1 IF>RARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS TEREBRID^]. PLATE M A N U A OF ONCHOLOGY; STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES. BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR. CONSERVATOR OF THE CONCHOLOGICAI, SECTION OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. VOL. VII. TEREBRID^E, CANCELLARIID^E, STROMBID^E, CYPR^EID^E, OVULID.E, CASSIDID^E, DOLIID^E. PHILADELPHIA: Published by the Author, ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, COR ISTH & RACE STS. 1885. LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS Wm. P. Kildare, Printer, 73k % 7SG Sansom St., Phila. MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY. FAMILY TEREBRID^E. Shell long, solid, narrow, many-wborled, whorls flattened, suture superficial; the aperture small, notched in front, columella without plaits. Operculum horny, annular, with apical nucleus. Animal having the foot rounded in front, elongated behind ; head rather large, with short, small tentacles furnished with eyes at their tips ; between the tentacles extends anteriorly a rather long cylindrical trunk. Teeth subulate, arcuate, in two lateral rows (I'O'l); PL 12, fig. 40. The family is now restricted to the single genus Terebra (auger- shells), including about HO living species ; the genus Pusionella, formerly referred to Terebridae, being now included in the Pleuro- tomidae. Troschel, however (Gebiss der Schnecken, ii, 28), found so much difference in the mouth-parts of the few species of Tere- bridse examined by him, that he would have separated them into three familie?, notwithstanding the close relationship of their shells, had he not been deterred by the paucity of material for study. His three types are as follows : — 1. The mouth-mass at the end of the proboscis furnished with arrow-like teeth, as in Conus, and a poison-gland. Hastula cserulescens. 2. No teeth, no venom-gland. Acus muscaria. 3. The mouth contains a true radula, supported by a lingual cartilage, with two rows of side-teeth ; no venom-gland. Myurella duplicata. PI. 12, fig. 40. Finally in examining a specimen of T. subidata (representative of the restricted group Terebra), Troschel only obtained negative results ; seeing no teeth, although the poison-gland was present. 4 TEREBUIDjE. About 25 fossil species are known, commencing with the Eocene. Conrad's genera Pyramitra, Caelatura and Terebri- fusus, referred by him to Terebridae, are not members of the group. The geographical distribution of Terebra is tropical and sub- tropical, and the species appear to be inhabitants of shallow water principally ; indeed, none have occurred, so far, at great depths. Gray, in 1834 (Zool. Proceedings, 59), enumerates 42 species, excluding those subsequently referred to Bullia ; half of these were first described in his paper. He thus groups them : — I. Whorls with a posterior spiral sulcus, inner lip thin, con- cave. 30 species. II. Whorls with posterior spiral sulcus, inner lip thickened, subelevated. 7 species. III. Whorls without posterior sulcus. 5 species. Kiener's monograph in his " Coquilles vivantes," contains 35 species. Hinds described many species in the Zoological Proceedings for 1843, and he monographed the genus in Sowerby's Thesaurus Conchyliorum (i, p. 147 bis to 190, PI. 41 to 45) ; enumerating and figuring 109 species. Hinds remarks that " The only sectional division of the genus that has been attempted, is that of Mr. Gray in the above Pro- ceedings. This division is three-fold ; the two first of these depend on the presence of the peculiar girdling or division of the whorls, and which is very conspicuous in many species, but practically I fail to carry it out in detail. Some species also :uv so excessively variable in this character, that M. Kiener has described T. castanea as having girdled whorls, but has figured it without them. The latter writer has not attempted any grouping of the species in his monograph, and as he has done so in most cases, we may venture to infer that he did not see room for it here. " It cannot be denied that among the numerous species are several shells which, taken by themselves, would furnish good grounds for sectional or even subgeneric divisions. And if we take T. maculata as the proper generic type, then T. lanceata, TEREBRID^E. 5 T. armillata and T. commaculata, seem to offer strong points of difference, and good grounds for sectional heads. But, with every wish to establish some such divisions, I have found it impracti- cable so to group the species that there shall be little or no doubt which section they belong to ; and unless this object is attained, I do not see any use in a division ; science would not be bene- fitted merety by selecting the salient points and strong grounds of the exceptions, and leaving the crowd to follow as they may." H. and A. Adams, in their " Genera of Recent Mpllusca,'1 include in the family Terebridse the two subfamilies Terebrinse and Pusionellinae (the shells composing the latter are now con- sidered a group of the family Pleurotomidae). They divide the subfamily Terebrinse into two genera : — Acus, Humphrey. Animal with eyes on the tips of the ten- tacles. Whorls without posterior band; aperture emarginate anteriorly, not produced into a canal ; columella simple, incurved, not tortuous ; outer lip simple, acute, without anterior sinus. A. maculata, Linn. TEREBRA, Adanson. Eyes at the outer bases of the tentacles. Whorls with spiral groove forming a posterior band ; aperture very small, canaliculated ; columella tortuous ; outer lip anteriorly sinuous. T. babylonia, Lam. These characters of the shell shade off into each other by gradual transitions, so that they afford no good grounds of divi- sion, and the position of the eyes is at the tips of the tentacles in all the species that have been examined. The eyes were erroneously figured by Quoy and Gaimard, in T. subulata, at the base of the tentacles, and this supposed peculiarity Messrs. Adams have made one of the points of distinction between their two genera. In the figure of the animal of T. subulata, in Gould's Moll. U. S. Expl. Exped., the eyes are correctly placed. In the genus Acus, Messrs. Adams' have the following sub- genera : — ABRETFA, H. and A. Adams. Whorls longitudinally ribbed ; columella simple, straight, produced. A. cerethina, Lam. HASTULA, H. and A. Adams. Whorls smooth; columella simple, straight, produced anteriorly. A. albula, Menke. EURYTA, H. and A. Adams. Turreted, subfusiform, smooth ; whorls nodosely plicate, the last rather ventricose ; columella 6 TEREBRIDAE. spirally twisted, forming a false umbilicus, pervious to the apex of the spire, much produced anteriorly ; aperture somewhat effuse. A. aciculata, Lam. Under Terebra, they admit the subgenus : — MYURELLA, Hinds. Whorls furnished posteriorly with a tuber- culated zone, anteriorly transversely sculptured, or, very rarely, smooth ; columella tortuous and produced anteriorly. T. affinis, Gray. To complete the group of subgenera proposed in Terebridae, I here add : — IMPAGES, Smith. Shell subulate, whorls entire, more or less longitudinally striate or punctate, suture indistinctly separated, with a narrow callous band above it. This name is substituted for Leiodomus, Gray, not Swainson ; Swainson's group belonging to Bullia. The character usually (but not always) obtains in the typical T. caerulescens, but in the other species quoted by Mr. Smith as members of this group it is mostly absent. M. Deshayes, in 1857, described a number of new species in the "Journal de Conchyliologie," and in J859 he published, in Zool. Proc. London, "A General Review of the Genus Terebra, and a Description of New Species." Excluding doubtful and unidentified forms, 221 species are enumerated, of which 90 are described by this author. In the systematic arrangement of the species Deshayes mainly follows H. and A. Adams, thus (I add characteristic examples) : First Division. (Acus, Humphrey.) A. Shell buccinoid. (S. Gr. EURYTA, Ad.). T. aciculata, Lam. B. Shell elongated, subulate. T. Senegalensis, Lam. C. Shell subulate, whorls flattened, usually striate at the suture. a. Aperture narrow. 1. Finely striute at the suture. T. cuspidata, Hinds. 2. Plications continuous from whorl to whorl. T. concinna, Desh. b. Aperture dilated at the base. 1. Whorls smooth or finely striate. T. cxrulescens, Lam. 2. Plications continuous from whorl to whorl. T. tfrigilata, Linn. TEREBRID^E. 7 D. Shell having the aperture oblong, narrow, the whorls numer- ous, grooved, plicated or cancellated. (MYURELLA, Hinds.) a. A spiral groove nearl} equally dividing the whorls. T. duplicata, Lam. b. Sutural portion (or band) narrow. T. dislocata, Say. Second Division. (TEREBRA, Adams.) (No subdivisions). T. oculata, Lam. Reeve, who monographed Terebra in 1860, in his " Concho- logia Iconica," admits 155 species ; a considerable reduction on the number enumerated by Deshayes, nearly half of whose species are here made synonyms, after examining their types in the Cumingian Collection. Mr. Reeve says : " M. Deshayes was induced to undertake the investigation of the genus under circum- stances hardly favorable tc the proper discrimination of the species. Specimens were transmitted to him in Paris, from the Cumingian Collection, and his means of comparison with the types of Mr. Hinds' species being necessarily limited, many that were already named were described by him as new, and many were described by him as new that a more extended series of specimens would have shown to be merely varieties. Out of 221 species cited by Deshayes, in his recent memoir, I have before me the original types and series of types of 214. All the figures of this monograph are drawn from the types them- selves, and no subsequently described species is quoted as a synonym, except as resulting from an actual comparison with the types." Mr. Reeve's monograph is certainly worked up with more than usual care and judgment ; nevertheless, he has made some erroneous identifications, as will be apparent in the course of the following pages. In the present monograph, notwithstanding the additional species described and figured since 1860, the synonymy is much enlarged, and the admitted species reduced to about 120; exclu- sive of about 50 species, described but not figured, and there- fore not susceptible of identification. Agreeing with Mr. Hinds that the species of Terebra cannot be advantageously divided into subgenera (with the exception of Euryta), 1 have essayed a classification by sections and sub- 8 TEBEBRA. sections which will perhaps assist in grouping the species, although the presence of transitional forms makes the bounda- ries rather vague. Genus TEREBRA, Adanson. A. Whorls smooth, with or without a smooth sutural band, defined by a sulcus. B. Shell with plicate or tuberculate band below the sutures, defined by a sulcus. * Whorls plicate. ** Whorls smooth. *** Cylindrically many-whorled ; whorls with revolving sculpture, with or without less prominent longitu- dinal stria?. C. No sutural band ; whorls closely plicate or striate next the suture, elsewhere plicate or smooth. Subgenus EURYTA, Adams. Genus TEREBRA, Adanson. A. Whorls smooth, with or without a smooth sutural band defined by a sulcus. T. CRENULATA. Linn. PI. 1, figs. 1, 2, 6. Whorls obtusely noduled below the sutures ; carneous cream- color, streaked with chestnut irregular lines between the nodules, and with three revolving rows of small chestnut spots below, two of which appear on the spire-whorls. Length, 3-5 inches. Indian Ocean — Central Polynesia. T.Jimbriata, Deshayes (fig. 2) is a variety only, retaining the juvenile characters shown by the upper whorls of this and other smooth species of Terebra, namely, longitudinal plications and a strongly marked sutural band. T. interlineata, Desh. (fig. 6), is another example of the long persistence of juvenile characters, and may be equally referred here. T. TIARELLA, Desh. PL 12, tigs. 38, 39. First few whorls plicate, the rest smooth, with spiral impressed stria', sutural margin a little swollen and conspicuously nodu- lous; fulvous fiuvu oi chocolate-colored. Length, '28-33 mill. Cape of Good l/»i»'. TEREBRA. 9 T. DIMIDIATA, Linn. PL 1, figs. 13, 4. Reddish orange, banded with oblong spots on a white ground, sutural band orange-red ; upper whorls longitudinally plicate, lower ones smooth. Length, 3-5-5 inches. Singapore, Philippines, Central Polynesia. T. splendens, Desh. (fig. 4), from the China Sea, appears to be a small variety, the figure being natural size. T. MACULATA, Linn. PL 1, figs. 9, 10. Flesh-white, broadly banded with fawn-color, the bands often broken up into oblong, close markings, with a band of longitu- dinal black-purple strigations next the sutures, and below it a second much smaller band of spots or hieroglyphic markings ; early whorls often longitudinally plicate ; balance smooth. Length, 4'5-0'5 inches. Moluccas, Australia, Philippines — Central Polynesia. Sometimes a spiral impressed line divides off' as a sutural band, the upper row of strigations. The Polynesians eat the animal, and use the shell shaped to a chisel in making canoes. T. MUSCARIA, Lam. PL 1, fig. 12. Yellowish white, with a row of oblong bright chestnut spots on a sutural band, and two (on the body-whorl three) similar rows below it ; the spots are smaller and more widely separated than in the preceding species, and the form of the shell is nar- rower. Length, 3-6 inches. Japan, Philippines — Central Polynesia. Mr. Tapparone-Canefri's variety callichloros is founded on a narrow, brightly colored specimen figured by Quoy in the Yoy. Astrolabe ; there is no good reason for giving it a name. T. CONSORS, Hinds. PL 3, figs. 32-34. Shell smooth, the sutural band distinct and obsoletely plicate ; whitish, with light chestnut obliquely longitudinal flames, inter- rupted on the periphery of the last whorl, below which they sometimes coalesce into a broad revolving band. Length, 2'75 inches. Society Islands. T. virginea, Desh. (fig. 33), and T. glabra, Desh. (fig. 34), are both described from worn specimens in which the coloring is no 10 TEREBRA. longer very apparent, although Reeve has discovered traces of it upon the types. T. SUBULATA, Linn. PI. 1, fig. 3 ; PL 3, fig. 35. Light flesh-color or yellowish, with two spiral series (on the last whorl three), of quadrang.ular distant chestnut or chocolate spots ; upper whorls longitudinally plicate, and with a sutural band ; in the later whorls this band is lost, but sometimes the whorls are somewhat swollen just beneath the sutures, although the impressed line defining the band is obsolete ; surface smooth, or with impressed (sometimes minutely punctate) revolving lines. Length, 4-6 inches. Japan, Moluccas, Philippines, Society Islands, etc. Var. CONSOBRINA, Desh. PI. 3, fig. 35. • More conically subulate than the type, with the spots smaller, the surface distantly encircled by punctate grooves, a sutural band slightly indicated. Red Sea. Barely distinguishable as a variety. T. TIGRINA, Gmelin. PI. 1, fig. 11. Shell white, with a single row of chestnut spots just above the sutures, two rows on the last whorl, of which the lower one, near the base, is smaller ; surface smooth, an unornamented band below the sutures is defined by an impressed line. Length, 2-3 inches. Sandwich Islands, Central Polynesia. Reeve's locality, West Indies, is erroneous. T. OCULATA, Lam. PL 2, fig. 20 ; PL 3, fig. 36. Orange-brown, with a row of large white spots just below the sutures, and a second row below the middle of the body-whorl; whorls somewhat constricted in the middle. Length, 3'5-5 inches. Moluccas — Viti Island*. According to Reeve, who has seen the type, T. nebulosa, Lorois (iig. o(>), is the young of the species ; the name being pre- occupied, Ik-shim's chunked it to T. Loroisii. TEREBRA. 1 [ T. ARGUS, Hinds. PI. 2, fig. 24. Earlier whorls with a sutural band ; whitish, with three rows of regularly disposed oval light fawn-colored spots, four rows on the body-whorl. Length, 3-4-5 inches. Marquesas, Tahiti. This is T. nebulosa, Kiener, not Sowerby. T. ROBUSTA, Hinds. PI. 2, figs. 16, 17,25. Shell stout, with rugose growth-lines, earlier whorls plicate and with a sutural band; whitish, with longitudinal chestnut flammules, interrupted by a central whife line so as to form two spiral series, with an additional basal series on the bod3'-whorl. Length, 4-5'5 inches. W. Coast of Central America. T. Loroisi, Guerin (not Desh.) = this species, and T. incom- parabili8t Desh., is probably a young individual. T. lingualis, Hinds (fig. 17), is also not fully grown, and is a narrow variety in which the juvenile characters persist longer than usual. T. insignis, Desh. (fig. 25) — it. T. CHLORATA, Lam. PI. 11, fig. 21. Shell smooth, whorls somewhat flattened, finely crenate towards the apex, sutural band defined by a superficial groove ; yellowish white, with longitudinal splashes of milky chocolate on and below the band, and two interrupted bands of spots of the same color upon the body-whorl. Length, 3-4 inches. Malacca, Seychelles, Mauritius, Sandwich Is. T. Knorri, Gray, is a synonym. T. ALBIDA, Gray. PI. 12, fig. 29. Whorls smooth, with a sutural band separated by a narrow depression ; ivory-white, sometimes faintly stained with rust- color. Length, 2 inches. Australia. T. FLAMMEA, Lamarck. PI. 2, fig. 26. Shell somewhat more slender than the preceding species, the oblique growth-lines ridge-like ; usually a shallow broad groove in the middle of the whorls ; with occasional impressed spiral lines, of which one which divides the space above the central groove is more prominent ; yellowish white, interruptedly stri- gate with chestnut, often forming two interrupted bands on the spire whorls and three on the body-whorl. Length, 3'5-5 inches. Indian Ocean, (Jhina Sea, Madagascar. 12 TEllEBRA. T. ORNATA, Gray. PI. 2, fig. 28. Shell stout, sutures crenulated towards the apex, with a well- defined sutural bai:d ; yellowish white, with three spiral series of regular chestnut spots, four on the body-whorl. Length, 4'5 inches. Galapagos Is. T. FORMOSA, Desh. PI. 2, fig. 27. Shell rather slender, with a somewhat swollen sutural band not clearly separated from the whorls b}' an impressed line ; upper whorls longitudinally plicate ; yellowish white, with small chestnut spots on the band, and lai-ger longitudinal markings below it, a third inferior series on the body-whorl. Length, 2'75 inches. Panama. Described from a single specimen, and is possibly a young variety of T. robusta. T. STRIGATA, Sowb. PI. 2, fig. 29. Whorls divided by a median groove, the upper ones plicate ; yellowish white, longitudinally striped with chestnut. Length, 3'5-5 5 inches. Panama, Realejo. Reeve gives Philippines (Cuming) and Moluccas as additional localities — which need confirmation. It is T. elongata, Wood, T. zebra, Kiener, and T. Jlammea* Lesson. T. CERETHINA, Lam. PL 2, fig. 30, 14. Upper whorls densely plicate, lower ones becoming smooth, with a sutural band bounded by an indistinct impressed line; flesh-white, rather closely longitudinally strigate with flesh-color or orange, crossed by several distant narrow revolving lines of the same color. Length, 2-3 inches. Philippines to Society Is. T. pulckra, Hinds (fig. 14), is a synonym. T. LANCKATA, Linn. PL 11, fig. 10. Whorls smooth, flattened, 8 little swollen below the sutures, earlier whorls plicated; white, crossed by narrow chestnut longi- tudinal streaks, interrupted at the periphery of the body-whorl by a while hand. Length, 2-2'5 mill. Talteiti, Moluccas, Mauritius. TEREBRA. 13 T. PENICILLATA, Hinds. PL 11, fig. 11. Stouter with more convex whorls than the preceding species, the longitudinal chestnut lines crowded, much more numerous than in T. lanceata. Length, 2 inches. Seychelles, Mauritius. Kiener figured both this and the succeeding varieties as T. lanceata, and von Martens, in his " Conchology of Mauritius," has recently so considered them : my material does not support this view ; yet their substantial identity is not improbable. Yar. VENOSA, Hinds. PI. 11, figs. 12, 13. White, banded with light chocolate, with chestnut longitudinal lines ; first whorls plicate, the others smooth, divided at the upper part by a row of punctures ; sometimes all the whorls are plicate. Length, 1-1-5 inches. Indian Ocean. Reeve remarks that " whemplicately ribbed throughout, the shell, like the granulated varieties of Cones, is smaller than when it is smooth." One of these small, plicated shells has been described by Deshayes as T. Crossei (fig. 13). When the shell is plicate upon the lower whorls it appears to be the result of the impression of the chestnut streaks, which form the interstices of the plicae. T. BRAZIERI, Angas. PI. 11, fig. 14. Narrow, smooth, first whorls plicate, the others somewhat tumid or very shortly obsoletely plicate below the sutures ; whitish, promiscuously longitudinally veined with chestnut, the strigations more numerous on the upper part of the whorls ; body-whorl with a white band on the periphery, and below it a row of chestnut spots, sometimes coalescing into a chestnut band. Length, 1-1*5 inches. New South Wales, Tasmania. This is, perhaps, a variety of T. lanceata. T. CIRCUMCINCTA, Deshayes. PI. 11, figs. 8, 9. White, with a few irregular yellowish streaks ; whorls flatly convex, with four to six equidistant, pricked, linear revolving grooves. Length, 40 mill. Red Sea (Deshayes) ; Port Curtis, Australia (Stutchburyj. Reeve's figure (fig. 9) does not agree well with his description, nor with the figure given by Deshayes. 14 TEREBRA. B. Shell with plicate or tuberculate band below the sutures, defined by a sulcus. * Whorls plicate. T. AFFINIS, Gray. PI. 2, figs. 22, 18. Whorls with distinct subsutural band, covered with flat longi- tudinal ribs, separated by narrow impressed, often punctate lines; flesh-color, sparingly mottled with light chocolate or chestnut oblong markings and with a few distant revolving lines of the same color. Length, l*5-2'25 inches. Philippines, Seychelles, Viti Isles. It is T. eburnea, Hinds (fig. 18), T. striata, Quoy, T. pertusa, Kiener, var. T. VARIEGATA, Gray. PI. 2, figs. 15, 19, 21, 23; PI. 1, figs. 5, 7, 8; PI. 3, figs. 31,37,38. Spirally grooved, more or less longitudinally plicate on the upper, sometimes on all the whorls, sometimes becoming granular at the intersections of the sculpture, a swollen callous band below the sutures ; whitish, marked with chestnut between the plica- tions of the band, strigated with chestnut below it, with a central white band on the body-whorl, beneath which is a second series of strigations. Length, 2'5-3'25 inches. Mazatlan, Guaymas, Lower and Southern California, Panama, Galapagos Is., China Sea, W. Africa. T. armillata, Hinds (figs. 21,23), T. Hupei, Lorois (fig. 5), T. aspera, Hinds (fig. 7), T. Petiveriana, Desh. (fig. 31), and T. glauca, Hinds (fig. 19), are synonyms. The following unfigured species, described by P. P. Carpenter, and which are smaller than the t3Tpe, being but little over an inch in length, may constitute a minor variety. They occur at Mazatlan and extend northwards to Southern California : T. albocincta, T. Hindsi, T. subnodosa, T. rufocinerea; T. simplex, from Sta. Barbara and S. Pedro, Cal. Very probably the more northern distribution of this form of an essentially tropical genus will account for the smaller size of the specimens occurring on the California Coast; they are precisely like T. variegata of the same size and number of whoils, but set-in not to grow larger. To the above numerous synonyms from the West Coast of America are to be added T. albicostata, Adams and Keeve (fig. TEREBRA. 1 6 8), from China Sea, and T. Africana, Gray, T. intertincta, Hinds (fig. 37), and T. marginata, Desh. (fig. 38), from West Africa. There can be little doubt of the identity of these species with T. variegata, and of the extensive distribution thus indicated — it is paralleled in other species of the genus as will be seen hereafter. T. GOULDI, Desh. PI. 3, tig. 39. Whorls with a subsutural, nodulous band, closely longitu- dinally plicate below it ; yellowish white, two-banded with very pale chestnut, three bands on the body-whorl. Length, 2'5 inches. Sandwich Islands. T. aciculina, Kiener, var. (t. 7, f. 13 a), is probably a young shell of this species. T. CONCINNA, Desh. PL 12, figs. 37, 32. Longitudinally finely plicated throughout, with a sutural band defined by a groove ; yellowish flesh-color, the ribs lighter, with a row of chestnut spots below the suture. Length, 40 mill. Japan. T. Dillwyni, Desh. (fig. 32), is a synonym. Reeve erro- neously made T. concinna a synonym of T. strigilata. Linn., and Pease changed the name to T. divisa on account of Buccinum concinnum, Dillwyn. T. MARMORATA, Desh. PL 12, fig. 34. Longitudinally plicate, pricked in spiral series in the inter- stices, the upper and more profound row indicating a sutural band ; whitish, somewhat tessellated with large chestnut blotches, darker-spotted on the sutvril margin, with a white band on the periphery of the body-whorl. Length, 1-25-1-5 inches. Port Curtis, Australia (Stutchbury). T. BADIA, Desh. PL 3, fig. 40. Chocolate-colored, including the interior; longitudinally pli- cated, including a subsutural band, body-whorl somewhat ven- tricose, with several spiral granular striae on the lower part. Length, 2*5 mill. China. It is T. castanea, Hinds, not Kiener; altered by Deshayes as above, and by Reeve to T. ligneola. lf> TEREIMA. T. SENEGALENSIS, Lam. PL 3, figs. 41-45 ; PL 12, fig. 33. Shell with a subsutural band, surface varying from nearly smooth, showing only longitudinal flexuous growth-striae, to longitudinally plicati- ; yellowish white, more or less inter- ruptedly three-banded with pale or dftrk chestnut or chocolate, four or five bands en the body-whorl'; sometimes the darker coloring suffuses the entire surface. Length, 3-4 inches. Senegal, etc., West Africa. It is T. striatula, Lam., T. fuscomaculata, Sowb. ; probably T. pngio, GmeL, T. f estiva, Desh. (fig. 45), T. speciosa, Dcsh. T. raphanula, Lam. (PL 12, fig. 33), said to occur at Amboina, has the markings somewhat tessellately arranged ; a good series of specimens easily connect it with the typical coloring. T. CINGULA, Kiener. PL 12, figs. 27, 28. First whorls plicately ridged, the rest smooth, with a more or less defined sutural band ; light fawn-color, encircled by two or three rows of chestnut blotches, forming interrupted bands. Length, 3 inches. Senegal (Kiener) ; St. Christopher, W. I. (Miller). Closely allied to, and perhaps only a variety of, the preceding species. It is T. fatua, Hinds (fig. 28), the latter being simply more faded in coloring. T. PURA, Deshayes. PL 12, fig. 30. 9 Whitish, shining ; obsoletely banded at the suture by an impressed groove, obliquely longitudinally plaited, plaits rather distant, thin, gradually fading towards the aperture. Length, 2'5 inches. Zanzibar. T. TROCHLEA, Desh. PL 12, fig. 35. Longitudinally plicate, a depressed sutural band separated by a broad, profound sulcus, from the rest of the whorl, which is convex, this band is nodulous, the nodules becoming evanescent on the last whorl; maculate and flammulate with chestnut and white. Length, G5 mill. Zanzibar. T. DUSSUMIERI, Kiener. PL 3, figs. 46-48. Closely narrowly longitudinally plicate, the ridges becoming partially obsolete on a fiubsutural band ; pale chestnut with a TEREBRA. 17 white band below the middle of the whorls, and whitish on and just below the band. Length, 3-4 inches. China, Japan. Too closely allied to T. dnplicata, Lam. The white band, however, is rather broader, the plications narrower, sharp-edged and partially obsolete on the band — which is somewhat concave. T. evoluta, Deshayes (fig. 47), described from a single specimen in the Gumingian Collection, appears to be only a slight varia- tion of the typical form ; another variety is T. Bernardii, Desh. (fig. 48). T. DUPLICATA, Linn. PI. 4, figs. 49-51. Flatly longitudinally ribbed, divided by an impressed l^ne below the sutures, forming a sutural band ; grayish or blush- white to chestnut or chocolate, with a single narrow median white band. Length, 2*5-3*5 inches. Moluccas, Singapore, Zanzibar, Madagascar, China to Viti Islands, etc. T. Reevei, Desha3Tes (fig. 50), is a colorless example. Yar. LAMARCKII, Kiener. Fig. 51. The white band filleted with chestnut or purplish spots in a single somewhat distant series. T. ANOMALA, Gray. PL 12, fig. 36. Smooth, polished, whorls plicate above, divided by an im- pressed, punctate line near the suture; cinereous or fawn-color, lighter on the sutural band, with a whitish band on the periphery. Length, 1*5 inches. Singapore, 7 fms. (Cuming). Reeve confounded this species with the shell which he erro- neously refers to aciculina, Lam., and which must stand as aciculina, Reeve — Lamarck's shell being a synonym of T. cinerea, Born. The present species is readily distinguished by its sutural band. T. SPECTABILIS, Hinds. PL 4, figs. 52-57. Ribs distant, thin, subnodulous above and below a deep groove which divides off a sutural band; leaden or chestnut- 2 18 TEREBRA. brown, usually nearly white on the sutural band, and with a central white band on the body-whorl. Length, 1-25-2 inches. Guinea (Humphreys); Sumatra (Cuming); Tasmania (Woods). T. Jukesii, Desh. (fig. 54), appears to me to be a synonym; as are also T. addita, Desh. (fig. 55), T. geminata, Desh. (unfig- ured), probably T. Kieneri, Des-h. (fig. 56), and T. gracilis, Reeve, not Gray (fig. 57). T. LONGISCATA, Desh. PL 4, fig. 58. With a sutural band defined by a groove, strongly plicately ribbed, the ribs rather angular, the interstices with elevated revolving striae; livid fuscous gray. Length, 27 mill. Philippines, (Cuming). T. TJSTULATA, Desh. PI. 4, fig. 59. Sutural band depressed, longitudinally ribbed ; pale chestnut or whitish, the depressed band and lower half of the body-whorl darker brown. Length, 32-38 mill. Tasmania. In coloring and form somewhat like the next species. T. GEMMULATA, Kiener. PL 4, figs. 61, 62. Shell longitudinally, narrowly, distantly plicate, plicae curved, terminating in nodules below the groove of the sutural band, the band also bearing a single row of nodules ; yellowish white, the lower row of nodules white, with a rather broad white band on the middle of the body-whorl, below which the whorl is smooth and chestnut-colored. Length, 45 mill. Chili. Reeve, who saw the original specimen of the unfigured T. Chilensis, Desh., adds it to the synonymy. Very probably T. Patagonia, d'Orb. (fig. 62), should be added as a colorless specimen. T. DISLOCATA, Say. PL 4, figs. 63-67, (',9 ; PL 12, fig. 31. Longitudinally plicate, spirally grooved ; sometimes the grooves are only perceptible between the plic.ne, in others they decussate the latter into granules; sutural band nodulous; colu- mella recurved, ridged ; gray, brownish white or light yellowish, with usually a white-banded periphery. Length, 25-35 mill. North Carolina to West Indies. The certain synonyms are T. rudis, Gray (fig. 69), T. Petiti. TEREBRA. 19 Kiener (fig. 64), and T. Souleyeti, Desh. (fig. 65). I think it probable that T. larvseformis. Hinds (figs. 66, 67), of the West Coast of Central America, should also be here referred ; I cannot detect any specific differences. T. Sowerbyana, Desh. (PI. 12, fig. 31), from West Africa, appears to be also identical. T. MARIESI, E. A. Smith. PI. 4, fig. 68. . Longitudinally costate, with traces of spiral lines, the costse ending in tubercles below the also tuberculate sutural band ; yellowish brown, variegated with reddish brown. Length, 45 mill. Japan. Yery closely allied to the preceding species, but narrower. The aperture appears to be imperfect in the specimen figured. T. JEFFREYSII, E. A. Smith. PI. 4, fig. 60. Longitudinal riblets about 20, fine, oblique, decussated by spiral striae, about 5 on a whorl, the two uppermost striae widest apart forming two nodulous bands next the suture ; yellowish, dotted with light brown between the two series of nodules, and streaked with the same color beneath, body-whorl with a pale central zone. Length, 25 mill. Japan. This, the preceding and following species, should probably be united. T. SUBTEXTILIS, Smith. PI. 4, fig. 70. White ; with about twenty costae, and ten spiral striae, three of the latter upon the nodulous sutural band. Length, 37 mill. Japan. See remarks under preceding species. T. BIFRONS, Hinds. PI. 4, fig. 71. Fawn-brown, obscurely rufous-banded ; whorls somewhat con- vex, encircled with four rows of pale granules, last whorl many- grained ; sutural baud only faintly indicated by a concavity, instead of a groove. Length, 2 inches. Japan. T. AMCENA, Deshayes. PI. 5, fig. 73. Turreted, rather narrow ; yellowish, with red spots on the 20 TEREBRA. sutural band; longitudinally closely plicate, spirally linearly grooved, the suturnl band separated by a pricked groove. Length, 35 mill. China (Desh.) ; A7. Caledonia (Brazier). T. BLANDA, Desh. PL 5, fig. 72. Shell transparent white, dotted with chestnut on the sutural band, apex purple ; no revolving sculpture; aperture somewhat fusiformly produced below. Length, 30 mill. Japan. T. PULCHELLA, Deshayes. PL 5, fig. 74. Light yellowish brown, stained with rust-color, with a white peripheral band ; whorls concave, arcuately plaited, without spiral striae, subsutural groove crenate. Length, 43 mill. China. T. TEXTILIS, Hinds. PL 5, figs. 75, 76. Yellowish white; closely plicated, with fine spiral lines, with two bands of plicae below the suture. Length, 35 mill. Japan ; Sta. Macassar ; Sandwich Islands. T. nodularis, Desh. (fig. 76), is a synonym. T. CCELATA, Adams and Reeve. PL 5, fig. 77. Surface sharply granulated by longitudinal and spiral sculp- ture ; transparent white. Length, 41 mill. China. Has the form of the preceding species, from which it is, per- haps, insufficiently distinguished by the non-development of the inferior band of tubercles. T. TORQUATA, Ads. and Reeve. PL 5, fig. 78. Longitudinal plicae narrow, raised, interstices spirally striate- latticed ; next the suture are two nodulous bands, separated by a sulcus, the periphery is subangulated and slightly nodulous on the angle, between this and the sutural band the surface is some- what concave ; fawn-colored, the sculpture lighter, a white baud below the periphery. Length, 44 mill. 'fa i >an. A very distinct, beautiful species. T. BICINCTA, Hinds. PL 5, fig. 79. White ; with thin longitudinal plicce, and no spiral sculpture ; TEREBRA. 21 sutural band tuberculate, and with the plicae below it cut into a couple of revolving rows of tubercles. Length, 28 mill. Habitat unknown. Described from a unique specimen in the Cumingian Collection. T. COPULA, Hinds. PL 5, fig. 80. Chestnut or olive-brown, plications paler, sutural band with oblique chestnut spots ; no revolving sculpture ; periphery with two indistinct narrow white bands. Length, 35 mill. Guinea. T. EXIGUA, Desh. PL 5, fig. 89. Shell chestnut or chocolate-brown, strongly latticed by close sculpture ; sutural band distinctly marked ; aperture rather pro- duced below. Length, 15-18 mill. E. Coast of Australia; Andaman Is. T. VENILTA, Tenison-Woods. PL 5, fig. 88. Yellowish white, zoned with a pale chestnut line ; whorls sub- coronate, with narrow oblique curved plications, and more or less indistinct fine spiral striae ; subsutural area divided by a punctate groove. Length, 42 mill. Port Jackson, N. S. Wales. T. ROSEATA, Adams and Reeve. PL 5, fig. 90. Interstices of the ribs linearly grooved, sutural band defined by a punctate groove; columella laminated, twisted; rose-color. Length, 28 mill. Soolo and China Sea. T. SWAINSONI, Deshayes. PL 5, fig. 81. Light roseate, nearly white on the sutural band, the interstices of the ribs smooth, or obscurely striate, polished. Length, 20-32 mill. Sandwich Islands. Possibly identical with the preceding species. Pease has described a variety injlexa. The same author has described (but not figured) a T. sulcata, which he says may prove to be a distant form of T. Swainsoni. T. ELATA, Hinds. PL 5, fig. 82. Spirally linearly grooved between the longitudinal plications, the beaded sutural band separated by a well-impressed groove ; 22 TEREBRA. chestnut-white or brownish white, with a darker band below the periphery. Length, 23 mill. Panama and Bay of Montija, Cent. Am. T. CANCELLATA, Qiioy. PI. 5, figs. 83, 84, 86; PI. 6, figs. 92-97, 100-3, 6. Yellowish white, orange, chestnut or chocolate-color, the nodu- lous sutural band white, often with a white band below the periphery; plications close, rounded, curved, the narrow inter- stices closely striate ; margins of aperture as well as the interior often stained with a darker color. Length, 44 mill. Moluccas, Philippines, Viti Isles, Sandwich Isles. M. Deshayes, supposing that the figure in the Thes. Conch, (fig. 83) does not represent this species, has called it T. undatella. T. livida, Reeve (fig. 86), appears to me to be a form of this species ; it comes from the Philippines. T. subangulata, Desh. (fig. 92), described from a single specimen, also probably belongs here. A slight variety is T. columellaris, Hinds (fig. 93), of which T. areolata, Adams and Reeve (fig. 94) is probably a synonym — as stated by Reeve, although Deshayes considers the two forms distinct. I add as synoi^ms T. flavescens, Desh. (fig. 95); T. approxi- mala, Desh. (fig. 9C>), which has ruder coarser sculpture, and is a stouter shell ; T.Jlava, Gray (fig. 6), an immature shell ; T. lutes- cens, E. A. Smith (fig. 97), founded on Sowerby's figure of T. Jlava in the Thes. Conch., which Mr. Smith considers specifically distinct from the figure in Reeve's Iconica ; T. puncticulata, Desh. (fig. 100); T. Peasei, Deshayes (unfigured) ; T. Jlin,hi, Desh. (fig. 1); T. Bruguieri, Desh. (fig. 2); and T. difficilis, Desh. (tig. 3.) T. UNDULATA, Gray. PI. 6, figs. 4, 8. Ribs rather large, rounded, close, with spiral strirc on the narrow interstices, sutural band well-marked, forming a slight, nodulous shoulder to the whorls ; yellowish or orange, the inter- stices deeper-colored, appearing as though longitudinally stri- gate, band white, sometimes white-banded on the periphery; aperture rather narrow, the lips often stained with orange-mi. Length, 41 mill. Viti Inlands, Philippines. Perhaps a variety of the preceding. T. picLa, Hinds (fig. 8), TEREBRA. 23 is probably a synonym. T. cinctella, Desh., an unfigured spe- cies, is added by Reeve. T. PERTUSA, Born. PI. 6, figs. 5, 7. Longitudinally finely plicate, interstices punctate spirally; orange-brown, the interstices of the tubercles on the sutural band chocolate. Length, 3 inches. Darnley Isl., Australia. T. Bermonti, Lorois (fig. 7), is a synonym. It is said to in- habit Tahiti. T. NEBULOSA, Sowb. PI. 6, fig. 9. Longitudinal ribs rounded obtuse, close, curved, interstices spirally grooved, sutural band defined by a punctate groove ; longitudinally clouded with reddish orange and white, with a white band on the periphery. Length, 3 inches. Zanzibar. T. ALVEOLATA, Hinds. PL 5, fig. 87. Longitudinal plicae curved, the interstices spirally striate ; flesh-color, stained with orange-brown, with a row of alternate chestnut and white spots on the sutural band, and another on the white-banded periphery. Length, 37 mill. Straits of Malacca ; Japan. Yar. GOTOENSIS, Smith. PI. 5, figs. 85, 91. Sculpture said to be finer than in T. alveolata, the band on the periphery unspotted. From Japan. It is very doubtful whether to these forms ought not to be united T. amcena, Desh. T. POLYGYRATA, Desh. PI. 7, fig. 10. Closely ribbed, interstices linearly grooved, sutural band de- fined by a pricked groove ; fulvous orange, white at the sutures, with a white band on the periphery. Length, 13 mill. Philippines (Cuming) ; Japan (Smith). A small shell with numerous whorls, perhaps not distinct from T. cancellata. T. POLYGONIA, Reeve. PI. 7, fig. 15. Strongly varicosely ribbed, ribs rather distant, interstices concave, spirally linearly grooved, sutural band distinct ; fulvous brown. Length, 10 mill. Hab. unknown (Taylor Coll.). I am not acquainted with this species. 24 TEREBRA. T. RADULA, Hinds. PL 7, fig. 17. Sutural band and whorls strongly tubercnlated by decussating sculpture ; reddish chestnut, white at the suture, with a white periphery-band. Length, 40 mill. Puerto Portrero, W. Coast of Central America, 13 fms. (Cuming). Described from a unique specimen in the Cumingian Collection. T. VARICOSA, Hinds. PL 7, fig. 12. Varioosely distantly ribbed, interstices striately grooved ; whorls convex, constricted around the upper part, sutural band smooth or tuberculate ; olive-brown, chocolate or white, banded on the periphery. Length, 28 mill. Gulf of Papagayo, W. Coast of Central America, mud, at 23 fms. (Hinds). T. TUBERCULOSA, Hinds. PL 7, fig. 31. Shell rather thin, transparent ash, livid purple towards the. apex, obscurely red-spotted next the suture ; whorls slopingly ilattened, conspicuously tuberculate on the sutural band, then smooth, and finally longitudinally tuberculated, forming an angulated periphery. Length, 2 inches. Panama (Cuming) ; San Bias (Hinds). T. TLICATA, Gray. PL 7, fig. 20. Yellowish flesh-color; whorls slopingly flattened, the last swollen, longitudinally thinly plicated, spirally very finely prickly-grooved, sutural band distinct. Length, 2 inches. Guayaquil, 7 fms., sandy mud (Cuming). Appears to be distinguished chiefly by its stout form. T. SPECILLATA, Hinds. PL 7, fig. 18. latticed by longitudinal :nid spiral sculpture, whitish, with a few large chestnut maculations; sutural margin irregularly chestnut-spotted. Length, 2 inches. San Bias, W. Coaxt of Me.rico. Very closely allied to T. dislocata, Sa}r, and to T. cancellata, Quoy, which arc possibly identical. T. o>Nsi'Ki:sA. Hinds. PL 7, fig. 13. Whitish, irregularly chestnut-spotted on the sutural band, TEREBRA. 25 and chestnut-banded at the base ; plications thin, the interstices closely striate spirally. Length, 1 inch. Philippines. T. FICTILIS, Hinds. PI. 7, figs. 14, 11. Whitish, purple-ash below the periphery, the latter appearing as a narrow band at the base of the spire-whorls. Length, 15 mill. Australia. A beautiful little species, well distinguished by its contrasted coloring. T. bicolor, Angas (fig. 11), is a synonym. T. TAYLORI, Reeve. PL 7, fig. 22. Rather stout towards the base, purple ash-color, livid, obscurely banded ; sutural band yellowish. Length, 26 mill. Torres Straits, Australia. The form is swollen below, resembling the preceding species. T. MORBIDA, Reeve. PL 7, fig. 23. Stoutly, closely plicate, the sutural band broadly defined by a groove ; purplish flesh-color, encircled by faint red spots. Length, 15 mill. Hab. unknown. The spots do not appear upon Reeve's figure. The type speci- men was in the Taylor Collection. T. BREVICULA, Desh. PL 7, fig. 24. Sutural band swollen, scarcely crenated, defined by a broad concave depression, below it the body-whorl is slopingly convex, somewhat angulated on the periphery, where it is somewhat distantly plicately tuberculated ; lead-color, white-banded at the suture and on the periphery, the latter filleted with chestnut on both margins. Length, 23 mill. Tasmania. T. PROTEXTA, Conrad. PL 6, fig. 98. Whorls rather convex, with curved, sharp, numerous small plications, the interstices smooth or very minutely spirally striate, a sutural band is sometimes obscurely indicated, but is usually absent; chocolate, or dark brownish white, chocolate within the aperture. Length, 18-25 mill. West Coast of Florida. T. CONCAVA, Say. PL 7, figs. 25, 26. Shell white ; with a prominent row of nodules below the suture, and a less prominent row above it, the last forming a 26 TEREBRA. peripheral row on the last whorl ; between these two the surface is concave, obsoletely ribbed and finely spirally striated. Length, 20 mill. So. Carolina. T. frigata, Hinds (fig. 20), is probably a synoitym ; it is ascribed to Africa (Gray), and Galapagos Is. (Cuming) : both localities need confirmation. ** Whorls smooth. T. CORRUGATA, Lam. PL 7, figs. 21, 28, 32. Fulvous cream or ash-color, with two or three bands of chest- nut spots ; sutural band often lighter-colored, with small chestnut spots, tuberculate. Length, 2-25-3 inches. Loanda, W. Africa. The S3rnonyms are T. regina, Desh. (fig. 28), T. bitorquata, Desh. (fig. 32 >, and T. punctata, Gray. T. TESSELLATi, Gray. PL 7, figs. 27, 19. Shell whitish, with two rows of oblong chestnut or chocolate spots ; whorls concavely flattened, decussated by fine ridges, the spiral ones stronger, suture bordered by two tuberculated bands. Length, 35 mill. Marquesas (Hinds). The description is drawn up from T. ligata, Hinds (fig. 19), which appears to be the t3rpical form. T. tessellata, Gra3r, no Iocalit3% is from a single specimen in the British Museum ; the whorls are said to be smooth, but the resemblance to Hinds' species, over which it has priority of description, is striking. T. DECORATA, Desh. PL 7, fig. 16. Whitish, with two series (on the body-whorl three) of chest- nut quadrangular spots; whorls smooth, longitudinally striated, marginal band tuberculated. Length, 28 mill. Ptdang, Sumatra. Reeve figures this species under the name of T. tessellata, Gra3^, which has a double band of tubercles. T. IIISTRTO, Desh. PL 7, fig. 29. Yellowish , with waved longitudinal chestnut stripes, interrupted at the periphery ; longitudinally striate, the stri;e becoming pli- cations upon the sutural b:md, where the surface is variegated with chestnut lines. Length, 45 mill. Hab. unknown. TEREBRA. 27 *** Cylindrically many whorled, whorls with revolving sculp- ture, with or without less prominent longitudinal striae. T. MYUROS, Lam. PI. 7, fig. 30. Whorls flattened, closely scabrously latticed with striae, the revolving striae much the most prominent, above with two obliquely plicate sutural bands, the inferior one of which is often more or less obsolete ; light yellowish brown, usually lon- gitudinally striped with broad chestnut maculations. Length, 4-5 inches. Moluccas, New Ireland. This may be T. strigilata, Gmel., in part, and is possibly also T. commaculata, Gmel. T. scabrella, Lam,, is undoubtedly a synonym. T. PRETIOSA, Reeve. PI. 8, figs. 33, 34. Whorls convexly flattened, aicuately striated by growth-lines, the interstices latticed, double-banded and tubercnlated below the suture ; yellowish, with broad chestnut longitudinal blotches. Length, 5*5 inches. China. I think that T. lima, Desha}res (fig. 34), from same locality, is identical. T. CINGULIFERA, Lam. PI. 8, figs. 35-38. Shell smooth, distantly spirally superficially grooved, grooves often minutely punctate, the upper groove a little deeper, indi- cating a sutural band, upon which the growth-lines become oblique and subplicate ; yellowish flesh-color. Length, 3'25 inches. Philippines, New Ireland, Viti Islands, China. The synonyms are T. Chinensis, Desh. (unfigured), T. colum- naris, Desh. (unfigured), T.pallida, Desh. (fig. 36), T. crenifera, Desh. (unfigured), T. punctatostriata, Gray (unfigured), and T. punctulata, Sowb. (unfigured). T. Isevigata, Gray (fig. 37), is a rather narrow form, and T. obsoleta, Desh. (fig. 38), is a wider specimen than usual, with a very faint indication of a brown band near the base. T. TRICOLOR, Sowb. PI. 8, fig. 39. Shell smooth, yellowish flesh-color with three distant orange- 28 TEREBRA. red revolving lines, one of them defining a sutural band, which is often white. Length, 2 inches. Friendly Islands. Closely related to both the preceding and following species — which may need to be united when we know more about them. T. t&niolata, Quoy, is a synon3rm. T. BABYLONIA, Lamarck. PL 8, figs. 40, 41. Flesh-red, overlaid more or less with white ; smooth or spirally striated, with distant grooves, becoming closer at the base of the body-whorl, the grooves often darker - colored ; aperture orange-brown. Length, 2'5 inches. China, Viti Islands. T. Deshayesii, Ileeve (fig. 41), is a synonym. T. STRAMINEA, Gray. PL 8, figs. 42-45, 47, 48. Yellowish brown or livid ash-color, the upper sutural band generally lighter -colored ; surface crossed by revolving grooves and strife, the latter sometimes granulated by the intersection of growth-lines, the former rather distant; with two sutural bands, the upper one swollen, the inferior one much smaller, and both covered by oblique plications. Length, 2'5 inches. Philippines, China. Will probably prove to be a variety of the preceding species. It is T. Babylonia, var., of Kiener, T. circinata, Desh. (fig. 44), T. acuta, Desh. (fig 45), and T. monilis, Quoy (figs. 47, 48). T. CUMING.II, Desh. PL 8, fig. 49. Sharply granosely cancellated throughout, with two tubercu- latcd bands next the suture, the lower one much the smallest; straw-colored. Length, 3'75 inches. China. Probably only a variet}^ of the preceding species. T. FENESTRATA, Hinds. PL 8, fig. 46. Strongly latticed throughout, with a crenated sutural band; transparent fulvous or fulvous brown. Length, 35 mill. Ilab. unknown. This shell does not appear to have any marked specific char- acter. TEREBRA. 29 T. L'JBBECKEANA, D linker. PL 8, fig. 50. Whitish, tinged with light yellowish brown, with a wide, faint band of the latter color ; subgranose by rather faint intersecting striae ; sutural band slightly separated by a groove. Length, 75 mill. Japan. T. SUCCINEA, Hinds. PL 8, fig. 51. Whorls doubly banded below the suture, orange-red with two distant rows of small chestnut spots ; closely arcnately wrinkled. Length, 3'75 inches. Philippines. Dr. von Martens (Mauritius, 231) makes this a synonym of T. monilis, Quoy, to which it does not appear to me to be very closely related. T. FORTUNEI, Deshayes. PL 8, fig. 52. White, with slightly convex whorls, strongly longitudinally ribbed, the interstices latticed with spiral ridges, sutures deep, belpw them a band indicated by a pricked spiral groove. Length, 69 mill. China Sea. A unique shell in the Curningian Collection. T. SEROTINA, Ads. and Reeve. PL 8, fig. 53. Light brown, whorls spirally striately ridged, with two bands of nodules below the suture, the upper band the largest. Length, 2 inches. Japan. T. FUNICULATA, Hinds. PL 9, fig. 60. Shell light chestnut-brown, sharply and closely spirally ridged, the two ridges nearest the suture wider. Length, 2 inches. Marquesas Islands (Ginning). T. Archimedis, Desh. (unfigured), is a synonym according to Reeve. T. ALBOMARGINATA, Desh. PL 9, fig. 54. Whorls flat, bright orange, upper part white, divided by a groove, each side of which is crenated, below the groove spirally ridged, the interstices pricked. Length, 1*75 inches. China. T. EXIMTA, Desh. PI. 9, fig. 55. Yellowish white, the sutural band dotted with orange-chestnut 30 TEREBRA. arid somewhat noduled ; below the band are three granular ridges with pricked interstices ; lower part of body-whorl striatc. Length, 1'75 inches. Hob. unknown. Described from a unique specimen. T. AMANDA, Hinds. PI. 9, fig. 61. Orange-colored, with two white bands of tubercles below the suture, balance of the surface punctate, grooved. Length, 1 inch. Straits of Macassar. Described from two immature specimens. Perhaps = T. stra- minea, Gray. T. TRISERIATA, Gray. PI. 9, figs. 56, 57. Fulvous white or straw-color, narrow, whorls numerous, flatly concave, spirally ridged, sometimes decussated by longitudinal sculpture, with two bands of nodules below the suture, and a single smaller row on the peripher}^ of the last whorl. Length, 2-4 inches. Philippines (Cuming), Port Curtis, Australia (Stutchbury). The latter locality is for T. prxlonga, Desh. (fig. 57), which does not appear to me to differ. C. No sutural band, closely striaie or plicate next the suture; balance of whorl smooth or plicate. T. C^ERULESCENS, Lam. PI. 10, figs. 75-77 ; PL 9, fig. 66. Shell smooth, without infra-sutural band, but usually with a narrow callous deposit forming a more or less defined band above the narrow sutural groove; whitish, spotted or clouded with chocolate below the suture, the clouds sometimes forming a wide band, or covering the upper half of the body-whorl, or even extending to the base ; when well covered with chocolate there is often a lighter band upon the periphery. Length, 1-5-2-5 inche>. Australia; Philippines.; Polynesia; Mauritius ; lied Sea. The whorls are flattened, and scarcely impressed at the sutures. This species is the type of Mr. E. A. Smith's subgenus Impages, characterized by the callous deposit above the sutures ; but this peculiarity is not even constant in this species, and is rare or not TEREBRA. 