides; coast of eastern Maine
southward through eastern and southern New England to eastern Pennsylvania and
along the Alleghany Mountains to southern Virginia, and westward to the shores of
Lake George and the valley of the Hudson River; common in eastern and southern
New England, in the Pine barrens of New Jersey, and in eastern Pennsylvania.

11. Quercus digitata, Sudw. Spanish Oak.

Leaves oblong or obovate, generally narrowed and wedge-shaped or abruptly
wedge-shaped or rounded and slightly narrowed at the base, sometimes divided by
deep wide sinuses rounded at the bottom into 3, 5, or 7 lobes, the terminal lobe

FAGACE^

243

generally much elongated, often falcate, acute, entire or repand-dentate at the apex,
the lateral lobes oblique and spreading or often falcate, gradually narrowed from a
broad base, acute, and entire ; or oblong-obovate and divided at the broad apex by
wide or narrow sinuses broad and rounded at the bottom into 3 rounded or acute
entire or dentate lobes, and entire and gradually narrowed below into an acute or
rounded base, the two forms usually occurring on different but sometimes on the
same tree; hanging closely appressed against the stem when they unfold, when fully
grown thin and firm, dark green and lustrous above, coated below with soft close
pale or rusty pubescence, 6'-7' long and 4'-5' wide, obscurely reticulate-venulose,
with stout tomentose midribs and primary veins, turning brown or dull orange color
in the autumn before falling; their petioles slender, flattened, l'-2' long. Flowers:
staminate in tomentose aments, 3-5' long; calyx thin and scarious, pubescent on the
outer surface, divided into 4 or 5 ovate rounded segments; pistillate on stout tomen-
tose peduncles, their involucral scales coated with rusty tomentum, as long or rather

shorter than the acute calyx-lobes; stigmas dark red. Fruit sessile or short-stalked;
acorn subglobose to ellipsoidal, full and rounded at the apex, truncate and rounded
at the base, about ^' long, bright orange-brown, inclosed only at the base or some-
times for one third its length in a thin saucer-shaped cup flat on the bottom or
gradually narrowed from a stalk-like base, or deep and turbinate, bright red-brown
and puberulous on the inner surface, covered by thin ovate-oblong reddish scales
acute or rounded at the apex and pale-pubescent except on the margins.

A tree, usually 70°-80° high, with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter, stout spreading
branches forming a broad round-topped open head, and stout branchlets coated at
first, like the young leaves, with a thick rusty or orange-colored clammy tomentum
of articulate hairs, dark red or reddish brown and pubescent or rarely glabrous
during their first winter, becoming in their second year dark red-brown or ashy
gray. Winter-buds ovoid or oval, acute, ^'-\' long, with bright chestnut-brown
puberulous or pilose scales ciliate, with short pale hairs. Bark |'-1' thick, dark
brown, and divided by shallow fissures into broad ridges covered by thin closely
appressed scales. Wood hard, strong, not durable, coarse-grained, light red, with
thick lighter colored sap wood ; sometimes used in construction, and largely as fuel.
The bark is rich in tannin, and is used in tanning leather and occasionally in medicine.

Distribution. Southern New Jersey southward to central Florida, through the
Gulf states to the valley of the Brazos River, Texas, through Arkansas and south-

244

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

western Missouri to central Tennessee and Kentucky, and southern Indiana and
Illinois; in the north Atlantic states only in the neighborhood of the coast and com-
paratively rare; very common in the south Atlantic and Gulf states on dry hills
between the coast plain and the Appalachian Mountains; less abundant in the south-
ern maritime Pine belt.

12, Quercus pagodcefolia, Ashe. Swamp Spanish Oak. Red Oak.

Leaves oval to oblong, acuminate, gradually narrowed and cuneate, or full and
rounded or rarely truncate at the base, deeply divided by wide sinuses rounded at
the bottom into 5-11 acuminate usually entire repand-dentate lobes often falcate
and spreading at right angles to the midrib or pointed toward the apex of the leaf,
when they unfold coated with pale tomentum, thickest on the lower surface, and
dark red on the upper surface, at maturity dark green and very lustrous above, pale
and tomentose below, 6'-8' long and 5'-6' wide, with stout midribs usually puberu-
lous on the upper side, slender primary veins arched to the points of the lobes, and
conspicuous reticulate veinlets, turning bright clear yellow before falling in the
autumn; their petioles stout, pubescent or tomentose, 1^ '-2' long. Flowers: stami-
nate in clustered slender villous aments 2'-3' long; calyx thin, scarious, pubescent
on the outer surface, more or less deeply tinged with red, divided into 4 or 5 rounded
segments; pistillate on 1-3-flowered tomentose peduncles, their involucral scales
hoary-tomentose, about as long as the acute calyx-lobes; stigmas dark red. Fruit
short-stalked or nearly sessile; acorn ovate to subglobose, light yellow-brown, puber-
ulous toward the rounded apex, about f ' in diameter, inclosed for nearly one half its

length in a flat or slightly turbinate cup thin, slightly lobed on the border, glabrous
on the inner surface, and covered by oblong rather loosely imbricated scales pale-
pubescent except on their dark margins.

A tree, sometimes 120° high, with a trunk 4°-5° in diameter, heavy branches
forming in the forest a short narrow crown, or in more open situations wide-spread-
ing or ascending and forming a great open head, and slender branchlets hoary
tomentose at first, tomentose or pubescent during their first winter, and dark reddish
brown and puberulous during their second year. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, often
prominently 4-angled, about \' long, with light red-brown puberulous scales some-
times ciliate at the apex. Bark about 1' thick and roughened by small rather
closely appressed plate-like light gray or gray-brown scales. Wood light reddish

FAGACE^ 245

brown, with thiu nearly white sap wood; largely manufactured into lumber in the
Mississippi valley and valued almost as highly as white oak.

Distribution. Rich bottom-lands and the alluvial banks of streams; southwest-
ern Virginia to northern Florida, and through the Gulf states and Arkansas to
southern Missouri, western Tennessee and Kentucky, and southern Illinois and
Indiana; most abundant and one of the largest and most valuable timber-trees in
the river swamps of the Yazoo basin, Mississippi, and of eastern Arkansas.

13. Quercus Marilandica, Muench. Black Jack. Jack Oak.

Leaves broadly obovate, rounded or cordate at the narrow base, usually 3 or rarely
5-lobed at the broad and often abruptly dilated apex, with short or long, broad or
narrow, rounded or acute, entire or dentate lobes, or entire or dentate at the apex,
sometimes oblong-obovate, undulate-lobed at the broad apex and entire below or

^■1(^.(93'

equally 3-lobed, with elongated spreading lateral lobes broad and lobulate at the
apex, when they unfold coated with a clammy tomentum of articulate hairs, and
bright pink on the upper surface, at maturity thick and firm or subcoriaceous, dark
yellow-green and very lustrous above, yellow, orange color, or brown and scurfy-
pubescent below, usually 6'-7' long and broad, with thick broad orange-colored mid-
ribs, turning brown or yellow in the autumn before falling; their petioles stout,
yellow, glabrous or pubescent, ^'-f long. Flowers: staminate in hoary aments
2'-4' long; calyx thin and scarious, tinged with red above the middle, pale-pubescent
on the outer surface, divided into 4 or 5 broad ovate rounded lobes; anthers apicu-
late, dark red; pistillate on short rusty-tomentose peduncles coated like their involucral
scales with thick rusty tomentum; stigmas dark red. Fruit, solitary or in pairs,
usually pedunculate; acorn oblong, full and rounded at the ends, rather broader
below than above the middle, about |^' long, light yellow-brown and often striate, the
shell lined with dense fulvous tomentum, inclosed for one third to nearl}' two thirds
its length in a thick turbinate light brown cup puberulous on the inner surface, and
covered by large reddish brown loosely imbricated scales often ciliate and coated
with loose pale or rusty tomentum, the upper scales smaller, erect, inserted on the
top of the cup in several rows, and forming a thick rim round its inner surface, or
occasionally reflexed and covering the upper half of the inner surface of the cup.
A tree, 20°-30°, or occasionally 40°-o0° high, with a trunk rarely more than 18'

246

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

in diameter, short stout spreading often contorted branches forming a narrow com-
pact round-topped or sometimes an open irregular head, aii4 stout branchlets coated
at first with a thick pale tomentum of articulate and stellate hairs, light brown and
scurfy-pubescent during their first summer, becoming reddish brown and glabrous or
puberulous in the winter, and ultimately brown or ashy gray. Winter-buds ovate
or oval, prominently angled, light red-brown, coated with rusty brown hairs, about V
long. Bark I'-l^' thick, and deeply divided into nearly square plates l'-3' long
covered by small closely appressed dark brown or nearly black scales. 'Wood heavy,
hard, strong, dark rich brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood; largely used as
fuel and in the manufacture of charcoal.

Distribution. Dry sandy or clay barrens; Long Island, New York, through
northern Ohio and Indiana to southeastern Nebraska, central Kansas, and the Indian
Territory, and southward to the shores of Matanzas Inlet and Tampa Bay, Florida,
and to the valley of the Nueces River, Texas; rare in the north; very abundant
southward; west of the Mississippi River often forming on sterile soils a great part
of the forest growth; of its largest size in southern Arkansas and eastern Texas.

14. Quercus nigra, L. Water Oak.

Leaves usually oblong-obovate, gradually narrowed and wedge-shaped at the base,
enlarged sometimes abruptly at the broad generally rounded or sometimes pointed
entire or slightly or deeply 3-lobed apex, or often acute at the ends, and on upper

branchlets sometimes linear-lanceolate to linear-obovate, acute or rounded at the
apex, divided above the middle by deep wide rounded sinuses into elongated lanceo-
late acute entire lobes, or pinnatifid above the middle, when they unfold thin, light
green more or less tinged with red, and covered by fine caducous pubescence, with
conspicuous tufts of pale hairs in the axils of the veins below, at maturity thin dull
bluish green, paler below than above, glabrous or with axillary tufts of rusty hairs,
usually about 2i' long and 1^ wide, or on fertile branches sometimes 6' long and
2^' wide, falling gradually during the winter; their petioles stout, flattened, \'-^'
long. Flovrers : staminate in red hairy-stemmed aments 2'-3' long; calyx thin and
scarious, covered on the outer surface with short hairs, deeply divided into 4 or 5
ovate rounded segments; pistillate on short tomentose peduncles, their involucral
scales a little shorter than the acute calyx-lobes and coated with rusty hairs; stigmas
deep red. Fruit usually solitary, sessile or short-stalked; acorn ovoid, broad and flat

FAGACE^ 247

at the base, full and rounded at the pubescent apex, light yellow-brown, often striate,
y-|' long and nearly as broad, usually inclosed only at the base in a thin saucer-
shaped cup, or occasionally for one third its length in a cup-shaped cup, coated on
the inner surface with pale silky tomentum and covered by ovate acute closely ap-
pressed light red-brown scales clothed with pale pubescence except on their darker
colored margins.

A tree, occasionally 80° high, with a trunk 2°-3^° in diameter, numerous slender
branches spreading gradually from the stem and forming a symmetrical round-topped
head, and slender glabrous branchlets light or dull red during their first winter,
becoming grayish brown in the second season. "Winter-buds ovate, acute, strongly
angled, covered by loosely imbricated dark red-brown puberulous scales slightly ciliate
on the thin margins. Bark ^'— |' thick, with a smooth light brown surface slightly
tinged with red and covered by smooth closely appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard,
strong, close-grained, light brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood; little valued
except as fuel-
Distribution. High sandy borders of swamps and streams and the rich bottom-
lands of rivers; southern Delaware southward to Cape Malabar and the shores of
Tampa Bay, Florida, ranging inland through the south Atlantic states to the base of
the Appalachian Mountains, west through the Gulf states to the valley of the Colo-
rado River, Texas, through the eastern borders of the Indian Territory, and through
Arkansas to southeastern Missouri and to central Tennessee and Kentucky.

Commonly planted as a shade- tree in the streets and squares of the cities and
towns of the southern states.

++++Leaves lanceolate to oblong or laticeolate-obovate, usually entire. Willow Oaks.

15. Quercus Phellos, L. Willovr Oak.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate or rarely lanceolate-obovate, often somewhat falcate,
gradually narrowed and acute at the ends, and entire, with slightly undulate margins,
when they unfold light yellow-green and lustrous on the upper surface, coated on the
lower with pale caducous pubescence, at maturity glabrous, light green and rather
lustrous above, dull and paler or rarely hoary-pubescent below, conspicuously reticu-
late-venulose, 2^-5' long, ^-1' wide, with slender yellow midribs and obscure pri-
mary veins forked and united about half way between the midribs and margins,
turning pale yellow in the autumn before falling; their petioles stout, about ^' long.
Flowers : staminate in slender-stemmed aments 2'-3' long; calyx yellow, hirsute,
with 4 or 5 acute segments; pistillate on slender glabrous peduncles, their involucral
scales brown covered by pale hairs, about as long as the acute calyx-lobes; stigmas
bright red. Fruit short-stalked or nearly sessile, solitary or in pairs; acorn hemi-
spherical, light yellow-brown, coated with pale pubescence, inclosed only at the very
base in the thin pale reddish brown saucer-shaped cup silky-pubescent on the inner
surface and covered by thin elongated ovate truncate hoary-pubescent scales dark
red-brown on the margins.

A tree, occasionally 70°-80° high, with a trunk 2° or rarely 4° in diameter, small
branches spreading into a comparatively narrow open or conical round-topped head,
and slender glabrous reddish brown branchlets roughened by dark lenticels, becom-
ing in their second year dark brown tinged with red or grayish brown; usually
much smaller. Winter-buds ovate, acute, about ^' long, with dark chestnut-brown
scales pale and scarious on the margins. Bark ^'— |' thick, light red-brown slightly

248

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

tinged with red, generally smooth but on old trees broken by shallow narrow fissures
into irregular plates covered by small closely appressed scales. "Wood heavy, strong,
not hard, rather coarse-grained, light brown tinged with red, with thin lighter colored
sapwood; occasionally used in construction, for clapboards and the fellies of wheels.

Distribution. Low wet borders of swamps and streams and rich sandy uplands;
Staten Island, New York, to northeastern Florida, through the Gulf states to the
valley of the Sabine River, Texas, and through Arkansas and southeastern Missouri
to central Tennessee and southern Kentucky; in the Atlantic states usually confined
to the maritime plain; less common in the middle districts, rarely extending to the
Appalachian foothills.

Occasionally planted as a shade-tree in the streets of southern towns, and rarely in
western Europe.

Quercus Rudkini, Britt., a supposed hybrid between Quercus Phellos and Quercus
Marilandica, is common on Staten Island and in southern New Jersey.

Quercus heterophylla, Michx. f.

This is perhaps a hybrid between Quercus Phellos and Quercus velutina. It was first

FAGACE^

249

known in the eighteenth century from an individual growing in a field belonging to
John Bartram on the Schuylkill River, Philadelphia. What appears to be the same
form has since been discovered in a number of stations from New Jersey to Texas,
and it is possible that Quercus heterophylla may, as many botanists have believed, best
be considered a species.

16. Quercus laurifolia, Michx. Water Oak.

Leaves oblong-oval to oblong-obovate, sometimes falcate, gradually narrowed
and acute or rarely rounded at the ends, entire, with slightly thickened often undu-
late margins, or on vigorous branches of young trees frequently unequally lobed.

r

i(^.202

with small almost triangular lobes, when they unfold green tinged with dark red
and slightly puberulous, at maturity thin, green, and very lustrous above, light green
and less lustrous below, usually 3'-4:' long and |' wide, with conspicuous yellow mid-
ribs, falling irregularly during the winter; their petioles stout, yellow, rarely more
than \' long. Flowers: staminate in red-stemmed hairy aments 2'-3' long; calyx
thin and scarious, pubescent on the outer surface, deeply divided into 4 ovate rounded
lobes; pistillate on stout glabrous peduncles, their involucral scales brown and hairy,
about as long as the acute calyx-lobes; stigmas dark red. Fruit sessile or subsessile,
generally solitary; acorn nearly ovoid to hemispherical, broad and slightly rounded
at the base, full and rounded at the puberulous apex, dark brown, becoming striate
in drying, with brown and dark olive-green stripes, about \' long, inclosed for about
one fourth its length in a thin saucer-shaped cup red-brown and silky-pubescent on
the inner surface, and covered by thin ovate light red-brown scales rounded at the
ends and pale-pubescent except on their darker colored margins.

A tree, occasionally 100° high, with a tall trunk 3°^° in diameter, and compara-
tively slender branches spreading gradually into a broad dense round-topped shapely
head, and slender glabrous branchlets dark red when they first appear, dark red-
brown during their first winter, becoming reddish brown or dark gray in their second
season. Winter-buds broadly ovate or oval, abruptly narrowed and acute at the
apex, Ye'-y long, with numerous thin closely imbricated bright red-brown scales
ciliate on the margins. Bark of young trees \'-V thick, dark brown more or less
tinged with red, roughened by small closely appressed scales, becoming at the base

250

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

of old trees V-2' thick, nearly black, and divided by deep fissures into broad flat
ridges. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, coarse-grained, liable to check badly
in drying', dark brown tinged with red, with thick lighter colored sapwood; probably
used only as fuel.

Distribution. Sandy banks of streams and swamps and rich hummocks in the
neighborhood of the coast; Dismal Swamp, Virginia, southward to the shores of
Mosquito Inlet and Cape Romano, Florida, and along the Gulf coast to Louisiana;
nowhere abundant, but most common and of its largest size in eastern Florida.

17. Quercus brevifolia, Sarg. Blue Jack.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate to oblong-obovate, gradually narrowed and wedge-
shaped or sometimes rounded at the base, acute or rounded and apiculate at the
apex, entire, with slightly thickened undulate margins, or at the ends of vigorous
sterile branches occasionally 3-lobed at the apex and variously lobed on the margins,
when they unfold bright pink and pubescent on the upper surface, coated on the
lower with thick silvery white tomentum, at maturity firm in texture, blue-green,
lustrous, conspicuously reticulate-venulose above, pale-tomentose below, 2'-5' long,
■|'-1^' wide, with stout yellow midribs and remote obscure primary veins forked and
united within the margins, deciduous late in the autumn or in early winter; their
petioles stout, \'-^' long. Flovrers : staminate in hoary-tomentose aments 2'-3'
long; calyx pubescent, bright red, furnished at the apex with a thick tuft of silvery
white hairs before opening, divided into 4 or 5 ovate acute segments, becoming yel-
low as it unfolds; stamens 4 or 5; anthers apiculate, dark red in the bud, becoming
yellow; pistillate on short stout tomentose peduncles, their involucral scales about

as long as the acute calyx-lobes and coated with pale tomentum; stigmas dark red.
Fruit produced in great profusion, sessile or raised on a short stem rarely ^' long;
acorn ovate, full and rounded at the ends, subglobose, about y long, often striate, and
hoary-pubescent at the apex, inclosed only at the bottom or for one half its length
in a thin saucer-shaped or cup-shaped cup bright red-brown and coated with lustrous
pale pubescence on the inner surface, and covered by thin closely imbricated ovate-
oblong scales hoary-tomentose except on the dark red-brown margins.

A tree, usually 15°-20° high, with a trunk 5'-6' in diameter, stout branches form-

FAGACE^ 251

ing a narrow irregular head, and thick rigid branchlets coated at first with a dense
fulvous hoary tomentum of articulate and stellate hairs, soon becoming glabrous or
puberulous, dark brown sometimes tinged with red during their first winter and
darker in their second year; or occasionally 50° high, with a trunk 18'-20' in diame-
ter, and a broad round-topped shapely head. Winter-buds ovate, acute, with numer-
ous rather loosely imbricated bright chestnut-brown scales ciliate on the margins,
often I' long on vigorous branches, frequently obtuse and occasionally much smaller.
Bark f '-1^' thick, and divided into thick nearly square plates l'-2' long, and cov-
ered by small dark brown or nearly black scales slightly tinged with red. Wood
hard, strong, close-grained, light brown tinged with red, with thick darker colored
sap wood; probably used only as fuel.

Distribution. Sandy barrens and upland ridges; North Carolina south to Cape
Malabar and the shores of Peace Creek, Florida, and westward along the Gulf coast
to the valley of the Brazos River, Texas; in the Atlantic and middle Gulf states
usually confined to a maritime belt 40-50 miles wide; extending across the Florida
peninsula, and in Texas ranging inland to the neighborhood of Dallas in about lati-
tude 33.

18. Querous imbricaria, Michx. Shingle Oak. Laurel Oak.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate to oblong-obovate, apiculate and acute or rounded at
the apex, gradually narrowed and wedge-shaped or rounded at the base, entire, with

f^\(j.^(DM-

slightly thickened revolute often undulate margins, or sometimes more or less 3-
lobed, or on sterile branches occasionally repand-lobulate, when they unfold bright
red, soon becoming yellow-green, covered with scurfy rusty pubescence on the upper
surface and hoary-tomentose on the lower, at maturity thin, glabrous, dark green,
and very lustrous above, pale green or light brown and pubescent below, 4'-6' long,
|'-2' wide, with stout yellow midribs, numerous slender yellow veins arcuate and
united at some distance from the margins, and reticulate veinlets, late in the autumn
before falling turning dark red on the upper surface; their petioles stout, pubescent,
rarely more than ^' long. Flowers: staminate in hoary-tomentose aments 2'-3'
long; calyx light yellow, pubescent, and divided into 4 acute segments; pistillate on
slender tomentose peduncles, their involucral scales covered with pale pubescence

252 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

and about as long as the acute calyx-lobes; stigmas greenish yellow. Fruit solitary
or in pairs, on stout peduncles nearly ^' long; acorn nearly as broad as long, full and
rounded at the ends, dark chestnut-brown, often obscurely striate, -^'-f long, in-
closed for one third to one half its length in a thin cup-shaped or turbinate cup
bright red-brown and lustrous on the inner surface, and covered by thin ovate light
red-brown scales rounded and acute at the apex and pubescent except on their darker
colored margins.

A tree, usually 50°-C0° high, with a trunk rarely exceeding 3° in diameter, or
rarely 100° high, with a long naked stem 3°-4° in diameter, slender tough horizontal
or somewhat pendulous branches forming a narrow round-topped picturesque head,
and slender branchlets dark green, lustrous, and often suffused with red when they
first appear, soon glabrous, light reddish brown or light brown during their first
winter and dark brown in their second year. "Winter-buds ovate, acute, about
^' long, obscurely angled and covered by closely inibricated light chestnut-brown
lustrous scales erose and often ciliate on the margins. Bark on young stems and on
their branches thin, light brown, smooth, and lustrous, becoming on old trunks f -1^-'
thick, and slightly divided by irregular shallow fissures into broad ridges covered by
close slightly appressed light brown scales somewhat tinged with red. Wood heavy,
hard, rather coarse-grained, light brown tinged with red, with thin lighter colored
sapwood; occasionally used in construction, and for clapboards and shingles.

Distribution. Rich uplands and the fertile bottom-lands of rivers; Lehigh County,
Pennsylvania, westward through southern Michigan and Wisconsin to northern Mis-
souri and northeastern Kansas, southward to the District of Columbia, and along the
Alleg-hanv Mountains to northern Georgia and Alabama, middle Tennessee and north-
ern Arkansas; comparatively rare in the east; one of the most abundant Oaks of
the lower Ohio basin; probably growing to its largest size in southern Indiana and
Illinois.

Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in the northern states, and hardy as far
north as Massachusetts.

Quercus Leana, Nutt., scattered usually in solitary individuals from the District
of Columbia and western North Carolina to southern Michigan, central and northern
Illinois and southeastern Missouri, is believed to be a hybrid between this species
and Quercus velutina.

** Leaves persistent until the appearance of those of the following year.

19. Quercus hypoleuca, Engelm.

Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate to elliptical, occasionally somewhat fal-
cate, acute and often apiculate at the apex, wedge-shaped or rounded or cordate at
the narrow base, entire or repandly serrate above the middle, with occasionally small
minute rigid spinose teeth, or on vigorous shoots serrate-lobed, with oblique acute
lobes, when they unfold light red, covered with close pale pubescence above and
coated below with thick hoary tomentum, at maturity thick and firm, dark yellow-
green and lustrous on the upper surface, covered on the lower with thick silvery
white or fulvous tomentum, 2'-4' long, ^'-1' wide, with thickened revolute margins,
turning yellow or brown and falling gradually during the spring after the appear-
ance of the new leaves; their petioles stout, flattened, pubescent or tomentose, \'-\'
long. Flo"wers : staminate in slender aments 4'-5' long; calyx thin and scarious,
slightly tinged with red, covered with pale hairs and deeply divided into 4 or 5

J

FAGACE^

253

broadly ovate rounded lobes; anthers acute, apieulate, bright red becoming yellow;
pistillate mostly solitary, sessile or short-stalked, their iuvolucral scales and calyx-

pi^.2o;

lobes thin, scarious, and soft-pubescent; stigmas dark red. Fruit sessile or borne on
a stout peduncle ^' long, usually solitary; acorn ovate, acute or rounded at the nar-
row hoary-pubescent apex, dark green and often striate when ripe, becoming light
chestnut-brown in drying, l'-|' long, the shell lined with white tomentum, inclosed
for about one third its length in a turbinate thick cup pubescent on the inner sur-
face, and covered by thin broadly ovate light chestnut-brown scales rounded at the
apex and clothed, especially toward the base of the cup, with soft silvery pubescence.

A tree, usually 20°-30° or sometimes 60^ high, with a tall trunk 10'-15' in diame-
ter, slender branches spreading into a narrow round-topped inversely conical head,
and stout rigid branchlets coated at first with thick hoary tomentum disappearing
during the first winter, becoming light red-brown often covered with a glaucous
bloom and ultimately nearly black; frequently a shrub. Winter-buds ovate, obtuse,
about I' long, with thin light chestnut-brown scales. Bark |'-1' thick, nearly black,
deeply divided into broad ridges broken on the surface into thick plate-like scales.
"Wood heavy, very strong, hard, close-grained, dark brown, with thick lighter
colored sapwood.

Distribution. Scattered but nowhere abundant through Pine forests on the slopes
of canons and on high ridges usually from 6000°-7000° above the sea on the moun-
tains of western Texas, and of New Mexico and Arizona south of the Colorado
plateau; in northern Chihuahua and Sonora.

20. Quercus Wislizeni, A. DC. Live Oak.

Leaves narrowly lanceolate to broadly oval, mostly oblong-lanceolate, acute or
rounded and generally apieulate at the apex, rounded or truncate or gradually nar-
rowed and wedge-shaped at the base, entire, serrulate or serrate or sinuate-dentate,
with spreading rigid spinescent teeth, when they unfold thin, dark red, ciliate, and
covered with pale scattered stellate hairs, at maturity thick and coriaceous, glabrous
and lustrous, dark green on the upper and paler and yellow-green on the lower
surface, usually I'-l^' long and about |' wide, with obscure primary veins and con-
spicuous reticulate veinlets, gradually deciduous during their second summer and

254

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

autumn; their petioles coated at first with hoary tomentum, usually pubescent or
puberulous at maturity, \' to nearly 1' long. Flo"wers: staminate in hairy aments
3'-4' long; calyx tinged with red in the bud, deeply divided into broadly ovate cili-
ate glabrous light yellow lobes shorter than the 3-C stamens; pistillate sessile or
short-stalked, their involucral scales and peduncle hoary-tomentose. Fruit sessile,
short-stalked or occasionally spicate; acorn slender, oblong-oval, abruptly narrowed
at the base, pointed and pilose at the apex, |'-1^' long, about ^' wide, light chestnut-
brown, often striate, the shell lined with a scanty coat of pale tomentum, more
or less inclosed in the thin turbinate sometimes tubular cup ^-1' deep, or rarely
cup-shaped and shallow, light green and puberulous within, and covered by oblong-
lanceolate light brown closely imbricated thin scales, sometimes towards its base

thickened and rounded on the back, usually pubescent or puberulous, especially
above the middle, and frequently ciliate on the margins.

A tree, usually 70°-80° high, with a short trunk 4°-6° in diameter, stout spread-
ing branches forming a round-topped head, and slender rigid branchlets coated at
first with hoary tomentum or covered with loose scattered stellate pubescence, puber-
ulous or glabrous and rather light brown daring their first season, gradually grow-
ing darker in their second year; usually much smaller and sometimes reduced to
an intricately branched shrub, with numerous stems only a few feet tall. Winter-
buds ovate or oval, acute, Y~\' ^^^S^ with closely imbricated light chestnut-brown
ciliate scales. Bark on young trees and large branches thin, generally smooth and
light-colored, becoming on old trunks 2'-3' thick, and divided into broad rounded
often connected ridges separating on the surface into small thick closely appressed
dark brown scales slightly tinged with red. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, close-
grained, light brown tinged with red, with thick lighter colored sapwood; sometimes
used for fuel.

Distribution. Lower slopes of Mt. Shasta southward through the coast region of
California to the Santa Lucia Mountains, and to Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz Islands,
and along the slopes of the Sierra Nevada to the Tejon Pass; as a shrub on the
desert slopes of the San Bernardino, San Jacinto and Cuyamaca mountains, and on
San Pedro Martir in Lower California; nowhere common as a tree, but most abundant
and of its largest size in the valleys of the coast region of central California at some

FAGACE^

255

distance from the sea, and on the foothills of the Sierra Nevada; very common as
a shrub in the canons of the desert slopes of the mountains of southern California;
near the coast and on the islands small and mostly shrubby.

Quercus Morehus, Kell., a supposed hybrid between this species and Quercus Cali-
fornica, occurs in Lake County, California.

21. Quercus myrtifolia, "Willd. Scrub Oak.

Leaves oval to oblong-obovate, acute and apiculate or broad and rounded at the
apex, gradually narrowed and wedge-shaped or broad and rounded or cordate at
the base, entire, with much thickened revolute sometimes undulate margins, or on
vigorous shoots sinuate-dentate and lobed above the middle, when they unfold, thin,
dark red, coated below and on the petioles with clammy rusty tomentum and covered
above with stellate pubescence, at maturity thick and coriaceous, lustrous, dark
green, glabrous, and conspicuously reticulate-venulose on the upper surface, paler,
yellow-green, or light orange-brown, glabrous or pubescent, on the lower surface,
with tufts of rusty hairs in the axils of the veins, \'-2' long and \'-V wide, falling
gradually during their second year; their petioles stout, pubescent, yellow, rarely

more than \' long. Flowers: staminate in hoary stellate pubescent aments V-l\'
long; calyx coated on the outer surface with rusty hairs and divided into 5 ovate
acute thin segments shorter than the 2 or 3 stamens; pistillate sessile or nearly
sessile, solitary or in pairs, their involucral scales tomentose and tinged with red.
Fruit solitary or in pairs, sessile or short-stalked; acorn subglobose or ovate, acute,
\'-\' long, dark brown, lustrous and often striate, puberulous at the apex, the shell
lined with a thick coat of rusty tomentum, inclosed for one fourth to one third its
length in a saucer-shaped or turbinate cup light brown and puberulous within, and
covered by closely imbricated broad ovate light brown pubescent scales ciliate on
the margins and rounded at their broad apex.

A slender tree, rarely 20° high, with a trunk 4'-5' in diameter, with short spread-
ing branches and slender branchlets coated at first with a thick pale fulvous tomen-
tum of articulate hairs usually persistent during the summer, light brown more or
less tinged with red or dark gray, and pubescent or puberulous during their first
winter, becoming darker and glabrous in their second season; more often au intri-

256

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

cately branched shrub, with slender rigid stems 3°-4° or rarely 15°-20° high and
l'-3' in diameter. Winter-buds ovate or oval, gradually narrowed to the acute
apex, with closely imbricated dark chestnut-brown slightly puberulous scales. Bark
thin and smooth, becoming near the ground dark and slightly furrowed.

Distribution. Dry sandy ridges on the seashore and islands from South Carolina
to eastern Florida and from the shores of Bay Biscay ne to eastern Louisiana; most
abundant on the islands off the coast of Alabama and Mississippi, often covering
large areas with low impenetrable thickets; probably only arborescent near the
mouth of the Appalachicola River, Florida.

22. Quercus agrifolia, N^e. Live Oak. Encina.

Leaves oval, orbicular or oblong, rounded or acute and apiculate at the apex,
rounded or cordate at the base, entire or sinuate-dentate, with slender rigid spinose
teeth, when they unfold tinged with red and coated with caducous hoary tomentum,
at maturity subcoriaceous, convex, dark or pale green, dull and obscurely reticulate

riQ.2(Dg

above, paler, rather lustrous, glabrous, or stellate-pubescent below, with tufts of
rusty hairs in the axils of the principal veins, or sometimes covered above with stel-
late hairs and coated below with thick hoary pubescence, varying from |'-4' long
and from ^'-3' wide, with thickened strongly revolute margins, falling gradually
during the winter and early spring; their petioles stout or slender, pubescent or
glabrous, ^'-V long. Flowers: staminate in slender hairy aments 3'-4' long; calyx
bright pnrple-red in the bud, sometimes furnished with a tuft of long pale hairs at
the apex, glabrous or glabrate, divided nearly to the base into 5-7 ovate acute
segments reddish above the middle; pistillate sessile or short-stalked, their involucral
scales bright red and covered with thick hoary tomentum, or glabrous or puberulous;
stigmas bright red. Fruit sessile or nearly so, solitary or in few-fruited clusters;
acorn elongated, ovate, abruptly narrowed at the base, gradually narrowed to the
acute puberulous apex, light chestnut-brown, f '-1^ long, ^-f ' broad, the shell lined
with a thick coat of pale tomentum, inclosed for one third its length or only at the
base in a thin turbinate light brown cup coated on the inner surface with soft pale
silky pubescence, and covered by thin papery scales rounded at the narrow apex,
and slightlv puberulous, especially toward the base of the cup.

FAGACE^

257

A tre?, occasionally 80°-90° high, with a short trunk 3°-4° or rarely 6°-7° in
diameter, dividing a few feet above the base into numerous great limbs often resting
on the ground and forming a low round-topped head frequently 150° across, and
slender dark gray or brown branchlets tinged with red, coated at first with hoary
toraentum persistent until the second or third year; or sometimes the trunk, rising
to the height of 30*^ or 40°, is crowned by a narrow head of small branches; often
much smaller; frequently shrubby in habit, with slender stems only a few feet high.
Winter-buds globose and usually about Jg' long, or ovate-oblong, acute, and some-
times on vigorous shoots nearly ^' in length, with thin broadly ovate closely imbri-
cated light chestnut-browai glabrous or pubescent scales. Bark of young stems and
branches thin, close, light brown or pale bluish gray, becoming on old trunks 2'-3'
thick, dark brown slightly tinged with red, and divided into broad rounded ridges
separating on the surface into small closely appressed scales. "Wood heavy, hard,
close-grained, very brittle, light brown or reddish brown, with thick darker colored
sapwood; valued and largely used for fuel.

Distribution. Usually in open groves of great extent from Mendocino County,
California, southward through the coast ranges and islands to Mt. San Pedro Martir,
Lower California; less common at the north; very abundant and of its largest size
in the valleys south of San Francisco Bay; frequently covering with semiprostrate
and contorted stems the sand dunes on the coast in the central part of the state; in
southwestern California the largest and most generally distributed Oak-tree between
the mountains and the sea, often covering low hills and ascending to elevations of
2800° in the caiions of the San Gorgonio Pass.

Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental tree in temperate western and southern
Europe.

** Stamens usually 6-8 ; stigmas dilated ; abortive ovules basal or lateral • leaves
persistent.

23. Quercus chrysolepis, Liebm. Live Oak. Maul Oak.

Leaves oblong-ovate to elliptical, acute or cuspidate at the apex, cordate, rounded
or wedge-shaped at the base, mostly entire on old trees or often dentate or sinuate-

h^- ^09

dentate on young trees, with 1 or 2 or many spinescent teeth, the two forms often
appearing together on vigorous shoots, clothed when they unfold with a thick tomen-

258 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

turn of fulvous articulate hairs soon deciduous from the upper and more gradually
from the lower surface, at maturity thick and coriaceous, bright yellow-green and
glabrous above, more or less fulvous-tomentose below during their first year, ulti-
mately becoming glabrate and bluish white, 1'^' long, |'-2' wide, with thickened
revolute margins; deciduous during their third and fourth years; their petioles
slender, yellow, rarely ^' long. Fio"wers: staminate in slender tomentose aments
2'-4' long; calyx light yellow, pubescent, divided usually into 5-7 broadly ovate
acute ciliate lobes often tinged with red above the middle; pistillate sessile or
subsessile or rarely in short few-flowered spikes, their broadly ovate involucral
scales coated with fulvous tomentum; stigmas bright red. Fruit usually solitary,
sessile or short-stalked; acorn oval or ovate, acute or rounded at the full or narrow
slightly puberuious apex, light chestnut-brown, i -2' long and about as broad, the
shell lined with a thin coat of loose tomentum, with abortive ovules scattered irregu-
larly over the side of the seed, inclosed only at the base in a thin hemispherical or
in a thick turbinate broad-rimmed cup pale green or dark reddish brown within,
and covered by small triangular closely appressed scales, with short free tips clothed
with hoary pubescence, or often hidden in a dense coat of fulvous tomentum.

A tree, usually not more than 40°-50° high, with a short trunk 3°-5° in diameter,
dividing into great horizontal limbs sometimes forming a head 150° across, and
slender rigid or flexible branchlets coated at first with thick fulvous tomentum,
becoming during their first winter dark brown somewhat tinged with red, tomentose,
pubescent, or glabrous, and ultimately light brown or ashy gray; occasionally in
sheltered canons producing trunks 8°-9° in diameter; on exposed mountain sides
forming dense thickets 15°-20° high; and on high subalpine slopes a low prostrate
shrub (var. vaccinifolia, Engelm.), with small leaves and acorns and thin shallow
cups covered by thin red-brown slightly pubescent scales. Winter-buds broadly
ovate or oval, acute, about ^ long, with closely imbricated light chestnut-brown
usually puberuious scales. Bark f '-1^' thick, light or dark gray-brown tinged with
red, and covered by small closely appressed scales. "Wood heavy, very strong,
hard, tougli, close-grained, light brown, with thick darker colored sap wood; used in
the manufacture of agricultural implements and wagons.

Distribution. Southern Oregon, along the California coast ranges and the western
slopes of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains, and
on Mt. San Pedro Martir in Lower California; on the high summits of the moun-
tain ranges of southern Arizona, New Mexico, and northern Sonora, and here
usually small or shrubby; of its largest size in the canons of the coast ranges of
central California and on the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, ascending to eleva-
tions of 8000°-9000° above the sea; in its Alpine shrubby form covering great areas
with dense thickets; near the southern boundary of California usually shrubby, with
rigid branches, rigid coriaceous oblong or semiorbicular spinose-dentate leaves, sub-
sessile or pedunculate fruit, with ovate acute acorns 1-1^' long, their shell lined
with thick or thin pale tomentum, and purple cotyledons (Q. chrysolepis, var. Pal-
meri, Engelm.).

24. Quercus tomentella, Engelm.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, sometimes cuspidate or occasionally rounded at
the apex, broad and rounded or gradually narrowed and abruptly wedge-shaped at
the base, remotely crenate-dentate, with small remote spreading callous tipped teeth,
or entire, when they unfold light green tinged with red, covered above with scat-

FAGACEJE

259

tered pale stellate hairs and below and on the petioles with thick hoary tomentum,
at maturity thick and coriaceous, dark green, glabrous and lustrous on the upper
surface, pale and covered with stellate hairs on the lower surface, 2'-4' long, l'-2'
wide, with thickened strongly revolute margins, and pubescent midribs, gradually
deciduous during their third season; their petioles stout, pubescent, about ^' long.
Flo"wers: staminate in pubescent aments 2^'-14' long, calyx light yellow, stellate-
pubescent, divided iuto 5-7 ovate acute lobes; pistillate subsessile or in few-flowered

hc,.2/0

spikes on short or elongated pubescent peduncles, their involucral scales like the calyx
coated with stellate hairs; stigmas red. Fruit subsessile or short-stalked; acorn
oval, broad at the base, full and rounded at the apex, about 1^' long and f wide,
inclosed only at the base in a cup-shaped shallow cup thickened below, light brown
and pubescent on the inner surface, and covered by thin ovate acute scales, with free
chestnut-brown tips more or less hidden in a thick coat of hoary tomentum.

A tree, 30°-4:0°, or occasionally 60° high, with a trunk l°-2° in diameter, spread-
ing branches forming a shapely round-topped head, and slender branchlets coated at
first with hoary tomentum, becoming light brown tinged with red or orange color.
Winter-buds ovate, acute or obtuse, nearly y long, with many loosely imbricated
light chestnut-brown scales more or less clothed with pale pubescence. Bark thin,
reddish brown, broken into large closely appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard,
close-grained, compact, pale yellow-brown, with lighter colored sapwood.

Distribution. Deep narrow canons and high wind-swept slopes of Santa Rosa,
Santa Cruz, and Santa Catalina islands, California; on Guadaloupe Island off the
coast of Lower California.

2. Stamens usually 6-8 ; stigmas dilated ; fruit maturing at the end ofthejirst season;
shell of the acorn glabrous on the inner surface Qioary-tomentose in J/J) ; abortive
ovules basal. White Oaks.
*Leaves or their lobes usually without bristle tips except on vigorous shoots.
-i-Leaves deciduous in their first autumn or winter.
++Leaves lyrate or sinuate-pinnatifd, rarely entire.

25. Quercus alba, L. White Oak.

Leaves obovate-oblong, acute or rounded at the apex, gradually narrowed and
wedge-shaped at the base, divided into usually 7 oblique broad or narrow mostly

260

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

entire lobes, the lateral lobes sometimes slightly lobed, when they unfold bright red
above, pale below and coated with soft pubescence, soon becoming silvery white and
very lustrous, at maturity thin, firm, glabrous, bright green and lustrous or dull
above, pale or glaucous below, 5'-9' long, 2'-^' broad, with stout bright yellow mid-
ribs, conspicuous primary veins, turning late in the autumn deep rich vinous red,
gradually withering and sometimes remaining on the branches nearly through the
winter; their petioles stout, glabrous, ^' V long. FIo^vers: staminate in hirsute or
nearly glabrous aments 2|'-3' long; calyx bright yellow and pubescent, with acute
lobes; pistillate bright red, their involucral scales broadly ovate, hirsute, about as
long as the ovate acute calyx-lobes. Fruit sessile or raised on a slender peduncle
l'-2' long, the two forms sometimes appearing on the same branch; acorn ovoid to
oblong, rounded at the apex, lustrous, |' long, green when fully grown, becoming
light chestnut-brown, inclosed for about one fourth its length in the cup-shaped cup

p/(7.^//

coated with pale or light brown tomentum, its scales at the base much thickened,
united and produced into short obtuse membranaceous tips, and thinner toward the
rim of the cup.

A tree, 80°-100° high, with a trunk 3°-4° in diameter, tall and naked in the forest,
short in the open, and surmounted by a broad round-topped head of stout limbs
spreading irregularly, small rigid branches, and slender branchlets at first bright
green, often tinged with red, and coated with a loose mass of long pale or ferrugine-
ous deciduous hairs, reddish brown during the summer, bright red and lustrous or
covered with a glaucous bloom during their first winter, becoming ultimately ashy
gray. "Winter-buds broadly ovate, rather obtuse, dark red-brown, about ^' long.
Bark light gray slightly tinged with red or brown, or occasionally nearly white,
broken into thin appressed scales, becoming on old trunks sometimes 2' thick and
divided into broad flat ridges. "Wood strong, very heavy, hard, tough, close-grained,
durable, light brown, with thin light brown sap wood; used in shipbuilding, for con-
struction and in cooperage, the manufacture of carriages, agricultural implements,
baskets, the interior finish of houses, cabinet-making, for railway-ties and fences,
and largely as fuel.

FAGACE^

261

Distribution. Sandy plains and gravelly ridges, rich uplands, intervales, and
moist bottom-lauds, sometimes forming nearly pure forests; southern Maine to
southwestern Quebec, westward through southern Ontario, the lower peninsula of
Michigan, and southern Minnesota to southeastern Nebraska and eastern Kansas,
and southward to northern Florida and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas; most
abundant and of its largest size on the western slopes of the southern Alleghany
Mountains, and on the bottom-lands of the lower Ohio basin.

26. Quercus lobata. Nee. White Oak. Valley Oak.

Leaves oblong to obovate, deeply 7-11 obliquely lobed, rounded at the narrowed
apex, narrowed and wedge-shaped or broad and rounded or cordate at the base, the
lateral lobes obovate, obtuse or retuse, or ovate and rounded, thin, 21-3' or rarely
4' long, l'-2' broad, dark green and stellate-pubescent above, pale and pubescent
below, with stout pale midribs, and conspicuous yellow veins running to the slightly
thickened and revolute margins; their petioles stout, hirsute, 1'-^' long. Flowers:
staminate in hirsute aments 2'-3' long; calyx light yellow and divided into 6 or 8
acute pubescent ciliate lobes; pistillate solitary, sessile or rarely in elongated few-
flowered spikes, their involucral scales broadly ovate, acute, coated with dense pale
tomentum, about as long as the narrow calyx-lobes. Fruit solitary or in pairs,
nearly sessile; acorn conical, elongated, rounded or pointed at the apex, 1^-2^^' long.

r

bright green and lustrous when fully grown, becoming bright chestnut-brown, usu-
ally inclosed for about one third its length in the cup-shaped cup coated with pale
tomentum on the outer surface, usually irregularly tuberculate below, all but the
much-thickened basal scales elongated into acute ciliate chestnut-brown free tips
longest on the upper scales and forming a short fringe-like border to the rim of the
cup.

A tree, often 100° high, with a trunk generally 3°-4°, but sometimes 10° in diam-
eter, divided near the ground or usually 20°-30° above it into great limbs spread-
ing at wide angles and forming a broad head of slender branches hanging gracefully
in long sprays and sometimes sweeping the ground; less frequently with upper limbs
growing almost at right angles with the trunk and forming a narrow rigid head of

262

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

variously contorted erect or pendant branches, and slender branchlets coated at first
with short silky canescent pubescence, ashy gray, light reddish brown, or pale orange-
brown and slightly pubescent in their first winter, becoming glabrous and lighter
colored during their second year. Winter-buds ovate, acute, usually about \' long,
with orange-brown pubescent scales scarious and frequently ciliate on the margins.
Bark |'-1^' thick and covered by small loosely appressed light gray scales slightly
tinged with orange or brown, becoming at the base of old trees frequently 5'-6' thick
and divided by longitudinal fissures into broad flat ridges, broken horizontally into
short plates. "Wood hard, fine-grained, brittle, light brown, with thin lighter colored
sapwood ; used only for fuel.

Distribution. Valleys of western California between the Sierra Nevada and the
ocean from the upper Sacramento to the Tejon Pass; most abundant and forming
open groves in the central valleys of the state.

27. Quercus Garryaua, Hook. White Oak.

Leaves obovate to oblong, pointed at the apex, wedge-shaped or rounded at the
base, coarsely pinnatifid-lobed, with slightly thickened revolute margins, coated at
first with soft pale lustrous pubescence, at maturity thick and firm or subcoriaceous.

f^/(,. 2JJ

dark green and lustrous and glabrous above, light green or orange-brown and pubes-
cent or glabrate on the lower surface, 4'-6' long, 2'-5' broad, with stout yellow mid-
ribs, and conspicuous primary veins spreading at right angles, or gradually diverging
from the midrib and running to the points of the lobes, sometimes turning bright
scarlet in the autumn; their petioles stout, pubescent, ^'-1' long. Flowers: stami-
nate in hirsute aments; calyx glabrous, laciniately cut into ovate acute slightly ciliate
or linear-lanceolate much elongated segments; pistillate sessile and coated with pale
tomentum. Fruit sessile or short-stalked; acorn oval to slightly obovate and obtuse,
I'-l^' long and ^-1' broad, inclosed at the base in a shallow cup-shaped or slightly
turbinate cup puberulous and light brown on the inner surface, pubescent or tomen-
fose on the outer, and covered by ovate acute scales with pointed and often elon-
gated tips, thin, free, or sometimes thickened and more or less united toward the
base of the cup, decreasing from below upward.

A tree, usually 60°-70° or sometimes nearly 100° high, with a trunk 2°-3° in

FAGACEJS

263

diameter, stout ascending or spreading branches forming a broad compact head,
and stout branchlets coated at first with thick pale rufous pubescence, pubescent or
tomentose and light or dark orange color during their first winter, becoming gla-
brous and rather bright reddish brown in their second year and ultimately gray;
or frequently at high elevations, or when exposed to the winds from the ocean,
reduced to a low shrub. Winter-buds ovate, acute, ^'-^' long, densely clothed with
light ferrugineous tomentum. Bark ^'-V thick, divided by shallow fissures into
broad ridges separating on the surface into light brown or gray scales sometimes
slightly tinged with orange color. Wood strong, hard, close-grained, frequently
exceedingly tough and valuable, light brown or yellow, with thin nearly white sap-
wood ; in Oregon and Washington used in the manufacture of carriages and wagons,
in cabinet-making, shipbuilding, and cooperage, and largely as fuel.

Distribution. Valleys and the dry gravelly slopes of low hills; Vancouver Island
and the valley of the lower Fraser E,iver southward through western Washington
and Oregon and the California coast-valleys to the Santa Cruz Mountains; rare and
local and the only Oak-tree in British Columbia; abundant and of its largest size
in the valleys of western Washington and Oregon, and ascending in its shrubby
forms to considerable elevations on the western slopes of the Cascade Mountains;
abundant in northwestern California; less common and of smaller size southward.

28. Quercus Gambelii, Nutt. White Oak. Shin Oak.

Leaves broadly obovate to oblong-lanceolate, rounded at the narrow apex, wedge-
shaped or sometimes narrowed and rounded or broad and cordate at the base,
variously lobed or pinnatifid, the lobes entire, emarginate, or lobed, when they unfold
coated below with thick white tomentum and above with scattered stellate pubes-
cence, at maturity thick and firm, glabrous and rarely stellate-pubescent, lustrous
and dark yellow-green or dull yellow-green above, and paler and soft-pubescent

h(q.2.ia-

below, 3'-5' long, l'-5' wide, with prominent pale midribs hirsute below and occa-
sionally above, primary veins running to the points of the lobes, secondary veins
arcuate and united near the margins, and conspicuous veinlets, turning scarlet or
orange-colored in the autumn; their petioles stout, glabrous, \'-^' long. Flowers:
staminate in slender hirsute aments ; calyx yellow, divided into 5 or 6 acute lobes;

2G4 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

pistillate bright red, sessile or sliort-stalUtd, solitary or in elongated few-flowered
spikes, their invojueral scales ovate, rounded, eoated with soft pale tonientuni, about
as long as the acute calyx-lobes. Fruit sessile or pediinetdate; acorn oval, broad at
the base, obtuse and rounded or sonietinies narrowed and acute at the apex, usually
about I' long and |' wide, fre<juently nnieh smaller, dark chestnut-brown or nearly
black, ultimately becoming light chestnut-brown, more or less deejjly inclosed in the
saucer-sha})ed, cup-shaped, or rarely turbinate cup light brown and pubescent on the
inner surface, coated on the outer surface with pale tomentum, and much roughened
below by the thickened mostly united scales rounded on the back and narrowed
except at the base of the cup into short pointed free tips, or rarely with the lower
scales only slightly thickened, with long free tips.

A tree, 20°-25° high, with a trunk 1° in diameter, or rarely 40°-50° high, with a
trunk 18' in diameter, small branches spreading nearly at right angles and forming
a narrow round-topped head, and slender branchlets coated at first with short pale
ferrugineous tomentum, becoming light orange-brown or reddish brown and glabrous
or puberulous in their first winter, growing gradually darker or sometimes ashy gray
during their second and third years and ultimately dark brown or gray; more often
shrubby, forming by vigorous stolons broad low thickets 3°-4° or 15°-20° high,
with a single stem often rising high above the others. Winter-buds ovate, acute,
or obtuse, about ^' long, with light chestnut-brown pubescent scales. Bark -|'-|'
thick, and deeply divided into broad irregular and often connected flat ridges
separating on the surface into thin dark gray scales frequently tinged with red or
brown. "Wood heavy, hard, strong, often tough, dark red-brown, with thin lighter
colored sapwood; largely used for fuel. The bark is occasionally used in tanning
leather.

Distribution. Eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado at elevations
of G000°-7000° above the sea, westward to the Wasatch Mountains of Utah and
southward over mountain ranges and high plateaus to the mouth of the Pecos
River, Texas, the Charleston Mountains of southwestern Nevada, and the mountains
of northern Sonora; common and usually shrubby on the eastern foothills of the
Rocky Mountains; more abundant and the only Oak in southern and southwestern
Colorado, often ascending to elevations of nearly 10,000°, and frequently covering
hillsides with interrupted thickets thousands of acres in extent; very abundant on
the mountains of northern New Mexico and western Texas; the common Oak of the
Colorado plateau, and of its largest size in southern Utah and northern Arizona at
elevations of 6000°-7000° above the sea; on the mountains of southern New Mexico
and Arizona forming a narrow fringe above the groves of Evergreen Oaks and
below the forests of Nut Pines.

29. Quercus minor, Sarg. Post Oak.

Leaves oblong-obovate, usually deeply 5-lobed, with broad sinuses oblique at the
bottom, and short wide lobes, broad and obtusely pointed at the apex, gradually
narrowed and wedge-shaped or occasionally abruptly narrowed and wedge-shaped
or rounded at the base, when they unfold dark red above and densely pubescent,
at maturity thick and firm, deep dark green and roughened by scattered stellate
pale hairs above, covered below with gray, light yellow, or rarely silvery white
pubescence, usually 4'-5' long and 3'-4' across the lateral lobes, with broad light-
colored midribs pubescent on the upper side and tomentose or pubescent on the
lower, stout lateral veins arcuate and united near the margins and connected by

FAGACE^ 265

conspicuous coarsely reticulated veinlets, turning dull yellow or brown in the autumn;
their petioles stout, pubescent, ^' to nearly 1' long. Flo"wers: staminate in ameuts
3'-4' long; calyx hirsute, yellow, usually divided into 5 ovate acute laciniately cut
segments; anthers covered by short scattered pale hairs; pistillate sessile or stalked,

their involucral scales broadly ovate, hirsute; stigmas bright red. Fruit sessile or
short-stalked; acorn oval to ovate or ovate-oblong, broad at the base, obtuse and
naked or covered with pale persistent pubescence at the apex, ^'-1' long, ^'-f ' broad,
sometimes striate, with dark longitudinal stripes, inclosed for one third to one half
its length in the cup-shaped turbinate or rarely saucer-shaped cup pale and pubescent
on the inner surface, hoary-tomentose on the outer surface, and covered by thin
ovate scales rounded and acute at the apex, reddish brown and sometimes toward
the rim of the cup ciliate on the margins, with long pale hairs.

A tree, rarely 100° high, with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter, and stout spreading
branches forming a broad dense round-topped head, and stout branchlets coated at
first, like the young leaves and petioles, the stalks of the aments of staminate
flowers and the peduncles of the pistillate flowers, with thick orange-brown tomen-
tum, light orange color to reddish brown, and covered by short soft pubescence
during their first winter, ultimately gray, dark brown, or nearly black or bright
brown tinged with orange color; usually not more than 50°-60° tall, with a trunk
l°-2° in diameter, and at the northeastern limits of its range generally reduced to
a shrub. Winter-buds broadly ovate, obtuse or rarely acute, ^'-\' long, with
bright chestnut-brown pubescent scales coated toward the margins with scattered
pale hairs. Bark ^'-1' thick, red more or less deeply tinged with brown, and divided
by deep fissures into broad ridges covered on the surface with narrow closely appressed
scales. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, durable in contact with the soil,
difficult to season, light or dark brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood; largely
used for fuel, fencing, railway-ties, and sometimes in the manufacture of carriages,
for cooperage, and in construction.

Distribution. Cape Cod and islands of southern Massachusetts, Rhode Island,
and Long Island, New York to northern Florida and southern Alabama and Missis-
sippi, and from New York westward to Missouri, eastern Kansas, the Indian Terri-
tory, and Texas ; most abundant and of its largest size on dry gravelly uplands in

266

TREES OF NOKTH AMERICA

the Mississippi basin; the common Oak of central Texas on limestone hills and
sandy plains; nsually shrubby and rare and local in southern Massachusetts; more
abundant southward from the coast of the south Atlantic and the eastern Gulf states
to the lower slopes of the Appalachian Mountains.

30. Quercus Chapmani, Sarg.

Leaves oblong to oblong-obovate, rounded at the narrow apex, narrowed and
wedge-shaped or rounded or broad and rounded at the base, entire, with slightly
undulate margins, or obscurely sinuate-lobed above the middle, when they unfold
coated below with tliick bright yellow pubescence and covered above with pale stel-
late deciduous hairs, at maturity thick and firm or subcoriaceous, dark green, gla-
brous and lustrous above, light green or silvery white and glabrous below except on

the slender often pubescent midribs, usually 2'-3' long and 1' wide, but varying from
l'-3' in length and |'-1' in width, falling gradually during the winter or sometimes
persistent until the appearance of the new leaves in the spring; their petioles tomen-
tose, rarely ^' long. Flo"wers : staminate in short hirsute aments ; calyx hirsute, divided
into 5 acute laciniately cut segments; anthers hirsute; pistillate sessile or short-
stalked, their involucral scales coated with dense pale tomentum. Fruit usually
sessile, solitary or in pairs; acorn oval, about |' long and |' broad, pubescent from
the obtuse rounded apex nearly to the middle, inclosed for nearly one half its length
in the deep cup-shaped light brown cup slightly pubescent on the inner surface, and
covered by ovate-oblong pointed scales thickened on the back, especially toward the
base of the cup, and coated with pale tomentum except on their thin reddish brown
margins.

Occasionally a tree, 30° high, with a trunk 1° in diameter, stout branches forming
a round-topped head, and slender branchlets coated at first with dense bright yellow
pubescence, becoming light or dark red-brown and puberulous during their first win-
ter and ultimately ashy gray; more often a rigid shrub sometimes only l°-2° tall.
Winter-buds ovate, acute, obtuse, about ^' long, with glabrous or puberulous light
chestnut-brown scales. Bark dark, separating into large irregular plate-like scales.

Distribution. Sandy barren Pine lands usually in the immediate neighborhood
of the coast from South Carolina to Florida; comparatively rare on the Atlantic sea-

FAGACE^

267

board and in the interior of the Florida peninsula; very abundant in western Florida
from the shores of Tampa Bay to Appalachicola and Santa Rosa Island.

31. Quercus macrocarpa, Michx. Burr Oak. Mossy Cup Oak.

Leaves obovate or oblong, wedge-shaped or occasionally narrow and rounded at
the base, divided by wide sinuses sometimes penetrating nearly to the midrib into
5-7 lobes, the terminal lobe large, oval or obovate, regularly crenately lobed, or
smaller and 3-lobed at the rounded acute apex, when they unfold yellow-green and
pilose above and silvery white and coated below with long pale hairs, at maturity
thick and firm, dark green, lustrous and glabrous, or occasionally pilose on the upper
surface, pale green or silvery white and covered on the lower surface with soft pale
or rarely rufous pubescence, 6'-12' long, 3'-6' wide, with stout pale midribs some-
times pilose on the upper side and pubescent on the lower, large primary veins run-
ning to the points of the lobes, and conspicuous reticulate veinlets, turning dull yellow
or yellowish brown in the autumn; their petioles stout, ^'-1' in length. Flowers :
staminate in slender aments 4'-6' long, with yellow-green stems coated with loosely
matted pale hairs; calyx yellow-green, pubescent, divided into 4-6 laciniately cut
acute segments ending in tufts of long pale hairs; pistillate sessile or stalked; their
involucral scales broadly ovate, often somewhat tinged with red toward the margins

and coated, like the peduncles, with thick pale tomentum; stigmas bright red. Fruit
usually solitary, sessile or long-stalked, exceedingly variable in size and shape ; acorn
oval or broadly ovate, broad at the base and rounded at the obtuse or depressed apex
covered by soft pale pubescence, |' long and ^' wide at the north, sometimes 2' long
and 1^' wide in the south, its cup thick or thin, light brown and pubescent on the
inner surface, hoary-tomentose and covered on the outer surface by large irregularly
imbricated ovate pointed scales, at the base of the cup thin and free or sometimes
much thickened and tuberculate, and near its rim generally developed into long
slender pale awns forming on northern trees a short inconspicuous and at the south
a long conspicuous matted fringe-like border inclosing only the base or nearly the
entire acorn.

A tree, sometimes 170° high, with a trunk 6°-7° in diameter, clear of limbs for
70°-80° above the ground, a broad head of great spreading branches, and stout
branchlets coated at first with thick soft pale deciduous pubescence, light orange

268 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

color, usually glabrous or occasionally pubernlous during their first winter, becoming
ashy gray or light brown and ultimately dark brown, sometimes developing corky
wings often l'-l|' wide; usually not more than 80° high, with a trunk 3°-4° in diame-
ter; toward the northwestern limits of its range sometimes a low shrub. Winter-
buds broadly ovate, acute or obtuse, \'-\' long, with light red-brown scales coated
with soft pale pubescence. Bark l'-2' thick, deeply furrowed and broken on the
surface into irregular plate-like brown scales often slightly tinged with red. "Wood
heavy, strong, hard, tough, close-grained, very durable, dark or rich light brown,
with thin nmch lighter colored sap wood; used in ship and boatbuilding, for con-
struction of all sorts, cabinet-making, cooperage, the manufacture of carriages,
agricultural implements, baskets, rail way -ties, fencing, and fuel.

Distribution. Low rich bottom-lands and intervales or rarely in the northwest
on low dry hills; Nova Scotia and New Brunswick westward through the valley of
the St. Lawrence River to Ontario, and along the northern shores of Lake Huron to
southern Manitoba, southward to the valley of the Penobscot River, Maine, to the
shores of Lake Champlain, Vermont, western Massachusetts, Lancaster County,
Pennsylvania, central Tennessee, the Indian Territory and the valley of the Nueces
River, Texas, westward to the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains of Montana,
western Nebraska and central Kansas; attaining its largest size in southern Indiana
and Illinois ; the common Oak of the " oak openings " of western Minnesota, and
in all the basin of the Red River of the North, ranging farther to the northwest than
the other Oaks of eastern America; common and generally distributed in Nebraska,
and of a large size in canons or on river bottoms in the extreme western part of
the state; the most generally distributed Oak of Kansas, growing to a large size in
all the eastern part of the state.

Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in the eastern United States.

32. Querous lyrata, Walt. Overcup Oak. S"wanip White Oak.

t

Leaves obovate-oblong, gradually narrowed and wedge-shaped at the base, di-
vided into 5-9 lobes by deep or shallow sinuses, rounded, straight, or oblique at the

bottom, the terminal lobe oblong-ovate, usually broad, acute at the elongated apex,
and furnished with 2 small entire nearly triangular lateral lobes, the upper lateral

FAGACE^ 269

lobes broad, more or less emarginate, much longer than the acute or rounded lower
lobes, when they unfold bronze-green and pilose above, with caducous hairs, and
coated below with thick pale tomentum, at maturity thin and firm, dark green and
glabrous above, silvery white or rarely light green, and coated with pale pubescence
below, T-8' long, l'-4' broad, turning bright scarlet or scarlet and orange in the
autumn; their petioles glabrous or pubescent, j'-l' long. Flo"wers: starainate in
slender hairy aments 4'-6' long; calyx light yellow, coated on the outer surface with
pale hairs and divided into acute segments; pistillate sessile or stalked, their invo-
lucral scales covered, like the peduncles, with thick pale tomentum. Fruit sessile
or borne on slender pubescent peduncles sometimes 1^' long; acorn subglobose to
ovate or rarely to ovate-oblong, ^'-1' long, usually broader at the base than long,
light chestnut-brown, more or less covered above the middle with short pale pu-
bescence, almost or entirely or rarely for only half its length inclosed in the ovate
or rarely deeply cup-shaped or nearly spherical thin cup, bright red-brown and
pubescent on the inner surface, hoary-tomentose and covered on the outer by ovate
united scales produced into acute tips, much thickened and contorted at its base,
gradually growing thinner and forming a ragged edge to the thin often irregularly
split margin of the cup.

A tree, rarely 100° high, with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter, generally divided 15°-
20° above the ground into comparatively small often pendulous branches forming a
handsome symmetrical round-topped head, and slender branchlets green more or less
tinged with red and pilose or pubescent when they first appear, light or dark orange-
color or grayish brown and usually glabrous during their first winter, ultimately
becoming ashy gray or light brown. Winter-buds ovate, obtuse, about ^' long, with
light chestnut-brown scales clothed, especially near their margins, with loose pale
tomentum. Bark f-V thick, light gray tinged with red and broken into thick plates
separating on the surface into thin irregular appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard,
strong, tough, very durable in contact with the ground, rich dark brown, with thick
lighter colored sap wood; confounded commercially with the wood of Quercus alba,
and used for the same purpose.

Distribution. River swamps and small deep depressions on rich bottom-lands,
usually wet throughout the year; valley of the Patuxent River, Maryland, southward
near the coast to western Florida, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Trinity
River, Texas, and through Arkansas and southeastern Missouri to central Tennessee,
southern Indiana and Illinois; rare in the Atlantic and east Gulf states; most com-
mon and of its largest size in the valley of the Red River, Louisiana, and the adjacent
parts of Texas and Arkansas.

Occasionally cultivated in the northeastern states and hardy in eastern Massachu-
setts.

++++Leaves coarsely sinuate-toothed. Chestnut Oaks.

33. Quercus platanoides, Sud-w. S"wamp White Oak.

Leaves obovate to oblong-obovate, rounded at the narrowed apex, acute or rounded
at the gradually narrowed and wedge-shaped entire base, coarsely sinuate-dentate, or
sometimes pinnatifid, with oblique rounded or acute entire lobes, when they unfold
light bronze-green and pilose above, covered below with silvery white tomentum,
with conspicuous glands on the teeth, at maturity thick and firm, dark green and
lustrous on the upper surface, pale or often silvery white or tawny on the lower

270

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

surface, o'-& long, 2'-4' wide, with slender yellow midribs, primary veins running
to the points of the lobes, and conspicuous reticulate veinlets, turning in the autumn
dull yellow-brown or occasionally orange-color or red before falling ; their petioles
stout, pilose at first, becoming glabrous, |'-f' long. Flow^ers : staminate in hairy
aments 3'-4' long; calyx lio;ht yellow-green, hirsute, with pale hairs, and deeply
divided into 5-9 lanceolate acute segments rather shorter than the stamens; pis-
tillate in few-flowered spikes on elongated peduncles covered like their involucral

scales with thick white or tawny tomentum, stigmas bright red. Fruit usually in
pairs on slender dark brown glabrous puberulous or pubescent stalks l^'-4' long;
acorn oval, with a broad base, rounded, acute, and pubescent at the apex, light chest-
nut-brown, -|'-1^' long, I'-f wide, inclosed for about one third its length in the
thick cup-shaped light brown cup pubescent on the inner surface, hoary-tomentose
and sometimes tuberculate or roughened toward the base on the outer surface by
the thickened contorted tips of the ovate acute scales, thin, free, acute, and chestnut-
brown higher on the cup, and often forming a short fringe-like border on its margin,
or sometimes in a cup entirely covered by thin scales with free acute tips.

A tree, usually 60°-70° or exceptionally 100° high, with a trunk 2°-3° or occa-
sionally 8°-9° in diameter, rather small limbs generally pendulous below and rising
above into a narrow round-topped open head and often furnished with short pendu-
lous laterals, and stout branchlets, green, lustrous, and slightly scurfy-pubescent
when they first appear, light orange color or reddish brown and glabrous or puberu-
lous during their first winter, becoming darker and often purplish and clothed with
a glaucous bloom. Winter-buds broadly ovate, obtuse or subglobose to ovate and
acute, Y long, with light chestnut-brown scales usually pilose above the middle.
Bark of young stems and small branches smooth, reddish or purplish brown, separat-
ing freely into large papery persistent scales curling back and displaying the bright
green inner bark; becoming on old trunks l'-2' thick, and deeply and irregularly
divided by continuous or interrupted fissures into broad flat ridges covered by small
oppressed gray-brown scales often slightly tinged with red. "Wood heavy, hard,
strong, tough, light brown, with thin hardly distinguishable sapwood; nsed in con-
struction, the interior finish of houses, cabinet-making, carriage and boatbuilding,
cooperage, railway-ties, fencing, and fuel.

FAGACE^

271

Distribution. Borders of streams and swamps in moist fertile soil; southern
Maine to northern Vermont and southwestern Quebec, westward through Ontario
and the southern peninsula of Michigan to southeastern Iowa and western Missouri,
and southward to the District of Columbia, northern Kentucky and Arkansas, and
along the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia; widely scattered, usually in
small groves but nowhere very abundant; most common and of its largest size in
western New York and northern Ohio.

34. Quercus Michauxii, Nutt. Basket Oak. Cow Oak.

Leaves broadly obovate to oblong-obovate, acute or acuminate at the apex, with
short broad points, wedge-shaped or rounded at the broad or narrow entire base,
regularly crenately lobed, with oblique rounded entire lobes sometimes furnished
with glandular tips, or rarely entire, with undulate margins, when they unfold bright
yellow-green, lustrous and pubescent above, coated below with thick silvery white
ferrugineous tomentum, at maturity thick and firm or sometimes membranaceous,

pic^. 2^0

especially on young and vigorous branches, dark green, lustrous, glabrous or occa-
sionally roughened by scattered stellate hairs on the upper surface, more or less
densely pubescent on the pale green or silvery white lower surface, 6'-8' long, 3'-5'
wide, turning in the autumn dark rich crimson; their petioles stout, \'-'^\' long.
Flowers: staminate in slender hairy aments 3'-4:' long; calyx light yellow-green,
pilose, with long pale hairs, and divided into 4-7 acute lobes; pistillate in few-flow-
ered spikes on short peduncles, coated like their involucral scales with dense pale
rufous tomentum; stigmas dark red. Fruit solitary or in pairs, sessile or subsessile,
or borne on short stout puberulous stalks rarely \' long; acorn oval or ovate, -with
a broad base, and acute, rounded, or occasionally truncate at the apex surrounded by
a narrow ring of rusty pubescence, or sometimes pilose nearly to the middle, bright
brown, rather lustrous, V-\\' long, f'-l|' broad, inclosed for about one third its
length in the thick cup-shaped cup often broad and flat on the bottom, reddish brown
and pubescent within, hoar^'-tomentose and covered on the outer surface by regularly
imbricated ovate acute scales rounded and much thickened on the back, their short
tips sometimes forming a rigid fringe-like border to the rim of the cup; seed sweet
and edible.

272

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

A tree, often 100° high, with a trunk sometimes free of branches for 40°-50°, and
3°-7° in diameter, stout branches ascending at narrow angles and forming a round-
topped rather compact head, and stout branchlets at first dark green and covered by
pale caducous hairs, becoming bright red-brown or light orange-brown during their
first winter and ultimately ashy gray. "Winter-buds broadly ovate or oval, acute, ^'
long, with thin closely and regularly imbricated dark red puberulous scales with pale
margins, those of the inner ranks coated on the outer surface with loose pale tomen-
tum. Bark ^'-1' thick, separating into thin closely appressed silvery white or ashy
gray scales more or less deeply tinged with red. "Wood heavy, hard, very strong,
tough, close-grained, durable, easy to split, light-brown, with thin darker colored
sapwood ; largely used in all kinds of construction, for agricultural implements and
wheels, in cooperage, for fences and fuel, and the manufacture of baskets.

Distribution. Borders of streams, swamps, and bottom-lands often covered with
water; Wilmington, Delaware, southward through the coast and middle districts to
northern Florida, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Trinity River, Texas,
and through Arkansas and southeastern Missouri to central Tennessee and Kentucky,
and to the valley of the lower Wabash River in Illinois and Indiana; conspicuous
from the silvery white bark, the massive trunk, and the broad crown of large bright-
colored foliage.

35. Quercus Prinus, L. Chestnut Oak. Rock Chestnut Oak. "~

Leaves obovate or oblong to lanceolate, acute or acuminate or rounded at the
apex, gradually or abruptly wedge-shaped or rounded or subcordate at the narrowed
entire base, irregularly and coarsely crenulate-toothed, with rounded, acute, or some-
times nearly triangular oblique teeth, when they unfold orange-green or bronze-red,
very lustrous, and glabrous with the exception of the slightly pilose midribs above,

pi(^ 22.

green and coated below with soft pale pubescence, at maturity thick and firm or
subcoriaceous, yellow-green and rather lustrous on the upper surface, paler and cov-
ered by fine pubescence on the lower surface, 4^ '-9' long, l|'--3' wide, with stout
yellow midribs and conspicuous primary veins, often much broader near the bottom
of the tree than on fertile upper branches, turning a dull orange color or rusty brown

FAGACE^ 273

iu the autumn before falling; their petioles stout or slender, ^'-1' long. Flo"wers:
staminate iu elongated hirsute aments; calyx light yellow, pilose and deeply divided
into 7-9 acute segments tipped with clusters of pale hairs ; pistillate in short spikes
on stout puberulous dark green peduncles, their iuvolucral scales covered with pale
hairs; stigmas dark red. Fruit on short stout stems singly or in pairs; acorn oval
or ovate, rounded and rather obtuse or pointed at the apex, bright chestnut-brown,
very lustrous, I'-l^' long, f '-1' broad, inclosed for about one half its length or some-
times only at the base in a turbinate cup-shaped thin cup light brown and pubes-
cent on the inner surface, reddish brown, hoary -pubescent, and roughened or tuber-
culate, especially toward the base, on the outer surface by small scales thickened and
knob-like, with nearly triangular free light brown tips.

A tree, usually 60°-70° or occasionally 100° high, with a trunk 3°-4° or rarely
6°-7° iu diameter, divided generally 15° or 20° above the ground into large limbs
spreading into a broad open rather irregular head, and stout branchlets green tinged
with purple or bronze color and glabrous or pilose when they appear, light orange
color or reddish brown during their first winter, becoming dark gray or brown; on
dry exposed mountain slopes often not more than 20°-30° tall, with a trunk 8'-12'
in diameter. Winter-buds ovate, acute or acuminate, j-^' long, with bright chest-
nut-brown scales pilose toward the apex and ciliate on the margins. Bark of young
stems and small branches thin, smooth, purplish brown, often lustrous, becoming on
old trunks and large limbs f '-1^' thick, dark reddish brown or nearly black, and
divided into broad rounded ridges separating on the surface into small closely ap-
pressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather tough, close-grained, durable
in contact with the soil, largely used for fencing, railway-ties, and fuel. The bark,
which is rich in tannin, is consumed in large quantities in tanning leather.

Distribution. Hillsides and the high rocky banks of streams in rich and deep
or sometimes in sterile soil; coast of southern Maine, the Blue Hills of eastern Mas-
sachusetts, southward to Delaware and the District of Columbia, and along the
Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia and Alabama, westward to the shores
of Lake Champlain and the valley of the Genesee River, New York, the northern
shores of Lake Erie, and to central Kentucky and Tennessee; rare and local in New
England and Ontario; abundant on the banks of the lower Hudson River and on the
Appalachian hills from southern New York to Alabama; most common and of its
largest size on the lower slopes of the mountains of the Carolinas and Tennessee,
here often forming a large part of the forest.

36. Quercus acuminata, Sarg. Yellow Oak. Chestnut Oak.

Leaves usually crowded at the ends of the branches, oblong-lanceolate or broadly
obovate, acute or acuminate, with long narrow or with short broad points, abruptly
or gradually narrowed and wedge-shaped or slightly narrowed and rounded or cor-
date at the base, equally serrate except at the base, with acute and often incurved or
broad and rounded teeth tipped with small glandular mucros, or rarely slightly un-
dulate, when they unfold bright bronzy green and puberulous above, tinged with
purple and coated below with pale tomentum, at maturity thick and firm, light
yellow-green on the upper surface, pale often silvery white and covered with short
fine pubescence on the lower surface, 4'-7' long, l'-5' broad, with stout yellow mid-
ribs and conspicuous primary veins running to the points of the teeth, turning in the
autumn orange color and scarlet; their slender petioles f'-l^' long. Flo"wers: stami-
nate in pilose aments 3'-4' long; calyx light yellow, hairy, deeply divided into 5 or

274

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

6 lanceolate ciliate segments; pistillate sessile or borne in short spikes coated like
their involucral scales with thick white tomentum ; stign)as bright red. Fruit sessile
or raised on a short stout peduncle, solitary or often in pairs; acorn broadly ovate to
oval, narrowed and rounded at the apex, ^' to nearly 1' long, light chestnut-brown,
inclosed for about one half its length in a thin cup-shaped light brown cup pubescent
on the interior, hoary-tomentose on the exterior, and covered by small obtuse scales

PlCq.22^

more or less thickened and rounded on the back toward the base of the cup, the small
free red-brown tips of the upper ranks forming a minute fringe-like border to its
margin; seed sweet and sometimes edible.

A tree, 80^-100°, occasionally 160° high, with a tall straight trunk 3°-4° in diam-
eter above the broad and often buttressed base, comparatively small branches forming
a narrow shapely round-topped head, slender brauchlets, green more or less tinged
with red or purple and pilose when they first appear, light orange color or reddish
brown during their first winter, and ultimately gray or brown; east of the Alleghany
Mountains and on dry hills often not more than 20°-30'^ tall. Winter-buds ovate,
acute, ^'-\' long, with chestnut-brown scales white and scarious on the margins.
Bark rarely l' thick, broken on the surface into thin loose silvery white scales some-
times slightly tinged with brown. "Wood heavy, very hard, strong, close-grained,
durable, with thin light-colored sap wood; largely used in cooperage, for wheels,
fencing, and railway-ties.

Distribution. Gardner's Island, Lake Champlain, western Massachusetts and
Connecticut, and near the city of Newburg, New York, westward through southern
Ontario to southeastern Nebraska and eastern Kansas, southward in the Atlantic
states to the District of Columbia and the valley of the upper Potomac River, and
west of the Alleghany Mountains to central Alabama and Mississippi, through
Arkansas and northern Louisiana, to the eastern borders of the Indian Territory and
to the valley of the Nueces River and the Guadaloupe Mountains, Texas; rare and
comparatively local in the Atlantic states, usually on limestone soil; very abundant
in the Mississippi basin, growing on limestone ridges, dry flinty hills, or deep rich
bottom-lands and the rocky banks of streams; of its largest size on the lower
Wabash River and its tributaries in southern Indiana and Illinois.

FAGACEJS

275

'**Leaves often dentate or spinescent.

-i-Leaves blue-green, deciduous in their first autumn or winter.

37. Quercus breviloba, Sarg. White Oak.

Leaves obovate or oblong, broad and rounded or rarely acute at the apex, usually
gradually narrowed and acute, or rarely broad and equally or unequally rounded at
the base, undulate-lobed, with 4-7 broad lobes, or obscurely 3-lobed at the broad apex
and entire below, or undulate or coarsely and remotely dentate, with acute spinescent
teeth, or often entire, on vigorous shoots frequently oblong-obovate and more or less
deeply divided by wide sinuses into broad lobes, when they unfold thin, covered with
scattered stellate pale hairs on the upper surface and pale pubescent on the lower,
at maturity thin in the eastern Gulf states, thicker and often subcoriaceous in the
drier climate of Texas, light blue or yellow-green, usually lustrous above, pubescent

and paler and often silvery white below, usually l^'-3' long, f'-l|' wide, or east of
the Mississippi River and on young and vigorous branches sometimes 4'-6' long and
21' broad, with slender yellow midribs and veins and reticulate veinlets, turning pale
yellow and falling in the autumn, or in western Texas sometimes irregularly during
the winter and early spring; their petioles stout, rarely more than \' long. Flcwers :
staminate in hairy aments l^'-2' long; calyx pale yellow, divided into nearly tri-
angular segments much shorter than the stamens; pistillate on short peduncles
coated like their involucral scales with thick hoary tomentum; stigmas dull red.
Fruit sessile or subsessile, usually solitary; acorn, ovate, obovate, or oval, acute or
rounded and sometimes depressed at the broad apex usually furnished with a narrow
ring of pale pubescence, I'-l' long, |'-|' wide, inclosed only at the base in the thin
saucer-shaped cup, bright reddish brown and pubescent on the inner surface, covered
on the outer by closely imbricated ovate bright red scales hoary-pubescent except at
their acute or rounded appressed tips.

A tree, east of the Mississippi River 80°-90° high, with a tall straight trunk 2°-3°
in diameter, in Texas much smaller and rarely more than 20°-30° high, with a
short trunk usually divided at the ground into 2 or 3 spreading limbs and rarely
more than 12'-15' in diameter, and slender branchlets coated at first with hoary
tomentum, gray faintly tinged with red or ashy gray during their first winter,

276

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

becoming darker in their second and third years; frequently, especially in western
Texas, small and shrubby and often forming extensive thickets. Winter-buds
broadly ovate or oval, acuminate, ^^'-~|' long, with light chestnut-brown closely
imbricated puberulous scales. Bark 4'-^' thick, separating into long and narrow
plate-like scales, silvery white tinged with reddish brown on the surface. Wood
heavy, hard, strong, brittle, brown, with thick lighter colored sap wood; most valuable
east of the Mississippi River.

Distribution. Rich limestone prairies of central Alabama and Mississippi, banks
of the Red River at Shreveport, Louisiana, and in Texas on dry limestone banks of
streams and rocky bluffs from the neighborhood of the city of Dallas westward to
the central part of the state and southward to the mountains of Nuevo Leon.

38. Quercus undulata, Torr. Scrub Oak. Shin Oak.

Leaves oblong, acute or rarely rounded at the apex, broad and rounded or cor-
date or rarely cuueate iit the base, sinuate-dentate, entire, pinnatifid, lobed or spi-
nescent, when they unfold coated with hoary tomentum, at* maturity thick and firm,
light blue-green, more or less covered with stellate hairs above and clothed below
with pale or yellow pubescence, l'-3' long, \'-^' wide, with pale slender midribs
and few conspicuous primary veins running to the points of the teeth or arcuate and
united with the thickened and revolute margins, deciduous in the autumn at the
north and at high elevations, southward often remaining on the branches until the
appearance of the leaves of the following year; their petioles stout, pubescent or
tomentose, ^'-1' long. Flowers: staminate in tomentose aments l'-2' long; calyx

h(q.^^'+

hairy, divided into acute segments; pistillate sessile or raised on peduncles tomen-
tose like their involucral scales; stigmas red. Fruit solitary or in pairs, sessile or
on stout hoary peduncles sometimes nearly 2' long; acorn oval, rounded and rather
obtuse or acute at the apex, |'-1' long, inclosed for about one third its length in
a thick cup-shaped cup reddish brown and pubescent on the inner surface, hoary-
tomentose and covered on the outer by ovate acute scales usually thickened and
tumid toward its base and above the middle ending in thin bright red free ciliate
tips; seed sweet.

A tree, occasionally 25°-30° high, with a straight trunk 6'-8' in diameter, and

FAGACE^

277

slender branchlets coated at first with dense hoary tomentum, light reddish brown
or ashy gray and pubescent or tomentose during their first winter, ultimately gla-
brous and dark brown or gray; usually a shrub, forming small thickets by vigorous
stolons, with stout more or less contorted stems 2°-8° tall. "Winter-buds oval,
about y long, with few thin light red-brown scales often ciliate on the margins.
Bark thin, scaly, pale gray slightly tinged with reddish brown.

Distribution. Dry rocky mountain ridges; cliffs above the canon of the Arkan-
sas River, and the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, to western
Texas, and through New Mexico and Arizona to southern Utah and Nevada, and
southward into northern Mexico; in central Arizona south of the Colorado plateau
covering low mountain ranges with vast thickets; less common in southern Utah
and Nevada; arborescent only in the canons of the mountain ranges of southeastern
Arizona.

39. Quercus Douglasii, Hook. & Arn. Blue Oak, Mountain White Oak.

Leaves oblong, acute or rounded at the apex, gradually narrowed and wedge-
shaped to broad and rounded or subcordate at the base, divided by deep or shallow,
wide or narrow sinuses acute or rounded at the bottom into 4 or 5 broad or narrow

acute or rounded often mucronate lobes, 2'-5' long, l'-l|' broad, or oval, oblong or
obovate, rounded or acute at the apex, equally or unequally wedge-shaped or
rounded at the base, regularly or irregularly sinuate-toothed, with rounded acute
rigid spinescent teeth, or denticulate toward the apex, V-2' long, ^'-1' wide, when
they unfold covered by soft pale pubescence, at maturity thin, firm and rather rigid,
pale blue, with scattered stellate hairs above, often yellow-green and covered by
short pubescence below, with hirsute or puberulous prominent midribs and more
or less conspicuous reticulate veinlets; their petioles stout, tomentose, \'-^' long.
Flo"wers: staminate in hairy aments l^'-2' long; calyx yellow-green, coated on the
outer surface with pale hairs, deeply divided into broad acute laciniately cut seg-
ments; pistillate in short few-flowered spikes coated like the involucral scales with
hoary tomentum. Fruit sessile or short-stalked, solitary or in pairs; acorn broadly
oval, sometimes ventricose, with a narrow base, gradually narrowed and acute at the
apex, I'-l' long, ^'-V broad, or often ovate and acute, green and lustrous, turning

278

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

dark chestnut-brown in dryiuj:;, with a narrow ring of hoary pubescence at the apex,
inclosed at the base only in a thin shallow cup-shaped cup light green and pubescent
on the inner surface, covered on the outer by small acute and usually thin or some-
times, especially in the south, thicker tumid scales coated with pale pubescence or
tomentum and ending in tliin reddish brown tips.

A tree, usually 50°-C0'', rarely 80°-90° high, with a trunk 3°-4° in diameter,
short stout branches spreading nearly at right angles and forming a dense round-
topped symmetrical head, stout branchlets brittle at the joints, coated at first with
short dense hoary tomentum, dark gray or reddish brown and tomentose, pubescent
or puberulous during their first winter, becoming ultimately ashy gray or dark
brown; frequently not more than 20°-30° high, and sometimes, especially south-
ward, shrubby in habit. Winter-buds ovate, obtuse, ^'-\' long, with light rather
bright red pubescent scales. Bark ^'-1' thick, generally pale, and covered by small
scales sometimes tinged with brown or light red. Wood hard, heavy, strong, brittle,
dark brown, becoming nearly black with exposure, with thick light brown sapwood;
largely used as fuel.

Distribution. Scattered over low hills, dry mountain slopes and valleys; Cali-
fornia, Mendocino County, and the upper valley of the Sacramento River, southward
along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada up to elevations of 4000°, and througli
valleys of the coast ranges to the Tehachapi Pass and the borders of the Mohave
Desert; most abundant and of its largest size in the valleys between the coast moun-
tains and the interior ridges of the coast ranges south of the Bay of San Francisco.

-H — y-Leaves mostly persistent until the appearance of those of the following spring.
++Leaves blue-green.

40. Quercus Engelmanni, Greene. Evergreen Oak.

Leaves oblong to obovate, usually obtuse and rounded or sometimes acute at the
apex, gradually or abruptly wedge-shaped or rounded or cordate at the base, entire,

fhnio

often undulate, or sinuate-toothed, with occasionally rigid teeth, or at the ends of
sterile branches frequently coarsely crenately serrate, with incurved teeth, or rarely
lobed, with acute oblique rounded lobes, when they unfold bright red and coated

FAG ACE JE 279

with thick pale rufous tomentuin, at maturity thick, dark blue-green, and glabrous
or covered with scattered stellate hairs above, pale, usually yellow-green and clothed
with light brown pubescence, or puberulous or often glabrous below, l'-3' long, ^-2'
broad, deciduous in the spring with the appearance of the new leaves; their petioles
slender, tomentose, becoming pubescent, \'-^' long. Flowers : staminate in slender
hairv aments 2'-3' long; calyx light yellow, pilose, with lanceolate acute segments;
pistillate on slender peduncles, clothed like their involucral scales with dense pale
tomentum. Fruit sessile or ou slender pubescent stalks sometimes |' long; acorn
oblong, oval, and gradually narrowed and acute or broad and rounded at the obtuse
apex, broad or narrow at the base, dark chestnut-brown more or less conspicuously
marked by darker longitudinal stripes, turning light chestimt-brown in drying, |'-1'
long, about ^' broad, inclosed for about one half its length in a deep saucer-shaped
cup-shaped or turbinate cup light brown and puberulous within, and covered by ovate
light brown scales coated with pale tomentum, usually thickened, united and tuber-
culate at the base of the cup, and near its rim produced into small acute ciliate tips.

A tree, oO°-60° high, with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter, thick branches spreading
nearly at right angles and forming a broad rather irregular head, and stout rigid
branchlets coated at first with hoary tomentum, light or dark brown tinged with
red and pubescent during their first winter, becoming glabrous and light brown or
gray in their second or third years. Winter-buds oval or ovate, about i' long,
with thin light red pubescent scales. Bark l^'-2' thick, light gray tinged with
brown and deeply divided into narrow fissures separating on the surface into small
thin appressed scales. Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, brittle, dark
brown or nearly black, with thick lighter brown sapwood; used only as fuel.

Distribution. Low hills of southwestern California west of the coast range, oc-
cupying with Quercus agrifolia, Nde, a belt about fifty miles wide, and extending to
within fifteen or twenty miles of the coast, from the neighborhood of Sierra Madre
to the mesa east of San Diego.

41. Quercus oblongifolia, Torr. White Oak.

Leaves ovate, oval, or slightly obovate, rounded and occasionally emarginate or
acute at the apex, usually cordate or occasionally rounded at the base, entire and
sometimes undulate, with thickened revolute margins, or remotely dentate, with
small callous teeth, on vigorous shoots and young plants oblong, rounded or cuneate
at the narrow base, coarsely sinuate or undulate-toothed or 3-toothed at the broad
apex and entire below, when they unfold bright red and coated with deciduous
hoary tomentum, at maturity thin and firm, bine-green and lustrous above, paler
below, l'-2' long, \'~^' broad, or on vigorous shoots sometimes 3'-4' long, with pro-
minent pale midribs, slender primary veins, and conspicuous reticulate veinlets, per-
sistent during the winter without change of color, gradually turning yellow in the
spring and falling at the appearance of the new leaves; their petioles stout, nearly
terete, about \' long. Flo"wers: staminate in short hoary-tomentose aments; calyx
bright yellow, pilose, divided into 5 or 6 laciniately cut or entire acute segments
tinged with red above the middle; pistillate usually sessile, or on peduncles tomen-
tose like the involucral scales; stigmas bright red. Fruit usually solitary and ses-
sile, rarely long-stalked; acorn ovate, oval, or slightly obovate, full and rounded at the
apex, surrounded by a narrow ring of white pubescence, dark chestnut-brown, striate,
and very lustrous, soon becoming light brown in drying, \'-\' long, about \' broad,
inclosed for about one thif-d its length in a shallow cup-shaped or rarely turbinate

280

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

thin cup yellow-green and pubescent on the inner surface and covered by ovate-
oblong scales slightly thickened on the back, coated with hoary tonientum and ending
in thin acute bright red tips ciliate on the margins and sometimes forming a minute
fringe to the rim of the cup.

A tree, rarely more than 30° high, with a short trunk 18'-20' in diameter, many
stout spreading often contorted branches forming a handsome round-topped symmet-
rical head, slender rigid branchlets coated at first with pale or fulvous tomentum.

N. 22J

light red-brown, dark brown or dark orange color in their first winter, becoming
ashy gray in their second or third year. "Winter-buds subglobose, obtuse, y&'-\'
long, with thin light chestnut-brown scales. Bark f '-1^' thick, ashy gray, and broken
into small nearly square or oblong close plate-like scales. Wood very heavy, hard,
strong, brittle, dark brown or nearly black, with thick brown sap wood; sometimes
used as fuel.

Distribution. Chisos Mountains, western Texas, through southern New Mexico
and Arizona, and southward into northern Mexico; comparatively rare in Texas;
abundant on the foothills of all the mountain ranges of New Mexico and Arizona
south of the Colorado plateau at elevations of about 5000°, and dotting the upper
slopes of the mesa where narrow cailons open to the plain.

42. Quercus Arizonica, Sarg. White Oak.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate to broadly obovate, generally acute or sometimes
rounded at the apex, rounded or cordate at the base, repandly spinose-dentate usu-
ally, except on vigorous shoots, only above the middle or toward the apex, or entire,
and sometimes undulate on the margins, when they unfold light red clothed with
bright fulvous tomentum and furnished with dark dental glands, at maturity thick,
firm and rigid, dark blue-green and glabrous or stellate pubescent above, yellow-
green or pale blue and covered with thick fulvous or pale pubescence below, l'-4'
long, y-2' broad, with broad yellow midribs, slender primary veins, arcuate and
united near the thickened revolute margins, and coarsely reticulate veinlets, falling
in the early spring just before the appearance of the new leaves; their petioles
stout, tomentose, \'-^' long. Flowers: staminate in tomentose aments 2'-3' long;
calyx pale yellow, pubescent, and divided into 4-7 broad acute ciliate lobes; anthers

FAGACE^ 281

red or yellow ; pistillate on short stems tomentose like their involucral scales. Fruit
sessile or on hoary-tomentose stalks rarely ^' long, usually solitary, ripening irregu-
larly from September to November; acorn oblong, oval or slightly obovate, obtuse
and rounded at the puberulous apex, |'-1' long, ^' broad, dark chestnut-brown, lus-
trous and often striate, soon becoming light brown, inclosed for one half its length
in a cup-shaped or hemispherical cup light brown and pubescent within, covered by
regularly and closely imbricated scales coated with pale tomentum and ending in
thin light red pointed tips, those below the middle of the cup much thickened and
rounded on the back; seed dark purple, very astringent.

A tree, occasionally o0°-60° tall, with a trunk 3°^° in diameter, and thick con-
torted branches spreading nearly at right angles and forming a handsome round-
topped symmetrical head, and stout branchlets clothed at first with thick fulvous
tomentum persistent during their first winter, reddish brown or light orange color
and pubescent or puberulous in their second season, ultimately glabrous and darker;
usually not more than 30°-40° tall; at high elevations reduced to a low shrub.
Winter-buds subglobose, about -^q' long, with loosely imbricated bright chestnut-
brown puberulous scales ciliate on the margins. Bark of young stems and branches
thin, pale, scaly, with small appressed scales, becoming on old trunks about V thick

and deeply divided by narrow fissures into broad ridges broken into long thick plate-
like scales pale or ashy gray on the surface. Wood heavy, strong, hard, close-
grained, dark brown or nearly black, with thick lighter colored sap wood; used only
for fuel.

Distribution. The most common and generally distributed White Oak of southern
Arizona and New Mexico, covering the slopes of canons of the mountain ranges
south of the Colorado plateau at elevations of 5000°-10,000° above the sea, often
ascending nearly to the summits of the high peaks; and in northern Mexico.

43. Quercus Toumeyi, Sarg.

Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong or oval, acute and apiculate at the apex, rounded
or cordate at the base, entire, with thickened slightly revolute margins, or remotely
spinulose-dentate, often minutely 3-toothed at the apex, thin but firm in texture,
light blue-green, glabrous and lustrous above, pale and puberulous below, ^'— f' long,

282 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

^'-i' wide, conspicuously reticulate-venulose, falling early in the spring with the
appearance of the new leaves; their petioles stout, tomentose, about ^^' long.
Flovsrers unknown. Fruit sessile, solitary or in pairs, ripening in June; acorn oval

f-^^.22^

or ovate, \'-^' long, \' broad, light brown and lustrous, furnished at the acute apex
with a narrow ring of pale pubescence, inclosed for about one half its length in a
thin shallow tomentose cup light green and pubescent within, and covered by thin
ovate regularly and closely imbricated light red-brown scales ending in short
rounded tips and coated on the back with pale tomeutum.

A tree, 25°-30° high, with a short trunk 6'-8' in diameter, dividing not far from
the ground into numerous stout wide-spreading branches forming a broad irregular
head, and slender branchlets bright red-brown more or less thickly coated with pale
tomentum at midsummer, covered during their second and third years with thin
dark brown nearly black bark broken into small thin closely appressed scales.
Wood light brown, with thick pale sapwood.

Distribution. Forming an open forest on the Mule Mountains, Cochise County,
southeastern Arizona.

44. Querous reticulata, H. B. K.

Leaves broadly obovate, obtuse and rounded or rarely acute at the apex, usually
cordate or occasionally rounded at the narrow base, repandly spinose-dentate above
the middle or only toward the apex, with slender teeth, and entire below, when they
unfold coated with dense fulvous tomentum, at maturity thick, firm, and rigid, dark
blue and covered with scattered stellate clusters of hairs above, paler and coated
with thick fulvous pubescence below, l'-5' long, f-4' broad, with thick midribs,
running to the points of the teeth or arcuate and united within the slightly revolute
margins, and very conspicuous reticulate veinlets; their stout petioles about \' long.
•Flowers: staminate in short tomentose aments in the axils of leaves of the year;
calyx light yellow, hirsute, with pale hairs, divided into 5-7 ovate acute segments;
pistillate in spikes on elongated peduncles, clothed like their involucral scales with
hoary tomentum; stigmas dark red. Fruit usually in many-fruited spikes or occa-
sionally in pairs, or rarely solitary, on slender hirsute or glabrous peduncles 2'-5'
long; acorn oblong, rounded or acute at the pilose apex, broad at the base, about
\' long, inclosed for about one fourth its length in a shallow cup-shaped cup dark

FAGACE^

283

brown and pubescent within, hoary tomentose without and covered by small ovate
acute scales with thin free scarious tips, slightly thickened and rounded on the back
at the bottom of the cup.

A tree, rarely more than 40° high, with a trunk 1° in diameter, and stout branch-
lets coated at first with thick fulvous tomentum, light orange color and more or less
thickly clothed with pubescence during their first winter, becoming ashy gray or
light brown; in the United States usually shrubby in habit and sometimes only a
few feet tall; becoming on the Sierra Madre of Mexico a large tree. Winter-
buds ovate to oval, often surrounded by the persistent stipules of the upper leaves,

about Y long, with thin loosely imbricated light red scales ciliate on the margins.
Bark about \' thick, dark or light brown, and covered by small thin closely appressed
scales. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, dark brown, with thick lighter
colored sapwood.

Distribution. Near the summits of the mountain ranges of southern Arizona,
on the San Luis and Animas mountains of southern New Mexico, and southward in
Mexico.

•M-HrLeaves dark green.

45. Quercus dumosa, Nutt. Scrub Oak.

Leaves oblong, rounded and acute at the apex, broad and abruptly wedge-shaped
or rounded at the base, usually about |^' long and ^' broad, spinescent, with few
minute teeth, or undulate and entire or coarsely spinescent, with obscure midribs and
primary veins, conspicuous reticulate veinlets, and stout petioles rarely i' long; or
sometimes oblong to oblong-obovate and divided by deep sinuses into 5-9 oblong
acute rounded or emarginate bristle-tipped lobes, the terminal lobe 3-lobed, rounded
or acute, 2'-4' long and I'-l^' broad, with primary veins running to the points of the
lobes, obscure reticulate veinlets, and petioles sometimes 1' long; thin when they un-
fold and clothed with scattered stellate hairs, or rarely tomentose above and coated
below and on the petioles with hoary tomentum, at maturity thick and firm, dark
green and lustrous on the upper surface, paler and more or less pubescent on the
lower surface, mostly deciduous during the winter. FloTvers: staminate in pubes-
cent aments; calyx divided into 4-8 ovate lanceolate hairy segments; pistillate ses-

284

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

sile or stalked, in long many-flowered tonientose spikes, their involucral scales and
calyx boary-tomentose ; stigmas red. Fruit sessile or short-stalked ; acorn oval,

broad at the base, broad and rounded or acute at the apex, |'-1|' long, ^'-|' broad,
inclosed for one half to two thirds its length in a deep cup-shaped or hemispherical
cup light brown and pubescent within, covered by ovate pointed scales coated with
pale or rufous tomentum, usually much thickened, united and tuberculate, those above
with free acute tips forming a fringe to the rim of the cup, or frequently with basal
scales but little thickened and furnished with long free tips.

A tree, occasionally 25°-30° high, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, small branches
forming a round-topped head, and slender branchlets coated at first with hoary tomen-
tum, becoming in their first winter ashy gray or light or dark reddish brown and
usually pubescent or tomentose; more often an intricately branched rigid shrub, with
stout stems covered by pale gray bark and usually 6°-8° high, often forming dense
thickets. "Winter-buds oval, generally acute, y^'-^' long, with thin pale red often
pilose and ciliate scales. Bark of the trunk bright brown and scaly.

Distribution. California; western slopes of the central Sierra Nevada; common
on the coast ranges south of San Francisco Bay and the islands off the coast of the
southern part of the state, ranging inland to the borders of the Mohave Desert and
to the canons of the desert slopes of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains,
and southward into Lower California; arborescent only in sheltered canons of the
islands; north of San Francisco Bay replaced by the variety revoluta, Sarg., ranging
to Mendocino County and to Napa valley.

46. Quercus Virginiana, Mill. Live Oak.

Leaves oblong, elliptical or obovate, rounded or acute at the apex, gradually nar-
rowed and wedge-shaped or rarely rounded or cordate at the base, usually entire,
with thickened strongly revolute margins or rarely spinose-dentate above the middle;
when they unfold light green tinged with red, covered by scattered stellate pale hairs
above and coated below with thick hoary tomentum, at maturity thick and coriaceous,
dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, pale and silvery white and pubescent
or puberulous on the lower surface, 2'-5' long, \'-'^\' wide, and conspicuously or
inconspicuously reticulate-venulose, with narrow yellow midribs and few slender

FAGACE^

285

obscure primary veins forked and* united at some distance from the margins, gradu-
ally turning yellow or brown at the end of the winter and falling with or soon after
the appearance of the new leaves in the spring; their petioles stout, rarely more than
y long. Flowers : staminate in hairy aments 2'-3'long; calyx light yellow, hairy,
divided into 5-7 ovate rounded segments; anthers hirsute; pistillate in spikes on
slender pubescent peduncles l'-3' long, their invokicral scales and ovate calyx-lobes
coated with hoary pubescence ; stigmas bright red. Fruit usually in 3-5-fruited
spikes or rarely in pairs or single on stout hght brown puberulous peduncles I'-o'
long; acorn oval or slightly obovate, narrowed at the base, rounded or acute at the
apex, dark chestnut-brown and lustrous, about 1' long and ^' wide, inclosed for about
one fourth its length in a turbinate light reddish brown cup puberulous within, its
scales thin, ovate, acute, slightly keeled on the back, covered by dense lustrous
hoary tomentum and ending' in small closely appressed reddish tips ; seed sweet,
with light yellow connate cotyledons.

A tree, 40°-50° high, with a trunk 3°^° in diameter above its swollen buttressed
base, usually dividing a few feet from the ground into 3 or 4 horizontal wide-spread-
ing limbs forming a low dense round-topped head sometimes 150° across, and slender
rigid branchlets coated at first with hoary tomentum, becoming ashy gray or light
brown and pubescent or puberulous during their first winter and darker and glabrous

the following season; occasionally 60^-70° tall, with a trunk 6°-7° in diameter;
often shrubby and occasionally not more than a foot high. Winter-buds globose
or slightly obovate, about ^' long, with thin light chestnut-brown scales white and
scarious on the margins. Bark of the trunk and large branches I'-l' thick, dark
brown tinged with red, slightly furrowed, separating on the surface into small closely
appressed scales. Wood very heavy, hard, strong, tough, close-grained, light brown
or yellow, with thin nearly white sap wood; formerly largely and still occasionally
used in shipbuilding.

Distribution. Shores of Mobjack Bay, Virginia, southward along the coast and
islands to southern Florida, and along the shores of the Gulf of Mexico to northeast-
ern Mexico, spreading inland through Texas to the valley of the Red River and to
the mountains in the extreme western part of the state; on the mountains of Cuba,
southern Mexico, Central America, and Lower California; most abundant and of its

286

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

larjjest size on the Atlantic and east Gulf coasts oh rich huniniocks and ridges a few
feet above the level of the jea; abundant in Texas, in the coast region near the banks
of streams, and westward toward the valley of the Rio Grande often forming the
principal part of the shrubby growth on low moist soil ; in sandy barren soil in the
immediate vicinity of the seacoast or on the shores of salt water estuaries and bays
often a shrub, sometimes bearing fruit on stems not more than a foot high (var.
maritima, Sarg., and var. minima, Sarg.).

Often planted as a shade and ornamental tree in the southern United States.

47. Quercus Emoryi, Torr. Black Oak.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute and raucronate at the apex, cordate or rounded
at the slightly narrowed base, entire or remotely repand-serrate, with 1-5 pairs of

acute rigid oblique teeth, when they unfold thin, light green more or less tinged
with red and covered with silvery white tomentum, at maturity thick, rigid, coria-
ceous, dark green, very lustrous and glabrous or coated with minute stellate hairs
above, pale and glabrous or puberulous below, usually with 2 large tufts of white
hairs at the base of the slender midrib, obscurely reticulate-venulose, l'-2^' long,
^'-1' broad, falling gradually in April with the appearance of the new leaves; their
petioles stout, pubescent, about ^' long. FloTvers: staminate in hoary -tomentose
aments; calyx light yellow, hairy on the outer surface, divided into 5-7 ovate acute
Jebes; pistillate sessile or short-stalked, their involucral scales covered with hoary
;tomentum. Fruit ripening irregularly from June to September, sessile or short-
stalked; acorn oblong, oval, or ovate, narrowed at the base, rounded at the narrow
pilose apex, ^'-f long, about ^' wide, light dull green when fully grown, dark chest-
nut-brown or nearly black at maturity, with a thin shell lined with thick white
tomentum, inclosed for one third to one half its length in the deeply cup-shaped or
nearly hemispherical cup light green and pubescent within and covered by closely
imbricated broadly ovate acute thin and scarious light brown scales clothed with short
soft pale pubescence.

A tree, usually 30°-40° high, with a short trunk 2°-3° in diameter, stout rigid
rather drooping branches forming a round-topped symmetrical head, and slender
rigid branehlets covered at first with close hoary tomentum, bright red, pubescent or

ULMACE^ 287

tomentose in their first winter, ultimately glabrous and dark red-brown or black;
sometimes 60°-70° high, with a trunk 4°-5° in diameter, with a head occasionally
100° across; or at high elevations or on exposed mountain slopes a low shrub.
Winter-buds oval, acute, about \' long, pale pubescent toward the apex, with thin
closely imbricated light chestnut-brown ciliate scales. Bark l'-2' thick, dark brown
or nearly black, deeply divided into large oblong thick plates separating into small
thin closely appressed scales. Wood heavy, strong, brittle, close-grained, dark
brown or almost black, with thick bright brown sapwood tinged with red. The
sweet acorns are an important article of food for Mexicans and Indians, and are sold
in the towns of southern Arizona and northern Mexico.

Distribution. Mountain ranges of western Texas, southern New Mexico and
Arizona south of the Colorado plateau, and of northern Mexico; in Texas common
in the canons and on the southern slopes of the Limpio and Chisos mountains; the
most abundant Oak of southern New Mexico and Arizona, forming a large part of
the forests covering the mountain slopes and extending from the upper limits of the
mesas nearly to the highest ridges; attaining its largest size and beauty in the
moist soil of sheltered canons.

Section 2. Flowers unisexual (usually j)erfect in Ulmus) ;
calyx regular ; stamens as many as its lobes and opposite them ;
ovary superior, 1-celled {rarely 2-celled in Uhnus) ; seed 1.

XI. ULMACEiE.

Trees, with watery juice, scaly buds, terete branchlets prolonged by an'lipper
lateral bud, and alternate simple serrate pinnately veined deciduous stalked
2-ranked leaves unequal and often oblique at the base, conduplicate in the bud,
their stipules usually fugaceous. Flowers perfect or monoeciously polygamous,
clustered, or the pistillate sometimes solitary ; calyx 4-9-parted or lobed ;
stamens 4-6 ; filaments straight ; anthers introrse, 2-celled, opening longitudi-
nally ; ovary usually 1-celled ; ovule solitary, suspended from the apex of the
cell, anatropous or amphitropous ; styles 2. Fruit a samara, nut, or drupe ;
albumen little or none ; embryo straight or curved ; cotyledons usually flat or
condujDlicate. Five of the thirteen genera of the Elm family occur in North
America. Of these three are represented by trees.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT GENERA.

Fruit a samara ; flowers perfect. 1. Ulmus.

Fruit nut-like, tuberculate. 2. Planera.

Fruit a drupe ; pistillate flowers usually solitary. 3. Celtis.

1. ULMUS, L. Elm.

Trees, or rarely shrubs, with deeply furrowed bark, branchlets often furnished
with corky wings, and buds with numerous ovate rounded chestnut-brown scales
closely imbricated in two ranks, increasing in size from without inward, the outer
sterile, the inner accrescent, replacing the stipules of the first leaves, deciduous,
marking the base of the branchlet with persistent ring-like scars. Leaves simply or
doubly serrate ; stipules linear, lanceolate to obovate, entire, free or connate at the

288 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

base, scarious, inclosing the leaf in the bud, caducous. Flowers from axillary buds
near the ends of the branches sin)ilar to but larger tlian the leaf-buds, the outer
scales sterile, the inner bearing flowers and rarely leaves. Flowers perfect, jointed
on slender bibracteolate pedicels from the axils of linear acute scarious bracts, in
pedunculate or subsessile fascicles or cymes, appearing in early spring before the
leaves in the axils of those of the previous year, or autumnal in the axils of leaves
of the year; calyx campanulate, 5-9-lobed, membranaceous, marcescent; stamens
5 or G inserted under the ovary; filaments filiform or slightly flattened, erect in the
bud, becoming exserted; anthers oblong, emarginate, and subcordate; ovary sessile
or stipitate, compressed, crowned by a simple deeply 2-lobed style, the spreading
lobes papillo-stigmatic on the inner face, usually 1-celled by abortion, rarely 2-celled;
ovule amphitropous; micropyle extrorse, superior. Fruit an ovate or oblong, often
oblique, sessile or stipitate samara surrounded at the base by the remnants of the
calyx, membranaceous, the seminal cavity compressed, slightly thickened on the
margin, chartaceous, produced into a thin reticulate-venulose membranaceous light
brown broad or rarely narrow wing naked or ciliate on the margin, tipped with the^
remnants of the persistent style, or more or less deeply notched at the apex, and
often marked horizontally by the thickened line of the union of the two carpels.
Seed ovate, compressed, without albumen, marked on the ventral edge by the thin
raphe; testa membranaceous, light or dark chestnut-brown, of two coats, rarely pro-
duced into a narrow wing; embryo erect; cotyledons flat or slightly convex, much
longer than the superior radicle turned toward the oblong linear pale hilum.

Ulmus, with fifteen or sixteen species, is widely distributed through the boreal
and temperate regions of the northern hemisphere with the exception of western
North America, reaching in the New World the mountains of southern Mexico and
in the "Old World the Sikkim Himalaya, northern China, and Japan. Of the exotic
species, Ulmus campestris, L., and Ulmus glabra, Huds., have been largely planted for
shade and ornament in the north Atlantic states, where old and large specimens of
the former can be seen, especially in the neighborhood of Boston.

Ulmus produces heavy, hard, tough, light-colored wood, often difficult to split.
The tough inner bark of some of the species is made into ropes or woven into
coarse cloth, and in northern China nourishing mucilaginous food is prepared from
the inner bark.

Ulmus is the classical name of the Elm -tree.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Flowers vernal, appearing' before the leaves.

Flowers on slender drooping pedicels ; fruit ciliate on the margins.
Wing of the fruit broad.

Bud-scales and fruit glabrous ; branehlets destitute of corky wings ; leaves obovate-
oblong to oval, usually smooth on the upper, soft-pubescent on the lower surface.

1. U. Americana (A, C).

Bud-scales puberulous ; branches often furnished with corky wings ; fruit hirsute ;

leaves obovate to oblong-oval, smooth on the upper, soft-pubescent on the lower

surface. 2. XT. Tlioniasi (A).

Wing of the fruit narrow.

Bud-scales glabrous or slightly puberulous ; branehlets furnished with broad corky
wings ; fruit hirsute, stipitate ; leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, smooth
on the upper, soft-pubescent on the lower surface. 3. U. alata (A, C).

ULMACE^

289

Flowers on short pedicels ; fruit naked on the margins.

Bud-scales coated with rusty hairs ; branehlets destitute of corky wings ; fruit

pubescent ; leaves ovate-oblong, scabrous on the upper, pubescent on the lower

surface. 4. U. fulva (A, C).

Flowers autumnal, appearing in the axils of leaves of the year; branehlets furnished

with corky wings ; fruit hirsute.

Bud-scales puberulous ; flowers on short pedicels ; leaves ovate, scabrous on the
upper, soft-pubescent on the lower surface. 5. U. crassif olia (C).

Bud-scales glabrous ; flowers on long pedicels ; leaves oblong to oblong-obovate,
acuminate, glabrous on the upper, pale and puberulous on the lower surface.

6. U. serotina (C).

1. Flowers vernal, appearing before the leaves.

1. Ulmus Americana, L. White Elm.

Leaves obovate-oblong to oval, abruptly narrowed at the apex into long points,
full and rounded at the base on one side and shorter and wedge-shaped on the other,
coarsely doubly serrate, with slightly incurved teeth, when they unfold coated below
with pale pubescence and pilose above, with long scattered white hairs, at maturity
4'-G' long, l'-3' wide, dark green and glabrous or scabrate above, pale and soft-
pubescent or sometimes glabrous below, with narrow pale midribs and numerous

p/(;. 2^4

slender straight primary veins running to the points of the teeth and connected by
fine cross veinlets, turning bright clear yellow in the autumn before falling; their
petioles stout, \' long; stipules linear-lanceolate, ^-2' long. Flowers on long slen-
der drooping pedicels sometimes 1' in length, in 3 or 4-flowered short-stalked fasci-
cles; calyx irregularly divided into 7-9 rounded lobes ciliate on the margins, often
somewhat oblique, puberulous on the outer surface, green tinged with red above the
middle; anthers bright red; ovary light green, ciliate on the margins, with long white
hairs; styles light green. Fruit on long stems in crowded clusters, ripening as the
leaves unfold, ovate to obovate-oblong, slightly stipitate, conspicuously reticulate-
venulose, ^' long, ciliate on the margins, the sharp points of the wings incurved and
inclosing the deep notch.

A tree, sometimes 100°-120° high, with a tall trunk 6°-ll° in diameter, frequently
enlarged at the base by great buttresses, occasionally rising with a straight undi-

290

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

vided shaft to the height of G0°-80° and separating into short spreading branches,
more commonly divided 30°-40° from the ground into numerous upright limbs grad-
ually spreading and forming an inversely conical round-topped head of long graceful
branches, often 100° or rarely 150° in diameter, and slender branchlets frequently
fringing the trmik and its principal divisions, light green and coated at first with
soft pale pubescence, becoming in their first winter light reddish brown, glabrous or
sometimes puberulous and marked by scattered pale lenticels and by large elevated
semiorbicular leaf-scars showing the ends of three large equidistant fibro-vascular
bundles, later becoming dark reddish brown and finally ashy gray. Winter-buds
ovate, acute, slightly flattened, about l' long, with broadly ovate rounded light chest-
nut-brown glabrous scales, the inner bright green, ovate, acute, becoming on vigor-
ous shoots often nearly 1' long. Bark I'-l^ thick, ashy gray, divided by deep fis-
sures into broad ridges separating on the surface into thin appressed scales. Wood
heavy, hard, strong, tough, difficult to split, coarse-grained, light brown, with thick
somewhat lighter colored sapwood; largely used for the hubs of wheels, saddle-trees,
in flooring and cooperage, and in boat and shipbuilding.

Distribution. River bottom-lands, intervales, low rich hills, and the banks of
streams; southern Newfoundland to the northern shores of Lake Superior and the
eastern base of the Rocky Mountains, southward to Cape Canaveral and the shores
of Peace Creek, Florida, westward to the Black Hills of Dakota, western Nebraska,
western Kansas, the Indian Territory, and the valley of the Rio Concho, Texas; very
common northward, less abundant and of smaller size southward; abundant on the
banks of streams flowing through the midcontinental plateau.

Largely planted as an ornamental and shade tree in the northern states, and rarely
in western and northern Europe.

2. Ulmus Thomasi, Sarg. Rock Elm. Cork Elm.

Leaves obovate to oblong-oval, rather abruptly narrowed at the apex into short
broad points, equally or somewhat unequally rounded, wedge-shaped or subcordate

f^'V 2|;

at the base and coarsely doubly serrate, when they unfold pilose on the upper sur-
face and covered on the lower with soft white hairs, at maturity 2'-2^' long, f'-l'
wide, thick and firm, smooth, dark green and lustrous above, paler and soft-pubes-

ULMACE^ 291

cent below, especially on the stout midribs and the numerous straight veins running
to the points of the teeth and connected by obscure cross veinlets, turning in the
autumn bright clear yellow; their petioles pubescent, about \' long; stipules ovate-
lanceolate, conspicuously veined, light green, marked with dark red on the margins
above the middle, f long, clasping the stem by their abruptly enlarged cordate
bases, conspicuously dentate, with 1-3 prominent teeth on each side, falling when the
leaves are half grown. Flowers on elongated slender drooping pedicels often 1'
long, in 2-4, usually in 3, flowered puberulous cymes becoming more or less race-
mose by the lengthening of the axis of the inflorescence, and when fully grown some-
times 2' in length; calyx green, divided nearly to the middle into 7 or 8 rounded
dark red scarious lobes; anthers dark purple; ovary coated with long pale hairs most
abundant on the margins ; styles light green. Fruit ripening when the leaves are
about half grown, ovate or obovate-oblong, i' long, with a shallow open notch at the
apex, obscurely veined, pale pubescent, ciliate on the slightly thickened border of
the broad wing, the margin of the seminal cavity scarcely thickened.

A tree, 80°-100° high, with a trunk occasionally 3° in diameter, and often free of
branches for 60°, short stout spreading branches forming a narrow round-topped
head, and slender rigid branchlets, light brown when they first appear, and coated
with soft pale pubescence often persistent until their second season, becoming light
reddish browai, puberulous or glabrous and lustrous in their first winter, and marked
by scattered oblong lenticels and large orbicular or semiorbicular leaf-scars display-
ing an irregular row of 4-6 fibro-vascular bundle-scars, ultimately dark brown or
ashy gray, and usually furnished with 3 or 4 thick corky irregular wings often i'
broad, and beginning to appear in the first or more often during the second year.
Winter-buds ovate, acute, Y long, with broadly ovate rounded chestnut-brown
scales pilose on the outer surface, ciliate on the margins, the inner scales becoming
ovate-oblong to lanceolate, and ^' long, often dentate at the base, with 1 or 2 minute
teeth on each side, bright green below the middle, marked with a red blotch above,
and white and scarious at the apex. Bark |'-1' thick, gray tinged with red, and
deeply divided by wade irregular interrupted fissures into broad flat ridges broken
on the surface into large irregularly shaped scales. Wood heavy, hard, very strong
and tough, close-grained, light clear brown often tinged with red, with thick lighter
colored sapwood; largely employed in the manufacture of many agricultural imple-
ments, for the framework of chairs, hubs of wheels, railway-ties, the sills of build-
ings, and other purposes demanding toughness, solidity, and flexibility.

Distribution. Dry gravelly uplands, low heavy clay soils, rocky slopes and
river cliffs; Province of Quebec westward through Ontario, sotithward through north-
ern New Hampshire to southern Vermont, and to northern New Jersey, and west-
ward through northern New York, southern Michigan, and central Wisconsin to
northeastern Nebraska and western Missouri; rare in the east and toward the ex-
treme western and southern limits of its range; most abundant and of its largest
size in Ontario and the southern peninsula of Michigan.

Occasionally planted as a shade and ornamental tree in the northern states.

3. Ulmus alata, Michx. Wahoo. Winged Elm.

Leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, often somewhat falcate, acute or
acuminate, unequally wedge-shaped or rounded or subcordate at the base, and
coarsely doubly serrate, with incurved teeth, when they unfold pale green often
tinged with red, coated on the lower surface with soft white pubescence and gla-

292

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

brous or nearly so on the upper surface, at maturity thick and firm or subcoriaceous,
dark gi*een and smooth above, pale and soft-pubescent below, especially on the stout
yellow midribs and numerous straight prominent veins often forked near the mar-
gins of the leaf and connected by rather conspicuous reticulate veinlets, turning dull
yellow color in the autumn; their petioles stout, pubescent, ^' long ; stipules linear-
obovate, thin and scarious, tinged with red above the middle, often nearly V long.

Flowers on drooping pedicels, in short few-flowered fascicles ; calyx glabrous and
divided nearly to the middle into 5 broad ovate rounded lobes as long as the hoary-
tomentose ovary raised on a short slender stipe. Fruit ripening before oi* with the
unfolding of the leaves, oblong, ^' in length, contracted at the base into a long
slender stalk, gradually narrowed and tipped at the apex with long incurved awns,
covered with long white hairs most numerous on the thickened margin of the nar-
row wing ; seed ovate, pointed, ^' long, pale chestnut-brown, slightly thickened
into a narrow wing-like margin.

A tree, 40°-50° high, with a trunk rarely 2° in diameter, short stout straight or
erect branches forming a narrow oblong rather open round-topped head, and slender
branchlets glabrous or puberulous and light green tinged with red when they first
appear, becoming light reddish brown or ashy gray and glabrous, or on vigorous
individuals frequently pilose in their first winter, marked by occasional small orange-
colored lenticels and by small elevated horizontal semiorbicular leaf-scars, some-
times naked, more often furnished with usually 2 thin corky wings beginning to
grow during the first or more often during their second season, abruptly arrested at
the nodes, often ^ wide, and persistent for many years. "Winter-buds slender,
acute, 1' long, dark chestnut-brown, with glabrous or puberulous scales, those of
the inner ranks becoming oblong or obovate, rounded and tipped at the apex with
minute tips, thin and scarious, light red, especially above the middle, and ^' long.
Bark rarely exceeding \' in thickness, light brown tinged with red, and divided by
irregular shallow fissures into flat ridges covered by small closely appressed scales.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, difficult to split, light brown, with
thick lighter colored sapwood; sometimes employed for the hubs of wheels and the
handles of tools; rope used for fastening the covers of cotton bales is sometimes
made from the inner bark.

ULMACE^

293

Distribution. Usually on dry gravelly uplands, less commonly in rich alluvial
soil along the borders of swamps and the banks of streams, southern Virginia through
the middle districts to western Florida, and from southern Indiana and Illinois
through western Kentucky and Tennessee to the shores of the Gulf of Mexico, and
through southern Missouri, Arkansas, and the eastern part of the Indian Territory
to the valley of the Trinity River, Texas; of its largest size and most abundant west
of the Mississippi River.

Often planted as a shade-tree in the street* of towns and villages of the southern
states.

4. Ulmus fulva, Michx. Slippery Elm. Red Elm.

Leaves ovate-oblong, abruptly contracted into long slender points, rounded at
the base on one side and short-oblique on the other, and coarsely doubly serrate, with
incurved callous-tipped teeth; when they unfold thin, coated on the lower surface
with pale pubescence, pilose on the upper, with scattered white hairs, at maturity

T'^-. 2J7

thick and firm, dark green and rugose with crowded sharp-pointed tubercles pointing
toward the apex of the leaf, soft, smooth, and coated below, especially on the thin
midribs and in the axils of the slender straight veins, with white hairs, 5'-7' long,
2'-3' broad, turning a dull yellow color in the autumn; their petioles stout, pubescent,
^' long; stipules obovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, thin and scarious, pale-pubes-
cent, and tipped with clusters of rusty brown hairs. Flowers on short pedicels,
in crowded fascicles; calyx green, covered with pale hairs, divided into 5-9 short
rounded thin equal lobes; stamens with slender light yellow slightly flattened fila-
ments and dark red anthers; stigmas slightly exserted, reddish purple, papillose,
with soft white hairs. Fruit ripening when the leaves are about half grown, semi-
orbicular, rounded and bearing the remnants of the styles, or slightly emarginate at
the apex, rounded or wedge-shaped at the base, ^' broad, the seminal cavity coated
with thick rusty brown tomentum, the broad thin wing obscurely reticulate-veined,
naked on the thickened margin, and marked by the ^ark conspicuous horizontal line
of union of the two carpels; seed ovate, with a large oblique pale hilum, a light
chestnut-brown coat produced into a thin border wider below than above the middle
of the seed.

A tree, 60°-70° high, with a trunk occasionally 2° in diameter, spreading branches

294

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

forming a broad open flat-topped head, and stout branchlets bright green, scabrate,
and coated with soft pale pubescence when tliey first appear, becoming light brown
by midsun)mer, often roughened by small pale lenticels, and in their first winter
ashy gray, orange color, or light red-brown, and marked by large elevated semiorbicu-
lar leaf-scars showing the ends of 3 conspicuous equidistant fibro-vascular bundles,
ultimately dark gray or brown. Winter-buds ovate, obtuse, ^' long, with' about
12 scales, the outer broadl}' ovate, rounded, dark chestnut-brown, and covered by
long scattered rusty hairs, the inner when fully grown ^' long, ^'-\' wide, light green,
strap-shaped, rounded and tij)ped at the apex with tufts of rusty hairs, puberulous
on the outer surface, slightly ciliate on the margins, gradually growing narrower and
passing into the stipules of the upper leaves. Bark frequently 1' thick, dark brown
tinged with red, divided by shallow fissures and covered by large thick appressed
scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, durable, easy to split, dark
brown or red, with thin lighter colored sapwood; largely used for fence-posts, rail-
way-ties, the sills of buildings, the hubs of wheels, and in agricultural implements.
The thick fragrant inner bark is mucilaginous and demulcent, and is employed in
the treament of acute febrile and inflammatory affections.

Distribution. Banks of streams and low rich rocky hillsides in deep fertile soil;
comparatively common from the valley of the St. Lawrence River through Ontario
to north Dakota, eastern Nebraska, and northern and western Kansas, and south-
ward to western Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, and the valley of the
San Antonio River, Texas.

2. Flowers autumnal, appearing in the axils of leaves of the year.

5. Ulmus crassifolia, Nutt. Cedar Elm.

Leaves oblong-oval, acute or rounded at the apex, unequally rounded or wedge-
shaped and often oblique at the base, coarsely and unequally doubly serrate, with
callous-tipped teeth, when they unfold thin, light green tinged with red, pilose above

and covered below with soft pale pubescence, at maturity thick and subcoriaceous,
dark green, lustrous and roughened by crowded minute sharp-pointed tubercles on
the upper surface and soft pubescent on the lower surface, l'-2' long, ^'-V wide,

ULMACEiE 295

with stout yellow midribs^ prominent straight veins connected by conspicuous more
or less reticulate cross veinlets, usually turning bright yellow late in the autumn;
their petioles stout, tomentose, \'-^' in length; stipules ^' long, linear-lanceolate,
red and scarious above, clasping the stem by their green and hairy bases, deciduous
when the leaves are about half grown. Flowers usually opening in August and
sometimes also in October, on slender pedicels ^'-^' long, covered with white hairs,
in 3-5-flowered pedunculate fascicles; calyx divided to below the middle into oblong
narrow-pointed lobes hairy at the base; ovary hirsute, crowned with two short
slightly exserted stigmas. Fruit ripening in September and rarely also in Novem-
ber, oblong, gradually and often irregularly narrowed from the middle to the ends,
short-stalked, deeply notched at the apex, ^' to nearly ^' long, covered with soft white
hairs, most abundant on the slightly thickened margin of the broad obscure wing;
seed oblique, pointed, and covered by a dark chestnut-brown coat.

A tree, often 80° high, with a tall straight trunk 2°-3° in diameter, sometimes
free of branches for 30° or 40°, divided into numerous stout spreading limbs form-
ing a broad inversely conical round-topped head of long pendulous branches, or while
young or on dry uplands a compact round head of drooping branches, and slender
branchlets, when they first appear tinged with red and coated with soft pale pubes-
cence, becoming light reddish brown, puberulous and marked by scattered minute
lenticels and by small elevated semiorbicular leaf-scars showing the ends of 3 small
fibro-vascular bundles, and furnished with 2 corky wings covered with lustrous brown
bark, ^' broad and continuous except when abruptly interrupted by lateral branch-
lets or often irregularly developed. Winter-buds broadly ovate, acute, ^' long,
with closely imbricated chestnut-brown scales slightly puberulous on the outer sur-
face, those of the inner ranks at maturity oblong, concave, rounded at the apex, thin,
bright red, sometimes ^' long. Bark sometimes nearly 1' thick, light brown slightly
tinged with red and deeply divided by interrupted fissures into broad flat ridges
broken on the surface into thick scales. "Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, light
brown tinged with red, with thick lighter colored sap wood; in central Texas used in
the manufacture of the hubs of wheels, for furniture, and largely for fencing.

Distribution. Valley of the Sunflower River, Mississippi, through southern
Arkansas and Texas to Nuevo Leon, ranging in western Texas from the coast to the
valley of the Pecos River; in Arkansas usually on river cliffs and low hillsides, and
in Texas near streams in deep alluvial soil and on dry limestone hills; the common
Elm-tree of Texas and of its largest size on the bottom-lands of the Guadalupe
and Trinity rivers.

Occasionally planted as a shade-tree in the streets of the cities and towns of Texas.

6. Ulmus serotina, Sarg. Red Elm.

Leaves oblong to oblong-obovate, acuminate, very oblique at the base, coarsely
and doubly crenulate-serrate; when they unfold coated below with shining white
hairs and puberulous above, at maturity thin and firm in texture, yellow-green,
glabrous and lustrous on the upper surface, pale and puberulous on the midribs and
principal veins on the lower surface, 2'-4' long, I'-lf wide, with prominent yellow
midribs, about 20 pairs of primary veins extending obliquely to the points of the
teeth and often forked near the margins of the leaf, and numerous reticulate vein-
lets, turning clear orange-yellow in the autumn; their petioles stout, about ^' long;
stipules abruptly narrowed from broad clasping bases, linear-lanceolate, usually
about \' long, persistent until the leaves are nearly fully grown. Flowers opening in

296

TREES OF NOKXn AMERICA

September on slender conspicuously jointed pedicels often ^' long, in many-flowered
glabrous racemes from I'-l^' in length; calyx G-parted to the base, with oblong-
obovate red-brown divisions rounded at the apex; ovary sessile, narrowed below,
villous. Fruit ripening early in November, stipitate, cblong-ellii)tical, deeply divided
at the apex, fringed on the margins with long silvery white hairs, about ^' long.

A tree, 50°-60'^ bigh, with a trunk 2°-3" in diameter and comparatively small
spreading or pendulous branches often forming a broad handsome head, and slender

Pl(^. 2JC)

pendulous branchlets glabrous or occasionally puberulous when they first appear,
brown, lustrous, and marked by occasional oblong white lenticels during their first
year, becoming darker the following season and ultimately dark gray-brown, and
often furnished with 2 or 3 thick corky wings developed during their second or third
years. Winter-buds ovate, acute, Y long, their outer scales oblong-obovate, dark
chestnut-brown, glabrous, the inner often scarious on the margins, pale yellow-green,
lustrousp and sometimes |' long when fully grown. Bark ^-f ' thick, light brown
slightly tinged with red, and divided by shallow fissures into broad flat ridges broken
on the surface into large thin closely appressed scales. "Wood hard, close-grained,
very strong and tough, light red-brown, with pale yellow sap wood.

Distribution. Limestone hills and river banks; southern Kentucky to northern
Alabama and northeastern Georgia.

Occasionally planted as a shade-tree in the streets of cities in northern Georgia
and northern Alabama.

2. PLANERA, Gmel.

A tree, with scaly puberulous branchlets roughened by scattered pale lenticels,
and at the end of their first season by small nearly orbicular leaf-scars marked by a
row of fibro-vascular bundle-scars, minute subglobose winter-buds covered by numer-
ous thin closely imbricated chestnut-brown scales, the outer more or less scarious
on the margins, the inner accrescent, becoming at maturity ovate-oblong, scarious,
bright red, ^'-^' long, marking in falling the base of the branchlet with pale ring-
like scars. Leaves alternate, 2-ranked, ovate-oblong, acute or rounded at the nar-
rowed apex, unequally wedge-shaped or rounded at the base, coarsely crenately
serrate, with unequal gland-tipped teeth, petiolate, with slender terete puberulous

ULMACE^

297

petioles, numerous straight conspicuous veins forked near the margin and connected
by cross reticulate veinlets more conspicuous below than above, when they unfold
puberulous on the lower and pilose on the upper surface, at maturity thick or sub-
coriaceous and scabrate; stipules lateral, free, ovate, scarious, bright red. Flowers
polygamo-moncecious, the staminate fascicled in the axils of the outer scales of
leaf-bearing buds, short-pedicellate, the pistillate or perfect on elongated puber-
ulous pedicels in the axils of leaves of the year in 1-3-flowered fascicles; pedw^els
without bracts; calyx campanulate, divided nearly to the base into 4 or 5 lobes
rounded at the apex, greenish yellow often tinged with red; stamens inserted under
the ovary in the pistillate flower, sometimes few or 0; filaments filiform, erect,
exserted; anthers broadly ovate, emarginate, cordate; ovary ovate, stipitate, gland-
ular-tuberculate, narrowed into a short style divided into 2 elongated reflexed
stigmas papillo-stigmatic on the inner face, 0 in the staminate flower; ovule, anatro-
pous; micropyle extrorse, superior. Fruit an oblong oblique drupe, narrowed below
into a short stipe, inclosed at the base by the withered calyx crowned by the rem-
nants of the style, its pericarp crustaceous, prominently ribbed on the anterior
and posterior faces, irregularly tuberculate, with elongated projections, and light
chestnut-brown; seed ovate, oblique, pointed at the apex, rounded below, without
albumen; testa thin, lustrous, dark brown or nearly black, of two coats; raphe
inconspicuous; embryo erect; cotyledons thick, unequal, bright orange color, the
apex of the larger hooded and slightly infolding the smaller, much longer than
the minute radicle turned toward the linear pale hilum.

The genus is represented by a single species.

The generic name is in memory of Johanu Jacob Planer, a German botanist and
physician of the eighteenth century.

1. Planera aquatica, Gmel. Water Elm.

Leaves 2'-2i' long, |'-1' wide, on petioles varying from ^-^^ in length, dark
dull green on the upper surface, paler on the lower surface, with yellow midribs and
veins. Flowers appearing with the leaves. Fruit ripening in April, ^' long.

h<^. ^4^

A tree, 30°-40° high, with a short trunk rarely exceeding 20' in diameter, rather
slender spreading branches forming a low broad head, and branchlets brown tinged

298 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

with red when they first appear, dark red (hiring their first winter, and ultimately
reddish brown or ashy gray. Bark about \' thick, light brown or gray, separating
into large scales disclosing in falling the red-brown inner bark. "Wood light, soft,
not strong, close-grained, light brown, with thick nearly white sapwood of 20-30
layers of animal growth.

Distribution. Swamps covered with water during several months of every year,
from the valley of the Cape Fear River, North Carolina, to western Florida, and
through southern Alabama and Mississippi to the valley of the Trinity River, Texas,
and northward through western Louisiana and Arkansas to southern Missouri, cen-
tral Kentucky, and the valley of the lower Wabash River, Illinois; comparatively
rare, and only in the neighborhood of the coast in the Atlantic and east Gulf states;
abundant and of its largest size in western Louisiana and southern Arkansas.

3. CELTIS, L.

Trees or shrubs, with thin, smooth often more or less muricate bark, unarmed
or spinose branchlets, and scaly buds. Leaves serrate or entire, 3 or rarely 4 or
5-nerved, membranaceous or subcoriaceous, deciduous; stipules lateral, free, usually
searious, inclosing their leaf in the bud, caducous. Flowers polygamo-moncecious or
rarely moncecious, appearing soon after the unfolding of the leaves, minute, pedi-
cellate on branches of the year, the staminate cymose or fascicled at their base, the
pistillate solitary or in few-flowered fascicles from the axils of upper leaves; calyx
divided nearly to the base into 4 or 5 lobes, greenish yellow, deciduous; stamens in-
serted on the margin of the discoid torus; filaments subulate, incurved in the bud,
those of the sterile flower straightening themselves abruptly and becoming erect
and exserted, shorter and remaining recurved in the perfect flower; anthers ovate,
attached on the back just above the emarginate base; ovary ovate, sessile, green and
lustrous, crowned with a short sessile style divided into diverging elongated reflexed
acuminate entire lobes papillo-stigmatic on the inner face and mature before the
anthers of the sterile flower, deciduous; minute and rudimentary in the staminate
flower; ovule anatropous. Fruit an ovoid or globose drupe tipped with the remnants
of the style, with thin flesh covered by a thick firm skin, and a thick-walled bony
smooth or rugose nutlet. Seed filling the seminal cavity; albumen scanty, gelati-
nous, nearly inclosed between the folds of the cotyledons, or 0; testa membra-
naceous, of 2 confluent coats; chalaza colored, close to the minute hilum; embryo
curved; cotyledons broad, foliaceous, conduplicate or rarely flat, variously folded,
corrugate, incumbent, or inclosing the short superior ascending radicle.

Celtis is widely distributed through the temperate and tropical regions of the
world, fifty or sixty species being distinguished. The North American species vary
greatly in the form of their leaves in different parts of the country, and it is not
improbable that a larger number of species than are here enumerated may be conven-
iently recognized when these trees can be more fully studied.

Celtis was the classical name of a species of Lotus.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.

Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, sharply and coarsely serrate-

1 C. oocidentalis (A, B, C, F).
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, entire or occasionally obscurely and
remotely serrate, thin or in one form subcoriaceous.

2. C. Mississippiensis (A, C, E, G, H).

ULMACE^

299

1. Celtis occidentalis, L. Hackberry. Sugarberry.

Leaves broadly ovate, more or less falcate, gradually or abruptly contracted into
long narrow points, rounded and usually very oblique at the base, coarsely serrate,
with callous-tipped teeth except at the entire ends, 3-ribbed, when they unfold pale
yellow-green, coated on the lower surface with soft silky white hairs and pilose on
the upper surface, at maturity thin, light green and lustrous, smooth, scabrate or
scabrous above, paler and glabrous or slightly hairy below on the prominent midribs
and primary veins, arcuate and united near the margins and connected by con-
spicuous reticulate veinlets, 2^'-4:' long, l'-2' wide, turning light yellow late in the
autumn before falling; their petioles slender, hairy, ^'-f long; stipules linear,
strap-shaped, white and scarious, nearly ^' long, or on sterile shoots ovate, acute,
concave, sometimes |' long and \' wide. Flo"wers on slender drooping pedicles;
calyx divided usually into 5 linear acute thin and scarious lobes rounded on the

h^.2^!

back, more or less laciniately cut at the apex, tinged with red, and often furnished
with a tuft of pale hairs; torus hoary-tomentose. Fruit on slender stem ^'— f' long,
ripening in September and October and often remaining on the branches during the
winter, oblong, about Y long, dark purple, with a thick tough skin, dark orange-colored
flesh, and a smooth thick- walled oblong pointed light brown nut; seed pale brown.
A tree, sometimes 130° high, with a straight slender trunk 2i°-3^ in diameter,
often free of branches for 70° or 80°, and slender slightly zigzag and glabrous or
puberulous branchlets containing a thick light-colored pith, light green when they
first appear, gradually becoming tinged with red and in their first winter bright red-
brown, rather lustrous, and marked by horizontal semioval or oblong leaf-scars show-
ing the ends of 3 fibro-vascular bundles, darker in their second or third year, and
ultimately dark brown slightly tinged with red; usually much smaller and in the
eastern states generally short-trunked, with stout spreading rigid or frequently pen-
dulous branches forming a handsome round-topped tree. Winter-buds ovate,
pointed, flattened, about ^' long, with 3 pairs of chestnut-brown ovate acute pubes-
cent caducous ?>cales closely imbricated in 2 ranks, increasing in size from without
inward and gradually passing into the stipules of the lower leaves. Bark V-iy thick,

300

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

light brown or silvery gray, broken on the surface into thick appressed scales, and
sometimes roughened by irregular wart-like excrescences or ridges also found on
the large branches. Wood heavy, rather soft, not strong, coarse-grained, clear light
yellow, with thick lighter colored sapwood; largely used for fencing and in the
manufacture of cheap furniture.

Distribution. Valley of the St, Lawrence River near Montreal, westward to
southern Ontario, and in the United States from the shores of Massachusetts Bay to
northwestern Nebraska, North Dakota, southern Idaho, eastern Washington and
Oregon, western Washington, Nevada, New Mexico, and southward to the shores of
Bay Biscayne and Cape Romano, Florida, and to Missouri and eastern Texas; rare
east of the Hudson River, more abundant in western New York and the middle
states, and of its largest size on the rich bottom-lands of the lower Ohio basin ; grow-
ing usually in rich moist soil and often, especially in the east, on dry gravelly or
rocky hillsides; west of the Rocky Mountains, a small tree or shrub rarely 30° high,
with thick rigid scabrous reticulate leaves, exceedingly rare and only on the banks
of streams. A dwarf shrubby form found usually on the rocky banks of streams
with stems 4°-10° tall and small usually rugose leaves is not uncommon in the south
Atlantic states, ranging westward to Missouri, Colorado, Utah, and Nevada (var.
pumila, Gray). \

Often planted as a shade and ornamental tree in the states between the Mississippi
River and the Rocky Mountains and occasionally in the eastern states and in Europe.

2. Celtis Mississippiensis, Bosc. Sugarberry. Hackberry.

Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, long-pointed, more or less falcate, unequally
rounded or very oblique or unequally wedge-shaped at the base, entire or occasion-
ally serrate, with minute incurved teeth, or rarely furnished above the middle

with 1 or 2 broad sharp teeth, when they unfold light yellow-green and nearly
glabrous or coated with pale pubescence, at maturity firm, smooth, glabrous, dark
green on the upper and pale on the lower surface, 3'-4' long, f'-3' wide, with nar-
row yellow midribs and slender veins arcuate and united near the margins and con-
nected by conspicuous reticulate veinlets; their petioles slender, \'-^' long; stipules
linear-strap-shaped, coated with soft white hairs. Flowers on slender hirsute ped-
icels; calyx divided into 5 ovate lanceolate glabrous or puberulous scarious lobes

ULMACEiE 301

furnished at the apex with tufts of long white hairs. Fruit ovate, \'-^' long, bright
orange-red, with thin dry flesh and a smooth light brown nut.

A tree, G0°-80° high, with a short trunk 2°-3° in diameter, spreading sometimes
pendulous branches forming a broad and often graceful head, and branchlets light
green, glabrous or covered with pale pubescence when they first appear, bright red-
dish brown, rather lustrous, and marked by oblong pale lenticels and narrow elevated
horizontal leaf-scars showing the ends of 3 fibro-vascular bundles during their first
winter; often much smaller and sometimes shrubby. Winter-buds ovate, pointed,
Yq'-^' long, with chestnut-brown puberulous scales. Bark ^'-f thick, light blue-
green, and covered with prominent excrescences. Wood rather soft, not strong,
close-grained, light yellow, with thick lighter colored sap wood; confounded com-
mercially with the wood of Celtis occidentalis and used for the same purposes.

Distribution. Rich bottom-lands and the banks of streams or occasionally dry
limestone hills from southern Indiana and Illinois through Kentucky, Tennessee, and
Alabama to the shores of Bay Biscayne, Florida, and through Missouri, Arkansas,
and Texas to Nuevo Leon; also in Bermuda; very abundant and of its largest siiie
in the basin of the Lower Ohio River; the common species in central and western
Kentucky and Tennessee; rare in the Gulf states; exceedingly common west of the
Mississippi River, especially in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas, and in Nuevo Leon.
In Texas gradually passing into a form with thicker and more conspicuously reticu-
late-venulose leaves. This is

Celtis Mississippiensis, var. reticulata, Sarg.

Leaves broadly ovate, acute or acuminate, rounded or cordate and usually oblique
and very unequal at the base, entire or rarely furnished above the middle with few
large teeth, thick and coriaceous, dark green and glabrous or scabrate above, pale

f-i«,. ^^j

yellow-green, glabrous or hirsute, and covered by a network of prominent yellow
veinlets below. Fruit Y-^' long, dark orange-red.

A small bushy tree, 40°-o0° high, with stout branches, a short trunk covered with
smooth blue-gray bark roughened by prominent excrescences usually interrupted or
broken into short lengths; in arid regions often a low shrub.

Distribution. Texas, in the neighborhood of Dallas, southward to the Rio

302 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Grande, and westward through New Mexico and Arizona to southern Utah and
Kevada, and the western rim of the Colorado Desert in California; and in Lower
California; in eastern Texas usually on dry limestone hills; westward only near the
banks of streams in mountain canons.

XII. MORACEiE.

Trees or shrubs, with milky juice^ scaly or naked buds, and stalked alter-
nate simple leaves with stipules. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, in ament-
like spikes or heads on the outside of a receptacle or on the inside of a closed
receptacle ; calyx of the staminate flower 3 or 4-lobed or parted ; stamens 1-4
inserted on the base of the calyx ; calyx of the pistillate flower of 3—5 partly
united sepals ; ovary 1-2 celled ; styles 1 or 2 ; ovule pendulous. Fruits dru-
paceous, inclosed in the thickened calyx of the flower and united into a com-
pound fruit. The Mulberry family is widely distributed with fifty-four genera
confined largely to the warmer parts of the world. Three genera only, all
arborescent, are indigenous in North America, although Broussonetia papyri-
fera, Vent., the Paper Mulberry, a tree related to the Mulberry and a native
of eastern Asia, and the Hop and the Hemp are more or less generally natural-
ized in the eastern and southern states.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN GENERA.

Flowers on the outside of the receptacle ; buds scaly.

Flowers in ament-like spikes; compound fruit oblong and succulent. 1. Morus.

Staminate flowers racemose, the pistillate capitate ; compound fruit dry and globose.

2. Toxylon.

Flowers on the inside of a closed receptacle ; buds naked ; compound fruit subglobose to

ovoid, succulent. 3. Ficus.

1. MORUS, L. Mulberry.

Trees or shrubs, with slender terete unarmed branches prolonged by one of the
upper axillary buds, scaly bark, and fibrous roots. Winter-buds covered by ovate
scales closely imbricated in 2 ranks, increasing in size from without inward, the
inner accrescent, marking in falling the base of the branch with ring-like scars.
Leaves conduplicate in the bud, alternate, serrate, entire or 3-lobed, 3-5-nerved at
the base, membranaceous or subcoriaceous, deciduous; stipules inclosing their leaf'
in the bud, lateral, lanceolate, acute, caducous. Flowers monoecious or dioecious,
the staminate and pistillate on different branches of the same plant or on different
plants, minute, vernal, in pedunculate clusters from the axils of caducous bud-scales
or of the lower leaves of the year, the staminate in elongated cylindrical spikes;
calyx deeply divided into 4 equal rounded lobes; stamens 4, inserted opposite the
lobes of the calyx under the minute rudimentary ovary; filaments filiform, incurved
in the bud, straightening elastically and becoming exserted; anthers attached on
the back below the middle, introrse, 2-celled, the cells reniform, attached laterally to
the orbicular connective, opening longitudinally; the pistillate sessile, in short-
oblong densely flowered spikes; calyx 4-parted, the lobes ovate or obovate, thick-
ened, often unequal, the 2 outer broader than the others, persistent; ovary ovoid
flat, sessila, included in the calyx, crowned by a central style divided nearly to the
base into 2 equal spreading filiform villous white stigmatic lobes; ovule suspended
from the apex of the cell, campylotropous; micropyle superior. Drupes ovate or

HORACES

303

obovate, crowned with the remnants of the styles, inclosed in the succulent thick-
ened and colored perianth of the tiower and more or less united into a more or less
juicy compound fruit (syncarp); flesh subsucculent, thin; walls of the nutlet thin or
thick, crustaceous. Seed oblong, pendulous; testa thin, membranaceous; hilum
minute, apical; embryo incurved in thick fleshy albumen; cotyledons oblong, equal;
radicle ascending, incumbent.

Morus with six or seven species is confined to eastern temperate North America,
the elevated regions of Mexico, Central America and western South America, western
Asia, Indo-China, Japan, and the high mountains of the Indian Archipelago. Two
species occur in North America. The most valuable species, Morus alba, L., a native
of northern China and Japan, and largely cultivated in many countries for its leaves,
which are the best food of the silkworm, has been planted in large quantities in the
eastern United States; and Morus nigra, L., probably a native of Persia, has been
introduced into the southern and Pacific states for its large dark-colored juicy fruit.
Morus produces straight-grained durable light brown or orange-colored valuable
wood, and sweet acidulous and refreshing fruits.

Morus is the classical name of the Mulberry-tree.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Leaves coated below with pale pubescence ; lobes of the stigma long- ; fruit oblong", dark
purple. 1. M. rubra (A, C).

Leaves glabrous or pubescent on the lower surface ; lobes of the stigma short ; fruit sub-
globose or short ovate, nearly black. 2. M. celtidifolia (C, E, H).

1. Morus rubra, L, Red Mulberry.

Leaves ovate, oblong-ovate or semiorbicular, <ibruptly contracted into long broad
points or acute at the apex, more or less deeply cordate or occasionally truncate at

Fi(^. 2H-H-

the base, coarsely and occasionally doubly serrate, with incurved callous-tipped teeth,
often, especially on vigorous young shoots, 3-lobed by broad deep oblique lateral
rounded sinuses, when they unfold yellow-green, slightly pilose on the upper sur-
face and hoary-tomentose on the lower surface, at maturity thin, dark bluish green,

304 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

glabrous, smooth, or scabrate above, pale and more or less pubescent below, with
short wliite hairs thickest on the orange-colored midribs and primary veins arcuate
and united near the margins and connected by reticidate veinlets, or sometimes
hoary-tomentose below, 3'-5' long, 2^'-4' broad, turning bright yellow in the autumn;
their petioles stout, hoary-tomentose at first, becoming glabrous, ^'-Ij'long; stipules
lanceolate, acute, abruptly enlarged and thickened at the base, sometimes tinged
with red above the middle, coated with long white hairs, and often V in length.
Flo"wers appearing with the unfolding of the leaves, staniinate in narrow spikes
2'-2^' long, on stout light green peduncles covered with pale hairs; calyx divided
nearly to the base into 4 oblong concave lobes rounded at the apex and hirsute on
the outer surface; stamens with slightly flattened filaments narrowed from the
base to the apex, and bright green anthers, their connectives orbicular, conspicuous,
bright green; pistillate in oblong densely flowered spikes, 1' long, on short hairy
pednncles, a few male flowers being sometimes mixed with them; calyx divided nearly
to the base into 4 thick concave lobes rounded at the apex, rounded or slightly keeled
on the back, the 2 outer lobes twice as wide as the others, as long as and closely
investing the glabrons light green ovary. Fruit: syncarp at first bright red when
fully grown, 1'— 1^' long, becoming dark purple or nearly black and sweet and juicy
when fully ripe; drupes about gl^' long, with a thin fleshy outer coat and a light
brown nutlet; seed ovate, acute, with a thin membranaceous light brown coat.

A tree, 60°-70° high, with a short trunk rarely exceeding 3°-4° in diameter, stout
spreading smooth branches forming a dense broad round-topped shapely head, and
slender slightly zigzag branchlets dark green often tinged with red, glabrous, more
or less coated with pale pubescence, and covered with oblong straw-colored spots
when they first appear, becoming in their first winter light red-brown to orange
color and marked by pale lenticels 9,nd by large elevated horizontal nearly orbicular
concave leaf-scars displaying a row of prominent fibro-vascular bundle-scars, and in
their second and third years dark brown slightly tinged with red. Winter-buds
ovate, rounded or pointed at the apex, ^' long, with 6 or 7 chestnut-brown scales,
those of the outer rows broadly ovate, rounded, and Slightly thickened on the back,
puberulous, ciliate on the margins, and much shorter than those of the next rows,
the inner scales scarious, coated with pale hairs, oblong-lanceolate, rounded or acute
at the apex, and ^'-f ' long at maturity. Bark ^-f ' thick, dark brown tinged with
red and divided into irregular elongated plates separating on the surface into thick
appressed scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, rather tough, coarse-grained, very
durable, light orange color, with thick lighter colored sapwood; largely used for
fencing, in cooperage, and in ship and boatbuilding.

Distribution. Intervales in rich soil and on low hills; western Massachusetts,
Connecticut, and Long Island to southern Ontario and central Michigan, southeast-
ern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and southward to the shores of Bay Biscayne and
Cape Romano, Florida, and to the valley of the Colorado River, Texas; most abun-
dant and of its largest size in the basin of the lower Ohio River and on the foothills
of the southern Appalachian Mountains.

Occasionally planted, especially in the southern states, for its fruit valued for fat-
tening hogs and as food for jjoultry. A few natural varieties, distinguished for the
large size and good quality of their fruit, or for their productiveness, are occasion-
ally propagated by pomologists.

HORACES

305

2. Morus celtidifolia, H. B. K. Mulberry. Mexican Mulberry.

Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, rounded or rarely truncate, or often on vigor-
ous shoots cordate at the broad base, and 3-lobed, with shallow lateral sinuses and
broad coarsely serrate lobes, when they unfold coated below with pale tomentum, and
puberulous above, at maturity thin and firm in texture, dark green and often rough-
ened on the upper surface, with minute pale tubercles, and paler, smooth or scabrate,

n^-2^

and glabrous or coated with soft pubescence on the lower surface, and often hirsute,
with short stiff pale hairs on the broad orange-colored midribs and primary veins
connected by conspicuous reticulate veinlets, in the United States rarely more than
1^' long and ^' wide, turning yellow in the autumn; their petioles slender, hoary-
tomentose, becoming pubescent, ^ long, and on trees cultivated in northern Mexico
often 4'-5' long, and 2'-3' wide; stipules linear-lanceolate, acute, sometimes falcate,
white, and scarious, coated with soft pale tomentum, about ■^' long. Flowers usu-
ally dia3cious, staminate short-pedicellate, in short many-flowered spikes, ^'— |' long,
calyx dark green, covered on the outer surface with soft pale hairs, deeply divided
into 4 equal rounded lobes reddish toward the apex; stamens with bright yellow
antliers, their connectives conspicuous, dark green; pistillate sessile, in few-flow-
ered spikes, rarely ^ long; calyx divided to the base into 4 thick rounded lobes, the
2 outer lobes much broader than the others, dark green, covered with pale scat-
tered hairs; ovary green and glabrous, with short stigmatic lobes. Fruit : syncarp
^' long, dark purple or nearly black, sweet and palatable; drupe 2 lines long, ovate,
rounded at the ends, with a thin fleshy outer covering and a thick- walled light brown
nutlet; seed ovate, pointed, pale yellow.

A tree, sometimes 30° high, with a trunk occasionally 12'-14' in diameter, and slen-
der branchlets covered when they first appear with soft white hairs, soon becoming
glabrous or nearly so, and in their first winter light orange-red and marked by small
lenticels, and by small horizontal nearly obicular elevated concave leaf-scars display-
ing a ring of fibro-vascular bundle-scars. Winter-buds ovate, acute, sharp-pointed,
and covered by thin lustrous chestnut-brown ovate rounded scales scarious on the
margins, those of the inner rows ovate-oblong, rounded at the apex, pale-pubescent
on the outer surface, and nearly 1' long when fully grown. Bark smooth, some-

306. TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

times nearly ^' thick but usually thinner, light gray slightly tinged with red, deeply
furrowed and broken on the surface into slightly appressed scales. "Wood heavy,
hard, close-grained, dark orange color or sometimes dark brown, with thick light-
colored sapwood.

Distribution. Dry limestone hills, or westward only in elevated mountain canons
in the neighborhood of streams; from the valley of the Colorado Hiver, Texas, south-
ward into Mexico, and through the mountain regions of western Texas and southern
New Mexico to the Santa llita Mountains of Arizona; common on the mountain
ranges of northern Mexico from Nnevo Leon to Chihuahua, and southward through
southern Mexico and Central America to Peru.

Frequently planted in the countries south of the United States as a fruit-tree.

2. TOXYLON, Raf.

A tree, with thick milky slightly acrid juice, thick deeply furrowed dark orange-
colored bark, stout tough terete pale branchlets, with thick orange-colored pith,
lengthening by an upper axillary bud, marked by pale orange-colored lenticels and
armed with stout straight axillary spines, short stout spur-like lateral branchlets from
buds at the base of the spines, and thick fleshy roots covered by bright orange-colored
bark exfoliating freely in long thin persistent papery scales. Leaves involute in the
bud, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate and apiculate at the apex, rounded, wedge-
shaped or subcordate at the base, entire, penniveined, the veins arcuate near the mar-
gins and connected by conspicuous reticulate veinlets; their petioles elongated, slen-
der, terete, pubescent; stipules lateral, nearly triangular, minute, hoary-tomentose,
caducous. Flowers dicecious, light green, minute, appearing in early summer; calyx
4-lobed, the lobes imbricated in aestivation; corolla 0; the staminate long-pedicellate,
in short or ultimately elongated racemes borne on long slender drooping peduncles
from the axils of crowded leaves on the spur-like branchlets of the previous year;
calyx ovate, gradually narrowed into the slender pubescent pedicel, coated on the
outer surface with pale hairs, divided to the middle into equal acute boat-shaped lobes;
stamens 4, inserted opposite the lobes of the calyx on the margins of the minute thin
pulvinate disk; filaments flattened, light green, glabrous, infolded above the middle
in the bud, with the anthers inverted and back to back, straightening abruptly in
anthesis and becoming exserted; anthers oblong, attached on the back near the mid-
dle, introrse, 2-celled, the cells attached laterally to a minute oblong or semiorbicular
connective, free and spreading above and below, opening by longitudinal lateral slits;
the pistillate sessile in dense globose many-flowered heads on short stout peduncles
axillary on shoots of the year; calyx ovate, divided to the base into oblong thick con-
cave lobes, rounded, thickened, and covered with pale hairs at the apex, longer than
the ovary and closely investing it, the 2 outer lobes much broader than the others,
persistent and inclosing the fruit; ovary ovate, compressed, sessile, green, and gla-
brous; style covered by elongated slender filiform white stigmatic hairs; ovule sus-
pended from the apex of the cell, anatropous. Drupes oblong, compressed, rounded
and often notched at the apex, acute at the base, with thin succulent flesh, and a
thin crustaceous light brown nutlet, joined by the union of the thickened and much
elongated perianths of the flowers into a globose compound fruit saturated with
milky juice, mammillate on the surface by their thickened rounded summits, light
yellow-green, usually of full size but seedless on isolated pistillate individuals. Seed
oblong, compressed, rounded at the base, oblique and marked at the apex by the

HORACES

307

conspicuous oblong pale hilum, without albumen; seed-coat membranaceous, light
chestnut-brown; embryo recurved; cotyledons oblong, nearly equal; radicle elon-
gated, incumbent, ascending.

The genus is represented by a single species of eastern North America. '
The generic name, from t6^ov and ^v\ov, alludes to the Indian use of the wood.

1. Toxylon pomiferum. Raf. Osage Orange. Bcw Wood.

Leaves 3'-o' long, 2'-3' wide, turning bright clear yellow before falling in the
autumn; their petioles l^'-2' long. Flowers : racemes of the staminate flowers
I'-l-^' long; heads of the pistillate flowers, |'-1' in diameter. Fruit I'-o' in diam-
eter, ripening in the autumn, and soon falling to the ground.

A tree, sometimes o0°-60° high, with a short trunk 2°-3° in diameter, and stout
erect ultimately spreading branches forming a handsome open irregular round-
topped head, and branchlets light green often tinged with red and coated with soft
pale pubescence when they first appear, soon becoming glabrous, light brown slightly
tinged with orange color during their first winter, and ultimately paler. Winter-
buds depressed-globose, partly immersed in the bark, covered by few closely imbri-
cated ovate rounded light chestnut-brown ciliate conspicuous scales. Bark |'-1'
thick and deeply and irregularly divided into broad rounded ridges separating on

the surface into thin appressed scales. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong,
flexible, coarse-grained, very durable, bright orange color turning brown on expos-
ure, with thin light yellow sap wood of 5-10 layers of annual growth; largely used
for fence-posts, railway-ties, wheel-stock, and formerly by the Osage and other
Indians west of the Mississippi River for bows and war-clubs. The bark of the roots
contains moric and morintannic acid, and is used as a yellow dye. The bark of the
trunk is sometimes used in tanning leather.

Distribution. Rich bottom-lands; southern Arkansas to the southern portions of
the Indian Territory, southward in Texas to about latitude 35° 36'; most abundant
and of its largest size in the valley of the Red River in the Indian Territory.

Largely planted in the prairie regions of the Mississippi basin as a hedge plant,
and occasionally in the eastern states; hardy in New England.

308 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

3. FICUS, L. Fig.

Trees, with milky juice, naked buds, stout branchlets, thick fleshy roots frequently
produced rrom the branches and developing into supplementary stems. Leaves alter-
nate, involute in the bud, entire, penniveined, persistent; stipules inclosing the leaf
in a slender sharp-pointed bud-like cover, interpetiolar, embracing the leaf-bearing
axis and inclosing the young leaves, deciduous. Flower-bearing receptacle subglobose
to ovoid, sessile or stalked, solitary by abortion or in pairs in the axils of existing or
fallen leaves, surrounded at the base by 3 anterior bracts distinct or united into an
involucral cup bearing on the interior at the apex numerous rows of minute trian-
gular viscid bracts closing the orifice, those of the lower rows turned downward and
infolding the upper flowers, those immediately above these horizontal and forming
a more or less prominent umbilicus. Flowers sessile or pedicellate, the pedicels
thickening and becoming succulent with the ripening of the fruit, unisexual, often sep-
arated by chaffy scales or hairs; calyx of the staminate flower usually divided into
2-6 sepals; stamens 1; filaments short, erect; anther innate, ovate, broad and sub-
rotund, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally, 0 in the pistillate flower; sepals or
lobes of the calyx of the pistillate flower usually narrower than those of the stami-
nate flower; ovary sessile, erect, or oblique, surmounted by the lateral elongated
style crowned by a 2-lobed stigma; ovule suspended from the apex or lateral below
the apex of the cell, anatropous. Fruit drupaceous, mostly immersed in the thick-
ened succulent receptacle, obovoid or reniform; flesh thin, mucilaginous; nutlet with
a flat crustaceous minutely tuberculate shell. Seed suspended ; testa membranaceous;
embryo incurved, in thin fleshy albumen; cotyledons equal or unequal, longer than
the incumbent radicle.

Ficus, of which six hundred species have been described, is largely distributed
through the tropics of both hemispheres, the largest number of species being found
on the islands of the Indian Archipelago and the Pacific Ocean. A few species extend
beyond the tropics into southern Florida, Mexico, Argentina, southern Japan and
China, the countries bordering the Mediterranean, the Canary Islands, and South
Africa. Two species of the section Urostigma with moncecious flowers occur in trop-
ical Florida. Ficus Carica, L., probably a native of the Mediterranean basin, is cul-
tivated in the southern states and in California for its large sweet succulent fruits,
the figs of commerce.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Receptacles subglobose, sessile or short-stalked ; leaves oblong, usually pointed at the
ends. 1. F. aurea (D).

Receptacles oblong, long or short-stalked ; leaves broadly ovate, cordate at the base.

2. F. populnea (D).

1. Ficus aurea, Nutt. "Wild Fig.

Leaves oblong, usually narrowed at the ends, acute or acuminate, with short
broad points at the apex, wedge-shaped or rarely broad and rounded at the base,
2'-5' long, l^'-3' wide, thick and coriaceous, dark yellow-green and lustrous above,
paler and less lustrous below, with broad light yellow midribs slightly grooved on
the upper side and numerous obscure primary veins arcuate and united near the
margins, and connected by fine closely reticulated veinlets, continuing to unfold
during a large part of the year, and usually falling during their second season ; their

MOKACE^

309

petioles stout, slightly grooved, ^'-V long; stipules ovate-lanceolate, thick, firm,
tinged with red, about I'long. Flowers: receptacles developing in succession as the
branch lengthens, axillary, subglobose, sessile or short-pedunculate, solitary or in pairs,
the lateral orifice closed and marked by a small point formed by the union of the

pl<^. 2^J

minute bracts, becoming ^' in diameter and yellow when fully grown, ultimately turn-
ing bright red; flowers reddish purple, separated by minute reddish chaff-like scales
more or less laciniate at the apex, sessile or long-pedicellate; calyx of the staminate
flower divided to below the middle into 2 or 3 broad lobes rather shorter than the
stout flattened filament; lobes of the anther oblong, attached laterally to the broad
connective; calyx of the pistillate flower divided to the middle into 4 or 5 narrow
lobes, closely investing the ovate sessile ovary. Fruit ovate, immersed in the thick-
ened reddish purple walls of the receptacle; seed ovate, rounded at the ends, with
a thin light brown coat and a large lateral oblong pale hilum.

A broad round-topped parasitic tree, 50°-60° high, germinating and growing at
first on the branches and trunks of other trees and sending down to the ground stout
aerial roots which gradually growing together form a trunk often 3°-4:° in diame-
ter, the growth of additional roots from the branches extending the tree over a large
area, and stout terete pithy light orange-colored branchlets marked by pale lenti-
cels, conspicuous stipular scars, large slightly elevated horizontal oval leaf-scars
displaying a marginal ring of large pale fibro-vascular bundle-scars, and smaller
elevated concave circular scars left by the receptacles in falling. Bark smooth,
ashy gray, light brown tinged with red, ^' thick, and broken on the surface into
minute appressed scales disclosing in falling the nearly black inner bark. Wood
exceedingly light, soft, very weak, coarse-grained, very perishable in contact with the
ground, light brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood.
|| Distribution. Hummocks on the shores and islands of southern Florida; from
the Indian River on the east coast and Tampa Bay on the west coast, to the south-
ern keys, attaining its largest size in the neighborhood of Bay Biscayne; on the
Bahama Islands.

i

310

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

2. Ficus populnea, Willd. Fig. Wild Fig.

Leaves broadly ovate or rarely obovate, contracted into short broad points or
occasionally rounded at the apex, rounded, truncate or cordate at the base, 2^'-5'
long, l^'-o' wide, thin and firm, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface,
paler on the lower, with light yellow midribs, slender remote primary veins arcuate
and united near the margins and connected by finely reticulate veinlets ; their peti-
oles slender, sometimes V long; stipules ovate-lanceolate, ^' long, tinged with red.
Flowers: receptacles obovate, axillary, solitary or in pairs, yellow until fully
grown, ultimately turning bright red and becoming ^'-^' long, on stout drooping
peduncles \'-l' in length; flowers sessile or pedicellate, separated by minute chaff-
like scales more or less laciniate at the apex; calyx of the staminate flower divided
nearly to the base into three or four broad acute lobes; calyx of the pistillate flower
with narrow lobes shorter than the ovate pointed ovary. Fruit ovate; seed ovate,
with a membranaceous light brown coat and an oblong lateral pale hilum.

An epiphytal tree, rarely 40°-50° high, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, spreading
branches occasionally developing aerial roots and forming an open irregular head, and

P'Ci. ^143

stout terete branchlets light red and slightly puberulous when they first appear,
becoming brown tinged with orange and later with red, and marked by minute pale
lenticels, narrow stipular scars, large elevated horizontal oval or semiorbicular leaf-
scars showing a marginal row of conspicuous fibro-vascular bundle-scars, and ele-
vated concave receptacle scars. Wood light, soft, close-grained, light orange-brown
or yellow, with thick hardly distinguishable sapwood.

Distribution. Usually on dry slightly elevated coral rocks; comparatively rare
in Florida from the shores of Bay Biscayne and on several of the keys to Key West;
in the West Indies.

POLYGONAC^ 311

Section 3. Flowers perfect or unisexual ; calyx 5-lobed ;
ovary superior, l-cellecl ; ovule solitary, rising from the bottom
of the cell ; fruit inclosed in the thickened calyx ; leaves per-
sistent.

XIII. POLYGONACEiE.

Trees, with alternate coriaceous stalked leaves, their stipules sheathing the
stem. Flowers perfect ; calyx 5-lobed ; stamens 8 ; ovary 3-celled ; ovule
orthotropous. Fruit a nutlet, inclosed in the thickened calyx-tube ; seed erect ;
embryo axillary in ruminate farinaceous albumen ; radicle superior, ascending,
turned toward the hilum. Of this, the Buckwheat family with thirty widely
distributed genera, only Coccolobis is arborescent in North America.

1. COCCOLOBIS, P. Br.

Trees or shrubs. Leaves coriaceous, entire, orbicular, ovate, obovate, or lanceolate,
petiolate, their stipules inclosing the branch above the node with membranaceous trun-
cate entire brown persistent sheaths. Flowers jointed on ebracteolate pedicels, in 1
or few-flowered fascicles subtended by a minute bract and surrounded by a narrow
truncate membranaceous sheath, each pedicel and those above it being surrounded
by a similar sheath, the fascicles gathered in elongated terminal and axillary racemes
inclosed at the base in the sheath of the nearest leaf and sometimes also in a sepa-
rate sheath; calyx cup-shaped, the lobes ovate, rounded, thin, and white, reflexed after
anthesis, and thickening and inclosing the nut; stamens with filiform or subulate
filaments dilated and united at the base into a short discoid cup adnate to the tube
of the calyx; anthers ovate, introrse, 2-celled, the cells parallel, opening longitudi-
nally; ovary free, sessile, 3-angled, contracted into a short stout style, divided into
three short or elongated stigmatic lobes. Fruit ovoid or globose, rounded or acute
and crowned at the apex by the persistent lobes of the calyx, narrowed at the base;
flesh thin and acidulous, more or less adnate to the thin crustaceous or bony wall of
the nutlet often divided on the inner surface near the base into several more or less
intrusive plates. Seed subglobose, acuminate at the apex, 3-6-lobed; testa membra-
naceous, minutely pitted, dark red-brown, and lustrous.

Coccolobis is confined to the tropics of the New World, with about one hundred
and twenty species distributed from southern Florida to Mexico, Central America,
Brazil, and Peru, It possesses astringent properties sometimes utilized in medicine.
Many of the species produce hard dark valuable wood.

Coccolobis, from k6kkos and \o^6s, is in allusion to the character of the fruit,

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Fruits crowded, in drooping- racemes ; leaves broadly ovate to suborbicular, cordate at the
base. 1. C. uvifera (D).

Fruits not crowded, in erect or spreading- racemes ; leaves ovate to oblong- -lanceolate,

2. C. laurifolia (D).

1. Coccolobis uvifera, Jacq. Sea Grape.

Leaves broadly ovate to suborbicular, rounded or sometimes short-pointed at
the apex, deeply cordate at the base, with undulate margins, thick and coriaceous,
minutely reticulate-venulose. dark green and lustrous above, paler and puberulous

312

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

below, 4'-5' long, 5'-6' wide, with stout often bright red midribs frequently covered
below with pale hairs, aud about 5 pairs of conspicuous primary veins red on the
upper side, arcuate near the margins and connected by cross veinlets, gradually turn-
ing red or scarlet and falling during their second or third years; their petioles
short, stout, flattened, puberulous, abruptly enlarged at the base, leaving in falling

r'^. 2/^9

large pale elevated orbicular or semiorbicular scars; stipular sheath |' broad, slightly
puberulous, persistent during 2 or 3 years. Flowers appearing almost continually
throughout the year on slender puberulous pedicels ^' long, in 1-6-flowered subses-
sile fascicles, in terminal and axillary thick-stemmed inany-flowered racemes 6'-14'
long; calyx ^ across when expanded, the lobes puberulous on the inner surface and
rather longer than the red stamens ; ovary oblong, with short stigmatic lobes. Fruit
crowded, in long hanging racemes, ovoid to obovoid, |' long, gradually narrowed
into a stalk-like base, purple or greenish white, translucent, with thin juicy flesh, and
a thin-walled light red nutlet.

A tree, in Florida rarely more than 15° high, with a short gnarled contorted trunk
3°-4° in diameter, stout branches forming a round compact head, and stout terete
branchlets, with thick pith, light orange color, marked by oblong pale lenticels,
gradually growing darker in their second and third years; frequently a shrub, with
semiprostrate stems; in the West Indies often 50° tall. Bark about Jg' thick,
smooth, light brown, and marked by large irregular pale blotches. "Wood very
heavy, hard, close-grained, dark brown or violet color, with thick lighter colored sap-
wood; sometimes used in cabinet-making.

Distribution. Saline shores and beaches, Florida, from Mosquito Inlet to the
southern keys on the east coast, and from Tampa Bay to Cape Sable on the west
coast; common on the Bermuda and Bahama Islands, in the Antilles, and in South
America from Colombia to Brazil.

2. Coocolobis laurifolia, Jacq. Pigeon Plum.

Leaves ovate, ovate-lanceolate or obovate-oblong, rounded or acute at the apex,
rounded or wedge-shaped at the base, with slightly undulate revolute margins, thick
and firm, bright green above, paler below, 3'-4' long, l^'-2' broad, with conspicuous
pale midribs and 3 or 4 pairs of remote primary veins connected by prominent reticu-

NYCTAGINACEiE

313

late veinlets; their petioles stout, flattened, ^' long, abruptly enlarged at the base;
stipular sheaths glabrous, ^' wide. Flowers in early spring, on slender pedicels |'
long, in few or 1-flowered fascicles on racemes terminal on short axillary branches
of the previous year, and 2'-3' in length; calyx ^' across, the cup-shaped lobes
rather shorter than the stamens, with slender yellow filaments enlarged at the base,
and dark orange-colored anthers; ovary oblong, with elongated stigraatic lobes.
Fruit in erect or spreading sparsely-fruited racemes, ripening during the winter and
early spring, ovoid, narrowed at the base, rounded at the apex, dark red, ^ long,
with thin acidulous flesh and a hard thin-walled light brown nutlet.

A glabrous tree, 60°-70° high, with a tall straight trunk l°-2° in diameter, spread-
ing branches forming a dense round-topped head, slender terete slightly zigzag

branchlets usually contorted and covered with light orange-colored bark, becoming
darker and tinged with red in their second or third year. Wood heavy, exceedingly
hard, strong, brittle, close-grained, rich dark brown tinged with red, with thick
lighter colored sap wood; occasionally used in cabinet-making.

Distribution. One of the largest and most abundant of the tropical trees of the
seacoast of southern Florida from Cape Canaveral to the keys and on the west coast
from Cape Romano to Cape Sable; common on the Bahama Islands, on many of the
Antilles, and in Venezuela.

XIV. NYCTAGINACEiE.

Trees, with alternate stalked persistent leaves without stipules. Flowers per-
fect or unisexual ; calyx corolla-like, 5-lobed ; stamens 5-8 ; ovule campylo-
tropous. Fruit a nutlet inclosed in the thickened calyx and crowned by its
persistent teeth. Seed erect ; cotyledons unequal, folded around the soft scanty
albumen ; radicle short, inferior, turned toward the hilum. 'A family of about
twenty genera widely distributed chiefly in the warmer and tropical parts of
the New World, with a single arborescent representative in North America.

1. PISONIA, L.

Glabrous or pubescent trees or shrubs, unarmed or rarely spinescent, erect or
semiscandent. Leaves opposite or alternate, entire, short-stalked. Flowers perfect,

314

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

dioecious or rarely inoncEcious; calyx, 5-lobed or toothed, the divisions induplicate-
valvate in the bud, petaloid, tubular or funnel-shaped in the staniinate flower,
elongated and often notched at the base of the tube in the pistillate flower, the
limb 5-lobed, the lobes plaited in the bud, erect or spreading ; stamens 5-8, inserted
on the base of the calyx under the ovary, minute or rudimentary in the unisexual
pistillate flower ; filaments folded in the bud, filiform, unequal, free; anthers oblong,
introrse, 2-celled, the cells parallel, opening longitudinally; ovary oblong-ovoid,
sessile, 1-celled, gradually narrowed into a columnar style; stigmas capitate, lacerate,
^ruit fleshy, cylindrical, costate, smooth; utricle elongated, with a thin membrana-
ceous wall confluent with the thin transparent coat of the erect seed.

Pisonia is chiefly tropical, with the largest number of species in the New World.
Two species extend into southern Florida ; of these one is arborescent.

Pisonia was named in honor of Willem Piso, a Dutch physician and naturalist.

1. Pisonia longifolia, Sarg., nov. nom. Blolly.

(Pisonia obtusata, Silva N. Am. vi. 111.)

Leaves opposite and sometimes alternate, obovate-oblong, rounded or occasionally
emarginate at the apex, gradually narrowed at the base, I'-l^' long, \' broad, thick
and firm, with slightly thickened undulate margins, light green and glabrous, paler
on the lower than on the upper surface, with stout midribs and obscure veins; their
petioles stout, channeled, \' long. FloTvers perfect or unisexual, autumnal, green-
ish yellow, short-pedicellate, in terminal long-stalked few-flowered panicled cymes,
with slender divergent branches, the ultimate divisions 2 or 3-flowered; bracts and

bractlets minute, acute; calyx funnel-shaped, divided nearly to the middle into acute
erect lobes about half as long as the stamens and as long as the style. Fruit ripen-
ing in the winter or early spring, prominently costate, with ten rounded ribs, fleshy,
smooth, bright red, I' long; utricle terete, light brown.

A tree, 30°-50° high, with an erect or inclining trunk 15'-20' in diameter, stout
spreading branches forming a compact round-topped head, and slender terete branch-
lets light orange color when they first appear, later often producing numerous short
spur-like lateral branchlets, light reddish brown or ashy gray, and marked by large
elevated semiorbicular or lunate leaf-scars ; usually much smaller. Bark about yV
thick, light red-brown, and broken into thin appressed scales. Wood heavy, rather

MAGNOLIACE^ 315

soft, weak, coarse-grained, yellow tinged with brown, with thick darker colored
sap wood.

Distribution. Sea-beaches and the shores of salt water lagoons ; Cape Canaveral,
Florida to the southern keys, attaining its largest size in Florida on Elliott's Key and
Old Rhodes Key; common on many of the West Indian islands and southward to
Brazil.

Subdivision 2. Petalse. Flowers with both calyx and coroll^
(loithout a corolla in Lauracece^ in Liqiddamhar in Hamamdi-
dacece^ in Euphorhiacece^ in some species of Acer^ in Reyno-
sia^ Condalia^ and Krxigiodendron in Hhamnacece^ in Fremonto-
dendron in Stercnliacece^ in ChytracuUs in Myrtacem^ and in
Conocarpns in Conibretacece).

Section 1. Polypetalae. Corolla of separate petals (0 in
Cercocarpns in Rosaceoe).

A. Ovary superior (^partly inferior in Hamamelidacece ;
inferior in Malus^ Sorhus, Cratcegus^ and Amelanchier in
HosaceoB),

XV. MAGNOLIACEiE.

Trees or shrubs, with watery juice, branchlets lengthening by large terminal
or the flower-bearing branchlets by upper axillary buds, the other axillary buds
obtuse, flattened, and rudimentary, bitter aromatic bark, and thick fleshy roots.
Leaves alternate, conduplicate and inclosed in their stipules in the bud, feather-
veined, petiolate. Flowers perfect, large, solitary, terminal, pedunculate, in-
closed in the bud in a stipul^r caducous spathe ; sepals and petals imbricated
in the bud, inserted under the ovary, deciduous ; stamens and pistils numerous,
imbricated in many ranks, the stamens below the pistils on the surface of an
elongated receptacle ripening into a compound fruit of 1-2-seeded follicles or
samara ; ovules 2, collateral, anatropous. Four of the ten genera of the Mag-
nolia family are represented in North America ; of these two are arborescent.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT GENERA.

Anthers introrse ; mature carpels, fleshy, opening- on the back at maturity, persistent ; seed-
coat thick, pulpy, and bright scarlet ; leaves entire, or auriculate at the base.

1. Magnolia.

Anthers extrorse ; mature carpels dry, indehiscent, deciduous ; seed-coat dry and coriaceous ;
leaves lobed or truncate. 2. Liriodendron.

1. MAGNOLIA, L. Magnolia.

Trees, with ashy gray or brown smooth or scaly bark, branchlets conspicuously
marked by large horizontal or longitudinal leaf-scars and by narrow stipular rings,
and large terete acuminate or often obtusely-pointed more or less gibbous winter-
buds usually broadest at the middle, their scales large membranaceous stipules
adnate to the base of the petioles and deciduous with the unfolding of each succes-
sive leaf, the petiole of the outer stipule rudimentary, adnate on the straight side of
the bud, and marked at its apex by the scar left by the falling of the last leaf of the

316 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

previous season. Leaves entire, sometimes auriculate, persistent or deciduous, often
minutely punctate, their numerous primary veins arcuate and more or less united
within the margins. Flowers appearing in the American species after the leaves,
their stipular spathes thin and memhranaceous; sepals 3, spreading or refiexed;
petals 6-12 in series of 3's, concave, erect or spreading; stamens early deciduous,
their filaments shorter than tlie 2-celled introrse anthers and terminating in apiculate
fleshy connectives; ovary sessile, 1-celled; style short, recurved, stigmatic on the
inner face; ovules horizontal. Fruit a scarlet or rusty brown cone formed of the
coalescent 2-seeded drupaceous persistent follicles opening on the back; seeds sus-
pended at maturity by long thin cords of unrolled spiral vessels; seed-coat thick,
drupaceous, the outer portion becoming fleshy and at maturity pulpy, red or scar-
let, the inner crustaceous; embryo minute at the base of the fleshy homogeneous
albumen, its radicle next the hilum; cotyledons short and spreading.

Magnolia with about twenty species is confined to eastern North America, south-
ern Mexico, and eastern and southern Asia, seven species growing naturally in the
United States. All the parts are slightly bitter and aromatic, and the dried flower-
buds are sometimes used in medicine. Several species from eastern Asia and their
hybrids producing flowers before the appearance of the leaves are favorite garden
plants in the United States.

The genus is named in honor of Pierre Magnol (1638-1715), professor of botany
at Montpellier.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Leaves scattered along the branches ; leaf -buds tomentose or silky-pubescent.

Leaves persistent; fruit tomentose. 1. M. foetida (C).

Leaves deciduous or subpersistent ; fruit glabrous. 2. M. glauca (A, C).

Leaves deciduous.

Leaves oblong-ovate or subcordate ; flowers small, gr§en or yellow.

3. M. acuminata (A, C).
Leaves obovate or oblong, cordate at the narrow base ; flowers larg^e and white.

4. M. macrophylla (C).
Leaves crowded at the summit of the flowering branches ; leaf -buds glabrous.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, pointed at the ends. 5. M. tripetala (A, C).

Leaves obovate-spatulate, auriculate at the base.

Leaves acute ; tips of the mature carpels elongated, nearly straight.

6. M. Fraseri (A).
Leaves mostly abruptly pointed ; tips of the mature carpels short, incurved.

7. M. pyramidata (C).

1. Magnolia fcBtida, Sarg. Magnolia.

Leaves oblong or ovate, coriaceous, bright green and shining above, more or less
densely coated below with thick rusty tomentum, 5'-8' long, 2'-3' wide, with promi-
nent midribs and primary veins, deciduous in the spring at the end of their second
year; their petioles stout, rusty-tomentose, l'-2' long. Flowers on stout hoary-
tomentose peduncles ^-1' long, opening from April or May until July or August,
fragrant, 7'-8' across, the petaloid sepals and 6 or sometimes 9 or 12 petals abruptly
narrowed at the base, oval or ovate, those of the inner ranks often somewhat acu-
minate, concave, and coriaceous, 3'-4' long and 1^-2' wide; base of the receptacle
and lower part of the filaments bright purple. Fruit ovate or oval, rusty brown,
covered while young with thick lustrous white tomentum, at maturity rusty-tomen-

MAGNOLIACE^

317

tose, 3'— i' loug, 1^-2^' wide; seeds obovoid or triangular obovoid, more or less
flattened, ^' long.