31 developed in the other species which Mr. Smith refers to the group. It is T. niveum and T. edentulum, of Gmelin, T. bifasciatum, Dillw., T. fusca, Martyn (in part), T. Otaiensis, Lesson, T.liecli- cum, Linn, (teste Hanley). Yon Martens calls Kiener's fig. 12 d var. fl&mmulata ; another variety is T. nimbosa, Hinds, from the Bed Sea (fig. 66). T. CINEREA, Born. PI. 9, figs. 67, 58, 59, 62-65, 68-74; PI. 10, fig. 78. Shell smooth, but closely, minutely longitudinally plicated beneath the sutures ; yellowish ash-color, lighter upon the sutural plications — where there are sometimes light chestnut spots arranged in a single series, usually faintly whitish-banded at the periphery ; aperture light chestnut-color, showing the light band. Length, l'S-2'25 inches. W. Africa, West Indies, Japan, Philippines, Polynesia. The distribution of this species is nearly world-wide in warm seas. I have endeavored in vain to find distinguishing charac- teristics for the species which, under various names have been assigned to distant localities, but I am compelled to follow Reeve in classing them all as synonyms. This large synonymy includes T. Jamaicensis, C. B. Ad. (fig. 58); T. slrigilata, var., Gmel. : T. stylata, Hinds (fig. 59), from Philippines ; T. laurina, Hinds (fig. 63), from W. Africa ; T. castanea, Kiener (fig. 68), also from W. Africa ; T. aciculina, Lam. (not of Reeve or Hinds) ; T. mi- cans, Hinds (fig. 64), Reeve, in part — some of his figures repre- senting T. cuspidata, Hinds ; T. Adansoni, Desb. (unfigured, but; said by Reeve, who saw the t3Tpe, to = micans) ; T. apicina, Desh. (fig. 69), from Singapore ; T. dispar, Desh. (fig. 70) ; T. Philippiana, Desh. (fig. 62), Philippines ; T. bacillus, Desh. (figs. 65, 71), Sandwich Isles, and T. lactea, Desh. (fig. 72), a colorless state of the same ; T. acuminata, Gray (fig. 73) ; T. Salleana, Desha3^es (fig. 78), Mexico, Haiti ; and T. parva, Baird (fig. 74), from New Caledonia. The figure of the last-named species does not show the superior plications, but the text describes them. Var. CUSPIDATA, Hinds. PI. 10, figs. 80, 79. Whitish or tinged with light yellow, the light band on the 32 TEREBRA. periphery scarcely distinguishable, but below it a narrow chestnut band. West Coast of Africa. T. Traillii, Desh. (fig. 79), from the Indian Ocean, is a very similar shell, and may connect this variety with the type. T. ACICULINA, Reeve. PI. 10, figs. 81, 82. Shell evenly plicate, the plicag small, short, or usually covering the entire shell ; aperture peculiarly broadly dilated at the base ; usually chocolate or ash-color, white-banded at the suture, and on the periphery of the body-whorl, the interstices of the plica- tions reddish chestnut on the margins of the bands, as if fasci- culated ; sometimes the general color is pale, almost white, deepened here and there, especialty below the peripheral white band, so as to appear like a colored band ; interior chestnut-red, white-banded. Length, 1-5 inch. Singapore, Manilla, Marquesas, Sandwich Ides. Usually distinguished by color, longer plications, broad base, smaller size, from the preceding species. Reeve has figured and described it as T. aciculina, Lam., but Mr. E. A. Smith has shown that Lamarck's species is really T. cinerea, Born. Hinds, on the other hand, has referred the present species to T. cinerea, for which he figures it. Mr. Smith has thought fit to impose a new name, T. confusa, which appears to me to be quite unnec- essary, as, even if the name aciculina cannot be used, as of Reeve, not Lamarck, there is another, older name given to the species, T. inconstans, Hinds (fig. 82). I prefer to retain aci- culina, because the species is universally known under that name. The unfigured T. Matheroniana, Desh., was referred by Reeve, in his Iconica, both to this species and to T. striyilata, but in his index he removes it from the synonymy of the latter. Pease considers it a synonym of strigilata, and not of aciculina, and Smith believes it to be a distinct species. In the absence of a figure, I have no means of arriving at a judgment upon the matter, further than that the description appears to apply best to T. slrigilaia. T. anomala, (J ray. was here referred by Keeve, but it dillers in having a sutural band, defined by a groove. T. LUCTUOSA, Hinds. PI. 10, fig. 83. Shell narrowly subulate, smooth, with fine spiral striae under TEREBRA. 33 the lens, puckered at the sutures into close, small longitudinal plications ; deep chocolate-colored, including the interior of the aperture. Length, 1'25-1'75 inches. Gulf of Nicoya to Mazatlan, W. Coast of N. America. Reeve makes this a synonym of T. cinerea, Born ; but it is more subulate, the color uniform, the plications smaller, closer, longer and more waved. None of the specimens before me show any bands. T. STRIGILATA, Linn. PI. 10, figs. 84, 85, 88. Shell highly polished, regularly flatly longitudinally plicate, the plicae usually extending below the middle of the body-whorl ; fawn or ash-color, white-banded at the suture, with a row of square chestnut spots on the band ; body-whorl white-banded at the periphery and darker-colored below the band ; aperture rather narrowed below ; chestnut, with a median white band. Length, 1'25-1'75 inches. Polynesia, Sandwich Islands. A narrower, more cylindrical species than T. cinerea^ from which it differs also in its regular, longer, coarser plications, and brighter coloring. It has several synonyms : T. strigilata (striatula), Kiener, in part, T. Argenvillei, Desh. (unfigured), T. acumen, Desh. (unfigured), T. modesta, Desh. (unfigured), mouth of the Indus ; all made synonyms by Reeve, who examined the types ; T. concinna, Dillwyn (not Deshayes), T. Verreauxi, Desh. (fig. 85), T. Matheroniana, Deshayes (see remarks p. 32). T. lepida, Hinds (fig. 88), must also be added, although Hinds thought it sufficient!}' distinguished b}^ the absence of a white sutural band, and by its sharper plications. T. LAUTA, Pease. PI. 10, fig. 91. Subcylindrical, longitudinally, straightly plicate, the plicae regular, sharp, extending across the whorls, the interstices with a single row of punctures near the suture ; leaden gray to orange-brown, polished, banded with yellow, bearing a row of chestnut spots at the suture, with a pale peripheral band, beneath which the body-whorl is chestnut-colored. Length, 1 inch. Sandwich Islands. Figured from a type-specimen. It may be only a strong 34 TEREBRA. variety of T. strigilata, but has sharp plications and the line of punctures which indicate a sutural space, although no division is defined upon the ribs. T. HASTATA, Gmelin. PL 10, fig. 87 ; PI. 9, fig. 86 ; PI. 10, figs. 89, 90, 94, 95, 92. Elongately cylindrical, somewhat acuminated towards the apex; closely plicated, forming crenulated sutures, the plicae sometimes on the upper part of the whorls only, sometimes covering the whorls to the base; whitish, two- or three-banded with fawn-color to orange-brown, the bands sometimes broken up into large blotches ; the entire surface occasionally uniform orange-brown. Length, 1-1-2 inches. West Indies; Weft Africa. T. costata, Menke (unfigured) is a synonym ; as is also the West African T. Knockeri, Smith (fig. 86.) Var. ALBULA, Menke. PI. 10, figs. 89, 90, 94, 95. Shell narrower in proportion to its length, more subulate, the plications short. Australia, Philippines, Straits of Malacca. As the specimens usually occur this variety presents sufficient distinctness of form for specific rank, but sometimes the West Indian shells are found exactly like it. Reeve, who does not even make a varietal distinction, includes also the unfigured T. crassula, T. bipartita, and T. incolor of Deshayes, and as he has examined the types, he is probably correct. T. casta, Hinds (fig. 90), and T. mera, Hinds (figs. 94, 95) are synonyms. Yar. SOLIDA, Deshayes. PI. 10, fig. 92. The plications are described as only indicated by impressed striae on the last whorl, which is encircled by three translucently yellowish lines. Japan. Reeve adds that the shell is tessellately enameled throughout with square opaque white blotches on a fawn-cream color surface ; which appears to me to be but an exaggerated way of describing the characteristics exhibited by the figure. TEREBRA. 35 T. NITIDA, Hinds. PL 10, figs. 93, 96. Shell narrowly subulate, whitish or fawn-color, coarsely plicate, the plicae narrow, the interstices with a single row of punctures below the sutures. Length, 1 inch. Marquesas Is. ; Australia. T. plicatella, Desh. (fig. 96), is a synonym. T. CALIGINOSA, Desh. PI. 10, fig. 97. Shell slender, varicosely ribbed ; dark chocolate. Length, 1*25 inches. Philippines. Founded on a single specimen in the Cumingian Collection. It may = the preceding, but punctured interspaces .are neither figured nor described. Dr. von Martens refers here the unfigured T. Kirki, Hutton, of New Zealand. T. VIOLASCENS, Hinds. PI. 10, fig. 98. Slenderly turreted. whorls flatly convex, obliquely flexuosely plicated ; spirally striate in the interstices, suture rather deeply impressed; whitish, pale violaceous or yellowish, brown-stained at the suture. Length, -83 inch. Philippines. Reeve remarks that Hinds' original figure in the " Thesaurus " is inaccurate, representing a sutural band — of which there are no indications on any of the specimens. T. TANTILLA, E. A. Smith. PI. 11, fig. 4. Longitudinally arcuateh' ribbed, subtuberculate at the sutures; yellowish, with a sutural chestnut band, and another on the periphery of the last whorl. Length, 6'5 mill. Japan. Mr. Smith makes his T. pumilio (unfigured) a synonym of the above. It appears to me to be too closely related to the next species. T. TENERA, Hinds. PI. 10, fig. 99. Distantly, strongly varicosely ribbed, interstices concave, shining; yellowish brown, chestnut-banded at the sutures and on the periphery. Length, 8 mill. Ceylon. Straits of Malacca. 36 TEREBRA. T. TRISTIS, Deshayes. PL 10, fig. 100. Whorls convex, plicately ribbed ; yellowish white with a chest- nut band at the suture, and another at the periphery. Length, 18 mill. Japan. The unfigured T. Antarctica. Smith, is referred here by Mr. Gillies, who makes it a New Zealand shell ; he also adds to the synonymy T. Kirki, Hutton — which Dr. von Martens refers to T. caliginosa, Reeve. T. ASSIMILIS, Angas. , PI. 11, fig. I. Whorls somewhat convex, broadly arcuately ribbed, ribs ceasing at the periphery of the last whorl; yellowish brown, chestnut-banded at the suture, lower part of body-whorl chestnut. Length, 11 mill. Port Jackson, Australia. T. PYGM.EA, Hinds. PI. 11, fig. 2. Shell solid, closely ribbed ; yellowish brown, chestnut-banded at the sutures and on the periphery. Length, t mill. Straits of Malacca, It fathoms, mud (Hinds). T. NANA, Deshayes. PI. 11, fig. 3. Yellowish white, with two interrupted bands of chestnut spots, one of them visible on the spire, distantly ribbed, the ribs gradually disappearing. Length, 10 mill. Mouth of the Indus. T. METCALFEI, Reeve. PI. 11, fig. 5. Shell cylindrically oblong, whitish, faintly tinged with pale white-dotted orange flames, red-dotted at the sutural margin ; whorls convex, the first ribbed, ribs soon fading. Length, 12 mill. West Indies ? Described from a single specimen collected by Rev. L. Guilding. T. OBESA, Hinds. PI. 11, fig. 6. Cylindrically subulate, whorls convex, the first ribbed, ribs soon disappearing; shining white, with longitudinal orange blotches, interrupted by a white band on the periphery. Length, 12 mill. Hab. unknown. TEREBRA. 37 T. PLUMBEA, Quoy, PI. 11, fig. 7. Longitudinally plicate, plications straight ; fawn or lead-color, white-banded at the suture ; sometimes a white band at the periphery of the last whorl, below which the color is darker. Length, 1 inch. Moluccas, Philippines, China, Australia. The unfigured T. Bourguignati, Desh., is referred here by Reeve. T. LISCHKEANA, Dunker. PI. 12, fig. 22. Distantly costate throughout, with an obsolete sutural band, barely defined by a narrow sulcus, and punctations in the inter- stices of the ribs ; yellowish, banded with chestnut, Length, 34 mill. Japan. Connects this group with those species having a sutural band, and is evidently closely related to T. phimbea, etc. Subgenus EURYTA, H. and A. Adams. T. ACICULATA, Lam. PL 11, figs. 15-17. Spire and upper part of body-whorl plicate and shelving, usually doubly nodose, the two rows separated by a sulcus on the middle of the shelf, sometimes the lower row of nodules are developed into spines, lower part of body-whorl with revolving striae ; white, or broadly or narrowly banded with chocolate, or uniform chocolate, or with close zigzag longitudinal markings. Length, '75-1 inch. Mazatlan, Cape St. Lucas, Panama, West Indies, ? W. Coast of Africa, ? Mediterranean Sea. The American localities are certain, but the several records of Mediterranean specimens refer to beach-worn shells, and it is probable that they were introduced accidentally, and that the species does not live there. The figures will show how variable the shell is in its sculpture and coloring. It is by no means certain that it is really the species intended by Lamarck, although it is thus generally identified ; neither is its generic position 38 TEREBRA. fixed: as. on Martens remarks (Don Bism., 27) it may very well be a Columbella. It is Bucc. pulchellum, Calcara ; Mitra Linnei, Eichwald ; Hucc. Linnei, Payr. ; T. Cosentini, Phil. ; T. nodosoplicata, Danker. T. FULGURATA, Phil. PI. 11, figs. 18-20. Narrowly fusiform, spire acuminated, whorls plicate above, but not shouldered, with lightly marked, rather distant spiral striae ; whitish, with zigzag longitudinal chestnut lines. Length, 14 mill. Mazallan, Acapulco, L. California. T. arguta, Gould, and T. rustica, Hinds (figs. 19, 20), are synonyms ; the coloring of the latter is often seen in the species, MS well as orange-brown and even clear white without markings. Another usual state has the upper half of the whorls white, the lower half of the body-whorl only showing the lightning-streaks of chestnut. T. NASSOIDES, Hinds. PI. 12, fig. 23. Whorls varicosely ribbed, spirally minutely striated ; pinkish ash, banded with lead-color, margin below the suture white. Length, 13'5 mill. Red Sea (Lord Monntnorris). Appears to be closely allied to the preceding species. I have not seen it. T. TRILINEATA, Adams and Angas. PI. 12, fig. 24. Thin, slender, with long, narrow aperture, distantly plicate and encircled with thread-like lines ; yellowish white, with lon- gitudinal pale undulating chestnut markings, a series of chest- nut spots near the suture, and on the body-whorl three revolving chestnut lines, one of which appears also on the spire. Length, 14 mill. New South Walvs, Australia. T. ANGASI, Try on. PI. 12, figs. 25, 26. Olivelliform, with small, rather close plications, disappearing on the upper part of the body-whorl ; whitish, shining, with three TEREBRA. 39 fulvous bands upon which are longitudinal light chestnut zigzag markings. Length, 10-12 mill. Rapid Bay, So. Australia ; N. S. Wales. Described by Adams and Angas under the name of Euryta pulchella, preoccupied in Terebra by Deshayes. T. Brazieri, Angas (fig. 26), appears to be only a slightly differently colored specimen. Angas has himself preoccupied this specific name in Terebra. Unfigured and Undetermined Species of Terebra. BUCCINUM ACUS, Gmel. (Acus SARTORTA, Martini) ; B. SUCCINC- TUM, Gmel. ; B. OBLIQUUM, Gmel. : B. CHALYB^EUM, Gmel. ; B. SINUATUM, Linn. ; B. PROXIMATUM. Linn. ; B. HECTICUM, Gmel. ; B. GEMINUM, Linn. ; B. MONILE, Linn. ; B. MURINUM, Linn. (— Triton ?). Most of these are Terebrse, but indeterminable. T. ELEGANS, Kiister ; T. COSTATA, Kiister ; T. SANDWIZENSIS(?). T. LINEOLATA, Sowb. ; T. GRANULOSA, Lam.; T. POLITA, Gray; T. BUCCINULUM, Desh. ; T. BUCCINOIDEA, Blainv. ; T. LINEOLATA, Chemn., are all species of Bullia. T. NUBECULATA, Sowb. ; T. CANCELLATA, Gray ; T. ALBA, Gray. The following are described (but not figured) by Mr. E. A. Smith :— T. FUSCOBASIS, T. MACANDREWI, T. PERSICA, T. PELLYI, T. TRI- CINCTA, T. COGNATA, T. FUSCOCiNCTA (all from the Persian Gulf) ; T. RUFOPUNCTATA (Hab. unknown) ; T. BATHYRAPHE, T. ALBOZO- NATA, T. MELANACME, T. JAPONICA, T. GRANULOSA (= T. PUSTU- LOSA), T. ADAMSI (all from Japan) ; T. BRASLLIENSIS (Rio Janeiro)-, T. AUSTRALIS and T. TURRITA (N. Australia) ; T. C APENSIS ( Cape of Good Hope); T. MIRANDA (Malacca); T. MACGILLIVRAYI (N. Guinea}; T. FEJIENSIS and T. PAUCISTRIATA (Fiji Islands); T. ^^ BELCHERI = GUAYAQUILENSIS (Guayaquil) ; T. GRAYI (for T. GRA- CILIS, Gray), T. CONCOLOR, T. CONTRACTA, T. SIMILIS (habitats unknown}. W. H. Pease has described : — T. SUFFUSA, T. SCULPTILTS, T. ROSACEA, T. ASSTMILIS (= T. CON- TIGUA), T. PROPINQUA, T. COSTELLIFERA (all Sandwich Islands). 40 TEREBRA. T. DUNKERI, Desh. ( T. eburnea, Dnnker, not Hinds), Hob.? T. CONTINUA, Desh., Hab.? Reeve's figure does not correspond with the description. T. BELCIIERI, Phil. ; T. SUBDIVISA, Phil. ; T. DECUSSATA, Phil. (hab. unknown). T. TUBEROSA, Hinds, Hab.? The figure appears to represent a Cerithium with imperfect aperture. T. BEDDOMEI, Petterd. Tasmania. T. BIPARTITA, Gould (Hakodadi)\ T. PROLIXA, Gld. (China). T. L^EVIS, Gray. Worn and indeterminable. T. PACHYZONA, Morch. Real Llejos. T. LAU RET AISLE, Tenison-Woods. Port Jackson, Australia. INDEX AND SYNONYMY. TEREBRID^E. PAGE. Abretia, H. and A. Adams. Genera Recent Moll., i, 225, 1853, 5 Aciculata (Terebra), Lam. Anim. s. Vert., x, p. 1*75, . . 37 Aciculatum (Buccinum), Gmelin, p. 3503, No. 145. = Terebra cerithina, Lam. Aciculina (Terebra), var., Kien. Ic., pi. 7, f. 13 a. = T. Gouldii, . .15 Aciculina (Terebra), Lam. (not Reeve or Hinds). An. s. Vert., vii, 287. = T. cinerea, Born, ... .31 Aciculina (Terebra), Reeve (not Lam.) Con. Ic., xii, f. 121 d, var. c. and f. 32 Acumen (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 287. = T. strigilata, Linn . 33 Acuminata (Terebra), Gray. Reeve, Icon., f. 143. = T. cinerea, Born, . . . . . . .31 Acus, Humphrey. Mus. Calonn., 1797. = Subula, Sclmm. 5 Acus (Buccinum), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., p. 3502, No. 141, . 39 Acuta (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 100, pi. iv, f. 4-5. = T. straminea, Gray, 28 Adamsii (Terebra), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1873, xi, p. 264, 39 Adansonii (Terebra). Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 291. = T. cinerea, Born, . . . . . . .31 Addita (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1859, p. 293. = T. spectabilis, Hinds 18 Afflnis (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 60, . 14 Africana (Terebra). Gray. Griffiths' ed. Guv,, t. 23, f. 5. = T. variegata, Gray, . . . • . • .15 Alba (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 60, . • 39 Albicostata (Terebra), Adams and Reeve. Zool. Voy. Samar., p. 30, pi. 10, f. 21 (1848). = T. variegata, Gray, 14 Albida (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 63, . 11 Albocincta (Myurella), Carpt. Cat. Maz. Moll., p. 384, No. 450. = Terebra variegata, Gray, ... .14 Albomarginata (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 314, 29 42 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Albozonata (Terebra), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1875, 415; 1877, xix, p. 226, . .... 39 Albula (Terebra), Menke. Moll. Nov. Holl., p. 30. = T. hastata, Gmelin, var. . . . . .34 Alveolata (Terebra >. Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 151, 23 Amanda (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 154, 30 Amrcna (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1859, p. 297, . 19 Angasi (Terebra >, Tryon, 38 Anomala (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 62, . 17 Antarctica (Abretia), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., xi, 270, 1873 ; Gillies, Trans. N. Zeal. Inst., xiv, 169. = T. tristis, Desh 36 Apicina (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 284. = T. cinerea, Born, 31 Approximata (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 299. = T. cancellata, Qnoy, .22 Archimedis (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 314. = T. funiculata, Hinds, . ... 29 Areolata (Terebra), Adams and Reeve. Vo3r. Samar., p. 30, pi. x, f. 23. = T. columellaris, Hinds, . . . 22 Areobitus (Vertagus), Link. Reeve, C. Ic., t. iii, f. 9. = Terebra muscaria, Lam. Argenvillei (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 286. = T. strigilatn, Linn. 33 Argus (Terebra1, Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 160, . 11 Arunta (Terebra), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, p. 330. = T. iulgnrata, Phil 38 Annillata (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 154. = T. variegata, Gray, 14 Aspera (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 154. = T. variegata, Gray, . . . . . . .14 Assimilis (Terebra) Angas. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867, p. 3, pi. 13, f. 8, 36 Assimilis (Terebra), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., v, p. 67, 1869. = T. contigua, Pease. Am. J. Conch., vii, p. 20, 39 Australe (Buccinum), Sowb. Gray, Zool. Proc., 168, 1843. = Btillia Tahitensis, Gmel. Man., vol. iv. Australia (Terebra), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1873, xi, p. 264, . . 39 Babylonia, var. (Terebra), Kien. Coq. viv., pi. 14, f. 35 a. = T. slramim'a, Gray. ...... 28 Babylonia ( Terebra ), Lain. Anim. s. Vert., vol. x, p. 243, 28 Bacillus (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 285. T. cinerea. Born, 31 Badia (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 300, . 15 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 43 PAGE. Bathyrhaphe (Terebra), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., xv, 415, 1875; 1877, xix, p. 226, 39 Beddomei (Terebra), Petterd. Jour, of Conch., iv, 142, 1884, 40 Belcheri (Terebra), Philippi. Zeit. f. Mai., 1851, p. 123, . 40 Belcheri (Myurella), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1873, xi, p. 261. = M. Guayaquilensis, Smith. . . .39 Bermonti (Terebra), Lorois. J. C., 2d ser., ii, 389, 1857. = T. pertusa, Born. ........ 23 Bernardii (Terebra), Desh. Jour, de Conch., 1857, p. 84, pi. iv, f. 10. = T. Dussumieri, Kien. . .17 Bicincta (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 150, 20 Bicolor (Acus), An^as. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1867, p. Ill, pi. 13, f. 7. = T. fictilis, Hinds, 25 Bifasciaturn (Buccinum), Dillwyn. Cat., ii, p. 651, No. 155. = Terebra caerulescens, 31 Bifrons (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 155, 19 Bipartita (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 284. = T. hastata, Gmelin, 34 Bipartita (Terebra), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc., vol. vii, p. 330 40 Bitorquata ( Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 313. = T. corrugata, Lam 26 Blanda (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 298, . 20 Bourguignati (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 288. = T. plumbea, Quoy and Gaimard, . . 37 Brasiliensis (Abretia), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1873, xi, p. 271 39 Brazieri (Euryta), Angas. Proc. Z. S., 1875, p. 390, t. xlv, f. 5, 5 a . .39 Brazieri (Terebra), Angas. Zool. Proc., 1871, p. 16, pi. 1, f. 15, 13 Brevicula (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1852, p. 296, 25 Bruguieri (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 297. = T. cancellatn, Quoy 22 Buccinoidea (Terebra), Blainville. Desh., Zool. Proc., 316, 1859. — Bullia, Manual, iv, 39 Buccinulum (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 92, pi. v, f. 12. = Bullia turrita, Gray. Manual, iv, 14, . . 39 Caelata (Terebra), Adams a-nd Reeve. Moll. Toy. Samar., 30, pi. x, f. 22, . ... . 20 Caelatura, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., i, 28, ... 4 Cserulescens (Terebra), Lam. Anim. s. Vert., x, p. 245, . 30 Caliginosa (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 287, 35 Callichloros (Terebra muscaria, var.), Tapparone-Canefri. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, viii, 326, 9 44 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Cancellata (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 62, 39 Gancellata (Terebra), Quoy and Gaimard. Voy. de 1'Ast. Moll., vol. ii, 471, pi. 36,"f. 27-28, 22 Candidum (Buccinum), Born. Mus., p. 263, t. 10, f. 8. = Terebra crenulata, Linn 8 Capemis (Myurella), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1873, xi, p. 269, 39 Carnea (Terebra), Perry, v. 16, f. 1. = T. dimidiata, Linn. 9 Casta (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 156. = T. hastata, Gmelin, var. albula, 34 Gastanea (Terebra), Hinds (not Kien.). Thes. Con., i, p. 161, pi. 43, f. 59. = T. badia, Desh. . . . . 15 Castanea (Terebra), Kien. Coq. viv., pi. 7, f. 14. = T. caerulescens, Lam 31 Gerithina ( Terebra), Lam. Anim. s. Vert., v, vii, p. 288, . 12 Chalybeum (Buccinum), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., p. 3504, No. 158, 39 Chalybeus (Terebra), Martini. Conch. Cab. = T. duplicata, Linn . .17 Chilensis (Terebra), Desh. Pro. Zoo. Soc., 1859, p. 295. = T. gemmulata, Kien. ....... 18 Chinensis (Terebra), Desh. Zool. Proc., 309, 1859. = T. cingulifera, Lam 27 Ghlorata (Terebra), Lam. Anim. s. Vert., vol. x, p. 246, . 11 Cinctella (Terebra), Desh. Zool. Proc., 305, 1859. = T. undulata, Gray, 23 Cinerea (Terebra), Born. Mus. Vind., p. 267, pi. 10, f. 11 and la, 31 Cinerea (Terebra), Hinds (not Born). Thes. Conch., i, pi. 45, f. 130. = T aciculina, Reeve, . .32 Cingula (Terebra), Kiener. Ic. coq. viv., p. 28, pi. 8, fig. 16, 16 Cingulifera (Terebra), Lam. Anim. sans Vert., x, p. 247, . 27 Circinata (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 99, pi. iv, f. (}-7. = T. straminea, Gray, .... .28 Circumcincta (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 77, pi. iii, fiar. 9, 13 Cognata (Myurella), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1877, xix, p. 229, 39 Columellaris (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 151. = T. cancellata, Quoy, var. . . . . .22 Columnar!* (Ton-bra), Desh. * Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 310. = T. cinguIifiTN, L:nn. ........ 27 CommMculii'era (Terebra), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., p. 3502. = T. myuros, Lam 27 Concava (Terebra), Say. Jour. Pliilu. Aciul., v, 207, 1826, 25 Concinna (Terebra), Desh. J. C., 1857, p. 99, pi. 3, f. 10, . 15 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 45 PAGK. Concinnum (Buccinum), Dillwyn. Cat., p. 647. = Terebra strigilata, Linn 33 Concolor (Terebra), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1873, xi, p. 265, 39 Coni'usa (Terebra), Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1877, p. 229, xix. = T. aciculina, Reeve 32 Consobrina (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 308. = T. subulata, Linn. ........ 10 Censors (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 150. 9 Conspersa (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 153, . 24 Contigua (Terebra), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., vii, p. 20, . 39 Continua (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 286, 40 Contracta (Myurella), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1873, xi, p. 268, 39 Copula (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 151, . 21 Corrugata, var. junior (Terebra), Kien. Ic. coq., p. 25, note, pi. 13, f. 31 a. = T. bitorquata, Desh. . . .26 Corrugata (Terebra), Lam. Anim. s. Vert, x, p. 244, . 26 Cosentini (Terebra), Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil., i, p. 227, pi. ll,f. 29. = T. acieulata, Lam.. 38 Costata (Terebra , Kiister. Desh., Zool. Proc., 317, 1859, 39 Costata (Terebra), Menke. Syn. Mus., p. 84. n T. hastata, Gmelin, . 34 Costellifera (Terebra;, Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., v, p. 66, 1869 39 Crassula (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 282. = T. hastata, Gmelin, . . . . . . .34 Crenifera (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 298. = T. cingulifera, Lam 27 Crenulata (Terebra), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1205, . . 8 Crossei (Terebra), Dtsh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 289. = T. venosa, Hinds, ........ 13 Cumingii (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc.. 1859, p. 311 ; Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 66, pi. iii, f. 1, . . . .28 Cuspidata (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 157. = T. cinerea, Born, var." . . . . . . .31 Decorata (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 75, pi. iv, f. 13, 26 Decussata (Terebra), Philippi. Zeit. f. Mai., 1851, p. 124, 40 Deshayesii (Terebra), Reeve. Conch. Ic., f. 45, 18CO. = T. Babylonia, Lam 28 Difficilis (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 304. = T. cancellata, Quoy, 22 Dillwynii (Terebra), Desh. Zool. Proc., 279, 1859. -— T. concinna, Desh. . 15 46 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGB. Dimidiata (Terebra), Linn. Syst. Nat., 1206, ... 9 Dislocata (Terebra), Say. Jour. Ac. N. S. Phil., ii, p. 236, 18 Dispar (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 284. = T. cinerea, Born, ....... Divisa (Terebra), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., iv, 124, 1868, 15 Dunkeri (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 285, . 40 Duplicata (Terebra), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1206, . .17 Duplicata, var. /9 (Terebra), Gmelin, p. 3501. = T. pertusa, Born. Dussumieri (Terebra), Kien. Icon. coq. viv., p. 31, pi. 8, f. 17, . ... .16 Eburnea (Terebra), Bunker. Zeit. f. Mai., 1853, p. 96. = T. Dunkeri, Desh ........ 40 Eburnea (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 153. = T. atfinis, Gray, ..... .14 Edentulum (Buccinum), Gmelin, p. 3505, No. 155. = Terebra ca-rulescens, Lara. . ... . . .31 Elata (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 156, . 21 Elegans (Terebra), Kiister. Chemn., 2d ed., p. 31. Desh., Zool. Proc., 317, 1859, . . ..... 39 Elongata (Terebra), Wood. Index Suppl. (pi. 13, f. 25?). ="T. strigata, Sow. ... .... 12 Euryta, H. and A. Adams. Genera Recent Moll., i, 225, 1853, ..... • ..... 5, 37 Evoluta (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 292. = T. Dussumieri, Kiener, ...... 17 Exigua (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 301, . 21 Eximia (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 314, . 29 Fatua (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 150. = T. cingula, Kien. . . . . . . . .16 Faval, Adanson. Hist. Nat. Senegal. = Terebra Senegalensis, Lam ....... 16 Fejiensis (Myurella), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. II., 1873, xi, p. 266, ......... .39 Felinum (Buccinum), Dillwyn. Cat. Shells, p. 644. = Terebra tigrina, Gmelin, . ... . . .10 Fenestrata (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 153, 28 Ferrugineum (Buccinum), Born. Mus., p. 263, t. 10, f. 7. = Terebra dimidi:il.a, Linn. ...... 9 Festiva (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 74, pi. iii, f. 4. = T. Seneurtlcnsis. LMIII ....... 16 Fictilis (Terebra), Hinds. Thes. Conch., pi. 45, f. 109, 110, 25 Fimbriata (Terebra), Desh. Jour, de Conch., 1857, p. 71, pi. 5, f. 1. T nvniihita, Linn. ML INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 47 PAGE. Flammea (Terebra), Lam. Anim. s. Vert., x, p. 239, . .11 Flammea (Terebra), Lesson. 111. de Zool., t. 48. = T. strigata, Sowb 12 Flammulata (Terebra), Martens. Mauritius, 1880, p. 230, pi. 20, f. 5. = T. caerulescens, Lam., var. . . .31 Flava (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 60. = T. cancel la ta, Quoy, ....... 22 Flavescens (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 299. = T. cancellata, Quoy, . . .22 Formosa (Terebra), Desh. Jour, de Conch., 1857, p. 65, pi. iii, fig. 6 .12 Fortunei (Terebra), Desh. Jour, de Conch., 1857, p. 79, pi. iv, f. 1 29 Frigata (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 162. == T. concava, Say, 26 Fulgurata (Terebra), Phil. Zeit. fiir Mai., 1846, p. 53, and l«47,p. 181, 38 Funiculata (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 153, 29 Fusca (Limax), Martyn (part). Univ. Conch., iv, pi. 121, f. on left = Terebra cserulescens, Lam 37 Fusca (Terebra), Perry. Conchology, t. 16, f. 3. = T. subulata, Linn. ....... 10 Fuscobasis (Myurella), Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1877, xix, p. 227, . 39 Fuscocincta (Myurella), Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1877, xix, p. 228, .39 Fuscomaculata (Terebra), Sowb. Tank. Cat., p. 23. = T. Senegalensis, Lam . .16 Geminata (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 296. = T. spectabilis, Hinds, 18 Geminum (Buccinum), Linn. Mantissa, 550. Undeter- mined, .......... 39 Gemmulata (Terebra). Kiener. Ic. coq. viv., p. 15, pi. 5, f. 11 and 11 a, . .18 Glabra (Terebra), Deshaycs. Jour. Conch., 1857, pi. v, f. 13, p. 101. = T. consors, Hinds, 9 Glauca (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 150. = T. variegata, Gray, . . . . . . .14 Gotoensis (Terebra), Smith. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1879, p. 183, pi. xix, f. 1 and la. = T. alveolata, Hinds, var. . . 23 Gouldi (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 278, . 15 Gracilis (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc.. 1834, p. 61. = T. Grayi, Smith, ....'. .39 Gracilis (Terebra), Reeve (not Gray). Conch. Icon., f. 131. = T. spectabilis, Hinds, 18 48 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Granulosa (Terebra), Lam. Anim. s. Vert., v. vii,'p. 291. = Bullia, Manual, iv, 39 Granulosa (Myurella), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1873, p. 2(58 (xi). = Terebra pustiilosa, Smith, . . 39 Grayi (Terebra), Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1877, xix, p. 227, 39 Guayaquilensis (Myurella), Smith. P. Z. S., 1880, p. 481, . 39 Guttatum (Epitonium), Bolten. Mus. Bolt. = Terebra oculata, Lam. . . . . . . .10 Hastata (Terebra), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., p. 3502, . . 34 Hastula, H^ and A. Adams. Genera Recent Moll., i, 225, 1853, ...;•) Hecticum (Buccinum), Chemn. (not Linn). = Terebra dimidiata, Linn. ...... 9 Hecticum (Buccinum), Gmelin. Desh., Zool. Proc., 318, 1859. Undetermined, 39 Hecticum (Buccinum), Linn. Hanley, Linn. Conch., 260. = Terebra caerulescens, Lam. . . . . . .31 Hindsi (T. Myurella), Carpt. Cat. Maz. Moll., p. 385, No. 451. = Terebra variegata, Gray, . . . 14 Hindsi (Terebra), Desh. (not Carpt.). Jour. Conch., 18£7, p. 81, pi. v, f. 5. == T. cancellata, Quoy, . . . '. 22 Histrio (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 308; Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 7n, pi. iv, f. 11. . , . . 26 Hupei (Terebra), Lorois. Jour, de Conch., 2d ser., ii, p. 388 (1857), pi. xii, f. 1. = T. variegata, Gray, . . .14 Impages, E. A. Smith. Ann. and Mag., xi, 1873, p. 263, . 6 Incomparabilis (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 307. = T. robusta, Hinds, 11 Incolor (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 283. = T. hastata, Gmelin, 34 Inconstans (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 156. = T. aciculina, Lam. 32 Inflexa (Terebra Swainsoni, vai\), Pease. A. J. C., v, pp. 64, 86, 21 Insignis (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 70, pi. iii, fig. 2. = T. lingualis. Hinds, . .... 11 Intcrlineata (Terebra), Desh. Pro. Zoo. Soc., 1859, p. 277. = T. crenulata, Linn. ....... 8 Intertincta (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 155. = T. variegata, Gray, ....... 14 Jamaicciisis (Terobr.V, C. B. Adams. Contr. Conch., p. 58. = T. cinerea, Born 31 Japonica (Terebra), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1873, xi, p. 265, 39 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 49 PAGE. Jeffreys!! (Terebra), Smith. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1879, p. 184, pi. xix, f. 2, . . .... 19 Jnkesii (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 95, pi. vi, f. 9. = T. spectabilis, Hinds, 18 Kieneri (Terebra), Desh. Pro. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 294. = T. spectabilis, Hinds, 18 Kirki (Terebra), Button. Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Zeal., 27 ; Manual, Moll. N. Zeal., 42. = T. caliginosa, Reeve. = T.tristis,Desh. Gillies, Trans, N. Zeal. Inst., xiv. 169. 35,36 Knockeri (Terebra), E. A. Smith. P. Z S., 1871, p. 730, t. 75, fr 7. = T. hastata, Gmel 34 Knorri (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc,, 1834, p. 59. = T. chlorata, Lam. ... .... 11 Lactea (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 285. = T. cinerea, Born, ........ 31 Laevigata (Terebra), Gray. Pro. Zoo. Soc., 1834, p. 61. = T. cingulifera, Lam., var. ...... 27 Laevis (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 61 ; Desh., Zool. Proc , 1859, 318, 40 Lamarckii (Terebra), Kien. Ic. coq. viv., p. 30, t. 9, f. 19. = T. duplicata, Linn. ....... 17 Lanceata (Terebra), Kien. Coq. viv., pi. 10, f. 22 b. = T. venosa, Hinds, 13 Lanceata (Terebra), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1206. ... 12 Lanceolata (Terebra), Lam. Gray in Zool. Proc., 63, 1834. Undetermined. Larva3formis (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool, Soc., 1843, 155. ? = T. dislocata, Say, 19 Lauretanse (Terebra), Woods. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., ii, 262, 40 Laurina (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 152. = T. cinerea, Born, ........ 31 Lauta (Terebra), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., v, p. 66, 1869, 33 Leiodomus, Gray (not Swainson). Synopsis Brit. Museum. = Impages, Smith, -30 Lepida (Terebra), Hinds. P-roc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 158. = T. strigilata, Linn. ....... 33 Ligata (Terebra). Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 153. = T. tessellata, Gray 26 Ligneola (Terebra), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 25. = T. badia, Desh . 15 Lima (Terebra), Desh, Jour, de Conch., 1857, p/69, pi. iii, fig. 2, . 27 4 50 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGK. Lineolata (Terebra), Chemn., iv, t. 155, f. 1463; Wood, Index Suppl. (P. Z. S , 1843, p. 168). = Bullia vittata, Manual, iv, 39 Lineolata (Terebra), Sow. Tank. Cat. App., p. 23. = Bullia Bellangeri, Kr., Manual, iv, . . . .39 Lingualis (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 153. = T. robusta, Hinds, var. .11 Linnei (Mitra), Eichwald. Fauna Casp.-Caucas., '245. = Terebra aciculata, Lam. ...... 38 Linnei (Buccinum), Payraudeau. Cat. Mol. Isl. Corse, 1826, p. 161, pi. 8, f. 10, 11, 12. Terebra aciculata, Lam. . 38 Lischkeana (Terebra), Dkr. Mai. Blatt., xxiv, p. 74, . 37 Livida (Terebra), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 116, 1860. = T. cancellata, Quoy, var. ...... 22 Loebbeckeana (Terebra), Dkr. Mai. Blatt., xxiv, p. 74, . 29 Longiscata (Terebra). Desh. Proc., Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 294, 18 Loroisii (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 313. = T. oculata, Lam. ........ 10 Loroisii (Terebra), Guer. Mag. de Zool., 1854, p. 218, pi. 4, f. 5. = T. robusta, Hinds, . . . . . .11 Luctuosa (Terebra). Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 157, 32 Lutescens (Terebra), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag., xi, 1873, p. 263. = T. cancellata, Quoy, . 22 Macgillivrayi (Myurella), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1873, xi, p. 267*, 39 MacAndrewii (Terebra), Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1877, xix, p. 228, 39 Maculata, var. ft (Terebra), Gmelin, p. 3499, No. 130. = T. chlorata, Lam. . . . . . . . .11 Maculata (Terebra), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1205, . . . 9 Maculata (Terebra), Perry. Conchology, t. 16, f. 2. = T. crenulata, Linn. ....... 9 Marginata (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 86, pi. iv, f. 8. = T. variegata, Gray, 15 Mariesi (Terebra), E. A. Smith. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1880, p. 480, pi. xlviii, f. 5, 19 Marmorata (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 279, 15 Matheroniana (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 287. = T. aciculina, Lam., Reeve, Icon. = T. strigi- lata, Linn., Pease, Am. J. C., iv, p. 123. Good, sp., Smith, Ann. MM jr. N. H., 1873, p. 263, . . 32,33 Melanacme (Terebra), Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1875, 415 ; 1877, xix, p. 224, 39 Mci a (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 158. = T. hastata, Gmelin, var. albula, . . . . .34 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 51 PAGE. Metcalfei (Terebra), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 139, 1860, . . 36 Micans (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 181. = T. cinerea, Born, 31 Miranda (Myurella), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1873, p. 267, 39 Modesta (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 288. = T. strigilata, Linn. . . 33 Monile (Buccinum), Linn. Mantissa, 550. Undetermined, 39 Monilis (Terebra), Quoy and Gaim. Voy. de 1'Astrol., ii, p. 467, pi. 36, f. 21 and 22, 28 Morbida (Terebra), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 133, 1860, . . 25 Murinum (Buccinum), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 12, p. 1206. Undetermined, 39 Muscaria, var. (Terebra), Kien. Coq. viv.,pl. 3, f. 4 b. = T. tigrina, Gmelin, ....... 10 Muscaria (Terebra), Lam. Anim. s. Vert., vol. x, p. 241, . 9 Myurella, Hinds. Sowb., Thes. Conch., i, 171, 1844, . . 56 Myuros"(Terebra), Lam. Anim. s. Yert., x, p. 247, . . 27 Nana (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 291, . 36 Nassoides (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 158, 38 Nebulosa (Terebra), Kien. (not Sow.). Ic. coq. viv., 23, t. 10, f. 22. = T. Argus, Hinds, 17 Nebulosa (Terebra), Lorois. Jour. Conch., 1858, p. 90, pi. 1, f. 4. = T. Loroisii, Deshayes, . . . . .10 Nebulosa (Terebra), Sowerby. Tank. Cat. App., p. 25, . 23 Nimbosa (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 151. = T. cserulescens, Lam., var 31 Nitida (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 152, . 35 Niveum (Buccinum), Gmelin. Linn., ed xiii, p. 3504. = Terebra caerulescens, Lam. ...... 31 Nodosoplicata (Terebra), Dunk. Zeit. f. Mai., 1853, p. 110. = T. aciculata, Lam. 38 Nodularis (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 296. = T. textilis, Hinds, . . . . ' . . .20 Nubeculata (Terebra), Sowb. Tank. Cat. App., p. 25. Desh., Zool. Proc., 319, 1859, ... .39 Obesa (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 158, . 36 Obliquum (Buccinum), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3504, No. 157, 39 Obsoleta (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 310. = T. cingulifera, Lam., var., . . . . . .27 Oculata (Terebra), Lam. Anim. s. Yert , x, p. 242, . . 10 Ornata (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 62, . 12 Ornatum (Buccinum), Martyn. Univ. Conch. — Terebra oculata, Lam. . . . . . . .10 JNDEX AND SYNONYMY. Otaitensis (Terebra), Lesson. Voy. Coq., ii, pt. 1, p. 407. = Var. of T. ca3rulescens. Lam. ..... 131 Puohyzona (Terebrn), Mdrch. Mai. Blatt., vii, p. '105, . 40 Pallida (Ten-bra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 87, pi. iv, f. 3. = T. cingulifera, Lam. Parva (Terebra), Baird. Cruise Cui^oa, Brenchley, 435, 27 31 pi. 37, f. 5-6. = T. cinerca, Born, Patagonica (Terebra), d'Orb. Voy. Anier. iner.. pi. 62, f. 1. = T. gemmulata, Kien 18 Paucistriata (Myurella), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1873, xi, p. 2i;ii, 39 Peasii (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 302. = T. cancellata, Quoy, 22 Pellyi (Terebra), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. X. H., 1877, xix, p. 226, 39 Penicillata (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 157, 13 Persica (Terebra), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. X. H., 1877, xix, p. 225, 39 Pertusa (Terebra), Born. Mus., p. 267, pi. 10, f. 13, . . 23 Pertusa (Terebra), Kien. Ic. coq. viv. var., t. 11, f. 24 b. = T. affinis, Gray, 14 Pertusa (Terebra), Kien. (part). Ic. coq. viv. var., t. 11, f. 24 c. = T. cancellata, Quoy, 22 Petitii (Terebra), Kien. Coq. viv., p. 37, t. 13, f. 32. =• T. dislocata, Say, 18 Petiveriana (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, pi. v, f. 10, p. 85. = T. variegata, Gray, 14 Philippiana (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 289. = T. cinerea, Born, . . 31 Pic-la (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc,, 1843, p. 156. = T. undulata, Gray, 22 Plicata (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 61, . 24 Plicatella (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 96, pi. iii, f. 5. = T. nilida, Hinds, 35 Plumbea (Terebra), Quoy and Gaimard. Moll. Voy. Astr., p. 470, pi. 36, f. 29, 30, .37 Polita (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 63. = Bullia, Manual, iv, 39 Polygonia (Terebra), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 154, 1860, . . 23 Polygyrata (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 301, 23 PrffiloDga (Ten-bra), Drsh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 315. T. triscrinta. (Jrav .'50 Pn-tinsa (Terebra), Reeve. Pro. Zoo. Soc., 1842, p. 200, . 27 Prolixa (Terebra), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, p. 330, . 40 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 53 PAGB. Propinqua (Terebra), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., v, p. 66, 1869, 39 Protexta (Terebra). Conrad. Proc. Philad. Acad., iii, 26, 1843, . 25 Proximatum (Buccinum), Linn. Gray, Zool. Proc., 168, 1843. Undetermined, 39 Pugio (Buccinum), Gmelin. Syst. Nat, 3505, No. 163. , = Terebra Senegalensis ? (young), . . . . .16 Pulchella (Euryta), Ad. and Aug. Zool. Proc., 1863, p. 418, pi. 37, f. 14. = T. Angasi, Tryon, 39 Pulchella (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 94, pi. v, f. 4, . .... . 20 Pulchelluin (Buccinum), Calcara. Cenni Moll. Sicil., t. 4, f, 33. = Terebra aciculata, Lam. . . . . .37 Pulchra (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 151. = T. cerithina, Lam. . . . . . . .12 Pumilio (Terebra), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1873, xi, p. 269. = T. tantilla, Smith, -35 Punctata (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 61. = T. corrugata, Lam. . . . . . . .26 Punctatostriata (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 61. = T. cingulifera, Lam 27 Puncticulata (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 280. = T. cancellata, Quoy, 22 Punctulata (Terebra), Sowb, Tank. Cat. App., p. 24. = T. cingulifera, Lam. . . . . . . .27 Pura (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 82, pi. v, f. 8, 1C Pustulosa (Terebra), E. A. Smith. P. Z. S., 1879, p. 185, . 39 Pygmsea (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 158, 36 Pyramitra, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., i, 28, 1865, . . 4 Radula (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 155. . 24 Raphanula (Terebra), Lam. Anim. s. Vert., x, p. 246, = T. Senegalensis, Lam. ... . . . . .16 Reevei (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 88, pi. iv, f. 14. = T. duplicata, Linn. . . . . . .17 Regina (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 67, pi. iii, f. 7. = T. corrugata, Lam 26 Robusta (Terebra). Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 149, 11 Rosacea (Terebra), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., v, p. 65, 1869, 39 Roseata (Terebia), Adams and Reeve. Moll. Voy. Sam., p. 30, pi. x, fig. 24, .21 Rudis (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 60. = T. dislocata, Say, . 18 Rufocinerea (Terebra), Carpenter. Mazat. Cat., 386. = T. variegata, Gray, . . . . . . 1 * 54 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Rufopunctata (Hastula), Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., xix, p. 229, 1877, 39 Rustica (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 158. = T. fulgurata, Phil 38 Salleana (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 287. = T. cinerea, Born, ........ 31 Sandwizensis (Terebra) — ? Hinds. Thes. Conch., 186, . 39 Sartoria (Acus), Martini, t. 4, f. 1451. = Buccinum acus, Gmel. ....... 39 Scabrella (Terebra), Lam. An. s. Vert., 2d ed., x, p. 248. Note. = T. myuros, Lam 27 Sculptilis (Terebra), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., v, p. 65, 1869, .39 Senegalensis (Terebra), Lam. Anim. s. Vert., x, p. 244, . 16 Serotina (Terebra), Adams and Reeve. Moll. Voy. Samar., p. 30, pi. 10, f. 20, 29 Similis (Terebra), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1873, xi, p. 265, . 39 Simplex (Myurella), Carpenter. Ann. Mag., 1865, xv, p. 395, ... 14 Sinuatum (Buccinum), Linn. Gray, Zool. Proc., 168, 1843. Undetermined, .39 Solida (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 78, pi. iii, f. 11. = T. hastata, Gmel., var -34 Souleyeti (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 303. == T. dislocata, Say, 19 Sowerbyana (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 93, pi. iii, fig. 8. = T. dislocata, Say, 19 Specillata (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 155, 24 Speciosa (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 279. = T. Senegalensis, Lam 16 Spectabilis (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 150, 17 Spicatus (Limax), Martyn. Univ. Conch., 1784, pi. 121. = Terebra duplicata, Linn 17 Splendens (Terebra), Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 73, pi. v, fig. 11. = T. dimidiata, Linn. 9 Straminea (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 62, . 28 Striata (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 60. = T. Babylonia, Lam 28 Striata (Terebra), Quoy (not Basterot). Voy. de 1'Astr., p. 468, t. 36, f. 23, 24. '= T. affinis, Gray. . . . . 14 Striatula (Terebra), Kien. Ic. coq. viv. = T. strigihita. Linn. 33 Striatula (Terebra), Lam. Anim. sans Vert, v. vii, p. 288. = T. Senegalensis, Lam. . . . . . . .16 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 55 PAGE. Strigata (Terebra), Sowerby. Tank. Cat. App., p. 25, . 12 Strigilata (Terebra), var., Kiener. Ic. viv., p. 29, f. 18 a, 6, c. = T. aciculina, Reeve, 32 Strigilata (Terebra), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1206, . . . 33 Strigilatum (Buccinum), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. = Terebra myuros, Lara. ....... 21 Strigilatum, var. (Buccinum), Gmel., p. 3501. == Terebra cinerea, Born, 31 Stylata (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 152. = T. cinerea, Born, ........ 31 Subangulata (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 300. = T. cancellata, Quoy, 22 Subdivisa (Terebra), Philippi. Zeit. f. Mai., 1851, p, 96, . 40 Subnodosa (Myurella), Carpt. Cat. Maz. Moll., p. 386, No. 452. = Terebra variegata, Gray, ..... 14 Subtextilis (Terebra), Smith. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1879, p. 185, t. xix, f. 3, . .19 Subula, Schumacher. Essai nov. Gen., 233, 1817. = Acus, Humphrey, 5 Subulata (Terebra), Linn. Syst. Nat., 1205, . . .10 Subulata (Terebra), Linn. Enc. Meth. = T. muscaria, Lam. ....... 9 Succinctum (Buccinum), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3502, . . 39 Succinea (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 149, 29 Suffusa (Terebra), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., v. p. 65, 1869, 39 Sulcata (Terebra), Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., v, p. 67. ? = T. Swainsoni, Desh., var. ...... 21 Swainsoni (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 299, 21 Tseniolata (Terebra), Quoy. Voy. de 1'AstroL, p. 466, t. 36, f. 25, 26. = T. tricolor, Sow 28 Tahitensis (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 63. = Bullia Tahitensis, Gmel. Manual, vol. iv, . . . 39 Tantilla (Terebra), E. A. Smith Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 1873, xi, p. 270. Proc Zool. Soc., 185, 1879 35 Taylori (Terebra), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 124, 1860, . . 25 Tenera (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 158, . 35 Terebra, Adanson. Hist. Nat. Senegal, 49, 1757, . 5, 3 Terebrarius, Dum. Zool. Anal., 166, 1806. = Terebra, Adanson, ....... 3 Terebrifusus, Conr. Am. Jour. Conch., i, 28, 1865, . . 4 Terebrum, Montfort. Conch. Syst., ii, 430, 1810. = Terebra, Adanson, ....... 3 Tessellata (Terebra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 61, . 26 Tessellata (Terebra), Reeve. Conch. Icon., sp. 88. 1860. = T. decorata, Desh .26 56 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGB. Textilis (Terebnu. Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 156, . 20 Tiarella (Ton-bra , Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 91, pi. v, «tf. 7, '8 Tiirrina (Terebra), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., p. 2f>02, . . 10 Torqutita (Terebra), Adams and lUvve. Moll. Voy. Sam., 30, pi. 10, f. 13, . 20 Trajana (Acus columna), Humplireys. Mus. Calonn., p. 31, No. 865. == Terebra maculata, Linn. .... 9 Traillii (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 285. = T. cinerea, Born, var 32 Tricincta (Terebra), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 18ft, p. 225. xix 39 Tricolor (Terebra), Sowb. Tank. Cat. App., p. 24, . . 2f Trilineata (Euryta), Ad. and Ang. P. Z. S., 1863, p. 418, pi. xxxvii, f. 13, 38 Triseriata (Terebra), Gray. Proo. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 64, . 30 Tristis (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool Soc., 1859, p. 306, . 36 Trochlea (Terebra), Desh. Jour, de Conch., 185f , p. 89, pi. v.lig. 6, 16 Tuberculosa (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 154, 24 Tuberosa (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 152 ; Thes. Conch., 183, t. 45, f. 99, 40 Turrita (Myurella), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 1873, p. 266 (xi), . . . .... 40 Undata (Terebra), Defrance. Diet, des Scien. Nat. = T. pert usa, Born, ........ 23 Uudatella (Terebra), Desh. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 300. = T. cancellata, Quoy and Gaimard, . . . .22 Undulata (Teivbra). Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 60, . 22 Ustulata (Terebra). Desh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 97, pi. iii, f. 12, . . .18 Yaria (Terebra), Meuschen. Mus. Gronov. = T. oculata, Lam. ........ 10 Yaricosa (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 152, 24 Yaricosum (IJuccinuin), (Jmelin, p. 3505, No. 165. = Terebra . civnulata, var., Linn. ..... 8 Yarii'gjita , Ti-ivbra), Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1834, p. 61, . 14 Yarium (Buccinum , Martyn. Univ. Conch. = Ten-bra subulata, Linn. . . . . . .10 Yenilia (Teivbra), Woods. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, IsTD, vol. iv, p. i':;. pi. 4, f. 2 and 2 a 21 Venosa (Ten-bra . Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 157. = T. pehicillata, Hds., var 13 Vi-nvauxi (Ti-n-hra), Dosh. Jour. Conch., 1857, p. 95, pi. v, t'. 8. T. striiiilata, Linn 33 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 57 Violascens (Terebra), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 154, 35 Yirginea (Terebra), Deshayes. Jour. Conch., 185t, p. 83, pi. iv, f. 12. = T. consors, Hinds, ..... 9 Vittata (Terebra), Lam. Enc. Me'th., pi. 402, f. 4 a-b. = Bullia, Manual, vol. iv, . . . . . . .39 Zebra (Terebra), Kien. Ic. coq. viv., p. 5, pi. 3, fig. 5. = T. strigata, Sowb., 12 REFERENCE TO PLATES. TEREBRID^. PLATE 1. "IGTTRE. PAGB. 1. Terebra crenulata, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 18, . 8 2. Terebra fimbriata, Desh. (= crenulata). Jour, de Conch., 2d ser., ii, t. 5,f. 1, . ."•..- . .8 3. Terebra subulata, Lara. Thes. Conch., f. 39, . . 10 & 4. Terebra splendens, Desh. (= dimidiata). Jour, de Conch., 2d ser., ii, t. 5, f. 11, . ... 9 5. Terebra Hupei, Lorois (= variegata). Ibid., t. 12, f. 1, 14 6. Terebra interlineata, Desh. (= crenulata}. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 51, 8 7. Terebra aspera, Hinds (= variegata). Thes. Conch., f. 44, . 14 8. Terebra albicostata, Ad. and Reeve (—variegata). Voy. Samarang, t. 10, f. 21, . . . . . . 14 9. Terebra maculata, Linn. Sowb., Thes., f. 33, . . 9 10. Terebra maculata. Linn. Kiener, Terebra, t. 1. f. 1, . 9 11. Terebra tigrina, Gmel. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 30, . 10 12. Terebra muscaria, Lam. Sowb., Thes., f. 41, . . 9 13. Terebra dimidiata, Linn. Sowb., Thes., f. 8, . .9 PLATE 2. 14. Terebra pulchra, Hinds (= cerethina). Thes, Conch., f. 129, 12 15. Terebra variegata, Gray. Thes. Conch., f. 53, . . 14 10. Terebra robusta. Hinds. Ibid., f. 35, .... 11 17. Terebra lingualis, Hinds (= robusta). Reeve, Icon., f. 15, . . . 11 18. Terebra eburnea, Hinds (= affinis). Thes. Conch. ,f. 123, 14 . 58 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 19. Terebra glauca, Hinds (= variegata). Sowb., Thes., f. 85, H 20. Terebra oculata, Lam. Sowb., Thes., f. 31, . 10 21. 23. Terebra armillata, Hinds (= variegata). Reeve, Icon., f 72, 6, a, ... ... 14 22. Terebra afflnis, Gray. Thes., f. 78, . . . .14 24. Terebra Argus, Hinds. Sowb., Thes., f. 64, . . 11 25. Terebra insignis, Desh. (= robusta). Jour, de Conch., 2d ser., ii, t 3, f. 2, . . . . . . .11 26. Terebra flammea, Lam. Thes. Conch., f. 36, . .11 27. Terebra formosa, Desh. Reeve, loop., f. 49, . . 12 28. Terebra ornata, Gray. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 14, . 12 29. Terebra strigata, Sowb. Thes., f. 10, . . . . 12 30. Terebra cerethina, Kiener. Iconog., t. 11, f. 25, . 12 PLATE 3. 31. Terebra Petiveriana, Desh. (= variegata). Jour, de Conch., 2d ser.,ii, t. 5, f. 10, 14 32. Terebra consors, Hinds. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 26, . 9 33. Terebra virginea, Desh. (= consors). Jour, de Conch., 2d ser., ii, t. 4, f. 12, 9 34. Terebra glabra, Desh. (= consors). Ibid., t. 5, f. 13, 9 35. Terebra consobrina, Desh. (= subulata, var.). Reeve, Icon., f. 23, .... .10 36. Terebra nebulosa, Lorois (= oculata). Jour, de Conch., 2d ser., iii, t. 1, f. 4, 10 37. Terebra intertincta, Hinds (= variegata). Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 81, . 14 38. Terebra marginata, Desh. (= variegata). Jour, de Conch., 2d ser., ii, t. 4, f. 8, 14 39. Terebra Gouldi, Desh. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 24, . 15 40. Terebra ligneola (= badia). Reeve, Icon., f. 25, . 15 41-44. Terebra Senegalensis, Lam. Sowb., Tnes. Conch., f. 12-15, 16 45. Terebra festiva, Desh. (= Senegalensis). Jour, de Conch., 2d ser., ii, t. 3, f. 4, 16 46. Terebra Dussumieri, Kiener. Sowb., Thes., f. 9, . 16 47. Terebra evoluta, Desh. (= Dussumieri). Reeve, Icon., f. 55, 16 48. Terebra Bernardii, Desh. {Dussumieri). Reeve, Icon., f. 56, . . . ' 16 PLATE 4. 49. Terebra duplicatn, Linn. Reeve, Terebra, f. 3 a, . 17 50. Terebra Reevei, Desh. (= duplicata). Jour, de Conch., 2d ser., ii, t. 4, f. 14, 17 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 59 FIGURE. PAGE. 51. Terebra duplicata, var. Lamarcki. Reeve, Terebra, f-36, 17 52, 53. Terebra spectabilis, Hinds. Sowb., Thes., f. 88, 89, 17 54. Terebra Jukesii, Desh. (= spectabilis). Reeve, Icon ^ f. 97, 17 55. Terebra addita, Desh. (= spectabilis). Reeve, Icon., f. 94, .17 56. Terebra Kieneri, Desh. (= spectabilis). Reeve, Terebra, f. 110, ... .... 17 57. Terebra gracilis, Reeve (== spectabilis). Reeve, Terebra, f. 131, 17 58. Terebra longiscata, Desh. Reeve, Icon., f. 103, . . 18 59. Terebra ustulata, Desh. Jour, de Conch., 2d ser., ii, t. 3, f. 12, .18 60. Terebra Jeffreysii, Smith. Zool. Proc., t. 19,f. 2, 1879, 19 61. Terebra gemmulata, Kiener. Sowb., Thes., f. 92, . 18 62. Terebra Fatagonica, d'Orb. (= gemmulata). Voy. Am. Merid., t. 62, f. I, 18 63. Terebra dislocata. Say. Reeve, Icon., f. 32, . . 18 64. Terebra Petiti, Kiener (= dislocata). Kiener, Terebra, t. 13, f. 32, 18 65. Terebra Souleyeti, Desh. (= dislocata). Reeve, Icon., f. 78, 18 66. 67. Terebra larveeformis, Hinds (== dislocata). Sowb., Thes., f. 47,46, 18 68. Terebra Mariesi, E. A. Smith. 3ool. Proc., t. 48, f. 5, 1880, 19 69. Terebra rudis, Gray (= dislocata). Sowb., Thes., f. 60, 18 70. Terebra subtextilis, Smith. Zool. Proc.,t. 19, f. 3,1879, 19 71. Terebra bifrons, Hinds. Thes. Conch., f. 57, . . 19 PLATE 5. 72. Terebra blanda, Desh. Reeve, Icon., f. 117, . . 20 73. Terebra amoena, Desh. Reeve, Icon., f. 80, . . 19 74. Terebra pulchella, Desh. Jour, de Conch., 2d ser., ii, t. 5, f. 4 20 75. Terebra textilis, Hinds. Reeve, Icon., f. 130, . . 20 76. Terebra nodularis, Desh. (= textilis). Reeve, Terebra, f. 105, 20 77. Terebra caelata, Ads. and Reeve. Reeve, Icon., f. 64, 20 78. Terebra torquata, Ads. and Reeve. Toy. Samarang, t. 10, f. 13, 20 79. Terebra bicincta. Hinds. Sowb., Thes.. f. 72, . . 20 80. Terebra copula, Hinds. Reeve, Icon., f. 926, . .21 81. Terebra Swainsoni, Desh. Reeve, Icon., f. 118, . . 21 82. Terebra elata, Hinds. Reeve, Icon., f. 128, . . 21 60 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGK. 83. Terebra cancellata, Quoy. Thes. Conch., f. 80, . . 22 84. Terebra cancellata, Quoy. Reeve, Terebra, f. 58 6, . 22 85. 91. Terebra (iotoensis, Smith. Zool. Proc., t. 19, f. la, 1,1879, 23 86. Terebra livida, Reeve (== cancellata). Icon., f. 116, . 22 87. Terebra alveolata, Hinds. Sowb., Thes., f. 120, . . 23 88. Terebra venilia, Tenison-Woods. Specimen, . . 21 89. Terebra exigua, Desh. Reeve, Icon., t. xxvi, f. 84, . 21 90. Terebra roseata, Ads. and Reeve. Reeve, Icon., f. 104, 21 PLATE 6. 92. Terebra subangulata, Desh. (== cancellata). Reeve, Icon., f. 87, 22 93. Terebra columellaris, Hinds (= cancellata, var.). Rve., Icon., f. 113 22 94. Terebra areolata, Ads. and Rve. (= cancellata, var.). Voy. Samarang, t. 10, f. 23, 22 95. Terebra flavescens, Desh. ( = cancellata). Conch. Icon., f. 59, 22 96. Terebra approximata, Desh. (= cancellata). Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 83, . 22 97. Terebra lutescens, Smith (= cancellata). Thes. Conch., f. 75, 22 98. Terebra protexta, Conrad. Specimen, . . .25 99. Terebra plumbea, Quoy. Conch. Icon., f. Ill, . . 37 100. Terebra puncticulata, Desh. (= cancellata). Reeve, Icon., f. 99, 22 1. Terebra Hindsii, Desh. (= cancellata). Jour, de Conch., 2d ser., ii, t. 5, f. 5, 22 2. Terebra Bruguieri, Desh. (= oancellata). Rve., f. 82, . 22 3. Terebra difficilis, Desh. (= cancellata). Conch. Icon., f. 86, . 22 4. Terebra undulata, Gray. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 84, . 22 5. Terebra pertusa, Born. Sowb., Thes., f. 43, . . 23 6. Terebra flava, Gray (= cancellata). Conch. Icon., f. 126. 22 7. Terebra Bermondii, Lorois (= pertusa). Jour, de Conch., 2d ser., ii, t. 12, f. 2, . . . . . . 23 8. Terebra pit-la, Hinds (= undiilattiX Conch. Icon., f. 1126, 22 9. Terebra nebulosa, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 51, . . 23 PLATE 7. 10. Terebra poly o-y rat a, Desh. Conch. Icon., f. 146, . 23 11. Terebra bicolor, Aniza> ( . lictilis). Zool. Proc., t. 13, f. 7, 1867, 24 12. Terebra varicosa, Hinds. Conch. Icon., f. 120, . . 24 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 61 PAGE. 13. Terebra conspersa, Hinds. Thes. Conch., f. 74, . . 24 14. Terebra fictilis, Hinds. Thes. Conch., f. 109, . . 24 15. Terebra polygonia, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 154, . 23 16. Terebra decorata, Desh. Jour, de Conch., 2d ser., ii, t. 4, f. 13, .26 IT. Terebra radula, Hinds. Thes. Conch., f. 95, . . 24 18. Terebra specillata. Hinds. Thes. Conch., f. 116, . . 24 19. Terebra ligata, Hinds (= tessellata). Sowb., Thes., f. 118, 26 20. Terebra plicata, Gray. Thes., f. 61, . . . . 24 21. Terebra corrugata, Lam. Thes. Conch., f. 62, . . 26 22. Terebra Taylori, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 124, . . 25 23. Terebra morbida, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 133, . . 25 24. Terebra brevicula, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 119, . . 25 25. Terebra concava, Say. Specimen, . . . .25 26. Terebra frigata, Hinds (= concava). Thes. Conch., f. 71, . . .25 27. Terebra tessellata, Gray. Thes. Conch., f. 124, . . 26 28. Terebra regina, Desh. (= corrugata). Jour, de Conch., 2d ser., ii, t. 3, f. T, . 26 29. Terebra histrio, Desh. Ibid., t. 4, f. 11, ... 26 30. Terebra myuros, Lam. Sowb., Thes., f. 37, . . 27 31. Terebra tuberculosa, Hinds. Conch. Icon., f. 61, . 24 32. Terebra corrugata, var. bitorquata, Desh. Kiener, Iconog., t. 13, f. 31 a, 26 PLATE 8. 33. Terebra pretiosa, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 30 a, . . 27 34. Terebra lima, Desh. (= pretiosa, Rve.). Jour de Conch., 2d ser., ii, t. 4, f. 2, 27 35. Terebra cingulifera, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 24, 27 36. Terebra pallid a, Desh. (= cingulifera). Jour, de Conch., 2d ser., ii, t. 4, f. 3, . . . ' . . . .27 37. Terebra laevigata, Gray (= cingulifera). Thes. Conch., f. 93, 27 38. Terebra obsoleta, Desh. (= cingulifera). Reeve, Icon., f. 107, 27 39. Terebra tricolor, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 82, . . 27 40. Terebra babylonica, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 67, 28 41. Terebra Deshayesii, Reeve (= babylonica). Reeve, Icon., f. 45, . . . . , . . .28 42. 43. Terebra straminea, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 22, 23, 28 44. Terebra circinata, Desh. (= straminea). Jour.de Conch., 2d ser., ii, t. 4, f. 6, . , 28 45. Terebra acuta, Desh. (= straminea). Ibid., t. 4, f. 4, . 28 62 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAOB. 46. Terebra fenestrata, Hinds. Reeve, Icon., f. 114, . . 28 47, 48. Terebra monilis, Quoy (= straminea). Thes. Conch., f. 65, 66, 28 49. Terebra Cumingii, Desh. Jour, de Conch., 2d ser., ii, t. 3, f. I, 28 50. Terebra Lobbeckiana, Dunker. Moll. Mar. Japon., t. 5, f. 17, . . 29 51. Terebra succinea, Hinds. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 40, . 29 52. Terebra Fortune!, Desh. Reeve, Icon., f. 53, . . 29 53. Terebra serotina, Ads. and Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 66, 29 PLATE 9. 54. Terebra albomarginata, Desh. Conch. Icon., f. 65, . 29 55. Terebra eximia, Desh. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 106, . 29 56. Terebra triseriata, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 119, 30 57. Terebra praelonga, Desh. (== triseriata). Conch. Icon., f. 28, 30 58. Terebra Jamaicensis, C. B. Ad. (=cinerea). Specimen, 31 59. Terebra stylata, Hinds (= cinerea). Thes. Conch., f. 79, 31 60. Terebra funiculata, Hinds. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 63, 29 61. Terebra amanda, Hinds. Thes. Conch., f. 100, . . 30 62. Terebra Philippiana, Desh. (= cinerea). Conch. Icon., f. 153, . . 31 63. Terebra laurina, Hinds (= cinerea). Thes. Conch., f. 27, . . .31 64. Terebra micans, Hinds (= cinerea). Thes. Conch., f. 125 . . 31 65. Terebra bacillus, Desh. (= cinerea). Conch. Icon., f. 134 a, 31 60. Terebra nimbosa, Hinds (= caerulescens, var.). Conch. Icon., f. 37, .30 67. Terebra cinerea, Born. Reeve, Conch., Icon., f. 35, . 31 68. Terebra castanea, Kiener (= cinerea, var.). Kiener, Iconog., t. 7, f. 14, ... .31 69. Terebra apicina, Desh. (= cinerea). Conch. Icon., f. 136 a, .31 70. Terebra dispar, Desh. (= cinerea). Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 137, . 31 71. Terebra bacillus, Desh. (= cinerea). Reeve, Icon., f. 134 6, 31 72. Terebra lactea, Desh. (= cinerea). Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 134 c, .31 73. Terebra ucMimiuata, Gray (= cinerea). Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 143, 31 74. Terebra parva, Baird (— cinerea \ Voy. Curayoa, t. 37, f. 6, .31 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 63 PLATE 10. FIGURE. PAGE. 75-71. Terebra caerulescens, Lam. Kiener, Icon., t. 6, f. 12, 30 78. Terebra Salleana, Desh. '(= cinerea). Conch. Icoii., f. 129, 31 79. Terebra Traillii, Desh. (= cinerea, var. cuspidata). Conch. Icon., f. 142, 31 80. Terebra cuspidata, Hinds (= cinerea, var.). Thes. Conch., f. 128, 31 81. Terebra cinerea, Hinds (= aciculina). Thes. Conch., f. 130, 32 82. Terebra inconstans, Hinds (= aciculina). Conch. Icon., f. 121 5, 32 83. Terebra luctuosa, Hinds. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 121, 32 84. Terebra strigilata, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 122, 33 85. Terebra Yerreauxi, Desh. (= strigilata). Jour, de Conch., 2d ser., ii, t. 5, f. 3, . . ' . . .33 86. Terebra Knockeri, Smith (= hastata). Zool. Proc., t. 75, f. 7, 1871 34 87. Terebra hastata, Gmelin. Sowb., Thes., f. 87, . . 34 88. Terebra lepida, Hinds (= strigilata). Sowb., Thes., f. 102, 33 89. Terebra albula, Menke (== hastata, var.). Thes. Conch., f. 126, . 34 90. Terebra casta, Hinds (= hastata, var.). Thes. Conch., f. 84, . . 34 91. Terebra lauta, Pease. Specimen, . . . .33 92. Terebra solida, Desh. (= hastata, var.). Jour, de Conch., 2d ser., ii, t. 3, f. 11, 34 93. Terebra nitida, Hinds. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 103, . 35 94. 95. Terebra mera, Hinds (= hastata, var.). Thes. Conch., f. 108, 114, 34 96. Terebra plicatella, Desh. (= nitida). Jour, de Conch., 2d ser., ii, t. 3, f. 5, 35 97. Terebra caliginosa, Desh. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 100, 35 98. Terebra violascens, Hinds. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 12*5, 35 99. Terebra tenera, Hinds. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 148, . 35 100. Terebra tristis, Desh. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 102, . 36 PLATE 11. 1. Terebra assimilis, Angas. Zool. Proc., 1867, t. 13, f. 8, 36 2. Terebra pygmsea, Hinds. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 149, 36 3. Terebra nana, Desh. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 138, . 36 4. Terebra tantilla, Smith. Zool. Proc., t. 19, f. 4, 1879, . 35 5. Terebra Metcalfei, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 139, . . 36 6. Terebra obesa, Hinds. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 140, . 36 7. Terebra plumbea, Quoy. Sowb., Thes. Conck., f. 70, . 37 64 . REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIOVKB. PAGK. 8. Terebra circumcincta, Desb. Jour, de Concb., 2d ser., ii, t. 3, f. 9, . . 13 9. Terebra circumeincta, Desh. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 70, 13 10. Terel.ra lanceata, Linn. Sowb., Tlies. Concb., f. 52, . 12 11. Terebra peniciHata, Hinds. Reeve, Icon., f. 98, . . 13 12. Terebra venosa, Hinds (= penicillata). Reeve, Icon., f. 95 6, • .... . 13 13. Terebra Crossei, Desh. (= venosa). Conch. Icon., f. 9"> a, . . 13 14. Terebra Brazieri, Angas. Zool. Proc., 1871, t. 1, f. 15, 13 15. Terebra, aciculata, Lam. Reeve, Icon., f. 150, . . 37 16. 17. Terebra Cosentmi, Phil. (= aciculata). Reeve, Icon., f. 152 a, 6, 37 18. Terebra fulgurata, Phil. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 151, . 38 19, 20. Terebra rustica, Hinds (= fulgurata). Conch. Icon., f. 147 a, 6, 38 21. Terebra chlorata, Lam. Reeve, Icon., f. 11, . . 11 PLATE 12. 22. Terebra Lischkeana.Dunker. Moll. Mar. Jap., t. 5, f. 14, 37 23. Terebra nassoides, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 144, . . 38 24. Terebra trilineata, Ad. and Angas. Zool. Proc., t. 37, f. 13, 1803 38 25. Terebra pulchella, Ad, and Angas (= Angasi). Ibid., t. 37, f. 14, .38 26. Terebra Brazieri, Angas (= pulchella). Zool. Proc., t. 45, f. 5, 1875 , ... 38 27. Terebra cingula, Kiener. Iconog., t. 8, f. 16, . . 16 2v Terebra fatua, Hinds (= cingula). Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 28, . . . . . . . .16 29. Terebra albida, Gray. Thes. Conch., f. 56, . . , 11 30. Terebra pura, Desh. ' Jour, de Conch., 2d ser., ii, t. 5, f. 8, 16 31. Terebra Sovverbyana, Desh. (= dislocata). Conch. Icon., f. ('»:;, 18 32. Terebra Dillwynii, Desh. (=concinna). Conch. Icon., f. 74, .15 33. Terebra raphanula, Lam. (= Senegalensis). Conch. Icon., f. 77, 16 34. Terebra marmorata, Desh. Reeve, Icon., f. 91 6, . . 15 35. Terebra trorhlca, Desh. Jour, de Conch., 2d ser., ii, t. 5, f. 0, .16 36. Ten-bra anoiiiala, dray. Sowb.. Thes. Condi., f. 97, . 17 :;7. Ten-lira eonrinna. Desh. Jmir. '.> n, /), . 8 4(». Terebra du pi icata,var. Laniarekii. Dentition. (icbiss, ii, pt. i, f. 2, f. 13, .. TEREBRID^E. PLATE 2. 26 TEREBRIDJE. PLATE 3. 35 44 46 47 TEREBRIDJE. PLATE 4. 66 67 TEREBRID^E. PLATE 5. TEREBRIDJE. PLATE 6. 94 TEREBRID^E. PLATE 7. 15 17 27 32 TEREBRID^E. PLATE 8. 51 TEREBRIDJE. PLATE 9. 69 TEREBRID^E. PLATE 10. 94 95 TEREBRID^E. fJM. PLATE 11. 13 TEREBRIDJE. PLATE 12. 38 -'* ' A FAMILY CANCELLARII1 In the "Structural and Systematic Conchology," ii, 180, I have given diagnoses of the family, of the genera Cancellaria and Admete, and of the several subgenera. The latter, as far as the recent groups are concerned, are the same as given by H. and A. Adams in their " Genera of Recent Mollusca," a classification mainly original with those authors. Several fossil subgenera are also described and illustrated in my above-named work, and need not be reproduced here; among the present illustrations, however, will be found one of a lingual tooth of Admete, as a type of the dentition of the family (PI. 1). As is frequently the case with the subgenera of Messrs. Adams, the study of extensive suites of species of Cancellariidae proves these to possess little value for classification. Dr. Paul Fischer in his excellent " Manuel de Conchyliologie " has recog- nized this fact, and has reduced several of these subgenera of Messrs. Adams to the rank of sections. Fischer proposes the following classification : Subgenus CANCELLARTA, s. stricto. Shell cancellated, aper- ture oval, canal very short ; columellar plications nearly central, strong, oblique (C. cancellata, Linn.). Sections, I. EUCLIA. Shell smooth (G. solida, Sowb.). II. NARONA. Shell cancellated, basal canal rather long (C. Mitrae- formis, Sowb.). III. MASSYLA. Shell fusiform, retracted in front (C. corrugata, Hinds). Subgenus MERECA, H. and A. Adams. Shell oval, whorls reticulated; aperture oval, lip not contracted in front, columella obliquely truncate at the base, imperforate (C. melanostoma, Sowb.). The subgenus APHERA only differs b}- its thicker lip and more spreading columellar callosity (G. tessellata, Sowb.). Subgenus TRIGONOSTOMA, Blainv. Shell widely umbilicated, whorls angulated, aperture trigonal, lip not contracted in front (C. trigonostoma, DeshA The genus Turbinopsis, Conrad, differs from Trigonostoma in having a single basal plication of the columella. 5 (65) 66 CANCELLARIA. Subgenus ADMETE, Kroyer. Shell oval, thin, diaphanous, with epidermis, spire sharp, last whorl slightly ventricose ; aperture oval, feebly sinuated in front, coluraella obliquely truncate, sub- plicate in front, lip sharp (A. viridula, Fabr.). Subgenus ADMETOPSIS, Meek. Anterior plication of the colu- mella more elevated than the posterior one ; lip thick ; shell otherwise resembling Admete (A. gregaria, Meek). In the present work I have ranged all the groups under one genus Cancellaria, regarding Admete as the only recent sub- genus. The typical Cancellariae are thus classified : Section CANCELLARIA (== S. G. Cancellaria and Merica of Fischer). Subsections EUCLTA ; MERICA (including Massyla and Aphera); NARONA. Section TRIGONOSTOMA (= S. G. Trigonostoma of Fischer). Descriptions of the animals of Cancellaria Spengleriana, C. cancellata, and Admete viridula, will be found under those species in my text. Seventy-eight recent species are enumerated by Messrs. Adams ; thirty by Kiener (Coq. vivantes) ; sixty -eight by Sowerby (Thesaurus Conchyliorum) ; eight3T-three by Reeve (Conchologica Iconica) ; Crosse (" Etude sur le genre Cancel laire," Jour, de Conch., 220, 1861) has ninety-three recent and eighty-one fossil species. Kobelt has commenced a monograph of the genus in Kiister's Conchylien Cabinet ; only a few pages and figures have as yet appeared. One hundred and seventy-four specific names enter into the present work, of which seventy-seven are recognized as valid species, twenty-three are classed as doubtful and unidentified ; the balance are considered synonyms. Genus CANCELLARIA. Lam. Section CANCELLARIA, ,s. utricto. C. CASSIDIFORMIS, Sowb. PI. 1, fig. 1. Orange-fulvous or flesh-color, often indistinctly light-banded on the middle of the body-whorl. Length, l'5-2'5 inches. Panama to Gulf of Mexico. CANCELLARTA. 67 C. SPENGLERIANA, Desh. PI. 1, figs. 2, 3, 4, 5. Whorls spirally linearly grooved ; yellow-brown, tinged with chestnut, particularly on the shoulder, body-whorl often light- banded in the middle. Length, 1-5-2-25 inches. China, Japan, Philippines, Australia. The synonyms are C. Tritonis, Sowb. (fig. 3), and C. undu- lata, Sowb. (figs. 4, 5). The latter has usually been considered a distinct species, but in a series of specimens the differential characters merge. The animal is thus described by Mr. Arthur Adams : " Tenta- cles broad, flat, triangularly subulate, wide apart, separated by the base of the retractile proboscis. The eyes are small and black, and are placed on slight tubercles at the outer bases of the tentacles. The mantle is furnished with a small siphonal fold. The foot is large, tiat, truncate in front, with short side- angles, and acuminate and produced behind. " The tentacles of this species are rendered dark nearly as far as the eyes by close-set small red-brown dots ; the siphonal fold of the mantle is sparsely spotted with the same ; both dorsum and sole of the foot are reticulate with red-brown lines, and dotted with the same color. " The animal is very shy, rarely showing more than the tips of the tentacles beyond the front edge of the shell. It has the power of considerably extending the fore part of the foot, using it as an exploring organ " (Ann. Mag. N. Hist., 3d ser., xiii, 143). C. BUCCINOIDES, Sowb. PI. 1, figs. 6-8. Flesh-color to dark chocolate, frequently white-banded on the middle of the body-whorl ; rudely decussated by longitudinal and spiral ribs, the intersections often nodulous. Length, 1-5-2 inches. West Coast of Central America. C. CORROSA, Reeve. PI. 1 , fig. 9. Whorls latticed by longitudinal and spiral ridges, 2. = C. scalata, Sowb Asperella (Cancellaria), Lam. Anim. s. Vert., ix, p. 402, . 74 Asperella, var. (Cancellaria), Desh. in Lam., Hist. Nat. ed. 2, Bd. ix, p. 402, (not Lam.) = C. Sinensis, Reeve, 74 Asperella (Cancellaria), Sowb. (not Lam.) Thes. Conch., f. 38. = C. Gra-yi, Tryon, 70 Asperula (Cancellaria)', Desh. Enc. Meth., p. 187, No. 17, 83 Australia (Caucellaria), Philippi. Mai. Blatt., 1857, p. 164. Crosse, J. C., 3d ser. iii, p. 68, . . . . .85 Australia (Cancellaria), .Sowb. ronoh. 111., sp. 24, f. 23, . 69 Bicolor (Cancellaria), Hinds. Voy. Snlph. Moll., p. 43. pi. 12, f.' 13, 14, ....'. ... 79 liit-isdata (Cancellaria), Desli. Enc. Meth. Yers., ii, p. 181, . 74, INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 87 PAGE. Bocageana (Cancellaria), Crosse and Debeaux. J. C., 1863, p. 63, 77, 263. = C. Thomasiana, Crosse, . . 80 Borealis (Cancellaria), A. Adams. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1855, p. 122, . . 85 Brevis (Cancellaria), Sowerby. ,Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, f. 52. = C. goniostoma, Sowb. ... . . 78 Baccinoides (Cancellaria), Couthouy. Bost. J. Nat. Hist., ii, p. 105, pi. 3, f. 3. = C. viridula, Fab 84 Buccinoides (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, p. 54, .67 Bulbulus (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool Soc., 1832, p. 55, = C. solida, Sowb 73 Bullata (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc.. 1832, p. 51. = C. tuberculosa, Sowb 78 Cancellaria. Lam. Prodr., 1799, 65 Cancellata (Cancellaria), Linn. Syst. Nat., 12th ed., p. 1191, 70 Candei (Cancellaria), d'Orb. Moll. Cuba, ii, p. 129, t. 21, f. 23-25. = Phos, . .84 Candida (Cancellaria), Sowb. Conch. 111., sp..2, f . 1 . .69 Carinata (Cancellaria), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc., xvi, p. 327, 85 Cassidiformis (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, p. 53, . . . 66 Chrysostoma (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool Soc., 1832, p. 54 71 Circumcincta (Cancellaria), Dall. Proc. Cal. Ac., v, p. 59, pi. ii. f. 2, 72 Clathrata (Cancellaria), Adams. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1855, p. 123. = C. corrosa, Reeve, 67 Clavatula (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1^32, p. 52, 75 Coctilis (Cancellaria), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 79, 1856. = C. Verreauxii, Kiener, ....... 82 Contabulata (Cancellaria), Sowb. Conch. 111., f. 28. = C. scalata, Sowb. . . . . . . . .81 Cooperii (Cancellaria), Gabb. Proc. Cal. Ac. N. S., vol. iii, p. 186, .76 Coronata (Cancellaria), Scacchi. Notiz., 34, t. 1, f. 15, . 76 Corrosa (Cancellaria), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 64, 1856, . . 67 Corrugata (Cancellaria), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc , 1843, p. 48, .' . .75 Costata (Cancellaria), Calcara. Aradas and Benoit, Conch. viv. marina, 259, 85 Costata (Cancellaria), Gray. Sowb., Conch. 111., f. 42. - C. goniostoma, Sowb. ... ... 78 88 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. I'AOE. Costellifera (Canceilaria), Sowb. Hancock, Ann. and Mag., 1864. = C. viridula, Fab 84 Cos-tifera ( Canceilaria », Sowerby. Conch. 111., sp. 33, f. 31 80, 82 Couthouyi (Canceilaria), Jay. Catalogue, 1839. = C. viridula, Fab 84 Cremata (Canceilaria), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 48. = C. indentata, Sowb. ...... 70 Crenifera (Canceilaria), Sowb. Conch. 111., fig. 29, . . 80 Crenulata (Canceilaria), A. Adams. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1855, p. 124, . . . . . 84 Crispa (Admete), Moller. Ind Moll. Groenl., p. 15. = Canceilaria viridula, Fab. ...... 84 Crispa (Canceilaria), Sowb. Conch. Illus., p; 12, f. 30. = C. crispata, Sowb. ....... 80 Crispata (Canceilaria), Sowb. Thes. Conch., pi. 96, f. 89, . 80 Crossei (C?mcellaria), Semper. Palseont. CJntersuch., 91; Crosse, Jour, de Conch., 3d ser. iii, 61. = C. crenifera, Sowb. ....... 81 Cumingiana (Canceilaria), Petit. Guer. Mag. Zool. . . 68 Cumingii (Canceilaria). Sowb. Adams, Gen., vol. i, p. 277. ? = C. Cumingiana, Petit, 68 Decussata (Canceilaria^, Nyst. Bull. Ac. Brux., 1838, v, p. 11 5, pi. i, f. 5, .' . .83 Distincta (Admete viridula, var.), Leche. K. Sv. Yet. Akad. Handl., xvi, 48, ...... .85 Eburnaeformis (Canceilaria), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 21, 1856. = C. reticulata, Linn 70 Elata (Canceilaria), Hinds. Moll. Voy. Sulph., p. 42, pi. 12, f. 3 and 4, ..... ... 76 Elegans (Canceilaria), Sowb. Gen. Shells, f. 3. = C. asperella, Lam. ........ 74 Elongata ( Admete viridula, var.), Leche. K. Sv. Yet. Akad. Handl., xvi, 48, 85 Euclia, H. and A. Adams. Genera, i, 277, 1853. = Subsection of Canceilaria, ..... 65, 73 Excavata (Canceilaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1848, p. 137. ('. spirata, Lam .77 Fischeri (Canceilaria). A. Adams. Ann. Mag., 1860, 3d ser., vol. v, p. 411, . . . . . . .84 Forestieri (Canceilaria), Montr. J. C., 3d ser., iii, 161, t. 5, f. 7, 1863. <1. seulata, 81 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 89 PAGE. Foveolata (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1848, p. 137, 77 Funiculata (Cancellaria), Hinds. Voy. Sulph., p. 43, pi. 12, f. 5 and 6, . . . . . ' . . . .83 Gemmulata (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, p. 55, .... . . 69 Globularis (Admete), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th ser., xv, p. 426, ... .... 85 Goniostoma (Cancellaria), Sowerby. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, p. 51, .... 78 Grandis (Admete viridula, var.), Morch. Moll. Spitzbergen, No. 35, . . . . . . . . . .84 Granosa (Cancellaria), Angas. Zool. Proc., 208, 1867. = C. undulata, Sowb. Brazier, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., viii, 226 67 Granosa (Cancellaria), Sowb. Conch. 111., f. 16 and 17, . 68 Grayi (Cancellaria), Tryon, 70 Hoemastoma (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, f. 54. = C. chrysostoma, Sowb., var. . . . .72 Hystrix (Cancellaria), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 67, 1856, . . 81 Imbricata (Cancellaria), Watson. Linn. Soc. Jonr. Zool., xvi, p. 325, . 84 ' Imperialis (Cancellaria), Michelin. Guer. Mag., pi. 16, 1832. = C. nodulifera, Sowb. . . ... 68 Indentata (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, p. 54, ..... 70 Indentata, var. (Cancellaria), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 80. == C. afflnis, Reeve, .70 Japonica (Cancellaria),-E. A. Smith. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1879, p. 216, pi. xx. f. 54, . . 73 Lactea (Cancellaria), Desh. Encyc. Meth., p. 180, . . 74 Laevigata (Cancellaria), Sowb. Conch. 111., f. 24, . . 74 Laevior (Admete viridula, var.), Leche. K. Sv. Yet. Akad. Handl., xvi, 48, 85 Lamberti (Cancellaria), Souv. J. C., iii ser., x, 428, 1870, 82 Lamellosa (Cancellaria), Hinds. Voy. Sulph. Moll., p. 43, pi. 12, f. 15 and 16. = C. crenifera, Sowb., . . 80 Laticosta, var. (Cancellaria), Kobelt. Kiister, 7, taf. 2, f. 7-9. = ¥ar. C. Sinensis, Reevo, 74 90 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. I'AOB. Limnoeiformis (Ad mete), E. A. Smith. Trans. Roy. Soc., vol. 168, p. 172, pi. 9, f. 4, 85 Littorinseforrnis (Cancellaria), Sowb. Conch. 111., f. 14, . 83 Lyrata (Cancellaria), Adams and Reeve. Yoy. Samar., 42, 'pi. x, f. 4. = C. funiculata, Hinds, . .83 * Macrospira (Cancellaria), Adams and Reeve. Yoy. Sama- rang, pi. 10, f. 2, ' . . 76 Mangellioides (Cancellaria), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 69, 1856. ? = C. Thomasiana, Crosse, ... . . 80 Massyla, H. and A. Adams. Genera, i, 278, 1853. = Merica 65, 75 Melanostorna (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1845, p. 137. = C. asperella, Lam., var. . . . . .74 Merica, H. and A. Adams. Genera, i, 277, 1853. = Subsection of Cancellaria, 65, 74 Middendorffiana (Admete), Dall. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vii, 525, 1885. Proposed for A. viridula of Middendorff (Mai. Ross.), not Fab. Minima (Cancellaria), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 77, 1856, . . 73 Mitraeformis (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, p. 51. = C. uniplicata, Sowb. ... .75 Mitroides (Cancellaria), Fischer. Mus. Demidofl', . . 83 Modesta (Cancellaria), Carpenter. Ann. Mag. N. H., 3d ser., xv, p. 32, .84 Montrouzieri (Cancellaria), Souv. J. C., iii ser., p. 163, 1863, t. 5, f. 8. = C. scalata, Sowb. . .81 Multiphcata (Cancellaria), Lesson. Rev. Zool. Cuv. Soc., 1841, p. 37, Narona, H. and A. Adams. Genera, i, 277, 1853. = Subsection of Cancellaria, . 65, 75 Nassa (Cancellaria), Roissy. Buffon, Moll., v. 6, p. 13, No. 3 (Seba.,53, f. 42), .83 Nitida (Cancellaria), A. Adams. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1855, p. 123, .82 Nodosa (Nassa), Martini. = Cancellaria piscatoria, Gmelin, 77 Nodulifera (Cancellaria), Sowb. Tank. Cat. App., p. 15, 1825, .68 Nodulosa (Cancellaria), Lam. Anim. s. Yert., vii, 113. = C. piscatoria, Gmelin, ....... 77 Obesa (Cancclhu-in), Sow)), Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, p. 52, . 68 Obliqnata (Cancellaria), Lam, Anim. s. Yert., ix, p. 408, . 81 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 91 PAGE. Oblonga (Cancellaria), Sowb. Conch. Tank. Cat. App., p. 15. = C. bifasciata, Desh. ... . 7* Obtusa (Cancellaria), Desh. Enc. Meth. Vers., vol. ii, p. 187, 68 Obtusa (Cancellaria), Kiener (non Lam.). Iconog., t. 3, f. 2. = C. solida, Sowb .73 Ovata ( Admete), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., xv, 426, 1875, 85 Ovata (Cancellaria), Menke. Zeit. Mai., 181, 1850. ? = C. urceolata, Hinds 69 Ovata (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc.. 1832, f. 53. = C. obesa, Sowb 69 Parva (Cancellaria), Philippi. Ileise Wueste Atacama, p. 187, pi. vii, f. 18, 1860, .... .73 Piscatoria ^Cancellaria), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., p. 3496, No. 116, .77 Pulchra (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, p. 50, 71 Purpuriiormis (Cancellaria), Valenciennes. Kiener, Iconog., pi, 7,f. 4, 75 Pus'lla (Cancellaria), A. Adams. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1869. p. 274, pi. xix, f. 12, 73 Pusilla (Cancellaria), Sowb. Thes., pi. 93, f. 19. = C. contabulata, Sowb. (young), 81 Pygmrea (Cancellaria), C. B. Adams. Pan. Shells, No. 160, 84 Pyrurn (Cancellaria), Adams and Reeve. Voy. Samarang, pi. x, f. 16, .73 Reeveana (Cancellaria), Crosse. Jour. Conch., ix, p. 237, 1861. = C. asperella, Lam 74 Reticulata (Cancellaria), Linn. Syst. Nat., 12th erl.,p. 1190, 69 Rigida (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, p. 53. = C. goniostoma, Sowb. ....... 78 Rosea (Cancellaria), Beck. Sowb., Thes., 453. = C, obliquata, Lam. ....... 81 Rougeyroni (Cancellaria), Souv., J. C. ,3d ser.,x, 427, 1870. = C. scalata, Sowb .81 Rtigosa (Cancellaria), Lam. Anim. s. Vert, ix, p. 408, . 72 Scabriculus (Murex), Linn. = Cancellaria cancellata, Linn. 70 Scalare (Buccinum), Gmelin. 83 st. Nat. = Cancellaria scalarina, Lam. ... .80 Scalariformis (Cancellaria), Lam. Anim. sans Vert., vii, 113, 80 Scalarina (Cancellaria), Lam. Anim. s. Vert., ix, p. 403, . 79 Scalarina (Cancellaria), Sowb. et Reeve (non Lam.). = C. Thomasiana, Crosse, . . . • . .80 92 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Scalata (Cancellaria), Sowb. Conch. 111., f. 27, . . .81 Schythei (Cancellaria), Philippi. Mai. Blatt., 1857, p. 164, 85 Semidisjuncta (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1848, p. 137, .... 77 Semipellucida (Cancellaria), Adams et Reeve. Voy. Samar. Moll., p. 42, pi. 10, f. 3, .... 83 Semperiana (Cancellaria), Crosse. J. C., 3d ser., iii, p. 65, pi. ii, f. 7, 1863, .... . C8 Serrata (Cancellaria), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 63, 1856. = C. Crossei, Semper, 81 Similaris (Cancellaria), Reeve. Conch. Ic., f. 10. = C. similis, Sowb 71 Similis (Cancellaria), Sowb. Conch. 111., No. 42, f. 38, . 71 Sinensis (Cancellaria), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 35, 1856. = C. asperella, Lam., var. 74 Solida (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, p. 52, . 73 Souverbiei (Cancellaria), Crosse. Jour, de Conch, 272, t. 9, f. 5, 1868. = C. costifera, Sowb 82 Sowerbyi (Cancellaria), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 3d ser., i, 242. = C. uniplicata, Sowb .75 Specularis (Cancellaria), Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc., xvi, p. 325, . . 85 Spengleriana (Cancellaria), Desh. Enc. Meth. Vers., vol. U, p. 185, . • 67 Spirata (Cancellaria), Lam, An. s. Vert., ix, p. 408, . . 77 Stimpsonii (Cancellaria), Calkins. Proc. Daven. Ac. N. S., 1878, p. 250, pi. 8,f. 4-5, . ... 79 Striata (Galea), Klein. = Cancellaria reticulata, Linn. . 69 Subangulosa (Cancellaria), Wood. Crag Moll., i, p. 66, t. vii, f. 20. = C. viridula, Fab .84 Subsinensis (Cancellaria), Kobelt. Kiister, Can. 7, Taf. 2, f. 3. = Var. of C. Sinensis, Reeve, . . . .74 Tabulata (Admete), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1875, 128, pi. 24, f. 3, .85 Taeniata (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1848, p. 137, 76 Tasmanica (Cancellaria), T. Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1875, p. 150, 83 Tenera (Cancellaria), Phil. Menke, Zeit, 1848, p. 24, No. 94, ... . . .84 Tennis (Cancellaria), A. Adams. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1855, p. 123. = C. scalata, Sowb. 81 Tessellata (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, p. 51, 75 Textilis (Cancellaria), Kiener. Coq. Viv., pi. 7, f. 1. = C. scalata, Sowb 81 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 93 PAGE. Thomasiana (Cancellaria), Crosse. Jour. Conch., vol. ix, p. 231,1861, 79 Trailli (Cancellaria), Button. Marine Moll. N. Zeal., p. 26, 83 Trigonostoma, Blainv. Manuel de Malacol., 1825. = Section of Cancellaria, ...... 65,7*7 Trigonostoma (Cancellaria), Lam. An. s. Vert , ix, p. 88, . 78 Tritonis (Cancellaria), Sowb. Conch. 111., f. 15. = C. Spengleriana, Desh 67 Tuberculata (Cancellaria), Sowb. Thes. Conch., pi. 457. = C. tuberculosa, Sowb. ....... 78 Tuberculosa (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, p. 51, . . 78 Turbinopsis, Conrad. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sc., n. s., iv, 289, 1860, .65 Turrita (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1873, p. 721, t. lix, f. 12, ,72 Unalashkensis (Cancellaria), Ball. Proc. Cal. Ac., v, p. 58, pi. ii, f. 1, . . 72 Undata (Admete viridula, var.), Leche. Kongl. Sv. Yet. Akad. Hand., Bd. 16, No. 2, p. 47. = Cancellaria viridula, Fab., var. . . . . .85 Undato-costata (Admete), Yerkriizen. Jahrb., ii, p. 237, 85 Undulata (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1848, p. 136. Brazier, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, viii, 226. = C. Spengleriana, Desh 67 Uniplicata (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, . 75 Urceolata (Cancellaria), Hinds. Vov. Sulph. Moll., 41. pi. 12, f. 7-8, 69 Yaricosa (Cancellaria), Phil. Moll. Sicil., i, 201, 1836; ii, 177,1844. = C. coronata, Sc 76 Yentricosa (Cancellaria), Hinds. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1843, p. 47. = C. decusata, Sowb. 70 Yerreauxii, (Cancellaria) Kiener. Iconog, pi. 8, f. 3, . . 82 Viridula (Cancellaria), O. Fab. Fauna Grcenl., 402 ; Jeffreys, Ann. Mag. N. H., xix, 322, 1877, .... 84 Wilmeri (Cancellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1881, p. 637, pi. Ivi, f. 2, . 82 REFERENCE TO PLATES. CANCELLARIID^. PLATE 1. FIGURE PAGE. 1. Cancellaria Cassidiformis, Sowb. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. lf>, . 66 2. Cancellaria Spengleriana, Desh. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 29, . . . ... 67 3. Cancellaria Tritonis, Sowb. (= Spengleriana). Thes. Conch., f. 15, 07 4. 5. Cancellaria undulata, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 12,79, 07 6, 7. Cancellaria Buccinoides, Sowb. Thes. Conch. ,f. 10, 11. .. . . . .67 8. Cancellaria Buccinoides, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., t. 18, f. 15 d, 67 9. Cancellaria corrosa, Reeve. Reeve, Icon., f. 646, . 07 10. Cancellaria nodulifera, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 57, . 68 11. Cancellaria imperialis, Michelin (= nodulifera). Gue- rin's Magazine, t. 16, 1832, . .68 12. Cancellaria Cumingiana, Petit. Reeve, Icon., f. 1 a, . 68 PLATE 2. 13. Cancellaria Cumingiana, Petit. Jour, de Conch., xi, t. 2, f. 9, .68 14. Cancellaria obtusa, Desh. Conch. Icon., f. 37 a, . . 08 15. Cancellaria Semperiana, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., xi. » t. 2, f. 7, •• . OS 16. Cancellaria granosa, Sowb. Sowb., Conch. Illust., f. 17, 68 17. Cancellavia obesa, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., 1'. 7, . OS 18. Cancellaria ovata, Sowb. (=obesa). Thes. Conch., f. 2, 01) 19. Cancellaria acuminata, Sowb. (=obesa). Thes. Conch., f. 1, . . .09 20. Cancellaria urceolata, Hinds. Reeve. Conch. Icon.^ f. 236, ... • . 0!) 21. Cancellaria Candida, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 46 6, 0(.) 22. Cancellaria australis, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 73, . (',9 23. Cancelhiria albida, Hinds, Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 45 6, ('»!> 24. Cancellaria gemmulata, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., r. 486, . . . Oil (94) REFERENCE TO PLATES. 95 FIGURE. PAGB. 25. Cancellaria reticulata, Linn, Thes. Conch., f. 17, . 69 26. Cancellaria Eburnaeformis,Rve. (=reticulata). Conch. Icon.,f. 21 a, . 70 27. Cancellaria decussata, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 22 a, .70 28. Cancellaria ventricosa, Hinds (= decussata) Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 47 a, 70 29. Cancellaria cremata, Hinds (== indentata). Thes. Conch., f. 80, . . . 70 PLATE 3. 30. Cancellaria indentata, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 41 6, . . . 70 32. Cancellaria affinis, Reeve (= indentata). Conch. Icon., f. 39 a. . . 70 33. Cancellaria asperella, Sowb. (•= Grayi). Thes. Conch., f. 38, . . . . . . ' . . .70 34. Cancellaria cancellata, Linn. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 136, . . . . • . . . .70 35. Cancellaria similis, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 106, 71 36. Cancellaria pulchra, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 41, . . 71 37. 39. Cancellaria haemastoraa, Sowb. (= chrysostpma, var.). Thes. Conch., f. 55, 53, . . .' .72 38. Cancellaria chrysostoma, Sowb. Thes Conch., f. 39, . 71 40. Cancellaria rugosa. Lam. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 44, 72 41. Cancellaria Unalashkensis,Dall. Calif. Proc.,v, t. 2,f. 1, 72 42. Cancellaria circumcincta, Dall. Calif. Proc., v, t. 2, f. 2, 72 43. Cancellaria turrita, Sowb. Zool. Proc.,t. 69, f. 12, 1873, 72 44. Cancellaria parva, Phil. Philippi, Reise Atacama, t. 7,f. 18, . . . T3 45. Cnncellaria minima, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 77 a, . 73 46. Cancellaria pusilla, A. Ad. Zool. Proc., 1. 19, f. 12,1869, 73 47. Cancellaria Japonica, Smith. Zool. Proc., t. 20, f. 54, 1879, 73 48. Cancellaria solida, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 4, . . 73 49. Cancellaria bulbulns, Sowb. (= solida). Thes. Conch., f. 64, . 73 50. Cancellaria pyrnm, Ads. and Reeve. Voy. Samarang, t. 10, f. 16, . 73 51. Cancellaria lactea, Desh. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 82, . 74 52. Cancellaria Itevigata, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 34 a, ...... .74 53. Cancellaria elegans, Sowb. (= Sinensis). Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 12 a, .74 96 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PLATE 4. PAGE. 50. Cancellaria Sinensis, Reeve (= asperella, var.). Conch. Icon., f. 35 ft, 74 51. Cancellaria subsinensis (= Sinensis, var.). Kiister, Monog., t. 2, f. 3, . . . . 74 52. Cancellaria laticosta (= Sinensis, var.). Kiister, t. 2, f. 7, 74 53. Cancellaria asperella, Lara. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 74, 74 54. Cancellaria melanostoma. Sowb. (== asperella, var.). Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 266, . . . 74 55. Cancellaria oblonga, Sowb. (= bifasciata). Thcs. Conch., f. 25, . . ... .74 56. Cancellaria Purpuriformis, Val. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 766, 75 57. Cancellaria corrugata, Hinds. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 726, 75 58. 59. Cancellaria tcssellata, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 70 a, 6, . . . 75 60. Cancellaria tessellata, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 32, . 75 61. Cancellaria clavatnla, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 526, . . . 75 62. 63. Cancellaria Mitraeformis, Sowb. (= uniplicata). Thes. Conch,, f. 24, 35, . . . . . . 75 (54. Cancellaria taeniata, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 75, . . 76 65. Cancellaria elata. Hinds. Voy. Sulphur,1 1. 12, f. 4, . 76 66. Cancellaria Cooperi, Gabb. Specimen, . . .76 67. Cancellaria macrospira, Adams and Reeve. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 506, 76 68. Cancellaria coronata, Scacchi. Philippi, Moll. Sicil., ii, t. 25, f. 27 76 69. Cancellaria Angasi, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., t. 2, f. 8, 1863, .;- . . . 76 70. Cancellaria piscatoria, Gmel. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 33, 77 71. Cancellaria spirata, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 56 «, 77 PLATE 5. 72. Cancellaria excavata, Sowb. ( = spirata). Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 53 a, .... ... 77 73. Cancellaria foveolata, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 71 a, . . 77 74. Cancellaria foveolata, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 30, . 77 75. Cancellaria semidisjuncta, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 60, 77 76. Cancellaria tuberculosa, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 52, . 78 77. Cancellaria tuberculosa, Sowb. Kiener, Iconoi>;., t. 1, f. 2, .78 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 97 FIOTJRH. PAGE. 78. Cancellaria bullata, Sowb. (= tuberculosa). Thes. Conch., f. 56, . . 78 79. Cancellaria trigonostoma, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon.. f. 51 6, ... .... 78 80. Cancellaria goniostoma, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 40, . 78 81. Cancellaria goniostoma, Sowb. Reeve, Icon., f. 32 a, . 78 82. Cancellaria brevis, Sowb. (= goniostoma \ Thes. Conch., f. 21, 78 83. 84. Cancellaria costata, Gray (= goniostoma). Thes. Conch., f. 61, 60, . . 78 85. Cancellaria rigida, Sowb. (= goniostoma). Conch. Icon., f. 336, . 78 86. Cancellaria bicolor, Hinds. Yoy. Sulphur, t. 12, f. 14, 79 87. Cancellaria Stimpsoni. Calkins, Shells of Florida, . 79 88. Cancellaria antiquata, Hinds. Reeve, Conch. Icon.,f. 746, 79 PLATE 6. 89. 90. Cancellaria bicolor, Hinds. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 49, 50, . . . 79 91. Cancellaria scalarina, Lam. Kiener, Iconog., t. 5, f. 3, 79 92. Cancellaria scalarina, Sowb. (= Thomasiana). Conch. Icon., f. 256, . 79 93. Cancellaria Bocageana,C. & D. (= Thomasiana). Jour. de Conch., t. 9, f. 3, 1863, 79 94. Cancellaria Mangelioides, Reeve (= Thomasiana). Conch. Icon., f. 69 6, 79 95. Cancellaria scalariformis, Lam. Kiener, Iconog., t. 5, f. 4, 80 96. Cancellaria crispata, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 43 6, 80 97. Cancellaria crenifera, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 84, . 80 98. Cancellaria lamellosa, Hinds (= crenifera). Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 65 6, . . . . . .80 98. Cancellaria serrata, Reeve (= crenifera). Conch. Icon., f. 63 o, 80 100. Cancellaria hystrix, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 67 6, . 81 1. Cancellaria obliquata, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 61 a, . 81 2. Cancellaria scalata, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 19 a, 81 3. Cancellaria textilis, Kiener (= scalata) Ibid., f. 286, 81 4. Cancellaria articularis, Sowb. (= scalata . Thes. Conch., f. 91, . 81 5. Cancellaria contabulata, Sowb. (== scalata). Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 42 a, .... .81 6. Cancellaria pusilla, Sowb. (= scalata, juv.). Thes. Conch., f. 19, 81 98 REFERENCE TO PLATES. • FIOURB. PAGK. 7. Cancellaria Forestieri, Souverb. (— scalata). Jour.de Conch., t. 5, f. 7, 1863, . ... 81 8. Cancellaria Montrouzieri, Souverb. (= scalata). Ibid., t. 5, f. 8, .... .81 9. Cancellaria tenuis, A. Ad. (= scalata). Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 75 a, . . . . 81 PLATE 7. 10 Cancellaria Wilmeri,Sowb. Zool. Proc., t. 56, f. 2, 1881, 82 11. Cancellaria Rougeyroni, Souverb. (= scalata). Jour. de Conch, t. 14, f. 1, 1870, 81 12. Cancellaria costifera, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 66, . 82 13. Cancellaria Souverbiei, Crosse (= costifera). Jour. de Conch., t. 9, f. 5, 1868, .... 82 14. Cancellaria Lamberti, Souverb. Jour, de Conch., t. 14, f. 2, 1870, . . .... 15. Cancellaria Yerreauxi, Kiener. Conch. Icon., f. 59 b, 82 16. Cancellaria nitida, Ads. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 78 6, 82 17. Cancellaria coctilis, Reeve (= Verreauxi). Ibid., f. 796, 18. Cancellaria Littoriniformis, Sowb. Ibid., f. 62 6, 19. 20. Cancellaria semipellucida. Ibid., f. 73 a, 6, . 21. Cancellaria funiculata, Hinds. Voy. Sulphur., 1. 12, f. 6, 83 22. Cancellaria lyratu, Ad. and Reeve (= funiculata). Voy. Samarang, t. 10, f. 4, 84 23. Admete viridula, Fabr. Reeve, Cancellaria. f. 85, . 84 24. Admete Gouthouyi, Jay (= viridula). Ibid., f. 86, . 84 25. Admete viridula, var. elongata. Leche, K. Vet. Akad. Handl.,xvi, t. l,f. 13 a, . 26. Admete viridula, var. distincta. Leche, Ibid., 1. 1 , f. 14a, 84 27. Admete viridula, var. undata. Middendorff, Beitr. Mai. Ross., t. 10, f. 4, . 85 28. Admete viridula, var. laevior, Leche. Middendorff, Ibid., t. 10, f. 2, . . 85 29. Admete arctica, Middendorff. Middendorff, Ibid., t. 9, f. 12, -85 30. Admete tabulata, Sowb. Zool. Proc., t. 24, f. 3, 1875, 85 31. Admete Lymnaeiformis, Smith. Trans. Roy. Soc., clxviii, t. 9, f. 4, ... . 85 32. Admete viridula, Fabr. H. and A. Adams, Genera, t. 29, f. 5, ... - . 85 33. Admete crispa (= viridula). Fischer. Man. de Conch., p. 595, . . 65 FAMILY STROMBID&. Shell ini perforate, usually solid, with ttirriculated spire, and more or less dilated or winged lip ; the lip frequently digitated, with usually a sinus near the base for the protrusion of the head of the animal ; aperture mostly canaliculated at each extremity, the columella callous, without plaits. Operculum corneous, small, generally unguiculate, sometimes oval, with apical nucleus. Animal with sessile or pedunculated eyes, slender tentacles, contractile annulated proboscis, short siphon, varying foot. Dentition taenioglossate. Corresponds with the family Alata of Lamarck. Subfamilies. Subfamily STROMBIN^E. Animal furnished with large eyes, placed on thick cylindrical peduncles; the iris highly colored, often in concentric zones, tentacles slender, rising from the middle of the eye-peduncles ; foot narrow, adapted for leaping rather than walking ; siphon very short, not extending beyond the anterior canal of the shell ; mantle with an extension laying in the posterior canal ; penis long, narrow, with a hook-like or bifurcated extremit}7. Dentition. Central tooth multicuspid, short ; laterals, one on each side, subtrigonal, with crenulated margins; marginals falciform, narrow, sharp-pointed, with finely denticulated margin (PL 1, fig. 1). Shell with expanded, entire, or shortly digitated lip, with an anterior marginal sinus, and usually a posterior prolongation; aperture canaliculated anteriorly and posteriorly. Operculum narrow, unguiculate. Subfamily APORRHAIN^E. Eyes small, sessile at the outer bases of the narrow, subnlated tentacles; foot rather small, oblong, adapted for walking. Operculum suboval. Dentition : central tooth subquadrangular. the edge multicuspid ; laterals transverse, with entire margins ; marginals elongated, narrow, curved, sharp, with entire, margins (PI. 11, fig. 25). Shell with turriculated spire, the lip much dilated, usually digitated, with an incomplete canal or notch in front. (99) 100 STKOMBID^. Differs from Strombinse in the form and adaptation of the foot a/id in the dentition; the shell differs in the absence (in most of the genera) of a labial sinus, but is closely related with the Pterocera of the Strombiriae, and a little remotely with the Cerithiidee. Subfamily STRUTHIOLARIINVE. Tentacles slender, rather short, with the eyes on short pedicels at their external bases ; foot oval, adapted for swimming ; proboscis long ; siphon scarcely perceptible. Operculum shortly unguiculate. Dentition: 5*1'1'1'5; central tooth subquadrangular, with multicuspid edge, the laterals oblong, multicuspid; marginals falciform, sharp, narrow, with crenulated margins (PI. 12, fig. 42). Shell bucciniform, the aperture angular, shortly subcanalicu- lated below; lip thickened, sinuous, entire; columella thickened, polished, subtruncate below. Synopsis of Genera. The Strombidre abound in fossil forms, some of them of very bizarre appearance ; as these are all described and illustrated in the " Structural and Systematic Conchology," they will be simply named here, with references to that work. Subfamily Strombinfr. Genus STROMBUS, Linn.. 1758. Shell ovate, turreted or subfusiform, often tuberculated or spinose, imperforate, covered by a thin, horny epidermis, solid ; aperture long, narrow, emarginate or with a short canal in front, ctinaliculated or channeled posteriorly ; outer lip usually dilated, thickened, often lobed, with a sinus near the front ; columellar lip simple, callous. Operculum narrowly unguiculate, the margins denticulated, or rugose. In the young, the lip of the shell is not expanded, so that it appears something like a Conus. Section I. STROMBUS (sensu stricto). Lip with entire margin, widely expanded, not prolonged upon the spire behind ; inner lip not restricted or defined. S. yigas, Linn. Section II. EUPROTOMUS, Gill, em., 1869. Lip widely expanded, ascending the spire, the outer margin folded in and thickened, the posterior margin ^ubdigitate or plain. 