A tree, of pyramidal habit, 60°-°80 liigh, with a tall straight trunk occasionallj
40-41 ° in diameter, rather small spreading branches, and branchlets hoary-tomentose
at first, slightly tomeutose in their second year, and much roughened by the elevated

HAT. ^IT-t

leaf-scars displaying a marginal row of conspicuous fibro-vascular bundle-scars.
Winter-buds pale or rusty-tomentose, the terminal I'-l^' long. Bark ^'-^' thick,
gray or light brown and covered with thin appressed scales, rarely more than 1'
long. Wood hard, heavy, creamy white, soon turning brown with exposure, hardly
distinguishable from the heartwood of 60-80 layers of annual growth; little used
except for fuel.

Distribution. Rich moist soil on the borders of river swamps and Pine-barren
ponds, or rarely on high rolling hills; coast of Xorth Carolina southward to Mosquito
Inlet and the shores of Tampa Bay, Florida, extending across the peninsula, and
through the maritime portions of the other Gulf states to the valley of the Brazos
River, Texas, through western Louisiana to southern Arkansas, and on the bluffs
of the lower Mississippi River northward to the mouth of the Yazoo River; best
developed and often the characteristic and most conspicuous feature of the forest in
western Louisiana.

Largely cultivated as an ornamental tree in all countries of temperate climate ; in
the eastern United States precariously hardy as far north as Philadelphia. Numer-
ous varieties, differing in the form of the leaf and in the duration of the flowering
period, have appeared in European nurseries; of these, the most distinct is the vari-
ety Exoniensis, Loud., with a rather fastigiate habit and broadly elliptical leaves
densely clothed with rusty tomentum on the lower surface, which begins to flower
when only a few feet high.

2. Magnolia glauca, L. Svsreet Bay. Swamp Bay.

Leaves oblong or oval and obtuse or somewhat oblong-lanceolate, covered when
they unfold with long white silky deciduous hairs, at maturity bright green, lustrous
and glabrous on the upper surface, minutely pubescent and pale or nearly white on
the lower surface, 4'-6' long, \'-^\' wide, with conspicuous midribs and primary
veins, falling in the north late in November and in early winter, at the south remain-

318

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

ing on the branches with little change of color until the appearance of the new leaves
in the spring; their petioles slender, ^'-f long. Flo^wers on slender glabrous pe-
duncles ^'-f ' long, creamy white, fragrant, globular, 2'-3' across, continuing to open
during several weeks in spring and early summer; sepals membranaceous, obtuse,
concave, shorter than the 9-12 obovate often short-pointed concave petals. Fruit
oval, dark red, glabrous, 2' long and ^' broad ; seeds obovoid, oval, or suborbicular,
much flattened, ^ long.

A slender tree, 50°-70° high, with a trunk 2°-3^° in diameter, with small mostly
erect ultimately spreading branches and slender bright green branchlets hoary-
pubescent when they first appear, soon glabrous, marked by narrow horizontal pale
lenticels, gradually turning bright red-brown in their second summer; often much
smaller, and at the north reduced to a low shrub. Winter-buds covered with fine
silky pubescence, the terminal ^'-^' long. Wood soft, light brown tinged with red,
with thick creamy white sapwood of 90-100 layers of annual growth; occasionally
used in the southern states in the manufacture of broom handles and other articles
of woodenvvare.

Distribution. At the north in deep wet swamps, southward along the borders of
Pine-barren ponds and in shallow swamps; Magnolia, Essex County, Massachusetts,

r'^-^JJ

Suffolk County, Long Island, and southward from New Jersey generally near the
coast to the shores of Bay Biscayne and Tampa Bay, Florida, in Pennsylvania
ranging inland to Franklin County, and through the Gulf states to southwestern
Arkansas and the valley of the Trinity River, Texas; most abundant and of its
largest size in the interior of the Florida peninsula on fertile hummocks rising above
the level of the Pine-lands.

Often cultivated as a garden plant in the eastern states and in Europe. Magnolia
glauca longifolia with lanceolate leaves, and a blooming period extending through
two or three months, is probably of garden origin. Magnolia major or Thompso-
niana, a probable hybrid between Magnolia glauca and Magnolia tripetala, raised in
an English nursery a century ago, and still a favorite garden plant, is intermediate
in character between these species.

MAGNOLIACEiE

319

3. Magnolia acuminata, L. Cucumber-tree. Mountain Magnolia.

Leaves oblong, pointed, sometimes rounded or slightly cordate at the base,
covered when they first appear with white silky caducous hairs longest and most
abundant on the lower surface, at maturity thin, glabrous above, slightly pubescent
below, T-10' long, 4:'-6' wide, with prominent midribs and primary veins, turning
yellow in the autumn before falling; their petioles slender, I'-l^' long. Flowers
on hairy soon glabrous peduncles ^'-f long, bell-shaped, glaucous, green or pale
yellow; sepals membranaceous, acute, I'-l^' long, soon reflexed; petals 6, ovate or
obovate, concave, pointed, erect, 2^'-3^' long, those of the outer row rarely more
than 1' broad and much broader than those of the inner row. Fruit ovate or oblong,
often curved, glabrous, dark red, 2^'-3' long, rarely more than 1' broad; seeds obo-
void, acute, compressed, about ^' long.

A pyramidal tree, 60°-90° high, with a trunk 3°^° in diameter, comparatively
small branches spreading below and erect toward the top of the tree, and slender
branchlets coated at first with soft pale caducous hairs, soon bright red-brown,

h(^- ^^

lustrous, and marked by numerous small pale lenticels, turning gray during their
third season. Winter-buds thickly covered with long lustrous white hairs, the
terminal ^'-^' long, and about three times as long as the obtuse lateral buds nearly
surrounded by the narrow elevated leaf -scars conspicuously marked by a double row
of large fibro-vascular bundle-scars. Bark ^'-^' thick, furrowed, dark brown, and
covered by numerous thin scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained and
durable, light yellow-brown, with thin lighter colored often nearly white sapwood
of usually 25-30 layers of annual growth; occasionally manufactured into lumber
used for flooring and cabinet-making.

Distribution. Low mountain slopes and rocky banks of streams; western New
York, westward through southern Ontario to southern Illinois, and southward along
the Appalachian Mountains to southern Alabama, central Kentucky and Tennessee
and northeastern Mississippi, and in northeastern, southern, and southwestern Arkan-
sas; rare at the north; most abundant and of its largest size in the narrow valleys
at the base of the high mountains of the Carolinas and Tennessee.

Often planted as an ornamental tree in the eastern states and in northern and
central Europe.

320 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

What is probably a variety of this species is

Magnolia acuminata, var. cordata, Sarg.

This tree has been cultivated in gardens for nearly a century, and is distinguished
by its broader darker green more persistent leaves sometimes cordate at the base,

f-'^ ^JJ

and by its smaller bright canary-yellow flowers. Forms approaching the cultivated
plant in the shape and texture of the leaves and in the size and color of the flowers
are occasionally found on the Blue Ridge in South Carolina, and in central
Alabama, although none of these resemble exactly the cultivated plant, which is not
known in a wild state.

4. Magnolia macrophylla, Michx. Large-leaved Cucumber-tree.

Leaves obovate or oblong, acute or often abruptly narrowed and acute or
rounded at the apex, narrowed and cordate at the base, bright green and glabrous on
the upper surface, silvery gray, and pubescent, especially along the stout midribs
and primary veins on the lower surface, 20'-30' long, 9'-10' wide, falling in the
autumn with little change of color; their petioles stout, 3'-4' long, at first tomentose,
becoming pubescent. Flow^ers on stout hoary-tomentose peduncles, I'-l^' long, soon
becoming glabrous or puberulous, white, cup-shaped, fragrant, 10'-12' across when
expanded; sepals membranaceous, ovate or oblong, rounded at the apex, 5'-6' long,
much narrower than the 6 ovate concave thick creamy white petals 6'-7' long and
3'-4' wide, at maturity reflexed above the middle, those of the inner row narrower
and often somewhat acuminate. Fruit ovate to nearly globose, pubescent, 2^'-3'
long, bright rose color when fully ripe; seeds obovoid, compressed, |' long.

A tree, 30°-50° high, with a straight trunk 18'-20' in diameter, stout wide-
spreading branches forming a broad symmetrical round-topped head, and stout
brittle branchlets hoary-tomentose when they first appear, light yellow-green,
pubescent, and conspicuously marked during their first winter by the large irregu-
larly shaped sometimes longitudinal slightly raised leaf-scars, with many scattered
fibro- vascular bundle-scars, turning reddish brown during the second and gray during
their third season. Winter-buds: terminal, bluntly pointed, covered with a thick
coat of snowy white tomentum, If '-2' long, ^'-f wide; lateral, much flattened,

MAGNOLIACE^

321

brownish, pubescent, ^'-\' long. Bark generally less than ^' thick, smooth, light
gray, divided on the surface into minute scales. "Wood hard, close-grained, light,
not strong, light brown, with thick light yellow sapwood of about 40 layers of annual
growth.

Distribution. Sheltered valleys in deep rich soil; nowhere common, and grow-
ing generally in isolated groups of a few individuals in the region about the base of

/i tiAJ.J>\l£i

the southern Alleghany Mountains from North Carolina and southeastern Kentucky
to middle and western Florida, southern Alabama, northern Mississippi, and the
valley of the Pearl River, Louisiana, and in central Arkansas.

Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental tree in the eastern states, and in the
temperate countries of Europe; hardy as far north as eastern Massachusetts.

5. Magnolia tripetala, L. Umbrella-tree. Elkwood.

Leaves obovate-lanceolate, narrowed at the ends, acute or bluntly pointed at the
apex, when they unfold nearly glabrous above, covered below with thick silky
caducous tomentum, at maturity membranaceous, glabrous, 18'-20' long, 8'-10'
wide, with thick prominent midribs and numerous slender primary veins, falling
in the autumn with little change of color; their petioles stout, V-1^' long. Flo"wers
on slender glabrous peduncles covered with a glaucous bloom and 2'-2^' long, cup-
shaped, creamy white, 4'-5' deep; sepals narrowly obovate, 5'-6' long, 1^', wide,
thin, light green, becoming reflexed; petals 6 or 9, concave, coriaceous, ovate, short-
pointed, erect, those of the outer row 4—5' long and sometimes 2' wide, much longer
and broader than those of the inner rows; filaments bright purple. Fruit ovate,
glabrous, 2^'-4' long, rose color when fully ripe; seeds obovoid, ^' long.

A tree, 30°— 40° high, with a straight or often inclining trunk rarely more than 18'
in diameter, stout irregularly developed contorted branches wide-spreading nearly
at right angles with the stem or turning up toward the ends and growing parallel
with it, and stout brittle branchlets green during their first season, becoming in their
first winter bright reddish brown, very lustrous, and marked by occasional minute
scattered pale lenticels, and by the large oval horizontal slightly raised leaf-scars,
with scattered fibro-vascular bundle-scars, and brown during their second and gray
during their third season; generally much smaller, sometimes surrounded by several
stems springing from near the base of the trunk and growing into a large bush

322

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

surmounted by the head of the central stem. "Winter-buds: terminal, acute or
bluntly pointed, purple, glabrous, covered with a glacous bloom, usually about V
long; axillary globose, the color of the branch. Bark i' thick, light gray, smooth,
and marked by many small bristle-like excrescences. Wood light, soft, close-
grained, not strong, light brown, with creamy white sapwood of 35-40 layers of
annual growth.

Distribution. Deep rather moist rich soil along the banks of mountain streams
or the margins of swamps, and widely distributed in the Appalachian Mountain
region, but nowhere very common; valley of the Susquehanna River, Pennsylvania,
to southern Alabama, middle Kentucky and Tennessee, northeastern Mississippi, and

in central and southwestern Arkansas, extending in the south Atlantic states nearly
to the coast; of its largest size in the valleys along the western slopes of the Great
Smoky Mountains in Tennessee.

Often cultivated as an ornamental tree in the northern States, and in northern and
central Europe.

6. Magnolia Fraseri, Walt. Mountain Magnolia. Long-leaved Cucumber-
tree.

Leaves obovate-spatulate, acute or bluntly pointed at the apex, cordate and con-
spicuously auriculate at the base, bright green and often marked on the upper surface
when young with red along the principal veins, glabrous, 10'-12' long, 6'-7' wide, or
on vigorous young plants sometimes of twice that size, falling in the autumn without
change of color; their petioles slender, 3'-4' long. Flowers on stout glabrous pedun-
cles covered with a glaucous bloom and I'-l^ long, creamy white, sweetly scented,
8'-10' in diameter; sepals narrowly obovate, rounded at the apex, 4'-5' long, de-
ciduous almost immediately after the opening of the bud, shorter than the 6 or 9
obovate acuminate membranaceous spreading petals contracted below the middle,
those of the inner rows narrower and conspicuously narrowed below. Fruit oblong,
glabrous, bright rose-red when fully ripe, 4'-5' long, l^'-2' wide, the mature carpels
ending in long subulate persistent tips; seeds obovoid, compressed, |' long.

MAGNOLIACE^

323

A tree, 30°-40^ high, with a straight or inclining trunk 12'-18' in diameter, often
undivided for half its length or separating at the ground into a number of stout diver-
ging stems, regular wide-spreading or more or less contorted and erect branches, and
stout brittle branchlets soon becoming bright red-brown, lustrous, marked by numer-
ous minute pale lenticels and in their first winter by the low horizontal leaf-scars
with crowded compressed fibro- vascular bundle-scars, and grayish in their second
year. Winter-buds: terminal, glabrous, purple, l^'-2' long, l' wide; axillary,
minute, and obtuse. Bark rarely more than ^ thick, dark brown, smooth, covered

by small excrescences, or on old trees broken into minute scales. Wood light, soft,
close-grained, not strong, light brown, with thick creamy white sap wood of 30-40
layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Valleys of the streams of the southern Appalachian Mountains from
southwestern Virginia to northern Georgia and Alabama, eastern Tennessee and north-
ern Mississippi ; probably most abundant and of its largest size on the upper waters of
the Savannah River in South Carolina.

Often cultivated as an ornamental plant in the eastern states, and occasionally in
the temperate countries of Europe ; hardy as far north as eastern Massachusetts.

7. Magnolia pyramidata, Pursh.

Leaves obovate-spatulate, the apex usually abruptly narrowed into a short blunt
point, auriculate at the base, with more or less spreading lobes, thin, glabrous, light
yellow-green on the upper, pale and glaucous on the lower surface, particularly while
young, o^'-8^' long, from 3l'-4^' wide, with slender yellow midribs, numerous slender
forked primary veins" and conspicuously reticulate veinlets; their petioles slender, 1^'-
21' in length. Flowers creamy white, 31'-4' in diameter when fully expanded; sepals
oblong-obovate, abruptly narrowed to the short pointed apex, much shorter than the
oblong-acuminate petals gradually narrowed from near the middle to the base. Fruit
oblong, 2'-2^' long, bright rose color, the mature carpels ending in short incurved
persistent tips; seeds ovate, compressed.

A slender tree, 20°-30° high, with ascending branches, slender branchlets bright
red-brown and marked by small pale lenticels and by the small low oval leaf -scars,
with many crowded fibro-vascular bundle-scars, later becoming ashy gray.

324

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Distribution. Low rich soil near the streams of the coast region from southern
Georgia through western Florida to southern Alabama.

Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental tree in western Europe.

2. LIRIODENDRON, L.

Trees, with deeply furrowed brown bitter bark and slender branchlets marked by
elevated leaf-scai:s and narrow stipular rings, and compressed obtuse winter-buds,
their scales membranaceous stipules joined at the edges, accrescent, strap-shaped,
often slightly falcate, oblique at the unequal base, tardily deciduous after the unfold-
ing of the leaf. Leaves recurved in the bud by the bending down of the petiole near
the middle, bringing the apex of the blade to the base of the bud, sinuately 4-lobed,
heart-shaped, truncate or slightly wedge-shaped at the base, truncate at the apex by
a broad shallow sinus and minutely apiculate. Flowers appearing after the unfold-
ing of the leaves, cup-shaped, conspicuous, inclosed in the bud in a 2-valved stipu-
lar membranaceous caducous spathe; sepals spreading or reflexed, ovate-lanceolate,
concave, greenish white, early deciduous; petals erect, rounded at the base, early
deciduous; filaments filiform, half as long as the linear 2-celled extrorse anthers
adnate to the outer face of the connective terminating in a short fleshy point; pistils
imbricated on the elongated sessile receptacle into a spindle-shaped column; ovary
inserted by a broad base; style narrowly acuminate, laterally flattened, appressed;
stigmas short, recurved at the summit; ovules 2, suspended from near the middle
of the ventral suture. Fruit a narrow light brown cone formed of the closely im-
bricated dry and woody indehiscent carpels consisting of a laterally compressed
4-ribbed pericarp, the lateral ribs confluent into the margins of the large wing-like
lanceolate compressed style marked vertically by a thin sutural line, the carpels
deciduous when ripe in the autumn from the slender elongated axis of the fruit
persistent on the branch during the winter. Seeds suspended, 2 or single by abor-
tion; testa thin, coriaceous, and marked b}'^ a narrow prominent raphe; embryo mi-
nute at the base of the fleshy albumen, its radicle next the hilum.

Liriodendron, widely distributed in North America and Europe during the crusta-
ceous period, is now represented by two species, one in eastern North America, the
other in central China.

Liriodendron, from Xipiov and SevSpov, is descriptive of the lily-like flower.

MAGNOLIACE^

325

1. Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. Yello-w Poplar. Tulip-tree.

Leaves dark green and shining on the upper, paler on the lower surface, 5'-6'
long and broad, turning clear yellow in the autumn before falling; their petioles
slender, angled, 5'-6' long. Flowers l^'-2' deep, on slender peduncles f'-l' long.
Fruit 2^'-3' long, about ^' wide, ripening late in September and in October, the
mature carpels l'-l-|' long and about ^ wide.

A tree, sometimes nearly 200° high, with a straight trunk 8°-10° in diameter,
destitute of branches for 80°-100° from the ground, short, comparatively small
branches forming a narrow pyramidal, or in old age a broader spreading head, and
slender branchlets light yellow-green and often covered with a glaucous bloom dur-
ing their first summer, reddish brown, lustrous, and marked by many small pale len-
ticels and roughened by the elevated orbicular or semiorbicular leaf-scars marked by
numerous small scattered fibro-vascular bundle-scars during their first winter, and
dark gray during their third year. Winter-buds dark red covered by a glaucous
bloom, the terminal ^' long, much longer than the lateral buds. Bark thin and scaly

on young trees, becoming deeply furrowed, brown, and l'-2' thick. Wood light,
soft, brittle, not strong, easily worked, light yellow or brown, with thin creamy white
sapwood; largely manufactured into lumber used in construction, the interior finish
of houses, boatbuilding, and for shingles, brooms, and woodenware. The intensely
acrid bitter inner bark, especially of the root, is used domestically as a tonic and stim-
ulant, and hydrochlorate of tulipiferine, an alkaloid separated from the bark, pos-
sesses the property of stimulating the heart.

Distribution. Deep rich rather moist soil on the intervales of streams or on
mountain slopes; Rhode Island to southwestern Vermont, and westward to the
southern shores of Lake Michigan, southward to northern Florida, southern Alabama
and Mississippi, and in southeastern Missouri and northeastern Arkansas; most
abundant and of its largest size in the valleys of the lower Ohio basin, and on the
lower slopes of the high mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee.

Often cultivated as an ornamental tree in the eastern states, and in western »and
central Europe.

326 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

XVI. ANGNACE^ffi.

Trees or shrubs, with watery juice, slender terete branclilets marked by
conspicuous leaf-scars, and Heshy roots. Leaves alternate, condujjlicate in the
bud, entire, feather-veined, i)etiolate, without stipules. Flowers i)erfect, soli-
tary, axillary or oj)posite the leaves; sej)als 3, valvate in the bud; petals 6,
in 2 series, imbricated or valvate in the bud ; stamens numerous, inserted on
the subglobose or hemispherical receptacle, with distinct filaments shorter than
their lieshy connectives terminating in a broad iruncate glandular ai)pendage ;
anthers introrse, 2-celled, opening longitudinally ; pistils inserted on the sum-
mit of the receptacle ; ovary 1 -celled ; ovules 1 or many, anatro2)ous. Fruit
baccate or compound. Seeds inclosed in an aril ; seed-coat thin, crustaceous,
smooth, brown, and lustrous ; albumen ruminate, deeply j^enetrated by the
folds of the inner layer of the seed-coat ; embryo minute ; radicle next the
hilum. Two of the forty-eight or fifty genera of the Custard-apple family,
confined almost exclusively to the tropics and more numerous in the Old
World than in the New, occur in North America.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN GENERA.

Petals imbricated in the bud ; ovules numerous ; fruit developed from one pistil.

1. Asimina.
Petals valvate in the bud ; ovule solitary ; fruit developed from several confluent pistils.

2. Anona.
1. ASIMINA, Adans.

Trees or shrubs, emitting a heavy disagreeable odor when bruised, with minute buds
covered with cinereo-pubescent caducous scales, and branclilets marked by conspicuous
leaf -scars. Leaves membranaceous, feather-veined, reticulate-venulose, deciduous.
Flowers pedunculate, nodding, purplish, bad-smelling; sepals ovate, smaller than the
petals, green, deciduous; petals imbricated in the bud, hypogynous, sessile, ovate or
obovate-oblong, reticulate-veined, accrescent, the three exterior alternate with the
seJDals, spreading, those of the interior row opposite the sepals, erect, and much
smaller than those of the outer row; stamens linear-cuneate, densely packed on the
receptacle; filaments shorter than the fleshy connective; anther-cells separated on
the connective; pistils sessile on the summit of the receptacle, projecting from the
globular mass of stamens; ovary 1-celled; style oblong, slightly recurved toward
the apex and stigmatic along the margin; ovules 4-20, horizontal, 2-ranked on the
ventral suture, the raphe toward the suture. Fruit baccate, sessile or stipitate, oval
or oblong, smooth. Seeds in 1 or 2 ranks, ovate, apiculate, compressed, marked at
the base by a large pale hilum.

Asimina is confined to eastern North America. Six species are distinguished; of
these one is a small tree ; the others are low shrubs of the south Atlantic and Gulf
regions.

Asimina is from Asiminier, the old colonial name of the French in America for

the Pawpaw.

1. Asimina triloba, Dunal. Paw^pa-w.

Leaves obovate-lanceolate, sharp-pointed at the apex, gradually and regularly
narrowed to the base, when they unfold covered below with short rusty brown cadu-
cous tomentum and slightly pilose above, and at maturity light green on the upper
surface, pale on the lower surface, 10'-12' long, 4'-6' wide, with prominent midribs

ANONACE^

327

and primary veins. Flo"wers nearly 2' across when fully grown, on stout club-
shaped peduncles I'-l^' long and covered with long scattered rusty brown hairs;
sepals ovate, acnmiuate, pale green, densely pubescent on the outer surface; petals
green at first, covered with short appressed hairs, gradually turning brown and at
maturity deep vinous red and conspicuously venulose, those of the outer row broadly
ovate, rounded or pointed at the apex, reflexed at maturity above the middle and
2 or 3 times longer than the sepals, those of the inner row pointed, erect, their base
concave, glandular, nectariferous, marked by a broad band of a lighter color. Fruit
attached obliquely to the enlarged torus, oblong, nearly cylindrical, rounded or some-
times slightly pointed at the ends, more or less falcate, often irregular from the
imperfect development of some of the seeds, 3'-5' long, V-1^' in diameter, greenish-
yellow, becoming when fully ripe in September and October dark brown or almost
black, with thick semitransparent sweet and luscious flesh; seeds separating read-
ily from the aril, 1' long, 1' broad, ovate, and rounded at the ends.

A shrub or low tree, sometimes 35°^0° high, with a straight trunk rarely exceed-
ing a foot in diameter, small spreading branches, and slender light brown branchlets

t'd- 261

tinged with red and marked by longitudinal parallel or recticulate narrow shallow
grooves. Winter-buds acuminate, flattened, i' long, and clothed with rusty brown
hairs. Bark rarely more than i' thick, dark brown, marked by large ash-colored
blotches, covered by small wart-like excrescences and divided by numerous shallow
reticulate depressions. Wood light, soft and weak, coarse-grained, spongy, light
yellow shaded with green, with thin darker colored sapwood of 12-20 layers of an-
nual growth. The inner bark stripped from the branches in early spring is used
by fishermen of western rivers for stringing fish. The sweet and luscious wholesome
fruit is sold in large quantities in the cities and towns in those parts of the country
where the tree grows naturally.

Distribution. Deep rich moist soil; western New Jersey to the northern shores
of Lake Ontario, and eastern central Pennsylvania, westward to southern Michigan,
eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and southward to middle Florida, and to the val-
ley of the Sabine River, Texas; comparatively rare in the region adjacent to the
Atlantic seaboard; very common in the Mississippi valley, forming the thick forest
undergrowth on rich bottom-lands, or thickets many acres in extent.

328

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Occasionally cultivated in the eastern states, and precariously hardy as far north
as eastern Massachusetts ; interesting as the most northern representative of the
Custard-apple family and its only species extending far beyond the tropics.

2. ANONA, L.

Trees or shrubs, with glandular often reticulated bark, terete branchlets marked
by conspicuous leaf-scars, and often pubescent during their first season. Leaves
coriaceous, often glandular-punctate, persistent or tardily deciduous. Flowers nod-
ding on bracted peduncles; calyx small, 3-lobed, green, deciduous; petals 6 in 2
series, valvate in the bud, hypogynous, sessile, ovate, concave, 3-angled at the apex,
thick and fleshy, white or yellow, the exterior alternate with the sepals, those of the
inner row opposite the sepals and often much smaller than those of the outer row;
stamens club-shaped, densely packed on the receptacle; filaments shorter than the
fleshy connective; anther-cells confluent; pistils sessile on the receptacle, free or
united; ovary 1-celled; style sessile or slightly stipitate, oblong; stigmatic on the
inner face, ovule 1, erect; raphe ventral. Fruit compound, many-celled, fleshy,
ovate or globose, many-seeded. Seeds ovate to elliptical; cotyledons appressed.

Of the fifty species of Anona widely distributed in the tropics of the two worlds,
a single species reaches the coast of southern Florida. Of exotic species, Aiiona
muricata, L., the Soursop, and Anona reticulata, L., of the West Indies, and Anona
Cherimolia, Mill., of western tropical America, are now occasionally cultivated as
fruit-trees in Florida.

Anona is the name given by early authors to the Soursop.

1. Anona glabra, L. Pond Apple.

Leaves oval or oblong, acute, tapering or rounded at the base, bright green on
the upper, paler on the lower surface, coriaceous, 3'-5' long, l^'-2' broad, with
prominent midribs; their stout petioles ^' long. Flowers nodding on short stout

f-|G. ^62

peduncles thickened at the ends, opening in April from an ovoid 3-angled bud; calyx
3-lobed, with broadly ovate acute divisions; petals connivent, acute, concave, pale
yellow or dirty white, those of the outer row marked on the inner surface near the

LAURACE^ 329

base by a bright red spot, and broader and somewhat longer than those of the inner
row. Fruit ripening in November, broadly ovate, truncate or depressed at the base,
rounded at the apex, 3'-o' long, 2'-3^' broad, light green when fully grown, becom-
ing yellow and often marked by numerous dark brown blotches when fully ripe,
with a thick elongate fibrous torus and light green slightly aromatic insipid flesh
of no comestible value; seeds i' long, slightly obovate, turgid, rounded at the ends,
their margins contracted into a narrow wing formed by the thickening of the outer
coat.

A tree, 30°-4:0° high, with a short trunk often 18' in diameter above the swell of
the thickened tapering base sometimes enlarged into spreading buttresses, stout
wide-spreading often contorted branches, slender branchlets brown dr yellow during
their first season, becoming in their second year brown and marked by small scat-
tered wart-like excrescences. Bark ^' thick, dark reddish brown, divided by broad
shallow fissures separating on the surface into numerous small scales. Wood light,
soft, not strong, light brown streaked with yellow.

Distribution. Florida from Cape Malabar to the shores of Bay Biscayne, and on
the west coast from Peace Creek to the Caloosa River; in shallow fresh water
ponds, on swampy hummocks, or on the borders of fresh water streams flowing from
the everglades; of its largest size on the shores of Bay Biscayne near the Miami
River, growing in the shade of larger trees; on the Bahama Islands and on several
of the Antilles.

XVII. LAURACEiE.

Aromatic trees and shrubs, with slender terete branchlets, naked or scaly
buds, and alternate punctate leaves without stipules. Flowers small, perfect
or polygamo-dicecious, yellow or greenish ; calyx 6-lobed, the lobes in 2 series,
imbricated in the bud ; corolla 0 ; stamens 9 or 12, inserted on the base of the
calyx in 3 or 4 series of 3's, distinct, those of the fourth series sterile; anthers
4-celled, superposed in jDairs, opening from below upward by persistent lids ;
ovary 1-celled ; stigma discoid or capitate ; ovule solitary, suspended from the
apex of the cell, anatropous. Fruit a 1-seeded berry ; seed without albumen ;
testa thin and membranaceous, of 2 coats ; embryo erect ; cotyledons thick and
fleshy ; radicle superior, turned toward the hilum, included between thick and
fleshy cotyledons. The Laurel family with about forty genera, confined mostly
to the tropics, is represented in North America by six genera ; of these four
are arborescent.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT GENERA.

Leaves entire, persistent ; stamens 12.

CaUTc-lobes persistent under the fruit. . 1. Persea.
Calyx-lobes deciduous.

Flower cyniose in axillary or subterminal panicles. 2. Ocotea.

Flowers in axillary many-flowered umbels inclosed before anthesis in an involucre of

deciduous scales. 3. Unibellularia.

Leaves entire or lobed, deciduous ; stamens 9 ; flowers dicecious in few-flowered drooping-
racemes. 4. Sassafras.

1. PERSEA, L.

Trees, with naked buds. Leaves revolute in the bud, alternate, scattered, penni-
veined, subcoriaceous, rigid, tomentose or rarely glabrous, persistent. Flowers per-

330 TREES OF N OUT 11 AMERICA

feet, vernal, in 2 or ^i-Howered c^'ines in short axillary or axillary and terminal
panicles on slender peduncles from axils of the leaves of the year, pedicellate, their
pedicels bibracteolate near the middle, the lateral flowers of the ultimate divisions
of the inflorescence in the axils of small deciduous lanceolate acute bracts; calyx
campanulate, divided nearly to the base into 6 lobes, those of the outer series
shorter than the others, enlarged and persistent under the fruit; stamens 12, in 4
series, about as long as the inner lobes of the calyx; filaments flattened, longer
than the anthers, hirsute, those of the third series furnished near the base with
'2 nearly sessile orange-colored glands rounded on the back and slightly 2-lobed
on the inner face; anthers ovate, flattened, erect, those of the outer series introrse
or subintrorse, those of the third series extrorse or laterally dehiscent, the upper
cells rather larger than the lower; staminodia large, sagittate, stipitate, 2-lobed on
the inner face, beaded at the apex; ovary sessile, subglobose, glabrous, narrowed
into a slender simple style gradually enlarged at the apex into a discoid obscurely
2-lobed stigma. Fruit ripening in the autumn, oblong-obovate to subglobose, more
or less fleshy, surrounded at the base by the enlarged spreading persistent lobes of
the calyx. Seed globose, pendulous, without albumen; testa thin and membrana-
ceous, separable into 2 coats, the outer cartilaginous, grayish brown, the inner gray
or nearly white, closely adherent to the thick dark red cotyledons.

About fifty species of Persea are distinguished. With the exception of one species
of the Canary Islands they are confined to the New World, where they are dis-
tributed from the coast region of the southern United States to Brazil and Chili.
Persea Persea, Cockerell, the Avocado or Alligator Pear, a native of the Antilles and
cultivated for its edible fruit in all tropical countries, is now sparingly naturalized
in southern Florida. Many species yield hard dark-colored handsome wood valued
in cabinet-making.

Persea was the classical name of a tree of the Orient, transferred by Plumier to
one of the tropical species of this genus.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Peduncles short ; leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, obscurely veined, glabrous ; branch-
lets puberulous. 1. P. Borbonia (C).

Peduncles elongated ; leaves oval to lanceolate, conspicuously veined, tomentose on the
lower surface ; branchlets tomentose. 2. P. pubescens (C).

1. Persea Borbonia, Spreng. Red Bay.

Leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate, entire, often slightly contracted into long
points rounded at the apex, gradually narrowed below, when they unfold thin,
pilose, and tinged with red, and at maturity thick and coriaceous, bright green and
lustrous above, pale and glaucous below, 3'^' long, f -1^' wide, with thickened revo-
lute margins, narrow orange-colored midribs, remote obscure primary veins arcuate
near the margins, and thin closely reticulated veinlets, unfolding early in the spring,
gradually turning yellow a year later and falling during their second spring and
summer; their petioles stout, rigid, red-brown, ^'-f long, flattened and somewhat
grooved on the upper side, in falling leaving small circular leaf-scars displaying the
ends of a single fibro-vascular bundle. FloxArers: peduncles glabrous, \'-V long;
calyx pale j^ellow or creamy white, about \' long, with thin lobes ciliate on the mar-
gins, the outer broadly ovate, rounded and minutely apiculate, puberulous, about

LAURACE.E

331

half as long as the oblong-lauceolate acute lobes of the inner series covered within
by long pale hairs. Fruit ^' long, dark blue or nearly black, very lustrous ; flesh
thin and dry, not readily separable from the ovate slightly pointed seed,

A tree, 60°-70° high, with a trunk 2^-3' in diameter, stout erect branches forming
a dense shapely head, thick fleshy yellow roots, and branchlets mauy-augled, light
brown, glabrous or coated with pale or rufous pubescence when they first appear,
becoming in their second year terete and dark green; usually much smaller.
Winter-buds coated with thick rufous tomentum, ^' long. Bark ^'-^' thick, dark

red, deeply furrowed and irregularly divided into broad flat ridges separating on
the surface into small thick appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, very strong,
rather brittle, close-grained, bright red, with thin lighter colored sapwood of 4 or 5
layers of annual growth; occasionally used for cabinet-making, the interior finish of
houses, and formerly in ship and boatbuilding.

Distribution. Borders of streams and swamps in rich moist soil, or occasionally
in dry sandy loam in forests of the Long-leaved Pine ; coast region from Virginia to
the shores of Bay Biscayne and Cape Romano, Florida, along the Gulf coast to the
valley of the Brazos River, Texas, and northward through Louisiana to southern
Arkansas.

2. Persea pubescens, Sarg. Swamp Bay.

Leaves oval or lanceolate, entire, often narrowed toward the apex into long
points, gradually narrowed at the base, when they unfold dark red, thin, and tomen-
tose, at maturity thick and coriaceous, pale green and lustrous above, pale and
pubescent and rusty-tomentose on the midribs and primary veins below, 4'-6' long,
I'-iy wide, with thick conspicuous veins and slightly revolute margins, persistent
until after the beginning of their second year and then turning yellow and falling
gradually; their petioles stout, rusty-tomentose, ^'-f' long. Flowers: peduncles
tomentose, 2'-3' long; calyx pale yellow or creamy white, often nearly ^' long,
with thick firm lobes coated on the outer surface with rusty tomentum, those of the
outer series broadly ovate, abruptly pointed at the apex, pubescent on the inner
surface, about half as long as the ovate lanceolate lobes of the inner series, slightly
thickened at the apex, and hairy within. Fruit nearly black, |' long.

332

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

A slender tree, occasionally 30°-40° high, with a trunk rarely exceeding a foot in
diameter, and stout branclilets terete or slightly angled while young, coated when

they first appear with rusty tomentum reduced in their second season to fine pubes-
cence persistent until the end of their second or third year. Bark rarely exceeding
Y in thickness, dull brown, irregularly divided by shallow fissures, the surface
separating into thick appressed scales. Wood heavy, soft, strong, close-grained,
orange color streaked with brown, with thick light brown or gray sapwood of 36-40
layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Pine-barren swamps, almost to the exclusion of other plants, in the
immediate neighborhood of the coast of the south Atlantic and Gulf states from
North Carolina to Mississippi.

2. OCOTEA, Aubl.

Aromatic trees. Leaves scattered, alternate or rarely subopposite, penniveined,
coriaceous, rigid, glabrous or more or less covered with pubescence. Flowers gla-
brous or tomentose on slender bibracteolate pedicels from the axils of lanceolate
acute minute bracts, in cymose clusters in axillary or subterminal stalked panicles;
calyx-tube campanulate, the 6 lobes of the limb nearly equal, deciduous; stamens
12, in 4 series, those of the inner series reduced to linear staminodia, with minute
abortive anthers; filaments inserted on the tube of the calyx; those of the outer series
opposite its exterior lobes, shorter or sometimes rather longer than the anthers,
glabrous or hirsute, furnished in the third series near the base with two conspicuous
globose stalked yellow glands; anthers oblong, flattened, 4-celled, introrse in the
2 outer series, extrorse, subextrorse, or very rarely introrse in tlie third series, in
the pistillate flower rudimentary and sterile; ovary ovate, glabrous, more or less
immersed in the tube of the calyx, gradually narrowed into a short erect style
dilated at the apex into a capitate obscurely lobed stigma; in the staminate flower
linear-lanceolate, effete or minute, sometimes 0; raphe ventral; micropyle superior.
Fruit nearly inclosed while young in the thickened tube of the calyx, exserted at
maturity, surrounded at the base by the cup-like truncate or slightly lobed calyx-
tube; pericarp thin and fleshy. Seed ovate, pendulous; testa thin, membranaceous.

Ocotea with nearly two hundred species is confined principally to the tropical

LAURACE^

333

region of the New

World from southern Florida to Brazil and Peru, with Old
World representatives in the Canary Islands, South Africa, and the Mascarene
Islands. One species grows naturally in Florida.

Ocotea produces hard strong durable beautifully colored wood often employed in
cabinet-making.

The name is derived from the native name of one of the species of Guiana.

1. Ocotea Catesbyaua, Sarg.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire, slightly contracted above into long points
rounded at the apex, when they unfold thin, membranaceous, light green tinged
with red, and sometimes puberulous on the low^er surface, and at maturity thick and
coriaceous, dark green and lustrous above, pale below, 3'-6' long, l'-2' wide, with
thickened slightly revolute margins, broad stout midribs, slender remote primary
veins arcuate and united near the margins and connected by coarsely reticulate
conspicuous veinlets; their petioles broad, flat, Y-^' long. Flowers perfect, appear-
ing in early summer in elongated panicles, their stalks slender, glabrous, light red,
solitary or 2 or 3 together from the axils of the leaves of the year or from those of

the previous year, and 3'^' long; calyx nearly 1' across when expanded, pubescent
on the outer surface, tomeutose on the inner surface, about twice as long as the
stamens; filaments of the 2 outer series slightly hirsute at the base and shorter than
their introrse anthers; filaments of the third series as long or longer than their
extrorse anthers. Fruit ripening in the autumn, ovate or subglobose, ^' long, lus-
trous, dark blue or nearly black, the thickened cup-like tube of the calyx truncate
or obscurely lobed and bright red like the thickened pedicels; flesh thin and dry;
seed with a thin brittle red-brown coat, the inner layer lustrous on the inner surface
and marked by broad light-colored veins radiating from the small hilum; embryo
^' long, light red-brown.

A tree, 20°-30° high, with a trunk rarely exceeding 18' in diameter, slender
spreading branches forming a narrow round-topped head, and thin terete branchlets
glabrous and dark reddish brown when they first appear, soon becoming lighter
colored, and in their second year light brown or gray tinged with red and often
marked by minute pale lenticels, and in their second or third year by small semi-

334 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

orbicular leaf-scars, displaying a single central fibro-vascular bundle-scar. Bark
about ^' thick, dark reddish brown, and roughened on the otherwise smooth surface
by numerous small excrescences. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, rich dark
brown, with thick bright yellow sapwood of 20-30 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Shores and islands of Florida south of Cape Canaveral on the east
coast and of Cape lioniano on the west coast; comparatively common except on some
of the western keys, and most abundant and of its largest size on the rich wooded
hummocks adjacent to Bay Biscayne; also in the Bahamas.

3. UMBELLULARIA, Nutt.

A pungent aromatic tree, with dark brown scaly bark, slender terete branchlets
marked in their second and third years by small semicircular or nearly triangular
elevated leaf-scars displaying a horizontal row of minute fibro-vascular bundle-scars,
naked buds, and thick fleshy brown roots. Leaves alternate, involute in the bud,
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or rounded at the narrow apex, cuneate or some-
what rounded at the base, entire, with thickened slightly revolute margins, petiolate,
coated when they appear on the lower surface with pale soft pubescence and puber-
ulous on the upper surface, at maturity thick and coriaceous, dark green and lus-
trous above, dull and paler below, with slender light yellow midribs, and remote,
obscure, arcuate veins more or less united near the margins, and connected by
conspicuous reticulate veinlets. Flowers in axillary stalked many-flowered umbels,
inclosed in the bud by an involucre of 5 or 6 imbricated broadly ovate or obovate
pointed concave yellow caducous scales, the latest umbels subsessile at the base of
terminal leaf-buds; pedicels slender, puberulous, without bractlets, from the axils
of obovate membranaceous puberulous deciduous bracts decreasing in size from
the outer to the inner; calyx divided almost to the base into 6 nearly equal broadly
obovate rounded pale yellow lobes spreading and reflexed after anthesis; stamens
inserted on the short slightly thickened tube of the calyx; filaments flat, glabrous,
pale yellow, rather shorter than the anthers, those of the third series furnished
near the base with 2 conspicuous stipitate orange-colored orbicular flattened glands;
anthers oblong, flattened, light yellow, those of the first and second series introrse,
those of the second and third series extrorse ; stamens of the fourth series reduced to
minute ovate acute yellow staminodia; ovary sessile, ovate, often more or less gib-
bous, glabrous, abruptly contracted into a stout columnar style rather shorter than
the lobes of the calyx and crowned by a simple capitate discoid stigma. Fruit ovate,
surrounded at the base by the enlarged and thickened truncate or lobed tube of the
calyx, yellow-green sometimes more or less tinged with purple; pericarp thin and
fleshy. Seed ovate, light brown; testa separable into 2 coats, the outer thick, hard,
and woody, the inner thin and papery, closely investing the embryo, chestnut-brown,
and lustrous on the inner surface.

Umbellularia consists of a single species.

The generic name, a diminutive of Umbella, relates to the character of the inflo-
rescence.

1. Umbellularia Californica, Nutt. California Laurel. Spice-tree.

Leaves 2'-5' long, ^-1^' wide, unfolding in winter or early in the spring and
continuing to appear as the branches lengthen until late in the autumn, beginning to
fade during the summer, turning to a beautiful yellow or orange color and falling one

LAUKACE^

335

by one during their second season, or often remaining on the branches until the sixth
year; their petioles ^'-1' long. Flowers appearing in January before the unfolding
of the young leaves on pedicels sometimes V in length. Fruit about V long, in

pl^ 266

clusters of 2 ur 3, on elongated thickened stalks, persistent on the branch after the
fruit ripens and falls late in the autumn; seeds germinating soon after they reach
the ground, the fruit remaining below the surface of the soil and attached to the
young plant until midsummer.

A tree, 80°-90° high, with a trunk 4°-5° in diameter, sometimes tall and straight
but usually divided near the ground into several large diverging stems, stout spread-
ing branches forming a broad round-topped head, and branchlets light green and
coated with soft pale pubescence when they first appear, soon becoming glabrous
and yellow-green, and in their second and third years light brown tinged with red;
at high elevations above the level of the sea and in southern California much
smaller and often reduced to a low shrub. Bark f -1' thick, dark brown tinged
with red, separating on the surface into thin appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard,
strong, close-grained, light rich brown, with thick lighter colored sap wood of 30-40
layers of annual growth ; the most valuable wood produced in the forests of Pacific
North America for the interior finish of houses and for furniture. The leaves yield
by distillation a pungent volatile oil, and from the fruit a fat containing umbellulic
acid has been obtained.

Distribution. Valley of Rogue River, Oregon, through the California coast
ranges and along the high western slopes of the Sierra Nevada to the southern
slopes of the San Bernardino Mountains up to elevations of 2500°; usually near the
banks of watercourses and sometimes on low hills; common where it can obtain an
abundant supply of water; most abundant and of its largest size in the rich valleys
of southwestern Oregon, forming with the Broad-leaved Maple a considerable part
of the forest growth.

4. SASSAFRAS, Nees. Sassafras.

Aromatic trees, with thick deeply furrowed dark red-brown bark, scaly buds,
slender light green lustrous brittle branchlets containing a thick white mucilaginous
pith and marked by small semiorbicular elevated leaf-scars displaying single bori-

336 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

zontal rows of minute fibro-vascular bundle-scars, and stout spongy stoloniferous
roots covered by thick yellow bark. Flower-bearing buds terminal, ovate, acute,
with 9 or 10 imbricated scales increasing in size from without inward, the 3 outer
scales ovate, rounded, often apiculate at the apex, keeled and thickened on the back,
pale yellow-green below, dull yellow-brown above the middle, loosely imbricated,
slightly or not at all accrescent, deciduous at the opening of the bud, much smaller
than the thin accrescent light yellow-green scales of the next rows turning dull red
before falling, and obovate, rounded at the apex, cuneate below, concave, coated on
the outer surface with soft silky pubescence, glabrous or lustrous on the inner sur-
face, reflexed, |' long, nearly ^' broad, tardily deciduous, the 2 inner scales folia-
ceous, lanceolate-acute, light green, coated on the outer surface with delicate pale
hairs, glabrous on the inner surface, infolding the leaves; sterile and axillary buds
much smaller. Leaves involute in the bud, ovate or obovate, entire or often 1-3-
lobed at the apex, the lobes broadly ovate, acute, divided by deep broad sinuses,
gradually narrowed at the base into elongated slender petioles, feather-veined, with
alternate veins arcuate and united or running to the points of the lobes, the lowest
parallel with the margins, conspicuously reticulate-venulose, mucilaginous, deciduous,
as they unfold light green and somewhat pilose above, with scattered white hairs,
ciliate, clothed below with a loose pubescence of long lustrous white hairs, at ma-
turity membranaceous, dark dull green above, pale and glabrous or pubescent below.
Flowers opening in early spring with the first unfolding of the leaves, the males and
females usually on different individuals, in lax drooping few-flowered racemes in the
axils of large obovate bud-scales, their pedicles slender, rarely forked and 2-flowered,
without bracts, pilose, from the axils of linear acute scarious hairy deciduous bracts,
or that of the terminal flower often without bracts; calyx pale yellow-green, divided
nearly to the base into narrow obovate concave lobes spreading or reflexed after
anthesis, those of the inner row a little larger than the others; stamens 9, inserted
in 3 series on the somewhat thickened margin of the shallow concave calyx-tube,
those of the outer series opposite its outer lobes; filaments flattened, elongated,
light yellow, those of the inner series furnished at the base with 2 conspicuous
orange-colored stipitate glands rounded on the back, obscurely lobed on the inner
face; anthers oblong, flattened, truncate or slightly emarginate at the apex, rounded
or wedge-shaped at the base, orange-colored, introrse, in the female flower reduced
to flattened ovate pointed or slightly 2-lobed dark orange-colored stipitate stami-
nodia, or occasionally fertile and similar to or a little smaller than those of the
staminate flower; ovary ovate, light green, glabrous, nearly sessile in the short tube
of the calyx, narrowed into an elongated simple style gradually enlarged above into
a capitate oblique obscurely lobed stigma. Fruit an oblong dark blue lustrous berry
surrounded at the base by the enlarged and thickened obscurely 6-lobed or truncate
scarlet limb of the calyx, raised on a much elongated scarlet stalk thickened above
the middle; pericarp thin and fleshy. Seed oblong, pointed, light brown; testa thin,
membranaceous, barely separable into 2 coats, the inner coat much thinner than the
outer, dark chestnut-brown, and lustrous.

Sassafras is confined to temperate eastern North America and to China, where a
species, not now distinguishable from the American tree but still imperfectly known,
has recently been discovered.

Sassafras was first used as a popular name for this tree by the French in Florida.

LAURACE^

337

1. Sassafras Sassafras, Karst. Sassafras.

Leaves 4:'-6' long, 2'-4' wide, turning in the autumn delicate shades of yellow or
orange more or less tinged with red; their petioles |'-1^' long. Flowers ^ long
when fully expanded, in racemes about 2' long. Fruit ripening in September and
October, |' long, on stalks l^'-2' in length, separating when ripe from the thick
calyx-lobes persistent with the stalks of the fruit on the branches until the beginning
of winter.

A tree, occasionally 80°-90° high, with a trunk nearly 6° in diameter, short stout
more or less contorted branches spreading almost at right angles and forming a
narrow usually fiat-topped head, and slender branchlets light yellow-green and

coated when they first appear with pale pubescence, soon glabrous, bright green
and lustrous, gradually turning reddish brown at the end of two or three years;
frequently not more than 40°-o0° tall; at the north generally smaller and often
shrubby. Winter-buds ^'-f ' long. Bark of young stems and branches thin, red-
dish brown, divided by shallow fissures, becoming on old trunks sometimes 1^' thick,
dark red-brown, and deeply and irregularly divided into broad flat ridges sepa-
rating on the surface into thick appressed scales. "Wood soft, weak, brittle, coarse-
grained, very durable in the soil, aromatic, dull orange-brown, with thin light yellow
sap wood of 7 or 8 layers of annual growth; largely used for fence-posts and rails, in
the construction of light boats, ox-yokes, and in cooperage. The roots and especially
their bark are a mild aromatic stimulant, and oil of sassafras, used to perfume soap
and other articles, is distilled from them. Gumbo filet, a powder prepared from the
leaves by the Choctaw Indians of Louisiana, gives flavor and consistency to gumbo
soup.

Distribution. Usually in rich sandy well-drained soil, southern Maine and east-
ern Massachusetts, through southern Vermont, southern Ontario, central Michigan,
and southeastern Iowa to eastern Kansas and the Indian Territory, and southward
to central Florida and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas; in the south Atlantic
and Gulf states often taking possession of abandoned fields.

Occasionally cultivated in the eastern states as an ornamental tree.

338

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

XVIII. CAPPARIDACE^.

Annual or perennial herbs, trees, or shrubs, with acrid often pungent juices,
alternate or rarely opposite leaves, and regular or irregular usually perfect
flowers in terminal cymes or i-acemes, or solitary, numerous ovules inserted in
two rows on each of the two placentas, capsular or baccate 1-celled fruit, and
seeds without albumen. A family of thirty-four genera, mostly confined to
the warmer parts of the world and widely distributed in the two hemispheres.
Of the seven genera which occur in North America only one has an arbores-
cent representative.

1. CAPPARIS, L.

Trees, with naked buds. Leaves conduplicate in the bud, entire, feather-veined,
coriaceous, persistent, without stipules. Flowers regular, in terminal cymes; sepals
4, valvate in the bud, glandular on the inner surface; petals 4, inserted on the base
of the short receptacle; stamens numerous, inserted on the receptacle, their filaments
free, elongated, much longer than the introrse 2-celled anthers opening longitudi-
nally; ovary long-stalked, 2-celled, with 2 parietal placentas; stigmas sessile, orbic-
ular; ovules campylotropous. Fruit baccate, siliquiform (in the North American
species) separating into 3 or 4 valves. Seeds reniform, numerous, surrounded by
pulp; seed-coat coriaceous; embryo convolute; cotyledons foliaceous, fleshy.

Capparis, with more than one hundred species, mostly tropical, is found in the two
hemispheres, the largest number of species occurring in Central and South America.
Two of the West Indian species reach the shores of southern Florida, the most north-
ern station of the genus in America; of these one is arborescent.

Capparis, from Kdmrapis, the classical name of Capparis spinosa, L., is derived from
the Persian kabor, capers, the dried flower-buds of that species.

1. Capparis Jamaicensis, Jacq.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, rounded and emarginate at the apex, slightly revolute,
coriaceous, light yellow-green, smooth and lustrous on the upper surface, covered on

h^ s6a

the lower by minute ferrugineous scales, 2'-3' long, l'-l|' broad, with prominent
midribs and inconspicuous primary veins. Flowers 1^ in diameter, opening in Florida

HAMAMELIDACE^ 339

in April and May from obtuse or acute 4-angled buds; sepals ovate, acute, lepidote
on the outer surface, furnished on the inner with a small ovate gland, recurved when
the flower is fully expanded, and about half the size of the roundish white petals
turning purple in fading; stamens 20-30, with purple filaments villose toward the
base, l^'-2' long; anthers yellow; ovary raised on a slender stipe about 1^' long.
Fruit 9'-12' long, terete, sometimes slightly torulose, pubescent-lepidote, the long
stalk appearing jointed by the enlargement of the pedicel and torus below the inser-
tion of the stipe; seed light brown, 11' long.

A small slender shrubby tree, 18°-20° high, with a trunk sometimes o'-6' in
diameter, and thin angled branchlets dark gray, smooth or slightly rugose, and cov-
ered with minute ferrugineous scales. Bark rarely more than ^' thick, slightly
fissured, the dark red-brown surface broken into small irregularly shaped divisions.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, yellow faintly tinged with red, with lighter
colored sapwood of about 15 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Florida coast from Cape Canaveral to the southern keys; generally
distributed, but nowhere abundant; common on several of the Antilles.

XIX. HAMAMELIDACEiE.

Trees or shrubs, with watery juice, slender terete branchlets, naked or scaly
buds, and fibrous roots. Leaves alternate, petiolate, stipulate, deciduous.
Flowers perfect or unisexual ; calyx 4-parted or 0 ; j^etals 4 or 0 ; stamens
4-8 ; anthers attached at the base, introrse, 2-celled ; ovary inserted in the
bottom of the receptacle, 2-celled ; ovules 1 or many, anatropous, suspended
from an axile placenta ; micropyle superior ; raphe ventral. Fruit a woody
capsule opening at the summit. Seed usually 1 ; embryo surrounded by fleshy
albumen ; cotyledons oblong, flat, longer than the terete radicle turned toward
the hilum. The Witch Hazel family with eighteen genera is confined to eastern
North America, southwestern, southern, and eastern Asia, the Malay Archi-
pelago, Madagascar, and South Africa. Of the three North American genera
two are arborescent.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT GENERA.

Flowers usually unisexual, capitate, without petals, the pistillate without sepals ; capsules
consolidated by their bases into a globose head ; seed with a terminal wing- ; leaves pal-
mately lobed. 1. Liquidambar.

Flowers usually perfect, with calyx and corolla ; carpels not consolidated into a head ; seed
without a wing-. 2. Hamamelis.

1. LIQUIDAMBAR, L.

Trees, with balsamic juices, scaly bark, terete often winged branchlets, scaly buds,
and fibrous roots. Leaves plicate in the bud, alternate, palmately lobed, glandular-
serrate, long-petiolate ; stipules lanceolate, acute, caducous. Flowers monoecious or
rarely perfect in capitate heads surrounded by involucres of 4 deciduous bracts, the
staminate in terminal racemes, the pistillate in solitary long-stalked heads from
the axils of upper leaves; staminate flowers without a calyx and corolla; stamens
indefinite, interspersed with minute scales; filaments filiform, shorter than the oblong
obcordate anthers opening longitudinally; pistillate flowers surrounded by long-
awned scales, the whole confluent into globular heads; calyx obconic, its limb short

340

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

or nearly obsolete; stamens usually 4, inserted on tlic summit of the calyx; anthers
minute, usually rudimentary or abortive, rarely fertile; ovary partly inferior, of '2
united carpels terminating^ in elongated subulate recurved persistent styles stigmatic
on the inner face; ovules numerous. Capsules armed with the hardened incurved
elongated styles, free above, septicidally dehiscent at tlie apex, consolidated by their
bases into a globose head; pericarp thick and woody; endocarp thin, corneous,
lustrous on the inner surface. Seeds usually solitary or 2 by the abortion of many
ovules, compressed, angulate; seed-coat opaque, crustaceous, produced into a short
membranaceous obovate terminal wing rounded at the oblique apex.

Liquidambar with about four species is confined to the eastern United States, to
southern and central Mexico, Central America, southwestern Asia, middle and
southeastern China, and Formosa. The species produce hard straight-grained hand-
some dark-colored wood and valuable balsamic exudations. Liquid storax, an opaque
grayish brown resin, is derived from Liquidambar orientalis, Mill., a native of Asia
Minor.

1. Liquidambar Styraciflua, L. Sw^eet Gum. Bilsted.

Leaves generally round in outline, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at the
base, deeply 5-7-lobed, with acutely pointed divisions finely serrate, with rounded
appressed teeth, when they unfold pilose on the lower surface, soon becoming

t^c, ^Cog

glabrous with the exception of large tufts of pale rufous hairs in the axils of the
principal veins, at maturity thin, bright green, smooth and lustrous, 6'-7' across,
with broad primary veins and finely reticulate veinlets, exhaling when bruised
a pleasant resinous fragrance, in the autumn turning deep crimson; their petioles
slender, covered at first near the base with rufous caducous hairs, and 5'-6' long;
stipules entire, glabrous, |'-^' long. FloTvers: staminate in racemes 2'-3' long,
covered with rufous hairs, in heads stalked toward the base of the raceme and nearly
sessile above, y in diameter and surrounded by ovate acute deciduous hairy bracts
much larger than the lanceolate acute bracts of the female inflorescence ^' across
and conspicuous from the broad stigmatic surfaces of the recurved and contorted
styles. Fruit I'-IV in diameter, persistent during the winter, the carpels opening
in the autumn; seed l' long and rather longer than its wing, with a light brown coat
conspicuously marked by oblong resin-ducts.

HAMAMELIDACE^ 341

A tree, 80°-140° high, with a straight trunk 4°-5° in diameter, slender branches
forming while the tree is young a pyramidal head, and in old age a comparatively
small oblong crown, and slender brauchlets containing a large pith, slightly many-
angled, covered when they first appear with caducous rufous hairs, light orange
color to reddish brown in their first winter, marked by occasional minute dark
lenticels and by large arcuate leaf-scars showing the ends of 3 conspicuous fibro-
vascular bundles, developing in their second season corky wings appearing on the
upper side of lateral branches in 3 or 4 parallel ranks and irregularly on all sides of
vertical branches and increasing in width and thickness for many years, sometimes
becoming 2'-3' broad and 1' thick. Winter-buds acute, \' long, and covered by
ovate acute minutely apiculate orange-brown scales rounded on the back, those of
the inner rows accrescent, tipped with red, and about 1' long at maturity. Wood
heavy, hard, straight, close-grained, not strong, bright brown tinged with red, with
thin almost white sap wood of 60-70 layers of annual growth; used for the outside
finish of houses, in cabinet-making, for street pavement, wooden dishes, and fruit
boxes.

Distribution. Fairfield County, Connecticut, to southeastern Missouri, south-
ward to Cape Canaveral and the shores of Tampa Bay, Florida, and through Ar-
kansas and the Indian Territory to the valley of the Trinity River, Texas, reappearing
on the mountains of central and southern Mexico and on the highlands of Guatemala;
in the maritime region of the south Atlantic states and in the basin of the lower
Mississippi Eiver one of the most common trees of the forest, covering rich river
bottom-lands usuall}' inundated every year; in the northern and middle states on
the borders of swamps and low wet swales; at the north rarely more than 60°-70°
tall, with a trunk usually not more than 2° in diameter.

Unsurpassed in the brilliancy of the autumnal colors of the leaves; and often
planted as an ornamental tree in the eastern states.

2. HAMAMELIS, L. Witch Hazel.

Trees or shrubs, with scaly bark, terete zigzag branchlets, naked buds, and fibrous
roots. Leaves involute in the bud, unsymmetrical at the base, crenate-toothed, the
primary veins conspicuous and nearly parallel with the margins; stipules acute,
infolding the bud, deciduous. Flowers autumnal, perfect, in terminal 3-tiowered
clusters on axillary simple peduncles furnished near the middle with 2 acute decid-
uous bractlets, each flower surrounded by 2 or 3 ovate acute bracts, the outer
slightly united at the base into a 3-lobed involucre ; calyx 4-parted, persistent on the
base of the ovary, the lobes reflexed; petals inserted on the margin of the cup-
shaped receptacle, alternate with the sepals, strap-shaped; stamens 8, inserted in 2
rows on the margin of the receptacle, the 4 opposite the lobes of the calyx fertile,
the others reduced to minute strap-shaped scales; filaments free, shorter than the
calyx, prolonged into a thickened pointed connective; anthers elliptical, opening
laterally from without by persistent valves; ovary of 2 carpels, free at their apex,
inserted in the bottom of the receptacle, partly superior; styles subulate, spreading,
stigmatic at the apex, persistent; ovule solitary. Fruit a capsule, 2-beaked at the
apex, the thick and woody outer layer splitting from above loculicidally before the
opening of the thin crustaceous inner layer. Seed oblong, acute, suspended; testa
crustaceous, chestnut-brown, shining, forcibly discharged when ripe by the contrac-
tion of the edges of the valves of the bony endocarp; embryo surrounded by thick

342

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

fleshy albumen ; cotyledons oblong, foliaceous, longer than the radicle turned toward
the oblong depressed hilum.

Hamamelis is confined to eastern North America and eastern Asia, with one
American and two or three Asiatic species.

The name is from a/u-a, at the same time with, and fxr]\is an Apple-tree, and was
applied by the ancients to the Medlar or some similar tree.

1. Hamamelis Virginiana, L, Witch Hazel.

Leaves obovate, acuminate, long-pointed or sometimes rounded at the apex, very
unequal at the base, the lower side rounded or subcordate, the upper usually wedge-
shaped and smaller, irregularly and coarsely serrate-toothed above the middle, entire
or dentate below, when they unfold with veins, especially on the lower surface,
petioles, and stipules coated with stellate ferrugineous pubescence, at maturity mem-
branaceous, dull dark green and glabrous or pilose above, lighter colored, lustrous,
and pubescent or puberulous on the stout midribs and 6 or 7 pairs of primary veins
below, 4'-6' long, 2'-2^' broad, turning delicate yellow color in the autumn ; their

stipules lanceolate, acute, coriaceous, ^'-^' long. Flowers from buds appearing in
August on short recurved peduncles developed from the axils of leaves of the year,
covered like the acute bracts and bractlets with dark ferrugineous pubescence,
opening from the middle of September to the middle of November; calyx in the
autumn coated on the outer surface with thick pale pubescence, orange-brown on
the inner surface, the rounded lobes ciliate on the margins; petals bright yellow,
l^'-f long, falling like the stamens as soon as the ovules are fertilized; ovary remaining
during the winter without enlarging and surrounded and protected by the pubescent
calyx. Fruit ripening in the autumn, usually 2 from each flower-cluster, discharging
its seeds when the flowers of the season are expanding, ^' long, pubescent, dull
orange-brown and surrounded for half its length by the large persistent calyx bearing
at its base the blackened remnants of the floral bracts; seed Y long.

A tree, occasionally 25°-30° high, .with a short trunk 12'-14' in diameter, spread-
ing branches forming a broad open head, and slender flexible branchlets coated at
first with scurfy rusty stellate hairs, gradually disappearing during the summer, and
in their first winter glabrous or slightly puberulous, light orange-brown and marked

PLATANACE^ 343

by small white dots, becoming in their second year dark or reddish brown; usually
a stout shrub sending up from the ground numerous rigid diverging stems 5°-20°
tall. Winter-buds acute, slightly falcate, light orange-brown, covered with short
fine pubescence, \'-^' long. Bark i' thick, light brown, generally smooth but broken
into minute thin appressed scales disclosing in falling the dark reddish purple inner
bark. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, light brown tinged with red, with
thick nearly white sap wood of 30—40 layers of annual growth. The bark and leaves
are slightly astringent and although not known to possess essential properties are
largely used in the form of fluid extracts and decoctions and in homoeopathic practice.
Pond's Extract being made by distilling the bark in diluted alcohol.

Distribution. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the valley of the St. Lawrence
River to southern Ontario, Wisconsin and eastern Nebraska, and southward to north-
ern Florida and eastern Texas, growing usually on the borders of the forest in low
rich soil or on the rocky banks of streams; of its largest size and probably only arbo-
rescent on the slopes of the high Alleghany Mountains in North and South Carolina
and Tennessee.

Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental plant in the northern states, and in
western and northern Europe.

XX. PLATANACEiE.

Trees, with watery juice, thick deeply furrowed scaly bark exfoliating from
the branches and young trunks in large thin plates, terete zigzag pithy branch-
lets prolonged by an upper axillary bud, and fibrous roots. Winter-buds
axillary, conical, large, smooth, and lustrous, nearly surrounded at the base by
the narrow leaf-scars displaying a row of conspicuous dark fibro-vascular
bundle-scars, covered by 3 deciduous scales, the 2 inner accrescent, strap-
sha})ed, rounded at the apex at maturity, marking in falling the base of the
branchlet with narrow ring-like scars, the outer scale surrounding the bad and
splitting longitudinally with its expansion, the second light green, covered by
a gummy fragrant secretion and usually inclosing a bud in its axil, the third
coated with long rufous hairs. Leaves longitudinally plicate in vernation,
alternate, broadly ovate, cordate, truncate, or wedge-shaped and decurrent
on the petiole at the base, more or less acutely 3-7-lobed, and occasionally
furnished with a more or less enlarged basal lobe, the lobes entire, dentate,
with minute remote callous teeth, or coarsely sinuate-toothed, penniveined, the
veins arcuate and united near the margins and connected by inconspicuous
reticulate veinlets, clothed while young like the petioles, stipules, and young
branchlets with caducous stellate sharp-pointed branching hairs, pale on the
lower and rufous on the upper surface, long-petiolate, turning brown and
withering in the autumn before falling ; their petioles abruptly enlarged at
the base and inclosing the buds, stipules membranaceous, laterally united below
into a short tube surrounding the branchlet above the insertion of their leaf,
acute, more or less free above, dentate or entire, thin and scarious on flowering
shoots, broad and leaf -like on vigorous sterile branchlets, caducous, marking the
branchlet in falling with narrow ring-like scars. Flowers minute, appearing
with the unfolding of the leaves in dense unisexual pedunculate solitary or
spicate heads, the staminate and pistillate heads on separate peduncles or rarely
united on the same peduncle ; staminate heads dark red on axillary peduncles ;
pistillate heads light green tinged with red, on long terminal peduncles, the

344 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

lateral heads in the spicate clusters sessile and embracing at maturity the
peduncle, usually persistent on the branches during the winter ; calyx of the
staniinate flower divided into 3-6 minute scale-like sepals slightly united at
the base, about half as long as the 3-6 cuneiform sulcate scarious pointed
petals ; stamens as many as the divisions of the calyx, opposite them, with
short nearly obsolete filaments, and elongated clavate 2-celled anthers, their
cells opening longitudinally, crowned by a capitate pilose truncate connective ;
calyx of the pistillate flower divided into 3-6, usually 4, rounded sej)als much
shorter than the acute petals ; stamens scale-like, elongated-obovate, pilose at
the apex ; ovaries as many as the divisions of the calyx, superior, sessile, oblong,
surrounded at the base by long ridged jointed pale hairs persistent round the
fruit, gradually narrowed into long simple bright red styles papillose-stigmatic
to below the middle along the ventral suture ; ovules 1 or rarely 2, suspended
laterally, orthotropous. Heads of fruit composed of elongated obovate akenes
rounded and obtuse or acute at the apex, surmounted by the persistent styles,
1-seeded, light yellow-brown ; pericarp thin, coriaceous. Seed elongated,
oblong, suspended ; testa thin and firm, light chestnut-brown ; embryo erect in
thin fleshy albumen ; cotyledons oblong, about as long as the elongated cylin-
drical erect radicle turned toward the minute apical hilum. A family of a
single genus.

1. PLATANUS, L. Plane-tree.

Characters of the family.

A genus of six or seven species of eastern and western North America, Mexico,
Central America, and of southwestern Asia, all resembling each other except in the
form of the lobes of the leaves and the amount of pubescence on their lower surface,
in the pointed or obtuse apex of the akene, and in the number of heads of pistillate
flowers on their peduncle.

Of the exotic species, the Old World Platanus orientalis, L., now a common street
tree in all the countries of temperate Europe, has been used as a shade-tree in the
eastern states and in California.

Platanus is the classical name of the Plane-tree.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Leaves broadly ovate, shallowly 3-5-lobed, the lobes mostly serrulate-toothed, truncate or
rarely wedge-shaped at the base ; head of fruit usually solitary.

1. P. occidentalis (A, C).
Leaves deeply 5-lobed, the lobes entire, remotely and obscurely dentate or rarely sinuate-
toothed, truncate or rarely slightly cordate or wedge-shaped at the base ; heads of fruit
racemose. 2. P. racemosa (G).

Leaves deeply 3-7-lobed, the lobes elongated, slender, entire or rarely remotely dentate,
deeply cordate or rarely wedge-shaped or truncate at the base ; heads of fruit racemose.

3. P. Wrightii (H).

1. Platanus occidentalis, L. Sycamore. Button-wood.

Leaves broadly ovate, more or less 3-5-lobed by broad shallow sinuses rounded
at the bottom, the lobes broad, acuminate, sinuate-toothed, with long straight
or curved remote acuminate teeth, or entire, with undulate margins, truncate or
slightly cordate, or wedge-shaped and decurrent on the petioles at the base, thin
and firm, bright green on the upper surface, paler on the lower, glabrous with
the exception of a coat of pale pubescence along the midribs and principal veins

PLATANACE^

345

below, 4'-7' long and broad, or twice as large on vigorous shoots and then frequently
furnished with dentate basal lobes, with stout yellow midribs and veins ; their petioles
stout, terete or slightly angled, puberulous; stipules I'-l^' long, entire or sinuate-
toothed. Flowers: peduncles coated with pale tomentum, bearing 1 and sometimes
2 heads of flowers. Fruit: heads 1' in diameter, on slender glabrous stems 3'-6' in
length; akene about |' long and truncate or obtusely rounded at the apex.

A tree, occasionally 140°-170° high, with a trunk sonietimes 10°-11° in diameter
above its abruptly enlarged base, often divided near the ground into several large
secondary trunks, or rising 70°-80°, with a straight column-like shaft free of

branches and with little diminution of diameter, massive spreading limbs forming a
broad open irregular head sometimes 100° in diameter, their extremities usually erect
or more or less pendulous, and slender branchlets coated at first like the leaves, peti-
oles, and stipules with thick pale deciduous tomentum, during their first summer dark
green and glabrous, marked by minute oblong pale lenticels, becoming dark orange-
brown and rather lustrous during their first winter and light gray in their second year.
"Winter-buds ^'-f ' long. Bark of young trunks and large branches rarely more
than ^' thick, dark reddish brown, broken into small oblong thick appressed plate-
like scales, smooth, light gray, and separating higher on the tree into large thin
scales, in falling exposing large irregular surfaces of the pale yellow, whitish, or
greenish inner bark, becoming at the base of large trunks 2'-3' thick, dark brown,
and divided by deep furrows into broad rounded ridges covered by small thin ap-
pressed scales. Wood the favorite material for tobacco boxes, ox-yokes, and butcher's
blocks, and now largely used for furniture and the interior finish of houses.

Distribution. Borders of streams and lakes on rich bottom-lands; southeastern
New Hampshire, northern Vermont and the northern shores of Lake Ontario, west-
ward to eastern Nebraska and Kansas, and southward to northern Florida, central
Alabama and Mississippi, and the valley of the Brazos River, and through Texas to
the valley of the Devil's River, everywhere common but most abundant and of its
largest size on the bottom-lands of streams in the basin of the lower Ohio and Mis-
sissippi rivers. The most massive if not the tallest deciduous-leaved tree of North
America.

Rarely planted in the eastern states or in Europe as an ornamental tree.

346

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

2. Platanus raceniosa, Nutt. Sycamore. Plane-tree.

Leaves 3-5-lol)ed to below the middle, with acute or acuininate lobes, entire,
dentate, with remote callous tipped teeth, or occasionally coarsely sinuate-toothed,

and broad sinuses acute or rounded at the bottom, usually cordate or sometimes
truncate and wedge-shaped or decurrent on the petioles at the base, thick and firm,
light green above, paler and more or less thickly coated below with pale pubescence
most abundant along the midribs and primary veins, 6'-10' long and broad; their
petioles stout, pubescent, l'-3' long; stipules I'-l^' long, entire or dentate, often per-
sistent until the spring. Flo'wers: peduncles hoary-pubescent, bearing usually 4 or
5 heads of staminate flowers and 2-7 heads of pistillate flowers, a head of the
staminate flowers occasionally appearing on the pistillate peduncles above the heads
of fertile flowers. Fruit: heads ^' in diameter, on slender zigzag glabrous or pubes-
cent stems 6'-9' long; akene acute or rounded at the apex, \' long, tomentose while
young, becoming glabrous.

A tree, occasionally 100°-120° high, with a trunk sometimes 9° in diameter above
the broad tapering base, erect and free of branches for half its height, more often
dividing near the ground into secondary stems erect, inclining, or prostrate for
20°-30° at their base, thick heavy more or less contorted spreading branches form-
ing an open irregular round-topped head, and branchlets coated at first with thick
pale deciduous tomentum, light reddish brown, and marked by numerous small
lenticels in their first winter, becoming gradually darker in their second and third
years; usually smaller and generally 70°-80° tall, with a trunk 2°-4° in diameter.
Winter-buds nearly i' long. Bark at the base of old trunks 3'-4' thick, dark
brown, deeply furrowed, with broad rounded ridges separating on the surface into
thin scales, thinner, smooth, and pale, or almost white higher on the trunk and on the
branches.

Distribution. Valley of the lower Sacramento River, California, southward
through the interior valleys and coast ranges; and on Mount San Pedro Martir in
Lower California; an inhabitant of the banks of streams; exceedingly common in
all the valleys of the California coast range from Monterey to the southern borders
of the state, and ascending the southern slopes of the San Bernardino Mountains to
elevations of 3000°.

PLATANACE^

347

3. Platanus Wrightii, "Wats. Sycamore.

Leaves divided by narrow sinuses to below the middle and sometimes nearly to
the centre into 3-7 but usually into 3-5 elongated acute lobes entire or dentate, with
callous-tipped teeth, or occasionally furnished with 1 or 2 lateral lobes, sometimes
deeply cordate by the downward projection of the lower lobes, or often truncate or
wedge-shaped at the base, thin and firm in texture, light green and glabrous above,
covered below with pale pubescence, 6'-8' long and broad, with slender ribs, and
primary veins connected by conspicuous reticulate veinlets; their petioles stout, gla-
brous or puberulous, 1^-3' long. Flowers: peduncles hoary-tomentose, bearing 1-4
heads of flowers. Fruit: heads on slender glabrous stems 6'-8' long, about ^' in
diameter; akenes glabrous, ^ ^^^gt truncate at the apex.

A tree, 'often 60°-80° high, with a straight trunk 4°-5° in diameter, gradually
tapering and free of brandies for 20°-30°, or with a trunk divided at the ground
into 2 or 3 large stems usually more or less reclining and often nearly prostrate for

15°-20°, thick contorted branches, the lowest growing almost at right angles to the
trunk and 50°-60° long, the upper usually erect at first, finally spreading into a
broad open handsome head, and slender branchlets coated at first with thick pale
tomentum, becoming glabrous or slightly puberulous during their first winter,
marked by minute scattered lenticels, and light brown tinged with red or ashy gray,
and gradually darker in their second or third year. Winter-buds hardly more
than ^' long. Bark at the base of the trunk dark, 3'-4' thick, deeply and irregu-
larly divided into broad ridges, and covered on the surface with small appressed
scales, thinner and separating into large scales 10°-15° above the ground, and gradu-
ally passing into the smooth much thinner creamy white bark faintly tinged with
green of the upper branches.

Distribution. Banks of streams in the mountain canons of southwestern New
Mexico and southern Arizona; and in Son'ora; the largest and one of the most
abundant of the deciduous-leaved trees on all the mountain ranges of southern
Xew Mexico and Arizona, extending from the mouths of canons up to elevations of
5000° -6000° above the sea.

348 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

XXI. ROSACEiE.

Trees or shrubs, witli watery juices, terete braiiclilets, scaly Imds, and alter-
nate leaves {opposite in Li/oNotha?n/iits), with stipules. Flowers ])erfect ; calyx
5-lobetl ; petals 5 {0 in Cercocarj)i(s), imbricated in the bud, inserted with the
numerous distinct stamens on the edge of a disk lining the calyx-tube ; anthers
introrse (extrorse in Vauquelinia), 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally ;
ovary superior in Lyonothamnus and Heteromeles, often gartly superior in
Amelanchier ; ovules 2 in each cell {1 in Cercocarjnis, Jf in Lyonothamnus),
anatropous. Seeds without albumen {alhnminous in LyonothaTiinus). A family
of about ninety genera chiefly confined to the temperate parts of the world
and producing many of the most valuable fruits, including the apple, pear,
quince, strawberry, raspberry, and blackberry. Of the six tribes into which
the genera of the family are grouped, five have arborescent representatives in
North America.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT GENERA.

Tribe 1. Spir^OIDE^. Fruit a woody capsule.

Flowers in terminal cyraose corymbs ; calyx-lobes persistent ; ovary 5-celled ; ovules
ascending ; mature carpels adherent below and opening- down the back ; albumen 0 ;
leaves simple. 1. Vauquelinia.

Flowers in terminal cymose corymbs ; calyx-lobes deciduous ; ovary 2-celled ; ovules 4 in
each cell, pendulous ; mature carpels opening- on the ventral and partly on the dorsal
suture ; albumen thin ; leaves opposite, simple or pinnately divided.

2. Lyonothamnus.
Tribe 2. Pomoide^. Fruit a pome composed of the thickened and succulent calyx-tube
inclosing- the papery or bony carpels ; stipules free from the petioles.
Mature carpels papery.

Carpels as many as the styles.

Flowers in simple terminal cymes on short spur-like lateral branchlets ; ovary
3-5-celled ; styles more or less united below ; leaves simple ; winter-buds small.

3. Malus.
Flowers in broad compound terminal cymes ; ovary 2-4, usually 3-celled ; styles
distinct ; fruit subglobose ; leaves unequally pinnate ; winter-buds larg-e.

4. Sorbus.
Flowers in larg-e terminal corymbose panicles ; ovary nearly superior, 2-celled ;
styles distinct ; fruit obovoid. 5. Heteromeles.

Carpels becoming at maturity twice as many as the styles ; flowers in erect or nod-
ding racemes ; ovary inferior or partly superior ; styles 2-5, more or less united
below ; fruit subglobose or pyriform ; leaves simple, deciduous.

6. Amelanchier.
Mature carpels bony ; flowers in terminal cymose corymbs ; ovary 1-5-eelled ; styles
distinct ; fruit globose to pyriform ; leaves simple, deciduous. 1. Crataegus.

Tribe 3. CERCOCARPEiE. Carpels free from the persistent calyx, becoming akenes.

Flowers axillary, solitary ; petals 0 ; ovary 1 or rarely 2-celled ; ovule 1 ; fruit tipped
with the elongated persistent plumose style ; leaves simple, persistent.

8. Cercocarpus.
Tribe 4. Prunoide^. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe ; ovary 1-celled ; style terminal ; ovules
pendulous.

Flowers in fascicled umbels or racemes ; leaves simple, deciduous or persistent.

9. Prunus.

ROSACEA

349

Tribe 5. Chrysobalanoide^. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe ; ovary 1-celled ; style lateral,
ovules ascending-.

Flowers in axillary or terminal eymose panicles ; leaves simple, persistent.

10. Chrysobalanus.

1. VAUQUELINIA, Corr.

Trees or shrubs, with slender terete branehlets, and scaly bark. Leaves alternate
or rarely opposite, lanceolate, serrate, long-petiolate, reticulate-veined, coriaceous,
persistent; stipules minute, acute, deciduous. Flowers on slender bibracteolate pedi-
cels, in compound terminal leafy eymose corymbs; calyx short-turbinate, coriaceous,
o-lobed, the lobes ovate, obtuse or acute, erect, persistent; petals 5, orbicular or
oblong, white, becoming reflexed, persistent; stamens 15-25, inserted in 3 or 4 series,
equal or semiequal, those of the outer row opposite the petals; filaments subulate,
exserted, persistent; anthers versatile, extrorse; carpels 5, opposite the sepals,
inserted on the thickened base of the calyx-tube and united below into a 5-celled
ovoid tomentose ovary crowned with 5 short spreading styles dilated into capitate
stigmas; ovules subbasilar, ascending, prolonged at the apex into thin membra-
naceous wings; raphe ventral; micropyle superior. Fruit a woody ovoid 5-celled
tomentose capsule inclosed at the base by the remnants of the flower, the mature
carpels adherent below and at maturity splitting down the back. Seeds 2 in each
cell, ascending, compressed; testa membranaceous, expanded into a long terminal
membranaceous wing; embryo filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons flat; radicle
straight, erect.

Vauquelinia is confined to the New World and is distributed from Arizona and
Lower California to southern Mexico. Three species are distinguished; of these one
inhabits the mountain ranges of southern Arizona.

The generic name is in honor of the French chemist Louis Nicholas Vauquelin
(1763-1829).

1. Vauquelinia Californica, Sarg.

Leaves narrowly lanceolate, acuminate or rarely rounded at the apex, abruptly
wedge-shaped or slightly rounded at the base, and remotely serrate, with minute

glandular teeth, when they unfold puberulous above and densely tomentose below, at
maturity coriaceous, bright yellow-green and glabrous on the upper and tomentose

350

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

on the lower surface, lA'-3' long, \'-^' wide, with thick conspicuous midribs grooved
on the upper side, and numerous thin primary veins connected by reticulate veinlets,
deciduous in spring or early summer; their petioles tlnck, ^'—^' long. Flo"wer8
appearing in June, ^ in diameter, in hoary-tomentose panicles 2'-3' across; petals
oblong; inner surface of the disk pilose. Fruit fully grown by the end of August,
^' long, persistent on the branches after opening until the spring of the following
year; conspicuous from the contrast of the bright red faded petals and the white
silky pubescence of the calyx and carpels; seed y^^' long, and one third as long as
its wing.

A tree, 18°-20° high, with a slender often hollow trunk 5'-G' in diameter, rigid
upright contorted branches, and slender branchlets at first bright reddish brown
and more or less thickly covered with hoary tomentum, becoming light brown or gray
in their second year and marked by large elevated leaf-scars; or more often a low
shrub. Bark about -^q' thick, dark red-brown, and broken on the surface into small
square persistent plate-like scales. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, dark
rich brown streaked with red, with 14 or 15 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Mountain ranges of southern Arizona, Sonora, and Lower Califor-
nia; arborescent and of its largest size in Arizona on the Santa Catalina Mountains
at elevations of about 5000° above the sea; on the bottoms and rocky sides of gulches,
or on grassy slopes.

2. LYONOTHAMNUS, Gray.

A tree or shrub, with scaly bark exfoliating in long strips, stout terete pubescent
ultimately glabrous branchlets, and scaly buds. Leaves opposite, long-petiolate,
lanceolate, acuminate, rounded or wedge-shaped at the base, entire, finely crenulate-

serrate or serrulate-lobulate below the middle, or sometimes irregularly pinnately
parted into 3-8 linear-lanceolate remote lobulate segments, coriaceous, transversely
many-veined, dark green above, paler and more or less pubescent below, persistent;
stipules lanceolate, acute, minute, caducous. Flowers on slender pedicels, in broad com-
pound terminal pubescent cymose corymbs, with minute acute persistent bracts and
bractlets; calyx-tube hemispherical, with 1-3 bractlets, tomentose on the outer sur-
face, the lobes nearly triangular, slightly keeled, apiculate, persistent; disk 10-lobed.

ROSACE.E 351

with a slightly thickened margin; petals 5, orbicular, sessile, white; stamens 15,
inserted in pairs opposite the petals and singly opposite the sepals; filaments subu-
late, incurved, as long as the petals; anthers oblong, 2-celled, the cells opening
longitudinally; carpels 2, inserted in the bottom of the calyx-tube, forming a superior
glandular-hairy ovary; styles 2, spreading; stigmas capitate, truncate; ovules 4 in
each cell, suspended; micropyle superior; raphe ventral. Fruit of 2 woody ovate
glandular 4:-seeded carpels, dehiscent on the ventral and partly dehiscent on the
dorsal suture. Seeds ovate-oblong, pointed at the ends; seed-coat light brown, thin
and membranaceous; hilum orbicular, apical; raphe broad and wing-like; cotyle-
dons oblong-acuminate, twice as long as the straight radicle directed toward the
hilum.

Lyonothamnus is represented by a single species found only on the islands off the
coast of southern California.

Lyonothamnus, in honor of its discoverer, William S. Lyon.

1. Lyonothamnus floribundus, Gray. Iron-wood.

Leaves 4'-8' long, y wide when entire, or 4' wide when pinnately divided, when they
unfold covered below with hoary deciduous tomentum, at maturity dark green and
lustrous above and yellow-green, glabrous, or pubescent below, with orange-colored
midribs. Flowers in June and July, \'-\' in diameter, in clusters varying from 4'-8'
across. Fruit ripens in August and September, ^^' long.

A bushy tree, rarely 30°^0° high, with a single straight trunk 8'-10' in diame-
ter, and slender branches at first pale orange color and coated with deciduous pubes-
cence, becoming at the end of their first season bright red and lustrous; usually
shrubby, with several tall stems, or in exposed situations a low bush. Bark \'
thick, dark red-brown, and composed of numerous thin papery layers, forming after
exfoliating long loose strips persistent on the stem. Wood heavy, hard, close-
grained, bright clear red faintly tinged with orange.

Distribution. Steep slopes of caiions in dry rocky soil on the islands of Santa
Catalina, Santa Cruz, and San Cleraente, California; most abundant and of its
largest size on the northern shores of Santa Cruz; on Santa Catalina much smaller
and rarely arborescent.

3. MALUS, Hall. Apple.

Trees, with scaly bark, slender terete branchlets, small obtuse buds covered by
imbricated scales, those of the inner ranks accrescent and marking the base of the
branchlet with conspicuous ring-like scars, and fibrous roots. Leaves involute in the
bud, simple, often incisely lobed, petiolate, deciduous, the petioles in falling leaving
narrow horizontal scars marked by the ends of three equidistant fibro-vascular bun-
dles; stipules free from the petioles, filiform, early deciduous. Flowers in simple
terminal cymes, with filiform deciduous bracts and bractlets, on short lateral spur-
like often spinescent branchlets; calyx-tube urn-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated
in the bud, acuminate, becoming reflexed, persistent and erect on the fruit or decid-
uous; petals rounded, contracted below into stalk-like bases, white, pink or rose
color; stamens usually 20 in 3 series, those of the outer series opposite the petals;
carpels 3-5, usually 5, alternate with the petals, united into an inferior ovary; styles
united at the base; ovules 2 in each cell, ascending; raphe dorsal; micropyle infe-
rior. Fruit a pome with homogeneous flesh, and papery carpels joined at the apex,
free in the middle; seeds 2, or by abortion 1 in each cell, ovate, acute, erect, without

352

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

albumen; seed-coat cartilaginous, chestnut-brown, and lustrous; embryo erect; cotyle-
dons plano-convex, Heshy; radicle short, inferior.

Mains is confined to North America, where four species occur, and to southeastern,
northeastern, and eastern Asia. Of exotic species, Malus Malus, Britt., the Apple-
tree, of uncertain origin, but probably a native of some of the countries of south-
western or central Asia, is now widely naturalized in northeastern North America.
Several of the species of eastern Asia and their hybrids are cultivated for their
handsome Howers, or for their fruits, the crab apples of the orchard.

Malus is the classical name of the Apple-tree.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Calyx-lobes persistent; fruit depressed-globose, hollowed at the base, leaves convolute in
the bxid.
Mature leaves glabrous or nearly so.

Leaves oblong, lanceolate, or oval, acute at the base, crenulate-serrate or nearly

entire, subcoriaceous. 1. M. angustifolia (A, C).-f'o.

Leaves ovate, truncate or subcordate at the base. 2. M. coronaria (A).

Mature leaves tomentose below, ovate to oblong, narrow at the base.

.3. M. loensis (A, C).

Calyx-lobes deciduous ; fruit oblong, full and rounded at the base ; leaves ovate-lanceolate,

serrulate, often 3-lobed, conduplieate in the bud. 4. M. rivularis (B, G).

1. Malus angustifolia, Michx. Crab Apple.

Leaves lanceolate-oblong, acute or rounded and apiculate at the apex, acute at the
base, coarsely crenulate-serrate above the middle, or sometimes nearly entire, more
or less coated when they first appear with pale tomentum below and pilose above, at
maturity subcoriaceous, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, paler and

glabrous or nearly so on the lower surface, l^'-3' long, about I'-l^' wide, with slen-
der midribs and obscure primary veins; their petioles slender, rigid, glabrous or
puberulous, f'-l' long; stipules rose color, ^' long. Flowers 1' in diameter, very
fragrant, on slender glabrous or hoary-tomentose pedicels I'-l^' long, in few-flow-
ered clusters; calyx-tube glabrous, pubescent or tomentose, the lobes narrow, acumi-
nate, with rigid tips, and boary-tomeutose on the inner surface; petals distinct,

/

ROSACEA

353

narrowly obovate, rounded above, undulate and sometimes irregularly dentate at
the base of the blade, white, pink, or rose color; ovary and the lower part of the
styles densely hoary-tomentose. Fruit depressed-globose, f'-l' in diameter, pale
yellow-green, very fragrant when fully ripe, with hard acid flesh.

A tree, rarely 30"^ high, with a short trunk 8'-10' in diameter, rigid branches
forming a broad open head, and young branchlets clothed at first with pale caducous
pubescence, becomnig in their first winter brown slightly tinged with red, and in
their second year light brown and marked by occasional orange-colored lenticels.
Winter-buds Jg' long, chestnut-brown, slightly pubescent. Bark ^'-\' thick, dark
reddish brown, and divided by deep longitudinal fissures into narrow ridges broken
on the surface into small persistent plate-like scales. Wood heavy, hard, close-
grained, light brown tinged with red, with thick yellow sapwood; occasionally em-
ployed for levers, the handles of tools and other small objects. The fruit is used for
preserves.

Distribution. Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, and southern Delaware, through
the coast region of the south Atlantic states to the valley of the Chattahoochee
River, Florida, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Red River, Louisiana,
and northward to middle Tennessee; in the Atlantic states in forest glades, usually
in the neighborhood of streams; in the Gulf states often in the sandy soil of dry
depressions of the Pine-covered uplands.

2. Malus coronaria, Mill. Crab Apple. Fragrant Crab.

Leaves ovate or sometimes almost triangular, usually acute, often truncate or
subcordate and occasionally acute at the base, incisely serrate, with glandular teeth.

Fk^.^'JJ

often 3-lobed, especially on vigorous shoots, when they unfold red-bronze, coated
below with pale tomentum and pilose above, at maturity membranaceous, bright
green on the upper surface, paler, glabrous or sometimes slightly pilose on the lower
surface, 3'-4' long, l^'-2^' wide, with broad midribs and primary veins, and con-
spicuous veinlets, turning yellow in the autumn before falling; their petioles slender,
l-^'-2' long, at first tomentose or pubescent, ultimately glabrous, often glandular
near the middle, with 2 dark glands; stipules acuminate, ^' long. Flovrers 1^-2'
across when expanded, in 5 or 6-flowered umbels, on slender pedicels, very fragrant;
calyx-tube coated with thick white tomentum, its lobes elongated, acute, ending in

354

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

rigid subulate points, hoary-tonientose on the inner surface; petals white or rose
color, obovate, of ten crenately serrate or undulate at the apex, sometimes irregularly
and unequally dentate below; ovary and base of the styles hirsute. Fruit on long
slender stems, 1-1^' in diameter, green when fully grown, yellow-green and some-
what translucent at maturity, very fragrant and covered with a waxy exudation.

A tree, 25°-30° higli, with a trunk 12'-14' in diameter, dividing 8°-10° above
the ground into several stout spreading branches forming a wide open head, and
branchlets hoary-tomentose when they first appear, glabrous or slightly pubescent,
bright red-brown, and marked by occasional small pale lenticels in their first winter,
and developing in their second year stout, spur-like, somewhat spinescent lateral
branchlets. Winter-buds minute, obtuse, with bright red scales scarious and ciliate
on the dark margins. Bark ^' thick, longitudinally fissured, the outer layer sepa-
rating into long narrow persistent red-brown scales. "Wood heavy, close-grained,
not strong, light red, with yellow sap wood of 18-20 layers of annual growth; used
for levers, the handles of tools, and many small domestic articles.

Distribution. Rich rather moist soil in forest glades, often forming wide thick-
ets; less commonly on dry limestone hills; valley of the Humber River, Ontario,
westward along the northern shores of Lake Erie, and southward through western
New York and Pennsylvania to the District of Columbia, and along the Alleghany
Mountains to central Alabama, and westward to northern Missouri.

Often planted as an ornamental tree in the eastern and northern states.

3. Malus loensis, Britt. Crab Apple.

Leaves ovate, oval, or oblong, acute or rounded at the apex, usually acute or
narrowed and rounded at the base, crenately serrate, and on vigorous shoots wedge-
shaped at the broad base and usually incisely lobed, with acute coarsely serrate

lobes, when they unfold hoary-tomentose below and nearly glabrous above, and at
maturity thick and firm, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, pale yellow-
green and tomentulose on the lower surface, 3'-4' long, ll'-2^' wide, with slender
remote primary veins, turning yellow in the autumn before falling; their petioles
stout, covered at first with hoary tomentum, becoming tomentulose, I'-l^' long.
Flo"wers 1^-2' across when expanded, in few-flowered clusters, on hoary-tomen-
tose pedicels I'-l^' long; calyx coated with thick matted snow-white hairs, the

ROSACEA

355

acute lobes toraentose on the inner surface; petals white or rose color, obovate;
ovary and base of the styles hirsute. Fruit l^'-l^' in diameter, greenish yellow,
fragrant, on stout tomentose or villose stalks I'-l^' long.

A tree, 20°-30^ high, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, stout spreading branches
forming a wide open head, and branchlets hoary-tomentose when they first appear,
glabrous or slightly pubescent, bright red-brown and marked by occasional small
pale lenticels in their first winter, the lateral branchlets usually spinescent. Winter-
buds minute, obtuse, pubescent above the middle. Bark ^ thick, covered with long
narrow persistent red-brown scales.

Distribution. Minnesota and Wisconsin, Illinois and western Kentucky to east-
ern Nebraska, Missouri, Kansas, the Indian Territory, Louisiana, and Texas; the
common Crab Apple of the Mississippi basin.

The Bechtel Crab, a form with large double rose-colored flowers, is often culti-
vated in the eastern and central states as an ornament of gardens. Malus Soulardi,
Britt., the Soulard Crab, with ovate, elliptic, or obovate usually obtuse leaves rugose
and tomentose on the lower surface, and larger fruit, occurring occasionally from
Minnesota to eastern Texas, is believed to be a natural hybrid between the common
Apple-tree and Malus loensis.

4. Malus rivularis, Roem. Crab Apple.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, wedge-shaped or rounded at the
base, sharply serrate, with appressed glandular teeth, occasionally obscurely 3-lobed,
when they unfold pubescent on the lower and puberulous on the upper surface, at
maturity thick and firm, dark green and glabrous above, pale and slightly pubescent

p/(,.27C)

below, l'-3' long, ^^'-1^ wide, with prominent midribs and primary veins and con-
spicuous reticulate veinlets, before falling in the autumn turning bright orange and
scarlet; their petioles stout, rigid, pubescent, I'-l^' long; stipules narrowly lanceo-
late, acute, ^'— I' long. Flowers \' in diameter, on slender pubescent pedicels, in
short racemose many-flowered cymes; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous or pu-
berulous, the acute lobes minutely apiculate, hoary-tomentose on the inner surface,
deciduous from the mature fruit; petals orbicular to obovate, erose or undulate on
the margins; styles 2-4, glabrous. Fruit obovate-oblong, \'-^' long, yellow-green,
light yellow flushed with red or sometimes nearly red ; flesh thin and dry.

356 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

A tree, 30°-40° high, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, and sknider branchlets
coated at first with long pale hairs soon deciduous or persistent until the autumn,
becoming bright red and lustrous, and later dark brown and marked by minute
remote pale leutieels; often a shrub with numerous slender stems. Winter-buds
obtuse, ^' long, chestnut-brown, the inner scales at maturity lanceolate, usually
bright red and nearly ^' in length. Bark y thick, and covered by large thin loose
light red-brown plate-like scales. Wood heavy, hard, very close, light brown tinged
with red, with lighter colored sap wood of 20-30 layers of annual growth; used
for mallets, mauls, the handles of tools, and the bearings of machinery. The fruit
has a pleasant subacid flavor.

Distribution. Deep rich soil in the neighborhood of streams, often forming
almost impenetrable thickets of considerable extent; Aleutian Islands southward
along the coast and islands of Alaska and British Columbia to Sonoma and Plumas
counties, California; of its largest size in the valleys of Washington and Oregon.

Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental plant in the eastern states, and in western
Europe.

4. SORBUS, L. Mountain Ash.

Trees or shrubs, with smooth aromatic bark, stout terete branchlets, large buds
covered by imbricated scales, the inner accrescent and marking the base of the
branchlet by conspicuous ring-like scars, and fibrous roots. Leaves alternate, pinnate
in the American species, the pinnpe conduplicate in the bud, serrate, deciduous;
stipules free from the petioles, foliaceous. Flowers in broad and terminal leafy
cymes; calyx-tube urn-shaped, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud, persist-
ent; petals rounded, abruptly narrowed below, white; stamens usually 20 in 3
series, those of the outer series opposite the petals; carpels 2-5, usually 3; styles
usually 3, distinct; ovules 2 in each cell, ascending; raphe dorsal; micropyle infe-
rior. Fruit a small subglobose red or orange-red pome with acid flesh, and papery
carpels free at the apex. Seeds 2, or by abortion 1, in each cell, ovate, acute, erect;
seed-coat cartilaginous, chestnut-brown, and lustrous; embryo erect; cotyledons
plano-convex, flat; radicle short, inferior.

Sorbus is widely distributed through the northern and elevated regions of the
northern hemisphere with three or four species in North America of which one is
arborescent. Of exotic species, Sorbus Aucuparia, L., the European Mountain Ash,
is often cultivated as an ornamental tree in Canada and the northern states and has
become sparingly naturalized northward.

Sorbus is the classical name of the Pear or of the Service-tree.

1. Sorbus Americana, Marsh. Mountain Ash.

Leaves 6'-8' long, with slender grooved dark green or red petioles, often with
tufts of dark hairs at the base of the petiolules, and 13-17 lanceolate acute taper-
pointed leaflets unequally wedge-shaped or rounded and entire at the base, sharply
serrate above, with acute often glandular teeth, sessile or short-stalked, or the
terminal leaflet on a stalk sometimes y long; when they unfold slightly pubescent
below, at maturity membranaceous, glabrous, dark yellow-green on the upper and
pale on the under surface, 2'-3' long, ^'-f wide, with prominent midribs and thin
veins, turning bright clear yellow before falling in the autumn; stipules broad, nearly
triangular, variously toothed, caducous. Flo"wers appearing after the leaves are
fully grown, \' in diameter, on short stout pedicels, in flat cymes 3'-4' across, with

EOSACE^

357

acute minute caducous bracts and bractlets; calyx broadly obconic and puberulous,
with short, nearly triangular lobes tipped with minute glands and about half as long
as the nearly orbicular creamy white petals. Fruit \' in diameter, subglobose or
slightly pyriform, bright red, with thin flesh; seeds pale chestnut color, rounded at
the apex, acute at the base, about ^' long.

A tree, 20°-30° high, with a trunk rarely more than a foot in diameter, spreading
slender branches forming a narrow round-topped head, and stout branchlets pubes-
cent at first, soon glabrous, becoming in their first winter brown tinged with red, and

r

marked by the large leaf-scars and by oblong pale remote lenticels, and darker in
their second year, the thin papery outer layer of bark then easily separable from
the bright green fragrant inner layers; more often a tall or sometimes a low shrub,
with numerous stems. Winter-buds acute, ^'-f long, with dark vinous red acumi-
nate scales rounded on the back, more or less pilose, covered with a gummy exuda-
tion, the inner scales hoary-tomentose in the bud. Bark 1' thick, with a smooth
light gray surface irregularly broken by small appressed plate-like scales. "Wood
close-grained, light, soft and weak, pale brown, with lighter colored sapwood of 15-
20 layers of annual growth. The astringent fruit is employed domestically in infu-
sions and decoctions, and in homoeopathic remedies.

Distribution. Borders of swamps and rocky hillsides; Newfoundland to Mani-
toba and southward through the maritime provinces of Canada, Quebec and Ontario,
the elevated portions of the northeastern United States and the region of the Great
^akes to the high mountains of Virginia and North Carolina; probably of its largest
size on the northern shores of Lakes Huron and Superior; in the United States, except
in New England, more often a shrub than a tree; on the Alleghany Mountains
usually low, wath narrower leaflets and smaller fruit than northward. Of its various
forms the most distinct is

Sorbus Americana, var. decora, Sarg., nov. nom.

(Pyrus Americana, var. decora, Silva N. Am. xiv. 101.)

Leaves 4' -6' long, with stout usually red petioles often furnished with tufts of
dark hairs at the base of the petiolules, and 7-13 oblong-oval to lance-ovate leaflets

358 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

blunt and rounded, abruptly short-pointed or acuminate at the apex, pubescent below
as they unfold, at maturity glabrous, dark bluish green on the upper surface and pale

on the lower surface. Flowers ^ i" diameter, in rather narrower clusters, appear-
ing eight to ten days later than those of the type. Fruit subglobose, bright scarlet,
often ^' in diameter.

A tree, occasionally 30° high, with a trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, and
spreading branches forming a round-topped handsome head.

Distribution. Coast of Labrador to the northern shores of Lake Superior and
Minnesota, southward to the mountains of northern New Hampshire, Vermont, and
New York. Distinct in its extreme forms but apparently connected with Sorbus
Americana by many intermediate forms.

Often cultivated in Canada and the northeastern states as an ornamental tree,
especially the var. decora, which is the most beautiful of the Mountain Ashes when
the large and brilliant fruits cover the branches in autumn and early winter.

5. HETEROMELES, Roem.

A tree, with smooth pale aromatic bark, stout terete branchlets pubescent or
puberulous while young, acute winter-buds covered by loosely imbricated red scales,
and fibrous roots. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute at the ends, sharply and remotely
serrate, with rigid glandular teeth, or rarely almost entire, dark green and lustrous
above, paler below, petiolate, with stout petioles often furnished near the apex with
1 or 2 slender glandular teeth, feather-veined, with broad midribs and conspicuous
reticulate veinlets; stipules free from the petioles, subulate, I'igid, minute, early de-
ciduous. Flowers on short stout pedicels, in ample tomentose terminal corymbose
leafy panicles, their bracts and bractlets acute, minute, usually tipped with small
glands, caducous; calyx-tube turbinate, tomentose below, glabrate above, the lobes
short, nearly triangular, spreading, persistent; disk cup-shaped, obscurely sulcate;
petals flabellate, erose-denticulate or emarginate at the apex, contracted below into
short broad claws, thick, glabrous, pure white; stamens 10, inserted in 1 row with
the petals in pairs opposite the calyx-lobes; filaments subulate, incurved; anthers
oblong-ovate, emarginate, carpels 2, adnate to the calyx-tube, and slightly united
into a subglobose tomentose nearly superior ovary; styles distinct, slightly spreading.

ROSACEA

359

enlarged at the apex into broad truncate stigmas; ovules 2 in each cell, ascending;
raphe dorsal ; micropyle inferior. Fruit obovoid, fleshy, the thickened calyx-tube
connate to the middle only with the membranaceous carpels coated above with long
white hairs filling the cavity closed by the infolding of the thickened persistent calyx-
lobes, their tips erect and crowning the fruit. Seed usually solitary in each cell,
ovate, obtuse, slightly ridged on the back; seed-coat membranaceous, slightly punc-
tate, light brown; hilum orbicular, conspicuous; embryo filling the cavity of the seed;
cotyledons plano-convex; radicle short, inferior.

The genus is represented by a single species of western North America.

The generic name, from erepos and ixrj\ov,is in reference to its difference from related

genera.

1. Heteromeles arbutifolia, Roem. Tollon. Toyon.

Leaves appearing with the flowers in early summer, 3'-4' long, I'-l^' wide, usu-
ally persistent during at least two winters; their petioles ^-f long. Flowers open-
ing from June to August in clusters 4'-6' across and often more or less hidden by
young lateral branchlets rising above them. Fruit ripening in November and Decem-
ber, mealy, astringent, and acid, remaining on the branches until late in the winter.

A tree, sometimes 30° high, with a straight trunk 12'-18' in diameter, dividing a

hcj.^s^s

few feet above the ground into many erect branches forming a handsome narrow
round-topped head, and slender branchlets covered at first with pale pubescence, in
their first winter dark red and slightly puberulous, ultimately becoming darker and
glabrous. "Winter-buds i' long. Bark f'-^' thick, light gray, with a generally
smooth surface roughened by obscure reticulate ridges. "Wood very heavy, hard,
close-grained, dark red-brown, with thin lighter colored sapwood of 7 or 8 layers of
annual growth. The fruit-covered branches are gathered in large quantities and used
in California in Christmas decorations.

Distribution. Usually in the neighborhood of streams or on dry hills and espe-
cially on their northern slopes and often on steep sea-cliffs ; California coast region
from Mendocino County to Lower California; most common and of its largest size
on the islands off the California coast; on the foot hills of the Sierra Nevada and on
the San Bernardino Mountains up to elevations of 2000° above the sea and usually

360 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

shrubby ; very abundant and forming groves of considerable extent on the island of
Santa Catalina.

Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental plant in California, and rarely in the
countries of southern Europe.

6. AMELANCHIER, Med.

Trees or shrubs, with scaly bark, slender terete branchlets, acute buds, with imbri-
cated scales, those of the inner rows accrescent and bright-colored, and fibrous roots.
Leaves alternate, conduplicate in the bud, simple, entire or serrate, penniveined,
petiolate, deciduous; stipules free from the petioles, linear, elongated, rose color,
caducous. Flowers in erect or nodding racemes, on slender bibracteolate pedicels
developed from the axils of lanceolate acuminate pink deciduous bracts; calyx-tube
campannlate or urceolate, the lobes acute or subulate, recurved, persistent; disk
green, entire or crenulate, nectariferous; petals white, obovate-oblong, spatulate or
ligulate, rounded, acute, or truncate at the apex, gradually contracted below into short
slender claws; stamens usually 20, inserted in 3 rows, those of the outer row opposite
the petals; filaments subulate, persistent on the fruit; anthers oblong; ovary inferior
or superior, more or less adnate to the calyx-tube, glabrous or puberulous above, 5-
celled, each cell incompletely divided by a false partition; styles 2-5, connate below,
spreading and dilated above into broad truncate stigmas; ovules 2 in each cell, erect;
micropyle inferior. Fruit globose or pyriform, dark blue, open at the summit, the cav-
ity surrounded by the lobes of the calyx and the remnants of the filaments; flesh
sweet, rather juicy; carpels membranaceous, free or connate, glabrous or villous at
the apex. Seeds 10 or often 5 by the abortion of 1 of the ovules in each cell, ovate-
elliptical; seed-coat coriaceous, dark chestnut-brown, mucilaginous; embryo filling
the cavity of the seed; cotyledons plano-convex; radicle inferior.

Amelanchier is widely distributed through the temperate, northern, and the moun-
tainous regions of eastern and western North America, and occurs in southern Eu-
rope, northern Africa, southwestern Asia, central China and in Japan. Several spe-
cies, still imperfectly known, occur in North America; of these three are arborescent.
The fruit of all the species is more or less succulent and edible, and many species are
cultivated in gardens for the beauty of their early and conspicuous flowers.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ABORESCENT SPECIES.

Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong', acute or acuminate at the apex, cordate or rounded at the

base, dark red-brown and pilose when they unfold, soon glabrous.

1. A. Canadensis (A, C).
Leaves oblong' to elliptical, acute or rounded at the apex, hoary-tomentose below when they

unfold, becoming glabrous at maturity. 2. A. obovalis (A, C).

Leaves broadly ovate to orbicular, obtuse or rarely acute, hoary-tomentose below when they

unfold, becoming glabrous. 3. A. alnifolia (A, B).

1. Amelanchier Canadensis, T. & G. Shad Bush. Service Berry.

Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, acute, cordate or rounded at the base, finely serrate,
with straight incurved rigid subulate teeth, when they unfold dark red-brown and
pilose, with scattered deciduous white hairs, at maturity thick and firm, glabrous, dark
green and dull above, pale below, 3'-4' long and I'-l^' wide, with prominent midribs
and slender veins, turning bright clear yellow in the autumn before falling; their
petioles slender, ^'-V long. Flcwers appearing when the leaves are about one third

ROSACEA 361

grown on slender pedicels ^'-1' long, in erect or nodding glabrous racemes 3'-4' long;
calyx campanulate, with lanceolate acute lobes, villous on the inner surface ; petals
strap-shaped or slightly obovate, rounded or acute at the apex, thin, ^' to nearly 1'
long, ^'-\' wide. Fruit ripening in early summer, depressed-globose, ^'—^' broad,

on elongated slender stems conspicuously marked by the scars of the fallen bractlets,
bright red when fully grown, becoming dark purple and covered with a glaucous
bloom when ripe; seeds ^ long, with a dark red-brown opaque coat.

A tree, sometimes 40°-50° high, with a tall trunk 12'-18' in diameter, small
spreading branches forming a narrow oblong round-topped head, and slender branch-
lets, at first light green and glabrous or slightly puberulous, dark red marked by
numerous pale lenticels in their first winter, later becoming dark brown or reddish
brown. Winter-buds i' long, with pale chestnut-brown ovate apiculate slightly
pubescent scales, those of the inner ranks becoming lanceolate, acute, bright red above
the middle, ciliate, with silky hairs, and sometimes 1' long when fully grown.
Bark y-^' thick, pale red-brown, divided by shallow fissures into narrow longitudi-
nal ridges, and covered by small square persistent scales. Wood heavy, exceedingly
hard, strong, close-grained, dark brown often tinged with red, with thick lighter
colored sap wood of 40-50 layers of annual growth; occasionally used for the handles
of tools and other small implements.

Distribution. Upland woods in rich soil; Newfoundland, through the maritime
provinces of Canada, and westward along the shores of the Great Lakes, ranging
southward to northern Florida and westward to Minnesota, eastern Nebraska, east-
ern Kansas, and southern Arkansas. A form with acuminate leaves cordate or rarely
rounded at the base and pale-tomentulose below even at maturity (var. tomentula,
Sarg., nov. var.) is referred provisionally to this species. Vermont (Ferrisburg, C. E.
Faxon, June, 1881) to Ontario, and to Delaware, central Georgia, Missouri, and
eastern Louisiana.

Often cultivated as an ornament of gardens.

2. Amelanchier obovalis, Ashe. Shad Bush. Service Berry.

Leaves oblong to broadly elliptical, acute or rounded at the apex, finely serrate,
with slender incurved teeth except at the rounded or subcordate base, when they

362 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

unfold villose above and coated below with hoary tomentum, at maturity thin and
glabrous, dark dull green on the upper surface, paler on the lower surface, l^'-2'
long, f'-l' wide, with slender midribs and primary veins, turning yellow in the
autumn before falling; their petioles slender, ^'-f long. Flo"wers appearing when
the leaves are about one third grown, on slender pedicels ^'-f ' long, in erect or nodding
villose racemes soon becoming glabrous, and l^'-2^' long; calyx campanulate, at
first tomentose, soon glabrous, with linear acute lobes villose on the inner surface,
and oblong-obovate petals about |' long and ^^' wide. Fruit ripening early in the
summer, depressed-globose, about ^' in diameter, bright red when fully grown,
becoming dark purple and covered with a glaucous bloom; seeds i' long, with a
dark red-brown opaque coat.

A tree, sometimes 25°-30° high, with a single stem, erect branches forming a dense
round-topped head, and slender branchlets covered when they first appear with hoary
tomentum, soon glabrous, and bright red-brown and marked by numerous minute
pale lenticels in their first winter, later becoming darker; often with numerous

f^i^'2§ll

spreading stems forming a broad tall bush. Winter-buds ^' long, pale chestnut-
brown, and pubescent above the middle. Bark \'-^' thick, pale reddish brown and
scaly, with small persistent scales.

Distribution. Borders of streams and swamps in low wet soil ; Nova Scotia and
New Brunswick to Ontario, and northward to the valley of the Mackenzie River
in latitude 65° north, and southward through the northern states and along the
Alleghany Mountains to Virginia and westward to Minnesota; as a small shrub with
narrower petals in the coast region of the south Atlantic and Gulf states from North
Carolina to Alabama.

A large-fruited variety is occasionally planted in the middle west for its juicy
agreeably subacid fruit.

3. Amelanchier alnifolia, Nutt. Service Berry.

Leaves broadly ovate to orbicular, obtuse or rarely acute, rounded or subcordate
at the base, sharply and coarsely serrate above the middle, with incurved rigid teeth,
when they unfold floccose-tomentose below and often pilose above, soon becoming

ROSACEA

363

glabrous and at maturity membranaceous to subcoriaceous, dark green on the upper
aud pale on the lower surface, I'-l^' long and broad, with slender midribs; their peti-
oles slender, ^' long; stipules linear, acute, red-brown, sometimes V long. Flowers
on short pedicels, in erect villose racemes I'-l^' long* with acute colored bractlets;

calyx cup-shaped, floccose-tomentose or soon glabrous, with linear acute lobes villose
on the inner surface; petals narrowly oblong to obovate, rounded or acute at the apex,
^'-1' long; glabrous. Fruit subglobose, dark blue or almost black, with a glaucous
bloom, sweet and juicy, ^' to nearly V in diameter; seeds ^' long, with a lustrous red-
brown coat.

A tree, occasionally 20° high, with a single straight trunk 6'-10' in diameter, and
slender branches green, glabrous, pilose, with long pale hairs, or pubescent when they
first appear, in their first winter bright red or plum color, glabrous or rarely puberu-
lous, and marked by small pale lenticels; more often a shrub, with clustered slender
stems. "Winter-buds acute, ^ long, with chestnut-brown glabrous occasionally
pilose scales, those of the inner ranks becoming ovate, acute, brightly colored, coated
with pale silky hairs, -^'-f' long. Bark about ^' thick, smooth or slightly fissured,
and light brown slightly tinged with red. "Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, light
brown. The nutritious pungent fruit is an important article of food with the Indians
of southwestern America, who gather and dry it in large quantities.

Distribution. Valley of the Yukon River in about latitude 62° 50', southward
through the coast ranges to northern California, and eastward to Saskatchewan,
Manitoba, the western shores of Lake Superior, and to northern Michigan; of its
largest size on the islands and rich bottom-lauds of the lower Columbia River and on
small prairies in the neighborhood of Puget Sound.

7. CRAT-aiGUS. Hawthorn.

Trees or shrubs, with usually dark scaly bark, rigid terete more or less zigzag
branchlets marked by oblong mostly pale lenticels, and by small horizontal slightly
elevated leaf-scars, light green when they first appear, becoming red or orange-brown
and lustrous or gray, rarely unarmed or armed with stout or slender short or elon-
gated axillary simple or branched spines generally similar in color to that of the
branches or trunk on which they grow, often bearing while young linear elongated

364 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

caducous bracts, and usually producing at their base one or rarely two buds often
developing the following year into a branch, a leaf, or a cluster of ilowers, or some-
times lengthening into a leafy branch. Winter-buds small, globose or subglobose,
covered by numerous imbricated scales, the outer rounded and obtuse at the apex,
bright chestnut-brown and lustrous, the inner accrescent, green or rose color, often
glandular, soon deciduous. Leaves conduplicate in the bud, simple, generally serrate,
sometimes 3-nerved, often more or less lobed, especially on vigorous leading branch-
lets, membranaceous to coriaceous, petiolate, deciduous; stipules often glandular-
serrate, linear, acuminate, frequently bright-colored, deciduous, or on vigorous
branchlets often foliaceous, coarsely serrate, usually lunate and stalked and mostly
persistent until autumn. Flowers pedicellate, in few or many-flowered simple or com-
pound cymose corymbs terminal on short lateral leafy branchlets, with linear usually
bright-colored often glandular caducous bracts and bractlets leaving prominent gland-
like scars, the lower branches of compound corymbs usually from the axils of upper
leaves; branches of the inflorescence mostly 3-flowered, the central flower opening
before the others; calyx-tube usually obconic, 5-lobed, the lobes acute or acuminate
and usually gland-tipped, rarely foliaceous, glandular-serrate or entire, green or red-
dish toward the apex, reflexed after the flowers open, persistent and often enlarged on
the fruit, or deciduous; disk thin or fleshy, entire, lobed or slightly sulcate, concave or
somewhat convex; petals imbricated in the bud, orbicular, entire or somewhat erose
or rarely toothed at the apex, white or rarely rose color, spreading, soon deciduous;
stamens often variable in number in the same species by imperfect development, but
normally 5 in 1 row and alternate with the petals, or 10 in 5 pairs in 1 row alternate
with the petals, or 15 in 2 rows, those of the outer row in 5 pairs opposite the sepals
and alternate with and rather longer than those of the inner row, or 20 in 3 rows,
those of the inner row shorter and alternate with those of the 2d row, or 25 in 4
rows, those of the 4th row alternate with those of the 3d row; filaments broad at the
base, subulate, incurved, often persistent on the fruit; anthers pale yellow to nearly
white, or pink to light or dark rose color or purple; ovary composed of 1-5 carpels
inserted in the bottom of the calyx-tube and united with it ; styles free, with dilated
truncate stigmas, persistent on the mature carpels; ovules ascending; raphe dorsal;
micropyle inferior. Fruit subglobose,. ovate, short-oblong or pear-shaped, scarlet,
orange-colored, red, yellow, blue, or black, generally open and concave at the apex;
flesh usually dry and mealy; nutlets 1-5; united below, more or less free and slightly
spreading above the middle, thick-walled, rounded, acute, or acuminate at the apex,
full and rounded or narrowed at the base, rounded or conspicuously ridged and
grooved on the back, flattened, or nearly round when only 1, their ventral faces
plane or plano-convex or penetrated by longitudinal cavities or hollows. Seed solitary
by abortion, erect, compressed, acute, with a membranaceous light chestnut-brown
coat; embryo filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons plano-convex, radicle short,
inferior.

Crataegus is most abundant in eastern North America, where it is distributed from
Newfoundland to the mountains of northern Mexico, and is represented by a large
number of arborescent and shrubby species. A few species occur in the Rocky
Mountain and Pacific-coast regions, and in China, Japan, Siberia, central and south-
western Asia, and in Europe. The genus is still very imperfectly known in North
America, and in the absence of sufficient information concerning them several ar-
borescent species are necessarily excluded from the following enumeration. The
beautiful and abundant flowers and showy fruits make many of the species desirable

ROSACEiE • 365

ornaments of parks and gardens, and several are cultivated. Of exotic species, the Old
World Cratcegus Oxyacantha, L., early introduced into the United States as a hedge
plant, has now become naturalized in many places in the northeastern and middle
states. Crataegus produces heavy hard tough close-grained red-brown heart wood
and thick lighter colored usually pale sap wood ; useful for the handles of tools, mal-
lets, and other small articles.

The number of the stamens, although it differs on the same species within certain
usually constant limits, and the color of the anthers, which appears to be specifically
constant with two exceptions, afford the most satisfactory characters for distinguish-
ing the species in the different groups.

Cratcegus, from Kparos, is in reference to the strength of the wood of these trees.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NATURAL GROUPS OF THE NORTH
AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.

1. Nutlets without ventral cavities.

*Veins of the leaves extending to the points of the lobes only.
-*-Petioles short, glandless or with occasional minute glands ; leaves obovate to ob-
long, cuneate at the base.
-M-Corymbs many-flowered.

Leaves coriaceous or subcoriaceous, rarely thin, dark green and shining
above, usually serrate only above the middle, their veins thin except on
vigorous shoots ; fruit mostly globose to short-oblong, g-'-l' long, with
thin bright usually greenish flesh ; nutlets 1-3, thick, usually obtuse
and rounded at the ends, prominently ridged on the back.

I. Crus-galli (page 367).
Leaves membranaceous or subcoriaceous, mostly acute, their veins promi-
nent; fruit oblong to globose, often conspicuously punctate, g-'-l' long;
flesh dry and mealy ; nutlets 2-5, prominently ridged on the back.

II. Punctatae (page 388).
•t-t-++ Corymbs few-flowered; flowers appearing with or before the unfolding of
the leaves ; "stamens 20-25 ; anthers large, dark rose color.

III. -Slstivales (page 399).

-t- -t-Petioles elongated, slender, glandless or with occasional minute glands ; leaves

membranaceous to subcoriaceous, acute or acuminate at the ends, on one species

broad at the base; corymbs many-flowered ; fruit subglobose to oblong, g'-f

long. IV. Virides (page 400).

-»• -+ -t- Petioles elongated, usually slender, glandular only at the apex (in Intricatce and

BracteatcB sparingly glandular throughout).

■^Leaves mostly broad at the base ; corymbs many-flowered {few-flowered in

one species of Dilatatce)'.

Fruit subglobose to short-oblong, i'-f ' in diameter, red or green, often
slightly 5-angled, pruinose ; nutlets 5, grooved on the back ; stamens 20 ;
anthers rose color ; leaves blue-green, subcoriaceous, nearly glabrous.

V. Pruinosae (page 411).
Fruit short-oblong to obovate, scarlet, 4^'-|' long, globose and greenish red
in one species ; flesh succulent, sometimes juicy ; anthers rose color or
purple ; leaves membranaceous, at maturity glabrous below.

VI. Tenuifoliae (page 413).
Fruit subglobose, oblong or pyriform, crimson, scarlet, or rarely yellow,
usually about 1' in diameter; flesh thick, succulent, often edible; nut-
lets usually 5, occasionally 4, thin, pointed at the ends, mostly obscurely

366 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

p;Tooved or ridij^ed on the back ; corymbs tonientose or pubescent ;
leaves membranaceous to subcoriaceous, broad, rounded or cuueate at
the base, at maturity usually pubescent or tomentose below.

VII. Molles (page 422).
Fruit oblong-, scarlet, i'-f ' long ; flesh succulent ; nutlets o-5, prominently
grooved and usually ridged on the back ; corymbs glabrous or tomen-
tose ; leaves membranaceous or rarely subcoriaceous, oblong, more or
less acutely lobed ; anthers rose or purple.

VIII. Flabellatae (page 442).
Fruit sxibglobose to short-oblong, crimson or red tinged with green, about
I' long, its calyx enlarged and prominent ; nutlets 5, prominently
ridged on the back ; corymbs rarely few-flowered; stamens 20 ; anthers
rose color ; leaves membranaceous, on vigorous shoots as broad or
broader than long. IX. Dilatatae (page 455).

•^ -^Leaves cuneate at the base.

Corymbs many-flowered ; leaves subcoriaceous ; fruit subglobose, rarely ob-
long, i'-|' long ; nutlets 2 or 3, obtuse at the ends, conspicuously ridged on
the back ; corymbs glabrous or tomentose ; leaves dark green and lustrous
above. X. Coccineee (page 459).

Corymbs few-flowered {many-flowered in one species of Bracteatce) ; leaves
membranaceous.
Fruit subglobose to oblong, rarely more than ^' long, greenish or yellow-
ish ; nutlets 3-5, rounded at the ends, conspicuously ridged on the back ;
leaves subcoriaceous, yellow-green. XI. Iiitricatae (page 462).

Fruit subglobose, rarely more than ^' long, red or orange-red ; nutlets
3-5, slightly grooved on the back ; stamens 20 ; anthers rose color ;
leaves incisely lobed. XII. PulcherrimaB (page 466).

Fruit subglobose to short-oblong, i'-f ' long; nutlets 3-5, narrowed at the
ends, prominently ridged on the back ; corymbs in one species few-
flowered, villose ; bracts lar^e and conspicuous ; calyx-lobes foliaceous;
stamens 20 ; anthers yellow ; leaves coriaceous to subcoriaceous, dark
green and lustrous, their petioles sparingly glandular through their
whole length. XIII. Bracteatce (page 468).

-H- -*- -1- -1- Petioles, leaves and corymbs conspicuously glandular ; corymbs few-flowered ;
fruit subglobose to short-oblong or pyriform, ^'-f long, green, orange, or red,
flesh usually hard and dry ; branchlets conspicuously zigzag.

XIV. Flavae (page 471).
**Veins of the leaves extending to the points of the lobes and to the sinuses ; corymbs
many-flowered ; stamens 20.

Fruit depressed-globose to oblong, not more than ^' long, scarlet ; nutlets 2-5,

obtuse at the ends, prominently ridged on the back ; anthers rose color or

purple. « XV. Microcarpae (page 486).

Fruit subglobose, -^'—k' in diameter, blue or blue-black ; nutlets 3-5, obtuse at

the ends slightly ridged on the back; leaves dark green and lustrous.

XVI. Brachyacanthae (page 489).
2. Nutlets with longitudinal cavities on their ventral faces.

Fruit pyriform to subglobose or short-oblong, J'—J' long, lustrous, orange or
scarlet ; nutlets 2 or 3, obtuse at the ends, prominently ridged on the back ;
leaves membranaceous to subcoriaceous, mostly pubescent below.

XVII. Tomentosae (page 491).
Fruit short-oblong to subglobose, ^' long, black ; nutlets 5, obtuse at the ends,
obscurely ridged on the back ; stamens 20 ; leaves subcoriaceous.

XVIII. DouglasianaB (page 502).

EOSACEiE 367

I. CRUS-GALLI.

Corymbs, leaves, and young branehlets slightly hairy while young, soon becoming glabrous
{glabrous while young in 1, 6, 8, and 11).
Stamens 10.

Anthers rose color or purple.

Leaves glabrous, obovate-cuneif orm, coriaceous, their veins within the parenchyma ;
fruit short-oblong to subglobose, dull red often covered with a glaucous bloom.

1. C. Crus-galli (A).

Leaves oblong to ovate, usually acute, coriaceous ; fruit short-oblong to subglobose,

dark crimson, lustrous. 2. C. Canbyi (A).

Leaves obovate, usually short-pointed at the broad apex, subcoriaeeous ; fruit

short-oblong to obovate, bright scarlet. 3. C. Peoriensis (A).

Leaves oblong-obovate to oval, or broadly ovate, their petioles glandular, with

minute stipitate glands ; fruit short-oblong to subglobose, orange-red, villose

until nearly fully grown. 4. C. fecunda (A).

Anthers yellow.

Leaves oval to elliptic, acute or acuminate, subcoriaeeous; fruit short-oblong,

green tinged with red. 5. C. regalis (C).

Leaves glabrous, obovate, acute, acuminate, or rounded at the apex, subcoriaeeous ;

fruit short-oblong, dull dark crimson. 6. C. Arduennae (A).

Leaves obovate to oblong-cuneiform, rounded or acute at the apex, subcoriaeeous ;

fruit subglobose to obovoid, dull red, or green flushed with red.

7. C. algens (A, C).
Leaves ovate to obovate, acute, comparatively thin, dull green above ; fruit sub-
globose, flattened at the ends, dark dull crimson. 8. C. erecta (A).
Leaves oval to oblong-obovate, acute or acuminate, comparatively thin; fruit
short-oblong, full and rounded at the ends, bright scarlet.

9. C. acutif olia (A).
Stamens 20.

Anthers rose color ; leaves obovate to elliptic, broad and rounded or acute at the
apex, coriaceous ; fruit short- oblong, green tinged with dark red.

10. C. Bushii (C).
Anthers yellow ; leaves obovate to oblanceolate, acute or rounded at the apex, sub-
coriaceous ; fruit globose to subglobose, red. 11. C. arborea (C).
Corymbs, leaves, and branchlets more or less villose or pubescent throughout the season.
Stamens 10.

Anthers rose color ; leaves broadly obovate to elliptic coriaceous, scabrous above ;
fruit globose, bright orange-red, with a yellow cheek. 12. C. Sngelmauni (A).
Anthers yellow {doubtful in 13 and 14-)

Leaves oval, oblong-obovate or elliptic, acute, thin to subcoriaeeous ; fruit
globose to subglobose, orange-red. 13. C. denaria (C).

Leaves obovate to obovate-cuneif orm, rounded or acute at the apex, thin ; fruit short-
oblong, dark red, more or less pruinose. 14. C. signata (C).
Leaves broadly oval to oblong, rounded or acute or short-pointed at the apex,
coriaceous ; fruit subglobose, dull green tinged with red or cherry-red.

15. C. Palmeri (C).

Stamens 20.

Anthers rose color.

Leaves oblong-obovate, acute, coriaceous, scabrate ; fruit short-oblong, dull green

tinged with red, slightly pruinose. 16. C. edita (C).

Leaves oblong to obovate-cuneif orm, rounded and obtuse or occasionally acute at

the apex, coriaceous, glabrous or scabrate above ; fruit globose to subglobose or

short-oblong, dark red. 17. C tersa (C).

368

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Anthers yellow.

Leaves oblong-obovate, rounded or gradually narrowed at the apex, subcoriaceous,

pale below ; fruit subglobose, orange color, with a red clieek.

18. C. berberifolia (C).
Leaves cuneate, oblong or obovate-cuneiform, rounded and obtuse or rarely acute

at the apex, coriaceous', glabrate or slightly scabrous above ; fruit subglobose,

orange or yellow, with a red clieek. 19. C. edura (C).

Leaves oblong to obovate-cuneiform, rounded or acute at the apex, subcoriaceous,

glabrous or glabrate above, pale below ; fruit oval to short-oblong, yellow.

20. C. crocina (C).
Leaves oblong to obovate-cuneiform, rounded or obtuse or rarely truncate at the

apex, coriaceous, scabrate above ; fruit globose to subglobose, bright red or

scarlet. 21. C. fera (C).

Leaves obovate, acute, thin to subcoriaceous ; fruit subglobose to short-oblong,

somewhat flattened at the apex, bright orange-red. 22. C. Mohri (C).

1. Glabrous at maturity.
*Stamens 10.

—h Anthers rose color or purple.

1. Crataegus Crus-galli, L. Cock-spur Thorn.

Leaves glabrous, obovate, acute or rounded at the apex, cuneate and gradually
narrowed to the slender entire base, sharply serrate above, with minute appressed

usually gland-tipped teeth, when they unfold tinged with red, membranaceous and
nearly fully grown when the flowers open about the 1st of June, and at maturity
thick and coriaceous, dark green and lustrous above, pale below, reticulate-veined,
l'-4' long, \'-V wide, with slender midribs, and primary veins within the parenchyma,
turning bright orange and scarlet in the autumn before falling; their petioles
stout, wing-margined toward the apex, ^'-f long; on vigorous shoots acute or accu-
minate, coarsely serrate, often 5'-6' long. Flowers f in diameter, on slender
pedicels, in many-flowered glabrous corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous,
the lobes linear-lanceolate, entire or minutely glandular-serrate; stamens 10; anthers
rose color; styles usually 2, surrounded at the base by tufts of pale hairs. Fruit

ROSACEA

369

ripening late in October and persistent on the branches until spring, short-oblong to
subglobose, ^' long, dull red often covered with a glaucous bloom; flesh dry and
mealy; calyx little enlarged; nutlets usually 2, full and rounded at the ends, pro-
minently ridged on the back, with a high rounded grooved ridge, 1' long.

A tree, sometimes 25° high, with a trunk a foot in diameter, and stout rigid spread-
ing branches forming a broad round-topped head, glabrous, light brown or gray
branchlets armed with stout straight or slightly curved sharp-pointed chestnut-brown
or ashy gray spines 3'-4:' long and becoming on the trunks and large branches 6'-8'
long and furnished with slender lateral spines.

Distribution. Usually on the slopes of low hills in rich soil; valley of the St.
Lawrence River near Montreal, southward to Delaware and along the Appalachian
foothills to North Carolina, and westward through western New York and Pennsyl-
vania to southern Michigan.

A form, yar. pyracanthifolia, Ait., with narrower elliptical to obovate leaves acute
or rounded at the apex, and slightly pubescent while young on the upper side of the
midribs, and with rather smaller flowers and smaller bright red fruit, is not rare in
eastern Pennsylvania and northern Delaware; a form, var. salicifolia, Ait., cultivated
in European gardens, but not known in a wild state, with thinner narrower and
more elongated lanceolate or oblanceolate leaves, should also probably be referred to
this species. A form, var. oblongata, Sarg., with rather brighter colored oblong fruit
often 1' long, and nutlets acute at the ends, is not rare near Wilmington, Delaware, and
at Durham, Bucks County, Pennsylvania. A form, var. capillata, Sarg., with thinner
leaves, slightly villose corymbs, and 1 or rarely 2 nutlets, occurs near Wilmington,
Delaware.

Often cultivated as an ornamental plant and for hedges in the eastern United
States, and very frequently in the countries of eastern and northern Europe.

2. Crataegus Canbyi, Sarg.

Leaves oblong-ovate to ovate or rarely obovate, acute or rarely rounded at the
apex, gradually narrowed, cuneate and entire at the base, and coarsely and often
doubly serrate above the middle, more than half grown when the flowers open about

the 1st of May and then glabrous or very rarely with a few scattered hairs on the
upper side of the midribs and on the corymbs, at maturity coriaceous, glabrous, dark

370

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

green and very lustrous above, pale and dull below, 2'-2^' long, I'-l^' wide, with
thick pale midribs and 4 or 5 pairs of remote primary veins conspicuous on the lower
surface; their petioles more or less winged above, glandular, with scattered dark red
persistent glands, red below the middle, ^'-f' long; on vigorous leading shoots often
deeply and irregularly divided into broad acute lobes, and frequently 3'^' long and
2' wide. Flowers |' in diameter, on long slender pedicels, in broad loose many-
flowered long-branched corjanbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, the lobes entire or
serrate, with minute scattered glandular teeth; stamens usually 10, occasionally 12
or 13; anthers, small, rose color; styles 3-5. Fruit ripening in October but per-
sistent until after the beginning of winter, on elongated slender stems, in loose
many-fruited drooping clusters, short-oblong to subglobose, full and rounded at
the ends, with a distinct depression at the insertion of the stalk, lustrous, dark
erimson, marked by occasional large pale dots, ^-f' long; calyx-lobes reflexed,
closely appressed, often deciduous before the fruit ripens; flesh thick, bright red, very
juicy; nutlets 3-5, prominently ridged, with broad rounded ridges, bright chestnut-
brown, about ^' long.

A bushy tree, sometimes 20° high, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, large ascend-
ing wide-spreading branches forming a broad open irregular head occasionally
30°-35° in diameter, and branchlets armed with thick usually straight chestnut-
brown spines f -1^' long.

Distribution. Hedges and thickets, Wilmington, Delaware, to the shorei ef
Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, and to eastern Pennsylvania.

3. Crataegus Peoriensis, Sarg.

Leaves obovate, short-pointed or occasionally rounded at the broad apex, gradu-
ally narrowed, cuneate and entire below, sharply and often doubly serrate usually

f'/q.ZSS

only above the middle, sometimes irregularly lobed, with short broad terminal lobes,
when they unfold villose above, especially toward the base of the midribs, and
bright bronze color, becoming at maturity thick and firm, glabrous, dark green and
very lustrous above, pale below, l^'-2' long, |' wide, with 4 or 5 pairs of thin pri-
mary veins conspicuous on the under side and extending obliquely from the slender
midribs to the ends of the lobes; their petioles usually about ^' long, more or less

ROSACEA

371

wing-margined and slightly glandular above the middle, and covered at first with
short pale deciduous hairs; on vigorous shoots deeply divided into broad acute
lateral lobes, 2'-3' long, and 1^' wide, with lunate, coarsely glandular-serrate stip-
ules, sometimes 1' long. Flowers cup-shaped, about |' in diameter, on slender
elongated pedicels, in broad loose compound many-flowered glabrous corymbs; calyx-
tube narrowly obconic, the lobes narrow and acuminate, entire or irregularly gland-
ular-serrate, pubescent below the middle on the inner surface; stamens 10;
anthers small, rose color; styles 2 or 3, surrounded at the base by a narrow ring
of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening early in October, on slender elongated pedicels,
in drooping many-fruited clusters, oblong or obovate, full and rounded at the ends,
slightly depressed at the insertion of the stalk, bright scarlet, marked by many
small dark dots, ^'-f long; calyx-lobes enlarged, erect, incurved, and persistent;
flesh thick, nearly white, firm and dry; nutlets 2 or 3, prominently ridged on the
back, about ^' long.

A nearly glabrous tree, 20°-25° high, with a trunk occasionally 1° in diameter,
stout spreading branches forming a broad flat-topped symmetrical head, and branch-
lets armed with straight or slightly curved thin dull chestnut-brown spines 2'-2^'
long.

Distribution. Open woods, the moist borders of streams and depressions in the
prairie, and on hillsides in clay soil. Short and Peoria counties, Illinois.

4. Crataegus fecunda, Sarg.

Leaves oblong-obovate to oval, or broadly ovate, acute or rarely rounded and
short-pointed at the apex, gradually or abruptly narrowed below, and coarsely and usu-
ally doubly serrate except toward the base, when they unfold dark green, lustrous
and roughened above by short pale appressed caducous hairs and pale yellow-green

r/<i.28^

and villose along the midribs and primary veins below, about half grown when the
flowers open early in May and at maturity thin but firm in texture, dark green and
lustrous above, pale yellow-green below, 2'-2i-' long, 1^-2' wide, with stout midribs
and remote primary veins after midsummer often bright red below, turning late
in the autumn brilliant shades of orange or scarlet or deep rich bronze color; their
petioles more or less winged, often glandular, at first coated with pale hairs, soon
glabrous, dull red at maturity, ^-f long; on vigorous shoots often slightly lobed,

372

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

with short broad acute lobes, convex by the hanging down of the margins, S'-l'
long, and 2'-3' wide, their stipules semilunate, coarsely glandular-serrate, often |'
long. Flowers |' in diameter, on slender pedicels, in wide many-flowered slightly
villose corymbs, with large glandular bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube narrowly
obconic, more or less villose, the lobes elongated, acute, and coarsely serrate, with
stipitate dark red glands, villose on the inner surface; stamens usually 10, occasion-
ally 12-15; anthers small, dark purple; styles 2 or 3. Fruit on slender pedicels*
often ^' long, in broad many-fruited drooping clusters, short-oblong to subglobose,
full and rounded at the ends, covered until nearly fully grown with long soft pale
hairs, and at maturity orange-red marked by many small dark clots, f -1' long; calyx-
lobes linear-lanceolate, erect and incurved, coarsely glandular-serrate above the
middle, dark red on the upper side toward the base; flesh very thick, firm and
hard, pale green, dry and sweet; nutlets 2 or 3, rounded and prominently ridged on
the back, ^' long.

A tree, 20°-25° high, with a trunk 10'-12' in diameter, stout wide-spreading
branches forming a broad symmetrical round-topped rather open head, and stout
branchlets covered at first with soft matted pale hairs, soon glabrous, light orange-
green, becoming ashy gray in their second season, and armed with numerous very
slender straight or slightly curved chestnut-brown shining spines 2'-2^' long.

Distribution. Rich woodlands near Alton, Missouri, and ou the bottom-lands of
the Mississippi River in Illinois opposite St. Louis.

5. Crataegus regalis, Beadl.

Leaves oval to elliptic, acute or acuminate, gradually narrowed and concave-
cuneate at the entire base, coarsely and often doubly serrate above, with acute
straight or incurved teeth, when they unfold tinged with red and sparingly villose

above and on the midribs below, soon glabrous, nearly fully grown when the flowers
open at the end of April, becoming at maturity thick and firm or subcoriaceous,
bright green and lustrous above, pale below, 1^-2^' long, I'-l^ wide, with stout
yellow midribs and primary veins, turning in the autumn yellow, orange, and brown;
their petioles stout, about 1' long, broadly winged, reddish brown toward the base; on
vigorous shoots broadly oval, coarsely serrate, mostly slightly incisely lobed, 3'-4'

ROSACEJE

373

long, 1^-2' wide, with thicker midribs and veins. Flowers ^ in diameter, on long
slender pedicels, in broad many-flowered glabrous corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly
obconic, the lobes linear-lanceolate, entire or remotely serrate;, stamens 10; anthers
yellow; styles 2 or 3. Fruit ripening in September or October, on slender stems,
in few-fruited drooping clusters, short-oblong, |'-^ long, green tinged with red;
calyx-lobes slightly enlarged, reflexed and often deciduous from the ripe fruit; flesh
yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 2 or 3, prominently ridged on the back, ^' long,
about yY wide.

A tree, often 20° high, with a tall trunk 8'-12' in diameter, stout ascending or
spreading branches forming a broad symmetrical head, and branchlets armed with
stout or slender nearly straight spines l^'-2' long.

Distribution. Low woods, northwestern Georgia and northern Alabama; com-
mon in the flat woods near Rome, Georgia.

-< — h Anthers yellow.

6. Crataegus Arduennae, Sarg.

Leaves obovate, acute, acuminate or rounded at the apex, gradually narrowed
from near the middle to the entire cuueate base, finely crenulate-serrate above, with

glandular teeth, glabrous and deeply tinged with red as they unfold, nearly fully
grown when the flowers open at the end of May or early in June, at maturity sub-
coriaceous, dark green and very lustrous above, pale below, ll'-2^' long? and ^-1'
wide, with slender yellow midribs and obscure primary veins mostly within the
parenchyma; their petioles stout, winged to below the middle, occasionally sparingly
glandular, ^'-^' in length; on vigorous shoots mostly elliptical, short-pointed, very
coarsely serrate, usually laterally lobed, and often 21' -3' long and l^'-2' wide, with
stout midribs and prominent slender primary veins, their stipules foliaceous, lunate,
coarsely glandular-serrate, stalked, sometimes |' long. Flowers ^'-f in diam-
eter, on long slender pedicels, in broad many-flowered compound glabrous corymbs;
calyx-tube narrowly obconic, the lobes abruptly narrowed from the base, linear,
acuminate, tipped with small dark red glands, entire or slightly and irregularly ser-
rate; stamens 5-12; usually 10; anthers small, pale yellow; styles 1 or 2. Fruit

374

TREES OF NOIiXn AMERICA

on slender pedicels, in drooping nian3'-fruited clnsters, short-oblong, dull dark crim-
son marked by large pale dots, about ^' long and |'-^' wide; calyx only slightly
enlarged, the lobes reflexed and appressed; flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy ; nutlet 1,
gradually narrowed from the middle to the obtuse ends, grooved and irregularly
ridged on the dorsal face, or 2 and then broad, rounded at the ends, prominently
ridged on the back, with a high wide rounded ridge, about -^^ long.

A tree, sometimes 20° high, witli a trunk 8'-12' in diameter, covered with smooth
light gray bark, spreading branches forming a round-topped head, and slender
slightly zigzag branchlets light orange-green when they first appear, becoming dark
purple and lustrous and ultimately grayish brown, and armed with many slender
straiglit or slightly curved dark purple-brown shining spines l'-2' long.

Distribution. Neighborhood of Chicago to Joliet, Illinois, and on Belle Isle in
the Detroit River, Michigan.

7. Crataegus algens, Beadl.

Leaves obovate to oblong or elliptic, rounded or acute at the apex, gradually nar-
rowed and concave-cuneate at the entire base, sharply serrate above, villose on the
upper side of the midribs and nearly fully grown when the flowers open at the end
of May, and at maturity glabrous, subcoriaceous, dark green and lustrous above,
pale below, l^'-2' long, f '-Ij' wide, with thin midribs and slender primary veins,
turning in the autumn to shades of orange, yellow, and brown ; their petioles slender,

wing-margined above, rarely glandular, with minute glands, about \' long. Flo"wers
^'in diameter, on slender elongated pedicels, in broad many-flowered glabrous corymbs ;
calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous, the lobes slender, acuminate, entire or remotely
serrate; stamens 10; anthers yellow; styles 1-3. Fruit ripening in September and
October, on slender pedicels, in few-fruited hanging clusters, subglobose to obovoid,
^'-^' in diameter, dull red, or green flushed with red, f -^ long; calyx somewhat
enlarged, with reflexed persistent lobes; flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets
usually 1 or 2, prominently ridged on the back, ^-f ' long.

A tree, 16°-18° high, with a short trunk occasionally 7'-8' in diameter, stout
ascending wide-spreading branches forming a wide round-topped head, and branch-
lets armed with stout nearly straight spines l'-2' long.

ROSACEA

375

Distribution. Borders of woods and fields ; western North Carolina to northern
Georgia and Alabama, and to eastern Tennessee; one of the commonest species in
the neighborhood of Asheville, North Carolina.

«

8. Crataegus erecta, Sarg.

Leaves oval to obovate, or nearly orbicular on leading vigorous shoots, acute and
short-pointed at the apex, cuneate and entire at the base, and finely glandular-serrate,

when they unfold often villose, with a few short caducous pale hairs on the upper side
of the midribs, nearly fully grown when the flowers open early in May, and at maturity
thin but firm in texture, dark dull green on the upper surface, pale on the lower sur-
face, l^'-2' long, I'-l^' wide, with slender midribs and thin prominent primary veins,
in the autumn turning dull orange color; their petioles slender, often wing-margined
toward the apex, glandular, with minute dark glands, usually dark red after mid-
summer, \'—^' long; on vigorous leading shoots coarsely serrate, with broad nearly
straight glandular teeth, and sometimes 3' long and 2^' wide. Flowers ^-f' in di-
ameter, on slender pedicels, in broad loose many-flowered glabrous corymbs; calyx-
tube narrowly obconic, the lobes narrow, elongated, acuminate, entire or occasionally
obscurely and irregularly serrate; stamens usually 10, occasionally 11-13; anthers
small, pale yellow; styles 3 or 4, surrounded at the base by a narrow ring of short
pale hairs. Fruit on elongated pedicels, in few-fruited drooping clusters, subglobose
and usually a little longer than broad, full and flattened at the ends, dark dull crim-
son marked by occasional dark-colored dots, \'-g' long; calyx-tube short, the lobes
closely appressed, gradually narrowed from broad bases and usually persistent on
the ripe fruit ; flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 3 or 4, prominently ridged
on the back, with a broad high grooved ridge, y^' long.

A tree, 2o°-30° high, with a trunk l°-3° in diameter, thick ascending branches
forming a wide open rather symmetrical head, and spreading branchlets armed with
thin straight chestnut-brown spines l'-2' long.

Distribution. Rich bottom-lands of the Mississippi River in Illinois opposite. the
city of St. Louisi

9. Crataegus acutifolia, Sarg.

Leaves oval to oblong-obovate, acute or acuminate or rarely rounded at the apex,
cuneate at the usually entire base, finely crenulate-serrate often only above the

376

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

middle, with glandular teeth, nearly fully grown when the flowers open about the
10th of May, and then membranaceous and lustrous above, with occasional short
scattered pale caducous hairs along the upper side of the midribs, and at maturity
thin and firm, dark green and lustrous above, pale yellow-green below, about 14'
long and 1' wide, with slender light yellow midribs and about 4 or 5 pairs of thin
primary veins; their petioles more or less winged above, glandular when they first
appear, with minute dark glands, \'~^' long; on vigorous leading shoots frequently
divided at the apex into 2 or 3 pairs of short acute lobes, and often 3' long and
2' wide. Flowers i' in diameter, on slender pedicels, in many-flowered compact
corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, the lobes lanceolate, acuminate, entire or
obscurely and irregularly glandular-serrate; stamens 10; anthers small, pale yellow;
styles 2 or 3. Fruit ripening and falling at the end of September, on slender pedi-
cels ^'-f long, in few-fruited drooping clusters, short-oblong, full and rounded at

2G)H.

the ends, bright scarlet, marked by occasional dark dots, ^' long; calyx-tube promi-
nent, with closely appressed lobes often deciduous before the fruit ripens; flesh thin,
dry and mealy; nutlets 2 or 3, prominently ridged on the back, with broad rounded
ridges, about ^^' long.

A tree, often 30° high, with a trunk 18' in diameter, stout wide-spreading branches
forming a symmetrical round-topped rather open head, and branchlets occasionally
armed with scattered thin straight chestnut-brown spines l'-2' long.

Distribution. Open woods on bluffs of the Mississippi River, in South St. Louis,
Missouri.

**Stamens 20.

-i- Anthers rose color.

10, Crataegus Bushii, Sarg.

Leaves obovate, broad and rounded or acute at the apex, or elliptical and acute,
gradually narrowed from near the middle and cuneate and entire at the base, and
coarsely serrate above, when they unfold dark green above, pale below and villose,
with short white hairs, on both sides of the midribs and veins, nearly fully grown
when the flowers open at the end of April, and at maturity coriaceous, lustrous,
glabrous, l^'-l^' long, I'-l' wide, with stout yellow midribs and few slender promi-

KOSACE^

377

nent primary veins; their petioles villose, ultimately glabrous, usually about ^' long;
on vigorous leading shoots usually elliptical, acute, coarsely serrate, frequently 3'
long and 1^' wide, with stouter and more broadly winged petioles. Flowers |'-1'
in diameter, on slender pedicels, in broad compound many-flowered glabrous corymbs;
calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous, the lobes elongated, linear-lanceolate, entire or
occasionally slightly dentate; stamens 20; anthers large, bright rose color; styles
two or three, surrounded at the base by conspicuous tufts of white hairs. Fruit
ripening late in October or in November, on slender pedicels about ^' long, in few-
fruited drooping clusters, short-obloug, green tinged with dull red, ^' long, with

r'v^9j

only slightly enlarged erect and incurved calyx-lobes mostly deciduous before the
fruit ripens; flesh thin, green, dry and hard; nutlets 2 or 3, prominently ridged on
the back, with high rounded ridges, \' long.

A tree, 15°-20° high, with a trunk 8'-10' in diameter, covered with scaly bark,
small spreading branches forming a broad open irregular head, and nearly straight
branchlets unarmed or sparingly armed with stout straight chestnut-brown spines
ll'-lf long.

Distribution. Rich upland woods near Fulton on the Red River, southern Ar-
kansas.

—i — I- Anthers yellow.

11. Cratcegus arborea, Beadl.

Leaves obovate to oblanceolate, narrowed, acute or rounded at the apex, grad-
ually narrowed and concave-cuneate at the long tapering entire base, and finely
serrate above the middle, with minute straight teeth, nearly fully grown when the
flowers open the middle of April and then glabrous, and at maturity stibcoriaceous,
bright green and lustrous above, pale below, l|'-2' long, about ^' wide, turning in the
autumn orange, yellow, and brown; their petioles ^'-f long; on vigorous shoots often
3' long, 1^' wide, coarsely serrate and occasionally slightly lobed. Flo^wers ^'' in
diameter, on slender pedicels, in broad many-flowered glabrous corymbs; calyx nar-
rowly obconic, glabrous, the lobes slender, elongated, acuminate, slightly serrate;
stamens 20; anthers pale yellow; styles usually 2. Fruit ripening in September
and October, globose to subglobose, \'-^' in diameter, red, the calyx enlarged, with

378

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

elongated coarsely glandular-serrate reflexed lobes; nutlets usually 2, ridged on the
back, about ^' long.

A tree, sometimes 30° Sigh, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, spreading or ascend-
ing branches forming a broad handsome head, and branchlets orange-green in their
first season, becoming reddish in their first winter, and usually unarmed.

Distribution. In open woods usually in clay soil near Montgomery, Alabama.

2. More or less villose throughout the season.
*Stamens 10.

-i- Anthers rose color.

12. Crataegus Engelmanni, Sarg.

Leaves broadly obovate or rarely elliptical, rounded or often short-pointed and
acute at the apex, gradually narrowed or entire below, finely creuulate-serrate

P'<5 . ^97

usually only above the middle and generally only at the apex, nearly fully grown
and roughened on the upper surface by short rigid pale hairs when the flowers open
about the middle of May, and at maturity coriaceous, dark green, lustrous and

■<

ROSACEA

379

scabrous above, pale below, and pilose above and below along the slender midribs
and obscure primary veins and veiulets, I'-l^' long, I'-l' wide; their petioles gland-
ular, winged above, at first villose, soon glabrous, usually about \' long. Flowers
1^' in diameter, on slender pedicels, in broad loose 8-11-flowered villose corymbs;
calyx-tube narrowly obconic, villose or nearly glabrous, the lobes narrow, acuminate,
entire, glabrous on the outer surface, usually puberulous on the inner surface; sta-
mens 10; anthers small, rose color; styles 2 or 3. Fruit ripening early in Novem-
ber, on slender pedicels, in drooping many-fruited glabrous clusters, globose or
short-oblong, bright orange-red, with a yellow cheek, about ^' in diameter; calyx
prominent, with large spreading lobes usually deciduous before the fruit ripens;
flesh thin, dry and mealy; nutlets 2 or 3, thick, prominently ridged on the back,
with broad rounded ridges, \' long.

A tree, 15^-20° high, with a trunk o'-G' in diameter, wide-spreading usually hori-
zontal branches forming a low flat-topped or rounded head, and branchlets covered
with long pale hairs when they first appear, soon glabrous and bright red-brown,
becoming gray or gray tinged with red during their second year, and armed with
few thin straight or slightly curved spines ll'-2^' long.

Distribution. Dry limestone slopes and ridges in central and southern Missouri;
common near Allenton and Pacific.

-<-—»- Anthers yellow.

13. Crataegus denaria, Beadl.

Leaves oval, oblong-obovate or elliptic, acute or acuminate at the apex, gradually
narrowed from near the middle and cuneate and entire below, coarsely often doubly
serrate, with straight teeth, when they unfold tinged with red and slightly pilose
above and glabrous below, nearly fully grown when the flowers open toward the end

of May, and at maturity firm to subcoriaceous, bright green and lustrous above,
pale below, 2i'-3' long, f'-lj' wide, with slender midribs and few remote thin pri-
mary veins, turning in the autumn orange, yellow, or brown; their petioles stout,
conspicuously glandular, winged above, and about \' long; on leading shoots broadly
oval to ovate or obovate, occasionally incisely lobed, 2^ '-3' long, and 1^-2' wide.

380

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

FloTvers ^'-f in diameter, on long slender pedicels, in broad lax many-flowered
sparingly villose corymbs; calyx narrowly obconic, glabrous, the lobes slender,
elongated, acuminate and glandular at the apex, mostly entire or slightly serrate;
stamens usually 10; styles 3-5. Fruit on long slender pedicels, in drooping few-
fruited clusters, globose to subglobose, ^'-^' in diameter, orange-red, the calyx
somewhat enlarged, with spreading or closely appressed lobes; flesh thin and firm;
nutlets 3-5, rounded at the ends, slightly ridged on the back, about -^' long.

A tree, 18°-20° high, with a trunk sometimes 8' in diameter, spreading branches,
and branchlets sparingly villose, with long matted white hairs when they first appear,
soon glabrous, and unarmed or armed with occasional straight slender spines about
11' long.

Distribution. Banks of streams in eastern Mississippi; common in the neighbor-
hood of Columbus.

14. Crataegus signata, Beadl.

Leaves obovate, rounded and often short-pointed or acute at the apex, gradually
narrowed from near the middle and cuneate at the entire base, sharply glandular-
serrate usually only above the middle, about half grown when the flowers open early

in April, and then gray-green and xjoated above and on the lower side of the midribs
and principal veins with short pale hairs, and at maturity thin but firm in texture,
dark green, lustrous and slightly pilose above, paler and pubescent below along the
slender midribs and 2-5 pairs of primary veins, l^'-2' long, |'-1' wide; their petioles
slender, grooved above, glandular, usually about ^' long; on leading shoots often
broadly oval, coarsely dentate or sometimes incisely lobed, frequently 2^' long and
2' wide, with lunate coarsely glandular-dentate stipules. Flo"wers about |' in
diameter, on slender pedicels, in few-flowered compact hairy corymbs ; calyx-tube
narrowly obconic, villose, with long matted hairs, the lobes narrow, acute, entire or
irregularly glandular-serrate, usually glabrous on the outer surface, villose on the
inner surface ; stamens 10; styles 3-5, surrounded at the base by a few pale hairs.
Fruit ripening and falling toward the end of October, in few-fruited drooping
slightly villose clusters, short-oblong, full and rounded at the ends, dark red, more
or less pruinose, marked by numerous pale dots, and about ^' long; calyx enlarged,

ROSACEA

381

with elongated closely appressed lobes usually persistent on the ripe fruit; flesh
thin and yellow; nutlets 3-5, prominently ridged and grooved on the back, about \'
long.

A tree, usually lo°-18° high, with a tall trunk 4^-5' in diameter, covered with ashy
gray bark, often nearly black near the base of old stems, and separating freely into
thin plate-like scales, numerous ascending or spreading branches forming a round-
topped or oval compact head, and branchlets armed with stout, nearly straight bright
chestnut-brown spines 1V2' long.

Distribution. Open glades and dry copses of the Pine-covered coast plain of
southern Alabama.

15. Crataegus Palmeri, Sarg.

- Leaves broadly oval to oblong, rounded or acute or short-pointed at the apex,
gradually narrowed and cuneate at the entire base, coarsely serrate above, with
straight gland-tipped teeth, nearly fully grown when the flowers open during the
first week in May, and then very thin, dark green and lustrous above, pale bluish
green below, and at maturity coriaceous, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface,
paler on the lower surface, 1^-2' long, li'-l|' wide, with slender yellow midribs and
4 or 5 pairs of very thin primary veins; their petioles stout, slightly wing-margined
toward the apex, rose-colored in the autumn, about |' long; on vigorous shoots oblong-
ovate to elliptic, usually acute, coarsely serrate, occasionally laterally lobed, glandular
at the base, 2^-3' long and 1^-2' wide. Flowers about ^' in diameter, on slender
pedicels, in many-flowered compound corymbs ; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, the

r'<9.J00

lobes slender, acuminate, tipped with small dark glands, entire or slightly serrate;
stamens 10; anthers pale yellow; styles 3, surrounded at the base by a thin ring of
pale tomentum. Fruit ripening in October, on slender elongated pedicels, in few-
fruited drooping clusters, subglobose, dull green tinged with red or cherry-red,
marked by large pale dots, about ^' in diameter ; calyx sessile, with erect and incurved
lobes mostly persistent on the ripe fruit ; flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy ; nutlets
3, thin, acute at the ends, slightly and irregularly ridged on the back, with a low
grooved ridge, ^'-j^' long.

A tree, sometimes 25° high, with a trunk often a foot in diameter, covered with
smooth pale bark, stout wide-spreading branches forming a broad round-topped

382

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

symmetrical head, and slender nearly straight branehlets armed with thin straight
dark red-brown shining spines |^'-3' long.

Distribution. 8onih western Missouri, usually in low rich soil ; commou near
Cartilage and Webb City.

**Sta7ne7}s 20.

-*• Anthers rose color.

16. Crataegus edita, Sarg.

Leaves oblong-obovate or rarely oval, acute at the gradually narrowed apex,
gradually narrowed from near the middle and cuneate at the entire base, and coarsely
and often doubly serrate above, when the flowers open from the 15th to the 20th

of April lustrous and scabrous on the upper surface, with short rigid pale hairs
and puberulous on the lower surface, and at maturity coriaceous, dark green, lus-
trous, and slightly roughened above, pale yellow-green and scabrous below, l|'-2' long
and ^'-V wide; their petioles stout, winged above, villose, ultimately pubescent or
puberulous, ^'-^ long; on vigorous leading shoots often slightly divided into lateral
lobes, more coarsely serrate and sometimes 3' long and 1^ wide, with stout broadly
winged petioles. Flowers ^-f in diameter, on slender villose pedicels, in villose
few-flowered compound narrow corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous
or slightly hairy below, the lobes linear-lanceolate, usually entire or obscurely gland-
ular-serrate, glabrous on the outer surface and puberulous on the inner surface;
stamens 20 ; anthers small, rose color ; styles 2 or 3. Fruit ripening early in
October or in November, on stout glabrous or slightly villose pedicels usually about
^' long, in drooping few-fruited clusters, short-oblong, full and rounded at the ends,
slightly pruinose, dull green tinged with red, Y-^' long, with a prominent calyx-tube
and elongated spreading lobes puberulous on the inner surface and often deciduous
before the ripening of the fruit; flesh very thin, green, dry and hard; nutlets 2 or
3, thick, prominently ridged on the back, with a broad low rounded ridge, |' long.

A tree, in low moist ground sometimes 40° high, with a trunk 1° in diameter, free
of branches for 18°-20°, stout horizontal branches forming a broad rounded sym-
metrical head, and nearly straight branehlets villose when they first appear, soon

ROSACEA

383

glabrous, and armed with few scattered stout straight chestnut-brown ultimately
dull gray spines l'-2' long; or on the dry soil of low hills much smaller and gener-
ally 20°-2o° high.

Distribution. Low wet woods on the borders of streams, and on dry hills in for-
ests of Oak and Pine; valley of the Sabine River, Texas, to western Louisiana.

17. Crataegus tersa, BeadL

Leaves oblong to obovate, cuneiform, rounded and obtuse, or on leading shoots
acute at the apex, gradually narrowed, concave-cuueate and entire below, coarsely ser-
rate above, with acute or rounded teeth, when they unfold tinged with red, sparingly
villose above and tomentulose below, nearly fully grown when the flowers open the
middle of April, and at maturity coriaceous, dark green, lustrous, and glabrous
or scabrate above, pale and pubescent below, l^'-2' long, I'-l^' wide, with slender
midribs and thin primary veins, turning in the autumn yellow, orange, and brown;
their petioles stout, wing-margined above, at first hoary-tomentose, glabrous at ma-
turity, about y long. Flovsrers |'-f' in diameter, on short stout hairy pedicels, in
usually 8-10-flowered very compact corymbs densely clothed with long matted pale
hairs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, hairy, the lobes acuminate, glandular-serrate,

h<^.,302

villose on the outer and slightly pilose on the inner surface; stamens 18-20; anthers
pale rose color, styles usually 2 or 3. Fruit ripening in October, on stout glabrous
stems, in compact drooping few-fruited clusters, globose to subglobose or short-
oblong, about 1^' long, dark red; calyx prominent, with enlarged erect or spreading
glandular-serrate lobes; flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 2 or 3, mostly
obtuse and rounded at the ends, prominently ridged on the back, about \' long.

A tree, sometimes 18°-20° high, with a trunk 6'-8' in diameter, spreading branches
forming a broad flat-topped head, and stout branchlets at first pilose, becoming gla-
brous before autumn, and usually unarmed.

Distribution. Upland woods near Opelousas, Louisiana.

-i—i- Anthers yellow.

18. Crataegus berberifolia, T. & G.

Leaves obovate-oblong, rounded or gradually narrowed at the apex, narrowed
from above the middle to the cuneate entire base, and serrate above, with straight

384

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

or incurved teeth, nearly fully grown when the flowers open at the end of March or
early in April and then roughened above by short rigid white hairs, whitish and
pubescent below, at maturity subcoriaceous, dark green, lustrous and nearly gla-
brous on the upper surface, on the lower surface pale and pubescent, especially on
the thin midribs and slender primary veins, l^'-2' long, |'-1' wide; their petioles
comparatively slender, winged above, at first densely villose, becoming glabrous,
usually about V long. Flo-wers f'-|' in diameter, on slender villose pedicels, in
compact mostly 4-5-flowered compound villose corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly
obconic, thickly coated with long matted pale hairs, the lobes slender, acuminate,
sparingly villose or nearly glabrous on the outer surface, villose on the inner sur-
face, entire or slightly serrate; stamens 20; anthers yellow; styles 2 or 3, surrounded
at the base by a narrow ring of pale hairs. Fruit ripening early in October, on

slender pedicels, in few-fruited drooping puberulous clusters, subglobose, orange
with a red cheek, about ^' in diameter; calyx-tube slightly enlarged, with spreading
or incurved lobes; flesh thin and yellow; nutlets 2 or 3, slightly ridged on the back,
about ^' long.

A tree, 20°-2o° high, with a tall trunk 8'-10' in diameter, covered with dark gray
scaly bark, stout branches spreading into a broad flat-topped head, and slender
branchlets covered at first with matted white hairs, becoming glabrous and light
orange-brown at the end of their first season, and pale gray-brown the following
year, and unarmed or armed with occasional slender nearly straight red-brown spines.

Distribution. Borders of prairies and low moist soil a few miles west of Ope-
lousas, Louisiana.

19. Crataegus edura, Beadl.

Leaves oblong-obovate, rounded and obtuse or occasionally acute at the apex,
gradually narrowed from above the middle to the wedge-shaped base, entire below,
serrate only at the apex, nearly fully grown when the flowers open early in April
and then thin, dark green and puberulous above especially along the midribs, very
pale and villose below, at maturity thick and coriaceous, 1^-1^' long, l^'-lf wide,
with slender midribs, and primary veins within the parenchyma, turning in the
autumn orange, yellow, or brown; their petioles slender, winged above, light yellow,

ROSACEJE

385

pilose, V-^' long. Flo-wers |'-^' in diameter, on short sparingly villose pedicels, in
compact hairy 5-12-flo\vered corymbs; calyx narrowly obconic, glabrous or with a
few hairs at the base, the lobes narrow, acuminate, glabrous; stamens 16-20;
anthers pale yellow or nearly white ; styles 2 or 3. Fruit ripening and falling in
September, in few-fruited drooping clusters, subglobose, orange or yellow, with a

fKJo/i

red cheek, about y^' in diameter; calyx-lobes little enlarged, closely appressed, often
deciduous; flesh thin, dry and mealy; nutlets 2 or 3, full and rounded and rather
obscurely ridged on the back, about ^ long and ^-^' wide.

A tree, 20°-25° high, with a trunk 6'-8' in diameter, branches spreading out into
a broad flat-topped head, and branchlets pilose when they first appear, soon gla-
brous, becoming reddish brown, unarmed or armed with chestnut-brown or gray
spines l^'-2' long.

Distribution. Upland woods near Opelousas, Louisiana.

20. Crataegus crocina, Beadl.

Leaves oblong or obovate-cuneiform, rounded or acute at the apex, gradually
narrowed and wedge-shaped at the slender entire base, and sharply serrate above
the middle, with straight or incurved glandular teeth, when they unfold more or less
pubescent on the two surfaces, and at maturity subcoriaceous, dark green, lustrous
and glabrous or glabrate above, pale and covered below with short matted pale
hairs most abundant on the thin midribs and obscure primary veins, l^'-2' long, ^'-1'
wide, turning in the autumn orange, yellow, or brown; their petioles slender, nar-
rowly winged above, puberulous, about \' long. Flovrers opening at the end of April
when the leaves are fully grown, ^-f in diameter, on short villose pedicels, in com-
pact few-flowered villose corymbs; calyx narrowly obconic, coated with matted white
hairs, the lobes narrowed, acute, entire or sparingly serrate, glabrous on the outer,
slightly villose on the inner surface toward the apex; stamens 20; anthers yellow;
styles usually 2 or 3. Fruit ripening in October, oval or oblong, nearly ^' long,
yellow, the calyx prominent, with elongated mostly recurved lobes; flesh thin, dry
and mealy; nutlets usually 2, narrowed and acute at the ends, ridged on the back,
about 1' long.

A tree, 18°-20° high, with a short trunk 4'-6' in diameter, spreading branches

386

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

r'(*c5<rt)

forming a wide flat-topped head, and slender mostly unarmed branchlets covered at
first with matted pale hairs and dark orange-brown and puberulous in their first
winter.

Distribution. Low woods near Opelousas, Louisiana.

21. Crataegus fera, Beadl.

Leaves oblong-obovate, rounded or rarely acute at the apex, gradually narrowed
and concave-cuneate at the slender entire base, sharply serrate above the middle,
with straight or incurved teeth, fully grown when the flowers open the middle of
April and then thin, covered above by short white hairs, and slightly villose along the
midribs and veins below, and at maturity coriaceous, dark green, scabrate and very lus-
trous on the upper surface, pale and puberulous on the lower surface along the slender
midribs and obscure primary veins, 2|'-3' long, about |' wide, turning in the autumn

orange, yellow, or brown; their petioles slender, wing-margined nearly to the base,
pubescent at first, becoming puberulous, |'-f ' long. Flowers : 1' in diameter, on
elongated slender villose pedicels, in broad lax compound many-flowered corymbs
covered more or less thickly with white hairs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, slightly
hairy near the base, glabrous above, the lobes narrow, acuminate, entire or sparingly

ROSACEA

387

glaudular-dentate, glabrous on the outer and puberulous on the inner surface; sta-
mens 16-20; anthers light yellow; styles usually 2 or 3. Fruit ripening in Septem-
ber and October, on long slender pedicels, in few-fruited drooping clusters, globose
or subglobose, bright red or scarlet, f in diameter; flesh thin and mealy; calyx en-
larged, with spreading or erect persistent lobes ; nutlets 2 or 3, rounded and ridged
on the back, with a high narrow ridge, ^'-y^' long.

A tree, sometimes 20° high, with a trunk 8'-9' in diameter, spreading branches
forming a broad flat-topped head, and slender nearly straight branchlets, villose at
first, becoming glabrous, pale reddish brown, and ultimately ashy gray, and some-
times armed with slender straight spines I'-l^' long.

Distribution. Low open Oak and Hickory woods near Opelousas, Louisiana.

22. Crataegus Mohri, BeadL

Leaves obovate or rhomboidal, acute or acuminate, gradually narrowed and cu-
neate at the entire base, coarsely and occasionally doubly serrate above, with straight
or incurved teeth, when they unfold glabrous and slightly villose along the midribs

and the lower side of the principal veins, nearly fully grown when the flowers open
early in May, and at maturity thin and firm or subeoriaceous, dark green, and very
lustrous above, pale below, I'-l^' long, |'-1' wide, usually with 4 pairs of thin pri-
mary veins, stout midribs sometimes puberulous on the under side and bright red in
the autumn; their petioles more or less winged above, frequently red at maturity;
on vigorous leading shoots sometimes 3' long and 2' wide, and mostly broadly oval
and rounded at the apex, or ovate and acute, coarsely doubly serrate and frequently
divided toward the apex into short broad acute lobes, with broadly winged petioles
occasionally glandular, with minute dark glands. Flowers cup-shaped, about f
in diameter, on slender elongated pedicels, in loose thin-branched many-flowered
compound glabrous or villose corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous or
occasionally pilose below, the lobes linear-lanceolate, entire or finely glandular-ser-
rate; stamens 20; anthers small, light yellow; styles 3-5, surrounded at the base
by a narrow ring of pale hairs. Fruit ripening about the middle of October,
gracefully drooping on elongated thin bright red pedicels, in many-fruited clusters,
subglobose to short-oblong, somewhat flattened at the apex, full and rounded at the

388 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

base, bright orange-red, about ^' in diameter; calyx prominent, with a short tube and
usually erect lobes often deciduous before the fruit ripens; flesh thin, yellow, dry
and mealy; nutlets usually 3, prominently grooved and ridged on the back, about V
long.

A tree, from 20°-30° high, with a tall straight stem 6'-8' in diameter, covered
with thin ashy gray or light red-brown bark, sometimes armed with long slender or
branched spines, spreading slightly pendulous branches forming a rather open broad
symmetrical head, and branchlets furnished with thin nearly straight bright chestnut-
brown shining spines I'-l^' long.

Distribution. Western Georgia to central Alabama and Mississippi, and north-
ward to middle Tennessee; abundant and of its largest size in the low flat woods of
central Alabama, and ascending into the poorer and drier soils of the neighboring
hillsides and low mountain slopes.

II. PUNCTATiE.

Fruit usually short-oblong-.

Anthers rose color or yellow ; stamens 20 ; leaves obovate, rounded or acute at the apex,

often acutely lobed above the middle, especially on vig-orous shoots ; fruit on stout

pedicels, short-oblong, flattened at the ends, marked by large pale dots, dull red or

bright yellow. 23. C. punctata (A).

Anthers rose color ; stamens 10-20 ; leaves oblong-obovate or oval, rounded or acute at

the apex ; fruit on elongated slender pedicels, short-oblong to slightly obovate, dull

brick-red, marked by large pale dots. 24. C. pausiaca (A),

Fruit usually globose or subglobose.

Stamens 20.

Anthers pale yellow.

Leaves obovate to oval or rarely rhomboidal, acutu ; fruit globose, or sometimes

broader than high, dull red, marked by small pale dots. 25. C. collina (A, C).

Leaves obovate, oval, or ovate, acute or acuminate, incisely lobed ; fruit globose,

dull red. 26. C. amnicola (C).

Leaves broadly oval to ovate, rounded or acute at the apex, occasionally rounded at

the base, subcoriaceous ; fruit subglobose to short-oblong, dull orange-red, marked

by large pale dots. 27. C. f astosa (C).

Anthers rose color.

Leaves obovate to rhomboidal, acute or rarely rounded at the apex ; corymbs thickly

covered with matted hairs ; fruit subglobose, flattened and puberulous at the ends,

dull red. 28. C. verruculosa (C).

Leaves obovate to rhomboidal, acute or rounded at the apex ; corymbs slightly villose ;

fruit globose, dark dull red. 29. C. sordida (C).

Leaves oval to obovate, acute or acuminate ; fruit subglobose, often rather longer

than broad, bright canary-yellow. 30. C.Brazoria (C).

Leaves obovate, acute, acuminate, or rounded at the apex ; corymbs densely villose,

fruit subglobose, dark dull red. 31. C. Dallasiana (C).

Stamens 10.

Anthers pale yellow ; leaves obovate, acute or acuminate or rounded and short-pointed
at the apex ; fruit subglobose, pubescent at the ends, dull orange-red.

32. C. Lettermani (A).

Anthers rose color ; leaves oblong-obovate, acute or rounded at the apex ; fruit globose,

bright scarlet, slightly pruinose. 33. C. pratensis (A).

ROSACEA

389

23. Crataegus punctata, Jacq.

Leaves obovate, pointed or rounded at the apex, gradually narrowed to the
cuneate entire base, sharply and often doubly serrate above the middle, with minute
teeth, and sometimes, especially on vigorous shoots, more or less incisely lobed; when
they unfold thickly covered below with pale hairs and pilose above, about half grown

when the flowers open from the middle of May until early in June and then pilose
on the midribs and veins below and nearly glabrous above, and at maturity thick and
firm, pale gray-green and glabrous on the upper surface, more or less villose on the
lower surface, 2'-3' long, f '-1^' wide, and on vigorous shoots sometimes 3'-4' long,
and l^'-2' wide, with broad prominent midribs and primary veins deeply impressed
on the upper surface, turning bright orange or orange and scarlet in the autumn;
their petioles stout, wing-margined above, at first villose or tomentose, becoming
pubescent or glabrous, ^'-^' long. Flo"wers ^'-f in diameter, in broad tomentose or
villose compound many-flowered corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, villose or
tomentose, the lobes narrow, acute, nearly entire or minutely glandular-serrate,
villose on the inner surface; stamens 20; anthers rose color or yellow; styles 5,
surrounded at the base by conspicuous tufts of white hairs. Fruit ripening and
falling in October, on stout pedicels, in many-fruited drooping clusters, short-oblong
or subglobose, dull red or sometimes bright yellow and usually agreeing with the
anthers in color, marked by numerous small white dots, ^'-V long; flesh thin and
dry; nutlets 5, rounded and prominently ridged on the back, about y long.

A tree, 20°-30° high, with a trunk occasionally a foot in diameter, stout branches
spreading nearly at right angles and forming a round or flat-topped head, or some-
times ascending and forming a narrow open irregular head, and branchlets coated at
first with pale deciduous pubescence, becoming light orange-brown or ashy gray,
and armed with slender straight light orange-brown or gray spines 2'-3' long.

Distribution. Rich hillsides; valley of the Chateaugay River, Quebec, to the
valley of the Detroit River, Ontario, southward through western New England, and
along the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia, ascending in North Carolina
and Tennessee to nearly 6000° above the sea, westward through New York and Ohio
to southern Michigan and Illinois. A form, var. canescens, Britt., densely hoary-
tomentose on the under surface of the leaves, petioles, and corymbs, occurs in Bucks
County, Pennsylvania.

390 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

24. Crataegus pausiaca, Ashe.

Leaves oblong-obovate to oval, rounded or acute at the apex, gradually narrowed
from near the middle to the concave-cuneate entire base, and finely doubly serrate
.above, with straight glandular teeth, more than half grown when the flowers open
from the 20th to the end of May and then membranaceous, dark yellow-green,
and slightly villose above and along the under side of the midribs and veins, and at
maturity glabrous, dark yellow-green above, paler below, 2'-2^' long, li'-l^' wide,
with slender yellow midribs and 5 or 6 pairs of primary veins extending very
obliquely to the end of the leaf; their petioles slender, wing-margined above the
middle, villose only early in the season, f'-l' long; on vigorous shoots elliptical to
rhomboidal, long-pointed, slightly or deeply divided into broad lateral lobes, very
coarsely serrate, often 3^-4' long and 2'-21' wide, with foliaceous lunate glandular-
serrate stipules often ^' long and rather longer than the stout petioles. Flowers ^'

in diameter, on long slender hairy pedicels, in broad many-flowered thin-branched
villose corymbs, the linear bracts and bractlets mostly deciduous before the flowers
open; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, villose below, with closely appressed white hairs,
glabrous above, the lobes abruptly narrowed from the base, slender, acuminate, tipped
with minute dark glands, entire or occasionally obscurely toothed above the middle,
glabrous on the outer, villose on the inner surface; stamens 10-15, rarely 20; anthers
dark rose color; styles 2 or 3, surrounded at the base by a broad ring of pale tomentum.
Fruit ripening about the middle of October, in drooping many-fruited clusters, on
elongated slender slightly hairy pedicels, oblong to slightly obovate, full and rounded
at the ends, dull brick-red, marked by large pale dots, ■^Y~^g' ^^^S> about f wide ;
calyx small, with spreading appressed lobes mostly deciduous from the ripe fruit;
flesh thin, hard, slightly juicy, green or greenish yellow; nutlets 3 or 4, thin, acute
or obtuse at the ends, very prominently ridged on the back, with a high broad deeply
grooved ridge, about ^ long.

A tree, 20°-25° high, with a tall straight trunk often a foot in diameter, covered
with dark brown scaly bark, stout wide-spreading branches forming a broad symmet-
rical round or flat-topped head, slender straight branchlets light orange-green and
sparingly villose at first, becoming light orange-brown during their first season, light
or dark gray-brown the following year, and armed with numerous stout slender

ROSACEA

391

straight orange-brown shining spines l^'-2' long, long persistent on the branches
and trunk, finally ashy gray, and becoming sometimes a foot long, with long slender
lateral spines.

Distribution. Dry limestone hills and !bw moist bottom-lands, Bucks and Dela-
ware counties, eastern Pennsylvania.

25. CrataBgus collina, Chapm.

Leaves obovate to oval or occasionally to rhomboidal, acute, gradually narrowed
or broadly cuneate at the entire base, and irregularly and often doubly serrate above^
with glandular incurved or straight teeth, when they unfold bright red and covered
with soft pale hairs most abundant along the under side of the midribs and principal
veins, less than one third grown when the flowers open at the end of April, and at
maturity subcoriaceous, yellow-green on the upper surface, paler on the lower sur-
face, glabrous with the exception of a few hairs on the under side of the stout yellow
midribs and 4 or 5 pairs of slender primary veins, 1^-2' long, I'-l^' wide; their
petioles slender, villose, soon glabrous, more or less winged toward the apex, ^'-l'
long; on vigorous shoots frequently divided into short broad acute lateral lobes,
more coarsely dentate and often 3' long and 2\' wide, with stout broadly winged
petioles generally light red like the lower side of the base of the midribs. Flowers
I' in diameter, on long stout pedicels, in broad many-flowered villose corymbs; calyx-
tube broadly obconic, villose particularly toward the base, the lobes gradually nar-
rowed from broad bases, acuminate, usually glabrous on the outer surface, villose

on the inner surface, finely glandular-serrate, with dark glands, bright red toward
the apex; stamens usually 20; anthers large, pale yellow; styles 5. Fruit ripening
in September, on stout elongated pedicels, in few-fruited erect or drooping puberulous
clusters, globose but sometimes rather broader than long, dull red, marked by small
pale dots, \'-\' in diameter; calyx enlarged, prominent, the lobes closely appressed,
glandular-serrate, mostly persistent; flesh yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 5, broad
and rounded at the ends, ridged and often grooved on the back, about \' long.

A tree, usually 15°-20° but occasionally 25° high, with a tall straight stem often
buttressed at the base, frequently armed with numerous large much-branched spines
sometimes 6'-8' long, stout wide-spreading branches forming a handsome flat-topped

392

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

symmetrical head, and branclilets tinged with red and villose, with long matted silky
white hairs, when they first appear, soon puberulous, and furnished with stout lustrous
spines 2'-3' long.

Distribution. Hillsides in rich soil iTi the foothill region of the southern Appa-
lachian Mountains from soutiiwestern Virginia to central (ieorgia and Avestward to
middle Tennessee and central Alabama, ascending to elevations of 2500° above the
sea.

26. Cratcegus amnicola, Beadl.

Leaves obovate, oval or ovate, acute or acuminate at the apex, gradually narrowed
and concave-cuneate at the entire base, coarsely sometimes doubly serrate above,

with straight or incurved glandular teeth, and incisely lobed above the middle, with
short acute or acuminate lobes, when they unfold deeply tinged with red and covered
with short pale mostly caducous hairs, about half grown and sparingly villose on the
midribs and veins when the flowers open late in April or early in May, and at
maturity subcoriaceous, bright green, glabrous, l^'-l^ long, X'-l\' wide, and on
vigorous shoots sometimes 2' long and 1^' wide, turning in the autumn yellow, orange,
red, and brown ; their petioles slender, broadly wing-margined at the apex, spar-
ingly villose at first, becoming glabrous, sometimes slightly glandular, \'-^' long.
Flo"wers about f in diameter, on elongated slender slightly villose pedicels, in
narrow compound many-flowered villose corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic,
glabrous or with a few scattered hairs at the base, the lobes narrow, acuminate,
glandular-serrate, glabrous; stamens 20; anthers nearly white; styles 3-5. Fruit
on slender elongated glabrous pedicels, in drooping few-fruited clusters, subglobose,
dull red, about ^' in diameter; calyx enlarged, with elongated coarsely serrate re-
flexed conspicuous lobes; flesh yellow, thin, and firm; nutlets 3-5, rounded or slightly
grooved on the back, nearly ^ long.

A tree, occasionally 25° high, with a trunk 8'-12' in diameter, spreading or ascend-
ing branches forming a large wide head, and branchlets villose at first, with long
matted white hairs, soon glabrous, becoming orange-brown and ultimately ashy gray,
and unarmed, or armed with stout spines l^'-2' long.

Distribution. Low moist woods and the borders of streams, southeastern Ten-
nessee, northwestern Georgia, and northeastern Alabama; common.