6'- lavimatus$< Chemn. STROMBIDA:. 101 Section III. MONODACTYLUS, Klein, 1753. Lip with a pos- terior, narrow, much produced lobe. S. Pacificus, Swainson. Section IV. GALLINULA, Klein, 1753. Lip somewhat dilated, not digitate, frequently descending the spire behind ; inner lip restricted, defined. S. succinctus, Linn. Section V. CANARIUM, Schum., 1817. Lip not dilated, pos- terior canal short or obsolete. S. urceus, Linn. Section VI. CONOMUREX, Bayle, 1884. Shell cone-shaped, with short spire, aperture narrow, with subparallel lips, the outer lip not dilated. 8. Luhuanus, Linn. Section VII. ONCO MA. Mayer, 187(5. Fossil, Eocene of Europe. S. and S. Conch., ii, 190. Subgenus PUGNELLUS, Conrad, 1860. Fossil only, Cretaceous U. S. S. and S. Conchology, ii, 190, t. 60, f. 71, 72. Section GYMNARUS, Gabb, 1868. Fossil. S. and S. Conch., ii, 190, t. 60, f. 73, Subgenus PEREIR^EA, Crosse, 1867. Fossil only. Miocene .of Spain and Portugal. S. and S. Conch. , ii, 194, t, 60, f. 87. Genus PTEROCERA, Lamarck, 1799. Outer edge of the mantle digitated. Operculum as in Strom- bus^ Shell ovate, spire turriculated, aperture narrow, elongated, outer lip much expanded, tubularly digitate, with a sinus near the base, a long, straight or curved anterior canal, and a posterior canal ascending and sometimes surpassing the spire. The young shell, like Strombus, is coniform, with the outer lip straight and simple; the claws or digitations being gradually formed with the growth of the shell. At first they are short, open canals, and atterwards close and become solid. Section I. PTEROCERA (sensu stricto}. Anterior canal straight or curved to the right, posterior canal ascending the spire. Subsection I. (Heptadactylus, Klein). Lips smooth, digi- tations not numerous. P. lambis, Linn. Subsection II. (Millipes, Klein). Lips rugose or corru- gated, digitations more numerous. P. scorpio, Linn. 102 STROMBIDiE. Section II. HARPAGO, Klein, 1753. Anterior and posterior canals both curved to the left, the latter at first crossing the shell transverse!}7. P. rugosa, Sowb. Subgenus PHYLLOCHEILUS, Gabb, 1868. (Melaptera, Piette, 1876). Fossil only. S. and S. Conch., ii, 191, t. 60, f. 74. Subgenus HARPAGODES, Gill. 1869. Jurassic and Cretaceous. S. and S. Conch. ,ii, 195, t. 60, f. 93. Genus ROSTELLARIA, Lamarck, 1799. Animal similar to Strombus. Operculum not serrated on the edge. Shell fusiform with elevated spire, whorls numerous, smooth, or slightly ribbed; aperture continued into a narrow, usually long, straight or slightly curved anterior canal, and a shorter posterior canal ascending the spire, outer lip thickened, not much expanded, shortly digitated in the typical group. The (restricted) Rostellarias belong to the present epoch or extend at most only into the more recent tertiaries ; but a number of fossil groups are usually considered as belonging to the genus. R. curia, Sowb. ? Section MITR^EFUSUS, Bellardi, 1871. Miocene. Structural and Syst. Conch., ii, 128, t. 47, f. 80. This has been considered a member of the family Fusidse, but Dr. Fischer calls attention to its close resemblance to a young Rostellaria. Subgenus RIMELLA, Agassiz, 1840. Shell cancellated, anterior canal short, posterior canal rather long, applied to the spire ; lip but little dilated, usually rugose, and having an exterior rib, not digitated. E. crispata, Sowb. The few recent species belong to the Philippine Island fauna ; there are also Cretaceous and Tertiary species. ? Section ISOPLEURA, Meek, 1864. A cretaceous group, having no posterior canal, and perhaps not belonging to this family. S. and S. Conchology, ii, 192, t. 60, f. 76. ? Section STROMBOLARTA, Gregorio, 1880. An eocene fossil which seems to possess the essential characters of Isopleura ; it STROMBID^E. 103 is ribbed longitudinally, occasionally varicose, and without pos- terior canal. R. crucis, Bay an. Section CYCLOMOLOPS, Gabb, 1868. Eocene. S. and S. Conch., ii, 192, t. 60, f. 77. Subgenus HIPPOCHRENES, Montfort, 1810. Eocene of Europe and America. S. and S. Conch., ii, 191, t. 60, f. 75. Section ORTHAULAX, Gabb, 1873. Tertiary. S. and S. Conch., ii, 192. Section LEIORHINUS, Gabb, 1860. Eocene, Ala. S. and S. Conch., ii, 191, t. 60, f. 92. Section CALYPTROPHORUS, Conrad, 1857. Eocene, U.S.; Cre- taceous, India. S. and S. Conch., ii, 192, t. 60, f. 78. Subgenus PTERODONTA, d'Orbigny, 1851. Cretaceous. S. and S. Conchology, ii, 190, t, 88, f. 56. Genus TEREBELLUM, Klein, 1753. Anterior part of foot very small, posterior part oval, com- pressed ; eyes on the ends of peduncles; no tentacles; siphon rudimentary; mantle with a posterior filiform appendage, laying in the sutural canal. Operculum small, narrow, digitated. Shell elongate, subcylindrical, spire rather short, apex obtuse; aperture narrow, broadly notched in front ; lip simple, columella truncated. Section I. TEREBELLUM (sensu stricto). Shell smooth, spire rather short, with channeled suture. T. xubulatum^ Linn. Section II. TEREBELLOPSIS, Leyraerie, 1844. Nummulitic. S. and S. Conch., ii, 193, t. 60, f. 81. Section III. SERAPHS, Montfort, 1810. Spire concealed under a callous covering. Eocene. T. convolutum, Lam. Section IV. MAURYNA, Gregorio, 1880. Surface longitudinally folded. Nummulitic. T. plicatum, d'Arch. Subfamily Aporrhainas. Genus APORRHA1S, Dillwyn, 1823. Shell fusiform, spire turreted, with a short canal in front, and a posterior canal running up the spire ; outer lip of adult expanded, 104 STROMBID.E. thickened, and 2-3 digitated, the digitations continued as carinae on the back of the shell. A. pes-pelecani, Lam. 4 recent species, N. Atlantic Ocean ; fossil, Jurassic — . Section I. APORRHAIS (sensu stricto). Lip bi- or tri-digitate, posterior digitation canaliform, running up the spire, the ex- tremity free. Section II. ARRHOGES, Gabb, 1868. Shell with expanded, simple lip, with a posterior, obtuse, lobe-like extension, the anterior sinus nearly obsolete : anterior canal short and obtuse ; posterior canal very short. A. occidentalis, Beck. Section III. GONIOCHILA, Gabb, 1868 (Alipes, Conrad, 1865, without description). Eocene. S. and S. Conch., ii, 193, t. 60, f. 82. Section IV. CERATOSIPHON, Gill, 1870. Cretaceous. S. and S. Conch., ii, 196, t. 60, f. 94. Section V. CYPHOSOLENUS, Piette. 1876. Jurassic. L. c., ii, 193. Section VI. TESSAROLAX, Gabb, 1864. Cretaceous. L. c., ii, 195, t. 60, f. 89. Section VII. PTEROCERELLA, Meek. Cretaceous. L. c.,ii, 195, t. 60, f. 90. Section VIII. LISPODESTHES, White, 1875. Cretaceous. L. c., ii, 194, t. 60, f. 86. Section IX. HELICAULAX, Gabb, 1868. Cretaceous. L. c., ii, 194, t, 60, f. 85. Section X. DIMORPHOSOMA, Gardner, 1875. Cretaceous. L. c., ii, 194. Section XI. MONOCYPHUS, Piette, 1876. Lip palmated, widely separated from the spire and canal, with an anterior sinus ; anterior canal short. Jurassic. A. camellus, Piette. (Brachy- stoma, Gardner, 1876, appears to be founded on an imperfect Apon hais, having a very long spire. B. angulare, Seeley. Gault). Genus DIARTEMA, Piette, 1864. Shell Ranelliform, with continuous varices on each side of the spire; lip thick, dilated with a simple or slightly undulating margin, and a slight anterior sinus ; anterior canal short, straight, posterior canal small. Jurassic. 105 Section CYPHOTIFER, Piette, 1876. Jurassic. S. and S. Conch., ii, 195. Genus ALARIA, Morris and Lycett, 1850. Jurassic. S. and S. Conch., ii, 195, t. GO, f. 91. Section I. ALARIA (sensu stricto). Varicose. Section II. DICROLOMA, Gabb, 168. No varices, lip two- or three-digitate. Jurassic, Cretaceous. S. and S. Conch., ii, 194, t. 60, f. 88. Section III. ANCHURA, Conrad, 1860. L. c., ii, 194, t. 60, f. 84. Submenus DIEMPTERUS, Piette, 1876. Jurassic. Structural and Syst, Conchology, ii, 195. Subgenns SPINIGERA, d'Orb., 1850. Jurassic. Structural and Syst. Conch., ii. 192, t. 60, f. 79, 80. Subfamily Strttthiolariinse. Genus STRUTHIOLARIA, Lam., 1812. Animal with the outer mantle-margin simple, tentacles cylin- drical ; eye pedicels short, adnate with the tentacles externally ; foot broad and short. Operculum short, claw-shaped, with an apical projection. Shell imperforate, oval oblong ; spire turreted ; aperture trun- cated in front; lip entire, thickened, sinuous, prominent in the middle, inner lip callous, expanded. Southern Seas. S. nodulosa, Mart. Section I. STRUTHIOLARIA (sensu stricto). Section II. PELICARIA, Gray, 1857. Spire of adult covered with enamel ; outer lip sinuous, thin. S. scutulatq, Mart. Section III. LOXOTREMA, Gabb, 1878. S. and S. Conch., ii, 196, t. 60, f. 95. ? Section IV. DOLOPHANES, Gabb, 1872. L. c., ii, 196. 106 STROMBUS. Subfamily Strombinse. Genus STROMBUS, Linn., 1758. The Strombs are powerful, active mollusks, having extraor- dinary visual powers for gastropods, the eyes being large, with the iris usually colored in concentric zones. Their foot is not adapted for ordinary locomotion, but enables the animal to progress in a series of awkward leaps, and even to right itself by a somersault if placed on its back. The strong teeth and thick quadrangular corneous jaws indicate carnivorous habits, yet the animal is supposed to feed only on dead flesh. Upon the eyes of Strombus, see an excellent paper b}* Dr. Paul Fischer, Jour, de Conch., 213, 1861. They usually inhabit shallow waters, and occur plentifully. The distribution is tropical, and rather restricted for some of the species, whilst others have a very extensive range — as might be expected for the whole group considering that the larva is a free swimming animal provided with six ciliated arms (Macdonald, Linn. Trans., xxiii, 72). Strombus has existed since cretaceous times, and is repre- sented as late as the quarternary of the Mediterranean region, although not now living in that sea. The fossil forms belonging to the family far exceed in number those now existing, besides showing a variability contrasting with the fixed and readily dis- tinguished characters of most of the recent species. Strombus giya,s, the largest species is still eaten at the island of Barbadoes, and numerous ancient weapons and implements made from its shell have been dug up on that island and else- where. It is a common mantel, hearth and garden ornament in the coast portions of the United States. In England it is extensively used in the manufacture of the finer kinds of porce- lain ; 300,000 have been imported into Liverpool in one year, chiefly for this purpose. It sometimes produces a beautiful pink pearl ; but in jewelry it is principally used for carving into cameos for brooches, a purpose for which it is well fitted by the different colored layers of which its shell is composed. " The perfect development of the large, fine, pedunculated eyes of Strombus, together with its very elongated, powerful, muscular foot and body, and claw-shaped, stout, jagged, horny 'STROMBUS. 107 operculum, constitute it one of the most active and intelligent of mollusks. It is, in fact, a most sprightly and energetic animal^ and often served to amuse me by its extraordinary leaps and endeavors to escape, planting firmly its powerful narrow operculum against any resisting substance, insinuating it under the edge of its shell, and by a vigorous effort, throwing itself forwards, carrying its great heavy shell with it, and rolling along in a series of jumps, in a most singular and grotesque manner " (Arthur Adams, Narrative Voy. Samarang, ii, 493). The classification herein adopted for the subfamily differs but little from that of Messrs. Adams' Genera of Recent Mollusca. The fossil groups have been carefully studied by the late Wm. M. Gabb, in his "Attempt at a Revision of the families Strom- bidae and Aporrhaidse,'' published in the American Journal of Conchology, 1868. The monographs of the recent species of Strombus include the magnificent folio, " Illustrations Conchyliologiques " of Chenti, Reeve's " Iconica," Kiener's u Coquilles Yivantes," Sowerby's "Thesaurus," and Kiister's " Conchylien Cabinet." Reeve's monograph, the most recent of these, was published in 1851, and contains 56 species. That the thirty-three years since that period, usually so prolific in conchological discovery, have failed to add materially to the number of species, is a significant fact, taken in connection with the ancient history of the family. Section I. STROMBUS (semu stricto). S. GIGAS, Linn. PI. 1, figs. 2-4. Epidermis light yellowish brown, beneath which the color is fawn-white, interior polished, rose-color. Length, 9-12 inches. West Indies, Florida, N. South America. Chisels and other implements manufactured of this shell are found in the Florida shell-mounds'. It lives in 2-3 fathoms water, on sand ; eats Sphterococcus confervoides, Agard. The young shell (fig. 4) is S. lucifer, Linn. S. GOLIATH, Chemn. PI. 1, fig. 5. Whorls spirally grooved in double rows, plicately tubercled 108 STROMBUS. round the upper part, tubercles rounded, obtuse ; orange- brown, aperture similar in color, becoming deeper within. Length, 8-10 inches. West Indies. A rare shell, closely related to, perhaps a variety of S. gigas. S. GALEATUS, Swainson. PI. 1, fig. 6. Yellowish white, under an olive-brown epidermis ; aperture whitish, the lip and columella tinged with orange-brown. Length, 8-10 inches. Panama to Mazatlan, Aca.pulco. It is S. galea, Wood, and S. crenatus, Sowb. S. COSTATUS, Gmelin. PI. 1, figs. 7, 8. Indistinctly banded and marbled with chestnut and white under a yellowish-brown epidermis ; aperture whitish, tinged with light orange or pink. Length, 5-6 inches. West Indies. Better known under the subsequent!}7 published name of S. accipritrinus, Lam. S. inermis, Swains, (fig. 8), is merely a state of the species with less-developed spines. S. latus, Ginel. (=dilatatuSj Lam., not Swains.) is probably the same form. S. BUBONIUS, Lam. PL 2, fig. 11. Spire with coarse impressed spiral striae, shortly tuberculate at the sutures ; body-whorl with a shoulder-row of short spines or tubercles, with usually two somewhat obsolete inferior rows of knobs, and coarse revolving riblets; orange-brown or pink- brown, marbled with white, under a brown epidermis, aperture white, tinged with light brown on the lips and columella. Length, 4 inches. Senegal and Cape Verd Island*. It is S. fasciatus, Gmelin, not Born, S. coronatus, Defrance. It is a fossil of the Mediterranean region. S. INTEGER, Swainson. PI. 2, fig. 12. Shell ventricose, solid, white; spire elongated, conical ; last whorl nodulose behind; lip thick, rounded, white. The above is the original description, and reference is made to Lister, pi. 856. This represents an immature shell, rather diffi- cult to identify, and which all the monographers have agreed to STROM BUS. 109 consider a doubtful species. Prof. Morch, however, considers it a good species and says: "In 1869 I obtained from Mr. Lan- dauer at Frankfurt, a specimen from a French collection marked ' S. invrmis, Florides,' exactly corresponding to Lister's figure. It is the only one I recollect to have seen." Mai. Blatt., xxiv, 17 S. PUGILTS, Linn. PL 2, figs. 13-15 ; PL 1, figs. 9, 10. Spire and lower part of body-whorl spirally striate, the spire- whorls and shoulder of body-whorl sharply spinose ; deep orange-brown, covered by a thin epidermis, with an indistinct median lighter band ; aperture and wide columellar callus orange or carnelian-red, or sometimes purple towards the base of the lip. Length, 8 inches. So. Carolina — West Indies, Brazil. There are varieties with the spines horizontally (fig. 14) and vertically (fig. 15) compressed. Var. ALATUS, Gmelin. Figs. 9, 10. Spire nodulous, not spinose, body-whorl also without spines, the shoulder indistinctly nodulous or smooth ; color yellowish white and dark chestnut, marbled or disposed in zigzags, some- times light-banded in the middle; epidermis thin, aperture and columella deep orange to carnelian, more or less tinged with dark purple. The above describes a typical example of this variety, and its characters are usually sufficiently permanent for its distinction, even as a species ; but intermediates between it and S. pugilis so completely connect the two, that those who have had the best opportunities for studying them, consider them synonymous. S. pyrulatus, Lam. (fig. 10), is identical with S. alatus. S. dubius, Sowb. (fig. 16) is a young shell. S. GRACILIOR, Sowb. PL 2, fig. IT. Pale yellowish or orange, with a thin epidermis, sometimes faintly white-banded in the middle; aperture whitish, or pink- white, the lip often margined with orange. Length, 3 inches. Panama to Mazntlan ; La Paz, L. California. Lighter in color, thinner, smoother (scarcely striate on the spire), with closer*, smaller, shorter spines than S. pugilis ; yet eudently derived from the same parent stock. 110 STROMBU8. S. CANARIUM, Linn. PL 2, figs. 18-20; PL 3, fig. 21. Densely longitudinally marked with zigzag alternate white and chestnut lines ; aperture white. Length, 2-2-5 inches. Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Philippines. It is S. Vanicorensis, Quoy. Var. ISABELLA, Lara. Figs. 20, 21. Yellowish or orange-brown, not lineated ; sometimes obscurely doubly broad-banded with light chocolate. The banded state is S. tseniata, Quoy (fig. 21). Occasionally a specimen occurs combining the coloring of type and variety. S. ORANULATUS, Gray. PL 3, fig. 22. Spire-whorls each with a single, body-whorl with three rows of nodules; white, with interrupted zigzag markings and macu- lations of chestnut, aperture white, the outer lip granulated within the margin, inner lip yellowish brown. Length, 3'5 inches. Panama to Mazatlan ; Galapagos Is. Section II. EUPROTOMUS, Gill. S. LENTIGINOSUS, Linn. PL 3, figs. 23, 24. White, maculated and coarsely reticulated with chocolate, chestnut or grayish brown, often with several indistinct bands of spots; aperture yellowish white, often. blush-red or orange- brown farther within, outer lip smooth, much thickened on the edge and crossed by broad yellowish brown or chestnut bands. Length, 3-4 inches. Philippines, Neiv Caledonia to Vili Inlands; Zanzibar. Not the most characteristic species of the section, but I commence with it because of its relationship in form with S. granulatus — which I have placed at the end of Section I. S. PAPILIO (Chemn.), Dillwyn. PL 3, fig. 25. Shell noduled throughout in revolving rows, and coarsely spirally striate and granose, strongly tuberculated on the shoulder and spire ; whitish, blotched and lineated with chest- nut; columella carnelian-tinted; aperture purplish or nearly black with revolving, irregular, close narrow threads; outer lip thick-margined, with chestnut broad cross-bands. Length, 2-3 inches. Philippines-, Zanzibar. It is S. exustus, Swainson, and S. adustus. Swainson, of Reeve. STROMBUS. - 111 S. LACINIATUS (Chemn.), Dillwyn. PI. 3, fig. 26. Whitish, marbled in a zigzag manner with chestnut, indis- tinctly light-banded beneath the markings ; margin of outer lip thickened, crossed by broad chestnut bands; aperture yellowish or orange-white, becoming rich dark crimson within. Length, 4 inches. Moluccas, Philippines, New Caledonia to Viti Islands. S. cristatus, Lam., is a synonym. S. LATISSIMUS, Linn. PI. 3, fig. 27. Orange-brown, irregularly longitudinally strigate with chest- nut, with white maculations, forming several revolving bands ; aperture flesh-white ; outer lip broadly inflected with orange- brown bands crossing the margin. Length, 6-8 inches. Amboina, Japan, Philippines, Viti Is. S. nlata, Schum., is a synonym. S. PONDEROSUS, Phil. PL 3, fig. 28. Obsoletely spiralty ribbed and striate, nearty smooth, spire nodulous ; whitish, variously longitudinally shaded, striped and spotted with chestnut, and tinted with light violaceous, espe- cially on the callous expansion of the inner lip ; aperture and columella pale carnelian, inflected margin of outer lip broadly chestnut-banded. Length, 5-6 inches. New Caledonia (Brazier) ; Society Islands (Schmeltz). 120 STROMBUS, Swainson, S. flosculosus, Morch, S. gibberulus, Meuschen (not Linn.), and S. epimellus, Duclos (figs. 80, 83), the latter some- what singularly marked with color. S. H^JMASTOMA, Sowb. PI. 7, fig. 78. Closely longitudinally ribbed throughout, and occasionally varicose, shoulder tuberculated, closely spirally striated, aperture and columella ridged ; pinkish or yellowish white, indistinctly maculated, columellar lip nud interior deep orange-red or chestnut. Length, 15-18 mill. Mauritius. S. HELLH, Rousseau. PI. 7, fig. 79. Broadly oval, regularly ribbed, crossed by spiral stride, columellar lip and interior closely ridged ; yellowish brown, interior and columeila purplish. Length, 1 inch. Zanzibar. Reeve supposed this to be a possible variety or monstrosity of S. haemastoma. S. SCALARIFORM1S, DucloS. PL 7, fig. 81. Sculptured and colored like the preceding species, but differing widely in form. Length, 23 mill. China. I know nothing about this or the preceding species, except from the original descriptions and figures. S. FASCIATUS, Born. PI. 7, figs. 82, 77. Whorls nearly smooth, sharply tuberculated at the shoulder; whitish, often delicately freckled with pale yellowish brown, with revolving rows of dark chestnut or chocolate sagittate characters ; interior orange-red. Length, l-5-2*25 inches. Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Philippines? The synonymy includes S. polyfascialus, Chemn., S. Persicus, Swainson, S. ttubulatus, Herbst, S.-.flavigula, Meuschen, and S. lineatus, Lam. S. ismarius, Duclos (fig. 77), appears* to be a specimen (perhaps old and worn) in which the markings are indistinct. S. MACULATUS, Nuttall. PI. 7, fig. 84. Shell smooth, slightly finely spirally striate on the spire and upper part of body- whorl, the latter narrowly grooved at the base ; white clouded and maculated with chestnut and chocolate, STROMBUS. 121 or yellow or orange-brown, maculated with darker shades,, and with a maculated white band ; aperture white. Length, '75-1-25 inches. Sandwich, Paumotus and Friendly Islands. Well characterized by its form, swollen posteriorly and not tuberculate. • S. GIBBERULUS, Linn. PI. 8, fig. 85. Shell gibbous, smooth, spire occasionally varicose, bodj'-whorl grooved at the base ; columella smooth, interior of aperture rad lately striate ; mottled and hieroglyphic-ally marked with yellowish brown and white, the markings often arranged in a few or numerous interrupted revolving bands ; aperture tinged violaceous, scarlet, dark purplish brown, etc. Length, l'5-2'5 inches. Zanzibar, Natal, Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Mauritius, Philippines, New Guinea, Viti Islands, Paumotus,etc. The synonymy includes S. Mauriiianus, Issel, and var. rhodofftomus, Morch. S. BULBULUS, Sowb. PL 8, fig. 80. Smooth, sulcate at the base; marbled, freckled and sometimes interruptedly banded with chestnut and white, the white often tinged with light violaceous, aperture and columella dark purplish chocolate. Length, 1*5-1 '75 inches. Philippines to Viti Islands. S. TEREBELLATUS, Sowb. PL 8, fig. 87. Smooth, obsoletely grooved at the base, 'outer lip radiately ridged within ; yellowish white, with clouds and zigzag markings of orange-brown or chestnut, interior ridges chestnut. Length, 1 '5— 1'75 inches. Philippines to Viti Islands. S. SAMAR (Chemn.), Dillw. PL 8, fig. 88. Smooth,.; polished, plicate, obsoletely grooved at the base, margin of lip tridentate anteriorly, interior of aperture radiately ridged ; marbled and speckled with orange-brown or chestnut and white, int?rior tinged with purplish chocolate. Length, 1*75 inches. Philippines, Australia,, Society Is., Paumoltis Is. .synonymy, includes S. tridentatus, Lam.,. 122 STROMBUS. Reeve. Some authorities identify this species with S. dentatus, Linn.; I have otherwise interpreted the latter. S. CAILLTAUDI, Jay. Manual, vi, PL 34, fig. 18. Shell spirally striatc, chocolate-brown, interior of aperture Ringed with the same color. Length-, 40 mill. Hob. unknown. Probably a young Strombus, although described as a Conus. I am not able to identity it. I have figured it in the sixth volume of this work, as above. Section VI. CONOMUREX, Bayle, 1884. S. MAURTTIANUS, Lam. PL 8, figs. 89, 90. White, with chestnut or chocolate longitudinal interrupted zigzag lines and spots, arranged in revolving bands, aperture ridged within, carnelian or rose-red. Length, 2-2-5 inches. Mauritius. S. cylindricus, Swainson, and S. coniformis, Sowb. (fig. 90), are synonyms ; the latter retaining obtuse nodules which gener- ally are only seen upon 3'oung specimens. S. LUHUANUS, Linn. PL 8, figs. 91, 92. Shell often covered with a dark epidermis, under which the markings are the same as in the preceding species, the columella very dark chocolate or nearly black. Length, 2-2-5 inches. Philippines, Australia, New Guinea, Viti Is., etc. No differences of form which have been pointed out as distin- guishing this and the preceding species, hold good when an extensive suite is examined ; the only real distinction is the narrow black deposit overlaying the columella in S. LuhuaniL*, of which S. Mauritianus never appears to show even a trace. I figure a very curious anomalous growth of this shell (tig. 92), preserved in the Museum of the University of Ghent. S. labrosus and S. Isevilabris of Menke, are synonyms. Unidentified Species of Strombus. S. TUBERCULARIS, S. PUSILLUS, S. PERUANUS. S. ELATUS, S. CRASSI- LABRUM, all of Anton. No-locality. S. otABRATUS, Sowb. = Naasa obliqua, Kiener. Manual, iv, 27. S. CANCELLATUS, Pease. Sandwich PTEROCERA. 123 Genus PTEROCERA, Lam., 1799. Properly speaking there is only a difference of convenience between this species and Strombus ; that is, no important struc- tural differences are involved. Pterocera is a stromb having the outer lip on the shell prolonged into long digitate processes resulting from similar digitations of the mantle-margin of the animal. Certain of the strombs, those of the section Eupro- tqmus, for instance, have a tendency to digitation, yet do not bridge the gap between the two groups. The Pteroceri as thus defined, consist of ten species, rather constant in character, confined, as to recent distribution, to the tropical seas of the Indo-Pacific, Australian and Polynesian provinces, and not cer- tainly found in a fossil state. The genus has been carefully reviewed by Prof. Theo. Gill (Am. Jour. Conch., v, 120), and I have followed him mainly in the synonymy, and descriptions. As will be seen by referring to p. 101 of this monograph, I have adopted two sections for the genus Pterocera; these correspond to genera in Prof. Gill's arrange- ment, the last containing two species (S. chiragra and S. rugosa), whilst the first is synoptically tabulated b}' him as follows: I. Lips smooth (my Subsection I. Heptadactylus). I a. Body-whorl tuberculated at the angle. Lip reflected ; columella with callus diffused, P. lambis. Lip inflected ; columella with callus stratified, P. crocata. I b. Body-whorl unarmed at angle, P. bryonia. II. Lips rugose (my Subsection II. Millipes). II a. Intercalary digitations none. Posterior digitation with a basal lobe, P. scorpio. Posterior digitation simple, P. pseudoscorpio. II b. Intercalary digitations developed. Posterior digitation simple, P. millepeda. Posterior digitation with a basal lobe Labral digitations eight ; labral wrinkles very distinct, P. elongata. Labral digitations ten ; labral wrinkles faint, P. violacea. The Pterocerse have been monographed also by Reeve. Sowerby and Kiener. 124 PTEROCEBA. Section I. PTEROCERA (sertsu stricto). Subsection I. Heptadactylus, Klein. P. LAMBIS, Linn. PI. 8, figs. 1-3. Angular fasciole or revolving rib carinated on spire, on the body-whorl provided with two enlarged, compressed tubercles; inner lip with the callus spreading; outer lip with the margin (normally) somewhat reflected, with the digitations bending out- ward and rather small, and with the antesinual lobe undulated ; lips and aperture whitish or yellowish brown, becoming more or less sanguineous within. Length, 0-8 inches. Indian Ocean, Zanzibar, Philippines, New Guinea, Society Islands, etc. P. AURANTIA, Lam. PL 9, fig. 5. Angular fa^ciole carinated on spire, and on the last whorl armed with two enlarged tubercles; inner lip with the callus somewhat restricted, folded near the apeiture; outer lip with its margin somewhat inflected, the digitations successively more recurved, and the antesinual lobe tridentate ; lips more or less orange or saffron-colored. Length, 5-6 inches. Philippines, Mauritius, etc. P. crocata, Link, has priority, but it is unnecessary to displace a well-established name in favor of a recently resurrected one, published very obscurely. P. BRYONIA, Gmelin. PL 8, fig. 4 ; PL 9, fig. 8. Angle coronated or tuberculaled on spire, unarmed on the last whorl : inner lip with diffused callus, outer lip with erect margin, with six moderate digitations, and with the antesinual lobe little undulated ; lips whitish or lurid. Length, 10-15 inches. Red Sea, Indian Ocean , Mauritius, Japan, Philippines, Australia, Society Islands. The synonymy includes P. truncata, Lam., Pyrula Bengalina, Grat. (juvenile), P. Sebas, Yal., and P. Soiverbyi, Morch. Morch has distinguished the two latter as species, but they do not present any claim to even varietal rank ; not only is the species very variable within its usually recognized limits, but certain specimens before me indicate a transition to P. lambis. PTEROCEKA. 12 . Subsection II. Millipes, Klein, 1753. P. SCORPIO, Linn. PL 9, fig. 6. Labrum with a prominent internal transverse white ridge in front of the concavity of the dorsal tubercle; laterally inllectcd, ribbed between the spines, and with a dentated margin; the spines nfcdose, and the posterior one auriformly lobed at the left base ; aperture oiange-rcd, the transverse ridges within the outer lip and on the inner lip whitish, their interstices purple or nearly black. Length, 5-6 inches. Indian Ocean, Philippines. It is P. nodosa, Swains. P. PSEUDOSCORPIO, Lam. PL 9, fig. 7. Labrum with no distinct internal ridge behind, and with the concavity of the tubercle mostly in advance of the columellar fold ; moderately inflected, with single dentiform lobes between the angular and median, and median and postsinual digitations; the latter obsoletely or not at all nodose, and the posterior without basal lobe. Color as in preceding species. Length, 6-7'5 inches. Zanzibar. Indian Ocean. P. MILLEPEDA, Lillll. PL 9, fig. 9. Digitations separated by secondary ones intercalated at the right margin ; angle armed with four digitations, the uppermost (rarely absent) being an intercalated one ; posterior digita- tion simple ; laterals, especially the primary, much recurved ; wrinkles on the lips moderately developed, interstices not so deeply colored as in the preceding species. Length, 5-6 inches. Indian Ocean, Mauritius, N. Guinea, Philippines. P. ELONGATA, Swainson. PL 9, fig. 10. Angle ai med with the three normal digitations ; posterior digitation furnished with a lobe at its left base; lateral digita- tions straight; lips with well-developed wrinkles; color as in preceding species. Length, 5-6 inches. Indian Ocean. P. crocea, Sowb., is a synon3*m. P. -VIOLACEA, Swains. PL 9, fig. 11. Angle armed with three digitations; a posterior and an 126 PTEROCERA. anterior median fascicle in place of the normal single fasciole ; posterior digitation with an elongated lobe at its left base ; lateral digitations straight or little curved ; all the digitations open, channeled ; wrinkles within the labrum prominent, on the labium faint, often obsolete anteriorly ; aperture whitish or orange-stained, violaceous only within the throat. Length, 4-5 inches. Indian Ocean, Zanzibar. Undetermined Species. P. YOLDII, Morch. Hab. unknown. P. ROBUSTA, Swains. Hab. unknown. Section II. HARPAGO, Klein, 1753. P. CHIRAGRA, Linn. PI. 10, fig. 13. Angular fasciole or revolving .rib tuberculated, the others almost unarmed, the antesinual with a compressed tubercle near the base of the digitation ; lips rosaceous, with faint wrinkles ; sutural digitation with a canal open at base, the outer border being bent outwards and attached above the angle of the body- whorl, on which the digitation is chiefly bent and accumbent. Length, 6-10 inches. Indian Ocean, Philippines, N. Caledonia, Polynesia,. P. Kochii, Freyer, is a synonym. P. RUGOSA, Sowerby. PI. 10, fig. 12. Revolving fascicles except the sutural and anterior with prom- inent tubercles ; lips with very prominent, often white wrinkles strongly contrasting with the deep purplish or blackish ground- color; basal posterior digitation with its canal closed by the reflection of its margins, and accumbent on the middle of the spire. Length, 5-7 inches. Zanzibar, Society Islands, etc. Probably only a variety of the preceding species. It is P. chiragra, Lam., in part, and P. arthritica, Morch. ROSTELLARIA. 127 Genus ROSTELLARIA, Lamarck, 1799. " Rostellaria has all the habits of the Strombidae, progressing by means of its powerful and elastic foot which it places under the shell in a bent position, when suddenly,!)}7 a muscular effort, it straightens that organ, and rolls and leaps over and over. It is, however, far more timid and suspicious than Strombus, which has a bold disposition. On the low sandy beach, near the mouth of the Lundu River, in Borneo, dead shells of Rostellaria recli- ro&tris are numerous, but generally in very imperfect condition. At the small fishing village of Samahitan I inspected a large heap of these shells, which the Malays had brought together for the purpose of turning them into lime. On inquiring of these poor fishermen whether it were possible to obtain them in a living state, we were informed that they never procured them in their nets, but that they lived in deep water at a considerable distance from the shore. The animal of Roxtellaria fisza does not differ from that of Strombus, and is of a dull brown color, varied with lighter brown. It is, however, one of the most lively among mollusks, jumping several inches, and throwing itself about with the most astonishing activity. It has none of the extreme timidity of the former mentioned species." — Arthur Adams, Narrat. Voy. Samarang, ii, 492. R. CURVIROSTRIS, Lam. PI. 10, figs. 14-16 ; PI. 11, fig. 26. Upper portion of the spire longitudinally plicate, the rest of the shell smooth ; lower part of lip-margin, six- or seven-dentate ; yellowish brown, aperture white. Length, 6-8 inches. Red Sea, Moluccas. R. magna, Schroter, has considerable priority of publication, but I decline to depose a very well-known name in its favor. It is R. dentula, Perry, R. breviro&tra, Schum., and R.fusus, Gmelin, not Linn. Var. CURTA, Sowb. Fig. 15. The canal straight. Yar. LUTEOSTOMA, Angas. Fig. 16. Aperture golden yellow, lip-margin with five digitations, canal curved. 128 KOSTELLARIA. R. FUSUS, Linn. PL 10, fig. 17 ; PL 11, fig. 21. Much more slender than the preceding species, the spire and canal longer, lip-margin toothed throughout, with five or six, strong, well-marked short digitations ; yellowish brown, aperture white. Length, 6-8 inches. China. It is R. davits, GmeL, R. rectirostrix, Lam., R. subulata, Scluim., R. unicornis, Dillw. Var. MELANOCHEILUS, A. Ad. Fig. 21. Lip between the digitations, and sometimes the interior of the aperture stained purple-black. R. POWISII, Petit. PL 11, fig. 22. Closel}r spirally ridged, the interstices longitudinally striate, canal short, lip-margin five-toothed, exteriorly thickened, yellow- ish, or orange-brown, aperture white. Length, 2-2-5 inches. China. A somewhat rare shell ; a specimen was sold a few years ago for 200 francs (Jour, de Conch., 228, 1877). R, FISSA, Dillw. PL 11, fig. 23. This shell, figured by Chemnitz, has not been found in any European collection, and nothing is known of its locality. It is R. Favanni, Pfr., and R. serrata, Perry. R. DELTCATULA, Nevill. Thin, translucent, pale ochraceous brown, lineated on the last whorl with four narrow white bands each of which terminates in one of the four digitate processes of the lip, canal shorter than in the other species, first three or four whorls smooth, the next three or four faintly but regularly spirally striated, the striae becoming obsolete on the last two whorls, except at the base of the body-whorl. L. 76 mill., of canal 6'5 mill. Arracan, dredged in deep water. Untigured and unknown to me except by the original descrip- tion published four years ago. R. MARTINII, Marrat. PL 11, fig. 24. Whorls with close punctate revolving striae throughout, ;bi- ROSTELLARIA. 129 sulcate near the suture ; lip five- or six-dentate ; orange-brown, obscurely livid-banded near the suture. Length, 6'25 inches. Philippines. Two specimens known. Subgenus RIMELLA, Agassiz, 1840. R. CANCELLATA, Lara. PI. 10, figs. 18, 20. Whorls cancellated, occasionally varicose, posterior canal pro- duced upon the spire, which it ascends in a curved line, interior of outer lip dentate ; pale yellowish brown, indistinctly banded with pale chestnut. Length, 1-1 '25 inches. Philippines. R. CBISPATA, Sowb. PL 10, fig. 19. Shell cancellated by rather sharp narrow ribs, and revolving riblets, occasionally varicose ; posterior canal short, curved strongly to the right ; yellowish white, pale chestnut-banded. Length, 1 inch. Philippines, China. Distinguished from E. cancellata by its more ventricose form, and short posterior canal. . R. SPECIOSA, H. and A. Adams. Shell reticulated, more lanceolate than E. cancellata, not ending anteriorly in a recurved beak, with the varix of the outer lip plain externally, and with the posterior canal of the aperture faintly developed and only extending as far as the penultimate whorl. Length, 1 inch. Hob. unknown. An unfigured species. Is it R. crispata ? R. TYLERI, H. and A. Adams. Cancellated, posterior canal extending to the third whorl and curved, outer lip corrugately plicate within, with an anterior, conspicuous, sharp tooth ; yellowish with four chestnut bands. Length, 21 mill. China Sea. Unfigured. 130 TEREBELLUM. Genus TEREBELLUM, Klein, 1753. Mr. Arthur Adams, in his Narrative of the Voyage of the " Samarang," makes the following remarks upon this mollusk : " In its habits the animal of the Terebellum is exceedingly shy and timid, retracting its body into the shell on the slightest alarm. It will remain stationary for a long time, moving its tentacles about cautiously in every direction, when, suddenly, it will roll over with its shell, and continue again perfectly quiet. They appear to have all the muscular energy, vivacity, and, doubtless, predatory boldness possessed by the Strombi, which they also resemble in their perfectly organized eyes, and quick- ness of vision. Mr. C timing informs me that he has seen them leap several inches from the ground, exactly as I have seen the animal of Strombus gibberulus. On one occasion, a beautiful specimen was lost to the above-mentioned enthusiastic collector, by the animal suddenly leaping into the water, as he was holding and admiring it in the palm of his hand. Those I kept in con- finement died in a few days, and appear to be of a more delicate constitution than the hardy Strombus. There appears to be a very trifling muscular connection between the animal and its shell. " From my observations on the animal of Terebellum, I should imagine the spotted variety to be perfectly distinct as a species. In this, which may be called T. maculosum, the proboscis is of a whitish-brown color, reddish towards the tip ; the body is of an opaque pearly white, the mantle transparent ; the foot semi- pellucid white; the ocular peduncles are mottled with dark red, and the pupil black. The front of the mantle, edging the anterior part of the shell, is colored with a black line, forming its margin. " In the common species, T. subulatum, the eye-peduncles are punctulated with red-brown, as is likewise the upper and under part of the fore-portion of the body. The bod}- is opaque pearly white, with three large, irregular-shaped red-brown blotches on the fore-part. The under surface of the foot is light brown, with a white cross-like marking of a deeper brown. Doubtless, when the animal of the variety covered with zigzag markings shall have been discovered, it will also be found to be specifically distinct/1 APORRHAIS. 131 A difference in the color-markings of the animal has precisely the same value as if upon its shell, and the variations of the latter, in the present instance, are so unstable as to preclude the possibility of separating species, with sufficiently distinctive characteristics. The genus has but one recent representative, the species described below. It is related to the Strombs through Strombus tere.bellatus. T. SUBULATUM, Lam. PI. 11, figs. 27-30. Shell smooth, shining, suture linearly grooved, enamelled ; yellowish white, with chestnut or chocolate dots, freckles or zigzag lines, often somewhat indistinctly banded. Length, 2-3 inches. Indian Ocean, Java, China Sea, Philippines, New Caledonia, Viti Is., Mauritius. It is Bulla terebellum, Linn., T. punctatum, Chemn., T. macu- losum, Ads., etc. Subfamily Aporrhainse. Genus APORRHAIS, Dillwyn, 1823. Section 1. APORRHAIS (sensu stricto). A. PES-PELECANI, Linn. PI. 12, fig. 31. Yellowish white to light brown. Length, 2 inches. Seas of Europe, Iceland. This is the Cochlea pentadactylus of Pliny, Vespertilio spinosa of Seba, and R. quadrijidus, Da Costa. Jeffreys says of it (Brit. Conch., iv, 251 1: "Habitat: Coralline zone (occasionally the deep- sea zone also) on all our coasts. This common shell has been recorded from the upper miocene, pliocene, and almost every newer tertiary and quaternary deposit in Europe, from the sea- level to 1360 feet above it. It is shy, slow, and awkward in its movements, twisting about its long neck and foot in order to gain a creeping posture. Among other fanciful names givon to this odd-looking shell, are ' blobber-lipt Edinburgh whilk ' of Petiver, ' aile de chauve-sauris femelle ' or ' patte d'oye ' of D 'A vila, and ' Zamarugola ' of the Venetians, by the poorer class of which people the animal was — perhaps is still — eaten. Ac- 1IJ2 APORRHAIS. cording to Mr. Couch, Solaster papposus also reckons it an agreeable kind of food ; when the soft portion has been digested, the empty shell is rejected, and becomes the habitation of a Sipunculus, which narrows the too capacious entrance with agglutinated sand. Specimens from deep water are smaller than those from the coast. The top of old but living shells which had lost their upper story, is sometimes closed by a semispiral plug or septum of new shelly matter ; the apex is very seldom perfect in full-grown specimens. When the outer lip is complete the subsequent growth takes place by adding fresh layers inside, so that the age of the individual is probably shown by the number of such layers. In immature specimens the commence- ment of the pterygoid or wing-like flap of the outer lip is defined by a bit of enamel along the mouth, which likewise lines the canal at the base as well as the upper process of the flap. Still younger specimens, before any sign of the flap appears, have the outer lip flexuous, with a wide and deep sinus at the upper part, and a long straight canal at the base. In this stage of growth they strongly resemble Fusi. The fry form a short cylinder. Monstrosities are not uncommon, especially in the shape and relative size of the digitated processes ; the basal point, however, is always formed like a spear-head." According to Morch Chiropteron semilunare of Sars is prob- ably the larval stage of Aporrhais. A. SERRESIANUS, Michaud. PL 12, fig. 32. Whitish, or light yellowish brown. Differs from the preceding species by its long posterior and anterior canals, and by the outer lip being three-spined. Length, 2 inches. Europe, from Norway to the Mediterranean Sea. Perhaps more generally known under the name of A. pes- carbonis, Brong., which is, however, a wrong identification, the latter being a fossil and different species. Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys gave it the name of A. Macandreae. A. SENEGALENSIS, Gray. (Unfigured.) Senegal. The (insufficient) description indicates close affinity or identity with A; pev-pelicani. STRUTHIOLARIA. 133 Section II. ARRHOGES, Gabb, 1868. A. OCCIDENTALTS, Beck. PL 12, fig. 33. The longitudinal ribs of the spire, and absence of tuberculated angles on the whorls, as well as the entire but greatly expanded lip, will readily distinguish this species. Length, 2-2-5 inches. Labrador, Newfoundland. Subfamily Struthiolariinse. Genus STRUTHIOLARIA, Lam., 1812. The synonymy of the few species of this New Zealandic genus was very much involved until 1876-7, when the Marchioness Paulucci (Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., ii, Hi), critically studied them and gave them essentially the nomenclature which follows. Section I. STRUTHIOLARIA (s. stricto}. S. PAPULOSA, Martyn. PI. 12, fig. 34. Whorls strongly nodose on the angle; yellowish brown, indis- tinctly longitudinally chestnut-striped. Length, 3 inches. New Zealand. This is Murex stramineus, Gmelin ; S. nodulosa, Lam. ; S. papil- loHa, Gray ; S. cofonarium, Soland. ; S. nodosa, Gray. S. VERMIS, Mart. PI. 12, figs. 35, 36. Shoulder obtuse, obsoletely nodose, suture somewhat ex- cavated. Length, 1*75 inches. New Zealand. The synonyms are S. australis, Gmelin ; S. scutulata, Hutton; S. mermts, Sowb. Var. CRENULATA, Lam. Fig. 35. The sutural channel deeper, the numerous nodules of the shoulder-angle small but more distinct. S. canaliculata, Speng., is a synonym. S. GIGAS, Sowb. PI. 12, figs. 37, 38. Less sharply angled, the nodules smaller, the suture slightly channeled, the striae alternately larger and smaller, the lip more solidly thickened than in S. papulosa. Very like a gigantic S. 134 STRUTHIOLARIA. vermis, and appearing to connect that species with S. papulosa. These three will probably prove to be varieties only of a single species. New Zealand. S. sulcata, Jonas (fig. 38) is simply an individual having the revolving sulci stronger than usual, with the shoulder and its nodules almost obsolete. Its locality, China, is, of course erro- neous. The specific name has priority over yigas, but besides the fact that it has been overlooked by all the monographers, the specimen upon which the description is based, although recog- nizable as this species, is not normal in its characters. Section II. PELICARTA, Gray, 1857. S. SCUTULATA, Martyn. PI. 12, figs. 39, 40. Yellowish fawn-color, longitudinally more or less streaked with a darker shade; sutures callous. Length, 1*5-2 inches. New Zealand. S. oblita, Sowb., is a synonym. S. MIRABILIS, Smith. PL 12, fig. 41. Shell thin, white, under a very thin, deciduous olivaceous white epidermis, spire and upper part of body-whorl sharply cancellate, on the lower part of the body-whorl the longitudinal ribs become obsolete. Length, 42 mill. Kerguelen Islands. Has the aspect of a Buccinum, but the operculum, animal, and the dentition especially, show it to be a true Struthiolaria, Kerguelen has representatives of other New Zealand genera, showing similar variation in being more fragile. S. costulata, von Martens, is a synonym; it was published only about three weeks after Mr. Smith's name. S. microscopia, Gray. This is a species of Sinusigera. INDEX AND SYNONYMY. STROMBID/E. PAGB. Accinctus (Strombus), Born. Mus. Cses. Vind. = S. succinctus, Linn. . . . . . . .116 Ac^ipiter (Strombus), Dillw. Cat., p. 665. = S. accipitrinus, Lam. . . . . . . .108 Accipitrinus (Strombus), Lam. An. s. Vert., ix, p. 687. = S. costatus, Gmelin, ....... 108 Acutus (Strombus), Perry. Conch., pi. 12, f. 2. = S. Pacificus, Swains 114 Adustus (Strombus), Chemn. Conch., x, pi. 156, f. 1487-1404, = S. melanostomus, Swains. . . . . . .113 Adustus (Strombus), Swains. Reeve, Icon., f. 29. = S. papilio, Chemn. ', . . . . . . .110 Alaria, Morris and Lycett. Moll. Gr. Oolite, i, 1850, . 105 Alata (Pterocera), Sehum. Essai nov. gen., 1817. •= Strombus latissimus, Linn. . . . . . .111 Alatus (Strombus \ Gmelin, p. 3513, No. 14. = S. pugilis, Linn., var. . . . . . . .109 Alipes, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., i, 1865. = Gonochila, Gabb, .... ... 104 Anatellus (Strombus \ Duclos. Chenu, Illust. Conch., 5, It. 4, f. 11, 12; t. 21, f. 8, 9. = S. urceus, Linn. . .118 Anchnra, Conrad. Jour. Philad. Acad. [2],iv, 1860, . 105 Aporrhainse (Subfamily), . . . . . . .99 Aporrhais. Dillw. Philos. Trans., ii, 395, 1823, . .103,131 Aratrum (Monocondylaea), Morch. Cat. Yoldi, p. 62, = Strombus Pacificus, Swain 114 Arrhoges, Gabb. Am. Jour. Conch., iv, 144, 1868, . 104, 133 Arthritica (Pterocera), Morch. Cat. Yoldi. p. 60. = P. rugosa, Sowb. . . . . . . • .126 Athenius (Strombus), Duclos. Chenu, Illust. Conch., t. 11, f. 1,2. = S. vafiabilis, Swn. . . . .117 Aurantia (Pterocera), Lam. An. s. Vert. (Desh. ed.), ix, p. 675, . . . . . . . . • .124 Auris-Dianse (Strombus), Linn. Syst. Nat., edit, xii, 1209, 113 (135) 136 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGB. Australis (Strombus \ Sowb. Thes. Conch., pi. 39, f. 96, 97. = S. Padficus,Swn., var 114 Australis (Struthiolaria), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 13th ed., 3542. = S. vermis, Martyn. 133 Bengalina (Pyrula), Grat., 1840. = Pterocerabryonia, Gmel. 124 Bituberculatus ^ Strombus), Lam. An. s. Vert., ix, p. 690. 112 Brachystoma, Gardner. Geol. Mag. [2], iii, 1876, . . 104 Brevirostra (Rostellaria), Schum. Nouv. Syst., 223, 1817. = R. curvirostris, Lam. . . . . . . .127 Bryonia (Pterocera), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., p. 3520, . . .124 Bubonius (Strornbus), Lam. An. s. Vert., ix, p. 692, . 108 Bulbulus (Strombus), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1842, p. 144. 121 Cailliaudii (Conus), Jay. Ann. Lye. N. Y., iv, p. 169, pi. x, f. 8 a 6, 1846, . 122 Calyptrophorus, Conrad, 17n7. Gabb, Am. Jour. Conch., iv, 142, 103 Cainelus (Strombus), Chemn. Conch. Cab.,x,t. 155,f. 1478. — Pterocera lambis, Linn. 124 Campbelli (Strombus), Gray. Griff. An. Kingd., pi. 25, . 115 Campbelli (Strombus), Kiister. Conch. Cab., 2d ed., p. 69, t. 15, f. 2. = S. deformis, Gray, 116 Canaliculata (Struthiolaria), Spengler. Naturf., 24, 1782. = S. crenulata, Lam. 133 Canarium (Strombus), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1211, . . 110 Canarium, Schum. Essai nov. gen., 219, 1817, . . 101, 118 Cancellata (Rimella), Lam. An. s. Vert. (Desh. ed.), ix, p. 710, . 129 Cancellatus (Strombus), Pease. Proc. Zool. Soc. ,1860, p. 398, 122 Ceratosiphon, Gill. Am. Jour. Conch., v, 139, 1869, . . 104 Chemnitzii (Strombus), Pfr. Krit. Reg., p. 2. = S. Pacificus, Swain. . .... 114 Chenopus, Philippi. Enum. Moll. Sicil., i, 214, 1836. = Aporrhais, Dillw. ........ 103 Ghiragra (Pterocera), Linn. Syst. Nat., 12th ed.. p. 1207, 126 Chiragra (Pterocera), part, Lam. Hist. N., An. s. Vert.,ed. 2, ix, 675. = P. rugosa, Sowb 126 Chiropteron, Sars 132 Clavus (Strombus), Gmelin. Syst. Nat. = Rostellaria fusus, Linn. . . . . . .128 Columba (Strombus), Lam. An. s. Vert., ix, p. 702, . .115 Coniformis (Strombus), Sowb. Thes., t. 7, f. 55-61. = S. Mauritianus, var 278, 122 Conomurex, Bayle. Fischer, Manuel de Conch., 617. 101,122 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 137 Cornutus (Strombus), Perry. Conch., t. xi, f. 4. = S. pngilis, Linn. . . . . . . . .109 Coronarium (Buccinum), Soland. Catal. Portl. Mus. = S. papulosa, Mart. .133 Coronata (Strombus), Defrance. = S. bubonius, Lam. . 108 Corrugatus (Strombus), Ad. and Reeve. Toy. Samarang, p. 35, t. 10, f. 19. = S. rugosus, Sowb 119 Costatus (Strombus), Gmelin, p. 3520, . . 108 Costulata (Struthiolaria), Martens. Ber. Ges. Nat. Freunde, Berlin, 1875, p. 66. = S. mirabilis, Smith, . . .134 Crassilabrum (Strombus), Anton. Verz., 87, 2820, 1839, .122 Crenatus (Strombus), Sowb. Tank. Cat. App., p. 19. = S. galeatus, Swain. . . . . . . .108 Crenulata (Struthiolaria), Lam. An. s. Vert., vii, p. 148. = S. vermis, Mart., var 133 Crispata (Rimella), Sowb. The*. Conch., p. 26, pi. 8, f. 62, 63, 129 Cristatus (Strombus), Lam. An. s. Vert., ix, p. 691. = S. laciniatus, Chemn. . . . . . . .111 Crocata (Pterocera), Link. Verz. Nat. Samml. Rostock? = P. anrantia, Lam. ........ 124 Crocea (Pterocera), Sowb. Thes., t. 11, f. 4. = P. elongata, Swain 125 Cuphotifer, Piette, 1876, 105 Curta (Rostellaria), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1842. = R. curvirostris, Lam., var. ...... 127 Curvirostris (Rostellaria), Lam. An. s. Vert. (Desh. ed.) ix, p. 654, 127 Cyclomolops, Gabb. Am. Jour. Conch., iv, 142, 1868, . 103 Cylinclricus (Strombus), Swain. Zool. 111., pi. 53, f. 1, 2. = S. Mauritianus, Lam 122 Cyphosolenus, Piette, 1876, . . . . . . .104 Cyphotifer, Piette, 1876, . 105 Decumana (Cornuta), Rump. Amb. Rarit, p. 110, t. 35, f. Z), t. 36, f. G. = Pterocera lambis, Linn 124 Deformis (Strombus), Gray. Griff. An. Kingd., pi. 25, . 116 Deformis (Strombus), Kiener (non Gray;. Ic. Coq., p. 58, t. 32, f. 2. = S. Sibbaldi, Sowb. . . . . .118 Delicatula (Rostellaria), Geof. Nevill, Jour. As. Soc. Beng., 1881, 262 .128 Dentatus (Strombus), Kien., t. 19, f. 2 (non Wood). = S. terebellatus, Sowb . . .121 Dentatus (Strombus), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1213, . .118 Dentula (Rostellaria), Perry. Conch., t. 10, f. 3. = R. curvirostris, Lam. ....... 127 Diartema, Piette, 1864, 104 138 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Dicroloma, Gabb. Am. Jour. Conch., iv, 146, t. 14, f. 16-17, 1868, . . . 105 Diempterus, 1'ictte, 1876, 105 Dilatatus (Strombus), Lam. An. s. Vert., ix, p. 792. = S. costatus, Gtnel., var. inermis 108 Dilatatus (Strombus), Swains. Zool. Illust., . . .115 Dimorphpsoma, Gardner. Geol. Mag. [ii], ii, 1875, . . 104 Dolophanes, Gabb. Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., xv, 234, 1872, 105 Drepanocheilus, Meek. Check List, Invert. Foss., 35, 1864. = Anchura, Con. Gabb, A. J. C., iv, 145, . . .105 Dubius (Strombus), Sowb. Thes. Conch., t. 9, f. 30. = S. alatus, Gmel.Juv. . .... 109 Elatus (Strombus). Anton. Yerz., 85, 2799, . . .122 Elegans (Strombus), Sowb. Thes. Conch., t. 7, f. 43, 48. = S. dentatus, L., var. erythrinus, 119 Elongata (Pteroeera), Swains. Ex. Conch. App. p. 32, . 125 Epidrornis (Strombus), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1211, . . 116 Epiraellus (Strombus), Duclos. Chemn., p. 3, pi. 16, f. 11, 12 ; pi. 22, f. 5, 6. = S. floridus, Lam 120 Erythrinus (Strombus). Chemn., xi, 146, 1. 195 a, f. 1874-75. = S. dentatus, Linn., var. 119 Euprotomus, Gill. Am. Jour. Conch., v, 131, 1869, . 100, 110 Expansa (Strombus), Martini. Conch. Cab., iii, p. lll,t. 79, f. 821. = S. epidromis, Linn. . . . . .lib" Exustus (Strombus ^, Swain. Zool. 111., i, pi. 134, f. 1. = S. papilio, Chemn. 110 Fasciatus (Strombus), Born. Mus. Caes. Vind., p. 278, . 120 Fasciatus (Strombus), Gmel., p. 3510. = S. bubonius, Lam. 108 Favanni (Rostellaria), Pfeiffer. Crit. Register, 106, 1840. = R. fissa, Dillw 128 Fissa (Rostellaria), Dillw. Desc. Cat., 656, 1815, . . 128 Fissurella (Rostellaria), Sowb. Thes., pi. 8, f. 64, 65 (non Linn.). = Rimella cancellata, Lam. . . . .129 Flammeus (Strombus), Link. Beschreib. Mus. Rostock, 1807 ; Mo'rch, Yoldi Cat., pt. i, 63. = S floridus, Lam. .119 Flavigula (Alata), Meuschen. Mus. Gevers., p. 338. = Strombus fasciatus, Born, . . . . . .120 Floridus ( Strombus), Lam. An. s. Vert., ix, p. 707, . .119 Flosculosus (Strombus), Morch. Cat. Conch. Yoldi, part 1 a, p. 63. = S. floridus, Lam. . . . .119 Fusiformis (Strombus), Sowb. Thes., pi. 9, f. 91, 92, . .117 Fusus (Rostellaria), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., 3506. = R. curvirostris, Lam 127 Fusus (Rostellaria), Linn. Syst. Nat. (12 ed.), p. 1207, . 128 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 139 Galea (Strombus), Wood. Ind. Test. Supp. Lam., 4, f. 13, 1828. = S. galeatus, Swain. . . ... 108 Galeatus (Strombus), Swain. Phil. Mag., 1823, p. 401, . 108 Gallinula, Klein. Tent., 56, 1753 101,114 Gallus (Strombus), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1209, . . .113 Gibberulus (Strombus), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1210, . 121 Gibberulus • Strombus), Meuschen (non Linn.). Morch, Yoldi Cat., 63. = S. floridus, Lam. . . . .120 Gigas (Strombus \ Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1210, . . .107 Gigas (Struthiolaria), Sowb.' Thes, Conch., pi. 5, f. 17, . 133 Glabratus (Strombus s Sowb. Thes. Conch., pi. 8, f. 66, 67. = Nassa obliqua, Kr. 122 Gladius, Klein. Tent. Ostrac., 59, 1753. = Rostellaria, Lam. ... . . 102 Goliath (Strombus), Chemn. Conch. Cab., xi, pi. 195, . 107 Goniocheila, Gabb. Am. Jour. Conch., iv, 144, 1868, . . 104 Gracilior (Strombus), Sowb. Tank. Cat., p. 20, . .109 Granulatus (Strombus), Gray. Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl., t. 4, f. 21, . 110 Guttatus (Strombus), Mart. Conch. Cab., iii,p. 126, pi. 84, f. 840. = S. atiris-Dianse, Linn. . . . . .113 Gymnarus, Gabb., Am. Jour. Conch., iv, 139, 1868, . .101 Hremastoma (Strombus), Sowb. Thes., pi. 7, f. 51, . . 120 Halia, Risso. Manual, vi. Placed in Struthiolarinae by Gabb, A. J. C., iv, 147. Harpago, Klein. Tent. Meth. Ostrac., 1753, p. 79, . 102, 126 Harpagodes, Gill. Am. Jour. Conch., v, 138, 1869, . . 102 Helicaulax, Gabb. Am. Jour. Conch., iv, 145, t. 14, f. 15, 1868 104 Hellii (Strombus), Rousseau. Kien. Iconog., t. 13, f. 2, . 120 [eptaclactylus (Alata), Mart. Conch. Cab., Hi, p. 150, t. 36, f. *55, t. 90, f. 884. = Pterocera lam'bis, Linn. . . 124 Heptadactylus, Klein. Ostrac., 99, 1753, . . . 101, 124 Hippochrenes, Montf. Conch. Syst., ii, 522, 1810, . . 103 Incisus (Strombus), Wood. Ind. Test. Supp. = S. urceus, Gmel. . . . . . . . .118 Inermis (Strombus), Swains. Exot. Conch., p. 36. 5. costatus, Gm., var. . . . . . . .108 Inermis (Struthiolaria), Sowb. Thes. Conch., p. 23, pi. 5, f. 12, 13 and 19. = S. vermis,Mart. . . 133 Integer (Strombus), Swain. Gray, Desc. Cat., June, 1832, p. 2, . .108 Isabella (Strombus), Lam. An. s. Vert., ix, p. 700. = S. canarium, Linn., var 110 140 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Ismarius (Strombus), Duclos. Chenu, Conch. Illust., 5, t. 7, f. 1-2. = S. fasciatus. Born, . . . .120 Isopleura, Meek. Check List Invert. Foss., 36, 1864, . 102 Japonicus^Strombus), Reeve. Conch. Icon., 42, 1851, . 115 Japonicus'(Strombus), Reeve. Lischke, Jap. Meeresconch. Suppl., 30, t. 5, f. 7. — S. dilatatus, Swains. . . .115 Kieneri (Strombus), Tapparone-Canefri. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, viii, 346. = S. Sibbaldi, Sowb 118 Kochii (Pterocera), Freyer. Sitz. der K. Akad. der Wiss. Vien.. xv, p. 22, 1852. = P. chiragra, Linn. . . 126 Labiosus (Strombus), Gray. Wood, Ind. Test. Suppl. , t. 4, 116 Labrosus (Strombus), Menke. Verzeichniss, No. 1209 ; Morch, Mai. Blatt., xviii, 127. = S. Luhuanus, L. . . 122 Laciniatus (Strombus), Chemn. Conch. Cab., x, t. 158, f. 1506-7 ; Dillwyn, Desc. Cat., ii, 663, . Ill Laevilabris (Strombus), Menke. Syn., p. 71. = S. Luhuanus, Linn. . . . . . . .122 Lamarckii (Strombus , Gray. Sowb. Thes. Conch., 35. = S. anris-Dianae, Linn 113 Lambis (Pterocera), Linn. Syst. Nat. (12th ed.), p. 1208, . 124 Latissimus (Strombus), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1211, . . Ill Latus (Strombus), Gmel., p. 3520. i= S. costatus, Gmel., var. inermis, . . . . 108 Leiorhinus, Gabb. Jour. Philada. Acad. [2], iv, 1860, . 103 Lentiginosus (Strombus), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1208, . . 110 Lineatus (Strombus), Lam. An. s. Vert., ix, p. 708. = S. fasciatus, Born 120 Lispodesthes, White. Rep. Geol. 100th Merid., iv, 191, 1875, 104 Listeri (Strombus), T. Gray. Ann. and Mag. N. H., x, p. 430, 1852, .114 Lituratus (Strombus), Menke. Verzeichniss, No. 1205; Morch, Mai. Blatt. xviii, 127. = S. variabilis, Swains. . 117 Lobatus (Strombus), Swains. Zool. 111., t. 3, pi. 153. = S. bituberculatus, Lam. . . . . . .112 Longus (Turbo), Jonston. Hist. Nat., t. 11. = Rostellaria curvirostris, Lam. . . . . 127 Loxotrema, Gabb. Am. Jour. Conch., iv, 147, 1868, . . 105 Lucifer (Strombus), Linn. Syst. Nat., x, n. 414 ; xii, n. 503. = S. gigas, Linn. . . . . . . . .107 Luhuanus (Strombus \ Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1209, . .122 Luteostoma (Rostellaria), Angas. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1878, p. 313, pi. xviii, f. 8-9. = R. curvirostris, Lam., var. . 127 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 141 PAGE. Macandrese (Aporrhais), Jeffreys. Brit. Conch., iv, p. 252; v, t. Ixxx, f. 2. = A. Serresianus, Mich. Jeffre}7s, Proc. Roy. Soc., xxv, 189, 132 Maculatus( Strombus), Nuttall. Sowb. Thes., pi. 7, f. 53, . 120 Maculpsum (Terebellum), Ad, Narr. Voy. Samarang, vol. ii, 358/ = T. subulatum, Lam 131 Magna (Rostellaria), Schroter. Concli. Cab.,x, p. 38, 1788. = R. curvirostris, Lam. . . . . . 127 Marginatus (Strombus), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1209, . . 116 Marmorens (Murex), Jonston. Hist. Nat., pi. 2, f. 3. = Strombus pugilus. Linn. ...... 109 Martinii (Rostellaria), Marrat. Jour, of Conch., i, p. 244, pi. 1, . . . 128 Mauntianus (Strombus), Issel. Malak. Mar. Rosso., p. 130. = S. gibberulus, Linn. . . . . . . .121 Mauritianus (Strombus), Lam. An. s. Vert., ix, p. 699, . 122 Mauryna, Gregorio, 1880. Fischer, Man. de Conch., 673, . 103 Melanocheilus (Rostellaria), A. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1854, p. 42. = R. fusus, Linn., var. . .... 128 Melanostomus (Strombus), Swains. Ex. Conch., p. 10, t. 47. = S. auris-Dianae, Linn., var. ..... 113 Melnptera, Piette, 1876. = Phyllocheilus, Gabb, . .102 Microscopica (Struthiolaria), Gray. ZoolH3eechey. Voy., p. 108, . 134 Millepeda (Pterocera), Linn. Syst. Nat. (12th ed.),p. 1208, 125 Millipes, Klein. Ostrac., 99, 1753, . . .' . 101, 125 Minimus (Strombus), Linn. Mantissa., p. 549, . . .117 Mirabilis (Strombus), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1870, p. 25 T, pi. xx i, f. 4. = S. Listeri, Gray, . . .114 Mirabilis (Struthiolaria), Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 4th ser., xvi, \). 67. 1875 ; Trans. Roy. Soc., 168, p. 170, pi. ix, f. 3, 134 Mitrtefusus, Bellardi. Moll. foss. Piem., 1871, . . .102 Monocyphus, Piette, 1876, 104 Monodactylus, Klein. Ostrac , 98, 1753, . . . 101, 112 Multipes (Pterocera), Desh. Lamarck, id. 2, ix, 677. = P. violacea, Swains. . . . . . . .125 Mntabilis (Strombus), Swain. Zool. Illus., t. 71, f. 1. • = S. floridus, Lam. . . . . . . . .119 Nebulosum (Terebellum \ Blainv. Dufo., Ann. Sc. Nat., 1840, p. 178. = T. subulatum, Lam 131 Nodosa (Pterocera), Swains. Brug., Enc. Meth., pi. 410, 2. = P. scorpio, Linn. ........ 125 Nodosa (Struthiolaria), Gray, in Yates' N. Zeal., p. 308. = S. papulosa, Mart. . . . 133 142 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Nodulosa (Struthiolaria), Lam. An. s. Vert., 2d ed., ix, p. 534. = S. papulosa, Martyn, .133 Novse-Zelandiae ( Strombus \ Chemn., x, pi. 156, f. 1485- 1486. S. Pacificus, Swains. . . . 114 Novem-dactylis instructus (Pterocera), Chem. Conch. Cab., x, p. 207, pi. 155, f. 1479-1480. = P. elongata, Swains., 125 Oblita (Struthiolaria), Sowb. Tank. Cat., App., p. xviii, = S. scutulata, Mart 134 Occidentalis (Aporrhais), Beck. Mag. de Zool., 1836, pi. 72, 133 Olydius (Strombus), Duclos. Chenu, Illust. Conch., 4, t. 5, f. 7. = S. dentatus, Linn 119 Oncoma, Mayer. Bull. Soc. Geol. France, [3], iv, 1876, . 101 Orientalis (Strombus), Jonston. Nat. Hist., pi. 11, f. 2; Chenu, 111. Conch., t. 18, f. 1, 2. = S. tricornis, Lam. . 112 Orosminus (Strombus), Duclos. Chenn, Conch. Illus., 6, t. 10, f. 10, 11. = S. columba, Linn 115 Orthaulax, Gabb. Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., xv, 234, 1873, 103 Pacificus (Strombus ', Swains. Ex. Conch., p. 10, t. 17, .113 Papilio (Strombus), Chemn. Conch. Cab.,x, t. 158, f. 1510 and 1511 ; Dillwyn., Desc. Cat-, ii, 661 110 Papillosa (Struthiolaria), Gray. Guide Moll. B. Mus., p. 76. = S. papulosa, Mart. . . . . . . .133 Papulosa (Struthiolaria), part, Desh. An. s. Vert. = S. gigas, Sowb 133 Papulosa ^Struthiolaria), Martyn. Univ. Conch., 1784, pi. 54, 133 Pelicaria, Gray. Guide to the Moll. B. Mus., p. 77, 1857, 105: 134 Pentadactylus (Cochlea), Pliny. = Aporrhais pes-pelicani, Linn. ..... 131 Pereirsea, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., xv, 464, 1867, . . 101 Perissoptera, Tate. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Repertory, 1865. = Anchura, Con. Gabb, A. J. C., iv, 145, . . .105 Persians (Strombus), Swain. Zool. 111., pi. 53. = S. fasciatus, Born. . . 120 Pertmax (Strombus), Duclos. Chenu, Illus. Conch., 15, t. 29, f. 1,2. =-S. tricornis, Lam 112 Peruanus (? Strombus), Anton. Verz. 85, No. 2810, 1839, 122 Peruvianus (Strombus), Swain. Zool. Illus., pi. 39. Kobelt, 50. Reeve, 6. Sow., 110. Kiener, viii and xxxiv, f. 1, var. 112 Pes-carbonis (Aporrhais), Forbes and Han ley (non Broug.). t Brit. Moll. = Rostellaria Serressiaiw, Mich. . . . '132 Pes-pelicani (Rostellaria), Linn. Syst. Nat. (12th ed.), p. 1207, . . . .131 INDEX AND SYNONYAJY. 143 PAGE. Pes-struthiocameli (Murex), Chemn. Conch. Cab., x, f. 1520-1521. = S. papulosa, Martyn, . . . .133 Phyllocheilus, Gabb. Am. Jour. Conch., iv, 140, 1868, . 102 Pla'tyoptera, Conrad. Proc. Phila. Acad., 257, 1855. = Rostellaria, Lam 102 Plicatus (Strombus), Lam. An. s. Vert., ix, p. 706, . .119 Polydactylus (Alata), Mart. Conch. Cat., iii, p. 160, pi. 88, f. 8(U-8C>2. = Pterocera millipeda, Linn. . .125 Polyfasciatus (Strombus), Chemn. Conch. Cab., x, t. 155, f. 1483-84. = S. fasciatus, Born 120 Ponderosus (Strombus), Philippi. Abb. i, taf. 2, 3, . .111 Powisii (Rostellaria), Petit. Mag.de Zool., 1842, pi. 53, . 128 Pseudo-scorpio (Pterocera), Lam. An. s Vert. (Desh. ed ), ix, p. 674, 125 Pterocera, Lamarck. Prodr., 1799, .... 101, 123 Pterocerella, Meek. Check List Invert. Foss., 36, 1864, . 104 Pterodonta, d'Orb. Pal. Franc. Terr. Cret., ii, 320, . .'103 Puoilis (Strombus), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1207, . . .109 Puo-nellus, Conrad. Jour. Pliilad. Acad. [2], iv, 1860, .101 Pulchellus (Strombus), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 52, 1851. = S. dentatus, Linn., var. 119 Puncttitum (Terebelhim), Chemn. Conch. Cab., x, 124. = T. subtilatum, Lam. ....... 131 Purpurascens (Pterocera), Swains. Sowb., Tlies., 43. = P. violacea, Swains. . . . . . . .125 Pusillus (Strombus), Anton. Verz., 86, No. 2812, 1839, . 122 Pyramis, Bolten. Mus. Bolt., 1798. = Strombus, Linn., juv. . . . . . . .- 100 Pyrulatus (Strombus), Lam. An s. Vert., ix, p. 696. ' = S. alatus, Gm 109 Quad rat us (Strombus\ Perry. Conch., t. xii, f. 1. = S. bitubercnlatus, Lam. . . . . . .112 Quadrifidus (Rostellaria), Da Costa. Brit. Shells. = Aporrhais pes.pelieani, Linn 131 Radians (Strombus), Duclos. Chenu, Illust. Conch., 5, t. 4, f. 15. 16. = S. urceus, Linn. . . . . . 118 Raninus (Strombus), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3511. = S. bituberculatus, Lam. . , . . . .112 Rectirostris (Rostellaria), Lam. An. s. Vert. (Desh. ed.), p. 655. = R. fusus, Linn 128 Rh'odostomus (Strombus gibberulus. var.), Morch. Decken, Reisen, iii, 1, 64. = S. gibbernlus, Linn. . , . 127 Rimella, Agassiz. Sowb., Min. Conch, ed. Germ.. 137, 1840, . 102, 129 144 INDEX AND bYNONYMY. PAGE. Robusta (Pterocera), Swains. Ex. Conch., p. 32, 1833, .126 Robnstus (Strombus). Sow. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1874, p. 599, pi. 72, f. 3, 3 a = S. marginatus, Linn. . . . .116 Rostellaria, Lam. Prodr., 1799, 102, 127 Rostellum,Montfort. Conch. Syst., ii, 518, 1810. = Rostellaria, Lam., 1799, . , . . . .102 Rugosa (Pterocera), Sowb. Thes. Conch., pt. 2, 1. 11, f. 9, 10, 126 Rugosus (Strombus), Sowb Tank. Cat. A pp., p. 20. = S. dentatns, Linn., var. . ... 119 Ruppellii (Strombus), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 13, 1850. = S. dentatus, var. erythrinus, 119 Samar t Strombus), Chemn. Conch. Cab., x, t. 157, f. 1503 ; Dillw. Cat..ii, 674, . .121 Samarensis (Strombus), Reeve. Conch. Ic., xix, f. 53. = S. Samar, Chemn. .121 Scalariformis (Strombus), Duclos. Mag. Zool., p. 27, t. 27, 1833, 120 Scorpio (Pterocera), Linn. Syst. Nat., 12th ed., p. 1208, . 125 Sctitulata (Struthiolaria), Hutton. Cat. Mar. Mol. N. Z., Jour, de Conch , 25, 1872. .= S/vermis, Marty n, . . 133 Scutulata (Struthiolaria), Martyn. Univ. Conch., pi. 55, . 134 Sebse ( Pterocera ^, Valen. Kiener, Iconog., t. 2, t. 4, f. 2. = P. bryonia, Gmelin, ....... 124 Semilunare (Chiropteron), Sars. Beskrivelser og Jag 1835, t. 14, f. 38 ; Morch, Ann. Mag. N. H., 1865, xvi, p. 78. ? = Larva of Aporrhais, . . . 132 Senegalensis (Aporrhais), Gray. Ann. and Mag. N. H., 1838, i, p. 27, ..." . .132 Septimus (Strombus), Duclos. Chenu, 111. Conch., 7, t. 13, f. 9, 10; t. 15, f. 11 ; t. 26, f. 2. = S. succinctus, L., var. 117 Seraphs, Montfort. Conch. Syst., ii, 374, 1810. .= Terebcllum, Klein, Sect 103 Serrata (Rostellaria), Perry. Conch., t. 11, f. 2. = R. fissa, Dillw .128 Serresianus (Aporrhais), Mich. Bui. Soc. Linn. Bord., 2, p. 120, f. 3-4. 1828, 132 Sibbaldi (Strombus), Sowb. Thes., t. 7, f. 10-11. . . 118 Sloanii (Strombus), Leach. Miscel., pi. 22, f. 1. = S. pugilis, Linn., var. ....... 109 Sowerbyi (Pterocera), Morch. Jour, de Conch., 1872, p. 131. = P.' bryonia, Gmel 124 Speciosa (Llimclla), H. and A. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1863, p. 428, 129 Spinigera, d'Orb., 1850. Gabb, A. J. C., iv, 141, . . 105 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 145 PAGE. Spinosa (Vespertilio), Seba. Mas. == Rostellaria pes-pelicani, Linn. . . 131 Stramineus (Murex), Gmeiin. Linn., Syst. Nat., 13th ed. = S. pnpulosa, Martyn, . . . . 133 Striatogranosus (Strombus), Morch. Martens, Mauritius, 277. = S. auris-Dianae, Linn 113 Strombidaj (Family), .... ... 99 Strombidea, Swainson. Malacol., 140, 310, 1840. = Canarium, Schum. .... . 101 Strombinse (Subfamily), .... .99 Strombolaria, Gregorio, 1880, 102 Strombus, Linn. Syst. Nat., 742, 1758, . . .100,106 •Struthiolaria, Lamarck. Extr. d'un Cours, 1812, . 105, 133 Struthiolariinse, . 100 Subulata (Rostellaria), Schum. Essai Nouv. Syst. == R. fusuft, Linn . 128 Subulatum (^Terebellum), Lam. An. sans Vert. (edit. Desh.), x, 584, . ^ .131 Subulatus (Strombus), Herbst. Hist. Verm., t. 48, f. 8. = S. fasciatus, Born. .... . 120 Succinctus (Strombus), Linn, Syst. Nat., p. 1212, . . 116 Sulcata (Struthiolaria), Jonas. Arch. f. Nat., 1839, i, p. 342, pi. ix, f. 5. .= S. gigas, Sowb. . . . 134 Sulcatus (Strombus), Anton. Verz , 85, No. 2798. = S. alatus, Gm. 109 Sulcatus (Strombus), Chem. Conch. Cab., xi, t. 195, f. 1870-71. = S. vittatus, Linn .114 Swainsonii (Strombus), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 28. = S. dilatatus, Swain 115 Tseniata (Strombus), Quoy. Voy. Astr., ii, t. 51, f. 14-15. = S. Isabella, Lam. . '. . . . . . .110 Tankervillii (Strombus), Swains. Teste Reeve, Icon., f. 26. = S. columba, Lam. . . . . . . . .115 Taurus (Strombus), Reeve. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1857, p. 207, t. 37, f. 3, Ill Terebellatus (Strombus), Sowb. Thes., pi. 9, f. 84, 85, . 121 Terebellopsis, Leymerie. Bull. Soc. Geol., 1844, . . 103 Terebellum, Klein. Tent. Ostrac., 38, 1753, . . . 103, 130 Terebellum (Bulla), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1185. = Terebellum punctatum, Chemn 131 Tessarolax, Gabb. Geol. Survey Cal., 1864, . . .104 Thersites (Strombus), Gray. Sow., Thes., pi. 10, f. 109, = S. ponderosus, Phil. . . . . . . .111 Tricornis (Strombus), Lam. An. s. Vert., ix, p. 689, . . 112 10 146 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Tridactylus, Gardner. Geol. Mag., 1875. = Dicroloma, Gabb. . . . . . . . .105 Tridentatus (Strombus), Lam. An. s. Vert., ix, p. 704. = S. Samar, Chera. . . . 120 Troglodytes (Strombus), Lam. An. s. Vert., ix, p. 703. = S. minimus, Linn. . . . . . . . .117 Truncata (Pterocera), Lam. An. s. Vert., vii, p. 195. = P. bryonia, Gm 124 Tubercularis (Strombus), Anton. Verz., 86, No. 2813, 1839, 122 Turritus (Strombus), Lam. An. s. Vert., ix, p. 706. = Var. S. vittatus, Linn 114 Tyleri (Rimella), H. and A. Adams. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1863, p. 428, . 129 Undulatus (Strombus), Chemn. Kuster, t. 4 6, f. 3-4. = S. alatus, Gm .109 Unicornis (Strombus), Dillw. Desc. Cat. = Rostellaria fusus, Linn. 128 Urceus (Strombus), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1212, . . 118 Urceus (Strombus), var. Schreiber's Conch., i, p. 187. = S. dentatus, Linn. : . . . .118 Ustulatum (Canariuin), Schum. Nouv. Syst., p. 219, 1817. = Strombus urceus, Linn. . . . . . .118 Vanicorensis (Strombus), Quoy. Voy. Astr., t. 51, f. 7-9. = S. canarium, Linn. Variabilis (Strombus), Swains. Zool. 111., i, t. 10, . .117 Ventricosus (Fusus), Humph. Mus. Calonn., p. 35. = Rostellaria curvirostris, Lam. Vermis (Struthiolaria), Martyn. Univ. Conch., pi. 53, . 133 Vermis (Struthiolaria), Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 4. = S. gigas, Sowb. . . . . . . . .133 Violacea /Pterocera), Swains. Exot. Conch. App., 33, . 125 Vittatus (Strombus), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1211, . 114 Yoldii (Pterocera), Morch. Yoldi Cat., p. 60, 1852, . . 126 REFERENCE TO PLATES. STROMBID/E. PLATE 1. FIGURE PAGE. 1. Strombus floridus, Lam. Dentition. Fischer, Manuel de Conch., f. 428, p. 669, . . 99 2. Strombus gigas, Linn. Chenu, Manuel de Conch., i, f. 1570, ... 107 3. Strombus gigas, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 117, . 107 4. Strombus gigas, juv. Kiener, Icon., t. 33, f. 1, . . 107 5. Strombus Goliath, Chemn. Sowb., Thes. Conch, f. 118, 107 6. Strombus galcatus, Swains. Thes. Conch., f. 114, • 108 7. Strombus accipitrimis, Lam. (= costatus). Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 12, 108 8. Strombus inermis, Swains. (== costatus \ Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 113, ........ 108 9. Strombus alatus (= pugilis, var.). Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 75, . . . . 109 10. Strombus pyrnlatus, Lam. (= alatus). Thes. Conch., f. 72, .109 PLATE 2. 11. Strombus bubonius, Lam. Reeve, Icon., f. 27, . . 108 12. Strombus integer, Swains. Lister. Hist. Conch., t. 856, 108 13. Strombus pugilis, Linn. Sowb., Thes., f. 74, . . 109 14. Strombus pugilis, Linn. Sowb., Genera, t. 10, f. 2, . 109 15. Strombus pugilis, Linn. Chenu, Manual,, f. 1582, . 109 16. Strombus dubius, Sowb. (= pugilis). Thes. Conch., f. 80, 109 17. Strombus gracilior, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 73, . . 109 18. Strombus canarium, Linn. Kiener, Icon., t. 29, f. 1 a, 110 19. Strombus canarium, Linn. Quoy, Yo}7. Astro!., t. 51, f. 10, , .. ... . 110 20. Strombus Isabella, Lam. (= canarium, var.). Kiener, Iconog., t. 25, f. 2, 110 (147) 148 REFEaENCE TO PLATES. PLATE 3. FIGURE. PAGE. 21. Strombus tseniata, Quoy (= Isabella). Voy. Astrol., t. 51, f. 14, .. . 110 22. Strombus granulatus, Gray. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 32 a, 110 23. Strombus lentiginosus, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 79, ... UO 24. Strombus lentiginosus, Linn. Kiener, Icon., t. 18, f. 1, J 10 25. Strombus papilio, Dillw. Sowb., Thes. Conch*, f. 44, . 110 26. Strombus laciniatus, Dillw. Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 25, 111 27. Strombus latissimus, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 112, 111 28. Strombus Thersites, Gray (= ponderosus, Phil.). Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 109, . . Ill 29. Strombus Peruvianus, Lam. Chenu, Manuel, f. 1587, 112 30. 31. Strombus tricornis, Lam. Kiener, Iconog., t. 7; t. 33, f. 3, . . .112 PLATE 4. 32. Strombus lobatus, Swn. (= bituberculatus, Lam ). Thes. Conch., f. 76, . . . .112 33. Strombus bituben ulatus, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f.306, . 112 34. Strombns taurus, Reeve. Zoo.l. Proc., t. 37, f. 3, 1857, 111 35. Strombus gallus, Linn. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 18, . 113 36. Strombus gallus, Linn. Kiener, Iconog., t. 33, f. 2, . 113 37. Strombus auris-Dianae, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 88, 113 38. Strombus melanostoma, Swn. (= auris-Dianae, var.), Thes. Conch., f. 89, 113 39. Strombus Pacificus, Swn. Sowb., Thes. Conch. Kf. 86, 113 40. Strombus australis, Sowb. (= Pacificus, Swn.). Thes. Conch. ,f. 97, ... . .114 41-43. Strombus vittatus, Linn. Thes. Conch., f. 28,29,30, 114 44. Strombus sulcatus, Chemn. (= vittatus, Linn.). Kiister, Monog.,t. 13, f. 8, . . . . .114 45. Strombus mirabilis, Sowb. (— Listen, T. Gray). Zool. Proc., t. 21, f. 4, 1870, . .114 PLATE 5.. 46. Strombus Campbelli, Gray. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 45, 115 47. Strombus Swainsoni, Rve. (— dilatatus, Swn.). Conch. Icon., f. 286, .115 48. Strombus Japonicus, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 42, . 115 49. Strombus columba, Lam. Reeve, Icon., f. 26 6, . .115 50. Strombus orosminus, Duclos (= columba). Chenu, Conch. Illust., t. 10, f. 11, 115 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 149 FIOITRE. PA SB. 51. Strombus labiosus, Gray. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 50, 116 52. Strombus deformis, Gray. Conch. Icon., f. 55 6, . .116 53. Strombus marginatus, Linn. Reeve, Conch. Icon.,f. 49, 116 54. Strombus robustus, Sowb. (= marginatus). Zool. Proc., t. 72, f. 5 «, 1874, . . . . .116 55. Strombus epidromis, Linn. Kiener, Iconog., t. 26, f. 1, 116 PLATE 6. 56. Strombus succinctus, Linn. Conch. Icon., f. 43, . 116 57. Strombus Septimus, Duclos (= succinctus, var.). Chenu, Conch. Illust,, t. 13, f. 9, 117 58. Strombus fusiformis, Sowb. Kiener, Iconog., t. 28, f. 2, 117 59. 60. Strombus variabilis, Swn. Reeve, Icon., f. 21 er, a, 117 61. Strombus athenius, Duclos (= variabilis). Chenu, Illust., t. ll,f. 2, . ..... 117 62. Strombns troglodytes, Lam. (— minimus, L.). Kiener, Iconog., t. 31, f. 2, . . . . . .117 63 Strombus Sibbaldi, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 48, 118 64. Strombus deformis, Kiener (= Sibbaldi). Kiener, Iconog., t. 32, f. 2, 118 65, 66. Strombus urceus, Linn. Conch. Icon., f. 246, c, . 118 67. Strombus anatellus, Duel. (= urceus). Chenu, Conch., Illust., t. 21, f. 9, 118 68. Strombus olydius, Duel. ( = dentatus). Chenu, Illust , t. 5, f. 7," 118 69. Strombus Riippelli, Reeve (= erythrinus). Conch. Icon.,f. 13 a, 119 70. Strombus pnlchellus, Reeve (— dentatus, var.). Conch. Icon., f. 52, 119 PLATE 7. 67. Strombus radians, Duel. (— dentatus). Chenu, Conch. Illus., t. 4, f. 16, . 118 68. Strombus dentatus, Linn. Conch. Icon., f. 17, . . 118 69. Strombus dentatus, Linn. Chenu, Conch. Illus., t. 5, f. 6, . . . . . . . . . 118 70. Strombus plicatus, Lam. Kiener, Iconog., t. 31, f. 1, . 119 71. Strombus elegans, Sowb. (— erj'thrinus). Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 41 a, . . . .119 72. Strombus corrugatus, Ad. and Reeve (= dentatus, var.). Yoy. Samarang, t. 10, f. 19, .... 119 73. Strombus floridus, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 11 a, 119 74. Strombus floridus, Lam. Kiener, Iconog., t. 32, f. 1, 1 c, 1 a, . 119 150 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURB. PAGE. 77. Strombusisrnarius,Ducl. (= fasciatus). Chenu, Conch. Illust., t. 7, f. 2, . ' . 120 78. Strombus hsemastoma, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 56, .120 79. Strombus hellii, Rousseau. Kiener, Iconog.,t. 13, f. 2, 120 80. Strombus epimellus, Duel. (=floridus). Chenu, Illus., t. 16, f. 12, ... . 119 81. Strombus scalariformis, Duel. Kiener, Iconog., t. 14, f. 3, 120 82. Strombus fasciatus. Born. Kiener, Iconog., t. 30, f. 1, 120 83. Strombus epimellus, Duel. (= floridus). Chenu, Conch. Illust., t. 22, f. 6, . . . .119 84. Strombus maculatus, Nuttall. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 23, .... . 120 PLATE 8. 85. Strombus gibberulus, Linn. Kiener, Iconog., t. 28, f. 1, 121 86. Strombus bulbulus, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 8 a, 121 87. Strombus teiebellatus, Sowb. Conch. Icon., f. 10 a, . 121 88. Strombus Snmar, Chemn. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 53 6, 121 89. Strombus Mauritian ns, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 59, 122 90. Strombus conifonnis, Sowb. (= Mauri tianus). Thes. Conch., f. 55, 122 91. Strombus Luhuanus, Linn. Thes. Conch., f. 54, . . 122 92. Strombus Luhuanus, monstrosity. Ann. Soc. Mai. Belgique, x, t. 2, f. 1 122 1, 2. Pterocera lambis, Linn. Thes. Conch., f. 5, 7, . 124 3. Pterocera lambis, Linn., juv. Kiener, Iconog., t. 9, f . 2 ' .124 4. Pterocera truncata, Lam. (= bryonia\ Gmel.). Ibid., t. l,f. 1, . . . . . .124 PLATE 9. 5. Pterocera aurantia, Lam. Kiener, Iconog., t. 7, . . 124 6. Pterocera scorpio, Linn. Reeve, Icon., f. 3, . .125 7. Pterocera pseudoscorpio, Lam. Reeve, Icon., f. 4. .125 8. Pterocera truncata, Lam. (— bryonia), Gmel.). Thes. Conch., f. 13, .... . 124 9. Pterocera millepeda, Linn. Kiener, Iconog., t. 9, f. 1, 125 10. Pterocera elongata, Swainson. Chenu, Manuel, f. 1617, 125 1 1. Pterocera multipes (— violacea, Swn.). Chenu, Manuel, f. 1614, 125 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 151 PLATE 10. FIGURE. PAGE. 12. Pterocera chiragra, Chenu (— rugosa, Sowb.), Chenu, Manuel, f. 1612, 126 13. Pterocera chiragra, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 12, 126 14. Rostellaria curvirostris, Lam. Thes. Conch., t. 5, f. 9, 127 15. Rostellaria curta, Sowb. (= curvirostris, var.). Thes. Conch., t. 5, f. 7, 127 16. Rostellaria luteostoma, Angas (= curvirostris, var.). Zool. Proc., t. 18, f. 8, 1878, 127. 17. Rostellaria rectirostris, Lam. (= fusus, Linn). Thes. Conch., t. 5, f. 8, . . . . . . 128 18. Rimella fissurella (= cancellata). Thes. Conch., t. 8, f. 65, . . .129 19. Rimella crispata, Sowb. Thes. Conch., t. 8, f. 62. . 129 20. Rimella cancellata, Lam. Reeve, Rostellaria, f. 10 6, 129 PLATE 11. 2 1 . Rostellaria rectirostris, var. melanostoma, Sowb. Thes. Conch., t. 5, f. 10, 128 22. Rostellaria Powisii, Petit. Reeve, Icon., f. 4 6, . . 128 23. Rostellaria Favannii, Pfr. (= n'ssa, Dillw.). Kiener, Iconog., t. 3, f. 2, . . . . . 128 24. Rostellaria Martinii, Marrat. Jour, of Conch., i, t. 1, 128 25. Aporrhnis pes-pelicani, Linn. Troschel, Gebiss,i, t. 17, f. 3, 99 26. Rostellaria curvirostris, Lam., juv. Thes. Conch., t. 5, f. 11, 127 27. Terebelium subulatum, Lam. Yoy. Samarang,t. 9,f. 6, 131 28-30. Terebelium subulatum, Lam. Reeve, Icon., f. 1, b. 9,f. 131 PLATE 12. 31. Aporrhais pes-pelicani, Linn. Reeve,% Rostellaria, f. 3 a, 131 32. Aporrhais pes-carbonis, Rve. (= Serresianus). Ibid., f. 1 6, . .132 33. Aporrhais occidentals, Beck. Ibid., f. 6 6, . , . . 133 34. Struthiolaria straminea, Sowb. (— papulosa). Thes. Conch., t. 5, f. 18, .... . 133 35. Struthiolaria crenulata, Lam. (= vermis, var.). Kiener, Iconog., t. 2, f. 3, 133 06. Struthiolaria inermis, Sowb. (== vermis). Thes. Conch., f. 12, .... ... . 133 87. Struthiolaria gigas, Sowb. Thes. Conch., t. 5, f. 17, . 133 152 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 38. Struthiolaria sulcata, Jonas (= gigas). Archiv fiir Naturg., t. 9, f. 5, 1839 .134 39, 40. Struthiolaria oblita, Sowb. (=: scutulata). Thes. Conch., f. 15, 14, .... . 134 41. Struthiolana mirabilis, Smith. Trans. Roy. Soc., clxviii, t. 9, f. 3, . 134 42. Struthiolaria costulata, Martens. Fischer, Man. de Conch., f. 442, . 99 CANCELLARIIDyE. PLATE 1. 12 CANCELLARTID^E. PLATE 2_ CATSTCELLARIIDJE. PLATE 3. CANCELLARIID^l. PLATE 4. CANCELLARIID^E. PLATE 5. CANCELLARIID^E. PLATE 6. 3. CANCELLARIID^E. PLATE 7. STROMBUXE. PLATE 1. STROMBID.S:. PLATE 2. TW STR.OMBID.flE. PLATE 3. PLATE 4. STROM BIIxaE. PLATE 5. 55. STROMBID^E. PLATE 6. i STROMBIIXaE. PLATE 7. STROMBIDJE. PLATE 8. STROMBID^E. PLATE 9. PLATE 1O. STROMBIIXS]. PLATE 11. STROMBID^E. PLATE 12. ?>'Xi MONOGRAPH OF THE FAMILY C^ R2EIDJE. Prepared expressly for the .'" Manual of Conchology," BY S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, Member of the Conchological Section of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. FAMILY (Cowries.) Animal having tentacles usually long and stout, the eyes situated on a thickened portion about one-third the distance from the base ; mantle produced into two lobes capable of covering the shell, and furnished with warts, or forked or pointed lilaments, sometimes papillose as in Trivia. Head obtuse, cylindrical; siphon broad, short, sometimes fringed at the edge or bordered with papillae similar to those on the mantle ; foot large, simple, oblong-ovate, in ample folds, more or less acuminated at the extremities, sometimes truncate in front ; in Trivia it extends posteriorly far beyond the shell and terminates obtusely. Color of mantle extremely variable ; foot, head and siphon usually pale orange. Individuals bisexual ; male organ very large. Lingual riband rather long, with seven series of teeth, arranged 3* 1*3, each row being composed of one broad quadrate uncinated rachidian tooth flanked on each side by three hooked laterals (PI. 15, iig. 8; PI. 20, tig. 41). Jaw corneous (PL 20, fig. 64). No operculum. Shell ovate, varying from cylindrical to pyriform, sometimes ribbed or pustulate, but mostly smooth and possessing a high 11 (153) 154 CYPR/EID^E. polish and brilliant coloring ; spire nearly, if not entirely, covered by the body-whorl which envelops it ; aperture nearly central, narrow and longitudinal ; lip and columella more or less toothed the entire length; occasionally, but rarely, without teeth. The young shell differs in being Bulla-shaped ; the columella is smooth, the outer lip thin, and the color diffused in bands or waved lines. As the animaf grows, the lip and columella thicken, teeth begin to develop and the shell becomes more solid. The two unequal lobes of the mantle extend one from either side of the aperture, and meet upon the dorsal surface of the shell, producing at the point of contact what is known MS the " dorsal line " or " sulcus." The function of the mantle is to deposit the calcareous substance which forms the richly colored enamel of the shell. The cowries are shy and move slowly ; they inhabit the warm seas of the tropics, though a few species occur farther north, notably Trivia Europaea, which has been found on the coast of Norwa}', and is abundant on the shores of Great Britain, ranging from the verge of low-water to as deep as fifty fathoms. The highest northern station on the west coast of America, at which any representation of the Cypraeidae has been detected, is Bodega Head, Gal., in lat. about 38° north (Stearns). They feed largely upon coral animals. Those found on some of the islands near New South Wales are usually seen lying upon deep beds of dead shells of the genus Pectunculus. Fossil, 'the Cyprseidse commenced in the Cretaceous, and have augmented in the number of species to the present time. One species is reported from the Upper Jurassic of Sicily. From the fact that in many species of Cypraea small shells are found fully adult, while larger examples appear less matured, theories about casting or dissolving and renewing the shell at different periods of the animal's existence have been advanced by several eminent authorities. Bruguiere first expressed this opinion. His belief was that the animal left its shell to form a new one, after the manner of crabs. Lamarck coincided with this view, but Deshayes doubted the ability of the animal to secrete a new shell complete in all parts, after it had reached an advanced condition of existence, and considered the difference in size was 155 due to local influences. In 1844 Lieut. J. B. Hankey, of the English Navy, in a letter to Lovell Reeve, stated that he saw the cowry dissolve its shell and in a short time secrete a thin layer of glutinous matter, which in a few days attained the con- sistency of shellac, its form being that of the Cymba. In consequence of this extreme fragility, he was not able to preserve any of the specimens. Unfortunately this observer does not say anything regarding the interior structure of the renewed shell, neither has there been any new light thrown upon this important matter by later writers, and the only literature referring to the subject is that the substance of which is here given. While the statement of Lieut. Hankey is strong evidence, and it is a recognized fact that the cowry, like many other mollusks, does dissolve away portions of the interior structure of its shell when more room is wanted, yet I am not prepared to fully accept his statement, but rather favor the views expressed by Deshayes and attribute the difference in size to local causes.- Possibly the larger shells may be those of the female. The cowries are generally the first to attract the attention of the amateur, mainly on account of their rich and brilliant coloring ; and examples of the commoner species, principally C. tigris, manufactured into a great variety of articles, are to be found in many households. The natives of the Orient, especially those belonging to the South Pacific Islands, use them largely for personal adornment. In India they are used as trimmings to various trappings for elephants and horses. The Cyprsea moneta, or money-cowry, sometimes called the " prop shell," passes current almost exclusively in some parts of Africa. For this purpose many tons have been shipped from the Indian Ocean, where the shell occurs abundantly. Mr, John C. Hertz has published a memoir in the " Transactions of the Geographical Society of Hamburg," on the use and diffusion of the cowry shell as a medium of exchange. His father dispatched a vessel to the Maklive Islands in 1844, for a cargo of cowries to be sold to merchants for use in the West African trade. Not finding as many shells there as they had anticipated, they completed their cargo with the larger and less valuable species of Zanzibar, where the cowries are burned into lime. Several cargoes of cowries were sent annually to Whydah and Lagos, where they were exchanged with the slave-traders for the Spanish doubloons they received from the sale of slaves. The Hamburg ship- captains dispatched this money home from Cape Town. The cowry-trade continued to extend as the slave-trade flourished, till Brazil took measures to prevent the introduction of African slaves. Simultaneously with the extinction of the slave-trade began the introduction of palm-oil, and a new trade, in which that product took the place of the Spanish doubloons, that grew as the use of palm-oil was extended. It flourished greatly during the Crimean War, when the Black Sea tallow was excluded from the markets. With it also flourished the trade in cowries, which thus appears to be connected with so many historical events that, considered from that point of view, it may be regarded as in some sort a measure of historical development — a view which received another exemplification in 1852, when England blockaded the coast of Dahomey, and the trade in cowries was stopped. In 1845 the Sultan of Bornoo reformed his currenc}^, and introduced Spanish doubloons in place of the cotton-cloth that had hitherto served as money, with cowries, at the rate of four thousand to the dollar, for small change. A large demand for cowries sprang up, and the trade in them was stim- ulated to such an excess that the market was glutted, and it after- ward languished for several years. The present demand is quite lively. The cowry-shell is used as currency principally in the countries near the Niger, except in Ashantee, where gold-dust is the medium of exchange. North of Ashantee, gold-dust and the gera or cola-nut (Sterculia acuminata) are used with cowries, a load of sixty pounds of the nuts being considered equivalent in value to about fifteen thousand cowries. The shells have been used as a medium of exchange from a high antiquity. Marco Polo found them circulating in Yunnan in the thirteenth century; and they have been discovered in prehistoric graves in the Baltic countries. Dr. Ruschenberger, U. S. N., says they are not used as money in the Maldive Islands. On the authority of Mr. P. L. Simmomls, in u The Commer- cial Products of the Sea," a young wife in Africa costs from 60,000 to 100,000 shells, while an ordinary one may be had for 20,000, valuing the shells at about 4000 to the dollar. It is also stated that a house built by an English gentleman, in Cuttack, was paid for in cowries, sixteen millions being used. CYPR^ID^E. 157 In order to give some idea of the prices paid for the rarer species of Cypraea, it is reliably stated that the second specimen of C. umbilicata, sent home by the collector, Mr. Roland Gunn, of New South Wales, was sold for £30. Good specimens can now be had for about $2.50 each. A specimen of C. guttata, of which the Philadelphia Acaden^ of Natural Sciences possesses a fine example, was sold at auction a few years ago, and cost the purchaser £42. This species is still extremely rare. Other species range in price from $2.50 to $25.00 each : notwithstanding this, a good collection of the species can be obtained at a cost not exceeding $25.00. A number of monographs and catalogues of the Cypraeidffi have been published, the most important being the following :— Gray. J. E. — Zoological Journal, 1824 to 1829. A monograph, including 113 species, some of which are figured. Descriptive Catalogue of Shells, 1832, in which are enumer- ated and described 121 species. Sowerby, G. B. — Conchological Illustrations, 1837. Colored figures of 143 species, a number of which are described. Kiener, L. C. — Coquilles vivantes (no date). A monograph in- cluding 145 species with colored figures. Reeve, Lovell. — Conchologia Iconica, 1845. Monograph with colored figures of 154 species. Roberts, S. R. — Catalogue and Synonymy of Porcellanidse. Amer. Jour. Conchology, v, 1869. The species, 197 in all, are alphabetically arranged with the synonymy and bibliography fully indicated. The names pro- posed by authors prior to Linnaeus, when binomial, are here recognized. Sowerby, G. B., Jr. — Thesaurus Conchyliorum, 1870. Mono- graph, including 189 species, with colored figures. Weinkauff, H. C. — In the Systematisches Conchilien-Cabinet of K lister, 1881, 185 species are described and figured, the notes added to isome of the descriptions being often quite compre- hensive. This author also enumerates the species, with par- fial synonymy and bibliography in 1 he u .lahrbiichcr der Dentschen MalakoZOOlogischen <;c-cIUcha.ft " fur the same \ car. According l.o Woodward, (.)7 fossil species li;i\ e been deter- mined. The subdivision of the Cypneidse into groups, is attended with considerable diflirnlty, inasmuch :is many of the species which appear distinct when the types only of each :ire compared, are found !«> lie closely connected by intermediate forms. For instance, t.-ike the scries of shells of which (',. xtu/>/ii//H-a :uid ('. l>'tlil:ise of the shell, in the form of ridges, while the hitler is cre:ini-t inted, perfectly smooth, the teeth heinii' con- lined to the ni:irertiire e\ce|)t for a short distnnce at the ext Trinities of the eolimiell.M, :ind I do not hesit.-ite to place it in the same uronp with the l>e:mtifiil ('. Li^trri, (Jr:iy. Yet it is possible t«> connect them. The s:ime m:iy he said of m.-iny other well reco-nixed antipodal sj)ecit-s. A^ain, local causes have produced variations in well-known species and these have received new names, thereby swelling the synonymy. This 18 noticeable in the case of the New Caledonian forms which frequently occMir rostrate and show a tendency to melanism. t is this with t he pale coloring exhibited in num- erous Sandwich Islands specimens of other well-known species. It has been observed that the pale coloring peculiar to the shells from the latter locality, is confined to the (1 ij [>r;< i. Whitish or yellowish, sometimes clouded with chestnut-brown, promiscuously painted with rather large blackish blue clouded spots ; base white ; teeth large, sometimes bifurcate. Length, 2*5-4 3 inches. Indian r<>\vn, teeth extended across the base on each side. Length, '5-'9 inch. Indian and Pacific Ocean*. Young shell usually brown, without pustules. C. inter stiiu-ia\ Konig. Zool. Jour., iv, p. 72, 1828. = C. cinerea (Fossil). 1'Mi'iitula (CyprjKa), Sowb. C. 111., sp. 102, f. 26*, 1837, . 196 Eglantina (Cypnea), Duel. Guer. Mag., p. 28, 1833. = C. arabica, Linn 174 Eglantina (Cypraea), Sowb. (as of Duclos). = C. niger, Roberts. = C. arabica, . . . . . . .174 Elongata (Cypraea), Perry. Conch., pi. 22, f. 5, 1811. = C. caurica, Linn. Epona, H. and A. Adams. Genera Recent Mollusca, i, p. 269, 1858, . 163, 197 Erato, Risso. Eur. Merid., iv, 1826. Now referred to Marginellidae, 162 Erosa (Cypraea), Linn. Syst, Nat., p. 1179, 1767, . . 192 Erosaria, Trosch. Gebiss i, p. 210, 1863. == Aricia, Gray, 100, 161 Erronea, Trosch. Gebiss i, p. 210, 1863. = Aricia, Gray, 160,161 Erronea (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3411, 1790. = C. errones, Linn. Errones (Cyprsea), Linn, Syst. Nat., p. 1178, 1767, . .183 Erythrsea, Barrelier. Icon., 1714. = Cypraea, Linn. Erythraeensis (Cypraea), Beck MSS. Reeve, Icon., pi. 14, sp. 63, 1845, i 172 Esontropia (Cypraaa), Duel. Mag. Zool., p. 26, 1833, Ethnographica (Monetaria), Rocheb. Bull. Soc. Malac. France, p. 78, pi. 1, f. 2, 1884. = C. moneta, Linn. . 178 Europaea (Trivia), Montagu. Test. Brit. Supp., p. 88, 1808, . 154, 205 Exanthema (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1172, 1767, . 164 Exigua (Trivia), Gray. Desc. Cat. Cyp., p. 15, 1832, . . 202 Eximia (Cypraa), Sowb. Zool. Proc., p. 124, 1849. Fossil. Close to C. umbilicata, Sowb. Exusta (Cyprsea), Sowb. C. 111., sp. 25, f. 2*, 1837, . . 167 Fabula (Cypraea), Kien. Coq. Viv., p. 97, pi. 54, f. 3. = C. felina, Gmel. ... .... 169 Fallax (Cypraea), E. A. Smith. Ann. Mag. N. H., 5th series, viii, p. 441. = C. cribraria, Linn. . 190 Fasciata (Cypraea), Chemn. Conch. Cab., x, pi. 144, f. 1334, 1788. = C. stercoraria, Linn. Fasciata (Typni-a), Perry. Conch., pi. 22, f. 9, 1811. = C. erosa, Linn. Felina (Cypraea). Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3412, 1790, . . 169 TNt)EX AND SYNONYMY. 215 PAGE. Feminea (Cyprsea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3409, 1790. = C. tigris, Linn. Ferruginea (Cyprsea), Humph. Gal. Cat., No. 113, 1779. = C. stolida, Linn. Ferruginosa (Cyprsea), Combes' MSS. Zool. Jour., i, 385, 1824. = C. errones, Linn. Ferruginosa (Cyprsea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3403, 1790. = C. erosa, Linn. Ferruginosa (Cyprsea), Kien. Coq. Viv., p. 37, pi. 56, f. 3. — C. Sowerbyi, Kien. ' - 185 Fimbriata (Cyprsea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3420, 1790, . 168 Fimbriatula (Cyprsea), Sowb. Thes. Conch. Cyp., No. 138, f. 518, 1870. = C. semiplota, Mighels 195 Flammea (Cyprsea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3408, 1790. = C. tigris, Linn. Flaveola (Cyprsea), Born, (non Linn.). Mus., p. 190, 1778. = C. pyrum, Gmel. Flaveola (Cypraea), Lam. (non Linn.). An. sans Vert., vii, p. 394, 1822. = C. spurca, Linn. Flaveola (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1179, 1767, . . 195 Formosa (Trivia), Gask. Zool. Proc., p 198,1835, . .204 Fragilis (Cyprsea), Born. Mus., p. 179, pi. 8, f. 6, 1780. = C. Mauritiana, Linn. Fragilis (Cyprsea), Linn. Syst. Nat., 1175, 1767. = C. Arabica, jr., Linn. Friendi (Cyprsea), Gray. Desc. Cat. Cyp., p. 5, 1832. = C. Scotti, Brod. Fuliginosa (Cyprsea), Perry, Conch., pi. 22, f. 1. = C. Mauritiana, Linn. Fulva (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p 3413, 1790. = C. pyrum, Gmel. Fusca (Trivia), Gray. Desc. Cat. Cyp., p. 15, 1832, . . 203 Fusco-dentata (Cyprsea), Gray. Zool. Jour., i, p. 499, 1824, 189 Fuscomaculata (Cyprsea), Gray MSS. (non Pease). Sowb., Thes. Cyp., No. 90, f. 372, 373, 1870. = C. Adeline, Roberts, .168 Fuscomaculata (Cyprsea), Pse. Zool. Proc., p. 515, 1865, . 168 Gangrsenosa (Cypraea), Sol. MSS. Dilw. Cat., i, p. 465, 1817, 195 Gaskoinia, Roberts. Cat. Porcellanidse, p. 201, Amer. Jour. Conch., v, 1869, .161,103,196 Gaskoini (Cyprsea)., Reeve. Zool. Proc., p. 23, 1846, . . 191 Gaskoini (Trivia), Roberts. Cat. Porcellanidse, p. 206, Am. Jour. Conch., v, 1869. = T. sulcata, Gask. Gemmosa (Cyprsea), Perry. Conch., pi. 23, f. 5, 1811. = C. nucleus, Linn 210 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Gemmula (Trivia), Old. Proc. Bost. Soc., ii, p. 27, 1845. = T. exigua, Gray, . . . ... .202 Gemmula (Cypnea)', Weink. M. Ch. ed., ii, pi. 1C, f. 1, 9, 1881, 175 Gibba (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3403, 1790. = C. stercoraria, Linn. Gisortia. Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 88, 1884, 100 Globosa (Trivia), Gray. Desc. Cat. Gyp., p. 14, 1832, . 200 Glolmli (Porcellana), Rumph. Amb. Rarit., pi. 39, f. L, 1705. = C. globulus, Linn. Globulus (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1181, 1707, . . 198 Goodali (Cypraea), Gray. Desc. Cat. Gyp., p. 10, 1832, .108 Gracilis (Cypraea), Gask. Zool. Proc., p. 93, 1848, . . 188 Grando (Trivia), Gask. Zool. Proc., p. 90, 1848, . . 200 Grando (Trivia), Duel. Potiez, Gal. des Moll., i, p. 481, 1838. Fossil. Probably grando, Gask. Granulata (Cypraea), Pse. Zool. Proc., p. 278, 1802. = C. Madagascariensis, Gmel. . . . . . .197 Granulata (Cypra3a), Humph. Cal. Cat., p. 105, 1779. = C. stapbyleea, Linn. Grayi (Cypraea), Kien. Coq. Viv., p. 20, pi. 20, f. 3. = C. physis, Brocchi. Grummulus (Cypraea), Humph. Cal. Cat., No. 112, 1779. = C. stercoraria, Linn. Guttata (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3402, reference to Mart. Conch., i, pi. 25, f. 252, 253. = C. guttata, Gray. Guttata (Cypraea), Gmel., p. 3402, reference to Lister, pi. 676, f. 23. = C. tigris, Linn. Guttata (Cypraea), Gray, Zool. Jour., i, p. 511, 1824, 157, 191 Guttata (Cypraea), Lam. (non Gray); Ann. du Mus., xv, p. 453, 1810. = C. pantherina, Sol. Guttata (Porcellana), Rumph. Amb. Rarit., pi. 38, f. A, 1705. = C. tigris, Linn. Hamyi (Monetaria), Rochebr. Bull. Soc. Malac. France, p. 88, t. 2, f. 5, 1884. == C. annulus, Linn 179 Harmandiana (Monetaria), Rochebr. Bull. Soc. Malac. France, p. 90, t. 2, f. 4. = C. annulus, Linn. . . 179 Helenas (Cypnea), Roberts. Am. Jour. Conch., iv, p. 250, pi. 15, f. 7, 10, 1868. = C. flaveola, Linn., var. labrolineata, Gask. . . .195 Helvola (Cypriea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1180, 1767, . . 194 Hirundo (Cyprsea). Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1178, 1707, . . 109 Histrio (Cyprsea), Mensch. Mus. fevers, p. 404, 1787, . 175 Hordacea (Trivia), Kien. Coq. Viv.. p. 149, pi. 54, f. 5. = T. insecta, Mighels, 200 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 217 PAGE. Humphreys! (Cypraea), Gray. Zool. Jour., i, p. 489, 1824. = C. lutea, Gronov 187 Icterina (Cypraea), Lam. An. sans Yert., vii, p. 387, 1822. — C. moneta, Linn . 178 Indica (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p 3412, 1790. = C. scurra, Chemn, Ingloria (Cypraea), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., xxvi, p. 166, pi. 3, f. 2, 1878. = C. bicallosa. Gray, . . . .193 Insecta (Trivia), Mighels. Proc. Bost. Soc., ii, p. 24, 1845, 200 Intermedia (Cypraea), Gray. Zool. Jour., i, p. 77, 1824. = C. reticulata, Mart 175 Intermedia (Trivia), Kien. Coq. Viv., pi. 54, f. 1. = T. scabriuscula, Gray = T. oryza, Lam. Interrupta (Cypraea), Gray. Zool. Jour., i, p. 376, 1824, . 167 Interstincta, (Cypraea), Wood. Index Supp., pi. 3, f. 9, 1828. = C. staphylaea, Linn 196 Ipsa, Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 97, 1884, . 161 Irescens (Cypraea), Sowb. Thes. Conch. Cyp. Index, 1870. = C. macula, Ad. Irina (Cypraea), Kien. Coq. Yiv., p. 35, pi. 56, f. 2. = C. nigropunctata, Gray. Irrorata (Cypraea), Sol. MSS. Zool. Jour., iv, p. 80, 1828, 167 Isabella (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1177, 1767, . . 165 Isabella Porcellana), Humph. Amb. Rarit., pi. 39, f. G, 1705. = C. Isabella, Linn. Jenneria, Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 98, 1884, 161 Jenningsia (Cypraea), Perry. Conch., pi. 19, f, 4, 1811. = C. guttata, Gray. Kiinthi (Cypraea \ Audouin. Savigny, Desc. de 1'Egypt, ed. ii, vol. 22, p. 190, pi. 6, f. 27, 1828. = C, lurida, Linn. Labiolineata (Cypraea), Sowb. (as of Gask.). Thes. Couch. Cyp., f. 231, 1870. = C. gangrseriosa, Sol. Labiosa (Trivia), Gask. Zool. Proc., p. 202, 1835. = T. pediculus, Linn 201 Labrolineata (Cypraea), Gask. Zool. Proc., p. 97, 1848. = C. flaveola, Linn 195 Lacrymalis (Cypraea), Menke. Synop., p. 83, 1828. = Trivia pulex, Sol. Lactea (Cypraea), Wood. Supp., pi. 3, f. 2, 1838. = C. eburnea, Barnes. Lamarcki (Cypraea), Gray. Zool. Jour., i, p. 506, 1824, . 192 15 218 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Lathyrus (Cypraea), I)ufr. Blainv., Diet. Sci. Nat., xliii, p. 25, 1826. = C. sanguinea, Gray, 203 Lentiginosa (Cypraea), Gray. Zool. Jour., i, p. 489, pi. 7, 12, f. 1, 1824, 186 Leopardalis (Cypra>a), Humph. Cat. Call. No. 130, 1779. = C. tigris, Linn. Leucodon (Cypnua-), Brocl. Zool. Jour., iv, p. 163, pi. 6, 1828, . .181 Lcucogastcr (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3413, 1790. = C. lurida, Linn. Leucopis (Cypraea), Shaw. Misc., xv, pi. 619. — C. exanthema, Linn. Leucostoma (Cypraea), Gask. Zool. Proc., p. 25, 1843, . 177 Leucostoma (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3413, 1790. = C. lynx, Linn. Lienardi (Cypraea), Jouss. Revue et Mag. Zool., p. 11, pi. 1, f. 1, 2, 1874. = C. cicercula, Linn. . . . .198 Limacina (Cypraea), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, p. 400, 1822. = C. staphylaea, Linn. . . . . . . .197 Lineata (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3413, 1790. = C. ziczac, Linn. Listen (Cyprea), Gray. Zool Jour., i, p. 507, 1824, . .193 Livida (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3403, 1790. = C. cinerea, Gmel. Loebbeckiana (Cypraea), Weink. M. Ch., ii, p. 82, pi. 24, f. 2, 3, 1881. = C. carneola, Linn 166 Lota (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1175, 1759. = C. spurca, Linn. Luponia, Gray. Desc. Cat. Cyp., p. 12, 1832, 159, 160, 163, 180 Luria, Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 92, 1884, . 