ROSACEiE 393

27. Crataegus fastosa, Sarg.

Leaves broadly oval to ovate, rounded or acute at the apex, concave-cuneate or
rounded at the entire base, coarsely doubly serrate above, with straight glandular
teeth, and rarely on vigorous shoots slightly lobed, with broad acute lobes, when they
unfold covered above with long pale hairs and provided below with large tufts of
snow-white toraentum in the axils of the primary veins, when the flowers open from
the 20th to the 2oth of April dark yellow-green and nearly glabrous on the upper
surface and still tomentose in the axils of the veins below, and at maturity subcori-
aceous, glabrous, yellow-green and lustrous above, pale yellow-green below, l|'-2'
long, l'-2' wide, with prominent light yellow midribs deeply impressed on the upper
side, and usually 3-5 pairs of primary veins; their petioles slender, slightly wing-
margined toward the apex, at first densely villose, becoming puberulous, ^'-f' long. ,
Flowers about |' in diameter, on slender pedicels, in compact many-flowered
glabrous corymbs, with large conspicuous oblong-obovate and acute to lanceolate

r'^.(3?2

coarsely glandular-serrate bracts and bractlets usually persistent until after the
petals fall; calyx broadly obconic, the lobes abruptly narrowed at the base, slender,
acuminate, coarsely glandular-serrate, glabrous on the outer, villose on the inner
surface; stamens 20; anthers pale yellow; styles 5, surrounded at the base by a
broad ring of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening from the middle to the end of Octo-
ber, on thin reddish pedicels, in few-fruited drooping clusters, subglobose to short-
oblong, dull orange-red, marked by large pale dots, |' in diameter; calyx enlarged,
with spreading serrate lobes villose on the upper side, mostly deciduous from the
ripe fruit; flesh thin, yellow-green, dry and mealy; nutlets 3-5, thin, narrowed at
the ends, obscurely ridged on the back, with a broad low often grooved ridge, about

tV long.

A tree, 18°-20° high, with a short trunk 8'-12' in diameter, covered with dark
brown or nearly black scaly bark, small ascending branches forming an irregular
open head, and slender nearly straight branchlets, dark orange-green tinged with red
when they first appear, becoming before autumn bright reddish brown and very
lustrous, and dull reddish brown the following year, and armed with numerous stout
nearly straight bright chestnut-brown shining spines 1^' to 2' long.

Distribution. Low woods near Fulton, Arkansas, in the valley of the Red River;
not common.

394

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

28. Crataegus verruculosa, Sarg., n. sp.

Leaves obovate to rlioinboidal, acute or rarely rounded at the apex, cuneate and
entire at the base, and sharply often doubly serrate above, with straight or incurved
glandular teeth, when they unfold dark red, covered above by short pale hairs and

below by long matted white hairs most abundant on the midribs and veins, about
half grown when the flowers open from the 1st to the 10th of May and then thin,
dark yellow-green, and scabrate on the upper surface and paler and pubescent on
the lower surface, and at maturity subcoriaceous, dark green, lustrous, and nearly
smooth above, pale and still pubescent below on the stout midribs and conspic-
uous primary veins extending very obliquely toward the end of the leaf, 1^-2'
long, I'-lj wide; their petioles stout, wing-margined at the apex, at first villose,
becoming pubescent or puberulous, \'-^ long; on vigorous shoots often broadly
ovate to oval, sharply doubly serrate, with straight teeth, sometimes slightly
lobed above the middle, with short acute lobes, and frequently 3' long and 2'
wide. Flo"wers |' in diameter, on long slender villose pedicels, in broad lax com-
pound 6-12 usually 9-flowered villose corymbs, with reddish purple minutely gland-
ular caducous bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube broadly obconic, thickly covered
with matted pale hairs, the lobes gradually narrowed from broad bases, slender,
acute, tinged with red at the apex, sparingly glandular-serrate, pubescent; stamens
20; anthers pale rose color; styles 3-5 surrounded at the base by a broad ring of
long pale hairs. Fruit ripening the 1st of October, on stout pubescent pedicels, in
drooping few-fruited clusters, subglobose, somewhat flattened and pubescent at the
ends, dark red; calyx prominent, with more or less deciduous lobes; nutlets 3-5,
narrowed and acute at the ends, rounded and very irregularly ridged and sometimes
obscurely grooved on the back, about \' long.

A tree, 20°-25° high, with a tall trunk 10'-12' in diameter, thick spreading
branches forming a broad compact round-topped symmetrical head, and stout nearly
straight branchlets thickly covered with matted pale hairs when they first appear, be-
coming reddish or orange-brown, nearly glabrous and roughened by minute tubercles
at the end of their first season, gray-brown the following year, and armed with numer-
ous straight stout or slender dark chestnut-brown very lustrous spines |'-1' long.

Distribution. Springfield, Missouri; not rare.

ROSACEA

395

29. Crataegus sordida, Sarg.

Leaves rhomboidal, acute, or occasionally obovate and very rarely rounded at the
apex, cuneate and entire below, serrate above, with narrow straight or incurved
glandular teeth, and occasionally irregularly divided above the middle into short
acute lobes, about half grown when the flowers open the first week of May and
then membranaceous, bright green, lustrous and glabrous with the exception of a
few short caducous hairs on the upper surface, particularly along the midribs
and principal veins, and at maturity subcoriaceous, dark green and lustrous above,
paler below, generally about 1^' long and 1^' wide ; their petioles stout, slightly
winged toward the apex, at first villose, soon glabrous, about ^' long, often
bright red in the autumn; on vigorous shoots sometimes oblong or oval, coarsely
dentate, usually divided above the middle into short acute lobes, 3'-4' long, 2'-2y
wide, and decurrent on the stout glandular petioles. Flo-wers I'-l^' in diameter,
on slender pedicels, in few-flowered compact slightly villose corymbs; calyx-tube
narrowly obconic, the lobes narrow, acuminate, villose on the inner surface; petals

dull sordid white ; stamens 20; anthers small, rose color; styles 2 or 3, sur-
rounded at the base by a narrow ring of pale hairs. Fruit ripening and falling the
middle of September, on short pedicels, in few-fruited drooping clusters, globose,
^'~^' in diameter, dark dull red; calyx prominent, with elongated coarsely serrate
appressed or incurved lobes; flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 2 or 3,
broad, rounded and ridged on the back, with a low rounded ridge, ^' long,

A slender tree, 20°-25° high, with a tall trunk S'-G*" in diameter, often armed
with long-branched spines, small ascending branches forming a narrow oval head,
and slender nearly straight branchlets, at first dark orange-green and villose, with
long scattered pale hairs sometimes persistent until autumn, and furnished with
numerous thin nearly straight bright chestnut-brown shining spines 1-2-^' long, or
often unarmed.

Distribution. Low woods and the gravelly banks of streams; Ripley County,
southeastern Missouri.

30. Crataegus Brazoria, Sarg.

Leaves oval to obovate, acute or acuminate, gradually narrowed, cuneate and
entire at the base, and coarsely and irregularly glandular-serrate above, with straight

396

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

spreading teeth, when they unfold coated with hoary tomentum and often bright red,
nearly fully grown and covered with short soft pale hairs most abundant on the under
side of the thin midribs and 3 or 4 pairs of primary veins when the flowers open

from the middle to the end of March, and at maturity thin and firm in texture, gla-
brous, dark green and lustrous above, paler below, 2'-2y long and l^'-l^' wide;
their petioles slender, more or less winged toward the apex, at first tomentose, be-
coming glabrous or pnberulous, ^'-f long; on vigorous shoots broadly ovate or oblong,
full and rounded or broadly cuneate at the base, very coarsely dentate, 5' long and
2^' wide. Flowers |' in diameter, on slender elongated pedicels, in broad slightly
villose 7 or 8-flowered corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, coated with long
matted pale hairs, the lobes narrow, acuminate, obscurely glandular-serrate or
nearly entire, villose on both surfaces; stamens 20; anthers small, dark red; styles 5,
surrounded at the base by a thin ring of hoary tomentum. Fruit ripening after the
1st of October, in spreading or drooping few-fruited clusters, subglobose and often
rather longer than broad, bright canary-yellow, marked by occasional dark dots,
\'-^' long; calyx prominent, the lobes usually deciduous before the fruit ripens; flesh
thin, light yellow, rather dry but sweet and edible, nutlets 5, rounded and grooved
on the back, ^' long.

A tree, 20°-2o° high, with a tall straight trunk 8'-10' in diameter, numerous
ascending branches forming a handsome symmetrical round-topped head, and
. branchlets covered when they first appear with matted pale hairs, soon glabrous,
and unarmed or occasionally armed with long thin gray spines.

Distribution. Low rich woods near the banks of the Brazos Kiver, Brazoria,
Texas.

31. Crataegus Dallasiana, Sarg.

Leaves oblong, acute, acuminate or rounded at the apex, gradually narrowed to
the concave-cuneate entire base, coarsely doubly serrate above, with straight glandu-
lar teeth, and usually slightly lobed above the middle, coated below with thick hoary
tomentum and villose above as they unfold, nearly fully grown and villose or tomen-
tose below when the flowers open early in April, and at maturity thin but firm in
texture, dark yellow-green, glabrous and lustrous on the upper surface, pale and
pubescent on the lower surface along the slender midribs and 3 or 4 pairs of thin

ROSACEiE

397

arching veins, l|'-2y long and 1|^'-1^' wide; their petioles slender, wing-raargined
toward the apex, hoary-tomentose early in the season, becoming glabrous, about ^'
long. Flowers about |' in diameter, on long slender hairy pedicels, in many-flow-
ered densely villose compound corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, densely coated
with long matted pale hairs, the lobes slender, acuminate, tipped with minute red
glands, sparingly and irregularly glandular-serrate, villose; stamens 20; anthers
light rose color; styles 5. Fruit ripening at midsummer, on stout erect slightly
hairy pedicels, in few-fruited clusters, subglobose, dull dark red, f'-^' in diameter;

calyx prominent, with spreading lobes bright red on the upper side at the base;
nutlets 5, acute at the narrowed ends, thin, rounded and grooved, with a broad shal-
low groove, or irregularly ridged on the back, ^-y%' long,

A tree, 20°-25° high, with a tall trunk 4'-6' in diameter, covered with pale bark,
slightly erect branches forming an open irregular head, and slender somewhat zig-
zag branchlets thickly coated at first with hoary tomentum, reddish brown and
lustrous before autumn, ultimately ashy gray, and armed with straight slender gray
spines l^'-l^' long.

Distribution. Forest-covered bottom-lands of the small tributaries of the Trinity
River, Dallas County, Texas; not common.

32. Crataegus Lettermani, Sarg.

Leaves obovate, acute or acuminate or rounded and short-pointed at the apex,
gradually narrowed from near the middle and cuneate at the mostly entire base,
coarsely and often doubly serrate above, with straight or incurved glandular teeth,
frequently slightly and irregularly divided above the middle into 3 or 4 pairs of short
acute lobes, strongly plicate when they unfold and covered with a thick coat of pale
tomentum, nearly half grown, roughened above by short pale hairs and pubescent
below when the flowers open early in May, and at maturity thick and firm in tex-
ture, bright yellow-green and scabrous above, pale and pubescent below along the
stout midribs and 4 or 5 pairs of primary veins, and about 2' long and 1\' wide; their
petioles stout, more or less winged above the middle, at first tomentose, becoming
pubescent or nearly glabrous, usually about |' long; on vigorous shoots broadly oval,
acute or acuminate, more coarsely serrate, 2^'-3' long, 2'-2^' wide, with broad lunate

398

TREES OF NOKTH AMEKICA

coarsely glandular-serrate stipules frequently ^' in length. Flovirers about |' in
diameter, in compact many-tiowered thick-branched tomentose coi'ynibs; calyx-tube
narrowly obconic and tomentose, the lobes narrow, acuminate, finely glandular-ser-
rate, villose; stamens 10; anthers small, pale yellow; styles 5, surrounded at the
base by a broad ring of hoary tomentum. Fruit ripeinng early in October, on

stout pubescent pedicels, in few-fruited spreading or drooping clusters, subglobose
or occasionally slightly obovate, full and rounded and puberulous at the ends,
dull orange-red, marked by large pale dots, about ^' in diameter; calyx broad, the
lobes enlarged, coarsely glandular-serrate, reflexed, often deciduous before the fruit
ripens; flesh thin, dry and mealy; nutlets 5, prominently ridged on the back, with
a high rounded ridge, dark brown, ^' long.

A tree, 18°-20° high, with a trunk 6'-8' in diameter, with thin dark brown or
nearly black bark separating freely into small plate-like scales, and often armed with
thin much-branched spines frequently T-S' long, small erect branches forming a
wide open head, and branchlets coated when they first appear with hoary tomentum,
dull red-brown, villose or pubescent during their first season, and furnished with stout
straight bright red-brown shining spines l^'-2' long.

Distribution. Low rich soil inundated during several weeks in winter, among
Oaks and Hickories; near Allenton, Missouri.

33. Crataegus pratensis, Sarg.

Leaves oblong-obovate, acute or rounded at the apex, gradually narrowed below
from near the middle to the cuneate and entire base, sharply and often doubly ser-
rate usually only above the middle, with straight or incurved teeth tipped early in the
season with minute dark red caducous glands, and often more or less deeply divided
toward the apex into short broad acute lobes, when they unfold bright bronze-yellow
or dark red, and covered with short pale hairs, almost smooth and nearly fully grown
when the flowers open at the end of May, and at maturity glabrous, thick and firm,
dark green and lustrous above, pale below, 1^-2' long, V-1^' wide, with thin midribs
and 4 or 5 pairs of primary veins extending obliquely toward the end of the leaf and
raised and prominent below; their petioles slender, glabrous, more or less winged
toward the apex, usually about ^ long; on vigorous shoots often oval or broadly ovate,
frequently 3' long and 21' wide, with foliaceous lunate stalked coarsely glandular-

ROSACEA

399

dentate stipules often V in length. Flo"wers y in diameter, on slender elongated
pedicels, in broad loose many-flowered compound corymbs pubescent or puberulous
at first but soon glabrous ; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, coated toward the base with
long matted pale hairs, the lobes narrow, acuminata, coarsely glandular-serrate, gla-
brous on the outer surface, villose on the inner surface; stamens 10; anthers small,
rose color; styles 2 or 3, surrounded at the base by a narrow ring of pale tomentum.
Fruit ripening early in October and remaining on the branches until November,
on elongated pedicels, in loose drooping many-fruited clusters, globose, bright scarlet,
slightly pruinose, marked by occasional large pale dots, about ^' in diameter; calyx
prominent, with much enlarged coarsely glandular-serrate lobes, often deciduous be-
fore the fruit becomes entirely ripe; flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 2 or

3, thick and broad, rounded and conspicuously ridged on the back, with a prominent
grooved ridge, about ^' long.

A tree, occasionally 20° high, with a tall trunk 3'-7' in diameter, often armed with
long slender much-branched ashy gray spines, spreading branches forming a round-
topped symmetrical head, and branchlets occasionally slightly villose when they first
appear, soon glabrous, and furnished with numerous thin straight or slightly curved
shining chestnut-brown spines 2'-2^' long.

Distribution. Open woods near the banks of small streams in the prairie region
of Stark and Peoria counties, Illinois.

III. ^STIVALES.

34. Crataegus eestivalis, T. & G. May Haw. Apple Haw.

Leaves elliptical to oblong-cuneiform, acute or rounded at the apex, gradually
narrowed and entire below, irregularly sinuate-toothed or angled above the middle,
or crenately serrate, with minute gland-tipped teeth, when they unfold covered above
with deciduous pale hairs and coated below with dense hoary tomentum rufous on
the midribs and veins, and at maturity subcoriaceous, dark green, lustrous, glabrous
or sometimes scabrate above and clothed below, especially along the broad midribs
and primary veins, with thick rusty pubescence, 1^-2' long and ^'-1' wide; their
petioles at first rusty-tomentose, becoming pubescent, \'-l' long; on vigorous shoots

400 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

sometimes unequally 3-lobed by deep narrow lateral sinuses. FloTvers appearing
with the unfolding of the leaves in February and early Mareli, 1' in diameter, on
long slender pedicels, in 2-5-tlowered simple glabrous corymbs; calyx-tube broadly
obconic to subglobose, glabrous, the lobes nearly triangular, entire or minutely
glandular-serrate, often flushed with red toward the apex. Fruit ripening in May,

on slender pedicels, in 1-3-fruited clusters, depressed-globose, very fragrant, bright
red, dotted with pale spots, ^'-f in diameter; calyx prominent, with enlarged in-
curved mostly persistent lobes; flesh thick, juicy, subacid; nutlets 3-5, rounded at
the ends, prominently ridged, with a high narrow or rounded and slightly grooved
ridge, 1' long.

A tree, 20°-30° high, v^dth a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, sometimes tall and
straight or divided close to the surface of the ground into several large upright
stems forming a round compact bushy head, and branchlets covered at first with
rufous or occasionally pale hairs, becoming at the end of their first season glabrous,
lustrous, bright red or sometimes light brown, and often unarmed or armed with
stout straight shining spines I'-l^ long. The fruit is gathered in large quantities and
is made into preserves and jellies.

Distribution. Moist sandy soil near the margins of streams and Pine-barren
ponds, often submerged during several weeks in winter; northern Florida and through
the Gulf states to southern Arkansas and the valley of the Sabine River, Texas;
comparatively rare in the Atlantic states; most common and of its largest size in
western Louisiana and eastern Texas.

IV. VIRIDES.

Stamens 20.

Anthers pale yellow {color not known in 4^).
Fruit not exceeding ^ in diameter.

Leaves ovate to oblong'-obovate, acute or acuminate, or sometimes rounded at the

apex ; fruit depressed-globo^se, bright scarlet or orange. 35. C. viridis (A, C).

Leaves ovate, acute, often broadly cuneate at the base ; fruit subglobose. orange-red.

36. C. ovata (A).

Leaves oval or ovate, acute, rounded or broadly cuneate at the base ; fruit globose,

yellow-green flushed with red. 37. C. vulsa (C).

ROSACEA

401

Leaves oblong'-ovate to semiorbicular, acute, often sliort-pointed or rarely rounded
at the apex, subcoriaeeous ; fruit short-oblong to obovate or globose, dull orange
color. 38. C. glabriuscula (C)

Leaves oval to rhomboidal, acute or acuminate ; fruit subglobose to short-oblong
bright orange-red. 39. C. blanda (C).

Fruit i'-f ' in diameter.

Leaves lanceolate to oblong-obovate, acuminate ; fruit short-oblong, dull brick red
covered with a glaucous bloom. 40. C. nitida (A).

Leaves obovate to oval or rhomboidal, acute or rarely rounded at the apex ; fruit
subglobose to short-oblong, dark crimson. 41. C. mitis (A).

Leaves ovate, acute, usually broad and rounded at the base ; fruit subglobose to short-
oblong, dark red. ^ 42. C. atrorubens (A).
Anthers purple or rose color.

Leaves obovate, oval or ovate, acute ; fruit globose to subglobose, red ; anthers bright
purple. 43. C. ingens (C).

Leaves broadly obovate, oval or ovate, acute or acuminate ; fruit globose or depressed-
globose ; anthers pale rose color. 44. C. penita (C.)
Stamens usually 10, occasionally 12-20 ; anthers bright red ; leaves oblong-obovate to
oval, usually acute or acuminate j f ryit subglobose to short-oblong, bright orange-red.

45. C. micracantha (C).

*Stamens 20.

-^Anthers pale yellow.

35. Crataegus viridis, L.

Leaves ovate to oblong-obovate, acute or acuminate or sometimes rounded at the
apex, gradually narrowed to the cuneate wedge-shaped base, finely serrate above,
with incurved glandular teeth, and sometimes 3-lobed toward the apex, especially on
vigorous shoots, tinged with red and slightly hairy above when they unfold, nearly
fully grown when the flowers open, and at maturity membranaceous to subcoriaeeous,
dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, paler on the lower surface, with large

Nsfi~^

axillary tufts of pale hairs, l'-3' long, \'-'^\' wide, with thick midribs and conspicu-
ous primary veins ; often turning brilliant scarlet late in the autumn before falling;
their petioles slender, I'-l^ long. Flo"wers ^' in diameter, on long slender pedicels,
in many-flowered glabrous corymbs ; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous, the lobes

402

TKEES OF NORTH AMERICA

lanceolate, entire; stamens 20; anthers pale yellow; styles 2-5, usually 5, surrounded
at the base by conspicuous tufts of pale hairs. Fruit ripening in the autumn and
mostly persistent on the branches through the winter, on long slender pedicels, in
drooping many-fruited clusters, depressed-globose, bright scarlet or orange, \'-\' in
diameter; calyx little enlarged, the lobes often deciduous from the ripe fruit; flesh
thin and dry; nutlets usually 5, narrowed and rounded at the ends, rounded and
slightly grooved or ridged on the back, ^^g'-^' long.

A tree, 20°-35° high, with a straight often fluted trunk 8°-12° tall and 18'-20' in
diameter, covered with gray or pale orange-colored bark, spreading branches forming
a round rather compact head, and slender glabrous bi'anchlets ashy gray to light red-
brown in their first winter, and unarmed or occasionally armed with slender sharp
pale spines |'-1' long.

Distribution. Borders of streams and swamps in low moist soil; valley of the
Savannah River, South Carolina, to western Florida, through the Gulf states and
northward to the neighborhood of St. Louis, Missouri, and to the valley of the Colo-
rado River, Texas; rare in the east; abundant and of its largest size in western
Louisiana and eastern Texas, often forming great thickets.

36. Crataegus ovata, Sarg., n. sp.

Leaves ovate, acute, broadly or acutely concave-cuneate at the entire base,
coarsely often doubly serrate above, with glandular teeth, and occasionally slightly
divided into short lateral lobes, nearly fully grown when the flowers open early in
May and then dark green, very smooth and glabrous above with the exception of a

few short scattered hairs near the base of the midribs, paler below, with small per-
sistent axillary tufts of white hairs, and at maturity membranaceous, 2-21' long and
1^-2' wide, with slender yellow midribs and primary veins; their petioles slender,
slightly winged at the apex, rose-colored in the autumn, about f long; on vigorous
shoots rounded or truncate at the broad base, coarsely serrate and sonietimes 3' long and
broad. Flowers about 1' in diameter, on long slender pedicels, in broad loose many-
flowered glabrous compound corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous, the
lobes broad, acute, entire or coarsely glandular-serrate toward the apex, glabrous;
styles 5. Fruit ripening in October, on elongated pedicels, in long drooping clusters,

ROSACEA

403

subglobose or a little longer than broad, orange-red, \'--^^ long; calyx enlarged, with
elono-ated closely appressed lobes sometimes deciduous from the ripe fruit; flesh thin,
dry and mealy; nutlets 5, acute at the ends, rounded or slightly ridged on the back,
about y\' long.

A tree, 25°-30° high, with a tall trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, covered with
smooth gray bark, slender glabrous branchlets light reddish brown and lustrous dur-
ing their first year, becoming grayish brown in their second season, and unarmed or
armed with occasional dark purple slender slightly curved shining spines 1' long.

Distribution. Low moist soil on the banks of the River Desperes, St. Louis,
Missouri (John D. Kellogg, October 1901, May 1902).

37. Crataegus vulsa, Beadl.

Leaves oval or ovate, acute, full and rounded or broadly cuneate at the entire
base, irregularly and often doubly serrate above, with straight or incurved gland-
tipped teeth, and often divided into several short acute lateral lobes, when they unfold
dark bronze-red and pilose, with scattered caducous hairs, and with tufts of pale

h^.(322

often persistent hairs in the axils of the principal veins, nearly fully grown when the
flowers open late in April, and at maturity thin, bright green on the upper surface,
paler ou the lower surface, about 2' long and 1^' wide, with slender midribs and
4 or 5 pairs of thin pale yellow primary veins, turning in the autumn yellow or brown;
their petioles slender, somewhat villose at first, soon becoming glabrous, about ^'
long; on vigorous shoots broadly ovate, acute or acuminate, full and rounded or
occasionally truncate and broadly cuneate at the base, more coarsely dentate and
more deeply lobed, often 3' long and 2-^' wide, with stout winged glandular petioles
and narrow falcate acuminate glandular stipules. Flo"wers |' in diameter, on slen-
der pedicels, in compact compound 3-10-flowered glabrous corymbs, with linear acu-
minate glandular red bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous, the
lobes gradually narrowed from broad bases, acuminate, entire or occasionally ob-
scurely serrate toward the apex, glabrous; stamens 20; anthers pale yellow; styles
3-5, surrounded at the base by a thin ring of pale hairs. Fruit ripening at the end
of September or early in October, on slender pedicels, in few-fruited drooping clus-
ters, globose, yellow-green flushed with red, y in diameter, the calyx prominent, with

404

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

closely appressed lobes; flesh yellow-green, thin, dry and mealy; nutlets 3-5, thin,
rounded, sometimes slightly ridged and grooved on the back, about ^^' long.

A tree, occasionally 20"^ high, with a tall trunk 5'-0' in diameter, covered with thin
fissured bark separating into liglit gray scales tinged with brown, and often armed
with long compound spines, ascending or spreading branches forming an oval usually
compact symmetrical head, and slender nearly straight glabrous branchlets furnished
with thin nearly straight bright chestnut-brown shining spines I'-l^' long; sometimes
a shrub, with numerous stems.

Distribution. l\icli moist soil in the neighborhood of streams; northwestern
Georgia and northeastern Alabama.

38. Crataegus glabriuscula, Sarg.

Leaves oblong-ovate to semiorbieular, acute or often short-pointed or rarely
rounded at the apex, gradually narrowed from below the middle to the slender en-
tire base, coarsely and often doubly serrate usually only above the middle, with

broad straight gland-tipped teeth, and sometimes divided toward the apex into 2 or 3
short acute lobes, nearly fully grown when the flowers open the 1st of April, and
then membranaceous and slightly pilose above, with scattered hairs most abundant
along the base of the midribs, and at maturity subcoriaceous, hard and firm, dark
green and lustrous on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface, l^'-2' long, |'-1'
wide, with thin light yellow midribs and primary veins extending obliquely toward
the end of the leaf, conspicuous secondary veins and reticulate veinlets; their petioles
slender, wing-margined, |' long; on vigorous shoots often ovate, broadly cuneate at
the base, much more coarsely dentate and more frequently lobed, 2'-2^' long and
wide, their stipules foliaceous, lunate, coarsely glandular-serrate, sometimes 1' broad.
Flowers about 1' in diameter, on long slender glabrous pedicels, in few-flowered
rather compact glabrous corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous, the lobes
short, gradually narrowed from broad bases, entire, villose on the upper surface;
stamens 20; anthers nearly white; styles 5. Fruit ripening in September and often
persistent until late into the winter, on long slender pedicels, in compact many-
fruited drooping clusters, short-oblong to obovate or nearly globose, dull orange
color, marked by minute dark dots, about \' long; calyx enlarged, conspicuous, with
spreading or closely appressed lobes, dull red on the upper side at the base, often

KOSACE^

405

deciduous before the fruit ripens; flesh very thin, yellow, dry and hard; nutlets 5,
rounded and sometimes obscurely grooved on the back, about ^q' long.

A tree, 20°-25° high, with a tall straight trunk often a foot in diameter, covered
with thin dark brown scaly bark, long ascending branches forming a narrow head,
and slender nearly straight branchlets unarmed or armed with occasional slender
straight chestnut-brown lustrous spines |'-1' long.

Distribution. Bottom-lands of the Trinity River and its branches near Dallas,
Texas, in forests of Elms and Nettle-trees.

39. Crataegus blanda, Sarg.

Leaves oval to rhomboidal, acute or acuminate, and occasionally slightly lobed
toward the apex, broadly cuneate or concave-cuneate at the entire base, coarsely
crenately serrate above the middle, with gland-tipped teeth, coated with soft pale
hairs when they unfold, fully grown when the flowers open about the 1st of May,
and then membranaceous, dark green and lustrous above and glabrous below with
the exception of large axillary tufts of snow-white tomentum, and at maturity sub-
coriaceous, yellow-green and lustrous on the upper surface, paler on the lower sur-
face, 1^-2' long, I'-iy wide, with slender midribs and 2 or 3 pairs of thin primary
veins extending very obliquely toward the end of the leaf; their petioles slender,
slightly winged above, at first villose along the upper side, soon becoming gla-
brous, I'-l' long; on vigorous shoots often broadly ovate, full and rounded at the
base, more deeply lobed above the middle, 2'-2i' long and l|'-2' wide. Flowers
i' in diameter, on slender elongated pedicels, in broad many-flowered compound

glabrous corymbs, with linear entire bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube broadly ob-
conic, glabrous, the lobes gradually narrowed from broad bases, acuminate, entire or
obscurely dentate, glabrous; stamens 20; anthers canary-yellow; styles 5. Fruit
ripening about the middle of October, on slender pedicels, in many-fruited droop-
ing clusters, subglobose to short-oblong, bright orange-red, ^' in diameter ; calyx
prominent, with spreading lobes usually deciduous from the ripe fruit ; flesh thin,
yellow, dry and mealy ; nutlets 5, thin, narrowed at the ends, deeply grooved on
the back, ^' long.

An unarmed tree, 25°-30° high, with a tall trunk 10'-12' in diameter, covered
with dark brown or nearly black bark divided by shallow fissures and broken on the

406

TKEES OF NOllTH AMERICA

surface into small plate-like scales, stout ascending branches forming a broad irreg-
ular head, and nearly straight glabrous branchlets dark orange-green at first, be-
coming dull red-brown during their lirst season and darker brown the following
year.

Distribution. Dry uplands and low rolling hills near Fulton, Arkansas, in the
valley of the Red River.

40. Crataegus nitida, Sarg.

Leaves lanceolate to oblong-obovate, acuminate, abruptly or gradually narrowed
and cuneate at the entire base, coarsely serrate above, with straight or incurved
glandular teeth, and often more or less divided into 2 or 3 pairs of broad acute

lobes, when they unfold dark red and slightly villose along the upper side of the
midribs, with scattered caducous hairs, nearly fully grown when the flowers open
early in May, and at maturity thick and coriaceous, dark green, very lustrous on
the upper surface, pale and dull on the lower surface, 2 '-3' long, and I'-l^' wide,
with prominent midribs usually red on the lower side and few thin prominent pri-
mary veins generally extending to the points of the lobes, turning in the autumn rich
orange color through shades of bronze and orange-red; their petioles stout, gland-
ular, more or less winged above, villose while young on the upper side, soon becom-
ing glabrous, ^'-f long; on vigorous shoots more deeply lobed and frequently 5'
long and 21' wide, with lunate stipitate coarsely glandular stipules occasionally ^'
long. Flowers |' in diameter, on slender elongated pedicels, in broad compound
many-flowered glabrous corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous, the lobes
slender, elongated, acuminate, entire or sparingly glandular-serrate; stamens 15-
20; anthers pale yellow; styles 2-5. Fruit ripening at the end of October, on
slender elongated pedicels, in many-fruited drooping clusters, oblong, full and
rounded at the ends, pruinose, with a glaucous bloom, marked by small dark dots,
^'-|' long and about ^ thick; calyx only slightly enlarged, the lobes dark red at
the base on the upper side, usually erect, often deciduous before the fruit ripens;
flesh thick, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 2-5, rounded and ridged on the back,
with a broad low rounded ridge, light-colored, ^' long.

A tree, 30° high, with a tall straight trunk sometimes 18' in diameter, covered
with close dark bark broken into thick plate-like scales, stout spreading lower

ROSACEiE

407

branches and erect upper branches forming a broad often irregular head, and slender
glabrous branchlets bright orange-brown and lustrous during their first and second
seasons, becoming pale reddish brown in their third year, and ultimately ashy
gray, and unarmed or armed with occasional straight thin bright chestnut-brown
lustrous spines I'-l^' long.

Distribution. Bottoms of the Mississippi River, Illinois, opposite the city of St.
Louis; common.

41. CraEBtgus mitis, Sarg., n. sp.

Leaves obovate to oval or rhomboidal, acute or rarely rounded at the apex,
gradually narrowed and concave-cuneate at the entire base, and coarsely serrate
above, with straight glandular teeth, nearly fully grown when the flowers open during
the first week of May, and then light yellow-green above, paler below, and glabrous
with the exception of a few short hairs on the upper side of the midribs, and at
maturity subcoriaceous, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, pale yellow-
green on the lower surface, 1^-21' long, V-1^' wide, with prominent midribs and
slender primary veins; their petioles stout, wing-margined at the apex, occasionally
glandular, with minute glands, 1^-1^ long. Flo-wers ^'-|' in diameter, on long
slender pedicels, in compact compound 8-15-flowered glabrous corymbs, with red
glandular bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube narrowly obcouic, glabrous, the lobes
abruptly narrowed from broad bases, acuminate, finely glandular-serrate below the

F'^32^

middle, with minute stipitate red glands; stamens 20; anthers yellow; styles 2-4:,
usually 3. Fruit ripening the middle of October, on slender pedicels, in many-
fruited drooping clusters, subglobose to short-oblong, full and rounded at the ends,
dark crimson marked by occasional large dark dots, -j'-f' long, about ^' wide; calyx
only slightly enlarged, the lobes serrate, closely appressed, often deciduous from the
ripe fruit; flesh thick, pale orange color, and juicy ; nutlets usually 3, thick, full and
rounded at the ends, prominently ridged on the back, with a broad high rounded
deeply grooved ridge, about ^' long.

A tree, 2o°-30° high, with a tall trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, covered with
dark scaly bark, large spreading branches forming a broad round-topped head, and
glabrous branchlets dull light reddish brown during their first season, becoming

408

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

dark brown or ashy gray, aud armed with stout straight or slightly curved dull red-
brown or purplish spines usually about 1^' long.

Distribution. Low moist rich soil on the bottoms of the Mississippi River near
the village of Kahokia, Illinois, a few miles south of East St. Louis (John D. Kellogg,
October 1902, May 1903).

42. Crataegus atrorubens, Ashe.

Leaves ovate, acute, usually full and rounded or sometimes broadly cuneate or
truncate at the entire base, coarsely and usually doubly serrate above, and often

divided into 2 or 3 pairs of short acute lobes, about half grown when the flowers open
late in April or early in May and then slightly roughened above by short scattered
white hairs, and furnished below with conspicuous axillary tufts of pale toraentum,
and at maturity thin, glabrous, dark dull green and smooth on the upper surface,
light yellow-green on the lower surface, about 2' long and 1^' wide, or on leading
shoots frequently 3' long, and 2\' wide, with thin midribs and 4 or 5 pairs of slender
primary veins; their petioles slender, nearly terete, more or less densely villose at
first, soon becoming glabrous, I'-l^' long. Flo"wers about |' in diameter, on slender
elongated villose pedicels, in broad loose compound glabrous or villose corymbs;
calyx-tube narrowly obconic, coated throughout or only at the base with hoary to-
mentum, the lobes short, acute, finely glandular-serrate, villose particularly on the
inner surface; stamens 20; styles 4 or 5, surrounded at the base by a narrow ring of
pale tomentum. Fruit ripening and falling early in October, on slender pedicels, in
drooping few-fruited clusters, subglobose to short-oblong, full and rounded at the
ends, dark red; calyx somewhat enlarged, with spreading lobes usually deciduous
before the fruit ripens; nutlets 4 or 5, thin, rounded and sometimes obscurely grooved
on the back, about ^-^ long.

A tree, sometimes 30° high, with a tall trunk 12'-18' in diameter, covered with
dark red-brown scaly bark, thin erect and spreading branches forming a compact
rather narrow head, and slender glabrous branchlets marked by occasional dark
lenticels, dark green more or less tinged with red when they first appear, becoming
dark chestnut-brown and very lustrous and bright reddish brown in their second year,
and usually unarmed.

Distribution. Rich bottom-lands of the Mississippi River, East St. Louis, Illinois;
not common.

ROSACEA

409

—I — t- Anthers purple or rose color.

43. Crataegus iugens, Beadl.

Leaves obovate-oval or ovate, broadly or narrowly wedge-shaped at the entire
base, crenately serrate above, and often slightly lobed toward the acute apex, about
half grown when the flowers open at the end of April or early in May and then
roughened above by short rigid hairs and villose below along the midribs and remote
slender veins extending very obliquely to the points of the lobes, and at maturity
subcoriaceous, dark green and scabrate on the upper surface, paler and nearly gla-
brous on the lower surface, l^'-2' long, l^'-l^' wide, turning in the autumn yellow,
orange, red, or brown; their petioles stout, narrowly wing-margined to the middle,
pubescent while young, becoming glabrous, about |' long; on vigorous shoots more
deeply lobed and often 3'-3|' long, and 2' wide, with stout broad-winged petioles
sometimes 1^' in length. Flowers |^'— |' in diameter, on slender hairy pedicels, in
many-flowered compact hairy corymbs; calyx narrowly obconic, coated, especially
toward the base, with matted pale hairs, the lobes slender, elongated, acute, gland-
ular, with bright red glands, glabrous on the outer, sparingly villose on the inner
surface; stamens 20; anthers bright purple; styles 3-5. Fruit ripening in October,

T'Vc^ss

^Cii^-

on stout puberulous pedicels, in few-fruited drooping clusters, globose to subglobose,
red, about f in diameter; calyx little enlarged, with reflexed appressed nearly gla-
brous lobes; flesh firm; nutlets 3-5, rounded or slightly grooved and ridged on the
back, 1 long.

A tree, sometimes 25° high, with a trunk a foot in diameter, spreading branches
forming a wide round-topped head, and unarmed branchlets covered at first with
matted pale hairs, soon becoming glabrous.

Distribution. Moist woods and the low banks of streams; southeastern Tennes-
see and northwestern Georgia.

44. Crataegus penita, Beadl.

Leaves broadly obovate, oval, or ovate, acute or acuminate at the apex, broadly
or acutely concave-cuneate at the entire base, sharply often doubly serrate above,
with glandular mostly straight teeth, and often slightly lobed above the middle,

410

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

deeply tinged with red and covered with pale hairs when they unfold, nearly fully
grown when the flowers open about the 1st of May and then smooth above and
glabrous below with the exception of axillary tufts of pale hairs, and at maturity
subcoriaceous, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, paler on the lower

surface. If -2' long, I'-lf ' wide, with prominent midribs and slender primary veins,
turning orange, yellow, and brown in the autumn; their petioles slender, covered
while young like the upper side of the base of the midrib with pale deciduous hairs,
^'-|' long; on vigorous shoots often rounded or subcordate at the base, more or less
deeply lobed and 2l'-3' long and broad, with stout broadly winged glandular petioles.
Flo'wers about f in diameter, on elongated glabrous or sparingly hairy pedicels, in
compact few-flowered nearly glabrous corymbs; calyx broadly obconic, glabrous, the
lobes gradually narrowed from broad bases, slender, acuminate, entire, or fur-
nished with occasional minute glandular teeth, slightly villose on the inner surface;
stamens 20; anthers white faintly tinged with pink; styles 3-5. Fruit ripening in
October, on elongated slender pedicels, in few-fruited drooping clusters, globose or
depressed-globose, red, about \' in diameter, with firm flesh ; calyx enlarged, with
spreading or reflexed lobes, villose on the upper side; nutlets 3-5, narrowed and
acute at the ends, rounded and broadly grooved on the back, about ^' long.

A tree, 18°-20° high, with a short trunk sometimes 10' in diameter, stout ascend-
ing or spreading branches forming a wide head, unarmed branchlets puberulous while
young, soon glabrous, and becoming light reddish brown.

Distribution. Low moist woods and the banks of streams; southeastern Ten-
nessee.

** Stamens usually 10; anthers bright red.

45. Crataegus micracantha, Sarg.

Leaves oblong-obovate to oval, acute, acuminate, or rarely rounded at the apex,
gradually or abruptly narrowed from above or below the middle to the cuneate en-
tire base, coarsely crenulate-serrate and occasionally 3-lobed above, with short broad
acute lateral lobes, when they unfold villose on the upper and hoary-tomentose on the
lower surface, more than half grown when the flowers open about the middle of May
and then membranaceous and slightly villose above, with short scattered pale hairs,
and at maturity thin but firm in texture, dark yellow-green, lustrous, and smooth

ROSACEiE

411

above, paler and tomentose below along the slender midribs and 3 or 4 pairs of very
obscure primary veins, 2'-2^' long, I'-ll^' wide; their petioles slender, more or less
wing-margined toward the apex, tomentose early in the season, becoming glabrous
or pubescent, ^'-1' long; on leading shoots often broadly rhomboidal to obovate,
acuminate, frequently deeply 3-lobed or divided into 2 oj 3 pairs of short lateral
lobes, usually 2^'-3' long. Flowers cup-shaped, \' in diameter, on long slender
pedicels thickly coated with matted white hairs, in broad lax many-flowered com-
pound hairy corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, villose, the lobes linear, acumi-
nate, entire, slightly villose, tipped with minute dark glands; stamens usually 10,
occasionally 12, 15, or 20; anthers small, deep bright red; styles 5. Fruit ripening
the middle of October, on slender pubescent pedicels, in drooping many-fruited clus-
ters, subglobose to short-oblong, full and rounded at the ends, bright orange-red.

lustrous, marked by occasional large pale dots, about ^' long; calyx prominent, with
a short villose tube, and spreading erect hairy lobes often deciduous from the ripe
fruit; flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 5, thin, acute at the narrowed ends,
rounded and sometimes slightly grooved on the back, about -^^' long.

An unarmed tree, sometimes 25° high, with a tall trunk 8-12' in diameter, covered
with light or dark brown bark separating freely into thin narrow scales, stout spread-
ing branches forming a broad flat-topped handsome head, and slender nearly straight
branchlets coated until after the flowering time with thick hoary tomentum, bright
red-brown and puberulous during their first season, becoming light or dark dull
reddish brown the following year.

Distribution. Common in low woods in rich moist soil near Fulton, Arkansas, in
the valley of the Red River.

V. PRUINOS-51.

Leaves elliptical ; fruit subglobose, green, and pruinose when fully grown, becoming dark
purple-red and very lustrous ; anthers large, deep rose color. 46. C. pruinosa (A, C).

Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate ; fruit oblong, dull russet green ; anthers small, light rose
color. 47. C. Georgiana (C).

46. Crataegus pruinosa, K. Koch.

Leaves elliptical, acute, gradually or abruptly narrowed and cuneate at the en-
tire base, irregularly and often doubly serrate above, with glandular straight or

412 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

incurved teeth, aud divided in 3 or 4 pairs of short acute or acuminate lateral
lobes, when they unfold bright red and glabrous with the exception of a few short
caducous hairs on the upper side of the base of the midribs, nearly fully grown when

the flowers open from the middle to the end of May and then membranaceous and
bluish green, and at maturity subcoriaceous, dark blue-green and often glaucous
above, pale below, I'-l^' loiig? |'-1' wide, with slender midribs and 3 or 4 pairs of
thin primary veins running to the points of the lobes, late in the autumn turning dull
orange color; their petioles slender, glandular, slightly winged at the apex, I'-l^
long, often bright red in early spring and in the autumn; on vigorous shoots broadly
ovate, often rounded at the base, more coarsely dentate and more deeply lobed, fre-
quently 2^' long and wide, with stouter and more broadly winged petioles. Flowers
I'-l' in diameter, on long slender pedicels, in few-flowered glabrous corymbs; calyx-
tube broadly obconic, glabrous, the lobes gradually narrowed from wide bases, long-
pointed, finely glandular-serrate below the middle; stamens 20; anthers large, deep
rose color; styles 5, surrounded at the base by a thick band of hoary toraentum.
Fruit on long thin light green ultimately bright red pedicels, in few-fruited drooping
clusters, 5-angled, apple green, and covered with a glaucous bloom until nearly fully
ripe, at maturity late in October subglobose but rather broader than long, barely
angled, ^'-f in diameter, dark purple-red, marked by many small dull dots, very
lustrous; calyx prominent, with a long well-developed tube and enlarged usually
erect lobes often deciduous before the fruit ripens; flesh thick, light yellow, sweet,
dry and mealy; nutlets 5, light-colored, acute at the apex, narrowed and rounded at
the base, deeply grooved on the back, 1' long.

A tree, lo°-20° high, with a stem a few inches in diameter, spreading horizontal
branches forming a broad open irregular head, and branchlets armed with numerous
stout straight light chestnut-brown spines V-1^' long; often shrubby, with several
intricately branched stems.

Distribution. Slopes of low hills often in limestone soil; southwestern Vermont,
southward to the foothill region of the southern Appalachian Mountains, and west-
ward to central Illinois and Missouri.

ROSACEA

413

47. Crataegus Georgiana, Sarg.

Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate at the apex, full and rounded or broadly cune-
ate at the base, finely and often doubly serrate, with straight or incurved gland-
tipped teeth, and divided into numerous short acute lateral lobes, glabrous with the
exception of a few pale caducous hairs on the upper surface and bronze-yellow when
they unfold, nearly half grown when the flowers open about the 20th of April and
then thin, dark yellow-green above, pale below, and at maturity thin but firm in
texture, dark blue-green on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface, l^'-2' long,
I'-l^' wide, with slender yellow midribs and 3 or 4 pairs of thin primary veins; their
petioles slender, often short- winged at the apex, usually about f long; on leading
shoots often 3' long and 2' wide, sometimes deltoid and usually much more deeply
lobed. Flowers |' in diameter, on slender pedicels, in usually 5-7-flowered compact
glabrous corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous, the lobes gradually narrowed
from broad bases, acuminate, entire or obscurely and irregularly serrate, glabrous;
stamens 20; anthers small; light rose color; styles 5; surrounded at the base by a
narrow ring of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening and falling early in October,, on
slender pedicels, in drooping few-fruited clusters, oblong, full and rounded at the

ends, often obscurely 5-angled, dull russet-green, f'-^' long; calyx-lobes only slightly
enlarged, mostly deciduous before the fruit ripens, leaving a well-defined ring at the
summit of the short calyx-tube; flesh thin, light green, dry and hard; nutlets 5, thin,
rounded and irregularly grooved on the back, about ^ long.

A tree, sometimes 2o°-30° high, with a tall trunk 10'-12' in diameter, stout wide-
spreading branches forming a broad symmetrical round-topped head, and branchlets
armed with straight or slightly curved thin bright chestnut-brown lustrous spines
rarely more than 1^' long.

Distribution. Low rich river bottoms and meadows in the neighborhood of
Rome, Georgia.

VI. TENUIFOLL5I.

Stamens 5-10.

Fruit obovate ; leaves oblong'-ovate, acuminate, dark blue-green.

Stamens usually 5 ; anthers pink ; fruit brig-ht reddish purple ; leaves mostly sca-
» brate ; calyx-lobes entire or sparingly glandular ; spines more than 1' long-.

48. C. apiomorpha (A).

414

TKEES OF NORTH AMERICA

Stamens 10; anthers bright reddisli purple; fruit crimson or pnri)lis]i ; leaves
smooth; spines h'-^' long. 41). C. paucispina (A),

Fruit short-oblong-, dark criinson : loaves oval or ovato, dark groon ;iih1 Kc-ibralc above;
stamens usually f> ; antliors dark rod-j)urple. ;">(). C. pentandra (A).

Fruit subglobose, often broader than high, red or greenish yellow, with a rosy cheek ;
leaves ovate, dark yellow-green, smooth or scabrate above; stamens 10; anthers
piirple. 51. C. silvicola (C).

Stamens usually 20.

Leaves broadly ovate to oval, dark dull g-reen and smooth above ; fruit short-oblong to
obovate, crimson, anthers dark purple. 52. C. lucorum (A).

Leaves ovate, yellowish to bluish green and smooth above ; fruit subglobose to broad-
obovate, dark red to reddish purple ; anthers pale rose color. 58. C. depilis (A).

Leaves ovate, bright green and scabrate above ; fruit subglobose, scarlet, with a glaucous
bloom ; anthers purple. 54. C. basilica (A).

Leaves rhomboidal to broadly ovate or rarely obovate, light yellow green ; fruit short-
oblong, bright cherry-red ; anthers rose color. 55. C. lacera (C).

*Stamens 5-10.

\ 48. Crataegus apiomorpha, Sarg.

Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, rounded or rarely ciineate at the entire often
unsymmetrical base, finely doubly serrate above, with slender glandular teeth, and
slightly divided above the middle into 4 or 5 pairs of triangular acute lobes, about
half grown when the flowers open early in May and then membranaceous, light yel-
low-green and tinged with red or bronze color, and covered above with short white
hairs and pale and glabrous below, and at maturity thick and firm in texture, dark
blue-green and smooth and lustrous or .sometimes dull and scabrate on the upper
surface, pale blue-green on the lower surface, l^'-2^' or on leading shoots often 3'
long, ll'-l^' wide, with stout midribs and primary veins arching obliquely to the
points of the lobes; their petioles slender, slightly winged at the apex, of ten sparingly

glandular, f'-l' long. Flowers ^'-f ' in diameter, on short villose or glabrous pedi-
cels, in compact many-flowered usually hairy compound corymbs; bracts and bract-
lets linear to oblong-obovate, finely glandular-serrate, with stipitate dark red or
purple glands, turning red before falling, mostly persistent until after the flowers

ROSACEA 415

open; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous, the lobes abruptly narrowed at the
base, slender, acuminate, entire or sparingly glandular on the margins; stamens 5-
10, usually 5; anthers pink; styles 3-5, surrounded at the base by tufts of pale hairs.
Fruit ripening the 1st of September and soon falling, on slender pedicels, in few-
fruited drooping clusters, obovate or rarely short-oblong, bright reddish purple,
marked by small scattered pale dots, f'-|' long, ^'-^' wide; calyx much enlarged,
with spreading lobes, their tips mostly deciduous from the ripe fruit; flesh thin,
yellow, juicy, pleasantly acid; nutlets 3-5, thin, rounded and ridged on the back, with
a low ridge, about \' long.

A tree, sometimes 25° high, with a trunk 6' in diameter and 3°-6° long, covered
with dark gray bark separating into thin plates, in falling disclosing the yellow inner
bark, numerous ascending branches forming an oblong or pyramidal crown, and slen-
der branchlets dark dull red-brown during their first season, becoming dark gray-
brown the following year, and unarmed or armed, with slender nearly straight dull
red-brown ultimately ashy gray spines I'-l^' long; or often shrubby, with numerous
stems spreading into small clumps.

Distribution, Dry open places, borders of woods, and the margins of the high
banks of streams; common and generally distributed in the neighborhood of Chicago,
Illinois.

49. Crataegus paucispina, Sarg.

Leaves oblong-obovate, acuminate, rounded, concave-cuneate to truncate or sub-
cordate at the entire base, sharply doubly serrate above, with straight glandular

T'V SM

teeth, and deeply divided into 4 or 5 pairs of acute lateral lobes spreading or point-
ing toward the apex of the leaf, about half grown when the flowers open early in
May and then light yellow-green and slightly roughened above by short white hairs
and paler and glabrous below, and at maturity membranaceous, dark blue-green and
scabrate on the upper surface, pale blue-green on the lower surface, 2i'-3' long, 1^-
2^' wide, with slender yellow midribs and thin primary veins extending obliquely
to the points of the lobes; their petioles slender, usually without glands, tinged with
purple in the autumn, f '-1^' long. Flcwers |'-|' in diameter, on slender hairy pedi-
cels, in broad 12-20-flowered slightly villose compound corymbs, with linear to
oHong-obovate glandular red bracts and bractlets mostly persistent until after the

416

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

flowers open; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous, the lobes narrow, acuminate,
glandular-serrate, with small dark red stipitate glands, glabrous on the outer, pubes-
cent on the inner surface; stamens 10; anthers bright reddish purple; styles 4 or 5,
surrounded at the base by tufts of pale hairs. Fruit ripening during the first half
of September and soon falling, on slender glabrous pedicels, in drooping clusters,
obovate to subglobose, crimson or purplish, marked by numerous small pale dots,
slightly pruinose, ^'— |' long, about ^' wide; calyx small, with reflexed and appressed
or erect and incurved serrate lobes dark red on the upper side below the middle,
often deciduous from the ripe fruit; flesh thin, yellow, juicy, acid, and edible; nut-
lets 4 or 5, thin, narrowed and acute at the ends, rounded and slightly grooved or
obscurely ridged on the back, about ^' long.

A tree, sometimes 25° high, with a trunk 4'-6' in diameter and often 6° long,
covered with dark gray or nearly black bark separating into thin plate-like scales,
numerous branches forming a round-topped head, and slender glabrous branchlets
dark yellow-green when they first appear, becoming dark reddish brown at the end
of their first season, olive-green in their second year, and ultimately dark gray-
brown, and armed with small straight light red-brown shining spines ^'— |' long.

Distribution. Woods and river banks in dry clay soil; May wood, near Chicago,
Illinois.

60. Crataegus pentandra, Sarg.

Leaves oval or ovate, acuminate, broadly cuneate or rarely rounded at the entire
base, divided above the middle into numerous short acute or acuminate lobes, and
coarsely and often doubly serrate, with straight or incurved teeth tipped with small

dark glands, nearly fully grown and very thin when the flowers open at the end of
May, and at maturity membranaceous, dark green and roughened above by short
rigid pale hairs, pale and glabrous below, 2'-2^' long, l^'-2' wide, with slender
yellow midribs and thin primary veins extending to the points of the lobes; their
petioles slender, often winged toward the apex, glandular, with minute dark glands,
usually about 1' long; on vigorous shoots more deeply lobed and often 4' long and
3' wide, their stipules foliaceous, lunate, very coarsely glandular-serrate, often ^'
long. Flowers |'-|' in diameter, on elongated slender pedicels, in compact com-
pound few-flowered glabrous corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous, dark

ROSACEA

417

red, the lobes linear-lanceolate, entire or finely glandular-serrate; stamens usually 5,
occasionally 6-10; anthers large, dark red-purple; styles 3, surrounded at the base
by a thin ring of hoary tomentum. Fruit ripening about the middle of September
and soon falling, on stout pedicels, in drooping narrow clusters, short-oblong, full
and rounded at the ends, dark crimson, lustrous, marked by minute pale dots, usually
about -|' long and ^' thick; calyx enlarged and persistent, the lobes elongated,
strongly incurved, often deciduous before the fruit ripens ; flesh thick, dry and
nealy; nutlets 3, thick, narrowed and acute at the ends, prominently ridged on the
back, with a high broad ridge, y long.

A tree, rarely more than 15° high, with a straight trunk 5'-6' in diameter, cov-
ered with thin bark separating into papery lustrous pale scales, stout branches
forming a broad open head irregular in outline, and slender glabrous branchlets
bright chestnut-brown during their first season, becoming ashy gray the following
year, and armed with many thick straight or curved bright chestnut-brown or red-
brown spines I'-l^' long.

Distribution. Low hills and limestone ridges; southern and southwestern Ver-
mont.

51. Crataegus silvicola, Beadl.

Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate at the apex, full and rounded at the entire base,
sharply and often doubly serrate above, with gland-tipped teeth, and slightly and
irregularly divided into short acute lateral lobes, when they unfold dark red and

coated with short soft pale hairs most abundant on the upper surface, about half grown
when the flowers open at the end of April and then nearly glabrous, and at maturity
thin, dark yellow-green and smooth or scabrous above, pale and glabrous below, or
occasionally villose along the under side of the slender midribs and 3 or 4 pairs of
thin primary veins extending to the points of the lobes, about 2' long and ll'-l|'
wide; their petioles slender, glandular, about 1' long; on vigorous shoots often del-
toid, and truncate or cordate at the base, more coarsely serrate and more deeply
lobed, and frequently 2^' long and broad. Flowers about f in diameter, on slender
pedicels, in compact few-flowered thin-branched compound glabrous corymbs, with
linear glandular bright red caducous bracts and bractlets ; caylx-tube narrowly ob-
conic and glabrous, the lobes gradually narrowed, acuminate, glabrous, entire or

418

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

glandular-serrate; stamens 10; anthers large, pnrple; styles 3-5, surrounded at the
base by a narrow ring of pale hairs. Fruit ripening at the end of September and
soon falling, on short pedicels, in erect few-fruited clusters, subglobose and often a
little broader than long, red or greenish yellow, with a rosy cheek, about ^' in diam-
eter; calyx little enlarged, with spreading lobes usually deciduous before the fruit
ripens; flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 3-5, thick, prominently ridged ^
and grooved on the back, with a high broad ridge, about \' long. "

A tree, sometimes 30° high, with a tall straight trunk G'-8' in diameter, covered
with close or slightly fissured bark broken into small gray or red-brown scales, and
often armed with long stout branched gray spines, ascending or spreading branches 1
forming a narrow irregular or round-topped head, and slender branchlets dark green
tinged with red and covered with long pale scattered white hairs when they first
appear, soon becoming glabrous, bright red-brown during their first year, and ulti-
mately ashy gray, with few or many thin straight or somewhat curved bright chest-
nut-brown spines 1^' to nearly 2' long; or in the dry soil of upland forests usually a
shrub, with numerous stems.

Distribution. Low moist flat woods; northern Alabama and northwestern and
central Georgia, and occasionally on the drier uplands of the surrounding country;
common.

**Stamens usually 20.

52. Crataegus lucorum, Sarg.

Leaves broad-ovate to obovate or rarely oval, broadly cuneate or full and rounded
at the entire base, coarsely serrate above, with straight teeth tipped with large per-
sistent bright red finally dark glands, and deeply divided above the middle into 3 or 4
pairs of wide acute or acuminate lobes, rather more than a third grown when the
flowers open early in May and then light yellow-bronze color, covered on the upper
surface with short soft pale hairs and glabrous on the lower surface, and at maturity

membranaceous, smooth, dark dull green and glabrous above, pale yellow-green
below, about 2' long and 1^' wide, with slender yellow midribs and 3 or 4 pairs of
thin primary veins extending obliquely to the points of the lobes; their petioles slen-
der, glandular, often somewhat winged toward the apex, I'-l^' long; on vigorous

ROSACEA

419

shoots usually ovate and rounded at the broad base, more deeply lobed and some-
times 3' long and broad. Flowers |' in diameter, on thin pedicels, in narrow com-
pact few«»flowered small villose corymbs; calyx broadly obconic, glabrous, the lobes
narrow, actiminate, coarsely glandular-serrate, villose on the upper surface ; stamens
20; anthers small, dark purple; styles 4 or 5. Fruit ripening about the middle of
September and soon falling, on short stout pedicels, in erect few-fruited slightly vil-
lose clusters, pear-shaped until nearly fully grown and then short-oblong or somewhat
obovate, full and rounded at the ends, crimson, lustrous, marked by small pale dots,
^'-f long; calyx enlarged, the lobes elongated, coarsely glandular-serrate, villose
above, closely appressed, often deciduous before the fruit ripens; flesh thick, yellow,
dry and mealy; nutlets 4 or 5, thin, rounded, and sometimes obscurely ridged on the
back, about \' long.

A tree, 20°-2o° high, with a tall straight trunk 6'-8' in diameter, covered with
close dark red-brown bark, slender ascending branches forming a narrow open head,
and thin branchlets dark green and somewhat villose when they first appear, becom-
ing dull orange-brown in their first summer and ultimately dark gray-brown, and
armed with straight or slightly curved bright red-brown lustrous spines I'-l^ long.

Distribution. Rich moist soil along the margins of Oak groves on the banks of
sloughs; Barrington, Illinois.

53. Crataegus depilis, Sarg., n. sp.

Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, rounded or broadly cuneate and often unsym-
metrical at the entire base, sharply doubly serrate above, with straight glandular

teeth, and often divided into 4 or 5 pairs of short acute lobes, when they unfold
deeply tinged with red and covered above with fine short caducous hairs, nearly
half grown when the flowers open during the second week of May, and at maturity
membranaceous, glabrous, smooth, yellowish to bluish green on the upper surface,
pale on the lower surface, l^'-2' long, I'-l^ wide, and on vigorous shoots often 2i'
long and 1^' wide, with slender midribs and 5 or 6 pairs of thin primary veins, turn-
ing yellowish and brown or russet color in the autumn; their petioles slender, gla-
brous, sparingly glandular, with minute glands, ^'-V long; stipules linear, acuminate,
glandular-serrate, reddish, caducous. Flowers |' in diameter, on slender pedicels.

420

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

in broad compound glabrous 8-12-flovvered corymbs, with linear or oblong glandular
bracts and bractlets; calyx narrowly obconic, glabrous, the lobes lanceolate, gland-
ular-serrate, deeply tinged with purple; stamens 20; anthers pale rose color; styles
4 or 5. Fruit ripening early in September and soon falling, on slender pedicels, in
drooping few-fruited clusters, subglobose to broad-obovate, dark red to reddish
purple, lustrous, ^'— f' long, -I'-f wide; calyx only slightly enlarged, the lobes re-
flexed, glandular-serrate, and red on the upper side toward the base ; flesh thick,
yellow, sweet, juicy, and slightly acid; nutlets 4 or 5, full and rounded at the apex,
narrowed and acute at the base, and prominently but irregularly ridged on the
back, with a high sometimes grooved ridge, ^'-yV long.

A tree, 20°-25° high, with a trunk 4'-8' in diameter and 6°-9° long, covered with
dark gray or gray-brown flaked bark, spreading branches forming an oblong or
rounded open head, and slender glabrous branchlets bright red-brown and very lus-
trous during their first summer, becoming light gray-brown the following year, and
armed with stout or slender nearly straight spines f -1^' long.

Distribution. Rich clay or gravelly soil in pastures and on the borders of woods;
northeastern Illinois, at Lake Forest, Glendon, and New Lenox {E. J. Hill).

54. Crataegus basilica, Beadl.

Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, broadly cuneate or rounded at the entire or
crenate base, sharply and often doubly serrate above, with straight slender glandular
teeth, and divided into numerous short acute lateral lobes, more than half grown
when the flowers open early in May and then roughened above by short pale hairs

F'i^Sd9

and glabrous below, and at maturity thin but firm in texture, bright green and sca-
brate above, paler below, 2^'-3' long, 1^-2' wide, with slender yellow midribs and
thin veins arching to the points of the lobes, turning yellow and brown in the
autumn; their petioles slender, slightly winged at the apex, I'-l^' long. Flowers
^'-|' in diameter, on elongated slender pedicels, in 6-15-flowered glabrous com-
pact corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous, the lobes slender, acuminate,
glabrous, entire or occasionally serrate; stamens 15-20; anthers purple; styles 3-5.
Fruit ripening and falling early in September, on slender pedicels, in few-fruited

ROSACEA

421

drooping clusters, subglobose, scarlet, covered with a glaucous bloom, and ^-f in
diameter; flesh soft, sweet, and edible; nutlets 3-5, narrowed and acute at the ends,
prominently ridged on the back, with a high broadly grooved ridge, j-jq' long.

A tree, sometimes 20° high, with a trunk 7'-8' in diameter, covered with dark
gray or brown scaly bark, ascending or slightly spreading branches forming a narrow
irregular head, and stout branchlets armed with numerous slender bright chestnut-
brown lustrous ultimately gray spines 2'-2^' long.

Distribution. Open woods and the borders of fields and roads, western North
Carolina, usually at elevations of 2000°-3000° above the sea.

55. Crataegus lacera, Sarg.

Leaves rhomboidal to broadly ovate or rarely obovate, acute at the apex, broadly
cuneate and entire at the base, divided above the middle into numerous acute lobes,

A/xrj&

and coarsely often doubly serrate above, with straight glandular teeth, when they
unfold coated below with thick hoary tomentum and villose above, nearly fully grown
when the flowers open about the 20th of April and then glabrous on the lower sur-
face and covered on the upper surface with short scattered pale hairs, and at ma-
turity glabrous, light yellow-green, paler below than above, thin but firm in texture,
about ly long and ly wide, with thin yellow midribs and few remote primary veins;
their petioles slender, villose, becoming glabrous or puberulous, slightly winged at
the apex, often red toward the base, \'-^' long; on vigorous shoots broadly ovate,
often deeply 3-lobed, very coarsely serrate, 3'— 4' long and broad, with lunate
long-pointed coarsely glandular-serrate stipules sometimes ^' in length. Flo"wers
^' in diameter, on long slender pedicels, in sparingly villose few-flowered compound
corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous, the lobes linear-lanceolate, elon-
gated, coarsely glandular-serrate, glabrous on the outer surface, villose on the inner
surface; stamens 20; anthers small, rose color; styles 4 or 5. Fruit ripening toward
the end of October, on short stout glabrous pedicels, in erect few-fruited clusters,
short-oblong, full and rounded at the ends, bright cherry-red, lustrous, marked by
occasional large dark dots, about ^' long; calyx only slightly enlarged, with small
nearly triangular villose spreading lobes mostly deciduous before the fruit ripens;
flesh thick, orange color; nutlets 3-5, thin, broad, narrowed at the ends, only slightly
ridged on the rounded back, light brown, ^q' long.

422 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

A slender tree, 25°-30° high, with a tall trunk 4'-5' in diameter, covered with
pale scaly bark, small short branches forming a narrow head, and slender branchlets
dark olive-green and villose when they first appear, becoming light red-brown and
glabrous during their first summer, and ultimately dull light gray, and armed with
thin straight bright chestnut-brown lustrous spines f'-lf long.

Distribution. Low rich forest glades near Fulton, on the Red River, Arkansas. .

VII. MOLLES.

Stamens 20.

Anthers pale yellow {color unknown in 59).

Leaves mostly broad and rounded at the base.

Leaves broadly ovate, thick and firm ; fruit short-oblong to subglobose, scarlet, pu-
bescent, ripening in August and September. 56. C. mollis (A, C).
Leaves oblong-ovate, membranaceous ; fruit obovate-oblong, dull dark red, slightly
villose or pubescent, ripening in October. 57. C. sera (A).
Leaves oblong-ovate to oval, thick and leathery ; fruit short-oblong or rarely obovate,
bright crimson, very lustrous, slightly tomentose, ripening at the end of October.

58. C, Arkansana (C).
Leaves broadly ovate, thin ; fruit depressed-globose, red, ripening in August and
September. 59. C. gravida (C).

Leaves mostly narrowed at the base.

Leaves ovate to oval, membranaceous ; fruit subglobose, often broader than high,

crimson, lustrous, pubescent, ripening late in September. 60, C. Treleasei (C).

Leaves ovate, thin and firm ; fruit short-oblong to subglobose, crimson, lustrous,

slightly villose, ripening early in October. 61. C. Canadensis (A).

Leaves oblong-obovate to oval, thin and firm, dark green and lustrous above ; fruit

short-oblong to subglobose, scarlet, ripening after the middle of October.

62. C. Berlandieri (C).
Anthers rose color.

Leaves mostly broad at the base.

Leaves ovate, firm and rigid, dark yellow-green, bright and lustrous ; fruit short-
oblong to obovate, bright cherry-red, lustrous, ripening at the end of September.

63. C. corusca (A).

Leaves ovate to suborbicular, thin and firm, dark yellow-green and smooth above ;
fruit subglobose to short-ovate, bright yellow, ripening at the end of September.

64. C. Kelloggii (A).

Leaves mostly narrowed at the base.

Leaves broadly ovate, thick and firm, dark green and lustrous above ; fruit short-
oblong to slightly obovate, bright scarlet, puberulous at the apex, ripening at the
end of October. , 65. C. Texana (C).

Leaves ovate to obovate, membranaceous, dark green and scabrate above, canescent
below ; fruit subglobose, dark red and glabrous, ripening after the middle of
October. ^Q. C. quercina (C).

Leaves oval to broadly ovate, thin and firm, lustrous, scabrate above ; fruit obovate,
bright cherry-red, ripening in October. , 67. C. pyriformis (C).

Leaves ovate to suborbicular, subcoriaceous, dark blue-green, lustrous and scabrate
above ; fruit subglobose to short-oblong, dark crimson, slightly hairy at the ends,
ripening late in October. 68. C. lanuginosa (C).

Leaves oblong-ovate, membranaceous, dark yellow-green and scabrate above ; fruit
short-oblong, crimson or reddish yellow, lustrous, ripening the middle of October.

69. C. induta (C).
Stamens 10.

Anthers yellow-; leaves mostly broad and rounded at the base.

ROSACEA

423

Leaves usually ovate, rarely oval, membranaceous, dark green and smooth above ;
fruit subglobose, bright crimson, villose, ripening the middle of August and soon
falling. 70. C. Arnoldiana (A).

Leaves ovate, subcoriaceous, glabrous and conspicuously blue-green above ; fruit
obovate or oblong, bright scarlet, villose or pubescent, ripening early in Septem-
ber, long persistent on the branches. 71. C. Champlainensis (A).

Leaves ovate, membranaceous, dark yellow-green and scabrate above ; fruit obovate,
bright orange-red, lustrous, puberulous at the base, ripening and falling early in
September. 72. C. sub mollis (A).

Anthers rose color.

Leaves ovate, mostly broadly cuneate at the base, membranaceous, yellow-green,
smooth and glabrous above ; fruit obovate to short-oblong, crimson, lustrous,
slightly villose. 73. C. anomala (A).

Leaves oval, rounded or broadly cuneate at the base, membranaceous, light green
and scabrous above ; fruit short-oblong, light crimson, lustrous, villose at the ends,
ripening and falling late in September. 74. C. EUwangeriana (A).

*Stamens 20.

-i-Anthers pale yellow.

56. Crataegus mollis, Scheele. Red Ha-w.

Leaves broadly ovate, acute, usually cordate or rounded at the broad base,
coarsely and generally doubly serrate, with straight glandular teeth, and more or less
deeply divided into 4 or 5 pairs of acute lateral lobes, when they unfold covered
above with short pale hairs and hoary-tomentose below, about half grown when the

^i^S.c^^f

flowers open early in May and then membranaceous, light yellow-green and hairy
above and pubescent or tomentose below, and at maturity thick and firm in texture,
dark yellow-green and slightly rugose on the upper surface and paler and pubescent
or puberulous on the lower surface along the stout midribs and 4 or 5 pairs of pri-
mary veins extending to the points of the lobes, 3'-4' long and broad; their petioles
stout, terete, at first tomentose, ultimately pubescent or nearly glabrous, often slightly
glandular, with small dark caducous glands, I'-iy long; on vigorous shoots more
deeply lobed, with a deeper basal sinus, and frequently 5'-6' long and broad, with
foliaceous coarsely serrate lunate stipules sometimes 1' in length. Flowers 1' in
diameter, on stout pedicels, in broad compound many-flowered tomentose corymbs,

424

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

with conspicuous bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, hoary-tomentose,
the lobes narrow, acuminate, coarsely glandular-serrate, with bright red glands, vil-
lose on the outer, tomentose on the inner surface; stamens 20; anthers large, light
yellow; styles 4 or 5, surrounded at the base by a broad ring of hoary tomentum.
Fruit ripening late in August and early in September, on stout pedicels, in drooping
few-fruited villose clusters, short-oblong to subglobose, full and rounded at the ends,
more or less pubescent, scarlet marked by occasional large dark dots, ^'-l' in diam-
eter; calyx prominent, hairy, with large erect and incurved lobes usually deciduous
before the fruit ripens; flesh thick, yellow, subacid, dry and mealy; nutlets 4 or 5,
thin, rounded and obscurely ridged on the back, light brown, ^' long.

A tree, sometimes 40° high, with a tall trunk often 18' in diameter, heavy wide-
spreading smooth ashy gray branches forming a broad round-topped and often sym-
metrical head, and stout branchlets covered at first with a thick coat of long white
matted hairs, villose during their first season, becoming glabrous in their second year,
and armed with occasional straight thick bright chestnut-brown shining spines l'-2'
long.

Distribution, Low rich soil usually on the bottom-lands of streams; northern
Ohio to eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska, and eastern Kansas.

57, Crataegus sera, Sarg.

Leaves oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate, rounded, truncate, or slightly cordate at
the broad base, irregularly divided into 4 or 5 pairs of short acute lateral lobes, and

sharply and sometimes doubly serrate nearly to the base, with straight glandular teeth,
unfolding about the 1st of May with the opening of the flowers and then covered above
with short soft white hairs and tomentose below, and at maturity membranaceous,
dark yellow-green and glabrous on the upper surface, pubescent on the lower sur-
face, 2'-4' long, 2i'-3' wide, with slender midribs appressed above and thin remote
primary veins extending to the points of the lobes; their petioles slender, tomentose,
ultimately pubescent, I'-l^' long; on vigorous shoots more deeply lobed and often
4'-5' long and 3'-4' wide. Flowers |' in diameter, on stout pedicels, in compact
compound many-flowered tomentose corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic, coated
with broad matted pale hairs, the lobes broad, acute or acuminate, glandular-ser-
rate, with large dark glands, tomentose on the outer surface and villose on the inner

ROSACEA

425

surface; stamens 20; anthers pale yellow; styles 4, or usually 5. Fruit ripening about
the 1st of October, on stout puberulous pedicels, in drooping few-fruited clusters,
obovate or oblong, dull dark red, marked by small pale dots, usually slightly villose
or pubescent at the ends, |' long, ^' wide ; calyx enlarged, coarsely glandular-serrate,
with erect and incurved lobes often deciduous before the ripening of the fruit; flesh
thick, dry and mealy ; nutlets usually 5, or 4, thin, light brown, irregularly grooved
on the back, with a broad shallow groove, \' long.

A tree, 30°-40° high, with a tall straight trunk 12-18' in diameter, thick branches
forming a broad round-topped symmetrical head, and branchlets hoary-tomentose at
first, becoming light red-brown and puberulous and ultimately pale orange-brown,
and armed with occasional straight or slightly curved chestnut-brown bright lustrous
spines 1^-1^' in length.

Distribution. Low moist ground in the neighborhood of streams; Belle Isle in
the Detroit liiver, Michigan, and near Chicago and Joliet, Illinois.

58. Crataegus Arkansana, Sarg.

Leaves oblong-ovate or oval, acute, rounded, broadly cuneate or truncate at the
base, usually divided above the middle into 3 or 4 pairs of short broad acute lobes,
and serrate sometimes to the base, with short straight glandular teeth, when the

flowers open about the middle of May nearly one third grown and coated with soft
white hairs most abundant on the under surface of the midribs and veins, and at
maturity thick and leathery, dull dark green and glabrous on the upper surface, pale
yellow-green on the lower surface, 2'-3' long, l|'-2' wide, with stout light yellow
midribs and primary veins slightly villose below, conspicuous secondary veins
and reticulate veinlets, late in October and November turning bright clear yellow;
their petioles stout, deeply grooved, more or less winged toward the apex, glandular,
with minute usually deciduous dark glands, at first tomentose, ultimately glabrous
or puberulous, turning dark red after midsummer, I'-l^' long; on vigorous shoots
broadly ovate, rounded or truncate at the base, often 4' long and 3^ wide, with folia-
ceous lunate coarsely glandular-dentate stipules almost 1' long. Flowers nearly 1'
in diameter, on short stout pedicels, in broad rather compact many-flowered villose
compound corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, coated with long matted pale hairs,

426

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

the lobes short, acute, very coarsely glandular-serrate, glabrous or slightly villose;
stamens 20; anthers large, pale yellow; styles 5. Fruit ripening at the end of Octo-
ber and falling gradually at the end of several weeks, on stout villose pedicels, in
few-fruited drooping clusters, oblong or rarely obovate, full and rounded and slightly
tomentose at the ends, bright crimson, very lustrous, marked by few large dark dots,
I'-l' long, about f thick; calyx little enlarged, with small linear-lanceolate coarsely
glandular-serrate erect and persistent lobes; flesh thick, yellow, subacid; nutlets
5, small in comparison to the size of the fruit, thin, rounded or slightly and irregu-
larly ridged on the back, ^' long.

A tree, 20° high, with a tall straight stem, thick'slightly ascending wide-spreading
branches forming a broad open irregular head, and stout branchlets dark green and
covered when they appear with long pale hairs, becoming orange-brown, glabrous,
and very lustrous in their first winter, and unarmed, or armed with occasional
straight light chestnut-brown shining spines gradually narrowed from broad bases,
^4' in length.

Distribution. Bottom-lands of the White River near Newport, Arkansas; hardy
as far north as eastern Massachusetts, and unsurpassed late in the autumn in the
beauty of its large brilliant abundant fruits long persistent on the branches.

59. Crataegus gravida, Beadl.

Leaves broadly ovate, acute, rounded or truncate at the base, and coarsely and
often doubly serrate, with incurved glandular teeth, and slightly incisely lobed,
when they unfold roughened above by short pale hairs and hoary-tomentose below,
nearly half grown when the flowers open about the 1st of May, and at maturity
thin, firm, dark green, lustrous and scabrate above, paler and pubescent or pu-
berulous below, particularly on the slender midribs and veins, l|'-2^' long, about

ly wide, turning in the autumn yellow, orange, and brown; their petioles slender,
tomentose, about ^'-V long. Flowers about f ' in diameter, on short hoary-tomen-
tose pedicels, in narrow crowded many-flowered compound hoary-tomentose corymbs;
calyx-tube broadly obconic, covered with matted pale hairs, the lobes gradually nar-
rowed from broad bases, acuminate, glandular-serrate, villose; stamens 20; styles 5.
Fruit ripening in August and September, on elongated tomentose pedicels, in few-

ROSACEA

427

fruited drooping clusters, depressed-globose, red; flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy;
calyx enlarged, the lobes conspicuously serrate, puberulous on the upper surface,
reflexed and closely appressed, sometimes deciduous from the ripe fruit; nutlets 5,
thin, narrowed and rounded at the base, acute at the apex, rounded and obscurely
grooved on the back, about ■^-^' long.

A tree, sometimes 20° high, with a trunk 8'-10' in diameter, heavy wide-spreading
branches forming a broad round-topped head, and stout branchlets covered at first
with a thick coat of matted pale hairs, orange-red and puberulous at the end of their
first season, glabrous and reddish brown the following year, and armed with slender
nearly straight spines about 1^' long.

Distribution. Limestone hills in the neighborhood of Nashville, Tennessee.

60. Crataegus Treleasei, Sarg.

Leaves ovate to oval, concave-cuneate or rounded at the narrow base, sharply
doubly serrate above, with straight glandular teeth, and slightly divided into 3 or 4
pairs of narrow acuminate lateral lobes, unfolding with the opening of the flowers at

the end of April or early in May and then light yellow-green tinged with bronze
color, lustrous and covered above with short shining caducous white hairs and hoary-
tomentose below, and at maturity membranaceous, light yellow-green and scabrate
on the upper surface, paler and pubescent on the lower surface, particularly along
the slender midribs and 4 or 5 pairs of thin primary veins extending obliquely to the
points of the lobes, l|'-2^' long, 1^-2' wide; their petioles slender, more or less wing-
margined at the apex, villose early in the season, pubescent in the autumn. Flovrers
1' in diameter, on short stout pedicels covered with matted pale hairs, in 3-10-flow-
ered compact compound or rarely simple villose corymbs; calyx-tube broadly ob-
conic, covered with matted pale hairs, the lobes glabrous, narrowed from the base,
with wide rounded sinuses between them, slender, acuminate, tipped with small red
glands, and glandular-serrate, with stipitate red glands; stamens 20; anthers pale
yellow; styles 4 or 5, usually 5. Fruit ripening at the end of September, on stout
erect villose pedicels, in few-fruited clusters, subglobose or often broader than high,
crimson, lustrous, marked by numerous large pale dots, pubescent at the ends, and
^'-|' in diameter; calyx prominent, with a short villose tube, and reflexed appressed

428

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

villose lobes often deciduous from the ripe fruit; flesh thick, light yellow, dry and
mealy; nutlets 4 or 5, thin, full and rounded at the apex, narrowed and acute at the
base, grooved with a broad shallow groove and sometimes irregularly ridged on the
back, about ^\' long.

A tree, 20°-25° high, with a tall trunk sometimes 6' in diameter, slender branches
forming a narrow open head, and thin nearly straight branchlets thickly covered at
first with long lustrous white hairs, dull light reddish brown and puberulous at the
end of their first season, becoming dark gray-brown, and armed with stout straight or
slightly curved dark purple shining spines usually about 1^' long, or unarmed.

Distribution. Banks of small streams in moist soil from Doe Run to Bismarck,
St. Francois County, Missouri.

61. Crataegus Canadensis, Sarg.

Leaves ovate, short-pointed, slightly lobed usually only above the middle, with
short broad acute lobes, and coarsely and frequently doubly serrate to the broadly
cuneate or on leading shoots truncate base, with spreading glandular teeth, coated
above in early spring with soft white hairs, and below with dense hoary tomentum,
about one third grown when the flowers open at the end of May, and at maturity thin
and firm in texture, blue-green, glabrous or scabrate on the upper surface, pale and
pubescent on the lower surface along the midribs and primary veins, 2'-2i' long, 1^'
to nearly 3' wide ; their petioles slender, glandular, often more or less winged above,
at first tomentose, ultimately nearly glabrous, |'-1'' long. Flowers about |' in diam-
eter, in broad loose tomentose corymbs ; calyx-tube broadly obconic, villose, with

T'^^ <5^6

long matted hairs, the lobes lanceolate, villose, and glandular, with large red stipitate
glands ; stamens 20 ; anthers small, nearly white ; styles 5, surrounded at the base
by a thin ring of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening early in October and falling grad-
ually until after midwinter, on stout pedicels, in erect slightly villose few-fruited clus-
ters, short-oblong to subglobose, crimson, lustrous, marked by large scattered pale
dots, slightly hairy toward the ends, ^'-f ' long, ^'-^' wide ; calyx prominent, the lobes
gradually narrowed from broad bases, elongated, glandular, villose, spreading or
reflexed, often deciduous before the fruit ripens; flesh thin, pale yellow, dry and
mealy; nutlets 5, thin, rounded and irregularly ridged on the back, \' long.

ROSACEA

429

A tree, 18°-30° high, with a trunk 6'-8' in diameter, stout spreading branches
forming a broad round-topped symmetrical head, and branchlets dark green and
covered with matted pale hairs when they first appear, soon becoming light orange-
brown and very lustrous, and armed with numerous stout straight or slightly
curved dark chestnut-brown shining spines 2'-2i' long.

Distribution. Limestone ridges near the St. Lawrence River at Chateaugay,
Caughnawaga, and La Tortue in the Province of Quebec.

62. Crataegus Berlandieri, Sarg.

Leaves oblong-obovate or oval, acute or acuminate, gradually narrowed, cuneate
and entire below the middle, unequally divided above into numerous acute or
acuminate lobes, and coarsely and often doubly serrate above, with broad straight
or incurved glandular teeth, when the flowers open from the middle to the end of

March coated above with short pale caducous hairs and below with thick hoary
tomentum, and at maturity thin and firm in texture, glabrous, dark green, very
lustrous on the upper surface, pale and pubescent on the lower surface, and usually
about 3' long and 2' wide, with slender midribs, remote primary veins extending to
the points of the lobes, conspicuous secondary veins and reticulate veinlets; their
petioles more or less winged toward the apex, tomentose at first, becoming pubes-
cent, ^'-f long; on vigorous shoots often 5' long and 3' wide, with rounded acute
lobes, and foliaceous lunate coarsely glandular-dentate stipules frequently ^' in
length. Flowers ^' in diameter, on stout elongated hoary-tomentose pedicels, in
broad loose many-flowered compound tomentose corymbs, with oblong-obovate to
lanceolate finely glandular-serrate villose conspicuous bracts and bractlets; calyx-
tube broadly obconic, covered with thick pale tomentum, the lobes broad, acute, very
coarsely glandular-serrate, tomentose on the outer surface and villose on the inner
surface; stamens 20, anthers yellow; styles 5, surrounded at the base by tufts of
white hairs. Fruit ripening after the middle of October, on slender elongated pedi-
cels, in loose drooping clusters, short-oblong to subglobose, scarlet, about ^' long;
calyx much enlarged, with coarsely serrate villose lobes erect and persistent; flesh
thin, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 5, rounded and occasionally obscurely grooved
on the back, about ^' long.

430

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

A tree, 15°-20° high, with a tall straight stem 8'-10' in diameter, covered with
thin dark brown furrowed bark, spreading branches forming a broad open head, and
branchlets hoary-tomentose at first, soon puberulous, dull reddish brown or yellow-
brown by midsummer, becoming ashy gray late in the autumn, and armed with few
straight gray spines about 1' in length.

Distribution. Low rich woods on the bottom-lands of the Brazos River at Co-
lumbia and Brazoria, Texas.

— « — i- Anthers rose color.

63. Crataegus corusca, Sarg.

Leaves ovate, acute, truncate, rounded or slightly cordate at the broad base, reg-
ularly divided into 4 or 5 pairs of short acute lateral lobes, and doubly serrate, with
straight glandular teeth, when they unfold covered above with short soft pale hairs
and glabrous below, about one third grown when the flowers open the middle of May,
and at maturity thin but firm and rigid in texture, glabrous, dark yellow-green and
very bright and shining above, pale yellow-green below, 2'-2^' long and wide, with

h^ m-s

A^-

slender pale midribs and primary veins; their petioles slender, nearly terete, villose
at first, soon becoming glabrous and dark red below the middle, l^'-2^' long; o" vig-
orous shoots frequently divided into narrow acute lateral lobes, and often 3^'-4'
long and wide, with lunate coarsely dentate stipules ^'-f' broad. Flowers |' in di-
ameter, on stout villose pedicels, in compact narrow compound many-flowered corymbs
covered with matted pale hairs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous or villose
below, the lobes narrowed from broad bases, acute, coarsely glandular-serrate, villose
on the inner surface; stamens 20; anthers small, pale pink; styles 4 or 5. Fruit be-
ginning to ripen and fall about the middle of September and continuing to fall until
the end of October, on stout pedicels, in glabrous few-fruited clusters, oblong or
obovate, bright cherry-red, lustrous, marked by dark scattered pale dots, f -f long,
2 ~l' wide; calyx little enlarged, the lobes gradually narrowed, slightly glandular-
serrate, usually deciduous before the fruit ripens; flesh thick, yellow, dry and mealy;
nutlets 4 or 5, dark-colored, rounded on the back, 1' long.

A tree, 18°-20° high, with a tall trunk 8'-10' in diameter, wide-spreading branches

ROSACEA

431

forming a handsome symmetrical head, and stout branchlets dark green and coajied
with matted pale hairs when they first appear, becoming light red-brown, and light
orange-brown and very lustrous in their second year, and armed with thick nearly
straiglit bright chestnut-brown spines often 3' in length.

Distribution. Sandy shores of Lake Zurich, Lake County, Illinois.

C4. Crataegus Kelloggii, Sarg.

Leaves broadly ovate to suborbicular, rounded and often short-pointed at the
apex, rounded, broadly cuneate or truncate at the entire base, coarsely serrate above,
with straight gland-tipped teeth, and divided usually only above the middle into

several short broad acute or acuminate lobes, about half grown when the flowers
open during the last week of April and then very thin, yellow-green, covered above
with short pale hairs and pubescent below along the midribs and veins, and at matu-
rity thin but firm in texture, dark yellow-green, glabrous and smooth on the upper
surface, pale and glabrous on the lower surface with the exception of a few hairs
near the base of the thin yellow midribs and of the 4 or 5 pairs of slender prominent
primary veins arching to the points of the lobes, 2'-2^' long, 1|'-2|' wide, and often
broader than long; their petioles slender, slightly winged at the apex, villose while
young, with long matted white hairs, becoming glabrous, and |'-1' long. Flowers
■|' in diameter, on slender hairy pedicels, in compact 5-10-flowered villose compound
corymbs, with oblong-obovate to linear acuminate glandular bracts and bractlets
mostly persistent until the flowers open; calyx-tube broadly obconic, slightly hairy
at the base, glabrous above, the lobes slender, acuminate, glandular, with minute
dark red stipitate glands, or entire, glabrous on the outer, sparingly villose on the
inner surface; stamens 20; anthers pale rose color; styles 5. Fruit ripening at the
end of September and soon falling, on long slender glabrous pedicels, in few-fruited
drooping cbasters, subglobose to short-ovate, bright yellow, marked by many small
pale dots, f'-l' in diameter; calyx small, with spreading reflexed lobes slightly vil-
lose toward the apex and often deciduous from the ripe fruit; flesh thin, yellow,
dry and mealy; nutlets 5, rounded and very slightly grooved on the back, about

^' long.

¥

A tree, 20°-25° high, with a tall trunk 4-5' in diameter, covered with nearly black

432

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

deeply furrowed bark, erect branches, and nearly straight branchlets dark green
tinged with red and slightly villose when they first appear, bright red-brown and
lustrous at the end of their first season, becoming dark dull reddish brown the fol-
lowing year, and unarmed, or armed with slender nearly straight bright chestnut-
brown shining spines usually about V long.

Distribution. Banks of the Desperes River, St. Louis, Missouri; not common.

65. Crataegus Texana, Buckl.

Leaves broadly ovate, acute or rarely rounded at the apex, broadly concave-cune-
ate, and on leading shoots sometimes truncate or slightly cordate at the entire base,
coarsely and doubly glandular-serrate above, and usually divided above the middle
into 4 or 5 pairs of wide acute lobes, covered above when they unfold with short
soft pale hairs and below with a thick coat of hoary tomentum, more tban half
grown when the flowers open late in March, and at maturity thick and firm, dark
green and lustrous above, pale and pubescent or tomentose below, particularly on
the stout midribs, primary veins, prominent secondary veins, and reticulate veinlets,
3'-4' long, 2^'-3' wide; their petioles stout, deeply grooved, more or less winged
above, at first tomentose, ultimately nearly glabrous, ^'-f' long. Flo"wers |' in diam-
eter, on elongated slender pedicels, in broad open many-flowered compound to-
mentose corymbs, with oblong or oblong-obovate acute conspicuous villose bracts and
bractlets often 1^' in length; calyx-tube broadly obconic, coated with pale tomentum,

the lobes foliaceous, gradually narrowed from broad bases, acuminate, coarsely gland-
ular-serrate, and villose, with long matted pale hairs; stamens 20; anthers large,
dark red; styles 5, surrounded at the base by a narrow ring of pale tomentum.
Fruit ripening toward the end of October, in drooping many-fruited tomentose ulti-
mately glabrous clusters, pear-shaped and tomentose until nearly grown, and when
fully ripe short-oblong or slightly obovate, rounded at the ends, bright scarlet, marked
by occasional large pale dots, puberulous at the apex, |'-1' long; calyx enlarged,
with glandular-serrate usually erect lobes, dark red at the base on the upper side,
often deciduous before the ripening of the fruit; flesh thick, yellow, sweet, and edi-
ble ; nutlets 5, thick, slightly grooved on the back, \'-^' long.

A tree, often 30° high, with a tall trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, thick
branches ascending while the tree is young, forming an open irregular crown and

ROSACEJE 433

spreading iu old age into a broad symmetrical round-topped head, and branchlets
dark bronze-green and covered with long matted white hairs when they first appear,
becoming dull reddish brown and ultimately pale ashy gray, and armed with occa-
sional thin nearly straight bright chestnut-brown lustrous spines usually about 2'
long, or often unarmed.

Distribution. Rich bottom-lands, central and western Texas.

66. Crataegus quercina, Ashe.

Leaves oval to obovate, usually acute or occasionally rounded at the apex, full
and rounded and gradually or abruptly narrowed to the entire base, irregularly

doubly serrate above, with slender glandular teeth, when they unfold conspicuously
plicate, often dark red and coated with long soft pale hairs and covered below with
a thick coat of silvery white shining tomentum, about one third grown when the flowers
open from the middle to the end of March, and at maturity thin but firm in texture,
dark green, lustrous and scabrous above, pale and pubescent or tomentose below,
2'-2^' long and broad, with slender midribs, 4 or 5 pairs of thin primary veins,
and conspicuous reticulate veinlets; their petioles stout, tomentose, about ^' long; on
leading shoots broadly ovate or oblong-oval, full and rounded at the base, somewhat
divided into 3 or 4 pairs of short acute lobes, frequently 4' long and broad, with
foliaceous lunate coarsely glandular-dentate stipitate stipules |' long. Flo"wers |'
in diameter, on long slender tomentose pedicels, in broad many-flowered lax hoary-
tomentose corymbs, with oblong-obovate glandular-serrate villose bracts and bract-
lets; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, hoary-tomentose, the lobes short, acute, coarsely
glandular-serrate, and tomentose; stamens 20; anthers small, dark red; styles 5,
surrounded at the base by tufts of long snow-white hairs. Fruit ripening after the
middle of October, on slender nearly glabrous pedicels, in few-fruited tomentose
spreading clusters, subglobose but often rather longer than broad, full and rounded
at the ends, tomentose until nearly fully grown, glabrous at maturity, dark red,
marked by numerous large pale dots, about ^' in diameter; calyx prominent, with
short spreading often deciduous lobes; flesh thin, light yellow, hard and dry, gener-
ally shrivelling before the fruit falls ; nutlets 5, rounded and ridged on the back,
about Y long.

A tree, remarkable for the lustre of its white tomentum, occasionally 25° high,

434

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

with a tall trunk 6-8' in diameter, covered with light gray scaly bark, becoming
near the base of old trees deeply furrowed and nearly black, ascending branches
forming a broad symmetrical head, and branchlets coated when they first appear
with hoary tomentum, becoming light red-brown and more or less villose during
their first season, glabrous and rather darker in their second year, and armed with
numerous straight or slightly curved chestnut-brown shining spines usually I'-l^'
long.

Distribution. Sandy bottom-lands in open Live Oak forests on the Brazos River,
Columbia, Texas.

67. Crataegus pyriformis, Britt.

Leaves oval or broadly ovate, acute and often short-pointed at the apex, grad-
ually narrowed and concave-cuneate at the entire base, sharply and sometimes
doubly serrate above, with straight glandular teeth, and often slightly and irreg-
ularly lobed above the middle, fully grown when the flowers open about the 10th
of May and then membranaceous, light yellow-green, roughened above by short rigid
pale hairs and pubescent on the lower surface, particularly along the slender mid-
ribs and 5 or 6 pairs of remote primary veins, and at maturity thin and firm, lus-
trous and scabrous above, pale and pubescent below, generally about 3' long and 2'
wide ; their petioles slender, winged at the apex, tomentose, ultimately pubescent,
I'-l^' long; on vigorous shoots usually ovate, coarsely serrate, more deeply lobed and

frequently 4'-5' long and 3'^' wide, with foliaceous lunate acuminate villose coarsely
serrate stipules sometimes ^ in length. Flowers 1' in diameter, on elongated slen-
der tomentose pedicels, in broad compound many-flowered lax corymbs ; calyx-tube
narrowly obconic, villose, the lobes narrow, acuminate, glandular-serrate, and covered
more or less thickly with pale hairs; stamens 20; anthers pale rose color; styles 4, or
usually 5, surrounded at the base by a broad ring of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening
in October, on long slender pubescent pedicels, in drooping few-fruited clusters, ob-
ovate, full and rounded at the ends, bright cherry-red, lustrous, marked by occasional
large pale dots, about f long, 1' wide, the calyx prominent, with linear glandular-
serrate closely appressed lobes often deciduous before the fruit ripens; flesh thin,
light yellow, juicy; nutlets 4, usually 5, deeply divided along the back into 2 rounded
ridges, dark brown, -I' long.

ROSACEA

435

A tree, 25°-30° high, with a trunk a foot in diameter, spreading branches form-
ing a broad symmetrical head, and branchlets light green and villose when they first
appear, with long matted pale hairs, dull red-brown and pubescent in their first sea-
son, becoming glabrous the following year, and armed with occasional thin nearly
straight bright chestnut-brown shining spines usually about 1^' long.

Distribution. Rich bottom-lands of the streams of Ridley County, southeastern
Missouri.

68. Crataegus lanuginosa, Sarg.

Leaves ovate to suborbicular, acute or rounded and short-pointed at the apex,
broadly cuneate or rounded at the entire base, coarsely and sharply doubly serrate

above, with glandular teeth, and often irregularly divided above the middle into
short broad acute lateral lobes, less than half grown when the flowers open during
the last week of April and then dark green and villose above and covered below
with a thick coat of hoary tomentum, and at maturity subcoriaceous, dark blue-
green, lustrous, and scabrate on the upper surface, yellow-green and tomentose on
the lower surface, l^'-2' long, I'-l^' wide, with thick midribs and 3-5 pairs of stout
primary veins extending obliquely to the points of the lobes ; their petioles stout,
tomentose, ^'-f long; on vigorous shoots often broad, ovate, very coarsely glandu-
lar-serrate, rounded or truncate at the base, frequently 3' long and broad, their stip-
ules lunate, coarsely serrate, subcoriaceous, ^'-^' long. Flowers ^' in diameter,
on short stout pedicels covered with long matted pale hairs, in compact many*
flowered hoary-tomentose corymbs, with large glandular-serrate conspicuous bracts
and bractlets persistent until the flowers open; calyx-tube broadly obconic, hairy,
the lobes short, broad, acute, glandular, with minute stipitate glands, densely villose
on the outer, slightly villose on the inner surface; stamens 20; anthers rose color;
styles 5, surrounded at the base by large tufts of snow-white hairs. Fruit ripening
at the end of October, on short tomentose erect pedicels, in few-fruited clusters,
subglobose to short-oblong, full and rounded and slightly hairy at the ends, ^' in
diameter; calyx enlarged, with villose coarsely serrate usually erect spreading or
incurved persistent lobes, bright red on the upper side near the base; flesh thin,
orange color, dry and mealy; nutlets 5, thin, rounded and very irregularly ridged
on the back, about \' long.

436

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

A tree, sometimes 25° high, with a stout trunk covered with pale bark, spreading
and erect branches, and stout zigzag branchlets light green and villose at first, dull
red-brown and sparingly villose or pubescent at the end of their first year, becoming
dark or light gray-brown, and armed with many long straight purple shining ulti-
mately ashy gray spines l^'-3^', usually about 2-f long.

Distribution. Southwestern Missouri; common near Webb City; well distin-
guished by the distinctly blue color of the small leaves, and by the dark crimson
hard fruits and the remarkable development of the spines unusual in this group.

69. Crataegus induta, Sarg. Turkey Apple.

Leaves oblong-obovate, acute, cuneate, rounded or rarely truncate at the broad
entire base, very coarsely and doubly serrate above, with glandular teeth, and slightly
and irregularly divided into broad acute lateral lobes, about one third grown when
the flowers open from the middle to the end of April and then thin, light yellow-
green and roughened above by short lustrous white hairs and hoary-tomentose
below, and at maturity thin, dark yellow-green and scabrate on the upper surface,
pale and tomentose or pubescent on the lower surface, particularly along the stout
midribs and 4 or 5 pairs of prominent primary veins, 3^-4' long, 2^'-3' wide ; their
petioles slender, more or less wing-margined at the apex, glandular, hoary-tomentose
while young, becoming sparingly villose in the autumn, l^'-l^ long. Flo-wers |'
in diameter, on slender tomentose pedicels, in broad many-flowered hoary-tomentose
compound corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, thickly coated with long densely
matted white hairs, the lobes small, acuminate, glandular-serrate, villose; stamens

20; anthers small, rose color; styles 5, surrounded at the base by a broad ring of
snow-white hairs. Fruit ripening the middle of October, on stout villose pedicels, in
few-fruited clusters, short-oblong, full and rounded and villose at the ends, crimson
or reddish yellow, lustrous, marked by small pale dots, |'-2' in diameter; calyx
prominent, with a short tomentose tube and much enlarged coarsely glandular-ser-
rate hairy erect incurved lobes often deciduous from the ripe fruit; flesh thick,
orange-colored, with an astringent subacid flavor; nutlets 5, thin, rounded and
slightly grooved on the back, y^g'-f ' long.

A tree, sometimes 26° high, with a trunk often a foot in diameter, covered with

ROSACEJE

437

thick dark brown furrowed bark, large spreading and ascending branches forming
an open irregular head, and stout branchlets covered at first with long matted white
hairs, light orange-brown, lustrous, and puberulous at the end of their first season,
becoming ashy gray or liglit grayish brown the following year, and armed with very
numerous stout nearly straight dark purple shining spines usually about 2^ long.

Distribution. Dry upland woods, valley of the Red River near Fulton, Arkansas;
common.

**Stamens 10.
-i- Anthers yellow.

70. Crataegus Arnoldiana, Sarg.

Leaves broadly ovate or rarely oval, acute, regularly divided above the middle
into numerous short acute lobes, and coarsely doubly serrate, with straight glandular
teeth except at the rounded truncate or occasionally cuneate base, when they unfold

coated with dense matted pale hairs, about half grown when the flowers open at the
end of May or early in June and then roughened above by stout stiff hairs and soft-
pubescent below, and at maturity membranaceous, smooth, very dark green and lus-
trous above, paler below, 2'-3' long and broad, slightly villose on the under side of
the slender midribs and thin prominent remote primary veins extending to the points
of the lobes; their petioles slender, at first densely villose, becoming puberulous,
I'-l^' long. Flowers about |^' in diameter, on slender pedicels, in broad compound
many-flowered tomentose corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic, densely tomentose,
the lobes narrow, elongated, acuminate, glandular-serrate, villose on both surfaces;
stamens 10; anthers large, pale yellow; styles 3-5, usually 3 or 4, surrounded at
the base by a broad ring of thick hoary tomentum. Fruit ripening about the middle
of August and mostly falling before the first of September, on stout pedicels, in erect
spreading or rarely drooping few-fruited villose clusters, subglobose but rather
longer than broad, bright crimson marked by many large pale dots, villose, par-
ticularly toward the ends, with long scattered white hairs, f long; calyx little
enlarged, with elongated coarsely glandular-serrate wide-spreading lobes often de-
ciduous before the fruit ripens; flesh thick, bright yellow, subacid; nutlets 3 or 4,

438

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

light-colored, prominently ridged on the back, with a high rounded ridge, about \'
long.

A tree, 15°-20° high, with a short trunk 10'-12' in diameter, stout ascending
branches forming a broad open irregular head, and slender very zigzag branchlets
clothed at first with long matted pale hairs, becoming dark orange-brown and very
lustrous before midsummer, glabrous or puberulous during their first winter, bright
orange-brown or gray-brown during their first season, and armed with numerous
stout straight or slightly curved bright chestnut-brown shining spines 2i'-3' long.

Distribution. Thickets on a dry bank in the Arnold Arboretum and in the valley
of the Mystic River at Medford, Massachusetts.

Often cultivated in the parks and gardens in the neighborhood of Boston; very
conspicuous and easily recognized in winter by its ascending remarkably zigzag
branchlets.

71. Cratcegus Champlainensis, Sarg.

Leaves ovate, acute, rounded, truncate, slightly cordate or broadly cuneate at the
base, usually divided into 2 or 3 pairs of short narrow acute lobes, and coarsely and
frequently doubly serrate, with glandular teeth, roughened above by short pale
hairs and villose below when they unfold, nearly fully grown when the flowers open
early in June, and at maturity thick and firm in texture, conspicuously blue-green
and glabrous above, light yellow-green and somewhat pubescent below on the slen-
der midribs and remote primary veins, 2'-2^' long and I'-l^' wide; their petioles
slender, more or less tomentose at first, usually becoming glabrous and light red
below the middle before autumn, and |'-1' long. Flowers |' in diameter, on short
slender villose pedicels, in compact few-flowered compound densely villose corymbs;

calyx-tube narrowly obconic, coated with thick hoary tomentum, the lobes lanceolate,
finely glandular-serrate, tomentose on the outer surface, usually only below the mid-
dle, villose on the inner surface; stamens 10; anthers small, light yellow; styles 5,
surrounded at the base by tufts of pale hairs. Fruit ripening early in September and
usually remaining on the branches during the remainder of the year, on short pedicels,
in compact erect villose clusters, obovate or oblong, bright scarlet, marked by scat-
tered pale dots, more or less villose or pubescent toward the ends; calyx prominent,
persistent, with a long tube, the lobes gradually narrowed from broad bases, acumi-

ROSACEA

439

nate, finely glandular-serrate, villose, dark red on the upper side below the middle,
spreading or erect; flesh thick, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 5, broadly ridged on
the back, f^' long.

A tree, 15°-20° high, with a tall stem 8'-10' in diameter, covered with deeply fis-
sured bark separating into thin loose plate-like scales, stout wide-spreading branches
forming a broad round-topped often symmetrical head, and slender somewhat zigzag
branchlets coated at first with hoary tomentum, soon becoming glabrous and light
chestnut-brown and lustrous, and armed with straight or slightly curved chestnut-
brown spines l^'-2' long.

Distribution. Limestone ridges; valley of the St. Lawrence Kiver near Montreal,
southward through the Champlain valley.

72. Crataegus submollis, Sarg.

Leaves ovate, acute, gradually narrowed and cuneate at the nearly entire base,
coarsely doubly serrate above, with straight glandular teeth, and divided into 3 or 4

pairs of short acute lobes, half grown at the end of May or early in June when the
flowers open and then roughened above by short stiff pale hairs and soft-pubescent
below, particularly along the midribs and veins, and at maturity membranaceous,
dark yellow-green and scabrous above, pale below, 3'-3^' long, 2'-2^' wide, with
thick yellow midribs and remote primary veins puberulous on the lower side; their
petioles stout, nearly terete, more or less winged at the apex, at first tomentose,
puberulous at maturity, often bright red toward the base, V-2' long; on vigorous
shoots broadly ovate, cuneate, rounded, truncate, or occasionally slightly cordate at
the base, often 4' long and 3'-3^' wide, with lunate coarsely glandular-dentate
stipules frequently nearly V long. Flo"wers 1' in diameter, on long slender pedicels,
in broad many-flowered tomentose compound corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic,
covered with a thick coat of long matted white hairs, the lobes gradually narrowed
from broad bases, acute, glandular, with large red stipitate glands, glabrous or villose
on the outer surface; stamens 10; anthers small, pale yellow; styles 3-5, surrounded
at the base by a narrow ring of long white hairs. Fruit ripening and falling during
the first half of September, on elongated slender villose pedicels, in broad gracefully
drooping many-fruited clusters, pear-shaped, bright orange-red, lustrous, marked by

440

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

large scattered pale dots, puberulous toward the base, about f long; calyx much
enlarged, with erect coarsely glandular-serrate persistent lobes; flesh yellow, thin,
subacid, dry and mealy; nutlets usually 5, rounded and slightly ridged on the back^
about ^' long.

A tree, 20°-25° high, with a tall trunk occasionally a foot in diameter, ascending
or spreading ashy gray branches forming a broad handsome head, and branchlets
dark green and coated with hoary tomentum when they first appear, light or dark
orange-brown and still slightly tomentose at midsummer, becoming glabrous, lustrous,
and light red-brown or dark orange-brown, and armed with numerous thin straight
or somewhat curved bright chestnut-brown shining spines 2^'-3' in length.

Distribution. Rich damp hillsides and the borders of woods and roads, valley
of the St. Lawrence River in the Province of Quebec to that of the Penobscot River
and Gerrish Island, Maine, to the coast of eastern Massachusetts, and near Albany,
New York.

-» — t- Anthers rose color.

73. Crataegus anomala, Sarg.

Leaves ovate, acute, divided above the middle into 5 or 6 pairs of short acute or
acuminate lobes, and coarsely doubly serrate, with spreading glandular teeth except
toward the broadly cuneate or occasionally rounded base, when they unfold conspic-
uously plicate, scabrous above, with short appressed pale hairs, and villose below,
particularly along the slender midribs and thin remote primary veins arching to the
points of the lobes, about one third grown when the flowers open at the end of May,
and at maturity membranaceous, light yellow-green, smooth and glabrous above,
paler and villose below, 2^'-3' long, 2'-3' wide ; their petioles stout, glandular on the

upper side, with scattered dark glands, f '-1' long. Flowers saucer-shaped, ^' in
diameter when fully expanded, on elongated slender hairy pedicels, in broad loose
many-flowered villose corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obcouic, coated with long matted
pale hairs, the lobes elongated, acuminate, coarsely glandular-serrate, pubescent on
the lower surface and tomentose on the upper; stamens usually 10, occasionally 7 or
8; anthers large, bright red; styles 4 or 5, surrounded at the base by a narrow ring
of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening in October, on long slender pedicels, in loose

KOSACE^

441

many-fruited slightly villose clusters, obovate to oblong, gradually narrowed to the
rounded base, crimson, lustrous, marked by large pale dots, slightly villose, particu-
larly toward the full and rounded apex, f '— |' long, ^'-^' wide ; calyx large and promi-
nent, with elongated acuminate lobes abruptly narrowed from broad bases, dark red
on the upper side, tomentose on the lower, finely glandular-serrate, spreading or
closely appressed, often deciduous before the ripening of the fruit; flesh thin, light
yellow, somewhat juicy; nutlets 4 or 5, thin, prominently and irregularly ridged on

the back, Y~^^' ^°^S-

A bushy tree, sometimes 20° high, with a short trunk 6' in diameter, covered with
pale gray-brown scaly bark, stout ascending branches, and slender somewhat zigzag
brauchlets at first dark green and villose, with long matted white hairs, and puberu-
lous and light orange-brown during their first season, becoming glabrous and orange-
brown or bright red, and armed with numerous stout straight or slightly curved
bright chestnut-brown spines l^'-2' long.

Distribution. Low limestone ridges near the banks of the St. Lawrence River
iu the Caughnawaga Indian Reservation opposite Lachine in the Province of Quebec.

74. Crataegus Ell-wangeriana, Sarg.

Leaves oval, acute, full and rounded or broadly cuneate at the entire base, irreg-
ularly divided usually only above the middle into numerous short acute lobes, and
coarsely and often doubly serrate, with straight or incurved glandular teeth, about

half grown when the flowers open the middle of May, and then roughened above by
short pale hairs and villose below along the slender midribs and primary veins, and
at maturity membranaceous, light green and scabrous on the upper surface, pale and
nearly glabrous on the lower surface, 2^'-3i' long and 2'-3' wide; their petioles slen-
der, at first villose, finally glabrous, l^'-2' long; stipules oblong-obovate, acute, villose,
coarsely glandular-serrate, ^' long, those of the upper leaves mostly persistent until
after the ripening of the fruit. Flo"wers 1' in diameter, on short stout hairy pedicels,
in many-flowered densely villose corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic and villose, the
lobes elongated, lanceolate, glandular, with small pale stalked glands, villose on both
surfaces; stamens 10, sometimes 8; anthers small,' rose color; styles 3-5. Fruit
ripening and falling at the end of September, on slender glabrous pedicels, in droop-

442 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

ing villose many-fruited crowded clusters, oblong, full and rounded at the ends,
bright crimson, very lustrous, covered at the ends with scattered pale hairs, 1' long,
and ^'-f wide; calyx little enlarged, the lobes elongated, glandular-serrate above
the middle, villose on the inner surface, and spreading, or erect and incurved; flesh
thin, yellow, juicy and acid; nutlets 3-5, thick, pale brown, deeply and often doubly
and irregularly grooved on the back, \'-^' long.

A tree, sometimes 20° high, with a tall trunk often a foot m diameter, covered
with pale gray scaly bark, stout ascending branches forming a broad symmetrical
head, and slender zigzag branchlets dark green and covered at first with long matted
pale hairs, becoming in their first summer light chestnut-brown and slightly villose,
dark chestnut-brown and very lustrous in their second year, and armed with stout
straight or somewhat curved dark chestnut-brown shining spines l^'-2' long.

Distribution. Common in the neighborhood of liochester, New York.

VIII. FLABELLATiE.

Stamens 20 ; leaves yellow-green and scabrate above.

Leaves ovate ; fruit obovate to short-oblong, bright red, often slightly pruinose ;
anthers deep rose-purple. 75. C. Neo-Londinensis (A),

Leaves oblong-ovate ; fruit obovate, crimson, lustrous ; anthers pink.

76. C. Hillii (A).
Stamens 10-20, usually 10 ; leaves broadly ovate, dull dark green and scabrate above ; fruit
short-oblong to slightly obovate, dull red to crimson ; anthers pinkish purple.

77. C. assurgens (A).
Stamens usually 10.

Fruit on short stout pedicels ; leaves yellow-green and glabrous above.

Leaves oval, drooping, conspicuously concave ; fruit short-oblong, dark dull red, villose

at the ends ; anthers purple. 78. C. Pringlei (A).

Leaves oval to oblong-ovate ; fruit short-oblong, crimson, very lustrous ; anthers dark

reddish purple. 79. C. lobulata (A).

Fruit on long slender pedicels ; leaves broadly ovate to obovate or rhomboidal, dark rich

green and scabrate above ; fruit short-oblong, bright scarlet and lustrous ; anthers rose

color. 80. C. pedicellata (A).

Stamens usually 5-7, rarely 10.

Fruit short-oblong.

Leaves oval or ovate, conspicuously yellow-green ; fruit short-oblong, crimson, lustrous ;

anthers dark reddish purple. 81. C. Holmesiana (A).

Leaves oblong-ovate, deep yellow-green, nearly smooth above ; fruit short-oblong,

yellowish red, glaucous ; anthers pink. 82. C. acclivis (A).

Fruit globose to obovate.

Leaves broadly ovate, light yellow-green, lustrous and glabrous above ; fruit bright

red or scarlet, becoming purplish ; anthers dark rose color. 83. C. delecta (A).

Leaves oblong-ovate, dark yellow-green and scabrate above ; fruit crimson ; anthers

pale rose color. 84. C. sertata (A).

Leaves oblong-ovate, subcoriaceous, dark dull green and glabrous above ; fruit bright

cherry-red, pruinose ; anthers deep rose color. 85. C. Eamesi (A).

ROSACEA

443

*Stamens 20.

75. Crataegus Neo-Londinensis, Sarg., n. sp.

Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, full and rounded, truncate or broadly concave-
cuneate at the wide entire or glandular base, sharply often doubly serrate above,
with straight glandular teeth, and divided into numerous short narrow acuminate
lateral lobes, about half grown when the flowers open the middle of May and

then very thin, light yellow-green and roughened above by short white rigid hairs
and paler and sparingly hairy below, and at maturity membranaceous, lax and
spreading, dull yellow-green and scabrate on the upper surface, pale green and gla-
brous below, or occasionally slightly hairy along the under side of the stout yellow
midribs and thin remote primary veins arching to the points of the lobes, 3'^' long,
21'-3y wide, and only slightly larger on vigorous shoots; their petioles slender,
nearly terete, glandular, at first slightly hairy, becoming glabrous and purplish
toward the base, l'-2' long. Flowers V-\\' in diameter, on slender sparingly villose
pedicels, in lax slightly drooping usually 5-12-flowered villose or nearly glabrous
corymbs, with linear often slightly falcate glandular bracts and bractlets, persistent
until after the flowers open; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, covered with short matted
pale hairs, the lobes gradually narrowed from broad bases, acuminate, coarsely
glandular-serrate below the middle, glabrous on the outer, villose on the inner sur-
face; stamens 17-21, usually 20; anthers -deep rose-purple; styles 4 or 5, usually 5,
surrounded at the base by a narrow ring of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening and
beginning to fall early in September, on stout villose or glabrous pedicels, in large
drooping few-fruited clusters, obovate or short-oblong, bright red, often slightly pru-
inose, marked by numerous minute pale dots, f — |' long, \'-^' wide; calyx enlarged,
prominent, with spreading or erect and incurved coarsely serrate persistent lobes,
their upper surface bright red below the middle and covered above with soft white
hairs; flesh thick, orange-yellow, soft, juicy and acidulous; nutlets 4 or 5, thin, nar-
rowed at the ends, acute at the base, rounded at the apex, rounded and sometimes
broadly grooved on the back, about ^^g' long and ^~ high.

A tree, often 20° high, with a tall trunk 8'-10' in diameter, covered with light
grayish brown slightly fissured bark, large spreading and drooping branches forming

444

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

an open head often 20° across, and slender branchlets olive-green and slightly hairy
at first, dull red-brown and marked by many large pale lenticels during their first
season, becoming light gray and rather lustrous, and armed with stout straight dark
purple shining ultimately gray spines often 2' long.

Distribution. Borders of woods near the shores of Fisher's Island Sound, Mum-
ford's Point, Grotou (once a part of New London), and Lyme, Connecticut (C. B.
Graves).

76. Crataegus Hillii, Sarg.

Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, rounded or rarely cuneate at the broad entire
base, coarsely doubly serrate above, with straight glandular teeth, and divided into
numerous short acuminate lateral lobes, when they unfold coated above with short
lustrous white hairs and densely tomentose below, particularly on the midribs and
veins, about one fourth grown when the flowers open the middle of May and then
roughened above by short hairs and still villose below, and at maturity thin but firm
in texture, light yellow-green and scabrate on the upper surface, pale yellow-green
on the lower surface, 2^'-3' long, 2'-2|' wide, with slender midribs often slightly
hairy near the base and 4 or 5 pairs of thin primary veins extending obliquely to the
points of the lobes; their petioles slender, densely villose early in the season, slightly
hairy in the autumn, and f'-l^ lo"g; stipules oblong, often elongated, coarsely
glandular-serrate, villose, usually persistent until the flowers open; on vigorous

shoots often truncate or slightly cordate at the base, deeply lobed, with broad triangular
lobes, and 3^-4' long and broad, with stout rose-colored glandular petioles and hairy
lunate glandular- serrate stipules. Flowers about |' in diameter, on slender densely
villose pedicels, in broad many-flowered hairy compound corymbs, their large linear
to oblong bracts and bractlets occasionally persistent until midsummer; calyx-tube
narrowly obconic, thickly covered with long spreading white hairs, the lobes abruptly
narrowed at the base, broad, acuminate, coarsely glandular-serrate, glabrous on the
outer, villose on the inner surface; stamens 20; anthers pink; styles 4 or 5, sur-
rounded at the base by a narrow ring of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening from the
middle to the end of September, on slender puberulous pedicels, in drooping few-
fruited clusters, obovate, full and rounded at the apex, gradually narrowed to the
rounded base, crimson, lustrous, marked by small pale dots, ^'-|' long, |'-^' wide;

ROSACEA

445

calyx only slightly enlarged, with closely appressed coarsely serrate lobes often
deciduous from the ripe fruit; flesh yellow, thin, acidulous, juicy; nutlets 4 or 5,
thin, gradually narrowed and acute at the ends, irregularly ridged and sometimes
grooved on the back, about |' long.

A tree, 25°-30° high, with a trunk sometimes a foot in diameter and 6° or 7° long,
covered with close light gray bark tinged with red and divided by shallow fissures
into small plates, stout ascending branches forming an open irregular often round-
topped head, and slender nearly straight branchlets densely villose when they first
appear, dark orange color tinged with red and sparingly villose when the flowers
open, becoming bright red-brown and lustrous at the end of their first season and
dark dull reddish brown the following year, and sparingly armed with slender nearly
straight red-brown shining spines l^'-2' long.

Distribution. Open woods near the borders of streams in moist rich soil; north-
eastern Illinois, Thatcher's Park, Glendon Park, and River Forest, near Chicago;
not common. -

** Stamens 10-20, usually 10.

77. Crataegus assurgens, Sarg.

Leaves broadly ovate, acuminate, rounded or rarely cuneate at the wide entire
base, sharply doubly serrate above, with straight gland-tipped teeth, and slightly

""^■-V^^;^

divided into 3 or 4 pairs of small acuminate lobes, about one third grown when the
flowers open the middle of May and then roughened above by short white hairs and
glabrous or sparingly villose below, with persistent hairs along the slender yellow
midribs, and the veins arching obliquely to the points of the lobes, and at maturity
membranaceous, dull dark green and scabrate on the upper surface, light yellow-
green on the lower surface, 2|'-3y long, 2^-2^' wide ; their petioles slender, villose
early in the season, becoming pubescent, I'-l^' long; on vigorous shoots often deeply
lobed, very coarsely serrate, sometimes 4' long and wide, with long stout glandular
petioles, and foliaceous lunate acuminate coarsely glandular-serrate persistent stip-
ules. Flo"wers f '-|' in diameter, on short villose pedicels, in compact 8-lo-flowered
hairy corymbs, with oblong, acuminate, glandular bracts and bractlets, deciduous

446

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

with the opening of the flowers; calyx-tube narrowly obeonic, sparingly villose, the
lobes elongated, narrow, acuminate, tipped with minute red glands, finely glandular-
serrate, glabi'ous on the outer, pubescent on the inner surface; stamens 10-20, usually
10; anthers pinkish purple; styles 4 or 5, surrounded at the base by tufts of pale
hairs. Fruit ripening from the 15th to the 20th of September, and usually falling
about the 1st of October, on short glabrous pedicels, in drooping few-fruited clusters,
short-oblong to slightly obovate, dull red to crimson, ^'-f long, about ^' wide;
calyx sessile, with spreading closely appressed serrate usually persistent lobes; flesh
thin, pale yellow or nearly white, acidulous; nutlets 4 or 5, broad, narrowed and
acute at the ends, prominently ridged on the back, with a high narrow ridge, or often
grooved, about \' long.

A tree, sometimes 25° high, with a trunk 2'-6' in diameter and often 6°-9° long
covered with close dark gray bark, ascending branches forming an oblong, open
head, and slender branchlets light orange-yellow and covered when they first appear
with long scattered caducous white hairs, becoming bright red-brown and lustrous,
and dark gray-brown the following year, and armed with many stout usually slightly
curved bright red shining spines, I'-l^ long.

Distribution. River banks and low woods in rich soil; northeastern Illinois,
Ley den township, Lagrange, and Thatcher's Park, near Chicago.

***Stamens usually 10,

78. Crataegus Pringlei, Sarg.

Leaves oval, acute, rounded or often abruptly narrowed and cuneate at the base,
occasionally irregularly lobed above the middle, with short broad acute lobes, and
coarsely and often doubly serrate, with glandular teeth, as they unfold villose on
both surfaces, and often more or less tinged with red, when the flowers open, usually
in the last week of May, roughened above by short closely appressed pale hairs and
glabrous below with the exception of a few hairs on the slender midribs and remote

^iAH^^-^

primary veins, and at maturity thin, glabrous, and bright yellow-green on the upper
surface, pale below, 2'-2y long, l|'-2i' wide, usually conspicuously concave by the
gradual turning down of the blades from the midribs to the margins, and drooping

KOSACE^

447

9

on long thin slender glandular petioles at first villose, ultimately glabrous, from V-
1|' long; on vigorous shoots sometimes truncate or slightly cordate at the base and
frequently 3' long and broad. Flovrers about f in diameter, on stout hairy pedicels,
in many-flowered compound villose corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obcouic, villose,
particularly toward the base, the lobes narrow, acuminate, coarsely glandular-serrate,
villose on both surfaces or only on the inner surface; stamens 10, occasionally 5-10;
anthers small, purple; styles 3-5, surrounded at the base by conspicuous tufts of pale
tomentum. Fruit ripening and falling late in September or early in October, on stout
pedicels, in erect villose mostly few-fruited clusters, short-oblong, dark dull red,
marked by few dark dots, villose at the ends, with long scattered pale hairs, f long
and I' thick; calyx little enlarged, the lobes gradually narrowed from broad bases,
acuminate, glandular-serrate, often erect; flesh thick, yellow, dry and acid, with a dis-
agreeable flavor; nutlets 3-5, rounded and slightly ridged on the back, ^' long.

A tree, occasionally 25° high, with a tall trunk 10^-12' in diameter, with thin bark
readily separating into large flakes covered with small loose dark red-brown scales,
stout branches forming a wide symmetrical head, and slightly zigzag branchlets at
first dark green and villose, soon becoming glabrous, chestnut-brown and lustrous,
bright orange-brown during their second year, and armed with thick straight or
somewhat curved chestnut-brown spines often 1^' long.

Distribution. Southern New Hampshire, through southern Vermont to western
Massachusetts, w^estern New York and Ontario, and through the southern peninsula
of Michigan to northeastern Illinois.

79. Cratsegus lobulata, Sarg. Red Haw.

Leaves oval to oblong-ovate, acute at the apex, broadly cuneate or rounded at the
entire base, sharply and often doubly serrate above, with straight glandular teeth.

and deeply divided into numerous narrow acute or acuminate lobes spreading or
pointing to the apex or to the base of, the leaf, when they first appear and until after
the opening of the flowers during the last week in May covered above with short
soft pale hairs and slightly pubescent below along the slender midribs and thin
primary veins arching to the points of the lobes, and at maturity thin, dark yellow-
green and glabrous on the upper surface, paler on the lower surface, with occa-
sional short white hairs toward the base of the midribs, 2-^'-3^' long, and 2'-2^' wide;

448

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

their petioles sleiuler, nearly terete, at first tomentose, pafticularly at the base,
becoming pubescent or nearly j^hibrons and bright red, and I'-l,^' long. Flowers ^'
in diameter, on elongated slender pedicels, in rather compact many-llowered tomen-
tose componnd corymbs, with linear-lanceolate glandular-serrate bright red bracts and
l)ractlets; calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous or villose toward the base, dark red,
the lobes gradually narrowed from broad bases, glabrous, coarsely glandular-serrate,
with large dark red stipitate glands; stamens usually 10, occasionally 5-10; anthers
small, dark reddish purple; styles 3-5, sometimes surrounded at the base by a ring
of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening and falling early in October, on short stout pedicels,
in erect compact tomentulose clusters, short-oblong, somewhat flattened at the full and
rounded ends, bright crimson, very lustrous, marked by occasional small white dots,
about I' long and |' thick; calyx little enlarged, the lobes small, lanceolate, coarsely
glandular-serrate, tomentose on the upper surface, erect and incurved, persistent;
flesh thick, yellow, sweet and juicy; nutlets 3-5, thin, dark-colored, ridged and often
grooved on the back, \' long.

A tree, occasionally 35° high, with a straight trunk often a foot in diameter, cov-
ered with dark red-brown fissured bark broken into small thick plate-like scales,
stout generally ascending branches forming an open usually narrow irregular head,
and slender branchlets, dark green and covered with matted pale hairs when they
first appear, becoming bright chestnut-brown and very lustrous during their first
season and light orange-brown the following year, and armed with many stout nearly
straight chestnut-brown spines rarely more than V in length.

Distribution. Burlington, Vermont, and southward through the Champlain val-
ley, and western Massachusetts to northern Connecticut; common.

80. Crataegus pedicellata, Sarg.

Leaves broadly ovate or occasionally obovate or rhomboidal, acute or acuminate,
broadly cuneate or rounded at the entire base, coarsely often doubly serrate above,
with spreading glandular teeth, and divided above the middle into 4 or 5 pairs of

short acute or acuminate lobes, nearly two thirds grown when the flowers open during
the last week in May, and then roughened above by short rigid pale hairs and gla-
brous below, and at maturity membranaceous, dark rich green and scabrous on the

ROSACEA

449

upper surface, pale on the lower surface, 3'-4' long and 2'-3' wide, with slender mid-
ribs, and thin remote primary veins arching to the points of the lobes; their petioles
slender, nearly terete, glandular, with minute scattered dark glands, at first villose,
becoming glabrous, 1^'-2L' long; on vigorous shoots sometimes truncate or slightly
cordate at the base; their stipules strongly falcate, stipitate, coarsely glandular-ser-
rate, and often ^' long. Flowers i' in diameter, on thin elongated pedicels, in loose
lax many -flowered slightly villose corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous,
the lobes broad, acute, very coarsely glandular-serrate; stamens usually 10; anthers
rose color; styles 5, surrounded at the base by a conspicuous ring of pale tomentum.
Fruit ripening and falling during September, on long slender pedicels, in few-fruited
drooping glabrous clusters, pyriform until nearly fully grown, becoming short-oblong
when fully ripe, rounded at the ends, bright scarlet, lustrous, marked by numerous
small dark dots, |' long and ^'-f thick; calyx large and conspicuous, the lobes much
enlarged, coarsely serrate, and usually erect and incurved; flesh pale, thin, dry and
mealy; nutlets 5, narrowed and acute at the ends, rounded and deeply grooved on
the back, about ^' long.

A tree, 18°-20° high, with a tall trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, covered with
close red-brown scaly bark, comparatively slender elongated spreading or ascending
branches forming a handsome symmetrical head, and thin branchlets dark chestnut-
brown and slightly villose at first, becoming very lustrous and ashy gray in their
second year, and armed with straight or slightly curved shining chestnut-brown
spines l^'-2^ long.

Distribution. Western New York and southern Ontario; common.

V

Stamens usually 5-7.

81. Crataegus Holmesiana, Ashe.

Leaves oval or ovate, acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded or broadly cuneate
at the base, coarsely and doubly serrate above the middle, with straight teeth tipped

at first with prominent dark red caducous glands, and usually divided into 3 or 4 pairs
of short acute or acuminate lateral lobes, when they unfold dark red, roughened by
rigid pale hairs on the upper surface, and glabrous or sometimes villose on the lower
surface, scabrous above, pale yellow-green and nearly half grown when the flowers

450 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

open early in May, and at maturity thick and firm, almost smooth, conspicuously yel-
low-green, usually about 2' long and 1|^' wide, witli prominent midribs often bright
red on the lower side toward the base, and 4-C pairs of slender primary veins arching
to the points of the lobes; their stipules slender, nearly terete, glandular, glabrous or
sometimes puberulous while young, l'-l|' long; on vigorous shoots often broadly
ovate, truncate or slightly cordate at the base, more coarsely serrate and more deeply
lobed and frequently 4' long and 3' wide. Flcwers cup-shaped, ^'-f ' in diameter, on
slender elongated pedicels, in loose compound glabrous or rarely puberulous many-
flowered corymbs, with oblanceolate or linear acute glandular caducous bracts and
bractlets; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous, more or less deeply tinged with red,
the lobes elongated, acuminate, glandular-serrate, or often nearly entire; stamens
usually 5, sometimes 6-8; anthers large, dark reddish purple; styles usually 3, sur-
rounded at the base by a narrow ring of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening and falling
early in September, on long slender pedicels, in many-fruited drooping clusters, short-
oblong, full and rounded at the ends, crimson, very lustrous, marked by occasional
small dark dots, about ^' long; calyx enlarged, conspicuous, with erect and incurved
glandular-serrate lobes, bright red toward the base on the upper side; flesh thin,
yellow, dry and mealy, with a disagreeable flavor; nutlets usually 3, light chestnut-
brown, prominently grooved and ridged on the back, with a broad rounded ridge,
about \' long.

A tree, often 30° high, with a tall straight trunk 10'-15' in diameter, covered with
pale gray-brown or nearly white scaly bark, stout ascending branches forming an
open irregular rather compact head, and stout glabrous branchlets dark green more
or less tinged with red when they first appear, becoming bright chestnut-brown or
orange-brown and lustrous, and ultimately ashy gray, and armed with occasional
thick mostly straight bright chestnut-brown shining spines l|'-2' long.

Distribution. Rich moist hillsides and the borders of streams and swamps,
neighborhood of Montreal and southern Ontario to the coast of southern Maine,
central and western Massachusetts, western New York, Rhode Island, and eastern
Pennsylvania; most abundant and of its largest size on the hills of Worcester
County, Massachusetts. In Sellersville, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, in a form of
this species (var. villipes, Ashe) the young branchlets, petioles, and corymbs are
often puberulous and the under surface of the leaves more or less hairy, particularly
on the midribs and veins.

82. Crataegus acclivis, Sarg.

Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, broadly cuneate or rounded at the entire base,
coarsely doubly serrate above, with straight gland-tipped teeth, and deeply divided
into numerous wide-spreading acuminate lateral lobes, when they unfold tinged with
red, densely villose on the upper surface, pubescent along the midribs and veins
below, about half grown when the flowers open during the last week of May and
then light yellow-green, slightly roughened above by short white hairs and pubescent
along the midribs and veins below, and at maturity membranaceous, dark yellow-
green and nearly smooth above, pale yellow-green and glabrous below, 2^'-3' long,
2'-2^' wide, with stout yellow midribs and 5 or 6 pairs of primary veins extending
obliquely to the points of the lobes; their petioles slender, slightly wing-margined
at the apex, glandular, with numerous small dark glands, densely villose early in the
season, becoming puberulous or glabrous in the autumn, l^'-2' long; on vigorous
shoots broadly ovate, acuminate, cordate at the wide base, deeply divided into wide

ROSACEA

451

acute lateral lobes, and often 4'-5' long and wide, with foliaceous, lunate, coarsely
glandular-serrate stipules, 1^' wide, and persistent throughout the season. Flowers

I"' in diameter, on slender densely villose pedicels, in broad lax many-flowered long-
branched hairy corymbs, the lower peduncles from the axils of upper leaves and
often several-flowered, their bracts lanceolate, glandular, large and conspicuous, per-
sistent until after the flowers open ; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, covered with a thick
coat of long matted hairs, the lobes slender, elongated, acuminate, serrate, with occa-
sional large gland-tipped teeth, glabrous on the outer, slightly villose on the inner
surface; stamens usually 5; anthers pink; styles mostly 5. Fruit ripening the middle
of September and soon falling, on long slender slightly hairy pedicels, in many-
fruited drooping clusters, short-oblong, full and rounded at the ends, yellowish red,
glaucous, marked by occasional pale dots, about |' long and -|' wide; calyx sessile,
with usually erect enlarged coarsely serrate lobes villose on the upper side and often
deciduous from the ripe fruit; flesh thick, yellow, rather juicy; nutlets usually 5,
narrowed and acute at the ends, ridged with a high broad ridge, or rounded and
slightly grooved on the back, about |' long.

A tree, 2o°-30° high, with a short trunk occasionally 4'-o' in diameter, covered
with smooth light gray bark, numerous erect branches forming an oblong open very
irregular head, and stout slightly zigzag branchlets coated when they first appear
with long matted pale hairs, light red-brown and lustrous, marked by small pale len-
ticels and pubescent at the end of their first season, becoming dull red or orange-
brown the following year, and armed with stout straight or curved bright red-brown
shining spines 1^-2' long.

Distribution. Steep banks of the gorge of the Genesee River at Rochester, and
banks of the Niagara River, Niagara Falls, New York; common.

83. Crataegus delecta, Sarg., n, sp.

Leaves broadly ovate, acute or acuminate at the apex, full and rounded or broadly
cuneate at the entire base, sharply often doubly serrate above, with straight gland-
ular teeth, and divided usually only above the middle into numerous short acuminate
lateral lobes, when they unfold tinged with red and covered with glistening white

452

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

hairs more abundant below than above, nearly half grown when the flowers open
during the first half of May and then roughened on the upper surface by short white
hairs and glabrous or sparingly villose on the midribs and veins below, with scattered
hairs sometimes persistent throughout the season, and at maturity membranaceous,
liglit yellow-green, lustrous and glabrous above, paler below, 1^-2' long and broad,
with stout yellow midribs and C or 7 pairs of slender primary veins arching obliquely
to the points of the lobes, turning purplish in the autumn before falling; their petioles
slender, covered at first with matted pale hairs, becoming glabrous, slightly glandu-
lar, often tinged with red below the middle, f'-l' long; stipules lanceolate to linear,
glandular, with stipitate dark red glands tinged with red, caducous; on vigorous
shoots sometimes long-pointed at the apex and slightly cordate at the base, more
deeply lobed and more coarsely serrate, and often 3'-4' long and broad. Flowers
I'-l' in diameter, on long slender slightly hairy pedicels; in broad villose 10-15-
flowered sparingly villose corymbs, with glandular caducous bracts and bractlets;
calyx- tube broadly obconic, villose or nearly glabrous, the lobes acuminate, coarsely

glandular-serrate; glabrous on the outer and villose on the inner surface; stamens 5-
10, usually 5; anthers dark rose color; styles 3-5, usually 5. Fruit ripening from
the first to the middle of September and soon falling, on stout glabrous pedicels,
in drooping few-fruited clusters, globose to slightly obovate, bright red or scarlet,
becoming purple when fully ripe, |'— |' long, f'-f wide; calyx prominent, with erect
and incurved coarsely serrate lobes; flesh thick, yellow, juicy, mildly acid and edible;
nutlets 3-5, usually 5, narrowed and acute at the ends, rounded and very irregularly
ridged on the back, \'-^^ long.

A tree, sometimes 30° high, with a trunk rarely 1° in diameter and 6°-9° long,
covered by light gray slightly fissured smooth bark, spreading or ascending branches
forming an oblong open head, and slender branchlets at first slightly villose, becom-
ing glabrous, dull red, and ultimately gray or olive-gray, and armed with stout nearly
straight spines much thickened below the middle, dark chestnut-brown and lustrous,
becoming dull brown or gray, and usually l'-2' long.

Distribution. Pastures, open woods or their borders; northeastern Illinois,
Wauconda, Fort Sheridan, Deerfield, Lake Forest, Lockport {E. J. Hill).

ROSACEA

453

84. Crataegus sertata, Sarg.

Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, rounded, truncate, subcordate or rarely cuneate
at the broad base, finely and often doubly serrate, with straight gland-tipped teeth,
and deeply divided into 5 or 6 pairs of wide acuminate lobes, when they unfold
coated above with short pale hairs and villose below on the midribs and veins, about

half grown and villose when the flowers open during the first half of May, and at
maturity membranaceous, dark yellow-green and scabrate on the upper surface,
pale yellow-green and glabrous on the lower surface, 2^-3' long, l^'-2' wide, with
thin yellow midribs and slender primary veins arching obliquely to the points of the
lobes; their petioles slender, slightly grooved, villose early in the season, ultimately
glabrous, sparingly glandular, l^'-3' long. Flowers f '-1' in diameter, on slender
pedicels, in broad 10-lo-fiowered compound densely villose corymbs, with linear to
linear-obovate glandular large and conspicuous caducous bracts and bractlets; calyx-
tube broadly obconic, glabrous above, villose below, the lobes abruptly narrowed
from the base, broad, acuminate, tipped with small red glands, coarsely glandular-
serrate, glabrate on the outer, pubescent on the inner surface; stamens 5-10, usually
5; anthers pale rose color; styles 3-5, surrounded at the base by tufts of pale hairs.
Fruit ripening about the middle of September and soon falling, on slender villose or
pubescent pedicels, in drooping many-fruited clusters, subglobose to slightly obo-
vate, full and rounded at the ends, bright red and lustrous, becoming darker or
crimson when fully ripe, marked by occasional large pale dots, about ^' long and
wide; calyx prominent, with enlarged mostly erect incurved serrate lobes; flesh thin,
yellow, aromatic, pleasantly acid; nutlets 3-5, usually 4, thin, narrow and acute at
the ends, slightly ridged on the back, with a wide or narrow ridge, -|' long.

A tree, 10°-20° high, with a trunk 6'-8' in diameter, and often 4°-5° long,
covered with close dark gray bark separating into long narrow thin plate-like scales,
stout spreading branches forming a handsome open head, and slender nearly straight
branchlets thickly coated when they first appear with matted pale hairs, light brown
and lustrous at the end of their first season, and dark gray-brown the following year,
and unarmed or armed with stout nearly straight or curved spines l'-2^' lo"g-

Distribution. Open woods and pastures in rich moist soil; northeastern Illinois,
Barrington, Mokena, Glendon Park, and Lake Zurich.

454

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

85. Crataegus Earnest, Sarg., n. sp.

Leaves obloug-ovate, acute or acuminate, concave-cuueate or rounded at the
entire or glandular base, sharply often doubly serrate above, with straight glandular
teeth, and divided into numerous short acute lateral lobes, about half grown when
the flowers open the middle of May, and then membranaceous, light yellow-green
and roughened above by short rigid white hairs and pale and glabrous below with
the exception of a few hairs on the midribs and slender primary veins arching to the
points of the lobes, and at maturity subcoriaceous, glabrous, dark rather dull green
and smooth above, pale yellow-green below, 3'-3^' long, 2'-2^' wide; their petioles
slender, wing-margined above, villose at first, becoming glabrous, I'-l^' long; on
vigorous shoots usually rounded or truncate at the broad base, lyore deeply lobed,
often 3^ '-4' long and 3^ wide. FloTvers about |' in diameter, on slender slightly
hairy pedicels, in crowded compact 5-25, usually 15-18-flowered sparingly villose
compound corymbs, with linear obovate coarsely glandular reddish bracts and bract-
lets, mostly deciduous before the flowers open; calyx narrowly obconic, glabrous, the
lobes slender, elongated, glandular, with large bright red stipitate glands, glabrous

on the outer, slightly villose on the inner surface; stamens 5-10, usually 5-8; anthers
deep rose-purple; styles 4 or 5, surrounded at the base by a narrow ring of pale
pubescence. Fruit ripening early in September and soon falling, on stout glabrous
pedicels, in large many-fruited drooping clusters, oblong to slightly ovate, full and
rounded at the ends, bright cherry red, lustrous, pruinose, marked by few large
dark dots, f -f ' long, about ^' wide ; calyx only slightly enlarged, the lobes erect and
incurved, coarsely serrate, dark red on the upper side below the middle, their tips
deciduous from the ripe fruit; flesh thick, pale yellow, juicy; nutlets 4 or 5, narrowed
at the ends, irregularly ridged, often with a high broad ridge, and sometimes grooved
on the back, about ^' long.

A tree, occasionally 20° high, with a trunk a foot in diameter, ascending branches
forming a narrow open head, and stout glabrous branchlets bright reddish brown and
rather lustrous during their first season, becoming light gray slightly tinged with
red in their second year, and armed with stout straight or slightly curved spines
I'-ll' long; or occasionally shrubby, with a short trunk divided near the ground into
several spreading stems.

ROSACEA

455

Distribution. Rich moist ground, Stratford, Connecticut (E. H. Eames); Anso-
nia, Connecticut (E. B. Harger).

IX. DILATAT^ffi.

Flowers in broad 6-12-flowered corymbs.

Leaves broadly ovate ; fruit bright scarlet. 86. C. dilatata (A)

Leaves nearly orbicular to oval ; fruit dull red, blotched with green or orange-red.

87. C. suborbiculata (A).
Leaves ovate to slightly obovate ; fruit crimson, pruinose. 88. C. Hudsonica (A).

Flowers in very compact 5-7-flowered corymbs ; leaves broadly ovate ; fruit usually broader
than high, much flattened at the ends, dark crimson, very lustrous.

89. C. coccinioides (A).

86. Crataegus dilatata, Sarg.

Leaves broadly ovate, acute, truncate, cordate, or slightly rounded at the broad
base, coarsely and generally doubly and irregularly serrate above, with straight teeth
tipped with large dark glands, unequally lobed, usually with 2 or 3 pairs of acute or
acuminate lateral lobes, about one third grown when the flowers open at the end of May,
and then light yellow-green, conspicuously plicate, roughened on the upper surface
with short stiff white hairs and glabrous on the lower surface, and at maturity smooth
and glabrous, dark green above, pale below, 2'-2i' long and almost as wide as long,
with slender midribs and 4 or 5 pairs of thin primary veins ; their petioles slender,
somewhat glandular, at first villose, soon glabrous, often dark red toward the base
after midsummer, l'-2' long; on vigorous shoots often 4:'-5' long and frequently

rather broader than long, their stipules foliaceous, lunate, and often ^ in length.
Flowers V-l\' in diameter, on slender elongated hairy pedicels, in broad, loose,
usually 8-12-flowered slightly villose corymbs, with lanceolate bracts and bractlets
glandular like the inner bud-scales, with dark red glands; calyx-tube broadly obconic,
covered toward the base with matted pale hairs, nearly glabrous, the lobes broad,
acuminate, coarsely glandular, with large scattered red glands, glabrous on the outer
and generally slightly villose on the inner surface; stamens 20; anthers large, rose
color; styles usually 5, surrounded at the base by small tufts of white hairs. Fruit

456

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

ripening and falling early in September, on slender pedicels, in many-fruited drooping
clusters, subglobose, bright scarlet, marked by numerous small dark dots, about 4'
in diameter; the calyx much enlarged, with spreading coarsely serrate lobes bright
red on the upper side toward the base; flesh thin, sweet and yellow; nutlets 5, thin,
rounded, and prominently ridged on the back, about ^ long.

A tree, occasionally 20° high, with a tall straight trunk covered with light gray-
brown scaly bark, branches spreading into a wide round-topped symmetrical head,
and slender glabrous slightly zigzag branchlets armed with few stout straight light
brown shining spines l'-2' long.

Distribution. Low borders of salt marshes and estuaries, Ipswich to Somer-
set, Massachusetts, and on the shores of Mt. Hope Bay at Tiverton, Rhode Island.

87. Crataegus suborbiculata, Sarg.

Leaves nearly orbicular to oval or rarely to oblong, short-pointed at the apex,
full and rounded or broadly cuneate at the entire base, sharply and doubly serrate
above, with slender straight or incurved glandular teeth, and often divided above

the middle into 3 or 4 pairs of short acute lobes, when they unfold pale yellow-
green, and somewhat villose on the upper surface toward the base and below in the
axils of the principal veins, about one third grown when the flowers open during the
first week of June, and at maturity thin but firm in texture, dull dark green above,
paler below, usually about 1^' long and broad, with slender midribs and 4 or 5 pairs
of thin primary veins; their petioles slender, slightly glandular, more or less winged
above, f'-l' long; on vigorous shoots nearly orbicular to short-oval, more coarsely
serrate and more deeply lobed, and frequently 3' long and broad, their petioles
often broadly winged and conspicuously glandular. Flo"wers |' in diameter, on short
stout pedicels, in compact 6-12-flowered glabrous compound corymbs; calyx broadly
obconic, the lobes gradually narrowed from broad bases, elongated, acuminate, entire
or occasionally obscurely denticulate; stamens 20; anthers small, rose color; styles
5, surrounded at the base by a broad ring of hoary tomentum. Fruit falling in
October without becoming mellow, on short rigid pedicels, in few-fruited erect clus-
ters, subglobose, often rather longer than broad, about |' in diameter, dull red more
or less blotched with green, or often wholly green on one face, or scarlet in one

ROSACEiE

457

form; calyx enlarged, prominent, with a broad deep cavity and nearly entire wide-
spreading lobes; flesh yellow, thin, dry and hard; nutlets 5, broad and thick, nar-
rower and rounded at the ends, obscurely and unequally grooved on the back, about

T long-

A tree, rarely more than 15°-20° high, with a well-developed trunk 5'-6' in diam-
eter, stout spreading branches forming a broad low flat-topped head, and branch-
lets armed with thick straight or slightly curved bright chestnut-brown shining spines
l'-2' in length.

Distribution. Low limestone ridges opposite Lachine near the south bank of the
St. Lawrence River and on the Island of Montreal, Province of Quebec.

88. Crataegus Hudsonica, Sarg., n. sp.

Leaves ovate or slightly obovate, acute, gradually and abruptly narrowed and
mostly concave-cuneate at the entire base, sharply and often doubly serrate above,
with straight or incurved glandular teeth, and frequently slightly divided above the
middle into short acute lobes, nearly fully grown when the flowers open at the end of
May, and then thin, light yellow-green, smooth and glabrous above with the excep-
tion of a few short white scattered hairs along the midribs, and pale and glabrous
below, and at maturity thin but firm in texture, glabrous, 2'-2i' long, li'-l|' wide,
with slender yellow midribs and o or 6 pairs of thin primary veins extending obliquely
to the points of the lobes; their petioles slender, wing-margined above, glandular,

at first slightly hairy, becoming glabrous and rose color toward the base, f'-l' long;
on vigorous shoots broadly ovate to suborbicular, full and rounded or broadly cuneate
at the wide base, deeply divided into broad lateral lobes, and 2'-3' long and broad.
Flowers about f in diameter, on long slender pedicels, in broad usually 10-12-flow-
ered compound glabrous corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous, the lobes
gradually narrowed from broad bases, acuminate, glandular-serrate often only below
the middle, glabrous on the outer, slightly hairy on the inner surface; stamens 20;
anthers rose color; styles 3-5. Fruit ripening early in September, in few-fruited
drooping clusters, subglobose, crimson, pruinose, marked by numerous pale dots,
about I' in diameter; calyx enlarged, with a deep broad cavity, and closely appressed
serrate lobes villose on the upper side; flesh thick, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets

458

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

3-5, full and rounded at the base and narrowed and rounded at the apex, rounded
and sometimes ridged on the back, with a high rounded ridge, about y^' long.

A tree, sometimes 20° high, witli a tall trunk 8'-10' in diameter, covered with pale
scaly bark, heavy ascending and spreading branches forming a broad open head, stout
ascending glabrous branchlets dark orange color when they first appear and light
orange-brown and lustrons during their first winter, and armed with numerous
slender straight or slightly curved bright red-brown shining spines l^'-2' long; some-
times a broad bush, with numerous stout spreading stems.

Distribution. Rolling hills in the valley of the Hudson River, near Albany, New
York (C. H. Peck).

89. Crataegus coccinioides, Ashe.

Leaves broadly ovate, acute, full and rounded or truncate at the base, sharply
and often doubly serrate, with straight glandular teeth, and divided above the middle

r'^.57^

into short acute lobes, as they unfold conspicuously plicate, very lustrous, yellow-
green, and villose on the lower side of the midribs, with a few short pale hairs
usually persistent during the season, about half grown when the flowers open early
in May, and at maturity thin but firm in texture, rather rigid, dull dark green
and smooth on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface, 2^'-3' long, with thin
pale yellow midribs deeply impressed above and often bright red toward the basej
after midsummer, and slender primary veins arching to the points of the lobes, turn*-'
ing late in October gradually bright orange and scarlet; their petioles glandular on
the upper side, with minute-stalked dark red glands, at first villose, soon glabrous,
often bright red or pink toward the base, ^'-V long; on vigorous shoots more or less
cordate at the base and usually 3^'-4' long and broad ; their stipules lunate, coarsely
glandular-serrate, foliaceous, and \'-\' long. Flowers |' in diameter, in very com-
pact 5-7-flowered glabrous or slightly villose corymbs, with coarsely serrate oblong-
obovate acute bracts and bractlets, conspicuously glandular, like the inner bud-scales,|
with large bright red glands; calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous, the lobes gradu-
ally narrowed from broad bases, acute and coarsely glandular-serrate; stamens 20;|
anthers large, rose color; styles 5, surrounded at the base by a ring of pale tomen-|
turn. Fruit ripening early in October and falling gradually during a month or six!

ROSACEA

459

weeks, on stout pedicels, in few-fruited compact erect clusters, subglobose, much
flattened at the ends, often obscurely angled, dark crimson, very lustrous, marked
by numerous large pale dots, |' long, -|' broad ; calyx much enlarged and conspicuous,
with spreading or erect lobes bright red on the upper side near the base; flesh thick,
firm, subacid, more or less deeply tinged with red; nutlets 5, comparatively small,
light-colored, narrowed at the ends, acute at the apex, rounded at the base, rounded
and slightly ridged on the back, about ^' long.

A tree, sometimes 20° high, with a stem 8'-10' in diameter, stout spreading light
gray branches forming a broad handsome head, and stout nearly straight glabrous
bright chestnut-brown very lustrous branchlets armed with thick dark reddish
purple shining spines l^'-2' long.

Distribution. Dry woods in the neighborhood of St. Louis, Missouri, to eastern
Kansas.

X. COCCINEiE.

Stamens 10 ; leaves coriaceous.

Leaves elliptical or obovate ; fruit subglobose, dark crimson ; anthers pale yellow.

90. C. coccinea (A).
Leaves elliptical or ovate ; fruit short-oblong- to oblong-obovate, brig-ht carmine red ;
anthers rose color. 91. C. Jonesae (A).

Stamens 20 ; leaves subcoriaceous, rhomboidal to oblong-obovate ; fruit short-oblong- to sub-
globose, dark dull red or rusty orange-red ; anthers pale yellow.

92. C. Margaretta (A, C).

90. Crataegus coccinea, L. Scarlet Haw.

Leaves elliptical or obovate, acute or acuminate, gradually narrowed from above
the middle to the cuneate and entire base, finely and often doubly serrate above, with
incurved or straight teeth tipped with minute dark glands, and divided above the

middle into several short acute lateral lobes, about half grown when the flowers open
at the end of May, and then membranaceous, light yellow-green, covered on the
upper surface with soft pale hairs, and pubescent along the under side of the thin
midribs and 4 or 5 pairs of erect primary veins extending to the points of the lobes,
and at maturity coriaceous, dark green, smooth and very lustrous on the upper sur-
face, paler and rarely pilose on the veins below, 1^-2' long, I'-l^' wide; their petioles

460

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

slender, glandular, slightly winged at the apex, at first villose, usually becoming
glabrous, often dark red toward the base, |'-1' long; on vigorous shoots oblong-ovate,
oval or often nearly orbicular, more deeply lobed and frequently 2^'-3' long.
Flo"wers -^'-f ' in diameter, on slender pedicels, in broad loose compound many-
llowered villose or tomentose corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic, tomentose or
villose, the lobes gradually narrowed from broad bases, acute, coarsely glandular-
serrate, glabrous or villose, often bright red toward the apex; stamens 10; anthers
small, pale yellow; styles 3 or 4. Fruit ripening and falling late in October, on
short stout pedicels, in drooping many-fruited pilose clusters, subglobose but occa-
sionally rather longer than broad, dark crimson, marked by scattered dark dots
about ^' in diameter; calyx enlarged, conspicuous, the lobes bright red on the upper
side, toward the base, wide-spreading or erect; flesh thin, yellow, dry and sweet;
nutlets 3 or 4, full and rounded at the ends, prominently ridged on the back, with a
high grooved ridge, about \' long.

A bushy tree, occasionally 20° high, with a short trunk 8'-10' in diameter, cov-
ered with dark red-brown scaly bark, stout ascending branches forming a broad
round-topped symmetrical head, slender branchlets light green and covered with long
matted pale hairs when they first appear, soon becoming glabrous, bright red-brown
and lustrous during their first year, and ultimately ashy gray, and armed with many
stout straight or slightly curved chestnut-brown shining spines I'-l^' long.

Distribution. Slopes of low hills and the high banks of salt marshes usually in
rich well drained soil; Newfoundland to Connecticut, usually in the neighborhood
of the sea, and through the valley of the St. Lawrence River to western Quebec.
A form, var. rotundifolia, Sarg., with glabrous young branchlets, leaves, and corymbs,
is a common New England shrub ranging southward to eastern Pennsylvania.

91. Crataegus Jonesae, Sarg.

Leaves elliptical to ovate, acute, gradually narrowed or broadly cuneate at the
entire base, coarsely doubly serrate above, with spreading or incurved teeth tipped
with deciduous dark red glands, and usually divided above the middle into 2 or 3

pairs of short acute or acuminate lobes, more than half grown when the flowers open
during the first week of June, and then membranaceous and coated with soft pale

ROSACEA 461

hairs most abundant on the under side of the midribs and principal veins, and at
maturity thick and coriaceous, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, pale
and puberulous on the lower surface, 3'-4' long and 2'-3' broad, with stout midribs,
4-6 pairs of primary veins and conspicuous secondary veinlets; their petioles stout,
more or less winged toward the apex, villose, ultimately glabrous, tinged with red
below the middle, l^'-2' long, after midsummer often twisted at the base, bringing
the lower surface of the leaf to the light; on vigorous shoots usually more coarsely
serrate and much more deeply lobed, with broadly winged petioles, and falcate
coarsely glandular-serrate stipules sometimes 1' in length. Flowers V in diameter,
on long slender pedicels, in broad loose lax compound many-flowered tomentose
corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic and tomentose, the lobes abruptly narrowed
from broad bases, elongated, acute, entire, villose; stamens 10; anthers large, rose
color; styles 2, or generally 3, surrounded at the base by a narrow ring of pale
tomentum. Fruit, ripening usually early in October, on slender elongated pedicels,
in broad many-fruited drooping glabrous or puberulous clusters, short-oblong to
oblong-obovate, full and rounded at the ends, bright carmine-red, marked by occa-
sional large dots, f'-l' long, |' broad; calyx conspicuous, with enlarged and elon-
gated closely appressed lobes; flesh thick, yellow, sweet and mealy; nutlets 3 or
rarely 2, thick, narrowed and acute at the base, full and rounded at the apex, rounded
and ridged on the back, with a high broad ridge, about ^"g' long.

A tree, sometimes 20° high, with a tall trunk often a foot in diameter, covered
with dark brown scaly bark, ascending or spreading branches forming a broad open
irregular head, and stout branchlets at first tomentose, becoming orange-brown,
glabrous, and very lustrous during their first season and light gray the following
year, and armed with stout straight or curved chestnut-brown shining spines 2'-3'
long and usually pointed toward the base of the branch.

Distribution. Rocky shores of sounds and bays* southeastern Maine, Islesboro,
and Belfast Bay to the island of Mount Desert.

92. Crataegus Margaretta, Ashe.

Leaves broadly rhomboidal, oblong-obovate to rarely ovate, acute or rounded at
the apex, gradually narrowed and usually entire below, coarsely often doubly crenately-
serrate above, with mostly glandless teeth, and divided above the middle or frequently
only at the apex into short broad rounded or acute lobes, membranaceous when the
flowers open in May, and roughened above by short pale hairs and glabrous below, and
at maturity firm and rather leathery in texture, or subcoriaceous, glabrous, smooth,
dark green, and somewhat lustrous on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface,
I'-l^' long, 1' wide, with yellow midribs and 3-5 pairs of primary veins extending
very obliquely to the points of the lobes; their petioles slender, often slightly winged
toward the apex, glandular at first, with minute dark red caducous glands, V~l'
long; on vigorous shoots broadly ovate or semiorbicular, usually more deeply and
more generally lobed, often 3' long and 2'-3' wide. Flowers about f in diame-
ter, on slender elongated pedicels, in 3-12-flowered compound thin-branched slightly
villose corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, slightly villose toward the base, or
glabrous, the lobes gradually narrowed from below, acuminate or short-pointed at
the apex, finely and irregularly glandular-serrate, glabrous, or villose on the inner
surface; stamens usually 20; anthers small, light yellow; styles 2 or 3, surrounded
at the base by a narrow ring of pale tomentum, and villose below the middle, with
occasional long spreading hairs. Fruit ripening and falling at the end of Septem-

462

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

ber, in few-fruited drooping clusters, sliort-oblong, full and rounded at the ends, or
subglobose and flattened at the ends, dull dark red or rusty orange-i-ed marked by

fiw2>Jl

occasional dark dots, and about ^' long; calyx only slightly enlarged, the lobes spread-
ing or erect and frequently deciduous before the fruit ripens; flesh thin, yellow, dry
and mealy; nutlets 2 or 3, broad and rounded at the base, acute at the apex, con-
spicuously grooved and ridged on the back, with a broad rounded ridge, about ^'
long.

A tree, occasionally 25° high, with a straight trunk 4'-6' in diameter, covered with
thin dark gray-brown bark, thin rather erect branches forming a narrow open head,
and slender branchlets, orange-green, glabrous or sometimes pubescent when they
first appear, becoming bright chestnut-brown and lustrous, and ashy gray or gray
tinged with red during their second year, and armed with thin straight or slightly
curved bright chestnut-brown spines f'-l^' long.

Distribution. Banks of streams and open hillsides; Ontario, central Michigan,
central Iowa, Missouri from Webster in the neighborhood of St. Louis to Springfield,
and in middle Tennessee.

XI. INTRICATiE.

Stamens 10 ; leaves broadly ovate to oval.

Fruit depressed-globose, yellow-green flushed with russet red ; anthers pale yellow ; calyx-
lobes without stalked glands. 93. C. Boyiitoiii (A, C).
Fruit subglobose, red or russet-red ; anthers pale rose color ; calyx-lobes with stalked
glands. 94. C. Buckley i (A).
Stamens 20.

Leaves oval to ovate or oblong-obovate ; fruit short-oblong, dull red, often with a bright
russet face ; stamens usually 5-15 ; anthers small, pale yellow. 95. C. venusta (C).
Leaves oblong-ovate to elliptical or obovate; fruit subglobose to short-oblong, yellow or
orange-yellow, more or less flushed with red ; anthers large, purple.

96. C. Sargenti (C).

93. Crataegus Boyntoni, Beadl.

Leaves broadly ovate to oval, acute, full and rounded or cuneate at the entire
glandular base, sharply and often doubly serrate above, with glandular teeth, and

ROSACEA

463

frequently divided into 2 or 3 pairs of short broad acute lateral lobes, when they
unfold deep bronze-red, slightly glandular and viscid, nearly fully grown when the
flowers open early in May, and then membranaceous and glabrous or occasionally
slightly pilose, and at maturity thick and firm, glabrous, yellow-green on the upper
surface, pale on the lower surface, l'-2^' long, l'-2' wide, with thin pale yellow mid-
ribs and 4-7 pairs of slender veins ; their petioles stout, glandular often to the base,
with bright red glands, slightly winged above, usually about ^' long; on vigorous shoots
often as broad as long, truncate or cordate at the base, and more coarsely dentate
and more deeply lobed. Flo"wers about ^' in diameter, on short slender pedicels, in
compact 4-10-flowered compound corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic, the lobes
abruptly narrowed from broad bases, acute or rounded at the apex, entire or obscurely
and irregularly glandular-serrate above the middle; stamens 10; anthers large, pale
yellow; styles 3-5, surrounded at the base by a broad thick ring of hoary tomentum.

Fruit ripening and falling early in October, on short stout pedicels, in few-fruited
erect clusters, depressed-globose, more or less angled, yellow-green flushed with
russet-red, marked with small dark dots, usually about 1' in diameter; calyx promi-
nent, the large spreading lobes often deciduous before the fruit ripens; nutlets 3-5,
acute or acuminate at the apex, rounded at the narrow base, prominently ridged on
the back, with a high rounded ridge, about \' long.

A tree, occasionally 20° high, with a tall straight trunk 6'S' in diameter, some-
times armed with long gray compound spines, stout ascending branches forming a
narrow open irregularly or occasionally a round-topped head, and glabrous branchlets
furnished with many thin nearly straight light chestnut-brown spines l^'-2' long; or
more often a shrub, with numerous stems.

Distribution. Banks of streams, the borders of fields and upland woods in the
southern Appalachian foothill region from southern Virginia to northern Georgia and
Alabama, southeastern Kentucky, and Tennessee, sometimes ascending to elevations
of 3000° above the sea.

94. Cratsegus Buckleyi, Beadl.

Leaves broadly ovate or oval, acute, rounded or subcordate, or narrowed and con-
cave-cuneate at the entire base, coarsely often doubly serrate above, with straight

464

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

glandular teeth, and more or less incisely lobed, with acuminate lateral lobes, more
than half grown when the flowers open about the middle of May and then pale green
and glabrous with the exception of a few caducous hairs along the upper side of the

base of the midribs, and at maturity thick and firm in texture, dark green above,
paler below, l|'-2' long, l|'-2' wide, and on vigorous shoots sometimes wider than
long; their petioles stout, conspicuously glandular above the base, wing-margined at
the apex, glabrous, ^'-^' long. Flowers about |' in diameter, on slender glabrous
pedicels, in compact 3-7-flowered simple corymbs, with conspicuously glandular
bracts and bractlets ; calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous, the lobes broad, acuminate,
laciniately cut toward the apex, and glandular, with stipitate glands; stamens 10;
anthers pale rose color; styles 3-5, surrounded at the base by tufts of pale hairs.
Fruit ripening late in September or in October, subglobose, usually angled, red or
russet red, about ^' in diameter; calyx little enlarged, with spreading or reflexed
lobes; flesh thin, dry and mealy; nutlets 3-5, full and rounded at the base, rounded
at the slightly narrowed apex, prominently ridged on the back, with a broad grooved
ridge, about ^y long.

A tree, often 25° high, with a trunk 4'-7' in diameter, and sometimes 10°-12°
long, and covered with gray or often dark brown scaly bark, stout spreading or
ascending branches, and thick glabrous red-brown branchlets armed with thin straight
shining spines 1' long, becoming much longer and branched on the trunk and large
branches.

Distribution. Southwestern Virginia, through western North Carolina to eastern
Tennessee; usually at elevations between 2000° and 3000° above the sea; common
on wooded slopes with Oaks, Hickories, and Pines.

95. Crataegus venusta, Beadl.

Leaves oval to ovate or occasionally to oblong-obovate, acute, gradually or
abruptly narrowed and cuneate or rounded at the entire base, finely serrate above,
with usually incurved glandular teeth, and frequently slightly and irregularly divided
above the middle into 1-3 pairs of short broad acute lobes, when they unfold dark
bronze color, with a. few scattered pale caducous hairs on the upper surface, about
half grown when the flowers open from the 20th to the end of April, and then

ROSACEiE

465

yellow-green, smooth and glabrous, and at maturity thick and firm in texture, dark
dull green above, pale below, 2^' long, 1^' wide, with stout midribs and 4-7 pairs of
thin primary veins, late in the autumn turning, especially those on leading shoots,
deep orange or scarlet; their petioles stout, glandular, more or less winged above,
i'-|^' long, and in the autumn often bright red below the middle ; on vigorous shoots
generally broadly ovate, full and rounded at the base, deeply lobed, with broad
lobes, and often 3^' long and 3' wide. Flowers 1' in diameter, on short pedicels, in
4:-9-flowered compact corymbs, their bracts and bractlets like the inner bud-scales
coarsely glandular-serrate and bright red before falling; calyx-tube broadly obconic,
the lobes gradually narrowed from broad bases, acute, coarsely glandular-serrate
often only below the middle; stamens 15-20, usually 15-17; anthers small, pale yellow;
styles 3-5, surrounded at the base by a ring of pale hairs. Fruit ripening and falling
from the 1st to the middle of October, on stout pedicels often 1' long, in few-fruited
clusters, short-oblong, full and rounded at the ends, dull red, often with a bright russet

face, marked by occasional large dark dots; calyx prominent, with a long tube, and
spreading lobes often deciduous before the fruit ripens; flesh thick, yellow, dry and
mealy; nutlets 3-5, narrowed and acute at the base, full and rounded at the apex,
thick, full and rounded on the back, about i' long.

A bushy tree, often 25° high, with a short trunk a foot in diameter and armed
like the large branches with innumerable stout much-branched spines frequently 6'
long, and stout branchlets furnished with numerous straight or slightly curved dark
chestnut-brown shining spines frequently pointing toward the base of the branch and

ll'_91' loner

Distribution. Open Oak and Hickory woods on the dry slopes of Red Mountain
in the southern part of the city of Birmingham, Alabama.

96. Crataegus Sargenti, Beadl.

Leaves oblong-ovate to elliptical or rarely to ovate, acute or acuminate at the
apex, gradually or abruptly cuneate or rounded at the nearly entire base, irregularly
doubly serrate above, with straight or incurved glandular teeth, and usually irregu-
larly divided into 3 or 4 pairs of short broad acute or acuminate lobes, nearly fully
grown when the flowers open late in April, and then subcoriaceous, pale yellow-
green, and villose along the midribs, with scattered pale caducous hairs, and at

466

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

maturity lustrous, dark yellow-green above, pale below, 2'-3' long, 1^-2' wide, with
thin midribs and 5-7 pairs of thin light yellow veins and conspicuous reticulate vein-
lets, turning in the autumn bright yellow and red; their petioles slender, glandular,

more or less broadly winged toward the apex, ^'-|' long. Flowers nearly 1' in diam-
eter, on long thin slightly villose pedicels, in 2-5 usually 3-flowered simple corymbs,
with coarsely glandular-serrate bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube narrowly obconic,
glabrous or slightly villose, the lobes foliaceous, acute, coarsely glandular-serrate
above the middle; stamens 20; anthers large, purple; styles 3-5, usually 4, sur-
rounded at the base by a narrow ring of pale hairs. Fruit ripening and falling
about the middle of September, often only a single fruit maturing from a flower-
cluster, subglobose to short-oblong, full and rounded at the ends, yellow or orange-
yellow, generally more or less flushed with red, marked by occasional large dark
dots, I'— I' long; calyx prominent, with an elongated tube and closely appressed
lobes; flesh yellow, thin, and firm; nutlets 3-5, usually 4, rounded at the narrow
ends, prominently ridged and grooved on the back, about ^' long.

An intricately branched tree, rarely more than 20° high, with a tall trunk 6'-7' in
diameter, stout ascending branches forming a narrow or sometimes a round flat-
topped head, and glabrous branchlets armed with thin straight or slightly curved
dark chestnut-brown shining spines, f '-1|^' long, or often a large shrub, with few or
many stems.

Distribution. Rocky woods and bluffs in the foothill region of northern Georgia,
southeastern Tennessee and northeastern Alabama; very abundant in Alabama at
Valley Head and on the low ridges extending southward to the neighborhood of
Birm-ingham.

XII. PULCHERRIMiE.

Leaves oval to ovate or nearly orbicular, their lobes acute or rounded ; fruit bright red.

97. C. opima (C).
Leaves ovate to oval or obovate, their lobes acute ; fruit orange-red. 98. C. Robur (C).

97. Crataegus opima, Beadl.

Leaves oval to ovate or nearly orbicular, acute, gradually or abruptly narrowed
and cuneate at the entire base, finely serrate above, with incurved teeth, and usually

ROSACEA

467

divided above the middle into short acute, acuminate or rounded lobes, half grown
when the flowers open the middle of April, and then glabrous with the exception of a
few short caducous hairs along the midribs and veins, and at maturity thin but firm
in texture, light green on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface, 1^^ long, 1^'
wide, with slender midribs and 5 or 6 pairs of arcuate primary veins spreading to
the points of the lobes; their petioles narrowly winged at the apex, usually about f
long; on vigorous shoots sometimes rounded or nearly truncate at the base and 1^'-
2^' long and broad. Flowers about |' in diameter, on short slender pedicels, in
compact few-flowered glabrous compound corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic,
glabrous, the lobes gradually narrowed from broad bases, acute, entire or sparingly
glandular-serrate, tipped with dark red glands, glabrous on the outer, puberulous on
the inner surface; stamens 20; anthers purple; styles 3-5, surrounded at the base
by a narrow ring of snowy white tomentura. Fruit ripening about the 1st of October
and then remaining on the branches for several weeks, on short stout pedicels, in
compact few-fruited erect or drooping clusters, subglobose, often rather longer than

wide, bright red, about y in diameter; calyx prominent, with a well-developed tube
and much enlarged closely appressed lobes often deciduous with the tube before the
fruit becomes entirely ripe; flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 3-5, thin,
slightly grooved and ridged on the back, ^' long.

A tree, 20°-25° high, with a tall, slender often spiny trunk covered with ashy
gray bark nearly black at the base of old trees, spreading and ascending branches
forming a rounded or oval usually open head, and thin nearly straight bright red-
brown glabrous branchlets becoming gray tinged with red or brown in their second
season, and armed with thin nearly straight bright chestnut-brown lustrous spines,
I'-ll'long.

Distribution. Open woods in clay soil in the neighborhood of Greenville,
Alabama; common.

98. Crataegus Robur, Beadl.

Leaves ovate, oval or obovate, acute or acuminate, entire or sparingly glandular
below, finely serrate above, with incurved glandular teeth, and incisely lobed above
the middle, with numerous short acute lobes, nearly fully grown when the flowers open
at the end of March, and then membranaceous and dark yellow-green and lustrous,

468

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

and at maturity thin but firm in texture, yellow-green, l^'-2' long, I'-l^' wide, with
slender yellow midribs and thin primary veins extending very obliquely to the points M

^m^^

of the lobes, turning in the autumn orange, yellow, or brown; their petioles slender,
slightly wing-margined toward the apex, sparingly glandular, ^'-V long; on vigor-
ous shoots broadly ovate, cuneate or nearly truncate at the wide base, deeply divided
into broad lateral lobes, often 2'-3' long arud broad, with stout broadly winged peti-
oles frequently V long. Flowers l^'-l^' in diameter, on long slender pedicels, in
5-10-flowered compound glabrous corymbs, with large conspicuously glandular bracts
and bractlets ; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous, the lobes gradually narrowed
from broad bases, glabrous, entire or sparingly serrate; stamens 20; anthers pale
purple ; styles 3-5, surrounded at the base by a narrow ring of pale hairs. Fruit
ripening in September and October, on elongated, slender pedicels, in few-fruited
drooping clusters, subglobose, orange-red, about ^' in diameter ; calyx-lobes decidu-
ous before the maturity of the fruit, leaving a narrow ring round the shallow cavity;
flesh thin and firm ; nutlets 3-5, full and rounded at the ends, barely grooved on
the rounded back, ^^g' long and nearly as broad.

A tree, 20°-25° high, with a trunk 4'-6' in diameter, covered with gray or brown
scaly bark, spreading or ascending branches, and slender red-brown branchlets un-
armed or armed with stout spines f '-1' long ; more often a large much-branched
shrub, with one or more stems.

Distribution. Woods and borders of fields, northwestern Florida ; common in
the neighborhood of Tallahassee.

XIII. BRACTEAT^.

Leaves oval to broadly obovate ; corymbs many -flowered ; stamens 10-20, usually 20 ; fruit
bright red or orange-red. 99. C. Harbisoni (C).

Leaves broadly ovate or rarely obovate ; corymbs 3-10-flowered ; stamens 20 ; fruit bright
red. 100. C. Ashei (C).

99. Crataegus Harbisoni, Beadl.

Leaves oval or broadly obovate, acute at the apex, cuneate or full and rounded
at the entire base, and coarsely serrate above, with straight glandular teeth, when

ROSACEA

469

they unfold roughened above by stout, rigid pale hairs, and soft and pubescent below,
nearly' fully grown early iu May when the flowers open, and then thin, dark yellow-
green above and pale below, and at maturity thick and firm ; dark green, lustrous, and
scabrate on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface, 2'-2l' long and I'-l^' wide,
with stout midribs and primary veins deeply impressed on the upper side of the leaf,
and conspicuous reticulate veinlets; their petioles stout, villose, more or less winged
above, \'-^' long; and furnished like the base of the leaf-blade with numerous large
stipitate dark glands; on vigorous shoots broadly ovate, cuneate and decurrent on their
stouter petioles, 3'-4' long and 2i'-3' wide, with lunate coarsely glandular-dentate
stipules frequently ^ long. Flo'wers ^' in diameter, in broad loose compound villose
usually 10-12-fiowered corymbs, with broad acute conspicuous glandular-serrate
bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube broadly obconic, densely villose at the base and
glabrous or pubescent above, the lobes foliaceous, elongated, gradually narrowed
from broad bases, acute, bright green, more or less hairy, coarsely glandular-serrate,
with large stipitate dark red glands; stamens 10-20, usually 20; anthers large, light
yellow; styles 3-5. Frnit ripening and falling early in October, subglobose, often
rather longer than broad, bright red or orange-red, marked by numerous large dark

dots; calyx enlarged, with spreading glandular lobes often deciduous before the
fruit ripens; flesh yellow, thick, dry and mealy; nutlets 3-5, narrowed and rounded
at the ends, sometimes prominently ridged on the back, ^' long.

A tree, sometimes 25° high, with a trunk 10'-12' in diameter, covered with light
gray or gray-brown bark and often armed with straight or much-branched spines,
wide-spreading light gray or reddish branches forming a rather open symmetrical
head, and slender branchlets coated when they first appear with long spreading
white hairs, pubescent or glabrous and light red-brown or orange-brown during
their first season, becoming dark or light gray the following year, and furnished
with numerous usually stout straight dark reddish brown shining spines 1^-2' long.

Distribution. Dry limestone hills and ridges ; ^Yest Nashville, Tennessee;
common.

100. Crataegus Ashei, Beadl.

Leaves broadly ovate or occasionally obovate, acute and generally short-pointed
at the apex, gradually or abruptly narrowed and cuneate and usually entire at the base.

470

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

coarsely and occasionally doubly serrate above, with straight or incurved teeth tipped
with small dark glands, when they unfold roughened on the upper surface with short
pale hairs and pubescent below, nearly fully grown and membranaceous when the

flowers open early in May, and at maturity thin but firm in texture, dark green, lus-
trous and scabrate on the upper surface, pale and puberulous on the lower surface
along the slender midribs and primary veins, about 2' long and 1^' wide; their
petioles stout, broadly winged above, glandular, pubescent at first but ultimately nearly
glabrous, about Y long; on vigorous shoots usually broadly oval or nearly orbicular,
rounded or short-pointed at the apex, 2^'-3' long and 2'-2^' wide. Flowers |' in
diameter, on slender hairy pedicels, in 3-10-flowered simple or compound villose
corymbs, with broad conspicuous glandular bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube broadly
obconic, thickly coated with long matted reflexed white hairs, the lobes foliaceous,
broad, acute, nearly glabrous on the outer surface, villose on the inner surface, glandu-
lar, with small stout stipitate glands; stamens 20; anthers small, yellow; styles 3-5,
surrounded at the base by a narrow ring of pale hairs. Fruit ripening and falling
late in September or early in October, on stout villose or glabrous pedicels, in few-
fruited clusters, globose or rather longer than broad, bright red, marked by large
scattered dots, more or less villose toward the ends, about 1' in diameter; calyx con-
spicuous, with elongated coarsely glandular-serrate lobes, erect, incurved or reflexed;
flesh thick and yellow; nutlets 3-5, thin, narrowed and acute at the ends, deeply
grooved and ridged on the back, i' long.

A tree, rarely more than 20° high, with a slender trunk covered with smooth light
gray or red-brown bark becoming fissured and scaly on old individuals, stout ascend-
ing branches forming a pyramidal or oval head, and slender branchlets coated at first
with long pale matted reflexed hairs, soon becoming nearly glabrous, lustrous, orange-
brown or reddish brown, and light gray or gray tinged with red during their second
season, and armed with straight or slightly curved thin dark red-brown shining
spines I'-l^' long.

Distribution. Abandoned fields, and woods; growing usually on clay soils near
Montgomery, Alabama.

i

ROSACEA 471

XrV. FLAViE.

Stamens 20.

Anthers purple or pink.

Leaves elliptical to broadly obovate, yellow-green ; fruit dark orange-brown.

101. C. flava (C).
Leaves ovate to nearly orbicular, bright green ; fruit globose to depressed-globose,
bright red. 102. C. consanguinea (C).

Leaves obovate, bright green ; fruit oval to short-oblong, orange-red ; anthers pink.

103. C. tristis (C).
Leaves ovate to obovate or orbicular, bright yellow-green ; fruit pear-shaped, dark
orange color, with a red cheek. 104. C. visenda (C).

Leaves obovate or ovate, dark green ; fruit subglobose to short-oblong, red or orange-
red. 105. C. ignava (C).
Anthers yellow. {Doubtful in 109 and 114')
Leaves yellow-green.

Leaves obovate-cuneate, often 3-lobed at the apex ; fruit pear-shaped to subglobose,
bright orange-red and lustrous ; corymbs tomentose. 106. C. Floridana (C).

Leaves obovate ; fruit subglobose to short-oblong, dull brownish yellow ; corymbs
glabrous. 107. C. lacrimata (C).

Leaves obovate, rounded or abruptly short-pointed at the broad apex ; fruit globose
to short-oblong, bright orange-red. 108. C. Ravenelii (C).

Leaves obovate to obovate-cuneiform ; fruit globose, bright red. 109. C. senta (A).
Leaves obovate, subcoriaceous ; fruit globose or depressed-globose, orange-yellow,
with a red cheek. 110. C. panda (C).

Leaves obovate to oblong-obovate, with entire slightly undulate margins ; fruit
globose, red. 111. C. Integra (C).

Leaves spathulate, subcoriaceous ; fruit pyriform, red. 112. C. recurva (C).

Leaves obovate to oval or orbicular ; fruit subglobose to oval, orange-red or red and
orange. 113. C. annosa (C).

Leaves conspicuously blue-green, broadly ovate to orbicular ; fruit subglobose to short-
oblong, light red, puberulous at the ends. 114. C. dispar (C).
Stamens 10 ; anthers yellow ; leaves broadly obovate to oval or rhomboidal, dark yellow-
green ; fruit subglobose, dull orang^red, often slightly vUlose at the ends.

115. C. aprica (A, C).

^Stamens 20.

-^Anthers purple or pink.

101. Crataegus flava, Ait.

Leaves elliptical to broadly obovate, acute or rarely rounded at the apex, grad-
ually narrowed and cuneate at the glandular base, and coarsely doubly serrate above,
with broad straight or incurved teeth tipped with large dark red stipitate glands,
when they unfold bronze color, villose above, with short pale caducous hairs most
abundant near the base of the midribs, and pubescent below on the midribs and
veins, about half grown when the flowers open from the 10th to the 20th of April,
and at maturity membranaceous, yellow-green, usually about 2' long and 1^' wide,
with slender yellow midribs and 3 or 4 pairs of primary veins usually puberulous on
the under side and only slightly impressed above; their petioles slender, glandular,
winged nearly to the base, generally about \' long, more or less villose, and after
midsummer often light red on the lower side; on vigorous shoots frequently 3' long
and 2' wide, and sometimes broadly ovate, 3-lobed or divided into 2 or 3 pairs of
lateral lobes, with petioles I'-l^' long, broadly winged and conspicuously glandular,

472

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

and foliaceous lunate or elli})tical coarsely glandular-serrate stipules. Flcwers
about i|' in diameter, on short slender pedicels, in few-flowered simple or compound
slightly villose compact corymbs, witli lanceolate acute coarsely glandular-serrate
bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube broadly obconic and glabrous, the lobes wide, acute,
usually laciniately divided, very glandular; stamens 20; anthers large, purple.
Fruit ripening early in October and soon falling, in few-fruited drooping clusters,
short-oblong, full and rounded at the ends, dark orange-brown, ^'-f' long, 1'-^
wide; calyx prominent, with a long narrow tube, and enlarged closely appressed lobes
often deciduous before the fruit ripens; flesh thick, orange color, dry and mealy;
nutlets 5, ridged and gradually narrowed and rounded at the ends, ridged and deeply
grooved on the back, with a high narrow ridge, about ^' long.

A tree, 15°-20° high, with a tall trunk 8'-10' in diameter, covered with thin dark
brown bark tinged with red and divided into narrow rounded ridges, stout ascending
branches forming an open and somewhat irregular head sometimes 20° across, and

fto^M

slender slightly zigzag glabrous branchlets dark green deeply tinged with red when
they first appear, becoming dull red-brown or orange-brown during their first season,
darker the following year, and ultimately dark gray-brown, and armed with thin
nearly straight bright chestnut-brown spines f -1^' long.

Distribution. Dry sandy soil on the sand hills of Summerville, west of the city
of Augusta, Georgia, and at River Junction, Florida.

102. Crataegus consanguinea, Beadl.

Leaves broadly ovate, nearly orbicular, occasionally oval or rhomboidal, acute
and generally short-pointed at the apex, gradually narrowed and concave-cuneate or
sometimes rounded at the entire base, finely and often doubly serrate, with glandular
teeth, and frequently irregularly divided above the middle into short acute lobes,
nearly fully grown when the flowers open at the end of March or early in April, and
then very thin, blue-green, slightly villose, especially on the midribs and veins, and
at maturity thin but firm in texture, bright green, glabrous with the exception of a
few hairs on the imder side of the slender midribs, and thin primary veins extend-
ing very obliquely toward the end of the leaf, about 1' long, f— |' wide, and on
vigorous shoots 1^-2' long and wide; their petioles slender, glandular, wing-mar-

ROSACEA

473

gined above, at first villose, becoming glabrous, ^'-f long. Flowers f in diameter,
on slender elongated hairy pedicels, in simple 1-o-flowered corymbs, with oblanceo-
late acuminate bright red caducous bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube broadly obconic,

sparingly hairy, with long pale caducous hairs, the lobes gradually narrowed from
broad bases, acute, glandular, with minute bright red glands, glabrous; stamens 20;
anthers small, purple; styles 3-5, surrounded at the base by a narrow ring of short
pale hairs. Fruit ripening and falling about the middle of September, on slen-
der glabrous pedicels, often only a single fruit in a cluster developing, globose to
depressed-globose, bright red, marked by small dark dots, nearly ^' in diameter; calyx
prominent, with enlarged appressed lobes; flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy; nut-
lets 3-5, thick, narrowed and rounded at the base, full and rounded at the apex,
ridged on the back, with a broad low rounded ridge, about -^q' long.