161 Lurida (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1175, 1767, . . 165 Lutea (Cypraea), Gronov. Zoophylac. fasc., 3, pi. 19, f. 17, 1781, 187 Lyncina, Trosch. Gebiss, i, p. 208, 1863. = Cypraea, Linn 160 Lynx (Cyproea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1176, 1767, . 183 Macandrei (Cypraea), Sowb. Thes. Conch. Cyp., No. 129*, f. 537, 538, 1870, 191 Macula (Cypraea), A. Ad. Zool. Proc., p. 206, 1867, . . 169 Maculata (Cypraea), Barnes. Ann. Lye. N. H., i, p. 132, 1824. = C. reticulata, Martyn. Maculata (Cypraea), Gray. Zool. Jour., i, p. 389, 1824. = C. zonata, Chem. Maculata (Cypraea), Perry. Conch., pi. 20, f. 5, 1811. = C. angustata, Gray. INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 219 PAGE. Maculosa (Cyprsea), Ginel. Syst. Nat., p. 3412, 1790. = C. pyrum, Gmel. Madagascariensis (Cyprsea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3419, mo, . . 197 Mandolina, Bayle MSS. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 89, 1884, 160 Mappa (Cyprasa), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1173, 1767, . . 174 Margarita (Cyprsea), Sol. MSS. Zool. Jour., iv, p. 87, 1828, 191 Marginata (Cyprsea), Gask. Zool. Proc., p. 91, 1848, . .176 Marmorata (Cyprsea), Blainv. Diet. Sci. Nat., xliii, p. 26, 1826. = C. carneola, Linn. Maugeri (Trivia), Gray. Desc. Cat. Gyp., p. 13, 1882, . 203 Mauritia, Troschel. Gebiss, i, p. 208, 1863. = Cyprsea, Linn 160 Mauritiana (Cyprsea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1176, 1767, . 173 Mauxiena, Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 89, 1884, 160 Mediterranea (Trivia), Risso. Eur. Merid., p. 239, 1826. = T. Europaea, Mont 205 Melanostoma (Cyprsea), Leathes. Tank. Cat. App., p. 31, 1825. = C. camelopardalis, Perry. Menkeana (Cyprsea), Desh. Conch. I. Reunion, p. 139, pi. 13, f. 21, 22, 1863. = C. Oweni, Sowb. . . . .169 Mercatorium (Monetaria), Rochebr. Bull. Soc. Malac. France, p. 80, pi. 1, f. 3, 1884. = C. moneta, Linn. . 178 Microdon (Cyprsea), Gray. Zool. Jour., iv, p. 71, 1828, . 169 Miliaris (Cyprsea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3420, 1790, . . 192 Minima (Cyprsea), Dunker. Index Moll., p. 30, pi. 4, f. 5, 6, 1853. = C. lurida, Linn. Misella (Cyprsea), Perry. Conch., pi. 23, f. 6, 1811. = C. ziczac, Linn. Modesta (Cyprsea), H. Owen. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 512, 1870. = C. Menkeana, Desh. = C. Oweni, Sowb. Moneta (Cyprsea). Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1178, 1767, . 155, 177 Monetaria (Subgenus), Troschel. Gebiss, i, p. 212, 1863. = Aricia, Gray, 160, 161 Moniliaris (Cyprsea), Lam. An. sans Yert.,vii, p. 396, 1822. = C. clandestina, Linn. Montosa (Porcellana), Rumph. Amb. Rarit., p. 114, pi. 38, f. B, 1705. = C. mappa, Linn. Morbillosa (Cyprsea), Sol. MSS. Dillw., Cat., p. 461. 1817. — C. cruenta, Gmel. Multilirata (Trivia), Sowb. Thes. Conch. Cyp., f. 427, 428, 521, 522, 1870. = T. formosa, Gask 204 Mus (Cyprsea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1176, 1767, . . .177 Napolina (Trivia), Duel. Coq. Yiv., p. 144, pi. 53, ^ 3, . 206 Naria, Gray. Desc. Cat. Cyp., p. 12, 1832, . . . 159, 161 220 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Nebulosa (Cypraea), Gmel. (non Kiener). Syst. Nat., p. 3413, 1790. = C. stercoraria, Linn. Nebulosa (Cypra-a), Kien. Coq. Viv., p. fi3, pi. 32, f. 3. = C. zonata, Chem 186 Nebulosa (Cypnvn), Sowb. (as of Kien.). Thes. Conch. Cyp., f. 354,355, 1870. = C. Petitiana, Crosse and F. = C. pyrum, Gmel., var. Neglecta (Cypraea), Sowb. Conch. 111., sp. 66, f. 12*, 1837, 170 Niger (Cyprsea), Roberts = C. eglantina, Sowb. (non Duclos)jThes. Conch. ,f. 282,283,1870. = C.arabica,Linn., 174 Nigricans (Cypraea), Montrouzier. Jour, de Conch., p. 220, pi. 8, f. 5, pi. 9, f. 3, 1875. = C. mappa, Linn. . 174 Nigropunctata (Cypraea), Gray. Zool. Jour.,iv,p. 81, 1828, 185 Nivea (Cypraea), Gray (non Sol.). Zool. Jour., i, p. 420, 511, 1824. Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 98, 1848. = C. turdus, Lam 199 Nivea (Trivia), Gray. Desc. Cat. Cyp., p. 15, 1832, . . 199 Nivea (Cypraea), Mawe. Wood, Index Suppl., f. 12, 1828. = C. lutea, Gronov. Nivea (Cyprsea), Sol. Dillw. Cat., i, p. 466, 1817. = Trivia nivea, Gray. Niveria (Genus), Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 100, 1884, .... 161 Nivosa (Cypraea), Brod. %Zool. Jour., iii, p. 84, pi. 4, f. 1, 1827, ... 182 Norvegica (Trivia), Sars. = T. Europaea, Mont. . . 205 Notata (Cypraea), Gill. Ann. Lye. N. H., vi, p. 255, pi. 9, f. 1-3, 1858. = C. macula, Ad. Noumeensis (Cypraea), Marie. Jour, de Conch., xvii, p. 18, pi. 2, f. 6, 1869. = C. annulus, Linn. . . 178 Nuclearia (Genus), Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 98, 1884, 1G1 Nucleus (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1181, 1767, . . 197 Nymphaea (Cypraja), Duel. ? = C. onyx, Linn. Oblonga (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3416, 1790. = C. errones, Linn. Obscura (Trivia), Gask. Zool. Proc., p. 94, 1848. = T. napolina, Duel .206 Obscura (Cypraea), Rossiter. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., p. 821,1881. = C. caurica. Linn 171 Obtusa (Cypraea), Perry. Conch., pi. 19, f. 1, 1811. = C. pantherina, Sol. Obvelata (Cypraea), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, p. 401, 1822, 179 Ocellaria (Section), Weink. Jahrb. Malak., 1881, . . 160 Ocellata (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1180, 1767, . . 193 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 221 PAGE. Ochroleuca (Cyprsea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3413. = Ovulum verrucosum, Linn. Oculata (Cyprsea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3403, 1790. = C. cervus, Linn. Olivacea (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3408, 1790. — C. stercoraria, Linn. Olivacea (Cyprsea), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, p. 392, 1822. = C. errones, Linn. Olorina (Cyprsea), Duel. Zool. Proc., 1835, p. 201. = Trivia candidula, Gask .203 Oniscus (Trivia), Lam. Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 103, 1810, . 198 Onyx (Cyprsea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1177, 1767, . . 183 Oryza (Trivia), Lam. Ann. du Mus., xvi, p. 104, 1810, . 200 Otaheitensis (Cyprsea), Sch. et Wag., p. 108, pi. 228, f. 4029-30, 1829. = C. carneola, Linn. Ovata (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat, p. 3405, 1790. = C. errones, Linn. Ovata (Cyprsea), Perry. Conch., pi. 21, f. 3, 1811. = C. turdus, Lam. Ovulata (Trivia), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, p. 398, 1822, . 199 Ovum (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3412, 1790. = C. errones, Linn. Oweni (Cyprsea), Sowb. C. 111., sp. 64, f. 12**, 1837, . 169 Pacifica (Trivia), Gray. Desc, Cat. Cyp., p. 15, 1832, . 201 Pallida (Cyprsea), Gray. Zool. Jour., i, p. 287, 1824, . . 184 Pallidula (Cyprsea), Gask. Zool. Proc., p. 97, 1848. = C. quadrimaculata, Gray, . . . . . .167 Pantherina (Cypraea), Sol. MSS. Dillw. Cat., i, p. 449, 1817, 181 Pardalina (Cyprsea), Dunker. Zeit. fur Malak., p. 126, 1852. Probably C. turdus, Lam., var. Pardalis (Cyprsea), Shaw. Nat. Misc., vi, pi. 193. = C. tigris, Linn. Parvula (Cyprsea), Philippi. Zeit. fiir Malak., p. 24, 1849. Unidentified 207 Paucilirata (Trivia), Sowb. Thes. Conch. Cyp., No. 175*, f. 502,526, 1870, *. . . . 201 Peasei (Cyprsea), Sowb. Thes. Conch. Cyp., No. 113, f. 167, 168, 1870. = C. esontropia, Duel 191 Pediculus (Trivia), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1180, 1767, . . 201 Pediculus (Trivia), Linn, (in part). Syst. Nat., p. 1180, 1767. = T. oryza, Lam. Pediculus (Trivia), Mont. Test. Brit., i, p. 200, 1803. = T. Europsea, Mont. Iediculus (Cyprsea), Rumph. Ainb. Rarit., pi. 39, f. P, 1705. = Trivia oryza, Lam. 222 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Pellucidula (Trivia). Gask. Zool. Proc., p. 23, 1846, . . 204 Peribolus, Adans. Moll. Hist. Nat. Senegal, 1757. = Cypraea, Linn. Perrieri (Monetaria), Rochebr. Bull. Soc. Malac. France, p. 92, t. 2, f. 6. = C. ammlus, Linn. . . . . .179 Petitiana (Cypraea), Crosse and F. Jour, de Conch., xx, p. 213, 1872. = C. pyrum, Gmel 183 Physis (Cypraea), Brocchi (in set. foss.). Conch, foss. Subapp., ii, p. 284, pi. 2, f. 3, 1814, 183 Picta (Cyprsea), Gray. Zool. Jour., i, p. 389, pi. 7, 12, f. 10, 1824, 186 Picturata (Trivia), Morch. Mai. Blatt., xxiv, p. 49, 1877. = T. pediculus, Linn. Pilula (Trivia), Kien. Coq. Yiv., p. 151, pi. 54, f. 2. = T. globosa, Gray, 200 Piperita (Cypraea), Sol. MSS. Zool. Jour., i, p. 498, 1824, 189 Pisum (Trivia), Gask. Zool. Proc., p, 24, 1846, . . .203 Pleuronectes (Monetaria), Rochebr. Bull, de Soc. Malac. France, p. 85, t. 1, f. 5, 1884. = C. moneta, Linn. . .178 Plumaria (Monetaria), Rochebr. Bull, de Soc. Malac. France, p. 87, t. 2, f. 2, 1884. = C. moneta, Linn. . . 178 Plumbea (Cyprsea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3403, 1790. = C, exanthema, Linn. Polita (Cypraea), Roberts. Am. Jour. Conch., ,iv, p. 70, pi. 15, f. 1-3, 1868, 194 Ponda, Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 95, 1884, . 161 Poraria (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1180, 1767, . . 193 Poraria (Cypraea), Mart, (non Linn.) Conch., i, p. 394, pi. 30, f. 324, 325, 1768. = C. gangraenosa, Sol. Porcellana, Klein. Tenta. CocheL, p. 83, 1753. = Cypraea, Linn 161 Porcellanidae (Family), Roberts. Catalogue in Am. Jour. Conch., v, 1869. = Cypraeidre, Linn. Porcellus (Cyprsea), Broc. Conch. Foss. Subap., ii, p. 283, t. 2, f. 2, 1814. = C. pyrum., Gmel., fossil, . . .183 Princeps (Cypraea), Gray. Zool. Jour., i, p. 75, 1824, . 180 Producta (Trivia), Gask. Zool. Proc., 1835, p. 200, 1848, . 204 Pseudo-cassis (Genus), Pictet. Pal. Suisse, ser. iii, pt. 2, 361, 1863, 162 Pulchella (Cypraea), Gray. Zool. Jour., i, p. 143, 1824. = C. pulchra, Gray, ibid, p. 380, 165 Pulchella (Cypraea), Swn. Phil. Mag., Ixi, p. 376, 1823, . 184 Pulchra (Cypnea), Gray. Zool. Jour., i, p. 380, pi. 7, 12, f. 9, 165 I'ulcx (Trivia), Sol. MSS. Zool. Jour., iii, p. 368, 1827, . 206 Pulicaria (Cyprsea), Reeve. Zool. Proc., p. 23, 1846, . . 189 Pulla (Trivia), Gask. Zool. Proc., 1846, p. 24; 1848, p. 97, 206 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 223 , PAGE. Pulla (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3412, 1790. = C. onyx, Linn. Pullata (Trivia), H. Owen MSS. Sowb., Thes. Conch. Gyp. Index, f. 446, 447, 1870. = T. suffusa, Gray, . . .201 Punctata (Cypraea), Linn. Mantissa, p. 548, 1771, . .188 Pimctulata (Cypraea), Gray. Zool. Jour., i, p. 387, 1824,. . 186 Punctulata (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3404, 1790. = C. C3dindrica, Linn. Purpurascens (Cypraea), Swn. Phil. Mag.,lxi, p. 376, 1823. = C. sanguinolenta, Gmel. Purpurascens (Cyprsea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3404, 1790. = C. cinerea, Gmel. Purpurata (Cyprsea), Sol. MSS. Dillw. Cat., i, p. 445, 1817. = C. sanguinolenta, Gmel. Pusilla (Cyprsea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3421, 1790. = C. clandestina, Linn. Pustularia, Swainson. Malacology, p. 324, 1840, 159,161,163, 196 Pustulata (Cyprae), Lam. An. du Mus., xv, p. 101, 1810, . 197 Pusula, Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 99, 1884, . 161 Pyriformis (Cyprsea), Gray. Zool. Jour., i, p. 371, 1824, . 184 Pyriformis (Cyprsea), Sowb. Thes. Conch. Cyp., f. 284, 1880. = C. turdus, Lam 192 Pyrula (Cyprsea), Mich, (non Lam.). Fossil. Mioc. It. Sept., p. 329. = C. physis, Broc., fossil, . . . . " .183 Pyrum (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3411, 1790, . . -183 Quadrimaculata (Cyprsea), Gray. Zool. Jour., i, p. 376, 1824, 167 Quadripunctata (Trivia), Gray. Zool. Jour., iii, p. 368, 1827, 201 Radians (Trivia), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, p. 402, 1822, . 202 Rattus (Cyprsea), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, p. 380, 1822. = C. stercoraria, Linn. . . . . . .176 Reentsi (Cyprsea), Dkr. Menke and Pfr., 1852, p. 189, and Nov. Conch,, pi. 9, f. 3, 4, 1858. = C. gangraenosa, Sol., 196 Reevei (Cypraea), Gray. C. 111., sp. 15*, f. 52, 1837, . . 166 Regina (Cyprsea), Chemn. Conch. Cab., x, p. 101, 1788. = C. Mauritiana, Linn. Regina (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3406, 1790. = C. Mauritiana, Linn. Reticulata (Cypraea), Marty n. Univ. C., pi. 15, 1782, . 174 Reticulum (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3407, 1790. = C. caput-serpentis, Linn. Rhinoceros (Cyprsea), Souv. Jour, de Conch., p. 156, pi. 5, f. 1,1865. = C. interrupta, Gray, . . . . .167 Rosea (Trivia), Duel. Potiez, Gall, des Moll., p. 477, 1838. = T. Australis, Lam. 224 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. Rosea (Cypraea), Wood. Index Supp., pi. 3, f. 15, 1828. = Trivia costata, Gmel 199 Rota (Trivia), Weink. M. Ch., ii, t. 38, f. 13, 16, 1881. — T. radians, Lam 202 Rotunda (Trivia), Kien. Coq. Viv., p. 141, pi. 53, f. 2. = T. quadripunctata, Gray, 202 Rubescens (Trivia), Gray. Zool. Proc., p. 185, 1832, . . 204 Rubiginosa (Cyprsea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3420, 1790. = C. stolida, Linn. Rubinicolor (Trivia), Gask. Zool. Proc., p. 200, 1835, . 204 Rufa (Cyprsea), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, p. 388, 1822. = C. pyrum, Gmel. Rufescens (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3404. = C. cinerea, Gmel. Salita (Porcellana), Rumph. Amb. Rarit., pi. 38, f. L, 1705. = C. vitellus, Linn. Sandwichensis (Trivia), Sowb. Thes. Gyp. Index, 1870. = T. scabriuscula, Gray. Sanguinea (Trivia), Gray. Desc. Cat. Gyp., p. 14, 1832, . 203 Sanguinolenta (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat, p. 3406, 1790, 186 Saulae (Cypraea), Gask. Zool. Proc., p. 23, 1843, . . 188 Scubiosa (Cypraea), Humph. Cat. Call., No. 103, 1779. = C. gangraenosa, Sol. Scabriuscula (Trivia), Gray. Zool. Jour., iii, p. 364, 1827. == T. oryza, Lam. . . . . . . .200 Scabriuscula (Trivia), Kien. (non Gray). Coq. Viv., pi. 43, f. 3. = T. nivea, Gray, 200 Scottii (Cypraea), Brod. Zool. Jour., v, p. 330, pi. 14, 1831, 176 Scurra (Cypraea), Chemn. Conch. Cab., x, p. 103, pi. 144, f. 1338,1788, .165 Semiplota (Cypraea), Mighels. Proc. Bost. Soc., ii, p. 24, 1848, .... ... .194 Siciliana (Cypraea), Salis. Reisen Neapol., i, p. 364, 1793. = C. pyrum, Gmel. Similis (Cypraea). Gray. Zool. Miscel., p. 36, . . 189 Similis (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3421, 1790. = C. erosa, Linn. Smithi (Cypraea), Sowb. Zool. Proc., 1881, p. 638, pi. 56, f. 8. = C. pyriformis, Grav, 184 Solandri (Trivia). Gray. C. 111., sp. 128, f. 43, 1837, . . 202 Sophias (Cypraea), Brazier. Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W., i, p. 7, 1875, . .184 Sordida (Cypraea), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, p. 387, 1822. = C. cinerea, Gmel. Sowerbyi (Cypraua), Kien. Coq. Viv., p. 38, pi. 7, f. ^3, . 185 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 225 PAGE. Sowerbyi (Cypreea), Anton. Yerzeich. der Conch., p. 97, 1839. = C. carneola. Linn. Sowerbyi (Cypraea), Gray. Desc. Cat. Cyp., p. 9, 1832. = C. neglecta, Sowb. Spaclicea (Cyprsea), Swn. Phil. Mag., Ixi, p. 376, 1823, . 182 Spadix (Cypraea), Mighels. Proc. Bost. Soc., ii, p. 25, 1848. = C. semiplota, Mighels, ....... 194 Sphoericulata (Trivia), Lam. Ann. du Mus., No. 14, 1810. == T. Europaea, Mont., fossil, ...... 205 Sphaerula (Trivia), Mighels. Proc. Bost. Soc., ii, p. 24, 1848. = T. elobosa, Gray, 200 Spurca (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat. p. Ilt9, 1767, . . 195 Spurca (Cypraaa), Linn., var. flaveola, Sowb. Thes. Cyp., f. 121, 1870. = C. Cernica, Sowb., pars. Squalina (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat, p. 3420, 1790. = C. lynx, Linn. Staphvlaea, Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 96, 1884, 161 Staphylaea (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1181, 1767, . 196 Stellata (Cypraea), Perry. Conch., pi. 22, f. 2, 1811. = C. erosa, Linn. Stellata (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3413, 1790. = C. cinerea, Gmel. Stellata (Cypraea), Humph. Cal. Cat., No. 107, 1779. = C. helvola, Linn. Stercoraria (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1174, 1767, . 175 Stercus-muscarum (Cypraea), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, p. 396, 1822. = C. punctata, Linn 188 Stolida, Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. .France, ix, p. 94, 1884, 161 Stolida (Cypraea>, Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3416, 1790. = C. caurica, Linn. Stolida (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1180, 1767. . . 171 Striata (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3421, 1790. Probably C. staphylaea, Linn. Subcylindrica (Cypraea), Sowb. Thes. Conch. Cyp., No. 21, f. 269, 270, 1870. = C. cylindrica, Born. . . .170 Subflava (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3413, 1790. = C. errones, Linn. Subfuscula (Cypraea), Martyn. Univ. Conch., pi. 96, 1782. = C. vitellus, Linn. Subrostrata (Trivia), Gray. Zool. Jour., iii, p. 363, 1827, . 203 Subrostrata (Cypraea), Gray. Zool. Jour., i, p. 369, 1824. Fossil, undetermined. Subteres (Cypraea), Weink. M. Ch., ii, pi. 8, f. 4 ; pi. 13, f. 1,4,1881. = C. teres, Gmel .170 Subviridis (C}^praaa), Rve. Icon., pi. 12, sp. 48, 1845, . 184 226 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Succiricta (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1177, 1767. = C. onyx, Linn. Suffusa (Trivia), Gray. Desc. Cat. Gyp., p. 16. 1832, . . 201 Sulcata (Trivia), Dillw. (non Gask.). Cat., i, p. 406, 1817. = T. pediculus, Linn. Sulcata (Trivia), Gask. Zool. Proc., p. 95, 1848, . . 199 Sulcidentata (Cypraea), Gray. Zool. Jour., i, p. 148, 1824, . 172 Sulcocypnca, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., i, p. 31, 1865. = Cypraeovula, Gray, . . . . . . .102 Surinamensis, (Cypraea), Perry. Conch., pi. 20, f. 4, 1811. = C. nebulosa, Kien. = C. zonata, Chem. Tabescens (Cyprsea), Sol. MSS. Dillw. Cat., i. p. 463, 1817, 170 Talpa (Cypraea), Humph. Cal. Cat., No. 135, 1779. = C. testudinaria, Linn. Talpa (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1174, 1767, . . 167 Talpa (Porcellana), Rumph. Amb. Rarit., pi. 38, f. i, 1705. = C. talpa, Linn. Talparia, Trosch. Gebiss, i, p. 206, 1863, . . . .160 Teres (Cypra3a), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3405, 1790, . . 170 Teres (Cyprsea), Wood. Index (Hanley's ed.), f. 17, 1856. Unidentified. Tessellata, Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 97, 1884, • .161 Tessellata (Cypraea), Swn. Zool. Jour., i, p. 150, 1824, . 173 Testudinaria (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1173, 1767, . 165 Testudinosa (Cypraea), Perry. Conch., pi. 22, f. 7, 1811. = C. testudinaria, Linn. Thatcheri (Cypraea), Cox. Zool. Proc., 1869, p. 358, pi. 26, f. 1. == C. venusta, Sowb. 177 Thersites (Cypraea), Gask. Zool. Proc., p. 90, 1848, . .176 Thomasi (Cypraea), Crosse. Jour, de Conch., xiii, p. 57, pi. 6, f. 3, 1865, 195 Tigrina (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3404, 1790. = C. tigris, Linn. Tigrina (Cyprsea), Lam. (non Gmel.). An. sans Vert., vii, p. 383, 1822. == C. pantherina, Sol. Tigris (Subgenus), Trosch. Gebiss, i, p. 207, 1863, . . 160 Tigris (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1176, 1767, . . 180 Translucens (Cypraea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3404, 171)0. = C. cincrea, Gmel. Tremeza (Trivia), Duel. Mag. de Zool., pi. 25, 1833. = T. exigua, Gr:iy, ........ 202 Tricornis (Cypraea), Jouss. Revue et Mag. Zool., p. 9, pi. 1, f. 3, 4, 1874. = C. cicercula, Linn 198 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 227 PAGE. Trifasciata (Cyprsea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3405, 1790. = C. Mauritiana, Linn. Trigonella (Cyprsea), Dufr. Blainv., Diet. Sci. Nat., xliii, p. 25, 1826. Unidentified, 207 Triticea (Trivia), Dufr. Blainv., Diet., xliii, p. 25, 1826. = T. costata, Gmel. Trivia, Gray. Desc. Cat. Gyp., p. 13, 1832, 159, 161, 163, 198 Triviacea, troschel. Gebiss, i, 1863, 159 Triviella, Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 99, 1884, 161 Trivirostra, Jonss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 100, 1884 161 Trizonata (Cyprsea), Sowb. Thes. Conch. Gyp., No. 951, f. 361, 362, 1880. = C. punctata, Linn 188 Trona (Genus), Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 89,1884, '160 Turbinata (Cyprsea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3404, 1790. = C. Mauritiana, Linn. Turdus (Cyprsea), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, p. 392, 1822, 192 Umbilia, Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 90, 1884, 160 Umbilicata (Cyprsea), Sowb. Tank. Cat. App., p. 30, pi. 7, 1825, 157, 181 Undata (Cyprsea), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, p. 393, 1822, 187 Undulata (Cyprsea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3406, 1790. = C. Mauritiana, Linn. Undulata (Cyprsea), Wood (non Gmel.). Supp., p. 87, pi. 17, f. 16, 1828. = C. ziczac, Linn. Unifasciata (Cyprsea), Mighels. Proc. Bost. Soc., ii, p. 25, 1848. = C.'fimbriata, Gmel. Ursellus (Cyprsea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3411, 1790. = C. felina, Gmel ' . .169 Ursellus (Cyprsea), Perry. Conch., pi. 19, f. 2, 1811. = C. hirundo, Linn. (?) Valentia (Cyprsea), Perry. Conch., pi. 23, f. 2, 1811. = C. princeps, Gray. Vanelli (Cyprsea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1175, 1767. = C. l}rnx, Linn. Variolse (Porcellana), Rumph. Amb. Rarit., pi. 38, f. 0, 1705. = C. cruenta, Gmel. Variolaria (Cyprsea), Lam. An. sans Vert., vii, p. 387, 1822. = C. cruenta, Gmel. Variolosa (Cyprsea), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3413. = C. pyrum, Gmel. Ventriculus (Cyprsea), Lam. An. duMus.,xvi,p. 452, 1810, 172 Venusta(Cyprsea),Sowb. Ann. Mag. N. H.,xix,p.346, 1847, 176 228 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Yenusta (Cyprasa), Gask. MSS. Sowb., Thes. Conch. Gyp., p. 19, 1870. = C. venusta, Sowb. Vesicuiaris (Cypra?a), Gask. Zool. Proc., p. 203, 1835, . 199 Vestimenti (Monetaria), Rochebr. Bull. Soc.Malac. France, p. 81, t. 1, f. 6, 1884. = C. moneta, Linn. . . .178 Vinosa (Cypraja), Gmel. Syst. Nat., p. 3421, 1790. = C. pantherina, Sol. Yitellus (Cyprrea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1176, 1767, . . 182 Vitrea (Trivia), Gask. Zool. Proc., p. 95, 1848, . . .200 Vulgusella,Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 90, 1884, 160 Walkeri (Cyprsea), Gray. Desc. Cat., p. 11, 1832, . . 185 Xanthodon (Cyprsea), Gray. Desc. Cat., p. 10, 1832, . . 186 Zebra (Cypraea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1174. = C. exanthema, Linn. Ziczac (Cyprsea), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1177, 1767, . . 187 Ziczac (Cyprrea), Dillw. (non Linn.). Wood Index (Hanley eel.), f. 33, 1856. = < '. undata, Lam. Zoila, Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 89, 1884, . 160 Zonaria, Jouss. Bull, de Soc. Zool. France, ix, p. 92, 1884, 161 Zonaria (Cyprsea), Gmel. Syst. Nat, p. 3414, 1788. = C. zonata, Chemn. Zonata (Cypraea), Chemn. Conch. Cab., x, pi. 145, f. 1342, 1788, . 186 REFERENCE TO PLATES. PLATE 1. FIGURE. PAGE. 1, 2. Cyprsea Argus, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Gyp., 14, 15, . 164 3. Cyprsea cervinetta, Kien. (= exanthema). Icon., t. 6, f. 2, . . . 164 4, 5. Cyprsea exanthema, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 182, 183, 164 6, 7. Cyprsea Isabella. Linn. Sowb , Thes. Conch. Cyp., f. 16, 17, . 165 8. Cyprsea Clara, Gask. Sowb., Thes. Conch. Cyp., f. 91*, 166 9, 10. Cyprsea testudinaria, Linn. Sowb., Thes., f. 83, 84, 165 PLATE 2. 11, 12. Cyprsea cervus, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 89*, 90*, 164 13, 14. Cyprsea cervinetta, Kien. (= exanthema, var.). Icon., t. 6, f. 1, 164 15, 16. Cyprsea cinerea, Gmel. Sowb., Thes., f. 92*, 93, . 166 17, 18. Cypneapulchra,Gray. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 62, 63, 165 19, 20, 21. Cyprsea scurra, Chem. Sowb., Thes. Conch.,' f. 53, 54, 55, .... . , . 165 PLATE 3. 22, 23. Cyprsea lurida, Linn. Sowb., Thes., f. 64, 65, . 165 24, 25. Cypraea Keevei, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 40, 41, 166 26, 27,28. Cyprsea carneola, Linn. Kien., Icon., t. 37, f. 3, t. l,f. 2, . . .166 29, 30. Cyprsea Loabbeckeana, Weinkauff (= carneola). Kii'ster, t. 24, f. 2, 3, 166 31, 32,33. Cypraea talpa, Linn. Sowb., Thes., f. 74, 75, 76, 167 34, 35. Cyprsea exusta, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 77, 78, . 167 36, 37. Cyprsea interrupta, Gray. Sowb., Thes., f. 271> 272, 167 (229) 230 REFERENCE TO PLATES. PLATE 4. FIGURE. PAGE. 38, 39. Cypraea rhinoceros, Souv. (= interrupta). Jour. de'Conch., 1865, t. 5, f. 1, 1C>7 40, 41. C37praea quadrimaculata, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 276, 277, 167 42. Cypraea pallidula, Gask. (= quadrimaculata). Sowb., Thes.,f. 275, 167 48, 44. Cyprsea Goodalli, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 309, 310, . . ...-.-• .168 45. Cypraea Oweni, Sowb. Specimen, . . . .109 46, 47. Cypraea Adeline, Roberts (=fuscomaculata, Gray, non Pease). Sowb., Thes., f. 372, 373, . . .168 48, 49. Cypraea contaminata, Gray. Sowb., Thes., f. 331, 332, . . . . 168 50, 51. Cyprsea irrorata, Soland. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 304, 305, 167 52, 53. Cypraea felina, Gmel. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 392, 395, . 169 54, 55. Cypraea ursellus, Gmel. (= felina). Kien., Icon., t. 33, f. 4, . . .169 56, 57. Cypraea hirundo, Linn. -Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 382, 383, .169 58. Cypraea Menkeana, Desh. (= Oweni). Sowb., Thes., f. 333. 169 59, 60. Cypraea fabula, Kien. (= felina). Icon., t. 54, f. 3, 1<)9 61, 62, 63. Cypraea neglecta, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 375, 377,378, 170 64, 65. Cyprsea chrysalis, Kien. Icon., t. 54, f. 4, . . 172 66, 67. Cypraea coffea, Sowb. (= neglecta). Thes. Conch., f. 359, 360, 170 68. Cypraea Oweni, Sowb. Thes. Conch. Cyp., f. 36 T, . 169 69, 70. Cypraea Menkeana, Desh. (= Oweni). Conch. I. Reunion, t. 13, f. 21, 22, 169 71, 72. Cyprsea macula, Adams. Sowb., Thes., f. 380, 381, 169 PLATE 5. 73. Cypraea Menkeana, Desh. (== Oweni). Thes. Conch., f. 333. (Duplicated figure), . . 169 74, 75. Cypraeamicrodon,Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch. Cyp., f. 885,386, : 169 76, 77, 78. Cypnva fimbriata, Gmel. Sowb., Thes. Couch., f. 389, 390,391, 168 79, 80. Cypraea cylindrica, Born. Sowb., Thes., f. 266,207, 170 81. Cypra'a subcylindrica, Sowb. (= cylindrica). Thes. Conch., f. 21)9, . . . ' HO REFERENCE TO PLATES. 231 FIGURE. PAGE. 82, 83, 84. Cyprsea tabescens, Sol. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 261,263, 264, ..... . 170 85. Cyprsea brevidentata, Sowb. (= stolida). Thes. Gyp., f. 326, 171 86, 87. Cyprsea teres,Gmel. Sowb., Thes. Cyp.,f. 259,260, 170 88, 89, 90. Cyprsea caurica, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 188/189, 191, . . .... . .171 91, 92. Cypraea stolida, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 327, 328, . . . 171 93, 94. Cypraea Erythneensis, Beck. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 323, 324, . . . , ... . ' .172 PLATE 6. 95, 96. Cypraea ventriculus, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Cyp.,f. 3, 4, 172 97. Cyprsea cruenta, Gmel. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 187, . 171 98, 99, 104). Cyprsea caput-serpentjs, Linn. Sowb., Thes., f., 72, 73,539, 173 1, 2. Cypraea, arenosa, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 9, 10, 172 3, 4. Cyprsea sulcidentata, Gray. Sowb., Thes , f. 21, 22, 172 5, 6. Cyprsea tessellata, Swn. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 99, 100, 173 7. Cypraea Crossei, Marie (= stolida). Jour, de Conch., 1869, t. l,f. 3, 171 PLATE 7. 8. Cypraea Mauri ti ana, Linn. Voy. Astrolabe, t. 48, f. 2, 173 9. 10. Cyprsea Mauritiana, Linn. Sowb., Thes., f. 51, 52, 173 11. Cypraea Mauritiana (jr.). Linn. Reeve, Icon.,f. 1 a, . 173 12, 13, 14. Cyprsea mappa, Linn. Sowb., Thes. C}^p., f. 26, 27,28, . 174 15, 16. Cyprsea gemmula, Weink. Kiister, M. Ch., t. 16, f. 1, 175 PLATE 8. 17. Cyprsea nigricans, Mont. (= mappa). Jour, de Conch., 1875, t. 9, f. 3, 174 18,19. Cypraea Arabica, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 60, 61, 174 20. Cypraea intermedia, Gray (= reticulata), Sowb. Thes. Cyp., f. 68 (full size), 175 21, 22. Cypraea reticulata, Martyn. Thes. Conch., f. 66, 67, 174 23. Cyprsea niger, Roberts (Arabica, var.). Thes. Conch., f. 282, . . . . . 174 24. Cypraea eglantina, Duel. (== Arabica). Guer. Mag., 1833, t. 28, .... ... 174 25. 26. Cyprsea histrio, Meusch. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 57,58, 175 232 REFERENCE TO PLATES. PLATE 9. FIGURE. PAGE. 27, 28. Cypraea stercoraria, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 97, 98, 175 29, 30. Cypraea Scotti, Brod. Sowb., Thes. Gyp., f. 47, 48, 176 31,32. Cypraea thersites, Gask. Thes. Conch., f. 49, 50, . 176 33, 34. Cypraea marginata, Gask. Thes. Conch., f. 45, 46, 176 35, 36. Cypraea arabicula, Lam. Reeve, Icon., f. 60 a, 6, . 175 PLATE 10. 37, 38. Cypraea leucostoma, Gask. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 36,37, 177 39, 40. Cypraea decipiens, E. A. Smith. Zool. Proc., 1880, t. 48, f. 8, 8 a, 176 41, 42. Cypraea mus, Linn. Thes. Conch. Cyp., f. 29, 30, . 177 43. Cyprsea bicornis (? = mus), Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 321, 177 44, 45. Cypraea venusta, Sowb. Zool. Proc., 1869, t. 20, f. 1, 1 a, 176 46. Cypraea moneta, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 245, . 177 PLATE 11. 47. Cypraea princeps, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 2, . 180 48. Cypraea aurantium, Mart3Tn. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 8, 180 49. 50. Cypraea tigris, Linn. Reeve, Icon., f. 12 a, 5, .180 51, 52. Cypraea moneta, Linn. Sowb., Thes., f. 246, 247, . 177 53, 54. Cypraea Barthelemyi, Bern. (= moneta, Linn.). Jour, de Conch., 1861, t. 1, f. 3, 4, . . . .178 55, 56. Cypraea obvelata, Lam. Sowb,, Thes. Cyp., f. 254, 255, . 179 57. Cypraea annulus, Linn. Voy. Astrolabe, t. 48, f. 14, , 178 58. Cypraea annulus (fry). Voy. Samarang, t. 5, t 4 a, . 179 59. Cypraea Noumeensis, Marie (= annulus). Jour, de Conch., 1869, t. 2, f. 6, 178 60. 61. Cypraea annulus, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., 252, 253, 178 PLATE 12. 62, 63. Cypraea pantherina, Sol. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 69,' 70, 181 64. Cypraea Broderipi, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 88, 182 65, 66. Cypraea umbilicata, Sowb. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 43,44, 181 67, 68. Cypraea nivosa, Brod. Thes. Conch. Cyp., f. 89, 90, 182 69, 70. Cypraea leucodon, Brod. Thes. Conch. Cyp., f. 19,' 20 181 71. Oypraea Barclay i,Beeve. Zool. Proc., 1857, pi. 38, f. 4, 6, 182 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 233 PLATE 13. FIGTTRE. PAGE. 72, 73. Cyproaa vitellus, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Gyp., f. 32, 33, 182 74, 75. Cyprsea physis, Brocchi. Sowb., Thes. Gyp., f. 200, 201, .183 76. Cyprsea camelopardalis, Perry. Thes. Conch., f. 34, . 182 77. 79, 80, 81. Cyprsea onyx. Linn. Thes. Conch. Cyp., f. 208,212,211,209, .' 183 78. Cyprsea spadicea, Swn. Thes. Conch. Cyp., f. 82, . 182 82. Cyprsea Barclayi, Reeve. Zool. Proc., 1857, pi. 38, f. 4 a, . .182 83, 84. Cyprsea pyrum, Gmel. Sowb., Thes., f. 202, 203, . 183 85. Cyprsea Petitiana, C. and F. (= pyrum). Jour, de Conch., t. 11, f. 6, . !-. 183 PLATE 14. 86, 87. Cypraaa lynx, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 86*, 87*, 183 8o,89,7. Cyprsea errones, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 156, 157, 158, 183 90, 91. Cyprsea pallida, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 159, 160, 184 92, 93. Cyprsea pulchella, Swn. Thes. Conch. Cyp., f. 148, 149, . . 184 94, 95. Cyprsea Smithi, Sowb. (= pyriformis, var.). Zool. Proc., 1881, f. 8, 184 96, 97. Cyprsea Coxi, Braz. Zool. Proc., 1872, t. 44, f. 3, 3 a, . . . . . . . .184 98. Cyprsea Caledonica, Crosse (= lynx, var.). Jour, de Conch., 1869, t. If. 1, ... . . . 183 99, 100. Cyprsea subviridis, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 177, 178, 184 1,2. Cyprsea amabilis, Jouss. (= Walkeri, var.), From sketch by author, 185 3,4. Cyprsea Sophise, Brazier. Specimen, .' . . 184 5, 6. Cypraea pyriformis, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 145, 146, . 184 PLATE 15. 8. Cyprsea tigris, Linn. Lingual dentition. Trosch., Gebiss, t. 17, f. 6, .... . 153 9. Cyprsea Sowerbyi, Kien. Reeve, Icon., f. 40, . . 185 10. Cyprsea Walkeri, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 123, . 185 11. Cyprsea nebulosa, Kiener (= zonata, var.). Sowb., Thes. Cyp.,f. 198, .186 12. 13. Cyprsea ziczac, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 135, 136, . ' . . .187 16 234 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAOB. 14, 15. Cypraea Bregeriana, Crosse (= Walkeri, var.). J. C., 1869, t. 1, f. 2, 185 16, 17. Cypraea sanguinolenta, Gmel. Sowb.,Thes. Conch., f. 194, 195, . 186 18, 19. Cypraea nigropunctata, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 94, 95, ...... . 185 20, 21. Cypraea lentiginosa, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 152, 153, ... 186 22, 23. Cypraea zonata, Chem. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 126, 127, 186 24, 25. Cypraea xanthodon, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 196, 197, 186 26, 27. Cypraea stercus-muscarum, Lam. (=punctata, var.). Sowb., Thes., f. 364, 365, 188 28, 29. Cypraea punctulata, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 154, 155, ... ... .186 30, 31. Cypraea picta, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch. Cyp., f. 179, 180, .186 32. Cypraea trizonata, Sowb. (= punctata, var.). Thes., f. 361, .188 PLATE 16. 33. Cypraea undata, Lara. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 131, . 187 34. Cypraea asellus, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 207, . 187 35. 36. Cypraea lutea, Gronov. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 142, 143, 187 37, 38. Cypraea clandestina, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 139, 141, ... 187 39, 40. Cyprsea Candida, Pease (= clandestina). Am. Jour. Conch., iv, pi. 11, f. 12, 187 41, 42. Cypraea Saulae, Gask. Sowb., Thes., f. 85, 86, . 188 43, 44. Cypraea gracilis, Gask. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 315, 316, ....-...* .188 45, 46. Cypraea Comptoni, Gray (= angustata). Sowb., Thes., f. 294, 295, ... ... 188 47, 48. Cypraea angustata, Gmel. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 296,297, . 188 49, 50. Cypraea piperita, Sol. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 285, 286, . .189 51, 52. Cypraea punctata, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 279, 280, 188 53. Cypraea declivis, Sowb. Thes. Conch. Cyp., f. 328*, . 189 54, 55. Cypraea fuscodentata, Gray. Sowb., Thes., f. 298, 299, 189 56, 57. Cypraea Algoensis, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 311,312, 189 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 235 FIGURE. PAGE. 58. Cyprsea bicolor, Gask. (= piperita). Sowb., Thes. f. 289, 189 59, 60. Cyprsea pulicaria, Rve. Sowb., Thes. Gyp., f. 290, 291, .189 61. Cyprsea Artuffeli, Jouss. (== clandestina, var.). Sowb., Thes.,f. 327*, 188 62, 63. Cypraea similis, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Gyp., f. 300, 30i, 189 PLATE It. 64, 65. Cyprgea Coxeni, Cox. Zool. Proc., 1873, t. 48, f. 10, 190 66, 67. Cypr^ea cribellum, Gask. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 165, 166, 190 68. Cyprsea Walkeri, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 125, . 185 69. Cyprsea castanea, Higgins (= similis). Zool. Proc., 1868, t. 14, f. 1, ... ... 190 70. Cyprsea compta, Pease (= Cumingi, var.). Zool. Proc., 1860, t. 51, f. 1, . .191 71. 72. Cypraea cribraria, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 163, 164, 190 73, 74. Cyprsea Gaskoini, Reeve. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 352, 353, . .191 75. Cyprsea Peasei, Sowb. (= esontropia). Sowb., Thes., f. 167, ... 191 76, 77. Cyprsea esontropia, Duel. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 169, 170, ... 190 78, 79. Cyprsea Cumingi, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 349, 350, 191 80. Cypraea miliaris, Gmel. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 109, . 192 81, 82. Cypraea margarita, Sol. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 337, 338, 191 83, 84. Cyprsea guttata, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 104, 105, .191 85. Cyprsea eburnea, Barnes. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 108, 192 86, 87". Cypraea Becki, Gask. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 341, 342, 191 88, 89. Cyprsea Macandrei, Sowb. Thes. Conch. Cyp., f. 537, 538, 191 PLATE 18. 90, 100, 1. Cyprsea erosa, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. Ill, 112, 115, 192 91, Cyprsea turdus, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 128, . 192 92, 93. Cyprsea ocellata, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 102, 103, 193 236 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 94, 95. Cypraea Listeri, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 241,242, . . .193 96, 97. Cypraea Lamarcki, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch. Cyp., f. 106, lOt, 192 98, 99. Cypraea albuginosa, Mawe. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 256, 257, .193 2, 3. Cypraea poraria, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 236, 237, . .193 7. Cypraea Aubreyana, Jouss. (= bicallosa), (§ natural size). Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1869, t. 18, f. 1, . . 193 5, 6. Cypraea bicallosa, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 220, 221, . . . ' . . . . . .193 4. Cypraea ingloria, Crosse (= bicallosa), full size. Jour. de Conch., 1878, t. 3, f. 2 a, 193 PLATE 19. 8, 9. Cypraea helvola, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 214, 215, 194 10, 11. Cypraea citrina, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 218, 219, ... . .... 194 12, 13. Cypraea polita, Roberts. Am. Jour. Conch., 1868, t. 15, f. 1,3, 194 14, 15. Cypraea Thomasi, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 1865, t. 6,f. 3, .195 16, 17. Cypraea spurca, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 118, 119, 195 18, 19. Cypraea gangraenosa, Sol. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 234,235, 195 20, 21. Cypraea Helenae, Roberts (= labrolineata, Gask, ='flaveola). Am. Jour. Conch., 1868, t. 15, f. 8, 9, 195 22. Cypraea flaveola, Linn. Reeve, Icon., f. 95, . . 195 23, 24. Cyprsea Cernica, Sowb. Thes. Conch. Cyp.,f. 239, 240, . 195 25, 26. Cypraea Boivini, Kien. (= gangraenosa, Sol.). Coq. Viv.,t. 18, f. 2, .196 27, 28. Cypraea Reentsi, Dunker (= gangraenosa). Novit. Conch., f. 3, .196 29, 30. Cypraea (Gaskoinia) edentula, Sowb. Reeve, Icon., f. 85, ....... . 196 31. Cypraea Annas, Roberts (= semiplota). Amer. Jour. Conch., 1868, t. 15, f. 4, 194 32, 33. Cypraea (Cypraeovula) Adamsoni, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 401, 402, . . 196 34, 35. Cypraea (Cypraeovula) Capensis, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 306, 308, . . . . .196 36. Cypraea spadix, Mighels (== semiplota). Specimen, . 194 EEPERENCE TO PLATES. 231 FIGURE. PAGK. 37. Cypraea semiplota, Mighels. Specimen, . . . 194 38. Cypraea (Pustularia) granulata, Pease (= Madagas- cariensis). Specimen, . . 197 PLATE 20. 39. 40. Cypraea (Pustularia) staphylaea, Linn. Sowb., Thes., f. 228, 229, ... . 196 41. Cypraea (Pustularia) staphylaea, Linn. Dentition. Trosch., Gebiss, i, t. 17, f. 18, 153 42, 43, 44. Cypraea (Pustularia) interstincta, Wood (= staphylaea). Sowb., Thes., f. 223, 224, 227, . .196 45, 46. Cypraea (Pustularia) pnstulata, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Cyp.,f. 396,397, .... . 197 47. Cyprsea fuscomaculata, Pease. Amer. Jour. Conch., 1868, t. 11, f. 11, ... . . 168 48, 49. Cypraea (Pustularia) nucleus, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 399, 400, . .... 197 50, 51. Cypraea (Epona) annulata, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 339, 340, 197 52. Cypraea (Pustularia) pustulata, young shell. Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 398, . . .197 53, 54. Cypraea (Epona) Children!, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 403, 404, . .... 198 55, 56. Cypraea (Epona) cicercula, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 345, 346, 197 57, 58. Cypraea (Epona) Lienardi, Jouss. (= C. cicercula). Mag. de Zool., 1874, t. 1, f. 1, 2 198 59, 60. Cypraea (Epona) globulus, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 347, 348 198 61, 62. Cypraea (Epona) tricornis, Jouss. (= C. cicercula). Mag. de Zool., 1874, t. 1, f. 3, 4 198 63. Cypraea (Trivia) Europaea, Montagu. Dentition. Trosch., Gebiss, i, t. 18, f. 4. 64. Cypraea (Trivia) Europaea, Montagu. Portion of jaw. Trosch., Gebiss, i, t. 18, f. 3, 153 65. 66. Cypraea (Pustularia) Madagascariensis, Grnel. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 406, 407, . .197 PLATE 21. 67, 68. Cypraea (Trivia) oniscus, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 416,417, 198 69, 70. Cypraea (Trivia) ovulata, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 410,411, . 199 71, 72. Cypraea (Trivia) costata, Gmel. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 414,415, 199 238 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIQURB. PAGE. 73, 74. Cypraaa (Trivia) vesicularis, Gask. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 412, 413, 199 75, 76. Cyprsea (Trivia) sulcata, Gask. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 454, 455, 199 77, 78. Cyprcea (Trivia) cicatrosa, Sowb. Thes. Monog. Cyp.,f. 458,459, 199 79. Cvpraea (Trivia) scabriuscula, Gray (=oryza). Sowb., " Thes. Corich., f. 472, . . . . . . .200 80, 81. Cypraea (Trivia) nivea, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Gyp., f. 468, 4(19, 199 82, 83. Cypraea (Trivia) oryza, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 474, 475, 200 84, 85. Cypraea (Trivia) insecta, Mighels. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 478, 479, 200 86, 87. Cypraea (Trivia) grando, Gask. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 470, 471, 200 88, 89. Cypraea (Trivia) vitrea, Gask. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 456, 457, 200 90, 91. Cypraea (Trivia) brevissima, Sowb. Thes. Conch. Cyp., f. 523, 524, 204 92, 93. Cypraea (Trivia) globosa, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Cyp.. f. 466,467, . . . ' . . . .200 94, 95. Cypraea (Trivia) pediculus, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Cyp.,f. 429,431, ... .201 96. Cy praea (Trivia )cimex,H. Owen (= pediculus). Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 436, ..... .201 97. Cypraea (Trivia) labiosa, Gask. (= pediculus). Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 435, . . . .201 98. 99. Cypraea (Trivia) paucilirata, Sowb. Thes. Conch. Cyp., f. 502, 526, 201 100. Cypraea (Trivia) pullata, H. Owen (= suffusa). Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 446, 201 1 , 2. Cypraea (Trivia; suffusa, Gray. Sowb,, Thes. Conch., f. 444, 445, . . 201 3, 4. Cypraea (Trivia) Pacifica, Gray. Sowb., Tbes. Cyp., f. 441,442, 201 PLATE 22. 5, 6. Cypraea (Trivia) quadripunctata, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 460, 461, . . . . .201 7, 8. Cypraea (Trivia) costis-punctata, Gask. Sowb., Thes. Cyp.. f. 452, 453, 202 9, 10. Cypraea (Trivia) exigua, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 510, 511, . . . . . . .202 11, 12. Cypraea (Trivia) rota, Weink. (= radians). Kiister, M. Ch., t. 38, f. 13, 16, 202 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 239 FIGURE. PAGE. 13, 14. Cyprsea (Trivia) radians, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 420, 422, 202 15. 16. Cyprsea (Trivia) Solandri, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 418, 419, . . .202 17. Cyprsea (Trivia) corrugata, Pease (= exigua). Amer. Jour. Conch., 1868, t. 11, f. 14, .... 202 18, 19. Cyprsea (Trivia) Californica, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 425,426, 202 20. Cyprsea (Trivia) Californica, Gray. Animal. Am. Naturalist, vi, p. 733, f 146, . . .202 21, 22. Cyprsea (Trivia) sanguinea, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 483,485, 203 23, 24. Cyprsea (Trivia) Maugeri, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 450, 451, 203 25, 26. Cyprsea (Trivia) producta. Gask. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 495, 496, . ... .204 27, 28. Cyprsea (Trivia) rubinicolor, Gask. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 500, 501, 204 29, 30. Cyprsea (Trivia) pisum, Gask. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., 448, 449, 203 31, 32. Cyprsea (Trivia) pellucidula, Gask. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 498, 499, 204 33, 34. Cyprsea (Trivia) candid ula, Gask. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 508, 509, 203 35, 36. Cyprsea (Trivia) fusca, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 487,488, . . 203 37. Cyprsea (Trivia) depauperata, Sowb. (= Californica). Thes. Cyp., f. 423, . . . . . . .202 38, 39. Cyprsea (Trivia) subrostrata, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 480, 481, 203 PLATE 23. 40, 41. Cyprsea (Trivia) affinis, Marratt. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 464, 465, 204 42, 43. Cyprsea (Trivia) rubescens, Gray. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 506,507, .204 44, 45. Cyprsea (Trivia) formosa, Gask. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 518*, 519, 204 46, 47. Cyprsea (Trivia) multilirata, Sowb. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 427,521, . 204 48, 49. Cyprsea (Trivia) Europsea, Mont. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 503, 504, 205 50, 51. Cyprsea (Trivia) Europsea, Mont. (Young Shells). Sowb., Thes., f. 527, 528, 205 52. Cyprsea (Trivia) napolina, Duel. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 505, 206 240 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 53, 54. Cyprgea (Trivia) Australis, Lam. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 439, 440, 206 55, 56. Cypraea (Trivia) pulex, Sol. Sowb., Thes. Gyp., f. 493, 494, 206 57, 58. Cypraea (Trivia) pulla, Gask. Sowb., Thes. Cyp., f. 490,491, . . . . . . . .206 59. Cypraea, caput-anguis. Phil., of authors (= C. caput- serpentis). Specimen, . . . . . .173 60, 61. Cypraea (Monetaria) HarmancUana, Rochebr. (== moneta). Bull. Soc. Malac. Fr., t. 1, f. 1, . .177 62. Cy praea( Monetaria) icterina, Lam. (—moneta). Kiener, Icon., t. 34, f. 3, 178 63. Cypra3a (Monetaria) ethnographica, Rochebr. (= mo- neta). Bull. Soc. Malac. Fr., t. 1, f. 2, . . .178 64. 65. Cyprsea (Monetaria) atava, Rochebr. (= moneta). Bull. Soc. Malac. Fr., t. 1, f. 4, . . . . 178 66, 67. Cvprsea (Monetaria) pleuronectes, Rochebr. (=* moneta \ Bull. Soc. Malac. Fr., t. 1, f. 5, . .178 68. Cypraea (Monetaria) camelorum, Rochebr. (= moneta). Bull. Soc. Malac. Fr., t. l,f. 7, . . . .178 69. Cyprsea (Monetaria) plumaria, Rochebr. (= moneta). Bull. Soc. Malac. Fr., t. 2, f. 2 178 70. Cypra3a (Monetaria) Hamyi, Rochebr. (= annulus). Bull. Soc. Malac. Fr., t. 2, f. 5, .... 179 71. 72. Cyprsea (Monetaria)Perrieri, Rochebr. (=annulus). Bull. Soc. Malac. Fr., t. 2, f. 6, . . . .179 CYPRJEID^E. PLATE 1. PLATE 2. . »: ? x||7 ^P •"., PLATE 3. 35 CYPRJEID^E. PLATE 70 CYPR^EID^E. PLATE 5. 93 PLATE 6. 100 99 PLATE 7. CYPR^EID^E. PLATE 8. 25 PLATE 9. PLATE 10. PLATE 11. PLATE 12 CYPR^EID^E. PLATE 13. 85 CYPRJEIDvE. PLATE 16. 63 60 PLATE 17. CYPR^EID/E. PLATE 18. PLATE 19. 34- 35 PLATE 2O. PLATE 21. PLATE 22. CYPRJEID^E. PLATE 23. 63 69 W 70 Families Pediculariidae and ()r< FAMILY PEDIO ULARIID^. Shell small, limpet-like, irregular, with a short spire which becomes concealed with the growth, the surface radiately ribbed when young ; mouth large and wide, subcanaliculated in front, the lips irregular, simple in the adult, the inner one callously excavated, no operculum. Animal with small foot, mantle-margin thickened, not reflected over the shell, siphon not produced, eyes sessile at the external base of the tentacles. Dentition 3-1-3, the central tooth sub- quadrangular, inulticuspidate, the laterals transverse, multi- cuspidate, the marginals long and narrow, with three profound digitations ; exterior to the marginals is a small supplementary plate (PI. 1, fig. 1). Young shells have the regular form of Trivia (to which the dentition approximates), with a plicate columella and dentate lip, but its parasitic habits (on polyps) cause subsequent irregular growth, so that its relationships were for a long period very uncertain. The dentition fixes its place between Cypraeidse and Ovulidse. Genus PEDICULARIA, Swainson, 1840. Characters, those of the family. Very few species are known, but the geographical range of the genus is world-wide in warm seas. Fossil, miocene of Sicily. The subgenus Dentiora, Pease, 1862, which is founded on a shell three and a half millimetres in length, is probably a juvenile Pedicularia ; it is said to be ovate, with subinflected lip, which is lirate, the columella plane or excavated, ridged above, com- pressed below and sharply dentate, the outer surface spirally subgranosel}' striated. Thyreus, Phil., is a synonym of Pedicu- laria. FAMILY PEDICULARIIDtf]. Genus PEDICULARIA, Swainson, 1840. P. SICULA, Swainson. PI. 1, figs. 2, 3. Adult irregular, more or less compressed at the sides, having a limpet-like appearance, and modified as to outline by the mi-face upon which it lives ; the spiral lines of the yotni^ shell 17 (241) '2 4 "2 PEDICULARIA. are usually persistent on a portion of the back of the adult; whitish, tinned with brown within. Length, 10 mill. Sicily, Isle of Hyeres, France ; on polyps. T/ii/reus parado.rnx, Phil., and probably Gadinia lateralis, Ileqnien, are synonyms. P. CALIFORNIA, Newcomb. PI. 1, fig. 4. Depressly globose, crimson-colored, minutely transversely striated, above rounded, below broadly rounded ; lip expanded, semicircular; columella thick, dilated within, straight ; aperture elongately subovate ; extremities broadly notched. Length, 10 mill. Southern California, on coral. P. JAPONICA, Uall. PI. l,fig. 5. Elongated, sinuated ; whitish, irregularly suffused with rose- pink, apex yellowish pink, interior darker, livid pink ; exter- nally rather coarsely grooved and striated ; apex somewhat mammillated, vertex umbilicated ; columella straight, incon- spicuous ; lateral margins much produced, concave, effuse, extremities narrow, canaliculate. Length, -5 inch. Niphon, Japan, 60 fms., on Gorgon ia. Is more coarsely striate than P. Pacifica, and umbilicated, also differing in color. P. California is shorter and more globose, with a thicker columella. P. PACIFICA, Pease. PI. 1, figs. 6, 7. Mather solid, oblong, much contracted in the middle, irregular in shape ; radiately ornamented with elevated granulose stria.', decussated by concentric striae; apex straight, involute, im- mersed ; wholly of either reddish, violet, purple or yellowish color. Length, 8 mill. Ins. Apaian. Smaller than the next species, the apex oblique and not con- tracted in the middle. P. ELEGANTISSIMA, Desh. PI. 1, figs. 8, 9. Ovate oblong, very convex on the back, elegantly transversely striale. :ipex umhilirate ; vivid violaceous. Length, 6 mill. Isle of Bourbon, Mauritius. P. Lit-nurdi, Ilobillnrd, is :i synonym. I'. DKCUSSATA, Gould. (Unfigurod). Oil (Jouxt of Georgia. P. AU-.IDA. I>all. ( rnligured). llr.s/ Indies. P. (DENTIOBA) BUBIDA, Pease. (Unligmvd). Xandinrh Inland*. OVULTD^E. 243 FAMILY OVULID^E. Shell related closely to the Cypraeidae in general form, but differing in being involute in all stages of growth, whilst the Cowries exhibit a short spire when young, which becomes involute and more or less concealed by the enlargement of the body-whorl with advancing age ; there is no epidermis, and the porcellanous surface is usually smooth (sometimes lightly spirally striate), sometimes gibbous, or transversely subcarinated, whitish or not richly colored ; extremities more or less beaked, canalic- ulated or emarginated ; aperture the entire length of the shell, rather narrow, the inner lip smooth, the outer lip usually toothed or plicate, sometimes smooth, indexed. Operculum none. Animal covering the shell with its mantle-lobes after the manner of Cyprsea, but the head furnished with a contractile snout rather than a retractile proboscis. Dentition 3'1'3, the central tooth being subtriangular, with several cusps, the laterals falciform, with dentate margin, the marginals subnabelliform with finely pectinated margins (PI. 1, fig. 10). Genus OYULA, Bruguiere, 1789. The characters are those of the family. H. and A. Adams, in their " Genera of Recent Mollusca," have characterized a few genera which it is convenient to retain, giving them the lower rank of subgenera, however, as the main IVature distinguishing them is the greater or less extension of the rostrated extremities, a character of somewhat gradual development through the series. The t3'pical group, which Messrs. Adams have distinguished as Amphiperas, Gronov., has a Cypraeiform shell, ovoid, ventricose, with but slightly rostrated extremities. The animal has a large foot and the mantle-margin is simple. 0. ovum, Linn. There are fifty recent species, distributed throughout the world, in warm latitudes only. A few cretaceous species have been described; all of which, with a single exception (0. antiquata, d'Orb., Cret. of India), are either Cypraeas or doubtful. The genus is moderately represented in the tertiary. The genus Simnia, Risso, is characterized by its sharp outer lip, and is still retained by authors, although, as first shown by 244 OVULID^E. myself (Am. Jour. Conch., i, 95), and afterwards confirmed by ihe late Dr. .1. (i\vyn Jeffreys and others, the animal, under favorable circumstances, sometimes completes its shell by the addition of a thickened lip, when the distinction from the typical group disappears. Ordinarily Simnia has the sharp lip and it may be considered a case qf arrested growth, paralleled by that of Planorbis trivolwx — which only in northern waters takes on its expanded lip along with more vigorous growth and larger size. Subgenus CYPHOMA, Bolten, 1798. Back of shell with a median transverse obtuse ridge, lip srnoothish or feebly crenulated. 0. gibbosa, Linn. Ultimus, Montfort, and Carinea, Swainson, are synonyms. Subgenus VOLVA, Bolten, 1798. Shell ventricose in the middle, both extremities prolonged into canals, aperture narrow, lip inflected and margined exteriorly, without teeth, no columellar plication. Mantle-margin with glandular tubercles, foot narrow, folded lengthwise on itself, adapted for creeping on the narrow, rounded branches of gorgonise and corals — on which it is supposed to feed. Birostra, Swains., and Radius, Montf., are synonyms. Subgenus NEOSIMNIA, Fischer, 1884. Shell resembling in form the preceding group, but the extremities less prolonged, the columella furnished behind with an oblique callous plication. The habits of the animal appear to be the same as Volva. ? Subgenus CRITIIE, Gould, 1860. Shell ovuliform, rostrated at the extremities, aperture narrow, arcuated; outer lip simple, l>ase with transverse ridges passing into the aperture and making teeth on the columellar lip. Animal with a long foot, truncate anteriorly, obtuse posteriorly, tentacles broad, short, triangular, with minute eyes at their exterior base. Described Irom a single minute species obtained by Stimpson in the China Sea. It is probably a. juvenile, and must remain a doubtful group until rediscovered — the types having been destroyed, 245 Subgenus CALPURNUS, Montfort. 1810. Shell gibbons, subcarinated Across the back, with at either extremity a dorsal tubercle encircled by a groove, outer lip dentate on the margin. Animal having a large foot, the mantle not tuberculate and covering only a portion of the buck of the shell. Apparently rather closely related to Cyprsea, but the dentition being unknown, its definite place remains uncertain. In addition to the above, the following fossil forms have been described : — TRANSOVULA, Gregorio, 1880. Shell oval, slightly rostrated, lip denticulated, columellar margin crenulated. 0. Schefferi, Eocene of Sicily. DIAMEZA, Deshayes, 1865. Shell elongated, mucronated be- hind, lip sharp, aperture oblong, hardly narrowed in front. 0. media, Desh. Eocene, Paris basin. Somewhat resembles Tere- bellum. GISORTIA, Jousseanme, 1884. Described as a group of Cyprae- idae, but placed doubtfully under Ovula by Fischer. It includes recent as well as Eocene species, and I think its affinities most decidedly with Cyprsea, rather than with Ovula. Several monographs of Ovula have been published : — L. C. Kiener. Coquilles vivantes, 23 species. G. B. Sowerby. Thesaurus Conchyliorum, ii, 1855, 48 species. Lovell Reeve. Conchologia Iconica, 1865, 66 species. H. C. Weinkauff. In Kiister's Conchylien Cabinet, 72 species. Also catalogues by : — S. R. Roberts. Am. Jour. Conch., 1865, 72 species. II. C. Weinkauff. Jahrb. Malak. Gesell.. 1882, 66 species. The differences between Ovula and Cyprsea are carefully indi- cated in a paper by Prof. Theodore Gill, entitled " On the rela- tions of the Amphiperasidse," Am. Jour. Conch., vi, 183. 24G OVULA. Genus OVULA, Brug., 1789. Typical Group. O. OVUM, Linn. PI. 1, figs. 11,12. White, brownish red within the aperture. Length, 2*5-4*5 inches. East Africa, Indian Ocean, J(i/xi.-<, Society 7s., etc. The animal is blackish, the mantle beset with short filaments. It is 0. owformis. Lam. (fijr. 12) and 0. alba, Sclmm. In full dress many of the Pacific Islanders are decked out \vi;h la roe white Ovulum shells, appended to the waist, elbows, and ankles. Throughout the islands inhabited by the crisp-haired Papuan race, a large species of Ovulum of a very pure white color, resembling porcelain, is employed with great effect by the natives in decorating their houses, temples and canoes. — Sim- monds, Commercial Products of the Sea. 0. TORTILIS, Martyn. PL 2, figs. 19, 20. Smaller and more angularly ventricose than the preceding species ; white, the interior of the aperture rose-color. Length, 2 inches. Zanzibar, Molucca*, Friendly />•. The synonyms are 0. imperialis, Dillw.; 0. columbn, Schub. and Wagn.; 0. anguloxa, Lam.; 0. costellata, Lam.; 0. ovum, var. /?, Gmel. 0. MARQINATA, Sowb. PL l,figs. 13, 14, 15; PL 2, figs. 21, 22. Rather thin, semitransparent, white, encircled with an orange line at the margin, very obscurely decussated, interior milk- white. Length, 21-30 mill. . Hon), is probably identical ; the back seems to be aniitilated in this latter species, or else lightl}' marked with narrow bands. O. PATULA, Pennant. PL 1, figs, lfi-18. White, thin, semitransparent, a little produced at the extremi- ties, with very fine revolving stria-, almost microscopic, lip- margin rarely thickened in Knglisli specimens, more usually thickened and slightly dentate in Mediterranean examples; columella with a posterior callous fold when adult. Length, 1 inch. Europe. OVULA. 247 Fig. 17 represents the typical 0. putula ; figs. 16, 18, the 0. Adriatica, Sowb. Additional synonyms are Bulla virginea, Cantr., and 0 Nicaensis, Risso. The typical 0. paiula-is the type of the genus Simnia, Risso, a badly characterized group (see p. 243). 0. LACTEA, Lam. PL 2, figs. 23-28. Rather solid, white, back finely transversely ribbed, with several more or less distinct angles. Length, 20-25 mill. East Africa, Mauritius, Japan, Philippines, N. Caledonia. 0. semistriata, Pease (figs. 25, 26), from central Polynesia, appears to be only a variety having the striae a little stronger, obsolete on the middle of the back. The type is a smaller and more solid shell, but I have before me authentic specimens which are larger, less solid and with the angles of 0. lactea. 0. cristallina, Kiener (figs. 27, 28), is smaller and narrower than the 0. lactea, but may be only a variety thereof. The species has not been identified by any author, and the habitat is unknown. 0. PUDICA A. Ad. PI. 2, figs. 29-31. Pinkish white, smooth ; columella plicate below, callously ridged above. Length, 18 mill. N. Caledonia. 0. Caledonica, Crosse (fig. 31), appears to be a synonym. O. NUBECVJLATA, Ad. and Reeve. PL 2, figs. 41, 42. Pinkish, with three clouded pink-brown bands. Length, 18 mill, Isl. of Basilan. May be only a banded variety of the preceding species. 0. PYRIFORMIS, Sowb. PL 2, figs. 43-45. Yellowish white or pinkish, with three clouded darker bands, extremities a little produced. Length, 21 mill. Australia, Japan. Distinguished (perhaps not sufficiently) from the preceding species by its more pyriform contour and produced extremities. Reeve's figure (fig. 45), probably from a worn specimen, has no bands. 248 OVULA. O. BBEVIS, Sowb. PI. 2, figs. 32, 33. ' Thin, globosely inflated, whitish or purplish white, columella plicate in front, with a callous ridge behind, and a connecting longitudinal deposit. Length, 12 mill. Australia. The figures given by Reeve and Weinkauff do not represent this species, but 0. marginata. The shell is somewhat closely related to 0. margarifn. Sowb. 0. MARGARITA, Sowb. PI. 2, figs. 34-40. White, extremities somewhat beaked. Length, 10-13 mill. Singapore, Japan, Philippines, Australia. Less inflated, narrower, with more beaked extremities than 0. breuix. 0. bulla, Ad. and Reeve (figs. 30, 37), is a little heavier form, and 0. umbilicata, Sowb. (figs. 38, 39), appears to be not quite adult; they do not seem to have an}' really dis- tinctive characters. 0. ovoidea, H. Ad. (fig. 40 , from the Red Sea, is only known by a short description and a figure of the base of the shell ; I do not find distinctive characters in either. 0. BIMACULATA, A. Ad. PL 2, figs. 46, 47. Livid white, obsoletely three- banded, back transversely striate, extremities of aperture stained with red within. Length, 13 mill. New Caledonia. 0. CARNEA, Poiret PI. 2, figs. 48-52. Yellowish, reddish or violet flesh-color, transversely striated, with frequently several angles or planes on the back, extremities beaked, somewhat produced, lip thick-margined, finely dentate, columella excavated below, with a callous ridge above, extremi- ties of aperture often pink-tinged. Length, 12-15 mill. Mediterranean Sea. 0. lactea and 0. triticeM, Costa, are synonyms; 0. triticea, Lam., remains a somewhat doubtful species, the figures ijiven by Kiener and Sowerby resembling <>. r/iodia, Ads., whilst those of Reeve (figs. 51, 52) and Kiister are like cunn-n. Keeve's figuiv of 0. carnea looks more like 0. rlnxliti. The locality of <>. triticea is supposed to be West Coast of Africa. Dunker iden- tifies a Japanese shell with it, but he has used Sowerby 's figures for comparison. 0. lepida, Dillw., is a synonym of triticea. OVULA. 249 0. RHODIA, A. Ad. PI. 3, figs. 53, 54. Shell rather narrow, produced at the extremities, flesh pink; columella excavated below, with a conspicuous white callus above, lip whitish. Length, 13 mill. Japan. See remarks under preceding species. O. FRUTICUM, A. Ad. PL 3, figs. 55, 56. Shell smooth, broadly banded with pinkish flesh-color, lip thick, varicose, extremities rotundately emarginated, columella callousty ridged above and below, strongly one-plaited. Length, 10 mill. Malacca. I am not acquainted with this species. 0. PYRULINA, A. Ad. PL 3, figs. 57, 58. Pear-shaped, constricted and produced at the extremities, back rather gibbous in the middle ; columella callously ridged above, lip moderately plicate ; yellowish- or livid-white. Length, 12 mill. New Caledonia. 0 CONCINNA, Ad. and Reeve. PL 3, figs. 59, 60, 74. Angularly prominently gibbous in the middle, constricted at the extremities ; white, or fleshy-white. Length, 9 mill. Philippines, Japan. 0. Cumingii, Mo'rch (fig. 74), is a synonym. 0. PUNCTATA, Duclos. PL 3, figs. 61-64, 73. Rather solid, transversely striate, whitish, with three rows of orange or carneous spots. Length, 10-11 mill. China, Japan, Philippines, Australia, Isl. Bourbon. 0. alabaster, Reeve (fig. 64), has the spots very faint. Var. PULCHELLA, H. Ad. (fig. 73). The spots, connected longitudinally by waved bands of color. One of Sowerby's figures of punctata represents this variety. Mauritius. 0. ADAMSI, Reeve. PL 3, figs. 65, 66. Ovate, inflated, whitish ; back rather elevated in the middle, transversely incisely striated ; extremities rather obtuse ; lip 250 UVULA. moderately thickened ; aperture curved, rather broad, columella scarcely plicated. Length, 8 mill. New Caledonia. A delicate, rather inflated bubble-shaped shell, elaborately sculptured with engraved strirc. The foregoing is Reeve's diagnosis, the species being unknown to me. It is 0. marginata of A. Ad., not Sowerby, and changed by Reeve as above. O. BULLATA, Ad. and Reeve. PL 3, figs. 67-70. Pinkish or purplish or yellowish white, somewhat gibbous on the back — which is smooth or transversely incisely striated ; lip strongly margined, flesh-brown, somewhat square^' produced at the extremities. Length, 8 mill. Singapore, Japan, New Caledonia. 0. scitula, Ads. (figs. 69, 70), is a 0. STRIATULA, Sowerby. PL 3, figs. 75-80. Back strongly angularly gibbous in the middle, attenuately produced at the extremities, striate or smooth ; lip strongly margined ; pinkish- or yellowish-white. Length, 10 mill. Straits of Malacca, Loo Choo Is., Philippines, Japan. I unite with this 0. dorsuosum, Hinds (figs. 77, 78), and 0. dentata, Ad. and Reeve (figs. 79, 80). The following species is also probably a synonym. 0. FRUMENTUM, Sowerby. PL 3, figs. 71, 72. Smaller than the preceding, of which it may be a variety : the form is similar, but the back does not show the angle, although evidently gibbous. Length, 6 mill. Hab. unknown. Subgenus CYPIIOMA, Bolten, 1798. O. GIBBOSA, Linn. PL 3, figs. 81, 82. Rather thick, smooth, polished ; pale straw-color or whitish, stained on the sides with fawn-color; extremities obtuse; lip callously margined, scarcely dentate. Length, 1-1-25 inches. Florida, West Indies. Lamarck probably confounded 0. intermedia, Sowb., with this species in i>-ivini>- I>ra/il as habitat, and Cuming in referring it to Panama very likely mistook the next species for it. It is 0. pharetra of Perry and 0. dorsata, Bolten. OVULA. 251 0. EMARGINATA, Sowb. PI. 3, figs. 83, 84. Flesh-white or whitish, the ridge sharper than in the preceding species and white, lip heavily margined, also white, extremities rostrate, narrower. Length, 1 inch. Panama. The back is often finely transversely striate. O. INTERMEDIA, Sowerby. PL 3, figs. 85, 86. Rather solid, smooth, polished, whitish or tinged with yellow- ish brown ; back gibbous, with faint indication of a transverse ridge or angle, and often showing a still fainter anterior one; extremities narrowly produced ; lip strongly margined, scarcely dentate ; columella with a callous posterior plication. Length, 1-1-5 inches. Brazil, West Indies. Smaller specimens show the angle very plainly; sometimes in these it is consp'cuously slrtrp. The shell connects this group with Neosimnin in such manner that it is difficult to decide where it ought to be placed. 0. oblonga of Martini, and 0. spelta, Dillwyn, are synonj'ms. 0. OBTUSA, Sowb. PL 3, figs. 8*7-89. Yellowish- or pinkish-white, obtusely angulated on the back, extremities produced, lip callously margined. Length, 16 mill. China, Japan. Something like a miniature 0. intermedia. 0. Indica, Reeve, (fig. 89), from Bombay, appears to be a minor form. 0. TRAILLT, A. Ad. PL 3, figs. 90, 91. Flesh-colored, smooth, back strongly angularly gibbous, ex- tremities narrowly produced. Length, 11 mill. Malacca. 0. FORMOSA, Adams and Reeve. PL 4, figs. 15, 16. Gibbous, slightly angnlated across the back, transversely striate, purplish orange, the extremities orange-tipped ; aperture narrow, but little widened below, the columella callous above, the outer lip-margin conspicuously dentate. Length, 12 mill. Borneo, Japan. 0. SEMPERI, WeinkaurT. PL 4, figs. IT, 18 ; PL 5, fig. 19. Purplish yellow or orange-red, the margin orange-red ; back 252 OVULA. angulated above the middle, lip conspicuously dentate, columella dentate above. Length, 13 mill. Borneo, Viti Isles. The aperture is wider below, the angle of the back more pos- terior than in the preceding species, of which it may nevertheless be only a variety. It is 0. hordacea of Sowerby and Reeve, not Lamarck. Subgenus VOLVA, Bolten, 1798. 0. VOLVA, Linn. PI. 4, figs. 94, 95. Pinkish or brownish flesh-color, back transversely incisely striated, extremities with raised striae, lip thickly margined, nearly smooth, interior flesh-colored or brownish. Length, 3-5 inches. China, Philippines, Japan. 0. LONQIROSTRA, Sowb. PI. 4, figs. 92, 93. Yellowish white, moderately gibbously angled in the middle, lip callously reflected. Length, 1-75-2-5 inches. Isl. of Bourbon. O. RECURVA, Adams and Reeve. PI. 4, figs. 96, 97. White, transversely minutely striated, gibbously angled in the middle, lip callously margined. Length, 22 mill. China, Japan. Possibly a minor variety of 0. longirostra. 0. GRACTLIS, Ads. and Reeve. PI. 4, figs. 98, 99. Pale fulvous, maculated with red next the margin of the thickened lip. Length, 11 mill. East Coast of Borneo. O. PHILIPPINARUM, Sowb. PI. 4, figs. 100-9. Livid flesh-color, rather thin, thickened margin of lip yellowish white. Length, -75-1-25 inches. Philippines, Japan, Australia. With this species I unite as syno^-ms 0. Carpenteri, D linker (fig. 2) ; 0. Angasi, A. Ad. (figs. 3, 4), and 0. depressa, Sowb. (HiT. 5), with its variety roxcc/, Rositer, from Australia ; O. xnh- reflexa. Ad. and Keeve tigs. ('>, 7) ; 0. deflexa, Sowb. (fig. 8), and the Japanese 0. Adamsii, Dunker (Jig. 9), which differs in no appreciable degree from Angasi. OVULA. 253 0. BTROSTRIS, Linn. PL 4, figs. 10-14. Reddish flesh-color, sometimes pale-banded in the middle, smooth, shining-, thickened lip-margin yellowish white. Length, 1-5 inches. Singapore, Japan, Philippines. Larger, and wider in proportion than the last species ; yet I doubt their distinctness. The synonymy includes 0. brevirostris, Schum.; 0. aperta, Sowb. (fig. 12), a young shell, and 0. rosea, A. Ad. (figs. 13, 14). 0. LANCEOLATA, Sowb. PL 5, figs. 20, 21. •» Narrowly compressed, back densely transversely striated, extremities rather blunt ; orange-pink ; lip and columella cal- lously involute, aperture very narrow. Length, 21 mill. Philippines. 0. COARCTATA, Adams and Reeve. PL 5, fig. 22. Elongated, ventricose in the middle, fulvous, back transversely minutely striated, extremities contracted, columella rather depressed. Length, 7 mill. Straits of Sunda. This may possibly be a minor variety of the preceding species, which it closely resembles in form. 0. ACICULARIS, Lam. PL 5, figs. 23-25. Yellowish to purplish, thin, smooth, narrow, extremities rather bluntly produced, lip thinly margined, with a callous margin on the columella. Length, 15 mill. West Indies, South Carolina, Florida. It is 0. secale of Dillwyn's Catalogue. Subgenus NEOSIMNIA, Fischer, 1884. 0. SOWERBYANA, Weinkauff. PL 5, figs. 20, 27. Somewhat ventricose, short beaked, rosy flesh-color, sometimes obscurely banded, rather thin, lip-margin thickened, smoothish, yellowish. Length, 1-1*25 inches. South Sea. This is 0. spelta of Sowerby and Reeve, not Lamarck. 254 OVULA. 0. SECALTS, Sowb. PI. 5, figs. 28-30. Purplish white, extremities rather blunt, lip-margin yellowish white. Length, 15 mill. Easlc.ru Xf.iis, Friendly Isles. The distinction between this and the preceding species is so slight that 1 think they will prove identical. (>. wimmilum, Sowerby (fig. 30), from Friendly Islands, is a synonym. O. BORBONICA, Desh. PI. 5, fig. 31. Rosy white, ventricose in the middle, thin, translucent, trans- versely striate, aperture very narrow. Length, 7 mill. Isle of Bourbon. I am not acquainted with this species. 0. ACUMINATA, Ad. and Reeve. Rather stout, yellowish white, lip thickened. Length, 8 mill. East Indies, Japan. Perhaps a small variety of the preceding species. 0. SPELTA, Linn. PI. 5, figs. 32, 33. Whitish or flesh-color, smooth, polished, aperture rather wide anteriorly, lip-margin and extremities of shell callously thick- ened. Length, 15-20 mill. Mediterranean Sea, Canary Is. This is not 0. spelta of Sowb. and Reeve (see Sowerbymm, above). The synonymy includes 0. hordacea, Costa; 0. pur- purea, Risso, and 0. Leathesi of Wood's Crag Mollusca. 0. HORDACEA, Lamarck. PI. 5, figs. 34-38. Yellowish red to purplish, smooth, extremities obtuse. Length, 12 mill. Coast of Africa? /V//7 //>/>/ m-s. Differs subgenerically from the species which Sowerby and Kceve have figured under this name, and which Wcinkaulf calls 0. Semperi. O.jormicariu , Sowb. (ligs. :>7, 38), may be included. O. UMIM.H ATA, Sowb. PI. 5, figs. 39-50. Yellowish white to purplish, rather thin, transversely very minutely incised, or smooth, polished ; narrow, with the cxtivm- OVULA. 255 ities bluntly produced ; lip narrow margined ; posterior plica- tion prominent. Length, 15-18 mill. North Carolina to West Indies, Brazil, Panama to California (Var.) In this species the color of its shell changes to correspond with that of the gorgonia on which it feeds, either yellowish white or purple. The synonymy includes 0. Antillarum, Reeve (fig. 41); 0. Canadienxis, Morch ; 0. Carolinensis, Morch ; 0. subrostrata, Sowb. (fig. 42) ; 0. arcuata, Reeve (fig. 43). The following species occurring on the West Coast of America are added, as I can find no distinctive characters. It may be remarked, however, that so far as I am able to judge from the figures and numerous speci- mens, these West Coast representatives are always dark purple with a lighter purple lip-margin — coloring which somewhat rarely obtains with the East Coast individuals ; on this account they may be grouped under the best known, but not earliest name, as : — Var. VARIABILIS, C. B. Adams (fig. 44). With this I include 0. Californica, Reeve (fig. 45); 0. eequalis, Sowb. (fig. 46), 0. livida, Reeve (fig. 47); 0. rufa, Sowb. (fig. 48); 0. inflexa, Sowb. (fig. 49), and 0. Loebbeckeana, Weink. (fig. 50), which probably does not come from Vancouver's Island. 0. AVENA, Sowb. PI. 5, figs. 51-55. Light purplish or rosy, wider than the preceding species, the extremities shorter, often orange-tipped, lip-margin rosy-white. Length, 12-20 mill. Panama to Monterey, Gal. The synonyms are 0. similis, Sowb. (figs. 52, 53), perhaps 0. neglecta, C. B. Ad. (fig. 54), and 0. Vidleri, Sowb. (fig. 55). Subgenus URITHE, Gould, 1860. 0. ATOMARIA, Gould. Very minute, glossy white, somewhat acute at the extremities, with a delicate groove at the summit ; aperture very narrow, and uniformly so ; rostrum short, slightly recurved ; ventral laminae directly transverse, about eight in number, as they pass into the aperture, giving the appearance of coarse denticles on the pillar. 250 OVULA. Animal citron-colored, viscera slate-colored, eyes reddish black, very small. L. 5 mill., diam. 3 mill. China Seas (Stimpson). Unfigured, and the specimens destroyed by fire. Subgentis CALPURNUS, Montfort, 1810. 0. VERRUCOSA, Linn. PL 5, figs. 56-58. White, with fine incised transverse stria?, extremities rosy tipped. Length, 1'25 inches. East Africa, Indian Ocean, Philippines, N Caledonia. Unfigured and Doubtful Species. 0. BULLATA, Gould (sp. name preoccupied). Hab. unknown. 0. ALBA and 0. NIGERRIMA, Dufo. Seychelles. O. (CYPHOMA) ELONGATA, A. Ad. Japan. 0. (BIROSTRA) MoCoYi, Tenison-Woods. Australia. O. GALLINACEA and 0. CORRUGATA, Hinds. = ERATO, Manual, v, 10, 11. DOLIID^E. 257 FAMILY DOLIIDJE. Shell thin, ventricose, ovate or subglobose, spire short, the bod}' -whorl very large, with revolving ribs or decussated. No operculum in the adult. Animal very large ; the mantle dilated ; head wide, bearing two elongated distant tentacles, dilated at the base, and having eyes near the base ; proboscis cylindrical, greatly developed, extensi- ble and flexible ; foot lobed and dilated in front, with a horizontal groove. Dentition. Central tooth short, wide, with an elongated central and some shorter lateral cusps, lateral and first marginal with simple or denticulated margin, sharp-pointed, outer marginal tooth sharp, simple (PL 1, fig. 1). Jaw (PL 1, fig. 2). Some species at least, of Macgillivrayia, are known to be the larva of Dolium. They have four tentacles, and the foot is pro- vided with a float resembling lanthina ; the shell has a thin, corneous operculum, afterwards lost. The family resembles Cassididse rather closely, but differs by the want of varices on the shell and the absence of an opercu- lum ; but the subgenus Malea of this family, having a ringent mouth, has much analogy with Cyprsecassis of the Cassididse, which, according to Stutchbury, is equally deprived of an oper- culum. The family Oocorythidse, containing a single species, may be placed between the two ; it is in shell characters essen- tially an operculate Dolium. Prof. Morch and others place the Tritonidae in intimate relation with the foregoing families on account of a similar dentition ; and Morch points out that certain species of Triton possess the revolving ribs and somewhat of the form of Dolium. Oocorys itself is thought b}' Fischer to be somewhat closely allied with Tritonida?. The relations of Triton with Murex are also evident. Thus it is that transition forms, and complex relationships everywhere baffle the naturalist who attempts to classify in a lineal series. The shells are mostly of quite large size, and the species are few in number, inhabiting warm seas ; fossil, a cretaceous form is known, with some tertiary species. 18 258 DOLTID^E. Synopsis of Genera. Genus DOLIUM, Lam., 1801. Shell thin, ventricose, globosely oval ; spire short, whorls with spiral depressed ribs ; mouth verj- large, the lip crenulated, sil- lonated within, columella canaliculated, anterior end of aperture not produced, obliquely, widely sillonated. About fifteen species occur in the seas of China, Philippines, Australia, Mediterranean, West Indies, etc. The section Perdix, Montfort, 1810, has been used for the separation of species with open umbilicus and (so-culled) simple lip, but the gradual gradation from this form to those with closed umbilicus, and more strongly crenulated lip appears to deprive the group of any real value. Another section, Doliof/sus (pre- occupied by Conrad), has been proposed by Monterosato for a single Mediterranean species, imperforate, with expanded den- ticulated lip. Subgenus DOLIOPSIS, Conrad, 1865. The figure of the type has a short canal, and appears inter- mediate between Dolium and Pyrula. Two Oregon fossils subse- quently referred to the group by Conrad are very similar to recent Dolium. DOLIOPSIS QUINQUECOSTA, Conrad (PI. 5,, fig. 32). Eocene, Miss. Subgenus MALEA, Val., 1833. Form of Dolium, but the lip thickened, somewhat reflected and strongly denticulated the inner lip with two calloused plicate prominences. Gadium, Link, 1807, is said to equal this jrroup. The animal differs from Dolium by its foot being less dilated in front, not angular laterally, and by its branchia?, which are nearly equal. Genus PYRULA, Lamarck, 1799. Shell imperforate, thin, pear-shaped, spirally ribbed, or decus- sated, terminating anteriorly in a moderate, open canal ; spire very short; lip thin, smooth on the margin. No operculum. Dentition (PI. 6, fig. 38). Animal with a very large foot, truncated in front, produced at the front angles, acuminated behind; head and neck narrow 259 and long, tentacles subulate, with eyes at their exterior base; mantle-lobes large, n fleeted over the shell ; siphon very long and narrow. A few species inhabit the West Indies, Panama, Indian Ocean, Philippines, etc. The genus appeared in the cretaceous, and became widely spread in the tertiary, remains being found in North and South America, Europe and Asia. The generic name has been made to include a number of groups, such as Hemifusus, Melongena, etc., which' have but little in common with the present genus. The type cited by Lamarck is Bulla Jicus, Linn., which fixes its pertinence to the genus now under consideration, and degrades to the synonymy such names as Ficus, Klein, Ficula, Swains., and Sycotypus, H. and A. Adams, not Browne. Mr. Arthur Adams writes : — " The employment of the dredge gave me an opportunity of here first observing the animal of Ficula, which very much resembles that of Dolium in the large, thin, flattened foot, rounded in front, with two sharp, angular, lateral processes, and extended and acuminated behind ; in the long, recurved siphon, and slender, tapering tentacula ; in having a long, extensile and retractile proboscis ; in the position of the organs of vision ; and in the general shape, structure, and lightness of the shell ; while the singular fact of the mantle covering the sides of the shell, would seem to approximate it to Calpurnus, Ovulum, Marginella and the Cowries. "Although exceedingly timid and sensitive, the Ficula is a very lively animal, when observed in its native waters, crawling along with considerable velocity, and, owing probably to the lightness of its shell, able to ascend with facility the sides of a glass vessel, which held it captive. The proboscis is rarely exserted when the animal is in motion ; but the long, tapering tentacles are stretched out to their full extent, and the siphon is directed more frequently forwards than over the back of the animal. The animal of Ficula ficoides is light, marbled violet, and the head and tentacles are white ; six white, opaque spots are arranged round the upper surface of the edge of the foot ; the rest of the bod}T is light delicate pink, with marbled mark- ings of a darker pink. 260 DOLIID.E. " In another species which I observed, and of which I also made a drawing (the Ficvla Isevigata, Reeve), the mantle is bright pink, mottled with white and deeper pink, the under surface of the ventral disc being of a dark-chocolate color, with yellow, scattered spots ; the head and neck are pink, and also colored with yellow spots. "The Ficula shells, seen in cabinets, convey but a poor idea of these handsome mollusks, observed in the living state, crawling rapidly along, bearing their light, elegantly formed shells, easily and gracefully, with their siphons erect, their foot expanded, like a broad flattened disc, and their bodies ornamented with delicate colors, beautifully marbled, and moving their long, flat heads, and peering about with their large, black eyes, in a manner which is surprising, when one considers the position these animals occupy in the scale of creation, and that but a very small share of intelligence is, in general, supposed to be the lot of most mollusca." — Narrat. Voy. Samarang, ii, 358. Subgenus PTYCHOSYCA, Gabb, 1876. Shell shaped like Pyrula ; inner lip with one anterior very oblique fold. P. inornata, Gabb. Cretaceous, Georgia (Fig'd S. & S. Conch., t. 62, f. 39). Dr. Fischer thinks it allied to Liostoma. Subgenus FICULOPSIS, Stoliczka, 1867. Pyriform, attenuated in front, inflated behind ; spire very short; surface spirally and transversely striate or costulate ; columella thick, angulated, plicate. P. Pondicherriensis, Forbes. Cretaceous, So. India (Fig'd S. & S. Conch., t. 62, f. 38). The family has been monographed by Reeve, Kiener and Kiister (Conchylien Cabinet). Kobelt has also published a catalogue of the species of Dolium in Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., ii, 263, and Hanley another, in Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 491, 1859. Sowerby monographed Ficula in the Thesaurus, iv, 1880, and Kobelt catalogued it in the Jahrbiicher, 359, 187-">, and published u nionogrjiph in Kiister's Conch. Cab., 1874. DOLIUM. 261 Genus DOLIUM, Lam., 1801. D. GALEA, Linn. PI. 1, fig. 3. Thin, narrowly umbilicated, spire short, with sunken sutures ; whorls seven, spirally ribbed, the ribs flatty convex, close-set, often with an intervening ridge on the upper portion of the whorls; columella somewhat twisted; pale fulvous, inner margin of lip stained with chocolate-brown, upper part of columella and the apex of the spire often chocolate also. Length, 8-9 inches. Mediterranean Sea, Beaufort, N. (7., to West Indies, Brazil. D. tenue, Menke, is the juvenile shell ; it is also Buccinum olearium, Linn, (not D. olearium, Brug.). Morch has described another juvenile as D. Antillarum. Gregorio has recently described three varieties (spirintrorsum, terdina and epidermata) from the vicinity of Palermo. D. MELANOSTOMA, Jay. PL 1, figs. 4, 5. Ribs about half the number of those of D. galea, and much broader, with narrow intervening smaller ridges and grooves; fulvous white, columellar callus and a broad interior margin of the outer lip both stained dark chocolate-brown. Length, 9 inches. Elizabeth Reef, So. Pacific 0. (Brazier); Friendly Islands (Jay) ; Hawaiian Islands (Pease). The shell which Reeve (fig. 5) has figured for this species appears to be more nearly allied to the preceding, but possibly the ribs are variable in number according to the size of the shell. Pease saw a specimen 35 inches in circumference, and says that those measuring 24 inches are usual. As Brazier refers to Reeve's figure it is very likely that he has mistaken the species ; as has also Kiister, who copies the figure in Reeve. The true melanostoma may = the succeeding species, and if so, has priority of publication. D. LUTEOSTOMA, Kuster. PI. 1 , fig. 6 ; PL 2, fig. 7. Body-whorl with fifteen to eighteen revolving, wide ribs and narrow interstices, the latter bearing small ribs, paired on the upper part of the whorl ; yellowish brown, variegated with chestnut maculations ; interior of aperture deep yellowish brown. Length, 7-8 inches. Japan. The description is made from D. Japonicum, Dunker (fig. 7), 2G2 DO LIU M. which appears to be the usual fresh state of the species. Klister's earlier diagnosis was prepared from a faded or varietal form in which the maculations have disappeared or are but feebly shown. One of the figures (t. 63, f. 1) given by Kiister for D. variegatum, appears to represent this species ; which is certainly very closely allied to D. melanostoma. D. VARIEGATUM, Lam. PL 3, figs. 13, 14. Umbilicated, whorls 7, the last bearing fifteen to eighteen spiral ribs, the interstices nearly as wide, the upper ones bearing an intermediate smaller rib ; whitish, maculated with chestnut on the ribs, often with one or two ribs more yellowish in color, upon which there are no maculations. Spire more elevated, and suture less impressed than in the preceding species. Length, 4-9 inches. North Australia . D. Kieneri, Phil.,. is a synonym. Var. CHINENSE, Dillwyn. Fig. 14. Smaller, of lighter structure and more contracted growth, most of the interstices of the eighteen to twenty ribs bearing a smaller rib. Fine specimens are usually alternately banded spirally with light yellow and whitish, the ribs of the latter only showing chestnut maculations. China. This is D. australe of Morch. D. OLEARIUM, Brug. PL 2, figs. 8-11. Spirally broadly ribbed, with very narrow, shallow interstices ; fulvous chestnut maculated with white ; suture deep. Length, 3-5 inches. Indian Ocean, Philippim'*. A very frequent state of this species has the surface worn so that the grooves are indicated more by darker spiral lines than by their very shallow depression. Var. CUMINGII, Hanley. PL 2, fig. 9. Kibs more numerous and, with the groove, more distinct, whorls not so deep-sutured . maculations interrupted with spiral, longitudinally linivated bands. Philippines. Var. DESHAYESII, Reeve. PI. i>. fig. 10. Suture slightly impressed; pale fulvous chestnut, painted DOLTUM. 263 with bands of rather distant conspicuous white spots, shaded with brown. Philippines. My specimens indicate the pertinence of these forms to D. olearium. Bulla canaliculata, Linn., is the young shell, as determined by Hanley, from the type. Yar. TESTARDI, Montr. PL 2, fig. 11. Ribs about twenty-three, with distinct narrow intermediate grooves; pale fulvous, longitudinally clouded with darker color. New Caledonia. D. ZONATUM, Green. PL 3, fig. 17. Yellowish chestnut-color, ribs with an intermediate ridge, which is divided into three ridges between the upper ribs. Length, 4-7 inches. China. Japan. Allied to D. galea, but differs in the intermediate ridges. D. crenulatum, Phil., is a synonym. D. CROSSEANUM, Monterosato. PL 2, fig. 12. Yellowish brown ; with thirty-six ribs, the interstices with from one to three lirse ; lip brownish flesh-color. Length, 81 mill. Near Palermo, Sicily. I cannot count nearly thirty-six ribs on the figure of the unique example of this species, and I am very much disposed to believe it a synonym of the preceding, and that it has acci- dentally become mixed with Mediterranean shells. D. FASCIATUM, Brug. PL 3, fig. 16. Interstices of the ribs without ridges ; white, five-banded with chestnut. Length, 4-5 inches. Philippines, China, Japan. D. sulcosum, Dillw., is a synonym. D. COSTATUM, Menke. PL 4, figs. 19-22 ; PL 3, fig. 18. Ribs distant, prominent, nine to thirteen or fourteen in number, the interstices broader, smooth, or faintly ridged in the middle ; yellowish white, flesh-color or brownish. Length, 3*5-6 inches. East Indies, Philippines, Mauritius. 204 DOLTUM. It is I>. fasciatum, vtir., of Kiener (fig. 19); D. lactescent, Martyn ; D. latesulcatum, Martini ; D.ampullaceum, l'hil.(tig.20). Var. MACULATUM, Lam. PI. 4, fig. 21. The costse, nine to eleven in number, maculated somewhat regularly with chestnut. This has been regarded as a distinct species, but a series before me connects the two; intermediates also connect this variety with Var. FIMBEIATUM, Sowerby. PL 4, fig. 22 ; PL 3, fig. 18. The ribs usually vary in number from twelve to fourteen, tessellated with chestnut. The name is derived from the fim- briated margin of the outer lip, but this is common to all the varieties when fully grown. Senegal, Manilla, Japan. If these two varieties had not been recognized ver}T generally as distinct species, I would not have separated them as even varietal forms, as their features want constancy. D. cassis (Bolten), Morch ; Buccinum dolium, Linn.; D. minjac, Adan- son, and D. tessellatum, Encyc. Meth.. are names given to the two varieties, but not readily assignable to either separately. The Senegal locality is given on the authority of Adanson. D. Lischkeanum, Kiister (fig. 18 , is a full synonyn of var. fimbri- atum, as are probably the unfigured D. Reevei, Hanley, and possibly D. Favannei (likewise unfigured) of the same author, and D. marginatuin, Philippi (unfigured). D. PERDIX, Linn. PL 3, fig. 15 ; PL 4, figs. 23-25. Shell thin, inflated, with about twenty low ribs, and rather narrow shallow intervening grooves ; fulvous brown or light reddish bay, more or less plentifully marked with whitish lunate spots or maculations. Length, 5-9 inches. Indian Ocean, Mauritius, Polynesia, Mrs/ Africa, We*t Indie*, Hrazil. There can he no doubt of the immense distribution of this species. Dr. Jacob Green, many years no-o described a shell as D. plumatum which has been supposed to be the West Indian D. i>erdix,&nd Prof. M-irch has called it D. /n-nnnfii'tn ; it has no distinctive features. Other synonyms are Perdix rcticulatux, Montfort ; Dolunii /•///'/////. lilninv. Fischer lias described and PYRULA. 265 figured embryonic and young shells, in Jour, de Conch., 147, 1863 (figs. 23, 24); they were diagnosed by Prof. C. B. Adams, in error, as Helix sulphured. Subgenus MALEA, Yal., 1833. D. POMUM, Linn. PI. 5, fig. 26. Ribs low, about twelve in number, with shallow interstices ; columella plicate, excavated in the middle, lip thickened within and plicate ; fulvous bay, clouded and maculated with white. Length, 3 inches. Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Philippines, Society Islands. This shell is Cassis labrosa, Martini. D. BINGENS, Swainson. PL 5, fig. 27. Globose, rather thick, with about sixteen spiral ribs, the interstices sometimes obscurely single ridged ; columella plicate, excavated in the middle; outer lip wide-margined and dentate; light fulvous, obscurely maculated with white when young. Length, 4-8 inches. Peru, Panama, Mazatlan. The synonymy includes D. dentatum, Barnes ; D. crassilabris and D. latilabris,\*\.\ D. personatum and D. plicosum, Menke. Un figured Species of Dolium. D. BAIRDII, Verrill and Smith. Dredged living off Martha's ^Vineyard, and off Delaware Bay, U. S. D. AMPHORA, Philippi. Hob. unknown. D. DUNKERI, Hanley. (Juvenile.) Natal. D. ALBUM, Conrad. (Allied to D. perdix.) Hab. unknown. Genus PYRULA, Lam., 1799. P. RETICULATA, Lam. PI. 5, fig. 28 ; PL 6, fig. 33. Cancellated by rather close, sharp, small longitudinal and spiral ridges, the latter often alternately larger and smaller; yellowish, clouded with light brown, with about five obscure whitish bands bearing chestnut maculations. Length, 2'5-3'5 inches. Indian Ocean, East Indies, Japan. Sowerby has in error figured this species as P. decussata,Wood. It is P.ficoides, Lam. (fig. 28); P. clathrata, Rousseau (fig. 33); P. fortior, Mrirch (assigned to West Indies in error). 260 PYRULA. P. DECUSSATA, Wood. PI. 6, fig. 34. Spiral ribs small, distant, the wide interstices with three or four revolving threads, of which the middle one is usually more prominent; closely longitudinally ridged, interrupted by the spiral ribs; yellowish brown, maculated with chestnut on the ribs. Length, 3-5 inches. Panama to Cape St. Lucas, L. Gal. A common and beautiful species, of which a short, swollen variety was described by Sowerby as P. ventricova. Reeve gives no habitat, and in the Thesaurus, where it is figured in error as P. reticulata, it is assigned to the Indian Ocean. P. PAPYRATIA, Say. PL 6, fig. 35. Shell slimmer than P. reticulata, similarly but more delicately sculptured ; brownish white, or blush white, deeper brown within the aperture, sometimes faintly longitudinally strigate with yel- lowish brown, but always without maculations. Length, 3-4 inches. Beaufort, N. C., to West Indies. A common species on our Southern Coast. It is not figured either in Reeve's Iconia or the Thesaurus, but Sowerby figures it in his " Genera of Shells " in error for P. reticulata, Lam. It is P. gracilis, Phil. P. FICUS, Linn. PL 5, fig. 29 ; PL 6, figs. 36, 37. Abbreviately pyriform, closely, minutely, spirally flat-ribbed, longitudinal sculpture minute, scarcely visible; whitish, inter- ruptedly maculated and clouded with faint chestnut, interrupted by several faint white spiral bands upon which there are darker chestnut maculations; interior brownish or purplish. Length, 3-4 inches. Red Sea, Indian Ocean, Singapore. Reeve changed the name to l&uigata, because Linnaeus in- cluded P. reticulata in his original description. Viir. PELLUCIDA, Desh. PL 6, fig. 37. Orange-brown, with five or six equidistant spiral series of small distant chestnut spots, somewhat regularly arranged. P DUSSUMIKKI. Yalenc. PL 5, fig. 30. Narrowly pyriform, encircled by numerous small spiral flat- OOCORYTHID^E. 267 topped ridges, and nearly equal interspaces, the latter longitudi- nally striate ; pale fawn-color, with undulating, longitudinal darker streaks. Length, 3-6 inches. China. P. elongata, Gray, is probably a synonym. P. TESSELLATA, Kobelt. PI. 5, fig. 31. Pyriform, spire subimmersed, clathrate ; whitish, regularly distantty spotted with chestnut in spiral series. Length, 1-5-1-75 inches. Rosemary 7s., Australia. A beautiful species, of which a fine series is before me. FAMILY OOCORYTHID^, Fischer, 1884. Shell bucciniform, aperture semioval, lip varicose externally, columella obliquely truncate at base. Operculum corneous, paucispiral. Animal with broad head and large, sharp tentacles, no eyes, siphon short, foot short and wide, obtuse behind, with an anterior marginal excision, branchiae very unequal. Dentition 2*1*1'1'2, the central tooth multicuspid , the laterals multicuspid, arcuated, the marginals simple and sharp (PI. 6, fig. 39). Appears to con- nect Dolium with the Linatella group of Triton. Genus OOCORYS, Fischer, 1884. Characters those of the family. Benthodolium, Yerrill and Smith, is a synonym. 0. SULCATA, Fischer. PI. 6, figs. 42, 40, 41. Shell ventricose, thin, spirall}7 closely sculptured, with growth- lines crossing both ribs and interspaces ; epidermis thin, brownish- yellow, not hairy ; color white and translucent beneath the epidermis, inner lip thinly callous. Length, 45 mill. Deep Sea, off Southern Coast of Neio England. Off West Africa and Azores, from 1258 to 4000 metres. Benthodolium abyssorum, Verrill and Smith (figs. 40, 41), is a synonym. CASSIDID^E. FAMILY CASSIDID^. Shell .solid, subglobular or triangular, with short spire ; whorls sometimes varicose ; aperture terminating anteriorly in a short, recurved canal ; columella callous, spread out, usually plicate ; outer lip-margin thickened, dentate within. Operculum corneous, concentric, elongated, semilunar, the nucleus at the centre of the inner margin (PI. 1, fig. 43). Animal with large head, e}res at the exterior base of the ten- tacles, proboscis cylindrical, extensible, mantle and foot large. Dentition (PL 1, fig. 44). The Cassides are active and voracious, living in sandy localities and preying on bivalve mollusks. The varices of the shell persist in its interior. Synopsis of Genera. Genus CASSIS (Klein, 1753), Lamarck, 1799. Shell usually rather solid and thick, with the last whorl very large, often varicose ; aperture longitudinal, narrow ; outer lip with a thickened, reflected margin, and dentate within ; inner lip rugosely plicate. On the use of species of Cassis in cameo cut- ting, see Structural and Systematic Conchology, ii, 200. About twenty-five species are known, inhabiting warm seas. The genus first appeared in the tertiary. Section 1. CASSIS (sensu stricto = Goiniogalea, Morch. 1857). Spire short, mouth narrow, dentate, lip externally margined, columella plicate. C. Madagascariensis, Lam. Section II. LEVENIA, Gray, 1847. Shell oval, subcylindrical, spire short, conic ; aperture narrow, contracted in the middle, columellar lip plicate throughout, outer lip without external rib, dentate, inflected above. C. coarctata, Gray. Section III. CYPR^ECASSIS, Stutchbury, 1837. Shell ovate, spire short ; mouth narrow, subcanaliculate behind, columella plicate its entire length ; varices none or obsolete. ? No operculum. C. rufa, Linn. Subgenus SEMICASSTS (Klein, 1753), Morch, 1852. Spire moderate, sharp; shell oval with revolving sulci ; lip CASSIDID^E. 269 reflected, plicate ; columella obliquely plicate. C. saburon, Adanson. Cassidea, Swains., is referred to this group. Section 1. SEMICASSFS (xensu stricto). Section II. BEZOARDICA, Schum., 1817. Shell varicose, angular behind, oval, with moderate spire ; outer lip often spinously den ta ted in front. C. glauca, Linn. Phalium, Link, is another name for this section. Section III. CASMARIA, H. and A. Adams, 1853. Shell smooth or longitudinally subplicate, spire moderate ; inner lip smooth, callous; outer lip margined, smooth or slightly crenulated on the inner edge. C. pyrum, Lam. Genus CASSIDARIA, Lam., 1812. Shell nodulous, not varicose, ovate or oval-oblong, somewhat attenuated in front to a moderate, reflected, subascending canal; inner lip more or less spread over the body-whorl, tuberculated or plicate, outer lip reflected, ribbed, plicate within. Operculum corneous, the apex median and marginal, outer edge sinuous. Animal similar to Cassis. The few species are Mediterranean and West Indian. The genus appeared in the cretaceous period, and reached its maxi- mum in the tertiary. Morio, Montfort, 1810; Echinora, Schum., 1817 ; Galeodaria, Conrad, 1865, and Galeodea, Link, 1807, are synonyms. G. echinophora, Linn. Subgenus SCONSIA, Gray, 1847. Shell oval-fusiform, with revolving striae, and a single longi- tudinal varix opposite the aperture; aperture long, canal short and slightly reflected ; inner lip regularly plicate ; outer lip rather thick, subreflected. plicate within. Animal and operculum unknown. A single recent, and some cretaceous and tertiary species. C. striata, Lam. Genus ONISCIA, Sowerby, 1824. Shell cylindrical, with short, conical spire and canal reflected at the base, surface tuberculated, mouth linear, lip reflected, thickened and plicate within, columella plicate. These little shells are known by their transversely ribbed 270 CASSIS. nodulous whorls, and prominent, recurved siphonal canal ; when fresh the surface is covered with a fine velvety epidermis. Morum, Bolten, 1798 ; Ersina, Gray, and Lambidium, Link, are synonyms. The few species occur in the West Indies, Galapagos, China, etc. It is found in the eocene of Europe and miocene of N. America. Section I. ONISCIA (sensu stricto). 0. oniscuis, Linn. Plesio- niscia, Fischer, 1884, should be considered synonymous. Section II. ONISCIDIA, Swainson, 1840. 0. cancellata, Sowb. Genus PACHYBATHRON, Gaskoin, 1853. Shell small, subcylindrical, longitudinally striated ; spire very short, but with sharp apex ; aperture narrow, very long, the inner lip spread over the body-whorl and transversely plicate, the outer lip thickened and .denticulated within. 2 sp. West Indies. P. marginelloideum, Gask. Some conchologists place this group in the family Marginel- lidae ; the dentition is unknown. Genus CASSIS (Klein, 1753), Lamarck, 1799. Section I. CASSIS, sensu stricto. C. CORNUTA, Linn. PL 2, fig. 49 ; PI. 1, figs. 45, 46. Honey-combed between the revolving ridges, with three spiral rows of distant compressed tubercles — those of the shoulder the most prominent ; yellowish white, more or less tinged with yel- lowish brown, varices and belts sometimes brown-spotted ; colu- mellar and lip expansion much produced and rounded behind, yellowish cream-color, orange-brown within the aperture and between the teeth, which are whitish. Length, 8-12 inches. Indian Ocean, Tranquebar, Mauritius, Japan, Philippines; West Indies. Conrad distinguishes the West Indian specimens under the name of C. labiata, Chemn., as being more oblong, with the lip more widely expanded posteriorly into a flattened plane ; the suite of specimens before me does not confirm this distinction. CASSIS. 271 Other synonyms are C. Amboinensis, Petiver, and Buccinum brevirostrym, Petiver. C. CAMEO, Stimpson. PI. 2, fig. 50. This fine species lias the same ground-coloring as C. cornuta, but may be recognized at once by the interstices of the teeth and ridges on the lip and columella being deep chocolate-brown. The outer surface is irregularly spirally ridged like C. cornuta, but is not honey-combed. Length, 7-10 inches. Beaufort, N. C., to West Indies. First described by Lamarck as C. Madaga8cariensis,l)uttnere is no evidence that it inhabits oriental waters. C. TUBEROSA, Linn. PI. 2, fig. 51. Triangularly ovate, spirally ridged, and very closely longitu- dinally minutely plicate-striate, with three rows of distant spiral tubercles ; yellowish brown, thickly marbled and spotted with chestnut and chocolate color, enameled face of columella, and outer lip flesh-white, the former chocolate between the plicae, with a bright chocolate stain in the centre, the latter with choco- late transverse blotches. Length, 6-8 inches. Beaufort, N. C., to West Indies, Brazil. Said to have been collected by Cuming, at the Philippine Islands, and I have a specimen before me stated to have been obtained in Japan ; yet these eastern localities must be considered very doubtful. It is Bucc. striatum, Gronov. ; C. andulata, Humph. ; C. rotundata, Perry. C. FLAMMEA, Linn. PI. 1, figs. 47, 48. Oblong-oval, with three or four spiral rows of distant, large, obtuse tubercles, spire, and body-whorl, usually at the base only, distinctly rudely longitudinally ridged ; cream-colored, clouded and crescent-marked with chestnut and chocolate; these markings are often apparent on the face, which is stained with chocolate in the middle and between the ridges, interstices of teeth on the outer lip also chocolate-stained, lip sometimes banded across. Length, 4-6 inches. West Indies. This species has also, like some of its predecessors been ascribed to East Indian localities — probably in error. 272 CASSIS. C. SPINOSA, Gronov. PI. 4, fig. 02. Shoulder with small, short, rather close spinous tubercles, occasionally slightly indicated in two or three rows on the body- whorl, which else is smooth, or marked by rugose growth-lines; above the shoulder are one or two necklace-like rows of small tubercles, appearing on the spire-whorls also ; fleshy or orange- white, with obscure whitish bands, bearing lunate, shaded choco- late spots ; shell rather thin, the columellar callus transparent, showing the color-markings beneath it. Length, 4-8 inches. West Africa, Australia. The synonyms are C. Rumphii, C. texsellata and G. maculosa, of Gmelin, and C. fasciata, Brug. C. FIMBRIATA, Quoy. PI. 3, fig. 55. More strongly longitudinally ridged by growth-lines than the preceding species ; it has the same shoulder-row of spines, but has none above, whilst below, on the body-whorl are two rows of rather prominent rude tubercles ; flesh-white, marbled with light chocolate, with several distant rows of interrupted chocolate or chestnut lines ; the latter show through the columellar callus, and the outer lip is chocolate-banded. Length, 3-4*5 inches. A ustralia. C. bicarinata, Jonas, is a synonym. Section II. LEVENIA, Gray, 1847. C. COARCTATA, Gray. PI. 2, fig. 52. Shell with three or four spiral rows of obtuse tubercles, and intermediate spiral ridges, which are sometimes broken up into granules ; whitish, thickly marbled and spotted with chestnut ; columellar callus thin above, showing the color-markings beneath, below stained with orange-brown, as is also the toothed lip-margin. Length, 2'5-3*5 inches. Galapagos /*., Panama.. Distinguished at once by its outer lip, without external varix or expansion, and contracted above. Section III. CYPR^CASSIS, Stutchlmry, 1837. C. TENUIS, Gray. PI. 2, fig. 53. Rather thin, whorls nodulous on the shoulder, smooth, or indistinctly nodose in spiral series below, spirally regularly CASSIS. 