A tree, often 20° high, with a tall trunk 6'-8' in diameter, covered with nearly
black deeply furrowed bark brokens^into short thick closely appressed scales, wide-
spreading often pendulous branches forming a broad symmetrical handsome head,
and slender slightly zigzag branchlets covered when they first appear with pale
caducous hairs, soon becoming bright red-brown and lustrous, and dull reddish
brown in their second season, and armed with short nearly straight gray or chestnut-
brown spines ^-f' long.

Distribution. Dry upland Oak woods in western Florida from the neighborhood
of Tallahassee to the Appalachicola River; abundant in the neighborhood of River
Junction and at Aspalaga.

103. Crataegus tristis, Beadl.

Leaves obovate, acute, acuminate, or rounded and often more or less undulate-
lobed at the broad apex, gradually narrowed from above the middle and concave-
cuneate at the glandular base, and serrate above, with blunt glandular teeth, about
half grown when the flowers open at the end of April, and then slightly pilose on the
upper and hairy on the lower surface along the thin midribs and in the axils of the
slender veins extending obliquely to the points of the lobes, and at maturity thin but
firm in texture, bright green and glabrous, l^'-l^' long, about ^' wide, turning in the
autumn yellow, brown, and orange; their petioles slender, wing-margined above,

4T4

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

conspicuously glandular, slinrhtly puberulous, j^'— f long; on vigorous shoots oblong-
obovate, often deeply and inegniarly divided into broad acute lateral lobes, and
frequently l^'-2' long and nearly as broad. Flo-wers |'-f' in diameter, on slender
villose pedicels, in simple 3-o-tlowered corymbs, with rose-colored and conspicuously
glandular bracts and bractlcts; calyx-tube broadly obconic, hairy toward the base,
with long scattered pale hairs, the lobes gradually narrowed from broad bases, acu-
minate, glandular, with large dark red glands, and entire or coarsely serrate above
the middle; stamens 20; anthers pink; styles 3-5. Fruit ripening and falling late in

fi"^ (3S5

August or early in September, oval or short-oblong, orange-red, about ^' long, with
soft flesh; calyx little enlarged, with recurved persistent lobes; nutlets 3-5, full and
rounded at the base, gradually narrowed and acute at the apex, rounded and ridged
on the back, with a broad low slightly grooved ridge, about y^g' long.

A tree, sometimes 25° high, with a trunk 8'-10'in diameter, covered with dark
sometimes nearly black deeply furrowed bark, stout p'fendulous branches forming a
broad shapely handsome head, and slender branchlets hoary-tomentose at first,
bright red-brown and puberulous at the end of their first season, becoming dark
gray-brown, and armed with few slender straight spines l^'-l^' long; or often a
large shrub.

Distribution. Slopes of low hills, northwestern Georgia; common in the neigh-
borhood of Rome.

104. Cratcegus visenda, Beadl.

Leaves ovate, obovate, or orbicular, short-pointed and acute or occasionally
broad and rounded at the apex, concave-cuneate and gradually narrowed at the
mostly entire base, finely serrate above, with rounded teeth, glandular, with bright
red glands, and divided above the middle into short acute lobes, nearly fully grown
when the flowers open at the end of March, and then glabrous with the exception
of a few short pale hairs on the two surfaces near the base of the midribs, and
at maturity thin and firm in texture, bright yellow-green and lustrous above, pale
below, glabrous, I'-l^ long, f'-l' wide, with slender midribs, and thin primary veins
extending very obliquely to the points of the lobes, turning yellow, orange, or brown
in the autumn; their petioles slender, broadly wing-margined above, conspicuously

ROSACEA

475

glandular, sparingly villose at first, becoming nearly glabrous, -^'-f' long. Flo\wers
about f in diameter, on short villose pedicels, in simple 3-6-flowered corymbs;

calyx-tube broadly obconic, hairy near the base, with scattered pale hairs, gla-
brous above, the lobes broad, acuminate, glandular-serrate, glabrous on the outer,
pilose on the inner surface; stamens 20; anthers pale purple; styles 3-5, surrounded
at the base by small tufts of white hairs. Fruit ripening and falling late in August
and early in September, on stout pedicels, usually in 1 or 2-fruited clusters, pear-
shaped, dark orange-colored, with a red cheek, ^'-|' long, nearly 1' wide; calyx
enlarged, the lobes coarsely glandular-serrate, puberulous on the upper surface,
closely appressed; flesh soft and yellow; nutlets 3-5, obtuse and rounded at the
ends, rounded and slightly ridged on the back, about |' long.

A tree, sometimes 30° high, with a trunk 10'-12' in diameter, covered with dark
gray or brownish bark, crooked horizontal or ascending branches forming a broad
irregular head, and stout often contorted branchlets villose at first, soon glabrous,
dull reddish brown to ashy gray, and armed with slender straight spines ^'-f long.

Distribution. Sandy soil near Bristol, Florida.

105. Cratsegus ignava, Beadl.

Leaves obovate to ovate, acute, gradually narrowed from near the middle to the
concave-cuneate glandular base, sharply often doubly serrate above, with glandular
teeth, and usually divided toward the apex into short acute lobes, nearly fully grown
when the flowers open at the end of April, and then membranaceous, glabrous with
the exception of a few hairs along the midribs above and along the midribs and slen-
der veins below, and at maturity subcoriaceous, bright green and lustrous on the
upper surface, pale and still hairy on the lower surface, l^'-2' long and l'-l|' wide,
turning in the autumn yellow and brown sometimes flushed with red; their petioles
slender, wing-margined at the apex, glandular, j-^' long. Flowers about |^' in
diameter, on slender glabrous pedicels, in 3-6-flowered simple corymbs, with lanceo-
late conspicuously glandular reddish bracts and bractlets; calyx-tube broadly obconic,
glabrous, the lobes abruptly narrowed from the base, wide, glabrous, glandular, with
dark red stipitate glands, and often coarsely serrate above the middle; stamens 20;
anthers large, purple; styles 3-5, surrounded at the base by a ring of pale hairs.
Fruit ripening and falling at the end of September and early in October, on slender

476

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

erect pedicels, in few-fruited clusters, subglobose to short-obloiig, orange-red, marked
by numerous pale dots, about f long; calyx enlarged and prominent, with spreading
lobes often deciduous from the ripe fruit; flesh thick and soft; nutlets 3-5, rounded
at the ends, prominently but irregularly ridged and grooved on the back, \' long.

A tree, sometimes 10°-12° high, with a slender trunk covered with ashy gray
fissured scaly bark often tinged with brown and frequently nearly black near the
ground, stout ascending branches, and slender zigzag glabrous branchlets bright red-

f5~^c390

brown during their first season, becoming dark gray-brown, and armed with many
very slender red-brown lustrous ultimately ashy gray spines l'-l|' long.

Distribution. Northeastern Alabama; common on Lookout Mountain above
Valley Head, and at Collinsville and Gadsden.

-H — i- Anthers yellow.

106. Crataegus Floridana, Sarg.

Leaves obovate-cuneate, frequently 3-lobed at the apex, with short rounded lobes,
gradually narrowed and cuneate at the entire base, finely serrate above, with straight
or incurved teeth tipped with showy ultimately dark persistent glands, 3-nerved,
with slender nerves, and numerous thin secondary veins and reticulate veinlets,
slightly villose above as they unfold, nearly fully grown when the flowers open about
the middle of March, and then light yellow-green and glabrous with the exception of
a few persistent hairs along the upper side of the nerves and in their axils, and at
maturity thick and firm, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, pale on the
lower surface, V-l^' long and about ^ wide; their petioles slender, glandular, more
or less winged toward the apex, tomentose, becoming pubescent or glabrous, usually
about ^' long; on vigorous shoots frequently 2' long, and sometimes divided by deep
rounded sinuses into numerous narrow lateral lobes, their stipules lunate, foliaceous,
pointed, coarsely glandular-serrate. Flowers about I' in diameter, on slender tomen-
tose pedicels, in few usually 3-flowered simple compact corymbs; calyx-tube broadly
obconic, coated with long matted white hairs, the lobes narrow, acuminate, glandular,
with bright red stipitate glands, villose toward the base on the outer surface, and on
the inner surface; stamens 20; anthers small, pale yellow; styles 4 or 5, surrounded

ROSACEA

477

at the base by a broad ring of long shining white hairs. Fruit ripening from the
middle to the end of August, on short stout pubescent pedicels, solitary or in 2 or
3-fruited drooping clusters, obovate to short-oblong, usually about ^' long, bright
orange-red, lustrous, marked by numerous pale dots; calyx prominent, with an elon-
gated tube puberulous on the outer surface, and reflexed glandular-serrate lobes; flesh
thin, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 4 or 5, acute at the base, full and rounded at the
apex, rounded and occasionally slightly ridged on the back, about ^' long.

A tree, rarely more than 15° high, with a long straight trunk 6'-8' in diameter,
covered with thick nearly black deeply furrowed bark broken into short thick plate-
like scales, small drooping branches forming a handsome symmetrical head, and
slender conspicuously zigzag pendulous branchlets coated at first with long pale

matted hairs, becoming during their first season dark red-brown and more or less
villose, and dark brown the following year, and armed with thin straight spines
l^'-l' long, or unarmed.

Distribution. Dry sandy soil of the Pine barrens of northeastern Florida; abun-
dant in the neighborhood of Jacksonville.

107. Crataegus lacrimata. Small.

Leaves obovate, rounded or acute and glandular-serrate at the apex, usually with
incurved teeth, entire and glandular below, gradually narrowed from above the
middle to the base, and 3-nerved, with slender yellow nerves, numerous thin second-
ary veins and reticulate veinlets, when the flowers open early in April nearly fully
grown, light yellow, glabrous, with the exception of small tufts of pale caducous
hairs in the axils of the nerves below, and at maturity subcoriaceous, lustrous, \'-^'
long, about ^' wide; their petioles slender, wing-margined toward the apex, dark
orange-brown, at first puberulous, soon becoming glabrous, j'-^ long. Flowers
about f in diameter, on short stout glabrous pedicels, in 3-5-flowered simple
corymbs, with long linear entire caducous bracts and bractlets turning red in fading;
calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous, the lobes gradually narrowed from broad bases,
acuminate, entire, tipped with large dark glands; stamens 20; anthers large, light
yellow; styles usually 3, surrounded at the base by a narrow ring of pale hairs.
Fruit ripening toward the end of August, on slender pedicels, in 1 or 2-fruited
clusters, subglobose to short-oblong, full and rounded at the ends, dull brownish

478

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

yellow marked by occasional dark dots, about ^' in diameter; calyx prominent, with
an elongated tube, and spreading lobes usually deciduous before the fruit ripens;

flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 3, very broad, full and rounded at the
ends, rounded and sometimes obscurely grooved on the back, about f long.

A tree, occasionally 20° but usually not more than 10° high, with a tall trunk
4'-6' in diameter, covered with thick deeply furrowed black bark broken on the sur-
face into thick plate-like closely appressed scales, long slender drooping branches
forming a handsome symmetrical round-topped head, and thin glabrous very zigzag
branchlets light orange-brown when they first appear, soon becoming reddish brown
and lustrous, and dark gray-brown in their second year, and armed with many small
nearly straight dark chestnut-brown spines |'-|' long.

Distribution. Western Florida, Pensacola to De Funiak Springs; sometimes in
moist sand; more often in dry barrens; common and often a conspicuous feature of
vegetation. *

108. Crataegus Ravenelii, Sarg.

Leaves obovate, rounded and abruptly short-pointed or acute at the broad some-
times slightly lobed apex, gradually narrowed from above the middle to the elon-
gated cuneate base, more or less undulate on the margins, and coarsely and usually
doubly glandular-serrate above, with large bright red ultimately dark persistent
glands, nearly fully grown when the flowers open the middle of April, and then
coated with long pale caducous hairs, and at maturity thin but firm in texture,
yellow-green, scabrous on the upper surface, pale and pubescent on the lower sur-
face along the slender veins, l'-l|' long and about f ' wide ; their petioles slender,
glandular, winged above, tomentose at first, becoming pubescent, \'-^' long; stipules
linear to lunate, conspicuously glandular-serrate, tomentose, caducous; on vigorous
shoots often 2' long and 11' wide, and frequently divided above the middle into 2 or
3 pairs of broad lateral lobes. Flowers about f in diameter, on slender tomentose
pedicels, in few-flowered simple corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, thickly coated
with long white hairs, the lobes lanceolate, villose on the outer, glabrous on the inner
surface, glandular, with small red glands; stamens 20; anthers small, pale yellow;
styles 5, surrounded at the base by a broad ring of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening

ROSACEA

479

early in October, on short thick pedicels, in few-fruited drooping or spreading clus-
ters, globose to short-oblong, bright orange-red, marked by occasional dark dots,
puberulous at the ends, ^'-^' in diameter; calyx prominent, with enlarged spread-
ing and appressed lobes; tlesh thick, yellow, subacid; nutlets 5, narrowed and acute
at the ends, ridged on the back, with a narrow elevated ridge, i' long.

A tree, 25°-30° high, with a trunk often 14' or 15' in diameter, covered with thick
dark brown bark deeply divided into narrow interrupted ridges broken on the sur-
face into short thick plate-like scales, heavy ascending or spreading branches forming
an open irregular head, and stout zigzag brauchlets thickly coated at first with hoary

tomentum, dark purple or red-brown and pubescent during their first summer, be-
coming dark red-brown and glabrous the following season, and armed with thick
straight dull gray-brown spines usually about 1^' long.

Distribution. Sand hills near Aiken, South Carolina, and in Summerville near
Augusta, Georgia.

109. Crataegus senta, Beadl.

Leaves obovate or obovate-cuneiform, acute or sometimes rounded and frequently
slightly divided into several short acute lobes at the broad apex, gradually narrowed
from above the middle to the entire base, and serrate or doubly serrate above, with
incurved conspicuously glandular teeth, when they unfold often dark red, covered
above with long pale caducous hairs and villose below along the midribs and veins,
nearly fully grown when the flowers open from the 1st to the 10th of May and then
bright yellow-green and almost glabrous with the exception of the persistent tufts
of pale hairs in the axils of the veins, and at maturity thin but firm in texture, dark
green and lustrous above, paler below, usually about 1^' long and 1' wide, with
orange-colored " midribs, generally 3 pairs of slender primary veins extending
obliquely to the points of the lobes, and dark conspicuous reticulate veinlets, turning
red, yellow, or brown in the autumn; th^ir petioles slender, glandular, wing-margined
above, at first tomentose, becoming pubescent or nearly glabrous, about -I' long; on
vigorous shoots broadly ovate, often nearly orbicular, more deeply lobed, with broad
rounded or acute lobes, 2'-2y in diameter, their stipules lunate, coarsely glandular-
dentate, sometimes ^' long. Flowers |' in diameter, on slender elongated pedicels
coated with long matted pale hairs, in lax compound 3-6-flowered hairy corymbs,

480

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

with lanceolate straight or falcate glandular bracts and bractlets ; calyx-tube broadly
obconic, villose particularly toward the base, the lobes narrow, elongated, acuminate,
nearly glabrous, coarsely and irregularly glandular-serrate; stamens 20; styles 3-5,

surrounded at the base by a broad ring of hoary tomentum. Fruit ripening and
falling at the end of September or early in October, on slender slightly hairy
elongated pedicels, in few-fruited drooping clusters, globose, bright red, ^'-^' in
diameter; calyx enlarged, with closely appressed lobes; flesh yellow, dry and mealy;
nutlets 3-5, full and rounded at the apex, narrowed and acute at the base, slightly
grooved on the back, about ^' long.

Distribution. Abandoned fields and open Pine woods near Asheville, North
Carolina, at elevations of about 2200° above the level of the sea.

110. Crataegus panda, Beadl.

Leaves obovate, rounded and short-pointed or abruptly narrowed and acute at
the broad occasionally slightly lobed apex, concave-cuneate and glandular at the

^

entire base, and finely serrate above, with minute incurved glandular teeth, when
they unfold tinged with red and sparingly villose, nearly fully grown when the

I

ROSACEA

481

flowers open the 1st of April and then roughened above by short pale rigid hairs
and villose above and below on the midribs and on the veins below, and at maturity
glabrous, or puberulous on the under surface of the slender midribs, subcoriaceous,
light green and lustrous, glandular, I'-l^ long, f'-l' wide, with slender primary
veins extending very obliquely toward the end of the leaf, turning yellow-brown or
orange color in the autumn before falling; their petioles slender, slightly wing-
margined at the apex, villose at first, becoming glabrous, glandular, about |' long;
on vigorous shoots broadly ovate, rounded, apiculate and lobed at the apex, puberu-
lous and villose along the midribs and veins on the lower surface, often 1|' long and
2' wide. Flo-wers |'-|' in diameter, on slender hairy pedicels, in compact 3-5-
flowered simple corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, covered with matted white
hairs, the lobes gradually narrowed from broad bases, acuminate, glandular-serrate,
more or less villose; stamens 20; anthers nearly white; styles 3-5, surrounded at the
base by a narrow ring of pale hairs. Fruit ripening and falling at the end of August
or early in September, on stout pedicels, in erect few-fruited clusters, globose or
depressed-globose, orange-yellow, with a red cheek, f'-f' in diameter; calyx slightly
enlarged, with closely appressed of ten deciduous lobes; flesh thick, succulent, orange-
yellow; nutlets 3-5, narrowed and acute at the ends, grooved on the rounded back,
with a broad shallow groove, about ^' long.

A tree, 20°-25° high, with a trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, covered with
dark rough bark, crooked recurved branches forming an open irregular head, and
stout branchlets covered at first with matted pale hairs, reddish brown and puberu-
lous during their first season, becoming gray, and unarmed, or occasionally armed
with stout spines ^'-V long.

Distribution. Dry sandy soil near Tallahassee, Florida.

111. Crataegus integra, Beadl.

Leaves obovate to oblong-obovate, narrowed from near the middle to the acute
apex, concave-cuneate and gradually narrowed to the slender base, conspicuously gland-
ular on the entire often slightly undulate margins, nearly half grown when the flowers

open about the 20th of March, and then slightly hairy along the midribs and on the
under side of the veins, and at maturity subcoriaceous, bright green, lustrous, and
glabrous above, paler below, I'-l^' long and about f wide, with thin yellow midribs

482

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

puberulons below, slender primary veins extending very obliquely to the end of the
leaf, with 1 or 2 pairs near the middle of the blade more prominent than those
below and above them, turning in the autumn yellow, orange, and brown; their peti-
oles slender, narrowly wing-margined above, glandular, at first hoary-tomentose,
becoming pubescent or pubendous, \'-^' long; on vigorous shoots broadly obovate,
short pointed at the apex, slightly undulate-lobed above the middle, conspicuously
reticulate-venulose, sonietimes 1^' long and broad. Flowers f'-f in diameter, on
slender elongated hoary-tomentose pedicels, in 3-5-flowered simple corymbs; calyx-
tube narrowly obconic, thickly covered with matted white hairs, the lobes gradually
narrowed from broad bases, acuminate, glandular, pilose on the outer, sparingly pilose
on the inner surface; stamens 20; anthers pale yellow; styles 3-5, surrounded at the
base by a thick ring of white hairs. Fruit ripening and falling in August, on slender
erect pubescent pedicels, globose, red, about ^' in diameter; calyx deciduous; flesh
thin, orange-yellow, and succulent; nutlets 3-5, narrowed and acute at the base,
rounded at the apex, flat and grooved on the back, with a narrow shallow groove,
about ^^' long.

A tree, 12°-15° high, with a trunk sometimes 8' in diameter, covered with thick
nearly black checkered bark, drooping branches forming a handsome symmetrical
head, and slender very zigzag branchlets clothed at first with hoary tomentum,
rather bright reddish brown and roughened by minute tubercles at the end of their
first season, becoming gray or grayish brown, and unarmed, or armed with occasional
short slender spines.

Distribution. Sandy woods and abandoned fields; central Florida; common
near Eustis.

112. Crataegus recurva, Beadl.

Leaves spatulate, rounded or acute or sometimes obovate and obtusely 3-lobed
at the apex, and finely glandular-serrate, with bright red glands, nearly half grown

[^,.597

when the flowers open about the 20th of March and then almost glabrous above,
slightly hairy near the base below, and at maturity subcoriaceous, glabrous, about 1'
long and \'-^' wide, with slender yellow midribs and one pair of veins often more
prominent than the others and nearly parallel with the margins of the blade, turning
in the autumn yellow, orange, and brown; their petioles slender, conspicuously

ROSACEA

483

glandular, villose at first, becoming glabrous, \'-^' long; on vigorous shoots broadly
obovate, deeply divided into narrow lateral ascending rounded lobes, concave-cuueate
at the base, with stouter midribs and veins arching to the points of the lobes, and often
1' long and |' wide. FloTvers ^'-f in diameter, on stout pedicels thickly covered
with matted pale hairs, solitary or in 2-flowered simple corymbs; calyx-tube broadly
obconic, pilose below, nearly glabrous above, the lobes slender, acuminate, glandular-
serrate, slightly hairy on the outer, glabrous on the inner surface; stamens 20; anthers
pale yellow; styles 3-5. Fruit ripening in August, erect on short stout pedicels, pyri-
form, red, ^' long; calyx little enlarged, often deciduous; flesh thick and soft; nut-
lets 3-5, full and rounded at the ends, rounded and obscurely grooved on the back,
about \' long.

A tree, 15°-18° high, with a short trunk 5'-6' in diameter, covered with gray or
brownish rough bark, slender pendulous branches forming a broad symmetrical head,
and slender very zigzag branchlets, villose at first, becoming bright chestnut-brown
and very lustrous and ultimately dark reddish brown, and armed with numerous slen-
der straight spines usually about ^' long.

Distribution. Dry sandy soil, Ocala, Florida.

113. Cratcegus annosa, Beadl.

Leaves obovate, oval, or oblanceolate, cuneate and glandular at the base, sharply
and often doubly glandular-serrate above, and usually slightly lobed toward the
short-pointed acute apex; more than half grown when the flowers open early in

April and then pale yellow-green and scurfy above, with a few short pale hairs above
and below near the base of the midribs, and at maturity thin and firm, bright green,
1-1^' long and f -1' wide, with prominent pale yellow midribs, and remote slender
veins extending very obliquely to the points of the lobes, turning in the autumn
yellow, orange, or brown; their petioles slender, narrowly winged above, conspicu-
ously glandular, with large dark glands, i'-|'long; on vigorous shoots broadly ovate
to obovate or suborbicular, coarsely serrate, conspicuously reticulate-venulose, some-
times 2' long and broad, with broadly winged petioles and foliaceous coarsely den-
tate persistent stipules often |' long. Flowers f' in diameter, on stout villose
pedicels, in simple 3-5-flowered villose corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, spar-
ingly villose toward the base, the lobes acute, glandular-serrate, glabrous on the

484

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

outer, puberulous ou the iuner surface; stamens 20; anthers almost white; styles
3-5, surrounded at the base by a broad ring of snow-white tomentum. Fruit ripen-
ing and falling late in August or early in September, subglobose or oval, orange-red
or red and orange, about ^' long; cal}TC little enlarged, the lobes puberulous on the
upper side and reflexed; tlesh thick and soft; nutlets 3-5, full and rounded at the
base, narrowed and rounded at the apex, rounded and ridged on the back, with a
broad low rounded ridge, about ^^^' long and ^^' wide.

A tree, 20°-25° high, with a trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, covered with
dark rough often black bark, stout spreading or ascending branches, and thick dull
red-brown ultimately dark gray or nearly black brauchlets armed with straight
rather stout spines I'-l^' long.

Distribution. Eastern central Alabama; common near Phcenix and Gerard.

114. Crataegus dispar, Beadl.

Leaves broadly ovate or orbicular, 3-nerved, acute or rounded at the apex, gen-
erally narrowed and cuneate or concave-cuneate at the glandular entire base, serrate
or doubly serrate above, with straight or incurved glandular teeth, and mostly divided

above the middle into short acute lobes, when they unfold coated with long matted
white hairs most abundant on the lower surface, more than half grown when the
flowers open about the middle of April and then blue-green and villose above
and tomentose below, and at maturity thin but firm in texture, blue-green and gla-
brous on the upper surface, pale and slightly pubescent on the lower surface, usually
about V long and |'-1' wide, turning red, yellow, or brown in the autumn; their
petioles slender, tomentose, becoming pubescent or villose, glandular, slightly wing-
margined above, usually about ^' long ; stipules lunate, coarsely glandular-serrate,
j^'-Y long, caducous; on vigorous shoots broadly ovate or suborbicular, full and
rounded at the broad base, coarsely serrate, and often deeply divided above the
middle into 3 wide acute lobes broader than long. Flo'wers about f in diameter,
on slender hoary-tomentose pedicels, in simple 3-7-flowered corymbs, with narrow
obovate acute glandular bracts and bractlets^^ calyx-tube narrowly obconic, coated
with hoary tomentum, the lobes narrow, acute, glandular-serrate, with minute bright
red glands, tomentose on the outer surface below the middle, glabrous above, tomen-
tose on the inner surface; stamens 20; styles 3-5, surrounded at the base by a ring

HOSACE^

485

of pale tomentum. Fruit ripening late in August or early in September, on slender
pubescent pedicels, in few-fruited clusters, subglobose to short-oblong, light red,
puberulous toward the ends, about ^' in diameter; calyx prominent, with reflexed
closely appressed lobes tomentose at the base; flesh thin, yellow, subacid; nutlets
3-5, broad, rounded at the ends, ridged on the back, with a broad low ridge, dark
brown, ^' long.

A tree, 20°-25° high, with a short trunk a foot in diameter, heavy ascending
branches forming a broad irregular head, and stout zigzag branchlets at first hoary-
tomentose, dark red-brown and pubescent during their first summer, becoming
darker colored and glabrous the following season, and armed with thick or thin
nearly straight dark red-brown ultimately gray spines l^'-2' long.

Distribution. Dry sand hills near Aiken and Trenton, South Carolina, and
abundant at Summerville, near Augusta, Georgia.

**Stamens 10 ; anthers yellow.

115. Crataegus aprica, Beadl.

Leaves broadly obovate, oval, or rhomboidal, acute and short-pointed or rounded
and often somewhat lobed at the apex, gradually or abruptly narrowed and cuneate
at the entire base, and serrate usually only above the middle, with small incurved teeth
terminating in conspicuous rose-colored ultimately dark red persistent glands, when
they unfold deep orange color, roughened above by short pale appressed hairs and
sparingly villose below, particularly along the slender midribs and remote primary
veins, nearly fully grown when the flowers open about the 10th of May, and at ma-
turity thick and firm, glabrous, very smooth, dark yellow-green on the upper surface,
paler on the lower surface, I'-l^' long, and V wide; their petioles stout, conspicuously

glandular, more or less winged toward the apex, at first villose, ultimately nearly
glabrous, usually bright red on the lower side toward the base after midsummer,
about I' long; on vigorous shoots often nearly orbicular, frequently more deeply
lobed, l^'-2' long and wide, with stout broad-margined petioles, and foliaceous lunate
stipules. Flo-wers |' in diameter, on slender villose pedicels, in small 3-6-flowered
compact simple corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic, villose at the base, glabrous

486 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

above, the lobes gradually narrowed from broad bases, acuminate, glabrous, coarsely
glandular-serrate; stamens 10; anthers small, bright yellow; styles 3-5, surrounded
at the base by a narrow ring of pale hairs. Fruit ripening late in the autumn, on
stout glabrous or slightly villose pedicels, in erect or drooping usually 2 or 3-fruited
clusters, subglobose, rarely ratlier longer than broad, about ^ i" diameter, dull
orange-red, often slightly villose at the ends, marked by numerous small dark dots;
calyx much enlarged, with a broad prominent deep tube and wide-spreading coarsely
glandular acuminate lobes bright red at the base on the upper side; flesh thin, light
yellow, sweet and rather juicy ; nutlets 3-5, full and rounded at the ends, rounded
and ridged on the back, with a broad low ridge, about \' long.

A tree, occasionally 20° high, with a stem 6'-8' in diameter, covered with deeply
furrowed dark gray bark broken irregularly into small persistent plate-like scales,
and becoming on old stems often nearly black, spreading often elongated contorted
branches forming a broad open head, and slender zigzag branchlets at first dark
green tinged with red and villose, soon becoming nearly glabrous, light orange-
brown at midsummer, dark reddish brown or purple before winter, and ultimately
ashy gray, and armed with thin nearly straight chestnut-brown spines I'-l^'long; or
frequently a much-branched shrub, with several stout spreading stems.

Distribution. Dry woods in the foothill region of the southern Appalachian
Mountains; southwestern Virginia through western North Carolina to eastern Ten-
nessee, northern Georgia and Alabama, usually at elevations between 1500° and
3500° above the sea; common.

XV. MICRO CARP-ai.

Fruit short-oblong ; leaves orbicular to broadly ovate, pinnately 5-7-cleft.

116. C. apiifolia (C).
Fruit subglobose.

Leaves broadly ovate to triangular, long-stalked. 117. C. cordata (A, C).

Leaves spatulate to oblanceolate, short-stalked. 118. C. spathulata (C).

116. Crataegus apiifolia, Michx. Parsley Haw.

Leaves broadly ovate to orbicular, acute, truncate, slightly cordate, or wedge-
shaped at the broad base, and pinnately 5-7-cleft, with shallow acute or deep wide
sinuses, and incisely lobed broad or acute segments serrate toward the apex, with
spreading glandular teeth, when they unfold pilose above, with long pale hairs, and
mostly glabrous below, fully grown when the flowers open late in March or early in
April, and at maturity membranaceous, bright green and rather lustrous above,
paler and glabrous or pilose below along the prominent midribs and primary veins,
or on occasional plants pubescent on both surfaces, |'-1^' broad; their petioles
slender, pubescent, becoming glabrous, I'-l^' long; on vigorous shoots often divided
nearly to the midrib, with foliaceous lunate coarsely glandular-serrate short-stalked
stipules sometimes ^' long. Flowers i' in diameter, on long slender hairy pedicels,
in crowded densely villose compound usually 10-12-fl.owered corymbs; calyx-tube
narrowly obconic, glabrous or covered with long matted pale hairs, the lobes lanceo-
late, acute, glabrous, usually glandular-serrate, often tinged with red toward the
apex; stamens 20; anthers bright rose color; styles 1-3. Fruit ripening in October
and persistent on the branches until the beginning of winter, oblong, bright scarlet,
^' long; calyx prominent, the lobes elongated, reflexed, often deciduous from the

ROSACEA

487

ripe fruit; flesh thin; nutlets 1-3, full and rounded at the ends, rounded and pro-
minently ridged and grooved on the back, about ^' long.

A tree, occasionally 20° high, with a trunk rarely 6'-8' in diameter, branches
spreading nearly at right angles and forming a wide irregular open head, and slender

more or less zigzag often contorted branchlets covered at first with long pale hairs,
light red or pale orange-brown and usually puberulous in their first winter, ulti-
mately light brown or ashy gray, and armed with stout straight chestnut-brown
spines I'-l^' long.

Distribution. Borders of streams and swamps or on hummocks in Pine barrens
throuorh the coast region of the south Atlantic states from southern Virginia to cen-
tral Florida, and westward to southern Arkansas and the valley of the Trinity River,
Texas; most abundant and of its largest size in southern Arkansas and western
Louisiana.

117. Crataegus cordata, Ait. Washington Thorn.

Leaves broadly ovate to triangular, acute or acuminate, truncate, slightly wedge-
shaped, rounded or cordate at the entire base, and coarsely serrate above, with acute
spreading often gland-tipped teeth, and more or less incisely lobed, or often 3-lobed,
tinged with red when they unfold and sparingly pilose above, with long pale cadu-
cous hairs, fully grown when the flowers open at the end of May, and at maturity
thin but firm, dark green and lustrous above, pale below, or rarely pubescent on the
lower surface, especially on the conspicuous orange-colored midribs and primary
veins, l^'-2' long, I'-l^' wide, turning late in the autumn bright scarlet and
orange; their petioles slender, terete, glabrous, f'-l^ long. Flowers on slender
pedicels, in rather compact many-flowered glabrous corymbs ; calyx-tube broadly
obconic, glabrous, the .lobes short, nearly triangular, entire, abruptly contracted at
the apex into minute points, glabrous on the outer, pubescent on the inner surface,
ciliate on the margins; stamens 20; anthers rose color; styles 2-5, surrounded at
the base by conspicuous tufts of pale hairs. Fruit ripening in September and October
and persistent on the branches until late in the spring of the following year,
depressed-globose, scarlet, lustrous, ^' in diameter; calyx deciduous from the ripe
fruit, leaving a wide circular scar surrounding the persistent erect tips of the carpels;

488

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

nutlets 3-5, narrowed and acute at the base, full and rounded at the apex, rounded
and obscurely ridged on the back, about ^' long.

A tree, 20°-30° high, with a straight trunk sometimes afoot in diameter, generally
dividing 4°-5° above the ground into slender usually upright branches forming an
oblong or occasionally round-topped head, slender zigzag glabrous bright chestnut-
brown lustrous branchlets, becoming dark gray or reddish brown, and armed with
slender sharp spines 1^-2' long; often much smaller and sometimes a broad spread-
ing bush.

Distribution. Banks of streams in rich soil; valley of the upper Potomac River,
Virginia, southward in the foothill region of the Appalachian Mountains to northern

Georgia and Alabama, and westward through middle Tennessee and Kentucky to
the valley of the lower Wabash River, Illinois, Osage, Missouri, and southeastern
Missouri to northwestern Arkansas; now^here common.

Often cultivated in the eastern states and in western Europe; hardy as far north
as eastern Massachusetts.

118. Crataegus spathulata, Michx.

Leaves spatulate to oblanceolate, rounded or acuminate and sometimes 3-lobed
at the apex, gradually narrowed from above the middle to the slender concave-
cuneate entire base, and crenately serrate above, nearly fully grown when the
flowers open from March to May and then sparingly villose above, with long white
caducous hairs, and at maturity subcoriaceous, glabrous, dark green and lustrous
above, paler below, reticulate-venulose, with obscure yellow midribs and primary
veins, l'-2' long, l'-l|' wide, and clustered at the ends of short lateral branchlets;
their petioles slender, wing-margined to the base, l'-\' long; on vigorous shoots often
deeply 3-lobed above the middle, with rounded coarsely crenately serrate lobes,
narrowed below into long winged petioles, l'-2' long, and l'-l|' wide, with broad
thick midribs often pilose on the lower surface, their stipules foliaceous, lunate,
sharply serrate, stalked, often i' broad. Flowers, ^' in diameter, on long slender
pedicels, in glabrous many-flowered narrow compound corymbs; calyx-tube broadly
obconic, glabrous, the lobes short, nearly triangular, almost entire, minutely glandu-
lar-apiculate ; stamens 20; anthers bright rose color; styles 2-5. Fruit ripening in

ROSACEA

489

October, subglobose, bright scarlet, lustrous, about ^' in diameter; calyx only
slightly enlarged, witli reflexed lobes; flesh thin, dry and mealy; nutlets 3-5, full

and rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base, rounded and sometimes slightly
ridged on the back, jq'-^' long.

A tree, 18°-25° high, with a straight trunk occasionally 8'-10' in diameter, slender
upright and spreading branches forming a broad open head, and thin zigzag gla-
brous light reddish brown branchlets, unarmed, or armed with straight stout light
brown spines I'-l^' long; more often a shrub, with numerous spreading stems.

Distribution. Rich soil usually near the banks of streams or swamps, or low de-
pressions in Pine forests; coast region of the south Atlantic states from southern
Virginia to northern Florida, and through the Gulf states to the valleys of the
Washita River, Arkansas, and of the Colorado River, Texas; very abundant and of
its largest size on the bottom-lands of western Louisiana, eastern Texas, and
southern Arkansas.

XVI. BRACHYACANTHiE.

Leaves lanceolate-oblong' to ovate or rhoraboidal; ovate to nearly triangular on vigorous
shoots ; fruit subglobose to obovate, bright blue covered with a glaucous bloom.

119. C. brachyacantha (C).

Leaves narrowly rhomboidal to oval ; lanceolate-acuminate on vigorous shoots ; fruit glo-
bose, blue-black, very lustrous. 120. C. saligna (F).

119. Crataegus brachyacantha, Sarg. & Engelm. Pomette Bleue.

Leaves lanceolate-oblong to ovate or rhomboidal, acute or rounded at the apex,
gradually narrowed to the concave-cuneate entire base, crenulate-serrate above, with
minute incurved glandular teeth, slightly puberulous when they unfold on the upper
and glabrous on the under surface, nearly fully grown when the flowers open at the
end of April and early in May, and at maturity subcoriaceous, glabrous, dark green
and lustrous, l'-2' long, ^' to nearly 1' wide, with thin inconspicuous midribs and
veins; their petioles slender, narrowly wing-margined above, -j'-f long, on vigorous
shoots sometimes broadly ovate or almost triangular, wedge-shaped, truncate, or
heart-shaped at the broad base, more or less deeply lobed, frequently 2^' long and 2'
wide, with foliaceous broadly ovate to triangular acute stalked stipules sometimes V

490

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

long. Flo"wers ^' in diameter, on slender pedicels, in crowded glabrons niany-flovv-
ered compound corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous, the lobes short,
nearly triangular, gradually narrowed to the gland-tij)ped apex, entire; petals turn-
ing bright orange color in fading; stamens 15-20; styles 3-5. Fruit ripening and
falling the middle of August, on slender erect pedicels, in few-fruited clusters, sub-
globose or rarely obovate, bright blue covered with a glaucous bloom, ^'-^' in diame-
ter; calyx slightly enlarged, with spreading lobes; flesh thin; nutlets 3-5, narrowed
and acute at the base, full and rounded at the apex, rounded and slightly grooved on
the back, about \' long.

A tree, 40°-50° high, with a tall trunk 18'-20' in diameter, covered with thick
dark brown deeply furrowed scaly bark, and divided usually 5°-10° from the ground
into stout spreading light gray branches forming a broad compact round-topped
head, and branchlets light green and slightly pubescent at first, soon becoming

glabrous and pale red-brown and ultimately ashy gray, and armed with numerous
short stout generally curved or sometimes straight slender spines j'-f long and
often terminal also on the lateral branchlets of vigorous shoots.

Distribution. Borders of streams in rich moist soil; Texarkana, southern Arkan-
sas, through western Louisiana to the valley of the Sabine River, Texas; in the neigh-
borhood of Opelousas, Louisiana, surrounding with dense groves low wet prairies, and
a conspicuous and beautiful feature of the arborescent vegetation.

120. Crataegus saligna, Greene.

Leaves narrowly rhombic to oval, gradually narrowed at the ends, acute or acu-
minate and apiculate at the apex, entire toward the base, finely serrate above, with
incurved teeth tipped with minute bright red glands, nearly fully grown when the
flowers open toward the middle of June, light yellow-green, covered above with short
pale hairs and pale and glabrous below, and at maturity thick and firm, dark green,
glabrous and lustrous above, pale below, l^'-2' long and f-V wide, with stout mid-
ribs rose color on the upper side, dark obscure forked veins, and reticulate veinlets,
turning late in the autumn to brilliant shades of orange and bright scarlet; their
petioles slender, about 1' long and glandular near the base, with 2 or 3 large stipi-
tate dark red caducous glands; on vigorous leading shoots lanceolate, acuminate,

ROSACEA

491

coarsely serrate, often irregularly and deeply divided into 2 or 3 acute lateral lobes,
3'-3^' long and 1^-1^' wide, their stipules often f long. Flo"wers about |' in
diameter, on short slender pedicels, in compact glabrous few or many-flowered

compound corymbs; calyx-tube glabrous, the lobes nearly triangular, entire, often
bright red toward the apex; stamens 20; anthers small, yellow; styles 5. Fruit
ripening toward the end of September, on stout pedicels, in compact drooping clus-
ters, globose, Y i^ diameter, dull vinous red and very lustrous when fully grown,
ultimately blue-black; calyx small, with reflexed persistent lobes; flesh thin, yellow,
dry and sweet; nutlets 5, thick, rounded and slightly ridged on the back, ^'— ^V
long.

A tree, occasionally 20° high, with a short stem, and long slender spreading
branches gracefully drooping at the ends, covered with bright red or reddish brown
bark, separating on old trunks near the ground into long slightly attached narrow
plate-like gray scales, and slender glabrous bright red lustrous branchlets armed
with numerous straight slender spines f'-l^' long; often forming clumps or small
thickets with numerous stems 8°-lo° tall springing from a single root.

Distribution, Banks of the Cimraaron, Gunnison, White, and other Colorado
streams on both slopes of the continental divide at elevations of 6000°-8000° above
the sea.

XVII. TOMENTOSiE.

Leaves thin, with midribs and veins only slightly impressed on their upper surface ; anthers
rose color or red.

Mature leaves pale pubescent below.

Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong- ; fruit in erect clusters, pear-shaped, orange-red ;

stamens 20. 121. C. tomentosa (A, C).

Leaves ovate, oval, or obovate, in drooping clusters, globose to subglobose, bright

red; stamens 10. 122. C. Chapmani (A, C).

Mature leaves glabrous {slightly pubescent on the midribs and veins below in 123).

Stamens 20.

Leaves elliptical to suborbicular, smooth above ; fruit in drooping clusters, sub-
globose to short-oblong. 123. C. Gaultii (A).

492

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Leaves elliptical, scabrate above ; fruit in erect clusters, subglobose.

124. C. vegeta (A).
Stamens 10 ; leaves ovate, scabrate above ; fruit short-oblong.

125. C. Deweyana (A).
Leaves subcoriaceous to coriaceous, with midribs and veins deeply impressed on their upper
surface and pubescent below.
Anthers rose color,
kjtamens 20.

Leaves elliptical, acute at the ends ; fruit globose. 12(3. C. succulenta (A).

Leaves broadly oval or obovate ; fruit subglobose to short-oblong.

127. C. gemmosa (A).
Stamens 10.

Leaves broadly obovate or oval ; fruit globose, villose at the ends ; calyx-lobes

coarsely glandular-serrate. 128. C. Illinoiensis (A).

Leaves broadly obovate to oval or rhomboidal ; fruit subglobose ; calyx-lobes

entire. 129. C. integriloba (A).

Anthers yellow ; stamens 10 ; leaves broadly obovate to elliptical or oval ; fruit in

erect clusters, globose. 130. C. macracantha (A).

121. Crataegus tomentosa, L.

Leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, acute, abruptly acuminate or rarely rounded at the
apex, gradually narrowed to the cuneate entire base, sharply and usually doubly
serrate above, with broad spreading often glandular teeth, and often divided above
the middle into several short lateral lobes, nearly fully grown when the flowers open
from the 1st to the middle of June, and at maturity thin but firm in texture, gray-
green, coated below with pale persistent pubescence, puberulous or ultimately gla-
brous above, conspicuously reticulate-venulose, 2'-5' long, l'-3' wide, with broad

midribs and primary veins, turning brilliant orange and scarlet in the autumn before
falling; their petioles stout, glandular, wing-margined, ^'-f long. Flowers i' in
diameter, on slender villose pedicels, in broad compound many-flowered villose
corymbs; calyx-tube obconic, hoary-tomentose, the lobes lanceolate, acute, coarsely
or pinnately serrate, usually glandular; stamens 20; anthers pale rose color; styles
2-5. Fruit ripening in October, on slender erect pubescent pedicels, in broad many-
fruited clusters, pear-shaped or rarely subglobose, \' in diameter, erect, dull orange-

ROSACEA

493

red, translucent when fully ripe, mostly persistent on the branches until the follow-
ing spring; flesh thick, orange-yellow, sweet and succulent; nutlets 2 or 3, about ^'
long and broad, full and rounded at the ends, rounded and prominently ridged on
the back, the ventral cavities broad and deep.

A tree, lo°-20° high, with a trunk o'-6' in diameter, covered with smooth pale
gray or dark brown furrowed bark, slender spreading often nearly horizontal smooth
grav branches forming a wide flat head, and slender branchlets covered at first with
thick hoary tomentum, becoming dark orange color and puberulous in their first
winter, and ashy gray in their second season, and unarmed, or armed with occasional
slender straight dull ashy gray or very rarely bright chestnut-brown spines I'-l^'
long.

Distribution. Near Troy, New York, to eastern Pennsylvania, and westward
through central New York to central Michigan, southern Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri,
and eastern Kansas, and southward along the Appalachian Mountains to northern
Georgia and central Tennessee.

Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental tree in the gardens of western Europe.

122. Crataegus Chapmani, Ashe. '

Leaves ovate, oval, or obovate, acuminate, gradually narrowed and acute or con-
cave-cuneate at the entire base, sharply serrate above, with glandular teeth, and

often slightly lobed above the middle, about half grown when the flowers open early
in June and then covered above with short soft pale hairs and pale-tomentose below,
and at maturity dark dull green and smooth or scabrate above, pale-tomentulose
below, especially along the slender yellow midribs and primary veins, 2^'-3' long,
l|'-2l' wide, and on vigorous shoots sometimes 6' long and 4' wide, turning yellow
or brown in the autumn before falling; their petioles stout, wing-margined at the
apex, at first tomentose, becoming nearly glabrous, ^'-|' long. Flowers about |' in
diameter, on long stout hoary-tomentose or pubescent pedicels, in broad compound
many-flowered tomentose corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, tomentose, the lobes
acuminate, glandular-serrate, sparingly villose; stamens 10; anthers rose color; styles
2 or 3. Fruit ripening the middle of September, on elongated slightly villose pedi-
cels, in broad lax drooping many-fruited clusters, globose to subglobose, bright red,
about 1^' in diameter; calyx only slightly enlarged, with reflexed coarsely glandular-

494

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

serrate lobes; flesh juicy, succulent, yellow; nutlets 2 or 3, about |' long and nearly
as broad, thin, full and rounded at the obtuse ends, rounded and obscurely ridged
on the back, the ventral cavities broad and deep.

A tree, sometimes 20° high, with a short trunk C'-8' in diameter, covered with
gray scaly bark, erect branches forming a broad open head, and slender branchlets
at first hoary-tomentose, becoming bright red-brown and lustrous, and armed with
occasional stout straight or curved bright chestnut-brown spines 1^-2' long.

Distribution. Low rich soil on the banks of streams in the Appalachian region
from Virginia to northern Georgia and eastern Tennessee.

123. Crataegus Gaultii, Sarg.

Leaves elliptical to suborbicular, acute or rounded at the apex, concave-cuneate
or rounded at the entire base, coarsely doubly serrate above, with straight glandular
teeth, and occasionally divided above the middle into short acute lobes, nearly fully

grown when the flowers open at the end of May and then very thin, yellow-green
and sparingly villose above, pale and slightly pubescent below, and at maturity thin
but firm in texture, glabrous, dark dull green on the upper surface, pale on the lower
surface, 21'-3' long, 2'-2|' wide, with stout yellow midribs deeply impressed above,
and 6 or 7 pairs of primary veins extending obliquely to the points of the lobes; their
petioles stout, wing-margined to below the middle, villose on the upper side early in
the season, with matted white hairs, becoming nearly glabrous, I'-l' long. Flo"wers
I' in diameter, on long slender slightly villose pedicels, in broad many-flowered hairy
compound corymbs, with 3-flowered peduncles from the axils of the 2 upper leaves,
their bracts and braetlets linear, acuminate, glandular, mostly persistent until the
flowers open; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous, the lobes broad, acuminate,
coarsely glandular-serrate, glabrous on the outer, villose on the inner surface; sta-
mens 18-20; anthers pale pink; styles 2 or 3. Fruit ripening from the middle to
the end of September, on slender slightly hairy pedicels, in few-fruited drooping
clusters, subglobose to short-oblong, ^'-f long; calyx prominent, with spreading ap-
pressed coarsely serrate lobes; flesh thick, yellow, soft and juicy; nutlets 2 or 3, full
and rounded at the ends, about ^^' long and nearly as wide, full and rounded on the
back, with a high rounded ridge, the ventral cavities long, deep, and narrow.

A tree, 20°-25° high, with a trunk often 10' in diameter and 6°-7° long, spread-

ROSACEA

495

ing branches forming a broad round-topped head, and slender slightly zigzag glabrous
light red-brown lustrous branchlets, unarmed, or armed with occasional straight
slender dark purple shining spines 1^'-1|' long.

Distribution. Open pastures, Milton Township, Du Page County, and Glen
Ellyn and Mokena, northeastern Illinois.

124. Crataegus vegeta, Sarg.

Leaves elliptical, acuminate, gradually narrowed and concave-cuneate at the entire
base, finely often doubly serrate above, with straight glandular teeth, and slightly
divided above the middle into numerous short acute lobes, nearly fully grown when

HXDC)

the flowers open at the end of May and then membranaceous, dark yellow-green and
roughened above by short rigid pale hairs and densely pubescent below, and at maturity
thin but firm in texture, dark dull green and scabrate on the upper surface, pale and
pubescent on the lower surface along the slender midribs and 5 or 6 pairs of thin
primary veins arching obliquely to the points of the lobes, 3'-4' long, l|^'-2-l' wide ; their
petioles slender, broadly wing-margined at the apex, villose on the upper side early
in the season, becoming glabrous and rose color in the autumn, V-f long. Flo"wers
■|'-f in diameter, on long slender villose pedicels, in usually 10-12-flowered hairy
compound corymbs, with linear to linear-obovate acute glandular bracts and bractlets
becoming reddish and mostly persistent until after the flowers open; cah^-tube nar-
rowly obconic, villose, the lobes slender, acuminate, glandular-serrate, villose; sta-
mens 20; anthers small, light pink or red; styles 2 or 3, usually 3. Fruit ripening
late in September, on slender elongated rigid slightly villose pedicels, in few-fruited
erect clusters, subglobose, scarlet, lustrous, marked by small pale dots, about |' in
diameter; calyx prominent, with a short tube and spreading reflexed serrate lobes;
flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 2 or 3, ^ long and nearly as broad, full
and rounded at the ends, prominently ridged on the back, with a high grooved ridge,
the ventral cavities broad and deep.

A tree, 20°-25° high, with a tall straight trunk sometimes 8' in diameter, stout wide-
spreading branches forming a symmetrical round-topped head, and very slender nearly
straight branchlets, light orange-green when they first appear, becoming bright red-
brown and lustrous at the end of their first season and darker the following year,

496 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

and unarmed, or sparingly armed with slender nearly straight purple shining spines
about r l()n<r.

Distribution. Oak woods in moist rich soil near the banks of the Calumet River,
Calumet, Illinois.

125. Crataegus Devsreyana, Sarg.

Leaves ovate, acuminate or abruptly long-pointed at the apex, abruptly narrowed
and concave-cuneate at the entire often uusyminetrical base, coarsely doubly serrate
above, with straight or incurved gland-tipped teeth, and slightly divided above the
middle into several pairs of small acuminate spreading lobes, about one third grown
when the Howers open during the last week of May and then membranaceous, dark
yellow-green, and covered above with short lustrous white hairs and light yellow-
green and glabrous below, and at maturity tiiin, yellow-green and scabrate on the
upper surface, pale on the lower surface, 3'-4' long, 2'-|' wide, with stout midribs
deeply impressed on the upper side and 6 or 7 pairs of thin primary veins arching
to the points of the lobes; their petioles stout, wing-margined at the apex, deeply
grooved, sparingly villose along the upper side, soon glabrous, glandular, with occa-
sional minute dark glands, usually dull orange color in the autumn, f'-l' long; on
vigorous shoots more deeply lobed and more coarsely serrate, subcoriaceous, often
4' long and 3^' wide, and gradually narrowed into stout broad-winged coarsely gland-
ular petioles, their stipules foliaceous, stipitate, lunate, acutely lobed, glandular-ser-
rate, with minute dark red glands, sometimes ^' long, persistent through the season.
Flowers about ^' in diameter, on slender hairy pedicels, in wide lax many-flowered
slightly villose compound corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, villose at the base,
glabrous above, the lobes slender, elongated, acuminate, finely glandular-serrate
usually only above the middle, dark green and glabrous on the outer surface, villose
on the inner surface; stamens 7-10, usually 10; anthers small, dark rose color;

styles 2 or 3, usually 2. Fruit ripening from the first to the middle of October and
falling a few weeks later, on long slender puberulous pedicels, in wide many-fruited
drooping clusters, subglobose to short-oblong, full and rounded at the ends, scarlet,
lustrous, marked by occasional large pale dots, ^' in diameter; calyx prominent, with
elongated glandular-serrate lobes dark red on the upper side near the base, usually

ROSACEA

497

erect and incurved, mostly persistent on the ripe fruit; flesh when fully ripe thick,
yellow, and sweet; nutlets usually 2, occasionally 3, about ^^' long and -^' wide, full
and rounded at the ends, rounded and conspicuously ridged on the back, with a'
broad low doubly grooved ridge, the ventral cavities broad and shallow.

A tree, 20°-25° high, with a tall trunk sometimes 10' in diameter, covered with
light gray bark, becoming rough and scaly near the base, slender branches, the lower
horizontal and wide-spreading, the upper ascending and forming a wide open irreg-
ular head, and stout glabrous branchlets dark orange-brown when they first appear,
deep red-brown and lustrous on the upper, gray-brown and lustrous on the lower
side during their first winter, becoming gray slightly tinged with red the following
year, and armed with numerous stout curved chestnut-brown or purple spines 1^-2'
long and occasionally persistent on old stems.

Distribution. Hagaman Swamp, Rochester, and at Rush, New York; not
common.

126. Crataegus succulenta, Link.

Leaves elliptical, acute or acuminate at the apex, gradually narrowed from near
the middle and entire at the base, coarsely and usually doubly serrate above, with
spreading glandular teeth, and divided above the middle into numerous short acute

f^»}

lobes, nearly fully grown when the flowers open at the end of May or early in June
and then membranaceous, covered above with soft pale hairs and puberulous or
rarely nearly glabrous below, and at maturity coriaceous, dark green, glabrous, and
somewhat lustrous above, pale yellow-green and mostly puberulous beneath along the
stout yellow midribs and 4-7 pairs of slender veins extending obliquely to the points of
the lobes and deeply impressed on the upper side, usually 2'-21' long and I'-l^'
wide; their petioles stout, more or less winged above, generally about ^' long, fre-
quently bright red after midsummer; on vigorous shoots occasionally ovate and often
2i' long and 3' wide. Flowers about |' in diameter, on long slender hairy pedicels,
in broad lax compound many-flowered villose corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic,
villose or glabrous, the lobes broad, acute, laciniate, glandular, with bright red
glands, and generally villose; stamens usually 20, sometimes 15; anthers small, rose
color; styles 2 or 3, surrounded at the base by a ring of pale hairs. Fruit beginning
to ripen about the middle of September and sometimes remaining on the branches

498

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

until the end of October, on slender elongated pedicels, in broad loose many-fruited
drooping clusters, globose, briglit scarlet, marked by large pale dots, ^-f in diam-
eter; calyx prominent, with a broad shallow depression, and much enlarged coarsely
serrate closely appressed persistent lobes; flesh thick, yellow, juicy, sweet and pulpy;
nutlets 2 or 3, ^' long, ^' broad, prominently ridged on the back, with a broad
rounded doubly grooved ridge, the ventral cavities wide and deep.

A tree, occasionally 20° high, with a short trunk 5'-6' in diameter, covered with
dark red-brown scaly bark, stout ascending branches forming a broad irregular head,
and stout more or less zigzag glabrous dark orange-brown lustrous branchlets be-
coming dull gray-brown in their second season and ultimately ashy gray, and armed
with numerous stout slightly curved briglit chestnut-brown shining spines l^'-2^'
long; or usually shrubby and much smaller, and often flowering when only a few
feet high.

Distribution. Valley of the St. Lawrence River near Montreal to the coast of
New England, and through northern New York and southern Ontario to northern
Illinois.

127. Crataegus gemmosa, Sarg.

Leaves broadly oval or rarely broadly obovate, gradually narrowed and cuneate
or occasionally rounded at the entire base, sharply and usually doubly serrate from
below the middle, with straight glandular teeth, and often slightly lobed toward the
acute or acuminate apex, with short acute lobes, dark red and villose as they unfold,
nearly fully grown when the flowers open from the middle to the end of May and
then membranaceous, light yellow-green, nearly glabrous above and pale and villose
below, and at maturity thick and firm in texture, very dark dull green on the upper
surface, pale and pubescent on the lower surface along the stout yellow midribs,

'HW''

deeply impressed and occasionally puberulous above, and along the 4 or 5 pairs of
slender primary veins extending obliquely to the end of the leaf, 1^'-21' long, l'-2'
wide; their petioles stout, villose or pubescent, more or less winged above, glandular
while young, with minute bright red caducous glands, usually pink in the autumn,
i'-l' long; on vigorous shoots more coarsely serrate, frequently divided into short
acute lateral lobes, and often 4' long and 3' wide, with rose-colored midribs and
stout spreading primary veins, their stipules often lunate, acuminate, coarsely gland-

ROSACEA

499

ular-serrate, frequently ^' long. Flovrers ^'-f ' in diameter, on slender hairy pedi-
cels, in broad open compound villose many-flowered corymbs, with lanceolate or
oblanceolate acuminate glandular-serrate conspicuous bracts and bractlets; calyx-
tube narrowly obconic, more or less villose, with matted pale hairs, or nearly gla-
brous, the lobes lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous or villose on the outer surface,
villose on the inner surface, coarsely glandular-serrate, with bright red glands;
stamens 20; anthers small, rose color; styles 2 or 3, surrounded at the base by a
narrow ring of pale toraentum. Fruit ripening early in October and becoming
very succulent just before falling, on long slender pedicels, in drooping many-fruited
glabrous or puberulous clusters, subglobose to short-oblong, scarlet, lustrous, ^' in
diameter; calyx prominent, with an elongated narrow tube and reflexed villose lobes
bright red toward the base on the upper side; flesh thick, bright yellow, sweet and
succulent; nutlets usually 3, or 2, 1' long, broad and flat, full and rounded at the
ends, and ridged on the back, with a prominent rounded ridge, the ventral cavities
broad and deep.

A tree, occasionally 30° high, with a tall trunk 10'-12' in diameter, covered with
dark brown scaly bark, stout spreading or ascending branches forming a broad
rather open symmetrical head, stout zigzag glabrous red-brown or gray-brown lus-
trous branchlets armed with straight or slightly curved thick chestnut-brown spines
usually about 2' long, and winter-buds sometimes ^ in diameter.

Distribution. Rich forest glades, or the margins of woods, usually in low rich
soil; Rochester, New York, to Toronto, Ontario, and through Ontario to the southern
peninsula of Michigan; very abundant and of its largest size in Michigan.

128. Crataegus lUinoiensis, Ashe.

Leaves broadly obovate to oval, rounded or rarely acute at the wide apex,
broadly cuneate and entire at the base, coarsely and often doubly serrate above, with
straight or incurved teeth tipped with minute deciduous glands, and sometimes

slightly and irregularly divided toward the apex into short acute lobes, when they
unfold covered below with a thick coat of hoary tomentum and pilose above, and
when the flowers open about the 20th of May membranaceous, yellow-green, covered
above with short pale hairs, pubescent below, and at maturity thick and firm in tex-

500 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

ture, dark green and glabrous on the upper surface, pale and pubescent on the lower
surface, particularly along the stout midribs and 4-0 pairs of j)riniary veins deeply
impressed on the upper side, ^'-2^ long* l^-'*^' wide; their petioles stout, slightly
winged toward the apex, usually ^'-|' long, and generally bright red below the
middle after midsummer; on vigorous shoots usually elliptical, acute or acuminate,
more closely dentate and more often lobed, sometimes decurrent nearly to the base
of the stout petioles, 3'— 4' long and 2^-3' wide, with foliaceous lunate coarsely gland-
ular-dentate stalked stipules often |' in length. Flowers about f in diameter, on
slender slightly hairy pedicels, in broad compact many-flowered villose compound
corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, coated with long matted pale hairs, the lobes
broad, acuminate, very coarsely glandular-serrate, with large stipitate bright red
glands, glabrous on the outer surface except at the base, villose on the inner surface;
stamens 10; anthers rose color; styles 2, or usually 3. Fruit ripening early in
October and persistent on the branches until after the beginning of Avinter, on stout
bright red pedicels, in few-fruited drooping villose clusters, globose, scarlet,* lustrous,
marked by occasional dark dots, more or less villose at the ends, ^' in diameter;
calyx prominent, with a short villose tube, and spreading lobes gradually narrowed
from broad bases, sparingly glandular-serrate or nearly entire, villose, mostly decid-
uous before the fruit ripens; flesh thin, yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 2 or 3, \'
long, broad and thick, rounded at the ends, prominently ridged and grooved on the
back, with a high broad ridge, the ventral cavities broad and deep.

A tree, rarely more than 18° high, with a trunk 4'-5' in diameter, covered with
thin close bark broken on the surface into pale plate-like scales, and divided into
several long erect and spreading slender branches forming a wide open-topped head,
and stout somewhat zigzag branchlets covered at first with scattered pale caducous
hairs, bright orange-brown and lustrous during their first season, becoming dark
brown in their second year and ultimately ashy gray, and armed with numerous
slender straight or somewhat curved bright chestnut-brown shining spines l-^'-3'
long.

Distribution. Open woods along the gravelly banks of small streams in Stark
and Peoria counties, Illinois; not common.

129. Crataegus integriloba, Sarg.

Leaves broadly obovate, oval or rhomboidal, acute, gradually or abruptly nar-
rowed and cuneate below the middle, entire toward the base, coarsely doubly serrate
above, with spreading glandular teeth, and irregularly divided into numerous short
acute or acuminate lobes, coated in early spring with soft pale caducous hairs, nearly
fully grown when the flowers open during the first week in June, and at maturity
glabrous, thin but firm in texture, dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, pale
yellow-green on the lower surface, 1^-3' long, 1^-2' wide, with slender midribs
often dark red at the base and 4-6 pairs of slender primary veins deeply impressed
on the upper side; their petioles stout, more or less broadly winged toward the apex,
at first puberulous, soon glabrous, often red on the lower side, ^'-f long. Flo"wers
^' in diameter, on elongated slender villose pedicels, in broad open many-flowered
crowded compound villose corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic, coated toward the
base with long matted white hairs and glabrous above, the lobes linear-lanceolate,
elongated, entire or very rarely furnished with occasional caducous glands; stamens
10; anthers large, rose color; stales 2 or 3, surrounded at the base by a narrow ring
of snow-white hairs. Fruit ripening at the end of September or early in October, on

ROSACEA

501

short stout pedicels, in drooping or erect many-fruited slightly villose clusters, sub-
globose, bright scarlet, lustrous, marked by large pale dots, ^'-^' in diameter; calyx
enlarged, prominent, with elongated entire lobes, dark red on the upper side at the

base, much reflexed and persistent; flesh thin, yellow, sweet and pulpy; nutlets 2 or
3, about \' long, thick and broad, rounded at the narrowed ends, the ventral cavities
broad and deep.

A tree, occasionally 18°-20° high, with a straight erect trunk 6'S' in diameter,
wide-spreading or erect branches forming an open irregular head, and stout nearly
straight or occasionally slightly zigzag glabrous branchlets, lustrous and red-brown
or orange-brown during their first summer and ultimately dull ashy gray, and armed
with stout nearly straight bright chestnut-brown shining spines 1^-2^' long and often
pointed toward the base of the branch.

Distribution. Low limestone ridges. Province of Quebec, south of the St. Law-
rence River near the Lachine Rapids, and at Caughnawaga, Rockfield, and Adiron-
dack Junction.

130. Crataegus macracantha, Koehne.

Leaves broadly obovate to elliptical or oval, acute or rounded and sometimes
short-pointed at the apex, gradually or abruptly narrowed and cuneate at the entire
base, coarsely and often doubly serrate above, with straight or incurved gland-tipped
teeth, and usually divided above the middle into numerous short acute or acuminate
lobes, when they unfold often bright red and coated on the upper surface with soft
pale hairs, more than half grown when the flowers open late in May and then didl
3'ellow-green, nearly glabrous on the upper surface and pale and puberulous on the
lower surface, and at maturity coriaceous, dark green and glabrous above, frequently
puberulous below along the stout midribs and 4-6 pairs of slender' primary veins
extending obliquely to the points of the lobes and deeply impressed on the upper
side, usually 2'-21' long, l^'-2' wide; their petioles stout, more or less winged above,
generally about ^' long, and frequently bright red after midsummer; on vigorous
shoots often full and rounded at the base, coarsely dentate, 5'-4' long and 21'-3'
wide. Flo"wers about f in diameter, on long slender hairy pedicels, in broad more
or less villose many-flowered compound corymbs; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, more
or less villose or nearly glabrous, the lobes narrow, elongated, acuminate, glandular,

502

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

with minute dark glands, glabrous on the outer, slightly villose on the inner surface;
stamens usually 10, but occasionally 8-12; anthers pale yellow; styles 2-3, surrounded
at the base by a broad ring of hoary tomentum. Fruit ripening at the end of Sep-
tember and often remaining on the branches for several weeks longer, on erect slen-
der pedicels, in broad open many-fruited usually slightly villose clusters, globose,
often hairA^ at the ends until nearly ripe, crimson, very lustrous, ^'-^ in diameter;
calyx large and conspicuous, the lobes coarsely serrate, reflexed and persistent; flesh
thin, dark yellow, dry and mealy; nutlets 2 or 3, about ^' long and broad, full and
rounded at the ends, rounded and ridged on the back, with a wide high ridge, the
ventral cavities deep and irregular.

A tree, occasionally 15° high, with a tall stem 5'-6' in diameter, covered with
pale close bark, stout wide-spreading branches forming an open rather irregular head.

fi^M-iS

and stout slightly zigzag glabrous light chestnut-brown very lustrous branchlets,
becoming dull reddish brown in their second year, and armed with numerous slender
usually curved very sharp bright chestnut-brown shining spines 2^'-4' long.

Distribution. Usually on rich hillsides, often in limestone soil and near the
banks of streams; valley of the St. Lawrence River in the neighborhood of Montreal,
through New England to eastern Pennsylvania, and through the region south of the
Great Lakes to northern Illinois.

XVIII. DOUGLASIANiE.

Leaves broadly ovate to obovate ; fruit subglobose to short-oblong ; calyx-lobes serrate, de-
ciduous from the fruit. 131. C. Douglasii (A, B, F, G).

Leaves lanceolate to oblong-obovate, narrowed at the ends ; fruit short-oblong- ; calyx-lobes
entire, persistent on the fruit. 132. C. rivularis (F).

131. Crataegus Douglasii, LindL

Leaves broadly ovate to obovate, gradually narrowed below to the cuneate entire
base, finely serrate above, with minute glandular teeth, and often incisely lobed
toward the acute apex, nearly fully grown and coated above and on the midribs and
veins below with short pale hairs when the flowers open in May, and at maturity
subcoriaceous, glabrous, dark green and lustrous above, paler below, l'-2' long and

ROSACEA

503

i'_l^' wide; their petioles slender, vviug-inargined above, sparingly glandular, at
first villose, becoming glabrous, ^'-|' long; on vigorous shoots broadly obovate, in-
cisely lobed at the broad apex, often deeply divided into lateral lobes, or occasionally
Globed, 3'-4:' long and 2'-3' wide. Flowers ^'-^' in diameter, on elongated slender

pedicels, in broad many-flu wered glabrous corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic,
glabrous, the lobes gradually narrowed from the broad base, acute or acuminate,
usually glandular-serrate above the middle, glabrous on the outer, villose on the
inner surface, often tinged with red or purple; stamens 20; anthers small, pale yel-
low; styles 2-5, surrounded at the base by tufts of long pale hairs. Fruit ripening
and falliug in August and September, on slender pedicels, in compact, many-fruited
drooping clusters, short-oblong, truncate at the apex, black and lustrous, about -^'
long; calyx deciduous, leaving a broad deep cavity; flesh thick, sweet, light yellow;
nutlets 3-5, ^ long, narrowed at the base, full and rounded at the apex, ridged on
the back, with a narrow ridge, the ventral cavities small and shallow.

A tree, 30°-40° high, with a long trunk 18'-20' in diameter, stout branches
spreading and ascending and forming a compact round-topped head, and slender
rigid glabrous bright red lustrous branchlets unarmed, or armed with straight or
slightly curved blunt or acute bright red ultimately ashy gray spines f'-l' long; or
often shrubby, and spreading into wide thickets.

Distribution. Banks of mountain streams; valley of the Parsnip River, British
Columbia, through Washington and Oregon to the Valley of the Pitt River, Cali-
fornia, and eastward in the United States through the northern Rocky Mountain
region to the Bighorn Mountains, Wyoming; in northern Michigan (Clifton and
Thunder Bay), and on Michipicoten Island, Lake Superior.

132. Crataegus rivularis, Nutt.

Leaves lanceolate to narrowly oblong-obovate, acute, acuminate, or abruptly
acuminate at the apex, gradually narrowed and concave-cuneate at the long entire
base, and very finely crenately serrate above, with glandular teeth, when they unfold
tinged with red, villose above and coated below with matted pale hairs, more than
half grown when the flowers open late in May and then hairy on the midribs and
veins above and pale and glabrous below, and at maturity membranaceous, dull bluish

504

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

green and smooth on the upper surface, pale yellow-green on the lower surface,
about 2' long and |' wide, with slender yellow midribs and 3 or 4 pairs of thin
obscure primary veins; their petioles slender, slightly winged at the apex, at first
villose, becoming glabrous and rose-colored below the middle, about ^' long; on
vigorous shoots often rhond>oidal, coarsely serrate, often slightly incisely lobed,
coriaceous, 3' long and 2' wide, with stout broadly winged petioles. Flowers i' in
diameter, on long slender pedicels, in rather compact globose many-flowered com-
pound corymbs; calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous, the lobes linear, entire or
glandular, witli minute caducous glands, glabrous on the outer, sparingly villose on
the inner surface, often tinged with red; stamens 20; anthers pale yellow. Fruit
ripening in September, on long pedicels, in drooping few-fruited clusters, short-
oblong, full and rounded at the ends, dark crimson and marked by many large
white dots when fully grown, becoming black and lustrous at maturity, Y-^' long;
calyx slightly enlarged, persistent, with elongated closely appressed entire lobes

slightly villose and dark red on the upper side below the middle; flesh thin, yellow,
dry and mealy; nutlets 3-5, \' long, narrowed and rounded at the ends, slightly
ridged on the back, the ventral cavities broad and shallow.

A tree, occasionally 20° high, with a slender stem covered with dark brown scaly
bark, erect branches forming a narrow rather open head, and slender bright red-
brown lustrous branchlets marked by numerous pale lenticels, and unarmed, or
armed with straight slender spines usually about 1' long.

Distribution. Banks of mountain streams, often forming thickets; Wyoming to
southwestern Colorado and western Utah; most abundant on the Wasatch Mountains
of Utah.

8. CERCOCARPUS, H. B. K. Mountain Mahogany.

Trees or shrubs, with scaly bark, rigid terete branches, short lateral spur-like
branchlets conspicuously roughened for many years by the crowded narrow horizontal
scars of fallen leaves, minute buds, the scales of the inner rows accrescent on the
growing shoots and often colored. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, or serrate, coria-
ceous, straight-veined, short-petiolate, persistent; stipules minute, adnate to the base
of the petiole, deciduous. Flowers axillary on the short lateral branchlets, sessile
or short-pedicellate, solitary or fascicled; calyx-tube long and cylindrical, abruptly

ROSACEJE 505

expanded at the apex into a cup-shaped, 5-lobed deciduous limb, the lobes imbri-
cated in the bud; disk thin, slightly glandular, adnate to the tube of the calyx;
petals 0; stamens 15-30, in 2 or 3 rows; filaments incurved in the bud, free, short,
terete; anthers oblong, pubescent or tomentose, distinct and united by a broad con-
nective; ovary composed of a single carpel inserted in the bottom and included in
the tube of the calyx, acute, terete, smooth, striate or sulcate, sericeous, rarely bicar-
pellate; style terminal, filiform, villose or glabrate, crowned with a minute obtuse
stigma; ovule solitary, subbasilar, ascending; raphe dorsal; micropyle inferior. Fruit
a linear-oblong coriaceous slightly ridged angled or sulcate akene, included in the
persistent tube of the calyx and tipped with the elongated persistent style clothed
with long white hairs. Seed solitary, linear, acute, erect; hilum conspicuous, lateral
above the oblique base; testa membranaceous; embryo tilling the cavity of the seed;
cotyledons ovate-oblong, elongated, fleshy; radicle inferior.

Cercocarpus is confined to the dry interior and mountainous regions of Nortk
America. Five species are distinguished; of these four occur within the territory of
the United States, and the fifth inhabits the mountains of southern Mexico. The
heavy hard brittle wood of all the species makes valuable fuel and is occasionally
used in the manufacture of small articles for domestic and industrial use.

The generic name, from K^pKos and Kap-n6^, refers to the peculiar long-tailed fruit.

CONSPECTUS OF SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.

Flowers in 2-.5-flowered clusters ; leaves coarsely serrate above the middle.

Leaves oval to semiorbicular, cinereo-tomentose below, sinuate-dentate ; flowers usually

in 4-5-flowered clusters. !• C. TraskiaB (G).

Leaves cuneate-obovate, pubescent below, glandular-serrate; flowers usually in 2-3-

flowered clusters. 2. C. parvifolius (F, G).

Flowers solitary or rarely in pairs ; leaves entire or occasionally slightly dentate toward the

apex.

Leaves entire, narrowly lanceolate, acute at the ends, pale or rufous-pubescent below.

3. C. ledifolius (B, F, G).

Leaves occasionally dentate toward the apex, oblong-obovate to nearly elliptical, villose

below. 4. C. breviflorus (E, H).

1. Cercocarpus Traskiae, East"w.

Leaves oval to semiorbicular, rounded or acute at the apex, cuneate, rounded or
occasionally somewhat cordate at the narrow base, re volute on the margins, entire
below, coarsely sinuate-dentate above the middle, with slender teeth tipped with
minute dark glands, when they unfold covered above with soft pale hairs and below
with thick hoary tomentum, and at maturity coriaceous, dark green and lustrous on
the upper surface, cinereo-tomentose on the lower surface, 1^-2' long, I'-l^' wide,
with prominent primary veins running obliquely to the points of the teeth, and, like the
stout midribs, conspicuously impressed on the upper side; their petioles stout, hoary-
tomentose, about \' long; stipules acuminate, scarious, covered on the margins with
long white hairs, \' long. Flo"wers appearing early in March, nearly sessile, in axil-
lary usually l-S-flowered clusters, hoary-tomentose, \'-\' long; calyx broad, glabrous
on the inner surface; anthers tomentose. Fruit: mature calyx spindle-shaped, light
reddish brown, villose-pubescent, deeply cleft at the apex, ^' long; akene slightly
ridged on the back, i' long, covered with long lustrous white hairs; style l^'-2' in
length.

506

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

A tree, occasionally 25° high, with a trunk often inclining, usually much contorted,
2'-10' in diameter and 6°-8° long, stout wide-spreading branches, and stout branch-
lets, hoary-tomentose at first, marked by numerous small scattered lenticels, bright

reddish brown during two or three years, ultimately dark gray-brown and conspicu-
ously roughened by the enlarged ring-like leaf-scars. Bark light gray, sometimes
slightly broken by shallow fissures and marked by irregular cream-colored blotches.
Distribution. Steep sides of a deep narrow arroyo on the south coast of Santa
Catalina Island, California.

2. Cercocarpus parvifolius, Nutt.

Leaves cuneate-obovate, rounded, obtuse or rarely acuminate, gradually con-
tracted at the base, coarsely glandular-serrate above the middle, or rarely almost

entire, or slightly 3-toothed or apiculate at the apex, when they unfold coated with
pale pubescence, and at maturity subcoriaceous, dark yellow-green, puberulous or
glabrous on the upper surface, paler, slightly pubescent, and often nearly white or

i

ROSACEA

507

sometimes rusty brown on the lower surface, |'-2^' long, and i' wide, with slightly
thickened revolute margins, broad midribs, 4-6 pairs of conspicuous primary veins
and reticulate veiulets; their petioles broad, channeled, i' to nearly i' long; stipules
lanceolate, acuminate, apiculate, 1'-^' long. Flowers on slender hairy pedicels,
usually in 2 or 3-flowered clusters \' long; calyx-tube slender, hoary-tomentose on
the outer surface, with a narrow obtusely lobed limb. Fruit : mature calyx-tube
spindle-shaped, light chestnut-brown, slightly puberulous, deeply cleft at the apex,
i'-|' long; akene more or less conspicuously sulcate on the back, covered with long
white hairs; style often 4'-5' in length.

A bushy tree, with aromatic leaves and branches sometimes 20°-30° high, with a
trunk rarely more than 10' in diameter, slender rigid upright branches, and branch-
lets clothed at first with pale silky pubescence, soon glabrous, rather bright brown
and marked b}' occasional oblong light-colored lenticels during their first year, be-
coming dark gray or brown and covered with conspicuous ring-like leaf-scars. Bark
about ylg' thick, generally smooth, divided by narrow shallow fissures and broken
into small square persistent red-brown scales. Wood light red-brown, with thin
light brown sapwood of about 20 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Mountain ranges of the arid portions of western North America
from western Nebraska to the northern slopes of the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon,
and to western Texas and northern New Mexico; common on the California coast
ranges southward to the San Jacinto Mountains; on Santa Cruz Island, California,
and on the mountains of Lower California. On the California coast ranges frequently
with rather larger fruit and larger and proportionally broader often glabrous leaves
(var. betuloides, Sarg.).

3. Cercocarpus ledifolius, Nutt.

Leaves narrowly lanceolate, acute at the ends, apiculate, entire, with thick re-
volute margins, coriaceous, reticulate-veined, usually puberulous while young, at

\k^.^20

maturity dark green, lustrou^and glabrous on the upper surface and more or less
coated with pale or rufous pubescence on the lower surface, resinous, ^'-1' long, and
l'-^' wide, with broad thick midribs deeply grooved on the upper side, and obscure

508 TEEES OF NORTH AMERICA

primary veins, persistent until the end of tlieir second summer; their petioles broad,
about ^' long; stipules nearly triangular, Flo'wers solitary, sessile in the axils of
the clustered leaves, |' long; calyx hoary-tomentose. Fruit: mature calyx-tube
almost ^' long, nearly cylindrical, rather larger above than below, 10-ribbed, ob-
scurely 10-angled, slightly cleft at the apex, hoary-tomentose; akene pointed at the
ends, obscurely angled, chestnut-brown, ^' long, covered with long pale or tawny
hairs; style 2'-3' long, generally contracted by 1 or 2 partial corkscrew twists.

A resinous slightly aromatic tree, occasionally 40° high, with a short trunk some-
times 2^° in diameter, stout spreading usually contorted branches forming a round
compact head, and red-brown branchlets coated at first with pale pubescence, soon
becoming glabrous, frequently covered with a glaucous bloom, silver gray or dark
brown in their second year, and for many years marked by the conspicuous elevated
leaf-scars. Bark red-brown, divided by deep broad furrows, and broken on the sur-
face into thin persistent plate-like scales, becoming on old trunks 1' thick. Wood
bright clear red or rich dark brown, with thin yellow sapwood of 15-20 layers of
annual growth.

Distribution. Dry gravelly arid slopes at elevations of 5000°-9000° above the
sea; sometimes on almost precipitous cliffs and on rocky ridges as a densely branched
contorted shrub, with linear revolute leaves, and smaller flowers and fruits (var.
intricatus, M. E. Jones) ; mountain ranges of the interior region of the United States
from western Wyoming to the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Montana,
the Cceur d'Alene Mountains of Idaho, the Blue Mountains of Washington and
Klamath County, Oregon, and southward through the Wasatch Mountains and the
ranges of the Great Basin to the eastern slopes of the Sierra Nevada, the northern
slopes of the San Bernardino Mountains, California, and to the mountains of northern
New Mexico and Arizona; most abundant and of its largest size on the high foothill
slopes of the mountain ranges of central Nevada at elevations of 6000°-8000°.

4. Ceroocarpus breviflorus, Gray.

Leaves oblong-obovate to narrowly elliptic, acute or rounded and often apiculate
at the apex, gradually narrowed from above the middle and acute at the base, their
margins revolute, often undulate, and entire or dentate toward the apex, with few
small straight or incurved apiculate teeth, when they unfold coated with hoary
tomentum, and at maturity thick, gray-green on the upper surface, pale on the lower
surface, covered with soft pale hairs most abundant on the under side of the midribs
and primary veins, \'-V long and usually about \' wide; their petioles stout, tomen-
tose, ultimately sometimes light red, and pubescent or nearly glabrous, \'-yq' long;
stipules linear-lanceolate, tomentose, about half as long as the petioles. Flo'wers
appearing from March to May and often again in August, nearly sessile, solitary or
in pairs in the axils of the crowded leaves; calyx-tube slender, y&'~\' lo"g"> coated on
the outer surface, like the short rounded lobes, with dense white tomentum. Fruit:
mature calyx-tube stalked, spindle-shaped, light red-brown, pubescent above, to-
mentose toward the base, deeply cleft at the apex, about \' long; akene nearly
terete, covered with long white hairs; style I'-l^' long.

A tree, 20°-25° high, with a long straight trunk som.etimes 6'-8' in diameter,
erect rigid branches forming a narrow open or irregular head, and slender bright
red-brown lustrous branchlets marked irregularly by large scattered pale lenticels,
covered at first with a thick coat of hoary tomentum, villose or pubescent for two
or three years and ultimately ashy gray or gray tinged with red, the spur-like lateral

ROSACEA

509

Bark about i'

branchlets much roughened* by the ring-like scars of fallen leaves

thick, divided by shallow fissures and broken on the surface into small light red

brown scales.

Distribution. In forests of Pines and Oaks on the dry ridges of the mountains
of southern Arizona and Xew Mexico, and of western Texas, usually at elevations of
about 5000° above the sea, and southward over the mountains of northern Mexico.

9. PRUNUS, B. & H. Plum and Cherry.

Trees or shrubs, wdth bitter astringent properties, slender branchlets, marked by
the usually small elevated horizontal leaf-scars, with 2 or 3 fibro-vascular bundle-
scars, and small scaly buds, their scales imbricated in many rows, those of the inner
rows accrescent and often colored. Leaves conduplicate or convolute in the bud, alter-
nate, simple, usually serrate, petiolate, deciduous or persistent; stipules free from
the petiole, usually lanceolate and glandular, often minute, early deciduous. Flowers
in axillary umbels or corymbs, or in terminal or axillary racemes, appearing from
separate buds before, with, or later than the leaves, or on leafy branches; cal}^
5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud; disk thin, adnate to the calyx-tube, gland-
ular, often colored; petals 5, white, deciduous; stamens usually 15-20, inserted
with the petals in 3 rows, those of the outer row 10, opposite the petals, those of the
next row alternate with them and with those of the inner row, sometimes 30 in 3
rows; filaments filiform, free, incurved in the bud; anthers oval, attached on the
back; ovary inserted in the bottom of the calyx-tube, 1-celled; style terminal, dilated
at the apex into a truncate stigma; ovules 2, suspended; raphe ventral, the micropyle
superior. Fruit a 1-seeded drupe; flesh thick and pulpy or dry and coriaceous;
stone bony, smooth, rugose, or pitted, compressed, indehiscent. Seed filling the cavity
of the nut, suspended; seed-coat thin, membranaceous, pale brown; cotyledons thick
and fleshy; radicle superior.

Prunus with about one hundred and twenty species is generally distributed over
the temperate region of the northern hemisphere, and is abundant in North Amer-
ica, eastern Asia, western and central Asia and central Europe, ranging southward
in the New World into tropical America, and to southern Asia in the Old World.
Of the twenty-five or thirty species which occur in the United States, eighteen are

510 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

arborescent in habit. Several of the species bear fruits which are important articles
of human food ; many contain in the seeds and leaves hydrocyanic acid, to which is
due their peculiar odor, and the fruit of some of the species is used to Havor cor-
dials. 'The wood of Prunus is close-grained, solid, and durable, and a few of the
species .are important timber-trees.

Prunus is the classical name of the Plum-tree.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.

1. Flowers in sessile axillary umbels ; fruit often slightly 2-lobed by a ventral groove.
Plums.

Leaves conduplicate in the bud.

Fruit red or orange-colored, usually destitute of bloom, i'-l' in diameter.
Leaves oblong to obovate, broad, thick, and dull.

Calyx-lobes glandular, glabrous on the inner surface ; stone compressed ;
petioles biglandular. 1. P. nigra (A).

Calyx-lobes entire, pubescent on the inner surface ; stone turgid ; petioles usu-
ally without glands. 2. P. Americana (A, C, F).
Leaves ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, narrow, thin, and lustrous ; petioles glandu-
lar ; stone turgid.

Calyx-lobes pubescent ; leaves ovate-lanceolate. 3. P. hortulana (A, C).
Calyx-lobes glabrous ; leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate.

4. P. angustifolia (C).
Fruit blue, covered with a glaucous bloom, l'-^' in diameter ; leaves lanceolate to
oblong-ovate; petioles usually without glands. 5. P. Alleghaniensis (A).

Leaves convolute in the bud.

Fruit often 1' or more in diameter, red or yellow, nearly destitute of bloom; leaves
broadly ovate to orbicular ; petioles mostly without glands.

6. P. subcordata (G).
Fniit i;' in diameter or less.

Fruit dark blue or black, covered with a glaucous bloom ; leaves ovate-lanceolate

to oblong ; petioles mostly without glands. 7. P. umbellata (C).

Fruit yellow, red, blue, or black, covered with a glaucous bloom ; leaves oblong

to obovate ; petioles conspicuously biglandular. 8. P. tarda (C).

2. Flowers in axillary umbels or corymbs ; fruit globose, ^' in diameter or less, bright
red and lustrous ; leaves conduplicate in the bud. Bird Cherries.

Leaves usually oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or rarely acute.

9. P. Pennsylvanica (A, B, F).
Leaves usually oblong-obovate and obtuse. 10. P. emarginata (B, F, G).

3. Flowers in terminal racemes on leafy branches of the year ; fruit globose ; leaves con-
duplicate in the bud. Wild Cherries.

Calyx-lobes deciduous from the fruit ; leaves broadly oval or oblong-obovate, usually
abruptly acuminate. 11. P. demissa (B, F, G).

Calyx-lobes persistent on the fruit.

Leaves oblong or lanceolate-oblong, usually narrowly cuneate.

12. P. serotina (A, C, E, H).
Leaves ovate-oblong or elliptic. 13. P. Alabamensis (C).

Leaves obovate, oval or elliptic, clothed below with pale or rufous matted hairs.

14. P. australis (C).

4. Flowers racemose in the axils of persistent leaves of the previous year ; fruit globose or
slightly 2-lobed ; leaves conduplicate in the bud. Cherry Laurels.

Calyx-lobes rounded, with undulate margins ; stone broadly ovate, cylindrical ; leaves
entire or rarely remotely spinulose-serrate. 15. P. Caroliniana (C).

\

ROSACEA

511

Calyx-lobes acute, with laciniate marg-ins ; stone depressed-globose ; leaves entire.

16. P. sphaerocarpa (D).
Calyx-lobes acute, entire ; stone ovate, slightly compressed.

Leaves coarsely spinulose-toothed. 17. P. ilicifolia (G).

Leaves entire or occasionally remotely and minutely dentate.

18. P. integrifolia (G).

1. Flowers in axillary umbels; fruit usually more than \' in diameter. Plums.

1. Prunus nigra, Ait. Red Plum. Canada Plum.

Leaves obloug-ovate to obovate, abruptly contracted at the apex into long narrow
points, wedge-shaped, truncate or slightly heart-shaped at the base, and doubly
crenulate-serrate, with small dark glandular teeth, when they unfold faintly tinged
with red and pubescent on the under surface or glabrous with the exception of con-
spicuous tufts of slender white or rufous hairs in the axils of the primary veins, and

at maturity thick and firm, dull dark green on the upper, pale on the lower surface,
3'-5' long and l^'-3' wide, with conspicuous pale midribs and slender veins; their peti-
oles stout, \'-V long, and biglandular at the apex, with 2 large dark glands; stipules
lanceolate or on vigorous shoots often 3-5-lobed, glandular-serrate, \' long, early
deciduous. Flo"wers appearing in early spring with or before the leaves, \' in diam-
eter, on slender glabrous dark red pedicels, ^'-f long, in 3 or 4-flowered umbels;
calyx-tube broadly obconic, dark red on the outer, bright red on the inner surface,
the lobes narrow, acute, glandular, glabrous or occasionally pubescent on the outer
surface, reflexed after the flowers open; petals broadly ovate, rounded at the apex,
more or less erose on the margins, contracted at the base into short claws, white,
turning pink in fading. Fruit ripening from the middle to the end of August, oblong-c
oval, I'-l^' long, with a tough thick orange-red skin nearly destitute of bloom, yellow
rather austere flesh, and an oval compressed stone, 1' long, |' wide, thick-walled,
acutely ridged on the ventral and slightly grooved on the dorsal suture.

A tree, 20°-30° high, with a trunk sometimes 6'-Q' in diameter, divided usually
o°-6° from the ground into a number of stout upright branches forming a narrow
rigid head, stout slightly zigzag branchlets marked by numerous pale excrescences,

512

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

bright green, glabrous or puberulous at first, and dark brown tinged with red in their
second season, and stout spiny lateral spur-like secondary branchlets. "Winter-buds
acuminate, Y~'k' ^^ng, with chestnut-brown triangular scales pale and scarious on the
margins. Bark about 1' thick, light gray-brown, with a smooth outer layer exfoli-
ating in large thick plates of several papery layers, and in falling exposing the
darker slightly fissured scaly inner bark. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained,
rich bright red-brown, witii thin lighter colored sapwood.

Distribution. Neighborhood of streams in rich alluvial soil, or on low limestone
hills in open glades, or wood borders; Newfoundland, through the valley of the St.
Lawrence River to the valleys of the Rainy and Assiniboine rivers, the southern
shores of Lake Manitoba, and southeastern Minnesota.

Often cultivated in Canadian gardens and occasionally in those of the northern
states as a fruit-tree or for the beauty of its flowers, and now sparingly naturalized
along the northern borders of the United States. Varieties are propagated by pomo-
logists.

2. Prunus Americana, Marsh. "Wild Plum.

Leaves oval or slightly obovate, acuminate, narrowed and occasionally rounded at
the base, and sharply and often doubly serrate, when they unfold nearly glabrous or
furnished below with conspicuous axillary tufts of pale hairs, and at maturity thick

fl^.M-2.3

and firm, more or less rugose, dark green on the upper, pale and glabrous on the
lower surface, 3'^' long, and 1^' wide, with slender midribs and primary veins; their
petioles slender, ^'-f long, usually without glands; stipules linear, often 3-lobed,
sharply serrate, ^'— |' long, early deciduous. Flowers appearing in early spring
when the leaves are nearly fully grown, V in diameter, bad-smelling, on slender gla-
brous green pedicels ^-f long, in 2-5-flowered umbels; calyx-tube narrowly obconic,
light red, glabrous or puberulous, green on the inside, the lobes acuminate, entire,
reflexed after the flowers open, slightly pubescent on the outer, pilose on the inner
surface; petals rounded and irregularly laciniate at the apex, contracted below into
long narrow claws, bright red at the base, 1' long and \' wide. Fruit ripening in
June at the south and from the end of August to early October at the north, subglo-
bose or rarely slightly elongated, usually rather less than V in diameter, in ripening

ROSACEA 513

turning from green to orange, often with a red cheek, bright red when fully ripe,
destitute of bloom and more or less conspicuously marked by pale spots, with tough
thick acerb skin, bright yellow succulent rather juicy acid flesh, and an oval slightly
rugose stone pointed at the apex, more or less contracted at the base, f '-f long
and often as thick as broad, slightly and acutely ridged on the ventral and obscurely
grooved on the dorsal suture.

A tree, 20°-35° high, with a trunk rarely exceeding a foot in diameter, and divided
usually 4°-5° from the ground into many spreading branches often pendulous at
the ends and forming a broad graceful head, branchlets at first light green, glabrous,
puberulous or coated with dense pale tomentum, light orange-brown during their
first winter, becoming darker and often tinged with red and marked by minute cir-
cular raised lenticels, and long slender remote sometimes spinescent lateral branch-
lets. "Winter-buds acute, Y-\' long, with chestnut-brown scales more or less erose
on the margins, the inner scales when fully grown foliaceous, ^' long, oblong, acute,
remotely serrate, with two narrow acuminate lateral lobes. Bark about ^' thick,
dark brown tinged with red, the outer layer separating into large thin persistent
plates. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, strong, dark rich brown tinged with red,
with thin lighter colored sapwood. The fruit is sometimes used in the preparation
of jellies and preserves, and is eaten raw or cooked.

Distribution. In the middle and northern states in rich soil, growing along the
borders of streams and swamps, and frequently forming thickets of considerable
extent; in the south Atlantic states often in river swamps; west of the Mississippi
River on bottom-lands and dry limestone uplands; middle and northern New Jersey,
and central New York to Nebraska; the valley of the upper Missouri River in Mon-
tana, the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, and southward to the
Chattahoochee region of western Florida, the valley of the Rio Grande in southern
New Mexico, and the mountains of Northern New iMexico; most abundant and of
its largest size in southern Arkansas and eastern Texas.

West of the Mississippi River from Missouri to Texas the common form (var.
lanata, Sudw.) is pubescent through the season on the under surface of the leaves,
the calyx-lobes, pedicels, and branchlets, and should perhaps be considered a distinct
species.

Often cultivated in the eastern states as an ornamental or fruit tree. Numerous
varieties are propagated by pomologists.

3. Prunus liortulana, Bailey. "Wild Plum.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, contracted at the apex into long slender points, wedge-
shaped or more or less rounded at the narrow base, and finely serrate, with incurved
lanceolate glandular teeth, when they unfold pilose, with slender white hairs, and at
maturity glabrous above, pilose below in the axils of the primary veins and along
the midribs, thin but firm, dark green and lustrous on the upper, paler on the lower
surface, 4'-6' long, I'-l^' wide, with broad conspicuous orange-colored midribs,
primary veins connected near the margins of the leaf, and prominent reticulate
veinlets; their petioles slender, orange-colored, I'-l^' long and furnished above the
middle with numerous scattered dark glands; stipules lanceolate-acuminate, gland-
ular-serrate, early deciduous. Flo"wers appearing in April or early in May when
the leaves are about one third grown, f'-l' in diameter, on slender puberulous pedi-
cels ^' long, in 2-4-flowered umbels; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, puberulous on the
outer surface, the lobes ovate, acute or rounded at the apex, glandular-serrate,

514

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

pubescent on the outer, pubescent or tomentose on the inner surface, reflexed after
the unfolding of the narrowly obovate petals rounded and occasionally emarginate
at the apex, contracted below into long narrow claws, entire, erose, or occasionally

iCr.^2^

serrate, and pure white or often marked with orange toward the base. Fruit ripen-
ing in September and October, on stout stems, globose to short-oblong, f -1' in diam-
eter, with thick acid deep red or sometimes yellow skin, hard austere thin flesh,
and a turgid stone f'-f long, compressed at the ends, abrnptly short-pointed at the
apex, conspicuously ridge-margined on the ventral and broadly and deeply grooved
on the dorsal suture, thick-walled, rugbse, and deeply pitted.

A tree, 20°-30° high, with a slender often inclining trunk, frequently 6'-6' or
occasionally 10'-12' in diameter, dividing usually several feet above the ground into

stout spreading branches, and stout rigid branchlets marked by minute pale lenti-
cels, glabrous or slightly puberulous during their first summer, rather dark brown,
and usually unarmed or on vigorous trees armed with stout spinescent lateral
branchlets; or often a shrub, with many stems forming thicket-like clumps. Winter-

ROSACEiE

515

buds minute, obtuse, with chestnut-brown scales slightly ciliate on the margins,
those of the inner ranks becoming oblong-lanceolate, acute, glandular- serrate, some-
times ^' long. Bark thin, dark brown, separating into large thin persistent plates,
and displaying the light brown inner layers.

Distribution. Low banks of streams in rich moist soil; Maryland and Virginia
to southeastern Kansas and Texas; sometimes considered a natural hybrid between
Prunus Americana and Prunus angustifolia.

Prunus hortidana, var. Miyieri, Bailey (f. 425), with thicker rather duller some-
what obovate and more coarsely serrate leaves, is an Illinois and Missouri form or
perhaps a distinct species related to Prunus Americana.

Often cultivated by pomologists in many forms of garden origin.

4. Prunus angustifolia. Marsh. Chickasa-w Plum.

Leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, pointed at the ends, apiculate at the apex,
and sharply serrate, with minute glandular teeth, glabrous or at first sometimes
furnished with axillary tufts of long pale hairs, bright green and lustrous on the

upper, paler and rather dull on the lower surface, l'-2' long and ^-f wide; their
petioles slender, glabrous or puberulous, biglandular near the apex, with 2 conspic-
uous red glands, bright red, \'—\' long; stipules linear or lobed, glandular-serrate,
y long. Flo^wers appearing before the leaves from the beginning of March at the
south to the middle of April at the north, \' across, on slender glabrous pedicels \'-\'
long, in 2— 4-flowered umbels; calyx-tube carapanulate, glabrous, the lobes oblong,
obtuse, ciliate on the margins, with slender hairs, pale-pubescent on the inner sur-
face, reflexed at maturity; petals obovate, rounded at the apex, contracted at the
base into short broad claws, white or creamy white. Fruit ripening between the
end of May and the end of July, globose or subglobose, about \' in diameter, bright
red, rather lustrous, nearly destitute of bloom, with a thin skin, juicy subacid flesh,
and a turgid rugose stone compressed at the ends, nearly 1' long, more or less thick-
margined on the ventral and grooved on the dorsal suture.

A tree, 15°-25° high, with a trunk rarely exceeding 8' in diameter, slender spread-
ing branches, and bright red and lustrous branchlets glabrous or covered at first
with short caducous hairs, becoming in their second year dull, darker and often brown,
marked with occasional horizontal orange-colored lenticels, and frequently armed

516 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

with long thin spinescent lateral brauchlets; often spreading into thickets. Winter-
buds acuminate, ^q' long, with chestnut-brown scales. Bark about |' thick, dark
reddish brown, and slightly furrowed, the surface broken into long thick appressed
scales. "Wood heavy, although rather soft, not strong, light brown or red, with
lighter colored sapwood. The fruit is often sold in the markets of the middle and
southern states.

Distribution. Widely naturalized especially in the south Atlantic and Gulf
states from southern Delaware and Kentucky to central Florida and eastern Texas,
occupying the margins of fields and other waste places near human habitations usu-
ally in rich soil; its origin still uncertain.

A number of varieties derived from this species are cultivated as fruit-trees in the
southern states.

5. Prunus Alleghaniensis, Port. Sloe.

Leaves lanceolate to oblong-ovate, often long-pointed, fiuely and sharply serrate,
with glandular teeth, and furnished at the base with 2 large rather conspicuous
glands, when they unfold covered with soft pubescence, and at maturity puberulous
on the upper and glabrous with the exception of a few hairs in the axils of the veins,
or covered, especially along the broad midribs and conspicuous veins, with rufous
pubescence on the lower surface, rather thick and firm in texture, dark green
above and paler below, 2'-3^' long and |'-1^' wide; their petioles slender, grooved,
pubescent or puberulous, \'-^' long. Flowers appearing in May with the unfold-
ing of the leaves, ^' in diameter, on slender puberulous pedicels ^'-f long, in 2-4-
flowered umbels; calyx-tube narrowly obconie, pubescent or puberulous on the

outer surface, the lobes ovate-oblong, rounded at the apex, scarious on the margins,
and coated with pale tomentum on the inner surface; petals rounded at the apex,
contracted at the base into short claws, turning pink in fading. Fruit ripening the
middle of August, on stout puberulous pedicels, subglobose or slightly oval to obo-
vate, y-f in diameter, with thick rather tough dark reddish purple skin covered
with a glaucous bloom, yellow juicy austere flesh, and a thin-walled turgid stone
two thirds as thick as broad, \'-^' long, pointed at the ends, ridged on the ventral,
and slightly grooved on the dorsal suture.

A slender tree, occasionally 18°-20° high, with a trunk sometimes 6'-8' in diameter.

ROSACEA

517

dividing into numerous erect rigid branches, and branchlets at first coated with pale
caducous pubescence, becoming dark red and rather lustrous in their first winter, and
ultimately nearly black, and unarmed, or sometimes armed with stout spinescent
lateral spur-like branchlets. Winter-budS acuminate or obtuse, Jg' long, their inner
scales accrescent, scarious, oblong, acute, |' long, bright red at the apex. Bark 1'
thick, dark brown, fissured and broken on the surface into thin persistent scales.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, brown tinged with red, with thin pale sapwood
of 10-12 layers of annual growth. The fruit is made into preserves, jellies, and
jams.

Distribution. Low moist soil, often forming shrubby thickets sometimes of con-
siderable extent, and dry ridges; slopes of Tussey's Mountain in the northwestern
part of Huntingdon County, and over the main range of the Alleghany Mountains
into Clearfield and Elk counties, Pennsylvania; of its largest size on limestone bluffs
south of the Little Juniata River,

6. Prunus subcordata, Benth. Wild Plum.

Leaves broadly ovate or orbicular, usually cordate, sometimes truncate or rarely
cuneate at the base, and sharply and often doubly serrate, when they unfold puberu-
lous on the upper and pubescent on the lower surface, and at maturity glabrous or

pubernlous below, l'-3' long, ^-2' broad, slightly coriaceous, dark green above and
pale below, with broad midribs and conspicuous veins, northward turning brilliant
scarlet and orange or red and yellow in the autumn before falling; their petioles slen-
der, usually with glands, ^'-f long; stipules lanceolate, acute, glandular-serrate.
Flowers appearing before the leaves in March and April, |' in diameter, on slender
glabrous or pubescent pedicels \'-h' long, in 2-4-flowered umbels; calyx-tube cam-
panulate, glabrous or pubernlous, the lobes oblong-obovate, rounded at the apex, pu-
bescent on the outer, more or less clothed with pale hairs on the inner surface, half
as long as the obovate white petals rounded above and narrowed below into short
claws. Fruit ripening in August and September, on stout pedicels ^'-f long, oblong,
^'-1^' long, with dark red or sometimes bright yellow skin, more or less subacid flesh,
and a flattened or turgid stone, acute at the ends, ^-1' long, narrowly wing-margined
on the ventral, conspicuously grooved on the dorsal suture.

518

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

A tree, 20°-25° high, with a trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, dividing 6°-8°
from the ground into stout almost horizontal branches, and glabrous or pubescent
bright red branchlets marked by occasiohal minute pale lentieels, becoming darker
red or purple in their second year, and ultimately dark brown or ashy gray; or often
a bush, with stout ascending stems 10°-12° tall, or a low much-branched shrub.
Winter-buds acute, ^ long, with chestnut-brown scales, scarious on the margins,
those of the inner rows ^ lo»g at maturity, oblong, acute, and generally bright red.
Bark about \' thick, gray-brown, deeply fissured, and divided into long thick plates
broken on the surface into minute persistent scales. Wood heavy, hard, close-
grained, pale brown, with thin lighter colored sapwood of 5 or C layers of annual
growth.

Distribution. Dry rocky hills and open woods usually in the neighborhood of
streams, sometimes forming thickets of considerable extent; southern Oregon to
central California in the region west of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains,
and as a low shrub in the Klamath Lake region east of the Cascade Mountains; com-
mon in central California and on the foothills of the western slopes of the Sierra
Nevada; of its largest size on the borders of small streams in southern Oregon and
northern California; at high elevations and in arid regions usually a low shrub pro-
ducing sparingly small acid fruit.

7. Prunus umbellata. Ell. Sloe. Black Sloe.

Leaves obovate-lanceolate to oblong, acute at the ends or sometimes rounded or
slightly cordate at the base, finely and sharply serrate, with remote incurved gland-
ular teeth, and usually furnished with 2 large dark glands at the base, when they

[1^.^^4-2.9

unfold bright bronze-green, with red margins, midribs, and petioles, glabrous above
and pubescent or glabrous below with the exception of a few hairs along the promi-
nent orange-colored midribs and primary veins, and at maturity membranaceous,
dark green above, paler below, 2'-2^' long and I'-l^ wide; their petioles stout,
glabrous or pubescent, about ^' long; stipules lanceolate, setaceous, glandular-ser-
rate, j-^' long. FloTvers opening in March and April before the appearance of the
leaves, f in diameter, on slender glabrous pedicels l' long, in 3 or 4-fiowered
umbels; calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous or puberulous, the lobes sometimes
slightly clavate at the acute red apex, scarious on the margins, and hoary-tomentose

ROSACEA

519

on the inner surface ; petals linear, orbicular, contracted at the base into short claws.
Fruit ripening from July to September, on slender pedicels ^' to nearly 1' long,
globose, without a basal depression, about ^' in diameter, with a tough thick black
skin covered with a glaucous bloom, thick acid flesh, and a flattened stone, with thin
brittle walls, ^' long, j-j-q' wide and half as thick, acute at the ends, slightly rugose,
conspicuously ridged on the ventral, and slightly grooved on the dorsal suture.

A tree, sometimes 15°-20° high, with a short often crooked or inclining trunk
6'-10' in diameter, slender unarmed branches forming a wide compact flat-topped
head, and slender branchlets more or less densely coated at first with pale pubes-
cence, soon becoming glabrous, lustrous, and bright red, and in their second year dark
dull brown and marked by occasional orange-colored oblong lenticels; or frequently
a low shrub. Winter-buds about ^Ig' long, with acute chestnut-brown apiculate
scales, those of the inner rows at maturity \' long and red at the apex. Bark 1'
thick, dark brown, separating into small appressed persistent scales. Wood heavy,
hard, close-grained, dark reddish brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood of about
30 layers of annual growth. The fruit is used in large quantities in making jellies
and jams.

Distribution. Sandy bottom-lands and along the borders of the forest of Long-
leaved Pine; South Carolina to Mosquito Inlet, Florida, usually in the neighborhood
of the coast, and from Tampa Bay to western Louisiana and southern Arkansas.
Variable in the amount of its pubescence and slightly variable in the shape of the
fruit, and passing into

Prunus umbellata, var. injucunda, Sarg.

A small tree, with branchlets at first hoary-tomentose, becoming pubescent and in
their second season puberulous, villose pedicels, calyx, and ovary, leaves more or less
tomentose below, and subglobose to short-oblong fruit.

P^.^c^G

Distribution. Base of Stone Mountain and Little Stone Mountain, De Kalb
County, central Georgia.

8. Prunus tarda, Sarg. Sloe.

Leaves oblong or occasionally somewhat obovate, acute or acuminate and short-
pointed at the apex, gradually narrowed and rounded or cuneate at the base, finely

520

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

serrate, with straight or incurved teeth tipped with dark minute persistent glands,
when they unfold glabrous or rarely scabrous or puberulous above and cinereo-
tomentose below, and at maturity thick and firm, dark yellow-green and glabrous on
the upper surface, pale and pubescent or puberulous on the lower surface, partic-
ularly along the prominent light yellow midribs and thin primary veins, l^'-3' long,

f'-l^' wide; their petioles stout, tomentose or ultimately pubescent, y-^' long,
glandular at the apex, with 2 large round stalked dark glands, or often eglandular;
stipules acicular, often bright red, about ^' long. Flowers appearing early in April
with or before the leaves, about |' in diameter, on slender glabrous pedicels, in 2 or
3-flowered umbels; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, glabrous toward the base, villose
above, the lobes acute, entire, villose on the outer surface, hoary-tomentose on the
inner surface; petals oblong-obovate, gradually contracted below into short claws.
Fruit ripening late in October or early in November, on stout rigid pedicels, short-
oblong to subglobose, ^'-^' long; clear bright yellow on some trees, bright red on
others, and on others purple, dark blue, or black, with tough thick skin, thick very
acid flesh firmly attached to the ovoid more or less compressed very rugose stone
obscurely ridged on the ventral and slightly grooved on the dorsal suture, acute and
apiculate at the apex, rounded at the base.

A tree, 20°-25° high, with a tall trunk 18'-20' in diameter, wide-spreading
branches forming an open symmetrical head, and slender branchlets marked by
small scattered dark lenticels, light-green and hoary-tomentose when they first
appear, becoming glabrous, light red-brown and lustrous during their first summer
and darker at the end of the second year. Winter-buds narrow, acute, the color
of the branchlets, ^e'"!' long. Bark ^'— |' thick, light brown tinged with red, and
divided by shallow interrupted fissures into flat ridges broken on the surface into
small loose plate-like scales.

Distribution. Glades and open woods in the neighborhood of Marshall, Texas,
to western Louisiana and southern Arkansas.

ROSACEA

521

2. Floioers in axillary umbels or corymbs; fruit \' in diameter or less. Bird Cherries.

9. Prunus Pennsylvanica, L. Wild Red Cherry. Bird Cherry.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, sometimes slightly falcate, acuminate or rarely acute,
and finely and sharply serrate, with incurved teeth often tipped with minute glands,
when they unfold bronze-green, pilose below and slightly viscid, soon becoming
green and glabrous, and at maturity bright and lustrous on the upper, rather paler
on the lower surface, 3'-4^' long and f -1^' wide, turning bright clear yellow some
time before falling in the autumn; their petioles slender, glabrous or slightly pilose,
^'-1' long, and often glandular above the middle; stipules acuminate, glandular-ser-
rate, early deciduous. Flowers appearing in early May when the leaves are about
half grown, or at the extreme north and at high elevations as late as the 1st of July,
^' in diameter, on slender pedicels nearly 1' long, in 4 or 5-flowered umbels or corymbs ;
calyx-tube broadly obconic, glabrous, marked in the mouth of the throat by a con-
spicuous light orange-colored band, the lobes obtuse, red at the apex, and reflexed
after the flowers open; petals ^' long, nearly orbicular, contracted at the base into

|K-,.ife52

short claws, creamy white. Fruit ripening from the 1st of July to the 1st of Sep-
tember, globose, \' in diameter, with a thick light red skin, thin sour flesh, and an
oblong thin-walled slightly compressed stone, pointed at the apex, rounded at the
base, about ^^' long, and ridged on the ventral suture.

A tree, with bitter aromatic bark and leaves, 30°^0° high, with a trunk often 18'-
20' in diameter, regular slender horizontal branches forming a narrow head usually
more or less rounded at the summit, and slender branchlets light red and sometimes
slightly puberulous at first, soon glabrous, bright red, lustrous and covered with pale
raised lenticels in their first winter, and developing in their second year short thick
spur-like lateral branchlets and then covered with dull red bark marked by bright
orange-colored lenticels, the outer coat easily separable from the brilliant green
inner bark; at the extreme northern and western limits of its range often a low
shrub. Bark of young stems and of the branches smooth and thin, bright reddish
brown, becoming on old trunks ^'-^^ thick, and separating horizontally into broad
persistent papery dark red-brown plates marked by irregular horizontal bands of
orange-colored lenticels and broken into minute persistent scales. "Wood light, soft,

522

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

close-grained, light brown, with thin yellow sapwood. The fruit is often used domes-
tically and in the preparation of cough mixtures.

Distribution. Newfoundland to the shores of Hudson's Bay, and westward in
British America to the eastern slopes of the coast range of British Columbia in the
valley of the Frazer River, and southward through the northern states to Pennsyl-
vania, central Michigan, northern Illinois, central Iowa, and to the high mountains
of North Carolina and Tennessee, and on the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains
of Colorado; common in all the forest regions of the extreme northern states, grow-
ing in moist rather rich soil ; often occupying to the exclusion of other trees large
areas cleared by fire of the original forest-covering; common and attaining its largest
size on the western slopes of the Big Smoky Mountains in Tennessee.

10. Prunus emarginata, Walp. Wild Cherry.

Leaves oblong^-obovate to oblanceolate, rounded and usuallv obtuse or sometimes
acute at the apex, cuneate and furnished at the base with 1 or 2 and sometimes
3 or 4 large dark glands, and serrate, with minute subulate glandular teeth, when
they unfold puberulous or pubescent on the lower surface and slightly viscid, and at
maturity glabrous or pubescent below (var. villosa, Sudw.), V-3' long, ^-1^' wide,
dark green above and paler below; their petioles short, stout, usually pubescent;
stipules lanceolate, acuminate, glandular-serrate, deciduous. Flo"wers appearing
when the leaves are about half grown, at the end of April at the level of the ocean
or as late as the end of June at high elevations, |'-^ in diameter, on slender pedicels
from the axils of foliaceous glabrous glandular-serrate bracts, in 6-12-flowered

glabrous or pubescent corymbs I'-l^' long; calyx-tube obconic, glabrous or puberu-
lous, bright orange-colored in the throat, the lobes short, rounded, emarginate, or
slightly cleft at the apex, sometimes slightly glandular on the margins, reflexed
after the flowers open ; petals obovate, rounded or emarginate at the apex, contracted
below into short claws, white faintly tinged with green. Fruit ripening from June
to August, on slender pedicels, in long-stalked corymbs often 2' long, globose, Y~¥
in diameter, more or less translucent, with a thick skin bright red at first when fully
grown, becoming darker and almost black, thin bitter astringent flesh, and an ovoid
turgid stone abdut ^' long, pointed and compressed at the ends, with thick brittle

ROSACEJE 523

slightly pitted walls, ridged and prominently grooved on the ventral and rounded
and slightly grooved on the dorsal suture.

A tree, with exceedingly bitter bark and leaves, occasionally 30°-40° high, with a
trunk 12'-14:' in diameter, slender rather upright branches forming a symmetrical
oblong head, and slender flexible branchlets coated at first with pale pubescence,
dark red-brown during their first winter, bright red, conspicuously marked by large
pale lenticels in their second season, and furnished with short lateral branchlets;
frequently a shrub, with spreading stems 3°-10° tall. Winter-buds acute, i' long,
with chestnut-brown scales often slightly scarious on the margins, those of the inner
ranks becoming acuminate, glandular-serrate above the middle, scarious, and ^' long,
with bright red tips. Bark about \' thick, with a generally smooth dark brown sur-
face marked by horizontal light gray interrupted bands and by rows of oblong
orange-colored lenticels. Wood close-grained, soft and brittle, brown streaked with
green, with paler sapwood of 8-10 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Usually near the banks of streams in low rich soil, or less com-
monly on dry hillsides; valley of the upper Jocko River, Montana, on the mountain
ranges of Idaho and Washington and of southern British Columbia to Vancouver
Island, and southward on the coast ranges to the neighborhood of the bay of San
Francisco, on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada up to elevations of 5000°-
6000° above the sea to the head of Kern Kiver, on the Santa Lucia, San Rafael, and
San Bernardino Mountains, California, and to the Washoe Mountains, Nevada, and
the San Francisco peaks, Arizona; of its largest size on Vancouver Island, in west-
ern Oregon and Washington, and on the Santa Lucia Mountains; on the coast ranges
of middle California and on the Sierra Nevada commonly a shrub o°-8° high.

3. Flowers in terminal racemes on leafy branches of the year. Wild Cherries.

11. Prunus demissa, Walp. Choke Cherry.

(Prunus Virginiajia, Silva N. Am. iv. 41, in part. ^

Leaves broadly oval to oblong-obovate, acute, acuminate, or abruptly short-
pointed at the apex, subcordate, rounded, or rarely wedge-shaped at the base, and
finely serrate, with slender callous teeth, when they unfold glabrous or pubescent
and occasionally furnished with axillary tufts of pale hairs, and at maturity thick
and firm to subcoriaceous, dark green, lustrous and glabrous above, pale or glaucous
and glabrous or rarely puberulous below, 2'-4' long, l'-2' wide, with stout yellow
midribs, and thin remote primary veins united at some distance from the margins,
turning yellow in the autumn before falling; their petioles slender, glabrous or
rarely villose, glandular near the apex, with 2 or several glands \'-^' long. Flowers
opening from April at the south to the middle of June at the north, \'-\' in diam-
eter, on slender glabrous or puberulous pedicels in the axils of scarious caducous
bracts, in slender many-flowered erect or nodding racemes 3'-6' long; calyx-tube
cup-shaped, glabrous or rarely puberulous, the lobes short, broad, obtuse, laciniate
or more or less glandular on the margins, deciduous from the fruit; petals orbicular,
contracted below into short claws, pure white. Fruit Y-\' in diameter, globose or
occasionally somewhat elongated, nearly black, with a thick lustrous skin, dark juicy
slightly astringent flesh of agreeable flavor, and an oblong-ovate stone, about \' long,
acute at the apex, broadly ridged on the ventral and slightly grooved on the dorsal
suture.

524

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

A tree, with strong-scented bark and leaves, rarely 30°-35° high, with a short
often crooked or inclining trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, small erect or hori-
zontal branches, and stout branchlets light brown or bronze-green and glabrous,

puberulous, or sometimes pubescent at first, becoming light brown or brown tinged
with red and marked by large oblong lenticels during their first winter, and darker
brown in their second year; more often a low shrub. Winter-buds acute or obtuse,
with pale chestnut-brown scales more or less scarious on the margins and rounded at
the apex, those of the inner rank becoming lanceolate or ligulate, sharply and often
glandular-serrate, and ^'-V long. Bark about ^' thick, slightly and irregularly
fissured, broken on the surface into small persistent dark red-brown scales, and often
marked by irregular pale excrescences. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, although
not strong, light brown, with thick lighter colored sap wood of 15-20 layers of annual
growth.

Distribution. Low valleys and slopes of mountain ranges, northern British
Columbia over the mountain ranges of western North America and eastward to
western Nebraska and Kansas.

12. Prunus serotina, Ehrh. Wild Black Cherry. Rum Cherry.

Leaves oval, oblong to lanceolate-oblong, gradually or sometimes abruptly acumi-
nate or rarely rounded at the apex, cuneate or occasionally rounded at the base,
finely serrate, with appressed incurved callous teeth, and furnished at the very base
with 1 or more dark red conspicuous glands, when they unfold slightly hairy below
on the midribs and often bronze-green, and at maturity glabrous, thick and firm,
subcoriaceous, dark green and very lustrous above, paler below, 2'-5' long, I'-l^'
wide, with thin conspicuous midribs and slender veins, in the autumn turning clear
bright yellow before falling; their petioles slender, ^'-f long; stipules lanceolate,
acuminate, glandular-serrate, ^-f in length, early deciduous. Flowers appearing
when the leaves are about half grown, from the end of March in Texas to the first
week of June in the valley of the St. Lawrence River, ^ i" diameter, on slender
glabrous or puberulous pedicels from the axils of minute scarious caducous bracts,
in erect or ultimately spreading narrow many-flowered racemes 4^-6' long; calyx-
tube cup-shaped, glabrous or puberulous, the lobes short, ovate-oblong, obtuse.

ROSACEA

525

slightly laciuiate on the margins, reflexed after the flowers open, persistent on the
ripe fruit; petals broadly obovate, pure white. Fruit ripening from June to Octo-
ber, in drooping racemes, depressed-globose, slightly lobed, ^'-^^ in diameter, dark
red when fully grown, almost black when ripe, with a thin skin, dark purple juicy,
flesh of a pleasant vinous flavor, and an oblong-obovate thin- walled stone, abont
1' long, acute at the apex, gradually narrowed at the base, broadly ridged on the
ventral and acute on the dorsal suture.

A tree, with bitter aromatic bark and leaves, sometimes 100° high, with a trunk
4°-5° in diameter, small horizontal branches forming a narrow oblong head, and
slender rather rigid glabrous branchlets at first pale green or bronze color, soon be-
coming bright red or dark brown tinged with red, red-brown or gray-brown and
marked by minute pale lenticels during their first winter, and bright red the follow-
ing year; usually much smaller and occasionally toward the northern limits of its
range shrub-like in habit. Winter-buds obtuse, or on sterile shoots acute, with
bright chestnut-brown broadly ovate scales keeled on the back and apiculate at the
apex, those of the inner ranks becoming scarious at maturity, acuminate, and ^'-f'
long. Bark ^'-f thick, broken by reticulated fissures into small irregular plates scaly
on the surface, and dark red-brown, or near the Gulf coast light gray or nearly white.

f^(,M3J

"Wood light, strong, rather hard, close straight-grained, with a satiny surface, light
brown or red, with thin yellow sapwood of 10-12 layers of annual growth; largely
used in cabinet-making and the interior finish of houses. The bark, especially that
of the branches and roots, yields hydrocyanic acid used in medicine as a tonic and
sedative. The ripe fruit is used to flavor alcoholic liquors.

Distribution. Nova Scotia westward through the Canadian provinces to the
northern shore of Lake Superior, and southward through the eastern states to the
shores of Matanzas Inlet and Tampa Bay, Florida, and westward to Dakota, eastern
Nebraska and Kansas, the Indian Territory and eastern Texas; on the mountain
ranges of western Texas, southern New Mexico and Arizona, and southward to Co-
lombia and Peru; in the United States usually in rich moist soil; once very abimdant
in all the Appalachian region, reaching its greatest size on the slopes of the high
Alleghany Mountains from west Virginia to Georgia and Alabama; sometimes on
low sandy soil, and often in New England on rocky cliffs within reach of the spray

526 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

of the ocean; not common in the coast region of the southern states; in the south-
west only in the bottoms of mountain canons at elevations of 500O°-70OO° above the
level of the sea.

13. Prunus Alabamensis, Mohr. Wild Cherry.

Leaves oval, broadly ovate, or occasionally obovate, acute, short-pointed or
rounded at the apex, cuneate, rounded or rarely slightly obcordate at the base, and
finely serrate, with incurved teeth tipped with minute or sometimes near the base
of the blade with larger dark glands, when they unfold coated below and on the
upper side of the midribs with fine pubescence, and at maturity thick and firm in
texture, 4'-5' long, about 2' wide, dark dull green and glabrous on the upper surface,
dull and covered on the lower surface with short simple or forked accrescent hairs
most abundant and sometimes rufescent on the slender midribs and primary veins;

their petioles stout, tomentose, becoming pubescent, eglandular or occasionally fur-
nished near the apex with 1 or 2 large dark glands, ^'-^' long; stipules lanceolate,
acuminate, glandular-serrate, bright red, Y ^ong, caducous. Flo'wers appearing
during the first week of May, when the leaves are about half grown, ^' in diameter,
on pubescent pedicels from the axils of ovate or obovate acuminate bright pink
caducous bracts, in spreading or erect slender pubescent racemes 3'^' lo"g; calyx-
tube broad, cup-shaped, puberulous, with short almost triangular lobes persistent on
the fruit; petals white, nearly orbicular. Fruit ripening late in September, sub-
globose to short-oblong, ^' in diameter, dark red or finally nearly black, with thin
acid flesh, and an ovoid somewhat compressed stone pointed at the ends, ^' long,
ridged on the ventral suture, with a broad low ridge, and slightly grooved on the
dorsal suture.

A tree, 25°-30° high, with a short trunk rarely 10' in diameter, spreading some-
what drooping branches, and slender branchlets coated at first with pale tomentum,
dark red-brown during their first season, becoming nearly glabrous before winter,
and much darker in their second year. Bark of the trunk dark, rough, separating
freely into small thin scales.

Distribution. Summits of the low mountains of Central Alabama; rare and
local.

ROSACEA

527

14. Prunus australis, Beadl. "Wild Cherry.

Leaves obovate, oval or elliptical, gradually narrowed and obtusely short-pointed
or sometimes acute at the apex, rounded or sometimes cuneate at the narrowed base,

and finely serrate, with slender teeth tipped with minute dark red glands, when they
unfold membranaceous, pale yellow-green and glabrous above, with the exception of
occasional pale hairs along the midribs, and coated below with pale or ferrugineous
pubescence, and at maturity thin but firm, dark dull green above, covered below
with matted rufous hairs most abundant on the thin broad midribs, and slender
primary veins extending nearly to the margins of the leaf, conspicuously reticulate-
venulose, 2^'~4:' long, l^'-2^' wide; their petioles stout, rusty-tomentose, biglandular
at the apex, with large dark red glands, about ^' long; stipules linear to linear-lan-
ceolate, glandular, bright rose color, \'-^' long. Flowers probably opening toward
the end of April, on short pedicels from the axils of minute rose -colored caducous
bracts, in slender spreading hoary-pubescent racemes 3-4' long; the expanded
flowers not known. Fruit ripening and falling late in July, on pedicels ^' long,
globose, surrounded at the base by the calyx-lobes and remnants of the stamens,
dark purple when fully ripe, about ^' in diameter.

A tree, sometimes 60° tall, with a trunk 12'-16' in diameter, spreading or ascend-
ing branches forming an oblong head, and slender branchlets coated at first with
pale pubescence, becoming puberulous, dull red-brown, and roughened by numerous
small pale elevated lenticels at the end of the first season, and glabrous or puberu-
lous in their second year. Bark of young stems and of the branches thin, silvery
gray, and roughened by long horizontal lenticels, becoming on older trunks ^' thick,
ashy gray or brownish black, deeply fissured and broken into thick persistent plate-
like scales.

Distribution. Clay soil at Evergreen, southern Alabama; common.

4. Flowers racemose in the axils of the persistent leaves of the previous year.
Laurels.

Cherry

15. Prunus Caroliniana, Ait. Wild Orange. Mock Orange.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, mucronate, with entire thickened slightly
revolute margins, or rarely remotely spinuloscTserrate, glabrous, coriaceous, dark

528

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

green and lustrous on the upper, paler on the lower surface, 2'-4y long, f -1^' wide,
obscurely veined, with narrow pale midribs, persistent until their second year; their
petioles stout, broad, orange-colored; stipules foliaceous, lanceolate-acuminate.
Flowers appearing from February to April, on slender club-shaped pedicels from
the axils of long acuminate scarious red-tipped bracts, in dense racemes shorter than
leaves; calyx-tube narrowly obconic, the lobes small, thin, rounded, undulate on
the margins, retlexed after the flowers open, deciduous; petals boat-shaped, minute,
cream-colored; stamens exserted, orange-colored, with glabrous filaments and large
pale anthers ; ovary gradually narrowed into a slender erect style enlarged above into
a club-shaped stigma. Fruit ripening in the autumn, remaining on the branches
until after the flowering period of the following year, oblong, short-pointed, black and
lustrous, I' long, with a thick skin, thin dry flesh, and an ovate pointed nearly cylin-
drical stone nearly 1' long, full and rounded at the base, with thin fragile walls,
obscurely ridged on the ventral and deeply grooved on the dorsal suture.

A tree, 30°-40° high, with a straight or inclining trunk sometimes 10' in diameter,
slender horizontal branches forming a narrow oblong or sometimes a broad head, and
glabrous branchlets marked by occasional pale lenticels, slightly angled, at first

light green, becoming bright red, and in the second season light brown or gray.
Winter-buds acuminate, |' long, covered with narrow pointed dark chestnut-
brown scales rounded on the back. Bark about |' thick, gray, smooth or slightly
roughened by longitudinal fissures, and marked by large irregular dark blotches.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, light red-brown or sometimes rich dark
brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood. The partially withered leaves and young
branches are often fatal to animals browsing upon them, owing to the considerable
quantities of hydrocyanic acid which they contain.

Distribution. Deep rich moist bottom-lands ; valley of the Cape Fear River to the
shores of Bay Biscayne and the valley of the Kissimee River, Florida, and through
southern Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana to the valley of the Guadalupe River,
Texas; in the Atlantic and eastern Gulf states nowhere common, and only in the im-
mediate neighborhood of the sea, rarely ranging inland more than fifteen or twenty
miles ; most abundant and of its largest size in the valleys of eastern Texas, and here
often forming impenetrable thickets of considerable extent.

KOSACEiE

529

Often cultivated in the southern states as an ornamental plant and to form

hedges.

16. Prunus sphaerocarpa, Sw.

Leaves elliptical to oblong-ovate, gradually or abruptly contracted into broad
obtuse points, or less commonly rounded or rarely emarginate at the apex, wedge-
shaped at the base, entire, with slightly thickened undulate margins, glabrous,

eglandular, subcoriaceous, yellow-green and lustrous on the upper, paler on the lower
surface, obscurely veined, 2'-4y long, I'-l^ broad, persistent ; their petioles slender,
orange-brown, ^' to nearly V long; stipules foliaceous, lanceolate-acuminate, entire,
Y long, early deciduous. Flowers opening in Florida in November, ^' in diameter,
on thin orange-colored pedicels ^'-f^ long, in slender many-flowered erect racemes
shorter than the leaves; calyx-tube obconic, bright orange-colored on the outer sur-
face, marked by an orange band in the throat, the lobes thin, minute, acute, laciniate
on the margins, deciduous, much shorter than the obovate rounded or acuminate white
petals, marked with yellow on the inner surface toward the base; contracted below
into short claws, reflexed at maturity ; stamens exserted, with slender orange-colored
subulate filaments and small yellow anthers; ovary sessile, contracted into a short
stout style, crowded into a large club-shaped stigma. Fruit produced in Florida very
sparingly, ripening either in the spring or early summer, subglobose to short-oblong,
apiculate, orange-brown, j-^' long, with thin dry flesh adherent to the thin- walled
cylindrical stone shghtly narrowed at the apex, obscurely ridged on the ventral
suture.

A glabrous tree, in Florida rarely 25°-30° high, with a trunk 5^-6' in diameter,
slender upright branches and slender orange-brown branchlets, becoming ashy gray
or light brown tinged with red and marked by small circular pale lenticels. Bark
thin, smooth, or slightly reticulate-fissured, light brown tinged with red. Wood
heavy, hard, close-grained, light clear red, with thick pale sapwood.

Distribution. Rich hummock land, occasionally near the borders of small streams
and ponds, and in the United States only near the shore of Bay Biscayne; through
the West Indies to Brazil.

530

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

17. Prunus ilicifolia, Walp. Islay.

Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, rounded or emarginate at the apex,
cuneate and rounded or truncate at the base, with thickened coarsely spinosely
toothed margins, the stout teeth near the base of the leaf often tii)ped with large
dark glands, thick and coriaceous, dark green and lustrous above, paler and yellow-
green below, l'-2^' long, I'-l^' wide, with slender yellow midribs and obscure veins,
deciduous during their second summer; their petioles broad, -g'-^' long; stipules
acuminate, obscurely denticulate, ^ long. Flowers opening from March to May,
y in diameter, on short slender pedicels from the axils of acuminate scarious bracts
^' in length and mostly deciduous before the opening of the flower-buds, in slender
erect racemes l^'-3' long; calyx-tube cup-shaped, orange-brown, the lobes minute,
acuminate, reflexed at maturity, deciduous, about one third as long as the obovate
white petals rounded above and narrowed below into short claws; stamens slightly
exserted, with slender incurved filaments and minute yellow anthers; ovary sessile,
abruptly contracted into a slender style usually bent near the summit at a right angle
or rarely erect, and surmounted by a large orbicular stigma. Fruit ripening in
November and December, subglobose, often compressed, ^'-f in diameter, dark red
when fully grown, purple or sometimes nearly black at maturity, with thin slightly

acid astringent flesh easily separable from the ovate slightly compressed stone |'-|'
long, short-pointed at the apex, with thin brittle walls, light yellow-brown, conspic-
uously marked with reticulate orange-colored vein-like lines, with 3 orange bands
radiating from the base to the apex along one suture, and a single narrow band
along the other suture.

A glabrous tree, 20°-30° high, with a trunk rarely 2° in diameter or more than
10°-12° long, stout spreading branches forming a dense compact head, and branch-
lets at first yellow-green or orange color, soon becoming gray or reddish brown and
more or less conspicuously marked by minute pale lenticels, and in their second or
third years by the large leaf -scars; usually much smaller and often a shrub some-
times only a foot or two high. Bark |'-^' thick, dark red-brown, and divided by
deep fissures into small square plates. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained,
light red-brown, with thin lighter colored sapwood of 8-10 layers of annual growth;
occasionally used for fuel.

EOS AGILE

531

Distribution. Borders of streams and moist sandy soil in the bottoms of canons,
and as a low shrub on dry hillsides and mesas from the shores of the Bay of San
Francisco southward through the coast ranges of California to the foothills of the
San Bernardino Mountains, and on Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa islands.

Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental plant in western and southern Europe.

18. Prunus integrifolia, Sarg., nov. nom.

(Prunus ilicifolia, var. integrifolia, Silva N. Am. iv. 54.)

Leaves ovate to lanceolate, acuminate or abruptly narrowed into short points at
the apex, wedge-shaped, truncate or rounded at the base, with thickened revolute

undulate entire or occasionally, especially on vigorous shoots, remotely and minutely
spinulose-dentate margins, glabrous, coriaceous, dark green and lustrous above, paler
below, reticulate-venulose, 2'-3' long, and ^'-2^' wide, with stout midribs and ob-
scure veins, persistent; their petioles stout, yellow, ^'-^' long. Flowers appearing
from March to June, about ^ i^ diameter, on slender pedicels from the axils of
acuminate caducous bracts, in crowded many-flowered glabrous racemes 3'-4' long;
calyx-tube cup-shaped, orange-brown, the lobes acute, apiculate, reflexed after the
flowers open, deciduous, about one third as long as the obovate petals rounded and
undulate above and narrowed below into short claws; stamens slightly exserted, with
incurved filaments and small yellow anthers; ovary raised on a short stipe, the style
bent near the apex and terminating in a large orbicular stigma. Fruit ripening late
in the autumn, on stout pedicels, in drooping few-fruited racemes, subglobose to short-
oblong, dark purple or nearly black at maturity, 1'- 1^ in diameter, with thick lus-
cious flesh sometimes i' thick, and easily separable from the ovate to obovate slightly
compressed thin-walled stone about |' long, pointed at the apex, pale yellow-brown,
conspicuously marked by reticulate orange-colored lines, and by^ 3 dark bands radi-
ating from the base to the apex along one suture, and by a single narrow line on the
other suture.

A bushy tree, sometimes 25°-30° high, with one or several stout erect or spread-
ing stems l°-3° in diameter, spreading branches forming a broad compact head,
and stout branchlets light yellow-green when they first appear, becoming light and
ultimately dark reddish brown, and much roughened by the large elevated leaf-scars.

532 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Winter-buds acute or obtuse, with dark red scales. Bark of the trunk \'-^' thick
and dark reddish brown. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, pale reddish brown,
with hardly distinguishable sapwood.

Distribution. Islands of southern California, in all exposures from the fertile
valleys and canons at the water's edge up to elevations of 3000° on the dry interior
ridges; and in Lower California.

10. chrysobAlanus, l.

Trees or shrubs, with stout branchlets covered with pale lenticels, and fibrous
roots. Leaves alternate, entire, coriaceous, short-petiolate, persistent; stipules mi-
nute, deciduous. Flowers perfect, short-pedicellate, small, creamy white, in axillary
or terminal dichotomously branched slender canescent cymes, with conspicuous de-
ciduous bracts; calyx turbinate-campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the
bud, without bracts, deciduous; disk thin, adnate to the calyx-tube; petals 5, alter-
nate with the lobes of the calyx, spatulate, deciduous; stamens (in the arborescent
species) indefinite in a single continuous series, inserted with the petals on the mar-
gin of the disk; filaments filiform, hairy, free or slightly united at the base; anthers
ovoid, ovary sessile in the bottom of the calyx-tube, hirsute or glabrous, 1-celled;
style rising from the base of the ovary, filiform, terminated by a minute truncate
stigma; ovules 2, collateral, ascending; raphe dorsal, the micropyle inferior. Fruit
a fleshy 1-seeded drupe with pulpy flesh, a coriaceous or crustaceous stone, 5 or
6-angled toward the base and imperfectly 5 or 6-valved, the valves reticulate-veined.
Seed erect; seed-coat chartaceous, light brown; embryo filling the cavity of the
seed; cotyledons thick and fleshy; radicle inferior, very short.

Chrysobalanus is represented in the south Atlantic states by a shrubby species
confined to the coast region from Georgia to Alabama, and by a second species occa-
sionally attaining the size of a small tree, an inhabitant of the shores of southern
Florida, widely distributed through the maritime regions of tropical America, and
found in various forms on the coast of western tropical Africa.

The generic name is from XP^'^^^ ^^^ fiaKavos, in allusion to the supposed golden
fruit of one of the species.

1. Chrysobalanus Icaco, L. Cocoa Plum.

Leaves broadly elliptical or round-obovate, rounded or slightly emarginate at the
apex, wedge-shaped at the base, glabrous, coriaceous, obscurely reticulate-veined,
dark green and lustrous on the upper and light yellow-green on the lower surface,
l'-3^' long, l'-2|' wide, with broad conspicuous midribs rounded on the upper side
and thin primary veins, standing on the branches at an acute angle and appearing
to be pressed against them; their petioles stout, ^'-^' long; stipules acuminate, \'
long. Flowers y long, on short thick club-shaped hoary-tomentose pedicels, in
cymes l'-2' in length, appearing in Florida continuously during the spring and sum-
mer months on the growing branches; calyx hoary-tomentose, the lobes nearly trian-
gular, acute, more or less pubescent on the inner surface and about half as long as
the narrow white petals; ovary hoary-pubescent; style long and slender, clothed
nearly to the apex with pale hairs. Fruit nearly globose or often slightly ovoid,
f'-l' in diameter, with smooth bright pink, yellow, purple, creamy white, or some-
times nearly black skin, white sweet juicy flesh often \' thick, and more or less ad-
herent to the stone pointed at the ends, 5 or 6-angled below the middle, \'-l\' long

LEGUMINOS^

533

and twice as long as broad, indehiscent or finally separating into 5 or 6 valves, the
walls composed of a thin red-brown dry outer layer and a thick interior layer of hard
woody fibre ; seed-coat lined with a thick white reticulated fibrous coat.

A tree, 25°-30° high, with a long straight trunk occasionally a foot in diameter,
and dark reddish brown branches glabrous or sometimes slightly pilose at first,
bscoming brown or gray-brown in their second year; more often a tall broad bush

with many upright spreading branches, or often in exposed situations a semiprostrate
shrub l°-2° high. Bark of the trunk i' thick, with a light gray surface tinged with
red, separating into long thin scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, light
brown often tinged with red, with thin lighter colored sapwood of about 10 layers of
annual growth. The insipid fruit is eaten by negroes; the seeds contain a consider-
able quantity of oil; and the astringent bark, leaves, and roots have been used medi-
cinally.

Distribution. Usually on saline shores in Florida; Cape Canaveral to Bay Bis-
cayne, and on the west coast from Caximbas Bay to the southern keys; generally
shrubby; arborescent only on the islands of the Everglades near Bay Biscayne, and
on the Miami River; through the West Indies to southern Brazil, and on the west
coast of Africa from Senegambia to the Congo Free State.

XXII. LEGUMINOS^.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate usually compound leaves, regular or papil-
ionaceous usually perfect flowers ; stamens 10 or indefinite, with diadelphous
or distinct filaments and 2-celled anthers, the cells opening longitudinally ;
ovary superior, 1 or many-celled, inserted on the bottom of the calyx. Fruit
a legume. Of the four hundred and thirty genera of the Pea family now
recognized and widely distributed in all temperate and tropical regions, seven-
teen have arborescent representatives in the United States.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ABORESCENT GENERA.

Subfamily 1. Mimosolde^. Calyx 4-6-toothed, the teeth valvate in the bud ; petals as many
as the teeth of the calyx, valvate in the bud ; ovules numerous, suspended in 2 ranks
from the inner angle of the ovary, superposed, anatropous, the micropyle superior ; sta-

534 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

mens much exserted ; leaves twice pinnate ; cotyledons oval or orbicular, flat j radicle
straight.

Stamens numerous (more than 10) ; seeds without albumen.
Filaments more or less united into a tube.
Filaments united.

Valves of the pods not separating at maturity from the margins. 1. Zygia.

Valves of the pods separating at maturity from the persistent margins.

2. Lysiloma.
Filaments free or the inner ones slightly united at the base. 3. Acacia.

Stamens 10 ; filaments free ; seeds with albumen.

Legume piano-compressed, dehiscent ; flowers in globose heads. 4. Leucaena.

Legume terete or compressed, indehiscent ; flowers in cylindrical spikes.

5. Prosopis.
Subfamily 2. C^salpinioid^. Calyx 5-lobed or toothed, the divisions usually valvate in
the bud ; corolla imperfectly papilionaceous or nearly regular ; petals 5, imbricated in
the bud, the upper one inside and inclosed by the others ; stamens 10 or less ; filaments
free; anthers introrse ; ovules numerous {sometimes 2 in one species o/ Gleditsia) , super-
posed, anatropous, the micropyle superior ; seeds albuminous.

Flowers imperfectly papilionaceous ; calyx 5-toothed ; legume flat, wing-margined ;
leaves simple. 6. Cercis.

Flowers regular.

Flowers polygamous or dioecious.

Calyx-tube elongated, 5-lobed ; petals 5 ; stamens 10, shorter than the petals ;

legume thick and woody ; leaves twice pinnate. 7. Gymnocladus.

Calyx-tube short, 3-5-lobed ; petals 3-5 ; stamens 3-5, longer than the petals ;

legume leathery ; leaves once and twice pinnate. 8. Gleditsia.

Flowers perfect.

Legumes linear, torulose, acuminate at the ends, the valves contracted between
the seeds; rachis of the leaf spinescent. 9. Parkinsonia.

Legumes oblong-compressed, rachis of the leaf not spinescent. 10. Cercidium.
Subfamily 3. Papilionat^. Calyx of 5 more or less united sepals ; corolla of 5 irregular
petals, papilionaceous, the upper petal (standard) larger than the others and inclosing
them in the bud, usually turned backward or spreading, the 2 lateral petals (wings)
oblong, exterior to the 2 lower connivent more or less united petals (keel) inclosing the
stamens and pistil ; stamens 10, 9 of them united into a tube cleft on the upper side, the
10th and upper one separate, or all distinct; ovary 1 or many-celled by cross parti-
tions ; ovules amphitropous, the micropyle superior ; seeds usually without albumen ;
leaves once pinnate.
Stamens distinct.

Flowers in racemes ; legume terete, contracted between the seeds. 11. Sophora.
Flowers in panicles ; legume compressed. 12. Cladrastis.

Stamens diadelphous (9 and 1).
Flowers in racemes.
Leaves glandular-dotted.

Leaves many-foliolate ; petals free and distinct. 13. Eysenhardtia.

Leaves simple ; wings and keel-petals adnate to the tube of the stamens.

14. Dalea.
Leaves without glandular dots.

Legume compressed ; stipules becoming spinescent, persistent. 15. Robinia,
Legume turgid, the valves unequally convex by the growth of the seeds ;
stipules 0. 16. Olneya.

Flowers in axillary panicles ; pod linear, longitudinally 4-winged.

17. Icthyomethia.

LEGUMINOS^ 535

1. ZYGIA, P. Br.

Trees or shrubs, with slender branches armed with the persistent spinescent stip-
ules. Leaves petiolate, bipinnate, the pinnse few-foliolate, their rachises generally
marked by numerous glands between the pinnse and between the leaflets. Flowers
perfect or polygamous, from the axils of minute bracts, in pedunculate globose heads
or oblong cylindrical spikes, their peduncles in terminal panicles or axillary fascicles;
calyx campanulate, short-toothed; corolla funnel-shaped, the petals as many as the
teeth of the calyx, joined for more than half their length; stamens numerous, united
at the base into a tube free from the corolla; anthers minute, versatile; ovary stipi-
tate, contracted into a slender filiform style, with a minute terminal stigma. Legume
compressed, 2-valved, dehiscent, the valves continuous or interrupted within. Seeds
compressed, suspended transversely; funicle filiform or expanded into a fleshy aril;
hilum near the base of the seed; seed-coat thin or thick, marked on each of the 2
surfaces of the seed by a faint oval ring or oblong depression ; embryo filling the
cavity of the seed; the radicle included or slightly exserted.

Zygia with more than a hundred species is widely distributed through the tropical
and subtropical regions of the two worlds, and is most abundant in tropical America.
Of the four species found within the territory of the United States three are arbo-
rescent.

The generic name, from C^y6s, is the classical name of some other tree.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.

Pinnas with 1 pair of leaflets ; valves of the leg-urae much contorted after opening ; seeds
surrounded by the enlarged ariloid f unicles. 1. Z*. Unguis-cati (D).

Pinnaa with more than 1 pair of leaflets ; valves of the legume not contorted after opening ;
funicle of the seed not enlarged and ariloid.

Pinnae with 3-5 pairs of leaflets ; leg'ume short-stalked, the valves submembranaceous ;

seeds not in separate compartments. 2. Z. brevif olia (E).

Pinnae with 2-3 pairs of leaflets ; legume sessile, the valves thick and woody, tardily

dehiscent ; seeds in separate compartments. 3. Z. flexicaulis (E).

1, Zygia Unguis-cati, Sudw. Cat's Claw.

Leaves persistent, long-petiolate, with a single pair of bifoliolate pinnae, and slen-
der petioles faintly grooved on the upper side, ^'-1' long, and slightly and abruptly
enlarged at the base; rachis glandular between the short stout petiolules and between
leaflets; leaflets obtuse, orbicular or broadly oblong, very oblique and obtuse or rarely
emarginate at the apex, entire, membranaceous or somewhat coriaceous, reticulate-
veined, bright green and lustrous on the npper and paler on the lower surface, •|'-2'
long and ^'-1^' wide. Flowers polygamous, pale yellow, glabrous or slightly puber-
ulous, opening in Florida in March and continuing to appear until midsummer, in
globular heads, on slender peduncles I'-l^' long fascicled in the axils of upper leaves
or collected in ample terminal panicles, their bracts lanceolate, acuminate, chartaceous,
Y long, caducous ; calyx rather less than ^^' long, broadly toothed, one quarter as long
as the acuminate petals barely exceeding the tube formed by the union of the fila-
ments; stamens purple, ^' long; ovary glabrous, long-stalked, minute or rudimentary
in the sterile flower. Fruit compressed, slightly torulose, stipitate, rounded or acute
at the apex, 2'^' long* V~i' wide, the valves reticulate-veined, thickened on the mar-
gins, bright reddish brown and after opening greatly and variously contorted ; seeds

536

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

irregularly obovate or sometimes nearly triangular, compressed or thickened, dark
chestnut-brown, lustrous, marked by faint oval rings, ^' long, surrounded at the base
by the enlarged bright red ariloid funicle; seed-coat thin, cartilaginous.

A tree, sometimes 20°-25° high, with a slender trunk 7'-8' in diameter, ascending^
and spreading branches forming a low flat irregular head, and slender somewhat zig-
zag branchlets at first slightly striately angled, becoming terete, light gray-brown or
dark reddish brown, covered with minute pale lenticels, and armed with the straight
persistent rigid stipular spines broad at the base and ^' long, or rarely minute; more

often a shrub, with many vine-like almost prostrate stems. Bark of the trunk ^ thick,
reddish brown and divided by shallow fissures into small square plates. Wood very
heavy, hard, close-grained, rich red varying to purple, with thin clear yellow sap-
wood. The bark is astringent and diuretic, and was once used in Jamaica as a cure
for many diseases.

Distribution. Florida, shores of Caximbas Bay and on many of the southern
keys; most abundant in its arborescent form on the larger of the eastern keys, and
probably of its largest size in Florida on Elliott's Key; often forming shrubby
thickets; common and widely distributed through the Antilles to Venezuela and
New Granada.

2. Zygia brevifolia, Sud-w. Huajillo.

Leaves 2'-3' long, 2' wide, long-petiolate, with 8-12 10-20-foliolate pinnse and
slender terete petioles 1' long and furnished near the middle with a dark oblong
gland, when they unfold coated with pale tomentum and at maturity glabrous with
the exception of the puberulous petioles and rachises, persistent or tardily deciduous;
leaflets oblong-linear, obtuse or acute at the apex, oblique at the base, very short-
petiolate, ^^-j' long, light green on the upper, paler on the lower surface. Flowers
white to violet-yellow, in globose or oblong heads ^' in diameter, on thin pubescent
peduncles bracteolate at the apex, coated at first, like the flower-buds, with thick
white tomentum, developed from the axils of lanceolate acute scarious deciduous
bracts, and arranged in short terminal racemes; calyx shortl}'^ 5-lobed, puberulous
on the outer surface, about -^j long and one fourth the length of the puberulous
petals persistent with the stamens at the base of the mature fruit; stamens nearly
^' long. Fruit ripening at midsummer and often persistent on the branches after

LEGUMINOS^

637

opening until the trees flower the following year, straight, compressed, slightly toru-
lose, short-stalked, contracted at the apex into a short slender point, 4'-6' long and
I' wide, its valves somewhat membranaceous, thick-margined, reddish brown on the

r^

^m-

outer, yellow tinged with red on the inner surface, reticulate-veined; seeds sus-
pended by slender coiled and somewhat dilated funicles, compressed, ovate to nearly
orbicular, dark chestnut-brown, very lustrous, \' long, and faintly marked by large
oval depressions; seed-coat thin, cartilaginous.

A tree, 25°-30° high, with a trunk rarely o'-6' in diameter, slender upright
branches forming a narrow irregular head, and branchlets slightly striately angled,
covered with minute white lenticels, light gray and puberulous when they first ap-
pear, becoming dark brown in their second year, and armed with stout rigid stipular
spines sometimes ^' long and persistent for many years; more often a shrub, some-
times only 2°-3° tall. Bark of the trunk smooth, light gray somewhat tinged with
red, and often marked by large pale blotches. "Wood dark-colored, hard, and heavy.

Distribution. Bluffs and bottom-lands of the lower Rio Grande, Texas; usually
a low shrub spreading into broad clumps, but occasionally in the rich and compara-
tively moist soil of the river lagoons a slender tree; in Mexico more abundant; of
its largest size from the mouth of the Rio Grande to the Sierra Madre of Xuevo
Leon.

3. Zygia flexicaulis, Sudw. Ebony.

Leaves persistent, l^'-2' long, 2^'-3' wide, long-petiolate, with slender puber-
ulous petioles glandular near the middle and furnished at the apex with small orbic-
ular solitary glands, and 4-6 usually 6-foliolate pinnse, the lowest pair often the
shortest, persistent; leaflets ovate-oblong, rounded at the apex, reticulate-veined,
membranaceous or subcoriaceous, glabrous, dark green and lustrous on the upper
surface, paler on the lower, \'-\' long, petiolules short and broad. Flo"wers light
yellow or cream color, very fragrant, sessile in the axils of minute caducous bracts,
appearing from June until August, in cylindrical dense or interrupted spikes 1\' long,
on stout pubescent peduncles fascicled in the axils of the upper leaves of the previous
year; corolla four or five times as long as the calyx and like it puberulous on the outer
surface, and about as long as the tube formed by the union of the filaments; stamens

538

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

I' long; ovary glabrous, sessile. Fruit ripening in the autumn and remaining on
the branches until after the flowering season of the following year, sessile, tardily
dehiscent, flattened, turgid, straight or slightly falcate, oblique at the base, rounded
and contracted into a short broad point at the apex, 4'-6' long, I'-l^' broad, with
thick woody valves lined with a thick pithy substance inclosing and separating the
seeds; seeds suspended on very short straight funicles, bright red-brown, ^' long,
^' wide, irregularly obovate, faintly marked by short oblong depressions; seed-coat
thick, crustaceous.

A tree, 20°-30° high, with a straight trunk 2°-3° in diameter, separating 8°-10°
from the ground into short spreading branches forming a wide round head, and stout
zigzag branchlets, puberulous, light green or dark reddish brown when they first
appear, becoming in their second year glabrous or rarely puberulous, dark reddish
brown or light gray, and armed with the persistent stipular pale chestnut-brown

/^

spines \'-^' long. Wood exceedingly heavy, hard, compact, close-grained, dark rich
red-brown slightly tinged with purple, with thin clear bright yellow sapwood; almost
indestructible in contact with the ground and largely used for fence-posts; valued
by cabinet-makers and for fuel, and considered more valuable than that of any other
tree of the Rio Grande valley. The seeds are palatable and nutritious, and are boiled
when green or roasted when ripe by the Mexicans, who use their thick shells as a
substitute for coffee.

Distribution. Shores of Matagorda Bay, Texas, to the Sierra Nevada of Nuevo
Leon, and in Lower California; common on the bluffs of the Gulf coast and on both
banks of the lower Rio Grande ; south of the Rio Grande one of the commonest and
most beautiful trees of the region.

2. LYSILOMA, Benth.

Trees or shrubs, with slender unarmed branches, abruptly bipinnate long-peti-
olate persistent leaves, their petioles marked by large conspicuous glands, and small
leaflets in many pairs; stipules large, membranaceous, persistent or deciduous.
Flowers perfect or rarely polygamous, minute, usually white or greenish white,
from the axils of minute bractlets more or less dilated at the apex, in globose

LEGUMINOS^

539

many-flowered heads, on axillary solitary or fascicled peduncles ; calyx campanulate,
o-toothed; corolla funnel-shaped, of 5 petals united for more than half their length;
stamens generally 12-30, exserted; filaments filiform, united at the base into a tube
free from the corolla; anthers minute, ovate, versatile; ovary sessile, contracted into
a slender subulate style, with a minute terminal stigma. Legume broad, straight,
compressed, submembranaceous, the valves at maturity separating from the undivided
margins, continuous within, their outer layer thin and papery, dark-colored, the inner
rather thicker, pale yellow. Seeds compressed, transverse, suspended by long slen-
der funicles, the hilum near the base; seed-coat thin, crustaceous; radicle slightly
exserted.

Lysiloma with about ten species inhabits tropical America from southern Florida
and the Bahama Islands, the West Indies. Mexico and Lower California, to Central
America and Bolivia. Several of the species produce valuable timber.

The generic name, from Xixris and Awfia, refers to the separation of the valves
from the margins of the legume.

1. Lysiloma Bahamensis, Benth. Wild Tamarind.

(Lysiloma latisiliqua, Silva N. Am. iii. 129.)

Leaves 4'-5' long, glabrous or sometimes slightly puberulous, with slender peti-
oles V long, marked near the middle with an elevated gland, and 2-5 pairs of short-
stalked 40-80-foliolate pinnae; their petioles enlarged and slightly glandular at the

fT^-u-i+6

base; stipules foUaceous, ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate, auriculate and semi-
cordate at the base, ^' long, usually caducous; leaflets obliquely ovate or oblong,
obtuse or acute, more or less united at the base by the greater development of one
of the sides, sessile or short-petiolulate, entire, reticulate-veined, light green, paler
on the lower than on the upper surface, ^ -|' long and ^'-\' wide. Flo-wers about
Y long, in heads appearing in Florida early in April, coated before the flowers open
with thick pale tomentum, and after the exsertion of the stamens |' in diameter, on
peduncles |'-iy long, solitary or fascicled in the axils of upper leaves, their bracts
and bractlets acute, membranaceous, caducous; calyx broadly o-toothed, pilose on the

540 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

outer surface, especially above the middle, ^' long, and half as long as the 5-lobed
corolla with reflexed lobes; stamens about 20, twice as long as the corolla, united for
one fourth of their length into a slender tube. Fruit stipitate, gradually narrowed
and acute at the ends, 4'-5' long, 1' broad, with a slender stem V-1' long, ripening in
the autumn and persistent on the branches until after the flowering period of the
following year, in clusters of 2-3 on short peduncles abruptly and conspicuously
enlarged at the apex; valves thin and papery, bronze-green when fully grown,
becoming dark red-brown, separating slowly from the margins; seeds oval or
obovate, dark brown, lustrous, ^' long,

A tree, 4:0°-50° high, with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter, stout spreading branches
forming a wide flat head, and glabrous or somewhat pilose branchlets, conspicuously
verrucosa, bright red-brown when they first appear, becoming pale or light reddish
brown in their second year. Bark of the trunk of young trees and of the branches
smooth, light gray tinged with pink, becoming on old trunks \-\' thick, dark brown
and separating into large plate-like scales. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, tough,
close-grained, rich dark brown tinged with red, with nearly white sapwood I'-l^'
thick, of 4 or 5 layers of annual growth ; in Florida occasionally used and valued for
boat and shipbuilding.

Distribution. Key Largo, Elliott's, Plantation, and Boca Chica keys, Florida;
not common; on the Bahama Islands.

3. ACACIA, Adans.

Trees or shrubs, with slender branches armed with spinescent stipules or infra-
stipular spines. Leaves alternate on young branches and fascicled in earlier axils,
bipinnate, with usually small leaflets, persistent. Flowers perfect or often polyga-
mous, small, in the axils of minute linear bractlets more or less dilated and often
peltate at the apex, in globose heads or cylindrical spikes, on axillary solitary or fasci-
cled peduncles; calyx campanulate, 5 or 6-toothed; petals as many as the divisions of
the calyx, more or less united; stamens numerous, usually more than 50, exserted,
free or slightly and irregularly united at the base, inserted under or just above the
base of the ovary ; filaments filiform ; anthers small, attached on the back, versatile ;
ovary contracted into a long slender style terminating in a minute stigma. Legume
nearly cylindrical or flat, indehiscent, continuous or divided within. Seeds transverse,
compressed; seed-coat thick, crustaceous, marked on each face of the seed by an
oval depression or ring; radicle straight, included, or slightly exserted.

Acacia with more than four hundred species is widely distributed through Australia,
where it is most largely represented, tropical and southern Africa, northern Africa,
southwestern China, the warmer regions of southern Asia, the islands of the south
Pacific, tropical and temperate South America, the West Indies, Central America and
Mexico to the southwestern boundaries of the United States where ten or twelve
species occur; of these four are arborescent. Acacia is astringent, and many species
yield valuable tan bark. Gum arabic is produced by different Old World species;
many of the species yield hard heavy durable wood, and some of the Australian
species are large and valuable timber-trees. Many species are cultivated for their
graceful foliage and handsome fragrant flowers.

The generic name, from anaKia, relates to the spines with which the branches are
usually armed.

J

LEGIBIINOS^

541

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.

Flowers in g-lobose heads j corolla 5-lobed; ovary sessile; stipules persistent, becoming
spines.

Legume cylindrical, glabrous, its sutures conspicuously thickened and grooved ; seeds in

2 ranks. 1. A. Farnesiana (E).

Legume flattened, pubescent, its sutures not thickened, slightly grooved ; seeds in

1 rank. 2. A. tortuosa (E).

Flowers in elongated slender spikes ; corolla of 5 petals only slightly united at the base ;

ovary stalked ; stipules caducous ; branchlets armed with inf rastipular spines.

Legume 1' wide, straight or slightly contracted between the seeds, not becoming twisted

and contorted at maturity ; seeds narrowly obovate or ovate. 3. A. "Wrightii (E).

Legume ^'-f wide, often conspicuously contracted between the seeds, becoming twisted

and contorted at maturity ; seeds nearly orbicular. 4. A. Greggii (E, G, H).

1. Acacia Farnesiana, "Willd. Huisache. Cassie.

Leaves 1'-^ long, with 2-8, usually 4 or 5, pairs of pinnse, generally somewhat
puberulous on the short petioles and rachises, in Texas mostly falling at the begin-
ning of winter; pinnae sessile or short-stalked, remote or close together, with 10-25

fiq4^7

pairs of linear acute leaflets tipped with minute points, miequal at the base, sessile
or short-petiolulate, glabrous or puberulous, bright green, ^-^ long. Flowers bright
yellow, very fragrant, ^^g' long, opening during the summer and autumn from the
axils of minute clavate pilose bractlets, in heads |' in diameter, on axillary solitary
slender puberulous peduncles, most often 2 or 3 together and I'-l^ long, with two mi-
nute dentate connate bracts forming an involucral cup immediately under the flower-
head; calyx about half as long as the petals and like them somewhat pilose on the
outer surface; stamens two or three times as long as the corolla; ovary short-stipi-
tate, covered with long pale hairs. Fruit oblong, cylindrical or spindle-shaped, thick,
turgid, straight or curved, slightly contracted between the seeds, short-stalked, nar-
rowed at the apex into a short thick point, 2'-3' long, |'-f ' broad, dark red-purple,
lustrous, and marked by broad light-colored bands along the thickened grooved
sutures, the outer coat of the walls thin and papery, inclosing a thick pithy pulp-
like substance surrounding the seeds, each in a separate thin-walled compartment;

642

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

seeds ovate, thick, flattened on the inner surface by mutual pressure, \' long, sus-
pended transversely in 2 ranks on short straight funicles, light brown, lustrous, and
faintly marked by large oval rings.

A tree, 20°-30° high, with a straiglit trunk 12'-18' in diameter, separating C°-8°
from the ground into numerous long pendulous branches forming a wide round
spreading head, and slender terete or slightly striate angled branchlets, glabrous or
at first puberulous, and armed with straight rigid terete spines developed from the
persistent stipules and sometimes 1^' long. Bark of the trunk thin, reddish brown,
irregularly broken by long reticulated ridges, exfoliating in large thin scales. Wood
heavy, hard, close-grained, rich reddish brown, with thin pale sapwood; in India
used for the knees of small vessels and in agricultural implements.

Distribution. Now widely spread by cultivation through the tropical and sub-
tropical regions of the two worlds and probably a native of America from western
Texas to northern Chili; growing in Texas apparently naturally in the arid and
almost uninhabited region between the Nueces and Rio Grande.

Largely cultivated in southern Europe for its fragrant flowers used in the manu-
facture of perfumery, as an ornament of gardens in all warm countries, and in India
as a hedge plant.

2. Acacia tortuosa, Willd.

Leaves generally less than V long, short-petiolate, with slender puberulous rachises
and usually 3 or 4 pairs of pinnte, early deciduous; pinnae sessile or short-stalked,
remote, with 10-15 pairs of linear somewhat falcate leaflets, acute, tipped with
minute points, subsessile, light green, glabrous, 2V "le' long. Flowers minute,
bright yellow, very fragrant, in the axils of clavate pilose bractlets, in heads ^'-f ' in
diameter, appearing in March with or just before the unfolding leaves, on clustered
or solitary slender puberulous peduncles, ^'-f long, and furnished at the apex with
2 minute connate bracts; calyx only about one third as long as the corolla, with short

f^ ^^S

puberulous lobes; corolla puberulous at the apex, less than one half as long as
the filaments; ovary covered with short close pubescence. Fruit elongated, linear,
slightly compressed, somewhat constricted between the seeds, 3'-5' long, about \'
wide, dark red-brown and cinereo-puberulous; seeds in 1 series, obovate, com-
pressed, dark red-brown, lustrous, about \' long, faintly marked by large oval rings.

LEGUMINOS^

543

A tree, occasionally 15°-20° high, with a straight trunk 5'-6' in diameter, stout
wide-spreading branches forming an open irregular head, and slender somewhat zig-
zag slightly angled reddish brown branchlets roughened by numerous minute round
lenticels, villose, with short pale hairs, and armed with thin terete puberulous spines
occasionally f long; in Texas usually shrubby, with numerous stems forming a sym-
metrical round-topped bush only a few feet high. Bark dark brown or nearly black,
and deeply furrowed.

Distribution. Valley of the Rio Cibolo to Eagle Pass on the Rio Grande, Texas;
and in northern and southern Mexico, the West Indies, Venezuela, and on the Gala-
pagos Islands; in Texas probably arborescent only on the plains of the Rio Grande
near Spofford.

3. Acacia Wrightii, Benth. Cat's Claw.

Leaves l'-2' long, slightly pubescent, especially on the petioles and rachises, with
1-3 pairs of pinnse, slender petioles 1^' long, and eglandular or glandular, with small
convex glands, and linear acute caducous stipules ^^g' long; pinnae short-stalked,

with 2-5 pairs of obliquely obovate-oblong leaflets, obtuse, rounded, and often apic-
ulate at the apex, sessile or short-petiolulate, 2 or sometimes 3-nerved, reticulate-
veined, rigid, bright green and rather paler on the lower than on the upper surface,
J^'-i' long. FlQ-wers light yellow, fragrant, appearing from the end of March to
the end of May, on slender pubescent pedicels from the axils of minute caducous
bracts, in narrow spikes. 1^' long, often interrupted below the middle, on slender
fascicled pubescent or sometimes glabrous peduncles; calyx obscurely 5-lobed, pubes-
cent on the outer surface, half as long as the spatulate petals slightly united at the
base, and ciliate on the margins; stamens \' long; ovary long-stalked, covered with
long pale hairs. Fruit fully grown early in the summer, deciduous in the autumn,
slightly falcate, compressed, stipitate, oblique at the base, rounded and short-pointed
at the apex, 2'^' long, V wide, with thick straight or irregularly contracted margins
and thin papery walls conspicuously marked by narrow horizontal reticulate veins;
seeds narrowly obovate, compressed, \' long, suspended transversely on long slender
funicles, light brown, mark6d by large oval depressions.

A tree, occasionally 25°-30° high, with a short trunk 10-12' in diameter, spread-

544

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

ing branches forming a low wide or irregular head, and branchlets when they first
appear somewhat striately angled, glabrous, pale yellow-brown or dark red-brown,
turning pale gray in their second year, and armed with occasional stout recurved
infrastipular chestnut-brown spines ^ long, compressed toward the broad base and
very sharp-pointed, or rarely unarmed. Bark of the trunk about ^' thick, furrowed,
divided by shallow furrows into broad ridges separating on the surface into thin
narrow scales. "Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, bright clear brown streaked
with red and yellow, with thin clear yellow sapwood of 6 or 7 layers of annual growth;
valued and largely used as fuel.

Distribution. Valley of the Guadalupe River in the neighborhood of New
Braunfels, Texas, to the Sierra Madre of Nuevo Leon; most abundant and of its
largest size south of the Rio Grande on dry gravelly mesas and foothills.

4. Acacia Greggii, Gray. Cat's Claw. Uiia de Gate.

Leaves l'-3' long, pubescent or puberulous, with 1-3 pairs of pinnae, short
slender petioles furnished near the middle with a minute oblong chestnut-brown
gland, and linear stipules ^^g' long and caducous ; pinnae short-stalked, with 4-5
pairs of obovate oblique leaflets rounded or truncate at the apex and unequally con-
tracted at the base into short petiolules, thick and rigid, 2-3-nerved, reticulate-
veined, hoary-pubescent, j-q'—j' long. Flowers fragrant, bright creamy yellow, in
dense oblong pubescent spikes, on peduncles ^'-f ' long, and fascicled usually 2 or 3
together toward the ends of the branches ; calyx obscurely 5-lobed, puberulous on
the outer surface, half as long as the petals slightly united at the base and pale-
tomentose on the margins; stamens ^' long ; ovary long-stalked, covered with long

pale hairs. Fruit fully grown at midsummer and hanging unopened on the branches
until winter or the following spring, compressed, straight or slightly falcate, obliquely
narrowed at the base into a short stalk, acute or rounded at the apex, more or less
contracted between the seeds, 2'-4' long, ^'— |' wide, curling and often contorted when
fully ripe, the valves thin and membranaceous, thick-margined, light brown, con-
spicuously transversely reticulate-veined; seeds nearly orbicular, compressed, dark
brown and lustrous, ^ in diameter, marked by small oval depressions.

A tree, rarely 30° high, with a trunk 10'-12' in diameter, numerous spreading
branches, and striately angled puberulous pale brown branchlets faintly tinged with

LEGUMINOS^ 545

red and armed with stout recurved infrastipular spines flat at the base and \' long
and broad. Bark of the trunk about 1' thick, furrowed, the surface separating^into
thin narrow scales. "Wood heavy, very hard, strong, close-grained, durable, rich
brown or red, with thin light yellow sapwood of 5 or 6 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Dry gravelly mesas, the sides of low canons and the banks of
mountain streams; valley of the Rio Grande, western Texas, through southern New
Mexico and Arizona to southern California; and in northern Mexico.

4. LEUCiENA, Benth.

Trees or shrubs, with slender unarmed branches. Leaves persistent, abruptly bipin-
nate, with numerous piunse and small leaflets in many pairs, petiolate, their petioles
often furnished with a conspicuous gland below the lower pair of pinnse; stipules
minute and caducous, or becoming spinescent and persistent. Flowers minute, white
mostly perfect, sessile or short-pedicellate, in the axils of small peltate bracts villose
at the apex, in globose many-flowered pedunculate heads, the peduncles in axillary
fascicles or in leafless terminal racemes; calyx tubular-campanulate, minutely
5-toothed; petals 5, free, acute or rounded at the apex, narrowed at the base;
stamens 10, free, inserted under the ovary, exserted; filaments filiform; anthers ob-
long, versatile; ovary stipitate, contracted into a long slender style, with a minute
terminal slightly^dilated stigma. Legume many-seeded, stipitate, linear, com-
pressed, dehiscent; the valves thickened on the margins, rigid, membranaceous, con-
tinuous within, their outer coat thin and papery, dark-colored, the inner rather
thicker, woody, pale brown. Seeds obovate, compressed, transverse, the hilum near
the base, suspended on long slender funicles ; seed-coat thin, crustaceous, brown
and lustrous; embryo inclosed on its two sides by a thin layer of horny albumen;
radicle slightly exserted.

Leucffiua with nine or ten species is confined to the warmer parts of America
from western Texas to Peru and Venezuela, and to the islands of the Pacific Ocean
from New Caledonia to Tahiti, where one species has been recognized. Of the three
indigenous species found in the territory of the United States, two are arborescent.
Leuccena glauca, L., a small tree or shrub, cultivated in all warm countries, and a
native probably of tropical America, is now naturalized on Key West, Florida.

The generic name, from A.eux'*'*''^: refers to the color of the flowers.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Peduncles bibracteolate at the apex ; leaves 10-14-pinnate ; pinnae with 15-30 pairs of leaf-
lets ; stipules beeoming- spinescent, persistent. 1. L. Greggii (E).

Peduncles without bracts ; leaves 30-36-pinnate ; pinnje with 30-60 pairs of leaflets ;
stipules minute, caducous. 2. L. pulverulenta (E).

1. Leucaena Greggii, Wats.

Leaves 6'-7' long and broad, with slender rachises furnished on the upper side
with a single elongated bottle-shaped gland between the stalks of each pair of pinme;
pinnse 10-14, remote, short-stalked, with 15-30 pairs of leaflets; stipules gradually
narrowed into long slender points, becoming rigid and spinescent, ^ to nearly
y long and persistent for two or three years; leaflets lanceolate, acute or acumi-
nate, often somewhat falcate, nearly sessile or short-petiolulate, full and rounded to-
ward the base on the lower margin, nearly straight on the upper margin, gray-green,

546

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

ultimately nearly glabrous, \'-^' long, about |' wide, with narrow midveins and ob-
scure lateral nerves. Flo"wers on slender pedicels, in heads |'-1' in diameter, on stout
peduncles 2'-3' long furnished at the apex witli 2 irregularly 3-lobed bracts, and
solitary or in pairs; calyx coated with hairs only near the apex, much shorter than
the spatulate glabrous more or less boat-shaped petals; ovary villose, with a few
short scattered hairs. Fruit G'-8' long, |'-^' wide, narrowed below into a short stout

stipe, acuminate and crowned at the apex with the thickened style, ^'-f long, cine-
reo-pubescent until nearly fully grown, becoming nearly glabrous at maturity, much
compressed, with narrow wing-like margins; seeds conspicuously notched by the
hilum, 1' long, Y wide.

A tree, 15°-20° high, with a stem 4'-5' in diameter, and stout zigzag red-brown
branchlets marked by numerous pale lenticels, coated at first with short spreading
lustrous yellow deciduous hairs found also on the young petioles and lower surface
of the unfolding leaflets, the peduncles of the flower-heads and their bracts. Bark
about f ' thick, dark brown, divided into low ridges and broken on the surface into
small closely appressed persistent scales. "Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, rich
brown streaked with red, with thin clear sapwood.

Distribution. Mountain ravines and the steep banks of streams; western Texas
from the valley of the upper San Saba River to that of Devil's River; and southward
into Mexico.

2. Leucaena pulverulenta, Benth. Mimosa.

Leaves 4'-7' long and 3'-4' broad, with slender petioles usually marked by a large
dark oblong gland between the somewhat enlarged base and the lowest pair of pinnae,
30-36 nearly sessile crowded pinnse, each with 30-60 pairs of leaflets, and minute
caducous stipules; when they unfold covered like the peduncles and flower-buds
with dense hoary tomentum, and at maturity puberulous on the petioles and rachises;
leaflets linear, acute, rather oblique at the base by the greater development of the
upper side, sessile or very short-petiolulate, pale bright green, \'-j' long. Flowers
sessile, in heads ^' in diameter, appearing in succession as the branches grow from
early spring to midsummer, on slender peduncles I'-l^' long and fascicled in the axils
of upper leaves; calyx one fourth as long as the acute petals and like them pilose

LEGU^IINOS^

547

on the outer surface; stamens twice as long as the petals; ovary coated with long
pale hairs. Fruit conspicuously thick-margined, 4:'-14' long, long-stalked, tipped
with short straight or recurved points, 2 or 3 together on a common peduncle thick-
ened at the apex; seeds ^y long.

A tree, o0°-60° high, with a straight trunk 18'-20' in diameter, separating 20°-30°
from the ground into slender spreading branches forming a loose round head, and
branchlets at first more or less striately grooved and thickly coated with pulverulent
caducous tomentum, becoming at the end of a few weeks terete, pale cinnamon-brown
and puberulous. Bark about \' thick, bright cinnamon-brown, and roughened by

thick persistent scales. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, rich dark brown,
with thin clear yellow sap wood of 2 or 3 layers of annual growth; considered valu-
able and sometimes manufactured into lumber.

Distribution. Rich moist soil of river banks and the borders of lagoons and small
streams; valley of the lower Rio Grande ; in Texas only for a few miles near its mouth ;
more abundant from Matamoras to Monterey in Xuevo Leon; and southward to the
neighborhood of the City of Mexico.

Occasionally planted as a shade and ornamental tree in the towns of the lower Rio
Grande valley.

5. PROSOPIS, L. Mesquite.

Trees or shrubs, with branches without terminal buds and armed with geminate
supra-axillary persistent spines, and small obtuse axillary buds covered with acute
apiculate dark brown scales. Leaves alternate on branches of the year and fascicled
in earlier axils, deciduous, bipinnate, with many-foliolate pinnae; petioles glandular at
the apex, with a minute gland, and tipped with the small spinescent rachis; stipules
linear, membranaceous or spinescent, deciduous. Flowers greenish white, sessile, in
axillary pedunculate spikes; calyx campanulate, 5-toothed, or slightly o-lobed, de-
ciduous; petals 5, connate below the middle or ultimately free, glabrous ortomentose
on the inner surface toward the apex, sometimes puberulous on the outer surface;
stamens 10, free, inserted with the petals on the margin of a minute disk adnate to
the calyx-tube, those opposite the lobes of the calyx rather longer than the others;
filaments filiform; anthers oblong, versatile, their connective tipped with a minute
deciduous gland, the cells opening by marginal sutures; ovary stipitate, villose;

548

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

style filiform, with a minute terminal stigma. Legume linear, compressed or sub-
terete, straight or falcate, or contorted or twisted into a more or less regular spiral,
indehiscent; the outer coat thin, woody, pale yellow, inclosing a thick spongy inner
coat of sweet pulp containing the seeds placed obliquely and separately inclosed,
their envelopes forming nut-like joints. Seeds oblong, compressed, the hilum near
the base; seed-coat crustaceous, light brown, lustrous; embyro surrounded by a layer
of horny albumen; radicle short, slightly exserted.

Prosopis is distributed in the New World from southern Kansas to Patagonia,
and in the Old World is confined to tropical Africa, and to southwestern and tropi-
cal Asia. Sixteen or seventeen species have been distinguished. Of the three species
found in the territory of the United States two are small trees.

Prosopis produces hard durable wood, particularly valuable as fuel, and the pods
are used as fodder.

The generic name is from irpoawirls, employed by Dioscorides as a name of the
Burdock.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NOKTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.

Legume compressed or ultimately convex, pinnae 12-10-foliolate. 1. P.juliflora(C,E,G,H).
Legume thick, spirally twisted ; pinnae 10-16-foliolate. 2. P. pubescens (E, F, G, H).

1. Prosopis juliflora, DC. Mesquite. Honey Locust.

Leaves with 2 or rarely 4 pinnae and slender terete petioles abruptly enlarged
and glandular at the base; stipules linear, acute, membranaceous, deciduous.
Flowers appearing in successive crops from May to the middle of July, fragrant,

about ^^2' long, on short pedicels, in slender cylindrical spikes l^'-4' long, on stout
peduncles ^'-|' in length; calyx glabrous or puberulous, about one fourth as long as
the narrowly oblong acute petals glabrous or puberulous on the outer surface and
covered on the inner surface toward the apex with hoary tomentum; stamens twice
as long as the corolla, the dark-colored connective of the anther-cells furnished at
the apex with a stalked gland; ovary short-stalked, clothed with silky hairs. Fruit
in drooping clusters, linear, at first flat, becoming subterete at maturity, constricted

LEGUMINOS^

549

between the 10-20 seeds, straight or falcate, contracted at the ends, 4'-9' long, ^'-^'
wide; seeds about i' long.

A low tree, with a large thick taproot descending frequently to the depth of 40°-
50°, and furnished with radiating horizontal roots spreading in all directions and
forming a dense mat, a trunk 6'-8' in diameter, divided a short distance above
the ground into many irregularly arranged crooked branches forming a loose strag-
gling head, and slender branchlets at first pale yellow-green, turning darker in
their second year, furnished in the axils of the leaves of their first season with
short spur-like excrescences covered with chafPy scales, and armed with stout
straight terete supra-axillary persistent spines ^'-2' long, or rarely unarmed; more
often a shrub, with numerous stems only a few feet high. Bark of the trunk thick,
dark reddish brown, divided by shallow fissures, the surface separating into short
thick scales. "Wood heavy, close-grained, rich dark brown or sometimes red, with
thin clear yellow sapwood; almost indestructible in contact with the soil, and largely
used for fence-posts, railway-ties, the underpinnings of buildings, and occasionally
in the manufacture of furniture, the fellies of wheels, and the pavements of city
streets; the best fuel of the region, and largely made into charcoal. The ripe pods
supply Mexicans and Indians with a nutritious food, and are devoured by most
herbivorous animals. A gum, resembling gum-arabic, exudes from the stems.

Distribution. Western Texas and eastern New Mexico, and on the island of
Jamaica ; eastward and westward diverging into two extreme forms. These are

Prosopis juliflora, var. glandulosa, Sarg.

Leaves with distant linear mostly acute glabrous dark green leaflets often 2'
long and V~i' wide. Flowers with a usually glabrous calyx.

A round-topped tree, often 20° high, with a trunk a foot in diameter, and long
gracefully drooping branches forming a symmetrical round-topped head.

Distribution, Eastern Texas to southern Kansas, and southward into northern
Mexico. The common Mesquite of eastern Texas; reappearing with rather shorter
and more crowded leaflets in Arizona, southern California, and Lower California.

550

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Prosopis juliflora, var. velutina, Sarg.

Leaves 5'-6' long, often fascicled, cinereo-pubescent, with short petioles and 12-
22 pairs of oblong or linear-oblong obtuse or acute crowded pale green leaflets \'-^'
long. Flowers in densely-flowered spikes 2'-3' long; calyx villose.

''if

A tree, often 50° high, with a trunk 2° in diameter, covered with rough dark
brown bark, and heavy irregularly arranged usually crooked branches.
Distribution. Hot valleys of southern Arizona and Sonora.

2. Prosopis pubesoens, Benth. Screvr Bean. Screw Pod Mesquite.

Leaves canescently pubescent, 2'-3' long, with slender petioles ^-f in length,
and pinnae l^'-2' long and 10-16-f oliolate ; stipules spinescent, deciduous; leaflets

5IS^

oblong or somewhat falcate, acute, sessile or short-petiolulate, often apiculate, con-
spicuously reticulate-veined, ^-f long, ^' wide. Flowers beginning to open in
early spring, and produced in successive crops from the axils of minute scarious
bracts, in dense or interrupted cylindrical spikes 2'-3' long ; calyx obscurely 5-lobed,
pubescent on the outer surface, one third to one fourth as long as the narrow
acute petals coated on the inner surface near the apex with thick white tomentum,

LEGUMINOS^ 551

and slightly puberulous on the outer surface; ovary and young fruit hoary-tomen-
tose. Fruit ripening throughout the summer and falling in the autumn, in dense
racemes, sessile, twisted with from 12-20 turns into a narrow straight spiral l'-2'
long; seeds -^q' long.

A tree, 25°-30° high, with a slender trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, and
terete branches canescently pubescent or glabrate when they first appear, becoming
glabrous and light red-brown in their third year, and armed with stout spines ^'-^'
long. Bark of the trunk thick, light brown tinged with red, separating in long
thin persistent ribbon-like scales. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, close-grained,
not strong, light brown, with thin lighter colored sapwood of 6 or 7 layers of annual
growth; used as fuel and occasionally for fencing. The sweet, nutritious legumes
are used for fodder.

Distribution. Sandy or gravelly bottom-lands; valley of the Rio Grande in

western Texas, and through New Mexico and Arizona to southern Utah and Nevada,

and to San Diego County, California, and northern Mexico; attaining its largest

size in the United States in the valleys of the lower Colorado and Gila rivers,

Arizona.

6. CERCIS, L.

Trees or shrubs, with scaly bark, slender unarmed branchlets prolonged by an
upper axillary bud, marked by numerous minute pale lenticels, and in their first
winter by small elevated horizontal leaf-scars showing the ends of two large fibro-
vascular bundles, and small scaly obtuse axillary buds covered by imbricated ovate
chestnut-brown scales. Leaves simple, entire, 5-7-nerved, with prominent nerves,
long-petiolate, deciduous; their petioles slender, terete, abruptly enlarged at the
apex; stipules ovate, acute, small, membranaceous, caducous. Flowers appearing
in early spring before or with the leaves on thin jointed pedicels, in simple fascicles
or racemose clusters produced on branches of the previous or earlier years, or on
the trunk, with small scale-like bracts often imbricated at the base of the inflores-
cence, and minute bractlets; calyx disciferous, shortly turbinate, purplish, persistent,
the tube oblique at the base, campanulate, enlarged on the lower side, 5-toothed,
the short broad teeth imbricated in the bud; corolla subpapilionaceous ; petals
nearly equal, rose color, oblong-ovate, rounded at the apex, unguiculate, slightly
auricled on one side of the base of the blade, the upper one slightly smaller and
inclosed in the bud by the wings encircled by the broader slightly imbricated keel-
petals; stamens 10, inserted in 2 rows on the margin of the thin disk, free, decli-
nate, those of the inner row opposite the petals and rather shorter than the others;
filaments enlarged and pilose below the middle, persistent until the fruit is grown;
anthers uniform, oblong, attached on the back near the base; ovary short-stalked,
inserted obliquely in the bottom of the calyx-tube; style filiform, fleshy, incurved,
with a stca: obtuse terminal stigma; ovules 2-ranked, attached to the inner angle
of the c-^'ary. Legume stalked, oblong or broadly linear, straight on the upper,
curveo on the lower edge, acute at the ends, compressed, tipped with the thickened
remuants of the style, many-seeded, 2-valved, the valves coriaceo-membranaceous,
Fir4,ny-veiued, tardily dehiscent by the dorsal and often by the wing-margined ventral
^juture, dark red-purple and lustrous at maturity. Seeds suspended transversely on
^ slender f unicles, ovate or oblong, compressed, the small depressed hilum near the
apex; seed-coat crustaceous, bright reddish brown; embryo surrounded by a thin
layer of horny albumen, compressed ; cotyledons oval, flat, the radicle short, straight
or obliquely incurved, slightly exserted.

552

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Cercis is confined to eastern and western North America, southern Europe, and to
southwestern, central, and eastern Asia. Of the seven species now distinguished,
three occur in North America. Two of these are arborescent.

The generic name is from KcpKls, the Greek name of the European species, from a
fancied resemblance of the fruit to the weaver's implement of that name.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.

Flowers in sessile clusters ; leaves ovate, acute, cordate or truncate at the base.

1. C. Canadensis (A, C).
Flowers fascicled or slightly racemose ; leaves reniform. 2. C. Texensis (C).

1. Cercis Canadensis, L. Redbud. Judas-tree.

Leaves broadly ovate, acute or acuminate and often abruptly contracted at the
apex into short broad points, truncate or more or less cordate at the base, entire,
glabrous with the exception of axillary tufts of white hairs, or sometimes more or
less pubescent below, 3'-5' long and broad, turning in the autumn before falling
bright clear yellow; their petioles 2'-5' long. Flo vomers ^' long, on pedicels J'-^' in
length and fascicled 4-8 together. Fruit fully grown in the south by the end of
May and at the north at midsummer, and then pink or rose color, 2^'-3^' long, fall-
ing late in the autumn or in early winter; seeds about ^' long.

A tree, sometimes 40°-50° high, with a straight trunk usually separating 10°~12°
from the ground into stout branches covered with smooth light brown or gray bark,
and forming an upright or often a wide flat head, and slender glabrous somewhat
angled branchlets, brown and lustrous at first, becoming dull and darker the follow-
ing year and ultimately dark or grayish brown. Bark of the trunk about ^' thick

and divided by deep longitudinal fissures into long narrow plates, the bright red-
brown surface separating into thin scales. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-
grained, rich dark brown tinged with red, with thin lighter colored sapwood of 8-10
layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Borders of streams and rich bottom-lands, forming, especially west
of the Alleghany Mountains, an abundant undergrowth to the forest; valley of the
Delaware River, New Jersey, southward to the shores of Tampa Bay and to northern
Alabama and Mississippi, and westward to southern Ontario, eastern Nebraska, the

LEGUMINOS^

553

eastern borders of the Indian Territory, Louisiana, and the valley of the Brazos
River, Texas; and on the Sierra Madre of Nuevo Leon; common and of its largest
size in southwestern Arkansas, the Indian Territory and eastern Texas, and in early
spring a conspicuous feature of the landscape.

Often cultivated as an ornamental tree in the northeastern states, and occasionally
in western Europe.

2. Cercis Texensis, Sarg. Redbud.

Leaves reniform, when they appear light green and slightly pilose, and at matur-
ity subcoriaceous, dark green and lustrous on the upper, paler, glabrous or pubescent
on the lower surface, and 2'-3' in diameter; their petioles 1^-2' long. Flowers
about ^' long, on slender pedicels ^'-f' in length and fascicled in sessile clusters, or
occasionally in racemes. Fruit 2'-4' long, ^'-V wide; seeds i' long.

A slender tree, occasionally 20° or rarely 40° high, with a trunk 6'-12' in diameter,
and glabrous branchlets marked by numerous minute white lenticels, light reddish

brown during their first and second years, becoming dark brown in their third sea-
son; more often a shrub, sending up numerous stems and forming dense thickets only
a few feet high. Bark of the trunk and branches thin, smooth, light gray. Wood
heavy, hard, close-grained, brown streaked with yellow, with thin lighter colored
sapwood of 5 or 6 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Limestone hills and ridges; neighborhood of Dallas, eastern Texas
to the Sierra Madre of Nuevo Leon; common in the valley of the upper Colorado
River; of its largest size on the mountains of northeastern Mexico.

7. GYMNOCLADUS, Lam.

Trees, with stout unarmed blunt branches with a thick pith, prolonged by axillary
buds, rough deeply fissured bark, thick fleshy roots, and minute buds depressed in
pubescent cavities of the bark, 2 in the axil of each leaf, superposed, remote, the
lower and smaller sterile and nearly surrounded by the enlarged base of the petiole,
their scales 2, ovate, rounded at the apex, coated with thick dark brown tomentum,
infolded one over the other, accrescent with the young shoots. Leaves deciduous,
unequally bipinnate; pinnae many-foliolulate, with 1 or 2 pairs of the lowest reduced

554 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

to single leaflets; piniise and leaflets usually alternate; stipules foliaceous, early
deciduous; leaflets membranaceous, ovate, entire, petiolulate. Flowers regular,
dioecious, greenish white, long-pedicellate, the slender pedicels from the axils of
long lanceolate scarious caducous bracts, bibracteolate near the middle; staniinate in
a short terminal racemose corymb; pistillate in elongated terminal racemes, on
pedicels much longer than those of the staminate flowers; calyx tubular, elongated,
10-ribbed, lined with a thin glandular disk, 5-lobed, lanceolate, acute, nearly equal,
erect; petals 4 or 5, oblong, rounded or acute at the apex, pubescent, as long as the
calyx-lobes or rather longer and twice as broad, inserted on the margin of the disk,
spreading or reflexed; stamens 10, free, inserted with the petals, erect, included;
filaments filiform, pilose, those opposite the petals shorter than the others; anthers
oblong, uniform, small and sterile in the pistillate flower; ovary sessile or slightly
stipitate, acute; styles short, erect, obliquely dilated into 2 broad lobes stigmatic on
their inner surface, rudimentary or 0 in the sterile flower; ovules numerous, sus-
pended from the angle opposite the posterior petals. Legume oblong, subfalcate,
turgid or slightly compressed, several-seeded, 2-valved, tardily dehiscent, the thin
tough woody valves thickened on the margins into narrow wings, pulpy between the
seeds. Seeds ovoid or slightly obovoid, suspended by long slender funicles; seed-coat
thick, bony, brown and opaque, of 3 layers; embryo surrounded by a thin layer of
horny albumen; cotyledons ovate, orange-colored, thick and fleshy, the radicle short,
erect.

Gymnocladus, with two species, is confined to eastern North America and to south-
ern China.

Gymnocladus is slightly astringent and purgative, and the detersive pulp sur-
rounding the seeds of the Asiatic species is used in China as a substitute for soap.

The generic name, from yvfxvds and /cAaSos, relates to the stout branches destitute
of spray.

1. Gymnocladus dioicus, K. Koch. Kentucky Coffee-tree.

Leaves l°-3° long, 18-24' wide, obovate, 5-9 pinnate, the pinnae 6-14-foliolate,
covered when they unfold with hoary tomentum except on the upper surface of the
leaflets, their petioles abruptly and conspicuously enlarged at the base, at first hoary-
tomentose, becoming glabrous at maturity, turning bright clear yellow in the autumn
before falling; stipules lanceolate or slightly obovate, glandular-serrate toward the
apex, \' long; leaflets ovate, acute, often mucronate, especially while young, wedge-
shaped or irregularly rounded at the base, pink at first, soon becoming bronze-green
and lustrous, glabrous on the upper surface with the exception of a few scattered
hairs along the midribs, and at maturity membranaceous, obscurely veined, dark
green above, pale yellow-green and glabrous below, with the exception of a few short
hairs scattered along the narrow midribs, 2'-2i' long and V wide, or those replacing
the lowest or occasionally the 2 lower pairs of pinnre sometimes twice as large.
Flowers: inflorescence of the staminate tree 3'-4' long, the lower branches usually
3 or 4-flowered ; inflorescence of the pistillate tree 10'-12' long, the flowers on stout
pedicels l'-2^' long or twice to five times as long as those of the staminate flowers;
flowers hoary-tomentose in the bud; calyx §' long, conspicuously ribbed, covered on
the outer surface when the flowers open with pale hairs and on the inner surface with
hoary tomentum; petals keeled, pilose on the back, slightly grooved, tomentose on
the inner surface; anthers bright orange color; ovary hairy. Fruit 6'-10' long, 1\'-
2' wide, dark red-brown, covered with a glaucous bloom, on stout stalks l'-2' long,

LEGUMINOS^

555

remainiug unopened on the branches throughout the winter; seeds separated by a
thick layer of dark-colored sweet pulp, f ' long.

A tree, 75°-110° high, with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter, usually dividing 10°-15°
from the ground into 3 or 4 principal stems spreading slightly and forming a nar-
row round-topped head, or occasionally sending up a tall straight shaft destitute
of branches for 70°-80°, and branchlets coated at first with short dense pubescence
faintly tinged with red, and bearing at their base the conspicuous orange-green obo-
vate pubescent bud-scales 1' long at maturity, j-^' thick at the end of their first
season, very blunt, dark brown, often slightly pilose, marked by orange-colored

lenticels, and roughened by the large pale broadly heart-shaped leaf-scars displaying
the ends of 3 or 4 conspicuous fibro-vascular bundles. Bark of the trunk -f'-l' thick,
deeply fissured, dark gray tinged with red, and roughened by small persistent scales.
Wood heavy although not hard, strong, coarse-grained, very durable in contact with
the soil, rich light brown tinged with red, with thin lighter colored sapwood of 5 or 6
layers of annual growth; occasionally used in cabinet-making and for fence-posts,
rails, and in construction. The seeds were formerly used as a substitute for coffee;
a decoction of the fresh green pulp of the unripe fruit is used in homoeopathic practice.

Distribution. Bottom-lands in rich soil; central Xew York and western Pennsyl-
vania, through southern Ontario and southern Michigan to the valley of the Minnesota
River, and to eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, southwestern Arkansas, the Indian
Territory, and middle Tennessee; nowhere common.

Occasionally cultivated in the gardens and parks of the eastern United States, and
of northern and central Europe.

8. GLEDITSIA, L.

Trees, with furrowed bark, slender terete slightly zigzag branchlets thickened at
the ends and prolonged by axillary buds, thick fibrous roots, the trunk and branches
often armed with stout simple or branched spines or abortive branches developed
from supra-axillary or adventitious buds imbedded in the bark. Winter-buds minute,
3 or 4 together, superposed, the 2 or 3 lower without scales and covered by the scar
left by the falling of the petiole, the upper larger, nearly surrounded by the base of
the petiole and covered by small scurfy scales. Leaves long-petiolate, often fasci-
cled in earlier axils, abruptly pinnate or bipinnate, the pinnse increasing in length

b

556 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

from the base to the apex of the leaf, the lowest sometimes reduced to single
leaflets, deciduous; stipules minute, caducous; leaflets membranaceous, their mar-
gins irregularly crenate, without stipels. Flowers regular, polygamous, minute,
green or white on short pedicels, in axillary or lateral simple or fascicled racemes,
with minute scale-like caducous bracts; calyx campanulate, lined with the disk,
3-5-lobed, the narrow lobes nearly equal ; petals as many as the lobes of the calyx,
nearly equal; stamens 6-10, inserted with the petals on the margin of the disk,
exserted; filaments free, filiform, erect; anthers uniform, much smaller and abor-
tive in the pistillate flower; ovary subsessile, rarely bicarpellary, rudimentary or
0 in the staminate flower; styles short; stigma terminal, more or less dilated,
often oblique; ovules 2 or many, suspended from the angle opposite the posterior
petal. Legume compressed, many-seeded, elongated, straight and indehiscent, or 1
or 2-seeded, ovate and tardily dehiscent. Seeds transverse, ovate to suborbicular,
flattened, attached by long slender funicles; seed-coat thin, crustaceous, light brown;
embryo surrounded by a layer of horny albumen, orange-colored; cotyledons sub-
f oliaceous, compressed ; radicle short, erect, slightly exserted.

Gleditsia is confined to eastern North America, where three species occur, south-
western Asia, China, Japan, and west tropical Africa. It produces strong, durable,
coarse-grained wood. In Japan the pods are used as a substitute for soap.

The generic name is in honor of Johann Gottlieb Gleditsch (1714-1786), professor
of botany at Berlin.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.

Legume linear-oblong, elongated, many-seeded, indehiscent.

Legumes 12'-18' long, with pulp between the seeds ; ovary hoary-tomentose.

1. G. triacanthos (A, C).
Legumes 4'-5' long, without pulp between the seeds. 2. G. Texana (C).

Legume oval, oblique, 1 or 2-seeded, without pulp, tardily dehiscent ; ovary glabrous.

3. G. aquatica (C).

1. Gleditsia triacanthos, L. Honey Locust.

Leaves 7'-8' long, 18-28-foliolulate or sometimes bipinnate, with 4-7 pairs of
pinnae, those of the upper pair 4'-5' long, when they unfold hoary-tomentose, and at
maturity pubescent on the petioles and rachises, the short stout petiolules, and the
under surface of the midribs of the leaflets, turning in the autumn pale clear yellow;
leaflets lanceolate-oblong, unequal at the base, acute or slightly rounded at the apex,
remotely crenulate-serrate, dark green and lustrous above, dull yellow-green below,
I'-l^' long and ^' wide. Flowers appearing in June when the leaves are nearly
fully grown from the axils of leaves of previous years; staminate in short many-
flowered pubescent racemes 2'-2^' long and often clustered; pistillate in slender
graceful few-flowered usually solitary racemes 2^'-3^' long; calyx campanulate,
narrowed at the base, the acute lobes thickened, revolute and ciliate on the margins,
villose with pale hairs, rather shorter than and half as wide as the erect acute petals;
filaments pilose toward the base; anthers green; pistil rarely of 2 carpels, hoary-
tomentose. Fruit 12'-18' long, dark brown, pilose and slightly falcate, with
straight thickened margins, 2 or 3 together in short racemes on stalks I'-l^ long,
their walls thin and tough, contracting in drying by a number of corkscrew twists,
and falling late in the autumn or early in winter; seeds oval, y long, separated by
thick succulent pulp.

LEGUMINOS^

557

A tree, 75°-140° high, with a trunk 2°-3° or occasionally 5°-6° in diameter,
slender spreading somewhat pendulous branches forming a broad open rather flat-
topped head, brauchlets marked by minute lenticels, at first light reddish brown
and slightly puberulous, soon becoming lustrous and red tinged with green and in
their second year greenish brown, and armed with stout rigid long-pointed simple

or 3-forked spines at first red and bright chestnut-brown when fully grown, or rarely
unarmed. Bark of the trunk ^-f thick, divided by deep fissures into long narrow
longitudinal ridges and roughened on the surface by small persistent scales. "Wood
hard, strong, coarse-grained, very durable in contact with the ground, red or bright
red-brown, with thin pale sapwood of 10-12 layers of annual growth; largely used
for fence-posts and rails, for the hubs of wheels, and in construction.

Distribution. Borders of streams and intervale lands, in moist fertile soil, usually
growing singly or occasionally covering almost exclusively considerable areas; less
commonly on dry sterile gravelly hills; western slope of the Alleghany Mountains of
Pennsylvania, westward through Ontario and Michigan to southeastern Minnesota,
eastern Nebraska and Kansas, and the Indian Territory, and southward to northern
Alabama and Mississippi and to the valley of the Brazos River, Texas; attaining
its largest size in the valleys of small streams in southern Indiana and Illinois;
now often naturalized in the region east of the Alleghany Mountains.

Often cultivated as an ornamental and shade tree in all countries of temperate
climates.

2. Gleditsia Texana, Sarg. Locust.

Leaves 6'-7' long, with a slender rachis at first puberulous, ultimately glabrous,
and 12-22-foliolulate, or often bipinnate, usually with 6 or 7 pairs of pinnae, the
lower pairs frequently reduced to single large leaflets; leaflets oblong-ovate, often
somewhat falcate, rounded or acute or apiculate at the apex, obliquely rounded
at the base, finely crenately serrate, thick and firm in texture, dark green and lus-
trous above, pale below, ^'-V long, with short petiolules coated while young, like the
base of the slender orange-colored midribs, with soft pale hairs. Flo"wers appear-
ing toward the end of April, the staminate dark orange-yellow, in slender glabrous
often clustered racemes lengthening after the flowers begin to open and finally 3' -4'
long; calyx campanulate, with acute lobes thickened on the margins, villose-pubescent
and rather shorter and narrower than the puberulous petals; stamens with slender

558

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

filaments villose near the base and green anthers; pistillate flowers unknown. Fruit
4'-5' long, V wide, straight, much compressed, rounded and short-pointed at the

apex full and rounded at the broad base, thin-walled, dark chestnut-brown, puberu-
lous, slightly thickened on the margins, many-seeded, without pulp; seeds oval,
compressed, dark chestnut-brown, very lustrous, ^' long.

A tree, 100°-120° high, with a trunk rarely exceeding 2^° in diameter, ascending
and spreading branches forming a narrow head, and comparatively slender more or
less zigzag branchlets roughened by numerous small round lenticels, light orange-
brown when they first appear, gray or orange-brown during their first year, ashy
gray the following season, and unarmed. Bark thin and smooth.

Distribution. Only in a single grove on the bottom-lands of the Brazos River,
near the town of Brazoria, Texas.

3. Gleditsia aquatica. Marsh. Water Locust.

Leaves 5'-8' long, 12-18-foliolate, or doubly pinnate, with 3 or 4 pairs of pinnae;
leaflets ovate-oblong, usually rounded or rarely emarginate at the apex, unequally
wedge-shaped at the base, slightly and remotely crenate or often entire below the
middle, glabrous with the exception of a few hairs on the short stout petiolules, dull
yellow-green and lustrous on the upper surface, dark green on the lower surface,
about 1' long and ^'-|' wide. Flowers appearing in May and June after the leaves
are fully grown on short stout purple puberulous pedicels, in slender racemes 3'^'
long; calyx-tube covered with orange-brown pubescence, the lobes narrow, acute,
slightly pilose on the two surfaces, as long as but narrower than the green erect petals
rounded at the apex; filaments hairy toward the base; anthers large, green; ovary
long-stipitate, glabrous. Fruit fully grown in August, pendent in graceful racemes,
obliquely ovate, long-stalked, crowned with a short stout tip, thin, V-2' long, V broad,
without pulp, its valves thin, tough, papery, bright chestnut-brown, lustrous and some-
what thickened on the margins; seeds 1 or 2, flat, nearly orbicular, orange-brown,
i' in diameter.

A tree, 50°-60° high, with a short trunk 2°-2^° in diameter, usually dividing a
few feet from the ground into stout spreading often contorted branches forming a
wide irregular flat-topped head, and glabrous orange-brown branchlets becoming in
their second year gray or reddish brown, marked by occasional large pale lenticels,

LEGUMINOS^

559

and armed with usually flattened simple or short-branched straight or falcate
sharp rigid spines 3'-5' long, about ^' broad at the base, and dark red-brown and lus-
trous. Bark i' -\' thick, smooth, dull gray or reddish brown, and divided by shallow
fissures into small plate-like scales. Wood heavy, very hard and strong, coarse-

grained, rich bright brown tinged with red, with thick light clear yellow sapwood of
about 40 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. South Carolina to Matanzas Inlet, Florida, through the coast
region of the Gulf states to the valley of the Brazos River, Texas, and northward
through western Louisiana and southern Arkansas to middle Kentucky and Ten-
nessee, the bottoms of the Mississippi at La Pointe, Saint Charles County, Missouri,
and western and southern Illinois and Indiana; rare east of the Mississippi River
and only in deep river swamps; very abundant and of its largest size westward on
rich bottom-lands; and in Louisiana and Arkansas often occupying extensive tracts
submerged during a considerable part of the year.

9. PARKINSONIA, L.

Trees or shrubs, with smooth thin bark, and terete branches often armed with
simple or 3-forked spines. Leaves abruptly bipinnate, alternate or fascicled from
earlier axils, short-petiolate, the rachis short and spinescent, with 2-4 secondary
elongated rachises bearing numerous minute opposite entire leaflets without stipels;
stipules short, persistent and spinescent, or caducous. Flowers on thin elongated
jointed pedicels from the axils of minute caducous bracts, in slender axillary solitary
or fascicled racemes; calyx short-campanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes slightly imbricated
or subvalvate in the bud, narrow, membranaceous, nearly equal, becoming reflexed,
deciduous; petals bright yellow, unguiculate, much longer than the lobes of the
calyx, spreading, the upper one rather broader than the others and glandular at the
base of the claw; stamens 10, inserted in 2 rows on the margin of the thin disk,
free, slightly declinate, those of the outer row opposite the sepals and rather longer
than the others; filaments villose below the middle, the upper one enlarged at the
base and gibbous on the upper side; anthers uniform, versatile; ovary short-stipi-
tate, pilose, contracted into a slender filiform incurved style infolded in the bud and
tipped with a minute stigma; ovules numerous, suspended from the inner angle of
the ovary. Legume linear, torulose, acuminate at the ends, 2-valved, the valves thin

560

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

aud coriaceous, convex by the growth of the seeds, contracted between and beyond
them, longitudinally striate. Seeds oblong, suspended longitudinally on slender
fuuicles; hilum minute, near the apex; seed-coat thin, crustaceous, light brown;
embryo inclosed on the sides only by thick layers of horny albumen; cotyledons oval,
flat, slightly fleshy, the radicle very short and straight.

Parkinsonia, with three species, is confined to the warm parts of America and to
southern Africa. Two species occur within the limits of the United States.

The genus is named for John Parkinson (1567-1650), an English botanical author
and herbalist to James I.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Flowers in long' slender racemes ; petals imbricated in the bud ; stamens shorter than the
petals; legumes 1-8-seeded 12-18' long; leaves 7'-8' long; rachises of the pinnae flat,
wing-margined, 50-60-foliolate ; branches with spines. 1. P. aculeata (G, H).

Flowers in short racemes ; petals valvate in the bud ; stamens long-er than the petals ;
legumes 1-2 -seeded ; leaves about 1' long; rachises of the pinnae terete, 8-12-foliolate ;
branches without spines. 2. P. microphylla (G, H).

1. Parkinsonia aculeata, L. Retama. Horse Bean.

Leaves of two forms, short-petiolate, persistent, light green and glabrous, except for
a few hairs on the lower part of the young secondary rachises, 12'-18' long; primary
leaves on young branches, with 2-4 pinnae, and spinescent rachises developing into
stout ridged persistent short-pointed chestnut-brown spines I'-l^ long and marked
near the base by the prominent scars left by the fall of the pinnse ; their stipules per-
sistent, appearing as lateral spiny branches on the spines ; secondary leaves fascicled

//^^<3

from the axils of the primary leaves, with short terete spinescent rachises and 2
pinnse; pinnae flat, 7'~8' long, wing-margined, acute at the apex, with 25-30 pairs of
ovate or obovate petiolulate leaflets, t^^'-|' long. Flowers appearing on the grow-
ing branches during the spring and summer, and in the tropics throughout the year,
in slender erect racemes 5'-6' long; petals bright yellow, the upper one marked

LEGUMINOS^

561

near the base on the inner surface with conspicuous red spots ; stamens shorter than
the petals. Fruit hanging in graceful racemes, 2'-4/ long, long-pointed, dark
orange-brown, slightly pilose, compressed between the remote seeds; seeds ^
long, nearly terete, with thick albumen and bright yellow embryos.

A tree, 18°-30° high, with a trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, usually separating
6°-8° from the ground into slender spreading somewhat pendulous branches forming
a wide graceful head, and slightly zigzag branchlets puberulous and yellow-green
during their first season, becoming glabrous, gray or light orange color and rough-
ened by lenticels in their second and third years. Bark of the trunk about ^' thick,
brown tinged with red, the generally smooth surface broken into small persistent
plate-like scales. "Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, ^with very thick lighter colored
sapwood tinged with yellow.

Distribution. Low moist soil, valley of the lower Rio Grande, Texas; common
in northern Mexico and in the valley of the Colorado River, Arizona, and in Lower
California; naturalized on Key West, the Bahamas, the West Indian islands, and
in many other tropical countries.

Cultivated in most warm countries as an ornament of gardens, and to form
hedges.

2. Parkinsonia microphylla, Torr.

Leaves 1' long, pale, densely tomentose when they unfold, pubescent at maturity,
deciduous at the end of a few weeks; rachises short, rarely spinescent, or more com-
monly 0; leaflets in 4-6 pairs, distant, entire, sessile, broadly oblong or nearly orbic-
ular, obtuse or somewhat acute at the apex, oblique at the base, ^ long; stipules

ff^ i4-(o^

caducous. Flowers opening in May or early June before the leaves, on slender
pedicels, in racemes 1' or less long in the axils of leaves of the previous year, pale
yellow; stamens longer than the petioles. Fruit persistent on the branches for at
least a year, frequently 1 or 2, rarely 3-seeded, 2'-3' long, slightly puberulous, espe-
cially toward the base, with a long acuminate often falcate apex; seeds compressed,
y long, with bright green embryos.

An intricately branched tree, occasionally 20°-25° high, with a trunk a foot in
diameter, and stout pale yellow-green rigid branchlets terminating in stout spines,
covered at first with deciduous tomentum, slightly puberulous during their first
and second seasons, and often marked by the persistent scales of undeveloped

562 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

buds. Bark dark orange color, generally smooth, although sometimes roughened
by scattered clusters of short pale gray horizontal ridges, becoming on old trees V
thick. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, dark orange-brown streaked with red,
with thick light brown or yellow sapwood of 25-30 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Deserts of southern Arizona and adjacent regions of California,
Sonora, and Lower California; known to attain the size and habits of a tree only in
the neighborhood of Wickeuburg, Arizona.

10. CERCIDIUM, Tulasne.

Trees or shrubs, with stout tortuous branches, covered with bright green bark and
armed with slender straight axillary spines. Leaves alternate, abruptly pinnate,
petiolate, early deciduous; pinnae 2 or occasionally 3, 7-8-f oliolate ; stipules incon-
spicuous or 0; leaflets ovate or obovate, without stipels. Flowers in short few-
flowered axillary racemes, solitary or fascicled, with minute membranaceous early
deciduous bracts; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes equal, acute, reflexed at maturity, their
margius scarious, slightly revolute; petals orbicular or oblong, unguiculate, bright
yellow, the upper one broader and longer clawed than the others, slightly auriculate
at the base of the blade, the claw conspicuously glandular at the base; stamens 10,
inserted with the petals on the margin of the disk, free, slightly declinate, exserted;
filaments filiform, pilose below, the upper one enlarged at the base and gibbous on
the upper side; anthers uniform, ovate, versatile; ovary short-stalked, inserted at the
base of the calyx-tube; styles slender, involute, infolded in the bud, with minute
terminal stigmas; ovules suspended from the angle of the ovary opposite the pos-
terior petal. Legume linear-oblong, compressed or somewhat turgid, straight or
slightly contracted between the seeds, thickened on the margins, the ventral suture
acute, or slightly grooved, tipped with the remnants of the style, tardily dehiscent,
2-valved, the valves membranaceous or subcoriaceous, obliquely veined. Seeds sus-
pended longitudinally on long slender funicles, ovate, compressed, the minute hilum
near the apex; seed-coat thin, crustaceous; embryo compressed, light green, covered
on the sides only by a thin layer of horny albumen; cotyledons oval, flat, rather
fleshy; radicle very short, erect, near the hilum.

Cercidium is confined to the warmer parts of the New World, where it is dis-
tributed with four or five species from the southern borders of the United States
through Mexico, Central America, and Venezuela to Mendoza. Of the three species
found within the territory of the United States two are small trees.

Cercidium produces hard wood sometimes used as fuel.

The generic name, from KepKiSiov, refers to the fancied resemblance of the legume
to the weaver's instrument of that name.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.

Leg-ume compressed, with straight margins ; leaflets green, slightly glandular.

1. C. floridum (E).
Legume somewhat turgid, the margins often slightly contracted between the seeds ; leaf-
lets glaucous. 2. C. Torreyanum (G, H).

1. Cercidium floridum, Benth. Green-barked Acacia.

Leaves I'-l^ long, with 2 or rarely 3 pinnae, broad pubescent petioles and rachises,
and oval or somewhat obovate dull green puberulous minutely glandular leaflets

LEGUMINOS^

563

about ylj' in length, rounded or slightly emarginate at the apex, and when they un-
fold covered on the lower surface with scattered white hairs; their petiolules short,
stout, pubescent, appearing in April and deciduous in October. Flowers opening
with the leaves, and produced in successive crops during three or four months, ¥ in
diameter, on slender pedicels, in 4 or 5-flowered racemes l^'-2' long, with small
acute minute membranaceous caducous bracts. Fruit compressed, oblong, straiglit
or slightly falcate, acute, narrow and acutely margined on the ventral suture, gla-
brous, 2 or 3-seeded, 2'-2y long, i' broad, tardily dehiscent, the valves papery,
yellow tinged with brown on the outer surface, and bright orange color within;
seeds i' long.

A tree, 18°-20° high, with a short crooked trunk 8'-10' in diameter, stout spread-
ing branches covered with thin smooth bright green bark, forming a low wide head,

W^S

and branchlets light or dark olive-green, slightly puberulous at first, soon glabrous,
marked by occasional black lenticels, and armed with slender spines V or less long.
Bark -^-^' thick, light brown tinged with red, with numerous short horizontal light
gray ridge-like excrescences. Wood light, soft, close-grained, pale yellow tinged
with green, with thick lighter colored sapwood.

Distribution. Shores of Matagorda Bay to Hidalgo County, Texas, and in
northern Mexico; not common in Texas; very abundant and a conspicuous feature
of vegetation in Mexico from the mouth of the Rio Grande to the foothills of the
Sierra Madre.

2. Cercidium Torreyanum, Sarg. Green-barked Acacia. Palo Verde.

Leaves few and scattered, V long, at first hoary-tomentose, puberulous at matur-
ity, with slender petioles and 2 pinnae, each with 2 or 3 pairs of oblong obtuse glau-
cous leaflets narrowed toward the somewhat oblique base, iV~6' ^^ng, unfolding in
March and April and falling almost immediately when fully grown. Flowers f in
diameter, on slender pedicels, in 4 or o-flowered racemes, about V long, with small
acute membranaceous caducous bracts. Fruit ripening and falling in July, 3'-4'
long, 2-8-seeded, slightly turgid, often somewhat contracted between the seeds,
frequently grooved on the ventral suture; seeds turgid, i' long.

A low intricately branched tree, leafless for most of the year, 25°-30° high, with
a short often inclining trunk 18'-20' in diameter, stout branches covered with yellow

564

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

fr^

or olive-green bark, forming a narrow upright irregular head, and glabrous slightly
zigzag light yellow or pale olive-green and glaucous branchlets armed with thin
straight or curved spines Y long. Bark thin, smooth, pale olive-green, becoming
near the base of old trunks reddish brown, ^' thick, furrowed and separating into
thick plate-like scales. "Wood heavy, not strong, soft, close-grained, light brown,
with clear light yellow sapwood.

Distribution. Sides of low canons and depressions, and sandhills of the desert;
valley of the lower Gila River, Arizona, to the Colorado Desert of southern Cali-
fornia, and southward into Sonora and Lower California.

11. SOPHORA, L.

Trees or shrubs, with minute scaly buds, unarmed terete branches prolonged by
an upper axillary bud, and fibrous roots. Leaves unequally pinnate, with numer-
ous small or few and ample membranaceous or coriaceous leaflets; stipules minute,
deciduous; stipels often 0. Flowers in terminal or axillary racemes, with linear mi-
nute deciduous bracts and bractlets; calyx broadly eampanulate, often slightly tur-
binate or obconic at the base, obliquely truncate, the short teeth nearly equal or the 2
upper subconnate and often somewhat larger than the others ; disk cupuliform, gland-
ular, adnate to the calyx-tube; corolla papilionaceous; petals white or violet blue,
unguiculate; standard obovate or orbicular, usually shorter than the keel-petals;
wings oblong-oblique; keel-petals oblong, suberect, as long as the wings or rather
longer, overlapping each other at the back, barely united; stamens free, or 9 of
them slightly united at the base, uniform; anthers attached on the back near
the middle; ovary short-stipitate, contracted into an incurved style, with a minute
truncate or slightly rounded capitate stigma; ovules numerous, suspended from the
inner angle of the ovary, superposed, amphitropous. Legume terete, much contracted
between the seeds, woody or fleshy, usually many-seeded, each seed inclosed in a
separate cell, indehiscent. Seed, oblong or oval, sometimes somewhat compressed ;
seed-coat thick, membranaceous or crustaceous ; cotyledons thick and fleshy; radicle
short and straight or more or less elongated and incurved.

Sophora is scattered over the warmer parts of the two hemispheres, with about
twenty species; of the six North American species two are small trees. Several of
the species produce valuable wood, and from the pods and flower-buds of the Chinese
Sophora Japonica, L., a dye is obtained used to dye white cloth yellow and blue cloth

LEGUMINOS^

565

green. This tree is often cultivated as an ornament of parks and gardens in north-
ern China, the eastern United States, and in western, central, and southern Europe.
The generic name is from Sophera, the Arabic name of some tree with pea-shaped
flowers.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.

Flowers violet blue, in terminal racemes ; the upper calyx-lobes larger than the others and
united ; legume woody ; seeds without albumen ; leaves coriaceous, persistent.

1. S. secundiflora (C, E, H).

Flowers white, iu axillary racemes ; calyx-lobes equal ; legume fleshy ; seeds with albumen ;
leaves membranaceous, deciduous. 2. S. amuis (C).

1. Sophora secundiflora, DC. Frijolito. Coral Bean.

Leaves persistent, covered at first, especially on the lower surface of the leaflets,
with silky white hairs, and at maturity 4'-6' long, with stout puberulous petioles
slightly enlarged at the base, and 7-9 elliptical-oblong leaflets rounded, emarginate
or sometimes mucronate at the apex, gradually contracted at the base into short thick

(^

petiolules, coriaceolis, lustrous and dark yellow-green above, rather paler below,
glabrous or sometimes slightly puberulous along the under surface of the stout mid-
ribs, entire, with thickened margins, conspicuously reticulate-veined, l'-2^' long,
i'_li' wide, without stipels. Flowers with a powerful and delicious fragrance, ap-
pearing with the young leaves in very early spring, V long, on stout pedicels some-
times 1' iu length, from the axils of subulate deciduous bracts ^' or more long, and
bibracteolate, with 2 acute bractlets, in terminal 1-sided canescent racemes 2'-3' in
length ; calyx campanulate, slightly enlarged on the upper side, the 3 lower teeth
triangular and nearly equal, the 2 upper rather larger and united almost through-
out; petals shortly unguiculate, violet blue, the broad erect standard marked on the
inner surface near the base with a few darker spots; ovary coated with long silky
white hairs. Fruit terete, I'-T long, ^' thick, stalked, crowned with the thickened
remnants of the style, covered with thick hoary tomentum, indehiscent, 1-8-seeded,
with hard woody walls ^' thick; seeds oblong, rounded, |' long, bright scarlet, with
a small pale hilum and a bony seed-coat; albumen 0; cotyledons thick, orange-
colored, filling the cavity of the seed; radicle short and straight.

566 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

A tree, 25°-35° high, with a straight trunk G'-S' in diameter, separating several
feet from the ground into a number of upright branches forming a narrow head,
and branchlets coated at first with fine hoary tomentum, becoming glabrous or
nearly glabrous in their second year and pale orange-brown; more often a shrub,
with low clustered stems. "Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, orange-colored,
streaked with red, with thick bright yellow sapwood of 10-12 layers of annual
growth. The seeds contain a poisonous alkaloid, sophorin, with strong narcotic
properties.

Distribution. Borders of streams, forming thickets or small groves, in low rather
moist limestone soil; shores of Matagorda Bay, Texas, to the mountain carious of
New Mexico, and to those of Nuevo Leon and San Luis Potosf; of its largest size
in the neighborhood of Matagorda Bay ; south and west, especially west of the Pecos
River, rarely more than a shrub.

2. Sophora affinis, T. & G.

Leaves deciduous, coated when they unfold with hoary pubescence, 6'-9' long,
with slender puberulous petioles, and 13-19 elliptical obtuse or retuse slightly mu-
cronate leaflets contracted at the base into short stout pubescent petiolules, entire or
with slightly wavy thickened margins, membranaceous, pale yellow-green and gla-
brous above, paler and covered with scattered hairs or nearly glabrous below, I'-l^'
long, and ^' wide, with prominent orange-colored midribs, slenderprimary veins, and
conspicuous reticulate veinlets. Flo"wers ^' long, appearing in early spring with the
young leaves, on slender canescent pedicels nearly ^' long, from the axils of minute
deciduous bracts, in slender pubescent semipendent racemes, 3'-5^ long, from the
axils of the leaves at the ends of the branches ; calyx short-campanulate, abruptly
narrowed at the base, somewhat enlarged on the upper side, slightly pubescent.

especially on the margins of the short nearly triangular teeth; petals shortly
unguiculate, white tinged with rose color; standard nearly orbicular, slightly emar-
ginate, reflexed, as long and twice as broad as the ovate auriculate wings and keel-
petals; ovary conspicuously stipitate, villose. Fruit ^'-3' long, indehiscent, black,
more or less pubescent, crowned with the thickened remnants of the style, 4-8-
seeded, or rarely 1-seeded and then subglobose, with thin fleshy rather sweet walls,
persistent on the branches during the winter; seeds oval, slightly compressed, with

LEGUMINOSiE 667

a thin crustaceous bright chestnut-brown seed-coat; cotyledons surrounded by a
thin layer of horny albumen, bright green; radicle long and incurved.

A tree, 18°-20° high, with a trunk 8'-10' in diameter, dividing into a number of
stout spreading branches forming a handsome round-topped head, slender terete
slightly zigzag branchlets at first orange-brown or dark brown and slightly puberu-
lous, bright green marked by narrow brown ridges, and in their second year by the
elevated tomentose leaf-scars. Winter-buds depressed, minute, almost surrounded
by the base of the petioles, with broad scales coated on the outer surface with dark
brown tomentum and on the inner surface with thicker pale tomentum, and per-
sistent on the base of the growing shoot. Bark of the trunk about 1' thick, dark
reddish brown, and broken into numerous oblong scales, the surface exfoliating
in thin layers. Wood heavy, very hard and strong, light red in color, with thick
bright clear yellow sapwood of 10-12 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Usually on limestone hills, or on the borders of streams, ravines,
or depressions in the prairie, often forming small groves; valley of the Arkansas
River, Arkansas, to that of the San Antonio, Texas, and westward in Texas to the
upper waters of the Colorado River.

12. CLADRASTIS, Raf.

A tree, with copious watery juice, smooth gray bark, slender slightly zigzag terete
branchlets without terminal buds, fibrous roots, and naked axillary buds, 4 together,
superposed, flattened by mutual pressure into an acuminate cone, and inclosed col-
lectively in the hollow base of the petiole, the largest and upper one only devel-
oping, the lowest minute and rudimentary. Leaves unequally pinnate, petiolate,
with stout terete petioles abruptly enlarged at the base, 7-11-foliolate, deciduous;
leaflets usually alternate, broadly oval, the terminal one rhombic-ovate, contracted
at the apex into short broad points, wedge-shaped at the base, entire, petiolulate,
without stipels, covered at first like the young shoots with fine silvery pubescence,
or on the midribs with lustrous brown tomentum, at maturity thin, glabrous, dark
yellow-green on the upper, pale on the lower surface, the midribs and numerous
primary veins conspicuous, light yellow below; stipules 0. Flowers on slender pu-
berulous pedicels, bibracteolate near the middle, with scarious caducous bractlets, in
long gracefully nodding stalked terminal panicles, the lower branches racemose,
and often springing from the axils of 1-flowered pedicels, the main axis slightly
zigzag, and, like the branches, covered at first with a glaucous bloom and slightly
pilose; bracts lanceolate, scarious, pale, caducous; calyx eylindrical-campanulate,
enlarged on the upper side, and obliquely obconic at the base, puberulous, 5-toothed,
the teeth imbricated in the bud, nearly equal, short and obtuse, the 2 upper slightly
united; disk cupuliform, adnate to the interior of the calyx-tube; corolla papiliona-
ceous; petals white, unguiculate; standard nearly orbicular, entire or slightly emar-
ginate, reflexed above the middle, barely longer than the straight oblong wings,
slightly biauriculate at the base of the blade, marked on the inner surface with a
pale yellow blotch; keel-petals free, oblong, nearly straight, obtuse, slightly sub-
cordate or biauriculate at the base; stamens 10, free; filaments filiform, slightly
incurved near the summit, glabrous; anthers versatile; ovary linear, stipitate, bright
red, villose, with long pale hairs, contracted into a long slender glabrous slightly
incurved subulate style; stigma terminal, minute; ovules numerous, suspended from
the inner angle of the ovary, superposed. Legume glabrous, short-stalked, linear-

568

TKEES OF NORTH AMERICA

compressed, the upper margin slightly thickened, tipped with the remnants of the
persistent style, 4-G-seeded, ultimately dehiscent, the valves thin and membranaceous.
Seeds oblong-compressed, attached by slender fuuicles; without albumen; seed-coat
thin, membranaceous, dark brown; embryo filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons
fleshy, oblong, Hat; radicle short, inflexed.

The genus consists of a single species of the southern United States.

Cladrastis, from «Aa8os and dpav<T'r6s, relates to the brittleness of the branches.

1. Cladrastis lutea, K. Koch. Yellow Wood. Virgilia.
Leaves 8'-12' in length, with leaflets 3'^' long and l|'-2' wide, the terminal one
rather shorter than the others and 3'-3i' wide, turning bright clear yellow rather
late in the autumn some time before falling. Flowers appearing about the middle

of June, slightly fragrant, in panicles 12'-14' long and 5'-6' wide. Fruit fully
grown by the middle of August, ripening in September and soon falling.

A tree, sometimes 50°-60° high, with a trunk l^°-2° or exceptionally 4° in diam-
eter, usually divided 6°-7° from the ground into 2 or 3 stems, slender wide-
spreading more or less pendulous brittle branches forming a wide graceful head,
and zigzag branchlets clothed with pubescence when they first appear, soon becom-
ing glabrous, during their first season light brown tinged more or less with green,
very smooth and lustrous, covered by numerous darker colored lenticels, brighf
red-brown in their first winter and marked by large elevated leaf-scars surrounding
the buds, and dark dull brown the following year. Bark of the trunk \'-\' thick,
with a silvery gray or light brown surface and rather darker colored than that of
the branches. Wood heavy, very hard, strong and close-grained, with a smooth
satiny surface, bright clear yellow changing to light brown on exposure, with thin
nearly white sap wood; used for fuel, occasionally for gun-stocks, and yielding a
clear yellow dye.

Distribution. Limestone cliffs and ridges generally in rich soil, and often over-
hanging the banks of mountain streams; central Kentucky and central Tennessee
to northern Alabama, the western slopes of the high mountains of eastern Tennes-
see, and to Cherokee County, North Carolina; rare and local; most abundant and
of its largest size in the neighborhood of Nashville, Tennessee.

LEGUMINOS^

669

Often planted in the eastern United States as an ornamental tree, and hardy as
far north as New England; and rarely in western and southern Europe.

13. EYSENHARDTIA, H.B. K.

Small glandular-punctate trees or shrubs, with slender terete branches. Leaves
alternate, equally pinnate, petiolate; leaflets oblong, mucronate or emarginate
at the apex, short-petiolulate, numerous, stipellate; stipules subulate, caducous.
Flowers short-pedicellate, in long spicate racemes, terminal or axillary, with subu-
late caducous bracts; calyx-tube campanulate, conspicuously glandular-punctate,
5-toothed, the acute teeth nearly equal, persistent; disk cupuliform, adnate to the
base of the calyx-tube; corolla subpapilionaceous ; petals erect, free, nearly equal,
oblong-spatulate, rounded at the apex, unguiculate, creamy white; standard con-
cave, slightly broader than the wings and keel; stamens 10, inserted with the petals,
the superior one free, shorter than the others, the remainder united to above the
middle into a tube; anthers uniform, oblong; ovary subsessile, contracted into a
long slender uncinate style geniculate and conspicuously glandular below the apex;
stigma introrse, oblique ; ovules 2 or 3, rarely 4, attached to the inner angle of the
ovary, superposed. Legume small, oblong or linear-falcate, compressed, tipped with
the remnants of the style, indehiscent, pendent. Seeds usually solitary, rarely 2,
oblong-reniform, without albumen; seed-coat coriaceous; embryo filling the cavity
of the seed; cotyledons flat, fleshy; radicle superior, short and erect.

Eysenhardtia is confined to the warmer parts of the New World, and is distributed
from western Texas and Arizona to southern Mexico, Lower California, and Guate-
mala. Four species are distinguished; of these three species occur within the terri-
tory of the United States, and in northern Mexico, and one species is found only in
Guatemala. Of the North American species one is a small tree.

The generic name is in honor of Karl Wilhelm Eysenhardt (1794-1825), Pro-
fessor of Botany in the University of Konigsberg.

1. Eysenhardtia orthocarpa, Wats.

Leaves 4'-5' long, with pubescent rachises grooved on the upper side, 10-23
pairs of leaflets, and small scarious deciduous stipules; leaflets oval, rounded or
slightly emarginate at the apex, with stout petiolules and minute scarious deciduous

570 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

stipels, pale gray-greeu, glabrous and slightly puberulous on the upper surface, con-
spicuously glandular, with chestnut-brown glands, and pubescent especially on the
prominent midribs on the lower surface, reticulate-veined, ^'-f' long, 4'-V wide,
with thickened slightly, revolute margins. Flcwers opening in May, nearly 4'
long, on slender pubescent pedicels, in axillary pubescent spikes 3'-4' long; calyx
many-ribbed, pubescent, conspicuously glandular, half as long as the white petals
ciliate on the margins, and of nearly equal size and shape. Fruit ^ long, pendent,
nearly straight or slightly falcate, thickened on the edges, with usually a single seed
near the apex; seed compressed, light reddish brown, ^' long.

A tree, occasionally 18°-20° high, with a trunk 6'-8' in diameter, separating 3°-
4° above the ground into a number of slender branches, and branchlets coated at
first with ashy gray pubescence disappearing during the second year, and then
reddish brown and roughened by numerous glandular excrescences; or more often a
low rigid shrub. Bark of the trunk about jig' thick, light gray, and broken into
large plate-like scales, exfoliating on the surface into thin layers. Wood heavy,
hard, close-grained, light reddish brown, with thin clear yellow sapwood of 7 or 8
layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Dry gravelly soil, on arid slopes and dry ridges; valley of the
upper Guadalupe K-iver, western Texas, to the Santa Catalina and Santa Rita
Mountains, southern Arizona, and southward into northern Mexico; arborescent only
near the summit of the Santa Catalina Mountains.

14. DALEA, L.

•

Glandular-punctate herbs, small shrubs, or rarely trees. Leaves alternate, un-
equally pinnate, or simple in the arborescent species ; stipules generally minute, sub-
ulate, deciduous. Flowers in racemes, their bracts membranaceous or setaceous,
broad, concave above, glandular-dentate; calyx 5-toothed or lobed, persistent, the
divisions nearly equal; corolla papilionaceous; petals unguiculate; standard cordate,
free, inserted in the bottom of the tubular disk connate to the calyx-tube, rather
shorter than the wings and keels, the claws adnate to and jointed upon the staminal
tube; stamens 10, or sometimes 9 through the suppression of the superior one, united
into a tube cleft above and cup-shaped toward the base; anthers uniform, often
surmounted by a gland; ovary sessile or short-stalked, contracted into a slender
subulate style, with a minute terminal stigma; ovules 4-6 attached to the inner angle
of the ovary, superposed. Legume ovate, sometimes conspicuously ribbed, more or
less inclosed in the calyx, membranaceous, indehiscent, 1-seeded; seed reniform,
■without albumen; testa coriaceous; embryo filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons
broad and flat; radicle superior, accumbently re flexed.

Dalea is confined to the New World, where it is distributed from the central,
western, and southwestern regions of the United States through Mexico and Central
America to Chili, Peru, and the Galapagos Islands; usually herbs or low under-
shrubs. One species of the United States occasionally aa^mes the habit and attains
the size of a small tree. i/fT

The generic name is in honor of Samuel Dale (1659-1739), an English botanist
and writer on the materia medica.

1. Dalea spinosa. Gray.

Leaves few, simple, irregularly scattered near the base of the spinose branchlets,
cuneate or linear-oblong, sessile or nearly sessile, marked by few large glands, ,

LEGUMINOSiE

571

especially on the entire wavy margins, hoary-pubescent, f'-l' long, ^'-^' wide, with
broad midribs and three pairs of lateral ribs, on vigorous young shoots or seedling
plants remotely and coarsely serrate, remaining only for a few weeks on the
branches; stipules minute, ovate, acute, pubescent. Flowers i' long, appearing in
June on short pedicels from the axils of minute bracts, in racemes I'-l^' lowg5 their
rachises slender, spinescent, hoary-pubescent; calyx-tube 10-ribbed, with usually 5
glands between the dorsal ribs, the lobes short, ovate, rounded or more or less ciliate
on the margins, reflexed at maturity; petals dark violet blue; standard cordate,
reflexed, furnished at the base of the blade with two conspicuous glands, wings and

keel attached to the staminal tube by their bases only and nearly equal in size,
rounded at the apex, more or less irregularly lobed at the base; ovary pubescent,
glandular-punctate. Fruit ovate, pubescent, glandular, twice as long as the calyx,
tipped with the remnants of the recurved style; seed ^' long, pale brown irregu-
larly marked with dark spots.

A tree, 18°-20° high, with a short stout contorted trunk sometimes 20' in diam-
eter and divided near the ground into several upright branches, and branchlets
reduced to slender sharp spines coated with fine pubescence, bearing minute nearly
triangular scarious caducous bracts, marked by occasional glandular fistules, and
developed from stouter branches hoary-pubescent when young, becoming glabrous
in their third year and covered with pale brown bark roughened with lenticels and
as it exfoliates showing the pale green inner bark; more often a low rigid intricately
branched shrub. Bark of the trunk dark gray-brown, nearly \' thick, deeply fur-
rowed, and roughened on the surface by small persistent scales. Wood light, soft,
rather close-grained, walnut-brown in color, with nearly white sapwood of 12-15
layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Valley of the lower Gila River, Arizona, to the Colorado Desert
of California, and southward into Sonora and Lower California.

15. ROBINIA, L. Locust.

Trees or shrubs, with slender terete or slightly many-angled zigzag branchlets,
without terminal buds, minute naked subpetiolar depressed-globose axillary buds
3 or 4 together, superposed, protected collectively in a depression by a scale-like

572 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

covering lined on the inner surface with a thick coat of tomentum and opening in
early spring, its divisions persistent during the season on the base of the branchlet
developed usually from the upper bud. Leaves unequally pinnate, petiolate, decid-
uous; leaflets entire, penniveined, stipellate, reticulate-venulose, petiolulate; stipules
setaceous, becoming spinescent at maturity, persistent. Flowers on long pedicels, in
short pendulous racemes from the axils of leaves of the year, with small acuminate
caducous bracts and bractlets; calyx campanulate, 5-toothed or cut, the upper lobes
shorter than the others, cohering for part of their length; corolla papilionaceous,
petals shortly unguiculate, inserted on a tubular disk glandular on the inner surface
and connate with the base of the calyx-tube; standard large, reflexed, barely longer
than the wings and keel, naked on the inner surface, obcordate, reflexed; wings
oblong-falcate, free; keel-petals incurved, obtuse, united below; stamens 10, in-
serted with the petals, the 9 inferior united into a tube often enlarged at the base
and cleft on the upper side, the superior one free at the base and connate in the
middle with the staminal tube, or finally free; anthers ovate; ovary inserted at the
base of the calyx, linear-oblong, stipitate; style subulate, inflexed, bearded along
the inner side near the apex, with a small terminal stigma; ovules numerous, sus-
pended from the inner angle of the ovary, in two ranks, superposed. Legumes in
drooping many-fruited racemes, many-seeded, linear-compressed, al'most sessile,
2-valved, the seed-bearing suture narrow-winged; valves thin and membranaceous.
Seed oblong-oblique, transverse, attached by a stout persistent incurved funicle
enlarged at the point of the attachment to the placenta; seed-coat thin, crusta-
ceous; albumen thin, membranaceous; cotyledons oval, fleshy; radicle short, much
reflexed, accumbent.

Robinia with seven or eight species is confined to the United States and Mexico;
of the three or four species found in the United States three are arborescent.

The generic name commemorates the botanical labors of Jean and Vespasien
Robin, arborists and herbalists of the king of France in the sixteenth and seven-
teenth centuries.

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.

Legume without glandular hairs ; flowers white. 1. R. Pseudacacia (A, C).
Legume glandular-hispid ; flowers rose color.

Glands not viscid. 2. R. Neo-Mexicana (F, H).

Glands exuding a clammy sticky substance. o. R. vise OS a (A).

1. Robinia Pseudacacia, L. Locust. Acacia. Yellow Locust.

Leaves 8'-14:' long, with slender puberulous petioles, and 7-9 leaflets, turning pale
clear yellow late in the autumn just before falling; stipules ^' long, linear, subulate,
membranaceous, at first pubescent and tipped with small tufts of caducous brown
hairs, becoming straight or slightly recurved spines persistent for many years and
ultimately often more than 1' long; leaflets oval, rounded or slightly truncate and
minutely apiculate at the apex, when they unfold covered with caducous silvery
pubescence, at maturity very thin, dull dark blue-green above, pale below, glabrous
with the exception of the slight pubescence on the under side of the slender midribs,
1^-2' long and ^'-f wide; their petiolules stout, Y~V ^^^S'^ stipels minute, linear,
membranaceous, early deciduous. Flowers opening late in May or early in June,
filled with nectar, very fragrant, on slender pedicels ^' long, and dark red or red

4

LEGUMINOS^

573

tinged with green, in loose puberulous racemes 4'-5' long; calyx conspicuously gib-
bous on the upper side, ciliate on the margins, dark green blotched with red, espe-
cially on the upper side, the lower lobe acuminate and much longer than the nearly
triangular lateral and upper lobes; petals pure white, with a large pale yellow blotch
marking the inner surface of the standard. Fruit ripening late in the autumn, 3'-4:'
long and i' wide, with bright red-brown valves, usually 4-8-seeded, mostly persistent
until the end of winter or early spring; seeds ^V long, dark orange-brown, with
irregular darker markings.

A tree, 70°-80° high, with a trunk 3°-4° in diameter, small brittle usually erect
branches forming a narrow oblong head, and slender terete or sometimes slightly
many-angled branchlets marked by small pale scattered lenticels, coated at first
with short appressed silvery white deciduous pubescence, pale green and puberulous
during their first season, becoming light reddish brown and glabrous or nearly so
toward autumn. Bark of the trunk I'-l^' thick, deeply furrowed, dark brown

tinged with red, and covered by small square persistent scales. "Wood heavy, exceed-
ingly hard and strong, close-grained, very durable in contact with the ground, brown
or rarely light green, with pale yellow sapwood of 2 or 3 layers of annual growth;
extensively used in shipbuilding, for all sorts of posts, in construction and turnery;
preferred for treenails, and valued as fuel.

Distribution. Slopes of the Appalachian Mountains,' Pennsylvania, to northern
Georgia; now widely naturalized in most of the territory of the United States
east of the Rocky Mountains, and perhaps indigenous as a low shrub in northeastern
and western Arkansas and in the Indian Territory; nowhere common; in the Ap-
palachian forest growing singly or in small groups; most abundant and of its largest
size on the western slopes of the Alleghanies of West Virginia; often spreading by
underground stems into broad thickets of small and often stunted trees.

Formerly much planted as an ornamental and timber tree in the eastern states;
very frequently used in Europe, with numerous seminal varieties of peculiar foliage
or habit, for the decoration of parks and gardens, and to shade the streets of cities.

2. Robinia Neo-Mexicana, Gray. Locust.

Leaves 6'-12' long, with stout pubescent petioles, and 15-21 leaflets; stipules
chartaceous, covered with long silky brown hairs, becoming at maturity stout

574

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

slightly recurved flat brown or bright red spines sometimes 1' or more long; leaflets
elliptical-oblong, rounded or sometimes slightly emarginate at the mucronate apex
wedge-shaped or sometimes rounded at the base, 1^' long and 1' broad, coated at
first on the lower surface and on the margins with soft brown hairs, and silvery-pubes-
cent on the upper surface, and at maturity thin, pale blue-green, conspicuously retic-
ulate-veined, and glabrous with the exception of the slightly puberulous lower side
of the slender midribs and stout petiolules; stipels membranaceous, X' long often
recurved, sometimes persistent through the season. Flow^ers appearing in May

1' long, on slender pedicels ^' in length and covered with stout glandular hairs, in
short compact many-flowered glandular-hispid long-stemmed racemes; corolla pale
rose color or sometimes almost white, with a broad standard and wing-petals. Fruit
3'-4' long, about ^' wide, glandular-hispid, with a narrow wing; seeds dark brown,
slightly mottled, ^V long.

A tree, sometimes 20°-25° high, with a trunk 6'-8' in diameter, and branchlets at
first pale and coated with rusty brown glandular hairs increasing in length during
the summer, and slightly puberulous, bright reddish brown, often covered with a
glaucous bloom, and marked by a few small scattered pale lenticels during their
first winter; more often a low shrub. Bark of the trunk thin, slightly furrowed,
light brown, the surface separating into small plate-like scales. 'Wood heavy, ex-
ceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, yellow streaked with brown, with light yellow
sap wood of 4 or 5 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Banks of mountain streams; valley of the Purgatory River, Col-
orado, through northern New Mexico to the Santa Catalina and Santa Rita Moun-
tains, Arizona, up to elevations of 7000° above the sea-level, and to southern Utah;
probably of its largest size near Trinidad, Colorado.

Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental tree in the eastern states, and in western
Europe.

3. Robinia viscosa. Vent. Clammy Locust.

Leaves 7'-12' long, with stout nearly terete dark glandular-hispid clammy peti-
oles, and 13-21 leaflets; stipules subulate, chartaceous, often deciduous or developing
into short slender spines; leaflets ovate, sometimes acuminate, mucronate, rounded
or pointed at the apex, and wedge-shaped at the base, when they unfold covered

LEGUMINOS^

575

below with soft white pubescence, and slightly puberulous above, and at maturity
dark green and glabrous on the upper surface, pale and pubescent on the lower
surface, especially along the slender yellow midribs and primary veins and on the
stout glandular-hispid petiolules, 1^-2' long and |' wide; stipels slender, deciduous.
Flowers f long, almost inodorous, appearing in June, on slender hairy pedicels
from the axils of large lanceolate acuminate dark-red bracts contracted at the apex
into long setaceous points exserted beyond the flower-buds and mostly deciduous
before the flowers open, in short ovate crowded glandular-hispid racemes; calyx
dark red, coated on the outer surface and on the margins of the subulate lobes with
long pale hairs; corolla pale rose or flesh color, with a narrow standard marked on
the inner face by a pale yellow blotch, and broad side petals. Fruit linear-lan-
ceolate, narrowly winged, glandular-hispid, 2'-3^' long; seeds ^' long, dark reddish
brown and mottled.

A tree, 30°-40° high, with a trunk 10'-12' in diameter, slender spreading branches,
and dark reddish brown branchlets covered with conspicuous dark glandular hairs
exuding, like those on the petioles and legumes, a clammy, sticky substance, during
their first winter bright red-brown, covered with small black lenticels and very
sticky, becoming in their second year light brown and dry; or a shrub, often only

5°-6° tall. Bark of the trunk ^ thick, smooth, dark brown tinged with red,
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, brown, with light yellow sapwood of 2 or 3 layers
of annual growth.

Distribution. Mountains of North and South Carolina, and now naturalized in
many parts of the United States east of the Mississippi River and as far north as
eastern Massachusetts.

Often planted as an ornament of parks and gardens in all countries with temperate
climate.

16. OLNEYA, Gray.

A tree, with thin scaly bark, and stout terete hoary-canescent slightly angled
branchlets armed with stout infrastipular spines. Leaves equally or unequally pin-
nate, hoary-canescent, persistent, 10-lo-foliolulate, destitute of stipules and stipels,
short-petiolate, often fascicled in earlier axils; leaflets cuneate, oblong or obovate,
entire, obtuse, often mucrouate, rigid, short-petiolulate, reticulate-veined, with broad

576

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

conspicuous midribs. Flowers on stout pedicels rather longer than the calyx, in
short axillary few-tlowered hoary-canescent racemes, with acute minute bracts and
bractlets deciduous before the expansion of the Hovvers; calyx hoary-canescent, the
lobes ovate, obtuse, almost equal, the two upper connate nearly throughout; disk
cupuliform, adnate to tiie tube of the calyx; corolla papilionaceous; petals unguicu-
late, purple or violet, inserted on the disk; standard orbicular, deeply emarginate,
reflexed, furnished at the base of the blade with two infolded ear-shaped append-
ages covering 2 prominent callosities; wings oblique, oblong, slightly auriculate
at the base of the blade on the upper side, free, as long as the broad obtuse incurved
keel-petals; stamens 10, the superior one free, filling the slit in the tube formed by
the union of the others; filaments filiform; anthers of the same length, oblong, uni-
form; ovary sessile or slightly stipitate, pilose; style inflexed, bearded above the
middle; stigma thick and fleshy, depressed-capitate; ovules numerous, suspended
from the inner angle of the ovary, superposed. Legume oblique, compressed, gland-
ular-hairy, light brown, 2-valved, often tipped with the remnants of the long per-
sistent style, 1-5-seeded, the valves thick and coriaceous, becoming unequally and
interruptedly convex at maturity. Seeds broadly ovate, slightly angled on the ven-
tral side, suspended by short thick funicles, without albumen; seed-coat thin, mem-
branaceous, bright chestnut-brown and lustrous; embryo filling the cavity of the
seed; cotyledons thick and fleshy, accumbent on the short incurved radicle.

The genus is represented by a single species of southern Arizona, California, and
northwestern Mexico.

Olneya is in memory of Stephen T. Olney (1812-1878), author of a catalogue of
the plants of Rhode Island.

1. Olneya Tesota, Gray. Iron-wood.

Leaves V-2\' long, with leaflets ^'-f in length, appearing in June and persist-
ent until the following spring. Flowers unfolding with the leaves, nearly \' long.

Fruit light brown, very glandular, fully grown at midsummer, ripening before the
end of August, 2'-21' long.

A tree, sometimes 25°-30° high, with a short trunk occasionally 18' in diameter
and usually divided 4°-6° above the ground into a number of stout upright branches,

LEGUMIXOS^ 577

and slender branchlets thickly coated at first with hoary-canescent pubescence dis-
appearing early in their second year, and then pale green and more or less spotted
and streaked with red, becoming pale brown in their third season, their spines
straight or slightly curved, very sharp and rigid, ^'-\' long, and persistent at least
during two years. Bark of the trunk thin, exfoliating in long longitudinal dark red-
brown scales. Wood very heavy, hard and strong, although brittle, rich dark
brown striped with red, with thin clear yellow sap wood; valued as fuel and some-
times manufactured into canes and other small objects.

Distribution. Sides of low depressions and arroyos in the desert; valley of the
Colorado River south of the Mohave Mountains, California, to southwestern Arizona,
and to Sonora and Lower California; most abundant and of its largest size in Sonora.

17. ICTHYOMETHIA, P. Br.

A tree, with thin scaly bark, stout terete branchlets without terminal buds, coated
at first with thick rufous pubescence disappearing during the first summer, becom-
ing glabrous or glabrate, bright reddish brown, conspicuously marked by oblong longi-
tudinal lenticels and large elevated horizontal slightly obcordate leaf-scars marked
by the ends of numerous small scattered fibro-vascular bundles, and obtuse axillary
buds with tliin scales clothed with silky rufous hairs. Leaves unequally pinnate,
long-petiolate, 5-11-foliolate, deciduous ; leaflets opposite, oval, obovate or broadly
oblong, obtuse or shortly acuminate at the apex, rounded or wedge-shaped at the
base, with thick pubescent petiolules, at first coated like the petioles with rufous
hairs, at maturity coriaceous, glabrous and dark green above, pale and more or less
clothed below with rufous or canescent pubescence along the elevated conspicuous
midribs and numerous thin primary veins arching and united at the entire undulate
thickened margins, or sometimes covered with soft silky pubescence below. Flowers
papilionaceous, on slender pedicels enlarged at the ends, bibracteolate, in canescent
ovate densely flowered or elongated thyrsoidal panicles with short 3-12-flowered
branches, from axils of the fallen leaves of the previous year; bracts and bractlets
minute, scarious, coriaceous; calyx campanulate, canescent, 5-lobed, persistent, the
lobes imbricated in the bud, short and broad, the two upper subconnate, the lower
broadly triangular; petals inserted on an annular glandular disk adnate to the inte-
rior of the calyx-tube, unguiculate, white tinged with red; standard nearly orbicular,
emarginate, hoary-canescent on the outer, marked with a green blotch on the inner
surface, its claw as long as the calyx; wings oblong- falcate, auriculate at the base of
the blade on the upper side; keel-petals broadly falcate, the claws connate; stamens
10, the filament of the upper one free at the base only, united above with the others
into a long tube; anthers oblong, uniform, versatile; ovary sessile, sericeous, con-
tracted into a filiform incurved style, with a capitate stigma; ovules numerous, sus-
pended from the inner angle of the ovary, 2-ranked. Legume linear-compressed,
raised on a stalk longer than the calvx, sligfhtlv contracted between the numerous
seeds, tomentose-canescent or glabrate, thin-walled, indehiscent, longitudinally
4-winged, the wings developed from the dorsal and ventral sutures, and broad, contin-
uous or interrupted by the abortion of some of the ovules, membranaceous, softly
pubescent, their margins undulate or irregularly cut. Seeds oval, compressed, with-
out albumen, laterally attached by short thick funicles; seed-coat thin, crustaceous,
red-brown, not lustrous; embryo filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons plano-
convex, oval, fleshy; radicle short, iuflexed.

578

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

The genus is represented by a single species distributed from soutliern Florida
throuffb the West Indies to soutliern Mexico.

The generic name, from Ix^vs and fifOv, indicates the Carib use of the tree.

1. Icthyomethia Piscipula, A. S. Hitch. Jamaica Dog-wood.

Leaves 4.-9' long, with stout petioles, and leaflets 3'-4^' long and 1-2^ wide, their
petiolules thick, ^' long, appearing after the flowers and deciduous in early spring.
Flowers opening in May, f long, on slender pedicels sometimes 1^' long, in clus-
ters frequently 10'-12' in length, with long few-flowered branches, or compact,
densely-flowered, and 2'-4' long. Fruit ripening in July and August, light brown,
3'-4' long, I'-l^' across the thin papery wings.

A tree, 40°-50° high, with a trunk often 2°-3° in diameter, stout erect sometimes
contorted branches forming an irregular head. Bark of the trunk about ^ thick,

with a light red-brown surface covered with small square scales. Wood very heavy,
hard, close-grained, clear yellow-brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood, very
durable in contact with the ground ; largely used in Florida for boatbuilding, for
firewood and charcoal. All parts of the tree, but especially the bark of the roots,
contain an active principle, Piscidin, which is said to be effective in producing sleep.
In the West Indies the bark of the roots, young branches, and powdered leaves were
used by the Caribs to stupefy fish and facilitate their capture.

Distribution. One of the commonest of the tropical trees of Florida from the
shores of Bay Biscayne and the southern keys, and on the west coast from the
neighborhood of Peace Creek to Cape Sable; in many of the Antilles and in south-
ern Mexico.

XXIII. ZYGOPHYLLACE-51.

Trees or shrubs, with hard resinous wood, and opposite pinnate leaves with
stipules. Flowers perfect, regular ; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the
bud ; petals as many as the calyx-lobes, imbricated in the bud, hypogy-
nous ; stamens twice as many as the petals, hypogynous ; filaments distinct ;
anthers introrse, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally ; ovary 5-celled ;
styles united, terminating in a minute 5-lobed or entire stigma ; ovules nu-
merous, suspended, anatropous ; raphe ventral. Fruit capsular, angled or

ZYGOPHYLLACE^ 579

winged, separating at maturity into 5 inclehiscent carpels. Seeds solitary or
in pairs in each cell ; seed-coat thick and fleshy ; embryo straight or nearly
so ; cotyledons oval, foliaceous ; radicle short, superior.

Of the fourteen genera of this family, mostly confined to the warmer parts
of the northern hemisphere, one only, Guaiacum, has an arborescent repre-
sentative in the United States.

1. GUAIACUM, L. Lignum-vitae.

Trees or shrubs, with scaly bark, and stout terete alternate branchlets ofteu with
swollen nodes. Leaves petiolate, abruptly pinnate, with 2-14 entire reticulate-
veined leaflets, and minute mostly deciduous stipules. Flowers terminal, solitary or
unbellate-fascieled, pedunculate, from the axils of minute deciduous bracts; calyx-
lobes slightly united at the base, unequal, deciduous; petals broadly obovate, more
or less unguiculate ; stamens inserted on the inconspicuous elevated disk opposite to
and alternate with the petals; filaments filiform, naked or bearing at the base on
the inner surface a minute membranaceous scale; anthers oblong; ovary raised on
a short thick stalk, obovate or clavate, o-lobed, contracted into a slender subulate
acute style; ovules 8-10 in each cell, suspended in pairs from the inner angle. Fruit
fleshy, 5-celled, smooth, coriaceous, narrowed at the base into a short stem, with
5 wing-like angles, ventrally and sometimes dorsally dehiscent. Seeds suspended,
ovoid; seed-coat easily separable from the hard bony nucleus closely invested with
a thin indistinct tegumen.

Guaiacum is confined to the New World, and is distributed from southern Florida
through the Antilles, Mexico, and Central America to the Andes of Peru. Seven or
eight species are distinguished.

Guaiacum produces heavy close-grained wood, the cells of the heartwood filled
with dark-colored resin. The lignum-vitae of commerce, largely used for the sheaths
of ship-blocks, mallets, skittle-balls, ten-pin balls, etc., is produced principally by
Guaiacum officinale, L., of the Antilles and South America, and by Guaiacum sanc-
tum, L. Guaiacum resin is a stimulating diaphoretic sometimes used in the treatment
of gout and rheumatism.

The generic name is from the Carib Guaiaco or Guayacon, the aboriginal name T)f
the Lignum-vitse.

1. Guaiacum sanctum, L.

Leaves 3'-4' long, with ^-A pairs of obliquely oblong or obovate mucronate sub-
sessile leaflets, membranaceous,light green and puberulous below when they first ap-
pear, becoming subcoriaceous, glabrous, dark green and lustrous on both surfaces,
1' long and nearly ^' wide, persistent until the appearance of the new growth in
March or early April; stipules broadly acuminate, tipped with a short mucro, pubes-
cent, \' long, usually caducous, but sometimes persistent during the season. FloTvers
^' in diameter, opening almost immediately after the appearance of the new growth,
and continuing to open during several weeks, solitary on slender pubescent peduncles
shorter than the leaves and usually produced 3 or 4 together at the end of the
branches from the axils of the upper leaves, their bracts acuminate, minute, the 2
lateral rather smaller than the others; calyx-lobes obovate, slightly pubescent, espe-
cially on the outer surface near the base, and smaller than the blue petals twisted
below from left to right, and thus appearing to be obliquely inserted ; filaments
naked; ovary obovate, prominently 5-angled, glabrous, contracted at the base into

580

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

a short stout stalk. Fruit broadly obovate, |' long, ^ wide, bright orange color,
opening at maturity by the splitting of the thick rather fleshy valves; seeds black,
with a thick fleshy scarlet aril-like outer coat.

A gnarled round-headed tree, sometimes 25°-30° high, with a short stout trunk
occasionally 2^°-3° in diameter, slender pendulous branches, and branchlets con-
spicuously enlarged at the nodes, slightly angled, pubescent at first, becoming in

their second year glabrous, nearly white, and roughened by numerous small ex-
crescences. Bark of the trunk rarely more than ^' thick, separating on the surface
into thin white scales. "Wood dark green or yellow-brown, with thin clear yellow
sapwood.

Distribution. Keys of southern Florida from Key West eastward; on the
Bahama Islands and on several of the Antilles.

XXIV. RUTACEiE.

Trees or shrubs, abounding in a pungent or bitter aromatic volatile oil, with
simple or compound usually glandular-panctate leaves without stipules or
rarely with stipular spines. Flowers regular, perfect or unisexual, in panicu-
late or corymbose cymes; calyx 3-5-lobed, the lobes more or less united at
the base, imbricated in the bud ; petals 3-5, imbricated in the bud ; stamens
as many or twice as many as the petals ; filaments distinct or united below ;
anthers introrse, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally ; pistils 1—4:, sep-
arate or united, into a compound ovary sessile or stipitate on a glandular disk ;
styles mostly united ; ovules usually 2 in each cell of the ovary, pendulous,
anatropous or amphitropous ; raphe ventral ; micropyle superior. Fruit a cap-
sule, samara, or drupe. Seeds solitary or several ; seed-coat bony or crustaceous,
furrowed or punctate ; embryo axile in fleshy albumen ; radicle short, superior.

Of this large family, widely distributed over the warm and temperate parts
of the earth's surface, four genera only have arborescent representatives in the
United States. Citrus vulgaris, Risso, the Bitter-sweet Orange, a native of
Asia, has long been naturalized in the peninsula of Florida, where other spe-
cies of this genus have escaped from cultivation and are now growing spon-
taneously.

RUTACE^ 581

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.

Fruit a 2-valved 1-2-seeded capsule ; flowers dioecious or polygamous. 1. Fagara.

Fruit of 3 or 4 winged indehiscent 1-seeded carpels ; flowers perfect. 2. Helietta.

Fruit a winged samara ; flowers polygamous. 3. Ptelea.

Fruit a 1-seeded drupe ; flowers perfect or polygamous. 4. Amyris.

1. FAGARA, L.

Trees or shrubs, with acrid aromatic bark, pellucid aromatic-punctate fruit and
foliage, scaly buds, and usually stipular spines. Leaves alternate, unequally or rarely
equally pinnate; leaflets generally opposite, often oblique at the base, entire orcrenu-
late. Flow^ers small, dicecious or polygamous, in axillary or terminal broad or con-
tracted pedunculate cymes; calyx and petals hypogynous; disk small or obscure;
stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, hypogynous, effete, rudi-
mentary or wanting in the female flower; filaments filiform or subulate; pistils 1-4,
oblique, raised on the summit of a fleshy gynophore, connivent, sometimes
slightly united below, rudimentary, simple or 2-5-parted in the sterile flower; ovaries
1-celled; styles short and slender, more or less united toward the summit; stigmas
capitate; ovules collateral, pendulous from the inner angle of the cell. Fruit a cap-
sule of 1-5 coriaceous or fleshy 1-seeded carpels, broadly obovate, sessile or. stipitate,
ventrally dehiscent. Seed oblong or globular, suspended on a slender funiculus, often
hanging from the carpel at maturity; seed-coat black, shining, conspicuously marked
by the broad hilum; cotyledons oval or orbicular, foliaceous.

Fagara is widely distributed through tropical and extratropical regions and is
most abundant in tropical America. It is represented in Xorth America by four
arborescent species of the southern states. The resin contained in the bark, especially
in that of the roots, is a powerful stimulant and tonic occasionally used in medicine.

The generic name, of Arabic origin, was used by the Greeks to designate a plant
now unknown.

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.

Flowers in axulary contracted cymes ; branches armed with stipular spines.

1. F. Fagara (D, E).
Flowers in terminal cymes.

Calyx-lobes and petals 5 ; leaves unequally pinnate.

Leaves deciduous ; branches armed with stout spines. 2. F. Clava-Herculis (C).

Leaves persistent ; branches without spines. 3. F. flava (D).

Calyx-lobes and petals 3 ; leaves equally pinnate, persistent. 4. F. coriacea (D).

1. Fagara Fagara, Small. Wild Lime.

(Xanthoxylum Fagara, Silva N. Am. i. 73.)

Leaves persistent, 3'-4' long, with broadly winged jointed petioles, and 7-9 obovate
leaflets rounded or emarginate at the apex, minutely crenulate-toothed above the
middle, sessile, ^' long or less, coriaceous, glandular-punctate, bright green and lus-
trous, with minute hooked deciduous stipular prickles. Flowers on short pedicels
from the axils of minute ovate obtuse deciduous bracts, in short axillary contracted
cymes, appearing singly or in pairs from April until June, on branches of the previous
year, from minute dark brown globular buds, the staminate and pistillate on different
trees; sepals 4, membranaceous, much shorter than the 4 ovate yellow-green petals;

582 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

stamens 4, with slender exserted filaments, 0 in the fertile flower; pistils 2, with ovate
sessile ovaries, gradually contracted into long slender subulate exserted styles united
near the apex and crowned with obliquely spreading stigmas, rudimentary in the

staminate flower. Fruit ripening in September, obovate, rusty brown and rugose,
^'-^ long; seed solitary, dark and lustrous.

A tree, occasionally 2o°-30° high, with a slender often inclining trunk, fastigiate
branches, and more or less zigzag slender dark gray branchlets armed with sharp
hooked stipidar spines; more frequently a tall or low shrub. Bark of the trunk about
y thick, the smooth light gray surface broken into small appressed persistent scales.
Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, brown tinged with red, with thin yellow sap-
wood of 10-12 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Coast and islands of southern Florida, and Texas from Matagorda
Bay to the Rio Grande; one of the commonest of the south Florida plants and
arborescent on the rich hummock soil of Elliott's Key and the shores of Bay Biscayne;
in Texas generally shrubby; common in northern Mexico, and widely distributed
through the Antilles, southern Mexico, and Central and South America to Brazil and
Peru.

2. Fagara Clava-Herculis, Small. Prickly Ash. Toothache-tree.

{Xanthoxylum Clava-Herculis, Silva N. Am. i. 67.)

Leaves 5'-8' long, with stout pubescent or glabrous spiny petioles, and 3-9 pairs
of ovate or ovate-lanceolate sometimes slightly falcate subcoriaceous leaflets usually
oblique at the base, crenulate-serrate, sessile or short-stalked, l'-2^' long, green and
lustrous above, paler and often somewhat pubescent below, especially when they
unfold, persistent until late in the winter or until the appearance of the new leaves
in early spring. Flo"wers on slender pedicels ^'-j' long, from the axils of minute
lanceolate deciduous bracts, in ample wide-branched cymes 4'-5' long and 2'-3'
broad, appearing when the leaves are about half grown, the staminate and pistillate
on different individuals; sepals minute, membranaceous, persistent, barely one fourth
the length of the oval green petals ^'-\' long; stamens 5, with slender filiform fila-
ments, conspicuously exserted from the male flowers, rudimentary or wanting in the
female flowers ; pistils 3, rarely 2, with sessile ovaries and short styles crowned by a
slightly 2-lobed stigma. Fruit ripening in August and September, in dense often

RUTACE^

583

nearly globose clusters; mature carpels obliquely ovoid, 1-seeded, chestnut-brown, y
long, with a rugose or pitted surface; seeds hanging at maturity outside the carpels.
A round-headed tree, 2o°-30°, or exceptionally 50° high, with a short trunk 12'-
18' in diameter, numerous branches spreading nearly at right angles, and stout
'branchlets covered when they first appear with brown pubescence, becoming glabrous
and light gray in their second year, and marked by small glandular spots and by large
elevated obcordate leaf-scars displaying a row of large fibro-vascular bundle-scars,
and armed with stout straight or sometimes slightly curved sharp chestnut-brown
spines ^' or more long, with perpendicularly flattened enlarged bases; or often a low
shrub. "Winter-buds short, obtuse, dark brown or nearly black. Bark of the trunk
barely -^^' thick, light gray, and roughened by corky tubercles, with ovoid dilated
bases sometimes 1' or more across and thick and rounded at the apex. "Wood light.

soft, close-grained, and light brown, with yellow sapwood. The bark, which is col-
lected in large quantities by the negroes of the southern states, is used as a cure for
toothache and in the treatment of rheumatism.

Distribution. Southern Virginia southward near the coast to the shores of Bay
Biscayne and Tampa Bay, Florida, and westward through the Gulf states to northern
Louisiana and southern Arkansas, and through Texas to the valley of the Devil's
River; in the Atlantic states not abundant, and confined to the immediate neighbor-
hood of the coast, growing in light sandy soil and often on the low bluffs of islands
or on river banks; on the Gulf coast ranging farther inland, especially west of the
Mississippi River; most abundant in eastern Texas, and of its largesj; size on the rich
intervale lands of the streams flowing into the Trinity River. In southern Florida
and western Texas a form occurs (vslv. fruticosa, Sarg., nov. nom.), with short some-
times 3-foliolate more or less pubescent leaves, with small ovate or oblong blunt and
conspicuous crenulate rather coriaceous leaves; this is the common form of western
Texas, growing usually as a low shruh.

3. Fagara flava, Kr. & Urb. Satin-wood.

(Xanthoxylum Jlavum, Silva N. Am. xiv. 98.)

Leaves unequally pinnate, persistent, usually 6'-9' long, with stout glandular
petioles enlarged at the base, and usually 5, sometimes 3, or rarely 1 leaflet, unfold-

584 TREES OF NOKTII AMERICA

ing in Florida during the month of June, densely covered with tomentnm when they
first unfold, and at maturity sparingly hairy on the petioles and midribs of the
leaflets; leaflets ovate-lanceolate or elliptical and obtuse, often slightly falcate,
sometimes oblique at the base, nearly sessile or long-stalked, 2'-3' long, 1^-2' broad,
entire or slightly crenulate, coriaceous, pale yellow-green and conspicuously marked
by large pellucid glands. Flowers appearing in Florida in June, on slender pubes-
cent pedicels ^' or more long, in wide-spreading pubescent sessile cymes, the male
and female on different trees; calyx-lobes 5, minute, acuminate, ciliate on the mar-
gins, barely one eighth of the length of the ovate greenish white petals reflexed when
the flowers are fully expanded; stamens 5, with slender filaments much longer than
the petals, 0 in the pistillate flower; pistils 2 or sometimes 1, with a stipitate obovate
ovary and a short style with a spreading entire stigma, minute and depressed in the
staminate flower. Fruit ripening in autumn and early winter and sometimes per-
sistent until the spring of the following year; mature carpels obliquely obovate.

short-stalked, 1-seeded, pale chestnut-brown at maturity, about* ^' long, faintly
marked by minute glands.

A round-headed tree, 30°-35° high, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, and stout
brittle branchlets coated at first with thick silky pubescence, becoming light gray,
rugose, conspicuously marked by large triangular leaf-scars, and puberulous during
their second and third years. Winter-buds narrowly acuminate, 1' long, coated
with short thick pale tomentum. Bark of the trunk \' thick, with a smooth light
gray surface divided by shallow furrows and broken into numerous short appressed
scales. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, brittle, not strong, light orange-colored,
with thin rather lighter colored sapwood; occasionally used in southern Florida in
the manufacture of furniture, for the handles of tools, and other objects of domestic
use.

Distribution. In Florida on the Marquesas Keys and on South Bahia Honda

and Boca Chica Keys; on the Bahama Islands, Bermuda, San Domingo, and Porto

Rico.

4. Fagara coriacea, Kr. & Urb.

Leaves equally pinnate, persistent, 2'-3' long, with stout grooved petioles, and
6-8 oblong-obovate stalked coriaceous dark yellow-green lustrous leaflets rounded
or rarely emarginate at the apex, l'-l|' long and |'-f' wide, with much-thickened

RUTACE^

58e5

revolute entire margins, stout midribs, slender obscure spreading primary veins, and
reticulate veiulets. Flowers yellow, appearing in March on short stout pedicels,

in densely flowered terminal cymes; sepalg 3, minute, united below, free above,
much shorter than the 3 oval or obovate petals rounded at the apex; stamens 3; fila-
ments about as long as the petals; anthers ovate or oval; ovary 3-celled, globose-
ovate; styles thick, 3 (teste Urban). Fruit: mature fruit not seen.

A glabrous tree, sometimes 18°-20° high, with a slender stem and stout red-brown
branches unarmed in Florida specimens, or in the West Indies furnished with short
recurved spines; more often shrubby.

Distribution. Shores of Bay Biscayne and at Fort Lauderdale, Florida; rare
and still very imperfectly known; on the Bahama Islands and in Cuba.

2. HELIETTA, Tul.

Trees or shrubs, with slender terete branches. Leaves opposite, long-petiolate, tri-
foliate, persistent; leaflets sessile, obovate-oblong, obtuse, entire or crenate, subco-
riaceous, grandular-punctate, the terminal the largest. Flowers regular, perfect,
on slender bibracteolate pedicels, in terminal or axillary panicles; calyx 4-parted, the
divisions imbricated in the bud, slightly united at the base, persistent; petals 4, im-
bricated in the bud, hypogynous, oblong, concave, glandular-punctate, reflexed at
maturity; stamens inserted under the disk; filaments shorter than the petals, slightly
flattened, glabrous; anthers ovate, cordate at the base, attached on the back below
the middle; disk free, cup-shaped, erect, subcorrugated, with a sinuate margin,
4-lobed, the lobes entire or crenate and opposite the petals; ovary minute, sessile,
depressed, 4-lobed, glandular-verrucose or minutely pilose, the lateral lobes slightly
compressed, 4-celled; styles united into a single slender column crowned by the globose
3-4-lobed stigma; ovules collateral, anatropons. Fruit obconical, composed of 3 or 4
dry woody 1-seeded indehiscent carpels with a cartilaginous endocarp and with
prominent horizontal wings, separating at maturity. Seed linear, oblong, seed-coat
crustaceous, fragile, black; cotyledons straight, obtuse.

Helietta is distributed from the valley of the Rio Grande in Texas to Brazil and

586

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Paraguay. Four species are recognized; one species extends across the Rio Grande
into western Texas.

The generic name is in honor of Lewis Theodore H^lie (1804-1867), a distinguished
French physician.

1. Helietta parvifolia, Benth.

Leaves lV-2' long, with stout slightly club-shaped petioles, at first puberulent,
soon becoming glabrous, and oblong or narrowly obovate leaflets rounded or some-
times slightly emarginate at the apex, gradually and regularly contracted at the base,
entire or slightly and remotely crenulate-serrate, yellow-green and lustrous above,
paler below, conspicuously marked by black glandular dots, the terminal leaflet
^'-1^' long, sometinfes ^' wide, and nearly twice as large as the others, persistent on
the branches until early spring. Flowers appearing in April and May, on slender
pedicels covered at first like the petioles and calyx with short dense pubescence, with
minute acuminate early deciduous bracts, in dichotymously branched subsessile
panicles on branches of the year from the axils of the upper leaves; petals white,
ovate, I' long, with scattered hairs on the outer surface, and thin scabrous margins,
and four or five times longer than the calyx-lobes ; ovary 4-lobed, glandular-punctate

[i^H-SZ

like the slender style. Fruit ripening in October, oblong, \'-^' long, with a rigid
broadly ovate sometimes slightly falcate wing rounded at the apex, ^' long, and con-
spicuously reticulate-veined.

A slender tree, 20°-25° high, with a trunk 5'-6' in diameter, rather erect branches
forming a small irregular head, and slender pale branchlets covered with minute
wart-like excrescences, faintly puberulous when they first appear, soon becoming
glabrous, and marked during their second year by small inconspicuous leaf -scars; or
a low shrub. Bark of the trunk about ^' thick, covered with dark brown closely
appressed scales separating in large irregular patches and leaving when they fall a
smooth pale yellow surface. Wood hard, very heavy, close-grained, light orange
brown, with rather lighter colored sapwood.

Distribution. Often forming thickets of considerable extent and abundant near
Rio Grande city, Texas; mesas south of the lower Rio Grande; of its largest size and
tree-like in habit on the limestone ridges of the Sierra Madre of Nuevo Leon.

RUTACE^

587

3. PTELEA, L.

Small unarmed trees or shrubs, with smooth bitter bark, slender terete branches
without terminal buds, small depressed lateral buds covered with pale tomentum, and
nearly inclosed by the narrow obcordate leaf-scars marked by the ends of 2 or 3
small fibro- vascular bundles, and thick fleshy acrid roots. Leaves alternate or rarely
opposite, without stipules, long-petiolate, usually trifoliolate, the leaflets conduplicate
in the bud, ovate or oblong, entire or crenulate-serrate, punctate with pellucid dots.
Flowers polygamous, on slender bracteolate pedicels, in terminal or compound
cymes, greenish white; calyx 4 or 5-parted; petals 4 or 5, hypogynous; stamens 3 or
4, alternate with and as long as the petals, hypogynous, much shorter in the pistillate
flower, with imperfect or rudimentary anthers; filaments subulate, more or less
pilose, especially toward the base; anthers ovate or cordate; pistil raised on a short
gynophore, abortive and nearly sessile in the staminate flower; ovary compressed,
2-3-celled; style short; stigma 2-3-lobed; ovules superposed, amphitropous, the
upper ovule only fertilized. Fruit a 2 or 3-celled broadly winged or rarely wingless
indehiscent samara surrounded by a broad reticulate wing. Seed oblong, acute at
the apex, rounded at the base, ascending ; seed-coat smooth or slightly wrinkled,
coriaceous; cotyledons ovate-oblong,

Ptelea is confined to the United States and Mexico, where four or five species are
known; of these one is a small tree. The bark and foliage of Ptelea is bitter and
strong-scented and possesses tonic properties.

The generic name is from irreXea, a classical name of the Elm-tree.

1. Ptelea trifoliata, L. Hop-tree. Wafer Ash.

Leaves with sessile ovate or oblong pointed leaflets, the terminal one generally
larger and more gradually contracted at the base than the others, entire or finely

serrate, covered at first with short close pubescence, becoming glabrous and rather
coriaceous at maturity, dark green and lustrous above, pale below, 4'-6' long, 2^'-3'
wide, with prominent midribs and primary veins, turning clear yellow in the autumn
before falling ; their petioles stout, thickened at the base, and 21'-3' long. Flowers
appearing in early spring on slender pubescent pedicels I'-l^' long, the pistillate

588 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

and staminate produced together, the staminate usually less numerous and fall-
ing soon after the opening of the anther-cells; calyx and petals pubescent; ovary
puberulous. Fruits with thin almost orbicular sometimes slightly obovate wings,
nearly 1' across, on long slender reflexed pedicels, in dense drooping clusters re-
maining on the branches through the winter; seeds ^' long, dark red-brown.

A round-headed tree, rarely 20°-25° high, with a straight slender trunk G'-8' in
diameter, small spreading or erect branches, and slender branchlets covered at first
with short fine pubescence, becoming glabrous, dark brown, and lustrous, and marked
by wart-like excrescences and by the conspicuous leaf-scars; more often a low
spreading shrub. Winter-buds depressed, nearly round, pale or almost white.
"Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, yellow-brown, with thin hardly distinguishable
sapwood of G-8 layers of annual growth. The bitter bark of the roots is sometimes
used in the form of tinctures and fluid extracts as a tonic, and the fruit is occasionally
employed domestically as a substitute for hops in brewing beer.

Distribution. Generally on rocky slopes near the borders of the forest, often in
the shade of other trees; Point Pelee on the northern shore of Lake Ontario, Long
Island, New York, Pennsylvania, and westward to Minnesota and southward to
Florida, and through Texas and New Mexico to the valley of the Mimbres River,
the mountains of Colorado, and northern Mexico.

Often planted as an ornament of parks and gardens.

4. AMYRIS, L.

Glabrous glandular-punctate trees or shrubs, with balsamic resinous juices. Leaves
opposite or rarely opposite and alternate, 3-foliolate, without stipules, persistent ;
leaflets opposite, petiolulate, entire or crenate. Flowers white, minute, on slender
bibracteolate pedicels, usually in 3-flowered corymbs in terminal or axillary branched
panicles; calyx 4-toothed, persistent; petals 4, hypogynous, much larger than the
calyx-lobes, spreading at maturity; disk of the staminate flower inconspicuous, that
of the pistillate and perfect flowers thickened and pulvinate ; stamens 8, hypogynous,
opposite and alternate with the petals; filaments filiform, exserted; anthers ovate,
attached on the back below the middle; ovary ellipsoidal or ovoid, 1-celled, rudi-
mentary in the staminate flower; style short, terminal, or wanting; stigma capitate;
ovules collateral, suspended near the apex of the ovary, anatropous. Fruit a globose
or ovoid aromatic drupe; stone 1-seeded by abortion, chartaceous. Seed pendulous,
without albumen ;' seed-coat membranaceous ; cotyledons plano-convex, fleshy, gland-
ular-punctate.

Amyris is confined to tropical America and northern Mexico. Of the twelve or
fourteen species which have been distinguished two extend into the territory of the
United States; one of these is a small West Indian tree common on the shores of
southern Florida, and the other a Mexican shrub found growing in Texas near the
mouth of the Rio Grande. Amyris is fragrant and yields a balsamic aromatic and
stimulant resin, and heavy hard close-grained wood valuable as fuel and some-
times used in cabinet-making.

The generic name, from ^xvppa, relates to the balsamic properties of the plants of
this genus.

1. Amyris Elemifera, L. Torch Wood.

Leaves 3-follolate, with slender petioles I'-l^' long, and broadly ovate or rounded
obtuse acute or acuminate leaflets wedge-shaped at the base or sometimes ovate-

SIMARUBACE^

589

lanceolate or rhombic-lanceolate, entire or remotely crenulate, coriaceous, lustrous,
dark yellow-green, conspicuously reticulate-veined, covered below with minute gland-
ular dots, 1'--^' long, with slender petiolules, that of the terminal leaflet often 1' or
more long and twice as long as those of the lateral leaflets. Flowers in terminal
pedunculate or nearly sessile panicles appearing in Florida from August to Decem-
ber. Fruit ripening in the spring, ovoid, often nearly ^' long, black covered with a
glaucous bloom, with thin flesh filled with an aromatic oil and of rather agreeable
flavor.

A slender tree, 40°-50° high, with a trunk sometimes, although rarely, a foot in
diameter, and slender terete branchlets covered with wart-like excrescences, at first

light brown, becoming gray during their second season. Bark of the trunk thin,
gray-brown, slightly furrowed and broken into short appressed scales. Winter-
buds acute, flattened, ^ long, with broadly ovate scales slightly keeled on the back.
"Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, very resinous, extremely dur-
able, light orange color, with thin rather lighter colored sapwood of 12-15 layers
of annual growth; often used as fuel. ^

Distribution. Southern Florida from Mosquito Inlet to the southern keys; com-
mon in the immediate neighborhood of the coast to the rich hummocks of the inte-
rior, and of its largest size on Umbrella Key; on the Bahama Islands and on many
of the Antilles.

XXV. SIMARUBACE-ai.

Trees or shrubs, with bitter juice. Leaves alternate, pinnate, persistent,
without stipules. Flowers regular, dioecious ; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated
in the bud; petals 5, imbricated in the bud, hypogynous; stamens 10, inserted
under the disk ; pistil of 5 united carpels ; ovary 5-celled ; ovule solitary in each
cell, anatropous ; raphe ventral ; micropyle superior. Fruit a drupe.

Of the twenty-eight genera of this family, confined chiefly to the tropics
and to the warmer parts of the northern hemisphere, only Simaruba has an
arborescent representative in the flora of North America. Ailanthus gland-
ulosa, Desf., the so-called Tree of Heaven, a native of northern China, has
been largely planted as an ornament and shade tree in the eastern United
States, and is now sparingly naturalized southward.

590

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

1. SIMARUBA, Aubl.

Ti-ees, with bitter resinous juice and tonic properties. Leaves long-petiolate, ab-
ruptly pinnate; leaflets usually alternate, long-petiolulate, conduplicate in the bud,
entire, coriaceous, glabrous or slightly puberulous below, feather-veined. Flowers
in elongated widely branched axillary and terminal panicles; disk cup-shaped,
depressed in the sterile tlower, pubescent; stamens as long as the petals, in the pis-
tillate flower reduced to minute scales; filaments free, filiform, thickened toward
the base, inserted on the back of a minute ciliate scale; anthers oblong, slightly emar-
ginate, introrse, attached on the back below the middle, 2-celled, the cells opening
longitudinally; ovary sessile on the disk, deeply 5-lobed, the lobes opposite the petals,
rudimentary, lobulate, minute or wanting in the starainate flower; styles united into
a shoi't column, with a 3-5-lobed spreading stigma. Fruit composed of 1-5 sessile
spreading drupes; flesh thin; stone crustaceous. Seeds inverse, without albumen;
seed-coat membranaceous; cotyledons plano-convex, fleshy, the radicle very short,
partly included between the cotyledons, superior.

Simaruba with four species is confined to tropical America, and is distributed from
the coast of southern Florida to Brazil and Guatemala. The plants of this family
contain a small amount of resin, a volatile oil, and an exceedingly bitter principle,
quasin, with tonic properties.

The generic name is formed from Simarouba, the Carib name of one of the species.

1. Simaruba glauca, DC. Paradise-tree.

Leaves 6'-10' long and glabrous, with stout petioles 2'-3' in length, and usually
6 pairs of opposite or alternate ovate obovate or oval leaflets, rounded or slightly

nnicronate at the apex, often oblique at the base, thin, membranaceous and dark red
when they first unfold, soon becoming coriaceous, dark green, very lustrous above,
pale and glaucous on the lower surface, 2'-3' long and I'-l^' wide, with revolute
margins, prominent midribs, remote conspicuous primary veins, and stout petiolules
\'-l' in length. Flowers appearing in early spring, Y-\' long, on short stout club-
shaped glaucous pedicels, in panicles 12'-18' long and 18'-24' broad, with a stout
pale glaucous stem and spreading branches from the axils of small acute scarious

BURSERACE^ 591

deciduous bracts; petals fleshy, oval, ofteu acute, pale yellow, and four or five times
longer than the glaucous calyx. Fruit nearly fully grown by the end of April and
then bright scarlet, about V long, ovate, sometimes falcate, and slightly angled on
the ventral suture, becoming dark purple when fully ripe; seeds papillose, orange-
brown, about f ' long.

A round-headed tree, growing occasionally in Florida to the height of 50°, with a
straight trunk 18'-20' in diameter, slender spreading branches, and stout branchlets
pale green and glabrous when they first appear, becoming light brown before the end
of the summer, rugose and conspicuously marked during their second season by the
large oval leaf-scars. Bark of the trunk ^'-f thick, light red-brown and broken on
the surface into broad thick appressed scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, light
brown, with thick rather darker colored sapwood.

Distribution. Southern Florida from Cape Canaveral to the southern keys and
the shores of Bay Biscayne; also in Cuba, Jamaica, Nicaragua, and Brazil.

XXVI. BURSERACEiE.

Trees or shrubs, with resinous bark and wood. Leaves alternate, pinnate,
without stipules. Flowers perfect or polygamous, in clustered racemes or
panicles ; calyx 4-5 lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud, persistent ; petals
4—5, imbricated in the bud, distinct or slightly united, deciduous ; stamens
twice as many as the petals, inserted under the annular or cup-shaped disk ;
filaments distinct, subulate ; anthers introrse, 2-celled, the cells opening longi-
tudinally ; pistil of 2-5 united carpels ; ov^ary 2-5-celled ; styles united ;
stigma 2-5-lobed ; ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous, collateral, anatropous, mi-
cropyle superior ; raphe ventral. Fruit drupaceous. Seeds without albumen ;
seed-coat membranaceous ; embryo straight ; cotyledons f oliaceous ; radicle
short, superior.

Of the sixteen genera of this family, which is widely distributed through the
tropics of the two hemispheres, one only, Bursera, occurs in the United States,
reaching the shores of southern Florida with a single arborescent species, and
southern Arizona with one shrubby species.

1. BURSERA, Jacq.

Trees, with balsamic resinous juices. Leaves alternate, unequally pinnate; leaflets
opposite, petiolulate, entire or subserrate, membranaceous. Flowers polygamous,
small, on fascicled or rarely solitary pedicels, in short or elongated lateral simple or
branched panicles; calyx minute, membranaceous, petals ovate-oblong^ inserted on
the base of an annular crenate disk, reflexed at maturity above the middle; stamens
inserted on the base of the disk; anthers oblong, attached on the back above the
base, usually effete in the pistillate flower; ovary sessile, ovoid, 3-celled, rudimen-
tary in the staminate flower; style short; stigma capitate, obtuse, 3-lobed; ovules,
suspended below the apex from the central angle. Fruit with a valvate epicarp,
globose or oblong-oblique, indistinctly 3-angled; flesh coriaceo-carnose, 2-3-valved;
nutlets 1-3, usually solitary, adnate to a persistent fleshy axis, 1-celled, 1-seeded,
covered with a thin membranaceous coat. Seed ovoid, without albumen ; seed-coat
membranaceous; hilum ventral, below the apex; embryo straight; cotyledons con-
tortuplicate.

Bursera with about forty species is confined to Mexico, Central and South America,
and the West Indies.

592 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

The generic name is in honor of Joachim Bnrscr (1593-1049), a German botanist
and physician.

1. Bursera Siraaruba, Sarg. Gumbo Limbo. West Indian Birch.

Leaves confined to the ends of the branchlets, 6'-8' long, 4'-8' broad, with long
slender petioles, and nsually 5, rarely 3 or 7 leaflets, coriaceous at maturity, oblong-
ovate, oblique at the base, contracted at the apex into a long or short point, 2^'-3' long,
li'-2' broad, with stout petiolules often ^' long, deciduous in early winter or occa-
sionally persistent until the following spring. FloTvers about ^\' in diameter, appear-
ing before the leaves or as they unfold, on slender pedicels ^'-^ long, in slender
raceme-like panicles, those of the staminate plant 4'-5' long or nearly twice as long
as those of the pistillate plant; sepals and petals 5; petals ovate-lanceolate, acute,
revolute on the margins, and nearly four times as long as the slender acute calyx-lobes;

stamens of the staminate flower as long as the petals and in the pistillate flower not
more than half as long, with smaller often effete anthers. Fruit in short raceme-
like clusters, \'-^' long, 3-angled, with a thick dark red outer coat, separating read-
ily into 3 broad ovate valves, and containing 1 or rarely 2 bony triangular nutlets
rounded at the base, pointed at the apex, and covered with a thin membranaceous
light pink coat; seeds 1 or 2, triangular, rose color,

A glabrous tree, 50°-60° high, with a trunk 21°-3° in diameter, massive primary
branches spreading nearly at right angles, and stout terete branchlets light gray
during their flrst season, becoming reddish brown during the second year, covered
with lenticular spots and conspicuously marked by large elevated obcordate yellow
leaf-scars. Winter-buds short, rounded, obtuse, with broadly ovate dark red scales
slightly scarious on the margins. Bark of the trunk and large branches 1' thick,
glandular dotted, separating freely into thin papery bright red-brown scales exposing
in falling the dark red-brown or gray inner bark. Wood spongy, very light, ex-
ceedingly soft and weak, light brown, with thick sapwood, soon becoming discolored
by decay. Pieces of the trunk and large branches set in the ground soon produce
roots and grow rapidly into large trees. The aromatic resin obtained by incisions cut
in the trunk was formerly used in the treatment of gout, and in the West Indies is
manufactured into varnish. An infusion of the leaves is sometimes used in Florida
as a substitute for tea.

MELIACE^

693

Distribution. Florida from Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, and on the
west coast on the Caloosa River and the shores of Caximbas Bay; one of the largest
and most common of the south Florida trees, and the only one which sheds its foli-
age during the autumn and winter; on most of the West Indian islands, in tropical
Mexico, Guatemala, New Granada, and Venezuela.

XXVII. MBLIACE-ai.

Trees or shrubs, with hard wood and dotless alternate pinnate leaves with-
out stipules. Flowers in panicles, perfect, regular ; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes
contorted (in Swietenia) in the bud, persistent ; petals 5, convolute in the bud ;
stamens inserted at the base of the disk ; filaments united into a tube ; an-
thers introrse, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally ; ovary 3-5-celled, free,
surrounded at the base by an annular or cup-shaped disk; styles united,
dilated into a 5-lobed stigma ; ovules numerous in each cell, suspended, semi-
anatropous ; raphe ventral ; micropyle superior. Fruit a capsule (Swietenia)
or drupe. Seeds often winged ; embryo with leafy cotyledons.

A family with about forty genera chiefly confined to the tropics, with a single
representative, Swietenia, in southern Florida. Melia Azedarach, L., of this
family, the China-tree or Pride of India, with drupaceous fruits, has long been
cultivated in the southern states, where it now often grows spontaneously.

1. SWIETENIA, Jacq.

Trees, with heavy dark red wood. Leaves abruptly pinnate, glabrous, long-petio-
late, persistent; leaflets opposite, petiolate, usually oblique at the base. Flowers
perfect, small, in axillary or subterminal panicles produced near the ends of the
branches; calyx minute; petals spreading; staminal tube urn-shaped, connate with
the petals, 10-lobed, the lobes convolute in the bud; anthers 10, fixed by the back
below the sinuses of the staminal tube, included; ovary ovoid, 5-celled, the cells
opposite the petals; style erect, longer than the tube of the stamens; stigma discoid,
5-rayed. Fruit a 5-celled o-valved capsule septicidally dehiscent from the base, the
valves separating from a persistent 5-angled axis thickened toward the apex and
5-winged toward the base. Seeds suspended from near the summit of the axis,
imbricated in 2 ranks, compressed, emarginate, produced above into a long mem-
branaceous wing with the hilum at its apex and transversed by the raphe; embryo
transverse; cotyledons conferruminate with each other and with the thin fleshy
albumen; radicle short, papillseform.

Swietenia with three species is confined to tropical America and west tropical
Africa, with one species reaching the shores of southern Florida.

The generic name is in honor of Baron von Swieten (1700-1772), the distinguished
Dutch physician, founder of the Botanic Garden and of the Medical School at
Vienna.

1. S-wietenia Mahagoni, Jacq. Mahogany.

Leaves 4'-6' long, with slender glabrous petioles thickened at the base and 3 or
4 pairs of ovate lanceolate leaflets rounded at the base on the upper side, narrowly
wedge-shaped or nearly straight on t^ lower side, entire, coriaceous, pale yellow-
green or slightly rufous on the under surface, 3'-4' long, I'-l^ wide, with promi-
nent reddish brown midribs, conspicuous reticulate veins, and stout grooved petio-
lules \' long. Flowers appearing in July and August on slender puberulous pedicels,

594 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

bibracteolate near the middle, 1 or 2 together at the ends of the branches of slender
panicles in the axils of leaves of the year; calyx glabrous, cup-shaped, much shorter
than the ovate elliptical petals ^ long and slightly emarginate at the apex. Fruit
ripening in the autumn or early winter, long-stalked, 4-5' long, and 2i' broad, with

|^4^7

thick dark brown valves rugose and pitted on the surface ; its axis 3' or 4' long,
I'-ll' thick, dark red-brown, marked near the apex by the dark scars left by the
falling seeds; seeds |' long, almost square, thickened at the base and nearly one
fourth as long as their ovate rugose red-brown wings rounded or truncate at the
apex and gradually contracted below.

A tree, in Florida rarely more than 40°-50° high or with a trunk exceeding 2° in
diameter, and slender glabrous angled branchlets covered during their first season
with pale red-brown bark, becoming lighter or gray faintly tinged with red and
thickly covered with lenticels during their second year; much larger in the West In-
dies and Central America. Winter-buds about |' long, with broadly ovate minutely
apiculate loosely imbricated light red scales. Bark of the trunk in Florida ^'-|'
thick, with a dark red-brown surface broken into short broad rather thick scales.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard and strong, close-grained, very durable, rich red-
brown, becoming darker with age and exposure, with thin yellow sapwood of about
20 layers of annual growth; the most esteemed of all woods for cabinet-making,
and also largely used in the interior finish of houses and railroad cars, and formerly
in ship and boatbuilding. The bark is bitter and astringent and has been used as
a substitute for quinine in the treatment of intermittent fevers.

Distribution. In Florida only on Key Largo and Elliott's Key; rare and now
nearly exterminated; on the Bahama and many of the West Indian islands; widely
distributed through tropical Mexico and Central America, and in Peru.

XXVIII. EUPHORBIACEiE.

Trees or shrubs, with milky acrid juice, ?lnd alternate leaves, with stipules.
Flovrers monoecious or dioecious ; calyx 3-6-lobed or parted, the divisions im-
bricated in the bud, or wanting ; corolla 0 ; stamens 2 or 3, or as many or
twice as many as the calyx-lobes ; anthers 2-celled, opening longitudinally ;

EUPHORBIACE^ 595

ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, suspended, anatropous ; raphe ventral ; micropyle
superior. Fruit a drupe or capsule. Seeds albuminous ; cotyledons flat, much
longer than the superior radicle.

The Euphorbia family, widely distributed over the tropical and temperate
regions, with some one hundred and thirty genera and over three thousand
species, is represented in the United States by three arborescent genera, with
only five species, and by many shrubby herbaceous and annual plants.

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.

Fruit drupaceous.

Nutlets usually 1-celled and 1-seeded ; stamens as many or twice as many as the calyx-
lobes, free. 1. Drypetes.
Nutlets 6-S-celled and 6-8-seeded ; stamens 2 or 3, united into a column.

2. Hippomane.
Fruit a 3-lobed capsule splitting into 3 2-valved 1-seeded carpels. 3. Gymnanthes.

1. DRYPETES, Vahl.

Trees or shrubs, with thick juice, and terete branchlets. Leaves involute in the
bud, petiolate, penniveiued, coriaceous, persistent; stipules minute, caducous.
Flowers axillary, sessile or pedicellate, their pedicels from the axils of minute decidu-
ous bracts, ebracteolate, the males in many-flowered clusters, the females solitary or
in few-flowered clusters; calyx divided nearly to the base into 4 or 5 lobes rounded
or acute at the apex, deciduous or persistent under the fruit; stamens inserted under
the margin of a flat or concave slightly lobed disk, 0 in the pistillate flower; filaments
filiform; anthers ovate, emarginate, attached on the back near the base, extrorse
or introrse, 2-celled, the cells affixed to a broad oblong connective; ovary sessile,
ovoid, 1 or rarely 2-celled, with 1 or 2 sessile or subsessile peltate or reniform stig-
mas, rudimentary or wanting in the staminate flower; ovules collateral, descending,
attached to the central angle of the cell, operculate, with a hood-like body developed
from the placenta. Fruit drupaceous, ovoid or subglobose, tipped with the withered
remnants of the stigmas; flesh thick and corky or thin and crustaceous; stone thick
or thin, bony or crustaceous, 1-celled and 1-seeded, or rarely 2-celled and 2-seeded.
Seed filling the cavity of the nut; seed-coat crustaceous or membranaceous; embryo
erect in thin fleshy albumen.

Drypetes is confined to the tropical regions of the New World, and is distributed
from southern Florida through the West Indies to eastern Brazil. Of the eleven
species now distinguished, two inhabit the coast of southern Florida.

The generic name, from Spvirna, relates to the character of the fruit.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Calyx 5-lobed ; stamens 8 ; ovary 1-celled ; fruit oblong ; outer coat thick and mealy ;

stone thick-walled. 1. D. Keyensis (D).

Calyx 4-lobed ; stamens 4 ; ovary 2-eelled ; fruit subglobose ; outer coat thin, crustaceous ;

stone thin-walled. 2. D. lateriflora (D).

1. Drypetes Keyensis, Urb. "White "Wood.

Leaves appearing in early spring and falling during the second year, entire, oval
or oblong, often more or less falcate, acute, acuminate, rounded or rarely emarginate
at the apex, rounded or wedge-shaped at the base, when they unfold thin and mem-

596 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

branaceous, light green or green tinged with red and pilose, with scattered pale hairs,
and at maturity thick and coriaceous, dark green and lustrous, rather paler on the
lower than on the upper surface, 3'-5' long and l'-2' wide, with broad thick pale
midribs raised and rounded on the upper side an4 obscure primary veins arcuate and
united near the thick revolute cartilaginous margins and connected by conspicuous
coarsely reticulated veinlets; their petioles stout, yellow, grooved above, ^' long; stip-
ules nearly triangular, rather less than ^^' long, caducous. Flowers on pedicels
rather shorter than the petioles, opening* in early spring from the axils of leaves of
the previous year, the staminate in many-flowered clusters, the pistillate usually
solitary or occasionally in 2-3-flovvered clusters; calyx yellow-green, hirsute on the
outer surface, ^g' long, and divided nearly to the base into 5 ovate acute boat-shaped
lobes deciduous from the fruit; stamens about 8, inserted on the borders of the slightly
lobed pulvinate concave disk; filaments unequal in length, rather longer than the
calyx-lobes and a little longer than the broadly ovate emarginate pilose extrorse an-
thers, with broad ovate acute connectives; ovary sessile, hirsute, 1-celled, crowned
with a broad sessile slightly stalked oblique pulvinate stigma, wanting in the stami-
nate flower. Fruit ripening in the autumn, deciduous at maturity from its stout

erect stalk much enlarged at the apex and |' long, ovoid, V long, ivory-white, with
thick dry mealy flesh closely investing the light brown stone narrowed at the base
into a long point, with bony walls ^' thick and penetrated longitudinally by large
fibro- vascular bundle-channels; seed oblong, rounded at the ends, nearly ^' long^
covered with a thin membranaceous light brown coat marked by conspicuous veins
radiating from the small hilum.

A tree, occasionally 30°-40° high, with a trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, stout
usually erect branches forming an oblong round-topped head, and stout branchlets
light green tinged with red and covered with pale scattered caducous hairs when they
first appear, becoming ashy gray and roughened by numerous elevated circular pale
lenticels and later by the large prominent orbicular leaf-scars displaying the ends of .
3 conspicuous fibro-vascular bundles. Winter-buds minute, obtuse, partly immersed
in the bark and coated with brown resin. Bark of the trunk about ^' thick, smooth,
milky white and often marked by large irregular gray or pale brown patches. "Wood
heavy, hard, not strong, brittle, close-grained, and brown streaked with bright yel-
low, with thick yellow-brown sapwood.

EUPHORBIACE^ 597

Distribution. Dry sandy soil on Key West, Umbrella and Elliott's Keys, southern
Florida; one of the rarest of the tropical trees of Florida.

2, Drypetes lateriflora, Urb. Guiana Plum.

Leaves appearing in Florida in early spring and falling during their second year,
oblong, acute or acuminate at the apex, gradually narrowed at the base, and entire,
when they unfold thin and covered with scattered pale hairs, and at maturity thick
and subcoriaceous, dark green and lustrous, 3'-4' long, ^'-1^' wide, with conspicuous

light-colored midribs rounded above, and pale and obscure primary veins arcuate and
united near the slightly thickened revolute margins and connected by slender reticu-
late veinlets; their petioles slender, grooved, \' long. Flowers on pedicels shorter
than the petioles, opening late in the autumn or in early winter on branches one or
two years old, in the axils of leaves or from leafless nodes, in many or few-flowered
clusters; calyx greenish white, hirsute on the outer surface, divided to the base into
4 ovate rounded lobes, persistent under the fruit; stamens 4, inserted under the mar-
gin and between the lobes of the flat tomentose disk; filaments slender, exserted ;
anthers introrse, emarginate, pilose, wanting in the pistillate flower; ovary ovate,
tomentose, 2-celled, with 2 nearly sessile oblique spreading cushion-like stigmas.
Fruit ripening during the spring and early summer, subglobose, |-' in diameter, tipped
with the conspicuous blackened remnants of the stigmas, dark brown, covered with
soft pubescence, solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3, deciduous at maturity from its stout
stalk enlarged at the apex and ^' long; flesh thin and crustaceous, closely investing
the thin-walled crustaceous stone; seed usually solitary by abortion, obovate, gib-
bous, Y loi^> narrowed below, narrowed and marked at the apex by the elevated pale
hilum and on the inner surface by the broad conspicuous raphe.

A tree, 20°-30° high, with a short trunk 5'-6' in diameter, small erect branches,
and slender branchlets, light green tinged with red when they first appear, becoming
in their first winter ashy gray and marked by scattered pale lenticels, and at the end
of their second year by the small elevated oval leaf-scars displaying the ends of 3
fibro-vascular bundles. Winter-buds minute, acute or obtuse, chestnut-brown, and
covered with pale hairs. Bark of the trunk about -^■^' thick, light brown tinged with
red, the generally smooth surface separating into small irregular scales. Wood
heavy, hard, brittle, close-grained, rich dark brown, with thick yellow sapwood.

598 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Distribution. Shores of Bay Biscay ne and on many of the southern keys, Florida;
common on the Bahama Islands and on several of the Antilles.

2. HIPPOMANE, L.

A glabrous tree, with thick acrid juice, scaly bark, and stout pithy branchlets
marked by circular raised lenticels, and oblong or semiorbicular horizontal elevated
leaf-scars displaying a row of obscure fibro- vascular bundle-scars, and nearly encir-
cled at the nodes by ring-like scars left by the falling of the stipules. Winter-buds
ovate, acute, covered by many loosely imbricated long-pointed chestnut-brown scales.
Leaves alternate, involute in the bud, tardily deciduous, broadly ovate, abruptly
rounded at the apex into broad points terminating in slender mucros, rounded or
subcordate at the base, remotely crenulate-serrate, with minute gland-tipped teetli,
penniveined, long-petiolate, at first pilose, with occasional long pale hairs, soon be-
coming glabrous, and at maturity thick and coriaceous, dark yellow-green and lus-
trous above, paler and dull below, with stout light yellow midribs raised and rounded
on the upper side, and slender primary veins remote, arcuate, and united at some
distance from the margins and connected by conspicuous coarsely reticulate veinlets
more prominent on the upper than on the lower side; their petioles elongated, slen-
der, rigid, light yellow, rounded below, obscurely grooved above, marked at the
apex by large orbicular dark red glands; stipules ovate-lanceolate, abruptly narrowed
from broad bases, slightly laciniate near the apex, membranaceous, light chestnut-
brown, caducous. Inflorescence terminal, spicate, appearing in early spring usually
before the unfolding leaves, the stout fleshy rachis often bearing at the base acute
sterile deciduous bracts, or 1 or 2 small leaves, the minute pistillate flowers solitary in
their axils or in the axils of ovate acute lanceolate bracts furnished with 2 lateral
glandular bractlets; staminate flowers minute, articulate on slender pedicels, clus-
tered in 8-lo-flowered fascicles in the axils of simple bracts higher on the rachis and
extending to its apex; calyx usually 3-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud, that
of the staminate flower yellow-green, membranaceous, divided below into 3 or some-
times into 2 acute lobes; calyx of the pistillate flower ovate, yellow-green, divided
nearly to the base into 3 ovate acute concave divisions rounded on the back; stamens
2 or often 3, exserted, more or less connate by their filaments into a stout column,
free and spreading at the apex; anthers ovoid, light yellow, surmounted by the short
prolonged connective, attached on the back below the middle, erect, extrorse; ovary
6-8-celled, narrowed at the base, gradually contracted above into a short simple
cylindrical style separating into 6-8 long radiating flattened abruptly reflexed lobes
stigmatic on the inner face; ovule solitary in each cell. Fruit drupaceous, pome-
shaped, obscurely 6-8-lobed, raised on a thickened woody stem; skin thin, light
yellow-green or yellow and red ; flesh thick, lactescent, adherent to the thick-walled
rugose deeply winged 6-8-celled, 6-8 seeded subglobose stone flattened at the
ends, the cells divided throughout by thin dark radial plates, ultimately sepa-
rable, penetrated near the summit by oblique canals filled by the funicles of the
seeds. Seeds oblong-ovate, marked by a minute slightly elevated hilum and on
the ventral face by an obscure raphe; seed-coat membranaceous, separable into 2
layers, the outer dark, the inner thinner, light brown; embryo surrounded by thick
fleshy albumen.

The genus is represented by a single species abounding in exceedingly poisonous
caustic sap which produces cutaneous eruptions and when taken internally destroys
the mucous membrane; formerly employed by the Caribs to poison their arrows.

EUPHORBIACE^

599

The generic name is from 'iiriros and jxavia, and was first used by the Greeks to
distinguish some plant with properties excitant to horses.

1. Hippomane Mancinella, L. Manchineel.

Leaves 3'-4' long, l^'-2' wide, unfolding in early spring and persistent in Flor-
ida until the spring of the following year ; their petioles 2^'-4' long. Flowers
opening in March before the leaves of the year; rachis of the inflorescence 4'-6'
long, dark purple, more or less covered with a glaucous bloom. Fruit ripening in
the autumn or early winter and often persistent on the branches until after the ap-
pearance of the flowers of the following year, I'-l^' in diameter, light yellow-green,
with a bright red cheek; seeds about \' long.

A tree, in Florida rarely more than 12°-15° high, with a short trunk b'-& in diam-
eter, long spreading pendulous branches forming a handsome round-topped head ;
or in the West Indies often 50°-60° tall, with a trunk occasionally 3° in diameter.

Bark of the trunk \'-\' thick, dark brown and broken on the surface into small thick
appressed irregularly shaped scales, or in the West Indies sometimes smooth, light
gray or nearly white. Wood light and soft, close-grained, dark brown, with thick
light brown or yellow sapwood.

Distribution. Sandy beaches and dry knolls in the immediate neighborhood of
the ocean ; keys off the southern coast of Florida ; on the Bahama Islands, through
the Antilles to the northern countries of South America, and to southern Mexico
and the eastern and western coasts of Central America.

3. GYMNANTHES, Sw.

Glabrous trees or shrubs, with milky juice and slender terete branches. Leaves
conduplicate in the bud, petiolate, entire or crenulate-serrate, coriaceous, penni-
veined, persistent ; stipules membranaceous, minute, caducous. Flowers monoecious
or rarely dioecious; inflorescence buds covered with closely imbricated chestnut-
brown scales, lengthening in anthesis, bearing in the upper axils numerous 3-
branched clusters of staminate flowers, their branches furnished with minute ovate
bracts, and in the lower axils 2 or 3 long-stalked pistillate flowers; calyx of the
staminate flower minute or 0; stamens 2 or rarely 3; filaments filiform, inserted on

600

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

the slightly enharged torus, free or slightly connate at the base; anthers attached
on the back below the middle, erect, ovoid, 2-celled, the cells parallel; calyx of the
pistillate flower reduced to 3 bract-like scales; ovary ovate, 3-celled, narrowed into
3 recurved styles free or slightly united at the base, stigmatic on their inner face;
ovule solitary in each cell. Fruit a 3-lobed capsule separating from the persistent
axis into 3 2-valved 1-seeded carpels dehiscent on the dorsal and partly dehiscent
on the ventral suture. Seed ovoid or subglobose, strophiolate ; seed-coat crusta-
ceous; embryo erect in fleshy albumen.

Gymnanthes with about ten species is confined to the tropics of the New World
and is distributed from southern Florida, where one species occurs, through the West
Indies to Mexico and Brazil.

The generic name, from yvfxvds and &v6oSj relates to the structure of the naked
flowers.

1. Gymnanthes lucida, Sw. Crab Wood.

Leaves oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, obscurely and remotely crenulate-ser-
rate or often entire, when they unfold thin and membranaceous, deeply tinged w^ith
red, and glandular on the teeth, with minute caducous dark glands, and at maturity
thick and coriaceous, dark green and lustrous on the upper and pale and dull on the
lower surface, 2'-3' long, f'-l^' wide, with broad pale midribs raised and rounded
on the upper side, obscure primary veins arcuate and united near the margins and
connected by prominent coarsely reticulate veinlets, appearing in Florida in early

fk U-91

spring and remaining on the branches through their second summer; their petioles
broad, slightly grooved, about \' long; stipules ovate, acute, light brown, clothed on
the margins with long pale hairs, about ^-^' long. Flo"wers : inflorescence buds
appearing in Florida late in the autumn in the axils of leaves of the year and begin-
ning to lengthen in spring, the inflorescence becoming l^'-2' long, with a slender
glabrous angled rachis, the scales broadly ovate, pointed, concave, rounded and
thickened at the apex, puberulous and ciliate on the margins, those inclosing the
male flowers connate with the flowers and persistent under the calyx, those subtend-
ing the female flowers at the base of the inflorescence and not raised on their pedun-
cles. Fruit produced in Florida sparingly, ripening in the autumn, slightly obovate,
dark reddish brown or nearly black, ^' in diameter, covered with thin dry flesh and
pendent on a slender stem 1' or more in length; seeds ovoid.

ANACARDIACE^ 601

A tree, occasionally 20°-30° high, with a trunk 6'-8' in diameter and often irregu-
larly ridged, the rounded ridges spreading near the surface of the ground into broad
buttresses, slender erect branches forming a narrow open oblong head, and slender
upright branchlets light green more or less deeply shaded with red when they first
appear, becoming in their first winter light gray-brown faintly tinged with red and
roughened by numerous oblong pale lenticels, ultimately ashy gray and marked at
the end of their second year by the semiorbicular elevated leaf-scars displaying the
ends of 4 fibro-vascular bundle-scars superposed in pairs. "Winter-buds ovate,
obtuse, covered with chestnut-brown scales, about ^^g' long. Bark of the trunk
dark red-brown, about ^^' thick, separating into large thin scales, in falling display-
ing the light brown inner bark. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, rich dark
brown streaked with yellow, with thick bright yellow sap wood; in Florida occasion-
ally manufactured into canes, and used as fuel.

Distribution. Common in low woods from the shores of Bay Biscayne to the
Marquesas Keys, Florida; on the Bahama Islands, and on many of the Antilles.

XXIX. ANACARDIACEiB.

Trees and shrubs, with terete pithy branchlets, resinous juice, and alter-
nate simple or pinnate leaves without stipules, and scaly or naked buds.
Flowers regular, minute, dioecious, polygamo-dioecious, or polygamo-monoe-
cious ; calyx-lobes and petals 5, imbricated in the bud ; stamens as many as
the petals and alternate and inserted with them on the margin or under an
hypogynous annular fleshy slightly 5-lobed disk ; filaments filiform ; anthers
oblong, introrse, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally ; ovary 1-celled ;
ovule solitary, suspended from the apex of a slender funicle rising from the
base of the cell, anatropous ; micropyle superior ; styles 3, united or spread-
ing; stigmas terminal. Fruit drupaceous. Seed without albumen; seed-coat
thin and membranaceous ; embryo filling the cavity of the seed ; cotyledons
flat, accumbent on the short radicle.

The Sumach family of nearly sixty genera is mostly confined to the warmer
parts of the earth's surface and contains the Mango, Pistacia, and other im-
portant trees. In the flora of the United States three genera have arborescent
representatives.

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.

Flowers usually dioecious by abortion ; styles lateral, spreading- ; pedicels of the abortive
flowers becoming long and plumose at maturity ; fruit compressed, very oblique ; leaves
simple, deciduous. 1. Cotinus.

Flowers mostly dioecious ; styles terminal, short, united ; stigma 3-lobed ; fruit ovate, gla-
brous ; leaves unequally pinnate, persistent. 2. Metopium.

Flowers polygamo-dioecious or polygamo-monoecious ; styles terminal, spreading ; fruit
usually globose, naked or clothed with acrid hairs; leaves unequally pinnate, trifoliolate
or rarely simple, deciduous or rarely persistent. 3. Rhus.

1. COTINUS, L.

Small trees or shrubs, with scaly bark, small acute winter-buds, with numerous
imbricated s'cales, fleshy roots, and strong-smelling juice. Leaves simple, petiolate,
oval, obovate-oblong or nearly orbicular, glabrous or more or less pilose-pubescent,
deciduous. Flowers regular, dioecious by abortion or rarely polygamo-dioecious.

602

TREES OF NOKTH AMERICA

greenish yellow, on slender pedicels accrescent after the flowering period, mostly
abortive and then becoming conspicuously tonientose-villose at nifiturity, in ample
loose terminal or lateral pyramidal or thyrsoidal panicles, the branches from the
axils of linear acute or spatulate deciduous bracts; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate,
obtuse, persistent; disk coherent with the base of the calyx and surrounding the
base of the ovary; petals oblong, acute, twice as long as the calyx, inserted under
the free margin of the disk opposite its lobes, deciduous; stamens shorter than the
petals, usually rudimentary or wanting in the pistillate flower; ovary sessile, obo-
vate, compressed, rudimentary in the staminate flower; styles 3, short and spreading
from the lateral apex of the ovary; stigmas large, obtuse. Fruit oblong-oblique,
compressed, glabrous, conspicuously reticulate-veined, light red-brown, bearing on
the side near the middle the remnants of the persistent styles, the outer coat thin
and dry; stone thick and bony.

Cotinus is widely distributed through southern Europe and the Himalayas to
northern China with a single species, and is represented in the southern United
States by another species.

The Old World Cotinus Cotinus, Sarg., the Smoke-tree of gardens, is often culti-
vated in the United States.

The generic name is from k6tij/os, the classical name of a tree with red wood.

1. Cotinus Americanus, Nutt. Chittam Wood.

Leaves oval or t)bovate, rounded or sometimes slightly emarginate at the apex,
gradually contracted at the base, entire, with slightly wavy revolute margins, when

(,.^92

they mifold light purple and covered below with fine silky white hairs, and at matur-
ity dark green on the upper surface, pale on the lower surface, and puberulous along
the under side of the broad midribs and primary veins, 4'-6' long, 2'-3' wide, turning
in the autumn brilliant shades of orange and scarlet; their petioles stout, ^-f long.
FloTvers appearing late in April or early in May on pedicels ^'-f' long, and usually
collected 3 or 4 together in loose umbels near the ends of the principal branches of
puberulous terminal slender long-branched few-flowered panicles 5'-6' long and
2^'-3' broad, the staminate and pistillate on different individuals. Fruit produced
very sparingly, about ^' long, on stems 2'-3' in length; sterile pedicels becoming

ANACARDIACE^ 603

l^'-2' long at maturity and covered with short not very abundant rather inconspic-
uous pale purple or brown hairs; seed kidney-shaped, pale brown, about -^q' long.

A tree, 2o°-3o° high, with a straight trunk occasionally 12'-14' in diameter, usually
dividing 12°-l'i° from the ground into several erect stems separating into wide-
spreading often slightly pendulous branches, and slender branchlets purple at first,
soon becoming green, brigfit red-brown and covered with small white lenticels and
marked by large prominent leaf -scars during their first winter, and dark orange-
colored in their second year. Winter-buds l' long and covered with thin dark red-
brown scales. Bark of the trunk 1' thick, light gray, furrowed and broken on the
surface into thin oblong scales. Wood light, soft, rather coarse-grained, bright clear
rich orange color, with thin nearly white sapwood; largely used locally for fence-
posts and very durable in contact with the soil; yielding a clear orange-colored dye.

Distribution. Southern slopes of the Cumberland Mountains near Huntsville,
Alabama, on the Cheat Mountains in eastern Tennessee, banks of Grand River,
Indian Territory, valley of the Medina River, western Texas, and southwestern Mis-
souri; nowhere common and only in small isolated groves or thickets scattered along
the sides of rocky ravines or dry slopes.

Occasionally cultivated in the eastern United States and hardy as far north as
eastern Massachusetts, and rarely in Europe.

2. METOPIUM, P. Br.

Trees or shrubs, with naked buds, fleshy roots, and milky exceedingly caustic juice.
Leaves unequally pinnate, persistent; leaflets coriaceous, lustrous, long-petiolulate.
Flowers dioecious, yellow-green, on short stout pedicels, in narrow erect axillary
clusters at the ends of the branches, with minute acute deciduous bracts and bract-
lets, the males and females on different trees; calyx-lobes semiorbicular, about half as
long as the ovate obtuse petals; stamens 5, inserted under the margin of the disk;
filaments shorter than the anthers, minute and rudimentary in the pistillate flower;
ovary ovate, sessile, minute in the staminate flower; style terminal, short, undivided;
stigma 3-lobed. Fruit ovate, compressed, smooth and glabrous, crowned with the
remnants of the style; outer coat thick and resinous; stone crustaceous. Seed nearly
quadrangular, compressed; seed-coat smooth, dark brown and opaque, the broad
funicle covering its margin.

Metopium with two species is confined to southern Florida and the West Indies.

The generic name, from ^nos, was the classical name of an African tree now
unknown.

1. Metopium Metopium, Small. Poison Wood. Hog Gum.

(Rhus Metopium, Silva N. Am. iii. 13.)

Leaves clustered near the ends of the branches, 9'-10' long, with stout petioles
swollen and enlarged at the base, and 5-7 leaflets, or often 3-foliolate, unfolding in
March and persistent until the following spring; leaflets ovate, rounded or usually
contracted toward the acute or sometimes slightly emarginate apex, rounded or some-
times cordate or wedge-shaped at the base, 3'-4' long, 2'-3' broad, with thickened
slightly revolute margins, prominent midribs, primary veins spreading at right
angles, numerous reticulate veinlets, and stout petiolules V-1' long? that of the ter-
minal leaflet often twice as long as the others. Flowers about ^' in diameter, in
clusters as long or rather longer than the leaves; petals yellow-green, marked on the

604

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

inner surface by dark longitudinal lines; stamens rather shorter than the petals.
Fruit ripening in November and December, pendent in long graceful clusters,
orange-colored, rather lustrous, |' long; seed about \' long.

A tree, with exceedingly acrid poisonous juice, frequently 35°-40° high, with a
short trunk sometimes 2° in diameter, stout spreading often pendulous branches

forming a low broad head, and reddish brown branchlets marked by prominent leaf-
scars and numerous orange-colored lenticels. Winter-buds large, rufous-pubescent.
Bark of the trunk about ^' thick, light reddish brown tinged with orange, often
marked by dark spots caused by the exuding of the resinous gum, and separating
into large thin plate-like scales displaying the bright orange color of the inner bark.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, rich dark brown streaked with red, with thick light
brown or yellow sapwood of 25-30 layers of annual growth. The resinous gum
obtained from incisions made in the bark is emetic, purgative, and diuretic.

Distribution. Shores of Bay Biscay ne and the keys of southern Florida; very
abundant; also in the Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, and Honduras.

3. RHUS. K

Trees or shrubs, with pithy branchlets, fleshy roots, and milky sometimes caustic
OP watery juice. Leaves unequally pinnate, or rarely simple. Flowers mostly dioe-
cious, rarely polygamous, white or greenish white, in more or less compound axil-
lary or terminal panicles, the staminate and pistillate usually produced on separate
plants; calyx-lobes united at the base only, generally persistent; disk surrounding
the base of the free ovary, coherent with the base of the calyx; petals longer thau
the calyx-lobes, inserted under the margin of the disk, opposite its lobes, deciduous;
stamens 5, inserted on the margin of the disk alternate with the petals; filaments
longer than the anthers; ovary ovoid or subglobose, sessile; styles 3, terminal, free or
slightly connate at the base, rising from the centre of the ovary. Fruit usually glo-
bose, smooth or covered with hairs; outer coat thin and dry, more or less resinous;
stone crustaceous or bony. Seed ovoid or reniform, commonly transverse; cotyledons
foliaceous, generally transverse; radicle long, uncinate, laterally accumbent.

Rhus is widely distributed, with more than one hundred species, in the extra-
tropical regions of the northern and southern hemispheres. In North America the
genus is widely and generally distributed from Canada to southern Mexico and from

ANACARDIACE^ 605

the shores of the Atlantic to those of the Pacific Ocean, with sixteen or seventeen
species within the territory of the United States. Of these, four attain the habit of
small trees. The acrid poisonous juice of Rhus vernicifera, DC, of China, furnishes
the black varnish used in China and Japan in the manufacture of lacquer, and other
species are valued for the tannin contained in their leaves or for the wax obtained
from the fruit.

The name of the genus is from 'PoCs, the classical name of the European Sumach.

CONSPECTUS OF NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.

Flowers in terminal thyrsoidal panicles ; fruit globular, clothed with acrid hairs ; leaves
unequally pinnate, deciduous ; branchlets without terminal buds. Sumachs.

Branches and leaf -stalks densely velvety hairy; leaflets 11-31, pale on the lower sur-
face ; fruit covered with long- hairs ; buds inclosed in the enlarged bases of the
petioles; juice milky. 1. R. hirta (A, C).

Branches and leaf -stalks pubescent ; rachis winged ; leaflets 9-21, green on the lower
surface ; fruit pilose ; buds not inclosed by the petioles ; juice watery.

2. R. copallina (A, C).
Flowers in axillary slender panicles ; fruit glabrous, white ; leaves unequally pinnate, decidu-
ous; leaflets 7-13; branchlets with terminal buds. 3. R. Vernix*(A, C).
Flowers in short compact terminal panicled racemes ; fruit pubescent ; leaves ovate, entire
or serrate, simple or rarely trifoliolate, persistent. 4. R. integrifolia (G).

1. Rhus hirta, Sud-w. Staghorn Sumach.

Leaves 16'-24' long, with stout petioles usually red on the upper side and covered
with soft pale hairs, enlarged at the base and surrounding and inclosing the buds
developed in their axils, and 11-31 oblong often falcate rather remotely and sharply
serrate or rarely laciniate long-pointed nearly sessile or short-stalked leaflets rounded

or slightly heart-shaped at the base, at first covered above like the petioles and young
shoots with red caducous hairs, bright yellow-green until half grown, and at maturity
dark green and rather opaque on the upper surface, pale or often nearly white on the
lower surface, glabrous with the exception of the short fine hairs on the under side of
the stout midribs, and primary veins forked near the margins, opposite, or the lower
ones slightly alternate, those of the 3 or 4 middle pairs considerably longer than

606 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

those at the ends of the leaf and 2'-5' long and I'-l^' wide, turning in the autumn
before falling bright scarlet with shades of crimson, purple, and orange. Flo"wers
opening gradually and in succession in early summer, the pistillate a week or ten
days later than the staminate, on slender pedicels from the axils of small acute
pubescent bracts, in dense panicles, with pubescent stems and branchlets and acumi-
nate bracts ^' to nearly 2' long and deciduous with the opening of the flowers; panicle
of the staminate flowers 8'-12' long and 5'-6' broad, with wide-spreading branches and
nearly one third larger than the more compact panicle of the pistillate plant; calyx-
lobes acute, covered on the outer surface with long slender hairs, much shorter than
the petals in the staminate flower, and almost as long in the pistillate flower; petals
of the staminate flower yellow-green sometimes tinged with red, strap-shaped,
rounded at the apex, becoming reflexed above the middle at matiu-ity; petals of the
pistillate flower green, narrow and acuminate, with a thickened and slightly hooded
apex, remaining erect; disk bright red and conspicuous; stamens slightly exserted,
with slender filaments and large bright orange-colored anthers; ovary ovoid and
pubescent, the 3 short styles slightly connate at the base, with large capitate stig-
mas, in the staminate flower glabrous, much smaller, unusually rudimentary. Fruit
fully grown and colored in August and ripening late in the autumn in dense pani-
cles 6'-8' long and 2'-3' wide, depressed-globular, with a thin outer covering clothed
vritli long acrid crimson hairs and a small pale brown bony stone; seed slightly
reniform, orange-brown.

A tree, occasionally 35°-40° high, with copious white viscid juice turning black on
exposure, a slender often slightly inclining trunk occasionally 12'-14' in diameter,
stout upright often contorted branches forming a low flat open head, and thick branch-
lets covered with long soft brown hairs gathered also in tufts in the axils of the
leaves, becoming glabrous after their third or fourth year, and in their second season
marked by large narrow leaf-scars and by small orange-colored lenticels enlarging
vertically and persistent for several years; more frequently a tall shrub, spreading
by underground shoots into broad thickets. Winter-buds conical, thickly coated
with long silky pale brown hairs, about ^' long. Bark of the trunk thin, dark
brown, generally smooth, and occasionally separating into small square scales. "Wood
light, brittle, soft, coarse-grained, orange-colored, streaked with green, with thick
nearly white sap wood. From the young shoots pipes are made for drawing the sap
of the Sugar Maple. The bark, especially that of the roots, and the leaves are rich in
tannin.

Distribution. Usually on uplands in good soil, or less commonly on sterile grav-
elly banks and on the borders of streams and swamps; New Brunswick, through the
valley of the St. Lawrence River to southern Ontario and Minnesota, and southward
through the northern states and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia
and to central Alabama and Mississippi; more abundant on the Atlantic seaboard
than in the region west of the Appalachian Mountains.

Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental plant in the United States, and very
commonly in central and northern Europe.

2. Rhus copallina, L. Sumach.

Leaves 6'-8' long, with slender pubescent petioles and rachises more or less
broadly wing-margined between the leaflets, the wings increasing in width toward
the apex of the leaf, and 9-21 oblong or ovate-lanceolate leaflets entire or remotely
serrate above the middle, sharp-pointed or rarely emarginate at the apex, acute or

ANACARDIACE^

607

obtuse and often unequal at the base, the lower pairs short-petiolulate and smaller
than those above the middle of the leaf, the others sessile with the exception of the
terminal leaflet sometimes contracted into a long winged stalk, when they unfold
dark green and slightly puberulous above, especially along the midribs, and covered

below with fine silvery white pubescence, at maturity subcoriaceous, dark green and
lustrous above, pale and pubescent below, ll'-2^' long and about |' wide, with
slightly thickened revolute margins, prominent midribs and primary veins, turning in
the autumn before falling dark rich maroon color on the upper surface. Flowers
appearing from June at the south to August at the north, those of the staminate plant
opening in succession during nearly a month and continuing to unfold long after the
petals of the pistillate plant have fallen, on stout pubescent pedicels, ^'-\' long, in
short compact pubescent panicles, the lower branches from the axils of the upper leaves,
4'-6' long, 3'-4' broad, and usually smaller on the female than on the male plant, their
bracts and bractlets ovate or oblong, densely ciuereo-pilose, deciduous before the ex-
pansion of the flowers; calyx puberulous on the outer surface, with ovate acute lobes
one third as long as the ovate greenish yellow petals rounded at the apex, becom-
ing reflexed above the middle; disk red and conspicuous; stamens somewhat longer
than the petals, with slender filaments and large orange-colored anthers, in the
pistillate flower much shorter than the petals, with minute rudimentary anthers;
ovary ovate, pubescent, glabrous, much smaller in the staminate flower. Fruit
ripening in five or six weeks and borne in stout compact often nodding pubescent
clusters sometimes persistent on the branches until the beginning of the following
summer, 1' across, slightly obovate, more or less flattened, with a thin bright red coat
covered with short fine glandular hairs, and a smooth bony orange-brown stone;
seed reniforra, smooth, orange-colored, with a broad funicle.

A tree, 25°-30° high, with colorless watery juice, a short stout trunk 8'-10' in
diameter, erect spreading branches, and branchlets at first dark green tinged with
red and more or less densely clothed with short fine or sometimes ferrugineous pu-
bescence, appearing slightly zigzag at the end of the first season from the swellings
formed by the prominent leaf-scars, and then pale reddish brown, slightly puberulous
and marked by conspicuous dark-colored lenticels; or at the north a low shrub rarely
more than 4°-5° tall. Winter-buds axillary, minute, nearly globose, and covered
with dark rusty brown tomentum. Bark of the trimk ^'-^' thick, light brown tinged

608 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

with red, and marked by large elevated dark red-brown circular excrescences, and
separating into large thin papery scales. Wood light, soft, coarse-grained, light
brown streaked with green and often tinged with red, with thin lighter colored
sapwood of 4 'or o layers of annual growth. The leaves are rich in tannin and are
gathered in large quantities and ground for curing leather and for dyeing.

Distribution. Dry hillsides and ridges; widely and generally distributed from
northern New England to Manitee and the shores of Caximbas Bay, Florida, and to
eastern Nebraska and Kansas and ^,he valley of the San Antonio River, Texas; also
in Cuba; in the United States arborescent only in southern Arkansas and eastern
Texas; east of the Mississippi River rarely more than a few feet high and spreading
by underground stems on gravelly sterile soil into broad thickets; varying consider-
ably in the size and form of the leaflets. The most distinct and probably the most
constant of these varieties is var. lanceolata, Gray, a small tree growing on the prairies
of eastern Texas to the valley of the Rio Grande, often forming thickets on river
bluffs or on the banks of small streams, and distinguished by its narrow acute often
falcate narrow leaflets and by its larger inflorescence and fruit. It is a tree some-
times 2o°-30° high, with a trunk occasionally 8' in diameter, covered by dark gray
bark marked by lenticular excrescences. The flowers appear in July and August and
the dull red or sometimes green fruit ripens in early autumn and falls before the
beginning of winter.

Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental plant in the eastern United States, and
in western and northern Europe.

3. Rhus Vernix, L. Poison Dogwood. Poison Sumach.

Leaves 7'-14' long, with slender usually light red or red and green petioles, and
7-13 obovate-oblong entire leaflets slightly unequal at the base and narrowed at the
acute or rounded apex, bright orange color and coated, especially on the margins

fi^ u-gb

and under surface, with fine pubescence when they unfold, soon becoming glabrous,
and at maturity 3'-4' long, l^'-2' wide, dark green and lustrous above, pale below,
with prominent midribs scarlet above, primary veins forked near the margins, con-
spicuous reticulate veinlets, and revolute margins, turning early in the autumn before
falling to brilliant shades of scarlet or orange and scarlet. Flowers about ^' long,

ANACARDIACE^ 609

appearing in early summer on slender pubescent pedicels bibracteolate near the
middle, in long narrow axillary pubescent panicles crowded near the ends of the
branches, with acute pubescent early deciduous bracts and bractlets; calyx-lobes
acute, one third the length of the yellow-green acute petals erect and slightly re-
flexed toward the apex; stamens nearly twice as long as the petals, with slender
filaments and large orange-colored anthers, in the fertile flower not more than half
the length of the petals, with small rudimentary anthers, ovary ovoid-globose, with
short thick spreading styles terminating in large capitate stigmas. Fruit ripening
in September and often persistent on the branches until the following spring, in long
graceful racemes, ovate, acute, often flattened and slightly gibbous, tipped with the
dark remnants of the styles, glabrous, striate, ivory-white or white tinged with yel-
low, very lustrous, and about ^' long; stone conspicuously grooved, thin, membra-
naceous; seed pale yellow.

A tree, with acrid poisonous juice turning black on exposure, occasionally 20° high,
with a trunk o'-6' in diameter, slender rather pendulous branches forming a narrow
round-topped head, and slender glabrous branchlets reddish brown and covered with
minute orange-colored lenticels when they first appear, orange-brown at the end of
their first season, becoming light gray and marked by large elevated conspicuous
leaf-scars; more often a shrub, with several slender clustered stems. Winter-buds
acute and covered with dark purple scales puberulous on the back and ciliate on the
margins, with short pale hairs, the terminal -g'-f' long and two or three times larger
than the axillary buds. Bark of the trunk thin, light gray, smooth or sometimes
slightly striate. Wood light, soft, coarse-grained, light yellow streaked with brown,
with lighter colored sapwood.

Distribution. Wet swamps often inundated during a portion of the year; northern
New England to northern Georgia and Alabama, westward to northern Minnesota,
Arkansas, and western Louisiana; common and one of the most dangerous plants
of the Northern American flora. An infusion of the young branches and leaves is
employed in homceopathic practice, and the juice can be used as a black lustrous
durable varnish.

4. Rhus integrifolia, B. & H. Mahogany.

Leaves simple or very rarely 3-foliolate, persistent, acute or rounded at the apex,
with thickened revolute or spinosely toothed margins, puberulous when young, and at
maturity l^'-3' long, I'-l^' wide, thick and coriaceous, dark yellow-green above,
paler below, and glabrous with the exception of the stout petioles, broad thick mid-
ribs, and prominent reticulate veins. Flo'wers appearing from February to April,
Y in diameter when expanded, on short stout pedicels, with 2-4 broadly ovate pointed
persistent scarious ciliate pubescent bracts, in short dense racemes forming hoary »=
pubescent terminal panicles l'-3' in length; sepals rose-colored, orbicular, concavCi
ciliate on the marg^ins, rather less than half the leng^th of the rounded ciliate reflexed
rose-colored petals; stamens as long as the petals, with slender filaments and pale
anthers, minute and rudimentary in the pistillate flower; ovary broadly ovate, pubes^
cent, with 3 short thick connate styles and very large 3-lobed capitate stigmas. Fruit
^' long, ovate, flattened, more or less gibbous, thick, dark red, densely pubescent;
stone kidney-shaped, smooth, light chestnut-brown, with thick walls; seed flattened,
pale, with a broad dark-coloi'ed funicle covering its side.

A tree, rarely 30° high, with a short stout trunk 2°-3° in diameter, numerous
spreading branches, and stout branchlets covered when they first appear with thick

610

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

pale pubescence disappearing in their second and tliird years, and bright reddish
brown and marked by numerous small elevated lenticels; or usually a small often
almost prostrate shrub. Winter-buds small, obtuse, covered with a thick coat of

f)^if97

pale tomentum. Bark of the trunk \'-^' thick, bright reddish brown, exfoliating in
large plate-like scales. "Wood hard, heavy, bright clear red, with thin pale sap-
wood of 8-10 layers of annual growth; valued and largely used as fuel. The fruit
is occasionally employed in the preparation of a cooling beverage.

Distribution. Sandy sterile soil along sea beaches and bluffs in the immediate
neighborhood of the ocean; Santa Barbara, California, to the shores of Magdalena
Bay, Lower California, and on the Santa Barbara and Cedros islands; on the main-
land usually shrubby, forming close impenetrable thickets; in more sheltered situa-
tions and on the islands becoming arborescent; probably of its largest size on the
shores of Todos Santos Bay, Lower California.

XXX. CYRILLACE-ai.

Trees or shrubs, with small scaly buds and watery juice. Leaves alternate,
entire, subcoriaceous, without stipules, persistent or tardily deciduous. Flowers
small, regular, perfect, on slender bibracteolate pedicels, in terminal or axil-
lary racemes; calyx 5-8-lobed, persistent, the lobes imbricated in the bud ;
petals 5-8, hypogynous ; stamens 5-10, hypogynous, those opposite the petals
shorter than the others ; anthers oblong, introrse, 2-celled, the cells laterally
dehiscent, opening longitudinally ; ovary 2-4-celled ; ovules susjjended, ana-
tropous ; raphe dorsal ; micropyle superior. Fruit an indehiscent capsule.
Seed suspended ; seed-coat membranaceous ; albumen fleshy, radicle superior.

A family confined to the warmer parts of America, with three genera, of
which two are represented by small trees in the southern states.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.

Flowers in axillary racemes; calyx 5-lobed ; petals 5, contorted in the bud; fruit without
wings, 2-celled, with 2 seeds in each cell. 1. Cyrilla.

Flowers in terminal racemes ; calyx 5-8-lobed ; petals 5-8, imbricated in the bud ; fruit
with 2-4 wings, 3 or rarely 4-celled, with 1 seed in each cell. 2. Cliftonia.

CYRILLACE^

611

1. CYRILLA, L.

A glabrous tree or shrub, with spongy bark, slender terete branchlets conspicu-
ously marked by large leaf-scars, and narrow acute winter-buds covered with chest-
nut-brown scales. Leaves usually clustered near the ends of the branches, oblong or
obovate-oblong, pointed, rounded, or slightly emargiuate at the apex, conspicuously
reticulate-veined, short-petiolate, without stipules. Flowers on pedicels from the
axils of narrow alternate persistent bracts, in slender racemes from the axils of fallen
leaves or of small deciduous bracts near the extremities of the branches of the pre-
vious year; calyx minute, divided nearly to the base into 5 ovate-lanceolate acute
coriaceous lobes; petals 5, contorted in the bud, white or rose color, inserted on an
annular disk, three or four times longer than the calyx-lobes, oblong-lanceolate,
acute, concave, subcoriaceous, furnished below the middle on the inner surface with
a broad glandular nectary; stamens 5, opposite the divisions of the calyx, inserted
with and shorter than the petals; filaments subulate, fleshy; anther-cells united
above the point of the attachment of the filament, free below; ovary free, sessile,
ovoid, pointed, 2-celled; styles short, thick; stigma 2-lobed, with spreading lobes;
ovules 3 in each cell, suspended from an elongated placental process developed
from the apex of the cell. Fruit 2-celled, broadly ovoid, crowned with the rem-
nants of the persistent style; pericarp spongy. Seeds 2 in each cell, elongated, acu-
minate; embryo minute, cylindrical, 2-lobed.

Cyrilla is represented by a single species of the coast region of the south Atlan-
tic and Gulf states and of the Antilles and eastern tropical South America.

The name commemorates the scientific labors of Domenico Cirillo (1734—1799),
the distinguished Italian naturalist and patriot.

1. Cyrilla racemiflora, L. Ironwood. Leather "Wood.

Leaves 2'-3' long, ^'-1' broad, with stout petioles ^-1' long, turning late in the
autumn and early winter to brilliant shades of orange and scarlet and then decidu-
ous, or southward persistent with little change of color until the beginning of the

f^.H-9S

following summer. Flowers appearing late in June or early in July, in racemes
usually 6-10 together and 4'-6' long, at first erect, becoming pendulous before the

612 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

fruit ripens. Fruit ripening in August and September, rarely more than ■^' long;
seeds light brown.

A slender tree, oceasionall}' 30°-35° high, with a stout often eccentric trunk 10'-14'
in diameter, dividing several feet above the ground into numerous wide-spreading
branches, and slender branchlets bright brown during their first season and ulti-
mately ashy gray; or often a broad bush sending up many slender stems 15°-20° high.
Winter-buds about ^' long. Bark of the trunk rarely more than ^' thick except
near the base of old trees, and covered by large thin bright red-brown scales. Wood
heavy, hard, close-grained, not strong, brown tinged with red, with rather lighter
colored sap wood. The spongy bark at tlie base of the trunk is pliable, absorbent, and
astringent, and is recommended as a styptic.

Distribution, Rich shaded river-bottoms, the borders of sandy swamps and
shallow ponds of the coast Pine belt, or on high sandy exposed ridges rising above
streams near the Gulf coast; North Carolina southward near the coast to about
latitude 30 in the Florida peninsula, on the keys of southern Florida, and westward
along the Gulf coast to the valley of the Neches River, Texas; and in Cuba,
Jamaica, Demarara, and Brazil.

2. CLIFTONIA, Gaertn. f.

A glabrous tree or shrub, with thick dark brown scaly bark, slender terete branch-
lets marked by conspicuous leaf-scars, and small acuminate buds covered by chest-
nut-brown scales. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, rounded or slightly emarginate at the
apex, glandular-punctate, short-petiolate, persistent. Flowers on pedicels from the
axils of large acuminate membranaceous alternate bracts deciduous before the open-
ing of the flowers, in short terminal erect racemes; calyx 5-8-lobed, equal or un-
equal, broadly ovate, rounded or acuminate at the apex, much shorter than the 5-8
obovate unguiculate concave white or rose-colored sepals; stamens 10, opposite and
alternate with the sepals, inserted with and shorter than the petals, 2-ranked, those
of the outer rank longer than the others; filaments laterally enlarged near the
middle, flattened below, subulate above; disk cup-shaped, surrounding the base of
the oblong 2-4- winged 2-4-celled ovary; stigma subsessile, obscurely 2-4-lobed;
ovules 2 in each cell, suspended from its apex. Fruit oblong, 2-4-winged, crowned
with the remnants of the persistent style, 3 or rarely 4-celled; pericarp spongy,
the wings thin and membranaceous. Seed 1 in each cell, terete, tapering to the ends,
suspended; cotyledons very short.

Cliftonia is represented by a single species of the south Atlantic and Gulf states.

The generic name is in honor of Dr. Francis Clifton (d. 1736), an English physi-
cian.

1. Cliftonia monophylla, Sarg. Titi. Ironwood.

Leaves l^'-2' long, ^'-V wide, bright green and lustrous on the upper, paler on
the lower surface, persistent until the autumn of their second year. FloTwers fra-
grant, appearing in February and March, in nodding racemes becoming erect, and
conspicuous from the long exserted dark red-brown caducous bracts. Fruit about
^' long, ripening in August and September; seeds -^q'-^' long, light brown.

A tree, occasionally 40°-50° high, with a stout often crooked or inclining trunk,
occasionally 15'-18' in diameter and usually divided 12°-15° from the ground into a
number of stout ascending branches, and slender rigid bright red-brown branchlets,
becoming paler during their second and third seasons; or sometimes a shrub, with

AQUIFOLIACE^

613

numerous straggling stout or slender stems frequently only a few feet high or often
30°-40° high. Winter-buds about Y long. Bark of young stems and of large
branches thin, the surface separating into small persistent scales l'-2' long, becom-
ing near the base of old trees deeply furrowed, dark red-brown, 1' thick, and broken

on the surface into short broad scales. Wood heavy, close-grained, moderately
hard, brittle, not strong, brown tinged with red, with thick lighter colored sap-
wood of 40-50 layers of annual growth ; burning with a clear bright flame, and valued
as fuel.

Distribution. Damp sandy peat soil in swamps almost submerged for several
months in the year, or often in shallow rarely overflowed swamps; coast region of
the south Atlantic states from the vallev of the Savannah River to northern Florida,
and through the maritime Pine belt of the Gulf coast to eastern Louisiana.

XXXI. AQUIFOLIACEiE.

Trees or shrubs, with terete branchlets, scaly buds, and alternate simple entire
crenate or pungently toothed petiolate persistent or deciduous leaves, with
minute stipules. Flowers axillary, solitary or cymose, small, greenish, dioecious ;
calyx 4— 6-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud, hypogynous ; petals 4-6, imbri-
cated in the bud ; disk 0 ; stamens as many as and alternate with the petals and
adnate to the base of the corolla ; anthers introrse, 2-celled, the cells opening
longitudinally, small and sterile in the pistillate flower ; pistil compound ; ovary
4— 8-celled, minute and rudimentary in the staminate flower ; style short or 0 ;
stigmas as many as the cells of the ovary, nearly confluent ; ovule generally
solitary in each cell, suspended, anatropous ; raphe usually dorsal, the micro-
pyle superior. Fruit a drupe, with as many indehiscent bony or crustaceous
1-seeded nutlets as carpels ; sarcocarp thin and fleshy. Seed narrowed at the
ends, suspended ; seed-coat membranaceous, pale brown ; embryo minute in the
apex of the copious fleshy albumen ; cotyledons plain ; the radicle superior.

The Holly family with five genera is distributed in temperate and tropical
regions of the two hemispheres. Of the five genera now recognized, only Ilex
is important in the number of species or is widely distributed.

614 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

1. ILEX, L.

Characters of the family.

Ilex with about one hundred and seventy-five species is found in all tropical and
temperate regions of the world with the exception of western North America, Aus-
tralia, New Zealand, Tasmania, and New Guinea, the largest number of species
occurring in Brazil and Guiana. Of the thirteen species which inhabit eastern North
America, five are small trees. Ilex contains a bitter principle, ilicin, and possesses
tonic properties. Ilex Paraguariensis, St. Hilaire, of South America, furnishes the
matd or Paraguay tea, and is the most useful of the species. The European Ilex
Aquifolium, L., is a favorite garden plant, and is sometimes planted in the middle and
southern United States.

Ilex is the classical name of the Evergreen Oak of southern Europe.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.

Parts of the flower in 4's ; pedicels with bractlets at the base ; nutlets prominently ribbed
on the back and sides ; leaves persistent.

Leaves armed with spiny teeth ; young branchlets glabrous or sparingly pubescent.

1. I. opaca (A, C).
Leaves serrate or entire.

Leaves oblanceolate or obovate-oblong, mostly entire ; young branchlets pubescent ;

calyx-lobes acuminate. 2. I. Cassine (C).

Leaves elliptical or elliptical-oblong, coarsely crenulate-serrate ; young branchlets

puberulous ; calyx-lobes obtuse. 3. I. vomitoria (C).

Parts of the flower in 4's or 5's, rarely in 6's; pedicels without bractlets ; nutlets striate,

many-ribbed on the back ; leaves deciduous.

Leaves oblong-spatulate or lanceolate-obovate, remotely crenulate-serrate ; calyx-lobes
broadly triangular. 4. I. decidua (A, C).

Leaves ovate or lanceolate-oblong, sharply serrate ; calyx-lobes acute.

5. I. monticola (A).
1. Ilex opaca, Ait. Holly.

Leaves elliptical to obovate-oblong, pungently acute, with thickened undulate
margins and few stout spinose teeth, or occasionally quite entire, especially on the
upper branches, thick, coriaceous, dull yellow-green, paler and often yellow on the
lower surface, 2'-4' long, with prominent midribs and conspicuous veins, persistent
on the branches for three years, finally deciduous in the spring; their petioles short,
stout, thickened at the base, grooved above, slightly puberulent; stipules minute,
broadly acute or nearly deltoid, persistent. Flowers appearing in spring on slender
puberulous pedicels, with minute acute bractlets, in short pedunculate cymes from
the axils of young leaves or scattered along the base of the young shoots, 3-9-flowered
on the staminate and 1 or rarely 2 or 3-flowered on the pistillate plant; calyx-lobes
acute, ciliate on the margins; stigmas broad and sessile. Fruit ripening late in the
autumn, persistent on the branches during the winter, spherical or ovoid, dull red or
rarely yellow, \' in diameter; nutlets prominently few-ribbed on the back and sides,
rather narrower at the apex than at the base.

A tree, sometimes 40°-50° high, with a trunk 2°, 3°, or exceptionally 4° in diame-
ter, short slender branches forming a narrow pyramidal head, and stout branchlets
covered at first with fine rufous pubescence disappearing during their first season,
and becoming glabrous and pale brown. "Winter-buds short, obtuse or acuminate,
\'-^ long, with narrow acuminate ciliate scales. Bark about \' thick, light gray and

AQUIFOLIACE^

615

roughened by wart-like excrescences. "Wood light, tough, not strong, close-grained,
nearly white when first cut, turning brown with age and exposure, with thick rather

lighter colored sap wood ; valued and much used in cabinet-making, in the interior
finish of houses, and in turnery. The branches are used in large quantities for
Christmas decoration.

Distribution. Coast of Massachusetts, in the city of Quincy, southward gener-
ally near the coast to the shores of Mosquito Inlet and Charlotte Harbor, Florida,
valley of the Mississippi River from southern Indiana to the Gulf of Mexico, and
through Missouri, Arkansas, and Louisiana to eastern Texas; rare and of small size
east of the Hudson River and rare in the Alleghany Mountain region and the coun-
try immediately west of it; most abundant and of its largest size on the bottom-lands
of the streams of southern Arkansas and eastern Texas; at the north in dry rather
gravelly soil often on the margins of Oak woods, southward on the borders of swampy
river-bottoms, in rich humid soil.

Occasionally cultivated in the eastern states as an ornamental plant.

2. Ilex Cassine, L. Dahoon.

Leaves oblanceolate to obovate-oblong, acute, mucronate or rarely rounded and
occasionally emarginate at the apex, gradually narrowed and cuneate at the base,
revolute and entire or sometimes serrate above the middle, with sharp mucronate
teeth, puberulous above and densely pubescent below when they first unfold, be-
coming glabrous at maturity with the exception of scattered hairs on the lower sur-
face of the broad midribs, dark green and lustrous above, pale below, l^'-3' long,
and ^'-1' wide; their petioles short, stout, thickened at the base, sparingly villose.
Flowers on hairy pedicels, with acute scarious bractlets, in pedunculate clusters,
3-9-flowered on the staminate plant, usually 3-fiowered on the pistillate plant, some-
times nearly 1' long, from the axils of leaves of the year or occasionally of the pre-
vious year; calyx-lobes acute, ciliate. Fruit ripening late in the autumn, persistent
until the following spring, globose, sometimes ^' in diameter, bright or occasionally
dull red or nearly yellow, solitary or often in clusters of 3's; nutlets prominently
few-ribbed on the back and sides; rounded at the base, acute at the apex.

A tree, 25°-30° high, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, and branches coated at

616

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

first with dense silky pubescence persistent until the end of the second or third year,
ultimately dark brown and marked b}^ occasional lenticels; or often a low shrub.
"Winter-buds minute, acute, with lanceolate scales thickly coated with pale silky
pubescence. Bark of the trunk about ^' thick, dark gray, thickly covered and ^
roughened by lenticels. Wood light, soft, close-grained, not strong, pale brown,
with thick nearly white sapwood.

Distribution. Cold swamps and on their borders, in rich moist soil, or occasion-
ally on the high sandy banks of Pine-barren streams; southern Virginia southward in J
the immediate neighborhood of the coast to the shores of Bay Biscayne and Tampa
Bay, Florida, and along the Gulf coast to western Louisiana; nowhere abundant on
the Atlantic coast; most common in western Florida and southern Alabama; passing j

through forms with elongated narrow leaves into the variety myrtifolia, Sarg. This
is a low shrub or occasionally a slender wide-branched tree, with pale nearly white
bark, puberulous branchlets, and crowded generally entire mucronate leaves ^'-1'
long, \' wide, with strongly reflexed margins, very short petioles, and broad promi-
nent midribs; an inhabitant of Cypress swamps and Pine-barren ponds or their mar-
gins, in the neighborhood of the coast. North Carolina to Lotiisiana; perhaps to be
considered a distinct species.

3. Ilex vomitoria. Ait. Cassena. Yaupon.

Leaves elliptical to elliptical-oblong, obtuse, coarsely and remotely crenulate-
serrate, coriaceous, dark green and lustrous above, pale and opaque below, l'-2'
long, \'-V broad, persistent for two or three years, generally falling just before the
appearance of the new growth of their third season; their petioles short, broad, and
grooved. Flowers on slender club-shaped glabrous pedicels, with minute bractlets
at the base, in short glabrous cymes on branchlets of the previous year, those of the
staminate plant short-stemmed and many-flowered, those of the pistillate plant ses-
sile and 1 or 2-flowered; calyx-lobes rounded, obtuse, often slightly ciliate; ovary
contracted below the broad flat stigma. Fruit produced in great abundance, on
stems not more than \' long, ripening late in the autumn or in early winter, soon
deciduous, or persistent until spring, scarlet, nearly globose, about \' in diameter;
nutlets obtuse at the ends, and prominently few-ribbed oii the back and sides.

AQUIFOLIACE^

617

A small much-branched tree, 20°-25° high, with a slender often inclining trunk
rarely more than 6' in diameter and stout branchlets standing at right angles with
the stem, slightly angled and puberulous during the first season, becoming glabrous

/)Q J"02.

or nearly glabrous, terete and pale gray in their second year; generally a tall shrub,
with numerous stems forming dense thickets. Winter-buds minute, obtuse, with
narrow dark brown or often nearly black scales. Bark of the trunk i\'-|' thick,
the light red-brown surface broken into thin minute scales. Wood heavy, hard,
close-grained, nearly white, turning yellow with exposure, with thick lighter colored
sapwood.

Distribution. Southern Virginia to the St. John's River and Cedar Keys, Flor-
ida, and westward to the shores of Matagorda Bay and the valley of the upper Rio
Blanco, Texas, and to southern Arkansas; in the Atlantic and east Gulf states
rarely far from salt water and usually not more than 10°-15° high; of its largest
size and of tree-like habit only on the rich bottom-lands of eastern Texas. The
branches covered with the fruit are sold during the winter months for decorative
purposes. An infusion of the leaves, which are emetic and purgative, was used by
the Indians, who formerly visited the coast in large numbers every spring to drink it.

4. Ilex decidua, Walt.

Leaves deciduous, except on vigorous shoots fascicled at the ends of short spur-
like lateral branchlets, oblong-spatulate or spatulate-lanceolate, acuminate, obtuse,
or emarginate at the apex, gradually narrowed below, remotely crenulate-serrate,
2'-3' long, ^-1' wide, membranaceous, becoming thick and firm at maturity, light
green above and pale and sparingly hairy along the narrow midribs beneath; their
petioles slender, grooved, pubescent, about ^' long; stipules filiform, membrana-
ceous. Flowers on slender pedicels, those of the staminate plant often ^ long and
longer than those of the pistillate plant, in 1 or 2-flowered glabrous cymes crowded
at the ends of the lateral branches of the previous season, or rarely solitary on
branchlets of the year; calyx-lobes triangular, with smooth or sometimes ciliate
margins. Fruit on short stout stems, ripening in the early autumn, often remaining
on the branches until the appearance of the leaves the following spring, globose
or depressed-globose, orange or orange-scarlet, ^' in diameter; nutlets narrowed
and rounded at the base, acute or acuminate at the apex, many-ribbed on the back.

618

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

A tree, 20°-30° high, with a slender trunk 6'-10' in diameter, stout spreading
branches, and slender glabrous pale silver gray branchlets; more often a tall strag-
gling shrub. Wiiiter-buds minute, obtuse, with ovate light gray scales. Bark of
the trunk rarely more than ^^' thick, light brown, and roughened by wart-like excres-
cences. "Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, creamy white, with rather lighter colored
sap wood.

Distribution. Borders of streams and swamps in low moist soil; southern Vir-
ginia to western Florida in the region between the eastern base of the Appalachian

f>^JOJ

Mountains and the neighborhood of the coast, and through the Gulf states to the
valley of the Colorado River, Texas, and through Arkansas and Missouri to southern
Illinois; usually shrubby east of the Mississippi River and only arborescent in
Missouri, southern Arkansas, and eastern Texas. In Florida a form (var. Curtissii,
Fern.) occurs with leaves only J'-|' long and fruit about ^' in diameter.

5. Ilex monticola, Gray.

Leaves deciduous, ovate to lanceolate-oblong, acute at the apex, cuneate or
rounded at the base, sharply and rather remotely serrate, with minute glandular
teeth, membranaceous, glabrous, or sparingly hairy along the prominent midribs
and veins, 4:'-5' long, ^'-2' wide, light green above and pale below; their petioles
slender, |'-^' long. Flowers appearing in June when the leaves are more than
half grown, on slender pedicels ^' long on the staminate plant and much longer on
the pistillate plant, in 1-2-flowered cymes crowded at the ends of lateral spur-like
branchlets of the previous year, or solitary on branchlets of the year; calyx-lobes
acute, ciliate; ovary contracted below the broad flat stigma. Fruit globose, bright
scarlet, nearly 1' in diameter; nutlets narrowed at the ends, prominently ribbed
on the back and sides.

A tree, 30°-40° high, with a short trunk sometimes 10^-12' in diameter, slender
branches forming a narrow pyramidal head, and more or less zigzag glabrous branch-
lets pale red-brown at first, becoming dark gray at the end of their first season; more
often a low shrub, with spreading stems. Winter-buds broadly ovate to sutglobose,
about ^' long, with ovate keeled apiculate light brown scales. Bark of the trunk
usually less than ^V thick, with a light brown surface roughened by numerous lenti-
cels. Wood hard, heavy, close-grained, and creamy white.

CELASTRACE.E

619

Distribution. Central anti western New York, southward along the Alleghany
Mountains to northern Alabama; arborescent only on the banks of streams flowing
from the Blue Ridge in North and South Carolina.

XXXII. CELASTRACEiE.

Trees or shrubs, with watery juice, and opposite or alternate simple per-
sistent or deciduous leaves with or without stipules. Flowers regular, perfect,
polygamous or dioecious, pedicellate in axillary clusters ; calyx 4-5-lobed, the
lobes imbricated in the bud ; petals 4 or 5, imbricated in the bud ; stamens 4
or 5 ; anthers introrse, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally ; ovary 2-5-
celled; ovules 2 or solitary in each cell (6 in Canotia), anatropous, or sub-
horizontal Xm Canotia). Fruit a capsule or drupe. Seed with copious albu-
men ; embryo axile.

A family of about thirty-eight genera widely distributed over the tropical
and warm temjDerate parts of the world, with four arborescent representatives
in the United States.

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.

Parts of the flower in 4's.

Leaves opposite, deciduous ; flowers polygamous ; fruit a fleshy 3-5-celled capsule ; seed
surrounded by a colored aril. 1. Evonymus.

Leaves alternate, persistent ; flowers dioecious ; fruit a drupe ; seed without an aril.

Leaves often crenately serrate above the middle ; stipules minute, caducous ; fruit

usually 1-seeded ; branchlets quadrangular. 2. Gyminda. i-'v* • ^

Leaves entire ; stipules 0 ; fruit 2-seeded ; branchlets terete. 3. Schaefferia.

Parts of the flower in 5's, leaves 0 ; flowers perfect ; fruit a woody 5-celled capsule, the
valves 2-lobed at the apex. 4. Canotia,

1. EVONYMUS, L.

Small generally glabrous trees or shrubs, with usually square branchlets, bitter
drastic bark, slender obtuse or acuminate winter-buds, and fibrous roots. Leaves
opposite, petiolate, entire, crenate or dentate; stipules minute, caducous. Flowers
perfect or polygamo-dioecious, in dichotomous axillary usually few-flowered cymes;
calyx 4-lobed (in the North American arborescent species) ; disk thick and fleshy,

620

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

coherincf with and filling the short tube of the calyx, flat, 4-angled or lobed, closely
surrounding and adhering to the ovary; petals inserted in the sinuses of the calyx
under the free border of the disk, as many as and much longer than the calyx-lobes,
spreading, deciduous; stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them, in-
serted on the summit of the disk; filaments very short, subulate, erect or recurved;
anthers 2-cclled, the cells nearly parallel or spreading below; ovary 4-celled; styles
short, terminating in a depressed stigma; ovules usually 2 in each cell, ascending
from the central angle, raphe ventral, micropyle inferior, or pendulous, the raphe
then dorsal and the micropyle superior. Fruit capsular, 4-lobed and celled, fleshy,
angled or winged, smooth (in the North American arborescent species), loculicidally
4-valved, the valves septiferous. Seeds 2 in each cell, or commonly solitary by
abortion, ascending, surrounded by a colored aril; seed-coat chartaceous; albumen
fleshy; embryo axile; cotyledons broad, coriaceous, parallel with the raphe; the
radicle short, inferior.

Evonymus is widely distributed through the northern hemisphere, extending south
of the equator to the islands of the Indian Archipelago and to Australia. About
forty species are distinguished, the largest number occurring in the tropical regions
of southern Asia, and in China and Japan. Of the four species found within the ter-
ritory of the United States one only is a small tree. Many of the species are rich in
bitter and astringent principles, and are drastic and slightly stimulant. Many are
valued as ornaments of gardens and parks.

The generic name is from the classical name of one of the European species.

1. Evonymus atropurpureus, Jacq. Burning Bush. Wahoo.

Leaves elliptical-ovate, acuminate, minutely serrate or biserrate, membranaceous,
puberulous below, 2'-5' long, l'-2' broad, with stout midribs and primary veins,
turning pale yellow in the autumn and falling in October; their petioles stout, ^'-V

long. Flowers appearing from May to the middle of June, nearly |' across, with
4 rounded or rarely acute mostly entire calyx-lobes, broadly obovate undulate petals
often erose on the margins, and spreading anthers, in twice or thrice dichotomous
usually 7-15-flowered cymes borne on slender peduncles l'-2' long and conspicu-
ously marked by the scars of minute bracts. Fruit ripening in October, usually
persistent on the branches until midwinter, deeply lobed, i' across, with light purple

CELASTRACEJE 621

valves; seeds sometimes gibbous on the dorsal side, broad and rounded above, nar-
rowed below, ^' long, with a thin light chestnut-brown wrinkled coat and a thin
scarlet aril.

A tree, rarely 20°-25° high, with a trunk 4'-6' in diameter, spreading branches,
and slender terete branchlets dark purple-brown at first, becoming lighter colored
in the second season, often covered with small crowded lenticels, and marked by-
prominent leaf-scars; more often a shrub, 6°-10° tall. Winter-buds ^' long, acute,
with narrow purple apiculate scales scarious on the margins and covered by a glau-
cous bloom. Bark thin, ashy gray, and covered by thin minute scales. "Wood
heavy, hard, very close-grained, white tinged with orange.

Distribution. Borders of woods in rich soil; western New York to Nebraska,
southeastern South Dakota and eastern Kansas, and in the valley of the upper Mis-
souri River, Montana, and southward to northern Florida, southern Arkansas, and
the Indian Territory; arborescent only in southern Arkansas and eastern Texas.

Occasionally cultivated as an ornament of gardens in the eastern United States
and in Europe.

2. GYMINDA, Sarg.

Trees or shrubs, with pale quadrangular branchlets and minute acuminate buds.
Leaves opposite, short-petiolate, oblong-obovate, -rounded and sometimes emarginate
at the apex, entire or remotely crenulate-serrate above the middle, with revolute
thickened margins, feather-veined, coriaceous, persistent; stipules minute, acuminate,
membranaceous, caducous. Flowers unisexual, pedicellate, in axillary pedunculate
few-flowered dichotomously branched cymes bibracteolate at the apex ; calyx minute,
4-lobed, persistent, with a short urceolate tube and rounded lobes; disk fleshy, fill-
ing the tube of the calyx, cup-shaped, slightly 4-lobed; petals entire, obovate, white,
rounded at the apex, reflexed, much longer than the lobes of the calyx; stamens 4,
opposite the sepals, inserted in the lobes of the disk, exserted, 0 in the pistillate flower;
filaments slender, subulate, incurved; anthers oblong; ovary 2-celled, oblong, sessile,
confluent with the disk, crowned with a large 2-lobed sessile stigma, rudimentary
and deeply cleft in the staminate flower; ovule solitary, suspended from the apex of
the cell; raphe dorsal; micropyle superior. Fruit drupaceous, 2-celled, 1 or 2-seeded,
black or dark blue, oval or obovate, crowned with the remnants of the persistent
stigma, often 1-celled by abortion; flesh thin; stone thick, crustaceous. Seed oblong,
suspended; seed-coat membranaceous; albumen thin, fleshy; embryo axile; cotyle-
dons ovate, foliaceous; radicle superior, next the hilum.

Gyminda with a single species is distributed from southern Florida to Trinidad
and southern Mexico, and is represented in Central America by what is perhaps a
second species.

The generic name Is formed by transposing the first three letters of Myginda, to
which this plant had been referred.

1. Gyminda Grisebachii, Sarg.

Leaves l^'-2' long, f'-l' broad, pale yellow-green. Flo"wers produced on shoots
of the year from April to June. Fruit ripening in November, ^' long.

A tree, sometimes 20°-25° high, with a trunk rarely more than 6' in diameter, and
branchlets becoming terete during their third season and covered with thin slightly
grooved roughened bright red-brown bark. Bark of the trunk thin, brown tinged
with red, separating into thin minute scales. "Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained.

622

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

dark brown or nearly black, with thick light brown sapwood of 75-80 layers of
annual growth.

Distribution. Common and generally distributed over the keys of southern

Florida from the Marquesas toMetacombe Key; also in Cuba, Porto Rico, Trinidad,
and southern Mexico. A form (var. glaucescens, Sarg.) with smaller less coriaceous
very glaucous leaves occurs in Cuba.

3. SCHiEFFERIA, Jacq.

Glabrous trees or shrubs, with slender rigid terete branches and small obtuse
buds. Leaves alternate, or fascicled on short spur-like branchlets, entire, obovate or
spatulate, acute and minutely apiculate or gradually narrowed to the rounded or emar-
ginate apex, cuneate below, persistent, without stipules. Flowers dioecious, pedi-
cellate in axillary clusters from buds covered by scale-like persistent bracts; calyx
4-lobed, the lobes orbicular, persistent, much shorter than the 4 hypogynous, oblong-
obtuse, white or greenish white petals; stamens 4, hypogynous, inserted under the
margin of the small inconspicuous disk opposite the lobes of the calyx, wanting
in the pistillate flower; filaments subulate, incurved; anthers oblong-ovate; ovary
2-celled, ovoid, sessile, free, rudimentary in the staminate flower; style very short,
gradually enlarged into the large 2-lobed stigma, with spreading lobes; ovule soli-
tary, ascending; raphe thin, ventral; the micropyle inferior. Fruit a small 2-seeded
fleshy drupe, ovate or obovate, crowned with the remnants of the persistent style,
indistinctly 2-lobed by longitudinal grooves, slightly flattened; flesh thin and tuber-
culate; nutlets 2, obovate, rounded at the ends, with a thick bony shell. Seed
solitary, ascending; seed-coat membranaceous; albumen fleshy; cotyledons broad,
foliaceous; the radicle very short, inferior, next the hilum.

Two species of SchsefPeria are recognized, one a small tree widely distributed
through the Antilles and reaching the islands of southern Florida and central
America, the second a little-known shrub of the arid region of western Texas and
northern Mexico.

The generic name is in honor of Jakob Christian Schaeffer (1718-1790), the dis-
tinguished German naturalist.

CELASTRACE^

623

1. Schaeflferia frutescens, Jacq. Yellow "Wood. Box Wood.

Leaves bright yellow-green, 2'-2^' long, ^'-1' wide, with thick revolute margins,
appearing in Florida in April and persistent on the branches until the spring of the fol-
lowing year; their petioles short and broad. Flowers opening in spring on branchlets
of the year, ^' across, the staminate generally 3 or 5 together on pedicels rarely more
than y long, the pistillate solitary or 2 or 3 together on pedicels rather longer than
the petioles. Fruit ripening in Florida in November, slightly grooved, compressed,
bright scarlet, with an acrid disagreeable flavor.

A glabrous tree, 35°-40° high, with a trunk sometimes 8^-10' in diameter, erect
branches, and slender many-angled branchlets pale greenish yellow during their first
season, becoming light gray during the second year and then conspicuously marked

by the remains of the persistent wart-like clusters of bud-scales; or often a tall or
low shrub. Bark of the trunk rarely more than J^' thick, pale brown faintly tinged
with red, the surface divided by long shallow fissures, and ultimately separating into
long narrow- scales. Wood heavy, close-grained, bright clear yellow, with thick
rather lighter colored sapwood; sometimes used as a substitute for boxwood in wood
engraving.

Distribution. Metacombe Key eastward along the keys, in the neighborhood of
the Caloosa River, and sparingly on the reef keys, Florida; on the Bahama Islands,
and widely distributed through the West Indies to Venezuela.

4. CANOTIA, Torr.

A glabrous leafless tree, with light brown deeply furrowed bark, stout terete alter-
nate branches terminating in rigid spines, pale green and striate, their bases and
those of the peduncles surrounded by black triangular persistent cushion-like pro-
cesses minutely papillose on the surface. Flowers perfect, on slender spreading
pedicels joined below the middle, 3-7 together, in short-stemmed fascicles or corymbs
near the ends of the branches, from the axils of minute ovate subulate bracts; calyx
5-lobed, minute, persistent, much shorter than the oblong obtuse white hypogynous
petals imbricated in the bud, reflexed at maturity above the middle, deciduous; sta-
mens 5, hypogynous, opposite the lobes of the calyx; filaments awl-shaped, rather
shorter than the petals, persistent on the fruit; anthers oblong, cordate, introrse,

624

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

minutely apiculate, attached below the middle, grooved on the back; ovary raised
upon and confluent with a fleshy slightly 10-angled gynophore, papillose-glandular
on the surface, 5-celled, the cells opposite the petals, terminating in a fleshy elon-
gated style; stigma slightly 5-lobed; ovules 6 in each cell, inserted in 2 ranks on its
inner angle, subhorizontal; mieropyle inferior. Fruit a woody terete oblong capsule
tapering at the ends, crowned with a subulate persistent style, septicidally 5-valved,
the valves 2-lobed at the apex; outer coat thin, fleshy; inner coat woody. Seed soli-
tary or in pairs, ascending, subovate, flattened; seed-coat subcoriaceous, papillate,
produced below into a subfalcate membranaceous wing; embryo surrounded by thin
fleshy albumen, erect; cotyledons oval, compressed; radicle very short, inferior.

The genus is represented by a single species.

The generic name is that by which this plant was known to the Mexicans of Arizona
at the time of its discovery.

1. Canotia holacantha, Torr.

Leaves 0. Flo"wers ^'-\' in diameter, appearing from June until October.
Capsule 1' long; seed about |' long.

A small shrub-like tree, sometimes 20°-30° high, with a short stout trunk rarely a
foot in diameter; or often a low spreading shrub.

Distribution. Dry gravelly mesas on the Arizona foothills, from the White

Mountain region to the valley of Bill Williams's Fork in the northwestern part of
the territory, and on Providence Mountain in southern California.

XXXIII. ACERACE^.

Trees or rarely shrubs, with limpid juice, terete branches, scaly buds, their
inner scales accrescent and marking the base of the branchlets with ring-like
scars, and fibrous roots. Leaves opposite, long-petioled, simple, palmately
3_7-lobed or pinnately 3-5-foHolulate, usually without stipules, deciduous, in
falling leaving small U-shaped narrow scars showing the ends of 3 equidistant
fibro-vascular bundles. Flowers regular, dioeciously or monoeciously polyga-
mous, rarely perfect or dioecious, in fascicles produced from separate lateral buds
appearing before the leaves or in terminal and lateral racemes or panicles

ACERACEJE 625

appearing with or later than the leaves ; bracts minute, caducous ; calyx
colored, generally 5-parted, the lobes imbricated in the bud ; petals usually
5, imbricated in the bud, or 0 ; disk annular, fleshy, more or less lobed, with
a free margin ; stamens 4-10, usually 7 or 8, inserted on the summit or inside
of the disk, hypogynous ; filaments distinct, filiform, commonly exserted in the
staminate, shorter and generally abortive in the pistillate flower ; anthers ob-
long or linear, attached at the base, introrse, 2-celled, the cells opening longi-
tudinally ; ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled, compressed contrary to the dissepiment,
wing-margined on the back ; styles 2, inserted between the lobes of the ovary,
connate below and divided into 2 linear branches stigmatose on their inner
surface ; ovules 2 in each cell, collateral, rarely superposed, ascending, attached
by their broad bases to the inner angle of the cell, anatropous or amphitropous ;
micropyle inferior. Fruit composed of 2 samaras separable from a small per-
sistent axis, the nut-like carpels compressed laterally, produced on the back into
large chartaceous or coriaceous reticulated obovate wings thickened on the lower
margin. Seed solitary by abortion, or rarely 2 in each cell, ovate, compressed,
irregularly 3-angled, ascending obliquely, without albumen ; seed-coat mem-
branaceous, the inner coat often fleshy ; embryo conduplicate ; cotyledons thin,
foliaceous or coriaceous, irregularly plicate, incumbent or accumbent on the
elongated descending radicle turned toward the hilum.

A family of two genera, one widely distributed, the other, Dipteronia, dis-
tinguished by the broad wings encircling the mature carpels, and represented
by a single Chinese species.

1. ACER, L. Maple.

Characters of the family.

Acer with sixty or seventy species is widely distributed over the northern hemi-
sphere, with a single species extending south of the equator to the mountains of Java.
Acer produces light close-grained moderately hard wood valued for the interior
finish of houses and in turnery. The bark is astringent, and the limpid sweet sap of
some of the American species is manufactured into sugar.

Acer is the classical name of the Maple-tree.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

1. Leaves simple.

*Flowers appearing with or after the leaves from terminal buds ; fruit ripening in the
autumn.
Flowers with petals, appearing- after the leaves.

Flowers in erect dense racemes ; leaves 3 or slightly 5-lobed.

1. A. spicatum (A).
Flowers in drooping racemes.

Ovary and young fruit glabrous ; leaves 3-lobed at the apex.

2. A. Pennsylvanicum (A).
Ovary and young fruit hairy ; leaves deeply 5-lobed.

3. A. macrophyllum (G).
Flowers in terminal pendent corymbs.

Leaves palmately 7-9-lobed. 4. A. circinatum (B, G).

Leaves 3-lobed or 3-parted. 5. A. glabrum (B, F, G).

Flowers without petals, appearing after the leaves, in nearly sessile umbel-like ter-
minal and lateral j>€ndent corymbs.
Corymbs sessile.

626

TREES OF NOHTH AMERICA

Leaves pale or glaucous beneath.

Leaves dark green above, glabrpus beneath at maturity, their lobes coarsely
toothed or rarely entire. 6. A. Sacchaium (A, C).

Leaves pale pubescent beneath, their lobes short and obtuse.

7. A. Floridanum (C).
Leaves green beneath.

Leaves yellow-green above, more or less hirsute-pubescent, especially be-
neath and on the petioles, their lobes entire or undulate, the liasal sinus
often closed by the overlapping lobes. 8. A. nigrum (A).

Leaves tomentulose or rarely glabrous beneath, their lobes slightly lobulate,
sometimes acuminate. 9. A. leucoderme (C).

Corymbs short-stalked ; leaves pale and usually pubescent beneath, o-lobed, the
lobes distinctly lobulate, acute or obtuse.

10. A, grandidentatum (F, H).

**Flowers appearing before the leaves in umbel-like fascicles from separate lateral buds ;

fruit ripening in spring or early summer.

Flowers sessile or short-stalked, without petals ; ovary and young fruit tomentose ^

leaves deeply 5-lobed. 11. A. saccharinum (A, C).

Flowers on long pedicels, with petals ; ovary and young fruit glabrous ; leaves 3-5-

lobed. 12. A rubrum (A, C).

2. Leaves pinnately or ternately divided ; flowers dioecious, without petals.

13. A. Negundo (A, C, F, G).

1. Leaves simple.
*Flowers appearing with or after the leaves- fruit ripening in the autumn.

1. Acer spicatum, Lam. Mountain Maple.

Leaves subcordate or sometimes truncate at the base, conspicuously 3-nerved, 3
or slightly 5-lobed, with gradually narrowed pointed lobes, and sharply and coarsely

Ii^ J09

glandular-serrate, when they unfold puberulous on the upper and densely tomentose
on the lower surface, and at maturity membranaceous, 4'-5'' long and broad, turning
in the autumn to various shades of orange and scarlet; their petioles slender, enlarged
at the base, 2'-3' long, often becoming scarlet in summer. FloTvers opening in June
after the leaves are fully grown, on slender pedicels ^'-f in length, \' in diameter,
the pistillate toward the base and the staminate at the apex of narrow many-flowered

ACEKACE^ 627

long-stemmed upright slightly compound pubescent racemes; calyx-lobes narrowly
obovate, yellow, pubescent on the outer surface, much shorter than the linear spatu-
late pointed yellow petals; stamens 7 or 8, inserted immediately under the ovary,
with slender glabrous filaments as long as the petals in the sterile flower, about
as long as the sepals in the pistillate flower, and glandular anthers; ovary hoary-
tomentose, reduced to a minute point surrounded by a tuft of pale hairs in the stami-
nate flower; style columnar, almost as long as the petals, with short stigmatic lobes.
Fruit fully grown and bright red in July, turning brown late in the autumn, almost
glabrous, with more or less divergent wings about ^' long; seeds smooth, dark red
brown, 1' long.

A bushy tree, occasionally 25°-30° high, with a short trunk 6'-8' in diameter,
small upright branches, and slender branchlets light gray and pubescent when they
first appear, becoming glabrous during the summer, bright red during their first
winter, gray or pale brown the following season, and blotched or streaked with
green toward the base; more often a tall or low shrub. Winter-buds acute; termi-
nal Y long, with bright red outer scales more or less coated with hoary tomentum,
those of the inner ranks becoming at maturity V or more long and then lanceolate,
pale and papery; axillary much smaller and glabrous or puberulous. Bark of the
trunk very thin, reddish brown, smooth or slightly furrowed. Wood light, soft,
close-grained, light brown tinged with red, with thick lighter colored sapwood.

Distribution. Moist rocky hillsides usually in the shade of other trees, and really
arborescent only on the western slopes of the high mountains of Tennessee and
North Carolina; valley of the lower St. Lawrence River to northern Minnesota and
the Saskatchewan, and southward through the northern states and along the Appa-
lachian Mountains to northern Georgia.

Occasionally cultivated as an ornament of parks and gardens in the northern
states.

2. Acer Pennsylvanioum, L. Striped Maple. Moose Wood.

Leaves rounded or cordate at the base, palmately 3-nerved, 3-lobed at the apex,
with short lobes contracted into tapering serrate points, and finely and sharply doubly
serrate, when they unfold thin and membranaceous, pale rose color and coated with
ferrugineous pubescence, especially on the lower surface and on the petioles, and at
maturity glabrous with the exception of tufts of ferrugineous hairs in the axils of
the principal nerves on the two surfaces, membranaceous, pale green above, rather
paler below, o'-6' long and 4'-5' wide, turning in the autumn clear light yellow;
their petioles stout, grooved, 1^-2' long, with enlarged bases nearly encircling the
branch. Flowers bright canary-yellow, opening toward the end of May or early in
June when the leaves are nearly fully grown, on slender pedicels \'-^' long, in slender
drooping long-stemmed racemes 4'-6' in length, the staminate and pistillate usu-
ally in different racemes on the same plant; sepals linear-lanceolate to obovate, ^'
long and a little shorter and narrower than the obovate petals; stamens 7-8, shorter
than the petals in the staminate flower, rudimentary in the pistillate flower; ovary
purplish brown, glabrous, in the staminate flower reduced to a minute point; style
stout, united near the top, with spreading recurved stigmas. Fruit in long drooping
racemes, glabrous, with thin spreading wings |' long, and marked on one side of
each nutlet by a small cavity; seeds ^' long, dark red-brown, and slightly rugose.

A tree, 30°-40° high, with a short trunk 8'-10' in diameter, small upright
branches, and slender smooth branchlets pale greenish yellow at first, bright reddish

628

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

brown during their first winter, and. at the end of two or three years striped like the
trunk with broad pale lines; or often much smaller and shrubby in habit. Winter-
buds: terminal, conspicuously stipitate, sometimes almost ^' long, much longer than

the axillary buds, covered by two thick bright red spatulate boat-shaped scales pro-
minently keeled on the back, the inner scales green and foliaceous, becoming l|'-2'
long, ^' wide, pubescent, and bright yellow or rose color. Bark of the trunk \'-^'
thick, reddish brown, marked longitudinally by broad pale stripes, and roughened
by many oblong horizontal excrescences. Wood light, soft, close-grained, light
brown, with thick lighter colored sap wood of 30-40 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Usually in the shade of other trees, often forming in northern
New England a large part of their shrubby undergrowth; shores of Ha-Ha Bay,
Quebec, westward along the shores of Lake Ontario and the islands of Lake Huron
to northeastern Minnesota, and southward through the Atlantic states and along the
Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia; common in the north Atlantic states,
especially in the interior and elevated regions; of its largest size on the slopes of the
Big Smoky Mountains, Tennessee, and of the Blue Ridge in North and South
Carolina.

Sometimes cultivated as an ornamental tree in the northern states, and occasion-
ally in Europe.

3. Acer macrophyllum, Pursh. Broad-leaved Maple.

Leaves cordate at the base by a deep narrow sinus deeply 3-5-cleft, with sinuate
acuminate divisions furnished with 2 or 3 acute lobes, and prominently 3-5-nerved,
puberulous when they unfold, especially on the upper surface along the principal
veins, and at maturity subcoriaceous, dark green and lustrous on the upper, pale on
the lower surface, 8'-12' in diameter, turning in the autumn bright orange color
before falling; their petioles stout, 10'-12' long, with enlarged bases united and en-
circling the stem and often furnished on the inside with small tufts of white hairs.
Flo-wers bright yellow, fragrant, \' long, on slender pubescent often branched pedi-
cels y-f' long, the staminate and pistillate together in graceful pendulous slightly
puberulous racemes 4'-6' long, appearing in April and May after the leaves are fully
grown; sepals petaloid, obovate, obtuse and a little longer and broader than the spat-
ulate petals ; stamens 9-10, with long slender filaments hairy at the base, exserted

ACERACE^

629

in the staminate and included in the pistillate flower, and orange-colored anthers;
ovary hoary-tomentose, reduced in the staminate flower to a minute point; styles
united at the base only; stigmas long and exserted. Fruit fully grown by the 1st
of July and ripening late in the autumn; carpels covered with long pale hairs, their
wings 1^' long, ^' wide, slightly divergent and glabrous with the exception of a few
hairs on the thickened edge; seeds dark-colored, rugose and pitted, ^' long.

A tree, 80°-100° high, with a tall straight trunk 2°-3° in diameter, stout often
pendulous branches forming a compact handsome head, and stout branchlets smooth
and pale green at first, becoming bright green or dark red in their first winter,
covered more or less thickly with small longitudinal white lenticels, and in their sec-
ond summer gray or grayish brown. Winter-buds obtuse; terminal ^' long, with
sl^ort broad slightly spreading dark red ciliate outer scales rounded on the back,
those of the inner ranks green and foliaceous, and at maturity 1^' long, colored and
puberulous; axillary buds minute. Bark of the trunk ^'-f thick, brown faintly
tinged with red or bright reddish brown, deeply furrowed and broken on the surface
into small square plate-like scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, rich

brown tinged with red, with thick lighter colored often nearly white sapwood of
60-80 layers of annual growth; more valuable than the wood produced by other
deciduous trees of western North America, and in Washington and Oregon largely
used in the interior finish of buildings, for furniture, and for axe and broom-handles.

Distribution. Banks of streams or on rich bottom-lands or the rocky slopes of
mountain valleys; coast of Alaska south of latitude 55° north, southward along the
islands and coast of British Columbia, through Washington and Oregon west of the
Cascade Mountains, and southward along the coast ranges and the western slopes of
the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino Mountains, and to Hot Spring Valley,
San Diego County, California; rarely ascending to more than 2000° above the level
of the sea; most abundant and of its largest size in the humid climate and rich
soil of the bottom-lands of southwestern Oregon, forming extensive forests; in Cali-
fornia usually much smaller, especially on the coast ranges.

Occasionally cultivated in the eastern states, and hardy as far north as eastern
Pennsylvania.

630 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

4. Acer circinatum, Pursh. Vine Maple.

Leaves almost circular in outline, cordate at the base by a broad shallow sinus,
or sometimes almost truncate, palmately 7-9-lobed occasionally nearly to the middle,
with acute lobes sharply and irregularly doubly serrate, and conspicuously palmately
nerved, with prominent veinlets, when they unfold tinged with rose color and puberu-
lous, especially on the lower surface and on the petioles, and at maturity glabrous

with the exception of tufts of pale hairs in the axils of the large veins, thin and
membranaceous, dark green above, pale below, and 2'-7' in diameter, in the autumn
turning orange and scarlet; their petioles stout, grooved, l'-2' long, clasping the
stem by their large bases. Flo"wers appearing when the leaves are about half
grown, in loose 10-20-flowered umbel-like corymbs pendent on long stems from the
ends of slender 2-leaved branchlets, the staminate and pistillate flowers produced
together; sepals oblong to obovate, acute, villous, purple or red, much longer than
the greenish white broadly cordate petals folded together at the apex; stamens 6-8,
with slender filaments villous at the base, exserted in the staminate flower, much
shorter than the petals in the pistillate flower; ovary glabrous, with spreading lobes,
in the staminate flower reduced to a small point surrounded by a tuft of pale hairs;
style divided nearly to the base into long exserted stigmas. Fruit with thin wings,
ly long, spreading almost at right angles, red or rose color like the carpels in
early summer, ripening late in the autumn; seeds smooth, pale chestnut- brown,

iH' long-

A tree, rarely 30°-40° high, often vine-like or prostrate, with a trunk 10'-12' in

diameter, and glabrous pale green or reddish brown branchlets frequently covered

during their first winter with a glaucous bloom, and occasionally marked by small lenti-

cels; often a low wide-spreading shrub. "Winter-buds l' long, rather obtuse, with

thin bright red outer scales rounded on the back and obovate-spatulate inner scales,

rounded at the apex, contracted into long narrow claws, bright rose-colored and

more or less pubescent, especially on the outer surface, and when fully grown often

2' long and \' broad. Bark of the trunk thin, smooth, bright red-brown, marked by

numerous shallow fissures. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, not strong, light

brown, sometimes nearly white, with thick lighter colored sapwood; used for fuel,

the handles of axes and other tools, and by the Indians of the northwest coast for

the bows of their fishing-nets.

ACERACE.E

631

Distribution. Banks of streams; coast of British Columbia southward through
Washington and Oregon to Mendocino County, California; one of the most abundant
of the deciduous-leaved trees of Washington and Oregon up to elevations of 4000°
above the sea, and of its largest size on the low alluvial soil of bottom-lands, its
vine-like stems in such situations springing 4 or 5 together from the ground, spread-
ing in wide curves and sending out long slender branches rooting when they touch
the ground and forming impenetrable thickets of contorted and interlaced trunks,
often many acres in extent; in California smaller and less abundant, growing along
streams in the coniferous forest.

Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental plant in Europe, and in the eastern states,
and hardy as far north as eastern Massachusetts.

' 5. Acer glabrum, Torr. Dwarf Maple.

Leaves glabrous, membranaceous, rounded in outline, cordate-truncate or wedge-
shaped at the base, 3-5-lobed or often 3-parted or 3-foliolate, with acute or obtuse
doubly serrate lobes, l'-5' in diameter, dark green and lustrous on the upper, paler

on the lower surface, with conspicuous veinlets ; their petioles stout, grooved, l'-6'
long, and often bright red. Flowers about ^' in length on short slender pedicels, in
loose few-flowered glabrous racemose corymbs, on slender drooping peduncles from
the ends of 2-leaved branchlets, the starainate and pistillate usually produced sepa-
rately on different plants; sepals oblong, obtuse, petaloid, as long as the greenish
yellow petals; stamens 7 or 8, with glabrous unequal filaments shorter than the
greenish yellow linear petals, much shorter or rudimentary in the pistillate flower;
ovary glabrous, with short obtuse lobes, rudimentary or 0 in the staminate flower;
style divided to the base into 2 spreading stigmatic lobes as long as the petals. Fruit
glabrous, with broad nearly erect or slightly spreading wings f — |' loirg, often rose-
colored during the summer; seeds ovate, bright chestnut-brown, about ^ long.

A low tree, occasionally 40° high, with a short trunk 18' in diameter, small upright
branches, and slender glabrous branchlets often slightly many-angled, pale greenish
brown at first, becoming bright red-brown during their first winter; usually smaller,
and more often a shrub 4°-5° high. Winter-buds acute, Y long, with bright red
or occasionally yellow scales, those of the inner ranks pale brown tinged with pink,
tomentose on the inner surface, becoming 11' long and narrowly spatulate. Bark

632

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

of the trunk thin, smooth, and dark reddish brown. "Wood lieavy, hard, close-grained,
light brown or often nearly white, with thick lighter colored sapwood.

Distribution. Borders of mountain streams usually at elevations of 5000°-G000°
above the sea, and northward sometimes descending to the sea-level; liead of Lynn
Canal, Alaska, over the mountain ranges of western America, extending southward
in California along the Sierra Nevada to the west fork of the Kaweah River, and
eastward to northwestern Nebraska, the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains of
Colorado, eastern New Mexico and Arizona; of its largest size on the coast of Van-
couver Island and on the Blue Mountains of Oregon; also arborescent in some of the
elevated canons of Idaho, New Mexico, and Arizona; usually shrubby.

Occasionally cultivated in the eastern states, and hardy as far north as eastern
Massachusetts.

6. Acer Saocharum, Marsh. Sugar Maple. Rock Maple.

Leaves heart-shaped by a broad sinus, truncate or sometimes wedge-shaped at
the base, 3-o-lobed, with rounded sinuses, usually acute sparingly sinuate-toothed

fk^jiH-

lobes, 3-5 conspicuous nerves, and reticulate veinlets, when they unfold coated below
with pale pubescence, glabrous at maturity, 4'-5' in diameter, often rather coria-
ceous, dark green and opaque on the upper, pale on the lower surface, turning in the
autumn brilliant shades of deep red, scarlet and orange or clear yellow; their petioles
slender, glabrous, 1^-3' long. Flowers appearing with the leaves on slender hairy
pedicels 21' -3' long, in nearly sessile umbel-like corymbs from terminal leaf -buds
and lateral leafless buds, the staminate and pistillate in separate clusters on the same
or on different trees; calyx broadly campanulate, 5-lobed by the partial union of the
obtuse sepals, greenish yellow, hairy on the outer surface; corolla 0; stamens 7-8,
with slender glabrous filaments twice as long as the calyx in the staminate flower
and much shorter in the pistillate flower; ovary obtusely lobed, pale green, covered
with long scattered hairs, in the staminate flower reduced to a minute point; styles
united at the base only, with 2 long exserted stigmatic lobes. Fruit ripening in the
autumn, glabrous, with broad, thin, and usually divergent wings ^'-V long; seeds
smooth, bright red,-brown, ^' long.

A tree, 100°-120° high, with a trunk often 3°^° in diameter, rising sometimes
in the forest to the height of 60°-70° without branches, or in open situations devel-

ACERACE^

633

oping- 8°-10° from the ground stout upright branches forming while the tree is
young a narrow egg-shaped head, ultimately spreading into a broad round-topped
dome often 70°-80° across, and slender branchlets green at first, becoming reddish
brown by the end of their first season, lustrous, marked by numerous large pale
oblong lenticels, and in their second winter pale brown tinged with red. Winter-
buds acute, I' long, with purple slightly puberulous outer scales, and inner scales
becoming 1^' long, narrowly obovate, short-pointed at the apex, thin, pubescent, and
bright canary yellow. Bark of young stems and of large branches pale, smooth or
slightly fissured, becoming on large trunks ^'— |' thick and broken into deep longitu-
dinal furrows, the light gray-brown surface separating into small gray-brown scales.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, tough, light brown tinged with red, with
thin sapwood of 30-40 layers of annual growth* largely used for the interior finish
of buildings, especially for floors, in the manufacture of furniture and in turnery, in
shipbuilding, shoe-lasts and pegs, and largely as fuel. Accidental forms with the
grain curled and contorted, known as curly maple and bird's eye maple, are common
and are highly prized in cabinet-making. The ashes of the wood are rich in alkali
and yield large quantities of potash. Maple sugar is principally made from the sap
of this tree. Southward passing into

Acer Saccharum, var. Rugelii, Rehd.

A large tree, with subcoriaceous leaves usually rather broader than long, pale or
glaucous and pubescent or rarely glabrous below, cordate, with a broad open sinus,
or truncate at the base, and usually 3-lobed, with open round sinuses and acuminate

generally entire lobes. This is the common and frequently the only form of the
Sugar Maple in the region from North Carolina and Georgia to Missouri, and it
occasionally occurs northward to Michigan and Prince Edward's Island, leaves of
this form sometimes appearing on the upper branches of trees bearing on their lower
branches typical leaves of the northern Sugar Maple.

Very frequently planted as a shade and ornamental tree in the northern states.
In the streets and gardens of the towns and cities of northern Alabama and northern
Georgia the variety Rugelii is largely used.

634 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

7. Acer Floridanuni, Pax. Sugar Maple.

(Acer Saccharumy var. Floridanumy Silva N. Am. xiii. 7.)

Leaves rounded, truncate or slig-htly cordate at the broad base, 3-5-lobed, with
short obtuse or acute entire or lobulate lobes, when they unfold sparingly hairy on
the upper and hoary-tomentose on the lower surface, and at maturity membrana-
ceous, dark green and lustrous above, pale and pubescent below, l^'-3' in diameter,
and prominently 3-5-nerved, with stout spreading lateral veins and conspicuous
reticulate veiulets, turning yellow and scarlet in the autumn before falling; their
petioles slender, glabrous, or pubescent becoming glabrous, 1^-3' long, with enlarged
bases nearly encircling the branchlet. Flowers appearing with the leaves on slen-
der elongated sparingly hairy ultimately glabrous pedicels, in many-flowered droop-
ing nearly sessile corymbs; calyx campanulate, yellow, about \' long, persistent

IQ Jl6

under the fruit, the short lobes ciliate on the margin, with long pale hairs; corolla 0.
Fruit green, sparingly villose until fully grown, usually becoming glabrous, with
spreading occasionally erect wings \'-^' long; seeds smooth, bright red-brown, about

\' long-

A tree, occasionally 50°-60° high, with a trunk rarely 3° in diameter, small erect

and spreading branches, and slender glabrous branchlets, light green at first, becom-
ing rather light red-brown during their first season, and covered with minute pale
lenticels ; usually smaller, and westward generally a low shrub. Winter-buds obtuse,
about y long, with dark chestnut-brown obtuse scales and bright rose-colored linear-
spatulate inner scales often 1' long when fully grown. Bark of the trunk thin,
smooth, pale, becoming near the base of old trees thick, dark, and deeply furrowed.
Distribution. River swamps, southern Georgia and western Florida to Louisi-
ana, southern Arkansas, and eastern Texas, and westward on the banks of streams
usually as a shrub to the valley of the upper Rio Cibolo, Texas, and on the Sierra
Madre of Nuevo Leon.

8. Acer nigrum, Michx. Black Maple.

Leaves generally 3 or occasionally 5-lobed, with acute or acuminate lobes,
undulate and narrowed from broad shallow sinuses, or rarely furnished with short

ACERACE^

635

lateral spreading lobes, cordate, with a broad sinus usually more or less closed by
the approximation or imbrication of the basal lobes, covered below when they

unfold with hoary tomentum and above with caducous pale hairs, and at maturity
thick and firm in texture, dull green on the upper surface, yellow-green and soft-
pubescent, particularly along the yellow veins on the lower surface, and 5'-6' across,
with drooping sides, turning bright clear yellow in the autumn ; their petioles stout,
tomentose or pubescent, sometimes becoming glabrous at maturity, usually pendent,
3-5' long, much enlarged at the base, frequently nearly inclosing the buds, in fall-
ing leaving narrow scars almost encircling the branchlet, and furnished in their axils
with tufts of long pale hairs; stipules triangular and dentate or foliaceous, sessile or
stipitate, oblong, acute, tomentose or pubescent, sometimes slightly lobed, frequently
1^' long. Flo-wers yellow, about ^' long, on slender hairy pedicels 2i'-3' long, in
many-flowered nearly sessile umbel-like corymbs, the staminate and pistillate in
separate or in the same clusters on the same or on different trees; calyx broadly
campanulate, 5-lobed by the partial union of the sepals, pilose on the outer surface
near the base; corolla 0; stamens 7 or 8, with slender glabrous filaments, in the
staminate flower nearly twice as long as the calyx and in the pistillate flower shorter
than the calyx; ovary obtusely lobed, pale green, covered with long scattered hairs,
minute in the sterile flower. Fruit glabrous, with convergent or wide-spreading
wings ^'-V long; seeds smooth, bright red-brown, y long.

A tree, sometimes 80° high, with a trunk frequently 3° in diameter, stout spread-
ing or often erect branches, and stout branchlets marked by oblong pale lenticels,
when they first appear orange-green and pilose, with scattered pale caducous hairs,
orange or orange-brown and lustrous during their first year, becoming dull pale gray-
brown the following season. Winter-buds sessile, ovate, acute, \' long, with dark
red-brown acute scales hoary-pubescent on the outer surface and often slightly ciliate
on the margins, and yellow puberulous inner scales, ^'-1' long at maturity. Bark of
young stems and of the branches thin, smooth, pale gray, becoming on old trunks
thick, deeply furrowed, and sometimes almost black.

Distribution. Valley of the St. Lawrence River in the neighborhood of Mon-
treal, southward to the valley of Cold River, New Hampshire, through western Ver-
mont, and westward through northern New York, Ontario, the southern peninsula
of Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa, to northeastern South Dakota, western

636

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Missouri, eastern Kansas, and southward through western New York and Pennsyl-
vania to southwestern Virginia, and Kentucky; comparatively rare near Montreal
and in Vermont, more abundant farther west, almost entirely replacing Acer Saccha-
rum in Iowa, and the only Sugar Maple of South Dakota; easily distinguished in
summer by its heavy drooping leaves, and at all seasons of the year by the orange
color of the branchlets.

Occasionally planted in the region where it grows naturally as a shade-tree.

9. Acer leucoderme, Small. Sugar Maple.

(Acer Sacchanim, var. leucoderme, Silva N. Am. xiii. 7.)

Leaves usually truncate or slightly cordate at the base, more or less deeply
divided into 3-5 acute caudate-acuminate lobes coarsely and sinuately dentate or
undulate, when they unfold coated below with long matted pale caducous hairs, and
at maturity thin, dark yellow-green above, bright yellow-green and covered below
with soft close velvety pubescence, 2'-3|^' in diameter, often turning in the autumn
bright scarlet on the upper surface before falling; their petioles slender, glabrous,
I'-l^' long. FloTvers yellow, about ^ long, on slender, glabrous pedicels, in nearly
sessile clusters; calyx campanulate, glabrous or slightly villose, with rounded ciliate
lobes; corolla 0; stamens 7 or 8, their filaments longer than the calyx, much shorter

than the calyx in the pistillate flower; style elongated, with short spreading lobes.
Fruit villose, with long scattered pale hairs until nearly grown, becoming glabrous
at maturity, the wings wide-spreading or divergent, |'-f ' long; seeds smooth, light
red-brown, about ^' long.

A tree, usually 20°-25° high, with a trunk a foot in diameter, occasionally 40°
high, with a trunk 18'-20' in diameter, short slender branches forming a rather com-
pact round-topped head, and slender glabrous branchlets dark green when they first
appear, becoming bright red-brown and lustrous during their first summer, and
marked by numerous small oblong pale lenticels, gradually growing darker in their
second year and finally light gray-green. Winter-buds ovate, acute, dark brown,
glabrous, rather more than ^^g' long, the inner scales becoming bright crimson and
very conspicuous when the trees are in flower in early spring. Bark of young stems
and large branches close, light gray or grayish brown, becoming near the base of old

ACERACE^

637

individuals dark brown or often nearly black and broken by deep furrows into nar-
row ridges covered by closely appressed scales.

Distribution. Banks of streams and rocky gorges; valley of the Yadkin River,
North Carolina, to northern Georgia, eastern Tennessee, central Alabama, western
Louisiana, and southern Arkansas.

Occasionally planted as a shade-tree in the streets of the towns of northern Geor-
gia and Alabama.

10. Acer grandidentatum, Nutt. Sugar Maple.

(Acer Saccharum, var. grandidentatum, Silva N. Am. xiii. 8.)

Leaves cordate or truncate at the base, with broad shallow sinuses, 3-lobed, with
acute or obtuse entire or slightly 3-lobed divisions, when they unfold slightly hairy

on the upper and thickly coated with dense pale tomentum on the lower surface, and
at maturity thick and firm, dark green and lustrous above, pale and pubescent below,
especially on the stout nerves and veins, or rarely glabrous, 2'-5' in diameter, turn-
ing in the autumn before falling yellow and scarlet; their petioles stout, l'-2' long,
glabrous, often red after midsummer, encircling the branchlet with their large bases
villose on the inner surface. Flowers appearing with the leaves on long slender
drooping villose pedicels, in short-stalked corymbs; calyx campanulate, yellow,
sparingly hairy, with long pale hairs, about \' long, with broad rounded lobes, often
persistent under the fruit; corolla 0; stamens 7 or 8, much longer than the calyx, in
the pistillate flower shorter than the calyx; ovary usually glabrous, with long spread-
ing stigmatic lobes, 0 or rudimentary in the staminate flower. Fruit often rose-
colored at midsummer, green at maturity, glabrous or rarely sparingly hairy, with
spreading or erect wings \'-V long; seeds smooth, light red-brown, about \' long.

A tree, occasionally 30°-40° high, with a trunk 8'-10' in diameter, stout usually
erect branches, and slender glabrous bright red branchlets marked by numerous
small pale lenticels and nearly encircled by the narrow leaf-scars, with conspicuous
bands of long pale hairs in their axils. "Winter-buds acute or acuminate, about
^-^' long, bright red-brown, with puberulous-ciliate outer scales and obovate apiculate
inner scales sometimes \' long when fully grown. Bark of the trunk thin, dark
brown, separating on the surface into plate-like scales. Wood heavy, hard, close-
grained, bright brown or nearly white, with thick sapwood.

638

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Distribution. Banks of mountain streams usually at elevations of 5000°-6000°
above the sea; rare and local; valley of the Columbia liiver in northern Montana,
Wasatch Mountains of Utah, mountains of southern Arizona and New Mexico and
of western Texas, and in Coahuila.

** Flowers appearing before the leaves ; fruit ripening in the spring or early summer.

11. Acer saccharinum, L. Silver Maple. Soft Maple.

Leaves truncate or somewhat heart-shaped at the base, deeply 5-lobed by narrow
sinuses, with acute irregularly and remotely dentate lobes, the middle lobe often
3-lobed, 6'-7' long, nearly as broad, membranaceous, bright pale green above, silvery
white and at first slightly hairy below, especially in the axils of the primary veins,
turning pale yellow in the autumn before falling; their petioles slender, drooping,
bright red, 4'-5' long. Flo"wers greenish yellow, opening during the first warm days
of the late winter or early spring long before the appearance of the leaves, on very
short pedicels, in sessile axillary fascicles on shoots of the previous year, or on short

^'--y

spur-like branchlets developed the year before from wood of the preceding season,
the staminate and pistillate in separate clusters, sometimes on the same and some-
times on different trees, and produced from clustered obtuse buds covered with thick
ovate pubescent red and green scales ciliate on the margins, with a thick fringe of
long rufous hairs; calyx slightly 5-lobed, more or less pubescent on the outer sur-
face, long and narrow in the staminate and short and broad in the pistillate flower;
corolla 0; stamens 3-7, with slender filaments, three times as long as the calyx of the
staminate flower and about as long as the calyx of the pistillate flower; ovary covered,
like the young fruit, with a thick coat of pubescence, rudimentary in the sterile
flower; styles united at the base only, with long exserted stigmatic lobes. Fruit
ripening in April and May before the appearance of the leaves, on slender drooping
pedicels, 1^-2' long, glabrous, 1^' to nearly 3' long, with thin almost straight conspic-
uously falcate divergent wings sometimes |' broad, prominently reticulate-veined
and pale chestnut-brown; seeds ^' long, with a pale reddish brown wrinkled coat,
germinating as soon as they fall to the ground, and producing plants with several
pairs of leaves before the end of the summer.

A tree, 90°-120° high, with a trunk 3°-4° in diameter, generally dividing 10°-15°

ACERACEiE

639

from the ground into 3 or 4 stout upright secondary stems destitute of branches for
a considerable length, brittle pendulous branchlets light green and covered with len-
ticels when they first appear, soon becoming darker, bright chestnut-brown, smooth
and lustrous in the autumn and winter of their first year, and in their second season
pale rose color or gray faintly tinged with red. Winter-buds ^ iotig> with thick
ovate bright red outer scales rounded on the back, minutely apiculate, and ciliate on
the margins, and acute inner scales pubescent on the inner surface, becoming pale
green or yellow and about 1' long. Bark of young stems and large branches smooth
and gray faintly tinged with red, becoming on old trunks -^'-f ' thick, reddish brown
and more or less furrowed, the surface separating into large thin scales. Wood
hard, strong, close-grained, easily worked, rather brittle, pale brown, with thick
sap wood of 40-50 layers of annual growth; now sometimes used for flooring and in
the manufacture of furniture. Sugar is occasionally made from the sap of this tree.

Distribution. Sandy banks of streams; valley of the St. John's River, New
Brunswick, to southern Ontario, southward to western Florida, and westward to
eastern Dakota and Nebraska, the valley of the Blue River, Kansas, and the Indian
Territory; rare in the immediate neighborhood of the Atlantic coast and on the high
Appalachian Mountains ; of its largest size on the banks of the lower Ohio and its
tributaries.

Now often cultivated with several varieties in the eastern states, and in western
and northern Europe.

12. Acer rubrum, L. Red Maple. Scarlet Maple.

Leaves truncate, more or less cordate by a broad shallow sinus, rounded or wedge-
shaped at the base, 3-5-lobed by acute sinuses, with irregularly doubly serrate or
toothed lobes, the middle lobe often longer than the others, when they unfold pubes-
cent especially beneath, and at maturity light green and glabrous on the upper and

white and more or less pubescent on the lower surface, particularly along the princi-
pal veins, chartaceous or sometimes almost coriaceous, l^'-6' long and rather longer
than broad, turning in the early autumn to brilliant shades of scarlet or scarlet and
orange; their petioles slender, 2'-4' long, red or green. Flowers opening in March
and April before the appearance of the leaves, bright scarlet or dull yellowish red,

640

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

on long slender pedicels, in few-flowered fascicles on branches of the previons year,
from clustered obtuse buds, the staniinate and pistillate in separate clusters on the
same or on different trees; sepals oblong, obtuse, as long as and broader than the
oblong or linear petals; stamens 5-8, scarlet, with slender filaments exserted in
the staminate and included in the pistillate flower; ovary glabrous on a narrow
slightly lobed glandular disk; styles slightly united above the base, with long ex-
serted stigmatic lobes. Fruit ripening in the spring or early summer on drooping
stems 3'-4' long, scarlet, dark red or brown, with thin erect wings, convergent at
first, divergent at maturity, |'-1' long and \'-^' wide; seeds dark red, with a rugose
coat, \' long, germinating as soon as it falls to the ground.

A tree, 80°-120° high, with a tall trunk 3°-4^° in diameter, upright branches
usually forming a rather narrow head, and branchlets green or dark red when they
first appear, becoming dark or bright red and lustrous at the end of their first sum-
mer and marked by numerous longitudinal white lenticels, and gray faintly tinged
with red in their second year. "Winter-buds obtuse, \' long, with thick dark red
outer scales, rounded on the back and ciliate on the margins, and inner scales be-
coming f -1' long, narrowly oblong, rounded at the apex and bright scarlet. Bark
of young stems and of the branches smooth and light gray, becoming on old trunks
\'-~^' thick, dark gray, and divided by longitudinal ridges separating on the surface
into large plate-like scales. "Wood very heavy, close-grained, not strong, light brown
often slightly tinged with red, with thick rather lighter colored sapwood; used in
large quantities in the manufacture of chairs and other furniture, in turnery, for
wooden ware and gun-stocks.

Distribution. Borders of streams, low wet swamps, and rarely on hillsides;
latitude 49° north in Quebec and Ontario, southward to the Indian and Caloosa
rivers, Florida, and westward to western Wisconsin, western Iowa, and the valley of
the Trinity River, Texas; one of the most common and generally distributed trees
of eastern North America; most abundant in the south, especially in the valley of
the Mississippi River, and of its largest size in the river swamps of the lower Ohio
and its large tributaries; at the north often covering low wet swamps almost to the
exclusion of other trees. Passing into

Acer rubrum, var. Drummondii, Sarg.
An inhabitant of the deep river swamps of southern Arkansas, eastern Texas,

(iq"jE^

ACERACE^

641

and western Louisiana, with leaves usually rounded or sometimes cordate at the base,
3-lobed, with short broad lobes, and covered on the lower surface like the young
shoots and the petioles with thick hoary tomentum, and bright scarlet flowers and
fruit. Fruit ripening late in March and April, with large convergent wings, 2'-2^'
long and ^-f broad. More distinct is

Acer rubrum, var. tridens, "Wood. Red Maple.

Leaves obovate, usually narrowed from above the middle to the rounded or rarely
cuneate base, 3-lobed at the apex, with acute or acuminate lobes, simple or furnished
with short lateral secondary lobes, remotely serrate except toward the base, with

incurved glandular teeth, and often ovate by the suppression of the lateral lobes and
acute, thick and firm in texture, glaucous and usually pubescent or rarely tomentose
below, 2'-3' long, ll'-2i' wide. Flowers sometimes tawny yellow. Fruit usually
much smaller and rarely also yellow.

Distribution. Southern New Jersey southward through the coast region and
middle districts to southern Florida and along the Gulf coast to eastern Texas.

2. Leaves compound.

13. Acer Negundo, L. Box Elder. Ash-leaved Maple.

Leaves 3-5-foliolate, with slender petioles 2'-3' in length, enlarged at the base
and often furnished with a minute fringe of deciduous white hairs, and in falling
leaving large conspicuous scars surrounding the stem; leaflets ovate or oval, acute,
rounded or wedge-shaped at the base, coarsely and irregularly serrate above the
middle, or sometimes 3-lobed, when they unfold coated below with tomentum, and
at maturity smooth or more or less pubescent, membranaceous, prominently veined,
bright green, paler on the under than on the upper surface, 2'-4' long, 2'-3' broad,
on stout petiolules, that of the terminal leaflet often V long or twice as long as
those of the smaller lateral leaflets, turning yellow in the autumn before falling.
Flowers minute, apetalous, yellow-green, the staminate and pistillate on separate
trees, expanding just before or with the leaves from buds developed in the axils of
the last leaves of the previous year, the staminate fascicled on slender hairy pedicels
l^'-2' long, the pistillate in narrow drooping racemes; calyx 5-lobed, hairy, cam-

642

TREES OF NOKTil AMERICA

pauulate in the staminate flower, much smaller in the pistillate flower and divided
to the base into 5 narrow sepals; corolla 0; stamens 4-G, with slender exserted
hairy filaments and long linear anthers surmounted by the point of the connective,
0 in the pistillate flower; ovary on a narrow rudimentary disk, pubescent, only j)artly
inclosed by the calyx; style separating from the base into 2 long stigmatic lobes.
Fruit attaining its full size early in the summer, pendent on stems l'-2' long, in
graceful racemes 6'-8' in length, ripening in the autumn, deciduous from the stems
persistent on the branches until the following spring, l^'-2' long, with narrow acute
nutlets diverging at an acute angle, and thin reticulate straight or falcate wings
undulate toward the apex; seeds narrowed at the ends, smooth bright red-brown,

A tree, 50°-70° high, with a trunk 2°^° in diameter, dividing near the ground
into a number of stout wide-spreading branches, and slender branchlets pale green
and glabrous or slightly pubescent at first, marked in their first winter by a few
dark lenticels and bright green and lustrous or sometimes pale purple, with a glau-
cous bloom. Winter-buds: terminal, acute, |' long, rather longer than the obtuse
lateral buds, the outer scales often rudimentary and frequently coated with pale

tomentum, those of the inner pairs accrescent, becoming 1' long at maturity, decidu-
ous, leaving conspicuous scars visible at the base of the branchlet for two or three
years. Bark of the trunk \'-^' thick, pale gray or light brown and deeply divided
into broad rounded ridges separating on the surface into short thick scales. Wood
light, soft, close-grained, ' not strong, creamy white, with thick hardly distinguish-
able sapwood; occasionally manufactured into cheap furniture, and sometimes used
for the interior finish of houses, for wooden ware, cooperage, and paper pulp. Small
quantities of maple sugar are occasionally made from this tree.

Distribution. Banks of streams and lakes and the borders of swamps; western
Vermont and central New York, southward to northern Florida and westward to
the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains, and to Utah, New Mexico, and eastern
Arizona; rare east of the Appalachian Mountains; most common in the Mississippi
basin, and of its largest size in the valley of the lower Ohio River. Westward vary-
ing in the pubescence of the leaves and in the number of leaflets. An extreme
form is

J

HIPPOC AST AN ACE^

643

Acer Negundo, var. Californicum, Sarg. Box Elder.

Leaves trifoliolate, with larger more coarsely serrate and more frequently lobed
leaflets densely coated at maturity on the lower surface with pale pubescence.

A tree, 50°-60° high, with darker colored bark, winter-buds covered with thick
tomentum, and pubescent branchlets and ripe fruit.

Distribution. Valley of the lower Sacramento River and the interior valleys
of the coast ranges from the Bay of San Francisco to about latitude 35^, and in high

canons on the western slopes of the San Bernardino Mountains, California; connected
by intermediate forms from Arizona to Texas, the Indian Territory, and Missouri,
with the eastern tree.

Often planted in the United States as an ornamental tree or for wind-breaks in
the treeless central part of the continent, and largely, with numerous varieties, as an
ornamental tree in western and northern Europe.

XXXIV. HIPPOCASTANACEiE.

Trees or rarely shrubs, with stout terete branchlets conspicuously marked by
triangular leaf-scars, fetid bark, thick fleshy roots, and large scaly winter-buds,
the outer scales sometimes coated with resin, the inner accrescent with the
young shoots and often brightly colored. Leaves opposite, digitately compound,
without stipules, deciduous ; leaflets 5-9, lanceolate or ovate, serrate, pinnately
veined. Flowers polygamo-moncecious, showy, white, red, or pale yellow, on
stout jointed pedicels from the axils of minute caducous bracts, racemose or
nearly unilateral on the branches of large terminal thyrsi or panicles, appear-
ing later than the leaves, only those near the base of the branches of the inflo-
rescence perfect and fertile ; calyx 5 or rarely 2-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the
bud, unequal ; calyx campanulate or tubular, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in
the bud, mostly oblique or posteriorly gibbous at the base ; disk hypogynous,
annular, depressed, lobed, more or less gibbous posteriorly ; petals 4 or 5,
imbricated in the bud, alternate with the lobes of the calyx, deciduous, the
anterior one often abortive, unguiculate, the margins of the claw commonly
involute ; stamens 6S, rarely 5, generally 7, inserted on the disk, free, unequal ;
filaments filiform ; anthers elliptical, gland ular-apiculate, attached on the back

644 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

below the micUUe, introrse, 2-celleil, the contiguous cells opening longitudi-
nally ; ovary sessile, oblong or lanceolate, 3-celle(i, ecliinate or glal)rous, rudi-
mentary in the staniiuate flower ; style slender, elongated, generally more or
less curved ; stigma terminal, entire, mostly acute ; ovules 2 in each cell, borne
on the middle of its inner angle, amphitropous, the u})per ascending, the micro-
pyle inferior, the lower pendulous, the micropyle superior. Fruit an echinate
roughened or smooth coriaceous capsule, 3-celled and loculicidally 3-valved,
the cells 1-seeded by abortion, often by suppression 1 or 2-celled, and then
1 or 2-seeded, the renmants of the abortive cells and seeds commonly visible
at its maturity. Seeds without albumen, round when one is developed, or,
when more than one, flattened by mutual pressure ; seed-coat coriaceous, chest-
nut-brown, smooth and shiny, with a broad opaque light-colored hilum ; em-
bryo filling the cavity of the seed ; cotyledons very thick and fleshy, often
conferruminate, unequal, incurved on the short conical radicle, remaining under
ground in germination ; plumule conspicuously 2-leaved.

The Horsechestnut family is composed of the widely distributed genus -^s-
culus and of Billia, Peyr., a genus of two species of Mexican and Central
American trees, differing from tEscuIus in its 3-foliolate leaves.

1. iESCULUS, L.

Characters of the family.

^sculus with ten or eleven species is represented in the floras of the three conti-
nents of the northern hemisphere. It produces soft straight-grained light-colored
wood and bitter and astringent bark. The seeds contain a bitter principle, sesculin.
jEsculus Hippocastanum, L., of the mountains of Greece, the common Horsechestnut
of gardens, is largely planted as an ornamental tree in all countries with temperate
climates, and now occasionally grows spontaneously in the eastern states.

The generic name is the classical name of an Oak-tree.

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICA.

Winter-biids without resinous coating.

Calyx campanulate ; leaflets mostly glabrous below.

Petals nearly equal, shorter than the stamens ; fruit tuberculate.

1. iE. glabra (A, C).

Petals unequal, longer than the stamens ; fruit smooth. 2. 2E. octandra (A, C).

Calyx tubular ; leaflets tomentulose below ; petals unequal, shorter than the stamens ;

fruit smooth. 3. iE. austrina (C).

Winter-buds resinous.

Calyx 2-lobed; petals nearly equal, much shorter than the stamens; fruit smooth.

4. iE. Californica (G).

1. ^sculus glabra, Willd. Ohio Buckeye. Fetid Buckeye.

Leaves with slender petioles 4'-6' long, enlarged at the ends and often furnished
on the upper side with clusters of dark brown chaff-like scales surrounding the base
of the petiolules, and 5-7, usually 5, oval oblong or obovate acuminate leaflets grad-
ually narrowed to the elongated entire base, finely and unequally serrate above, at
first sessile, becoming slightly petiolulate at maturity, covered on tho lower surface
like the petioles when they first appear with short soft deciduous pubescence, and at
maturity glabrous with the exception of a few hairs along the under side of the con-
spicuous yellow midribs and in the axils of the principal veins, yellow-green, paler

HIPPOCASTANACE^ 645

on the lower than on the upper surface, 4'-6' long and 1^-2^' wide, turning yellow
in the autumn before falling. Flowers pale yellow-green, mostly unilateral, ^'-V

long or more than twice as long as the pedicels, appearing in April and May in
clusters 5'-6' long, 2'-3' wide, and more or less densely covered with pubescence, wit^i
short usually 4-6-flowered branches; calyx campanulate; petals nearly equal, puber-
ulous, the thin limb about twice as long as the claw, in the lateral pair broadly ovate
or oblong, and in the superior oblong-spatulate, much narrower, sometimes marked
with red stripes; stamens usually 7, with long exserted curved pubescent filaments
and orange-colored slightly hairy anthers; ovary pubescent, covered with long slen-
der deciduous prickles thickened and tubercle-like at the base. Fruit on a stout stem
I'-l' long, ovate or irregularly obovate, pale brown, l'-2' long, with thin or some-
times thick valves, roughened by the enlarged persistent prickles of the ovary; seeds
I'-l^' broad.

A tree, occasionally 70° high, with a trunk rarely 2° in diameter, small spreading
branches, and branchlets orange-brown and covered at first with short fine pubes-
cence; soon glabrous, reddish brown, and marked by scattered orange-colored lenti-
cels, usually much smaller, and rarely more than 30° high. Winter-buds |' long,
acuminate, with thin nearly triangular pale brown scales, the outer bright red on the
inner surface toward the base, the inner pair strap-shaped, prominently keeled on
the back, minutely apiculate and slightly ciliate along the margins, and at maturity
lV-2' long and bright yellow. Bark of young stems and of the branches dark brown
and scaly, becoming on old trees |' thick, ashy gray, densely furrowed, and brokeu
into thick plates roughened on the surface by numerous small scales. Wood light
soft, close-grained, not strong, often blemished by dark lines of decay, nearly white,
with thin dark-colored sapwood of 10-12 layers of annual growth ; used in the manu-
facture of artificial limbs, wooden ware, wooden hats, and paper pulp; occasionally
sawed into lumber. An extract of the bark has been used as an irritant of the cere-
bro-spinal system.

Distribution. Kiver-bottoms and the banks of streams in rich moist soil; western
slopes of the Alleghany Mountains, Pennsylvania, to northern Alabama, and west-
ward to southern Iowa, central Kansas, the Indian Territory, southern Nebraska,
and eastern Kansas; nowhere abundant; most common and of its largest size in the
valley of the Tennessee River in Tennessee and northern Alabama. A form (var.

646

TKEES OF NORTH AMERICA

Buckleyi, Sarg.) with 6-7-foliolate leaves and narrower lanceolate more acuminate
and usually more sharply and doubly serrate leaflets, ranges from Iowa to Kansas
and eastern Texas.

Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental plant in the eastern United States and in
Europe, and hardy as far north as Massachusetts.

2. -ZEsculus octaiidra. Marsh. Sweet Buckeye.

Leaves with slender glabrous or slightly pubescent petioles 4'-6' long, and 5-7
elliptical or obovate-oblong leaflets, sharply and equally serrate, short-petiolulate,
glabrous above except on the midribs and veins, sometimes clothed with reddish
brown pubescence, when they unfold more or less canescent-pubescent on the lower
surface, becoming glabrous at maturity with the exception of a few hairs along the
midribs and in the axils of the principal veins, dark yellow-green, duller on the
lower than on th§ upper surface, 4'-6' long, 1^'-21' wide, turning yellow in the au-
tumn before falling. Flowers opening in early spring when the leaves are about

half grown, V-l\' long, pale or dark yellow, on short pedicels mostly unilateral on
the branches of the pubescent clusters 5'-7' in length ; calyx campanulate, sparingly
villose; petals connivent, very unequal, puberulent, the claws villose within, limb of
the superior pair spatulate, minute, the long claws exceeding the lobes of the calyx,
those of the lateral pair obovate or nearly round and subcordate at the base; sta-
mens usually 7, rather shorter than the petals, with straight or inclining subulate
villous filaments; ovary pubescent. Fruit 2'-3' long, generally 2-seeded, with thin
smooth or slightly pitted pale brown valves; seeds 1^' to nearly 2^ wide.

A tree, sometimes 90° high, with a tall straight trunk 2i°-3° in diameter, small
rather pendulous branches, and glabrous or nearly glabrous branchlets orange-brown
when they first appear, becoming in their second year pale brown and marked by
numerous irregularly developed lenticels; or toward the southern and southwestern
limits of its range a low shrub. Winter-buds |' long, rather obtuse, with broadly
ovate pale brown outer scales rounded on the back, minutely apiculate, ciliate, with-
out resin, and slightly covered with a glaucous bloom, the inner scales becoming
sometimes 2' long, bright yellow or occasionally scarlet. Bark of the trunk about
1^' thick, dark brown, divided by shallow fissures and separating on the surface
into small thin scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, difficult to split, creamy

niPPOCASTANACE^

647

white, with thick hr^rdly distinguishable sapwood; used in the manufacture of arti-
ficial limbs, for woodeu ware, wooden hats, paper pulp, and occasionally sawed into
lumber.

Distribution. Rich soil of river-bottoms and moist mountain slopes, Allegheny
Couuty, Penusylvania, and southward along the mountains to the neighborhood of
Auo-usta, Georgia, and northern Alabama, and westward to southern Iowa, the In-
dian Territory, and western Texas; most common and of its largest size on the high
mountains of Tennessee and North Carolina. A form (var. hyhrida, Sarg.) with
purple or red flowers and leaves clothed on the under surface, like the petioles and
inflorescence, with dense pale pubescence, and with lighter colored bark, is not rare
on the Alleghany lM,ountains from West Virginia southward.

Often cultivated in western and central Europe and in the eastern United States,
especially the form with red flowers, as an ornament of parks and gardens.

3. ^sculus austrina. Small. Buckeye.

Leaves with slender grooved villose or pubescent usually ultimately glabrous peti-
oles 3'-5' long, and usually 5 oblong-obovate or elliptical acuminate leaflets, gradually
narrowed from near the middle and acute at the entire base, finely or coarsely and
sometimes doubly crenulate-serrate above, dark green, lustrous and glabrous except
along the slender yellow midribs and veins on the upper surface, lighter colored and
tomentulose on the lower surface, nearly sessile or petiolulate, 4'-5' long, l^'-2' wide.

Flowers opening from the first to the middle of April, bright red, usually f'-l'
long, on slender pubescent pedicels much thickened on the fruit, sometimes \' long,
and mostly aggregated toward the ends of the short branches of the narrow pubes-
cent inflorescence 6' -8' in length; calyx tubular, short and broad or elongated, pu-
berulous on the outer surface, tomentose on the inner surface, with rounded lobes;
petals shorter than the stamens, connivent, unequal, oblong-obovate, rounded at the
apex, puberulous on the outer surface and glandular, with minute dark glands, those
of the superior pair about half as wide as those of the lateral pair, with claws much
longer than the calyx; filaments and ovary villose. Fruit ripening and falling in
October, usually only a few fruits maturing on a cluster, generally pear-shaped or
occasionally subglobose, mostly 2-seeded, l^'-2^' long, with very thin pale brown

648

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

slightly pitted valves; seeds light yellow-brown, sometimes 1^' in diameter, with a
comparatively small liilum and a thin shell.

A tree, occasionally 25°-30° high, with a straight trunk 5'-G' in diameter, stout
branches forming a narrow symmetrical head, and slender brancidets marked by
numerous small pale lenticels, green and puberulous at first, becoming gray slightly
tinged with red during their first winter and only slightly darker in their second
year; or often a shrub. Winter-buds broadly ovate, obtusely pointed, about \'
long, with ovate rounded apiculate light red-brown outer scales. Bark thin, smooth,
and pale.

Distribution. Rich upland woods; neighborhood of Memphis, Tennessee, and
southern Missouri to eastern Texas and northwestern Alabama^

4. ^sculus Californica, Nutt. Buckeye.

Leaves with slender grooved petioles 3'-4:' long, and 4-7 usually 5 oblong-lanceo-
late acute leaflets narrowed and obtuse or somewhat rounded at the base, sharply
serrate, 4'-6' long, l^'-2' wide, dark green above, paler below, slightly pubescent at

first, becoming glabrous or nearly so, their petiolules ^'-1' long, falling early, ofte
by midsummer. Flowers white or pale rose color, I'-l^' long, appearing from May
to July when the leaves are fully grown, on short pedicels mostly unilateral on the
long branches of the densely flowered long-stemmed pubescent cluster 3'-6' in length;
calyx 2-lobed, slightly toothed, much shorter than the narrow oblong petals; stamens
5-7, with long erect exserted slender filaments and bright orange-colored anthers;
ovary densely pubescent. Fruit obovate, often somewhat gibbous on the outer side,
with thin smooth pale brown valves, usually 1-seeded, 2'-3' long, on a slender stalk ^'— |'
in length; seeds l^'-2' broad.

A tree, rarely 30°-40° high, with a short trunk 2°-3° in diameter, often much
enlarged at the base, stout wide-spreading branches, and branchlets glabrous and pale
reddish brown when they first appear, becoming darker in their second season; more
often a shrub, with spreading stems 10°-15° high forming broad dense thickets.
Winter-buds acute, covered with narrow dark brown scales rounded on the back
and thickly coated with resin. Bark of the trunk about l' thick, smooth, and light
gray or nearly white. Wood soft, light, very close-grained, v/hite or faintly tinged
with yellow, with thin hardly distinguishable sapwood of 10-12 layers of annual
growth.

i

SAPINDACE^ 649

Distribution. Borders of streams; valley of the upper Sacramento River, Men-
doeiiio County, California, southward along the coast ranges to San Luis Obispo
County, and on the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada to the northern slopes of
the Tejon Pass, and in Antelope Valley, Los Angeles County; of its largest size in
the canons of the coast ranges north of San Francisco Bay.

Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental plant in western and southern Europe.

XXXV. SAPINDACEiE.

Trees or shrubs, with alternate pinnate petiolate persistent or deciduous
leaves without stipules. Flowers regular or irregular, polygamo-dioecious, poly-
gamo-monoecious or polygamous ; calyx of 4 or 5 sepals or lobes, imbricated in
the bud ; petals 4 or 5, imbricated in the bud; disk annular, fleshy, 5-lobed, or
unilateral and oblique ; stamens usually 7-10, inserted on the disk ; filaments
free ; anthers introrse, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally ; ovary 2-4 or
3-celled ; styles terminal ; stigmas capitate or lobed ; ovule solitary or 2 in each
cell, anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit a drupe or capsule. Seed usually soli-
tary, without albumen ; seed-coat bony, coriaceous or crustaceous.

Of the one hundred and eighteen genera of this family, which is chiefly con-
fined to the tropics and is more abundant in the Old than in the New World,
four have arborescent representatives in the United StateSo

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.

Fruit baccate.

Fruit dark orange-color or yellow, with thin semitranslucent coriaceous flesh ; ovules
1 in each cell of the ovary ; leaflets subcoriaceous to coriaceous. 1. Sapiudus.

Fruit purple, with thick juicy flesh ; ovules 2 in each cell of the ovary ; leaflets mem-
branaceous, persistent. 2. Exothea.
Fruit a drupe ; leaves 3-foliolate, persistent, 3. Hypelate.
Fruit a 3-valved capsule ; leaves 4- or 5-, rarely 3-foliolate, deciduous. 4. Ungnadia.

1. SAPINDUS, L.

Trees or shrubs, with terete branches without terminal buds, marked by large
obcordate leaf-scars, showing the ends of 3 equidistant fibro-vascular bundles,
small globose axillary buds often superposed in pairs, the upper bud the larger, and
thick fleshy roots. Leaves equally or rarely unequally pinnate, persistent. Flowers
regular, minute, polygamo-dicecious, on short pedicels from the axils of minute de-
ciduous bracts, in ample axillary or terminal panicles ; sepals 4 or 5, unequal, slightly
united at the base; petals 4 or 5, equal, alternate with the sepals, inserted under the
thick edge of the annular fleshy entire crenately lobed disk, unguiculate, naked or
furnished at the summit of the claw on the inside with a 2-cleft scale, deciduous;
stamens usually 8 or 10, inserted on the disk immediately under the ovary, equal;
filaments subulate or filiform, often pilose, exserted in the staminate, much shorter
in the pistillate flower; anthers oblong, attached near the base; pistils 2 or 3, united;
ovary sessile, entire or 2-4-lobed, 2-4-celled, narrowed into a short columnar style,
rudimentary in the staminate flower; stigma 2-4-lobed, the lobes spreading; ovule
solitary in each cell, ascending from below the inner angle of the cell; raphe ventral;
micropyle inferior. Fruit baccate, coriaceous, 1-3-seeded, usually formed of 1 glo-
bose coriaceous carpel, with the rudiments of the others remaining at its base, or of
2 or sometimes 3 carpels more or less connate by their bases and then 2-3-lobed:

650

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Seed solitary in each carpel, obovate or globose; seed-coat bony, smooth, black or
dark brown; tegmen membranaceous or fleshy; hilum oblong, surrounded by an
ariloid tuft of long pale silky hairs; embryo incurved or straight; cotyledons thick
and fleshy, incumbent; radicle very short, inferior, near the hilum.

Sapindus is widely distributed through the tropics, especially in Asia, occasionally
extending into colder regions. About forty species have been distinguished; of
these three are found within the territory of the United States.

Sapindus contains a detersive principle which causes the pulp of the fruit to lather
in water, and makes it valuable as a substitute for soap. The bark, which is bitter
and astringent, has been used as a tonic. The seeds of several of the species are
strung for chaplets and bracelets and are used as buttons.

The generic name, from sapo and Indus, refers to the detersive properties and use
of the first species known to Europeans, a native of the West Indies.

CONSPECTUS OF THE SPECIES OF THE UNUSED STATES.

Leaves persistent.

Rachis of the leaf interruptedly winged, with usually broad wings ; leaflets 4-9, oblong-
lanceolate and acute to elliptical-ovate or oblong, tomentulose below ; petals without
scales; fruit globose, orange-brown. 1. S. Saponaria (D).

Rachis of the leaf without wings, narrowly margined or marginless ; leaflets 7-13, lanceo-
late-oblong, acuminate, often somewhat falcate, glabrous below ; petals with scales ;
fruit somewhat oblong, dorsally keeled, yellow. 2. S. marginatus (C).

Leaves deciduous, their rachises without marginal borders ; leaflets 8-19, lanceolate, mostly

falcate, soft-pubescent or ultimately glabrous below ; petals with scales ; fruit globose,

not keeled, turning black in drying. 3. S. Drummondi (C, E).

1. Sapindus Saponaria, L. Soapberry.

Leaves 6'-7' long, with broadly winged rachises, their wings narrow and often
nearly obsolete below the lowest pair of leaflets, and sometimes nearly y wide below

the upper pair, and usually 6-9 leaflets gradually narrowed at the base, very short-
petiolulate, when they unfold glabrous on the upper surface with the exception of a
few hairs on the midveins, softly pubescent on the lower surface, and at maturity
rather coriaceous, yellow-green, paler and tomentulose below, prominently reticu-
late-venulose, 3'-4' long and 1\' wide, with yellow midribs and primary veins, those of

i

SAPINDACE^

651

the lowest pair smaller than the others; rarely reduced to a single leaflet. Flo"wers
usually produced 3 together on short pedicels, in terminal panicles 7-10' in length,
with angulate peduncles and branches, appearing in Florida in November ; calyx-
lobes rounded, concave, ciliate on the margins, the 2 outer rather smaller than those
of the inner rank; petals without scales, white, ovate, short-clawed, rounded at the
apex and covered, especially toward their base, with long scattered hairs; stamens
included or slightly exserted, with hairy filaments broadened at the base. Fruit
ripening in spring or in early summer, globose, |'— |' in diameter, with thin orange-
brown semitranslucent flesh; seeds obovate, black, ^' in diameter.

A tree, sometimes 25°-30° high, with a trunk rarely exceeding 10'-12' in diameter,
erect branches and slender branchlets at first slightly many-angled and puberulous,
soon glabrous, orange-green and marked by white lenticels, becoming in their second
season terete, pale brown faintly tinged with red. Bark of the trunk i'-^' thick,
light gray and roughened by oblong lighter colored excrescences, the outer layer ex-
foliating in large flakes exposing the nearly black inner bark. Wood heavy, rather
hard, close-grained, light brown tinged- with yellow, with thick yellow sapwood.

Distribution. Southern Florida, shores of Cape Sable, shores and islands of
Caximbas Bay, Key Largo, Elliott's Key, and the shores of Bay Biscay ne; in Florida
most common on Cape Sable, and of its largest size on some of the Thousand Islands;
generally distributed through the West Indies to Venezuela.

2. Sapindus marginatus, "Willd. Soapberry.

Leaves 6'-7' long, with slender wingless or narrowly margined or marginless
rachises, and 7-13 lance-oblong acuminate more or less falcate leaflets, glabrous,
dark green, and lustrous on the upper, paler and glabrous or puberulous on the

fiq'jrji

lower surface along the slender midnerves, sessile or very short-petiolulate, 2'-5'
long, f -1^ wide, the lower usually alternate, the upper opposite. Flowers more or
less tinged with red and nearly \' in diameter, on short stout tomentose pedicels,
appearing in early spring in panicles 4' -5' long and usually about 3' wide, with vil-
lose stems and branches; sepals rounded at the apex, villose on the outer surface
toward the base, ciliate on the margins, the outer much narrower than the inner;
petals ovate-oblong, short-clawed, ciliate, furnished on the inner surface near the

652

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

base with a 2-lobed villose scale. Fruit conspicuously keeled ou the back, short-
oblong, about I' long, with thin light yellow translucent tlesh; seeds obovate, dark
brown,

A tree, rarely more than 25°-30° high, with a trunk sometimes 1° in diameter,
and stout pale brown or ultimately ashy gray branchlets.

Distribution. Coast of Florida from the mouth of the St. John River and Cedar
Keys southward; rare and still imperfectly known.

3. Sapindus Drummondi, Hook. & Arn. Soapberry. Wild China-tree.

Leaves appearing in March and April, with slender grooved puberulous rachises,
without wings, and 4-9 pairs of alternate obliquely lanceolate acuminate leaflets,

/^JJ^

glabrous on the upper and covered with short pale pubescence on the lower surface,
rather coriaceous, prominently reticulate-venulose, pale yellow-green, 2'-3' long,
^'-|' wide, short-petiolulate, deciduous in the autumn or early winter. Flo"wers
appearing in May and June in clusters 6'-9' long and 5'-6' wide, with pubescent
many-angled stems and branches; sepals acute and concave, ciliate on the margins,
much shorter than the white obovate petals rounded at the apex, contracted into
long claws, hairy on the inner surface and furnished at the base with a deeply cleft
scale hairy on the margins; filaments hairy, with long soft hairs. Fruit ripening in
September and October, persistent on the branches until the following spring, gla-
brous, not keeled, yellow, ^' in diameter, turning black in drying; seeds obovate,
dark brown.

A tree, 40°-50° high, with a trunk sometimes ll°-2° in diameter, usually erect
branches and branchlets at first slightly many-angled, pale yellow-green, pubescent,
becoming in their second year terete, pale gray, slightly puberulous, and marked by
numerous small lenticels. Bark of the trunk ^'—^' thick, separating by deep fissures
into long narrow plates broken on the surface into small red-brown scales. Wood
heavy, strong, close-grained, light brown tinged with yellow, with lighter colored
sap wood of about 30 layers of annual growth; splitting easily into thin strips and
largely used in the manufacture of baskets used in harvesting cotton, and for the
frames of pack-saddles.

Distribution. Moist claj'^ soil or dry limestone uplands; western Louisiana to the

SAPINDACE^

653

valley of the Washita River, Arkansas, and southern Kansas, and through Texas to
the mountain valleys of southern Xew Mexico, southern Arizona, and northern
Mexico.

2. EXOTHEA, Macf.

A tree, with thin scaly bark, and terete branchlets covered with lenticels. Leaves
petiolate, abruptly pinnate or 3- or rarely 1-foliolate, glabrous, without stipules, per-
sistent; leaflets oblong or oblong-ovate, acute, rounded or emargiuate at the apex,
with entire undulate margins, obscurely veined, membranaceous, dark green and
lustrous on the upper and slightly paler on the lower surface. Flowers regular,
polygamo-dicecious, on short pedicels from the axils of minute deciduous bracts cov-
ered with thick pale tomentum, in ample terminal or axillary wide-branched panicles
clothed with orange-colored pubescence; sepals 5, ovate, rounded at the apex, ciliate
on the margins, puberulous, persistent; petals 5, white, ovate, rounded at the apex,
shortly unguiculate, alternate with and rather longer and narrower than the sepals;
disk annular, fleshy, irregularly 5-lobed, puberulous; stamens 7 or 8, inserted on the
disk, as long as the petals in the staminate flower, much shorter in the pistillate
flower; filaments filiform, glabrous, anthers oblong, with a broad connective, rudi-
mentary in the staminate flower; ovary sessile on the disk, conical, pubescent,
2-celled, contracted into a short thick style, rudimentary in the staminate flower,
stigma large, declinate, obtuse; ovules 2 in each cell, suspended from the sum-
mit of the inner angle, collateral, anatropous, raphe ventral; micropyle superior.
Fruit a nearly spherical 1-seeded berry containing the riidiment of the second cell
and tipped with the short remnant of the style, surrounded at the base by the per-
sistent reflexed sepals; flesh becoming thick, dark purple, and juicy at maturity.
Seed oblong, short to subglobose, solitary, suspended; seed-coat thin, coriaceous,
orange-brown, and lustrous; embryo subglobose, filling the cavitv of the seed;;, coty-
ledons fleshy, plano-convex, puberulous; radicle superior, very short, uncinate,
turned toward the small hilum and inclosed in a lateral cavity of the seed-coat.

The genvis is represented by a single West Indian species.

The generic name is from i^wdea, in allusion to its removal from a related genus.

1. Exothea paniculata, Radlk. Iron-wood. Ink Wood.
Leaves appearing in April on stout grooved petioles ^-1' long ; leaflets 4'-5'

654 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

long and l^'-2' wide. Flowers opening in Florida in April, y across when ex-
panded, tlie staminate and pistillate on separate plants. Fruit fully grown by the
end of June and then ^'-|' long, dull orange color, remaining on the branches dur-
ing the sunnner, ripening in the autumn, and becoming juicy and dark purple at
maturity; seeds ^'-f in diameter.

A tree, sometimes 40°-50° high, with a trunk 12'-15' in diameter, slender upright
branchlets orange-brown when they first appear, becoming reddish brown in their
second year and thickly covered by small white lenticels. Bark of the trunk ^'-\'
thick, the bright red surface separating into large scales. Wood very hard and
■heavy, strong, close-grained, bright red-brown, with lighter colored sapwood of 10-12
layers of annual growth; valued for piles and also used in Florida in boatbuilding,
for the handles of tools, and many small articles.

3. HYPELATE, P. Br.

A glabrous tree or shrub, with smooth bark and slender terete branchlets. Leaves
long-petioled, the petioles sometimes narrow-winged, 3-foliolate, the terminal leaflet
rather larger than the others, persistent; leaflets sessile, obovate, rounded or rarely
acute or emarginate at the apex, entire, with thickened revolute margins and promi-
lient midribs, coriaceous, feather-veined, the veins arcuate and connected near the
margins, dark green and lustrous on the upper, bright green on the lower surface.
Flowers regular, polygamo-moncecious, minute, on slender pedicels from the axils of
minute deciduous bracts, in few-flowered long-stemmed wide-branched terminal or
axillary panicles; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes ovate, rounded at the apex, slightly puber-
ulous on the outer surface, ciliate on the margins, deciduous by a circumcissile line,
petals 5, rather longer than the calyx-lobes, rounded, spreading, ciliate on the mar-
gins, white; stamens 7 or 8, inserted on the lobes of the annular fleshy disk; fila-
ments filiform, as long as the petals in the staminate flower, much shorter in the
pistillate flower; anthers oblong, attached on the back near the bottom, the cells
spreading from above downward; ovary sessile on the disk, slightly 3-lobed, 3-celled,
contracted into a short stout style, rudimentary in the staminate flower; stigma
large, declinate, obscurely 3-lobed; ovules 2 in each cell, borne on the middle of its
inner angle, superposed, amphitropous, the upper ascending, with the micropyle in-
ferior, the lower pendulous, with the micropyle superior. Fruit an ovate black drupe
crowned with the remnants of the persistent style and supported on the persistent
base of the disk; flesh thin and fleshy; walls of the stone thick and crustaceous.
Seed solitary by the abortion of the upper ovule, suspended, obovate; seed-coat thin,
slightly wrinkled; embryo conduplicate, filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons
thin, foliaceous, irregularly folded, incumbent on the long radicle.

The genus with a single species is distributed from southern Florida to Cuba and
Jamaica.

Hypelate is the ancient name of the Butcher's Broom.

1. Hypelate trifoliata, Sw. White Ironwood.

Leaves unfolding in June and persistent until their second season or longer;
petioles stout, 1^-2' long, with narrow green wings; leaflets l^'-2' long, and f'-l^
wide. Flowers appearing in Florida in June, rather less than \' in diameter, in few-
flowered panicles 3'-4' in length, on slender peduncles, the staminate and pistillate in
separate panicles on the same tree. Fruit ripening in September, |' long, with a
sweet rather agreeable flavor.

SAPINDACEiE

655

A tree, sometimes 35°-40° high, with a trunk occasionally 18'-20' in diameter,
and branchlets pale green when they first appear, becoming gray during their first
season and bright red-brown the following year; generally much smaller. Bark of

the trunk

rarely ^'

thick, marked by shallow depressions and numerous minute

lenticels. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, rich dark brown, with thin darker
colored sapwood of 4 or 5 layers of annual growth; very durable in contact with the
soil and valued in Florida for posts; also used in shipbuilding and for the handles of
tools.

Distribution. Upper Metacombe and Umbrella Keys, Florida; rare ; in Cuba
and Jamaica.

4. UNGNADIA, Endl.

A tree or shrub, with thin pale gray fissured bark, slender terete slightly zigzag
branchlets without terminal buds, marked by large conspicuous obcordate leaf-scars,
small obtuse nearly globose axillary winter-buds covered with numerous chestnut-
brown imbricated scales, and thick fleshy roots. Leaves long-petioled, 5 or 7
or rarely 3-foliolate, deciduous; leaflets ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, rounded or
wedge-shaped, and often oblique at the base, irregularly crenulate-serrate, coated at
first on the lower surface like the petioles with dense pale tomentum, pilose above,
glabrous at maturity with the exception of a few hairs on the lower surface along
the principal veins, pinnately veined, reticulate-venulose, the terminal one long-
petiolulate, the others short-petiolulate to subsessile. Flowers irregular, polyga-
mous, in small pubescent fascicles or corymbs appearing just before or with the
leaves from the axils of those of the previous year, usually from separate buds, or
occasionally from the base of leafy branches; calyx 5-lobed, hypogynous, oblong-lan-
ceolate, somewhat united irregularly at the base only, deciduous; petals 4 by the
suppression of the anterior one, or 5 and then alternate with the lobes of the calyx,
hypogynous on the margin of a thickened truncate torus, unguiculate, bright rose
color, deciduous, the claw as long as the lobes of the calyx, nearly erect, clothed
with tomentum, especially on the inner surface, conspicuously appendaged at the
summit with a fimbricated crest of short fleshy tufted hairs, the blade obovate, spread-
ing, often erose-crenulate ; disk unilateral, oblique, tongue-shaped, surrounding and
connate with the base of the stipe of the ovary; stamens 7-10, usually 8 or 9, inserted
on the oblique edge of the disk, much exserted and unequal, the anterior ones shorter

656

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

than the others^, equal or almost so and shorter than the petals in the pistillate flower;
filaments filiform; anthers oblong, attached near the base; ovary ovoid, 3-celled,
pilose, raised on a long stipe, rudimentary in the staminate flower; style subulate, fili-
form, elongated, slightly curved upward; stigma minute, terminal; ovules 2, borne on
the inner angle of the cell near its niiddle, ascending, the micropyle inferior. Fruit
a coriaceous 3-celled loculicidally 3-valved broadly ovate capsule, conspicuously stipi-
tate, crowned with the remnants of the style, rugosely roughened and dark reddish
brown, loculicidally 3-valved, the valves somewhat cordate, bearing the dissepiment on
the middle. Seed generally solitary by abortion, almost globose; seed-coat coriaceous,
very smooth and shining, dark chestnut-brown or almost black; hilum broad; tegmen
thin; embryo filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons thick and fleshy, nearly hemi-
spherical, conferruminate, incumbent on the short conical descending radicle turned
toward the hilum, remaining below ground in germination.

Ungnadia with a single species is confined to Texas, New Mexico, and northern
Mexico.

The name is in honor of Baron Ferdinand von Ungnad, Ambassador of the Em-
peror Rudolph 11. at the Ottoman Porte who sent seeds of the Horsechestnut-tree
from Constantinople to Vienna in the middle of the sixteenth century.

1. Ungnadia speciosa, Endl. Spanish Buckeye.

Leaves appearing from March to April with or just after the flowers, 6'-12' long,
with stout petioles 2'-6' long, rather coriaceous leaflets, dark green and lustrous on

the upper and pale and rugose on the lower surface, 3'-5' long and 1^-^' wide, the
terminal leaflet on a petiolule ^-1' long. Flovrers 1' across when expanded, in
crowded clusters l^'-2' long. Fruit 2' broad, opening in October, the empty pods
often remaining on the branches until the appearance of the flowers the following
year; seeds ^'— |' in diameter.

A tree, occasionally 25°-30° high, with a trunk C'-8' in diameter, dividing at some
distance from the ground into a number of small upright branches, and branchlets
light* orange-brown and covered during their first season with short fine pubescence,
pale brown tinged with red, glabrous and marked by scattered lenticels in their
second year; more often a shrub, with numerous stems. Winter-buds about i' in
diameter. Bark of the trunk rarely more than -|' thick, light gray and broken by

RHAMNACE^ 657

numerous shallow reticulated fissures. Wood heavy, close-grained, rather soft and
brittle, red tinged with brown, with lighter colored sapwood. The sweet seeds pos-
sess powerful emetic properties and are reputed to be poisonous.

Distribution. Borders of streams, limestone hills, and westward on the sides of
mountain canons; valley of the Trinity River, Texas, to the Oran Mountains, New
Mexico, and southward into Mexico; most common and of its largest size forty to
fifty miles from the Texas coast west of the Colorado River.

Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental plant in the southern United States.

XXXVI. RHAMNACEiE.

Trees or shrubs, with scaly or naked buds, watery bitter astringent juice,
simple leaves, and minute deciduous stipules {persistent in Krugiodendron) .
Flowers small, mostly greenish, perfect (polgyamo-dioecious in one species of
RhaTimus) ; calyx 4-5-lobed, the lobes valvate in the bud ; petals 4-5, inserted
<3n the calyx near the margin of the conspicuous disk lining the short calyx-
tube, and infolding the stamens, or 0 ; stamens as many as and alternate with the
calyx-lobes, free, inserted at or below the margins of the disk ; filaments slender,
subulate; anthers introrse, versatile, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally;
pistils of 2-3 united carpels; ovary 2-3, or rarely 1-celled by abortion, partly
immersed in the disk; style terminal; stigma 2-4-lobed; ovules 1 in each cell,
erect, anatropous; raphe ventral ; micropyle inferior. Fruit drupaceous, sup-
ported on the tube of the calyx and bearing the remnants of the style. Seed
usually with scanty oily albumen; embryo with broad cotyledons; radicle in-
ferior, next the hilum.

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.

Fruit more or less fleshy.

Fruit with a single stone ; petals 0.
Sepals without crests.

Leaves alternate ; branches spinescent. 1. Condalia.

Leaves nearly opposite ; branches not spinescent. 2. Reynosia.

Sepals crested ; leaves mostly opposite. 3. Krugiodendron.

Fruit with 2 or 3 nutlets ; petals 4 or 5, or 0 ; leaves alternate. 4. Rhamnus.

Fruit crustaceous, 3-lobed, separating- into 3 longitudinally 2-valved nutlets.

Sepals inflexed ; petals narrowed into long- slender claws. 5. Ceanothus.

Sepals spreading ; petals sessile. 6. Colubrina.

1. CONDALIA, Cav.

Trees or shrubs, with ligid spinescent branches and minute scaly buds. Leaves
alternate, subsessile, obovate or oblong, entire, feather-veined. Flowers axillary,
solitary or fascicled, greenish white, on short pedicels; calyx with a short broadly
obconical tube and o-lobed limb, the lobes ovate, acute, membranaceous, spreading
and persistent; disk fleshy, flat, slightly 5-angled, surrounding the free base of the
ovary; petals 0; stamens 5, inserted on the free margin of the disk between the lobes
of the calyx; filaments incurved, shorter than the calyx-lobes; 1-celled, conical, grad-
ually narrowed into a short thick style; stigma 3-lobed; ovule ascending from the
base of the cell. Fruit ovoid or subglobose; flesh thin; stone thick-walled, crustaceous.
Seed compressed; seed-coat thin and smooth; cotyledons oval, flat.

Condalia with nine or ten species is confined to the New World and is distributed

658

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

from western Texas and southern California to Patagonia and Brazil. Of the six
species found within the territory of the United States one is a small tree.

The generic name commemorates that of Antonio Condal, a Spanish physician of
the eighteenth century sent to South America on a scientific mission in 1754.

1. Condalia obovata, Hook. Purple Haw. Log Wood.

Leaves often fascicled on short spinescent lateral branchlets, spatulate to oblong-
cuneate, mucronate, pubescent, especially on the lower surface, when they first appear,

at maturity glabrous, rather thin, pale yellow-green, I'-l^ long, and about |' wide,
with conspicuous midribs and usually 3 pairs of prominent primary veins, unfold-
ing in May and June and falling irregularly during the winter. Flovrers in 2-4-
flowered short-stemmed fascicles, on branchlets of the year. Fruit ripening irregu-
larly during the summer, ^' long, dark blue or black, with a sweet pleasant flavor.

A tree, sometimes 30° high, with a trmik 6'-8' in diameter, erect rigid zigzag
branchlets terminating in stout spines and covered at first with soft velvety pubes-
cence, becoming glabrous before the end of the first season, pale red-brown and
often covered with thin scales; more often a shrub. Bark of the trunk about |'
thick, divided into flat shallow ridges, the dark brown surface tinged with red sep-
arating into thin scales. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, light red, with light
yellow sapwood of 7-8 layers of annual growth; burning with an intense heat and
valued as fuel.

Distribution. Western Texas from the shores of Matagorda Bay to the Rio
Grande, and through the drier portions of northern Mexico; of tree-like habit and of
its largest size on the high sandy banks of the lower Rio Grande and its tributaries;
often covering large areas with dense impenetrable chapparal.

2. REYNOSIA, Griseb.

Trees or shrubs, with rigid unarmed terete branches, and scaly buds. Leaves
mostly opposite, entire, coriaceous, short-petiolate, reticulate-veined, persistent.
Flowers minute, on stout pedicels bibracteate near the base and two or three times
longer than the flower, in small axillary sessile umbels; calyx persistent, 5-lobed,
the lobes deltoid, acuminate, spreading, petaloid, deciduous; disk fleshy; petals 0;

RHAMNACE^

659

stamens 5, inserted on the margin of the disk, rather shorter than the calyx-lobes;
filaments incurved; anthers oval; ovary free from the disk, almost superior, coni-
cal, 2-3-celled, contracted into a short erect thick style; stigma 2-3-lobed. Fruit
drupaceous; flesh thin; stone crustaceo-membranaceous. Seed ovoid or subglobose;
seed-coat very thin, conspicuously rugose and tuberculate; embryo axile in copious
subcorneous ruminate albumen; cotyledons oblong.

Reynosia is distributed from southern Florida and the Bahama Islands to the An-
tilles. Four species are recognized; of these, one, a small tree, extends into south-
ern Florida.

The generic name is in honor of Alvaro Reynoso (1830-1888), the distinguished
Cuban chemist and writer on agriculture and scientific subjects.

1. Reynosia septei^rionalis, Urb. Red Ironwood. Darling Plum.

(^Reynosia latifolia, Silva N. Am. ii. 21.)

Leaves oval or oblong, or sometimes nearly orbicular, rounded, truncate or fre-
quently emarginate and usually minutely apiculate at the apex, gradually narrowed
at the base into short broad petioles, very thick and coriaceous, dark green on the
upper, rather paler or often rufous on the lower surface, l'-l|' long and ^' broad,

with thickened revolute margins, stout broad midribs, about five pairs of primary
veins spreading nearly at right angles, and numerous reticulate veinlets, unfolding
in April and remaining on the branches for one and sometimes for two years.
Flowers appearing in May, Jj' long. Fruit ripening in Florida in November or
frequently not until the following spring, short-obovate ^' long, purple or nearly
black, edible, with an agreeable flavor.

A tree, 20°-25° high, with a trunk 6'-8' in diameter, stout terete rigid branchlets
slightly puberulous at first, soon becoming glabrous and gray faintly tinged with red,
growing darker in their second season, then often covered by small tubercles and
marked by the prominent elevated leaf-scars. "Winter-buds minute, chestnut-brown.
Bark of the trunk -^q'-^ thick, dark red-brown, and divided into large thick plate-
like scales. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, rich dark brown,
with light brown sapwood of 15-20 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Coast and islands of southern Florida from the Marquesas group

660

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

to the shores of Bay Biscayne; common and generally distributed; also on the Ba-
hama Islands.

3. KRUGIODENDRON, Urb.

A small tree or shrub, with slender unarmed terete branches roughened by numer-
ous small lenticels, and minute scaly buds. Leaves opposite or obliquely opposite, or
sometimes alternate on lower branches, ovate or oval, often emarginate, coriaceous,
entire, short-petiolate, feather-veined, persistent. Flowers greenish yellow, on short
slender pedicels, in axillary simple or dichotomously branched cymes; calyx broadly
obconical, 5-lobed, the lobes triangular, acute, erect or spreading, crested on the
inner surface, deciduous; disk annular, broad, fleshy, 5-lobed, surrounding the base
of the ovary; petals 0; stamens 5, inserted under the margin of the disk; anthers
ovate or ovate-orbicular, obtuse; ovary conical, imperfec^y 2-celled ; styles short and
thick, imited nearly to the apex, the branches spreading and stigmatic on the inner
face; ovule ascending from the base of the cell. Fruit 1-seeded, ovate or ovoid;
flesh thin ; walls of the stone thin and bony. Seed ellipsoidal, compressed, without
albumen; seed-coat membranaceous; embryo filling the cavity of the seed; cotyle-
dons thick and fleshy, obovate or elliptical.

Krugiodendron with a single species is confined to southern Florida and the West
Indies.

The generic name is in honor of Leopold Krug (1833-1898), a student of the
flora of the Antilles.

1. Krugiodendron ferreum, Urb. Black Iron-wood.

(Rhamnidium ferreum, Silva N. Am. ii. 29.)

Leaves bright green and lustrous on the upper, pale yellow-green on the lower
surface, glabrous with the exception of a few scattered hairs on the upper surface
and on the petioles, I'-l^' long, |'-1' wide, with entire or slightly undulate margins,

persistent for two or three years; their petioles stout, Y long; stipules acuminate,
persistent. Flowers on bibracteolate pedicels ^' long, in 3-5-flowered cymes on
peduncles sometimes i' long, usually much shorter and often branched near the apex,
on branchlets of the year; calyx about ^' long, the acuminate lobes conspicuously

RHAMNACE^ 661

crested on the inner surface. Fruit generally solitary on a stem |'-^' long, ^' in
lensfth, with thin black flesh.

A tree, sometimes 30° high, with a trunk 8' -10' in diameter, and very slender
branchlets at first green and covered with dense velvety pubescence, becoming gla-
brous in their second year, and then gray faintly tinged with red and roughened by
small crowded leuticels; generally much smaller and more often shrubby than arbo-
rescent. Bark of the trunk about Y thick and divided into prominent rounded longi-
tudinal ridges broken on the surface into short thick light gray scales. Wood
exceedingly heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, brittle, rich orange-brown, with thin
lighter colored sapwood.

Distribution. Florida, from Cape Canaveral on the west ooast, through the
southern keys to the shores of Bay Biscay ne; one of the commonest of the small
trees of the region ; also on the Bahama and West Indian islands.

4. RHAMNUS, L.

Trees or shrubs, with terete often spinescent branches, without terminal buds, and
scaly or naked axillary buds and acrid bitter bark. Leaves alternate or rarely ob-
liquely opposite, conduplicate in the bud, petiolate, feather-veined, entire or dentate.
Flowers perfect or polygarao-dicecious, in axillary simple or compound racemes or
fascicled cymes; calyx campanulate, 4:-5-lobed, the lobes triangular-ovate, erect
or spreading, keeled on the inner surface, deciduous; disk thin below, more or less
thickened above; petals 5, inserted on the margin of the disk, ovate, unguiculate,
emarginate, infolded round the stamens, deciduous, or 0; stamens 4 or 5; filaments
very short; anthers oblong-ovate or sagittate, rudimentary and sterile in the pistil-
late flower; ovary free, ovoid, included in the tube of the calyx, 2-4-celled, rudi-
mentary in the staminate flower; styles united below, with spreading stigmatic lobes
or terminating in a 2-3-lobed obtuse stigma; ovule erect from the base of the cell.
Fruit drupaceous, oblong or spherical; flesh thick and succulent, inclosing 2-4 sepa-
rable cartilaginous 1-seeded nutlets. Seeds erect, obovate, grooved longitudinally on
the back, with a cartilaginous seed-coat, the raphe in the groove, or convex on the
back, with a membranaceous seed-coat, the raphe lateral next to one margin of the
cotyledons; embryo large, surrounded by thin fleshy albumen; cotyledons oval, folia-
ceous, with re volute margins, or flat and fleshy.

Rhamnus with about sixty species is widely distributed in nearly all the temperate
and in many of the tropical parts of the world with the exception of Australia and
the islands of the Pacific Ocean. Of the five species indigenous to the United States
three attain the size of small trees. The fruit and bark of Rhamnus are drastic, and
yield yellow and green dyes. The European Rhamnus cathartica, L., the Buckthorn,
has long been used as a hedge plant in northern Europe, and in eastern North
America, where it has now become sparingly naturalized.

The generic name is from p6.iJ.vos, the classical name of the Buckthorn.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.

Flowers polygamo-dicBcious, in sessile umbels ; calyx 4-lobed ; petals 0 ; anthers oblong-ovate ;
lobes of the stigma elongated, spreading ; fruit red ; seed grooved on the back ; seed-coat
cartilaginous ; leaves often sharply toothed, persistent ; winter-buds scaly.

1. R. crocea (G).

Flowers perfect, in pedunculate umbels ; calyx 5-lobed ; petals 5 ; anthers sagittate ; lobes
of the stigma short and obtuse ; fruit black ; seed rounded on the back ; seed-coat mem-
branaceous ; leaves deciduous ; winter-buds naked.

662

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Pocluncles shorter than the petioles.
PeJiuicles longer than the petioles.

2. R. Caroliniana (C).
3. R. Purshiana (B, G).

I

1. Rhamnus crocea, Nutt.

Leaves persistent, elliptical, broadly ovate or subrotund, or rarely lanceolate-
acuminate, mucronate or rounded at the apex, acutely or of ten glandular-denticulate,
sometimes revolute, coriaceous, yellow-green and lustrous on the upper surface, paler
or frequently bronzed or copper color on the lower surface, glabrous or often puberu-
lous, especially when young, on the under surface of the midribs and petioles, ^'-3'
long, with prominent midribs grooved above and broad conspicuous primary veins;
their petioles short and stout. Flowers polygamo-dicecious, on slender often puberu-
lous pedicels ^' long, in small clusters from the axils of the leaves or of small lan-
ceolate persistent bracts on shoots of the year; calyx 4-lobed, with acuminate lobes,
about \' long; petals 0; stamens shorter than the calyx, with short stout incurved
filaments and large ovate anthers, minute and rudimentary in the pistillate flower;

ovary ovate, contracted into a long slender style divided above the middle into
2 wide-spreading acuminate stigmatic lobes, rudimentary in the staminate flower.
Fruit red, obovoid, slightly grooved or lobed at maturity, \' long, with thin dry flesh
and 1-3 nutlets; seeds broadly ovate, pointed at the apex, deeply grooved on the
back, and ^ long, with a thin membranaceous pale chestnut-colored coat.

A tree, occasionally 20° high, with a trunk 6'-8' in diameter, spreading rigid
sometimes spinescent branches, and slender branchlets yellow-green and puberulous
or glabrate when they first appear, becoming dark red or reddish brown and gla-
brous in their second season; more frequently a low densely branched shrub, with
stems a few feet high forming thickets of considerable extent. Winter-buds
obtuse, barely more than J^' long, with small puberulous apiculate imbricated scales
ciliate on the margins. Bark of the trunk usually iV"¥ tliick, the dark gray surface
slightly roughened by minute tubercles.

Distribution. Valley of the upper Sacramento River, California, southward along
the Sierra Nevada to about latitude 28 on the mainland and to Guadaloupe Island,
Lower California; usually an undershrub under the shade of trees and along the
borders of the forest or in sheltered ravines ; sometimes appearing in exposed situ-
ations on sunny hillsides in the neighborhood of streams; arborescent only in some

RHAMNACE^

663

of the interior valleys of southern California and on Cedros Island and the Santa
Barbara Islands. Passing into

Rhamnus crocea, var. insularis, Sarg.

A form with less prominently toothed leaves, rather larger flowers, with shorter
and broader calyx-lobes, a less deeply divided style, and larger fruits. This is a tree

often growing to the height of 25°-30°, flowering later than thetirdinary form, and
not uncommon on the islands of the Santa Barbara group and on the mountains
of the adjacent mainland. A form (var. pilosa, M. K. Curr.) with narrow re volute
leaves and densely pilose throughout, inhabits the Santa Maria valley of the moun-
tains near San Diego.

2. Rhamnus Caroliniana, "Walt. Indian Cherry.

Leaves deciduous, elliptical-oblong or broadly elliptical, acute or acuminate,
wedge-shaped or somewhat rounded at the base, remotely and obscurely serrate or
crenulate, densely coated when they appear with rusty brown tomentura, and at
maturity membranaceous, dark yellow-green above, paler below, glabrous or some-
what hairy on the lower surface, 2'-6' long, 1' to nearly 2' wide, with prominent
yellow midribs and about 6 pairs of conspicuous yellow primary veins, turning yel-
low in the autumn before falling; their petioles slender, pubescent, ^ to nearly V
long; stipules nearly triangular. Flowers appearing from April to June when the
leaves are almost fully grown, on slender pedicels about ^ ^ong, in few-flowered
pubescent umbels, on peduncles varying from ^'-^' in length; calyx 5-lobed, with a
narrow turbinate tube and triangular lobes; petals o, broadly ovate, deeply notched
at the apex and folded round the short stamens; ovary contracted into a long co-
lumnar style terminating in a slightly 3-lobed stigma. Fruit ripening in September
and sometimes remaining on the branches until the beginning of winter, globose, ^'
in diameter, black, with thin sweet rather dry flesh and 2-4 nutlets; seeds obtuse at
the apex, rounded on the- back, reddish brown, about ^' long.

A tree, 30°-40° high, with a trunk 6'-8' in diameter, small spreading unarmed
branches, and slender branchlets light red-brown and puberulent or covered with a
glaucous bloom when they first appear, becoming slightly angled, gray, and glabrous,
and marked by the small horizontal oval leaf-scars during their second season; more
often a tall shrub, with numerous stems lo°-20° high. "Winter-buds naked, hoary-

664

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

tomentose. Bark of the trunk about \' thick, slightly furrowed, ashy, gray and often
marked with large black blotches. Wood rather hard, light, close-grained, not
strong, light brown, with lighter colored sapwood of 5 or 6 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Borders of streams on rich bottom-lands, and on limestone ridges;
Virginia to northern Florida and westward through the valley of the Ohio River to
eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, and eastern Texas; occasionally tree-like in west-
ern Florida and Mississippi, and of its largest size only in southern Arkansas and the
adjacent portions of Texas; very abundant on the limestone barrens of eastern
Kentucky and Tennessee.

3. Rhamnus Purshiana, DC. Bearberry. Coffee-tree.

Leaves deciduous, broadly elliptical, obtuse or bluntly pointed at the apex, rounded
or slightly cordate at the base, finely serrate, or often nearly entire, with undulate
margins, membranaceous, villose, with short hairs on the lower surface and on the
veins above, 2'-7' long, conspicuously netted-veined, with broad and prominent
midribs and primary veins, turning pale yellow late in the autumn before fall-
ing; their petioles stout, often pubescent, ^'-1' long; stipules membranaceous, acu-
minate. FloAvers on slender pubescent pedicels \'-V long, in axillary cymes on
slender pubescent peduncles |'-1' in length on shoots of the year; calyx nearly
campanulate, with 5 spreading acuminate lobes; petals 5, minute, ovate, deeply
notched at the apex, and folded round the short stamens; stigma 2 or 3-lobed. Fruit
globose or broadly obovoid, black, y-^' in diameter, slightly or not at all lobed,
with thin rather juicy flesh, and 2 or 3 obovate nutlets usually ^' long, rounded on
the back, flattened on the inner surface, with 2 bony tooth-like enlargements at the
base, 1 on each side of the large scar of the hilum, and a thin gray or pale yellow-
green shell; seeds obtuse at the apex, rounded on the back; seed-coat thin and
papery, yellow-brown on the outer surface, bright orange color on the inner surface
like the cotyledons.

A tree, 35°-40° high, with a slender trunk often 18'-20' in diameter, separating
10°-15° from the ground into numerous stout upright or sometimes nearly horizontal
branches, and slender branchlets coated at first with fine soft pubescence, pale yel-
low-green or reddish brown, and pubescent, glabrous, or covered with scattered hairs
in their second season and then marked by the elevated oval horizontal leaf -scars;

KHAMNACE^ 665

often shrubby and occasionally prostrate. Winter-buds naked, hoary-tomentose.
Bark of the trunk rarely more than ^' thick, dark brown to light brown or gray
tinged with red, broken on the surface into short thin scales. Wood light, soft, not

strong, brown tinged with red, with thin lighter colored sapwood. The bark pos-
sesses the drastic properties peculiar to thajt of other species of the genus, and is a
popular domestic remedy in Oregon and California, and under the name of Cascara
Sagrada has been admitted into the American materia medica.

Distribution. Rich bottom-lands and the sides of canons, usually in coniferous
forests; shores of Puget Sound eastward along the mountain ranges of northern
Washington to the Bitter Root Mountains of Idaho and the shores of Flat Head
Lake, Montana, and southward into northern California.

Occasionally cultivated in the gardens of western Europe and of the eastern
United States.

5. CEANOTHUS, L.

Small trees or shrubs, with slender terete branches, without terminal buds, and
small scaly axillary buds. Leaves petiolate, triple-veined from the base, or rarely
pinnately veined, persistent. Flowers on colored pedicels, in umbellate fascicles col-
lected in dense or prolonged terminal or axillary thyrsoid cymes or panicles, blue or
white ; calyx colored, with a turbinate or hemispherical tube and 5 triangular mem-
branaceous petaloid lobes; disk fleshy, thickened above; petals 5, inserted under the
margin of the disk, unguiculate, wide-spreading, deciduous, the long claw infolded
round the stamens; stamens 5, inserted with and opposite the petals, persistent;
filaments spreading; ovary partly immersed in and more or less adnate to the disk,
3-celled, sometimes 3-angled, the angles often surmounted by a fleshy gland per-
sistent on the fruit; styles short, united below; stigmas 3-lobed, with spreading lobes;
ovule erect from the base of the cell; Fruit 3-lobed, subglobose, with a thin outer
coat, soon becoming dry and separating into 3 crustaceous or cartilaginous longitudi-
nally 2-valved nutlets. Seeds erect, obovate-lenticular, with a broad basal excrescence
surrounding the hilum; seed-coat thin, crustaceous; raphe ventral; albumen fleshy;
embryo axile; cotyledons oval or obovate.

Ceanothus is confined to the temperate and warmer regions of North America,
with about thirty species, mostly belonging to California. The leaves, bark, and

666 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

roots are astringent and tonic. Of the species of the United States three are small
trees.

The generic name is from Keavwdos, the classical name of some spiny plant.

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.
Branchlets not spinose.

Leaves broadly ovate to elliptical, subcordate or rounded at the base, pale and tomentose
below. 1. C. arborescens (G).

Leaves elliptical, acute at the base, glabrous except on the veins below.

2. C. thyrsiflorus (G).
Branchlets spinose.

Leaves mostly elliptical, rounded ^r subcordate at the base, glabrous.

3. C. spiuosus (G).

1. Ceauothus arboreus, Greene.

i^Ceanothus velut'mus, var. arboreus, Silva N. Am. ii. 45.)

Leaves broadly ovate or elliptical, acute, conspicuously glandular-crenate, dark
green and softly puberulent on the upper surface, pale and densely tomentose on
the lower surface, 2i'-4:' long, V-2^' wide, vs^ith prominent veins; their petioles stout,
pubescent, ^'-V long; stipules subulate from a broad triangular base, ^ long.
Flo"wers opening in July and August on slender hairy pedicels ^'-1' long, from the

axils of large scarious caducous bracts, in ample compound densely hoary-pubescent
thyrsoidal clusters 3'^' long and l^'-2' wide on leafy or naked axillary peduncles
at the extremities of young branches. Fruit ^' across and black.

A round-headed tree,, 20°-25° high, with a straight trunk 6'-10' in diameter,
dividing 4°-5° from the ground into many stout spreading branches, and slender
slightly angled pale brown branchlets covered with short dense tomentum, becoming
in their second season terete, nearly glabrous, roughened with scattered lenticels and
marked by large elevated leaf-scars; often a shrub. Bark of the trunk dark brown,
about Y thick, and broken into small square plates separating into thick scales.

Distribution. Santa Catalina, Santa Cruz, and Santa Rosa islands of the Santa
Barbara group off the coast of California; most abundant and of its largest size on
the northern slopes of Santa Cruz; usually shrubby on the other islands, with
numerous slender stems.

RHAMNACE^ 667

2. Ceanothus thyrsiflorus, Eschs. Blue Myrtle. California Xilac.

Leaves oblong or oblong-ovate, minutely glandular-serrate, smooth and lustrous
on the upper and paler and slightly pubescent on the lower surface, especially along

the 3 prominent ribs, l'-l|' long, ^'-1' wide; their petioles stout, ^'-^' in length;
stipules membranaceous, acute. Flo^wers blue or white, appearing in early spring
in small pedunculate corymbs from the axils of minute deciduous bracts, and
collected into slender rather loose thyrsoid clusters 2'-3' long in the axils of upper
leaves or of small scarious bracts, and usually surmounted by the terminal leafy
shoot of the branch. Fruit ripening from July to December, black; seeds J^'
long, smooth, dark brown or nearly black.

A tree, occasionally 35° high, with a trunk 12'-14' in diameter, dividing 5°-6°
from the ground into many small wide-spreading branches, and conspicuously angled
pale yellow-green branchlets slightly pubescent at first but soon-becoming glabrous;
more often a tall or low shrub. Bark of the trunk thin, with a bright red-brown
surface separating into thin narrow appressed scales. Wood close-grained, rather
soft, light brown, with thin darker colored sapwood.

Distribution. Shady hillsides on the borders of the forest and often in the neigh-
borhood of streams; coast mountains of California from Mendocino County to the
valley of the San Luis Rey River; of its largest size northward, and in the Redwood
forests of the Santa Cruz Mountains; southward often a low shrub, frequently flower-
ing on the wind-swept shores of the ocean when only l°-2° high.

3. Ceanothus spinosus, Nutt. Lilac.

Leaves rarely 3-nerved, elliptical, full and rounded, apiculate or often slightly
emarginate or gradually narrowed and pointed or rarely 3-lobed at the apex,
rounded or cuneate at the base, when they unfold villose-pubescent below along
the stout midribs and obscure primary veins, soon glabrous, coriaceous, usually about
1' long and |' wide; their petioles stout, ^'-^ long, at first villose, becoming nearly
glabrous; on vigorous shoots sometimes ovate, conspicuously 3-nerved, irregularly
serrate, with incurved apiculate teeth, or coarsely dentate and often 1^ long and |'
wide; stipules minute, acute. Flowers light or dark blue, very fragrant, opening
from March until May, in lax corymbs from the axils of acute pubescent red cadu-

668 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

cous bracts on upper leafy branchlets of tlie year, the whole inflorescence forming an
open tl)yrsus often 5'-6' long and 3'-^' thick, and without leaves toward the apex.
Fruit depressed, obscurely lobed, crestless, black, \'-l' in diameter.

A tree, 18°-20° high, with a trunk 5'-G' in diameter, upright branches forming a
narrow open head, and slender divaricate angled branchlets pubescent or puberulous

iSH

when they first appear, soon glabrous, bright green, ultimately reddish brown, fre-
quently terminating in sharp leafless thorn-like points; more often shrubby. Bark
of the trunk thin, red-brown, roughened by small closely appressed scales.

Distribution. A common inhabitant of mountain canons near the coast of Santa
Barbara, Ventura, and Los Angeles counties, California; often forming a dense
undergrowth in the forest, which it enlivens for many weeks in early spring with its
large clusters of bright blue flowers.

6. COLUBRINA, Brong.

Trees or shrubs, with terete branches and scaly buds. Leaves petiolate, pinnately
veined or triple-veined from the base, often ferrugineo-tomentose on the lower sur-
face. Flowers axillary, in contracted few-flowered cymes or fascicles, yellow or
greenish yellow; calyx-tube hemispherical, persistent, 5-lobed, the lobes spreading,
triangular-ovate, conspicuously keeled on the inner surface, deciduous by a circum-
scissile line; disk fleshy, annular, 5-angled or indistinctly 5 or 10-lobed; petals 5,
inserted under the margin of the disk, shorter than the lobes of the calyx, cucullate,
unguiculate, infolding the stamens; stamens 5, opposite to and inserted with the
petals ; filaments incurved ; anthers ovate ; ovary surrounded by and confluent with
the disk, 3-celled, subglobose, contracted into a slender 3-lobed style, the obtuse
lobes stigmatic on the inner face; ovule erect, from the base of the cell. Fruit sub-
globose, 3-lobed; outer coat thin and septicidally dehiscent into 3 1-seeded crusta-
ceous nutlets 2-valved at the apex. Seeds erect, broadly obovate, compressed, 3-
angled; seed-coat coriaceous, smooth and shining; embryo axile in thick fleshy albu-
men; cotyledons orbicular, flat or incurved, thin or fleshy.

Colubrina with about a dozen species is confined to the tropics, with the largest
number of species in the New World. Of the four species found within the terri-
tory of the United States one is arborescent in habit.

TILIACE^

669

The generic name is from coluber, a serpent, probably on account of the peculiar
twisting of the deep furrows on the stems of some of the species.

1. Colubrina reclinata, Brong. Naked "Wood.

Leaves persistent, elliptical, ovate or lanceolate, usually contracted at the apex
into a blunt point, entire, wedge-shaped or somewhat rounded and furnished with
2 conspicuous marginal glands at the base, when they unfold in early summer thin
and membranaceous, glabrous or finely puberulent on the lower surface and along
the principal veins, and at maturity yellow-green, 2^'-3' long, 1^' to nearly 2' wide,
with stout midribs and arcuate primary veins, persistent until their second year;
their petioles slender, y long. Flo^wers in clusters rather shorter than the petioles,
on shoots of the year, pubescent, soon becoming glabrate. Fruit \' in diameter and
dark orange-red, ripening late in the autumn, on pedicels \' long; seeds light red-
brown, 1' long.

A tree, 50°-60° high, with a trunk 3°^° in diameter, divided by numerous irregu-
lar deep furrows multiplying and spreading in all directions, and branchlets at first

iKijH-y

slightly angled, puberulent and reddish brown, soon becoming glabrate, and in their
second season nearly terete, gray or light brown, and marked by numerous small
light-colored lenticels. Bark of the trunk thin, orange-brown, exfoliating in large
papery scales. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, dark brown tinged with yellow, with
thin light yellow sapwood of 8-10 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Florida on Umbrella Key, the north end of Key Largo, and on
some of the small keys south of Elliott's Key; of its largest size and forming a forest
of considerable extent on Umbrella Key; also on the Bahama Islands and many of
the Antilles.

XXXVn. TILIACE-SI.

Trees, shrubs, or herbs, with alternate simple leaves, and free stipules.
Flowers regular, perfect ; sepals valvate in the bud, deciduous ; corolla bypo-
gynous ; stamens numerous, with 2-celled anthers, the cells opening longitudi-
nally ; pistil compound ; styles united into 1 ; stigma capitate. Fruit capsular
or nut-like. Seeds with albumen ; embryo with broad foliaceous cotyledons.

670 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

The Linden family with about thirty-five genera is chiefly tropical, with
more representatives in the southern than in the northern hemisphere. Of the
three North American genera only Tilia is arborescent.

1. TILIA, L. Linden.

Trees, with terete moderately stout branchlets, without terminal buds, large com-
pressed acute axillary buds, with numerous imbricated scales, those of the inner
rank accrescent, mucilaginous juice, and tough fibrous inner bark. Leaves condu-
plicate in the bud, long-petiolate, 2-ranked, cordate or truncate at the oblique base,
acute or acuminate, serrate, deciduous, their petioles in falling leaving large elevated
horizontal leaf-scars displaying the ends of numerous fibro-vascular bundles; stip-
ules ligulate, membranaceous, caducous. Flowers nectariferous, fragrant, on slender
clavate pedicels, in axillary or terminal cymes, with minute caducous bracts at the
base of the branches, their peduncles more or less connate with the axis of a large
membranaceous light green ligulate often obovate persistent conspicuously reticulate-
veined bract; sepals 5, distinct; petals 5, imbricated in the bud, alternate with the
sepals, sometimes thickened and glandular at the narrow base, creamy white, decid-
uous; stamens inserted on a short hypogynous receptacle; filaments filiform, forked
near the apex, collected into 5 clusters and united at the base with each other and (in
the American species) with a spatidate petaloid scale (^staminodium) placed opposite
each petal, the branches of the filament bearing oblong extrorse half anthers; ovary
sessile, tomentose, 5-celled, the cells opposite the sepals; style erect, dilated at the
apex into 5 spreading stigmatic lobes; ovules 2 in each cell, ascending from the
middle of its inner angle, semianatropous, the micropyle centripetal-inferior. Fruit
nut-like, woody, subglobose to short-oblong or ovoid, sometimes ribbed, tomentose,
1-celled by the obliteration of the partitions, 1 or 2-seeded. Seeds obovate, semi-
anatropous, ascending ; seed-coat cartilaginous, light reddish brown; embryo large,
often curved, in fleshy albumen; cotyledons reniform or cordate, palmately 5-lobed,
the margins irregularly involute or crumpled; radicle inferior.

Tilia with eighteen or twenty species is widely distributed in the temperate re-
gions of the northern hemisphere with the exception of western America, central
Asia, and the Himalayas. Tilia produces soft straight-grained pale-colored light
wood, largely used for the interior finish of buildings, in cabinet-making, for the
sounding-boards of pianos, wood-carving and wooden ware, and in the manufacture
of paper. The tough inner bark is largely manufactured into mats, cords, fish-nets,
coarse cloths, and shoes. Lime-flower oil, obtained by distilling the flowers of the
European species, is used in perfumery. The flowers yield large quantities of nectar,
and honey made near forests of Tilia is unsurpassed in flavor and delicacy. Many of
the species are planted as shade and ornamental trees, and several of the European
species are now common in the gardens and parks of the eastern United States.

CONSPECTUS OF SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.

Branchlets g-labrous.

Leaves glabrous. •

Leaves green on both surfaces. 1. T. Americana (A, C).

Leaves pale on the lower surface.

Peduncles and pedicels glabrous ; staminodia entire ; leaves mostly cordate at the
base. 2. T. australis (C).

TILIACE^

671

Peduncles and pedicels puberulous ; staminodia emarginate ; leaves mostly obliquely
truncate at the base. 3. T. Floridana (C).

Leaves pubescent or tomentulose below.

Leaves more or less stellate-pubescent below, with conspicuous axillary tufts of hairs.

4. T. Michauxii (A, C).
Leaves hoary-tomentulose below, without axillary tufts of hairs.

5. T. heterophylla (A, C).
Branchlets stellate-pubescent ; leaves rusty-tomentulose below. (j. T. pubescens (C),

1. Tilia Americana, L. Linden. Bass "Wood.

Leaves broadly oval, obliquely cordate or sometimes almost truncate at the base,
contracted at the apex into slender acuminate entire points, coarsely serrate, with
incurved glandular teeth, glabrous with the exception of tufts of rnsty brown hairs
in the axils of the principal veins below, thick and firm, dark dull green on the upper,
lighter and yellow-green and lustrous on the lower surface, 5'-6' long, 3'-4' broad,
turning pale yellow in the autumn before falling; their petioles slender, l^'-2' long.

l(\J^

Flo"wers opening during the first week of July; pedunculate bract 4'-5' long, I'-l^'
broad, rounded or pointed at the apex, decurrent nearly to the base or to within ^'-1'
of the base of the peduncle; peduncle slender, glabrous, the free portion 3^ '-4' long;
pedicels slightly angled, puberulous, about ^' long; sepals ovate, acuminate, densely
hairy on the inner and slightly pubescent on the outer surface, about ^ long and one
third shorter than the lanceolate petals. Fruit oblong to oblong-obovate, rounded
or pointed at the apex, ^'-^' long, and covered with short thick rufous tomentum.

A tree, usually 60°-70°, or sometimes 120°-130° high, with a tall trunk 3°-4° in
diameter, small often pendulous branches forming a broad round-topped head, slender
smooth glabrous light gray or light brown branchlets marked with numerous oblong
dark lenticels, becoming darker in their second and dark gray or brown and con-
spicuously rugose in their third year. Winter-buds dark red, ovate, about \' long.
Bark of the trunk about 1' thick, deeply furrowed, the light brown surface broken
into small thin scales. "Wood light brown faintly tinged with red, with thick hardly
distinguishable sapwood of 55-65 layers of annual growth; employed in the manu-
facture of paper pulp, and under the name of white wood largely used in wooden ware,
cheap furniture, the panels of carriages, and for the inner soles of shoes.

672

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Distribution. Rich often moist soil, formerly often in mostly pure forests;
northern New Brunswick to the eastern shores of Lake Superior, and northeastward
to the southern shores of Lake Winnipeg and the valley of the Assiniboine River,
and south in the United States to Virginia, along the Appalachian Mountains to
Georgia and Alabama, and to eastern Dakota, eastern Nebraska, Kansas, the Indian
Territory, and eastern Texas; more common northward than southward, and of its
largest size on the bottom-lands of the tributaries of the lower Ohio River.

Often cultivated as a shade and ornamental tree in the northeastern states, and
occasionally in Europe. *

2. Tilia australis. Small. Linden.

Leaves ovate, abruptly acuminate at the apex, mostly cordate by a broad shallow
sinus at the oblique base, sharply serrate, with prominently glandular teeth, thin,
dark green and lustrous above, glaucous beneath, sparingly hairy while young on the

under side of the slender midribs and in the axils of the thin primary veins, becom-
ing glabrous, 4'-6' long, 3^'-4' wide ; their petioles slender, 2'-3' in length. Flowers :
pedunculate bract decurrent nearly to the base of the peduncle, glaucous, glabrous,
about 3^' long and ^ wide; peduncle slender, glabrous, the free portion about 1^'
long; pedicels glabrous, about \' in length; sepals narrowly ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
hoary-tomentose along the margins on the inner surface and toward the apex on the
outer surface, about \' long and one third shorter than the lanceolate petals; stam-
inodia entire. Fruit not seen.

A tree, sometimes 60° high.

Distribution. Rich wooded hillsides at elevations of 800° above the sea on
Warnock Mountain, Blount County, Alabama (C Mohr, 1895); still little known.

3. Tilia Floridana, Small. Linden.

Leaves ovate or ovate-oval, abruptly narrowed and acuminate at the apex, mostly
obliquely truncate or unequally cuneate at the base, remotely crenulate-serrate,
with glandular teeth, dark green above, pale below, glabrous with the exception
of minute tufts of brownish hairs in the axils of the slender veins beneath, 4'-6'
long, 3'-3y wide, their petioles 1^-1^' in length. Flowers ; pedunculate bract
decurrent to within \'~\' of the base of the peduncle, puberulous, 3'-4' long, f '-1'

TILIACE^

673

fr^S^

wide; peduncle slender, puberulous, the free portion f'-l' long; pedicels puberulous,
about ^' long; sepals lanceolate to linear-lanceolate, hoary-tomentulose on the outer
surface, much shorter than the lanceolate petals; staminodia emarginate. Fruit not
seen.

A tree, 25°-30° high.

Distribution. Rich woods; Lake Charm, Orange County (T. L. Mead, 1887),
and in Jackson County, Florida; still little known.

4. Tilia Michauxii, Nutt, Linden. Bass Wood.

Leaves broadly ovate, abruptly narrowed into short acute entire points, obliquely
cordate by a broad sinus or rarely truncate at the base, sharply serrate, with long
straight or incurved glandular teeth, thick, dark green and lustrous and glabrous or
sparingly stellate-pubescent above, pale and more or less stellate-pubescent below,
with small conspicuous axillary tufts of pale hairs, usually 5'-6' long and 3^'-4' wide,
with slender orange-brown or yellow midribs and primary veins, turning yellow
in the autumn before falling; their petioles stout, at first puberulous, becoming
glabrous, l^'-2' long. PloTvers: pedunculate bract decurrent nearly to the base

or to within ^'-f' of the base of the peduncle, narrowly obovate, tomentulose on the
upper, glabrous on the lower surface, 5'-6' long; peduncle slender, glabrous, the free

674

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

portion about If long; pedicels puberulous, \'—!^' long; sepals ovate, acuminate, pale
pubescent on the outer surface, coated on the inner surface with matted white hairs,
about one third as long as the lanceolate to ovate petals. Fruit subglobose to short-
oblong, hoary-tomentose, about ^' in diameter.

A tree, 70°-80° high, with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter, small often pendulous
branches forming a round-topped head, and branchlets bright red and lustrous dur-
ing their first winter and reddish brown in their second season. Winter-buds \'-^'
long, with pale red-brown scales. Bark of the trunk about 1' thick, deeply fur-
rowed, reddish brown and covered with small thin scales.

Distribution. Rich woods; valley of the St. Lawrence River near Montreal, near
Rochester and Ithaca, New York, to eastern Pennsylvania, Delaware, Ohio, and
southward to northern Georgia and eastern Texas; probably often confounded with
Tilia pubescens, Ait., and still imperfectly known.

5. Tilia heterophylla, Vent. Linden. Bee-tree.

Leaves gradually narrowed and short-pointed at the apex, obliquely truncate or
cordate at the base, finely serrate, with short slender glandular teeth, membrana-
ceous, bright green and pubescent while young along the midribs above, becoming

I

glabrous, silvery white and tomentulose on the lower surface, 4'-7' long, 4'-5' wide,
with slender midribs and primary veins; their petioles slender, glabrous, 2'-3' long.
Flo-wers appearing during the month of June; pedunculate bract usually decurrent
to within about Y of the base of the peduncle, or sometimes to the base, generally
about 4' long and |-1' wide; peduncle slender, stellate-pubescent, becoming gla-
brous, the free portion 1^-2' long; pedicels slender, about \' long, nearly glabrous;
sepals narrow, acuminate, puberulous on the outer, tomentulose on the inner surface,
nearly \' long and one third shorter than the narrow acuminate petals. Fruit sub-
globose, Y in diameter, tomentulose, with short closely appressed cinereous hairs.

A tree, 50°-60° high, with a trunk 3°-4° in diameter, slender branches forming
generally a narrow rather pyramidal head, and glabrous green or bright red branch-
lets gradually turning brown during their second year, and marked by numerous
large oblong pale lenticels. Winter-buds broadly ovate, bright red, covered with a
slight glaucous bloom, |'-1' long. Bark of the trunk about ^' thick, deeply fur-
rowed, the surface broken into short thin light brown scales. Wood light brown

I

TILIACE^

675

faintly tinged with red, with thin hardly distinguishable sapwood of 5 or 6 layers of
annual growth.

Distribution. Rich wooded slopes in moist soil or near the banks of streams;
often on limestone; near Ithaca, New York, southward along the Appalachian
Mountains to northern Alabama, and westward to middle Tennessee, Kentucky, and
southern Indiana and Illinois; most abundant and of its largest size on the high
mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee.

6. Tilia pubescens, Ait. Linden. Bass "Wood.

Leaves ovate, acuminate, obliquely truncate at the base, coarsely glandular-ser-
rate, when they unfold dark red and coated above with matted pale hairs and hoary-
tomentose below, and at maturity membranaceous, dark green, pubescent or glabrous

above, rusty-tomentulose below, usually 4'-5' long, 2^'-3' wide, their petioles slender,
at first tomentose, becoming glabrous, about |' long. Flo"wers appearing in May;
pedunculate bract decurrent to the base of the peduncle, hardly obovate, sometimes
falcate, 3'^' long, about |' wide, villose on the upper, glabrous on the lower surface;
peduncle slender, stellate-pubescent, the free portion about 1^' long; pedicels short,
stellate-pubescent; sepals narrow-acuminate, pale-tomentose on the outer, sparingly
hairy on the inner surface, about ^ long^ and rather shorter than the narrow acumi-
nate petals. Fruit subglobose to short-oblong, ^'-j' in diameter, rusty tomentose.

A tree, 30°-40° high, with a trunk rarely exceeding 12'-15' in diameter, and slen-
der branchlets densely rusty stellate-pubescent during their first season, becoming
glabrous during their third year, red-brown, rugose and marked by occasional small
lenticels. Winter-buds acuminate, dark reddish brown, covered with short rusty
pubescence. Bark of the trunk ^^-f thick, furrowed and divided into numerous
parallel ridges, the red-brown surface broken into numerous short thick scales.
"Wood light brown faintly tinged with red, with thick hardly distinguishable sap-
wood.

Distribution. Coast of North Carolina southward in the neicrhborhood of the
coast to northern Florida, and westward along the Gulf coast to the valley of the Rio
Blanco, Texas, and southern Arkansas; not common.

676 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

XXXVIII. STERCULIACE-aJ.

Trees or shrubs, with bitter astringent juice, mucilaginous bark, and alter-
nate simple leaves with stipules. Flowers perfect, regular ; calyx of 5 sepals,
imbricated in- the bud; corolla 0 (in Fremontodendron) ; anthers extrorse ;
pistil of 5 united carpels ; ovary 5-celled ; styles united ; ovules anatropous.

A family of about fifty genera mostly confined to the tropics, its most im-
portant species, Theobroma Cacao, L., of the West Indies producing chocolate
from the cotyledons. Sterculia platanifolia, L. f., of this family and a native
of southern China, is often planted as an ornamental tree in the southern
states and in California.

1. FREMONTODENDRON, Gov.

A tree or shrub, with stellate pubescence and naked buds. Leaves palmately
lobed, thick, prominently veined, usually rufous on the lower surface, persistent;
stipules minute, deciduous. Flowers solitary, terminal or opposite the leaves, pedun-
culate, subtended by 3 or rarely 5 minute caducous bracts; calyx subcampanulate,
^^ypogy^o^s, deeply 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud, petaloid, yellow,
spreading, obovate, often mucronate, V long, the 3 outer a little smaller than the
others, pubescent on the outer surface, with a hairy cavity at the base of the inner
surface; corolla 0; stamens 5; filaments alternate with the sepals, united to the
middle into a column; anthers oblong-linear, incurved at the ends, 2-celled, the cells
opening longitudinally; ovary 5-celled, the cells opposite the sepals; style filiform,
elongated, terminated by an acute undivided stigmatic point; ovules numerous in
each cell, horizontal. Fruit an ovate acuminate 4 or 5-valved loculicidally dehiscent
capsule densely coated with long matted hairs, the inner surface of the cells vil-
lose-pubescent. Seeds oval; seed-coat crustaceous, puberulous, with a small fleshy
marginal deciduous ariloid appendage on the chalaza; embryo straight, in thick
fleshy albumen; cotyledons oblong, foliaceous, three or four times longer than the
short radicle.

Fremontodendron, named in honor of John C. Frdmont, the distinguished soldier
and traveler, is represented by a single species.

1. Fremontodendron Californicum, Gov. Slippery Elm.

Leaves usually 3-lobed, rarely entire or sometimes 5-7-lobed, 1^' in diameter;
their petioles stout, ^'-f long. Flov/ers appearing in July in great profusion on
short spur-like lateral branchlets. Fruit I'long; seeds very dark red-brown, about
iV long.

A tree, 20°-30° high, with a short trunk 12'-14' in diameter, stout rigid branches
spreading almost at right angles, and stout terete branchlets thickly coated at first
with rufous pubescence, becoming glabrous and light red-brown; more often a low
intricately branched shrub. Bark of the trunk rarely more than ^ thick, deeply
furrowed, the dark red-brown surface broken into numerous short thick scales.
Wood hard, heavy, close-grained, dark brown tinged with red, with thick lighter
colored sapwood. The mucilaginous inner bark is sometimes used domestically in
poultices.

Distribution. Lower slopes of the California mountains; western base of Mt.
Shasta to Lower California; nowhere common west of the Sierra Nevada, but of its
largest size on their western foothills; most abundant east of the Sierra Nevada in

THEACILE

677

the region of the Mohave Desert, growing as a low shrub and sometimes forming
thickets several acres in extent.

Occasionally cultivated in western and southern Europe as an ornamental plant.

XXXIX. THEACEiB.

Trees or shrubs, with simple alternate leaves without stipules. Flowers per-
fect, regular, hypogynous ; sepals and petals 5, imbricated in the bud ; stamens
numerous; anthers 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally; pistil of 3-5
united carpels ; ovary 3-5-celled ; styles as many as the cells of the ovary,
partly united. Fruit capsular ; embryo with large cotyledons.

The Camellia family with sixteen genera is principally confined to the
tropics of the New World and to southern and eastern Asia. Two genera are
represented in the flora of the southern United States, and of these Gordonia
is arborescent. The most important genus, Camellia of eastern Asia contains
the Tea plant. Camellia Thea, Link, and several species cultivated for the
beauty of their flowers.

1. GORDONIA, Ell.

Trees or shrubs, with terete branchlets, without terminal buds, slender acuminate
naked axillary buds, and watery juice. Leaves pinnately veined, entire or crenate,
subcoriaceous and persistent, or membranaceous and deciduous. Flowers axillary,
solitary, long-stalked or subsessile; calyx subtended by 2-5 caducous bracts; sepals
unequal, rounded, concave, coriaceous, persistent; petals free or slightly united,
obovate, concave, white, deciduous; stamens numerous, filaments short, united at
the base into a fleshy cup adnate to the base of the petals and inserted with them, or
long and inserted directly on the petals; anthers introrse, yellow; ovary sessile; style
elongated, erect, o-lobed at the stigmatic apex; ovules 4-8 in each cell, pendulous
in 2 series from its inner angle, collateral, anatropous. Fruit a woody oblong or
subglobose o-celled capsule loculicidally 5-valved, with a persistent axis angled by
the projecting placentas. Seeds 2-8 in each cell, pendulous, flat, without albumen;
seed-coat woody, usually produced upward into an oblong wing; embryo mostly
straight or oblique, with oblong flat or oblique cotyledons; radicle short, superior.

Gordonia with about ten species is confined to the south Atlantic states of North
America and to tropical Asia and the Malay Archipelago.

678

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

The generic name is in honor of James Gordon (1728-1791), a well-known Loudon
nurseryman.

CONSPECTU« OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Flowers long-pedunculate ; filaments united into a cup ; capsule ovoid ; seeds winged ;

leaves persistent. 1. G. Lasianthus (C).

Flowers subsessile ; filaments distinct ; capsule globose ; seeds without wings ; leaves

deciduous. 2. G. Altamaha (C).

1. Gordonia Lasianthus, Ell. Bay. Loblolly Bay.

Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate to oblong, acute at the apex, gradually narrowed to
the cuneate base, finely or remotely crenately serrate, usually above the middle only.

%yj3

dark green, smooth and lustrous, 4'-5' long and l|'-2' wide, persistent; their petioles
stout, wing-margined toward the apex, channeled, about ^' long. Flo"wers about
2^ in diameter, expanding in July and continuing to open successively during
several weeks, on stout red peduncles thickening from below upward, and 2^'-3'
long, with usually 3 or 4 ovate minute subfloral bracts; sepals ovate to oval, \' long,
ciliate on the margins, with long white hairs, and covered on the outer surface with
dense velvety pale lustrous pubescence; petals rounded at the apex, gradually con-
tracted at the base, silky-puberulent on the back, white, 1|'-1^' long and V broad;
stamens united into a shallow fleshy deeply o-lobed cup pubescent on the inner surface
and adnate to the base of the petals; ovary ovate, pubescent, gradually contracted
into the stout style. Fruit ovoid; seeds winged, nearly square, slightly concave
on the inner and rounded on the outer surface, rugose, dotted with small pale brown
excrescences, nearly ^^' long and half the length of the thin membranaqeous oblique
pale brown wing pointed or rounded at the apex; embryo filling the cavity of the
seed, nearly straight; cotyledons subcordate, foliaceous.

A short-lived tree, 60°-75° high, with a tall straight trunk 18-20' in diameter,
small branches growing upward at first and ultimately spreading into a rather nar-
row compact head, and dark brown rugose branchlets marked during several years
by the horizontal slightly obcordate leaf-scars; or rarely alow shrub. "Winter-buds
\'-\' long, and covered with pale silky lustrous pubescence. Bark of the trunk
nearly V thick, deeply divided into regular parallel rounded ridges, their dark
red-brown scaly surface broken into many irregular shallow furrows. Wood light,

THEACE^

679

soft, close-grained, not durable, light red, with lighter colored sapwood of 40-50
layers of annual growth; occasionally used in cabinet-making.

Distribution. Shallow swamps and moist depressions in the Pine barrens; south-
ern Virginia southward near the coast to Cape Malabar and Cape Romano, Florida,
and westward along the Gulf coast to the valley of the Mississippi River; most
abundant in Georgia and east Florida; gradually becoming less abundant westward.

2. Gordonia Altamaha, Sarg. Franklinia.

Leaves obovate-oblong, rounded or pointed at the apex, gradually narrowed to
the base, long-cuneate, remotely serrate, usually above the middle only, with small
glandular teeth, bright green and lustrous ou the upper, pale on the lower surface,
o'-6' long, l^'-2' wide, turning scarlet in the autumn before falling; their petioles
stout, wing-margined above, \'-^' long. Flowers 3'-3l' in diameter, appearing about
the middle of September, on short stout peduncles at first pubescent, finally glabrous,
from the axils of crowded upper leaves, and marked by the broad conspicuous scars
of 2 minute lateral subfloral pubescent bracts; sepals nearly circular, ^' in diameter,
ciliate on the margins, and covered on the outer surface with short lustrous silky
pale hairs; petals obovate, crenulate on the margins, white, membranaceous, I'-l^'
long, 1' broad, and densely coated on the outer surface with fine pubescence; fila-
ments distinct, inserted on the petals; ovary conspicuously ridged, pubescent, trun-
cate, and crowned with a slender deciduous style nearly as long as the stamens.

Fruit globose, septicidally 5-valved from the base to the middle; seeds 6-8, or by
abortion fewer in each cell, closely packed together on the whole length of the thick
axile placenta, nearly i' long, angled by mutual pressure, without wings.

A tree, 15°-20° high, with stout slightly angled dark red-brown branchlets cov-
ered with small pale oblong horizontal lenticels, and conspicuously marked by large
prominent obcordate leaf-scars, with a marginal row of large fibro-vascular bundle-
scars. Winter-buds compressed, reddish brown, puberulous, y-^' long. Bark of
cultivated plants smooth, thin, dark brown.

Distribution. Near Fort Barrington on the Altamaha River, Georgia; not seen
in a wild state since 1790, and now only known by cultivated plants.

G80 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Often cultivated in the eastern states and hardy as far north as Philadelphia, and
occasionally in western and central Europe.

XL. CANELLACEiE.

Trees, with pungent aromatic bark, alternate pellucid-punctate entire penni-
veined persistent leaves without stipules. Flowers perfect, regular, cymose ;
sepals and petals imbricated in the bud ; stamens numerous, hypogynous, with
filaments united into a tube inclosing the pistil, and narrow extrorse anthers
adnate to the tube and longitudinally 2-oelled; pistil of 2-3 united carpels;
ovary free, 1-celled, with 2-5 parietal placentas ; styles thick ; stigmas 2-5-
lobed ; ovules 2 or many. Fruit a berry ; seeds 2 or several ; seed-coat thick,
crustaceous ; embryo small in fleshy oily albumen.

The Wild Cinnamon family with four genera and few species is confined to
tropical America, south Africa, and Madagascar, a single species reaching the
shores of southern Florida.

1. CANELLA, P. Br.

A tree, with scaly bark, stout ashy gray branchlets conspicuously marked by large
orbicular leaf-scars, and minute buds. Leaves obovate, rounded or slightly eniargi-
nate at the apex, gradually narrowed to the cuneate base, petiolate, coriaceous. Flow-
ers small, in many-flowered svibcorymbose terminal or subterminal panicles of sev-
eral dichotomously branched cymes from the axils of upper leaves or from minute
caducous bracts; sepals 3, suborbicular, concave, coriaceous, erect, their margins
ciliate, persistent; petals 5, hypogynous, in a single row on the slightly convex
receptacle, oblong, concave, rounded at the apex, fleshy, twice as long as the sepals,
white or rose color; stamens about 20, staminal tube crenulate at the summit and
slightly extended above the anthers; ovary cylindrical or oblong-conical, 1-celled.
with 2 parietal placentas; style short, fleshy, terminating in a 2 or 3-lobed
stigma; ovules numerous, arcuate, horizontal or descending, attached by short funi-
cles, imperfectly anatropous; micropyle superior. Fruit globose or slightly ovate,
fleshy, minutely pointed with the base of the persistent style, 2~4-seeded. Seeds
reniform, suspended; seed-coat black and shining; embryo curved in the copious
albumen; cotyledons oblong; radicle next the hilum.

The genus consists of a single West Indian tree, extending into southern Florida
and to Venezuela.

The generic name is from canella, the diminutive of the Latin ca7ia or carina, a
cane or reed, first applied to the bark of some Old World tree from the form of a
roll or quill which it assumed in drying.

1. Canella Winterana, Gaertn. Cinnamon Bark. White Wood. Wild

Cinnamon.

Leaves contracted into short stout grooved petioles, 3V-5' long, l^'-2' wide,
bright green and lustrous. Flo"wers about \' in diameter, opening in the autumn.
Fruit ripening in March and April, bright crimson, soft and fleshy, ^' in diameter;
seeds about ^^ long.

A tree, in Florida 2o°-30° high, with a straight trunk 8'-10' in diameter, and
slender horizontal spreading branches forming a compact round-headed top. Bark
of the trunk \' thick, light gray, broken on the surface into numerous short thick
scales rarely more than 2'-3' long and about twice as thick as the pale yellow aro-

KCEBERLINIACE^ 681

matic inner bark. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, dark
red-brown, with thick light brown or yellow sapwood of 25-30 layers of annual

growth. The bitter acrid inner bark is the wild cinnamon bark of commerce. It
has a pleasant cinnamon-like odor and is an aromatic stimulant and tonic.

Distribution. In Florida common and widely distributed on the southern keys,
usually growing in the shade of other trees.

XLI. KCEBERLINIACEiB.

An intricately branched almost leafless tree or shrub, with thin red-brown
scaly bark, stout alternate glabrous branchlets covered with pale green bark
and terminating in sharp rigid straight or slightly curved sjDines. Leaves mi-
nute, early deciduous, alternate, narrowly obovate, rounded at the a23ex.
Flowers perfect, on slender club-shaped puberulous pedicels from the axils of
minute scarious deciduous bracts, in short umbel-like racemes below the ends
of the branches ; calyx of 3 or 4 minute sepals imbricated in the bud, decidu-
ous ; petals 4, convolute in the bud, hypogynous, obovate or oblong, subunguic-
ulate, white, much longer than the sepals ; disk 0 ; stamens 8, free, hypogy-
nous, as long as the petals ; filaments thickened in the middle, subulate at the
ends ; anthers oval, attached on the back near the base, 2-celled, the cells
opening longitudinally; ovary ovoid, 2-celled, contracted at the base into a
short stalk and above into a simple subulate style ; stigma terminal, obtuse,
slightly emarginate ; ovules numerous, adnate in several series to the fleshy
placenta, horizontal or dependent, anatropous. Fruit a 2-celled berry, black at
maturity, subglobose, tipped with the remnants of the pointed style ; flesh thin
and succulent, the cells 1 or 2-seeded by abortion. Seed vertical, circinate-
cochleate ; seed-coat crustaceous, slightly rugose, striate ; albumen thin ;
embryo annular ; cotyledons semiterete ; the radicle ascending.

The family is represented by a single genus.

1. KCEBERLINIA, Zucc.

Characters of the family.

Kceberlinia with one species is North American.

The generic name is in honor of L. Koeberlin, a German botanist.

682

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

1. Koeberlinia spinosa, Zucc.

Leaves not more than y long. Flowers appearing in May and Jnne, about \' in
diameter. Fruit ^^^'-^ in diameter.

A bushy tree, rarely 20°-25° high, with a short stout trunk sometimes G°-8° long

and a foot in diameter; more often a low branching shnib forming impenetrable
thickets often of considerable extent. Wood very hard, heavy, close-grained, dark
brown somewhat streaked with orange, becoming almost black on exposure, with thin
yellow or nearly white sapwood of 12-15 layers of aimual growth.

Distribution. Dry gravelly mesas and foothills; valley of the lower Rio Grande,
Texas, westward to southern Arizona, and southward through northern Mexico.

XLII. CARICACE^.

Trees or shrubs, with bitter milky juice, alternate long-petiolate persistent
simple or digitatoly compound leaves, without stipules. Flowers unisexual or
})erfect, the perianth of the male and female flowers dissimilar ; stamens in
two series, inserted on the corolla ; -filaments free ; anthers introrse. Fruit
baccate.

The Pawpaw family with two genera is tropical American and Mexican, a
single representative of one of the genera reaching the shores of southern
Florida.

1. CARICA, L.

Short-lived trees, with erect simple or rarely branched stems composed of a thin
shell of soft fibrous wood surrounding a large central cavity divided by thin soft
cross partitions at the nodes, covered with thin green or gray bark marked by the
ring-like scars of fallen leaf-stalks, and stout soft fieshj^ roots. Leaves simple, pal-
mately lobed or digitate, crowded toward the top of the stem and branches, large,
flaccid, subpeltately palmately nerved, and usually deeply and often compoundly
lobed. Flowers regular, monoecious or polygamo-dicecious, white, yellow, or greenisli
white, in axillary cymose panicles, the staminate elongated, pedunculate, and many-
flowered, the pistillate abbreviated and few or usually 3-flowered, generally unisex-
ual and dioecious, occasionally polygamo-dicecious, each flower in the axil of a minute

CARICACE^ 683

ovate acute bract; calyx minute, 5-lobed, the lobes alternate with the petals; corolla
of the staminate flower salverform, ganiopetalous, the tube elongated, o-lobed, the
lobe oblong or linear, contorted in the bud; stamens 10; filaments free, those of the
outer row alternate with the lobes of the corolla and elongated, the others alter-
nate with them and abbreviated; anthers 2-celled, erect, opening longitudinally,
often surmounted by their slightly elongated connective; ovary rudimentary, sub-
ulate; pistillate flower, calyx minute, o-lobed, persistent under the fruit; corolla
polypetalous, petals 5, linear-oblong, erect, ultimately spreading above the middle,
deciduous; ovary free, sessile, 1-celled or more or less spuriously 5-celled; style 0
or abbreviated; stigmas 5, linear, radiating, dilated and subpalmately lobed at the
apex; ovules indefinite, inserted in two rows on the placenta, anatropous, long-
stalked; micropyle superior; raphe ventral; hermaphrodite flower, corolla gamo-
petalous, tubular-campanulate, the lobes erect and spreading or subreflexed; stamens
10, in 2 ranks, or 5; ovary obovoid-oblong, longer than the tube of the corolla, more
or less spuriously 5-celled below. Fruit slightly 5-lobed, 1-celled or more or less
completely 5-celled, filled with soft pulp, many-seeded, that produced from the
hermaphrodite flowers long-stalked, pendulous, usually unsymmetrical, gibbous, and
smaller than that from the pistillate flowers. Seeds ovoid, inclosed in membrana-
ceous silvery white sac-like arils, occasionally germinating within the fruit; seed-
coat crustaceous, closely investing the membranaceous inner coat, the outer coat
becoming thick, rugose, succulent, and ultimately dry and leathery; embryo in the
axis of fleshy albumen; cotyledons ovate, foliaceous, compressed, longer than the
terete radicle turned toward the minute pale subbasilar hilum.

Carica with about twenty species is distributed from southern Florida through the
West Indies to southern Brazil and Argentina, and from southern Mexico to Chili
One species grows probably indigenously in Florida. The milky juice of Carica
contains papain, which has the power of digesting albuminous substances, and the
leaves are often used in tropical countries to make meat tender.

The generic name is formed from the Carib name of one of the species.

1. Carica Papaya, L. Pawpa-w.

Leaves ovate or orbicular, deeply parted into 5-7 lobes divided more or less
deeply into acute lateral lobes, these secondary divisions entire or rarely lobed, the
lowest lobes forming a deep basal sinus, thin, flaccid, yellow-green, 15'-24' in
diameter, with broad flat yellow or orange-colored primary veins radiating from
the end of the petiole through the lobes, and small secondary veins extending to
the points of the lateral lobes and connected by conspicuous reticulate veinlets;
their petioles stout, yellow, hollow, enlarged and cordate at the base, sometimes
becoming 3°-4° long before the leaves fall. Flowers often beginning to appear
on plants only 3° or 4° high and a few months old, producd continuously through-
out the year, staminate in clusters on slender spreading or pendulous peduncles
4''-12' long, pistillate in 1-3-flowered short-stalked cymes; staminate flowers fra-
grant, filled with nectar, their corolla f -1^' long, with a slender tube and acute
lobes; anthers oblong, orange-colored, surmounted by the rounded thickened end of
the connective, those of the inner row almost sessile and one third larger than those
of the outer row, shorter than their flattened filaments covered, like the connectives,
with long slender white hairs; pistillate flowers about 1' long, with erect petals, with-
out staminodia; ovary ovoid, ivory-white, slightly and obtusely 5-angled, 1-celled, and
narrowed into a short slender style crowned by a pale green stigma divided to the

684

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

base into 5 radiating lobes dilated and 3-ncrved at the apex. Fruits banging close
together against the stem at the base of the leaf-stalks, obovate, ellipsoidal and
obtnsely short-pointed, yellowish green to bright orange color; in sonthern Florida
not more than 4' long and 'S thick, and nsually smaller, with a thick skin closely

adherent to the sweet insipid flesh forming a thin layer ontside the central cavity;
seeds fnll and ronnded, abont ^^' long; outer portion of the seed-coat rugose at
first when the fruit is fully grown but still green, ivory-white, very succulent, and
usually separable from the smooth paler chestnut-brown lustrous interior portion,
the outer part turning black as the fruit ripens and becoming adherent to the inner
portion closely investing the thin lustrous light red-brown inner coat.

A short-lived tree, in Florida attaining a height of 12°-15°, with a trunk seldom
more than 6' in diameter; in the West Indies and other tropical countries often
twice as large, with a trunk occasionally dividing into a number of stout upright
branches. Bark thin, light green, becoming gray toward the base of the stem.

Distribution. Florida from the southern shores of Bay Biscayne on the west
coast and Indian River on the east coast to the southern keys, growing sparingly in
rich hummocks; common in all the West Indian islands, in southern Mexico, and
in the tropical countries of South America; now naturalized in most of the warm
regions of the world, where it is universally cultivated for its fruit, which is consid-
ered one of the most wholesome of all tropical fruits, and has been much improved
by selection.

B. Ovary inferior (^partly inferior in RhizopTior'a) ,

XLIII. CACTACEiE.

Siicculent trees or shrubs, with copious watery juice, numerous spines spring-
ing from cushions of small bristles {areola}), and minute caducous alternate
leaves, or leafless. Flowers large and showy, perfect, usually solitary ; calyx
of numerous spirally imbricated sepals forming a tube, those of the inner series
petal-like ; corolla of numerous imbricated petals, in many series ; stamens
inserted on the tube of the calyx, very numerous, in several series, with slender
filaments and introrse 2-celled oblong anthers, the cells opening longitudinally ;

CACTACE^ 685

pistil of several united carpels ; ovary 1-cellecl, with several parietal placentas ;
styles united, terminal ; stigmas as many as the placentas ; ovules numerous,
horizontal, anatropous. Fruit a fleshy berry. Seeds numerous, with albumen ;
cotyledons foliaceous ; radicle turned toward the hilum.

The Cactus family with twenty genera and a very large number of species
is most abundant in the dry region adjacent to the boundary of the United
States and Mexico, with a few species ranging northward to the northern
United States and southward to the West Indian islands, Brazil, Peru, and
the Galapagos Islands. Two of the genera have arborescent representatives in
the flora of the United States.

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.

Branches and stems columnar, ribbed, continuous ; leaves 0 ; flower-bearing- and spine-
bearing- areolfe distinct ; flowers close above spine-bearing areolae ; tube of the flower
elongated; seeds dark-colored. 1. Cereus.

Branches jointed, tuberculate ; leaves scale-like ; flower-bearing and spine-bearing areolae
not distinct ; tube of the flower short and cup-shaped ; seeds pale. 2. Opuntia.

1. CEREUS, Haw.

Trees or shrubs, with columnar ribbed stems, and buds on the back of the ridges
from the axils of latent leaves, geminate, superposed, the upper producing a brancli
or flower, the lower arrested and developed into a cluster of spines surrounded by
an elevated cushion or areola of chaffy tomentose scales. Flowers lateral, elongated,
the calyx lobes forming an elongated tube, those of the outer ranks adnate to the
ovary, scale-like, only their tips free, those of the inner ranks free, elongated 'petals
cohering by their bases with the top of the calyx-tube, larger than its interior lobes,
spreading, recurved ; stamens numerous; filaments adnate by their base to the tube
of the calyx, those of the interior ranks free, the exterior united into a tube ; style
filiform, divided into numerous radiating linear branches stigmatic on the inner
face; stalks of the ovules long and slender, becoming thick and juicy in the fruit.
Seeds with very thin albumen; embryo straight; cotyledons abbreviated, hooked at
the apex; radicle conical.

Cereus with about two hundred species inhabits the dry southwestern region of
North America, the West Indies, tropical South America, and the Galapagos Islands.
Of the numerous species found within the territory of the United States only one
assumes the habit and size of a tree. The fruit of several species is edible, and the
ribs of the durable woody frames of the stems of the large arborescent species are
used for the rafters of houses and for fuel. Many of the species are planted in
warm dry countries in hedges to protect cultivated fields, and others are popular
garden plants valued for their beautiful flowers, which are sometimes nocturnal and
exceedingly fragrant.

The generic name relates to the candle-like form of the stem of some of the
species.

1. Cereus giganteus, Engelm. Su-warro.

Leaves 0. Flowers 4'-4^' long and 21' wide, opening from May to July in great
numbers near the top of the stem, each surrounded on the lower side by the radial
spines of the cluster below it; ovary ovoid, 1' long, rather shorter than the stout
tube of the flower, and covered, like the base of the tube, by the thick imbricated
green outer scale-like sepals, with small free triangular acute scarious mucronate

686

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

tips, furnished in their axils with short tufts of rufous hairs and occasionally with
clusters of chartaceous spines, gradually passing into thin oblong ovate or obovate
larger sepals, niucronate or rounded at the apex and closely imbricated in many
ranks; petals 25-35. obovate-spatulate, obtuse, entire, thick and fleshy, creamy white,
I' long and much reflexed after anthesis; stamens, with linear anthers emarginate
at the ends, and filaments united for half their length to the walls of the calyx-tube,
those of the exterior rows joined below into a long tube, surrounding the stout col-
umnar style glandular at the base and divided at the apex into 12-15 green stigmas.
Fruit ripening in August, ovate or slightly obovate, 2^' long, 1^' wide, truncate and
covered at the apex by the depressed pale scar left by the falling of the flower, light
red at maturity, separating into 3 or 4 fleshy valves bright red on their inner sur-
face and inclosing the bright scarlet juicy mass of the enlarged funiculi and innu-
merable seeds; seeds obovate, rounded, ^' long, lustrous, dark chestnut-brown.

A tree, 50°-60° high, with a trunk sometimes 2° in diameter, thickest below the
middle and tapering gradually toward the ends, marked by transverse superficial
lines into rings 4'-8' long, representing the amount of longitudinal growth, 8-12-
ribbed at the base, with obtuse ribs 4'-5' broad, and at the summit 18-20-ribbed, with
obtuse deep compressed ribs, branchless or furnished above the middle with a few,
usually 2 or 3, stout alternate or sometimes opposite upright branches shorter but
otherwise resembling the principal stem composed of a thick tough green epidermis,
a fleshy covering 3'-6' thick saturated with bitter juice, and a circle of bundles of
wood fibres making, with annual layers of exogenous growth, dense tough elastic
columns placed opposite the depressions between the ribs, ^'-3' in diameter and fre-
quently united by branches growing at irregular intervals between them, the woody

frame remaining standing after the death. of the plant and the decomposition of its
fleshy covering. Areolae pale, elevated, about 1' in diameter, bearing clusters of
stout straight spines with large dark fulvous bases, sulcate or angled, tinged with
red, with thick stout spines in the centre of each cluster, the lowest 4 horizontal
or slightly inclined downward, the lowest being the longest and stoutest and some-
times 11' long and ^L' thick, the upper shorter, more slender and slightly turned
upward, with a row of shorter and thinner radial spines 12-16 in number surrounding
the central group. Wood of the columns strong, very light, rather coarse-grained,

CACTACE^ 687

with numerous conspicuous medullary rays, and light brown tinged with yellow;
almost indestructible in contact with the ground, little affected by the atmosphere
and largely used for the rafters of houses, for fences, and by Indians for lances,
bows, etc. The fruit is consumed in large quantities by Indians.

Distribution. Low rocky hills and dry mesas of the desert; valley of Bill Wil-
liams River through central and southern Arizona to the valley of the San Pedro
River, and southward in Sonora.

2. OPUNTIA, Adans.

Trees or usually shrubs, in the arborescent species of the United States with sub-
cylindrical or clavate articulate tuberculate branches, covered with small sunken sto-
mata, and containing tubular reticulated woody skeletons, and thick fleshy or fibrous
roots. Leaves scale-like, terete, subulate, caducous, bearing in their axils oblong
or circular cushion-like areolae of chaffy or woolly scales terminal on the branches
and furnished above the middle with many short slender slightly attached sharp
barbed bristles and toward the base with numerous stout barbed spines surrounded
in some species, except at the apex, by loose papery sheaths. Flowers diurnal, lat-
eral, produced from areolae on branches of the previous year between the bristles
and spines, sessile, cup-shaped; sepals fiat, erect, deciduous; corolla rotate; petals
obovate, united at the base, spreading; stamens shorter than the petals; filaments
free or slightly united below; anthers oblong; style cylindrical, longer than the
stamens, obclavate below, divided at the apex into 3-8 elongated or lobulate lobes
stigmatic on the inner face. Fruit sometimes proliferous, covered by a thick skin,
succulent and often edible, or dry, pyriform, globose or elliptical, concave at the apex,
surmounted by the marcescent tube of the flower, tuberculate, areolate, or rarely
glabrous, truncate at the base, with a broad umbilicus at the apex. Seeds immersed
in the pulpy placentas, compressed, discoid, often margined with a bony raphe; testa
pale, bony, sometimes marked by a narrow darker marginal commissure; embryo
coiled around the copious or scanty albumen; cotyledons large; radicle thin, obtuse.

Opuntia with about one hundred and thirty species is distributed from southern
New England southward in the neighborhood of the coast to the West Indies, and
through western North America to Chili, Brazil, and Argentina, the largest number
of species occurring near the boundary of the United States and Mexico. Of the
species of the United States three attain the size and habit of small trees. Cochineal
is derived from a scale-insect which feeds on the juices of some of the Mexican
species, and the fruit of several species is refreshing and is consumed in considerable
quantities in semitropical countries. The large-growing species with flat branches
are employed in many countries to form hedges for the protection of gardens
and fields; and the branches saturated with watery juice are sometimes stripped of
their spines and bristles and fed to cattle.

Opuntia is the classical name of some plant which grew in the neighborhood of the
city of Opus in Bceotia.

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.

Tubercles of the branches full and rounded below the areolae.

Joints pale olive color, easily separable, their tubercles broad, mammillate ; spines yel-
low ; flowers pink ; fruit proliferous, usually spineless, often sterile.

1. O. fulgida (H).

688

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Joints green or purple, their tubercles narrow, ovate ; spines white to reddish hrown ;
flowers purple ; fruit yellow, sparingly spinescent, rarely proliferous.

2. O. spinosior (H).
Tubercles of the branches not full and rounded below the areolae ; joints elongated, dark
g-reen or purple, their tubercles elongated ; spines brown or reddish brown ; flowers g-reen,
tinted with red or yellow ; fruit green, spinescent, rarely proliferous.

3. O. versicolor (H).

I

1. Opuntia fulgida, Eugelm. Cholla.

Leaves light green, gradually narrowed to the acuminate apex, ^'-1' long.
Flowers appearing from June to September, the earliest from tubercles at the ends

of the branches of the previous year, the others from the terminal tubercles of the
immature fruit developed from the earliest flowers of the season, 1' in diameter
when fully expanded, with ovaries nearly V long, 8-10 obtuse crenulate sepals, 5
erect stigmas, and 8 light pink petals, those of the outer ranks cuneate, retuse, crenu-
late on the margins, shorter than the lanceolate acute petals of the inner ranks, the
whole strongly reflexed at maturity. Fruit proliferous, oval, rounded, I'-l^' long
and nearly as broad, more or less tuberculate, conspicuously marked by large pale
tomentose areolae bearing numerous small bristles, usually spineless or occasionally
armed with small weak spines, hanging in pendulous clusters usually of 6 or 7 and
occasionally of 40-50 fruits in a cluster, one growing from the other in continuous
succession, the first the largest and containing perfect seeds, the others frequently
sterile, dull green when fully ripe, with dry flesh, falling usually during the first
winter or occasionally persistent on the branches during the second season, and then
developing flowers from the tubercles; seeds compressed, thin, very angular, J^'-l'
in diameter.

A tree, with a more or less flexuous trunk occasionally 12° in height and some-
times a foot in diameter, a symmetrical head of stout wide-spreading branches and
thick pendulous joints sometimes almost hidden by the long conspicuous spines and
beginning to develop their woody skeletons during their second or occasionally during
their third season, the terminal or ultimate joints ovate or ovate-cylindrical, tumid,
crowded at the ends of the limbs, pale olive color, 3'-8' long, often 2' in diameter,
with broad ovate-oblong tubercles, ^'-f long. Areolae of pale straw-colored

CACTACE^

689

tomentum and short slender pale bristles, each areola bearing at first 5-15 stout
stellate-spreading light yellow spines of nearly equal length, f -1' long and inclosed
in loose lustrous sheaths, additional spines developing in succeeding years at the upper
margins of the areolae, the tubercles of old branches being sometimes furnished with
from 40-60 spines persistent on the branches for 4-6 years. Bark of the trunk and
of the large limbs about ^' thick, separating freely on the surface into large thin
loosely attached scales varying in color from brown to nearly black on the largest
stems, and unarmed, the spines mostly falling with the outer layers from branches
3'-4' thick. Wood of old trunks light, hard, pale yellow, with broad conspicuous
medullary rays, well marked layers of annual growth, and a thick pith.

Distribution. Plains of Arizona south of the Colorado plateau, and in the adja-
cent region of Sonora; not rare; apparently most abundant and of its largest size on
the mesas near Tucson, at elevations between 2000° and 3000° above the sea.

2. Opuntia spinosior. Tourney. Tassajo.

Leaves terete, tapering gradually to the setulose apex, about 1' long, remaining
on the branches four to six weeks. Flowers opening in April and May and remain-
ing open for two or three days, 2'-2i' in diameter, with ovaries about 1' long, obovate
sepals, broadly obovate dark purple petals, sensitive red stamens, and a 6-9-parted
stigma. Fruits clustered at the ends of the branches of the previous year, persistent
on the branches during the winter and occasionally during the following summer
and then sometimes proliferous, oval or rarely globose or hemispherical, frequently
2' long and 1|' thick, with yellow acrid flesh and 20-30 tubercles very prominent
during the summer, nearly disappearing as the fruit ripens and enlarges, leaving

^6o

J

it marked only by the small oval areolae covered with short bristlfes, and bearing
numerous slender spines deciduous in December as the fruit begins to turn yellow;
seeds nearly orbicular, slightly or not at all beaked, ^'-\' in diameter, and marked
by linear conspicuous commissures.

A tree, with an erect trunk occasionally 10° high and 5'-10' in diameter, numerous
stout spreading limbs forming an open irregular head, and branches with joints 4'-
12' long, ^'-V thick, covered with a thick- epidermis varying from green to purple
and usually developing woody skeletons during their second season, their tubercles
prominent, compressed, ovate, ^'—^' long. Areolae oval, clothed with pale tomentum

690

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

and short light brown bristles, their spines 5-15 on the tubercles of young joints
and 30-50 on those of older branches, and slender, white to light reddish brown,
closely invested in white glistening sheaths, stellate-spreading, ^'-f long, those
in the interior sometimes considerably longer than the radial spines. Bark of
the trunk and of the larger limbs about \' thick, spineless, nearly black, broken
into elongated ridges, and finally much roughened by numerous closely appressed
scales. Wood light, soft, pale reddish brown, and conspicuously reticulate, with
conspicuous medullary rays and well defined layers of annual growth; sometimes
used in the manufacture of light furniture, canes, picture-frames, and other small
articles.

Distribution. Widely scattered over the mesas of southern Arizona south of the I
Colorado plateau and over the adjacent regions of Sonora.

3. Opuntia versicolor, Coult.

Leaves terete, abruptly narrowed to the spinescent apex, ^'-^' long, persistent
on the branches four to six weeks. FloAvers opening in May, about 1^' in diameter.

fK J6i

with ovaries I' long, broadly ovate acute sepals, and narrow obovate petals rounded
above and green tinged writh red or with yellow. Fruit usually clavate, 2'-2^' lowg>
nearly 11' in diameter, with areolae generally only above the middle and usually
furnished with 1-3 slender reflexed persistent spines about ^' long, or occasionally
spineless, rarely nearly spherical and only about f in diameter, ripening from De-
cember to February, and at maturity the same color as the joints on which it grows,
usually withering, drying, and splitting open on the tree, or remaining fleshy and
persistent on the branches until the end of the following summer, and sometimes
through a second winter, or often becoming imbedded in the end of a more or less
elongated joint; seeds irregularly angled, with narrow commissures.

A tree, with an erect trunk occasionally 6°-8° high and 8' in diameter, numerous
stout irregularly spreading often upright branches, and cylindrical terminal joints
generally 6'-12' but sometimes 2° in length, f '-1' in diameter, covered with a thick
dark green or purple epidermis, marked by linear flattened tubercles, their woody
skeletons usually formed during their second season. Areolae large, oval, clothed
with gray wool, generally bearing a cluster of small bristles, and slender stellate-
spreading brown or reddish brown spines, with close early deciduous straw-colored

RHIZOPHORACE^ 691

sheaths, 4-14 and on old tubercles 20-25 in number, the inner 1-4 in number, usu-
ally deflexed and unequal in length, the longest about ^' long and longer than the
radial spines. Bark of the trunk and of the large branches smooth, light brown
or purple, usually unarmed, ^'—|' thick, finally separating into small closely ap-
pressed black scales. Wood reticulate, hard, compact, light reddish brown and
rather lustrous, with thin conspicuous medullary rays, well-defined layers of annual
growth, and thick pale or nearly white sapwood.

Distribution. Foothills and low mountain slopes of southern Arizona and
northern Sonora; very abundant.

XLIV. RHIZOPHORACE.ffl.

Glabrous trees or shrubs, with terete branchlets, and usually opposite cori-
aceous entire persistent leaves with interpetiolar stipules. Flowers in axillary
clusters; calyx-lobes valvate in the bud, persistent; petals inserted on the
tube of the calyx and as many as its lobes ; stamens inserted at the base of a
conspicuous disk ; anthers 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally ; pistil of
2-5 united carpels ; ovary 2-5-celled ; ovules usually 2 in each cell, suspended
from its apex, collateral, anatropous ; raphe ventral ; micropyle superior.
Fruit usually indehiscent, 1-celled and 1-seeded.

The Mangrove family is tropical, with most of its fifteen genera confined to
the Old World, one species of the widely distributed Rliizophora reaching the
shores of southern Florida.

1. RHIZOPHORA, L. Mangrove.

Trees, with pithy branchlets, thick astringent bark, and adventitious fleshy roots.
Leaves ovate or elliptical, glabrous, petiolate; stipules elongated, acuminate, in-
folding the bud, caducous. Flowers perfect, yellow or creamy white, sessile or
pedicellate, bibracteolate, the bractlets united into an involucral cup, in pedunculate
(lichotomously or trichotomously branched clusters, the base of their branches sur-
rounded by an involucre of 2 ovate 3-lobed persistent bracts, or 1-flowered; calyx
4-Iobed, the lobes acute, coriaceous, ribbed on the inner surface and thickened on the
margins, two or three times longer than the turbinate globose tube, reflexed at ma-
turity, persistent; petals 4, induplicate in the bud, alternate with and longer than
the calyx-lobes, inserted on a fleshy disk-like ring in the mouth of the calyx-tube,
involute on the margins, coated on the inner surface with long pale hairs, or flat and
naked, caducous; stamens 8-12; filaments short or 0; anthers attached at the
base, introrse, elongated, connivent, areolate; ovary partly inferior, conical, 2-celled,
contracted into two subulate spreading styles stigmatic at the apex. Fruit a conical
coriaceous berry surrounded by the reflexed calyx-lobes and perforated at the apex
by the germinating embryo. Seed germinating in the fruit before falling, the apex
surrounded by a thin albuminous cup-like aril; seed-coat thick and fleshy; embryo
surrounded by a thin layer of albumen; cotyledons dark purple; radicle elongated,
clavate, and when fully grown separating from the narrow exserted woody tube
inclosing the plumule and developed from the cotyledons after the ripening of the
fruit.

Rhizophora with three species is widely and generally distributed on the shores of
tidal marshes in the tropical regions of the two hemispheres. It possesses astrin-
gent properties; the bark has been used in tanning leather, in dyeing, and as a

692

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

febrifuge. The wood is hard, durable, and dark-colored. By means of the aerial
germination of its seeds and in its power to develop roots from trunks and branches,
liliizophora is especially adapted to maintain itself on low tidal shores and is an
important factor in protecting and extending them into the ocean. Roots springing
from the stems at a considerable distance above the ground and arching outward
descend into the water and fix themselves in the mud beneath, while roots growing
down from the branches enter the ground and gradually thicken into stems. The
fully grown radicle ready to put forth roots and leaves, and often 10'-12' long, is
thicker and heavier at the root end than at the other, and in detaching itself from
the cotyledons and in falling the heavy end sticks in the mud, while the plumule at
the other end, held above the shallow surface of the water, soon unfolds its leaves.

The generic name, from piCa and (pepeiv, was used by early authors to designate
various climbing plants with thickened roots.

1. Rhizophora Mangle, L. Mangrove.

Leaves oval or elliptical, rounded or acute at the apex, gradually narrowed at the
base, dark green and very lustrous on the upper, paler on the lower surface, 3^'-5'
long, l'-2' wide, with slightly thickened margins, broad midribs, and reticulate vein-
lets, persistent for one or two years; their petioles ^'-1^ long; stipules lanceolate,
acute, 1^' long, deciduous as the leaf unfolds. Flo'wers produced throughout the
year from the axils of young leaves, 1' in diameter, on stout 2 or 3-branched pedun-
cles l^'-2' long, with pale yellow petals coated on the inner surface with long pale
hairs, 8 stamens, and villose filaments. Fruit 1' long, rusty brown, slightly rough-
ened with minute bosses, the hard woody thick-walled tube developed from the

cotyledons protruding |'-f' from its apex after the germination of the seeds, cov-
ering the plumule, and holding the dark brown radicle marked with occasional
orange-colored lenticels and when fully grown 10'-12' long and \'-~^' thick near the
apex.

A round-topped bushy tree, with spreading branches usually 15°-20° high, form-
ing almost impenetrable thickets with its numerous aerial roots or occasionally 70^-
80° high, with a tall straight trunk clear of branches for more than half its length, a
narrow head, and stout glabrous dark red-brown branchlets, becoming lighter colored
in their second year and then conspicuously marked by large oval slightly elevated

MYKTACE^ 693

leaf-scars. Bark of young stems and of the branches smooth, light reddish brown,
becoming on old trunks ^'-^' thick, and gray faintly tinged with red, the surface
irregularly fissured and broken into thin appressed scales. Wood exceedingly
heavy, hard, close-grained, strong, dark reddish brown streaked with lighter brown,
with pale sap wood of 40-50 layers of annual growth; used for fuel and wharf -piles.
Distribution. Shores of Florida from Mosquito Inlet on the east coast and Cedar
Keys on the west coast to the southern islands ; most abundant south of latitude 29°,
following the coast with wide thickets and ascending the rivers for many miles; on
Cape Sable and the shores of Bay Biscayne sometimes growing at a little distance
from the coast on ground not submerged by the tide, and here attaining its largest
size, with tall straight trunks producing few aerial roots; also on Bermuda, the
Bahamas, the Antilles, the west coast of Mexico, lower California, the Galapagos
Islands, and from Central America along the northeast coast of South America to
the limits of the tropics.

XLV. MYRTACEiE.

Trees or slirubs, abounding in pungent aromatic volatile oil, with minute
scaly buds. Leaves opposite, simple, mostly entire, pellucid-punctate, penni-
veined, persistent, the slender obscure veins arcuate and united within the
thickened revohite margins ; stipules 0. Flowers perfect, regular ; calyx
4-5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud, or lid-like and deciduous ; petals
2-5, imbricated in the bud, inserted on the margin of the disk, or 0 ; stamens
very numerous, inserted in many ranks with the petals ; filaments slender,
inflexed in the bud, exserted ; anthers introrse, 2-celled, the cells opening
longitudinally ; ovary 2-4-celled ; style simple, filiform, crowned with a minute
stigma ; ovules numerous or 2 or 3 in each cell, attached on a central placenta,
anatropous or semianatropous ; raphe ventral ; micropyle superior. Fruit bac-
cate, crowned wdth the persistent calyx-lobes, 1-4-seedecl. Seeds without
albumen ; seed-coat membranaceous.

The Myrtle family with seventy-two genera is chiefly tropical and Aus-
tralasian, with representatives in southern Europe, extratropical Africa, and
extratropical South America. Three genera are represented by small trees in
the flora of southern Florida. To this family, beside the Myrtle, belong the
Australian Eucalypti, large and important timber-trees largely planted in Cali-
fornia, and the Guava, cultivated in Florida for its fruit.

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.

Calyx 4 or 5-lobed, with persistent lobes ; petals 4 or 5,

Flowers in axillary racemes or fascicles. 1. Eugenia.

Flowers in mostly dichotomoiisly branched cymes. 2. Anamomis.

Calyx closed in the bud by an orbicular lid-like deciduous limb ; petals 0.

3. Chytraculia.
1. EUGENIA, L.

Trees or shrubs, with hard durable wood and scaly bark. Flowers often large and
conspicuous, on short bibracteolate pedicels, in axillary racemes or fascicles, with
minute caducous bracts and bractlets; calyx campanulate, scarcely produced above
the ovary, the limb 4 or rarely 5-lobed; petals usually 4, free and spreading; ovary
2 or rarely 3-celled; ovules numerous in each cell, semianatropous. Fruit 1-4-seeded,
Seeds globose or flattened; seed-coat membranaceous or cartilaginous; embryo thick

694

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

and flesh}'; cotyledons thick, more or less conferruniinate into a homogeneous mass;
radicle very short, turned toward the hilum.

Eugenia with some five hundred species is common in all tropical regions, with
five species reaching the shores of southern Florida; of these four are small trees.
Several species are valued for their stimulant and digestive properties; some pro-
duce useful timber or edible fruit, and others are cultivated for the beauty of their
flowers. Cloves are the flower-buds of Eugenia aromatica, Baill., a native of the
Molucca Islands; and Eugenia Jamhos, L,, the Rose Apple, of southeastern Asia, is
cultivated in all tropical countries as a shade-tree and for its delicately fragrant
friut.

The generic name commemorates the interest in botany and gardening taken by
Prince Eugene of Savoy, who built the Belvidere Palace near Vienna in the begin-
ning of the eighteenth century, and made a collection of rare plants in its gardens.

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.

Flowers in short solitary or clustered axillary racemes.

Leaves ovate or obovate, rounded at the apex, short-petiolate ; fruit subglobose to short-
oblong', black, \' in diameter. 1. E. buxifolia (D).

Leaves ovate, contracted at the apex into broad points, distinctly petiolate ; fruit globose,
black, J' in diameter. 2. E. axillaris (D).

Flowers in axillary fascicles.

Leaves usually broadly ovate, narrowed at the apex into short points, subcoriaceous ;
fruit subglobose, rather broader than hig-h, f'-l' in diameter, becoming black at
maturity. 3. E. rhombea (D).

Leaves ovate-oblong, narrowed at the apex into long points, coriaceous ; fruit subglobose
to obovate, \'-^' long, bright scarlet. 4. E. confusa (D).

1. Eugenia buxifolia, Willd. Gurgeon Stopper. Spanish Stopper.

Leaves ovate or obovate, rounded at the apex, sessile or narrowed into short thick
petioles, occasionally slightly and remotely crenulate-serrate above the middle, thick

A

and coriaceous, dark green on the upper, yellow-green and marked with minute black
dots on the lower surface, I'-l^' long and about V broad, with narrow conspicuous
midribs, usually' unfolding in November and remaining on the branches until the.

MYRTACE^

695

end of their second winter, and often turning red or partly red before falling.
Flowers appearing in Florida from midsummer until early autumn, i' in diameter,
on short thick pedicels, in short rufous pubescent racemes clustered in the axils of
old or fallen leaves, with minute lanceolate acute persistent bracts, and broadly ovate
acute bractlets immediately below the flowers; calyx glandular-punctate, pubescent
on the outer surface, with 4 ovate rounded lobes much shorter than the 4 ovate white
petals rounded at the apex, ciliate on the margins, and glandular-punctate. Fruit
subglobose to short-oblong, black, glandular-roughened, crowned with the large
calyx-lobes, usually 1-seeded and about ^' in diameter, with thin aromatic flesh;
seeds ^' in diameter, with a thick pale brown lustrous cartilaginous coat and a pale
olive-green embryo.

A shrubby tree, in Florida rarely 20° high, with a short trunk occasionally a foot
in diameter, small mostly erect branches, and terete slender branchlets coated at first
with rufous pubescence, becoming at the end of a few months ashy gray or gray
tinged with red, and often more or less twisted or contorted. Bark of the trunk
rarely more than ^' thick, light brown tinged with red, and broken into small thick
square scales. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, dark
brown shaded with red, with thick lighter colored sapwood of 15-20 layers of annual
growth; sometimes used for fuel.

Distribution. Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, and from the banks of the
Caloosa River to Cape Sable, Florida; one of the commonest plants on the keys,
forming on the coral rock a large part of the shrubby second growth now occupying
ground from which the original forest has been removed; also on the Bahamas and
on several of the Antilles.

2. Eugenia axillaris, Willd. Stopper. White Stopper.

(^Eugenia monticola, Silva N. Am. v. 45.)

Leaves ovate, gradually or abruptly narrowed at the apex into short wide points,
rounded at the narrowed base, thick and coriaceous, dark green on the upper, paler

and covered with minute black dots on the lower surface, li'-2^' long, 1' wide, witli
broad midribs deeply impressed above; their petioles stout, slightly winged, about
y long. Flo-wers appearing at midsummer, about i' in diameter, on stout pedicels

696

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

YQ'~k' long, covered with pale white hairs, and furnished near the middle or toward
the apex with 2 acute minute persistent bractlets, in short axillary racemes; calyx,
glandular-punctate, covered on the outer surface with pale hairs, 4-lobed, with ovate
rounded lobes shorter than the 4 ovate glandular white petals. Fruit ripening in
succession from November to April, globose, black, glandular-punctate, usually
1-seeded, ^' in diameter, edible, rather juicy, with a sweet agreeable flavor; seeds
subglobose, ^' in diameter, with a pale brown chartaceous coat and light olive-green
cotyledons.

A tree, 20°-25° high, with a trunk occasionally a foot in diameter, small branches,
and terete stout rigid ashy gray branchlets often slightly tinged with red and covered
with small wart-like excrescences; or toward the northern limits of its range a low
shrub. Bark of the trunk about ^' thick and divided by irregular shallow fissures
into broad ridges finally separating on the surface into small thin light brown scales.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, brown often tinged with red, with
thin darker colored sapwood of 5-6 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Shores of the St. John's River to the southern keys, Florida;
nowhere common; on the Bahamas and on several of the Antilles.

3. Eugenia rhombea, Kr. & Urb. Stopper.

{Eugenia procera, Silva N. Am. v. 47.)

Leaves broadly ovate, narrowed into broad points rounded at the apex, and
abruptly or gradually narrowed and cuneate at the base, when they unfold thin

and light red, and at maturity subcoriaceous, conspicuously marked with black dots,
olive-green on the upper and paler on the lower surface, 2'-2^' long and I'-l^' wide,
with narrow midribs, unfolding in Florida in May; their petioles narrow-winged,
^'-\' long. Flowers \' in diameter, appearing in Florida in April or May on slender
glandular pedicels \'-^' long and furnished at the apex with 2 lanceolate acute per-
sistent bracts ciliate on the margins, in sessile axillary many-flowered clusters; calyx-
tube, much shorter than the limb, divided into 4 glandular narrow lobes rounded at
the apex and one half the length of the broadly ovate rounded glandular white petals.
Fruit ripening in Florida from September to November, §'-!' in diameter, slightly
glandular-roughened, orange color, with a bright red cheek when fully grown, be-

MTRTACEiE

697

coming black at maturity; flesh thin and dry; seeds almost globose, nearly^' in
diameter, with a thick pale chestnut-brown lustrous coat and olive-green cotyledons.

A tree, 20°-25° high, with a trunk usually a foot in diameter, small branches,
and slender terete branch! ets at first light purple and covered with a glaucous bloom,
becoming ashy gray or almost white. Bark of the trunk about jY tbick, with a
smooth light gray surface slightly tinged with red. Wood heavy, hard, close-
grained, light brown, with hardly distinguishable sapwood.

Distribution. Key West and Umbrella Key, Florida; on the Bahamas and on
many of the Antilles.

4. Eugenia confusa, DC. Red Stopper.

{Eugenia Garberi, Silva N. Am. v. 49.)

Leaves ovate-oblong, abruptly or gradually contracted into long narrow points
rounded or acute at the apex, wedge-shaped or occasionally rounded at the base,
thin and light red when they unfold, and at maturity dark green and very lustrous
on the upper, paler and marked with minute black dots on the lower surface, l^'-2'

I

fc

long, I'-f' wide, with thick orange-colored midribs barely impressed above and
prominent reticulate veinlets; their petioles stout, about Y long. Flo"wers barely ^
in diameter, appearing in September on slender pedicels j-^' long and furnished
nfear the apex with 2 minute acute bractlets, in many-flowered axillary clusters;
calyx glandular-punctate, with 4 ovate acute lobes much shorter than the 4 broadly
ovate rounded white petals. Fruit ripening in March and April, subglobose to obo-
vate, bright scarlet, \'~^' long, glandular-roughened, usually solitary and 1-seeded,
with thin dry flesh; seeds nearly globose, about ^ in diameter, with a thin crusta-
ceous light brown lustrous coat and an olive-green embryo.

A tree, 50°-60° high, with a straight trunk 18'-20' in diameter, stout upright
branches forming a narrow compact head, and slender terete ashy gray branchlets.
Bark of the trunk about y thick, bright cinnamon-red, separating freely into small
thin scales. "Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, bright red-
brown, with thick dark-colored sapwood of 50-60 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Rich hummocks near the shores of Bay Biscayne, and on Old
Rhodes and Elliott's Keys, Florida; ou the Bahamas and on several of the Antilles.

098

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

2. ANAMOMIS, Griseb.

Trees, with terete slender branchlets and chartaeeons or coriaceous leaves. Flow-
ers in pedunculate usually 3, sometimes 5-7, or occasionally l-flowered cymes, with
axillary dichotomously branched or rarely simple peduncles furnished immediately
below the apex of each division with 2 lanceolate acute deciduous bractlets; calyx
ovoid, with 4 ovate acute persistent lobes; petals 4, ovate, acute, glandular-punctate,
spreading after anthesis; ovary 2-4-celled; ovules numerous in each cell, attached
irregularly to the central placenta, semianatropous. Fruit subglobose or more or
less obliquely oblong, aromatic, 1 or sometimes 2-seeded. Seed reniform; embryo
aromatic; cotyledons distinct, obovate, thick and fleshy, flat and rounded or more or
less pointed, hicurved and variously infolded at the apex; radicle basilar, terete,
accumbent, \-^ the length of the cotyledons.

Anamomis with four or five species is confined to the West Indies, one species
reaching the shores and islands of southern Florida.

The generic name is from avd and a/xw/jLis, in allusion to the aromatic properties of
these plants.

1. Anamomis dichotoma, Sarg. Naked Wood.

Leaves ovate or obovate, acute or rounded and occasionally emarginate at the
apex, cuneate at the base, entire, chartaeeons when they unfold, becoming subcori-
aceous, glabrous, covered with minute black dots, I'-l^' long and ^'-f ' wide, with stout

midribs; their petioles stout, enlarged at the base, coated at first with silky hairs,
finally glabrous. Flowers appearing in Florida in May, 1' in diameter, in cymes
produced near the ends of the branches, in the axils of leaves of the year, on slender
peduncles coated with pale silky hairs, sometimes l-flowered and not longer than the
leaves, more often longer than the leaves, dichotomously branched and 3-flowered,
with 1 flower at the end of the principal division in the fork of its branches, or occa-
sionally 5-7-flowered by the development of peduncles from the axils of the bracts
of the secondary divisions of the inflorescence, each branch of the inflorescence fur-
nished immediately beneath the flower with 2 lanceolate acute bracts nearly as long as
the calyx-tube; calyx hoary-tomentose, with the ovate lobes rounded at the apex and
much shorter than the ovate acute glandular-punctate white petals. Fruit ripening

MYRTACE^ 699

in Florida in August, reddish brown, i' long, obliquely oblong, obovate or sub-
globose, roughened by minute glands; flesh thin, rather dry and aromatic; seeds
reniform, light brown, exceedingly fi'agrant.

A tree, 20°- 25° high, with a trunk 6'- 8' in diameter, and slender terete branchlets
at first light red and coated with pale silky hairs, becoming glabrous in their second
year and covered with light or dark brown bark separating into small thin scales;
or often a shrub, with numerous slender stems. Bark of the trunk ^^g^i' thick, with
a smooth light red or red-brown surface separating into minute thin scales. Wood
very heavy, hard, close-grained, light brown or red, with thick yellow sapwood of
40-50 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Rocky woods; Mosquito Inlet to Cape Canaveral, and from the
banks of the Caioosa River to the shores of Cape Romano, on Key West, and in the
neighborhood of Bay Biscay ne, Florida; on the Bahamas and on several of the West
Indian islands.

3. CHYTRACULIA, P. Br.

Aromatic trees or shrubs, with terete or angled branchlets. Leaves complanate in
the bud, penniveined, petiolate. Flowers minute, in subterminal or axillary pedun-
culate many-flowered panicles, their primary and secondary branches often racemose,
and the ultimate branches cymose; calyx-tube turbinate, produced above the ovary,
closed in the bud by a sliglitly 4 or 5-lobed. lid-like orbicular limb, opening in an-
thesis by a circumscissile line, the limb at first attached laterally, finally deciduous;
disk lining the tube of the calyx; petals 2-5, minute, or 0; ovary 2 or 3-celled;
ovules 2 or 3 in each cell, collateral, ascending, anatropous. Fruit baccate, 2-4-
seeded. Seed subglobose; seed-coat shining; cotyledons foliaceous, contortuplicate;
radicle elongated, incurved.

Chytraculia with seventy or eighty species is confined to tropical America, with
a single species reaching southern Florida.

The generic name is from x'^^P" in reference to the peculiar lid-like limb which
closes the calyx before the opening of the flower.

1. Chytraculia Chytraculia, Sud-w.

(^Calyptranthes Chytraculia, Silva N. Am. v. 35.)

Leaves oblong or ovate-oblong, elongated and rounded or acute at the apex,
gradually narrowed at the base, pellucid-punctate above, marked with dark glands
below, when they unfold pink or light red and covered with pale silky hairs, and at
maturity coriaceous, dark green and lustrous on the upper, coated with pale pubes-
cence on the lower surface, 21^-3' long, \'-^' wide, wdth broad midribs orange-colored
beneath; their petioles stout, \^-y long. Flowers sessile, 1' long, covered with
rufous pubescence on the outer surface of the calyx, in subterminal and axillary
long-stalked clusters 21'- 3' long and wide, with slender divaricate branches, the
flowers of the ultimate divisions in 3's. Fruit oblong or nearly globose, dark reddish
brown and puberulous, with thin dry flesh; seeds oblong, rounded at the ends.

A tree, in Florida sometimes 20°-25° high, with a trunk 3'- 4' in diameter, small
branches forming a narrow head, and slender branchlets at first w^ing-angled between
the nodes and coated, like the branches of the flower-clusters, bracts, and flower-
buds, with short rufous silky tomentum, becoming in their second or third year
terete, thickened at the nodes, light gray tinged wath red and covered with small
thin scales. Bark of the trunk about ^' thick, with a generally smooth light gray

I

700

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

or almost white surface occasionally separating into irregular plate-like scales.
"Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, brown tinged with red, with lighter colored
sapwood of 30-40 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Shores of Lake Worth, in the neighborhood of Bay Biscayne, and
on Key West and Key Largo, Florida; on the Bahamas, on many of the Antilles and
in southern Mexico.

XLVI. COMBRETACEiE.

Trees or shrubs, with astringent juice, naked buds, and alternate or oppo-
site simple entire coriaceous persistent leaves without stipules. Flowers regu-
lar, perfect, or polygamous ; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes valvate in the bud ; petals
5, valvate in the bud, inserted at the base of the calyx, or 0 ; disk epigynous ;
stamens 5-10, inserted on the limb of the calyx ; filaments slender, filiform,
distinct, exserted ; anthers introrse, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally ;
ovary 1-celled ; style slender, subulate ; stigma minute, terminal, entire ; ovules
usually 2, suspended from the apex of the cell, collateral, anatropous ; raphe
ventral ; micropyle superior. Fruit drupaceous, often crowned with the accres-
cent calyx. Seed solitary ; albumen 0 ; embryo straight, with convolute coty-
ledons ; radicle minute, turned toward the hilum.

Of the fifteen genera of this family, widely distributed through the tropics,
three have arborescent representatives in southern Florida.

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.

Corolla 0 ; leaves alternate.

Calyx deciduous ; flowers in capitate heads ; seeds winged. 1. Conocarpus.

Calyx persistent ; flowers in spikes ; seeds without wings. 2. Buceras.

Corolla of 5 petals ; calyx persistent ; leaves opposite. 3. Laguncularia.

1. CONOCARPUS, L.

A tree or shrub, with angled branchlets. Leaves alternate, short-petiolate, nar-
rowly ovate or obovate, acute, gradually contracted and biglandular at the base,
glabrous or sericeous. Flowers perfect, minute, in dense capitate heads in narrow
leafy terminal panicles, with acute caducous bracts and bractlets coated with pale
hairs, on stout hoary-tomentose peduncles bibracteolate near the middle; calyx-tube

COMBRETACEJS

701

truncate, obliquely compressed at the base, clothed with pale hairs, the limb cam-
panulate, parted to the middle, the lobes ovate, acute, erect, pubescent on the outer
and puberulous on the inner surface, deciduous; petals 0; disk o-lobed, hairy;
stamens usually 5, inserted in 1 rank, or rarely 7 or 8 in 2 ranks; anthers cordate,
minute; style thickened and villose at the base. Fruits scale-like, broadly obovate,
pointed, recurved, and covered at the apex with short pale hairs, densely imbricated
in ovoid reddish heads; flesh coriaceous, corky, produced into broad lateral wings;
stone thin- walled, crustaceous, inseparable from the flesh. Seed irregularly ovoid;
seed-coat membranaceous, pale chestnut-brown.

The genus consists of a single species of tropical America and Africa.

The generic name, from x'^^'o^ fiiid /capiros, is in allusion to the cone-like shape of
the heads of fruits.

1. Conocarpus erecta, L. Button-wood.

Leaves slightly puberulous on the lower surface when they first appear or coated
with pale silky persistent pubescence (var. sericea, DC), 2'-4:' long, ^'-1^' wide, lus-
trous, dark green or pale on the upper surface, paler on the lower surface, with

broad orange-colored midribs, obscure primary veins, and reticulate veinlets; their
petioles stout, broad, ^ long. Flowers produced throughout the year, in heads Y
in diameter on peduncles ^'-1^ in length, in panicles 6'-12' long. Cones of fruit
about 1' in diameter.

A tree, 40°-60° high, with a trunk 20'-30' in diameter, small branches forming a
narrow regular head, and slender branchlets conspicuously winged, light red-brown,
usually glabrous, or silky pubescent (var. sericea, DC), becoming terete and
marked by large orbicular leaf-scars in their second year; or sometimes a low shrub,
wdth semiprostrate stems. Bark of the trunk dark brown, divided by irregular re-
ticulating fissures into broad flat ridges broken on the surface into small thin appressed
scales. Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, dark yellow-brown, wnth thin
darker colored sapwood of about 10 layers of annual growth; burning slowly like
charcoal and highly valued for fuel. The bark is bitter and astringent, and has been
used in tanning leather, and in medicine as an astringent and tonic.

Distribution. Low muddy tide-water shores of lagoons and bays; Florida, Cape
Canaveral and Cedar Keys to the southern keys; of its largest size in Florida on

702

TREES OF NOKTH AMERICA

Lost Man's River near Cape Sable, and at its northern limits a low shrub; common
in the Antilles, on the shores of Central America and tropical South America, on the
Galapagos Islands, and on the west coast of Africa.

2. BUCIDA, L.

A tree or shrub, with terete often spinescent branchlets. Leaves alternate, crowded
at the ends of spur-like lateral branchlets much thickened and roughened by the
large elevated crowded leaf-scars, obovate to oblong-lanceolate, rounded and slightly
emarginate or minutely apiculate at the apex, gradually narrowed and cuneate at
the base, coriaceous, blnish green on the upper and yellow-green on the lower, sur-
face, pubescent while young, especially beneath, and glabrous at maturity with the
exception of rufous hairs on the under surface of the stout midribs, and on the short
stout petioles. Flowers perfect, greenish white, hairy on the outer surface, sessile in
the axils of minute bracts, in lax elongated axillary clustered rufous-pubescent
spikes; calyx-tube ovoid, constricted above the ovary, the limb campanulate, 5-lobed,
the lobes valvate in the bud, persistent; petals 0; stamens 10, in two ranks, inflexed
in the bud, unequal, 5 longer than the others and inserted opposite the calyx-lobes
under the hairy 5-lobed disk, the others shorter, alternate with them and inserted
higher on the calyx-tube; filaments incurved near the apex; anthers minute, sagit-
tate; ovary included in the tube of the calyx; style thickened and villose at the
base; ovules suspended on elongated slender funiculi. Fruit ovoid, conical, oblique,
and more or less falcate, irregularly 5-angled, coriaceous, light brown, puberulous
on the outer surface, with thin membranaceous flesh inseparable from the crustaceous
stone porous toward the interior. Seed ovate, acute; seed-coat coriaceous, chestnut-
brown; cotj^ledons fleshy; radicle superior.

Bucida with a single species is confined to tropical America, where it is distributed
from southern Florida throuofh the West Indies to Guiana and Central America.

The generic name is from /Sous, in allusion to the fancied resemblance of the fruit
to the horns of an ox.

1. Bucida Buceras, P. Br. Black Olive Tree.

(Terminalia Buceras, Silva N. Am. v. 21.)

Leaves 2'-3' long, I'-l^' wide, their petioles y-\' in length. Flowers appearing
in Florida in April, 1' long, on spikes l^'-3' in length. Fruit about \' long.

COMBRETACEuE 703

A tree, with a single straight trunk, or often with a short prostrate stem 2°-3° in
diameter, producing several straight upright secondary stems 40*^-50° high and
12'-18' in diameter, stout branches spreading nearly at right angles with the trunk
and forming a broad head, and branchlets clothed when they first appear with short
pale rufous pubescence mostly persistent for two or three years, becoming light red-
dish brown and covered with bark separating into thin narrow shreds. Bark of the
trunk and of the large branches thick, gray tinged with orange-brown, and broken
into short appressed scales. Wood exceedingly heavy, hard, close-grained, light
yellow-brown sometimes slightly streaked with orange, with thick clear pale yellow
sapwood of 30-40 layers of annual growth. The bark has been used in tanning
leather.

Distribution. Florida, only on Elliott's Key; widely distributed in brackish
marshes through the West Indies to the shores of the Caribbean Sea and the Bay
of Panama.

3. LAGUNCULARIA, Gaertn.

A tree, with scaly bark, terete pithy branchlets, and naked buds. Leaves oppo-
site, glabrous, thick and coriaceous, oblong or elliptical, obtuse or emarginate at the
apex, marked toward the margiu with minute tubercles; their petioles conspicuously
biglandular. Flowers usually perfect or polygamo-moncecious, minute, flattened,
greenish white, sessile, in simple terminal axillary tomentose spikes generally col-
lected in leafy panicles, with ovate acute hoary-tomentose bracts andbractlets; calyx-
tube turbinate, with 5 prominent ridges opposite the lobes of the limb and 5 inter-
mediate lesser ridges, bracteolate near the middle, with 2 minute persistent bracts,
and coated with dense pale tomentum, the limb urceolate, 5-parted to the middle,
the divisions triangular, obtuse or acute, erect, persistent; disk epigynous, flat, 10-
lobed, the o lobes opposite the petals broader than those opposite the calyx-lobes,
hairy; petals 5, nearly orbicular, contracted into short claws inserted on the bottom
of the calyx-limb, ciliate on the margins, caducous; stamens 10, inserted in 2 ranks;
anthers cordate, apiculate; ovary 1-celled; style short, crowned with a slightly
2-lobed capitate stigma. Fruit 10-ribbed, coriaceous, hoary-pubescent, elongated,
obovoid, flattened, crowned with the calyx-limb, unequally 10-ribbed, the 2 lateral
ribs produced into narrow wings, 1-seeded; flesh coriaceous, corky toward the inte-
rior, inseparable from the thin-walled crustaceous stone dark red and lustrous on
the inner surface. Seed suspended, obovate or oblong; seed-coat membranaceous,
dark red; radicle elongated, slightly longer and nearly inclosed by the green cotyle-
dons.

Laguncularia consists of a single species of tropical America and Africa.

The generic name is from laguncula, in allusion to the supposed resemblance of
the fruit to a flask.

1. Laguncularia racemosa, Gaertn. Buttonwood. White Mangrove.

Leaves slightly tinged with red when they unfold, and at maturity dark green
on the upper and lighter green or pale on the lower surface, l^'-2^' long, and
I'-l^' wide; their petioles red, 1' in length. Flowers \' long, in hoary-tomentose
spikes produced throughout the year from the axils of young leaves and 1^-2' long.
Fruit about \' long.

A tree, 30°-60° high, with a trunk 12'-20' in diameter, stout spreading branches
forming a narrow round-topped head, and slender glabrous branchlets somewhat

704 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

angled at first, often marked with minute pale spots and dark red-brown, becoming
in their second year terete, light reddish brown or orange color, thickened at the
nodes, and marked by conspicuous ovate leaf-scars; or northward in Florida a low
siirub. Bark of tiie trunk \' thick, brown slightly tinged with red, the surface

broken into long ridge-like scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, dark
yellow-brown, with lighter colored sapwood of 10-12 layers of annual growth. The
bark contains a large amount of tannic acid and is sometimes used in tanning leather,
and is astringent and tonic.

Distribution. Muddy tidal shores of bays and lagoons; common in southern
Florida from Cape Canaveral and Cedar Keys to the southern islands; of its largest
size in Florida on the shores of Shark River; common in Bermuda, the Bahamas,
the Antilles, tropical Mexico and Central America, tropical South America and
western Africa.

XLVII. ARALIACEJG.

Trees, shrubs, or herbs, vrith watery juice and scaly buds. Leaves alter-
nate, comjDound, petiolate, with stipules. Flowers in racemose or panicled
umbels ; parts of the flower in 5's ; disk epigynous ; ovule solitary, suspended
from the apex of the cell, anatropous. Fruit baccate. Seeds with albumen.

The Aralia family with fifty genera is chiefly tropical, with a few genera
extending beyond the tropics into the northern hemisphere, especially into
North America and eastern Asia. The widely distributed and largely extra-
tropical genus Aralia is represented by one arborescent species in the flora of
the United States. Hedera, the Ivy, of this family, is commonly cultivated in
the temperate parts of the United States, and some species of Panax and
Acanthopanax from eastern Asia are found in gardens in the northeastern
states.

1. ARALIA, L.

Aromatic spiny trees and shrubs, with stout pithy branchlets, and thick fleshy roots,
or bristly or glabrous perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, digitate or once or twice
pinnate, the pinnse serrulate ; stipules produced on the expanded and clasping base
of the petiole. Flowers perfect, polygarao-monoecious or polygamo-dicecious, on

ARALIACE^

705

slender jointed pedicels, small, greenish white; calyx-tube coherent with the ovary,
the limb truncate, repand or minutely toothed, the teeth valvate in the bud; petals
imbricated in the bud, inserted by their broad bases on the margin of the disk,
ovate, obtuse or acute and slightly inflexed at the apex; stamens inserted on the
margin of the disk, alternate with the petals; filaments filiform; anthers oblong
or rarely ovate, attached on the back, introrse, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudi-
nally; ovary 2-5-celled; styles 2-5, in the fertile flower distinct and erect or slightly
united at the base, spreading and incurved above the middle, or incurved from the
base and sometimes inflexed at the apex, crowned with large capitate stigmas, in
the sterile flower short and united. Fruit fleshy, 2-5-seeded, laterally compressed
or 3-5-angled, crowned with the remnants of the style; nutlets 2-o, orbicular, ovate
or oblong, compressed, crustaceous, light reddish brown, 1-seeded. Seed compressed;
seed-coat thin, light brown, adnate to the thin fleshy albumen; cotyledons ovate-
oblong, as long as the straight radicle.

Aralia with about thirty species is confined to North America and Asia.

The generic name is of obscure meaning.

1. Aralia spinosa, L. Hercules' Club.

Leaves clustered at the ends of the branches, twice pinnate, 3°-4° long, and 2^°
wide, with stout light brown petioles 18'-20' in length, clasping the stem with enlarged
bases and armed with slender prickles, or occasionally unarmed; pinnse unequally

pinnate, usually with 5 or 6 pairs of lateral leaflets and a long-stalked terminal
leaflet, and often furnished at the base with a pinnate or simple leaflet; leaflets
ovate, acute, dentate or crenate, wedge-shaped or more or less rounded at the base,
short-petiolulate, when they unfold lustrous, bronze-green, and slightly pilose on the
midribs and primary veins, and occasionally furnished with small prickles on the mid-
ribs, and at maturity membranaceous, dark green above, pale beneath, 2'-3' long, and
1^' wide, with thin midribs and slender primary veins nearly parallel with their
margins, in the autumn turning light yellow before falling; stipules acute, about V
long, at first pubemlous on the back and ciliate on the margins. Flo"wers appear-
ing in midsummer on long slender pubescent straw-colored pedicels, in many-flow-
ered umbels arranged in compound panicles, with light brown pubemlous branches

706 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

becoming purple in the autumn, forming- a terminal racemose cluster 3°-4° long,
and rising solitary or 2 or 3 together above the spreading leaves; jDracts and
bractlets lanceolate, acute, scarious, persistent. Flow^ers ^' long, perfect or
often unisexual by the abortion of the ovary, with acute white petals inflexed at
the apex, and connivent styles. Fruit ripening in August, black, i' in diameter,
globose, 3-5-angled, crowned with the blackened styles, with thin purple very juicy
flesh; seeds oblong, rounded at the ends, about ^■^' long.

A tree, 30°-35° high, with a trunk 6'-8' in diameter, stout wide-spreading
branches, and branchlets ^'-f' in diameter, armed like the branches and young trunks
with stout straight or slightly incurved orange-colored scattered prickles, and nearly
encircled by the conspicuous narrow leaf-scars marked by a row of prominent fibro-
vascular bundle-scars, liglit orange-colored in their first season, lustrous and marked
irregularly with oblong pale lenticels, becoming light brown in their second year,
with bright green inner bark; more often a shrub, with a cluster of unbranched
stems 6°-20° tall. "Winter-buds: terminal conical, blunt at the apex, l'-|' long,
with thin chestnut-brown scales; axillary triangular, flattened, about Y long and
broad. Bark of the trunk dark brown, about ^ thick, and divided by broad shallow
fissures into wide rounded ridges irregularly broken on the surface. Wood close-
grained, light, soft, brittle, brown streaked with yellow, with lighter colored sap-
wood of 2 or 3 layers of annual growth. The bark of the roots and the berries are
stimulant and diaphoretic, and are sometimes used in medicine and in domestic
practice.

Distribution. Deep moist soil in the neighborhood of streams; western slope of
the Alleghany Mountains, Pennsylvania, to southern Indiana and southeastern Mis-
souri, and southward to northern Florida, western Louisiana, and eastern Texas;
probably of its largest size on the foothills of the Big Smoky Mountains in Tennes-
see; also in Manchuria and Japan in slightly modified forms.

Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental plant in the eastern states and in western
Europe; less frequently seen in gardens than the more robust Manchurian plant.

XLVIII. CORNACE^.

Trees or shrubs, with terete branchlets, scaly buds, and alternate or op})0-
site deciduous leaves without stipules. Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious ;
calyx 4 or 5-toothed ; petals 4 or 5 ; stamens inserted on the margin of the
epigynous disk ; anthers oblong, introrse, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudi-
nally ; ovary 1 or 2-celled ; ovule solitary, suspended from the interior angle
of the' apex of the cell, anatropous ; micropyle superior. Fruit drupaceous,
1 or 2-seeded. Seed oblong-ovate ; seed-coat membranaceous ; embryo in
copious fleshy albumen ; cotyledons foliaceous ; radicle terete, turned toward
the hilum.

The widely distributed Cornel family with fifteen genera, more numerous
in temperate than in tropical regions, has arborescent representatives of two
genera in North America.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT GENERA.

Flowers polygamo-dioecious ; petals imbricated in the bud ; stignia lateral ; leaves alternate.

1. Nyssa.

Flowers perfect ; petals valvate in the bud ; stigma terminal ; leaves opposite or rarely

alternate. 2. Cornus.

CORNACE^ 707

1. NYSSA, I..

Trees, with alternate leaves eouduplicate in the bud, petiolate, sometimes remotely
angulate or toothed, mostly crowded at the euds of the branches. Flowers polygarao-
dioecious, minute, greenish white; staminate on slender pedicels from the axils of
minute caducous bracts, in simple or compound clusters on long axillary peduncles
bibracteolate near the middle or at the apex or sometimes without bractlets; calyx
disciform or cup-shaped, the limb o-toothed; petals 5, imbricated in the bud, equal
or unequal, ovate or linear-oblong, thick, inserted on the margin of the conspicuous
pulvinate entire or lobed disk, erect; stamens 5, exserted; filaments filiform; an-
thers oblong; ovary 0; pistillate flowers on axillary peduncles, in 2 or few-flowered
clusters, sessile or nearly so, in the axils of conspicuous bracts and furnished with 1
or 2 small lateral bractlets, or solitary and surrounded by 2-4 bractlets; calyx-tube
campanulate, sometimes slightly urceolate, the limb o-toothed; petals small, thick,
and spreading; stamens 5-10; filaments short; anthers fertile or sterile; disk less
developed than in the staminate flower, depressed in the centre; ovary 1 or 2-celled;
style terete, elongated, recurved, stigmatic toward the apex or the inner face; raphe
ventral. Fruit oblong, fleshy, urceolate at the apex; flesh thin, oily, acidulous; stone
thick-walled, bony, terete or compressed, ridged or winged, 1 or rarely 2-celled,
usually 1-seeded. Seed filling the cavity of the stone; seed-coat pale; embryo
straight.

Nyssa with five species is confined to the eastern United States and to southern
Asia, where a single species is distributed from the eastern Himalayas to the island
of Java. The American species produce tough wood, with intricately contorted and
twisted grain.

Nyssa, the name of a nymph, was given to this genus from the fact that one of
the species grows in water.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Pistillate flowers in 2 or few-flowered clusters ; fruit blue, not more than f ' long ; stone
with low broad rounded ridges.

Stone indistinctly ridged ; leaves linear-oblong to oval or obovate.

1. N. sylvatica (A, C).
Stone prominently ribbed ; leaves oblanceolate to oblong or elliptic.

2. N. biflora (C).
Pistillate flowers solitary; fruit 1' or more long; stone with prominent wings or acute
ridges.

Fruit red ; stone with prominent wings ; leaves oblong-oval or obovate, usually obtuse

at the apex. 3. N. Ogeche (C).

Fruit purple ; stone with acute ridges ; leaves oval or oblong, acute or acuminate at the

apex. 4. N. aquatica (A, C).

1. Nyssa sylvatica, Marsh. Tupelo. Pepperidge.

Leaves crowded at the ends of lateral branchlets or remote on vigorous shoots,
linear-oblong, lanceolate, oval or obovate, acute or acuminate or sometimes con-
tracted into short broad points at the apex, wedge-shaped or occasionally rounded at
the base, entire, with slightly thickened margins, or rarely coarsely dentate, when
they unfold coated with rufous tomentum, especially on the lower surface, or pubes-
cent or sometimes nearly glabrous, and at maturity thick and firm, dark green and
very lustrous above, pale and often hairy below, principally along the broad midribs

708

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

and on the primary veins, 2'-5' long, ^-3' wide, turning in the autumn before fall-
ing bright scarlet on the upper surface only; their petioles slender or stout, terete
or wing-margined, ciliate, ^'-1^' long, and often bright red. Flowers appearing
when the leaves are about one third grown on slender pubescent or tomentose
peduncles ^'-1^' long, the males in many-flowered dense or lax compound heads, the

Ht 5ii

females in 2 to several-flowered clusters, sessile in the axils of conspicuous often
foliaceous bracts, and furnished with 2 smaller acute hairy bractlets; calyx of the
staminate flower disciform ; petals thick, ovate-oblong, acute, rounded at the apex,
erect or slightly spreading, early deciduous; stamens exserted in the staminate flower,
shorter than the petals in the pistillate flower; stigma stout, exserted, reflexed above
the middle, 0 in the staminate flower. Fruits ripening in October, 1-3 from each
flower-cluster, ovoid, |^'— |' long, dark blue, with thin acrid flesh; stone light brown,
ovoid, rounded at the base, pointed at the apex, terete, or more or less flattened, and
10-12-ribbed, with narrow indistinct pale ribs rounded on the back.

A tree, occasionally 100° high, with a trunk sometimes 5° in diameter, many slender
pendulous tough flexible branches forming a head sometimes short, cylindrical, and
flat-topped, sometimes low and broad, or on trees crowded in the forest narrow,
pyramidal, or conical, and sometimes inversely conical and broad and flat at the top,
branchlets at first light green to orange color, and in their first winter nearly gla-
brous or pale or rufous-pubescent, light red-brown marked by minute scattered pale
lenticels and by small lunate leaf-scars displaying the ends of 3 conspicuous groups
of fibro-vascular bundles, later becoming darker and developing short stout spur-
like lateral branchlets, and long thick hard roots; generally in the northern and
extreme southern states much smaller, and rarely more than 50°-60° tall. Winter-
buds obtuse, ^' long, with ovate acute apieulate dark red pnberulous imbricated
scales, those of the inner ranks accrescent, bright-colored at maturity, and marking
the base of the branchlet with obscure ring-like scars. Bark of the trunk f'-l^'
thick, light brown often tinged with red, and deeply fissured, the surface of the
ridges covered with small irregularly shaped scales. Wood heavy, soft, strong,
very tough, not durable, light yellow or nearly white, with thick lighter colored
sapwood of 80-100 layers of annual growth; used for the hubs of wheels, rollers in
glass factories, ox-yokes, wharf-piles, and sometimes for the soles of shoes.

CORNACEiE

709

Distribution. Borders of swamps in wet imperfectly drained soil, and soutli-
ward often on high wooded mountain slopes; valley of the Kennebec River, Maine,
to southern Ontario, central Michigan, and southeastern Missouri, and southward to
the shores of the Kissimee River and Tampa Bay, Florida, and to the valley of the
Brazos River, Texas; of its largest size on the southern Appalachian Mountains.

Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental tree in the eastern states.

2. Nyssa biflora, Walt.

(^Nyssa sylvatica, var. hijiora, Silva N. Am. v. 76.)

Leaves oblanceolate, oblong, elliptic or rarely ovate, acute or acuminate or
occasionally rounded at the narrow apex, cuneate or rounded at the gradually nar-
rowed base, and entire, when they unfold silky-villose above and hoary-tomentose
beneath, soon becoming glabrous, dark yellow-green and lustrous on the upper,

paler and sometimes glaucous on the lower surface, 2'-4' long and |'-1' wide, with
prominent midribs and numerous slender veins; their petioles stout, ^-^' long.
Flo"wers appearing when the leaves are nearly fully grown; staminate on slender
villose pedicels, in many-flowered loose clusters on slender hairy peduncles I'-l^' in
length; pistillate in pairs on rather stouter peduncles usually about V long; calyx of
the staminate flower disciform; petals ovate-oblong, rounded at the apex, white,
erect or slightly spreading, early deciduous. Fruit solitary or in pairs, on pedun-
cles I'-l^' long, oval or ellipsoidal, dark blue, lustrous, about |-' long, with acrid
pulp; stone oval, compressed, narrowed at the ends, and prominently ribbed.

A tree, rarely more than 30° high, with a slender trunk gradually tapering up-
ward from a swollen and much enlarged base, small spreading branches forming a
narrow pyramidal or round-topped head, and branchlets slightly villose when they
first appear, soon glabrous, and bright reddish brown in their first winter, becoming
darker the following vear, and numerous erect thick roots risins" from the surface
of the water. Winter-buds acute, dark red-brown, puberulous, and about \' long,
the inner scales hoary-tomentose. Bark about V thick, deeply furrowed, very dark
reddish brown.

Distribution. Small Pine-barren ponds in the neighborhood of the coast; North
Carolina to Louisiana.

710

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

3. Nyssa Ogeche, Marsh. Ogeechee Lime. Sour Tupelo.

Leaves oblong, oval or obovate, acute, rounded or rarely obtuse and apiculate
at the apex, gradually or abruptly wedge-shaped or soaietimes rounded at the base,

^51J

and entire, when they unfold covered on the lower surface with thick hoary tomentum
and on the upper surface with short scattered pale hairs, and at maturity thick and
firm, dark green, lustrous and slightly pilose above, pale below, 4'-6' long, 2'-2|'
wide, with stout midribs, 9 or 10 pairs of primary veins covered on the lower side
with rufous pubescence or often nearly glabrous, and obscure reticulate veinlets; their
petioles stout, grooved, ^'-1' long. Flovrers greenish yellow, appearing in March
and April; staminate minute, in capitate clusters on slender hairy peduncles y long,
bibracteolate near the middle, and developed from the axils of the inner scales of the
terminal bud, covered with long pale hairs on the outer surface of the short obscurely
5-toothed calyx and on the oblong petals rounded at the apex; filaments longer than
the petals; anthers oval and conspicuously tuberculate-roughened; pistillate solitary,
Y^g' long, on short stout woolly peduncles from the axils of bud-scales, and furnished
at the apex with 2 acute hairy bractlets; calyx coated, like the minute rounded
spreading petals, with hoary tomentum; stamens included, with short filaments, and
small mostly fertile anthers; style stout, exserted, reflexed from near the base. Fruit
bright or dull red, on slender tomentose stems enlarged at the apex and ^'-f' long,
ripening in July and August, and sometimes persistent on the branches until after
the falling of the leaves, oblong or obovate, V-iy in length, tipped with the thick-
ened and pointed remnants of the style; flesh thick, juicy, very acid; stone oblong,
compressed, narrowed at the ends, rounded at the base, acute at the apex, with walls
produced into 10 or 12 broad thin papery white wings, about 1' long, and 1 or
rarely 2-seeded.

A tree, rarely 60°-70° high, with 1 or several stems occasionally 2° in diameter,
spreading branches forming a narrow round-topped head, and slender branchlets
coated when they first appear with rufous tomentum, light reddish brown or green
tinged with red and puberulous during their first summer, turning gray or reddish
brown in their first winter, and marked by large lunate or nearly triangular leaf-
scars displaying the ends of 3 groups of fibro-vascular bundles; often a shrub, with

CORNACE^

711

numerous slender clustered diverging stems. "Winter-buds obtuse, ^' long, with
o*'ate apiculate imbricated scales rounded on the back and clothed with thick hoary
tomentum, those of the inner ranks becoming at maturity ovate-oblong or obovate,
rounded at the apex, bright red, and ^'-f' long. Bark of the trunk about i-' thick,
irregularly fissured, with a dark brown surface broken into thick appressed persist-
ent plate-like scales. "Wood light, soft, tough, not strong, white, with thin hardly
distinguishable sapwood of about 10 layers of annual growth. A preserve with an
ao-reeable subacid flavor, known as Ogeechee limes, is sometimes made from the
fruit in Georgia and South Carolina. The flowers abound in nectar, and are much
visited by bees.

Distribution. Deep often inundated river swamps or their borders; South Caro-
lina in the neighborhood of the coast, through the valley of the Ogeechee River,
Georgia, in northern and western Florida, and in the valley of the lower Appalachi-
cola River; rare and local.

4. Nyssa aquatica. Marsh. Cotton Gum. Tupelo Gum.

Leaves ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate and often long-pointed at the apex,
wedge-shaped, rounded, or subcordate at the base, entire or remotely and irregularly
angulate-toothed, the teeth often tipped with long slender raucros, when they unfold
light red and coated below and on the petioles with pale tomentum and pubescent

above, especially on the midribs, and at maturity thick and firm, dark green and
lustrous on the upper, pale and more or less downy-pubescent on the lower surface,
5'-7' long and 2'-4' wide, with broad thick midribs, and 10-12 pairs of primary
veins forked near the margins and connected by conspicuous cross veins; their peti-
oles stout, grooved, hairy, enlarged at the base, 1^-21' long. Flowers appearing
in March and April on long slender hairy peduncles in the axils of the inner scales
of the terminal bud; staminate in dense capitate clusters, their peduncles furnished
near the middle and occasionally at the apex with long linear ciliate bractlets;
calyx-tube cup-shaped, obscurely 5-toothed, one third as long as the oblong erect
petals rounded at the apex and much shorter than the stamens; pistillate solitary,
surrounded by 2-4 strap-shaped scarious ciliate bractlets often i' long and more or
less united below into an involucralcup; calyx-tube oblong and much longer than the
ovate minute spreading petals; stamens included, with small mostly fertile anthers;

712 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

style stout, tapering, reflexed above the middle, and revoliite into aclosecoiL Fruit
ripening early in the autumn, on slender drooping stalks 3'-4' in length, oblong or
slif'htly obovate, crowned with the pointed remnants of the style, dark purple, marked
by conspicuous scattered pale dots, and 1' long, with thick tough skin and thin acid
flesh; stone obovate, rounded at the narrow apex, pointed at the base, flattened, light
brown or nearly white, and about 10-ridged, the ridges acute and wing-like, with
thin separable margins, and sometimes united by short intermediate ridges.

A tree, 80°-100° high, with a trunk 3°-4° in diameter above the greatly enlarged
tapering base, comparatively small spreading branches forming a narrow oblong or
pyramidal head, stout pithy branchlets dark red and coated with pale tomentum
when they first appear, soon becoming glabrous or nearly so, and in their first winter
lio-ht or bright red-brown and marked by small scattered pale lenticels and by the
conspicuous elevated nearly orbicular leaf-scars displaying the ends of 3 large fibro-
vascular bundles, and thick corky roots. "Winter-buds: terminal nearly globose,
with broad ovate light chestnut-brown scales keeled on the back and rounded and
apiculate at the apex, those of the inner ranks accrescent and at maturity ovate-
oblong or obovate-oblong, rounded at the apex, 1' or more long, and bright yellow;
axillary minute, obtuse, nearly imbedded in the bark. Bark of the trunk about Y
thick, dark brown, longitudinally furrowed, and roughened on the surface by small
scales. ■Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, difficult to split, light brown or
often nearly white, with thick sapwood sometimes composed of more than 100 layers
of annual growth; used in the manufacture of wooden ware, broom-handles, and
wooden shoes, and largely for fruit and vegetable boxes„ The wood of the roots is
sometimes employed instead of cork for the floats of nets.

Distribution. Deep swamps inundated during a part of every year; coast region
of the Atlantic states from southern Virginia to northern Florida, through the Gulf
states to the valley of the Nueces River, Texas, and through Arkansas and southern
and southeastern Missouri to western Kentucky and Tennessee, and to the valley
of the lower Wabash River, Illinois; of its greatest size in the Cypress swamps of
western Louisiana and eastern Texas.

2. CORNUS, L. Dogwood.

Trees and shrubs, with astringent bark, opposite or rarely alternate deciduous
leaves conduplicate or involute in the bud. Flowers small, perfect, white, greenish
white or yellow; calyx-tube minutely 4-toothed, the teeth valvate in the bud; disk
pulvinate, depressed in the centre, or obsolete; petals 4, valvate in the bud, oblong-
ovate, inserted on the margin of the disk; stamens 4, alternate with the petals;
filaments slender, exserted; ovary 2-celled; style exserted, simple, columnar, crowned
with a single capitate or truncate stigma; raphe dorsal. Fruit ovoid or oblong;
flesh thin and succulent; nut bony or crustaceous, 2-celled, 2 or sometimes 1-seeded.
Seed compressed; embryo straight or slightly incurved.

Cornus with forty to fifty species is widely distributed through the three continents
of the northern hemisphere, and south of the equator is represented in Peru by a single
species. Of the sixteen or seventeen species of the United States four are arborescent.
Cornus is rich in tannic acid, and the bark and occasionally the leaves and unripe
fruit are used as tonics, astringents, and febrifuges. Of exotic species, Cornus mas, L.,
is often planted in the eastern states as an ornamental tree, and its edible fruit is
used in Europe in preserves and cordials. The wood of Cornus is hard, close-grained,
and durable, and is used in turnery and for charcoal.

CORNACEiE

713

The generic name, from cornu, relates to the hardness of the wood produced by
plants of this family.

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.

Flowers greenish, in a dense cyraose head surrounded by a conspicuous corolla-like involucre
of 4-6 white or rarely red scales, frona terminal buds formed the previous summer ; fruit
ovoid, bright red.

Heads of flower-buds inclosed by the involucre during the winter ; involucral scales 4,

obcordate or notched at the apex ; leaves ovate to elliptical.

1. C. florida (A, C).

Heads of flower-buds not inclosed by the involucre during the winter ; involucral scales

4-6, oblong to obovate, usually acute at the apex ; leaves ovate or rarely obovate.

2. C. Nuttallii (B, G).

Flowers cream color, in a flat cymose head, without involucral scales, terminal on shoots

of the year ; fruit subglobose, white or dark blue.

Leaves opposite, scabrous above ; fruit white. 3. C. asperifolia (A, C).

Leaves mostly alternate and clustered at the ends of the branches, smooth above;

fruit dark blue. 4. C. alternifolia (A, C).

1. Cornus florida, L. Flowering Dogwood.

Leaves ovate to elliptical or rarely slightly obovate, acute and often contracted
into slender points at the apex, gradually narrowed at the base, remotely and ob-
scurely crenulate-toothed on the somewhat thickened margins, and mostly clustered
at the ends of the branches, when they unfold pale and pubescent below and puberu-
lous above, and at maturity thick and firm, bright green and covered with minute

appressed hairs on the upper surface, pale or sometimes almost white and more or
less pubescent on the lower surface, 3'-6Mong and 1^-2' wide, with prominent
light-colored midribs deeply impressed above, and 5 or 6 pairs of primary veins par-
allel with their sides and connected by obscure reticulate veinlets, in the autumn
turning bright scarlet on the upper surface; their petioles grooved, ^'— |' long.
Flowers : head of flower-buds appearing during the summer between the upper
pair of lateral leaf-buds, inclosed by 4 involucral scales remaining light brown and
more or less covered with pale hairs during the winter and borne on a stout club-
shaped puberulous peduncle \' long or less during the winter and becoming I'-l^

714 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

in length; involucral bracts beginning to unfold, enlarge and grow white in early
spring and when the flowers open in March at the south to May at the north, when
the leaves are nearly fully grown, forming a flat corolla-like cup 3'-4' in diameter,
becoming at maturity obcordate, I'-l^' wide, gradually narrowed below the middle
and notched at the rounded apex, reticulate-veined, pure white, pink, or rarely bright
red, deciduous after the fading of the flowers; flowers in dense many-flowered cymose
heads, in the axils of broadly ovate nearly triangular minutely apiculate glabrous
light green deciduous bractlets ^ in diameter; calyx terete, slightly urceolate, pu-
berulous, obtusely 4-lobed, light green; corolla-lobes strap-shaped, rounded or acute
at the apex, slightly thickened on the margins, puberulous on the outer surface,
reflexed after anthesis, green tipped with yellow; disk large and orange-colored;
style crowned with a truncate stigma. Fruit ripening in October, ovoid, crowned
with the remnants of the narrow persistent calyx and with the style, bright scarlet,
1' long, Y broad, with thin mealy flesh, and a smooth thick- walled slightly grooved
stone acute at the ends and 1 or 2-seeded; seeds oblong, pale brown.

A bushy tree, rarely 40° high, with a short trunk 12'-18' in diameter, slender
spreading or upright branches, and divergent branchlets turning upward near the
ends, pale green or green tinged with red when they first appear, glabrous or slightly
puberulous, bright red or yellow-green during their first winter and nearly sur-
rounded by the narrow ring-like leaf-scars, later becoming light brown or gray tinged
with red; frequently toward the northern limits of its range a much-branched shrub.
Winter-buds formed in midsummer; the terminal covered by 2 opposite acute
pointed scales rounded on the back and joined below for half their length, and
accompanied by 2 pairs of lateral buds, each covered by a single scale, those of the
lower pair shedding their scales in the autumn and remaining undeveloped. Bark
of the trunk ^'-\' thick, with a dark red-brown surface divided into quadrangular
or many-sided plate-like scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, brown
sometimes changing to shades of green and red, with lighter colored sapwood of 30-40
layers of annual growth; largely used in turnery, for the bearings of machinery, the
hubs of small wheels, barrel-hoops, the handles of tools, and occasionally for en-
gravers' blocks.

Distribution. Usually under the shade of taller trees in rich well-drained soil;
eastern Massachusetts to southern Ontario and southeastern Kansas, and south-
ward to central Florida and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas ; and on the moun-
tains of northern Mexico; comparatively rare at the north; one of the commonest and
most generally distributed inhabitants of the deciduous-leaved forests of the mid-
dle and southern states, ranging from the coast nearly to the summits of the high
Alleghany Mountains.

Often planted as an ornament of parks and gardens in the eastern states.

2. Cornus Nuttallii, Aud. Dogwood.

Leaves ovate or slightly obovate, acute and often contracted into short points at
the apex, wedge-shaped at the base, faintly crenulate-serrate, and generally clus-
tered toward the ends of the branches, when they unfold coated below with pale
tomentum and puberulous above, and at maturity membranaceous, bright green and
slightly puberulous, with short appressed hairs on the upper, and woolly pubescent
on the lower surface, 4'-5' long, l^'-3' wide, with prominent pale midribs impressed
above, about 5 pairs of slender primary veins parallel with the margins and con-
nected by remote reticulate veinlets, in the autumn turning bright orange and

CORNACE^

715

scarlet before falling; their petioles stout, grooved, pubescent, ^'-|' long, with large
clasping base?. Flowers : head of flower-buds appearing during the summer be-
tween the upper pair of lateral leaf-buds, surrounded at the base but not inclosed
by the involucral scales during the winter, hemispherical, ^' in diameter, usually
nodding on a stout hairy peduncle f'-l' long; involucral scales becoming when the
flowers open 1^-3' long, and l|^'-2' wide, white or white tinged with pink, narrowly
oblong to obovate or sometimes nearly orbicular, acute, acuminate, or obtuse and en-
tire and thickened at the apex, puberulous on the outer surface, gradually narrowed

below the middle and conspicuously 8-ribbed, the spreading ribs united by reticulate
veinlets; flowers in dense cymose heads from the axils of minute acuminate scarious
deciduous bracts; calyx terete, slightly urceolate, puberulous on the outer surface,
yellow-green, or light purple, with dark red-purple lobes; petals strap-shaped,
rounded at the apex, spreading, somewhat puberulous on the outer surface, with
thickened slightly inflexed margins, yellow-green; style crowned with a truncate
stigma. Fruit ripening in October, in dense spherical heads of 30-40 drupes sur-
i rounded at the base by a ring of abortive pendulous ovaries, ^' long, ovoid, much
flattened, crowned with the broad persistent calyx, bright red or orange-colored, with
thin mealy flesh, and a thick-walled 1 or 2-seeded stone obtuse at the ends and
scarcely grooved ; seeds oblong, compressed, with a very thin pale papery coato

A tree, 40°-60°, or exceptionally 100° high, with a trunk l°-2° in diameter, small
spreading branches forming an oblong conical or ultimately round-topped head, and
slender light green branchlets coated while young with pale hairs, becoming gla-
brous or puberulous, dark reddish purple or sometimes green in their first winter
and conspicuously marked by the elevated lunate leaf-scars, ultimately becoming
light brown or brown tinged with red. Winter-buds formed in July; the terminal
acute, y long, covered by 2 narrowly ovate acute long-pointed puberulous light
green opposite scales accompanied by 2 pairs of lateral buds, each covered by a
single scale, those of the lower pair shedding their scales in the autumn and remain-
ing undeveloped, those of the upper pair clothed with pale hairs, especially toward
the apex, their scales thickening, turn dark purple, lengthening in the spring with
the inclosed shoots, finally becoming scarious and developing into small leaves, and
in falling marking the base of the branchlets with ring-like scars. Bark of the
trunk about \' thick, brown tinged with red, and divided on the surface into small

716

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

thin appressed scales. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, light
brown tinged with red, with lighter colored sapwood of 30-40 layers of annual
growth; used in cabinet-making, for mauls and the handles of tools.

Distribution. Usually iu moist well-drained soil under the shade of coniferous
forests; valley of the lower Eraser River and Vancouver Island, British Columbia,
southward through western Washington and Oregon, on the coast ranges of Cali-
fornia to the San Bernardino Mountains, and on the western slopes of the Sierra
Nevada; southward ascending to elevations of 4000°-5000° above the level of the
sea; of its largest size near the shores of Puget Sound and in the Redwood forests
of northern California.

3. Cornus asperifolia, Michx. Dogwood.

Leaves ovate or oblong, gradually or abruptly contracted at the apex into long
slender points, gradually narrowed or rounded and cuneate at the base, and slightly
thickened on the undulate margins, when they unfold coated with lustrous silvery
tomentum, and nearly fully grown when the flowers open from the middle of May
in Texas to the middle of July at the north, and then dark green and roughened
above by short rigid white hairs, and pale, often glaucous or rough-pubescent below,
and at maturity membranaceous, scabrous on the upper, pubescent or puberulous on
the lower surface, 3'-4' long and l^'-2' wide, with thin midribs and 4—6 pairs of slen-
der primary veins parallel with their sides; their petioles stout, grooved, pubescent,

usually about ^ long. Flowers cream color, on slender pedicels, in loose broad or
narrow often panicled pubescent cymes, on peduncles frequently 1' in length; calyx
oblong, cup-shaped, obscurely toothed, covered with fine silky white hairs; corolla-
lobes narrowly oblong, acute, about ^ long, and reflexed after the flowers open; style
thickened at the apex into a prominent stigma. Fruit ripening from the end of
August until the end of October, in loose spreading red-stemmed clusters, subglo-
bose, white, tipped with the remnants of the style, about ^' in diameter, with thin
dry and bitter flesh; and a full and rounded stone broader than high, somewhat
oblique, slightly grooved on the edge, and 1 or 2-seeded; seeds nearly y long, with
a pale brown coat.

A tree, sometimes nearly 50° high, with a short trunk 8'-10' in diameter, thin

CORNACE^

717

erect wand-like branches forming a narrow irregular rather open head, and slender
branchlets marked by numerous small pale lenticels, light green and puberulous when
they first appear, pale red, lustrous, and puberulous during their first winter, light
reddish brown in their second year, and ultimately light gray-brown or gray; usually
shrubby. Winter-buds acute, compressed, pubescent, sessile, or stalked, about ^'
long, with 2 pairs of opposite scales, the terminal nearly twice as large as the com-
pressed lateral buds. Bark of the trunk about ^' thick, and divided by shallow
fissures into narrow interrupted ridges broken into small closely appressed dark red-
brown scales. Wood close-grained, hard, pale brown, with thick cream-colored
sap wood.

Distribution. Northern shores of Lake Erie to Minnesota, eastern Nebraska and
Kansas, and through Missouri and the Indian Territory to eastern Texas, Missis-
sippi, Alabama, South Carolina, and Florida; probably only arborescent on the rich
bottom-lands of southern Arkansas and eastern Texas.

4. Cornus alternifolia, L. Dog-wood.

Leaves mostly alternate, clustered at the ends of the branches, rarely opposite,
oval or ovate, gradually contracted at the apex into long slender points, wedge-
shaped or occasionally somewhat rounded at the base, obscurely crenulate-toothed

on the slightly thickened and reflexed margins, when they unfold coated on the
lower surface with dense silvery white tomentum, and faintly tinged with red and
pilose above, and at maturity membranaceous, bright yellow-green, glabrous or
sparsely pubescent on the upper, pale or sometimes nearly white and covered with
appressed hairs on the lower surface, 3'-o' long, 2^-3^' wide, with broad orange-
colored midribs slightly impressed above, and about 6 pairs of primary veins parallel
with their sides, in the autumn turning yellow or yellow and scarlet; their petioles
slender, pubescent, grooved, l^'-2' long, with enlarged clasping bases. Flowers
cream color, opening from the beginning of May to the end of June on slender
jointed pedicels ^'-\' long, in terminal flat puberulous many-flowered cymes l|^'-2^'
wide, mostly on lateral branchlets; calyx cup-shaped, obscurely toothed; corolla-
lobes narrow, oblong, rounded at the apex, |' long, reflexed after anthesis; style
enlarged into a prominent stigma. Fruit in loose spreading red-stemmed clusters,
ripening in October, subglobose, dark blue-black, |' in diameter, tipped with the

718 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

remnants of the style rising from the bottom of a small depression, with thin and
bitter flesh; and an obovoid nutlet, pointed at the base, gradually longitudinally
many-grooved, thick-walled, and 1 or 2-seeded; seeds lunate, \' long, with a thin
membranaceous pale coat.

A flat-topped tree, rarely 25°-30° high, with a short trunk C'-8' in diameter,
long slender alternate diverging horizontal branches, and numerous short upright
slender branchlets pale orange-green or reddish brown when they first appear, mostly
light green or sometimes brown tinged with green during their first winter, later
turning darker green and marked by pale lunate leaf-scars, and small scattered pale
lenticels; often a shrub, with numerous stems. Bark of the trunk about ^' thick,
dark reddish brown, and smooth or divided by shallow longitudinal fissures into
narrow ridges irregularly broken transversely. "Wood heavy, hard, close-grained,
brown tinged with red, with thick lighter colored sapwood of 20-30 layers of annual
growth.

Distribution. Rich woodlands, the margins of the forest, and on the borders of
streams and swamps, in moist well-drained soil; New Brunswick and Nova Scotia,
westward along the valley of the St. Lawrence River to the northern shores of Lake
Superior and to Minnesota, and southward through the northern states and along
the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia and Alabama.

Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental plant in the eastern states.

Section 2. Gamopetalse. Corolla of united petals (^divided
in Elliottia in £Jricacece ; 0 in some species of Fraxinus in
OleacecB) .

A. Ovary superior (inferior in Vaccinium in Ericaceae ;

partly inferior in Symplocaceo2 and Styraceoe),

XLIX. ERICACE-ai.

Trees or shrubs, with scaly buds, and alternate simple leaves without stip-
ules. Flowers perfect, regular ; calyx 4^-lobed ; corolla hypogynous, 5-lobed
{of Jf 'petals in Elliottia)^ the lobes imbricated in the bud; stamens hypogy-
nous, mostly free from the corolla, as many, or twice as many as its lobes ;
anthers introrse, 2-celled, opening by terminal pores, often appendaged ; ovary
4-10-celled (inferior in Vaccinium) ; styles terminal, simple ; stigma ter-
minal; ovules numerous, anatropous or amphitropous ; raphe ventral; micro-
pyle superior. Fruit capsular, drupaceous, or baccate. Seeds with fleshy or
horny albumen ; embryo small ; cotyledons small and short.

The Heath family with about sixty-seven genera is widely distributed over
the temperate and tropical parts of the earth's surface. Of the twenty-one
genera found in the United States seven have arborescent representatives.

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.

Ovary superior.
Fruit capsular.

Corolla of 4 petals ; flowers in erect terminal racemose panicles ; leaves deciduous. ,

1. Elliottia.
Capsule septicidal, the valves in opening separating from the persistent place ntiferous
axis ; calyx-lobes imbricated in the bud ; leaves persistent.

ERICACE^ 719

Flowers in terminal clusters ; corolla 5-cle£t ; inflorescence-buds conical, covered
with closely imbricated scales ; leaves revolute on the margins.

2. Rhododendron.
Flowers in axillary clusters ; corolla saucer-shaped, with a short narrow tube and
10 pouches below the short limb, the anthers in the pouches in the bud ; inflo-
rescence-buds elongated, covered with loosely imbricated scales ; leaves flat.

3. Kalmia.
Capsule loculicidal, the valves in opening bearing the partitions and separating from
the persistent placentiferous axis ; calyx-lobes valvate in the bud.

Capsule ovoid-pyramidal; flowers in terminal panicles of secund racemes ;, anther-
cells opening longitudinally from the apex to the middle ; leaves deciduous.

4. Oxydendrum.
Capsule oblong ; flowers in axillary fascicles ; anthers opening below the apex by
2 oblong pores ; leaves persistent. 5. Xylosma.

Fruit drupaceous ; flowers in terminal panicles ; anthers bearing a pair of reflexed awns
on the back, each cell opening at the apex anteriorally by a terminal pore ; leaves per-
sistent. 6. Arbutus.
Ovary inferior ; fruit baccate ; flowers axillary, racemose or solitary ; anther-cells termi-
nating in tubular appendages and opening by terminal pores. 7. Vaccinium.

1. ELLIOTTIA, Ell.

A glabrous tree or shrub, with slender terete branchlets, scaly buds, and fibrous
roots. Leaves petiolate, oblong or obloug-obovate, acute at the ends or occasionally
rounded at the apex, entire, membranaceous, dark green and glabrous above, pale
and villose below, particularly on the thin yellow midribs and obscure forked veins,
deciduous; their petioles slender and flattened, with an abruptly enlarged base nearly
covering the small axillary buds. Flowers perfect, on slender elongated pedicels,
in erect terminal elongated racemose panicles, with minute acute scarious caducous
bracts and bractlets; calyx short, tubular, puberulous, dark red-brown, 4-toothed,
the broad apiculate teeth erose on the margins and imbricated in the bud; petals 4,
imbricated in the bud, spatulate-linear, sessile; stamens 8, hypogynous, shorter than
the petals; filaments broad, flattened; anthers oblong-ovate, the cells callous-mu-
cronate, free at the apex of the spreading lobes, opening from above downward;
disk much thickened, fleshy; ovary sessile, subglobose, 4-lobed, 4-celled, concave at
the apex; style elongated, slender, gradually enlarged and club-shaped above and
incurved at the apex; stigma 3-o-lobed, smaller than the thickened end of the style;
ovules numerous in each cell, attached on the inner angle of a tunaid placenta,
ascending, anatropous. Fruit unknown.

Elliottia with a single species is confined to the southern United States.

The genus is named in honor of Stephen Elliott (1771-1830), the distinguished
botanist of South Carolina.

1. Elliottia racemosa, Ell.

Leaves 3'-4' long, I'-l^ wide; their petioles y-^' in length. Flovrers about
i' long, opening from the middle to the end of June, in clusters 7'-10' in length.

A tree, 15°-20° high, with a trunk 4'-5' in diameter, short ascending branches
forming a pyramidal head, and erect branchlets light red-brown and pilose when
they first appear, bright orange-brown, lustrous, and nearly glabrous during their
first winter, and roughened by slightly raised oblong-obovate leaf-scars with con-
spicuous central fibro-vascular bundle-scars, becoming light brown slightly tinged

720

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

with red during their second season and dark gray -brown the following year; or
more frequently shrubby. Winter-buds terminal, broadly ovate, acute, about ^'

long, with much thickened bright chestnut-brown shining scales conspicuously white-
pubescent near the margins toward the apex, the lateral smaller, ovate, compressed,
rounded or short-pointed at the apex. Bark thin, smooth, pale gray.

Distribution. Sandy woods in a few isolated situations in the valley of the
Savannah River, near Augusta, and in Burke and Bullock counties, Georgia,

^ 2. RHODODENDRON, Maxim.

Trees or shrubs, with scaly bark, terete branchlets, terminal buds formed in sum-
mer, and fibrous roots. Leaves usually clustered at the ends of the branches, revo-
lute and entire on the margin. Flowers in terminal umbellate corymbs from buds
with numerous caducous scales ; calyx 5-parted or toothed, persistent under the
fruit; corolla 5-cleft, deciduous; stamens more or less unequal, ultimately spread-
ing; filaments subulate-filiform, pilose at the base; disk thick and fleshy, crenately
lobed; ovary o-celled; style slender, crowned with a capitate stigma and persistent
on the fruit; ovules numerous in each cell, attached in many series to an axile
2-lipped placenta projected from the inner angle of the cell, anatropous. Fruit a
woody septicidal many-seeded capsule. Seed scobiform; seed-coat loose, reticulate,
produced at the ends beyond the nucleus into short often laciniate appendages;
embryo minute, cylindrical, axile in fleshy albumen; cotyledons oblong, shorter
than the radicle turned toward the hilum.

Rhododendron (including Azalea) with more than two hundred species abounds
in western Thibet and on the Himalayas, southwestern China, the Malay Peninsula
and Archipelago, New Guinea, northern China and Corea, Japan, the mountains of
central Asia, and in eastern and western North America. Of the seventeen or eigh-
teen North American species one only is arborescent.

Rhododendron possesses astringent narcotic properties. It produces hard close-
grained compact wood sometimes used in turnery and for fuel. Many of the species
are cultivated in gardens for the beauty of their large and conspicuous flowers.

The generic name is from p65ov and SevSpov, the Rose-tree.

ERICACE^

721

1. Rhododendron maximum, L. Great Laurel. Rose Bay.

Leaves revolute in the bud, ovate-lauceolate or obovate-lanceolate, acute or short-
poiuted at the apex, narrowed or wedge-shaped or rounded at the narrow base, when
they unfold covered with a thick pale or ferrugineous tomentum of gland-tipped
hairs, and at maturity glabrous, thick and coriaceous, dark green and lustrous on
the upper, usually pale or whitish on the lower surface, 4'-12' long, 1^-2^' wide,
with broad pale midribs and obscure reticulate veinlets, persistent two or three
years; their petioles stout, ridged above, rounded below, I'-l^' long. Flowers:
inflorescence-buds surrounded at first by several loose narrow leaf-like scales, and
when fully grown in September cone-shaped, 1^' long and ^' broad, with many
imbricated ovate scales rounded and contracted at the apex into long slender points,
beginning to open late in June after the shoots of the year from buds in the axils of
upper leaves have reached their full length ; flowers on slender pink pedicels covered
with glandular white hairs and furnished at the base with two linear scarious bract-
lets from the axils of the scales of the inner ranks of the inflorescence-buds, in
16-24-flowered umbellate clusters 4'-5' in diameter, with accrescent scarious resinous
puberulous bracts, those of the outer ranks becoming 1' long and |' wide, and shorter
than the lanceolate bracts of the inner ranks contracted into long slender points;

calyx light green and puberulous, with rounded remote lobes; corolla prominently
5-angled or ridged in the bud, campanulate, gibbous on the posterior side, puberulous
in the throat, light rose color, purplish, or white, 1' long, cleft to the middle into
oval rounded lobes, with conspicuous central veins, the upper lobe marked on the
inner face by a cluster of yellow-green spots, and glandular on the outer surface at
the bottom of each sinus, with a conspicuous dark red gland; stamens 8-12, white,
inserted on the bright green disk; filaments enlarged and flattened at the base,
slightly bent inward above the middle, and bearded with stiff white hairs, the 4 or 5
short ones at the back of the flower for more than half their length and the others
only near the base; ovary ovate, green, coated with short glandular pale hairs,
crowned with a long slender glabrous white declining style club-shaped and inflexed
at the apex and terminating in a 5-rayed scarlet stigma. Fruit dark red-brown,
ovate, ^' long, glandular-hispid, ripening and shedding its seeds in the autumn, the
clusters of open capsules remaining on the branches until the following summer;

722 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

seeds oblong, flattened, the coat prolonged at the ends into scarious fringed ap-
pendages.

A bushy tree, 30°-40° high, with a short crooked often prostrate trunk occasionally
10'-12' in diameter, stout contorted branches forming a round head, and branchlets
green tinged with red and covered with dark red or slightly ferrugineous gland-
ular-hispid hairs when they first appear, dark green and glabrous in their first winter,
gradually turning bright red-brown in their second year, and ultimately gray tinged
with red, the thin bark separating on branches four or five years old into persistent
scales; more often a broad shrub, with many divergent twisted stems 10°-12°
high. Winter-buds: leaf-buds conical, dark green, axillary, or terminal on barren
shoots, with many closely imbricated scales; those of the inner ranks accrescent,
increasing in length from the outer to the inner, and at maturity 1^' long, Y wide,
gradually narrowed at the base, and terminating at the apex in a long slender
point, light green, glabrous, closely held against the shoot by a resinous exudation
from the glandular hairs, and in falling marking the branchlet with numerous con-
spicuous narrow remote scars persistent for three or four years. Bark of the trunk
about Y^g' thick, light red-brown, broken on the surface into small thin appressed
scales. Wood heavy,<hard, strong, rather brittle, close-grained, light clear brown,
with thin lighter colored sap wood ; occasionally made into the handles of tools and
used as a substitute for boxwood in engraving. A decoction of the leaves is occa-
sionally employed in domestic practice in the treatment of rheumatism.

Distribution. Nova Scotia to the northern shores of Lake Erie, and southward
through New York and New England, and along the Appalachian Mountains to
northern Georgia; rare at the north and an inhabitant of deep cold swamps in a few
isolated stations; more abundant on the mountains of western Pennsylvania, becom-
ing exceedingly common farther south and occupying the steep banks of streams up
to elevations of 3000° above the sea; of its largest size on the high mountains of
eastern Tennessee and the Carolinas, and here often forming thickets hundreds
of acres in extent.

Often cultivated as an ornament of parks and gardens in the United States, and
in Europe, and one of the parents of a number of distinct and beautiful hybrids.

3. KALMIA, L.

Trees or shrubs, with scaly bark, terete branchlets without terminal buds, minute
axillary leaf-buds, elongated axillary inflorescence-buds covered by imbricated scales,
and fibrous roots. Leaves ovate-oblong or linear, short-petiolate, with flat entire mar-
gins, coriaceous, persistent. Flowers on slender pedicels bibracteolate at the base,
from the axils of foliaceous coriaceous ovate or acute persistent bracts, in axillary
umbels; calyx 5-parted, the divisions imbricated in the bud, persistent under the
fruit; corolla 5-lobed, rose-colored, purple, or white, saucer-shaped, with a short
tube and 10 pouches just below the 5-parted limb, the lobes ovate, acute, before
anthesis prominently lO-ribbed from the pouches to the acute apex of the bud,
the salient keels of the ribs running to the points of the lobes and to the sinuses;
stamens 10, shorter than the corolla; filaments filiform ; anthers oblong, each
cell opening by a short apical oblong longitudinal pore, at first free in the bud,
the filaments then erect, later received in the pouches of the corolla, the filaments
becoming bent back by its enlargement and expansion, straightening elastically and
incurving on the release of the anthers, and in straightening discharging the pol-
len-grains; disk prominently 10-lobed; ovary subglobose, 5-celled; style filiform.

ERICACE^

723

exserted, crowned with a capitate stigma; ovules numerous in each cell, inserted on
a 2-lipped placenta, pendulous or spreading from near the top of the thin columella,
few-ranked, anatropous. Fruit a septicidal woody many-seeded globose slightly
5-lobed 5-celled capsule, tardily septicidally 5-valved, the valves crustaceous, ulti-
mately opening down the middle by a narrow slit and separating from the persistent
placenta-bearing axis. Seeds oblong or subglobose, minute; seed-coat crustaceous or
membranaceous; embryo in fleshy albumen, terete, near the hilum; radicle erect,
rather shorter than the oblong cotyledons.

Kalmia with five or six species is North American and Cuban, one species occa-
sionally becoming under favorable conditions a small tree.

The generic name is in honor of the Swedish traveler and botanist, Peter Kalm
(1715-1779).

1. Kalmia latifolia, L. Laurel. Mountain Laurel.

Leaves sometimes in pairs or in 3's, conduplicate in the bud, each leaf in the
bud inclosed by the one immediately below it, oblong or elliptical-lanceolate, acute

or rounded and tipped at the apex with callous points, and gradually narrowed at the
base, when they unfold slightly tinged with pink and covered with glandular white
hairs, and at maturity thick and rigid, dark rather dull green above, light yellow-
green below, 3'-4' long, I'-l^' wide, with broad yellow midribs and obscure immersed
veins, beginning to fall during their second summer; their petioles stout, terete or
slightly flattened, about f long. Flo-wers: inflorescence-buds appearing in the
autumn from the axils of upper leaves, beginning to lengthen with the first warm
days of spring and usually developing 2 or several lateral branches, the whole form-
ing a compound many-flowered corymb of numerous crowded fascicles more or less
covered with dark scurfy scales, 4'-5' in diameter, and overtopped at the flowering
time by the leafy branches of the year; flowers nearly 1' in diameter, opening in
May and June on long slender red or green pedicels covered with glandular hairs,
and furnished at the base with 2 minute acute bractlets developed from the axils of
acute persistent bracts sometimes ^' long; calyx divided nearly to the base into
narrow acute thin green lobes; corolla white, rose-color, or pink, viscid-pubescent,
marked on the inner surface with a waving dark rose-colored line and with delicate
purple penciling above the sacs. Fruit ripening in September, crowned with the

724 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

•

persistent style, ^^g' in diameter, and covered with viscid hairs, remaining on the
branches until the following year; seeds oblong, light brown, scattered by the
opening of the valves.

A tree, rarely 30°-40° high, with a short crooked and contorted trunk sometimes
18'-20' in diameter, stout forked divergent branches forming a round-topped com-
pact head, and slender branchlets light green tinged with red and covered with soft
white glandular-viscid hairs when they first appear, soon becoming glabrous, and in
their first winter green tinged with red and very lustrous, turning bright red-brown
during their second year and paler the following season, the bark then separating
into large thin papery scales exposing the cinnamon-red inner bark, and marked with
large deeply impressed leaf-scars showing near the centre a crowded cluster of
fibro-vascular bundle-scars; more often a dense broad shrub 6°-10° high, with
numerous crooked stems. Winter-buds formed before midsummer in the axils
of the leaves just below those producing the inflorescence-buds, their inner scales ac-
crescent, and at maturity often 1' long and ^' wide, ovate, acute, light green, covered
with glandular white hairs, and in falling marking the base of the shoots with con-
spicuous broad scars. Bark of the trunk hardly more than ^Ig' thick, dark brown
tinged with red, and divided by longitudinal furrows into narrow ridges separating
into long narrow scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather brittle, close-grained,
brown tinged with red, with slightly lighter colored sap wood; used for the handles
of tools, in turnery, and for fuel.

Distribution. New Brunswick to the northern shores of Lake Erie and south-
ward generally in the neighborhood of the Appalachian Mountains to western Flor-
ida, and through the Gulf states to western Louisiana and the valley of the Red
River, Arkansas; often growing in low moist ground near the margins of swamps
or on dry slopes under the shade of deciduous-leaved trees, or on rich rocky hill-
sides; most abundant and often forming dense impenetrable thickets on the southern
Appalachian Mountains up to elevations of 3000°-4000° above the level of the sea;
usually shrubby, and only arborescent in a few secluded valleys between the Blue
Ridge and the Alleghany Mountains of North and South Carolina.

Often cultivated as an ornament of parks and gardens in the eastern states, and in
Europe.

4. OXYDENDRUM, DC.

A tree, with thick deeply furrowed bark, slender terete glabrous light red or brown
branchlets without terminal buds, marked by elevated nearly triangular leaf-scars
displaying a lunate row of crowded fibro-vascular bundle-scars, and numerous ele-
vated oblong dark lenticels, acid foliage, and fibrous roots. Winter-buds axillary,
minute, partly immersed in the bark, obtuse, covered with opposite broadly ovate
dark red scales rounded at the apex, those of the inner ranks accrescent. Leaves
alternate, revolute in the bud, oblong or lanceolate, acute, gradually contracted at
the base into long slender petioles, serrate, with minute incurved callous teeth, penni-
veined, with conspicuous bright yellow midribs and reticulate veinlets, thin and firm,
dark green and lustrous on the upper, pale and glaucous on the lower surface, gla-
brous or at first slightly puberulous, deciduous. Flowers on clavate erect pedicels
coated with hoary pubescence and bibracteolate above the middle, with linear acute
caducous bractlets, in puberulous panicles of secund racemes appearing in summer
and terminal on axillary leading shoots of the year, the lower racemes in the axils of
upper leaves; calyx free, divided nearly to the base, the divisions valvate in the bud,

ERICACE^

725

ovate-lanceolate, acute, pubescent or puberulous on the outer surface, persistent
under the fruit; corolla hypogynous, cylindrical to ovate-cylindrical, white, puberu-
lous, o-lobed, the lobes minute, ovate, acute, reflexed; stamens 10, included; fila-
ments subulate, broad, pilose, inserted on the very base of the corolla; anthers linear-
oblong, narrower than the filaments, the cells opening from the apex to the middle;
disk thin, obscurely 10-lobed; ovary broadly ovoid, pubescent, 5-celled; style colum-
nar, thick, exserted, crowned with a simple stigma; ovules attached to an axile
placenta rising from the base of the cell, ascending, amphitropous. Fruit a 5-celled
ovoid-pyramidal many-seeded capsule crowned with the remnants of the persistent
style, 5-lobed, puberulous, loculicidally 5-valved, the valves woody, separating from
the central persistent placentiferous axis, many-seeded. Seeds ascending, elongated;
seed-coat membranaceous, loose, reticulated, produced at the ends into long slender
points; embryo minute, axile in fleshy albumen, cylindrical; radicle terete, next the
hilum.

The genus consists of a single species.

The generic name is from o^vs and S4v5pov, in allusion to the acid foliage.

1. Oxydendrum arboreum, DC. Sorrel-tree. Sour "Wood.

Leaves when they unfold bronze green, very lustrous and glabrous with the ex-
ception of a slight pubescence on the upper side of the midribs and a few scattered
hairs on the under side of the midribs and on the petioles, and at maturity 5'-7' long,
ll'-2y wide, turning bright scarlet in the autumn before falling; their petioles |^'
long. Flowers opening late in July or early in August, |' long, in panicles 7'-8' in
length. Fruit ^'-^' long, hanging in drooping clusters sometimes a foot in length,

ripening in September, the empty capsules often persistent on the branches until late
in the autumn; seeds about |' long, pale brown.

A tree, occasionally 50°-60° high, with a tall straight trunk 12'-20' in diameter,
slender spreading branches forming a narrow oblong round-topped head, and glabrous
branchlets yellow-green and marked by orange-colored lenticels when they first
appear, becoming in their first winter orange-colored to reddish brown. Winter-buds
about Jg' long, their inner scales at maturity 1' in length, Y wide, spatulate, acute at
the apex, and slightly puberulous on the inner surface and on the margins. Bark of

726 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

the trunk |'-1' thick, gray tinged with red, and divided by longitudinal furrows into
broad rounded ridges covered with small thick appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard,
very close-grained, brown tinged with red, with lighter colored sapwood of 80-90
layers of annual growth ; sometimes used locally for the handles of tools and the
bearings of machinery. The leaves have a pleasant acidulous taste, and are reputed
to be tonic, refrigerant, and diuretic, and are occasionally used in domestic practice in
the treatment of fevers.

Distribution. Well-drained gravelly soil on ridges rising above the banks of
streams; southeastern Pennsylvania to southern Indiana and middle Tennessee, and
southward to the coast of Virginia and along the Alleghany Mountains to western
Florida, the shores of Mobile Bay, and through the elevated regions of the Gulf
states to western Louisiana; of its largest size on the western slopes of the Big
Smoky Mountains, Tennessee.

Often cultivated as an ornamental plant in the eastern states and hardy as far north
as eastern New England, and occasionally in western and central Europe.

5. XOLISMA, Raf.

Trees or shrubs, with slender terete branchlets, and fibrous roots. Leaves petiolate,
membranaceous or coriaceous. Flowers on slender pedicels from the axils of ovate
acute bracts, in axillary and terminal umbellate fascicles or panicled racemes; calyx
persistent, 4:-5-toothed or parted, the divisions valvate in the bud; corolla globular,
4-5-toothed or lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud; stamens 8-10, included;
filaments flat, incurved, usually slightly adnate to the base of the corolla, dilated
and bearded at the base, geniculate; anther oblong, the cells opening below the
apex by large oblong pores; disk 10-lobed; ovary 5-celled, depressed in the centre;
style columnar, stigmatic at the apex; ovules attached to a placenta borne near
the summit of the axis, anatropous. Fruit ovoid, many-seeded, loculicidally 5-valved,
the valves septiferous and separating from the placentiferous axis, 5-ribbed by the
thickening of the valves at the dorsal sutures, the ribs more or less separable in
dehiscence. Seeds minute, pendulous, narrow-oblong; seed-coat loose, thin, cellular-
reticulate, produced at the ends beyond the nucleus into short fringe-like wings;
embryo axile in fleshy albumen, cylindrical, elongated; cotyledons much shorter
than the terete radicle turned toward the hilum.

Xolisma with about sixteen species is confined to North America, the West Indies,
and Mexico. Of the two species which occur in the United States one is a small tree.

The generic name is of doubtful derivation.

1 . Xolisma ferruginea, Hell.

(Andromeda ferruginea, Siloa N. Am. v. 131.)

Leaves cuneate-obovate, rhombic-obvate or cuneate-oblong, acute or rounded at
the apex, usually tipped with a cartilaginous mucro, gradually wedged-shaped at
the base, and entire, with thickened revolute margins, scurfy when they unfold,
and at maturity thick and firm, pale green, smooth and shining or sometimes obscurely
lepidote above, covered below with ferrugineous or pale scales, l'-3' long, ^'- 1^' wide,
with prominent midribs and primary veins and broad conspicuous reticulate veinlets,
appearing in early spring and persistent until the summer or autumn of their second
year; their petioles short, thick, much enlarged at the base. Flowers y in diameter,
chiefly produced on branches of the year or occasionally on those of the previous

ERICACE^

727

year, openiug from February until April when the leaves are fully grown, on slender
recurved pedicels much shorter than the leaves, in crowded axillary short-stemmed

f^J^-

or sessile ferrugineous-lepidote fascicles, with minute acute deciduous bracts and
bractlets; calyx o-lobed, with acute lobes, covered on the outer surface with ferru-
gineous scales, and about one third as long as the white pubescent corolla, with short
reflexed acute teeth slightly thickened and ciliate on the margins; filaments short-
ened by a conspicuous geniculate fold in the middle; ovary coated with thick white
tomentum; style stout, as long or a little longer than the corolla. Fruit on a stout
erect stem, oblong, 5-angled, i' long; seed pale brown.

A tree, occasionally 20°-30° high, with a slender crooked or often prostrate trunk
sometimes 10' in diameter, thin rigid divergent branches forming a tall oblong irregu-
lar head, and slender branchlets coated when they first appear with minute ferru-
gineous scales and covered in their second year with glabrous or pubescent light or
dark red-brown bark smooth or exfoliating in small thin scales; often a shrub, some-
times only 2°-3° tall. Bark of the trunk ^'-\' thick, divided into long narrow
ridges by shallow longitudinal furrows, reddish brown and separating into short
thick scales. Winter-buds minute, acute, and covered with ferrugineous scales.
Wood heavy, hard, close-grained although not strong, light brown tinged with red,
with thick lighter colored sapwood.

Distribution. Coast region of South Carolina to the shores of Bay Biscayne and
the neighborhood of Appalachicola, Florida; in the United States arborescent in the
rich soil of the woody hummocks rising from the sandy Pine-covered coast plain, and
as a low shrub in the dry sandy sterile soil of Pine barrens; also in the West Indies
and Mexico.

6. ARBUTUS, L.

Trees or shrubs, with astringent bark exfoliating from young stems in large thin
scales, smooth terete red branches, and thick hard roots. Leaves petiolate, entire or
dentate, obscurely penniveined, persistent. Flowers on clavate pedicels bibracteolate
at the base from the axils of ovate bracts, in simple terminal compound racemes
or panicles, with scarious scaly persistent bracts and bractlets; calyx free from the
ovary, 5-parted nearly to the base, the divisions imbricated in the bud, ovate, acute.

728 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

scarious, persistent; corolla ovoid-urceolate, white, 5-toothecl, the teeth obtuse and
recurved; stamens 10, shorter than the corolla; filaments subulate, dilated and pilose
at the base, free, inserted in the bottom of the corolla; anthers short, compressed
laterally, dorsally 2-awned, the cells opening at the top internally by a terminal
pore; ovary glandular-roughened, glabrous or tomentose, sessile or slightly immersed
in the glandular 10-lobed disk, 5 or rarely 4-celled; style columnar, simple, exserted;
stigma obscurely 5-lobed; ovules attached to a central placenta developed from the
inner angle of each cell, amphitropous. Fruit drupaceous, globose, smooth or gland-
ular-coated, 5-celled, many-seeded; flesh dry and mealy; stone cartilaginous, often
incompletely developed. Seeds small, compressed or angled, narrowed and often
apiculate at the apex; seed-coat coriaceous, dark red-brown, slightly pilose; embryo
axile in copious horny albumen, clavate; radicle terete, erect, turned toward the hilum.

Arbutus with ten or twelve species inhabits southern and western North America,
Central America, eastern, southern, and southwestern Europe, Asia Minor, northern
Africa, and the Canary Islands. Three species occur within the territory of the
United States. Arbutus produces hard close-grained valuable wood often made into
charcoal, used in the manufacture of gunpowder. The fruit possesses narcotic pro-
perties, and the bark and leaves are astringent.

Arbutus is the classical name of the species of southern Europe.

CONSPECTUS OF THE SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.

Bark of old trunks dark red-brown.

Ovary glabrous; leaves oval or oblong", entire or serrate. 1. A. Menziesii (B, G).

Ovary pubescent ; leaves oval, ovate, or lanceolate. 2. A. Xalapensis (C).

Bark of old trunks ashy gray ; ovary glabrous, conspicuously porulose ; leaves lanceolate or

rarely narrowly oblong. 3. A. Arizonica (H),

1. Arbutus Menziesii, Pursh. Madrona.

Leaves oval or oblong, rounded or contracted into short points at the apex, and
rounded, subcordate, or wedge-shaped at the base, with slightly thickened revolute
entire or occasionally on young plants sharply serrate margins, when they unfold
light green or often pink, especially on the lower surface, and glabrous or slightly
puberulous, and at maturity thick and coriaceous, dark green and lustrous above,
pale or often nearly white below, 3-5' long, l|'-3' wide, with thick pale midribs and
conspicuously reticulated veinlets, persistent until midsummer of their second year
and then turning orange and scarlet and falling gradually and irregularly; their
petioles stout, grooved, ^'-V long, often slightly wing-margined toward the apex.
Flowers about ^' long, with glabrous ovaries, appearing from March to May on
short slender puberulous pedicels from the axils of acute scarious bracts ciliate on
the margins, in spicate pubescent racemes forming a terminal cluster 5'-6' long and
broad. Fruit ripening in the autumn, subglobose or occasionally obovate or oval,
I' long, bright orange-red, with thin glandular flesh and a 5-celled more or less per-
fectly developed thin-walled cartilaginous stone; seeds several in each cell, tightly
pressed together and angled, dark brown and pilose.

A tree, 80°-100° high, with a tall straight trunk 4°-7° in diameter, stout upright
or spreading branches forming a narrow oblong or broad round-topped head, and
slender branchlets light red, pea-green, or orange-colored and glabrous when they first
appear, or on vigorous young plants sometimes covered with pale scattered deciduous
hairs, becoming in their first winter bright reddish brown. Winter-buds obtuse, ^'

ERICACE^ 729

long, with numerous imbricated broadly ovate bright brown scales keeled on the back,
apiculate at the apex, and slightly ciliate. Bark of young stems and of the branches
smooth, bright red, separating into large thin scales, becoming on old trunks ^'-^'
thick, dark reddish brown, and covered with small thick plate-like scales. "Wood
heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, light brown shaded with red, with thin lighter

colored sapwood of 8-12 layers of annual growth; used for furniture and largely
for charcoal. The bark is sometimes employed in tanning leather.

Distribution. High well-drained slopes usually in rich soil; islands of British Co-
lumbia at Seymour Narrows, southward through the coast region of Washington
and Oregon, and over the California coast ranges to the Santa Lucia Mountains;
common and of its largest size in the Redwood forests of northern California; far-
ther north and south and on the dry eastern slopes of the California mountains much
smaller; south of the Bay of San Francisco often shrubby in habit.

Occasionally cultivated in the gardens of western and southern Europe.

2. Arbutus Xalapensis, H. B. K. Madrona.

Leaves oval, ovate, or lanceolate, rounded, acute, and often apiculate at the apex,
and rounded or wedge-shaped at the base, with slightly thickened usually entire or
remotely creuulate-toothed or coarsely serrate margins, when they unfold often tinged
with red, especially on the petioles, midribs, and margins, or sometimes pubescent
below along the upper side of the midribs and on the petioles, and at maturity thick
and coriaceous, dark green, lustrous and glabrous above, pale and glabrous or cine-
reo-pubescent below, 1-3' long, f'-l^' wide, with thick light colored midribs some-
times puberulous on the upper side, and reticulate veinlets; their petioles stout,
pubescent, I'-l^' long and often furnished toward the apex with several dark
glands. Flowers \' long, with ovaries sparingly or densely covered with long
scattered white hairs, appearing in March on stout reddish pubescent recurved ped-
icels from the axils of ovate acute scarious bracts, in compact conical pubescent
panicles 2^' long. Fruit usnally produced very sparingly, ripening in summer, dark
red, y in diameter, with thin granular flesh and a rather thick more or less com-
pletely formed stone; seeds numerous in each cell, compressed, puberulous.

A tree, in Texas rarely more than 18°-20° high, with a short often crooked trunk

730

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

8'-10' in diameter, separating a foot or two above the ground into several stout spread-
ing branches, and branehlets light red and thickly coated with pubescence when they
first appear, becoming dark red-brown and covered with small plate-like scales;

often a broad irregularly shaped bush, with numerous contorted stems. Bark of
young stems and of the branches thin, tinged with red, separating into large papery
scales exposing the light red or flesh-colored inner bark, becoming at the base of
old trunks sometimes Y thick, deeply furrowed, dark reddish brown, and broken into
thick square plates. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, brown tinged with red, with
a lighter colored sapwood of 10-12 layers of annual growth; sometimes used in
Texas for the handles of small tools and in the manufacture of mathematical instru-
ments.

Distribution. Dry limestone hills; Travis County and the valley of the Rio
Blanco, Hays County, westward to the Guadaloupe and Eagle Mountains, Texas;
common on the mountains of Nuevo Leon and southward in Mexico.

3. Arbutus Arizonica, Sarg. Madrona.

Leaves lanceolate to rarely oblong, acute or rounded and apiculate at the apex,
and wedge-shaped or occasionally rounded at the base, with thickened entire or
rarely denticulate margins, when they unfold membranaceous, tinged with red, and
slightly puberulous, especially on the petioles and margins, and at maturity thin, firm
and rigid, light green on the upper, pale on the lower surface, l^'-3' long and ^'-1'
wide, with slender yellow midribs and obscure reticulate veinlets, appearing in May
and after the summer rains in September, and persistent for at least a year; their
petioles slender, often 1' long. Flowers Y long, with corollas much contracted in
the middle, and glabrous porulose ovaries, opening in May on short stout hairy
pedicels from the axils of conspicuous ovate rounded scarious bracts collected in
rather loose terminal clusters 2'-21' long and broad, their lower branches from the
axils of upper leaves. Fruit ripening in October and November, globose or oblong,
dark orange-red, granulate, |-' in diameter, with thin sweetish flesh, and a papery
usually incompletely developed stone; seeds compressed, puberulous.

A tree, 40° -50° high, with a tall straight trunk 18'-24' in diameter, stout spread-
ing branches forming a rather compound round-topped head, and thick tortuous

ERICACE^

731

divergent branchlets reddish brown and more or less pubescent or light purple, pilose,
and covered with a glaucous bloom when they first appear, becoming bright red at the
end of their first season, with bark separating freely into thin more or less persistent
scales. Bark of young stems and of the branches thin, smooth, dark red, exfoliating
in large thin scales, becoming on old trunks ^'—^' thick, irregularly broken by
longitudinal furrows and divided into square appressed plate-like light gray or

nearly white scales faintly tinged with red on the surface. "Wood heavy, close-
grained, soft and brittle, light brown tinged with red, with lighter colored sapwood
of 30-40 Riyers of annual growth.

Distribution. Dry gravelly benches at elevations of 6000°-8000^ above the sea
on the Santa Catalina and Santa Rita Mountains, southern Arizona, and southward
along the Sierra Nevada of Chihuahua.

»

7. VACCINIUM, L.

Shrubs or rarely small trees, with slender branchlets, and fibrous roots. Leaves
membranaceous or coriaceous, deciduous or persistent. Flowers small, on bibrac-
teolate pedicels, in many-branched axillary racemes, or solitary, their bracts small
or foliaceous; calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, 4-5-lobed, the lobes valvate in the
bud, persistent; corolla epigynous, 4 or 5-toothed, the teeth imbricated in the bud,
urceolate-campanulate; stamens 8-10, inserted on the base of the corolla under the
thick obscurely lobed epigynous disk; filaments filiform, free, usually hirsute; anthers
awned on the back, the cells produced upward into erect spreading tubes dehiscent
by terminal pores; ovary inferior, 4 or 6-celled, the cells sometimes imperfectly
divided by the development from the back of a false partition; style filiform, erect;
stigma minute; ovules attached to the interior angle of the cell by a 2-lipped pla-
centa, anatropous. Fruit a berry crowned with the calyx-limb, 4 or 5 or imperfectly
8 or 10-celled, the cells many-seeded. Seed minute, compressed, ovoid or reniform;
seed-coat crustaceous; embryo clavate, minute, surrounded by fleshy albumen, axile,
erect; cotyledons ovate; radicle terete, turned toward the hilum.

Vaccinium with about one hundred species is distributed through the boreal and
temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, and occurs within the tropics at high
elevations above the sea north and south of the equator. Of the twenty-five or thirty

732 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

species which occur in North America one is a small tree. The fruits of many of the
species are edible, the most valuable being the North American Vaccinium macro-
carpwn, L., the Cranberry.

Vaccinium is the classical name of one of the Old World species.

1. Vaccinium arboreum, Marsh. Farkleberry. Sparkleberry.

Leaves obovate, oblong-oval or occasionally orbicular, acute, or rounded and
apiculate at the apex, gradually or abruptly wedge-shaped at the base, obscurely
glandular-dentate or entire, with thickened slightly revolute margins, when they
unfold light red and more or less pilose or puberulous, and at maturity coriaceous,
dark green and lustrous above, paler below, glabrous or often puberulous on the
midribs and veins, reticulate-venulose, ^'-2^' long, ^'-1' wide, and sessile or short-
petiolate, southward persistent for a year, northward deciduous during the winter.
Flowers appearing from March to May on slender drooping pedicels ^' long,
bibracteolate near the middle, with 2 minute acute scarious caducous bractlets, soli-
tary in the axils of leaves of the year or arranged in terminal puberulous racemes

2'-3' long from the axils of leafy or minute acute scarious bracts; corolla white,
open-campanulate, slightly 5-lobed, with acute reflexed lobes, longer than the 10
stamens; filaments hirsute ;. anther-cells opening by oblique elongated pores. Fruit
ripening in October, sometimes persistent on the branches until the end of winter,
globose, y in diameter, black and lustrous, with dry glandular slightly astringent
flesh of a pleasant flavor.

A tree, 20°-30° high, with a short often crooked trunk occasionally 8'-10' in
diameter, slender more or less contorted branches forming an irregular round-topped
head, and slender branchlets light red and covered with pale pubescence when they
first appear, glabrous or puberulous and bright red-brown in their first winter, later
becoming dark red and marked by minute elevated nearly orbicular leaf -scars; or
northward generally reduced to a low shrub, with numerous divergent stems.
Winter-buds obtuse, nearly Jg' long, with imbricated ovate acute chestnut-brown
scales often persistent on the base of the branchlet throughout the season. Wood
heavy, hard, very close-grained, light brown tinged with red, with thick hardly dis-
tinguishable sapwood; sometimes used for the handles of tools and in the mauufac-

MYRSINACEiE 733

ture of other small articles. Decoctions of the astringent bark of the root and of
the leaves are sometimes employed domestically in the treatment of diarrhoea. The
bark has been used by tanners.

Distribution. Usually in moist sandy soil along the banks of ponds and streams;
North Carolina, from the coast to the valleys of the high Appalachian Mountains,
to Hernando County, Florida, through the Gulf states to the shores of Matagorda
Bay, Texas, and through Arkansas and Missouri to southern Illinois; common in the
maritime Pine belt of the south Atlantic and Gulf states, and of its largest size near
the coast of eastern Texas; in the interior less abundant and usually of small size.

L. MYRSINACE-51.

Trees or shrubs, with watery juice, alternate entire coriaceous punctate
leaves without stipules. Flowers regular, perfect ; calyx persistent under the
fruit ; corolla without staminodia, glandular-punctate ; stamens inserted on
the corolla, as many as and opposite its lobes ; ovary 1-celled, with an undi-
vided style and a minute terminal stigma ; ovules peltate, immersed in the
fleshy central placenta, amphitropous. Fruit a drupe. Seed solitary, globose,
with copious cartilaginous albumen ; seed-coat membranaceous.

A family of twenty-nine genera confined to tropical and semitropical
regions, with one arborescent species of Icacorea reaching the sl^ores of south-
ern Florida.

1. ICACOREA, Aubl.

Glabrous trees or shrubs, with leaves punctate below, with immersed resinous dots.
Flowers resinous-punctate, pedicellate, the pedicels bibracteolate at the base or
ebracteolate, in terminal or rarely axillary branched panicles, with minute scarious
deciduous or caducous bracts and bractlets; calyx free, 5 or rarely 4-lobed or parted,
the divisions contorted or imbricated in the bud; corolla 5 or rarely 4-6-parted, the
divisions extrorsely or sinistrorsely contorted in the bud, short or elongated, white
or rose color; stamens exserted; filaments short or nearly obsolete, free, inserted
on the throat of the corolla; anthers usually sagittate-lanceolate, attached on the
back just above the base, introrse, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally some-
times nearly to the base; ovary globose; ovules numerous, immersed in the globose
resinous-punctate placenta. Fruit globose, with thin usually dry flesh and a 1-seeded
stone with a usually crustaceous or bony shell. Seed concave or more or less lobed
at the base, resinous-punctate; hilum basilar, concave, conspicuous; embryo cylin-
drical, transverse; cotyledons flat on the inner face, rounded on the back, shorter
than the slender radicle.

Icacorea with about two hundred species inhabits tropical and subtropical regions
of the two hemispheres. The genus has few useful properties, but a number of spe-
cies are cultivated for the beauty of their handsome evergreen foliage and bright-
colored fruits.

The generic name is of Carib origin.

1. Icacorea paniculata, Sudvsr. Marlberry. Cherry.

Leaves ovate to lanceolate-oblong: or lanceolate-obovate, acute or rounded at the
narrow apex, wedge-shaped and gradually contracted at the base, entire, with thick-
ened and slightly revolute margins, 3'-6' long, I'-l^' wide, thick and coriaceous,
glabrous, marked by minute scattered dark dots, dark yellow-green on the upper,

734

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

pale on the lower surface, with broad midribs yellow and conspicuous on the under
side, slender primary veins and reticulate veinlets, appearing in the summer or early
autumn and falling before the appearance of the flowers the following year; their
petioles stout, grooved, \'-^' long. Flowers fragrant, usually opening in Novem-
ber or occasionally as early as July, on slender elongated pedicels without bractlets,
developed from the axils of linear acute caducous bracts, in terminal rusty brown
puberulous panicles 3'-4' long and broad, their lower branches often from the axils
of upper leaves; calyx ovate, divided nearly to the base into 5 ovate acute lobes
scarious and ciliate on the margins and marked on the back with dark lines; co-
rolla 5-parted, with oblong rounded divisions sinistrorsely overlapping, or with 1 lobe
wholly outside and 1 inside in the bud, conspicuously marked with red spots on the
inner surface near the base, becoming reflexed; stamens, with short broad filaments,
contracted by a geniculate fold in the middle, and large orange-colored anthers

l^ J90

longer than the filaments, their cells opening almost to the base; ovary globose,
glandular, gradually contracted into a long slender style tipped with a simple stigma.
Fruit ripening in early spring, globose, i' in diameter, tipped with the remnants
of the style, and roughened by resinous glands, dark brown at first when fully
grown, ultimately becoming black and lustrous, with a thin-walled crustaceous
brown stone; seed conspicuously lobed at the base, bright red-brown, about ^' in
diameter.

A slender tree, in Florida rarely more than 20° high, with a short trunk i'-S' in
diameter, numerous thin upright branches forming a narrow head, and stout terete
often contorted branchlets, rusty brown or dark orange-colored and slightly puber-
ulous at first, becoming in their second year dark brown or ashy gray, and marked
by many minute circular lenticels and by thin nearly orbicular flat leaf-scars dis-
playing in the centre a group of fibro-vascular bundle-scars. Winter-buds rusty
brown; terminal slender, acuminate, ^'-5' long; axillary globose, minute, nearly im-
mersed in the bark. Bark of the trunk about ^' thick, light gray or nearly white,
roughened by minute lenticels, and separating into large thin papery plates. Wood
heavy, hard, very close-grained, rich brown beautifully marked by darker medul-
lary rays, with thick lighter colored sapwood.

Distribution. Florida, from Mosquito Inlet to the southern keys on the east

THEOPHRASTACEiE 735

coast, and from the shores of the Caloosa River to Cape Romano on the west
coast; usually a shrub, occasionally arborescent on the shores of Bay Biscayne and
on some of the southern keys; also on the Bahama Islands, Cuba, and in southern
Mexico.

LI. THEOPHRASTACEiE.

Trees or shrubs, with watery juice, and entire coriaceous persistent leaves.
Flowers perfect, regular ; calyx campanulate, with 5 sepals imbricated in the
bud ; corolla 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud, with 5 staminodia at-
tached below the sinuses ; stamens 5, attached to the base of the corolla-tube,
opposite the lobes ; ovary 1-celled, with a simple style and a slightly 5-lobed
stigma ; ovules peltate, numerous, attached to a central fleshy placenta, amphi-
tropous. Fruit baccate, many-seeded. Seeds immersed in the thickened placenta ,
filling the cavity of the fruit ; seed-coat membranaceous ; embryo surrounded^
by thick cartilaginous albumen.

1. JACQUINIA, Jacq.

Trees or shrubs, with terete or slightly many-angled branchlets, and fibrous roots.
Leaves often punctate, with pellucid dark glands. Flowers on slender ebracteolate
pedicels from the axils of minute ovate acute persistent bracts, in terminal or axil-
lary clusters; calyx slightly ciliate on the margins, rounded at the apex, persistent;
corolla hypogynous, the lobes obtuse and spreading, furnished with 5 petal-like ovate
obtuse spreading staminodia; stamens inserted on the corolla opposite its lobes near
the base of the short tube; filaments flattened, broad at the base; anthers oblong or
ovate, attached on the back above the base, extrorse, 2-celled, the cells opening lon-
gitudinally; ovary ovoid. Fruit ovoid or subglobose, crowned by the remnants of
the persistent style, with a thin crustaceous outer coat, inclosing the thick enlarged
mucilaginous placenta. Seeds oblong; seed-coat punctate; embryo eccentric; coty-
ledons ovate, shorter than the elongated inferior radicle turned toward the broad
ventral hilum.

Jacquinia with thirty-three species is confined to tropical America, with one species
reaching southern Florida.

The generic name is in honor of Nicholas Joseph Jacquin (1728-1818).

1. Jacquinia Keyensis, Metz. Joe Wood.

(Jacquinia armillaris, Silva N. Am. vi. 157.)

Leaves subverticillate, alternate, or sometimes opposite, crowded near the ends of
the branches, cuneate-spatulate or obovate-obloug, rounded or emarginate or often
apiculate at the apex, gradually narrowed below, entire, with thickened slightly revo-
lute margins, thick and coriaceous, yellow-green, nearly veinless, with very obscure
midribs, covered on the low^r surface with pale dots, l'-3' long, ^-1' wide, persistent
on the branches until the appearance of the new leaves the following year; their
petioles short, stout, abruptly enlarged at the base. FloTvers appearing in Florida
from November until Jime, ^ in diameter, pale yellow, on slender club-shaped pedi-
cels 1' long from the axils of minute ovate coriaceous reddish bracts slightly ciliate
on the margins, in terminal and axillary many-flowered glabrous racemes 2'-3' long.
Fruit ripening in the autumn, ^' in diameter, orange-red when fully ripe; seeds
light brown.

736

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

A tree, 12°-15° high, with a straight trunk 6'-T in diameter, stout rigid spread-
ing branches forming a compact regular round-topped liead, and slightly many-
angled branchlets yellow-green or light orange-colored and coated with short soft

pale ferrugineous pubescence when they first appear, terete, darker and sometimes
reddish brown and marked by orbicular depressed conspicuous leaf-scars and with
many scattered pale lenticels in their second year, becoming glabrous and red-brown
or ashy gray the following season, without terminal buds. Winter-buds axillary,
minute, nearly globose, immersed in the bark. Bark of the trunk thin, smooth, blue-
gray, and usually more or less marked by pale or nearly white blotches. "Wood
heavy, hard, very close-grained, rich brown, beautifully marked with darker medul-
lary rays.

Distribution. Dry coral soil in the immediate neighborhood of the shore; Sani-
bel Island to the southern keys, and to the borders of the Everglades, Florida;
exceedingly rare and most abundant and of its largest size on the Marquesas keys;
also on the Bahama Islands.

LII. SAPOTACEiE.

Trees or shrubs, with milky juice. Leaves alternate, simple, entire, pinnately
veined, mostly coriaceous, petiolate, without stipules. Flowers perfect, regular,
small, in axillary clusters ; calyx of 5-8 sepals imbricated in the bud, persist-
ent under the fruit ; corolla hypogynous, 5-8-cleft, the divisions imbricated in
the bud, often with as many or twice as many internal appendages borne on
its throat ; disk 0 ; fertile stamens as many as and opposite the divisions of
the corolla and inserted on its short tube, often with sterile filaments (stami-
nodia) alternate with them ; anthers generally extrorse, 2-celled, the cells open-
ing longitudinally ; pistil of united carpels ; ovary sessile, usually 5-celled ;
style simple ; ovules solitary in each cell, attached to an axile placenta, ascend-
ing, anatropous ; raphe ventral ; micropyle inferior. Fruit baccate, bearing at
the apex the remnant of the style, usually 1-celled and 1-seeded. Seed with or
without albumen ; embryo large ; radicle terete, inferior.

This family with thirty-one genera is chiefly tropical and subtropical, with
only Bumelia extending in North America into temperate regions. Some of the

SAPOTACE^ 737

species produce valuable timber or edible and agreeable fruits. From Iso-
nandra Gutta, Hook., of the Malay Peninsula, gutta-percha is obtained. Five
genera are represented by trees in the flora of the United States.

CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.

Calyx of 5 sepals in a single series.

Staminodia 1 in each sinus of the corolla.

Appendages of the corolla 0 ; staminodia slender, scale-like. 1. Sideroxylum.

Appendages of the corolla present ; staminodia petaloid.

Staminodia linear, fimbriate ; seeds with copious albiimen. 2. Dipholis.

Staminodia petaloid, entire or denticulate ; seeds without albumen. 3. Bumelia.
Staminodia 0 ; appendages of the corolla 0 ; leaves covered below with lustrous copper-
colored or golden pubescence. 4. Chrysophyllum.
Calyx of 6-8 sepals in 2 series ; corolla with 6-8 lobes, and 2 appendages in each sinus
inside of a scale-like or petaloid staminodia. 5. Mimusops.

1. SIDEROXYLUM, L.

Trees, with terete branchlets, naked buds, and long-petiolate persistent leaves, the
veins remote and connected by reticulate veinlets. Flowers minute, on ebracteolate
pedicels from the axils of minute deciduous bracts, in crowded many-flowered axil-
lary fascicles; calyx 5-parted, the divisions in one series, nearly equal, corolla fur-
nished with 5 or 6 staminodia, and 5 or rarely 6-lobed ; filaments slender, elongated,
bent outward at the apex; anthers oblong, the cells at first extrorse, sometimes
becoming sublateral; staminodia linear, scale-like; ovary contracted into a subulate
style tipped with a minute slightly 5-lobed stigma. Fruit dry, 1-seeded, oblong, with
thin coriaceous flesh. Seed obovate or oblong; seed-coat lustrous, light brown, folded
on the inner face into 2 obscure lobes rounded at the apex; hilum elevated, subbasilar
or lateral, oblong or linear; embryo erect in thick fleshy albumen; radicle much
shorter than the oblong fleshy cotyledons.

Sideroxylum with about sixty species is widely distributed through the tropics of
the two hemispheres, and occurs with a few species in Australia, Madeira, southern
Africa, New Zealand, and Norfolk Island, a single species reaching the shores of
southern Florida. Some of the species are large and valuable timber-trees, producing
hard handsome durable wood.

The generic name, from ai5r)pos and ^vXov, is in reference to the hardness of the
wood.

1. Sideroxylum Mastichodendron, Jacq. Mastic.

Leaves mostly clustered near the ends of the branches, appearing irregularly
from early spring until autumn, oval, acute or rounded and slightly emarginate at the
apex, and gradually narrowed at the base, with thickened cartilaginous slightly
involute margins, when they unfold silky-canescent beneath, and at matiu-ity thin
and firm, glabrous, bright green and lustrous above, lustrous and yellow-green
below, 3'-5' long, l^'-2' wide, with broad pale conspicuous midribs deeply impressed
on the upper side and inconspicuous primary veins arcuate near the margins; their
petioles slender, I'-l^'' long. Flowers usually appearing in Florida in the autumn
and also in early spring and during the summer on stout orange-colored puberulous
pedicels from the axils of minute acute scarious bracts usually deciduous before the
opening of the flower-buds, from the axils of young leaves or on the branches of the
previous year from leafless nodes; calyx yellow-green, puberulous on the outer

738

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

surface and deeply divided into broadly ovate rounded lobes rather shorter than the
ovate oblong rounded divisions of the liglit yellow corolla ; staniinodia lanceolate,
nearly entire, tipped with subulate points and much shorter than the stamens; ovary
oblong-ovate, glabrous, gradually contracted into an elongated style stigmatic at the
apex. Fruit ripening in April and May on a much thickened woody stem erect or
nearly at right angles to the branch, 1' long, separating from the calyx in falling,
with tough yellow skin, and thin dry flesh of a pleasant subacid flavor; seed, obo-
vate, rounded above, narrowed at the base, ^' long, ^' wide.

A tree, in Florida C0°-70° high, with a massive straight trunk 3°-4° in diameter,
stout upright branches forming a dense irregular head, and thick terete branches or-
ange-colored and slightly puberulous when they first appear, becoming quite glabrous,

f)^J9^

brown more or less tinged with red, and marked by the conspicuous nearly orbicular
leaf-scars displaying 3 large fibro-vascular bundle-scars, and conspicuously roughened
by the thickened persistent bases of the fruit stalks. Bark of the trunk 1'-^' thick,
dark gray to light brown tinged with red and broken into thick platelike scales sepa-
rating into thin layers. Wood heavy, hard, strong, bright orange-colored, with thick
yellow sapwood of 40-50 layers of annual growth; in Florida used in boatbuilding.

Distribution. Cape Canaveral and Cape Romano to the southern keys, Florida;
on the Bahamas and many of the Antilles.

2. DIPHOLIS, A. DC.

Trees or shrubs, with naked buds, and persistent leaves, the slender veins arcuate
and united near the margins. Flowers minute, on clavate ebracteolate pedicels
from the axils of minute deciduous bracts, in the axils of existing leaves or from the
leafless nodes of previous years; calyx ovate, deeply 5-lobed, the lobes nearly equal,
ovate, rounded at the apex; corolla campanulate, white, 5-lobed, the spreading
lobes furnished on each side at the base with linear or subulate appendages; stamens
exserted; filaments filiform; anthers oblong-sagittate, extrorse; staminodia 5, pet-
aloid, ovate, acute, fimbriately cut on the margins, oblique, keeled on t^he back,
inserted in the same rank and alternate with the stamens; ovary oblong or narrowly
ovate, gradually contracted into a slender style shorter than the corolla and stigmatic
at the apiculate apex. Fruit ovate-oblong, with thin dry flesh. Seed ovate ; seed-coat

SAPOTACE^

739

thick, coriaceous and lustrous; hilum oblong, basilar or slightly lateral; embryo
erect in thick fleshy albumen; cotyledons ovate, flat, much longer than the short
radicle turned toward the hilum.

Dipholis with three species is confined to the West Indies and southern Florida.

The generic name, from dis and <pokis, relates to the appendages of the corolla.

1. Dipholis salicifolia, A. DC. Bustic. Cassada.

Leaves oblong-lanceolate or narrowly obovate, acute, acuminate, or rounded at the
apex, gradually contracted at the base, with slightly thickened cartilaginous wavy
margins, when they unfold thickly coated with lustrous rufous pubescence, and at
maturity thin and firm, da,rk green and lustrous above, pale yellow-green below,
3' -5' long, ^'-ly wide, and glabrous or slightly puberulous on the lower side of the
narrow pale midribs, with inconspicuous veins and reticulate veinlets, appearing in
Florida in the spring and remaining on the branches between one and two years; their
petioles slender, ^-1' long. Flowers opening during March and April, i' long, on
thick pedicels ^' in length from the axils of minute ovate acute scarious bracts and
coated with rufous pubescence, in dense many-flowered fascicles crowded on branch-
lets of the year or of the previous year for a distance of 8'-12'; calyx half the length
of the corolla, coated on the outer surface with rusty silky pubescence; appendages

of the corolla as long as the oval acute irregularly toothed staminodia; ovary nar-
rowly ovate, glabrous, gradually contracted into a slender style shorter than the
corolla and stigmatic at the apex. Fruit solitary or rarely clustered, ripening in the
autumn, oblong to subglobose, black, \' long; seed pale brown, about j\' in length.
A tree, in Florida sometimes 40°-o0° high, with a straight trunk 18'-20' in diame-
ter, small upright branches forming a narrow graceful head, and slender branchlets
coated with rufous pubescence when they first appear, becoming ashy gray or light
brown tinged with red and marked by numerous circular pale lenticels and by small
elevated orbicular leaf-scars displaying near the centre a compact cluster of fibro-
vascular bundle-scars. Bark of the trunk about ^ thick and broken into thick square
plate-like brown scales tinged with red. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong,
close-grained, dark brown or red, with thin sapwood of 4 or 5 layers of annual
growth.

740 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Distribution. Rich hummock soil; shores of Bay Biscayne, and on several of the
southern keys, Florida; also on the Bahamas and on many of the Antilles,

3. BUMELIA, Sw.

Sniall trees or shruhs, with terete usually spinescent branchlets, scaly buds, and
fibrous roots. Leaves often fascicled on spur-like lateral branchlets, conduplicate in
the bud, coriaceous or membranaceous, short-petiolate, obovate, obtuse, or elliptical,
clothed on the lower surface with silky pubescence or tomentum, or nearly glabrous,
with rather inconspicuous veins arcuate near the entire margins and conspicuous
reticulate veinlets, deciduous or persistent. Flowers on slender clavate ebracteolate
pedicels from the axils of lanceolate acute scarious deciduous bracts, in many-flow-
ered crowded fascicles in the axils of existing leaves or from the leafless nodes of
previous years; calyx ovate to subcampanulate, 5-lobed, the lobes in one series im-
bricated in the bud, ovate or oblong, rounded at the apex, nearly equal; corolla eam-
panulate, white, with 5 spreading broadly ovate lobes rounded at the apex and fur-
nished on each side at the base with an acute ovate or lanceolate petaloid appendage;
stamens 5; filaments filiform; anthers ovate-sagittate, attached on the back below
the middle, the cells opening by subextrorse slits; staminodia petal-like, ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, entire or obscurely denticulate, flattened or keeled on the back,
sometimes furnished at the base with a pair of minute scales; ovary hirsute, ovate
to ovate-conical, gradually or abruptly contracted into a slender short or elongated
simple style stigmatic at the acute apex. Fruit oblong-obovate or globose, black,
solitary or in 2 or 3-fruited clusters; flesh thin and dry or succulent. Seed ovate or
oblong, apiculate or rounded at the apex, without albumen; seed-coat thick, crusta-
ceous, light brown, smooth and shining, folded more or less conspicuously on the
back into 2 lobes rounded at the apex; embryo filling the cavity of the seed; cotyle-
dons thick and fleshy, hemispherical, usually consolidated; radicle very short, turned
toward the basilar or subbasilar orbicular or elliptical hilum.

Bumelia with about twenty species is confined to the New World, where it is dis-
tributed from the southern United States through the West Indies to Mexico, Central
America, and Brazil. Of the five species in the United States four are small trees.

Bumelia produces' hard heavy strong wood, that of the North American species
containing bands of numerous large open ducts defining the layers of annual growth
and connected by conspicuous branched groups of similar ducts, presenting in cross-
section a reticulate appearance.

The generic name is from fiovfxeXla, a classical name of the Ash-tree.

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.

Lower surface of the leaves pubescent or tomentose.

Leaves oblanceolate-spatulate to cuneate-obovate, covered below with pale or ferrugine-
ous lustrous pubescence. 1. B. tenax (C).

Leaves oblong'-obovate to cuneate-obovate, dull tomentose on the lower surface.

2. B. lanuginosa (A, C).
Leaves glabrous or nearly so.

Leaves oblanceolate to oblong'-obovate, acute or acuminate, finely reticulate-venulose,
thin, deciduous. 3. B. lycioides (A, C).

Leaves spatulate or linear-oblong to broadly obovate-cuneate, obtuse, obscurely reticu-
late-venulose, coriaceous, persistent. 4. B. angustifolia (D, E).

SAPOTACE^ 741

1. Bumelia tenax, "Willd. Ironwood.

Leaves oblauceolate-spatulate to cuneate-obovate, rounded or acute and some-
times apiculate or emarginate at the apex and wedge-shaped at the base, when they
unfold coated with thick pale or light red silky pubescence, and at maturity thin and
firm, dark dull green, glabrous and finely reticulate-venulose on the upper, coated

on the lower surface with soft silky golden ferrugineous pubescence, 1^-3' long
and ^'-|' wide, turning yellow and falling irregularly during the winter; their petioles
slender, hairy, grooved, ^' long. Flowers appearing from May in Florida to July
in North Carolina, ^' long, on pedicels 1' in length and coated like the calyx with
rufous silky pubescence, in many-flowered crowded fascicles; calyx ovate, with ob-
long lobes; appendages of the corolla large, ovate, acute, crenate, shorter than the
ovate staminodia about as long as the lobes of the corolla; ovary narrowly ovate,
gradually contracted into an elongated style. Fruit ripening and falling in the
autumn, oblong, y-^' in length; seed oblong, short-pointed at the apex, y—^' long.

A tree, 20°-30° high, with a trunk occasionally 5'-6' in diameter, straight spread-
ing flexible tough branches unarmed or armed with straight stout rigid spines some-
times 1' in length, and slender branchlets coated when they first appear with silky
pale pubescence often tinged with red and soon rusty brown, becoming glabrous
before winter, and then dark red and slightly roughened by occasional minute dark
lenticels. Winter-buds minute, subglobose, with imbricated ovate scales rounded
at the apex and clothed with rusty brown tomentum. Bark of the trunk thick,
brown tinged with red, and divided irregularly by deep fissures into narrow flat
reticulate ridges covered with minute appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, close-
grained, light brown streaked with white, with lighter colored sapwood.

Distribution. Dry sandy soil in the neighborhood of the coast; North Carolina
to Cape Canaveral and Cedar Keys, Florida.

2. Bumelia lanuginosa, Pers. Gum Elastic. Chittam Wood.

Leaves oblong-obovate to cuneate-obovate, rounded and often apiculate at the apex
and gradually narrowed at the base, when they unfold coated with pale ferrugineous
tomentum dense on the lower and loose on the upper surface, and at maturity thin
and firm, dark green and lustrous above, more or less thickly covered below with

742

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

loose dull usually pale tomentum, 1'--^' long and ^'-f ' wide, falling irregularly dur-
ing the winter; their petioles short, slender, and hairy. FloTvers opening in summer
on hairy pedicels ^' in length, in 16-18-llowered fascicles; calyx ovate, with ovate
rounded lobes coated on the outer surface with pale or ferrugineous tomentum and
rather shorter than the tube of the corolla; staminodia ovate, acute, remotely and
slightly denticulate, as long as the corolla-lobes furnished with small ovate acute
appendages; ovary hirsute, abruptly contracted into a slender elongated style. Fruit
on slender drooping stalks ripening and falling in the autumn, oblong or slightly
obovate, ^' long; with thick flesh; seed oblong, rounded at the apex, about ^' in
length.

A tree, sometimes 50°-60° high, with a tall straight trunk occasionally 3° in diam-
eter, short thick tough rigid branches forming a narrow oblong round-topped head,
unarmed, or armed with stout rigid straight slightly curved spines frequently devel-
oping into spinescent leafy lateral branchlets, and slender often somewhat zigzag
branchlets coated with thick rufous or pale tomentum when they first appear, be-
coming in their first winter red-brown to ashy gray and glabrous or nearly so and

marked by occasional minute lenticels and by small semiorbicular leaf-scars dis-
playing 2 clusters of fibro-vascular bundle-scars; much smaller in the region east of
the Mississippi River, and there rarely more than 20° tall. Winter-buds obtuse, |'
long, covered with broadly obovate rusty tomentose scales. Bark of the trunk ^'
thick, dark gray-brown and usually divided into narrow ridges broken into thick
appressed scales. Wood heavy, rather soft, not strong, close-grained, light brown
or yellow, with thick lighter colored sapwood; producing in Texas considerable
quantities of clear viscid gum from the freshly cut wood.

Distribution. Southern Georgia and northern Florida to the shores of Mobile
Bay, Alabama, and southern Illinois and southern Missouri through Arkansas and
Texas to the mountain slopes of Nuevo Leon; east of the Mississippi River usually
in dry rather sandy soil and nowhere common; abundant and of its largest size in
the river-bottoms of eastern Texas. In the region adjacent to the southern boundary
of the United States from western Texas and Nuevo Leon to Arizona a form (var.
rigida, Gray) occurs, with more rigid spinescent branches and with thick coriaceous
obovate to cuneate-oblanceolate leaves rather more than 1' long and ^' wide, and
covered at maturity on the lower surface with sparse pale tomentum, or nearly gla-

SAPOTACE^

743

brous. This is a small tree, 18°-25° high, with a short trunk covered with red-brown
bark divided into long appressed ridge-like scales broken into minute flakes, and an
inhabitant of dry gravelly mountain slopes in the neighborhood of streams. Wood
of this form heavy, hard, very close-grained, light rich brown or yellow, with thick
lighter colored sapwood.

3. Bumelia lycioides, Gaertn. f. Ironwood. Buckthorn.

Leaves oblanceolate to oblong-obovate, acute, acuminate, or rarely rounded at
the apex, gradually narrowed at the base, bright green and glabrous on the upper,

li(i'jQb

light green and sometimes coated at first on the lower surface with pale pubescence,
thin and rather firm, finely reticulate-venulose, l|^'-4' long, \'-^\' wide, with pale
thin conspicuous midribs and primary veins, deciduous in the autumn; their petioles
slender, slightly grooved, about \' long. Flo"wers appearing at midsummer on slen-
der glabrous pedicels ^' long, in crowded many-flowered fascicles; calyx glabrous,
ovate-campanulate, with rounded lobes rather shorter than the corolla; staminodia
broadly ovate, denticulate, nearly as long as the narrow appendages; ovary ovate,
slightly hairy toward the base only, gradually contracted into a short thick style.
Fruit ripening and falling in the autumn, ovoid or obovate, about |' in length; flesh
thick; seed oblong, rounded at the apex, nearly 1' long.

A tree, 2o°-30° high, with a short trunk rarely more than 6' in diameter, stout
flexible branches usually unarmed or furnished with short stout slightly curved spines
occasionally developing into leafy spinescent branches, and short thick spur-like lateral
branchlets slightly puberulous when they first appear, soon becoming glabrous, light
red-brown, rather lustrous and marked by numerous pale lenticels, and in their second
year dark or light brown tinged with red or ashy gray. Winter-buds minute, ob-
tuse, nearly immersed in the bark, with pale dark brown glabrous scales. Bark of
the trunk thin, light red-brown, the generally smooth surface broken into small thin
persistent scales. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, light brown or
yellow, with thick lighter colored sapwood.

Distribution. Low moist soil along the borders of swamps and streams; coast
of Virginia and southern Illinois to Mosquito Inlet and the shores of Caloosa River,
Florida, and through southern Missouri, Arkansas, and Texas, to the valley of the Rio
Concho.

744

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

4, Bumelia angustifolia, Nutt. Ants' Wood. Downward Plum.

Leaves spatulate or linear-oblong to broadly obovate-cnneate, rounded and occa-
sionally emarginate at the apex, and gradually narrowed at the base, with slightly
thickened revolute margins, glabrous, thick and coriaceous, pale blue-greeu on the
upper, paler on the lower surface, I'-l^' long and ^-1}' wide, with pale slender mid-
ribs and very obscure veins and veinlets, usually persistent on the branches until
the end of their second winter; their petioles stout, grooved, and rarely ^' in length.
Flow^ers generally appearing in October and November, about ^^g' long, on slender
glabrous pedicels seldom more than ^' in length, in few or many-flowered crowded
fascicles; calyx glabrous, divided nearly to the base into narrow ovate lobes rounded
at the apex and half the length of the divisions of the corolla furnished with linear-lan-
ceolate appendages as longas the ovate acute denticulate staminodia; ovary narrowly
ovate, slightly hairy at the base only, gradually contracted into an elongated style.
Fruit ripening in the spring, on slender drooping stems, usually 1 fruit only being
developed from a fascicle of flowers, oblong-oval, |' long, with thick sweet flesh;
seed oblong, rounded at tli,e apex, ^' long.

A tree, sometimes 20° high, with a short trunk rarely exceeding 6'-8' in diameter,
graceful pendulous branches forming a compact round head, and rigid spinescent
divergent lateral branchlets often armed with acute slender spines sometimes 1' in

length, and when they first appear thickly coated with loose pale or dark brown de-
ciduous toraentum, becoming light brown tinged with red or ashy gray; occasionally
in Texas a low shrub, with spreading stems. Winter-buds ovate, acute, and covered
with rufous tomentum. Bark of the trunk ^-1' thick, gray tinged with red, and
deeply divided by longitudinal and cross fissures into oblong or nearly square plates.
Wood heavy, hard, although not strong, very close-grained, light brown or orange-
colored, with thick lighter-colored sapwood.

Distribution. Florida, shores of Indian River to the southern keys, and from
Cedar Keys to Cape Romano; on the west coast less abundant and usually on rocky
shores and in the interior of lowr barren islands; Texas, valley of the Rio Grande
below Laredo; in Nuevo Leon and on the Bahama Islands.

SAPOTACE^

745

4. CHRYSOPHYLLUM.

Trees, with terete branchlets usually coated while young with dense tomentum, and
naked buds. Leaves short-petiolate, bright greeu and glabrous on the upper sur-
face and coated on the lower with brilliant silky pubescence or tomentum, persistent.
Flo\^rs on ebracteolate pedicels from the axils of minute acute deciduous bracts,
minute, in dense many-flowered fascicles axillary or from leafless thickened nodes
of previous years; calyx usually 5-parted, the divisions nearly equal, obtuse; corolla
5 or rarely 6 or 7-lobed, tubular, campanulate or subrotate, white or greenish
white; filaments short, subulate or filiform, enlarged into broad connectives; an-
thers ovate or triangular, attached on the back, extrorse or rarely partly introrse,
the cells spreading below; ovary usually o-celled, villose, contracted into a glabrous
short or elongated style crowned by a o-lobed stigma. Fruit oblong or globose. Seed
ovoid; seed-coat coriaceous, dull or lustrous; hilum subbasilar, elongated, conspicu-
ous; embryo erect, surrounded by more or less pungent fleshy albumen; cotyledons
oblong, foliaceous.

Chrysophyllum is tropical, with fifty or sixty species most abundant in the New
World, with a small number of species in western and southern tropical Africa,
southern Asia, Australia, and the Hawaiian Islands. The most valuable species, Chry-
sophyllum CainitOf L., a native of the West Indies and now cultivated in all tropical
countries and naturalized in many parts of Central and South America, produces the
so-called star-apple, a succulent edible blue or purple and green fruit the size and
shape of a small apple.

The generic name, from XP^*^^^ ^^^ <pv\Kov, is in allusion to the golden covering of
the under surface of the leaves.

1. Chrysophyllum oliviforme. Lam.

Leaves revolute in the bud, oval, acute or contracted into short broad points or
sometimes rounded at the apex, abruptly wedge-shaped at the base, thick and cori-
aceous, 2'-3' long, l^'-2' wide, bright blue-green on the upper and covered on the

lower surface and on the petioles with brilliant copper-colored pubescence, with broad
prominent midribs deeply impressed on the upper side and numerous straight veins

746 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

arcuate near the margins; their petioles stout, ^'-§' long. Flowers appearing in
Florida irregularly throughout the year and often found on the same branch with ripe
or half-grown fruits, on stout pedicels shorter than the petioles, covered like the calyx
with rufous tomentum, in few or many-liowered fascicles in the axils of leaves or at
the base of lateral branchlets in those of earlier years; calyx divided nearly to the
base into broad rounded lobes rather shorter than the tube of the subrotate %hite
corolla, with short spreading rounded lobes without staminodia or appendages; ovary
5-celled, pubescent, gradually contracted into a short style crowned by a broad
5-lobed stigma. Fruit usually 1-seeded by abortion, on stems 1' long, usually only
a single fruit being produced from a flower-cluster, ovoid or sometimes nearly
globose, dark purple, roughened by occasional excrescences, with a thick tough
skin inclosing the juicy sweet mawkishly flavored flesh light purple on the exterior,
lighter toward the interior, and quite white in the centre; seed narrowed at the
ends, ^' long, covered with a thin light brown coat closely invested with a white
glutinous aril-like pulpy mass.

A tree, 25°-30° high, with a tall straight trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, up-
right branches forming a compact oblong head, and slender slightly zigzag branchlets
coated at first with ferrugineous tomentum, becoming in their second year light red-
brown or ashy gray and covered with small pale elevated circular lenticels. Bark
of the trunk \' thick, light brown slightly tinged with red, and broken by shallow
fissures into large irregularly shaped plates separating on the surface into small thin
scales. Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, light brown shaded with red,
with thin lighter colored sapwood.

Distribution. Southern Florida from Mosquito Inlet to the southern keys, and
from the shores of Caloosa River to Cape Sable; local and nowhere common; also
on the Bahamas and on many of the Antilles.

5. MIMUSOPS, L.

Trees or rarely shrubs, with stout terete branchlets, small naked buds, and sweet
juice. Leaves usually clustered at the ends of the branches, with slender inconspicu-
ous transverse veins and minute reticulate veinlets, persistent. Flowers on clavate
ebracteolate pedicels from the axils of minute deciduous bracts; calyx 6-8-parted, the
divisions in 2 series, those of the exterior series almost valvate in the bud; corolla
white, barely longer than the calyx, subrotate, usually dilated at the throat, 6-8-lobed,
the lobes furnished at the base with a pair of petal-like appendages; stamens as
many as the lobes of the corolla; filaments short, dilated; anthers lanceolate, their
connectives excurrent, acute, or sometimes aristate at the apex; staminodia as many
as the lobes of the corolla, scale-like or petaloid, entire, 2-lobed or laciniate; ovary
ovate, hirsute or puberulous, gradually narrowed into a slender style stigmatic at the
apex. Fruit globose, 1 or 2-seeded, tipped with the much thickened elongated style;
skin crustaceous, indurate; flesh, thick and dry. Seed oblong-ovate, slightly com-
pressed; seed-coat crustaceous, chestnut-brown and lustrous; hilum elongated, lateral
or minute, basilar; embryo surrounded by thick fleshy albumen; cotyledons flat, thick
and fleshy, much longer than the short erect radicle.

Mimusops with thirty or forty species is widely distributed through the tropics of
the two hemispheres, a single species reaching the shores of southern Florida. Sev-
eral species produce hard heavy timber, edible fruits, or valuable milky juices.

The significance of the generic name, from fxifid) and ^»//is in allusion to the shape of
the corolla, is not apparent.

SAPOTACE^

747

1. Mimusops Sieberi, A. DC. TVild Dilly.

Leaves clustered at the ends of the branches, involute in the bud, elliptical-
oblong or occasionally slightly obovate, rounded or retuse at the apex, rounded or
wedge-shaped at the base, with slightly thickened revolute margins, when they un-
fold bright red, and slightly puberulous on the under surface of the midribs, and at

'</ J'99

maturity thick and coriaceous, bright green and lustrous, covered on the upper sur-
face with a slight glaucous bloom, conspicuously reticulate-venulose, S'-A' long and
I'-l^' wide, with stout midribs glabrous, or puberulous, with rusty hairs below,
and deeply impressed above, appearing in Florida in April and May and deciduous
during their second year; their petioles slender, grooved, rusty-pubescent, especially
while young, ^'-1' long. Flowers opening in the spring on slender pedicels near
the ends of the branches coated with rusty tomentum and V or more long, from the
axils of leaves of the year or from those of fallen leaves of the previous year; calyx
narrowly ovate, divided nearly to the base into 6 lobes, those of the outer row lan-
ceolate-acute, covered on the outer surface with rusty brown tomentum and on the
inner surface with pale pubescence, thickened and usually marked at the base on
the outer surface by black spots, those of the inner row ovate, acute, keeled toward
the base, light greenish yellow and pale-pubescent; corolla light yellow tinged with
green, |' in diameter, with 6 spreading lanceolate acute divisions entire or erosely
toothed toward the apex, furnished at the base on each side with slender acute ap-
pendages one half to two thirds their length; starainodia minute, nearly triangular,
entire; ovary narrowly ovate, dark red, puberulous toward the base, with pale hairs,
and gradually narrowed into an elongated exserted style stigmatic at the apex. Fruit
ripening at the end of the year, in the spring, or in the early autumn, on a stout erect
stem about V long, and persistent until after the tree flowers the following year,
subglobose to slightly obovate, flattened and compressed at the apex, I'-l^ in diame-
ter, usually 1-seeded by abortion, with a thick dry outer coat roughened by minute
rusty brown scales, and thick spongy flesh filled with milky juice ; seed ^' long,
with an elongated lateral hilum.

A tree, in Florida rarely more than 30° high, with a short gnarled trunk 12'-15' in
diameter and usually hollow and defective, thick branches forming a compact round
head, and stout branchlets clustered at the ends of the branches of the previous year,

748 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

coated when they first appear with dark rufous pubescence, becoming glabrous and
light orange-brown at the end of a few weeks, and in their second year covered with
thick ashy gray or light red-brown scaly bark and marked by elevated obcordate
leaf-scars displaying 3 large dark conspicuous fibro-vascular bundle-scars. Winter-
buds ovate, acute, rusty-tomentose. Bark of the trunk about \' thick and irreg-
ularly divided by deep fissures into ridges rounded on the back and broken into small
nearly square plates. "Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, rich very
dark brown, with light-colored sapwood.

Distribution. Florida only on the southern keys; not common; also on the Ba-
hama Islands.

LIII. EBENACEiE.

Trees or shrubs, with watery juice, and alternate simple entire leaves with-
out stipules. Flowers dicecious or polygamous, regular, axillary, articulate with
the bibracteolate pedicels ; calyx persistent ; corolla hypogynous, regular ;
disk 0 ; stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla, inserted on its
base, fewer and rudimentary or 0 in the pistillate flower ; filaments short ;
anthers introrse, 2-celled ; ovary several-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell, sus-
pended from its apex, anatropous ; raphe dorsal ; micropyle superior. Fruit a
1 or several-seeded berry. Seeds with copious albumen ; embryo axile.

The Ebony family with five genera and a large number of species is widely
distributed in tropical and temperate regions, with two representatives of its
most important genus, Diospyros, in the flora of the United States.

1. DIOSPYROS, L.

Trees or shrubs, with terete branchlets without terminal buds, scaly axillary buds,
coriaceous leaves re volute in the bud, and fibrous roots. Flowers mostly dicecious,
from the axils of leaves of the year or of the previous year; staminate smaller than
the pistillate and usually cymose, in short few-flowered bracted cymes; pistillate
generally solitary; calyx 4-lobed, the lobes talvate in the bud, accrescent under the
fruit; corolla 4-lobed, the lobes sinistrorsely contorted in the bud, more or less con-
tracted in the throat, the lobes spreading or recurved; stamens usually 16, inserted
on the bottom of the corolla in two rows and in pairs, those of the outer row rather
longer than and opposite those of the inner row; filaments free, slender; anthers
oblong, apiculate, the cells opening laterally by longitudinal slits; stamens rudi-
mentary or 0 in the pistillate flower; ovary usually 4-celled, each cell more or less
completely divided Ijy the development of a false longitudinal partition from its
anterior face, rudimentary or 0 in the staminate flower; styles 4, spreading, 2-lobed
at the apex; stigmas 2-parted or lobed; ovule solitary in each of the divisions of the
cells. Fruit globose, oblong or conical, 1-10-seeded, surrounded at the base by the
enlarged persistent calyx. Seeds pendulous, oblong, compressed; seed-coat thick and
bony, dark, more or less lustrous; embryo axile, straight or somewhat curved; cotyle-
dons foliaceous, ovate or lanceolate; radicle superior, cylindrical, turned toward the
small hilum.

Diospyros, which is chiefly tropical, is widely distributed with about one hundred
and sixty species in the two hemispheres, with a few species extending beyond the
tropics into eastern North America, eastern Asia, southwestern Asia, and the Medi-
terranean region.

Diosypros produces hard close-grained valuable wood, with dark or black heart-

I

EBENACE^

749

wood and thick soft yellow sapwood. The ebony of commerce is partly produced
by different tropical species. The fruit is often edible, and some of the species are
important fruit-trees in China and Japan.

The generic name, from Ai6s and irvpds is in allusion to the life-giving properties
of the fruit.

CONSPECTUS OF THE SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.

Flowers on branchlets of the year ; anthers opening longitudinally nearly throughout their
entire length ; filaments pubescent ; pistillate flywers with 8 rudimentary stamens ; ovary
nearly glabrous ; leaves oval ; fruit orange color. 1. D. Virginiana (A, C).

Flowers on branchlets of the previous year ; anthers opening only near the apex ; filaments
glabrous ; pistillate flowers without rudimentary stamens ; ovary pubescent ; leaves cune-
ate-oblong or obovate ; fruit black. 2. D. Texana (C).

1. Diospyros Virginiana, L. Persimmon.

Leaves oval, shortly acuminate at the apex, and abruptly or gradually narrowed
or rounded or often cordate at the base, when they unfold light green or red,
pubescent on the lower and puberulous on the upper surface, and ciliate on the
margins, with long soft white hairs, and at maturity coriaceous, dark green and
lustrous above, pale and often pubescent below, 4'-6' long and 2'-3' wide, with broad

/i^6oo

flat midribs, about 6 pairs of conspicuous primary veins arcuate near the margins
and reticulate veinlets, falling early in the autumn without change of color or some-
times turning orange or scarlet; their petioles stout, pubescent, ^'-1' long. Flo"wer8
appearing when the leaves are more than half grown, on branchlets of the year; the
staminate in 2-3-flowered pubescent pedunculate cymes, the pedicels in the axils of
minute lanceolate acute caducous bracts and furnished near the middle with 2 minute
caducous bractlets; the pistillate solitary, on short recurved peduncles covered with
2 conspicuous acute bractlets ciliate on the margin^ and of ten \' in length; corolla
of the staminate flower tubular, ^ long, slightly contracted below the short acute
reflexed lobes forming before expansion a pointed 4-angled bud rather longer than
the broadly ovate acute follaceous ciliate calyx-lobes inflexed on the margins;
stamens with short slightly hairy filaments, and linear lanceolate anthers opening
throughout their length; pistillate flower |' long, with a greenish yellow or creamy

750 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

white corolla nearly ^' broad; stamens 8, inserted in one row below the middle of
the corolla, with short filaments and sagittate abortive or sometimes fertile anthers;
ovary conical, pilose toward the apex, ultimately 8-celled, and gradually narrowed
into the 4 slender styles hairy at the base. Fruit on a short thick woody stem,
ripening at midsummer at the south and late in the autumn at the north, persistent
on the branches during the winter, usually depressed-globose or slightly obovate-
obloiig, I'-l^' in diameter, differing greatly in size, shape, and quality, pale orange
color, often with a bright red cheek, and covered with a glavicous bloom, turning
yellowish brown when partly decayed by freezing, surrounded at the base by the
spreading calyx I'-l^' in diameter, with broadly ovate pointed lobes recurved on the
margins^ flesh austere while green, yellowish brown, sweet and luscious when fully
ripe but not edible, except in the extreme south, without the action of frost: seeds
oblong, much flattened, ^' long, ^' wide, with a thick hard lustrous brown pitted
coat, a conspicuous truncate hilum, and a slender raphe.

A tree, usually 30°-50° high, with a short trunk rarely more than 12' in diameter,
spreading often pendulous branches forming a broad or narrow round-topped head,
and slender slightly zigzag branchlets, with a thick pith or pith-cavity, light red-
brown and more or less pale-pubescent when they first appear, becoming during their
first winter pubescent or glabrous, light brown or ashy gray, and marked by occa-
sional small orange-colored lenticels and by elevated semicircular leaf -scars, with deep
horizontal lunate depressions containing the ends of the crowded fibro-vascular bun-
dles, later turning reddish brown, with bark often somewhat broken by longitudinal
fissures; or in the primeval forest, under the most favorable conditions, sometimes
100°-115° high, with a long slender trunk free of branches for 70°-80° and rarely
exceeding 2° in diameter. Winter-buds axillary, broadly ovate, acute, ^' long, with
thick imbricated dark red-brown or purple lustrous scales often persistent at the
base of the young branchlets during the season. Bark of the trunk |'-1' thick, dark
brown tinged with red, or dark gray, and deeply divided into thick square plates
broken into thin persistent scales. Wood heavy, strong, with dark brown or some-
times nearly black heartwood often undeveloped until the tree is over 100 years old ;
used in turnery, for shoe-lasts, plane-stocks, and preferred for shuttles to other
American woods. The fruit contains tannin, to which it owes its astringent qualities,
and is eaten in great quantities in the southern states. The inner bark is astringent
and bitter.

Distribution. Light sandy well-drained soil, or in the Mississippi basin some-
times on the deep rich bottom-lands of river valleys; Lighthouse Point, New Haven,
Connecticut, southward to the banks of the Caloosa River and the shores of Bay
Biscayne, Florida, southern Alabama and Mississippi, and from southern Ohio to
southeastern Iowa, southern Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, eastern Kansas, the
Indian Territory, and the valley of the Colorado River, Texas; very common in the
south Atlantic and Gulf states, often covering with shrubby growth by means of its
stoloniferous roots abandoned fields, and springing up by the sides of roads and
fences.

Occasionally cultivated in the eastern United States, and rarely in Europe.

2. Diospyros Texana, Scheele. Black Persimmon. Chapote.

Leaves cuneate-oblong to obovate, rounded and often retuse at the apex and
wedge-shaped at the base, when they unfold covered below with thick pale tomen-
tum and above with scattered long white hairs, and at maturity thick and coriaceous.

EBENACE^

751

dark green and lustrous, glabrous or puberulous on the upper, paler and pubescent
on the lower surface, -f'-l^' long and about 1' wide, with broad midribs and about 4
pairs of arcuate primary veins and reticulate veinlets, unfolding in February and
March, and falling during the following winter without change of color; their peti-
oles short, thick, and hairy. Flowers appearing in early spring when the leaves are

about one third grown, on branches of the previous year; staminate on slender droop-
ing pedicels furnished near the middle with minute caducous bractlets, in 1-3-flow-
ered crowded pubescent fascicles; pistillate on stouter club-shaped bibracteolate pe-
duncles, solitary or rarely in pairs; calyx of the staminate flower ^' long and deeply
divided into 5 ovate or lanceolate silky-tomentose lobes recurved after the opening
of the flower, and much shorter than the corolla ^' long, creamy white, and slightly
contracted below the 5 short spreading rounded lobes ciliate on the margins; sta-
mens, with glabrous filaments shorter than the corolla, and linear-lanceolate anthers
opening at the apex only by short slits; pistillate flowers without rudimentary sta-
mens, Y long, with oblong acute silky tomentose calyx-lobes half the length of the
pubescent corolla nearly ^' across the short spreading lobes; ovary ovate, pubescent
like the young fruit, ultimately 8-celled. Fruit ripening in August, subglobose, ^'-1'
in diameter, and 3-8 seeded, surrounded at the base by the large tliickened leathery
calyx sometimes 1' in diameter, with oblong pubescent reflexed lobes, the thick
tough black skin inclosing the thin sweet insipid juicy dark flesh; seeds triangular,
rounded on the back, narrowed and flattened at the pointed apex, |' long, about
Y thick, with a bony lustrous light red pitted coat.

An intricately branched tree, occasionally 40°-50° high, with a trunk 18°-20° in
diameter, dividing at some distance above the ground into a number of stout upright
branches forming a narrow round-topped head, and slender terete slightly zigzag
branchlets, coated at first with pale or rufous tomentum, ashy gray, glabrous or
puberulous during their first winter, later becoming brown and marked by minute
pale lenticels and by small elevated seraiorbicular leaf-scars displaying a lunate row of
fibro-vascular bundle-scars; often much smaller, and toward the northern and west-
ern limits of its range a low many-stemmed shrub. Winter-buds axillary, obtuse,
barely more than Jg' long, with broadly ovate scales rounded at the back and coated
with rufous tomentum. Bark of the trunk smooth, light gray slightly tinged with
red, the outer layer falling away in large irregularly shaped patches displaying the

752 TREES OF NORTn AMERICA

smooth gray inner bark. Wood heavy, with black heartwood often streaked with
yellow and clear bright yellow sapwood; used in turnery and for the handles of tools.
The fruit, which is exceedingly austere until it is fully ripe, stains black, and is
sometimes used by Mexicans in the valley of the Rio Grande to dye sheepskins.

Distribution. Valleys of the Colorado and Concho rivers, Texas, to Nuevo Leon;
abundant in western and southern Texas; in the neighborhood of the coast on the
borders of prairies in rich moist soil; westward on dry rocky mesas and in isolated
caiions; very common and of its largest size in the region between the Sierra Madre
and the coast of the Gulf of Mexico in Nuevo Leon.

LIV. SYMPLOCACE^.

Trees or shrubs, with simple pubescence, watery juice, scaly buds, and
fibrous roots. Leaves simple, alternate, coriaceous or membranaceous, pin-
iiately veined, usually becoming yellow in drying, without stipules. Flowers
regular, perfect, or polygamo-dioecious, on ebracteolate pedicels, in dense or
lax axillary spikes or racemes, with small caducous bracts ; calyx campanulate,
5-lobed, open in the bud, the tube adnate to the ovary, enlarged after anthesis ;
corolla divided nearly to the base into 5 lobes imbricated in the bud ; disk 0 ;
stamens numerous, inserted in many series on the base of the corolla ; fila-
ments filiform, more or less united below into clusters ; anthers oblong, introrse,
2-celled, the cells lateral, opening longitudinally ; ovary contracted into a simple
style, with an entire or slightly lobed terminal stigma ; ovules 2 or rarely 4 in
each cell,* suspended from its inner angle, anatropous ; raphe ventral ; micro-
pyle superior. Fruit' a drupe (in the North American species), crowned with
the persistent lobes of the calyx, with thin dry flesh and a bony 1-seeded stone.
Seed oblong, suspended; seed-coat membranaceous; embryo terete, erect in
copious fleshy albumen ; cotyledons much shorter than the long slender radi-
cle turned toward the broad conspicuous hilum.

The family consists of the genus Symplocos.

1. SYMPLOCOS, L'Her.

Characters of the family.

Symplocos with two hundred and eighty described species inhabits chiefly the
warmer parts of America, Asia, and Australia, one species occurring in the southern
United States.

Symplocos contains a yellow coloring matter, and the bark and leaves of some
species have medical properties.

The generic name, from ^vfxTr\oK05, relates to the union of the filaments of some of
the species.

1. Symplocos tinctoria, L'Her. Sweet Leaf. Horse Sugar.

Leaves re volute in the bud, oblong, acute or acuminate at the apex, gradually
narrowed at the base, obscurely crenulate-serrate, with remote teeth, or sometimes
nearly entire, when they unfold coated with pale tomentum below, glabrous or to-
mentose above, and furnished on the margins with minute dark caducous glands,
and at maturity subcoriaceous, dark green and lustrous above, paler and pubescent
below, 5'-6' long and l'-2' wide, with broad midribs rounded and sometimes puberu-
lous on the upper side, inconspicuous arcuate veins, and reticulate veinlets, north-
ward and at high elevations falling in the autumn, and southward remaining on the

SYMPLOCACE^

753

branches until after the opening of the flowers the following spring; their petioles
stout, slightly winged, ^'— ^' long. Flowers : flower-clusters inclosed in the bud by
ovate acute orange-colored scales brown and ciliate on the margins, each of the
flower-buds surrounded by 3 imbricated oblong bracts rounded or pointed at the apex
and ciliate on the margins, the longest as long as the calyx and one third longer than
the 2 lateral bracts; flowers fragrant, opening from the 1st of March at the south
to the middle of May on the southern Appalachian Mountains, on short pedicels
enlarged into thick hemispherical receptacles covered with long white hairs, in

nearly sessile many-flowered clusters in the axils of leaves of the previous year;
calyx oblong, cup-shaped, dark green and puberulous, with minute ovate scarious
lobes rounded at the apex; corolla creamy white, ^' long, with rounded lobes; stamens
exserted, with slender filaments united at the base into 5 clusters, and orange-colored
anthers; ovary 3-celled, furnished on the top with 5 dark nectariferous glands placed
opposite the lobes of the calyx, and abruptly contracted into a slender style grad-
ually thickened toward the apex and longer than the corolla. Fruit ripening in the
summer or early autumn, ovate, y long, dark orange-colored or brown; seed ovate,
pointed, with a thin papery chestnut-brown coat.

A tree, occasionally 30°-35° high, with a short trunk barely exceeding 6'-8' in
diameter, slender upright branches forming an open head, and stout terete pithy
branchlets light green and coated with pale or rufous tomentum when they first
appear, or sometimes glabrous and covered with scattered white hairs, reddish brown
to ashy gray, tinged with red and usually more or less pubescent or often covered
with a glaucous bloom during their first and second years, later growing darker,
roughened by occasional small elevated lentieels and marked by the low horizontal
obcordate leaf-scars displaying a central cluster of large fibro-vascular bundle-scars;
or more often a shrub. Winter-buds ovate, acute, covered with broadly ovate
nearly triangular acute scales, those of the inner rows accrescent on the young
branchlets, and at maturity oblong-obovate, rounded and often apiculate at the apex,
light green, glabrous or pilose, ciliate on the margins, and often ^' in length. Bark
of the trunk y— ^' thick, ashy gray slightly tinged with red, divided by occasional
narrow fissures and roughened by wart-like excrescences. "Wood light, soft, close-
grained, light red or brown, with thick lighter colored often nearly white sapwood of

754 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

18-20 layers of annual growth. The leaves are sweet to the taste and are devoured
in the autumn by cattle and horses, and, like the bark, yield a yellow dye occasion-
ally used domestically. The bitter aromatic roots have been used as a tonic.

Distribution. Moist rich soil, often in the shade of dense forests; peninsula of
Delaware to northern Florida and from the coast to elevations of nearly 3000° on
the Blue Ridge, and to eastern Texas and southern Arkansas; in the Gulf states
usually along the borders of Cypress swamps.

LV. STYRACE^.

Trees or shrubs, with more or less stellate or scurfy pubescence, watery
juice, and scaly buds. Leaves alternate, simple, penniveined, without stipules.
Flowers regular, perfect ; calyx more or less adnate to the ovary ; stamens in
one series mostly adnate to the tube of the corolla ; disk 0 ; anthers introrse,
2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally ; ovary crowned with a simple style ;
ovules anatropous. Fruit drupaceous, with thin dry flesh, and a thick-walled
1-seeded bony stone. Seed with albumen.

The Storax family with seven genera and few species is confined to North
and South America, the Mediterranean region, eastern Asia and the Malay
Archipelago. Of the two North American genera Mohrodendron is arborescent.
Storax and benzoin, aromatic resinous balsams, are obtained from Sty rax offi-
cinale, L., of southern Europe and Asia Minor, and from Styrax Benzoin, DC,
of the Molucca Islands.

1. MOHRODENDRON, Britt.

Trees or shrubs, with slender terete pithy branchlets without terminal buds, axil-
lary buds with imbricated accrescent scales, and fibrous roots. Leaves involute in the
bud, membranaceous, ovate-oblong, acute, denticulate, deciduous. Flowers on slen-
der elongated drooping pubescent ebracteolate pedicels from the axils of foliaceous
obovate or acute caducous bracts, in fascicles or short racemes from the axils of
leaves of the previous year; calyx-tube obconical or obpyramidal, 4-ribbed, coated
w^ith thick pale tomentum, the limb short, 4-toothed, with minute triangular teeth,
open in the bud; corolla epigynous, campanulate, 4-lobed, or divided nearly to the
base, the lobes convolute or imbricated in the bud, thin and white; stamens 8-16;
filaments elongated, shorter than the corolla, slightly attached to the base, or some-
times free, flattened below; anthers oblong, adnate or free at the very base; ovary
2 or 4-celled, gradually contracted into an elongate glabrous or tomentose style stig-
matic at the apex; ovules 4 in each cell, attached by elongated funiculi at the middle
of the axis, the 2 upper ascending, the 2 lower pendulous; raphe dorsal; micropyle
inferior and superior. Fruit elongated, obovate, gradually narrowed at the base,
crowned with the calyx-limb and the thickened persistent style; skin tough, separable,
light green and lustrous, turning reddish brown late in the autumn; exocarp thick,
becoming dry and corky at maturity, produced into 2 or 4 broad thin wings, wedge-
shaped at the base and rounded at the apex; stone thick and bony, obovate, gradually
narrowed at the base into an elongated slender stipe inclosed in the wings, tipped
with the bony remnants of the style, usually irregularly 8-angled or sulcate, 1-4-
celled. Seed solitary in each cell, elongated, cylindrical; seed-coat thin, light brown,
lustrous, adherent to the walls of the stone, the delicate inner coat attached to the
copious fleshy albumen; embryo terete, axile, erect; cotyledons oblong, as long as
the elongated radicle turned toward the minute hilura.

STYRACE^

T55

Mohrodendron is confined to the southern United States; of the three species
two are trees.

The generic name is in honor of Dr. Charles Mohr, author of the Flora of Alabama.

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES.

Corolla slightly lobed ; filaments glabrous ; ovary 4-celled ; fruit 4-winged ; leaves oval or
ovate-oblong. 1. M. Carolinum (A, C).

Corolla divided nearly to the base ; filaments covered with pale hairs ; ovary usually
2-celled ; fruit 2-winged ; leaves ovate or sometimes slightly obovate.

2. M. dipterum (C).

1. Mohrodendron Carolinum, Britt. Silver Bell Tree.

Leaves oval or ovate-oblong, gradually or abruptly contracted into long points
acute or rounded at the apex, wedge-shaped or rounded at the base, finely serrate,

fT( 6oj,

with remote callous teeth, when they unfold ciliate on the margins, coated beloW
and on the petioles with dense pale tomentum, and bronze red and glabrous or
pilose above, and at maturity thin and firm, light bright green and puberulous on
the upper, paler and more or less pubescent on the lower surface, especially along the
slender midribs and primary veins arcuate near the margins and connected by remote
reticulate veinlets, 4:'-6' long and 2'-3' wide, turning light yellow late in the autumn
before falling; their petioles stout, f long. Flowers nearly V in length, appearing
in early spring when the leaves are about one third grown, on slender drooping ped-
icels l'-2' long from the axils of ovate yellow-green caducous bracts ^'-j' long and
Y broad, in crowded fascicles or short few-flowered racemes; corolla slightly lobed,
narrowed below into a short tube, and bronze-red before anthesis; stamens 10-16;
filaments glabrous; ovary 4-celled. Fruit ripening late in the autumn and persistent
until winter, ellipsoidal, equally 4- winged, l^'-2' long, V wide ; stone broadly obovate,
obscurely ridged, and contracted into a short or sometimes elongated stipe; seeds
rounded at the narrow ends, about ^' long.

A tree, occasionally 80°-90° high, with a straight trunk sometimes 3° in diameter
and o0°-60° long, short stout branches forming a narrow head, and slender branch-
lets coated at first with thick pale deciduous tomentum, light reddish brown, gla-

1

756

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

brous or pubescent duriug their first summer and often covered with a glaucous bloom,
lustrous, reddish brown or orange color during their first winter and marked by large
obcordate leaf-scars, growing darker the following year, their thin bark then some-
times separating into thread-like scales and beginning to display the pale shallow
longitudinal fissures of old branches and young trunks; or usually much smaller, and
often a shrub, with many stout wide-spreading stems. Winter-buds |' long, obtuse,
with thick broadly ovate dark red scales rounded on the back and covered, especially
at tlie base and above the middle, with pale hairs, those of the inner rows becoming
strap-shaped, rounded at the apex, bright yellow, and sometimes ^' in length. Bark
of the trunk ^' thick, bright red-brown, with broad rounded ridges separating on the
surface into thin papery scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, light brown, with
thick lighter colored sapwood of 50-CO layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Rich wooded slopes and the banks of streams; mountains of West
Virginia to southern Illinois, and southward to middle Florida, central Alabama and
Mississippi, and through Arkansas to western Louisiana and eastern Texas; most
abundant in the elevated Appalachian region, and of its largest size on the western
slopes of the high mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee.

Often cultivated as an ornamental plant in the eastern United States and hardy as
far north as eastern Massachusetts, and in central and northern Europe.

2. Mohrodendron dipterum, Britt. Snowdrop Tree. Silver Bell Tree.

Leaves ovate or sometimes slightly obovate, acuminate, wedge-shaped or
rounded at the base, and remotely serrate, with minute callous teeth, when they
unfold coated with pale tomentum below and puberulous above, and at maturity

thin, light green, glabrous on the upper surface except along the narrow midribs,
pubescent on the lower surface, 4'-5' long, l^'-3' wide, with conspicuous pale arcuate
veins and reticulate veinlets; their petioles stout, f in length. Flowers nearly V
long, opening from the middle of March to the end of April, on slender pedicels
l^'-2' in length, in the axils of obovate acute puberulous caducous bracts often ^'
long; corolla puberulous on the outer surface, divided nearly to the base into
slightly obovate spreading divisions; stamens 8-16, usually 8, nearly as long as the
corolla, their filaments covered with pale hairs and sometimes free from the corolla;

OLEACE^ 757

ovary usually 2, rarely 4-celled, and coated, like the exserted style, with pale tomen-
tum. Fruit oblong, compressed, l^'-2' long, often nearly 1' wide, with 2 broad wings
and frequently with 2 or sometimes 3 narrow supplementary wings between them;
stone narrowly obovate, conspicuously sulcate, with about 8 dark ridges, and con-
tracted into a slender stipe sometimes 1' in length; seeds acuminate at the ends,
about f ' long.

A tree, rarely 30° high, with a short trunk occasionally 8'-10' in diameter, hori-
zontal branches forming a low broad head, and slender branchlets, light green and
more or less coated with pale pubescence at first, becoming usually glabrous in their
first winter and orange color or reddish brown and lustrous, and marked with large
elevated obcordate leaf-scars, and in their second year dark red-brown, with bark
often separating into thread-like scales and dividing the following season into irregu-
lar pale longitudinal fissures; more often a shrub, with numerous stout spreading
stems. "Winter-buds Jg' long, ovate, obtuse, with broadly ovate acute light red
pubescent scales, those of the inner ranks becoming strap-shaped, scarious, and \'
in length. Bark of the trunk ^'-^' thick, brown tinged with red, and divided by
irregular longitudinal often broad fissures, the surface separating into small thin
appressed scales. "Wood light, soft, strong, very close-grained, light brown, with
thick lighter colored sap wood.

Distribution. Low wet woods and the borders of swamps; coast region of the
south Atlantic and Gulf states from South Carolina to northern Florida and eastern
Texas, and through Louisiana to central Arkansas.

Occasionally cultivated in the gardens of the southern states.

LVI. OLEACEiE.

Trees or shrubs, with watery juice, scaly buds, their inner scales accrescent,
opposite leaves without stipules, and fibrous roots. Flowers perfect, dioecious
or polygamous, regular ; calyx 4-lobed, or 0 ; corolla of 2-4 petals, or 0 ; disk
0 ; stamens 2-4, rudimentary or 0 in unisexual pistillate flowers ; anthers
attached on the back below the middle, often apiculate by the prolongation of
the connective, introrse, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally usually by
lateral slits ; ovary superior, free, 2 or rarely 3-celled, rudimentary or 0 in the
staminate flower ; style simple ; ovules 2 in each cell, pendulous, anatropous ;
micropyle superior. Fruit (in the North American arborescent genera) a
samara or berry. Seed pendulous ; seed-coat membranaceous ; embryo straight
in copious fleshy albumen ; cotyledons flat, much longer than the short terete
superior radicle turned toward the minute hilum.

The Olive family with twenty genera is widely distributed in temperate and
tropical regions chiefly in the northern hemisphere. Of the five genera indi-
genous to the United States three are arborescent. To this family belong Olea
Europcea, L., the Olive-tree of the Mediterranean basin, now largely cultivated
in California for its fruit, and the Lilacs, Forsythias, and Privets, favorite
garden plants in all countries with temperate climates.

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.

Fruit a winged samara ; leaves compound. 1. Fraxinus.

Fruit a fleshy drupe ; leaves simple.

Corolla of 4 long linear petals united only at the base ; leaves deciduous.

2. Chionanthus.

Corolla tubular ; leaves persistent. 3. Osmanthus.

IT

58 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

1. FRAXINUS, L. Ash.

Trees or shrubs, with light tough wood, thick furrowed or rarely thin and scaly
bark, usually ash-colored branchlets with thick pith, and compressed obtuse terminal
buds much larger than the lateral buds. Leaves petiolate, unequally pinnate or
rarely reduced to a single leaflet, deciduous; leaflets conduplicate in the bud, usually
serrate, petiolulate or sessile. Flowers dioecious or polygamous, rarely perfect, pro-
duced in early spring on slender elongated pedicels without bractlets, in open or
compact slender-branched panicles, with obovate linear or lanceolate caducous
bracts, terminal on leafy shoots of the year, developed from the axils of new leaves,
or from separate buds in the axils of leaves of the previous year, or at the base of
young branchlets and covered by 2 ovate scales; calyx campanulate, deciduous or
persistent under the fruit, or 0; corolla 2-4-parted, the divisions conduplicate in the
bud, united at the base, or 0; stamens usually 2, rarely 3 or 4, inserted on the base
of the corolla, or hypogynous; filaments terete, short or rarely elongated; anthers
ovate or linear-oblong, the cells opening by lateral slits; ovary 2 or rarely 3-celled,
contracted into a short or elongated style crowned with a 2-lobed stigma; ovules
suspended in pairs from the inner angle of the cell; raphe dorsal. Fruit a 1 or
rarely 2 orS-seeded winged samara; body terete or slightly flattened contrary to the
septum! with a dry or woody pericarp produced into an elongated terminal and more
or less decurrent wing, usually 1-celled by abortion or soraetinies 2 or 3-celled and
winged. Seed solitary in each cell, oblong, compressed, gradually narrowed and
rounded at the ends, filling the cavity of the fruit; seed-coat chestnut-brown.

Fraxinus with thirty to forty species is widely distributed in the temperate
regions of the northern hemisphere, and within the tropics occurs on the islands of
Cuba and Java. The North American species, with one exception, are arborescent.

Fraxinus produces tough straight-grained valuable wood, and some of the species
are large and important timber-trees. The waxy exudations from the trunk and
leaves of Fraxinus Ornus, L., of southern Europe and Asia Minor furnish the manna
of commerce used in medicine as a gentle laxative; and the Chinese white wax is
obtained from the branches of species of eastern Asia.

Fraxinus is the classical name of the Ash-tree.

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.

1. Flowers with petals, polyg'amous or perfect.

Panicles terminal on lateral leafy branches of the year ; corolla 4-parted ; leaflets 3-7,
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate. 1- F. cuspidata (E, H).

Panicles axillary on branches of the year or of the previous year; leaflets 3-7, narroAvly
spatulate to oblong-obovate ; petioles wing-marg-ined. 2. F. Greggii (E).

2. Flowers without petals, dioecious, polyg-amous or rarely perfect; panicles from separate-

buds in the axils of leaves of the previous year.
*Body of the fruit compressed, its wing^ broad and extending to the base of the body.
Branchlets 4-sided ; flowers perfect ; leaflets 5-9, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, minute,
coarsely serrate, rounded or wedge-shaped at the base.

3. F. quadrangulata (A, C).

Branchlets terete.

Leaflets 3-11 ; flowers dioecious ; fruit narrowed and acute at the base.
Leaflets acute or acuminate, 3-7.

Fruit elliptical to spatulate, often 3-winged, acute at the apex ; leaflets

5-7, ovate-oblong. 4. F. Caroliniana (C).

Fruit lanceolate to oblanceolate, rounded and emarginate at the apex ;

leaflets 3-5, oblong. 5. F. Floridana (C).

OLE ACE JE 759

Leaflets gradually acuminate, 5-11, oblong-lanceolate, the lateral leaflets ses-
sile ; flowers polygamous. 6. F. nigra (A, C).
Leaves mostly reduced to a single leaflet, rarely 2 or 3-foliolate, branchlets
4-sided. f 7. F. anomala (F).
**Body of the fruit nearly terete ; flowers dioecious ; calyx of the staminate flower minute
or 0 {large in 12) ; calyx of the pistillate flower persistent.
Branchlets glabrous.

Leaflets 5-9 ; wing of the fruit terminal.

Leaflets usually 7, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, pale below.

8. F. Americana (A, C).
Leaflets usually 5, ovate to obovate, mostly rounded at the apex, pale below.

9. F. Texensis (C),
Leaflets 3-5, oblong-lanceolate, usually acuminate ; wing of the fruit extending
down its sides. 10. F. Berlandieri (E).

Branchlets and lower surface of the leaflets pubescent {branchlets and leaves gla-
brous in one form of 11, leaves sometimes glabrous in 14)-
Lateral leaflets stalked.

Wing of the fruit extending down its sides ; leaflets 7-9.
Leaflets mostly coarsely serrate, oblong-lanceolate to ovate.

11. F. Pennsylvanica (A, C, F).
Leaflets with usually entire and undulate margins, lanceolate to ovate-
lanceolate ; calyx large. 12. F. profunda (C).
Wing of the fruit terminal.

Wing of the fruit linear-oblong ; leaflets 7-9, ovate-oblong to lanceolate,
pale below. 13. F. Biltmoreana (A, C).

Wing of the fruit oblong-obovate.

Leaflets 3-9, lanceolate, mostly acuminate, narrowly cuneate at the

base. 14. F. velutina (E, G, H).

Leaflets 5, ovate to oblong, acute, broadly cuneate or rounded at the

base, subcoriaceous. 15. F. coriacea {F, G).

Lateral leaflets sessile or rarely short-stalked ; leaflets 5-7, oblong to ovate,

acute at the ends ; coriaceous. 16. F. Oregona (B, G).

1. Flowers with petals.

1. Fraxinus cuspidata, Torr.

Leaves b'-l' long, with slender pale petioles sometimes slightly wing-margined,
and 3-7 lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate leaflets gradually narrowed at the apex into
long slender tips, wedge-shaped at the base, and coarsely and remotely serrate above
the middle, with recurved teeth, when they unfold slightly puberulous on the lower
surface and at maturity thin, dark green above, paler and covered with minute
black dots below, l^'-2' long and ^-1' wide, with pale midribs and obscure veins,
and borne on slender petiolules sometimes nearly V in length. FloTwers perfect,
extremely fragrant, appearing in April, in open glabrous panicles 3'^' long and
broad, terminal on lateral leafy branchlets developed from the axils of leaves of
the previous year; calyx cup-shaped, ■^^' long, with acute apiculate teeth, deciduous;*
corolla ^' long, thin and white, divided to below the middle into 4 linear-oblong lobes
pointed at the apex, and much longer than the nearly sessile oblong long-pointed
anthers; ovary 2-celled, with a thick 2-lobed nearly sessile stigma. Fruit spatulate-
oblong or obovate-oblong, V long, the margined edges of the flat nerveless body
gradually broadening upward into the shorter wing rounded and slightly emarginate
at the apex, and \' wide.

760

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

A tree, rarely 20° high, with a short trunk 6'-8' in diameter, and slender terete
brauchlets light red-brown when they first appear, soon beeoniing darker and marked

by scattered pale lentlcels, and ashy gray and roughened by the dark elevated lunate
leaf -sears in their second year; more often a shrub, with numerous slender spreading
stems 6°-8° tall. "Winter-buds terminal, acute, nearly ^' long, with dark reddish
brown glutinous scales.

Distribution. Rocky slopes and dry ridges; valley of the Rio Grande in south-
western Texas and southeastern New Mexico, and southward to the mountain slopes
of Coahuila, Chihuahua, and Nuevo Leon; a shrub within the territory of the United
States, and probably arborescent only on the mountains of Chihuahua; still very
imperfectly known.

2. Fraxinus Greggii, Gray.

Leaves l|'-3' long, with winged petioles, and 3-7 narrowly spatulate to oblong-
obovate leaflets entire or occasionally coarsely serrate above the middle, with remote

f/^ 6o(b

blunt teeth, slender midribs, and obscure reticulate veins, thick and coriaceous, dark
green on the upper, rather paler and covered with small black dots on the lower

OLEACE^

761

surface, ^'-V long, \'-\' wide, and nearly sessile. Flowers unknown. Fruit oblong-
linear to obovate, ^'— |' long, the thin wing decurrent on the short terete body, rounded
and emarginate at the apex tipped with the elongated persistent conspicuous style,
and about ^' wide.

A tree, rarely 20°-25° high, with a trunk 8°-10° long and occasionally 8' in di-
ameter, and slender terete branchlets dark green and puberulous when they first
appear, soon becoming ashy gray and roughened by numerous minute pale elevated
lenticels, gradually turning dark gray or brown in their second and third years;
more often a shrub, with numerous slender erect stems 4°-12° tall. Winter-buds
terminal, about ^' long, obtuse, with thick ovate light brown pubescent scales
rounded on the back. Bark of the trunk thin, gray or light brown tinged with red,
separating on the surface into large papery scales. Wood heavy, hard, close-
grained, brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood.

Distribution. Dry limestone cliffs and ledges; valley of the Rio Grande, west-
ern Texas from the mouth of the San Pedro to that of the Pecos River, and south-
ward on the mountains of northern Mexico; apparently most common and of its
largest size on the Sierra Nevada of Nuevo Leon; still very imperfectly known.

2. Flowers without petals.

*Body of the fruit compressed.

3. Fraxinus quadrangulata, Michx. Blue Ash.

Leaves 8'-12' long, with slender petioles glabrous or puberulous toward the base,
and 5-9 ovate-oblong to lanceolate long-pointed leaflets unequally rounded or wedge-
shaped at the base, and serrate, with incurved teeth, when they unfold coated on the

lower surface with thick brown tomentum, and at maturity thick and firm, yellow-
green and glabrous above, pale and glabrous or sometimes furnished with tufts of
pale hairs along the base of the conspicuous midribs below, 3'-5' long and l'-2' wide,
with short broad petiolules grooved on the upper side and 8-12 pairs of veins arcu-
ate near the margins, turning pale yellow in the autumn before falling. Flo"wers
perfect, appearing as the terminal buds begin to expand, in loose-branched panicles
from small obtuse buds in the axils of leaves of the previous year, with broadly ovate

762 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

scales keeled on the back, apiculate at the apex, and covered with thick brown to-
meutuni; calyx reduced to an obscure ring; corolla 0; stamens 2, with nearly sessile
broad connectives and dark purple oblong obtuse anther-cells; ovary oblong-ovate,
gradually narrowed into a short style divided at the apex into 2 light purple stig-
matic lobes generally maturing and withering before the anthers open. Fruit linear-
oblong to cuneate-oblong, V-2' long, with wings usujilly conspicuously emarginate at
the apex, surrounding the long flat body faintly many-rayed on both surfaces and
nearly 1' wide.

A tree, usually 60°-70° or occasionally 120° high, with a trunk 2°-3° in diameter,
small spreading branches forming a slender head, and stout 4-angled hranchlets
more or less 4-winged between the nodes, dark orange color and covered with short
rufous pubescence when they first appear, becoming gray tinged with red in their
second year and marked by scattered pale lenticels and by the large elevated
obcordate leaf-scars displaying a lunate row of fibro-vascular bundle-scars, and in
their third year light brown or ashy gray and then gradually becoming terete.
Winter-buds terminal, about \' long, with 3 pairs of scales, those of the outer row
thick, rounded on the back, usually obscurely pinnate toward the apex, dark reddish
brown, slightly puberulous or often hoary-tomentose, partly covering the bud, those
of the inner rows strap-shaped, coated with light brown tomentura, often pinnate,
becoming I'-l^' long. Bark of the trunk ^'-f thick, irregularly divided into large
plate-like scales, the light gray surface slightly tinged with red separating into thin
minute scales. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, rather brittle, light yellow
streaked with brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood of 80-90 layers of annual
growth; largely used for flooring and in carriage-building, and not often distin-
guished commercially from that of other species of the northern and middle states.
A blue dye is obtained by macerating the inner bark in water.

Distribution. Rich limestone hills, occasionally descending into the bottom-lands
of fertile valleys; southern Michigan to central Missouri, and southward to eastern
Tennessee and northern Alabama, and through Iowa, Missouri, and northeastern
Arkansas; nowhere very abundant; of its largest size in the basin of the lower
Wabash River, Illinois, and on the western slopes of the Big Smoky Mountains,
Tennessee.

Occasionally cultivated as an ornament of parks and gardens in the eastern United
States.

4. Fraxinus Caroliniana, Mill. Water Ash. S-wamp Ash.

Leaves 7'-12' long, with elongated stout terete pale petioles, and 5-7 long-stalked
ovate to oblong acute leaflets rarely rounded at the apex, wedge-shaped or some-
times rounded or subcordate at the base, and coarsely serrate, with acute incurved
teeth, or entire, when they unfold pilose above and more or iess hoary-tomentose
below, and at maturity thick and firm, S'-& long and 2-3' wide, dark green above,
paler or sometimes yellow-green and glabrous or pubescent beneath, especially
along the conspicuous midribs and the numerous arcuate veins connected by obscure
reticulate veinlets. Flowers dioecious, appearing in February and March in short
or ultimately elongated panicles inclosed in the bud by chestnut-brown pubescent
scales; staminate flower with a minute or nearly obsolete calyx, and 2 or sometimes
4 stamens, with slender filaments and linear apiculate anthers; calyx of the pistillate
flower cup-shaped, deeply divided and laciniate, as long as the ovary gradually nar-
rowed into an elongated slender style 2-lobed and stigmatic at the apex. Fruit

OLEACE^

763

elliptical, obovate, or spatulate, frequently 3-winged, surrounded at the base by the
persistent calyx, If '-2' long, often marked on the 2 faces by a conspicuous impressed
midvein, the body short, compressed, and surrounded by the broad thin many-
nerved wing ^'-f wide, acute and rounded or emarginate at the apex, and usually
narrowed below into a stalk-like base.

A tree, rarely more than 40° high, with a trunk sometimes 12' in diameter,
small branches forming a narrow often round-topped head, and slender terete
brauchlets light green and glabrous or coated with rufous deciduous tomentum
when they first appear, light brown tinged with red and sometimes covered with a
glaucous bloom in their first winter, ligl}t gray or yellow, occasionally marked by
large pale lenticels, and by the elevated semiorbicular leaf-scars displaying a short
row of conspicuous fibro-vascular bundle-scars. Winter-buds terminal, 1' long,
with 3 pairs of ovate acute chestnut-brown puberulous scales, those of the outer rank

thickened at the base, rounded on the back, and shorter than the others. Bark of the
trunk ^^6 '—g^' thick, light gray, more or less marked by large irregularly shaped round
patches, and separating on the surface into small thin closely appressed scales. "Wood
light, soft, weak, close-grained, nearly white sometimes tinged with yellow, with
thick lighter colored sapwood.

Distribution. Deep river swamps inundated during several months of every
year, and usually under the shade of larger trees; coast region of the Atlantic and
Gulf states, southern Virginia to Cape Canaveral and the Caloosa River, Florida,
and the valley of the Sabine River, Texas, and northward through western Louisi-
ana to southwestern Arkansas; also in Cuba.

5. Fraxinus Floridana, Sarg. Water Ash.

Leaves 5'-9' long, with elongated stout terete petioles, and usually 3-5 oblong
acuminate long-stalked leaflets gradually narrowed and cuneate at the base, and re-
motely serrate, with small incurved teeth, when they unfold scurfy-pubescent above
and hoary-tomentose below, and at maturity thick and firm, dark green and glabrous
or puberulous on the upper and more or less tomentose on the lower surface, 3'-4'
long and I'-l^ wide, with slender midribs and thin primary veins arcuate and united
within the thickened revolute margins. Flo"wers dioecious, appearing late in Febru-

764

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

ary or early in Marcli, in elong'atcd panicles inclosed in the bud by chestnut-brown
pubescent scales; staminate flower composed of an annular disk and 2 or 3 stamens,
with short filaments and apiculate anthers; calyx of the pistillate flower cup-shaped, 1
slightly lobed, as long as the ovary gradually narrowed into the slender style 2-lobed
and stigmatic at the apex. Fruit lanceolate or oblanceolate, surrounded at the

base by the persistent calyx, l|'-2' long, marked on each of the 2 faces by a broad
impressed midvein, the body short, surrounded by the thin many-nerved wing, nar-
rowed, rounded, and emarginate at the apex, and ^'-^' wide.

A tree, 30°-40° high, with a trunk sometimes 12' in diameter, small spreading
branches, and slender terete branchlets light orange-brown and occasionally marked
by large pale lenticels during their first season, ashy gray and roughened the follow-
ing year by the large horizontal obcordate elevated leaf-scars displaying a central
ring of fibro-vascular bundle-scars. Winter-buds terminal, broadly ovate, acute,
rusty-pubescent, about \' long. Bark of the trunk j-q'-\' thick, light gray, and
broken on the surface into small thin closely appressed scales.

Distribution. Deep swamps, valley of the St. Mary's River, southern Georgia,
to the lower Appalachicola River, Florida.

6. Fraxinus nigra, Marsh. Black Ash.

Leaves 12'-16' long, with stout pale petioles, and 7-11 oblong or oblong-lanceo-
late long-pointed leaflets, unequally wedged-shaped or sometimes rounded at the
base, remotely serrate, with small incurved teeth, the lateral sessile, the terminal on
a long or short petiolule, when they unfold covered especially below with rufous
hairs, and at maturity thin and firm, dark green above, paler below, glabrous with
the exception of occasional tufts of rufous hairs along the under side of the broad
pale midribs, 4'-5' long and l'-2' wide, with many conspicuous primary veins arcuate
near the margins and obscurely reticulate veinlets, turning rusty brown and falling
early in the autumn. FloTvers polygamous, without a calyx, appearing before the
leaves in compact or ultimately elongated panicles 4'-5' long, and covered in the bud
by broadly ovate dark brown or nearly black scales rounded at the apex; staminate
flowers on separate trees or mixed with perfect flowers, and consisting of 2 large
deeply pitted oblong dark purple apiculate anthers attached on the back to short

OLEACE^

765

broad filaments : pistillate flower consisting of a long slender style deeply divided at
the apex into 2 broad purple stigmas and often accompanied by 1 or 2 perfect or glo-
bose rudimentary pink anthers sessile or borne on long or short filaments. Fruit
in open panicles 8'-10' in length, lanceolate-oblong to linear-oblong, I'-l^' long, with
a thin wing about ^' wide, surrounding the short flat faintly nerved body, and con-
spicuously emarginate at the apex.

A tree, occasionally 80°-90° high, with a tall trunk rarely exceeding 20' in diame-
ter, slender mostly upright branches forming a narrow head, and stout terete branch-
lets dark green and slightly puberulous when they first appear, soon becoming ashy
gray or orange color and marked by large pale lenticels, growing darker during
their first winter and then roughened by the large suborbicular leaf-scars displaying
a semicircular row of conspicuous fibro-vascular bundle-scars; usually much smaller.

Winter-buds terminal, broadly ovate, acute, rather less than i' long, with 3 pairs
of scales, those of the outer pair thick and rounded on the back at the base, gradu-
ally narrowed and acute at the apex, dark brown or almost black, slightly puberulous,
falling as the bud begins to enlarge in the spring, and shorter than the scales of the
inner rows coated on the outer surface with rufous pubescence, those of the second
pair becoming strap-shaped, V long, ^' wide, and about one half as long as the pinnate
usually foliaceous inner scales. Bark of the trunk gray slightly tinged with red,
^'-^' thick, and divided into large irregular plates separating into thin papery scales.
"Wood heavy, rather soft, not strong, tough, coarse-grained, durable, easily sepa-
rable into thin layers, dark brown, with thin light brown often nearly white sapwood;
largely used for the interior finish of houses and cabinet-making, and for fences,
barrel hoops, and in the manufacture of baskets.

Distribution. Deep cold swamps and the low banks of streams and lakes; south-
ern Newfoundland and the northern shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Lake
Winnipeg, and southward to New Castle County, Delaware, the mountains of Vir-
ginia, southern Illinois, central Missouri, and northwestern Arkansas.

7. Fraxinus anomala, Wats.

Leaves mostly reduced to a single leaflet but occasionally 2 or 3-foliolate, the
leaflets broadly ovate or sometimes orbicular, rounded or acute or rarely obcordate

766

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

at the apex, wedge-shaped or cordate at the base, and entire, or sparingly crenately
serrate above the middle, covered above when they unfold with short pale hairs and
pubescent beneath, and at maturity thin and rather coriaceous, dark green above,
paler below, l^'-2' long and l'-2' wide, or when more than one much smaller, with
broad rather conspicuous midribs and obscure veins, and when solitary raised on stout

grooved petioles often 11' long, or short-petiolulate in the compound leaves. Flow-
ers appearing when the leaves are about two thirds grown, in short compact pubescent
panicles from the axils of leaves of the previous year, with strap-shaped or lanceolate
acute bracts 1' long and covered with thick brown tomentum, perfect or unisexual
by the abortion of the stamens, the 2 forms occurring in the same panicle; calyx cup-
shaped, minutely 4-toothed; anthers linear-oblong, orange color, raised on slender
filaments nearly as long as the stout columnar style divided at the apex into 2 stig-
matic lobes. Fruit oblong or obovate-oblong, |' long, with a -wing rounded and
sometimes slightly emarginate at the apex, surrounding the long flattened striately
nerved body, and ^' wide.

A tree, 18°-20° high, with a short trunk 6'-7' in diameter, stout contorted
branches forming a round-topped head, and branchlets at first quadrangular, dark
green tinged with red and covered with pale pubescence, orange color and puberu-
lous in their first winter and marked by elevated pale lenticels and narrow lunate
leaf -scars, and in their second or third year terete and ashy gray; often a low shrub,
with numerous spreading stems. Winter-buds terminal, broadly ovate, acuminate
or obtuse, covered with thick orange-colored tomentum, and ^'-^ long. Bark of the
trunk dark brown slightly tinged with red, ^ thick, and divided by shallow fissures
into narrow ridges separating into small thin appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard,
close-grained, light brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood of 30-50 layers of
annual growth.

Distribution. In the neighborhood of streams; valley of the McElmo River,
southwestern Colorado, through southern Utah, and on the western slopes of the
Charleston Mountains, southern Nevada; not rare.

OLEACEJE

767

**Body of the fruit nearly terete.

8. Fraxinus Americana, L. White Ash.

Leaves 8'-12' long, with stout grooved petioles, and 5 ovate to oblong-lanceolate
generally falcate long-pointed leaflets wedge-shaped or often rounded at the base
and entire or remotely and obscurely crenulate-serrate, when they unfold thin and
glabrous or sometimes pubescent beneath, and at maturity thick and firm or sub-
coriaceous, dark green and often lustrous above, pale or frequently silvery white
and glabrous or pubescent below, 3'-5' long and l^'-3' wide, with broad pale midribs
and numerous conspicuous veins arcuate near the margins, falling early in the autumn
after turning on some individuals deep purple and on others clear bright yellow.
Flo'wers dioecious, opening before the leaves late in the spring, in compact ultimately
elongated glabrous panicles from buds covered with dark ovate scales rounded at the
apex and slightly keeled on the back; calyx campanulate, slightly 4-lobed in the
staminate flower, and deeply lobed or laciniately cut in the pistillate flower; stamens
2 or occasionally 3, with short stout filaments and large oblong-ovate apiculate an-
thers at first nearly black, later becoming reddish purple; ovary contracted into a
long slender style divided into 2 spreading dark purple stigmatic lobes. Fruit 1^-2'
in length, or at the south sometimes not more than 1' long (var. microcarpa, Gray), in
crowded clusters 6'-8' in length, lanceolate or oblong, surrounded at the base by the

persistent calyx, with a terminal wing usually about i' wide, pointed or emarginate
at the apex, and much longer than the short terete oblong marginless conspicuously
many-rayed body.

A tree, sometimes 120° high, wuth a tall massive trunk o°-6° in diameter, stout
upright or spreading branches forming in the forest a narrow crown, or with suffi-
cient space a round-topped or pyramidal head, and thick terete branchlets dark green
or brown tinged with red and covered with scattered pale hairs when they first
appear, soon becoming light orange color or ashy gray and marked by pale lenticels,
becoming in their first winter gray or light brown, lustrous, often covered with a
glaucous bloom and roughened by the large pale semiorbicular leaf-scars displaying
near the margins a line of conspicuous fibro-vascular bundle-scars. Winter-buds
terminal, broadly ovate, obtuse, with 4 pairs of scales, those of the outer pair ovate,

768

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

acute, apiculate, conspicuously keeled on the back, nearly black, slightly puberulous,
about one half the len<;th of the scales of the second pair rather shorter than those
of the third pair, lengthening with the young shoots, and at maturity oblong-ovate,
narrowed and rounded at the apex, keeled, ^' long, and rusty-pubescent, the scales
of the inner pair becoming 2' long, ovate, pointed, keeled, sometimes slightly pinna-
tifid, green tinged with brown toward the apex, covered with pellucid dots and very
lustrous. Bark of the trunk l'-3' thick, dark brown or gray tinged wath red, and
deeply divided by narrow fissures into broad flattened ridges separating on the sur-
face into thin appressed scales. "Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, tough, and
brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood; used in large quantities in the manufacture
of agricultural implements, for the handles of tools, in carriage-building, for oars and
furniture, and in the interior finish of buildings; the most valuable of the American
species as a timber-tree.

Distribution. Common in rich rather moist soil on low hills, and in the neighbor-
hood of streams; Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and southern Ontario to northern
Minnesota, southward to northern Florida, central Alabama, and Mississippi, and
westward to eastern Nebraska and Kansas, the Indian Territory, and the valley of
the Trinity River, Texas; of its largest size on the bottom-lands of the basin of the
lower Ohio River; southward and west of the Mississippi River less common and of
smaller size.

Often planted in the eastern states as a shade and ornamental tree, and occasion-
ally in western and northern Europe.

9. Fraxinus Texensis, Sarg. Mountain Ash.

Leaves 5'-8' long, with elongated slender terete petioles, and 5 or occasionally
7 usually long-stalked ovate broadly oval or obovate leaflets, rounded or acute at
the apex, wedge-shaped, rounded or sometimes slightly cordate at the base, and
coarsely crenulate-serrate, chiefly above the middle, when they unfold light green
slightly tinged with red and pilose, with occasional pale caducous hairs, and at
maturity thick and firm, dark green on the upper surface, pale and sometimes

silvery white on the lower surface, 2'-2y long and l'-2' wide, with broad midribs
often furnished below with tufts of short white hairs in the axils of the numerous

OLEACE^ 769

conspicuous veins forked near the margins and connected by coarse reticulate vein-
lets. FloTvers dioecious, appearing in March as the leaves begin to unfold, in
compact glabrous panicles from the axils of leaves of the previous year, and covered
in the bud by ovate rounded orange-colored scales; staminate flower composed of a
minute or nearly obsolete 4-lobed calyx and 2 stamens, with short filaments and
linear-oblong light purple apiculate anthers; calyx of the female flower oblong, cup-
shaped, and divided to the base into 4 acute lobes; ovary gradually narrowed into a
long slender style terminating in 2 large stigmatic lobes. Fruit ripening in May,
in short compact clusters, spatulate to oblong, surrounded at the base by the per-
sistent calyx, ^'-1' long, with a terminal wing rounded or occasionally emarginate at
the apex, ^' wide, and about 3 times as long as the short terete marginless many-
rayed body.

A tree, rarely 50° high, with a short trunk occasionally 2°-3° in diameter, thick
spreading often contorted branches, and stout terete branchlets dark green tinged
with red and slightly puberulous when they first appear, becoming light yellow-
brown or light orange color during the summer, and in their first winter light brown
marked by remote oblong pale lenticels and by large elevated lunate leaf-scars
displaying a row of conspicuous fibro-vascular bundle-scars, and dark or reddish
brown in their second or third season; usually much smaller. Winter-buds termi-
nal, acute, with 3 pairs of scales, those of the first pair broadly ovate, rounded at the
apex, dark orange color, pilose toward the base, and rather shorter than the ovate
rounded scales of the second pair coated with rufous tomentum and becoming ^' long
or about one half the length of the linear strap-shaped scales of the inner pair trun-
cate or emarginate at the apex and orange color. Bark of the trunk ^'-^' thick,
dark gray and deeply divided by narrow fissures into broad scaly ridges. Wood
heavy, hard, strong, light brown, with thin lighter colored sapwood; valued as fuel
and occasionally used for flooring.

Distribution. High dry limestone bluffs and ridges ; northern, central, and
western Texas from the neighborhood of the city of Dallas to the valley of the
Devil's River.

10. Fraxinus Berlandieriana, DC.

Leaves 3'-7' long, with slender elongated petioles, and 3-5 ovate or rarely obovate
glabrous leaflets, pointed or rounded at the apex, gradually narrowed at the base
into long petiolules, sharply and coarsely serrate above the middle, with acute teeth,
or sometimes almost entire, thick and coriaceous, dark green and lustrous above,
pale beneath, 1^-4' long and |'-1^' wide, with prominent midribs and primary veins
connected by conspicuous reticulate veinlets. FloTvers dioecious, in short glabrous
panicles inclosed in the bud by broadly ovate rounded chestnut-brown pubescent
scales; staminate flower with a minute obscurely lobed calyx and 2 linear-oblong
apiculate anthers raised on short filaments; calyx of the pistillate flower cup-shaped,
deeply divided, and as long as the ovary gradually narrowed into a slender style
2-lobed and stigmatic at the apex. Fruit often 3-winged, ovate or spatulate, sur-
rounded at the base by the persistent calyx, l'-l|' long, with a short clavate body
more or less margined by the thin ovate or obovate wing usually yV~i' wide and
mostly narrowed toward the acute or rounded and emarginate apex.

A tree, in the United States rarely more than 30° high, or with a trunk more
than a foot in diameter, and terete slender branchlets light green when they first
appear, becoming in their first winter light brown tinged with red or ashy gray, and

770

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

marked by occasional lenticels and with tlie small elevated nearly circular leaf-scars
displaying a short row of large fibro-vascular bundle-scars; in Mexico frequently

60°-70° tall, with a trunk 6°-8° in diameter, and spreading branches forming a
broad graceful head. Winter-buds terminal, acute, with dark brown puberulous
scales. Bark of the trunk dark gray tinged with red, I'-l^' thick, and divided by
shallow interrupted fissures into narrow ridges. Wood light, soft, close-grained,
light brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood.

Distribution. Banks of streams, western Texas; not common, and possibly intro-
duced; mountain forests of the state of Michoacan, southern Mexico; largely planted
in the streets and plazas of the cities of the Mexican table-land, and unsurpassed
by other Ash-trees in stateliness and beauty.

11. Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marsh. Red Ash.

Leaves 10'-12' long, with stout slightly grooved pubescent petioles, and 7-9
oblong-lanceolate or ovate leaflets gradually narrowed at the apex into long slender
points, unequally wedge-shaped at the base, and obscurely serrate, or often entire
below the middle, when they unfold coated below and on the petioles with hoary
tomentum, and lustrous and puberulous on the upper surface, and at maturity thin
and firm, 4' -6' long, I'-l^' wide, light yellow-green above and pale and covered below
and on the thick grooved petiolules with silky pubescence, with conspicuous midribs
and branching veins, in the autumn turning yellow or rusty brown before falling.
Flovrers dioecious, appearing late in the spring as the leaves begin to unfold, in rather
compact tomentose panicles, covered in the bud with ovate rusty-tomentose scales;
staminate flower with a minute obscurely toothed cup-shaped calyx, and 2 stamens,
with linear-oblong light green anthers tinged with purple and raised on short slender
filaments; calyx of the pistillate flower cup-shaped, deeply divided, as long as the
ovary, gradually narrowed into an elongated style divided at the apex into 2 green
stigmatic lobes. Fruit in open glabrous or pubescent panicles, l'-2' long, surrounded
at the base by the persistent calyx, linear or narrowly spatulate, with a slender terete
many-rayed body tapering gradually from the summit to the base and margined
above by the thin decurrent wing, Y-^' wide, narrowed, rounded, acute or apiculate
at the apex, and as long as or somewhat longer than the body.

OLEACE^

771

A tree, 40°-60° high, with a trunk rarely exceeding 18'-20' in diameter, stout upright
branches forming a compact irregularly shaped head, and slender terete branchlets
more or less coated when they first appear with pale pubescence sometimes persist-
ent until their second or third year or often disappearing during the first summer,
ultimately becoming ashy gray or light brown tinged with red, frequently covered
with a glaucous bloom and marked with pale lenticels, and in their first winter by the
semicircular leaf-scars displaying a short row of large fibro-vascular bundle-scars.
Winter-buds terminal, about i' long, with 3 pairs of scales coated with rufous to-
mentum, those of the outer pair acute, rounded on the back, truncate at the apex, and

rather shorter than those of the other pairs I'-l^' long at maturity and sometimes
pinnately cut toward the apex. Bark of the trunk ^-f thick, brown tinged with red,
and slightly furrowed, the surface of the ridges separating into thin appressed scales.
Wood heavy, hard, rather strong, brittle, coarse-grained, light brown, with thick
lighter brown sap wood streaked with yellow; sometimes confounded commercially
with the more valuable wood of the White Ash.

Distribution. Low rich moist soil near the banks of streams and lakes; New
Brunswick to southern Ontario, eastern Nebraska and the Black Hills of Dakota,
and southward to northern Florida and central Alabama; most common and of its
largest size in the north Atlantic states; west of the Alleghanv Mountains smaller and
less abundant. Passing into

Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, var. lanceolata, Sarg. Green Ash.

Leaves with rather narrower and shorter and usually more sharply serrate leaf-
lets lustrous and bright green on both surfaces.

A round-topped tree, rarely more than 60° high, or with a trunk more than 2° in
diameter, slender spreading branches, ashy gray terete glabrous branchlets marked
by pale lenticels, and rusty-pubescent bud-scales.

Distribution. Banks of streams; shores of Lake Champlain through the Appa-
lachian region to western Florida, and west to the valley of the Saskatchewan, the
valley of the Colorado River, Texas, the eastern ranges of the Rocky Mountains, the
Wasatch Range, Utah, and the mountains of eastern and northern Arizona; com-
paratively rare east of the Alleghany Mountains; most abundant in the Mississippi

772

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

basin, often covering the banks of streams flowing east from the Rocky Mountains,
and westward only in elevated canons; in tlie region east of the Mississippi River

appearing distinct, but westward connected with the Red Ash by intermediate forms,
equally referable to either tree.

Often planted as a shade and ornamental tree in the middle west, and occasionally
in the northeastern states, but less desirable than the White Ash.

12. Fraxinus profunda, Bush. Pumpkin Ash.

Leaves 9'-18' long, with stout tomentose petioles, and usually 7 but occasionally
9 lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate long-stalked leaflets acuminate or abruptly long-
pointed at the apex, rounded or broadly cuneateand usually unsymmetrical at the base,
when they unfold coated below, like the petiolules, with hoary tomentum, and pilose
on the upper surface, with short pale hairs, particularly along the midribs and veins,
and at maturity thick and firm in texture, dark yellow-green and nearly glabrous
above, soft-pubescent below, 5'-10' long and 2'-5' wide, with stout yellow midribs
deeply impressed and puberulous above and numerous slender primary veins arcuate
and connected near the undulate and entire or slightly serrate margins. Flo"wers
dioecious, in elongated much-branched pubescent panicles, with oblong or oblong-
obovate scarious bracts and bractlets; staminate flower with a minute campanulate
obscurely 4-toothed calyx and 2 or 3 stamens, with oblong apiculate anthers and
comparatively long slender filaments; pistillate flower with a large deeply lobed
calyx accrescent and persistent under the fruit, and an ovary gradually contracted
into a slender style divided into 2 dark spreading stigmatic lobes. Fruit in long
drooping many-fruited clusters, oblong, 2'-3' in length, the wing often ^' wide, some-
times falcate, rounded, apiculate, or emarginate at the apex, and decurrent to below
the middle or nearly to the base of the thick terete many-rayed body.

A tree, occasionally 120° high, with a slender trunk 3° in diameter above the much
enlarged and buttressed base, small spreading branches forming a narrow rather open
head, and stout branchlets marked by large pale lenticels, coated at first with hoary
tomentum, tomentose and pubescent during their first winter and light gray and
pilose or glabrous the following year, and marked by the oblong slightly raised leaf-
scars rounded at the base, obconic, and nearly surrounding the lateral buds; usually

OLEACE^

773

much smaller. Winter-buds terminal, broadly ovate, obtuse, light reddish brown,
aud covered with close pale pubescence. Bark of the trunk ■^'— |' thick, light gray
and divided bv shallow fissures into broad flat or rounded ridg^es broken on the sur-
face into thin closely appressed scales.

Distribution. Deep river swamps often inundated during several months of the
year; southeastern Missouri, eastern Arkansas, and the valley of the lower Appala-
chicola River, Florida.

13. Fraxinus Biltmoreana, Beadl.

Leaves 10'-12' long, with stout pubescent or puberulous petioles, and 7-9 ovate-
oblong or lanceolate often falcate leaflets acuminate at the apex, rounded or broadly

cuneate and often inequilateral at the base, and raised on stout elongated pubescent
petiolules, when they unfold yellow-bronze color and nearly glabrous above, coated
beneath, particularly on the midribs and veins, with long white hairs, and at ma-
turity 3' -4' long, f^-1' wide, thick and firm in texture, dark green and slightly
lustrous on the upper, pale or glaucous and puberulous below along the slender
yellow midribs, and primary veins arcuate near the slightly thickened aud incurved

774

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

entire or remotely and obscurely toothed niarjjins. Flov\rers dioecious, appearing
with the leaves about the 1st of May, in rather compact pubescent panicles, with
scarious caducous bracts and bractlets, from the axils of leaves of the previous year;
staminate Hower with a minute cup-shaped very obscurely dentate calyx and nearly
sessile oblong acute anthers; calyx of the pistillate flower much larger and deeply
lobed; ovary oblong, gradually narrowed into the slender style divided at the apex
into 2 short stigmatic lobes. Fruit in elongated glabrous or puberulous clusters,
1;^'-1|' long, the wing only slightly narrowed at the ends, emarginate at the apex,
about ]' wide and two and one half to three times longer than the short elliptical
marfjinless manv-nerved bod v.

A tree, 40°-50° high, with a trunk seldom more than a foot in diameter, stout
ascending or spreading branches forming an open symmetrical head, and stout light
or dark gray branchlets soft-pubescent usually during two seasons, nmch roughened
during their first winter and often for two or three years by the large elevated
mostly obcordate or sometimes orbicular leaf-scars displaying a marginal line of
fibro-vascular bundle-scars. Winter-buds terminal, ovate, usually broader than
long, and covered with bright brown scales, those of the outer pair keeled on the
back and apiculate at the apex, the others rounded, accrescent, and slightly villose.
Bark of the trunk rough, dark gray, and slightly furrowed.

Distribution. Banks of streams or rarely on low river benches; northern West
Virginia through the foothill region of the Appalachian Mountains to northern
Georgia and Alabama, and to middle Tennessee.

14. Fraxinus velutina, Torr.

Leaves 3'-6' long, with stout grooved petioles, and 3-9-stalked lanceolate occa-
sionally falcate leaflets acuminate and long-pointed at the apex, mostly wedge-
shaped and often decurrent on the petiolule or unequally rounded at the base, and
entire or remotely serrate above the middle, with acute or recurved teeth, when they
unfold light green or reddish brown, glabrous, pubescent or tomeutose, especially

^^3

on the under surface, and at maturity subcoriaceous, dark yellow-green above, paler
and often pubescent below, and occasionally furnished with tufts of long pale hairs
on the under side of the broad midribs, 3' -5' long, \' to nearly V wide, with

OLEACE^ 775

prominent veins arcuate near the margins and connected by conspicuous reticulate
veinlets. Flowers dicecious, appearing at the end of May or early in June with the
unfolding of the leaves, in short compact panicles from buds in the axils of leaves
of the previous year covered by broadly ovate rusty-tomentose scales rounded at
the apex; calyx cup-shaped, light green, larger and more deeply divided in the
pistillate than in the staminate flower; anthers oblong, apiculate, and borne on short
slender filaments; ovary gradually narrowed into a short style deeply divided into

2 stigmatic lobes. Fruit ripening in the summer or early autumn, in dense clusters
4'-5' long, spatulate-oblong, surrounded at the base by the persistent calyx, with a
terminal wing acute, rounded, or emarginate at the apex, tipped with the remnants
of the style, ^'—^' wide, and about as long as the terete nearly clavate conspicuously
rayed marginless body.

A tree, 30°-40° high, with a trunk rarely exceeding 8' in diameter, stout often
spreading branches usually forming a round-topped handsome head, and slender
terete branchlets coated when they first appear with pale pubescence or with thick
white tomentum, and in their first winter red-brown or ashy gray, glabrous or
tomentose, often covered with a glaucous bloom and marked by small pale lenti-
cels and by semiorbicular slightly obcordate leaf-scars displaying a central lunate
row of fibro-vascular bundle-scars. Winter-buds terminal, acute, i' long, with

3 pairs of broadly ovate pointed scales coated with thick rufous tomentum, the inner
scales when fully grown ^' long, strap-shaped, and rounded at the apex. Bark of
the trunk y-^' thick, gray slightly tinged with red, and deeply divided into broad
flat broken ridges separating on the surface into small thin scales. Wood heavy,
rather soft, not strong, close-grained, light brown, with thick lighter colored sap-
wood; used locally for axe-handles and in the manufacture of wagons.

Distribution. Usually in the neighborhood of streams, in elevated canons;
mountains of western Texas through southern New Mexico and Arizona to southern
Nevada, and to the Panamint Mountains and the shores of Owen's Lake, south-
eastern California.

15, Fraxinus coriacea, Wats.

Leaves usually about 6' long, with stout grooved pubescent petioles, and mostly
5 ovate or oblong leaflets, acute, acuminate, or rounded at the apex, broadly cuneate
or rounded at the base, coarsely repand-serrate, long-petiolulate, coated as they
appear with long pale hairs most abundant on the lower surface, and at maturity
coriaceous, dark green and glabrous on the upper, pale and glabrous or pubescent
on the lower surface, 2'-3' long and l'-2' wide, on leading shoots sometimes reduced
to single long-stalked leaflets, or 3-foliolate, with a large terminal leaflet and small
lateral leaflets. Flowers dicecious, appearing about the middle of April with or
before the unfolding of the leaves, in short compact panicles from buds in the axils
of leaves of the previous year and covered by broadly ovate scales rounded and
often short-pointed at the apex and rusty-tomentose on the outer surface; calyx
cup-shaped, large and more deeply divided in the pistillate than in the staminate
flower; anthers oblong, nearly sessile ; ovary abruptly narrowed into the slender
style slightly divided into 2 stigmatic lobes. Fruit ripening late in the autumn, in
narrow clusters 2'-3' in length, slender, oTDlong, f -1' long, with a terminal wing
rounded and often emarginate at the apex, about ^' wide, and as long as the terete
marginless bodv.

A tree, occasionally 30° high, with a trunk 12'-16' in diameter, stout spreading

776

TKEES OF NOKTII AMERICA

IC^ (o^O

branches forming a round-topped head, and comparatively slender ashy gray
branchlets tomentose when they first appear, coated with soft fine pubescence for
one or two years and ultimately glabrous.

Distribution. Mesas and low plains ; desert regions of southern Utah, northern
Arizona, southern Nevada, and southeastern California.

16. Fraxinus Oregona, Nutt.

Leaves 5'-14' long, with stout grooved and angled pubescent or glabrous petioles,
and 5-7 oblong or oval leaflets usually contracted at the apex into short broad points,
gradually narrowed at the base, and entire or remotely and obscurely serrate ; when
they unfold usually coated below and on the petioles with thick pale tomentum and
pubescent above, or nearly glabrous or pilose, with a few scattered hairs, and at
maturity thick and firm in texture, light green above, paler and usually tomentose
or puberiilous below, 3'-7' long and V-iy wide, with broad pale midribs, conspicu-
ous veins arcuate near the margins, and reticulate veinlets, the terminal leaflet raised
on a slender petiolule often V in length, the lateral sessile or nearly so, turning yel-
low or russet brown in the autumn before falling. Flowers dioecious, appearing in
April or May when the leaves begin to unfold, in compact glabrous panicles covered
in the bud by broadly ovate scales coated with rufous pubescence ; staminate flower
composed of a minute calyx, short filaments, and short-oblong apiculate anthers;
calyx of the pistillate flower laciniately cut and shorter than the ovary narrowed
into a stout style divided into 2 long conspicuous stigmatic lobes. Fruit in ample
crowded clusters, obovate, surrounded at the base by the persistent calyx, 1^-2'
long, the body clavate and slightly compressed, with margined edges gradually
widening upward into the long many-nerved wing narrowed, rounded, apiculate, or
sometimes emarginate at the apex, and about \' wide.

A tree, frequently 70°-80° high, with a long trunk occasionally 4° in diameter,
stout branches forming a narrow upright head or a broad shapely crown, and thick
terete branchlets at first glabrous or more or less thickly coated with pale or rarely
rufous silky tomentum persistent during their second year or occasionally deciduous
during their first summer, becoming light red-brown or orange color, glabrous or
puberulous, often covered with a slight glaucous bloom, marked by small remote
pale lenticels, and during their first and second winters by the large elevated semi-

OLEACE^

777

orbicular leaf-scars displaying a short row of conspicuous fibro-vascular bundle-scars.
Winter-buds terminal, acute, ^'-^' long, with 4 pairs of scales covered with pale
hairs or with rusty pubescence, those of the inner rows often foliaceous at maturity.
Bark of the trunk I'-l^ thick, dark gray, or brown slightly tinged with red, and
deeply divided by interrupted fissures into broad flat ridges separating on the sur-
face into thin scales. Wood light, hard, brittle, coarse-grained, brown, with thick
lighter colored sap wood; largely used in the manufacture of furniture, for the frames
of carriages and wagons, in cooperage, the interior finish of houses, and for fuel.
Distribution. Usually in rich moist soil in the neighborhood of streams; shores

of Puget Sound and southward through western Washington and Oregon and the
California coast region to the Bay of San Francisco, and along the western foothills
of the Sierra Nevada to those of the mountains of San Bernardino and San Diego
counties, California; most abundant and of its largest size on the bottom-lands of
the rivers of southwestern Oregon; one of the most valuable of the deciduous-leaved
timber-trees of Pacific North America.

2. CHIONANTHUS, L.

Trees or shrubs, with stout terete or slightly angled branchlets, thick pith, and buds
with numerous opposite scales. Leaves simple, conduplicate in the bud, deciduous.
Flowers perfect or andro-dicecious, on elongated ebracteolate pedicels, in 3-flowered
clusters terminal on tlie slender opposite branches of ample loose panicles from
separate buds in the axils of the upper leaves of the previous year, with foliaceous
persistent bracts; calyx minute, deeply 4:-parted, the divisions imbricated in the bud,
persistent under the fruit; corolla white, deeply divided into 4 or rarely 5 or 6 elon-
gated linear lobes conduplicate-valvate in the bud, united at the base into a short tube,
or rarely separable; stamens 2, inserted on the base of the corolla opposite the axis
of the flower, or rarely 4, included; filaments terete, short; anthers ovate, attached
on the back below the middle, apiculate by the elongation of the connective, 2-celled,
the cells opening by longitudinal lateral or subextrorse slits; ovary ovate, abruptly
contracted into a short columnar style; stigma thick and fleshy, slightly 2-lobed;
ovules laterally attached near the apex of the cell; raphe ventral. Fruit an ovoid or
oblong, usually 1 or rarely 2 or 3-seeded thick-skinned drupe tipped with the rem-

778 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

iiants of the style; flesh thin and dry; stone thick- walled, crustaceous. Seed filling ^
the cavity of the stone, ovoid; seed-coat chestniit-brovvn; cotyledons flat, longer than
the short terete superior radicle turned toward the hiluni.

Chionanthus with two species inhabits the middle and southern United States,
and northern and central China.

The specific name, from x"^»' a,nd &vdot, is in allusion to the light and graceful
clusters of snow-white flowers.

1. Chionanthus Virginica, L. Fringe-tree. Old Man's Beard.

Leaves ovate or oblong, acuminate, short-pointed or sometimes rounded at the
apex, gradually narrowed below, entire, with undulate margins, and coarsely reticu-
late-venulose, when they unfold yellow-green and lustrous above, pubescent below,
and ciliate on the margins, and at maturity 4'-8' long, ^'-A! wide, thick and firm,
dark green on the upper, pale and glabrous on the lower surface except along the
stout midribs and conspicuous arcuate primary veins more or less covered with short
white hairs, turning bright clear yellow before falling early in the autumn; their
petioles stout, puberulous, ^'-V long. Flo"wers slightly and agreeably fragrant,
appearing when the leaves are about one third grown, in loose pubescent drooping
panicles 4'-6' in length, the bracts at the base of the lower branches of the inflores-
cence oblong, glabrous on the upper, pubescent on the lower surface, and sometimes

1' long, those at the base of the upper branches oval, successively smaller, and grad-
nally passing into the minute laciniate bracts subtending the lateral pedicels of the
3-flowered clusters terminating the last divisions of the panicle; some individuals
bearing flowers functionally perfect, others flowers with sterile anthers and well-
developed stigmas, and others flowers with imperfectly developed stigmas and fertile
anthers; calyx light green, glabrous, with acute entire or laciniately cut lobes; corolla
1' long, marked on the inner surface near the base by a row of bright purple spots;
anthers light yellow, with a green connective. Fruit ripening in September, in loose
few-fruited clusters, with leaf-like bracts sometimes 2' in length, oval or oblong, 1'
long, dark blue or nearly black, and often covered with a glaucous bloom; seeds y
long, ovate, narrowed at the apex and covered with a thin light chestnut-brown coat
marked by reticulate veins radiating from the hilum.

A tree, 20°-30° high, with a short trunk 8-10' in diameter, stout ashy gray or light

OLEACE^ 779

browu branches forming an oblong rather narrow head, and stout branchlets light
green and covered with pale pubescence or sometimes glabrous when they first ap-
pear, terete or slightly angled in their first winter, often much thickened below the
nodes, light brown or orange color, and marked by large scattered darker colored
lenticels and by the elevated semiorbicular leaf-scars displaying a semicircular row
of conspicuous fibro- vascular bundle-scars; often a shrub, with several stout thick
spreading stems. Winter-buds broadly ovate, acute, i' long, with about 5 pairs of
scales increasing in length from the outer to the inner pair, and ovate, acute, keeled
on the back, light brown and slightly pilose on the outer surface, bright green and
lustrous on the inner surface, and ciliate on the margins, with scattered white hairs,
those of the inner pair at maturity obovate, gradually narrowed below, foliaceous,
and I'-l^' long. Bark of the trunk j-^' thick, and irregularly divided into small
thin appressed brown scales tinged with red. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, and
light brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood. The bark is tonic and is sometimes
used in decoctions and in the treatment of intermittent fevers, or as an aperient and
diuretic, and in homoeopathic practice.

Distribution. Banks of streams in rich moist soil; Lancaster and Chester coun-
ties, southern Pennsylvania, to the shores of Tampa Bay, Florida, and through the
Gulf states to southern Arkansas and the valley of the Brazos River, Texas.

Often cultivated as an ornamental plant in the eastern United States, and in west-
ern and central Europe.

3. OSMANTHUS, Lour.

Trees or shrubs, with terete or slightly angled branches, and fibrous roots. Leaves
simple, persistent. Flowers fragrant, polygamo-dioecious or perfect, on ebracteolate
pedicels subtended by scale-like bracts, in short axillary racemes or short axillary
or rarely terminal fascicles; calyx minute, 4-toothed or divided, the divisions im-
bricated in the bud, persistent under the fruit; corolla tubular, 4-lobed, the lobes
imbricated in the bud, ovate, obtuse, spreading after anthesis; stamens 2, inserted
on the base of the corolla opposite the lateral lobes of the calyx, or rarely 4; fila-
ments terete, short; anthers ovate or linear-oblong, blunt, or apiculate by the pro-
longation of the connective, attached on the back below the middle, 2-celled, the
cells opening longitudinally by marginal slits, sometimes rudimentary or 0 in the
pistillate flower; ovary subglobose; style columnar, short or elongated, crowned
with an entire capitate stigma; ovules laterally attached near the apex of the cell;
raphe ventral. Fruit a fleshy 1-seeded ovoid or globose drupe tipped with the rem-
nants of the style; flesh thin and succulent; stone hard and bony. Seed filling the
cavity of the stone; cotyledons flat, much longer than the short superior radicle
turned toward the hilum.

Osmanthus with ten species inhabits eastern North America, the Hawaiian Islands,
Polynesia, Japan, and the Himalayas. Osmanthus fragrans, Lour., a native of China
and the temperate Himalayas, is cultivated in China for its fragrant minute cream-
colored or yellow flowers used by the Chinese to perfume tea, and is everywhere a
favorite garden plant.

Tiie generic name, from cxxfii) and &vdosy relates to the fragrance of the flowers.

1. Osmanthus Americanus, B. & H. Devil Wood.

Leaves lanceolate-oblong or sometimes obovate, acute or rarely emarginate at the
apex and gradually narrowed at the base, with thickened revolute margins, when

780 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

they unfold coated beneath with pale tomentum, and at maturity thick and coria-
ceous, ghibrous, bright green, lustrous above, obscurely reticulate-venulose, 4'-o'
long and ^'-2' wide, with broad pale midribs and remote forked primary veins
arcuate near the margins, persistent until their second year; their petioles stout,
V-|' long. Flowers opening in March from pilose iiiHorescence-buds formed the
previous autumn in the axils of the leaves of the year, the staminate, pistillate, and
perfect flowers on different individuals in 3-flowered clusters, sessile or short-pedicel-
late, in pedunculate cymes or short racemes, with scale-like nearly triangular acute
persistent bracts; calyx puberulous, with acute rigid lobes, and much shorter than
the creamy white corolla ^' long when expanded, with an elongated tube and short
spreading ovate rounded lobes; stamens inserted on the middle of the tube of the
corolla, included or slightly exserted, small and often rudimentary in the pistillate
flower; ovary abruptly contracted into a stout columnar style crowned with a large
exserted capitate stigma, reduced in the staminate flower to a minute point. Fruit
ripening early in the autumn, oblong or obovate, 1' long, dark blue, with thin flesh

and a thick or sometimes thin- walled brittle ovate pointed stone; seed ovate, cov-
ered with a chestnut-brown coat marked by broad conspicuous pale veins radiating
from the short broad ventral hilum and encircling the seed.

A tree, occasionally 40°-50° high, with a trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, and
slender slightly angled ultimately terete branch! ets light or red-brown and marked
by minute pale lenticels, becoming ashy gray in their second year and roughened by
the small elevated orbicular leaf-scars displaying a ring of minute fibro-vascular
bundle-scars; usually much smaller and often shrubby. "Winter-buds linear-lance-
olate, ^' long, with 2 thick lanceolate reddish brown puberulous scales. Bark of
the trunk thin, dark gray or gray tinged with red, and roughened by small thin
appressed scales displaying in falling the dark cinnamon red inner bark. Wood
heavy, very hard and strong, close-grained, difficult to work, dark brown, with thick
light brown or yellow sapwood.

Distribution. Usually in moist soil near the borders of streams and Pine-barren
ponds and swamps, and occasionally on dry sandy uplands; coast region of the south
Atlantic and Gulf states, from the valley of the Cape Fear River, North Carolina,
to the shores of the Kissimmee River and Tampa Bay, Florida, and to eastern
Louisiana.

BORRAGINACE^ 781

LVII. BORRAGINACE-aj.

Scabrous-pubescent trees or shrubs, with watery juice, and terete branchlets.
Leaves simple, alternate or subverticillate, penniveined, persistent or tardily
deciduous, without stipules. Flowers regular, perfect, in terminal or axillary
dichotomous often scorpioid-branclied cymes ; calyx usually 5-lobed, persistent
under the fruit ; corolla hypogynous, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud ;
stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla opposite its lobes ; filaments fili-
form ; anthers introrse, 2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally ; pistil of 2
carpels; ovary undivided (in the arborescent genera of the United States),
sessile on the hypogynous inconspicuous disk, more or less completely 4-celled ;
style single, 2-branched or partfed toward the apex ; stigmas clavate or capitate ;
ovule solitary in each cell. Fruit drupaceous (in the arborescent genera of the
United States), tipped with the remnants of the style, with 2-4 nutlets or
cells. Seeds ascending ; seed-coat membranaceous.

The Borage family with eighty-five genera, mostly of herbaceous plants, is
widely distributed and most abundant in temperate regions, especially in the
Mediterranean basin and central Asia.

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.

Branches of the style 2-branched ; fruit partly or entirely inclosed in the enlarged calyx.

1. Cordia.

Branches of the style not branched ; fruit not inclosed in the calyx.

Calyx valvately splitting into 5 minute teeth ; fruit with 2-4 1-seeded nutlets.

2. Bourreria.

Calyx 5-parted or cleft, the divisions imbricated in the bud ; fruit with 2 2-seeded nutlets.

3. Ehretia.
1. CORDIA, L.

Trees or shrubs, with petiolate entire persistent leaves and naked buds. Flowers in
terminal scorpioid-branched cymes; calyx tubular or campanulate, conspicuously
many-ribbed or rayed, the teeth valvate in the bud; corolla funnel form; anthers
ovate-oblong; ovary 4-celled; style slender, elongated, 2-branched above the middle,
the branches 2-parted, their division stigmatic to the base; ovule ascending, laterally
attached below the middle to the inner angle of the cell, suborthotropous; micropyle
superior. Fruit entirely or partly inclosed in the thickened calyx; flesh dry and
corky or sweet and juicy; stone thick- walled, hard and bony, 1-4-celled, usually 1
or 2-seeded. Seeds without albumen; embryo filling the cavity of the seed; cotyle-
dons thick and fleshy or membranaceous, longitudinally plicate or corrugated, much
shorter than the superior radicle turned toward the hilum.

Cordia with nearly two hundred species inhabits the tropical and warm extratrop-
ical regions of the two hemispheres, the largest number of species being American.
Of the four species found within the territory of the United States two are trees.
Some of the species are valuable timber-trees, and others are cultivated for their
edible fruits.

The generic name is in honor of Valerius Cordus (1515-1544), the German writer
on pharmacy and botany.

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.

Corolla orange or flame color ; fruit inclosed in the smooth glabrous thickened ivory-white
calyx; leaves ovate. 1. C. Sebestena (D).

782

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Corolla white with a yellow ceutre ; fruit entirely or partly inclosed in the thin many-
ribbed tomentose orange-brown calyx ; leaves oval or oblong-ovate.

2. C. Boissierl (E, H).

1. Cordia Sebestena, L. Geiger-tree.

Leaves unfolding through a large part of the year, ovate, short-pointed or
rounded at the apex, rounded, subcordate, or wedge-shaped at the base, entire or
remotely and coarsely serrate above the middle, when they unfold covered, like the
branches of the inflorescence, the outside of the calyx, and the young branchlets, with

thick dense rusty tomentum and with short rigid pale hairs, and at maturity thick and
firm, dark green, scabrous-pubescent, or often nearly glabrous below, reticulate-venu-
lose, 5'-6' long and 3'-4' wide, with broad midribs usually covered below with pale
hairs, especially in the axils of remote primary veins connected by conspicuous cross
veinlets; their petioles stout, pubescent, I'-l^' long. Flo"wers appearing throughout
the year on slender pedicels, in open flat cymes 6'-7' in diameter, some individuals
producing flowers with short included stamens and elongated styles, and others with
exserted stamens and included styles; calyx tubular, ^'-f long, and obscurely many-
rayed, Vv^ith short nearly triangular rigid teeth; corolla orange or flame color, puber-
ulous on the outer surface, with a slender tube about twice as long as the calyx and
spreading rounded lobes, irregularly undulate on the margins and I'-l^' in diameter
when fully expanded; ovary conical, glabrous, contracted into a slender style
branclied near the apex. Fruit broadly ovate, rather abruptly narrowed and pointed
at the apex, concave at the base, l^'-l^' long and about f broad, inclosed in the
thickened fibrous calyx smooth and ivory-white on the outer surface; flesh thin, pale,
and corky, separable from the irregularly sulcate thick-walled stone gradually nar-
rowed and acuminate at the apex, and deeply lobed at the base; seeds linear-lance-
olate, ^' long, with a delicate white seed-coat.

A tree, in Florida 25°-30° high, with a tall trunk 5'-6' in diameter, slender upright
branches forming a narrow close round-topped head, and stout branchlets with thick
pith, dark green at first, becoming ashy gray and marked by large nearly orbicular
cordate leaf-scars displaying 2 central circular clusters of fibro-vascular bundle-sears.
Bark of the trunk ^'-f thick, dark brown, frequently nearly black, and deeply
and irregularly divided into narrow ridges broken on the surface into short thick

BORRAGINACE^

783

appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, dark brown, with thick light
brown or yellow sapwood.

Distribution. Keys of southern Florida; common but possibly only as an escape
from cultivation ; also on the Bahama Islands, on most of the Antilles, and in Guiana
and New Granada.

Often planted in tropical countries as an ornament of gardens.

2. Cordia Boissieri, A. DC. Anacahuita.

Leaves oval to oblong-ovate, acute or rounded at the apex, rounded or subcordate
at the base, entire or obscurely crenulate-serrate, when they unfold covered like the
branches of the infloresence, both surfaces of the calyx and the young branchlets
with rusty or dark brown tomentum and short white usually matted hairs, thick and
firm, dark green, minutely rugose and more or less scabrous above, coated below with
thick soft pale or rufous tomentum, 4'-5' long, 3'-4' wide, with broad midribs and
conspicuous primary veins forked near the margins and connected by cross veinlets,
deciduous at the end of their first year; their petioles stout, tomentose, I'-l^' long.
Flo^wers opening from April to June, slightly fragrant, sessile or short-pedicellate,
in open terminal dichotomous cymes; calyx tubular or subc^-mpanulate, conspicu-
ously many-ribbed, with 5 linear acute teeth, and about half as long as the tube of

the white corolla, puberulous on the outer surface, marked in the throat with a large
light yellow spot, the lobes rounded, imbricated in the bud, and 2' across when fully
expanded; ovary glabrous, gradually narrowed into a slender 2-branched style.
Fruit ovate, 1' long, about f ' broad, pointed at the apex, lustrous, bright red-brown,
and inclosed entirely or partly by the thin fibrous now conspicuously rayed orange-
brown calyx, coated on the outer surface with thick short pale tomentum, and often
splitting nearly to the base; flesh thin, sweet, and pulpy, separating easily from the
ovate smooth light brown stone gradually narrowed from above the middle, faintly
reticulate-veined, and marked by 4 longitudinal lines and at the acuminate apex
by a deeply 4-lobed thin cap, thick-walled, hard and bony, deeply lobed at the base;
seeds ovate, acute, \' long, with a thin delicate pure white coat.

A tree, occasionally 20°-2o° high, with a short often crooked trunk 6'-8' in diam-
eter, stout spreading branches forming a low round-topped head, and stout branch-
lets, becoming in their second year dark gray or brown, slightly puberulous, and

784 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

marked by occasional large lenticels and by elevated obcordate leaf-scars; or often
a shrub, with numerous stems sometimes only 2° or 3° tall. Bark of the trunk thin,
gray tinged with red, and irregularly divided into broad Hat ridges, the surface ulti-
mately separating into long thin papery scales. Wood light, rather soft, close-
grained, and dark brown, with thick light brown sapwood.

Distribution. Dry limestone ridges, and depressions in the desert; valley of the
Rio Grande, Texas, and southern New Mexico, southward into Mexico; most abun-
dant and of its largest size in Nuevo Leon between the mouth of the Rio Grande
and the base of the Sierra Mad re.

2. BOURRERIA, P. Br.

Trees or shrubs, with obovate-oblong or ovate leaves involute in the bud, persist-
ent. Flowers on slender bracteolate pedicels, in terminal corymbose many-flowered
cymes, with linear-lanceolate caducous bracts and bractlets; calyx campanulate,
5-toothed, the divisions closed and valvate in the bud; corolla white, campanulate,
the lobes broadly ovate, spreading after anthesis; anthers ovate, rugulose, apicu-
late; ovary incompletely 4-celled by the development of the 2 parietal placentas, nar-
rowed into a terminal style 2-parted at the apex, the divisions more or less coalescent;
stigmas capitate ; ovules attached on the back near the middle of the inner face of the
re volute placentas, anatropous; raphe ventral; micropyle superior. Fruit subglobose,
flesh thin; stone somewhat 4-lobed and separable into 4 thick-walled bony 1-seeded
nutlets rounded and furnished on the back with a thick spongy longitudinal many-
ridged appendage, flattened on their converging inner faces and attached at the apex
to a filiform column. Seed terete, filling the seminal cell, longitudinally incurved
round a rather small cavity opposite an elevated oblong scar on one of the inner
faces of the nutlet and connected with the hilum by a narrow passage; seed-coat
membranaceous, light brown; embryo axile in fleshy albumen; cotyledons plane;
radicle slender, elongated, turned toward the hilum.

Bourreria with sixteen to eighteen species is confined to tropical America, one
species reaching the shores of southern Florida.

The generic name is in honor of J. A. Bourrer, an apothecary at Nuremberg.

1. Bourreria Havanensis, Miers. Strong Back.

Leaves obovate-oblong or ovate, acute, rounded, apiculate, or emarginate at the
apex, wedge-shaped at the base, and entire, with thickened revolute margins, covered
when they unfold with soft pale caducous hairs, and at maturity thick and coria-
ceous, conspicuously reticulate-venulose, dark green and lustrous, or in one form (var.
radula, Gray) tuberculate-scabrous or hispidulous on the upper surface, pale yel-
low-green and glabrous or pubescent on the lower surface, 2'-3^' long, I'-l^' wide,
with broad orange-colored midribs and thin arcuate veins, usually persistent through
their second summer; their petioles slender, rigid, grooved, f'-l' long. Flov^rers
opening in the spring and late in the autumn on pedicels 1' long and furnished
near the middle with a scarious bractlet 1' in length and caducous from a persistent
base, in open glabrous cymes 3'^' in diameter, with slender branches, and small
bracts; calyx-teeth acute, ciliate on the margins; corolla subcampanulate, creamy
white, with a short tube somewhat enlarged in the throat, and broadly ovate spread-
ing lobes f across when expanded; ovary conical, glabrous, gradually contracted
into a slender exserted style divided only toward the apex or sometimes nearly
entire, and crowned with 2 capitate stigmas. Fruit ripening early in the autumn,

BORRAGINACE^

785

or in early spring from autumnal flowers, bright orange-red, ^' in diameter, with a
thick tough skin ?nd thin dry flesh inclosing the 4 nutlets, the enlarged spreading
calyx becoming sometimes ^' across.

A tree, in Florida occasionally 40°-50° high, with a buttressed and often fluted
trunk 8'-10' in diameter, and slender branchlets light red and pilose, with pale
deciduous hairs when they first appear, becoming in their first winter dark red,

orange color or ashy gray, and sometimes roughened by pale lenticels, their thin
bark often separating into delicate scales; usually much smaller and often a shrub,
with numerous spreading stems. Winter-buds minute, globose, covered with hoary
tomentum, nearly immersed in the bark. Bark of the trunk ^e'-^' thick, light
brown tinged with red, more or less fissured and divided on the surface into thick
plate-like irregular scales. Wood hard, strong, very close-grained, brown streaked
with orange, with thick hardly distinguishable sapwood.

Distribution. Keys of southern Florida; common; also on the Bahama Islands
and on many of the Antilles.

3. EHRETIA, P. Br.

Trees or shrubs, with entire or dentate leaves, and scaly buds. Flowers small, in
terminal and axillary scorpioid clusters; calyx open or closed in the bud, the divisions
imbricated, ovate or linear; corolla usually white, with a short or cylindrical tube
and spreading obtuse lobes; ovary oblong-conical, 1-celled before anthesis, becoming
incompletely 4-celled by the development of the 2 parietal placentas; style columnar,
parted into 2 divisions terminating in capitate stigmas; ovules attached laterally near
the middle on the inner face of the revolute placentas, anatropous; raphe ventral;
micropyle superior. Fruit fleshy, small, globose, with thin flesh; stone separable into
2 2-celled thick-walled bony nutlets rounded on the back, plane on the inner face, and
attached to a thin axile column. Seed terete, usually erect, filling the longitudinally
incurved seminal cavity; seed-coat thin, membranaceous, light brown; embryo axile
in thin albumen; cotyledons ovate, plane, shorter than the elongated superior radicle
turned toward the hilum.

Ehretia with about fifty species is widely distributed through tropical and warm
extratropical regions of the two hemispheres, with a single species extending into
southwestern Texas.

786

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

The generic name commemorates the artistic and scientific labors of the German
botanical artist, George Dionysius Ehret (1708-1770).

1. Ehretia elliptica, DC. Anaqua. Knacka-way,

Leaves oval or oblong, pointed and apiculate at the apex, gradually rounded or
wedge-shaped at the base, entire or occasionally furnished above the middle with a
few broad teeth, conspicuously reticulate- venulose, unfolding late in the winter and
then thin, light green, lustrous, minutely tuberculate and pilose above, and covered
below like the branches of the inflorescence, the outer surface of the calyx, and the
young branchlets with ridged pale hairs, often furnished with axillary tufts of white
hairs, and at maturity thick and subcoriaceous, dark green and roughened above by
the enlarged circular crowded pale tubercles, and more or less covered with soft pale
or rufous pubescence below, especially on the narrow midribs and numerous primary
veins arcuate near the margins, irregularly deciduous during the winter; their petioles
stout, grooved, pubescent. Flowers opening from the autumn to early spring, in
compact racemose scorpioid-branched panicles 2'-3' long and broad, on short leafy
branches of the year, with linear acute deciduous bracts about ^' long; calyx open
in the bud, divided to the base into 5 linear acute divisions and nearly as long as

the campanulate tube of the corolla, with ovate thin white lobes ^' across when
expanded. Fruit ripening in the autumn and in the spring, light yellow, ^' in
diameter, with thin sweet rather juicy edible flesh, and 2 2-seeded nutlets.

A tree, sometimes 40°-50° high, with a trunk occasionally 3° in diameter, stout
spreading branches forming a handsome compact round-topped head, and slender
branchlets without terminal buds, covered when they first appear, like the under sur-
face of the leaves, the branches of the inflorescence, and the outer surface of the
calyx of the flower, with rigid hirsute pale hairs, becoming in their first winter light
brown tinged with red, sometimes pubendous, often roughened by numerous pale
lenticels, and by small depressed obcordate leaf-scars displaying a short lunate row
of fibro-vascular bundle-scars; usually much smaller within the territory of the
United States, and often a low shrub. "Winter-buds axillary, minute, 1 or 2 together,
superposed, buried in the bark, and covered by 2 pairs of dark scales persistent
on the base of the growing branchlet and at maturity acute, dark chestnut-brown,

VERBENACE^ 787

coated with pale hairs, and sometimes ^' in length. Bark of young stems and of
the branches thin, light brown, and broken into thick appressed scales, becoming on
old trmiks sometimes V thick, deeply furrowed and divided into long thick irregular
plate-like scales gray or reddish brown on the surface and separating into thin flakes.
Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, difficult to split, light brown, with
thick slightly lighter colored sapwood.

Distribution. River valleys in fertile soil, or as a shrub on dry barren ridges;
valley of the upper San Marcos River, western Texas, to the Rio Grande; often
extremely common on the bottom-lands of western Texas, and probably of its largest
size in the United States on the Guadalupe and Nueces rivers sixty or seventy miles
from the coast of the Gulf of Mexico; also through Nuevo Leon and Coahuila to
the mountains of San Luis Potosi.

Often planted as a shade-tree in the streets of cities and towns of western Texas
and northern Mexico.

LVIII. VERBENACEiE.

Trees or shrubs, with opposite simple entire persistent leaves without stipules.
Flowers perfect ; calyx 5-tootlied or parted, persistent under the fruit ; corolla
4 or 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the bud ; stamens 4, inserted on the tube
of the corolla in pairs of different lengths, introrse; anthers 2-celled, the cells
opening longitudinally; ovary sessile on the annular disk; style simple, 2-lobed
and stigmatic at the apex. Fruit a fleshy drupe or a capsule.

The Verbena family with nearly seventy genera, largely composed of her-
baceous plants, is widely scattered through temperate and tropical regions.
Some of the species are important timber-trees, the most valuable being the
Teak, Tectoria grandis^ L. f ., of southeastern Asia and the Malay Archipelago,
and some of the tropical species of Vitex.

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.

Flowers in axillary or terminal racemes ; staminodium^ 1 ; ovary imperfectly 4-eelled; ovule
1 in each cell; fruit a fleshy drupe. 1. Citharexylon.

Flowers cymose in pedunculate spikes or heads ; staminodium 0 ; ovary 1-celled ; ovules
suspended from the summit of a free central placenta ; fruit a capsule ; seed naked,
germinating within the fruit. 2. Avicennia.

1. CITHAREXYLON, L.

Trees or shrubs, with coriaceous lustrous leaves, slightly angled branchlets with-
out terminal buds, and minute axillary buds. Flowers small, on short ebracteolate
pedicels, alternate or scattered on the filiform rachis of slender racemes; calyx
membranaceous, tubular-campanulate, truncate, minutely 5-toothed, spreading and
cup-shaped under the fruit; corolla salver-form, usually white, the spreading limb
somewhat oblique, o-lobed, the lobes broadly ovate, rounded, slightly unequal, the 2
posterior exterior; stamens included; filaments short, filiform, slightly thickened at
the base, the 2 anterior longer than the others; anthers oblong; staminodium 1, poste-
rior, linear, acute, rarely fertile; ovary ovate, incompletely 4-celled by the develop-
ment of two parietal placentas, gradually narrowed into a short included style; ovule
solitary in each cell, erect, attached laterally near the base, ascending, anatropous;
micropyle inferior. Fruit a 2-stoned 4-seeded fleshy drupe tipped with the remnants
of the style, with thin flesh and a thick-walled bony stone separable into 2 2-seeded

788

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

compressed smooth light brown nutlets rounded on the back and concave on the
inner face. Seed erect, without albumen, filling the seminal cavity; seed-coat mem-
branaceous, light brown; embryo siibterete, straight; cotyledons tliick and fleshy,
oblong, much longer than the short inferior radicle turned toward the oblong basal
hilum.

Citharexylon with fifteen to twenty species is confined to tropical America, where
it is distributed from southern Florida through the West Indies to southern Mexico,
Lower California, Bolivia, and Brazil.

The generic name, from Kiddpa and ^v\op, is a translation of the English West
Indian name Fiddle W^ood, a corruption of the earlier French-colonial Bois FidMe,
in allusion to the strength and toughness of the wood of the trees of this genus.

1. Citharexylon villosum, Jacq. Fiddle "Wood.

Leaves oblong-obovate to oblong, acute, acuminate, rounded, or emarginate at
the apex, and gradually narrowed at the base, with thickened slightly revolute
margins, pubescent while young on the lower surface and at maturity glabrous, con-
spicuously reticulate-venulose, pale green, 3'-4' long and I'-l^' wide, with broad

pale midribs romided on the upper side and remote prominent arcuate veins; their
petioles stout, grooved, f ' in length, separating in falling from elevated nearly circu-
lar persistent woody bases. Flowers fragrant, appearing throughout the year on
slender pedicels in the axils of scarious pubescent bracts, in drooping axillary pubes-
cent racemes crowded near the ends of the branches and 2'-4' long; calyx coated
with pale hairs, or sometimes nearly glabrous; corolla ^' across the expanded lobes
of the limb, and covered on the inner surface of the tube with pale hairs. Fruit
subglobose to oblong-ovate, light red-brown, very lustrous, ^' in diameter, with thin
sweet rather juicy flesh, and inclosed nearly to the middle in the cup-like pale
brown slightly and irregularly lobed or sometimes nearly entire calyx; seeds ob-
long, narrowed at the rounded ends, about ^' long.

A tree, in Florida rarely more than 20° high, with a trunk 4'-6' in diameter,
slender upright branches forming a narrow irregularly shaped head, and slender
slightly many-angled branchlets light yellow and covered with pale simple caducous
hairs when they first appear, becoming in their second year terete and ashy gray;

VERBENACE^ ' 789

or often a shrub, with numerous low stems. Winter-buds globose, nearly immersed
in the bark, and covered with hoary pubescence. Bark of the trunk ye'-^ thick,
light brown tinged with red, the surface separating into minute appressed scales.
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, clear bright red, with thin
lighter colored sap wood.

Distribution. Cape Canaveral to the southern keys, Florida; common and of
its largest size in the United States on the shores of Bay Biscayne near the mouth
of the Miami River; northward usually a low shrub; also on the Bahamas and on
many of the Antilles.

2. AVICENNIA, L.

Trees, with coriaceous persistent leaves, stout pithy branches thickened at the
nodes and marked by interpetiolar lines, and long thick horizontal roots producing
numerous short vertical thick and fleshy leafless stems rising above the surface of
the soil. Flowers opposite, cymose, in centripetal pedunculate spikes or heads, closely
invested by a bract and 2 bractlets, the peduncles solitary or in pairs in the axils of
upper leaves and ternate on the ends of the branches, their bracts and bractlets con-
cave, acute, apiculate, keeled on the back, scarious, slightly ciliate on the margins,
shorter than the corolla, persistent under the fruit; calyx cup-shaped, coated like the
bracts and bractlets with canescent pubescence, divided nearly to the base into 5 con-
cave ovate rounded lobes imbricated in the bud; corolla campanulate, white, with a
straight cylindrical tube shorter than the glabrous or tomentose spreading l-lobed
limb, the posterior lobe usually larger than the others; stamens exserted; filaments
short, filiform, slightly thickened at the base; anthers ovate; ovary ovate, pubes-
cent, 1-celled, gradually narrowed into an elongated slender style divided at the
apex into 2 lobes stigmatic on their inner face ; ovules 4, suspended from the summit
of a free central placenta, orthotropous, naked. Fruit an ovate oblique compressed
1-seeded capsule apiculate at the apex; pericarp thin, light green, villose-pubescent
on the outer surface, longitudinally veined on the inner surface, opening by the
ventral suture and displaying the enlarging embryo before separating from the
branch, ultimately 2-valved. Seed naked, without albumen; embryo filling the cavity
of the fruit, light green; cotyledons thick and fleshy, broader than long, slightly
pointed, deeply cordate at the base, unequal, conduplicate ; radicle elongated, clavate,
retrorsely hirsute, inferior, descending obliquely and included between the lobes of
the cotyledons slightly attached near the apex in the bottom of the capsule to the
withered columella by a minute papillose point; plumule hairy.

Avicennia with thirty species is widely distributed on maritime shores of the
tropics of the two worlds, with one species reaching those of southern Florida.
Avicennia produces hard strong wood. The bark is rich in tannic acid, and is used
for tanning leather. Its chief value is in the ability of these trees to live on low
tidal shores, by the structure of the embryo, which is growing and ready to take root
as soon as it falls into the soft mud, and of the long horizontal roots furnished with
short vertical fleshy leafless branches or aerating roots and forming a close network
which holds the soil together, preventing it from being washed away by outflowing
tides and extending the growth of the tree by producing numerous stems soon
forming dense thickets.

The generic name is in honor of the most illustrious physician of the Orient,
Avicenna of Bokhara (980-1036).

790

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

1. Avicennia nitida, Jacq. Black Mangrove.

Leaves oblong or lanceolate-elliptical, rounded or acute at the apex and gradually
narrowed at the base, with slightly thickened revolute margins, dark green and often
lustrous above, hoary-toraentulose below, 2'-3' long and |'-1^' wide, with broad mid-
ribs thickened and grooved toward the base on the upper side, oblique primary

flc^ 6^9

veins arcuate and joined close to the margins, conspicuous on the 2 surfaces, and
connected by prominent reticulate veinlets, appearing irregularly and falling early
in their second season; their petioles broad, channeled, enlarged at the base, and
about ^' long. Flowers produced continuously throughout the year, their bracts
and bractlets nearly Y long, coated with pale or slightly rufous pubescence and
about as long as the lobes of the calyx, in few-flowered short spikes or stout 4-angled
canescent peduncles ^'-1^ in length, the lateral peduncles of the ternate terminal
clusters subtended by oblong acute bracts ^' long; corolla |' across the expanded
slightly tomentose lobes, and nearly closed in the throat. Fruit I'-l^' long and f '-1'
wide.

A tree, occasionally 60°-70° high, with a short trunk rarely 2° in diameter, spread-
ing branches forming a broad round-topped head, and branchlets at first slightly
angled, coated with fine hoary deciduous pubescence, and light orange color, becoming
in their second year more or less contorted, light or dark gray, conspicuously marked
by the interpetiolar lines and by horizontal leaf-scars displaying a central row of
fibro-vascular bundle-scars; usually not more than 20°-30° tall, with short slender
stems, and toward the northern limit of its range a low shrub. Bark of the trunk
j-h' thick, roughened with thin irregularly appressed dark brown scales tinged with
red, and in falling displaying the bright orange-red inner bark. Wood very heavy,
hard, rather coarse-grained, with numerous medullary rays and eccentric layers of
annual growth, dark brown or nearly black, with thick brown sapwood.

Distribution. Florida, St. Augustine to the southern keys on the east coast, and
from Cedar Keys to Cape Sable on the west coast; also on the Bahama Islands, on
many of the Antilles, and southward to Brazil; in the United States of its largest
size just north of Cape Sable; north of Matanzas Inlet on the east coast usually with
stems only a few feet tall.

BIGNONIACE^ 791

LIX. BIGNONIACEiE.

Trees or shrubs, with watery juice, and opiDosite or rarely alternate simple
(in the arborescent genera of the United States) leaves without sti23ules. Flow-
ers perfect, large and showy ; calyx closed in the bud, bilabiately splitting
in anthesis ; corolla hypogynous, bilabiate, 5-lobed, the lobes imbricated in the
bud ; stamens 2 or 4, inserted on the corolla, introrse ; anthers 2-celled, the
cells opening longitudinally ; staminodia 1 or 3 ; ovary sessile, 1 or 2-celled,
gradually narrowed into a slender simple style 2-lobed and stigmatic at the
apex ; ovules numerous, horizontal, anatropous ; raphe ventral ; micropyle
superior. Fruit a linear woody loculicidally 2-valved capsule, or a berry. Seeds
without albumen ; embryo filling the cavity of the seed.

The Bignonia family with about one hundred genera, many of them of
scandent plants, is widely distributed in the tropics and most abundant in the
New World, with a few genera extending into temperate regions. Of the five
genera of the United States three are arborescent. Many of the species are
important timber-trees.

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.

Fruit a linear woody capsule ; ovary 2-celled ; leaves membranaceous, deciduous.

Stamens 4 ; staminodium 1 ; leaves linear, often alternate or scattered. 1. Chilopsis.

Stamens 2 ; staminodia 3 ; leaves oblong-ovate, mostly opposite. 2. Catalpa.

Fruit a berry; stamens 4 ; staminodium 1 ; ovary 1-celled; leaves coriaceous, persistent.

3. Crescentia.

1. CHILOPSIS, D. Don.

A tree, with slender terete branches without terminal buds, minute compressed
rusty-pubescent axillary buds covered by several imbricated scales, those of the
inner rows accrescent, deeply furrowed bark, soft coarse-grained dark-colored wood,
and fibrous roots. Leaves opposite, alternate or scattered, involute in the bud, linear
or linear-lauceolate, long-pointed, entire, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves obscure, reticu-
late-venulose, membranaceous, light green, smooth or glutinous, short-petiolate or
sessile from an enlarged base, deciduous, in falling leaving small elevated suborbicular
scars. Flowers on slender pedicels from the axils of ovate acute scarious tomentose
deciduous bracts and bibracteolate near the middle, in short puberulous crowded
racemes terminal on leafy branches of the year; calyx coated with pale tomentum,
closed before anthesis into an ovoid rounded api<5ulate bud splitting to the base into 2
ovate divisions, minutely toothed at the apex, the upper with 3, the lower with 2 rigid
teeth, membranaceous, dark green; corolla white shaded into pale purple, slightly
oblique, enlarged and blotched with yellow in the throat, the limb undulate-margined,
the upper lip 2-lobed, the lower unequally 3-lobed, the central lobe nmeh longer than
the others; stamens 4, inserted in 1 row near the base of the corolla, in pairs, introrse;
filaments filiform, glabrous, the anterior nearly twice as long as the posterior; an-
ther oblong, the cells divergent in anthesis; staminodium 1, posterior, linear, acute;
ovary 2-celled, sessile on the thin nearly obsolete annular disk, conical, glabrous,
gradually narrowed into a slender style divided at the apex into 2 ovate flat rounded
lobes; ovules inserted in many series on a central placenta. Fruit a slender elon-
gated thin-walled capsule gradually narrowed from the middle to the ends, splitting
loculicidally into 2 concave valves. Seeds numerous, inserted in 2 ranks near the
margin of the thin flat woody septum free from the walls of the capsule, compressed,

792

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

oblong; seed-coat thin, light brown, longitudinally veined, produced into broad lat-
eral wings divided at their rounded ends into long fringes of thin soft white hairs;
cotyledons plane, broader than long, slightly 2-lobed and rounded laterally; radicle
short, erect, turned toward the oblong basal hilum.

The genus is represented by a single species, a native of the region adjacent to the
boundary between the United States and Mexico.

The generic name, from x«*^^os and o^i-s, is without special significance.

1. Chilopsis linearis, DC. Desert Willow.

Leaves unfolding in early spring, 6'-12' long and \'-^' wide, deciduous during
the following winter. Flowers appearing in early summer in racemes 3'-4' long
and continuing to open for several months in succession, 11' long and about 1^ across
the expanded lobes of the corolla. Fruit ripening in the autumn, 7'-12' long, ^ thick
in the middle, persistent on the branches during the winter; seeds ^'long and ^' wide.

A tree, 20°-30° high, with a trunk usually more or less reclining, often hollow,
and sometimes a foot in diameter, slender upright branches forming a narrow head,
and branchlets glabrous or covered with dense tomentum when they first appear.

light chestnut-brown during their first season, later becoming darker and tinged with
red, or sometimes ashy gray; or oi^;en a straggling shrub. Bark of the trunk \'-\'
thick, dark brown and divided into broad branching ridges broken on the surface
into small thick plate-like scales. Wood soft, not strong, close-grained, brown
streaked with yellow, with thin light-colored sapwood of 2 or 3 layers of annual
growth.

Distribution. Banks of streams, and depressions in the desert, usually in dry
gravelly porous soil ; valley of the lower Rio Grande, through western Texas, south-
ern New Mexico, Arizona, southern Utah and Nevada, to San Diego County, Califor-
nia, and northern Mexico.

Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental plant in the southern states, and in Mexico.

2. CATALPA, Scop.

Trees, with stout terete branchlets with thick pith, without terminal buds, minute
globose axillary buds nearly immersed in the bark and covered by numerous scales,

BIGNONIACE^ 793

the iuuer accrescent, thin scaly bark, soft light-colored wood, and fibrous roots.
Leaves opposite or in verticels of 3, involute in the bud, entire or lobed, oblong-
ovate, often cordate, long-petiolate, deciduous. Flowers on slender bracteolate ped-
icels, in terminal compound trichotomously branched panicles or corymbs, with
linear-lanceolate deciduous bracts and bractlets; calyx membranaceous, subglobose,
closed and apiculate in the bud, in anthesis splitting nearly to the base into 2 broadly
ovate entire pointed apiculate lobes; corolla thin, membranaceous, variously marked
and spotted on the inner surface, inserted on the nearly obsolete disk, the tube
broad, campanulate, occasionally furnished on the upper side near the base with an
external lobed appendage, and oblique and enlarged above into a broad bilabiate
limb, with spreading lips undulate on the margins, the posterior 2-parted, the ante-
rior deeply 3-lobed; stamens and starainodia inserted near the base of the corolla;
stamens 2, anterior, included or slightly exserted; filaments flattened, arcuate; an-
thers oblong, carried to the rear of the corolla and face to face on either side of the
stigma by a half turn of the filaments near their base, the cells divergent in anthe-
sis; staminodia 3, free, filiform, minute or rudimentary; ovary 2-celled, sessile on
the hypogynous nearly obsolete disk, abruptly contracted into an elongated filiform
style divided at the apex into 2 stigmatic lobes exserted above the anthers; ovules
inserted in many series on a central placenta. Fruit an elongated subterete capsule
tapering from the middle to the ends, persistent on the branches during the winter,
and ultimately splitting loculicidally into 2 valves. Seeds numerous, compressed,
oblong, inserted in 2-4 ranks near the margin of the flat or more or less thickened
woody septum free from the walls of the capsule; seed-coat thin, light brown or
silvery gray, longitudinally veined, produced into broad lateral wings notched at
the base of the seed and divided at their narrowed or rounded ends into tufts of long
coarse white hairs; cotyledons plane, broader than long, slightly 2-lobed, rounded
laterally; radicle short, erect, turned toward the oblong conspicuous basal hilum.

Catalpa with seven species is confined to the eastern United States, the West
Indies, and eastern China, two of the species being North American. Catalpa con-
tains a bitter principle and is a tonic and diuretic, and produces soft straight-grained
durable wood.

The generic name is that by which one of the North American species was known
among the Cherokee Indians.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Flowers in many-flowered crowded panicles ; calyx glabrous; corolla thickly spotted on the
inner surface ; fruit slender, thin-walled ; leaves short-acuminate.

1. C. Catalpa (C).
Flowers in few-flowered open panicles ; calyx often sparingly villose or pubescent ; corolla
inconspicuously spotted ; fruit stout, thick-walled ; leaves caudate-acuminate.

2. C. speciosa (A, C).

1. Catalpa Catalpa, Karst. Catalpa. Indian Bean.

Leaves broadly ovate, rather abruptly contracted into slender points or some-
times rounded at the apex, cordate at the base, entire or often laterally lobed, when
they unfold coated below with pale tomentum and pilose above, and at maturity
thin and firm, light green and glabrous on the upper, pale and pubescent on the
lower surface, o'-6' long and 4''-5' wide, with prominent midribs and primary veins
arcuate near the margins, connected by reticulate veinlets and furnished in the

794

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

axils with clusters of dark hairs, turning black and falling after the first severe frost
in the autumn; their petioles stout, terete, 5'-G' in length. Flowers on slender
sparingly villose or glabrous pedicels, in compact many-flowered panicles 8'-10'
long and broad, with light green branches tinged with purple ; calyx ^' long, gla-
brous, green or light purple ; corolla white, nearly 2' long, 1^' wide, marked on the

inner surface on the. lower side by 2 rows of yellow blotches following 2 parallel
ridges or folds, and in the throat and on the lower lobes of the limb by crowded con-
spicuous purple spots. Fruit ripening in the autumn, in thick-branched orange-
colored panicles, remaining unopened during the winter, 6'-20' long, and \'-^' thick
in the middle, with a thin wall bright chestnut-brown on the outer surface and light
olive-brown and lustrous on the inner surface, splitting in the spring into 2 flat
valves; seeds about V long, i' wide, silvery gray, with pointed wings terminating
in long pencil-shaped tufts of white hairs.

A tree, rarely 60° high, with a short trunk 3°-4° in diameter, long heavy brit-
tle branches forming a broad head, and dichotomous branchlets green shaded with
purple when they first appear, and during their first winter thickened at the nodes,
slightly puberulous, lustrous, light orange color or gray-brown, covered with a slight
glaucous bloom, marked by large pale scattered lenticels, and by large oval elevated
leaf-scars containing a circle of conspicuous fibro-vascular bundle-scars and persist-
ent until the third or fourth year, when the branches are reddish brown and marked
by a network of thin flat brown ridges. Winter-buds covered by chestnut-brown
broadly ovate rounded slightly puberulous loosely imbricated scales, those of the
inner ranks when fully grown bright green, pubescent, and sometimes 2' in length.
Bark of the trunk \'-^' thick, and light brown tinged with red, separating on the
surface into large thin irregular scales. Wood soft, not strong, coarse-grained,
very durable in contact with the soil, light brown, with lighter colored often nearly
white sap wood of 1 or 2 layers of annual growth; used and highly valued for fence-
posts and rails.

Distribution. Usually supposed to be indigenous on the banks of the rivers of
southwestern Georgia, western Florida, and central Alabama and Mississippi, and
now widely naturalized through the south Atlantic states.

Often planted for the decoration of parks and gardens in the eastern United

BIGNONIACE^

795

States, and hardy as far north as eastern New England, and in western, central, and
southern Europe.

2. Catalpa speciosa, Engelm. Western Catalpa.

Leaves oval, long-pointed, cordate at the base, and usually entire or furnished
with 1 or 2 lateral teeth, when they unfold pilose above and covered below and on the
petioles with pale or rufous tomeutum, and at maturity thick and firm, dark green
above and covered with soft pubescence below, especially along the stout midribs
and the primary veins marked in their axils by large clusters of dark glands, 10'-
12' long, 7'-8' wide, turning black and falling after the first severe frost of the
autumn; their petioles stout, terete, 4'-6' in length. Flo"wers appearing late in
May or early in June, on slender purple glabrous pedicels furnished near the mid-
dle with 1-3 bractlets, in open few-flowered panicles 5'-6' long and broad, with
green or purple branches marked by orange-colored lenticels, the lowest branches
often in the axils of small leaves; calyx purple, often sparingly villose or pubes-
cent on the outer surface ; corolla white, conical, often spotted externally with pur-
ple near the base, about 2' long and 2^' wide, and marked internally on the lower

side by 2 bands of yellow blotches following 2 lateral ridges and with occasional
purple spots spreading over the lobes of the lower lip of the limb; filaments marked
near the base by oblong purple spots. Fruit 8'-20' long, ^'-f ' in diameter near the
middle, with a thick wall splitting toward spring into 2 concave valves; seeds 1'
long, ^' wide, with a light brown coat and wings rounded at the ends and terminat-
ing in a fringe of short hairs.

A tree, in the forest occasionally 120° high, with a tall straight trunk rarely 4^^°
in diameter, slender branches forming a narrow round-topped head, and branchlets
light green often tinged with purple and pilose, with scattered pale hairs, when
they first appear, light orange color or reddish brown, covered with a slight bloom,
during their first winter, and marked by numerous conspicuous pale lenticels and
by the elevated oval leaf-scars ^' long, displaying a circular row of large fibro-
vascular bundle-scars, becoming darker in their second and third years; usually
smaller, and in open situations rarely more than 50° high, with a short trunk and a
broad head of spreading branches. "Winter-buds covered by loosely imbricated
ovate chestnut-brown scales keeled on the back, slightly apiculate at the apex, those

796 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

of the inner ranks at maturity foliaceous, obovate, acute, gradually narrowed below
to a sessile base, many-nerved, with dark veins, pubescent on the lower surface, and
sometimes 2^' long and |' wide. Park of the trunk f'-l' thick, brown tinged with
red, and broken on the surface into thick scales. Wood light, soft, not strong,
coarse-grained, very durable in contact with the soil, light brown, with thin nearly
white sapwood of 1 or 2 layers of annual growth; largely used for railway-ties,
fence-posts, and rails, and occasionally for furniture and the interior finish of
houses.

Distribution. Borders of streams and ponds, and fertile often inundated bot-
tom-lands; valley of the Vermilion River, Illinois, through southern Illinois and
Indiana, western Kentucky and Tennessee, southeastern Missouri and northeastern
Arkansas; very abundant and probably of its largest size in southern Illinois and
Indiana; naturalized through cultivation in southern Arkansas, western Louisiana,
and eastern Texas.

Often planted in the prairie region of the Mississippi basin as a timber-tree, and
as an ornament of parks and gardens in the eastern states, and now in many other
regions with temperate climates.

3. CRESCENTIA, L.

Trees, with scaly bark, and stout slightly angled branchlets. Leaves alternate,
short-petiolate, persistent. Flowers solitary, or in few-flowered fascicles on long
bibracteolate peduncles from the axils of upper leaves or from the sides of the
branches; calyx coriaceous, splitting in anthesis into 2 unequal broad divisions,
or sometimes slightly 5-lobed, deciduous; corolla inserted under the hypogynous
pulvinate fleshy disk, yellow streaked with purple, or dingy purple, tubular-campan-
ulate, more or less veutricose on the lower side by a transverse fold, abruptly dilated
into an oblique 2-lipped obscurely 5-lobed laciniately toothed limb; stamens 4,
inserted in 2 ranks on the tube of the corolla, in pairs of dijffierent lengths, introrse,
included or slightly exserted; filaments filiform; anthers oblong, the cells divergent;
staminodium solitary, posterior, often 0; ovary sessile, 1-celled, ovate-conical, gradu-
ally narrowed into an elongated simple exserted style 2-lobed at the apex, the lobes
stigmatic on their inner face; ovules in many ranks on 2 thickened 2-lobed lateral
parietal placentas. Fruit baccate, many-seeded, with flesh ultimately becoming hard,
light brown and separable into 2 layers, the inner thin and metnbranaceous, filled
with the united and thickened fleshy or spongy placentas attached at the base by a
cluster of thick fibro- vascular bundles. Seeds imbedded irregularly in the placental
mass, compressed, suborbicular, cordate above and below and deeply grooved on
the 2 faces; embryo filling the seminal cavity, flattened, and thick and fleshy, deeply
grooved, becoming black in drying; radicle minute, turned toward the hilum.

Crescentia with five or six species is tropical American, and is distributed from
southern Florida through the Antilles to southern Mexico and to Brazil. The Cala-
bash-tree, Crescentia Cujete, L., a native of the West Indies, and now planted in all
tropical countries, is the most useful member of the genus. The hard woody shell
is largely used for drinking-cups, vases, and all sorts of domestic vessels; the pulp
is emollient and astringent, and the wood is used in cabinet-making.

The generic name is in honor of Pietro de' Crescenzi (1233-1320), the distin-
guished Italian writer on agriculture.

BIGNONIACE^

797

1. Crescentia cucurbitina, L. Black Calabash Tree.

Leaves crowded near the ends of the branches, obovate-oblong or ovate-oblong,
contracted into short broad points or rarely rounded or eniarginate at the apex,
gradually narrowed at the base, and entire, with cartilaginous slightly revolute mar-
gins, coriaceous, dark green and lustrous above, paler and yellow-green below, 6'-8'
long and l^'-4' wide, with broad stout midribs deeply impressed on the upper side,

conspicuous primary veins arcuate and united near the margins, and reticulate vein-
lets, unfolding in the spring and persistent until their second year; their petioles
thick, covered with glands, and about Y long. Flowers appearing in April and May
and also in the autumn, bad-smelling, on thick drooping peduncles solitary in the
axils of the upper leaves, l^'-2' long, furnished below the middle with 2 minute rigid
acute bractlets and enlarged at the apex into the thick oblique receptacles; calyx
light green and slightly glandular at the base, splitting nearly to the bottom into
2 ovate pointed lobes nearly as long as the tube of the corolla; corolla thick and
leathery, dull purple or creamy white, and marked by narrow purple bands on the
lower side, and 2' long, with a narrow tube creamy white within and slightly con-
tracted above the base, the limb erosely cut on the margins and obscurely 2-lipped,
the upper lip slightly divided into 2 reflexed lobes, the lower obscurely 3-lobed;
stamens inserted near the middle of the tube of the corolla, those of the anterior
pair below the others and above the linear staminodium; ovary obliquely conical.
Fruit ovate or oblong, 3'-4' long, l^'-2' wide, umbonate, dark green, minutely rugose-
punctulate, and marked with 4 obscure longitudinal ridges corresponding with the
margins and midribs of the carpellary leaves, raised on the thickened woody disk and
pendent on a stout drooping stalk 1^-2' long and much enlarged at the apex; shell
yig' thick, ultimately hard and brittle, lustrous on the outer surface and lined with a
thin membranaceous shining light brown coat marked by the broad placental scars;
seeds |' long and broad and Y thick, with a minute lateral hilura just above the
basal sinus; seed-coat of 2 layers, the outer thin, dark reddish brown, rugose, and
separable from the thick pale felt-like inner layer; cotyledons with 2 ear-like folds
near the base, inclosing the radicle in their lower sinus.

A tree, in Florida 18°-20° high, with a trunk 4'-5' in diameter, long slender droop-
ing branches covered with wart-like excrescences, and stout slightly angled branch-

798 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

lets roughened and somewhat enlarged at tlie nodes by the thickenhig of the large
crowded cup-shaped persistent woody bases of the leaves, and covered with thin
creamy white bark becoming dark or ashy gray in their third year. Winter-buds
with linear acute apiculate scales becoming woody, and persistent for one or two
years. Bark of the trunk about ^' thick, light brown tinged with red, and irregularly
divided into large thin scales. "Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, thin, light
brown or orange color, with lighter colored sapwood.

Distribution. Florida only near the shores of Bay Biscayne on rich hummocks;
common on the shores of the Baliamas and of many of the Antilles, and southward
to southern Mexico, the Pacific coast of the Isthmus of Panama, and to Venezuela.

B. Ovary inferior (^partly superior in Caprifoliacece).
LX. RUBIACE-5I.

•

Trees or shrubs, with watery juice, and opposite simple entire leaves turning
black in drying, with stipules. Flowers regular, perfect ; calyx-tube adnate
to the ovary, its limb 4 or 5-lobed or toothed ; corolla 4 or 5-lobed ; stamens
inserted on the tube of the corolla, as many as and alternate with its lobes ;
filaments free, or united at the base ; anthers introrse, 2-celled, the cells open-
ing longitudinally ; disk epigynous, annular ; ovary inferior ; style slender ;
ovules numerous, or 1 in each cell ; raphe ventral ; micropyle superior. Fruit
capsular, akene-like, or drupaceous. Seeds with albumen ; seed-coat membra-
naceous.

The Madder family with some three hundred and fifty genera is chiefly
tropical, with a few herbaceous genera confined exclusively to temperate re-
gions. To this family belong the Coffee, the Cinchonas, South American trees
yielding quinine from their bark, and the plant which produces ipecacuanha, a
species of Cephaelis and a native of Brazil, the Gardenia and several other
plants cultivated for their fragrant flowers.

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.

Fruit a capsule ; seeds numerous, surrounded by a wing ; parts of the flower in 5's.

Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes unequal, sometimes developing into rose-colored leaf -like bodies ;
filaments free, wing of the seeds broad, oblong-ovate, unsymmetrical on the sides ;
leaves deciduous. 1. Pinckneya.

Calyx 5-toothed ; filaments united into a short tube ; wing of the seed narrow, symmetri-
cal ; leaves persistent. 2. Exostema.
Fruit akene-like, 1 or 2-seeded ; parts of the flower in 4's or rarely in 5's, flowers in pedun-
culate globose heads ; leaves deciduous. 3. Cephalanthus.
Fruit drupaceous, with a 4-celled stone ; parts of the flower in 4's ; leaves persistent.

4. Guettarda.

1. PINCKNEYA, Michx.

A tree, with fibrous roots, scaly light brown bitter bark, resinous scaly buds, stout
terete pithy branchlets coated while young with hoary tomentum, becoming glabrous,
and marked by scattered minute white lenticels and large nearly orbicular or obcor-
date leaf-scars displaying a lunate row of numerous crowded fibro-vascular bundle-
scars. Leaves complanate in the bud, oblong-oval or ovate, acute at the apex, wedge-
shaped at the base, and gradually narrowed into long stout petioles, membranaceous.

RUBIACE^ 799

coated at first with pale pubescence, and at maturity dark green and puberulous
above, paler and puberulous below, especially along the stout midribs and primary
veins, deciduous; stipules interpetiolar, conspicuously glandular-punctate at the base
on the inner face, inclosing the leaf in the bud, triangular, subulate, pink, becoming
oblong, acute, scarious, light brown, caducous. Flowers in pedunculate terminal
and axillary pubescent trichotomous few-flowered cymes, with linear-lanceolate
acute bracts and bractlets at first pink, becoming scarious, deciduous, or sometimes
enlarging and rose-colored; flower-buds sulcate, coated with thick pale tomentum;
calyx-tube clavate, bracteolate at the base, covered with hoary tomentum, not closed
in the bud, the limb o-lobed, with subulate-lanceolate lobes green tinged with pink,
scarious, or in the central flower of the ultimate division of the cyme with 1 or
rarely with 2 of the lobes produced into oval or ovate acute rose-colored puberulous
membranaceous leaf-like bodies, deciduous; corolla salver-form, light yellow, cinereo-
tomeutose, with a long narrow tube somewhat enlarged in the throat, 5-lobed, the
lobes valvate in the bud, oblong, obtuse, marked by red lines and pilose, with long
white hairs on the inner surface, recurved after anthesis; stamens exserted; filaments
filiform, free; anthers oblong, emarginate; ovary 2-celled; style filiform, exserted,
slightly enlarged, 2-lobed and stigmatic at the apex; ovules numerous, inserted in 2
ranks on a thin 2-lipped placenta longitudinally adnate to the inner face of the cell.
Fruit a subglobose obscurely 2-lobed 2-celled capsule, loculicidally 2-valved, the
valves thin and papery, light brown, puberulous, especially at the base, faintly rayed,
marked by oblong pale spots and by the scars left by the falling of the deciduous
calyx limb and style, sometimes tardily septicidally 2-parted to the middle, persistent
on the branches during the winter, the valves finally falling from the woody axis,
their outer layer very thin, brittle, separable from the slightly thicker tough woody
inner layer. Seeds horizontal, 2-ranked, minute, compressed; seed-coat thin, light
brown, reticulate-veined, produced into a broad thin oblong-ovate wing, unsymmet-
rio.al on the sides, acute at the apex, and larger above than below the seeds; embryo
elongated, immersed in the thick fleshy albumen; cotyledons ovate-oblong, foliaceous,
larger than the terete radicle turned toward the hilum.

The genus is represented by a single species of the southern United States.

The generic name is in honor of Charles Cotes worth Pinckney (174:6-1825) of
South Carolina, the Revolutionary patriot.

1. Pinckneya pubens. Michx. Georgia Bark.

Leaves unfolding in March, o'-8' long, 3'-4' wide, their petioles f'-l^' iu length.
Flowers 11' long appearing late in May and early in June, in open clusters 7'-8'
across, their petaloid calyx-lobes sometimes 2^' long and ^ wide. Fruit ripening in
the autumn 1' long and f wide; seeds with their wings about ^ long and ^' wide.

A tree, 20°-30° high, with a trunk occasionally 8'-10' in diameter, slender spread-
ing branches forming usually a narrow round-topped head, and branchlets coated
when they first appear with hoary tomentum, soon turning light red-brown, pubes-
cent during the summer, and slightly puberulous during their first winter, ultimately
becoming glabrous. Winter-buds: terminal ovate, terete, ■^' long, contracted above
the middle into slender points, and covered with the dark red-brown lanceolate-acute
stipules of the last pair of leaves of the previous year, often persistent at the base of
the growing shoots and marked at the base by 2 broadly ovate pale scar-like slightly
pilose elevations; axillary obtuse, minute or nearly immersed in the bark. Bark of
the trunk about ^' thick, with a light brown surface divided into minute appressed

800

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

scales. "Wood close-grained, soft, weak, brown, with lighter-colored sapwood of
8-10 layers of annual growth. The bark has been used in the treatment of inter-
mittent fevers.

Distribution. Low wet sandy swamps on the borders of streams; coast region of
South Carolina to the basin of the upper Appalachicola River and its tributaries in
Florida and Georgia; rare and local.

2. EXOSTEMA, Rich.

Trees or shrubs, with terete branchlets, and bitter bark. Leaves sessile or petio-
late, persistent; stipules interpetiolar, deciduous. Flowers axillary, fragrant, pedun-
culate, the peduncles bibracteolate above the middle; calyx-tube ovoid, clavate or
turbinate, the limb short, 5-lobed, its lobes nearly triangular, persistent; corolla
5-lobed, white, funnel-shaped, the tube long and narrow, erect, the lobes of the limb
linear, elongated, spreading, imbricated in the bud; filaments filiform, united at
the base into a tube inserted on and adnate to the tube of the corolla; anthers
oblong, linear; ovary 2-celled; style elongated, slender, exserted; stigma capitate,
simple or minutely 2-lobed; ovules numerous, attached on the 2 sides of a fleshy
oblong peltate placenta fixed to the inner face of the cell, ascending. Fruit a many-
seeded 2-celled capsule septicidally 2-valved, the valves 2-parted, their outer layer
membranaceous, separable from the crustaceous inner layer. Seeds compressed,
oblong, imbricated downward on the placenta; seed-coat chestnut-brown, lustrous,
produced into a narrow wing; embryo minute, in fleshy albumen; cotyledons flat;
radicle terete, inferior.

Exostema with about twenty species is confined to the tropics of America, and is
most abundant in the Antilles, one species reaching the shores of southern Florida.
The bark contains active tonic properties, and has been used as a febrifuge.

The generic name, from e|« and o-r^/na, relates to the long exserted stamens.

1. Exostema Caribseum, R. & S. Prince "Wood.

Leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolate, contracted into slender points and apiculate at
the apex, wedge-shaped and gradually narrowed at the base, entire, thick and coria-
ceous, dark green on the upper surface and yellow-green on the lower, 1^-3' long
and ^'--11' wide, with prominent orange-colored midribs and conspicuous reticulate

RUBIACE^

801

veinlets, unfolding in the autumn and in early spring and summer, and persistent
for 1 or 2 years; their petioles slender, orange-colored, ^'— |' ^^ng; stipules nearly
triangular, apiculate, with entire dentate or ciliate margins, about ^q' long, and in
falling marking the branchlets with ring-like scars. Flowers appearing from
March until June, about 3' long, on l-flowered peduncles; calyx-tube ovate; corolla
glabrous; filaments united into a short tube. Fruit |' long, becoming black in
drying; seeds oblong, ^' long, with a dark brown papillose coat and a light brown
wing.

A glabrous tree, in Florida sometimes 20°-25° high, with a trunk 10'-12' in diam-
eter, slender erect branches forming a narrow head, and terete branchlets dark green

at first, soon becoming dark red-brown and covered with pale lenticels, and in their
second year ashy gray and conspicuously marked by the elevated leaf-scars. Bark
of the trunk about i' thick, and divided by deep fissures into square smooth pale or
nearly white plates. Wood very heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained,
light brown handsomely streaked with different shades of yellow and brown, with
bright yellow sapwood of 12-20 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Keys of southern Florida; abundant on Key West and Upper
Metacombe Keys; also on many of the Antilles, in southern Mexico, and on the west
coast of Nicaragua.

3. CEPHALANTHUS, L.

Small trees or shrubs, with opposite or verticillate petiolate leaves, interpetiolar
stipules, and scaly buds. Flowers nectariferous, yellow or creamy white, sessile in
the axils of glandular bracts, in dense globose pedunculate terminal or axillary soli-
tary or panicled heads; receptacle globose, setose; calyx-tube obpyramidal, with a
short limb unequally 4 or 5-toothed or lobed; corolla tubular funnel-form, divided
into 4 or 5 short spreading or reflexed lobes usually furnished with a minute dark
gland at the base or on the side of each sinus, puberulous on the inner surface of the
tube, the lobes imbricated in the bud; stamens inserted on the throat of the corolla;
filaments short; anthers linear-oblong, sagittate, apiculate at the base; pistil of 2
carpels; ovary 2-celled; style filiform, elongated; stigma clavate, entire; ovule soli-
tary in each cell, suspended from the apex of the cell on a short papillose funicle.
Fruit obpyramidal, coriaceous, 2-coccous. Seeds oblong, pendulous, covered at the

802

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

apex by a white spongy aril; embryo straight in cartilaginous albumen; cotyledons
oblong, obtuse; radicle elongated, superior.

Cephalanthus with live species is widely distributed in North and South America,
and in southern and eastern Asia, and the Malay Archipelago.

The generic name, from Kf(pa\rt and &pdo5, relates to the capitate inflorescence.

1. Cephalanthus occidentalis, L. Button Bush.

Leaves ovate or lanceolate, acute, acuminate or short-pointed at the apex, rounded
or cuneate at the base, membranaceous, dark green on the upper, paler and glabrous
or puberulous on the lower surface, 4'-7' long and l'-3^'' wide, with stout light yel-
low midribs and 5 or G pairs of slender primary veins nearly, parallel with the sides
of the leaf, deciduous or persistent during the winter; their petioles stout, grooved,
glabrous or puberulous, ^'-f in length; stipules minute, nearly triangular. Flo"w-
ers: flower-heads panicled, I'-l^' in diameter; flowers creamy white, very fragrant,
opening from the middle of May in Florida and Texas to the middle of August in
Canada and on the mountains of California; calyx usually 4 or occasionally 5-lobed,
with short rounded lobes, and slightly villose toward the base; corolla glandular or

eglandular; anthers nearly sessile, included, discharging their pollen before the flow-
ers open; disk thin and obscure. Fruit ripening late in the autumn in heads |'-|' in
diameter, green tinged with red and ultimately dark red-brown.

A tree, occasionally 40°-50° high, with a straight tapering trunk a foot in diam-
eter, and frequently free of limbs for 15°-20°, ascending and spreading branches,
and stout branchlets with a thick pith, glabrous and marked by large oblong pale
lenticels and developed mostly in verticels of 3's from the axillary buds of one of
the upper nodes, without terminal buds, light green when they first appear, pale
reddish brown, covered with a glaucous bloom during their first winter and then
marked by small semicircular leaf-scars displaying semilunate fibro-vascular bun-
dle-scars, and connected by the persistent black stipules or by their subulate scars,
darker the following season, and dark brown in their third year, the bark then
beginning to separate into the large loose scales found on the large branches and
on the stems of small plants; usually a shrub, only a few feet high. Winter-buds
axillary, single or in pairs or in 3's one above the other, minute, nearly immersed in

RUBIACE^ 803

the bark. Bark of large trunks dark gray-brown or often nearly black, divided by
deep fissures into broad flat ridges broken on the surface into elongated narrow
scales. The bark contains tannin, and has been used in the treatment of fevers and
in homceopathic practice.

Distribution. Swamps and the low wet borders of ponds and streams; New
Brunswick to Ontario and eastern Nebraska and Kansas, southward to Florida,
Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, and widely distributed in California; also in
Mexico and Cuba; very rarely arborescent at the north and of its largest size on
the margins of river-bottoms and swamps, and in pond holes in southern Arkansas
and eastern Texas.

Occasionally cultivated in the northeastern states as an ornamental plant,

4. GUETTARDA, Endl.

Small trees or shrubs, with bitter bark, opposite or rarely verticellate leaves, inter-
petiolar deciduous stipules, and scaly buds. Flowers sessile, with or without bracts,
in axillary forked pedunculate cymes, their bracts and bractlets lanceolate, acute, mi-
nute, deciduous; calyx globose, the limb produced above the ovary into an elongated
4-lobed tube; corolla salver-shaped, with an elongated cylindrical tube naked in the
throat, and a 4-lobed limb, the oblong lobes imbricated in the bud; stamens included;
filaments free, short; anthers oblong-linear; ovary 4-celled, the cells elongated, tubu-
lar; style stout; stigma capitate; ovule solitary, suspended on the thickened funicle
from the inner angle of the cell. Fruit a fleshy 1-stoned 4-9-seeded subglobose
drupe, with thin flesh, and a bony or ligneous globose stone obtusely angled or sul-
cate, 4-9-celled, the cells narrow and often curved upward. Seeds compressed, sus-
pended on the thick f unicles closing the orifice of the wall of the stone, straight or
excurved; albumen thin and fleshy; embryo elongated, cylindrical or compressed;
cotyledons flat, minute, not longer than the elongated terete radicle turned toward
the hilum.

Guettarda with about fifty species is chiefly tropical American, with one species
widely distributed on maritime shores from eastern tropical Africa to Australia and
the islands of the Pacific Ocean. Of the two species found within the territory of
the United States one is arborescent. The bark of some of the species is occasion-
ally employed as a tonic and febrifuge, and a few species are cultivated in tropical
gardens for the delightful fragrance of their white flowers.

The generic name is in honor of Jean !^tienne Guettard (1715-1786), the distin-
guished French botanist and mineralogist.

1, Guettarda elliptica, Sw,

Leaves broadly oval to elliptical-oblong, acute or obtuse and apiculate at the
apex, and wedge-shaped and rounded at the base, when they unfold covered with
pale silky hairs, and at maturity membranaceous, dark green, pilose or glabrate
above, lighter colored and pubescent below, especially along the stout midribs and in
the axils of the 4-6 pairs of primary veins, f '-2^' long and ^'-1' wide, unfolding ip
Florida in May and June and persistent on the branches until the trees begin their
growth the following year; their petioles stout, hairy, \'-^' in length. Flowers
appearing in Florida in June, yellowish white, \' long, in slender hairy-stemmed
cymes from the axils of leaves of the year near the ends of the branches, or from
bud-scales at the base of young shoots, their peduncles shorter than the leaves,

804 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

forked near the apex, with a flower in the fork and 3 at the end of each branch, or
the lateral flowers of these clusters replaced by branches producing 3 flowers at
their apex, the bractlets subtending the branches of the peduncle, and the lateral
flowers of the ultimate divisions of the inflorescence linear-lanceolate, acute, coated

with hairs, about ^^g' long, deciduous; calyx-lobes nearly triangular, acute, coated
on the outer surface with long pale hairs, and half as long as the erect corolla
canescent externally, with rounded lobes. Fruit ripening in November, dark purple,
pilose, ^' in diameter, crowned with the remnants of the persistent calyx-tube, the
flesh sweet and mealy; stone obscurely ridged and usually 2-4-seeded; seeds ob-
long-lanceolate, compressed, nearly straight, with a thin pale coat.

A tree, in Florida occasionally 18°-20° high, with an irregularly buttressed or
lobed trunk 5'-6' in diameter, the deep depressions between the lobes continuous or
often interrupted, small upright branches, and thin terete branchlets coated when
they first appear with long pale or rufous hairs and light red-brown or ashy gray
and conspicuously marked by pale lenticels, and in their second year by large ele-
vated orbicular leaf-scars. Winter-buds acuminate, light brown, coated with pale
pubescence, and about |-' long. Bark of the trunk about -^q' thick, with a smooth
dark brown surface covered with large irregularly shaped pale blotches and numer-
ous small white spots. "Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, light brown tinged
with red, with thin sapwood of 6-10 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Coast of the southern keys, Florida; also on the Bahama Islands
and Jamaica.

LXI. CAPRIFOLIACEiE.

Trees or shrubs, with watery juice, opposite petiolate leaves involute in
the bud, usually without stipules, scaly buds, and fibrous roots. Flowers reg-
ular, perfect, articulated with the pedicels in terminal compound cymes ; calyx-
tube adnata to the ovary, 5-toothed ; corolla epigynous, 5-lobed, the lobes im-
bricated in the bud ; stamens 5, inserted on the tube of the corolla, as many
as and alternate with its lobes ; filaments slender, free ; anthers oblong, introrse,
2-celled, the cells opening longitudinally ; disk 0 (in the arborescent genera of
the United States) ; ovary inferior or partly superior, 3-5 or 1-celled ; style
short, capitate, 3-5-lobed and stigmatic at the apex ; ovule solitary, suspended

CAPRIFOLIACE^ 805

from the apex of the cell, resupinate ; raphe dorsal ; raicropyle superior. Fruit
drupaceous, crowned with the remnants of the style. Seeds with copious fleshy
albumen ; seed-coat membranaceous, adherent to the albumen; embryo minute,
near the hilum ; cotyledons ovoid or ovate ; radicle terete, erect.

The Honeysuckle family with ten genera is most abundant in the temper-
ate regions of the northern hemisphere, with a few species extending into the
tropics and to beyond the tropics in the southern hemisphere. Many of the
species, especially of Lonicera, Sambucus, and Viburnum, are cultivated in
gardens for the beauty of their flowers and fruits.

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT GENERA OF THE UNITED STATES.

Leaves unequally pinnate ; fruit -with 3-5 nutlets. 1. Sambucus.

Leaves simple ; fruit with 1 stone. 2. Viburnum.

1. SAMBUCUS, L. Elder.

Trees or shrubs, with stout branches containing thick white or dark- yellow-brown
pith, and scaly buds. Leaves unequally pinnate, deciduous, with serrate or laciniate
leaflets, the base of the petioles naked, glandular or furnished with a stipule-like
leaflet; stipels small, usually setaceous, often 0. Flowers small, in broad terminal
corymbose cymes, their bracts and bractlets lanceolate, acute, scarious, caducous,
the bractlets sometimes 0; calyx-tube ovoid, the limb 3-o-lobed or toothed; corolla
rotate or slightly campanulate, equally 3-o-parted; stamens o; filaments filiform or
subulate; ovary inferior or partly superior, 3-o-celled; style abbreviated, thick, and
conical, 3-5-lobed, and stigmatic at the apex. Fruit subglobose, with juicy flesh, and
3-5 oblong cartilaginous punctate-rugulose 1-seeded nutlets full and rounded on
the back and rounded at the ends. Seeds filling the cavity of the nutlets, pale
brown; cotyledons ovoid.

Sambucus with about twelve species is widely and generally distributed through
the temperate parts of North America, Europe, and Asia, and inhabits high mountain
ranges within the tropics, and Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand. Of the four
North American species two are arborescent. Sambucus possesses cathartic and
emetic properties in the bark; the flowers are excitant and sudorific, and the juice
of the fruit is alterative and laxative. The dried flowers of the European Sam-
bucus nigra, L., are used in the preparation of an aromatic distilled water and in
flavoring lard, and the hard and compact wood is made into combs and mathematical
instruments. The large pithy shoots furnish children with pop-guns, pipes, and
whistles; and the fruit of some of the species is cooked and eaten.

Sambucus, the name of the Elder-tree, is believed to have been derived from
aajx^vxih a musical instrument, probably in allusion to the use of the pithy stems.

CONSPECTUS OF THE ARBORESCENT SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.

Leaves and young shoots more or less pubescent or cinereo-canescent ; fruit without bloom.

1. S. Mexicana (E, G, H).
Leaves and young shoots glabrous ; fruit whitened by a glaucous bloom. •

2. S. glauca (B, F, G).

806

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

1. Sambucus Mexicana, DC.

{Sa7nbucus Canadensis, var. Mexicana, Silva N. Am. v. 88.)

Leaves 3^'-7' long, with stout pubescent or glabrate petioles usually naked at
the base, and 5 ovate-lanceolate leaflets narrowed at the apex into long slender
points, sharply serrate, with incurved glandular-tipped teeth, except at the entire
wedge-shaped or more or less unequally rounded base, when they unfold more or
less covered with pale pubescence, and at maturity dark yellow-green, pubescent,
especially on the broad midribs and primary veins, or nearly glabrous, thick and
firm, 1^-6' long, ^'-2^' wide, increasing in size from the base to the apex of the
leaf, their petiolules slender, that of the terminal leaflet sometimes ^' long and
much longer than those of the lateral leaflets; stipels on vigorous shoots sometimes

^' long, ovate, acute, serrate, and on fertile branches subulate or oblong, much smaller
and often 0. Flowers ^' in diameter, appearing from March to July, in flat pubes-
cent long-branched cymes 6'-8' in diameter; calyx 5-lobed; corolla rotate, 5-parted,
creamy white, with ovate-oblong divisions rounded at the apex. Fruit 1' in diameter,
nearly black, lustrous, rather juicy.

A tree 25°-30° high, with a short trunk often abruptly enlarged at the base and
sometimes a foot in diameter, stout spreading branches forming a compact round-
topped head, and branchlets light green when they first appear and more or less
covered with pale pubescence, or glabrate or sometimes coated with canescent
tomentum, and at the end of their first year pale, or light brown tinged with red,
and roughened by elevated lenticels. Bark of the trunk about |' thick, the light
brown surface tinged with red and broken into long narrow horizontal ridge-like
scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, light brown, with thin lighter-colored sap-
wood of two or three layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Bottom-lands in moist gravelly loam ; valley of the Nueces River,
through western Texas, and southern New Mexico and Arizona to southern Califor-
nia and Lower California, and southward through Mexico to Central America, and
on the Sierra Nevada Mountains in Plumas County, California.

Often planted in northern Mexico and in Lower California in the neighborhood of
houses as a shade-tree, and for the fruit which is eaten by Mexicans and Indians.

CAPRIFOLIACE^ 807

2. Sambucus glauca, Nutt.

Leaves 5'-7' long, with stout grooved petioles much enlarged and naked or some-
times furnished at the base with leaf-like appendages, and 5-9 ovate or narrowly-
oblong leaflets contracted at the apex into long narrow points, unequally wedge-
shaped or rounded at the base, and coarsely serrate, with spreading or slightly

incurved callous-tipped teeth, the lower leaflets often 3-parted or pinnate and the
terminal one sometimes furnished with 1 or 2 lateral stalked leaflets, when they
unfold yellow-green on the upper, pale on the lower surface, and covered with scat-
tered pale hairs, and at maturity glabrous, thin, rather firm in texture, bright green
above and pale below, 2'-6' long and ^'-1^ wide, with narrow pale midribs, incon-
spicuous veins, and slender petiolules \'-^' long on the lateral leaflets and sometimes
iy-2' long on the terminal leaflet; stipels oblong-lanceolate, rounded or acute at the
apex, entire, yV~I' ^^^S^ caducous, often 0. Flowers ^' in diameter, appearing from
April in southern California to July in British Columbia, in flat long-branched
glabrous cymes 4:'-6' wide, with linear acute green caducous bracts and bractlets,
the lower branches often from the axils of upper leaves; flower-buds globose, cov-
ered with a glaucous bloom, sometimes turning red before opening; calyx ovoid,
and red-brown, with acute scarious lobes; corolla rotate, yellowish white, with oblong
divisions rounded at the apex, as long as the stamens. Fruit subglobose, ^' in
diameter, blue-black, whitened with a thick mealy bloom; flesh rather sweet and
juicy.

A tree, 30°-50° high, with a tall straight trunk sometimes enlarged at the base
and 12'-18' in diameter, stout spreading branches forming a compact round-topped
head, and branchlets usually without terminal buds, green tinged with red or brown
when they first appear, and covered with short white caducous hairs, stout, slightly
angled, covered with lustrous red-brown bark in their first winter and nearly encircled
by the large triangular leaf-scars marked by conspicuous fibro-vascular bundle-
scars; often a broad shrub, with numerous spreading stems. "Winter-buds axillary,
generally in pairs, superposed or in clusters of 4 or 5, only the upper bud or some-
times the lower usually developing, covered with 2 or 3 pairs of opposite broadly
ovate chestnut-brown scales, those of the inner rank accrescent, and at maturity acute,
entire, green, 1' long, and sometimes developing into pinnate leaves 2'-3' in length.

808 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Bark of the trunk deeply and irregularly fissured, the dark brown surface slightly
tinged with red and broken into small square appressed scales. Wood light, soft,
weak, coarse-grained, yellow tinged with brown, with thin lighter colored sapwood.

Distribution. Gravelly rather dry soil of valleys and river-bottoms; British
Columbia to the southern borders of California, and eastward to the Blue Mountains
of Oregon, the Wasatch Mountains of Utah, and to northern Montana; very abun-
dant in the coast region; comparatively rare in the interior; of its largest size in
the valleys of western Oregon; northward, and east of the Cascade and Sierra
Nevada Mountains rarely arborescent.

Occasionally planted as an ornamental plant in the Pacific states.

2. VIBURNUM, A. L. de Juss.

Trees or shrubs, with tough flexible branchlets, and large winter-buds enveloped
in one pair of scales. Leaves deciduous, without stipules, the first pair rudimentary,
with small blades and broad boat-shaped petioles, caducous Cin the North American
arborescent species). Flowers on short bracteolate or bibracteolate pedicels, in
terminal or axillary umbel-like flat or panicled cymes, their bracts and bractlets
minute, lanceolate, acute, caducous; calyx-tube cylindrical, the limb short, equally
5-lobed, persistent on the fruit; corolla rotate, equally 5-lobed, spreading and
reflexed after anthesis; stamens inserted on the base of the corolla; filaments elon-
gated, exserted; anthers bright yellow; ovary inferior, 1-celled ; style conical, divided
at the apex into three stigmatic lobes. Fruit 1-celled, with thin sweet acidulous or
oily flesh; stone (in the North American arborescent species) coriaceous, oval, short-
pointed at the apex, much flattened, dull reddish brown, slightly pitted. Seed filling
the cavity of the stone, concave on the ventral face, bright reddish brown, the thin
coat projected into a red narrow irregular often erose marginal border.

Viburnum with about eighty species is widely and generally distributed through
the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere, and occurs on the mountains
of central and western South America, on the Antilles, the islands of the Malay
Archipelago, and Madagascar. Of the fifteen North American species three are
small trees. Many of the species produce beautiful flowers and fruits, and are fre-
quently cultivated as ornaments of parks and gardens.

Viburnum is the classical name of one of the European species.

CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.

Petioles wing'-niargined.

Winter-buds long-pointed, scurfy-pubescent ; leaves ovate, usually acuminate.

1. V. Lentago (A, C, F).

Winter-buds short-pointed, ferrugineo-tomentose ; leaves elliptical-ovate or elliptieal-

obovate, usually rounded at the apex. 2. V. rufidulum (A, C).

Petioles usually without margins ; winter-buds short-pointed or obtuse, rufous-pubescent ;

leaves ovate, oval, or suborbicular, rounded or acute at the apex.

3. V. prunifolium (A, C).

1. Viburnum Lentago, L. Sheepberry. Nannyberry.

Leaves ovate, usually acuminate, with short or elongated points, or sometimes
rounded at the apex, wedge-shaped, rounded or subcordate at the base and sharply
serrate, with incurved callous-tipped teeth, when they unfold bronze-green, lustrous.

I

CAPRIFOLIACE^

809

coated on both surfaces of the midribs and on the petioles with thick rufous pubes-
cence, slightly pilose on the upper surface and covered on the lower with short pale
hairs, and at maturity bright green and lustrous above, yellow-green and marked by
minute black dots below, 2i'-3' long and I'-l^' wide, with slender midribs and primary
veins connected by conspicuous reticulate veinlets, turning in the autumn before falling
deep orange-red or red and orange color; their petioles broad,* grooved, more or less
interruptedly winged or occasionally wingless, I'-l^' long, those of the first pair of
leaves covered with thick rufous tomentum. Flowers about ^' in diameter, slightly
fragrant, appearing from the middle of April to the 1st of June in stout-branched
scurfy flat cymes 3'-5' in diameter, with nearly triangular green caducous bracts and
bractlets about ^^g' in length; calyx-tube slender, ovoid, with minute triangular acute
lobes; corolla pale cream color or nearly white, with ovate lobes acute and slightly
erose at the apex; style thick, light green, crowned with a broad stigma. Fruit

ripening in September on slender drooping stalks, in red-stemmed few-fruited clus-
ters, oval, thick-skinned, sweet and rather juicy, black or dark blue, and covered
with a glaucous bloom ; stone about ^' long and y^' wide.

A bushy tree, 20°-30° high, with a short trunk 8'-10' in diameter, slender rather
pendulous branches forming a compact round-topped head, and thin divergent
branchlets light green, slightly covered with rufous pubescence at first, and in their
first winter light red, scurfy, marked by occasional dark orange-colored lenticels and
by narrow leaf-scars displaying 3 conspicuous fibro-vascular bundle-scars, becoming
in their second year dark reddish brown and sometimes covered with a glaucous
bloom. Winter-buds light red, generally covered with pale scurfy pubescence,
those containing flower-bearing branchlets |' in length, obovate, swollen below the
middle and then abruptly contracted into long narrow tapering points, and subtended
by 2 minute lateral generally abortive buds formed in the axils of the last leaves of
the previous year, the buds inclosing sterile shoots lanceolate, acute, slightly angled,
about Y lorigj axillary buds acute, flattened by pressure against the stem, and much
smaller than the terminal buds. Bark of the trunk reddish brown and irregularly
broken into small thick plates divided on their surface into minute thin appressed
scales. "Wood bad-smelling, heavy, hard, close-grained, dark orange-brown, with
thin nearly white sapwood. *"

810

TREES OF NORTH AMERICA

Distribution, llocky hillsides, along tlie borders of forests, or near the banks of
streams and the margins of swamps, in moist soil; valley of the Riviere dn Loup,
Province of Quebec, to Saskatchewan, and southward through the northern states to
southern Indiana, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia, and to
eastern Kansas and Nebraska, South Dakota and the Big Horn Mountains of Wyo-
ming; in nortliern New England frequently springing up in fence-rows and along
the margins of roadsides.

Often cultivated as an ornament of parks and gardens in the eastern United States,
and occasionally in Europe.

2. Viburnum rufidulum, Raf. Black Haw.

Leaves elliptical-ovate or elliptical-obovate, rounded and occasionally acute or
obtuse at the short-pointed apex, rounded or wedge-shaped at the base, and finely ser-
rate, with slender apiculate straight or incurved teeth, when they unfold covered below
and on the wings of the petioles with thick ferrugineous tomentum and at maturity
coriaceous, dark green and very lustrous above, pale and dull below, usually about
3' long and f '-1^' wide, with stout yellow midribs, numerous slender primary veins,
and reticulate veinlets more or less covered below throughout the season with the
rufous tomentum also occasionally found on the upper side of the midribs; their peti-
oles stout, grooved, ^'-f ' long, and margined with broad or narrow wings. Flowers ^'
in diameter, in compound sessile or stalked 3-5 but usually 4-rayed thick-stemmed
ferrugineo-pubescent corymbs often 5'-6' in diameter, with minute subulate bracts
and bracelets; calyx obconic, with short rounded lobes; corolla creamy white, with

orbicular or oblong rounded lobes. Fruit ripening in October, in few-fruited droop-
ing red-stemmed clusters, oblong or slightly obovate, bright blue covered with a
glaucous bloom, and I'-f long; stone ^' long and about ^ wide.

A tree, often 40° high, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, short thick branches
forming an open irregular head, and stout branchlets marked by numerous small
red-brown or orange lenticels, when they first appear more or less coated with fer-
rugineous tomentum, ashy gray during their first winter, and dark dull red-brown in
their second season. Winter-buds ferrugineo-tomentose, those containing flower-
bearing branchlets broadly ovate, full and rounded at the base, abruptly narrowed
above, and short-pointed and obtuse at the apex, compressed, often l' long and |'

CAPRIFOLIACE^ ' 811

wide, and rather larger than those containing sterile branchlets; axillary buds acute,
flattened by pressure against the stems, and much smaller than the terminal buds.
Bark of the trunk \'-^' thick, separating into narrow rounded ridges divided by
numerous cross fissures, and roughened by small plate-like dark brown scales tinged
with red. Wood bad-smelling.

Distribution. Dry upland woods and the margins of river-bottom lands; south-
western Virginia and southern Illinois to Hernando County, Florida, southeastern
Kansas and the valley of the Guadalupe River, Texas; most abundant and of its
largest size in southern Arkansas, western Louisiana, and eastern Texas.

Occasionally cultivated in the eastern states, and hardy as far north as eastern
Massachusetts.

3. Viburnum prunifolium, L. Black Ha-w. Stag Bush.

Leaves ovate or rarely obovate, oval or suborbicular, rounded, acute, or short-
pointed at the apex, wedge-shaped or rounded at the base, and usually rather re-
motely or sometimes finely serrate, with rigid incurved callous-tipped teeth, when

they unfold lustrous and tinged with red, glabrous on the lower surface and covered
on the upper side of the midribs and on the bright red petioles with scattered red-
dish hairs, and at maturity firm or sometimes coriaceous, dark green and glabrous
above, pale and glabrous below, with slender primary veins connected by reticulate
veinlets, 1'- 3' long and ^'-3' wide, in the autumn turning brilliant scarlet or dark
vinous red before falling; their petioles terete, grooved, ^'-|' long, and on vigorous
shoots sometimes narrowly wing-margined. Flo"wers ^' in diameter on slender
pedicels bibracteolate at the apex, in glabrous cymes 2'-4' in diameter, with subulate
bracts about ^^' long, usually red above the middle, and caducous; calyx narrowly
obovate, with short rounded lobes often tipped with pink; corolla pure white, with
oval or nearly orbicular lobes. Fruit ripening in October, in few-fruited red-stemmed
clusters, persistent on the branches until the beginning of winter, oval or slightly
obovate, ^'-f' long, dark blue, and covered with a glaucous bloom; stone about ^'
long and ^' wide.

A bushy tree, occasionally 20°- 30° high, with a short and usually crooked trunk
6'-8' in diameter, stout spreading rigid branches beset with slender spine-like
branchlets, bright red and glabrous when they first appear, soon turning green, and

812 TREES OF NOKTII AMERICA

ill their first winter gray tinged with red, covered with a slight bloom, and marked
by orange-colored lenticels and by the large lunate leaf-scars displaying 3 fibro-vas-
cular bundle-scars, and ultimately dark brown tinged with red; or often a low intri-
cately branched shrub. Winter-buds short-pointed or obtuse, rufous-pubescent,
those containing tlower-bearing branches about ^' long and \' wide, and about twice
as large as those containing sterile branchlets; axillary buds acute, flattened, much
smaller than the terminal buds. Bark of the trunk J'-^' thick, and broken into
thick irregularly shaped plate-like red-brown scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong,
brittle, close-grained, brown tinged with red, with thick nearly white sap wood of
20-30 layers of annual growth.

Distribution. Dry rocky hillsides, and fence-rows and the sides of roads; Fair-
field County, Connecticut, and the valley of the lower Hudson River, New York,
southward along the Alleghany Mountains to northern Georgia, and westward to
southern Missouri.

Often cultivated as an ornament of parks and gardens in the eastern United
States, and occasionally in western and northern Europe.

GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS

AND INDEX

GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS

Accrescent. Increasing in size with age.
Accumbeat. Lying against, as the radicle against the

edges of the cotyledons.
Acuminate. Gradually tapering to the apex.
Acute. Pointed.

Adnate. Congenitally united to.
Adventitious. Said of buds produced without order

from any part of the stem.
Estivation. The arrangement of the parts of a flower

in the bud.
Akene or nchene. A small dry and hard, 1-celled,

1-seeded, indehiscent fruit.
Albumen. The deposit of nutritive material within

the coats of a seed and surrounding the embryo.
Am^nt. A iinisexual spike of flowers with scaly

bracts, usually deciduous in one piece.
Amphitropous. Descriptive of an ovule with the hilum

intermediate between the micropyle and chalaza.
Anatropous. Descriptive of a reversed ovule, with the

micropyle close by the side of the hilum, and cha-
laza at the opposite end.
Andro-dioecious. With perfect flowers on one indi-
vidual and staminate flowers only on another.
A7idrogynous. An inflorescence composed of male

and female flowers.
Angiospermse. Plants with seeds borne in a pericarp.
Annular. In the form of a ring.
Anterior. The front side of a flower, that is averse

from the axis of inflorescence.
Anther. The part of the stamen containing the pollen.
Anthesis. The act of opening of a flower.
Apetalous. Having no petals.
Apex. The top, as the end of the leaf opposite the

petiole.
Apiculate. Ending in a short pointed tip.
Apophysis. An enlargement or swelling of the surface

of an organ.
Arcuate. Moderately curved.
Areolate. Marked by areolae or spaces marked out on

a surface.
Aril. An extraneous seed-coat or covering, or an

appendage growing about the hilum of a seed.
Ariloid. Furnished with an aril.
Aristate. Furnished with awns.
Articulate. Jointed or having the appearance of a

joint.
Auricled or auHculate. Furnished with an auricle or

ear-shaped appendage.
Axil. The angle formed on the upper side of the

attachment of a leaf with a stem.
Axillary. In or from an axil.

Baccate. Berry-like.

Bark. The rind or cortical covering of a stem.

Berry. A fruit with a homogeneous fleshy pericarp.

Bipinnate. Doubly or twice pinnate.

Brad. The more or less modified leaf of a flower-
cluster.

Bracteate. Furnished with bracts.

Bracteolate. Furnished with bractlets.

Bractlet. The bract of a pedicel or ultimate flower-
stalk.

Branch. A secondary axis or division of a trmik,

Branchlet. An ultimate division of a branch.

Bud. The undeveloped state of a branch or flower-
cluster with or without scales.

Bud-scales. Reduced leaves covering a bud.

Calyx. The flower-cup or exterior part of a perianth.

Campanulate. Bell-shaped, or elongated cup-shaped.
Campylotropous. Descriptive of an ovule or seed

curved in its formation so as to bring the micropyle

or apex down near the hilum.
Canescent. Hoary, with gray or whitish pubescence.
Capsule. A dry dehiscent fruit of more than one

carpel.
Carpel. A simple pistil or an element of a compound

pistil.
Catkin. The same as an ament.
Caudate. Furnished with a tail, or with a slender

tip or appendage.
Centripetal. Developing from without toward the

centre.
Chalaza. The part of an o\-ule where the coats and

nucleus are confluent.
Chartaceous. Having the texture of paper.
Ciliate. Fringed with hairs.
Cinereous. Ashy gray.

Circinnate. Involute from the apex into a coil.
Circumscissile. Circularly and transversely dehiscent.
Clavate. Club-shaped.
Cocci. Portions into which a lobed fruit with

1-seeded cells splits up.
Cochleate. Siiell-shaped, spiral like the shell of a snail.
Columella. The persistent axis of a capsule.
Commissure. The face by which 2 carpels unite.
Complanate. Flattened.
Conduplicate. Folded together lengthwise.
Cone. An inflorescence or fruit formed of imbricated

scales.
Conferruminate. Stuck together by adjacent faces.
Connate. United congenitally.
Connective. The portion of a stamen which connects

the two cells or lobes of an anther.
Contortiiplicate. Twisted and plaited, or folded.
Convolute. Rolled up from the sides.
Cordate. Heart-shaped.
Coriaceous. Of the texture of leather.
Corymb. A flat-topped or convex open flower-cluster,

the flowers opening from the outside inward.
Corymbose. Said of flowers arranged in corymbs.
Cotyledons. The leaves of the embryo.
Crenate. Scalloped.
Crenulaie. The diminutive of crenate.
Crustaceous. Of hard brittle texture.
Cucullate. Hooded or hood-shaped.
Cuneate. Wedge-shaped, or triangular with an acute

angle downward.
Cyme. A flower-cluster, the flower opening from the

centre outward.
Cymose. Bearing cymes or relating to a cyme.

Deciduous. Falling, said of leaves falling in the au-
tumn, or of parts of a flower falling after anthesis.

Declinate. Bent or curved downward.

Decompound. Several times compound or divided.

Decurrent. Running down, as of the blades of leaves
extending down their petioles.

Decussate. In pairs alternately crossing at right an-
gles.

Dehiscent. The opening of an anther or capsule by
slits or valves.

Deltoid. Having the shape of the Greek letter A.

Dentate. Toothed.

Denticulate. Minutely toothed.

Diadelphous. Said of stamens combined by their fila-
ments into 2 sets.
I Dichotomous. Forked in pairs.

816

GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS

Digitate. Said of a compound leaf in wliich the leaf-
lets are borne at tlie apex of tlie petiole.

Diieciou.s. Unisexual, with the Howers of the 2 sexes
borne by distinct individuals.

Disci/eroii.t. Bearing' a disk.

Disci fttnn. Depressed and eireular like a disk.

Discoid. Appertaining to a disk.

I>i.sk-. The development of the torus or roce]ita(le of
a flower within the calyx or within the corolla and
stamens.

Dis.sejtimciit. A partition in an ovary or pericarp.

Dorsal. Relating to the back.

Dorsal suture. The line of opening of a carpel corre-
sponding to its midrib.

Drupaceous. Resembling or relating to a drupe.

Drupe. A stone fruit.

Duct. An elongated cell or tubular vessel found espe-
cially in the woody parts of plants.

Efilauduldr. Without glands.

Ellipsoid. An elliptical solid.

Elliptical. Oval or oblong with regularly rovmded
euds.

Emarginatc. Notched at the apex.

Emhrijo. The rudimentary plant formed in the seed.

Endocarp. The inner layer of a pericarp.

Endogenous. Descriptive of Endogens, monocotyle-
donous plants with stems increasing by internal
accessions.

Epicarp, The thin filmy external layer of a peri-
carp.

Epigynous. Placed on the ovary.

Erose. Descriptive of an irregularly toothed or
eroded margin.

Excurrent. Running through the apex or beyond.

Exocarp. The outer layer of a pericarp.

Exogenous. Descriptive of Exogens, plants with
stems increasing by the addition of a layer of wood
on the outside beneath the constantly widening
bark.

Extrorse. Directed outward, descriptive of an anther
opening away from the axis of the flower.

Falcate. Scythe-shaped.

Fascicle. A close cluster of leaves or flowers.

Fascicled. Arranged in fascicles.

Feather-veined. Having veins extending from the
sides of the midrib.

Ferrugineous. The color of iron rust.

Fibro-vascular. Consisting of woody fibres and ducts.

Filament. The stalk of an anther.

Filamentose. Composed of threads.

Fimbriate. Fringed.

Fistidose. Hollow through the whole length.

Flabellate. Fan-shaped ; much dilated from a wedge-
shaped base with the broader end rounded.

Foliaceous. Leaf -like in texture or appearance.

Foliolate. Having leaflets.

Foliole. A leaflet.

Fkinicle. The stalk of an ovule or seed.

Gamopetalse. Plants with corollas of coalescent
petals.

Gamopetalous. Descriptive of a corolla of coalescent
petals.

Geniculate. Bent abruptly like a knee.

Gibbous. Swollen on one side.

Glabrate. Nearly glabrous or becoming glabrous.

Glabrous. Smooth, not pubescent or hairy.

Gland. A protuberance on the surface, or partly im-
bedded in the surface of any part of a plant, either
secreting or not.

Glandular. Furnished with glands.

Glaucescent. Nearly or becoming glaucous.

Glaucous. Covered or whitened with a bloom.

Gymnospermse. Plants with naked seeds, that is, not
inclosed in a pericarp.

Gynophore. The stipe of a pistil.

Heartivood. The mature and dead wood of an exoge-
nous stem.

Hermaphrodite. With staminate and pistillate organs

in the same flower, eipiivalent to perfect.
II Hum. Tlie scar or i)lace of attachment of a seed.
Hirsute. Hairy, with coarse or btilf hairs.
Ilisjiidulous. Minutely hispid.
Ilypogynous. Under or free from the pistil.

Imhricfde. Overlapping, like the shingles on a roof.

Incumbent. Leaning or resting upon, as the radicle
against the back of one of the cotyledons.

Indu}>licate. With edges folded in or turned inward.

Inferior. Said of an organ placed below another, like
a calyx below an ovary or an ovary below a suiMjrior
calyx.

Inflorescence. Flower-duster.

Infrapetiolar. Below the petioles.

Innate. Borne on the apex of tlie supporting part ;
in an anther the counterpart of adnate.

Interpetiolar. Between the petioles.

Introrse. Turned inward ; descriptive of an anther
opening toward the axis of the flower.

Ini'erse. Inverted.

Involucre. A circle of bracts surrounding a flower-
cluster.

Invohde. Rolled inward.

Laciniate. Cut into narrow incisions or lobes.

Lactescent. Yielding milky juice.

Lamellate. Composed of thin plates.

Laminate. Composed of plates.

Lanceolate. Shaped like a lance ; narrower than ob-
long and tapering to the ends, or at least to the
apex

Leaf. Green expansions borne by the stem in which
assimilation and the processes connected with it
are carried on.

Leaflet. The separate division of a compound leaf.

Legume. The seed vessel of plants of the Pea fam-
ily, composed of a solitary carpel normally dehis-
cent only by the ventral suture.

Lenticels. Lenticular corky growths on young bark.

Lepidote. Beset with small scurfy scales.

Linear. Said of a narrow leaf several times narrower
than long, with parallel margins.

Lobe. The division of an organ.

Lobulate. Divided into small lobes.

Loculicidal. Dehiscent into the cavity of a pericarp
by the back, that is through a dorsal suture.

Medullary rays. The rays of cellular tissue in a trans-
verse section of an exogenous stem and extending
from the pith to the bark.

Membranaceous. Thin and pliable like a membrane.

Micropyle. The spot or point in the seed at the place
of the orifice of the ovule.

Midrib. The central or main rib of a leaf.

Monoecious. Unisexual, with the flowers of the two
sexes borne by the same individual.

3Incro. A small and abrupt tip to a leaf.

Mucronate. Furnished with a mucro.

Muricate. Rough, with short rigid excrescences.

Naked buds. Buds without scales.

Nectar. The sweet secretion of various parts of a
flower.

Nectariferous. Nectar-bearing.

Node. The portion of the stem which bears a leaf or
whorl of leaves.

Nucleus. The kernel of an ovule or seed.

Nut. A hard and indehiscent 1 -seeded pericarp pro-
duced from a compound ovary.

Nutlet. A diminutive nut or stone.

Obcordate. Inverted heart-shaped.

Oblanceolate. Lanceolate but tapering toward the

base more than toward the apex.
Obovate. Ovate with the broader end toward the

apex.
Obovoid. Solid ovate with the broader end toward

the apex.
Obpyramidal. Inversely pyramidal.

GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS

817

Obtuse. Blunt or rounded at the apex.

Operculate. Furnished with a lid.

Orbicular. A fiat body circular in outline.

Orthotropous. Descriptive of an ovule with a straight
axis much enlarged at the insertion and the ori-
fice at the other end.

Oval. Broadly elliptical.

Ovate. Of the shape of the longitudinal section of
a hen's egg, with the broad end basal.

Ovoid. Solid ovate or solid oval.

Ovule. The part of the flower which becomes a
seed.

Palmate. Lobed or divided, with the sinuses point-
ing to or reaching the apex of the petiole or insertion.

Panicle. A loose compound flower-cluster.

Papilionaceous. Butterfly-like.

Papilliform. The shape of papillae.

Papillate. Bearing papillae, minute nipple-shaped
papillose projections.

Parietal placenta. A placenta borne on the wall of
the ovary.

Pedicel. The stalk of a flower in a compound inflo-
rescence.

Pedicellate. Borne on a pedicel.

Peduncle. A general flower-stalk supporting either a
cluster of flowers, or a solitary flower.

Pedunculate. Borne on a peduncle.

Peltate. Descriptive of a plane body attached by its
lower surface to the stalk.

Penniveined. Same as pinuately veined.

Perfect. Said of a flower with both stamens and
pistil.

Perianth. The envelope of a flower consisting of
calyx, corolla, or both.

Pericarp. The fructified ovary.

Persistent. Said of leaves remaining on the branches
over their first winter, and of a calyx remaining
under or on the fruit.

Petal. A division of the corolla.

Petiolate. Having a petiole.

Petiole. The footstalk of a leaf.

Petiolulate. Having a petiolule.

Petiolule. The footstalk of a leaflet.

Pilose. Hairy, with soft and distinct hairs.

Pinnse. The primary divisions of a twice pinnate
leaf.

Pinnate. A leaf with leaflets arranged along each
side of a common petiole.

Pistil. The female organ of a flower, consisting of
ovary, style, and stigma.

Pistillate. Said of a unisexual flower without fertile
stamens.

Pith. The central cellular part of a stem.

Placenta. That part of the ovary which bears the
ovules.

Plumule. The bud or growing part of the embryo.

Pollen. The fecundating cells contained in the an-
ther.

Polygamo-dicecious. Said of flowers sometimes per-
fect and sometimes unisexual, the 2 forms borne on
different individuals.

Polygamo-moncecious. Said of flowers sometimes
perfect and sometimes unisexual, the 2 forms borne
on the same individual.

Polygamous. Said of flowers sometimes perfect and
sometimes unisexual.

Pome. An inferior fruit of 2 or several carpels in-
closed in thick flesh.

Posterior. The side of an axillary flower next the
axis of inflorescence.

Prickle. Outgrowth of the bark.

Proliferous. Bearing offshoots.
' Puberulent. Very slightly pubescent.

Puberulous. Minutely pubescent.
■ Pubescence. A covering of short soft hairs.

Pubescent. Clothed with soft short hairs.

Pulvinate. Cushion-shaped.

Punctate. Dotted with depressions or translucent
internal glands, or with colored dots.

Punctulate. Minutely punctate.

Raceme. An indeterminate or centripetal inflores-
cence with an elongated axis and flowers on pedicels
of equal length.

Rachis. The axis of a spike or of a compound leaf.

Radial. Belonging to a ray.

Radicle. The initial stem in an embryo.

Receptacle. The axile portion of a blossom bearing
sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils ; the axis or
rhachis of the head, spike, or other flower-cluster.

Reniform. Kidney-shaped.

Resupinate. Upside down.

Reticulate. Netted.

Retrorse. Directed backward or downward.

Retuse. With a shallow notch at a rounded apex.

Revolute. Rolled backward from the margins or apex.

Rhaphe. The adnate cord or ridge connecting the
hilum wdth the chalaza in an anatropous ovule.

Rhombic. Having the shape of a rhomb.

Rhomboidal. Approaching a rhombic outline ; quad-
rangular with the lateral angles obtuse.

Rind. The bark of some endogenous stems, like that
of Palms.

Rostrate. Narrowed into a slender tip.

Rotate. Circular, flat and horizontally spreading.

Rugose. Wrinkled.

Rugulose. Slightly wrinkled.

Ruminate. Looking as if chewed, like the albumen
of the nutmeg.

Sagittate. Shaped like an arrowhead.

Samara. An indehiscent winged fruit.

Sapwood. The young living wood of an exogenous

stem.
Scales. Thin scarious bodies, usually degenerate

leaves.
Scarious. Thin, dry and membranaceous, not green.
Scobiform. Having the appearance of sawdust.
Scorpioid. A form of unilateral inflorescence circi-

nately coiled in the bud.
Scurfy. Covered with small bran-like scales.
Seed. The fertilized and mature ovule, the result of

sexual reproduction in a flowering plant.
Segment. One of the divisions into which a leaf,

calyx, or corolla may be divided.
Semianatropous. Same as amphitropous.
Sepals. The divisions of a calyx.
Septicidal. Descriptive of a capsule splitting through

the lines of junction of the carpels.
Septum. A partition.
Serrate. Beset with teeth.
Serrulate. Serrate with small fine teeth.
Sessile. Without a stalk.
Setose. Beset with bristles.
Setulose. Beset with minute bristles.
Sheath. A tubular or enrolled part or organ.
Sinistrorse. Turned or directed to the left.
Sinus. A recess between the lobes of a leaf.
Spatulate. Oblong with the lower end attenuated.
Spike. An indeterminate inflorescence with flowers

sessile on an elongated common axis.
Spine. A sharp-pointed woody body, commonly a

modified branch or stipule.
Spinescent. Ending in a spine.
Spinose. Furnished with spines.
Stamen. One of the male organs of a flower.
Staminate. Said of unisexual flowers without pistils.
Staminodium. A sterile or much reduced stamen.
Stigma. The part or surface of a pistil which receives

the pollen for the fecundation of the ovules.
Stigmatic. Relating to the stigma.
Stipe. A stalk-like support of a pistil or of a carpel.
Stipel. An appendage to a leaflet analagous to the

stipules of a leaf.
Stipitate. Having a stipe.
Stipulate. Having stipules.
Stipules. Appendages of a leaf, placed one on each

side of the petiole at its insertion.
Stomata. Breathing pores or apertures in the epider-
mis of leaves connecting internal cavities with the

external air.
Stomatiferous. Furnished with stomata.

818

GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS

Stone. Tlie hard endocarp of a drupe.

Strobile. The same as cone.

Strophiolatc. Said ot a seed bearing a stropliiole or

appendage at the hiluni.
Style. The attenuated portion of a pistil betweeu the

ovary and the stij;uia.
Subcuiddte. SUghtly cordate.
Subulate. Awl-sliaped.
Sulcate. Grooved or furrowed.
Superior. Growing or placed above; also in a lateral

nower for the side next the axis.
Suture. A junction, usually a line of opening of a

carpel.
Syncarp. A multiple fruit.

Taproot. The primary descending root, a direct con-
tinuation from the radicle.

Tegmen. The inner coat of a seed.

Testa. The outer seed-coat.

Thyrsoidal. Relating to a thyrsus.

Thyrsus. A mixed inflorescence with the main axis
indeterminate and the secondary or ultimate clus-
ters cyniose.

Toinento.se. Densely pubescent with matted wool or
tomentum.

Tomentulose. Slightly pubescent with matted wool.

Torose. Cylindrical, with contractions or bulges at
intervals.

Torulose. Slightly torose.

Toms. The same as the receptacle of a flower.

Transverse. Horizontal.

Trichotomous. Three-forked.

Trifoliate. Three-leaved.

Trifoliolate. Descriptive of leaves, with 3 leaflets.

Truncate. As if cut off at the end.

Tubercle. A small tuber or excrescence.

Tuberculate. Beset with knobby excrescences.

Turbinate. Top-shaped.

Turgid. Swollen.

Umbel. An inflorescence with numerous pedicels

springing from the same point like the rays of an

umbrella.
Umbilicus. The hilum of a seed.
Umbo. A boss or protuberaiice.
U inbonatc. Bearing an umbo.
Uncinate. Hooked, bent, or curved at the tip in the

form of a hook.
Unequally pinnate. Pinnate, witli an odd terminal

leaflet.
Unguieulate. Contracted at the base into a claw or

stalk.
Uni.sexual. Said of flowers with either the stamens or

pistil 0 or abortive.
Urceolate. Hollow and contracted at or below the

mouth like an urn or pitcher.
Utricle. A small bladdery pericarp.

Valvate. Said of a flower-bud in which the parts meet

without overlapping.
Valve. One of the pieces into which a capsule

splits.
Vei7ilet. One of the ultimate or smaller ramifications

of a vein.
Vei7is. Ramifications or threads of fibro-vascular

tissue in a leaf or other flat organ.
Ventral. Belonging to the anterior or inner face of a

carpel.
Ventricose. Swelling unequally or inflated on one

side.
Vernation. The disposition of parts in a leaf-bud.
Verrucose. Covered with wart-like elevations.
Versatile. Said of an anther turning freely on its

filament.
Verticillate. Arranged in a circle or whorl round an

axis.
Villose. Hairy, with long and soft hairs.

Whorl. An arrangement of branches or leaves in a

circle round an axis.
Wood. Tlie hard part of a stem mainly composed of

wood-cells, wood fibre, or tissue.

J

INDEX

Names of Classes, Subclasses, Families, and Subfamilies are in small capitals ; Latin and English names
of admitted genera and species in roman type ; synonyms in italics.

Abies, 55.

Abies amabilis, 59.

Abies balsamea, 58.

Abies concolor, 62.

Abies Fraseri, 57.

Abies grandis, 60.

Abies lasiocarpa, 61.

Abies magnifica, 66.

Abies magnifica,var. Shastensis, 67.

Abies nobilis, 65.

Abies venusta, 63.

Abietinle, 1.

Acacia, 540, 572.

Acacia Farnesiana, 541 .

Acacia, Green-barked, 562, 563.

Acacia Greggii, 544.

Acacia tortuosa, 542.

Acacia Wrightii, 543.

Acer, 625.

Acer circinatum, 630.

Acer Floridanum, 634.

Acer glabrum, 631.

Acer grandidentatum, 637.

Acer leucoderme, 636.

Acer macrophyllum, 627.

Acer Negundo, 641.

Acer Negundo, var. Califomicum,

643.
Acer nigrum, 634.
Acer Pennsylvanicum, 627.
Acer rubrum, 639.
Acer rubrum, var. Drummondii,

Acer rubrum, var. tridens, 641.

Acer saccharinum, 638.

Acer Saccharum, 032.

Acer Saccharum, var. Floridanum^
634.

Acer Saccharum, var. grandidenta-
tum, 637.

Acer Saccharum, var. leucoderme,
636.

Acer Saccharum, var. Rugelii, 633.

Acer spicatum, 626.

ACERACE^, 624.

.^sculus, 644.

.^sculus austrina, 647.

.ffisculus Californica, 648.

.^sculus glabra, 644.

.^sculus glabra, var. Buckleyi, 646.

.lEsculus octandra, 646.

jEscuIus octandra, var. hybrida,
647.

Alder, 208.

Almond Willow, 170.

Alnus, 208.

Ahius acuminata, 214.

Alnus maritima, 215,

Alnus oblongifolia, 214.

Alnus Oregona, 210.

Alnus rhombifolia, 212.

Alnus Sitchenis, 209.

Alnus tenuifolia, 211.

Amelanchier, 360.

Amelanchier alnifolia, 362.
Amelanchier Canadensis, 360.
Amelanchier Canadensis, var. to-

mentula, 361.
Amelanchier obovalis, 361.
Amyris, 588.
Amyris Elemifera, 588.
Anacahuita, 783.
Anacardiace^, 601.
Anamomis, 698.
Anamomis dichotoma, 698.
Anaqua, 786.

Andromeda femiginea, 726.
Angiosperm^, 102.
Anona, 328.
Anona glabra, 328.
Anonace^, 326.
Ants' Wood, 744.
Apetal^, 125.
Apple, 351.

Apple, Crab, 352, 353, 354, 355.
Apple, Haw, 399.
Apple, Pond, 328.
Apple, Turkey, 436.
Aquifoliace^, 613.
Aralia, 704.
Aralia spinosa, 705.
Araliace^, 704.
Arbor-vitee, 74.
Arbutus, 727.
Arbutus Arizonica, 730.
Arbutus Menziesii, 728.
Arbutus Xalapensis, 729.
Ash, 758.
Ash, Black, 764.
Ash, Blue, 761.
Ash, Green, 771.
Ash, Mountain, 356, 768.
Ash, Prickly, 582.
Ash, Pumpkin, 772.
Ash, Red, 770.
Ash, Swamp, 762.
Ash, Wafer, 587.
Ash, Water, 762, 763.
Ash, White, 767.
Ash-leaved Maple, 641.
Asimina, 326.

Asimina triloba, 326. '

Asp, Quaking, 154.
Aspen, 154.
Avicennia, 789.
Avicennia nitida, 790.

Bald Cypress, 70, 71.

Balm of Gilead, 159.

Balsam, 157.

Balsam Cottonwood, 161.

Balsam Fir, 57, 58, 61.

Balsam, She, 57.

Bark, Georgia, 799.

Basket Oak, 271.

Bass Wood, 671, 673, 675.

Bay, 678.

Bay, Loblolly, 678.

Bay, Red, 330.

Bay, Rose, 721.

Bay, Swamp, 317, 331

Bay, Sweet, 317.

Bean, Coral, 5G5.

Bean, Horse, 560.

Bean, Indian, 793.

Bean, Screw, 550.

Bear Oak, 241.

Bearberry, 664.

Beech, 217.

Beech, Blue, 190.

Bee-tree, 674.

Betula, 194.

Betula Alaskana, 206.

Betula coerulea, 201.

Betula coerulea, var. Blanchardi,

202.
Betula fontinalis, 207.
Betula Kenaica, 205.
Betula lenta, 196.
Betula lutea, 197.
Betula nigra, 198.
Betula occidentalis, 204.
Betula papyrifera, 202.
Betula pap3rrifera, var. cordifolia,

202.
Betula populifolia, 200.
Betulace^, 189.
Big Bud Hickory, 143.
Big Shellbark, 141.
Big Tree, 69.

BiGNONIACEyE, 791.

Bilsted, 340.

Birch, 194, 204.

Birch, Black, 196, 205, 207.

Birch, Blue, 201.

Birch, Canoe, 202.

Birch, Cherry, 196.

Birch, Gray, 197, 200.

Birch, Paper, 202.

Birch, Red, 198, 205.

Birch, River, 198.

Birch, West Indian, 592.

Birch, White, 200, 206.

Birch, Yellow, 197.

Bird Cherries, 510.

Bird Cherry, 521.

Bitter Pecan, 134, 137.

Bitternut, 135.

Black Ash, 764.

Black Birch, 196, 205, 207.

Black Calabash Tree, 797.

Black Cottonwood, 150, 161.

Black Haw, 810, 811.

Black Ironwood, 660.

Black Jack, 245.

Black Mangrove, 790.

Black Maple, 634.

Black Oak, 234, 237, 239, 286.

Black Oaks, 227.

Black Olive Tree, 702.

Black Persimmon, 750.

Black Sloe, 518.

820

INDEX

Black Spruce, 39.

Black Walnut, 128.

Black Willow, 1G8, 100, 171, 173,

1.S4.
BloUy, 314.
Blue Asli, 701.
Blue Beech, 1<X).
Blue Birch, 'JOl.
Blue Jack, '2'>0.
Blue Myrtle, 007.
Blue Oak, 277.
Blue Spruce, 44.

BORRAGINACE^, 781.

Bottom Shellbark, 141.
Bourreria, 784.
Bourreria Havauensis, 784.
Bourreria Havaueusis, var. radula,

784.
Bow Wood, 307.
Box Elder, 041, 043.
Box Wood, 023.
Brittle Thatch, 105, 106.
Broad-leaved Maple, 027.
Bucida, 702.
Bucida Buceras, 702.
Buckeye, 047, ()48.
Buckeye, Fetid, 044.
Buckeye, Ohio, 044.
Buckeye, Spanish, 056.
Buckeye, Sweet, 040.
Buckthorn, 743.
Bull Pine, 15, 23.
Bumelia, 740.
Bumelia augustifolia, 744.
Bumelia lanuginosa, 741.
Bumelia lanuginosa, var. rigida,

742.
Bumelia lycioides, 743.
Bumelia tenax, 741.
Burning Bush, 620.
Burr Oak, 267.
Bursera, 591.
Bur.T;era Siniaruba, 592.

BURS5RACE.E, 591.

Bush, Button, 802.
Bush, Stag, 811 .
Bustic, 739.
Butternut, 126.
Button Bush, 802.
Buttonwood, 344, 701, 703.

Cabbage Palmetto, 108.
Cabbage Tree, 108.

CACTACE.E, 684.
C^SALPINIOID^, 534.

Calabash Tree, Black, 797.
California Laurel, 334.
California Lilac, 007.
California Nutmeg, 98.
Calyptranthes Chytraculia, 699.
Canada Plum, 511.
Canella, 680.
Canella Winterana, 680.

CANELLACE.E, 080.

Canoe Birch, 202.

Canoe Cedar, 75

Canotia, 623.

Canotia holacantha, 624.

Capparidace^, 338.

Capparis, 338.

Capparis Jamaicensis, 338.

Capkifoliace^, 804.

Carica, 682.

Carica Papaya, 683.

Caricace^, 682.

Carpinus, 190.

Carpinus Caroliniana, 190.

Cassada, 739.

Cassena, 616.

Cassie, 541.

Castauea, 219.

Castanea dentata, 220.

Castanea puinila, 221.

Castanopsis, 222.

Ca-stanopsis chrysophylla, 223.

Catalpa, 792.

Catalpa Catalpa, 793.

Catalpa speciosa, 795.

Catalpa, Western, 795.

Cat's Claw, .^)35, 543, 544.

Ceanothus, 0()5.

Ceanothus arboreus, 666.

Ceanothus spinosus, 007.

Ceanothus thyrsitiorus, 007.

Ceanolhu-s vdutimcs, var. arboreus,
006.

Cedar, 93.

Cedar, Canoe, 75.

Cedar Elm, 294.

Cedar, Incense, 73.

Cedar Pine, 28.

Cedar, Port Orford, 84.

Cedar, Red, 75, 94, 95, 96.

Cedar, Rock, 93.

Cedar, Stinking, 98.

Cedar, White, 74, 82.

Celastrace^, 619.

Celtis, 298.

Celtis Mississippiensis, 300.

Celtis Mississippiensis, var. reticu-
lata, 301.

Celtis occidentalis, 299.

Celtis occidentalis, var. pumila, 300.

Cephalanthus, 801.

Cephalanthus occidentalis, 802.

Cercidium, 562.

Cercidium floridum, 562.

Cercidium Torreyanum, 563.

Cercis, 551.

Cercis Canadensis, 552.

Cercis Texensis, 553.

Cercocarpus, 504.

Cercocarpus breviflorus, 508.

Cercocarpus ledifolius, 507.

Cercocarpus ledifolius, var. intri-
catus, 508.

Cercocarpus parvifolius, 506.

Cercocarpus parvifolius, var. betu-
loides, 507.

Cercocarpus Traskise, 505.

Cereus, 085.

Cereus giganteus, 685.

Chamaecyparis, 81.

Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana, 84.

Chamaecyparis Nootkatensis, 83.

Chamfecyparis thyoides, 82.

Chapote, 750.

Checkered-bark Jtmiper, 90.

Cherry, 509, 733.

Cherry Birch, 196.

Cherry, Bird, 521.

Cherry, Choke, 523.

Cherry, Indian, 603.

Cherry Laurels, 510.

Cherry, Rum, 524.

Cherry, Wild, .522, 526, 527.

Cherry, Wild Black, 524.

Cherry, Wild Red, 521.

Chestnut, 219.

Chestnut, Golden -leaved, 223.

Chestnut Oak, 225, 272, 273.

Chestnut Oaks, 229.

Chickasaw Plum, 515.

Chilopsis, 791.

Chilopsis linearis, 792.

China-tree, Wild, 652.

Chinquapin, 221, 223.

Chionanthus, 777.

Chionanthus Virginica, 778.

Chittam Wood, 602, 741.

Choke Cherry, 523.

ChoUa, 688.

Chrysobalanus, 532.
Chrysobalanus Icaco, 532.
CliryHopliylluui, 745.
CliryHophylluni oliviforme, 745.
ChytracuUa, c.'.i'.l.
Chytraculia Cliytraculia, 699.
Cinnamon Bark, 680.
Cimiamon, Wild, 680.
Citharexylon, 787.
Citharexylon villosum, 788.
Cladrastis, 567.
Cladrastis lutea, 568.
Clammy Locust, 574.
Cliftonia, 612.
Cliftonia monophylla, 612.
Coccolobis, 311.
Coccolobis laurifolia, 312.
Coccolobis uvifera, 311.
Coccothrinax, 100.
Coccothrinax jucunda, 106.
Cock-spur Thorn, 368.
Cocoa Plum, 532.
Coffee-tree, 664.
Coffee-tree, Kentucky, 554.
Colubrina, 668.
Colubrina reclinata, 669.

COMBRETACE^, 700.

Condalia, 057.
Condalia obovata, 658.

CONIPERiE, 1.

Conocarpus, 700.

Conocarpus erecta, 701.

Conocarpus erecta, var. sericea, 701.

Coral Bean, 505.

Cordia, 781.

Cordia Boissieri, 783.

Cordia Sebestena, 782.

Cork Elm, 290.

Cork Wood, 151.

CORNACEiE, 706.

Coi'nus, 712.

Comus alternifolia, 717.

Comus asperfolia, 716.

Cornus florida, 713.

Cornus Nuttallii, 714.

Cotmus, 601.

Cotinus Americauus, 602.

Cotton Gum, 711.

Cottonwood, 160, 162, 163, 164, 165.

Cottonwood, Balsam, 101.

Cottonwood, Black, 156, 161.

Cottonwood, Narrow-leaved, 159.

Cottonwood, Swamp, 156.

Cow Oak, 271.

Crab Apple, 352, 353, 354, 355.

Crab, Fragrant, 353.

Crab, Soulard, 355.

Crab Wood, GOO.

Crataegus, 363.

Crataegus acclivis, 450.

Crataegus acutifolia, 375.

CratEegus aestivalis, 399.

Crataegus algens, 374.

Crataegus amnicola, 392.

Crataegus annosa, 483.

Crataegus anomala, 440.

Crataegus apiifolia, 486.

Crataegus apiomorpha, 414.

Crataegus aprica, 485.

Crataegus arborea, 377.

Crataegus Arduennae, 373.

Crataegus Arkansana, 425.

Crataegus Arnoldiana, 437.

Crataegus Ashei, 469.

Crataegus assurgens, 445.

Crataegus atrorubens, 408.

Crataegus basilica, 420.

Crataegus berberifolia, 383.

Crataegus Berlandieri, 429.

Crataegus blanda, 405.

Crataegus Boyntoni, 462.

INDEX

821

Crataegus brachyacantha, 489.

Crataegus Brazoria, 395.

Crataegiis Buckleyi, 403.

Crataegus Busliii, 376.

Crataegus Canadensis, 428.

Crataegus Canbyi, 369.

Crataegus Champlainensis, 438.

Crataegus Chapmani, 493.

Crataegus coccinea, 459.

Crataegus coccinioides, 458.

Crataegus collina, 391.

Crataegus consanguinea, 472.

Crataegus cordata, 487.

Crataegus corusca, 430.

Crataegus crocina, 385.

Crataegus Crus-galli, 368.

Crataegus Crus-galli, var. capillata,
369.

Crataegus Crus-galli, var. oblon-
gata, 369.

Crataegus Crus-galli, var. pyra-
canthifolia, 369.

Crataegus Crus-galli, var. salicifo-
lia, 369.

Crataegus Dallasiana, 396.

Crataegus delecta, 451.

Crataegus denaria, 379.

Crataegus depLlis, 419.

Crataegus Deweyana, 496.

Crataegus dilatata, 455.

Crataegus dispar, 484.

Crataegus Douglasii, 502.

Crataegus Eamesi, 454.

Crataegus edita, 382.

Crataegus edura, 384.

Crataegus EUwangeriana, 441.

Crataegus Engelmanni, 378.

Crataegus erecta, 375.

Crataegus fastosa, 393.

Crataegus fecunda, 371.

Crataegus fera, 386.

Crataegus flava, 471.

Crataegus Floridana, 476.

Crataegus Gaultii, 494.

Crataegus gemmosa, 498.

Crataegus Georgiana, 413.

Crataegus glabriuscula, 404.

Crataegus gravida, 426.

Crataegus Harbisoni, 468.

Crataegus Hillii, 444.

Crataegus Holmesiana, 4-19.

Cratr«gus Hudsonica, 457.

Crataegus igiiava, 475.

Crataegus lUinoiensis, 499.

Crataegus induta, 436.

Crataegus ingens, 409.

Crataegus Integra, 481.

Crataegus integriloba, 500.

Crataegus Jonesae, 460.

Crataegus Kelloggii, 431.

Crataegus lacera, 421.

Crataegus lacrimata, 477.

Crataegus lanuginosa, 435.

Crataegus Lettermani, 397.

Crataegus lobulata, 447.

Crataegus lucoriun, 418.

Crataegus macracantha, 501.

Crataegus Margaretta, 4G1.

Crataegus micracantha, 410.

Crataegus mitis, 407.

Crataegus Mohri, 387.

Crataegus mollis, 423.

Crataegus Neo-Londinensis, 443.

Crataegus nitida, 406.

Crataegus opima, 466.

Crataegus ovata, 402.

Crataegus Palmeri, 381.

Crataegus panda, 480.

Crataegus paucispina, 415.

Crataegus pausiaca, 390.

Crataegus pedicellata, 448.

Crataegus penita, 409.
Crataegus pentandra, 416.
Crataegus Peoriensis, 370.
Crataegus pratensis, 398.
Crataegus Pringlei, 446.
Crataegus pruinosa, 411.
Crataegus punctata, 389.
Crataegus pjTiformis, 434.
Cratffigus quercLna, 433.
Crataegus Ravenelii, 478.
Crataegus recurva, 482.
Crataegus regalis, 372.
Crataegus rivularis, 503.
Crataegus Robur, 467.
Crataegus saligna, 490.
Crataegus Sargenti, 465.
Crataegus senta, 479.
Crataegus sera. 424.
Crataegus sertata, 453.
Crataegus signata, 380.
Crataegus silvicola, 417.
Crataegus sordida, 395.
Crataegus spathulata, 488.
Crataegus submollis, 439.
Crataegus suborbiculata, 456.
Crataegus succulenta, 497.
Crataegus tersa, 383.
Crataegus Texana, 432.
Crataegus tomentosa, 492.
Crataegus Treleasei, 427.
Crataegus tristis, 473.
Crataegus vegeta, 495.
Crataegus venusta, 464.
Crataegus verruculosa, 394.
Crataegus viridis, 401.
Crattegus visenda, 474.
Crataegus vulsa, 403.
Crescentia, 796.
Crescentia cucurbitina, 797.
Cucumber-tree, 319.
Cucumber-tree, Larged-leaved, 320.
Cucumber-tree, Long-leaved, 322.
CupRESsiNi.*:, 2.
Cupressus, 77.
Cupressus Arizonica, 78.
Cupressus Goveniana, 79.
Cupressus Lawsoniana. 84.
Cupressus Macnabiana, 80.
Cupressus macrocarpa. 77.
Cupressus Nootkatensis, 83.
Cupressus pygraaea, 79.
Cupressus thyoides, 82.
Cypress, 77, 78, 79, 80.
Cypress, Bald, 70, 71.
Cypress, Deciduous, 71.
Cypress, Lawson, 84.
Cypress, Monterey, 77.
Cypress, Sitka, 83.
Cypress, Yellow, 83.
Cyrilla, 611.

Cyrilla racemiflora, 611.
Cyrillace^, 610.

Dahoon, 615.
Dalea, 570.
Dalea spinosa, 570.
Darling Plum, 659.
Deciduous Cypress, 71.
Desert Palm. 110.
Desert Willow, 792.
Devil Wood, 779.
Dicotyledons, 125.
Digger Pine, 23.
Diily, Wild, 747.
Diospyros, 748.
Diospj^ros Texana, 750.
Diospyros Virginiana, 749.
Dipholis, 738.
Dipholis .salicifolia, 739.
Dogwood, 712.
Dogwood, Flowering, 713.

Dogwood, Jamaica, 578.
Dogwood, Poison, 608.
Douglas Spruce, 53.
Downward Plum, 744.
Drypetes, 595.
Drypetes Keyensis, 595.
Drypetes lateriflora, 597.
Dwarf Maple, 031.

EBENACaE, 748.

Ebony, 537.
Ehretia, 785.
Ehretia elliptica, 786.
Elder, 805.
Elder, Box, 641, 643.
Elkwood, 321.
EUiottia, 719.
Elliottia racemosa, 719.
Elm, 287.
Elm, Cedar, 294.
Elm, Cork, 290.
Elm, Red, 293, 295.
Elm, Rock, 290.
Elm, SUppery, 293, 676.
Elm, Water, 297.
Elm, White, 289.
Elm, Winged, 291.
Encina, 256.
Engelmann Spruce, 43.
Ericace^, 718.
Eugenia, 693.
Eugenia axillaris, 695.
Eugenia buxifolia, G94.
Eugenia confusa, 697.
Eugenia Garheri. 097.
Eugenia monticola, 095.
Eugenia procera, 096.
Eugenia rhombea, 696.

EUPHORBIACEiE, 594.

Evergreen Oak, 278.

Evonymus, 619.

Evonymus atropui'pureus, 620.

Exostema, 800.

Exostema Caribaeum, 800.

Exothea, 653.

Exothea paniculata, 653.

Eysenhardtia, 569.

Eysenhardtia orthocarpa, 569.

Fagace^. 216.
Fagara, 581.

Fagara Clava^Herculis, 582.
Fagara coriacea, 584.
Fagara Fagara, 581.
Fagara flava, 583.
Fagus, 217.

Fagus Americana, 217.
Fan Palm, 110.
Farkleberry, 732.
Feltleaf Willow, 188.
Fetid Buckeye, 644.
Ficus. 308.
Ficus aurea, 308.
Ficus populnea, 310.
Fiddle Wood, 788.
Fig, 308.

Fig, WUd, 308, 310.
Fir, 55.

Fir, Balsam, 57, 58, 61.
Fir. Red, 53, 65, 66, 67.
Fir, Silver, 63.
Fir, White, 59, 60, 62.
Flowering Dogwood, 713.
Foxtail Pine, 8, 9.
Foxtail Pines, 3.
Fragrant Crab, 353.
Franklinia, 679.
Fraxinus, 758.
Fraxinus Americana, 767.
Fraxinus Americana, var. micro-
carpa, 767.

\

822

INDEX

Fraxinus anomala, 7G5.
Fraximis IJerliuidieriana, 709.
Fraxinus liiltiiioreiuia, 773.
Fraxiuus Caroliniana, 7G'2.
Fraxinus coriacea, 775.
Fraxinus cuspidata, 75;).
Fraxinus Floridana, 7(>3.
Fraxinus Grepgii, 7('>0.
Fraxinus nigra, 7(54.
Fraxinus Oregona, 77().
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, 770.
Fraxinus Pemisylvanica, var. lan-

ceolata, 771.
Fraxinus profunda, 772.
Fraxinus quadrangulata, 761.
Fraxinus Texensis, 7(>S.
Fraxiuus velutiiia, 774.
Fremontodeudron, G76.
Fremontodeudron Californicum,

G7G.
Frijolito, 565.
Friuge-tree, 778.

' Gamopetal^, 718.
Geiger-tree, 782.
Georgia Bark, 7'J9.
Glaucous Willow, 182.
Gleditsia, 555.
Gleditsia aquatica, 558.
Gleditsia Texaua, 557.
Gleditsia triacanthos, 556.
Golden-leaved Chestnut, 223.
Gordonia, C77.
Gordonia Altamaha, 679.
Gordouia Lasianthus, 678.
Grape, Sea, 311.
Gray Birch, 197, 200.
Gray Pine, 27.
Great Laurel, 721.
Green Ash, 771.
Green-barked Acacia, 562, 563.
Guaiacum, 579.
Guaiacum sanctum, 579.
Guettarda, 803.
Guettarda elliptica, 803.
Guiana Plum, 597.
Gum, Cotton, 711.
Gum Elastic, 741.
Gum, Hog, 603.
Gum, Sweet, 340.
Gum, Tupelo, 711.
Gumbo Limbo, 592.
Gurgeon Stopper, 694.
Gyminda, 621.
GjTninda Grisebachii, 621 .
Gyminda Grisebachii, var. glauce-

scens, 622.
Gymnanthes, 599.
Gymnanthes lucida, 600.
GjTnnocladus, 553.
Gymnocladus dioicus, 554.
Gtmnosperm^, 1.

Hackberry, 299, 300.
Hamamelidace.*;, 339.
Hamamelis, 341.
Hamamelis Virginiana, 342.
Haw, Apple, 399.
Haw, Black, 810, 811.
Haw, May, 399.
Haw, Parsley, 486.
Haw, Purple, 658.
Haw, Red, 447.
Haw, Scarlet, 459.
Hawthorn, 363.
Hazel, Witch, 341.
Helietta, 585.
Helietta parvifolia, 586.
Hemlock, 47, 48, 49, 50, 54.
Hemlock, Mountain, 51.
Hercules' Club, 705.

HeteromeleB, 358.

Heteromeles arbutifolia, 359.

Hickory, 131, 145.

Hickory, Big Bud, 143.

Hickory, Nutmeg. 136.

Hickory Pine, 9, 33.

Hickory, Shagbark, 139, 140.

Hickory, Shellbark, 139.

Hickory, Swamp, 135.

Hickory, Water, 137.

Hicoria, 131.

Hicoria alba, 143.

Hicoria aquatica, 137.

Hicoria Carolinye - septentrionalis,

140.
Hicoria glabra, 144.
Hicoria glabra, var. odorata, 145.
Hicoria lacinio.sa, 141.
Hicoria minima, 135.
Hicoria myristicaeformis, 136.
Hicoria ovata, 139.
Hicoria Pecan, 133.
Hicoria Texaua, 134.
Hicoria villosa, 145.
Hippocastanace.*;, 643.
Hippomane, 598.
Hippomane Maucinella, 599.
Hog Gum, 603.
Holly, 014.

Honey Locust, 548, 556.
Hop Hornbeam, 191, 192.
Hop-tree, 587.
Hornbeam, 190.
Hornbeam, Hop, 191, 192.
Horse Bean, 560.
Horse Sugar, 752.
Huajillo, 536.
Huisache, 541.
Hypelate, 654.
Hypelate trifoliata, 654.

Icacorea, 733.

Icacorea paniculata, 733.

Icthyomethia, 577.

Icthyomethia Piscipula, 578.

Ilex, 614.

Ilex Casshie, 615.

Ilex decidua, 617.

Ilex monticola, 618.

Ilex opaca, 614.

Ilex vomitoria, 616.

Incense Cedar, 73.

Indian Bean, 793.

Indian Cherry, 663.

Ink Wood, 653.

Ironwood, 192, 193, 351, 576, 611,

612, 653, 741, 743.
Ironwood, Black, 660.
Ironwood, Red, 659.
Ironwood, White, 654.
Islay, 530.

Jack Oak, 245.
Jack Pine, 27.
Jacquinia, 735.
Jncquinia armillaris, 735.
Jacquinia Keyensis, 735.
Jamaica Dogwood, 578.
Jersey Pine, 30.
Joe Wood, 735.
Joshua Tree, 122.
Judas-tree, 552.

JuGLANDACE.aE, 125.

Juglans, 126.

Juglans Californica, 130.

Juglans cinerea, 126.

Juglans nigra, 128.

Juglans rupestris, 129.

Juniper, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91,

92.
Juniper, Checkered-bark, 90.

Juniperus, 85.
JuniperuH Barbadensis, 95.
Juniperus Californica, 87.
Juniperus communis, 86.
Juniperus communis, var. Sibirica,

87.
Jimiperus flaccida, 89. •

Juniperus monosperma, 92.
Juniperus occidentalis, 91.
Junii»eru8 pachyphla?a, 90.
Juniperus sabinoides, 93.
Juniperus scopulorum, 96.
Juniperus Utahensis, 88.
Juniperus Virginiana, 94.

Kalmia, 722.
Kalmia latifolia, 723.
Kentucky Coffee-tree, 554.
Knackaway, 786.
Knob-cone Pine, 22.
Koeberlinia, 681.
Ka'berlinia spino.sa, 682.

KCEBERLINIACE^, 681.

Krugiodendron, 660.
Krugiodendron ferreum, 660.

Laguncularia, 703.

Laguncularia racemosa, 703.

Larch, 34, 35, 65.

Large-leaved Cucumber-tree, 320.

Larix, 34.

Larix Americana, 35.

Larix Lyallii, 37.

Larix occidentalis, 36.

LauracejE, 329.

Laurel, 723.

Laurel, California, 334.

Laurel, Great, 721.

Laurel, Mountain, 723.

Laurel Oak, 251.

Lawson Cypress, 84.

Leaf, Sweet, 752.

Leather Wood, 611.

LegtjminosjE, 533.

Leitnerla, 151.

Leitneria Floridana, 151.

LElTNERIACEiE, 150.

Leucsena, 545.

Leucsena Greggii, 545.

Leucsena pulverulenta, 546.

Libocedrus, 72.

Libocedrus decurreus, 73.

Lignum-vitae, 579.

Lilac, 667.

Lilac, California, 667.

LlLIACE^, 115.

Limbo, Gumbo, 592.

Lime, Ogeechee, 710.

Lime, Wild, 581.

Linden, 670.

Liquidambar, 339.

Liquidambar Stjrraciflua, 340.

Liriodendron, 324.

Liriodendron Tulipifera, 325.

Live Oak, 253, 256, 257, 284.

Loblolly Bay, 678.

Loblolly Pine, 19.

Locust, 557, 571.

Locust, Clammy, 574.

Locust, Honey, 548, 556.

Locust, Water, 558.

Locust, Yellow, 572.

Lodge Pole Pine, 27.

Log Wood, 658.

Long-leaved Cucumber-tree, 322.

Long-leaved Pine, 17.

Lyonotliamnus, 350.

Lyonothamnus floribundus, 351.

Lysiloma, 538.

Lysiloma Bahamensis, 539. .

Lysiloma latisiliqua, 539.

INDEX

823

Madroua, 728, 729, 730.
Magnolia, 315.
Magnolia acuminata, 319.
Magnolia acuminata, var. cordata,

320.
Magnolia foetida, 316.
Magnolia foetida, var. Exoniensis,

317.
Magnolia Fraseri, 322.
Magnolia glauca, 317.
Magnolia glauca longifolia, 318.
Magnolia macrophylla, 320.
Magnolia major, 318.
Magnolia, Mountain, 319, 322.
Magnolia pyramidata, 324.
Magnolia Thompsoniana, 318.
Magnolia tripetala, 321.

MAGN0LIACE.E, 315.

Mahogany, 5U3, G09.

Mahogany, Mountain, 504.

Mains, 351.

Malus angustifolia, 352.

Malus coronaria, 353.

Malus loensis, 354.

Malus rivularis, 355.

Malus Soulardi, 355.

Manchineel, 599.

Mangrove, G91.

Mangrove, Black, 790.

Mangrove, White, 703.

Maple, 625.

Maple, Ash-leaved, 641.

Maple, Black, 634.

Maple, Broad-leaved, 627.

Maple, Dwarf, 631.

Maple, Mountain, 626.

Maple, Red, 639, 641.

Maple, Rock, 632.

Maple, Scarlet, 639.

Maple, Silver, 638.

Maple, Soft, 638.

Maple, Striped, 627.

Maple, Sugar, 632, 634, 636, 637.

Maple, Vine. 630.

Marlberry, 733.

Marsh Pine, 20.

Mastic, 737.

Maul Oak, 257.

May Haw, 399.

Meliace^, 593.

Mesquite, 547.

Mesquite, Screw Pod, 550.

Metopium, 603.

Metopium Metopium, 603.

Mexican Mulberry, 305.

Mimosa, 546.

MimosoidejE, 533.

Mimusops, 746.

Mimusops Sieberi, 747

Mock Orange, 527.

Mockernut, 143.

Mohrodendron, 754.

Mohrodendron Carolinum, 755.

Mohrodendron dipterum, 756.

Monocotyledons, 102.

Monterey Cypress, 77.

Monterey Pine, 21.

Moose Wood, 627.

MORACE^, 302.

Morns, 302.

Moras celtidifolia, 305.

Morus rubra, 303.

Mossy Cup Oak, 267.

Mountain Ash, 356, 768.

Mountain Hemlock, 51.

Mountain Laurel, 723.

Mountain Magnolia, 319, 322.

Mountain Mahogany, 504.

Mountain Maple, 626.

Mountain White Oak, 277.

Mulberry, 302.

Mulberry, Mexican, 305.
Mulberry, Red, 303.
Myrica, 147.
Myrica Californica, 149.
Myrica cerifera, 147.
Myrica inodora, 148.
MyricacEvE, 146.
Myrsinace^, 733.
Myrtace^, 693.
Myrtle, Blue, 667.
Myrtle, Wax, 147, 148, 149.

Naked Wood, 669, 698.

Nannyberry, 808.

Narrow-leaved Cottonwood, 159.

Norway Pine, 25.

Nut Pine, 10, 11, 12.

Nut Pines, 3.

Nutmeg, California, 98.

Nutmeg Hickory, 136.

Nyctaginace^, 313.

Nyssa, 707.

Nyssa aquatica, 711.

Nyssa biflora, 709.

Nyssa Ogeche, 710.

Nyssa sylvatica, 707.

Nyssa sylvatica, var. biflora, 709.

Oak, 226.

Oak, Basket, 271.

Oak Bear 241.

Oak,' Black,"234, 237, 239, 286.

Oak, Blue, 277.

Oak, Burr, 267.

Oak, Chestnut, 225, 272, 273.

Oak, Cow, 271.

Oak, Evergreen, 278.

Oak, Jack, 245.

Oak, Laurel, 251.

Oak, Live, 253, 256, 257, 284.

Oak, Maul, 257.

Oak, Mossy Cup, 267.

Oak, Mountain White, 277.

Oak, Overcup, 268.

Oak, Pin, 232.

Oak, Post, 264.

Oak, Red, 230, 235, 244.

Oak, Rock Chestnut, 272.

Oak, Scarlet, 236.

Oak, Scrub, 241, 255, 276, 283.

Oak, Shin, 263, 276.

Oak, Shingle, 251.

Oak, Spanish, 242.

Oak, Swamp Spanish, 232, 244.

Oak, Swamp White, 268, 269.

Oak, Tan Bark, 225.

Oak, Tvirkey, 240.

Oak, Valley, 261.

Oak, Water, 246, 249.

Oak, White, 259, 261, 262, 263,275,

279 280.
Oak, Willow, 247.
Oak, Yellow, 273.
Oak, Yellow-bark, 237.
Ocotea, 332.

Ocotea Catesbyana, 333.
Ogeechee Lime, 710.
Ohio Buckeye, 644.
Old Field Pine, 19.
Old Man's Beard, 778.
Oleace^, 757.
Olive Tree, Black, 702.
Olneya, 575.
Olneya Tesota, 576.
Opuntia, 687.
Opimtia fulgida, 688.
Opmitia spinosior, 689.
Opuntia versicolor, 690.
Orange, Mock, 527.
Orange, Osage, 307.
Orange, Wild, 527.

Oreodoxa regia, 113.
Osage Orange, 307.
Osmanthus, 779.
Osmanthus Americanus, 779.
Ostrya, 191.
Ostrya Knowltoni, 193.
Ostrya Virginiana, 192.
Overcup Oak, 268.
Oxydendrum, 724.
Oxydendrum arboreum, 725.

Palm, Desert, 110.
Palm, Fan, 110.
Palm, Royal, 112, 113.

PALMiE, 102.

Palmetto, 107, 109.
Palmetto, Cabbage, 108.
Palmetto, Silver-top, 105.
Palms, 102.
Palo Verde, 563.
Paper Birch, 202.

PAPILI0NAT.E, 534.

Paradise-tree, 590.

Parkinsonia, 559.

Parkinsonia aculeata, 560.

Parkinsonia microphylla, 561.

Parsley Haw, 486.

Pasania, 224.

Pasania densiflora, 225.

Pasania densiflora, var. echinoides,

226.
Patton Spruce, 51.
Pawpaw, 326, 683.
Peach Willow, 170.
Pecan, 133.

Pecan, Bitter, 134, 137.
Pepperidge, 707.
Persea, 329.
Per sea Borbonia, 330.
Persea pubescens, 331.
Persimmon, 749.
Persimmon, Black, 750.
Petals, 315.
Picea, 38.

Picea Breweriana, 45.
Picea Canadensis, 42.
Picea Engelmanni, 43.
Picea Mariana, 39.
Picea Parryana, 44.
Picea rubens, 41.
Picea Sitchensis, 46.
Pigeon Plum, 312.
Pignut, 144.
Pin Oak, 232.
Pinckneya, 798.
Pinckneya pubens, 799.
Pine, Bull, 15, 23.
Pine, Cedar, 28.
Pine, Digger, 23.
Pine, Foxtail, 8, 9.
Pine, Gray, 27.
Pine,. Hickory, 9, 33.
Pine, Jack, 27.
Pine, Jersey, 30.
Pine, Knob-cone, 22.
Pine, Loblolly, 19.
Pine, Lodge Pole, 27.
Pine, Long-leaved, 17.
Pine, Marsh, 20.
Pine, Monterey, 21.
Pine, Norway, 25.
Pine, Nut, 10, 11, 12.
Pine, Old Field, 19.
Pine, Pitch, 20, 24.
Pine, Pond, 20.
Pine, Prickle-cone, 32.
Pine, Red, 25.

Pine, Rocky Mountain White, 7.
Pine, Sand, 31.
Pine, Scrub, 26, 30.
Pine, Short-leaved, 29.

824

INDEX

Pine, Slash, IS,

Pine, Southern, 17.

Pine, Spruce, "JS, 31,

Pine, Sugar, 5.

Pine, Swamp, 18.

Pine, Table Mountain, 33.

Pine, Torrey's, 34.

Pine, Wliite, 4, 5, f), 8.

Pine, i'ellow, 14, 15, 20,

Piuon, 10, 11, 12.

Pin us, 2.

Pinus albicaulis, 8.

Piuus aristata, 9.

Pinus Arizonica, 14,

Pinus iitteniiata, 22.

Pinus P.iltouriana, 8,

Pinus Caribii-a, 18.

Pinus cenibroides, 10,

Pinus Chihuahuana, 14.

Pinus clausa, 31.

Pinus contorta, 26.

Piiuis contorta, var. Murrayana, 27.

Pinus Coulteri, 24.

Pinus divaricata, 27.

Piuus echinata, 20.

Piuus edulis, 11.

Piuus flexilis, 7.

Piuus glabra, 28.

Pinus heterophylla, 18,

Pinus Laiubertiana, 5.

Piuus mouophylla, 12.

Pinus monticola, 5.

Piuus muricata, 32.

Piuus palustris, 17,

Pinus ponderosa, 15.

Pinus ponderosa, var. Jeffreyi, 16,

Pinus ponderosa, var, scopuJorum,

16.
Pinus pungens, 33.
Piuus quadrifolia, 10.
Pinus radiata, 21 .
Pinus resiuosa, 25.
Piuus rigida, 20.
Pinus Sabiniana. 23,
Pinus serotina, 20.
Pinus strobiformis, 6,
Pinus Strobus, 4,
Pinus Ta-da, 19.
Pinus Ton-eyana, 34,
Pinus Virginiaua, 30.
Pisonia, 313.
Pisonia lougifolia, 314.
Piscmia obtusata, 314.
Pitch Pine, 20, 24.
Pitch Pines, 12.
Planera, 296.
Planera aquatica, 297.
Plane-tree, 344.

PLATANACE.S, 343.

Plat anus, 344.
Platanus occidentalis, 344.
Platanus racemosa, 346.
Platanus Wrightii, 347.
Plum, 509.
Plum, Canada, 511.
Plum, Chickasaw, 515.
Plum, Cocoa, 532.
Plum, Darling, 659.
Plum, Downward, 744.
Plum, Guiana, 597.
Plum, Pigeon, 312.
Plum, Red, 511.
Plum, Wild, 512, 513, 517.
Plums, 510.
Poison Dogwood, 608.
Poison Sumach, 608,
Poison Wood, 603.
Polygon acEjE, 311,
polypetal;e, 315,
Pomette Bleue, 489,
Pond Apple, 328.

Pond Pine. 20.
I'oplar, 152, 155.
Poi)lar, Yellow, 325.
PopuluR, 152.
PopuluH acuminata, 160.
Populus august ifolia, 150,
Populus bal.sauiil'cra, l."»7.
Pojiulus balsamifera, var.

candi-

Populus deltoidea, 103.
Populus deltoidea, var, occiden-
talis, 1(54.
Populus Fremontii, 164.
Populus grandidentata, 155,
Populus lieterophylla, 156,
Populus Mexicana, 162.
Populus trenniloides, 154.
Populus trichocarpa, 161,
Populus Wislizeni, 165,
Port Orford Cedar, 84.
Post Oak, 264.
Prickle-cone Pine, 32.
Prickly Ash, 582.
Prince Wood, 800.
Prosopis, 547.
Prosopis juliflora, 548.
Prosopis juliflora, var. glandulosa,

549.
Prosopis juliflora, var. velutina,

550.
Prosopis pubescens, 550.
Primus, 509.

Pruuus Alabamensis, 526.
Prunus Alleghanieusis, 516.
Pruuus Americana, 512.
Pruuus Americana, var. lanata,

513.
Prunus angustifolia, 515.
Prunus australis, 527.
Prunus Caroliniana, 527.
Prunus demissa, 523.
Prunus emargmata, 522.
Pruuus emarginata, var. villosa,

522.
Pruuus hortulana, 513.
Prunus hortulana, var. Mineri, 515,
Prunus ilicifolia, 530.
Prunus ilicifolia, var. integrifolia,

531.
Prunus integrifolia, 531.
Prunus nigra, 511.
Pruuus Pennsylvanica, 521.
Prunus serotina, 524.
Prunus sphserocarpa, 529.
Prunus subcordata, 517.
Prunus tarda, 519.
Prunus umbellata, 518.
Prunus umbellata, var. injucunda,

510.
Pru7U(s Virginiana, 523.
Pseudophoenix, 114.
Pseudophcenix Sargenti, 115.
Pseudotsuga, 52.
Pseudotsuga macrocarpa, 54.
Pseudotsuga mucronata, 53.
Ptelea, 587.
Ptelea trifoliata, 587.
Pumpkin Ash, 772.
Purple Haw, 658.
Pyrus Americana, var. decora, 357.

Quaking

Quercus,

Quercus

Quercus

Quercus

Quercus

Quercus

Quercus

Quercus

Quercus

Asp, 154.
226.

acuminata, 273.
agrifolia, 256.
alba, 259.
Arizonica, 280.
brevifolia, 250.
breviloba, 275.
Califomica, 239.
Catesbsei, 240.

Quercus
Quercus
Quercus

258.
Quercus

folia, '.
Quer(;u8
Qiif/ciis
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus
Quercus

286.
Quercus

286.
Quercus

Chapmani, 266.
chrysolepis, 257.
chrysolepis, var. Palmeri,

chrysolepis, var. vaccini-

'.r,H.

coccinea, 236.
(Irnxijltira, '225.
digitata, 242.
Douglasii, 277.
duinosa, 283.

dumosa, var. revoluta, 284.
ellipsoidalis, 234.
Emoryi, 286.
Kngelmanni, 278.
Gambelii, 263.
Garryana, 262.
Georgiana, 233.
heterophylla, 248.
hypoleuca, 252.
inibricaria, 251.
laurifolia, 249.
Leana, 2.52,
lobata, 261.
lyrata, 268.
macrocarpa, 267.
Marilaudica, 245.
Michauxii, 271.
minor, 264.
myrtifolia, 255.
nana, 241.
nigra, 246.
oblongifolia, 279.
pagodsefolia, 244.
palustris, 232.
Phellos, 247.
platanoides, 269.
Prinus, 272.
reticulata, 282.
rubra, 230.
Rudkini, 248.
Texana, 235.
tomentella, 258.
Toumeyi, 281, ,

undulata, 276,
velutina, 237,
Virginiana, 284.
Virginiana, var. maritima,

Virginiana, var. minima,

Wislizeni, 253,

Red Ash, 770,

Red Bay, 330,

Red Birch, 198, 205,

Red Cedar, 75, 94, 95, 96.

Red Elm, 293, 205,

Red Fir, 53, 65, 66, 67.

Red Haw, 447.

Red Ironwood, 650,

Red Maple, 630, 641.

Red Mulberry, 303,

Red Oak, 230, 235, 244.

Red Pine, 25,

Red Plum, 511,

Red Spruce, 41,

Red Stopper, 607.

Redbud, 552, 553.

Redwood, 68.

Retama, 560.

Re5Tiosia, 658.

Reynosia latifolia, 659.

Reynosia septentrionalis, 659.

RHAMNACEiE, 657.

Rhamnidium ferreum, 660.

Rhamnus, 661.

Rhamnus Caroliniana, 663.

Rhamnus crocea, 602.

Rhamnus crocea, var. insularis, 663.

Rhamnus crocea, var. pilosa, 663.

INDEX

825

Rhamnus Purshiana, 664.

Rhizophora, G91.

Rliizophora Maugle, 692.

Rhizophorace.e, 091.

Rhododendron, 7 "JO.

Rhododeudiou maximum, 721.

Rhus, G04.

Rhus copallina, 606.

Rhus copallina, var. lanceolata, 608.

Rhus hirta, G05.

Rhus integrifolia, 609.

Rhus Mf'topium, 603.

Rhus Yeruix, 608.

River Birch, 198.

Robinia, 571.

Robiuia Xeo-Mexicana, 573.

Robinia Pseudacacia, 572.

Robinia viscosa, 574.

Rock Cedar, 93.

Rock Chestnut Oak, 272.

Rock Elm, 290.

Rock Maple, 632.

Rocky Mountain White Pine, 7.

ROSACE.E, ?Ad,.

Rose Bay, 721.
Royal Palm, 112, 113.
Roystonea, 112.
Roystonea regia, 113.
RUBIACE.E, 798.
Rum Cherry, 521.
RUTACKE, 580.

Sabal, 107.

Sabal Mexicana, 109.

Sabal Paknetto, 108.

Salicace^, 152.

Salix, 166.

Salix Alaxensis, 188.

Salix amplifolia, 185.

Salix amygdaloides, 170.

Salix balsamifera, 178.

Salix Bebbiana, 183.

Salix Bonplandiaua, 172.

Salix cordata, ISl.

Salix cordata, var. Mackenzieana,
180.

Salix discolor, 182.

Salix fluviatilis, 175.

Salix fluviatilis, var. argyrophylla,
176.

Salix fluviatilis, var. exigua, 176.

Salix Hookeriana, 186.

Salix laevigata, IH.

Salix laevigata, var. angustifolia,
171.

Salix laevigata, var. cougesta, 172.

Salix lasiandra, 173.

Salix lasiandra, var. caudata, 174.

Salix lasiandra, var. Lyallii, 174.

Salix lasiolepis, 179.

Salix longipes, 169.

Salix lucida, 174.

Salix Missouriensis, 181.

Salix nigra, 168.

Salix nigra, var. falcata, 168.

Salix Nuttallii, 184.

Salix Nuttallii, var. brachystachys,
185.

Salix occideiitalis, 169.

Salix sessilifolia, 176.

Salix Sitchensis, 187.

Salix taxifolia, 177.

Salix Ward), 169.

Sambucus, 805.

Sambuctis Canadensis, var. Mexi-
cana, 806.

Sambucus glauca, 807.

Sambucus Mexicana, 806.

Sand Bar Willow, 175.

Sand Pine. 31.

SAPINDACE.E, 649.

Sapindus, 649.

SapinduB Dnimmondi, 652.

Sapiiidus marginatus, 651.

Sapindus Saponaria, 650.

SAPOTACE.S;, 736.

Sassafras, 335.

Sassafras Sassafras, 337.

Satinwood, 583.

Savin, 94.

Scarlet Haw, 459.

Scarlet Maple, 639, 641.

Scarlet Oak, 236.

Schaefferia, 622.

Schaefferia frutescens, 623.

Screw Bean, 550.

Screw Pod Mesquite, 550.

Scrub Oak, 241, 255, 276, 283.

Scrub Pine, 26, 30.

Sea Grape, 311.

Sequoia, 68.

Sequoia sempervirens, 68.

Sequoia Wellingtonia, 69.

Serenoa, 111.

Serenoa arborescens, 111.

Service Berry, 360, 361, 362.

Shad Bush, 360, 361.

Shagbark Hickory, 139, 140.

She Balsam, 57.

Sheepberry, 808.

Shellbark, Big, 141.

Shellbark, Bottom, 141.

Shellbark Hickory, 139.

Shin Oak, 263, 276.

Shingle Oak, 251 .

Shining Willow, 174.

Short-leaved Pine, 29.

Sideroxylum, 737.

Sideroxylum Mastichodendron, 737 .

Silver Bell Tree, 755, 756.

Silver Fir, 63.

Silver Maple, 638.

Silver-top Palmetto, 105.

Simaruba, 590.

Simaruba glauca, 590.

SlMARUBACE^, 589.

Sitka Cypress, 83.

Sitka Spruce, 46.

Slash Pine, 18.

Slippery Elm, 293, 676.

Sloe, 516, 518, 519.

Sloe, Black, 518.

Snowdrop Tree, 756.

Soapberry, 650, 651, 652.

Soft Maple, 638.

Soft Pines, 3.

Sophora, 564.

Sophora affinis, 566.

Sophora secundiflora, 565.

Sorbus, 356.

Sorbus Americana, 356.

Sorbus Americana, var. decora, 357.

Sorrel-tree, 725.

Soulard Crab, 355.

Sour Tupelo, 710.

Sour Wood, 725.

Southern Pine, 17.

Spanish Bayonet, 117.

Spanish Buckeye, 656.

Spanish Dagger, 117, 118, 119, 120,

121, 123, 124.
Spanish Oak, 242.
Spanish Stopper, 694.
Sparkleberry, 732.
Spice-tree, 334.
Spruce, 38.
Spruce, Black, 39.
Spruce, Blue, 44.
Spruce, Douglas, 53.
Spruce, Engelmann, 43.
Spruce, Patton, 51.
Spruce Pine, 28, 31.

Spruce, Red, 41.
Spruce, Sitka, 46.
Spruce, Tideland, 46.
Spruce, Weeping, 45.
Spruce, White, 42, 43.
Stag Bush, 811.
Staghom Sumach, 605.
Sterculiace^, 676.
Stinking Cedar, 98.
Stone Pines, 3.
Stopper, 695.
Stopper, Gurgeon, 694.
Stopper, Red, 697.
Stopper, Spanish, 694.
Stopper, White, 695.
Striped Maple, 627.
Strong Back, 784.
STYEACE.E, 754.

Sugar, Horse, 752.

Sugar Maple, 632, 634, 636, 637.

Sugar Pine, 5.

Sugarberry, 299, 300.

Sumach, 606.

Sumach, Poison, 608.

Sumach, Staghom, 605.

Suwarro, 685.

Swamp Ash, 762.

Swamp Bay, 317, 331.

Swamp Cottonwood, 156.

Swamp Hickory, 135.

Swamp Pine, 18.

Swamp Spanish Oak, 232, 244.

Swamp White Oak, 268, 269.

Sweet Bay, 317, 331.

Sweet Buckeye, 646.

Sweet Gum, 340.

Sweet Leaf, 752.

Swietenia, 593.

Swietenia Mahagoni, 593.

Sycamore, 344, 340, 347.

Stmplocace^, 752.

Symplocos, 752,

Symplocos tinctoria, 752,

Table Mountain Pine, 33,
Tacmahac, 157.
Tamarack, 35, 36, 37.
Tamarind, Wild, 539.
Tan Bark Oak, 225
Tassajo, 689.
Taxace^, 97.

TAXODIiE, 2.

Taxodium, 70.
Taxodium distichum, 71.
Taxodium distichum, var. imbrica-

rium, 72.
Taxus, 99.

Taxus brevifolia, 100.
Taxus Floridana, 101.
Terminalia Buceras, 702.
Thatch, 103, 104.
I Thatch, Brittle, 105, 106.
Theace^, 677.
Theophra8Tace.«, 735.
Thorn, Cock-spur^ 368.
Thorn, Washington, 487.
Thrinax, 103.
Thrinax Floridana, 103.
Thrinax Keyensis, 104.
Thrinax microcarpa, 105.
Thuya. 74.

Thuya occidentalis, 74.
Thuya plicata, 75.
Tideland Spruce, 46.
Tilia, 070.

Tilia Americana, 671.
Tilia australis, 672.
Tilia Floridana, 672.
Tilia heterophylla, 674.
Tilia Michauxii, 673.
Tilia pubescens, 675.

82G

INDEX

TlLIACE^, CG9.
Titi, GIL'.
Tollou, :i5i>.
Toothache-tree, 582.
Toroli Wood, 588.
Torreya, *J8.
Torrey's Pine, 34.
Toxyloii, 3(R;.
Toxyloii poiuiferum, 307.
Toyoii, 35y.
Tsuga, 47.

Tsuga Canadensis, 48.
Tsuga Caroliuiana, 4i).
Tsuga heterophylla, 50.
Tsuga Mertensiaua, 51.
Tulip-tree, 325.
Tumiou. ;iT.

Tumiou Californicum, 98.
Tumiou taxifolium, 1)8.
Tupelo, 707.
Tupelo Gum, 711.
Tupelo, Sour, 710.
Turkey Apple, 436.
Turkey Oak, 240.

Ulmace^, 287.
Ulmus, 287.
Ulmus alata, 291.
Ulmus Americana, 289.
Ulmus crassifolia, 294.
Ulmus fulva, 293.
Ulmus serotina, 295.
Ulmus Thomasi, 290.
Umbellularia, 334.
Umbellularia Californica, 334.
Umbrella-tree, 321.
Uua de Gato, 544.
Ungnadia, G55.
Ungnadia speciosa, 656.

Vaccinium, 731.
Vaccinium arboreum, 732.
Valley Oak, 2C1.
Vauquelinia, 349.
Vauquelinia Californica, 349.

VEEBENACEiE, 787.

Viburnum, 808.
Viburnum Lentago, 808.
Viburnum prunifolium, 811.
Viburnum rufidulum, 810.
Vine Maple, 630.
Virgilia, 568.

Wafer Ash, 587.
Wahoo, 291, 620.
Walnut, 126, 129, 130.
Walnut, Black, 128.

Washington Thorn, 487.

Washingtonia, 1U9.

Wasliingtonia tilamentosa, 110.

Water Ash, 7(;2, 7G3.

Water Kim, 297.

Water Hickory, 137.

Water Locust, 558.

Water Oak, 246, 249.

Wax Myrtle, 147, 148, 149.

Weeping Spruce, 45.

West Indian Birch, 592.

Western Catali)a, 795.

White Ash, 767.

White Birch, 200, 206.

White Cedar, 74, 82.

White Elm, 289:

White Fir, 59, 60, 62.

Wliite Ironwood, 654.

White Mangrove, 703.

White Oak, 259, 261, 262, 263, 275,

279, 280.
White Oaks, 229.
White Pine, 4, 5, 6, 8.
White Pines, 3.
White Spruce, 42, 43.
White Stopper, 695.
White Willow, 179.
White Wood, 595, 680.
Wild Black Cherry, 524.
Wild Cherries, 510.
Wild Cherry, 522, 526, 527.
Wild China-tree, 652.
Wild Cinnamon, 680.
Wild Dilly, 747.
Wild Fig, 308, 310.
Wild Lime, 581.
Wild Orange, 527.
Wild Plum, 512, 513, 517.
Wild Red Cherry, 521.
Wild Tamarind, 539.
Willow, 166.
Willow, Almond, 170.
Willow, Black, 168, 169, 171, 173,

184.
Willow, Desert, 792.
Willow, Feltleaf, 188.
Willow, Glaucous, 182.
Willow Oak, 247.
Willow Oaks, 228.
Willow, Peach, 170.
Willow, Sand Bar, 175
Willow, Shining, 174.
Willow, White, 179.
Winged Elm, 291.
Witch Hazel, 341.
Wood, Ants', 744.
Wood, Bass, 671, 673, 675.

Wood, Bow, 307.
Wood, Box, G23.
Wood, Cliittani, 602, 741.
Wood, Cork, 151.
Wood, Crab, 600.
Wood, Devil, 779.
Wood, Fiddle, 788.
Wood, Ink, 653.
Wood, Joe, 735.
Wood, Leather, 611.
Wood, Log, 658.
Wood, Moose, 627.
Wood, Naked, 669, 698.
W^ood, Poison, 603.
Wood, Prince, 800.
Wood, Sour, 725.
Wood, Torch, 588.
Wood, White, 595, 680.
Wood, Yellow, 568, 623.

Xanthoxylum C lava- Her culis, 582.
Xanthorylum Fagara, 581.
Xanthoxyhim flavum, 583.
Xolisma, 726.
Xolisma ferruginea, 726.

Yaupon, 616.

Yellow-bark Oak, 237.

Yellow Birch, 197.

Yellow Cypress, 83.

Yellow Locust, 572.

Yellow Oak, 273.

Yellow Pine, 14, 15, 29.

Yellow Poplar, 325.

Yellow Wood, 568, 623.

Yew, 99, 100, 101.

Yucca, 115.

Yucca aloifolia, 117.

Yucca arborescens, 122.

Yucca constricta, 124.

Yucca Faxoniana, 121.

Yucca gloriosa, 123.

Yucca gloriosa, var. recurvifolia,

123.
Yucca macrocarpa, 118.
Yucca macrocarpa, 121.
Yucca Mohavensis, 119.
Yucca radiosa, 124.
Yucca Schottii, 120.
Yucca Treculeana, 117.
Yucc.*;, 115.

Zygia, 535.
Zygia brevifolia, 536.
Zygia flexicaulis, 537.
Zygia Unguis-cati, 535.
Zygophyllacble, 578.

Electrotyped and pri7ited by H.O. Houghton ds' Co.
Cambridge, Mass., U. S. A.

MANUAL OF THE TREES
OF NORTH AMERICA

(EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO)

BY

CHARLES SPRAGUE SARGENT

Director of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University
Author of The Sili'a of North America

WITH SIX HUNDRED AND FORTY-FOUR ILLUSTRATIONS
FROM DRtrriY ^" T;y

CHARLES EDWARD FAXON

#IEW YORK

iMrTANICAL

OAROEN

fic, 20

Pimis rigida

HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & COMPANY
4 Park St., Boston: 85 Fifth Ave., New York

MANUAL Ol THE
TREES OE NOllTII AMEllICA

(EXCLUSIVE OF lAlEXlCU)

By CHARLES SPKAGUE SARGENT

Author of " Tfie Silva of North America,'" " Trees and Shrubs,^^ etc.
With 644 illustrations by C. E. Faxon. In green buckram, 8vo, $0.00, net. Postpaid.

PROFESSOR Sargent's new work contains brief descriptions in
plain and simple language of some 630 trees, accompanied by
a figure of the leaves, fruits, and flowers of each tree, with keys lead-
ing to a ready determination of the genera and species. The illustra-
tions are a feature of the book. They are reproductions of drawings
made by Mr. Charles E. Faxon, the artist who made the illustrations
for " The Silva of North America," and exhibit in a remarkable
degree his skill, knowledge, and taste, — the salient or more character-
istic features of each species being shown in an admirable manner.

Professor Sargent's descriptions bring out the botanical characters
of each genus and species, its geographical distribution and economic
value, and its relationship to other species of the same group growing
in other parts of the world. The book represents in condensed form
the life-work of the author and of the artist in studying, describing,
and illustrating the trees of North America, which they have succeeded
in making known as the trees of no other continent are known.

The Manual makes available in convenient form the most essential
points of the treasures of information to be found in '' The Silva of
North America." It will be indispensable to every one interested in
nature, but especially to all

BOTANISTS, TEACHERS, FORESTERS,

LANDSCAPE-GARDENERS, HORTIC ULTURISTS,

NURSERYMEN, PARK SUPERINTENDENTS,

AND THE OWNERS OF COUNTRY PLACES.

As a convenient handbook it will serve as a guide to the trees

to persons travelling in different parts of this country. Professor

Sargent is, without doubt, the greatest living authority on his

subject, and his new work will fill a place similar to that long held

by Gray's Manual of Botany.

Liriodendron Tulipifera

Castanea dentata

'^/C) 6q-

Sequoia gigantea

OKDEK BLANK

Date

HOUGHTON, MIFFLIN & CO.

Sirs : —

For the enclosed check (or money order) for $().00 please
send, postpaid, a copy of Sargent's '^ Manual of Trees " to the
foUowinof address.

Name ■

Address

i

JlC^ New York Botanical Garden Library

QK^.S3

Sargent, Charles Sp/Manua

3 5185 00112 4948

gen
of the trees