273 grooved, grooves usually in pairs, the interstices obsoletely longitudinally ridged, strongly so at the base; whitish, thickly clouded and streaked with orange-brown or chestnut, often with four somewhat obscure bands of brown, with white lunate spots ; columellar callus transparent above, orange-brown below, lip banded across with orange-brown. Length, 3-5 inches. Galapagos Is. When young, this species has a lip somewhat approximating to C. coarctata; when adult it is fully reflected. It is G. Masseuse, Kiener. C. TESTICULUS, Linn. PI. 2, fig. 54 ; PI. 4, fig. 63. Shell strongly longitudinally ridged, the ridges cut by regular spiral grooves ; flesh-color, spotted with chocolate upon the interspaces of the grooves ; columella plicate its whole length, outer lip strongly dentate, both yellowish white, the first shaded with orange-brown below, the latter cross-banded with orange- brown, external lip-margin marked with dark chocolate. Length, 2-3 inches. West Indies. C. CRUMENA, Brug. PI. 3, fig. 56. Spiral sulcations obsolete, upper part of body-whorl with one or two rows of low tubercles. West Africa, Cape Verd Is., West Indies. Is probably a variety only of C. testiculus. C. RUFA, Linn. PI. 3, figs. 57, 58. Shell cowry-shaped, very thick, with three or four spiral rows of prominent nodules, and incised lines between them, decus- sated by longitudinal ridges ; whitish or purplish flesh-color, stained and marbled with orange-red or chocolate ; both lips very thick, yellowish or salmon-colored, orange-red to chocolate in the interstices of the ridges. Length, 5-7 inches. Indian Ocean, Mauritius, Japan. It is Buccinum pennatum and B. ventricosum, of Gmelin; B. pullum, of Born ; the first and last-named for the juvenile shell. 19 274 CASSIS. Subgenus SEMICASSIS (Klein, 1753), Mb'rch, 1852. Section I. TYPICAL. C. SULCOSA, Bruguiere. PI. 4, fig. G4-67 ; PL 3, figs. 59, fil. Whorls, usually without varices, but often with rugose or tuberculate growth-lines, especially on the spire :iml upper part of body-whorl, equiclistantly spirally groved ; yellowish white, longitudinally streaked with light chestnut, sometimes the streaks are interrupted, forming spiral bands of tessellations; columella rugose and granulate, outer lip plicate-dentate, often enormously thickened. Length, 3-4 inches. Mediterranean Sea, Portugal, W. Coast of Africa, West Indies, Brazil, W. Coast N. America from Panama to Quaymas. A somewhat variable species as to form and sculpture, giving rise to several specific names — some of which I have retained in a varietal sense, although these forms grade one into another. The typical sulcosa has a somewhat elevated spire, the whorls well-rounded above. It, as well as the varieties, occurs at all the localities for the species. It is C. imduluta and C. gibba, Gmelin ; C. decussata, Pennant; and Brugnonia pulrhrUu, Jeffreys, is probably the fry. Possibly Jiticrhmm ma linn, />. cepa and B. globulus, Bolten, are also synonyms. ' Yar. INFLATA, Shaw. PL 4, fig. 65. Somewhat thinner and more inflated than the type, often singly varicose, the lip not so much thickened, coloring more generally in tessellations, frequently one-varicose. This variety is the usual form of the West Indies, although it occasionally occurs in Mediterranean specimens. It is G. gran- ulosa, Brug. ; C. tessellata, Pfr. ; C. trifasciata, Gmelin ; C. laevi- gata, Menke ; C. cicatricosa, Gronov. ; C. granulala, Born ; G. ventricosa, Mart. Var. A1H5RKVIATA, Lam. PL .",, ligs. (',1, f>t) ; PL 4, tigs. Ofi, 07 ; PL 5, fig. 71. Spire shorter, the upper part of the whorls nodulous and somewhat angular. This variety is very characteristic of specinu ns from the Wot Coast of North America, but it also occurs in the West Indies CASSIS. 275 and Europe. It is C. granulosa, var., and G. lactea (fig. 59), Kiener ; C. inflata, var. /?, of Reeve ; G. minuta, Menke ; G. bilineata, Gmelin, and C. centiquadrata, Yal. G. recurvirostrum, Wood (figs. 66, 67), said to come from Australia, varies between this variety and var. inflata. Var. LEVILABIATA, Gregorio. Unfigured. Mediterranean. C. SEMTQRANOSA, Wood, PI. 3, fig. 60. Upper portion of whorls granose, lower part obsoletely spi- rally grooved, outer lip smooth within, columella obliquel}7 plicate below ; whitish or flesh-color, often stained with fulvous rust-color. Length, 2 inches. So. Australia, Tasmania,. C. CANALICULATA, Bruguiere. PI. 5, figs. 72, 73. Suture broadly, deeply channeled, whorls without varices, spirally engraved, columella plicately ridged below, lip toothed within ; whitish or flesh-colored, with four rows of light chest- nut tessellations, often obsolete. Length, 1-5-2 inches. Ceylon, Philippines. C. SABURON, Adanson. PI. 5, figs. 74-78. Shell with pretty close, engraved spiral grooves, lip irregu- larly dentate within ; columella rugosely ridged below ; flesh or brownish white, with four or five spiral rows of square chestnut spots, sometimes obsolete. Length, 2 inches. Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Coast of Spain to Senegal. It is C. pomum, Wagner; C. nucleus, Kiister ; G. reticulata, Bellardi ; C. striatella and C. incrassata, Grateloup ; C. texta, Bronn. ; and C. diluvii, C. inflata and G. striata, Serres. Var. PILA, Reeve. PI. 5, fig. 75. Appears to differ only in being thinner, and usually smaller. China, Philippines, Australia. Var. JAPONICA, Reeve. PI. 5, figs. 76, 77. Very like the type, but usually varicose, the interstices of the grooves, especially on the spire and upper part of the body- whorl somewhat granular. Length, 2-2-5 inches. Japan. C. Pfeifferi, Hidalgo (fig. 77), is a not unusual form of this variety, with somewhat depressed spire and deep suture. 270 CASSIS. Yar. BISULCATA, Schub. et Wagn. PI. 5, fig. 78. Thin and swollen like var. pila, with the granular spire of var. J. nodostim, Dillw.; B. strigosum, Gmelin ; Pyrula pr<>- vincialis, Martin (fig. 11), is an abnormal form. The opcrculuin differs from that of Cassis in not having radiating ridges. C. CORONADOI, Crosse. PL <), figs. 12, 13. Globose oval, rather thin, with rather close spiral riblets, two or three of which are a little more prominent than the others, and distantly tuberculate ; yellowish brown, lip, columellar callus and interior whitish. Length, 4 inches. Matanzas, Cuba. A single specimen only is known. Mr. Crosse has described it as a Cassis, although recognizing its resemblance to C. echi- nophora. C. DESIIAYESII, Duval. PL 9, fig. 6. Ovate ventricose, strongly shouldered, longitudinally plicate, spirally sulcate, tuberculate on the shoulder ; violaceous brown, with chestnut lines and spots ; spire acute, mucronate ; aperture white, lip dentate within, columella rugose above and below. Length, 32 mill. W. Coast of Africa. The unfigured C. acuta. Gray, may be the same species. C. TYRRHENA, Lam. PL 10, fig. 14. Pear-shaped, thin, .regularly corded with ridges with nearly equal interstices, sometimes an obscure shoulder is defined by ;i tuberculated ridge, yellowish brown ; lip obsoletely plicate, and with the columellar callus, white. Length, 3-5'5 inches. Mediterranean Sea, Atlantic Coast of France and Sjifin. Is supposed by some conchologists to be a variety only of C. echinophora. It is Buccinum ochroleucum, Gmel. Subgenus SCONSIA, Gray, 1847. C. STRIATA, Lam. PL 10, figs. 15, 16. Closely spirally thread-striate, decussated into nodules above and on the spire by rugose growth-lines, lip and columella both strongly plicate throughout ; whitish or brownish, showing a few light chestnut quadrangular spots on the upper part of the columellar callus. Length, 2-2*5 inches. West. /W/f?x. C. Isevigata, Sowb., and C. sublaevigata, Guppy, tiro fossil representatives of this shell. ONTSCIA. 281 (7. Grayi, A. Ad. (fig. 16), is said to be thinner and more ventricose, more finely grooved, the spire less acute, outer lip not so much thickened and inflexed, and plicate, not crenate internally. I suspect that it is a synonym ; and probably the next species is at most only a variety. C. BARBUDENSIS, Higgins and Marrat. PI. 10, fig. 17. Ovate, light yellowish brown, with longitudinal light chestnut flames ; indistinctly spirally striate, decussated towards the lip and varix. Differs from C. striata in the plications of the inner lip being confined to the anterior portion, in the striations, which are not crenulated above, and in its flamed color pattern. Length, 2-75 inches. M. of Barbuda, W. I. A single empty shell dredged in fifteen fathoms. Possibly only a variety of C. striata. Genus ONISCIA, Sowb., 1824. Section 1. ONISCIA, sensu stricto. O. ONISCUS, Linn. PI. 10, figs. 18, 19. With three spiral, tuberculated ribs, and a number of spiral raised lines between them, the ribs cut by revolving impressed lines ; columellar callus minutely tuberculate, outer lip denticu- lated within ; whitish, dotted and spotted with chestnut or choco- late, ihe dots sometimes approaching blue-black, lip white. Length, 1-1 '25 inches. West Indies. 0. triseriata, and perhaps 0. quadriseriata, Menke, are syno- nyms. Var. LAMARCKI, Desh. PI. 10, fig. 19. Columellar callus rose-pink, the granules upon it white, outer lip often peppered with chestnut spots. It is Gyprsea conoidea of Scopoli. 0. TUBERCULOSA, Sowb. PI. 4, figs. 68, 69. Whorls encircled by five rows of large blunt tubercles and numerous intermediate ridges; columellar lip finely granulated, outer lip somewhat contracted in the middle, dentate within ; 282 ONISCIA. marbled and reticulated with chestnut or chocolate and white, interior white or sometimes bright saffron-colored. Length, 1'25-1'5 inches. Galapagos Is., Mazallan, La Paz, L. C. 0. xanlhostoma, A. Ad., is a synonym, being the variety with yellow aperture. 0. STROMBIFORMIS, Reeve. PI. 4, fig. 70. Spire elevated, pointed, whorls angulated above, eneireled by numerous narrow nodulous ridges; columellar lip minutely granulated, outer lip ridged within, with a short interrupted rib in the interstices ; white, dotted and spotted with chestnut, lips white. Length, 22 mill. West Indies. I have not seen this species. Section II. ONISCIDIA, Swainson, 1840. O. DENNISONI, Reeve. PL 10, fig. 20. Whorls angulated above, longitudinally compressly plicated, crossed and cut into short spines by numerous revolving riblets; columellar lip minutely granulated, outer lip irregularly denticu- lately ridged ; whitish, obscurely three- or four-banded with chestnut, lips orange-red, with the granules and plications whitish. Length, 2 inches. Guadeloupe, W. I. (Beau). I find no other authority for the habitat of this very beautiful species. O. CANCELLATA, Sowb. PI. 10, fig. 21. Whorls rounded above, longitudinally narrowly plicated, decussated by regular equidistant revolving riblets, the inter- stices spinose ; whitish or brownish white, three-banded with light chestnut, aperture white. Length, l'5-2'5 inches. China* 0. EXQUISITA, Ad. and Reeve. PL 8, fig. 100. Whorls shouldered, encircled by rows of papillary tubercles, with intervening ridges; whitish, sparingly dotted, and behind the lip three-spotted with orange-brown, lips pink, the granules and plications white. Length, 1/5 inches. Sooloo Sea; Australia. O.ponderosa, Hanley (PL 10, fig. 22), is a synonym. PACHYBATHRON. 283 Unfigured Species of Oniscia. (). (JiiANDis, A. Ad. (perhaps = exquisita). China Sea. O. CITIIARA, Watson. Ke Islands, W. of Papua. 0. LAMAKCKII, Lesson. Australia. Genus PACHYBATHRON, Gaskoin, 1853. P. CASSIDIFORME, Gaskoin. PL 8, figs. 1-3. White, with three ash-colored bands, longitudinally plicately striate, whorls ridged around the suture. Length, 6 mill. Is. of St. Vincent, Bonaire, Curapoa, West Indies. P. MARGINELLOIDEUM, Gaskoin. PL 8, figs. 4, 5. Yellowish white, with three or four spiral rows of chestnut- colored sagittate markings ; whorls smooth at the suture, chest- nut margined. Length, 5 mill. West Indies. In Chen u 's "Manuel" the names of the species illustrated have been transposed. IISDEX AND SYNONYMY. PEDICULARIID^E, OVULID^, DOLIID^E, CASSII)ID.K. PAGE. Abbreviata (Cassis), Lam. An. s. Vert., x, p. 30. — C. sulcosa, Born., var. ....... 274 Abyssornm (Benthodolium), Verrill and Smith. Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, 177, 1884. = Oocorys sulcata, Fischer, 267 Achatina (Cassis), Lam. An. s. Vert., x, p. 33, . . . 278 Acicularis (Ovula), Lam. An. du Mus., xvi, p. 102, . . 253 Acuminata (Ovula), Ad. and Reeve. Voy. Sam., p. 21, pi. 6, f. 1, 1850, . ..'.... 254 Acuta (Cassidaria), Gray. Zool. Beechey's Voy., p. 121, . 280 Adamsi (Ovula), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 24, 1865, . . .249 Adamsii (Volva), Dunk. Mai. Blatt., xxiv, p. 75, 1877. ' = C. Philippinarum, Sowb. . . . . . .252 Adriatica (Ovula), Sowb. Thes., ii, p. 470, pi. 90, f. 13-14. = 0. patula, Pennant, 2^6 ^Equalis (Ovula), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, p. 174. = O. variabilis, C. B. Ad. 255 Alabaster (Ovula), Reeve. Conch Ic., 23, 1865. = 0. punctata, Duclos, ....... 249 Alba (Cassis), Perry. Conch., t. 33, f. 2. = C. flainmea, Linn. Alba (Ovula), Schum. Nouv. Syst., p. 258, 1817. = 0. ovum, Linn. . . 246 Albida (Pedicularia), Dall. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ix, 39, 1881, 242 Album (Dolium), Conrad. Proc. A. N. S, Phila., 1854, p. 31, 2 (',5 Album (Ovulum), Dufo. Ann. Sci. Nat, 1840, p. 186, . 256 Amboinensis (Cassis), Pctiv. (Ja/., t. 151, f. 14. = C. cornuta, Linn. 27 1 Amphiperas, Gronov. Zooph., 293, 1781. = Ovula, Brutr. Amphora (Dolium), Phil. Abb., iii, p. 12, . . . .265 A mpullMci-um (Dolium), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 1845, 147 ; Abbild., iii, t. 2, 1849. = D. costatum. Monke, . . . 264 Aii^.Msi (Ovula), A. Ad., MS. Reeve, Conch. Ic., No. 43, 1865. = 0. Philippinarum, Sowb. . . (284) INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 285 PAGE. Angulosa (Ovula), Lam. An. s. Vert., vii, 367. = 0. tortilis, Mart 246 Antillarum (Dolium), Morch. Mai. Blatt.. xxiv, p. 41. = D. galea, Linn 261 Antillarum (Ovula), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 64, 1865. = 0. uniplicata, Sowb. ....... 255 Aperta (Ovula), Sowb. Thes., ii, p. 418, pi. 101, f. 106,101. = 0. birostris, Linn. 253 Arcuata (Ovula), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 58, 1865. = 0. uniplicata, Sowb. ....... 255 Areola (Cassidea), var., Brug. = Cassis strigata, Gmel. . 277 Areola (Cassis), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 12, p. 1199, . . 276 Areolata (Bezoardica), Schum. Nouv. Syst., p. 248, 1817. = Cassis areola, Linn. Atomaria (Crithe), Gould. Bost. Proc., vii, 385, 1860, . 255 Australe (Dolium), Morch. Cat. Yoldi. = D. Chinense, Dillw . . 262 A vena (Ovula), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, p. 173 ; Conch. 111., p. 17, . . 255 Bairdii (Dolium\ Verrill and Smith. Am. Jour. Sc., 3d ser., xxii, p. 299, 1881 ; Trans. Conn. Acad., v, 515 ; Proc. Nat. Mus., 329, 1882, 265 Barbudensis (Cassidaria), Higgins and Mai-rat. Liv. Mus., Rep. i, pi. 1, f . 1 ; Proc. Lit. and Phil. Soc. Liverpool, xxxi, 411, . .281 Benthodolium, Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, 177, 1884. = Oocor3fs, Fischer, . . . . . . . . 267 Bezoardica, Schum. Essai Nouv. Gen., 248, 1817, . 269, 276 Biarmatum (Buccinum), Dill. Cat., t. 2, p. 599. = Cassis vibex, L., var. erinacea, ..... 277 Bicarinata (Cassis), Jonas. Arch. f. Naturg., 1839, i, p. 343, t. 10, f. 2. = C. fimbriata, Qlioy, 272 Bilineatum (Buccinum), Gmel. P. 3476, No. 23. = Cassis sulcosa, Brug., var. ...... 275 Bimaculata (Ovula), A. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1854, 131, . 248 Binovoluta, Schliit. Verz., 24, 1838. = Cyphoma, Bolt. Birostra, Swainson. Malacol., 325, 1840. = Radius, Montf. .Birostris (Ovula), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1182, 1767, . . 253 Bisulcata (Cassis), Schub. and Wagner. Forts., xii, t. 223, f. 3081, 3082. = C. saburon, Adans, var. . . .276 Borbonica (Ovula), Desh. Moll. Reunion, p. 136, pi. 13, f. 18-20, 1863, 254 Brevirostris (Ovula), Schum. Nouv. Syst., p. 259, 1817. = 0. birostris, Linn. 253 286 INDEX AND SYNONYM*. PAGE. Brevirostrum (Buccinum), Petiv. Gaz., t. 151, f. 9. = Cassis cornuta, Linn 271 Brevis (Ovula), Sowb. Thes., ii, p. 169, pi. 101, f. 70, 71, . 248 Brevis (Ovula), Reeve. Icon , sp. 5 (not of Sowb.), 1862. = O. marginata, Sowb. Brugnonia, Jeffreys. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., xi, 399, xii, 67, 1883. ?= Cassis, fry. Bulla (Ovula), Ad. and Reeve. Yoy. Sam., p. 21, pi. 6, f. 5, 1850. = 0. margarita, Sowb 248 Bullata (Ovula), Ad. and Reeve. Voy. Sam., p. 23, pi. (>, f. 13, 1850, ' 250 Bullata (Ovula), Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc., vii, p. 385, . 256 Cadium, Link. Rost. Samml., iii, 113, 1807. = Malea,Val. 258 Caledonica (Ovula), H. Crosse. Jour, de Conch., 1871, p. 206 ; 1872, p. 62. == 0. pudica, A. Ad 247 Californica (Ovula), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 50, 1865. = 0. variabilis, Ad. ........ 255 Californica (Pedicularia), Newcomb. Calif. Proc., iii, 121, 1864; iv, 322, t. 1, f. 9, . . . .242 Calpurna, Fleming. Brit An., 331, 1828. = Simnia,Risso. ? Calpurnus, Montfort. Conch. Syst., ii, 638, 1810, . 245, 2f>(J Cameo (Cassis), Stimps. Sillim., Am. Journ., 1860, p. 443, 271 Canadiensis (Amphiperas), Morch. Weink., Jahrb. Mai. Gesell., 178, 1882. = Ovula uniplicat-i, Sowb. . . 255 Canaliculata (Bulla), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. x ; Hanley, Proc. Zool. Soc., 489, 1859. = Dolium olearium, Brug. . . 263 Canaliculata (Cassis), Brug. Diet. No. 7, . . . . 275 Cancellata (Oniscia), Sowb. Genera of Shells, . .270,282 Carinea, Swains. Malacol., 326, 1840. =Cyplioma, Bolten. Carnea (Ovula), Poiret. Voy. en Barb., ii, p. 21, 1789, . 2 is Carolinensis (Ovula), Morch. Mai. Blatt., xxiv, 54, 1877. = 0. uniplicata, Sowb. ....... 255 Carpenter! (Volva), Dkr. Mai. Blatt., xxiv, 75, 1877. = 0. Philippinarum, Sowb. . .... 252 Casmaria, H. and A. Adams. Genera, i, 216, 1853, . 269, '277 Cassidaria, Lam. Kxtr. d'un Cours, 1812, . . 268, 269, 279 Cassidea (Pars), Bruguiere. Encyc. Meth., 1, 414, 17S9. = Cassis, Lam. Cassidea, Link. Rost. Samml., iii, 111, 1807. = Cypweeassis, Stutchb. Cassidea, Swainson. Malacol., 66, 291), 1840. = Semicassis, Mordi, ... . . 2C>9 -lif'ornic (Pachybathron), Gask. Ann. Mn,uj. N. II., 1S5:?, p. 2,t, 12, f. 1-3, INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 287 PAGE. Cassidiformis (Pachybatbron), Chenu. Manuel, f. 1142. = P. Marginelloideum, Gask. Cassis (Dolium), Bolten. Morch, Cat. Yoldi, p. 111. = D. fimbriatum, Sowb. . . . . . . .204 Cassis (Klein, 1753), Lamarck. Prodr., 1799, . . 268, 270 Centiquadrata (Cassis), Yalen. Yoy. Humb. and Bonp., p. 183, No. 320. = C. sulcosa, var. abbreviata, Lam. . 275 Cepa (Buccinum), Bolt. Mus., No. 372. = Cassis sulcosa, Brug. ....... 274 Cepa (Dolium), Martini.^ Conch. Cat., iii, p. 401, pi. 117, f. 1076 and 1077. = D. olearium, Brug. Chinense (Dolium), Dillw. Cat., p. 585. = D. variegatum, Lam., var. ...... 262 Cicatricosa (Cassis). Gronov. Zooph., Fasc. 3, p. 303; Meusch., 1778, n. 1158. = C. sulcosa, Brug. . . .274 Cithara (Oniscia), B.Watson. Jour. Linn. Soc., xv, 266, . 283 Clathrata (Ficus), Rousseau. Chenu, 111. Conch, iii, pi. 2, f. 3. = Pyrula reticulata, Lam 265 Coarctata (Cassis), Gray. Wood, Ind. Test. Supp., t. 4, f. 5, 268, 272 Coarctata (Ovula), Ad. and Reeve. Yoy. Samarang, f. 2, p. 21, pi. 6, . . 253 Coccineus (Calpurmis), Ad. Reeve, Icon., sp. 21. = Ovula concinna, Ad. and Reeve. Columba (Ovula), Sch. et Wag. Suppl., 40, 43, 40, 44. = 0. tortilis, Mart. . 246 Concinna (Ovula), Ad. and Reeve. Yoy. Sam., p. 22, pi. 6, f. 8, 1850, .249 Conoidea (Cypraea), Scopoli. Delic. Insubr., 1786, t. 24, f. 3. = Oniscia Lamarcki, Desh. . . . . . .281 Cornuta (Cassis), Liun. Syst. Nat., ed. 12. p. 1198, . . 270 Coronadoi (Cassis), Crosse. Jour. Conch., xii, 1867, p. 64, t. iv, v, f. 1 280 Coronulata (Cassis), Sowb. Tank. Cat. App., p. 20, . . 276 Corrugata (Cassis \ Swainson. Exotic Conchology, p. 35, . 279 Corrugatum (Ovulum), Hinds. Moll. Yoy. Sul., pi. 16, f. 5/6. = Erato. Manual Conch., v, 1 1,* . .. .256 Costatum (Dolium), Menke. Syn. Meth., 1828, . . 263 Costellata (Ovula), Lam. An. du Mus., xvi, p. 110, 1810. = 0. tortilis, Mart 246 Crassilabris (Dolium), Yal. Humb. and Bonpl., livr. 14. = D. ringens. Swains. ....... 265 Crenulatum (Dolium), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 1845, p. 148 ; Abb., t. l,f. 1. = D. zonatum, Green, . . . . .263 Cristallina (Ovula), Kien. Coq. viv., 14, pi. iv, f. 3, . . 247 Crithe, Gould. Bost. Proc., vii, 384, I860, . . . 254, 255 288 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Crosseanum (Dolium), Allery de Mont. J. C., xvii, p. 228, t. 12, f. 1, 1869, 263 Grumena (Cassis), Brug. Diet., No. 12, .... 273 Gumingii (Dolium), Hanley. Reeve, Conch. Icon., sp. 13, 1849. = D. olearium, Brug., var 262 Cumingi (Ovula), Morcli. Cat. Kjerulf, p. 30, t. 1, f, 11, 18507 = O. concinna, Ad. and Reeve, . . . .249 Cyphoma, Bolten. Mas., 1798, . ... 244, 250 Cypraecassis, Stutchbury. London's Mag. N. IT., N. S., 1, 214, 1837, 268, 272 Cypraella, Swains. Malacol., 325, 1840. = Calpurnus, Montf. Decussata (Cassis), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 12, p. 1199, . 277 Decussata (Pedicularia), Gould. Bost. Proc., v, 126, 1855, 242 Decussata (Pyrula), Wood. Ind. Test. Supp. . .265,266 Decussatum (Buccinum), Pennt. Brit. Shells, t. 79, f. 2. = Cassis sulcosa, Brug., var. ...... 274 Deflexa (Ovula), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1848, p. 136. = 0. Philippinarum, Sowb 252 Dennisoni (Oniscia), Reeve. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1842, p. 21, 282 Dentata (Ovula), Ad. and Reeve. Voy. Sam., p. 21, pi. 6, f. 4,1850. = O. striatula, Sowb 250 Dentatum (Dolium), Barnes. Ann. N. Y. Lyceum, i, p. 135, pi. ix, f. 3. * = D. ringens, Swains. ..... 265 Dentiora, Pease. Proc. Zool. Soc., 240, 1862. = Pedicularia, Swains. ....... 241 Depressa (Cassidaria), Philippi. Enurn. Moll. Sic., pt. ii, pi. 27, f. 3. — C. echinophora, Linn. . . .279 Depressa (Ovula), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1875, p. 128, pi. xxiv, f. 1. = 0. Philippinarum, Sowb. .... 252 Deshayesii (Cassidaria), Duval. Rev. Zool. Soc. Cuv., 1841, p. 278; Jour, de Conch., 70, t. 1, f. 9, 1863, . . .280 Deshayesii (Dolium), Reeve. Conch. lc., sp. 15, 1849, . 262 Diumeza, Deshayes. Foss. bassin de Paris, iii, 572, t. 105, f. 9-10, 18G5, ... 245 Diluvii (Cassis), Serres (fossil). = C. saburon, Ad. . . ^75 Doliata (Cassis), Yal. Voy. Himib. and Bonpl., p. 183, No. 320, ./ 279 Doliida-, 256, 257 Doliopsis, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., i, 141, 150, 1865, Doliopsis, Monterosato, 1872, 258 Dolium, Lam. Syst. an., 79, 1801 258, 261 Dolium (Buccinum), Linn. (Morcli). = D. maculatum, . 2C>\ Dorsata (Cyphoma), Bolt. Mus., p. 15, n. 254. = Ovula jjibbosa, Linn 250 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Dorsuosa (Ovula), Hinds. Toy. Sulphur, p. 47, pi. 16, f. 3, 4, 1844. = O. striatula, Sowb. . . . . . .250 Dunkeri (Dolium), Hanley. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 431, 265 Dussumieri (Pyrula), Valenciennes. Kien..Coq. Viv., p. 25, pi. 11, . 266 Echinophora (Cassidaria), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 735, 269 Echinora, Schum. Essai nouv. gen., 249, 1817. = Cassidaria, Lam. ....... 269, 279 Elegantissima (Pedicularia), Desk. Moll. Reunion, 50, t. 6, f. 23-26, 1863, ... 242 Elongata (Ficula), Gray. Zool. Beech., p. 115. ? = Pyrula Dussumieri, Yal. ...... 267 Elongatum (Cyphoma), A. Ad. Proc. Linn. Soc., vii, p. 96, 256 Emarginata (Ovula), Sowb. Spec. C., pt. 1, p. 7, f. 54, 55, 1830, . . ... .... 251 Epidermata (Dolium galea, var.), dc Gregorio. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital.,x, 115, 1884, 261 Erinacea (Cassis), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 12, p. 1199. = C. vibex, var. Linn. ....... 277 Ersiua, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 137, 1847. = Oniscia, Sowb. 270 Exarata (Cassis), Reeve. Conch. Icon., sp. 32, 1848, . . 276 Exquisita (Oniscia), Ad. and Reeve. Voy. Samarang, p. 35, pi. 5, f. 3 a-6, .282 | Fasciata (Cassis), Brug. Diet. No. 14. = C. spinosa, Gronv. 272 Fasciatum (Dolium), Brug. Diet. No. 5, . . . 263 Fasciatum (Dolium), var., Kien., t. 4, f. 6. = D. costatum, Menke. Kiister, 2, 264 Favannei (Dolium), Hanley. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1859, p. 430. = D. costatum, Menke, var. fimbriatum, . . . 264 Ficoides (Pyrula), Lam. An. s. Vert., vol. ix, p. 511. = P. reticulata, Lam. . . . . • . . 265 Ficula, Swainson. Malacol., 85, 307, 1840. = Pyrula, Lam. 259 Ficulopsis, Stoliczka. Pal. Indica, 84, 1867, . . . 260 Ficus, Klein (in part). Ostrac., 78, 1753. = Pyrula, Lam. 259 Ficus (Pyrula), Linn. Syst. Nat., 12th ed., p. 1184, . . 266 Fimbria (Buccinum), Gmel. Syst. Nat,, p. 3479. = Cassis plicata, Linn. ....... 277 Fimbriata (Cassis), Quoy and Gaim. Voy. Astr , p. 596, t. 42, f. 7-8, .272 Fimbriatum (Dolium), Sowb. Genera, f. 2, . . . 264 Flammea (Cassis), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 12, p. 1199; Kiener, 2, 271 Formicaria (Ovula), Sowb. Sp. Conch., pt. 1, p. 8, f. 39, 1830. = 0. hordacea, Lam 254 20 290 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAQU. Formosa (Ovula), Ad. and Reeve. Voy. Samarang, p. 22, 1>1. 6, f. 6, .......... 251 Fortior (Ficus), Morch. Mai. Blatt., xxiv, 43. = P. reticnlata, Lam ........ 205 Fnnnentum (Ovula), Sowb. Spec. Conch., pt. 1, p. 7, f. 37, 1830, ........... 250 Fruticum (Ovula), Ad., MS. Reeve, Conch. Ic., No. 10, 1805, ........... 249 Galea (Dolium), Liun. Syst. Nat., p. 1197, . . 201, 20:5 Galeodaria, Conrad. Am. Jour. Conch., i, 20, 1805. = Cassidaria, Lam. . . . . . . . . 209 Galeodea (Link), H. and A. Adams. Genera, i, 210, 1853. = Cassidaria, Lam. ........ 209 Gallinaceum (Ovulum), Hinds. Voy. Sulphur, p. 47, pi. 10, f. 1-2. = Erato. Manual Conch., v, 10, ... 250 Gibba (Cassis), Gmel. Syst. Nat., 3470, n. 24. = C. sulcosa, Brug. ........ 274 Gibbosa (Ovula), Liun. Syst. Nat., p. 1183, 1707, . 244, 250 ? Gisortia, Jousseaume Bull. Soc. Zool. France, 88, 1884, 245 Glabrata (Cassis), Dunk. Menke, Zeit., 1852, p. 02 ; Novit., p. 35, t. 11, f. 1,2, ..... . . . 279 Glauca (Cassis), Linn. Syst. Nat.. 12 ed., p. 1200, . 209, 270 Globulus (Cassis), Bolt. Mas., 1798, p. 22, n. 371. ? = C. sulcosa, Brno ........ 274 Globulus (Cassis), Menke. Syn., edit. 1, No. 807, 1828. = Desmoulea ventricosa, Lam. Morch., Mai. Blatt., xviii, 120, .......... 279 Goniogalea, Morch. Cat. Svensen, 21, 1857. = Cassis, Lam. ' Gracilis (Ovula), Ad. and lu-cvc. Voy. Sam., p. 22, pi. 0, f. 11, 1848, ......... 252 Gracilis (Pyrula), Philippi. Zeits. fiir Malak., v, 1848, p. 97. = P. papyratia, Say, ...... 200 Grandis (Oniscia), A. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1853, p. 185, . 283 Granulata (Cassis), Born. Index, 1778, p. 239. = C. sulcosa, Brug., var. ...... 274 Granulosa (Cassis), Brug. Diet., No. 5. = C. sulcosa, Born, ........ 274 Granulosa, var. (Cassis), Kien., t. 10, f. 34. = C. sulcosa, Born, var. abbiwiata, .... 275 Grnyi (Sconsia), A. Adams, /ool. Proc., 130, 1854. ? = C. striata, Lam. . 281 (Ovula), Costa. Arad. et Ben., Moll. Sicil., 303. = O. spelta, Linn ......... 254 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 291 PAGE. Hordacea (Ovula), Lam. (non Reeve nee Sowb.). Ann. du Mus.,xvi,p. 112, 1810, 254 Hordacenm (Ovula), Sowb. Spec. Conch., p. 10, f. 53. = 0. Semperi, Weink. ... ... 252 Imperialis (Ovulura), Dill. Cat., p. 473, 1815. = 0. tortilis, Mart 246 Incrassata (Cassis), Grat. = C. saburon, Ad. . . . 275 Indica (Ovula), Keeve. Conch. Ic., 47, 1865. = 0. obtusa, var., Sowb. ....... 251 Inflata (Cassis), ^9, Reeve. Conch. Ic., f. 22 a, b. = C. sulcosa, var. abbreviata, Lam. .... 275 Inflata (Cassis), Serres. (Fossil.) = C. saburon, Ad. Inflata (Cassis), Shaw. Nat. Misc., v, 22, pi. 959, 1789. = C. sulcosa, Born, var. ....... 274 Inflexum (Ovulum), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1832, p. 173; Conch. 111., p. 18. = 0. variabilis, C. B. Ad. . . . 255 Intermedia (Ovula), Sowb. Spec. Conch., pt. 1, p. 9, f. 32, 33, .. . . . . 250, 251 Japonica (Cassis), Reeve. Conch. Ic., fig. 23, 1848. = C. saburon, Adanson, var. ...... 275 Japonica (Pedicularia), Dall. Am. Jour. Conch., vii, 121, t. 16, f. 12, 1871, 242 Japonicum (Dolium). Dunk. Novit. Conch., t. 35, 36. = D. luteostomum, Kiist. ....... 261 Kalosmodix (Cassis), Melvill. Jour, of Conch., vol. iv, 43, 1883. = C. vibex, Linn., var 278 Kieneri (Dolium), Phil. Abb. Neuer Conch., iii, p. 36. = D. variegata, Lam. 262 Labiata (Cassis), Chem. Conch. Cab., xi, p. 71, t. 184, 185 ; Conrad, Jour. Acad. Philad., 2d ser., i, 211. = C. cornuta, Linn 270 Labrosa (Cassis), Mart. Conch. Cat., ii, t. 36, f. 370, 371. = Dolium pomum, Linn 265 Lactea (Bulla), Costa. Arad. et Benoit, Moll. Sicil., 302. = Ovula caruea, Poir. ....... 248 Lactea (Cassis), Kien. Coq. viv., t. 16, f. 35. = C. sulcosa, abbreviata, Lam. . . . . . 275 Lactea (Ovula), Lam. An. s. Vert., vii, 368, 1822, . . 247 Lactescens (Dolium), Mart. Univ. Conch., teste Kobelt, Jahrb., ii, 264. = D. costatum, Menke. Laevigata (Cassis), Menke. Syn., 1828, p. 87. = C. sulcosa, Brug 274 292 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Lrevigata (Ficula), Reeve. Conch. Ic., pi. i, f. 4. = Pyrula ficus, Linn. ....... 250 Laevigata (Sconsia), Sowb. (ieol. Jour., vi, p. 47, t. x, f. 2. = S. striata, Lam 280 Lamarckii (Cassidaria), Lesson. Rev. Zool., 1840, p. 212, . 282 Lamarckii (Oniscia), Desh. An. s. Vert., x, p. 12. = Oniscia oniscus, Linn. ....... 281 L;iinbidium, Link. Host. Stimuli., iii, 112, 1807. = Oniscia, Sowb 270 Lnnceolnta (Uvula), Sowb. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1848, p. 135, 253 Lateralis (Gadinia), Kcquicu. Moll. Corse, 39. ? = PediruljuMM, Sicula, Swains. ..... 242 Latesulcatum (Doliirm), Mart. Couch. Cab., iii, p. 396, f. 1072, 1082. = D. cost;itum, Menke, . .264 Latilabris (Dolium), Val. Tlumb. and Bonpl., livr. 14. = D. ringens, Swain. 2(>f> Leathesi (Ovula), Wood. Crag Moll., p. 14, t. 2, f. 1. = O. spelta, Linn., var. ....... 254 Lepida (Ovula), Dill. Cat., p. 474, 1815. = O. triticea, Lam. 248 Levenia, Gray. Proc. Zool. Soc., 137, 1847, . . 268, 272 Levilabiata (Cassis imdulata, var.), de Gregorio. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., x, 113, 1884. = C. sulcosa, Born., var. . . 275 Lienardi (Pediculnria), llobillard. Trans. Roy. Soc. Maur., v, 1871. ? = P. elegnntissima, Desh., . . . .242 Lischkeauum (Dolium), Kiister. (1onch. Cab., 71. t. (12, f. 1. = D. costatum, var. liinbriatum, Sowb. . . . . 2C>4 Livida (Ovula), Reeve. Conch. Ic., 63, 1865. = 0. variabilis, C. B. Ad 2f>5 Lcebbeckeana (Ovula), Wuink. Kiist., 197, t. 50, f. 6,7, 1881. = 0. variabilis, C. B. Ad. . . 255 Longirostrata (Ovula), Sowb. Spec. C., pt. 1, f. 46, t. 48, 1830, .252 Luteostomum (Dolium), Kiistcr. Conch. Cab., 66, t, 58, f.2, 2lil Macgillivrayia, Forbes (in part). Voy. Rattlesnake App., 383. 1851. = Larval condition of Dolium. Maculatum (Dolium), Lam. Anim. sansYert., Edit. Desh., x, p. 140. = D. costatum, Menke, var. . . . '204 Maculosa (Buccinum), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., iii, 78. = Cassis spinosa, Gronov. . . . 272 Madagascariensis (Cassis), Lnm. Kdit. Desh.,x, p. 20. = C. cameo, Stimpson, 268 Malea,Valenciennes. Zool. Voy. Humboldt,ii, 324, 1833, 258, 2(15 Mahim (C:issis , Bolt. Mus.. p. 222, X. 370. = Cassis sulcosa, Bru^. ....... 274 Margarita (Ovula), Sowb. Thes., ii, p. 469, pi. 101, f. (J3, 04, 248 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. 293 PAGE. Marginata (Ovula), Ad. (non Sowb.). Proc. Zool. Soc., 1854, p 130. = Amphiperas Adamsii, Reeve, . . . 250 Marginata (Ovula), Sowb. Spec. C., pt. 1, p. 5, f. 15, 16, 1830, 240 Marginatum (Dolitim), Phil. Zeit. Mai., 1845, p. 147. = D. fimbriatum, Sowb 2G4 Marginelloideum (Pachybathron), Chenu. Man., f. 1141. = P. Cassidiformis, Gask. Marginelloideum (Pachybathron), Gask. Ann. and Mag., 1853, p. 2, t. 12, f. 4-6, 270, 283 Marmoreum (Doliura), Schroter. Index to Mart. = D. olearium, Linn. Massenae (Cassis), Kien. Iconog, t. 8, f. 14. = C. tennis, GrajT, . . . * . . . . 273 McCoyi (Birostra), Tenison-Woods. Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, xiv, 56, 1878, . 256 Melanostoma ( Dolium), Jay Cat., 1839, p. 124, t. 8, 9 ; Brazier, Zool. Proc., 585, 1871 ; Pease, Am. Jour. Conch., vii, 23, 261 Minjac (Dolitim), Adanson. Seneg., t. 7, f. 6. = D. timbriatum, Sowb. ....... 264 Minuta (Cassis), Mcnke. Syn., 1828 ; Morch, Mai. Blatt., xviii, 126. = Young C. sulcosa, var. abbreviata, Lam. . 275 Morio, Montfort. Conch. Syst., ii, 478, 1810. =; Cassidaria, Lam 269 Morum, Bol ten Mus, 1798. = Oniscia, Sowb. . . .270 Muricata (Cassis), Menke. Synopsis, 86, 1828, . . . 279 Nana (Cassis), Tenison-Woods. Proc. Linn. S. N. S. W., iv, p. 108, 279 Neglecta (Ovula), C. B. Ad. Ann. Lye. N. H., v, p. 255, 1850. = 0. avena, Sowb. . . ' . . . .255 Neosimnia, Fischer. Manual de Conch, 664, 1884, . 244, 253 Nicaensis (Ovula), Risso. Enr. Merid, iv, p. 235, f. 150. = 0. patula, Penn. .247 Nigerinum (Ovulum), Dufo. Ann. Sc. Nat., 1840, p. 186, . 256 Nivea (Cassis), Brazier. Proc Zool. Soc., 1872, p. 616, pi. xliv, f. 1. = C. achatina, var. pyrum, .... 278 Nodosum (Buccinum), Dillw. Cat. 2, p. 586. nr. 10. = Cassidaria echinophora, Lam. ..... 280 Nodulosum (Buccinum), Grael. Syst. Nat., p. 3479. = Cassis vibex, Linn., var. erinacea, Linn. . . . 277 Nodosus (Rhomboides), Petiv. Gazophyl., t. 48, f. 16. = Oniscia Strombiformis, Reeve.- Nubeculata (Ovula), Ad. and Reeve. Voy. Samarang, p. 23, pi. 6, f. 12, 1850, . . . ' 247 Nucleus (Cassis), Kiist. Mart., Ch: ii, t. 52, f. 3, 4. = C. saburon, Ad. .275 294 INDEX AND SYNONYMY. PAGE. Oblonga (Bulla), Mart. Conch. Cab., 1, f. 215, 216. — O vula intermedia, Sowb. . . . . . .251 Obtusa (Ovula), Sowb. Spec. Conch., pt. 1, p. 8, f. 34, 1830, 251 Ochroleucum (Buecinum), Gmelin. Syst. Nat., p. 3477. = Cassidaria Tyrrhena, Lam 280 Oli-Mi-ium (Dolium), Brug. Diet. No. 1 (non Linn). . . 262 Oleariuni (Buecinum), Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1196. = Dolium galea, Linn. . . . ... . . 2<>1 Oniscia, Sowb. Genera of Shells, 1824. . . 269, 270, 281 Oniscidia, Swainson. Mai., 70, 299, 1840. . . . 270, 282 Oniscus (Oniscia), Linn. Syst. Nat., p. 1210. . . 270, 281 Oocorys, Fischer. Jour. de'Conch., 3 ser., xxiii, 392, 1884. 267 Otus, Risso. Hist, i, 122, 1826. = Pyrula, Lam. Oviformis (Ovula), Lam. Ann. du Mus., xvi, 110, 1811. = 0. ovum, Linn. ........ 246 Ovoidea (Ovula), H. Ad. Proc. Zool, Soc., 1872, p. 10, t. 3, f , 4 248 Ovula, Bruguiere. Enc. Meth., 1, xv, 1789. . . 243, 246 Ovulidse .... 243 Ovulum, Sowerby. Zool. Jour., iv, 145, 1828. = Ovula, Brug. Ovum (Ovula), var. ft, Gmel. Syst. Nat. Ed., xiii, p. 3422. = O. tortilis, Marty n 246 Ovum (Ovula), Linn. Syst. Nat, p. 1181, 1767. . 246 Pachybathron, Gaskoin. Ann. Mag. N. Hist., xi, 356, 1853 ... 270, 283 Pacifica (Peducularia), Pease. Proc. Zool. Soc., 516, 1865 ; Am. Jour. Conch., iv, 96, 1868. 242 Papyratia (Pyrula), Say. Jour. Philad. Acad., ii, 238, 1822. 261. Ivi, f. 1. = 0. avena, Sowb. . . . . .255 Vii'i>-ine[i (Bulla), Cantraine. = 0 vula Adriatica, Sowb. . 247 VolVti, Bolten. Mus., 1798, 244,252 Yolva, Fleming. Hist. Brit. Anim., 331, 1828. = Simnia, Risso. Volva (Ovula), Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1182, 1767, . . . 252 Vulgaris (Bezoardica), Schum. Nouv. Syst., p. 248, 1817. = Cassis glauca, L . . .270 Xanthostoma (Oniscia), A. Ad. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1853, p. 1 74. = 0. tuberculosum, Sowb. 282 Zebra (Cassis), Lam. An. s. Vert., x, p. 28. = C. strigata, Gmel 277 Zclnnica (Cassis), Lam. An. s. Vert., x, p. 33. rr C. pyrum, Lam : 278 Zoimtum (Dolium), Green. Trans. Alb. Inst.,i,p. 131, pi. 4, 2G3 REFERENCE TO PLATES. OVULID^E, DOLIID^E AND CASSIDID^]. PLATE 1. FKJUKK. PAGE. 1. Pedicularia Sicula, Swainson. Dentition. Fischer's Manual, pt. 7, f. 425, . 241 2, 3. Pedicularia Sicula, Swains. Adams' Genera, t. 29, f. 3, 3a, . . . . . . . .241 4. Pedicularia Californica, Newc. Proc. Cal. Acad., iv, t. l,f. 9, . 242 5. Peduularia Japonica, Dall. Am. Jour. Conch., vii, t. 16, f. 12, . . 242 6. 7. Pedicularia Pacifica, Pease. Am. Jour. Conch., iv, t. 11, f. 17, 18, . .... 242 8, 9. Pedicularia elegantissima, Desh. Moll. Reunion, t. (>, f. 23, 24 242 10. Ovula gibbosa, Linn. Dentition. Fischer's Man. de Conch., pt. 7,f. 420, . . . . . .243 11. Ovula ovum, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch, f. 2, . . 246 12. Ovula oviformis, Lam. (== ovum). Kiener, Iconog.,t. 1, 246 13. 14. Ovula marginata, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 9, 10, . 246 15. Ovula brevis, Rve. (= marginata). Conch. Icon., f. 5 6, 246 16. 18. Ovula Adriatica, Sowb. (= patula). Thes. Conch., f. 13, 14, 247 17. Ovula patula, Pennant. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 30 a, 246 PLATE 2. 19, 20. Ovula tortilis, Martyn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 4, 5, 246 21, 22. Ovula Sinensis, Sowb. (= marginata). Zool. Proc., t. 72, f I, 1874, ....... 246 23, 24. Ovula lactea, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 1, . 247 (301) 302 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. I'AGB. 25, 26. Ovula semistriata, Pease (= lactea). Am. Jour. Conch., iv, t. 11, f. 16, . . -J47 27, 28. Ovula cristallina, Kiener (= lactea). Kiener, Iconog., t. 4, f. 3, 247 29, 30. Ovula pudica, A. Ad. Reeve, Conch. Icon , f. 0, . 2-17 31. Ovula Caledonica, Crosse (== pudica). Jour, de Conch., t. 2, f. 1, 1872, 247 32, 33. Ovula brevis, Sowb. Tlies. Condi., f. 70, 71, . 248 34, 35. Ovula margarita, Sowb. Ibid., f. 93, 94, . . 248 30, 37. Ovula bulla, Ad. and live. (= margarita). Conch. Icon., f. 20 .248 38, 39. Ovula umbilicata, Sowb. (= margarita). Reeve, lbid.,f. 14, .... . .248 40. Ovula ovoidea, H. Ad. ( = nmrg'arita). Zool. Proc., t. 3, f. 4, 1872, ... ... 248 41,42. Ovula nubeculata, Ad. and Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 12, 247 43, 44. Ovula pyriformis, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 72, 73, . 247 45. Ovula pyriformis, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 9 a, 247 46, 47. Ovula bimaculata, A. Ad. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 11, 248 48-50. Ovula carnca, Poiret. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 74-76, .248 51-52. Ovula triticea, Lam. (= carnea). Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 51,52, . . 248 PLATE 3. 53, 54. Ovula rhodia, A. Ad. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 1 8 a, />, 249 55, 56. Ovula fruticum, A. Ad. Reeve, Ibid., f. 10 a, 6, . 249 57, 58. Ovula pyrulina, A. Ad. Reeve, Ibid., f. 19 a, 6, . 249 59, 60. Ovula concinna, Ad. and Reeve. Reeve, Ibid., f. 21 a, 6, . .249 61-63. Ovula punctata, Duclos. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 90-92, 249 64. Ovula alabaster, Reeve (= punctata). Conch. Icon., f. 236, 249 65, 66. Ovula Adamsi, Reeve. Ibid., f. 24 a, b, . . 249 07, 08. Ovula bullata, Ad. and Reeve. Ibid., f. 20 a, 6, . 250 69, 70. Ovula scitula, Adams. (= bullata). Reeve, Ibid., f. 29 a, 6, .' 250 71, 72. Ovula frumentum, Sowb. Reeve, Ibid., f. 25 a, 6, . 250 73. Ovula pulchella, H. Ad. (= punctata, var.). Zool. Proc., t. 23, f. 5, 1873, . . . 241) 74. Ovula Cumingi, Morch (= concinna). Morch, Cat. Kjerulf., t. l,f. 11, 249 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 303 FIGUKK. PAGE. 75, 76. Ovula striatula, Sowerby. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 28 a, b, 250 77, 78. Ovula dorsuosum, Hinds. (== striatula). Ibid., f. 27 a, 6, . . 250 79, 80. Ovula dentata, Ad. and Reeve (= striatula). Ibid., f. 36 a, 6 250 81, 82. Ovula gibbosa. Linn. Reeve, Ibid., f. 32 a, 6, . 250 83, 84. Ovula emarginata, Sowb. Reeve, Ibid., f. 34 a, 6, . 251 85, 86. Ovula intermedia, Sowb. Ibid., f. 33 a, 6, . . 251 87, 88. Ovula obtusa, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 22, 23, . 251 89 Ovula Indica, Reeve (= obtusa, var.). Conch. Icon., f. 47 6, 251 90, 91. Ovula Trailli, A. Ad. Reeve, Ibid., f. 38 a, 6, . 251 PLATE 4. 92, 93. Ovula longiroetra, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 40 a, c, . . 252 1)4,95. Ovula volva, Linn. Thes Conch., f. 67, . . 252 96, 97. Ovula recurva, Ads. and Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 54 a, 6, 252 98, 99. Ovula gracilis, Ads. and Reeve. Ibid., f. 61 a, 6, . 252 100, 1. Ovula Philippinarum, Sowb. Reeve, Ibid., f. 46 a, 6, 252 2. Ovula Carpenter!, Dunker (= Philippinarum). Moll. Maris Japon., t. 13, f. 1, . . . . .252 3, 4. Ovula Angasi, A. Ad. (== Philippinarum). Conch. Icon., f. 48 a, 6, .... . 252 5. Ovula depressa, Sowb. (= Philippinarum). Zool. Proc., t. 24, f. 1, 1875, . . ... 252 6, 7. Ovula subreflexa, Ad. and Reeve (= Philippinarum). Conch. Icon., f. 55 a, &, 252 8. Ovula deflexa, Sowb. (^Philippinarum). Ibid., f. 56 6, 252 9. Ovula Adamsii, Dunker (== Philippinarum). Moll. Ma- ris Japon., t. 13, f. 3, .... 253 10, 11. Ovula birostris, Linn. Reeve, Conch. Icon.,f. 45 a, 6, 253 12. Ovula aperta, Sowb. (=birostris). Thes. Conch., f. 107. 253 13, 14. Ovula rosea, A. Ad. (= birostris). Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 44 a, 6, 253 15, 16. Ovula formosa, Ad. and Reeve. Ibid., f. 39 a, 6, . 251 17, 18. Ovula hordacea (=Semperi,Weink.). Reeve, Ibid., f. 37, a, 6, 251 PLATE 5. 19. Ovula hordacea (= Semperi, Weink). Thes. Conch., f. 112, 251 20, 21. Ovula lanceolata, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 59, a, 6, 253 304 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGUKK. PAGE. 22. Ovula coarctata, Ad. and Reeve. Ibid., f. 57 a, . . 253 23. Ovula acicularis, Lain. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 43, . 253 24. 25. Ovula aeicularis, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 53 a, 6, 2o3 26. Ovula spelta (= Sowerbyana, Weink.). Ibid., f. 42, b, 2:>:5 27. Ovula spelta (= Sowerbyana, Weink.). Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 63 253 28. 29. Ovula secalis, Sowb. Ibid., f. 26, 27, . . . 254 30. Ovula seminulum, Sowb. (== secalis). Conch. Icon., f. 48 a, 254 31. Ovula Borbonica, Deshayes. Moll. Reunion, 1. 13, f. 18, 254 32. 33. Ovula spelta, Linn. Kiener, Coq. viv., t. 5, f. 4, . 254 34-36. Ovula hordacea, Lam. Ibid , t. 6, f. 6, . . .254 37, 38, Ovula formicaria, Sowb. (= hordacea). Conch. Icon., f. 52 a, b, 254 39. Ovula uniplicata, Sowb. Reeve, Ibid., f. 51 a, . . 254 40. Ovula uniplicata, Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 31, . .254 41. Ovula Antillarum, Reeve (=iiniplicala). Conch. Icon., f. 64 a, 254 42. Ovula subrostrata, Sowb. (= uniplicata). Thes. Conch., f. 39, . . •>:* 43. Ovula arcuata, Reeve (= uniplicata). Conch. Icon., f. 58 6, 255, . 255 44. Ovula variabilis, C. B. Ad. (== uniplicata, var.). Kiis- ter, Conch. Cab , t. 53, f. 2, . .... 255 45. Ovula California, Reeve (= uniplicata, var.). Conch. Icon., f. 50 6, 255, .... . :2f>5 46. Ovula squalls', Sowb. (=±= uniplicata, var.). Conch. 111. Cyprsea, f. 61, . . 255 47. Ovula livida, Reeve (= uniplicata, var. ). Conch. Icon., f. 63 6, .255 48. Ovula rufa, Sowb. (=umplicata, var.). Conch. 111. Cy- prsea, f. 58, .255 49. Ovula inflexa, Sowb. ( =uniplicata, var.). Ibid., f. 00, 255 50. Ovula Lobbeckeana, Weink (= uniplicata, var.). Kiis- ter, Conch. Cab., t. 50, f. 7, 255 51. Ovula avena, Sowb. Conch. 111. Cypruea, f. 59, . . 2;");") 52. Ovula similis, Sowb. (= avena). Thes, Conch., f. 20, 255 53. Ovula similis (= avena). Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 49 a, 255 54. Ovula neglecta, C. B. Ad. (= avena). Reeve, Ibid., f. 02 a, 2:>f> f>5. Ovula Vidleri, Sowb. (= avena \ Zool. Proc., t. 50, I1. 1, 1881, . -»f>f> 56, 57. Ovula verrucosa, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., f. 78, 79, .... . . L»:>r, 58. Ovula verrucosa, Linn. Quoy, Voy. Astrol, t. 47, f. 8, 256 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 305 D O L 1 1 D JE. PLATE 1. FIGURE. PAGE. 1. Dolium perdix, Linn. Dentition. Troschel, Gebiss Schneck., t. 19, f. 3, • 257 2. Dolium perdix, Linn. Jaw. Ibid., t. 19, f. 1, . . 257 3. Dolium galea, Linn. Kiener, Iconog., t. 2, f. 2, . . 261 4. Dolium melanostoma, Jay. Jay's Cat., 3d edit., t. 9, . 261 5. Dolium melanostoma, Jay. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 2, 261 6. Dolium luteostoma, Kiister. Conch. Cab., t. 58, . . 261 PLATE 2. 7. Dolium Japonicum, Dunker (= luteostoma). Dunker, Novitates Conch., t. 35, 261 8. Dolium olearium, Brug. Kiener, Iconog., t. 1, f. 1 a, . 262 9. Dolium Cumingii, Hartley (= olearium). Conch. Icon., f. 3, 262 10. Dolium Deshayesii, Reeve (= olearium, var.). Conch. Icon., f. 13 a, 262 11. Dolium Testardi, Morch (== olearium, var.). Jour, de Conch., t. 5, f. 6, 1863, . . . . . .262 12. Dolium Crosseanum, Monterosato. Ibid., t. 12, f. 1, 1869, 263 PLATE 3. 13. Dolium variegatum, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 7 6, 262 14. Dolium Chinense, Dilhv. (= variegatum). Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 10 6, 262 15. Dolium perdix, Linn. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 9, . 264 16. Dolium fasciatura, Brug. Kiener, Iconog., t. 3, f. 5, . 263 17. Dolium zonatum, Green. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 12 a, 263 18. Dolium Lischkeanum, Kiister (= costatum, var. fimbri- atum). Conch. Cab., t. 62, f. 1, . . . . 264 PLATE 4. 19. Dolium fasciatum, var. (= costatum). Kiener, Iconog., t. 4, f. 6, . . . . . . . .263 20. Dolium ampullaceum, Phil. (= costatum, Menke). Neuer Conch., Hi, t. 2, 263 21. Dolium maculatum, Lam. (= costatum, var.). Kiener, Iconog., t. 3, f. 4, . . . . . .264 22. Dolium fimbriatum, Sowb. (— costatum, var.). Conch. Icon., f. 36, 264 21 306 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 23,24. Dolium perdix, Linn. Embryo and young. Fischer, Jour, de Conch., t. 6, f. 7, 1863, .... 264 25. Dolium perdix, Linn. Quoy, Yoy. Astrol., t. 41, f. 1, 264 PLATE 5. 26. Dolium pomum, Linn. Reeve, Conch., Icon., f. 6, . 265 27. Dolium crassilabris, Yal. (= riugens). Kiener, Icon., t. 4, f. 7, 265 28. Pyrula ficoides, Lam. (= reticulata, Lam.), Ibid., Py- rula, t. 13, f. 2, 265 29. Pyrula ficus, Linn. Adams, Yoy. Samarang, t. 9, f. 4, 266 30. Pyrula Dussumieri, Yal. Reeve", Icon., Ficula, f. 2, . 266 31. Pyrula tessellata, Kobelt. Kiister, Pyrula, t. 2, f. 3, . 267 32. Doliopsis quinquecosta, Conr. Am. Jour. Conch., i, t. 10, f. 15, 258 PLATE 6. 33. Pyrula clathrata Rouss. (= reticulata). Chenu, 111. Conch., t. 2, f. 3, 265 34. Pyrula ventricosa, Sowrb. (= decussaata). Kiener, Pyrula, t. 12, f. 2, . . . . . . . 266 35. Pyrula reticulata, Lam. (= papyratia). Sowb., Gen. Shells, Pyrula, f. 1, 266 36. Pyrula ficus, Linn. Sowb., Thes. Conch., iv, t. 423, f. 4, 2(JO 37. Pyrula pellucida, Desh. (= ficus, var.). Jour, de Conch., 2d ser., i, t. 6, f. 1, 266 38. Pyrula ficoides, Lam. (= reticulata). Dentition. Troschel, Gebiss Schneck., t. 20, f. 1*2, . . .258 39-41. Oocorys abyssorum, Yerrilland Smith (= sulcata). Trans. Conn. Acad., vi, t. 31, f. 12, ... 267 42. Oocorys sulcata, Fischer. Manuel de Conch., pt. 8, f. 536, 267 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 307 CASSIDID^E. PLATE 1. FIGURE. PAQK. 43. Operculum of Cassis. Fischer's Manuel, pt. 7, f. 413, . 268 44. Cassis saburon, Adans. Dentition, Fischer's Manuel, pt. 7, f. 412, 268 45. 46. Cassis cornuta, Linn. Kiener, Iconog., t. 2, f. 3, . 270 47, 48. Cassis flammea, Linn. Ibid., t. 3, f. 5, . . .271 PLATE 2. 40. Cassis cornuta, Linn. Reeve, Icon., f. 2, . . 270 50. Cassis cameo, Stimpson. Tryon, Am. Mar. Conch., t. 8,f. 67, 271 51. Cassis tuberosa, Linn. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 7, .271 52. Cassis coarctata, Gray. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 14, • 272 53. Cassis tenuis, Gray. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 13c, . 272 54. Cassis testiculus, Linn. Kiener, Iconog., t. 9, f. 17, . 273 PLATE 3. 55. Cassis fimbriata, Quoy. Kiener, Iconog., t. 4, f. 6, . 272 5(>. Cassis crumena, Drug. Reeve, Icon., f. 10 a, . . 273 57, 58. Cassis rufa. Linn. Kiener, Iconog., t. 7, f. 12, . 273 59. Cassis lactea, Kiener (= sulcosa, var. abbreviata). Ibid., t. 16, f. 35, . . . . . . . 274 60. Cassis semigranosa, Wood. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 3, 275 61. Cassis abbreviata, Lam. (=sulcosa, Brug.). Ibid.,f. 18 a, 274 PLATE 4. 62. Cassis spinosa, Gronov. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 96, . 272 63. Cassis testiculus, Linn. Kiener, Iconog., t. 9, f. 17, . 273 64. Cassis sulcosa, Brug. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 30, . 274 65. Cassis inflata, Shaw (= sulcosa, var.). Ibid., f. 22, . 274 66. 67. Cassis recurvirostrum, Wood (= sulcosa, var.). Ibid.,f. 16 a, 6, 274 68, 69. Oniscia tuberculosa, Sowb. Ibid., f. 56, . . 281 70. Oniscia Strombiformis, Reeve. Ibid., f. 2, . . . 282 PLATE 5. 71. Cassis abbreviata, Lam. (= sulcosa, Br.). Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 186, 274 72. Cassis canaliculata, Brug. Ibid., f. 8, . . . • 275 73. Cassis canaliculata, Brug. Kiener, Iconog., t. 14, f. 28, 275 308 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 74. Cassis saburon, A dans. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 11 a, . 275 75. Cassis pila, Reeve (= saburon. var.). Ibid., f. 21, . 27f> 76. Cassis Japonica, Reeve (= saburon, var.). Ibid., f. 23, 275 77. Cassis Pfeifferi, Hidalgo (= saburon, var.). Jour, de Conch., t. 7,f. 2, 1872, 275 78. Cassis bisnlcata, Schub. et Wagn. (= saburon, var.). Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. C> b, . . - . . 275 PLATK (',. 79. Cassis glauca, Linn. Reeve. Conch. Icon.,f. 33, . . 276 80. Cassis glanca, Linn. Quoy, Yoy. Astrol., t. 43, f. 9,, 276 81. Cassis coronulata, Sowb. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 31, . 276 82. 83. Cassis exarata, Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 32, . . 276 84. Cassis areola, Linn. Kiener, Iconog., t. 10, f. 19, ^ . 276 PLATE 7. 85. Cassis zebra, Lain. (= strigata). Kiener, Iconog., t. 10, f. 18, 276 86. Cassis plicaria, Lam. (= plicata). Ibid., t. 6, f. 11, . 277 87. 88. Cassis decussata, Lam. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 46, c, * . . . 277 89. Cassis vibex, Linn. Ibid., f. 156, .... 277 90. Cassis vibex, var. erinacea, Linn. Ibid., f. 15 d, . '277 91. Cassis vibex, var. kalasmodix, Melvill. Author's drawing, ......... 278 92. 93. Cassis torquata, Reeve. / Conch. Icon., f. 1 6, c, . 278 PLATE 8. 94. Cassis achatina. Lain. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 286, . 278 95. Cassis turgida, Reeve (= achatina). Ibid, f. 25 c, . 278 96. 97. Cassis pyrum, Lam. (= achatina,. var.). Ibid., f. 29 0,6, . . . . . . .278 98. Cassis nivea, Brazier (= achatina, var. pyrum). Proc. Zool. Soc., t. 44, f. 1, 1872, 278 99. Cassis Sophia, Brazier. Ibid., t. 44, f. 2, 1872, . . 279 100. Oniscia exquisita, Ad. and Reeve. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 3, 282 1-3. Pachybathron Cassidiforme, Gaskoin. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., t. 12, f. 1-3, 1853, . . . .283 4, 5. Pachybathron Marginelloidenm, Gaskoin. Ibid., t. 12, f. 4, (',,1853, 283 REFERENCE TO PLATES. PLATE 9. 309 FIOURK. PAGB. 6. Cassidaria Deshayesii, Duval. Jour, de Conch., t. 1, f. 9,1863, 280 7. Cassis paiicirngis, Mke. (= achatina, var. pyrum). Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 19 a, 278 8. Cassis glabrata, Dunker. Novit. Conch., t. ll,f. 1, . 2.79 9. Cassidaria echinophora, Linn. Kiener,Iconog.,t. l,f. 2, 279 10. Cassidaria echinophora, Linn. Kiister, Conch. Cab., t. 54, f. 5, 279 11. Cassidaria provincialis, Martin (= echinophora, mon- str.). Jour, de Conch., ii, t. 8, f. 4, . . . 279 12. 13. Cassidaria Coronadoi, Crosse. Jour, de Conch., t. 4,f. 1; t. 5, f. 1, 1867, . .... 280 PLATE 10. 14. Cassidaria Tyrrhena, Lam. Kiener, Iconog., t. 1, f. 1, 280 15. Cassidaria strfata, Lam. Ibid., t. 2, f. 3, . . . 280 16. Cassidaria Grayi, A. Ad. (= striata, Lam.). Zool. Proc., 1854, t. 28, f. 6, 280 17. Cassidaria Barbudensis, Higgins and Marrat. Proc. Lit. Philos. Soc. Liverpool, xxxi, t. 1, f. 1, . . 281 1'8. Oniscia oniscus, Linn. Kiister, Conch. Cab.,t. 55, f. 5, 281 19. Oniscia Lamarckii, Desh. (= oniscus, var.). Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 1, 281 20. Oniscia Dennisoni, Reeve. Ibid., f. 6, . . . 282 21. Oniscia cancellata. Sovvb. Ibid., f. 4, . . . . 282 22. Oniscia ponderosa, Hanley (= exquisita). Zool. Proc., 1858, t. 42, f. 10, 282 PLATE 1. PLATE 2. X £/ .• i - mi 22 20 *g PLATE 3. 83 84 90 91 OVULIDJE. PLATE 4. PLATE 5. CASSIDID^E. PLATE 1. PLATE 2. CASSIDIDJE. PLATE 3. • '! '® CASSIDIIXE. PLATE 4. PLATE 5. - .1 76 CASSLDID^. PLATE 6. 84 PLATE 7. PLATE 8. 99 CASSIDIDJE. PLATE 9. PLATE 1O. DOLIID^E. PLATE 1. PLATE 2. DOLIID^E. PLATE 3. PLATE 4. DOLIICUE. PLATE 5. . 29 PLATE 6. 39 RETURN TO the circulation desk of any University of California Library or to the NORTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY Bldg. 400, Richmond Field Station University of California Richmond, CA 94804-4698 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS • 2-month loans may be renewed by calling (510)642-6753 • 1-year loans may be recharged by bringing books to NRLF • Renewals and recharges may be made 4 days prior to due date. DUE AS STAMPED BELOW JUN13ZBW 12,000(11/95) N9 551358 QLU03 Tiyon, G.W. T?6 Manual of conchology. ser.l v.7 LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS