LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS PLATE 1 MANUAL OP GEOLOGY; STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES. BY GEORGE W, TRYON, JR. CONTINUED BY HENRY A. PILSBRY. Vol. XI. TROCHID^, STOMATIID.E, rLEUROTOMARIID/E, HALIOTID^E. PHILADELPHIA: Published by the Conehological Section, ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, COR. igTH AND RACE STS. 1889. LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS BINDER & KI-LLY, PRINTERS, 518 MINOR STREET, PHILADELPHIA. The Editor desires to express his sincere thanks to the subscribers to the MANUAL. OF CONCHOLOQT for their continued patronage, und for the many kind expressions of interest in the continuation of the work which he has received. The introduction in the present volume of full synonymic refer- erences into the text of the work, and the practice of giving de- scriptions extending- to every character shown by cadi species, are innovations which the author trusts will lighten the labor of those who have occasion to consult the MANUAL. All descriptions which are not drawn from specimens are followed by the authority from whom they are taken, in parenthesis. This acknowledgement serves also to indicate the species lacking in the Academy's collection, and shows the amount of material upon which the present work is based. H. A. P. March, 1889. La determination precise des especes etdeleurs caracteres distinctifc, fait la premiere base sur laquelle toutes les recherches de 1'Histoire naturelle doivent £tre fonclees; les observations les plus curieuses, les vues les plus nouvelles, perd- ent presque tout leur merite, quand elles sont depourvues de cet appui, et malgre 1'aridite de ce genre de travail, c'est par la que doivent commencer tous ceux qui se proposent d'arriver a des resultats solides. CUVIER. MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY, FAMILY TROCHID^. Animal similar in general form to the Turbinida?. Epipodial line bearing one, several, or many smooth or ciliated cirrhi on each side; head with a short, broad rostrum ; intertentacular lobes sim- ple or digitated, separate or united across the front, sometimes obso- lete. Jaws developed or absent. Radula rhipidoglossate, rhachidian teeth always present and well-developed ; lateral teeth generally 5 on each side, sometimes more numerous ; marginal teeth narrow, very numerous. Shell nacreous within, conical, pyramidal, subglobose, turbinate or helicoid ; aperture entire, tetragonal or rounded ; peristome gener- ally not continuous. Operculum circular, thin, entirely corneous, formed of numerous gradually increasing whorls, nucleus central. The TrochidaB are like the Turbinidse in the possession of a na- creous test and in the principal structural characters of the animal. They differ from that family in having a corneous, never calcareous, operculum, which is always multispiral. The family is represented by numerous littoral species on nearly all coasts, and numbers also many deep sea forms. Since very early times many species have been well-known to naturalists. The name Trochus, according to Fischer was used for the first time by Rondelet, in 1558, who assembles under this title a rather miscellaneous assortment of univalves, including a true Trochus. Linnaeus' genus Trochus is composed principally of true Trochidre, but contains also species of several very different families. Lamarck still further restricted the group by eliminating several genera; and in more recent times the labors of Gray, H. and A. Adams and others, have contributed much toward a systematic ar- rangement of the family. The more extensive works upon the Trochidse are the following. A. ADAMS. Contributions toward a Monograph of the Trochida?, in Proc. Zool. Soc., 1851, pp. 150-192. (5) O TROCHIIh-E. Dll. P. F ISC I IKK. Monog. Genre Troque, in Kiener's Coquilles Vivantes, Paris, 1880.' R. A. PlIILII'JT. Monograph of Trochus in Syst. Conchylien Cabinet, ed. 2 (1846 to about 1856). LOVELL KEEVK. In Conchologia Iconica vol. xiii. (1861.) Adams' monograph contributes numerous descriptions of supposed new forms, without figures, measurements or comparison with known spcH-ies. The work as a whole is an unmitigated nuisance. Philippics monograph describes scores of " species " founded upon coloration or other equally trivial characters. His descriptions are generally very good, and the figures assist one to identify most of the forms. Reeves' work is very incomplete. The monograph by Fischer is an altogether thorough and reliable work. The primary division of the Trochidaj is attended with consider-' able difficulty. I have adopted the following four Subfamilies. TROCIIIMX.K. Animal with frontal lobes; jaws wanting; lateral teeth never more than 5 on each side of the rhachidian, or some- times with an obsolete sixth tooth. Shell pearly; peristome incom- plete. GIBBULINJE. Frontal lobes present; jaws present; lateral teeth frequently exceeding 5 on each side. Shell pearly; peristome in- complete. UMBONIINVE. Rostrum short, rounded, with lateral beards; eyes on long peduncles ; tentacles subulate, the left attached to a siphon- shaped frontal appendage; mantle reflexed over the edge of the aperture; jaws present; lateral teeth (> on each side. Shell polish- ed, scarcely pearly, peristome incomplete. PKLPIIINULIN.K. No frontal lobes ; jaws present. Shell pearly in- side ; aperture circular, peristome continuous. Synopsis of Genera and minor groups. Subfamily I. TIIOCHININ^E. Genus TROCHUS Limit'. Shell conical, strong, imperforate or false-urn bilicated, the axis always solid, the spire more or less elevated, whorls numerous, TROCHUS. 7 generally carinated at the periphery, sometimes rounded, more or less flattened beneath ; aperture rhomboidal, very oblique ; columella twisted, its edge generally folded or dentate, generally toothed at base ; sculptured usually with spiral beaded ridges. The species are all old world in distribution. Subgenus TROCHUS, (sensu stricto.) Shell large, thick, solid, the spire pyramidal or conical, periphery angulated, base flat or convex; outer and basal lips smooth within, the columella with a strong fold above, ending in an obtuse tooth below. T. niloticus L., etc. Subgenus CARDINALIA Gray, 1857. Shell conical ; base plano-concave, without false-umbilicus ; out'er lip smooth within ; columella short, arcuate, simple, without a fold above, ending below in an acute denticle1. Indo- Pacific Province. Subgenus TECTUS Montfort, 1810. Shell pyramidal ; base flat, without false-umbilicus ; aperture rhomboidal, very oblique, angular, wider than long ; outer lip lirate within ; columella very short, vertical, with a strong spiral fold, ending anteriorly in a knob or point. Type, T. mauritianus Gmel. Indo-Padfic Province. Subgenus INFUNDIBULUM Montfort, 1810. Shell conical, false-umbilicate ; columella more or less folded above, its edge straight, oblique, toothed or simple, with or without a tooth at base. Type, T. concavus Gmel. Indo- Pacific and Australasian Province. Section LAMPROSTOMA SwTainson, 1840. Shell conical with nearly flat base and angular periphery ; all over granose-lirate ; columella tortuous above, its edge denticulate ; basal and outer margins of aperture generally lirate within. Type, T. maculatus Linn. Section INFUNDIBULUM (sensu sir."). Shell conical, periphery angular, base nearly flat, or concave ; outer surface smooth, costate or granular ; outer lip not lirate with- in; columella inserted in the center of the axis, strongly folded above, its edge smooth, not toothed nor notched at base. Type, T. concavus Gmel, 8 TROCHUS. Section INFUNDIBULOPS Pilsbry. Similar to Infundibulum, but the columella thin straight and simple from its insertion in the center of the false -umbilicus to its union with the basal lip. Type, T. erythneus Brocc. Indian 0. Differs from Infundibulum in lacking the strong fold of the columella. Section CCELOTROCHUS Fischer. Similar to Infundibulops, but with the false-umbilicus very deep and narrow, penetrating deeper than the columella which is inserted upon its edge, not in the center of the axis. Type, T. tiaratus Q. et G. New Zealand. Section ANTHORA Gray. Shell elevated, conical, granulose above, lirate below; base plano- concave, false-umbilicus shallow, bicostate, outer and basal lips smooth within, columella oblique, with a small fold above, its edge simple. Type, T. viridis Gmel. New Zealand. Section PR/ECIA Gray. Columella twisted, simple; false-umbilicus deep, narrow, with a distinct narrow central spiral rib ; throat striated. Type, T. ele- gantulus Wood. Section BELANGERIA Fischer. Shell conical, solid ; outer lip of aperture lirate within ; columella with a small fold above, its base curving and denticulate where it unites with the denticulate basal margin ; false umbilicus narrow, Type, T. scabrosus Phil. Subgenus CLANCULUS Montfort, 1810. Shell conical, conoidal or turbiuate ; generally granose-lirate all over ; periphery rounded or angular, base flat or convex, false- umbilicate ; aperture oblique, usually obstructed by teeth, the outer lip usually lirate or dentate within, columella with a tooth-like fold above, terminating in a tooth at the base ; false umbilicus with a crenated border. Type, T. pharaonius Linn. Mediterranean, Indian 0., and Pacific. Genus MONODONTA Lamarck, 1799. Shell imperforate, turbinate, ovate or globose-depressed, the periphery rounded ; surface smooth or spirally ridged ; columella. TROCHUS. 9 simple, arcuate and spread upon the base at its insertion, below tuberculate, swollen, ending in a tooth, or simple ; outer lip smooth or lirate within. Subgenus MONODONTA Lam. Shell Uirbinate-conic, very heavy, thick, solid; columella strong, cylindrical, bulging or more or less toothed near or at the base ; aperture as high as wide. Section MONODONTA (restricted). Shell smooth or spirally ridged ; outer lip plicate within ; colu- mella short porcellanous, terminating abruptly in a tooth, between which and the basal margin there is a square notch or channel. Type, M. labio L. Indian 0. Section AUSTROCOCHLEA Fischer. Shell like Monodonta s. sir., but columella only slightly toothed at the base, not notched ; outer lip lirate within. Type, M. constricta Lam. Australasia. Section OSILINUS Philippi. Shell smooth or obsoletely spirally grooved ; outer lip smooth within ; columella swollen and convex in the middle, pearly, con- tinuous below with the basal lip. Type, M. turbinata Born. Mediterranean Sea. Subgenus DILOMA Philippi. Shell globose or depressed-conic ; aperture large, very oblique ; columella not prominent, flattened, not cylindrical, generally con- cave, arcuate, and slightly denticulate at the base or smooth. Section DILOMA (restricted). Shell globose, depressed or conic, imperforate, black ; smooth or spirally grooved ; columella wide, concave, porcellanous; lip mar- gined with an iridescent band which extends across the parietal wall. Type. M. nigerrima (Gmel.) Phil. W. Coast S. America. Section XEODILOMA Fischer. Similar to the preceding, but without the parietal band of irides- cent nacre ; surface smooth, grooved or lirate ; unicolored, spotted or tessellated ; columella with one or two denticles at base, or smooth. Type, M. sethiops Gmel. Australasia, 10 TROCHUS. Section CHLORODILOMA Pilsbry. Shell like Diloma but rather more conical, less nacreous ; colora- tion, variegated, consisting of fine lines of dark on a lighter ground ; columella generally green ; umbilicus perforate or subperforate. Type, M. crinita Phil. Australasia. Section OXYSTKIJ; Philippi. Shell depressed conical, dark or variegated in color; aperture large, oblique ; columella concave, arcuate, thin-edged, perfectly simple and curved below, above spread over the umbilical area as a rounded, well-defined pad of callus. Type, M. merula Lam. S. Africa ; Japan. Genus CANTHAKIDUS Montfort, 1810. Shell ovate-conic or pyramidal imperforate, smooth or spirally sculptured outside, brilliantly iridescent within ; colors generally bright and variegated; aperture less than half the length of shell, longer than wide, ovate ; columella usually more or less folded or toothed near the base. Australasian Seas. Subgoims CANTIIARJDUS Montfort. Section CANTHARIDUS (restricted.) Shell rather thin, ovate-pointed, whorls striated, or smooth ; col- umella rather straight, simple, not toothed. Type, C. iris Clu-in. Section PHASIANOTROCHUS Fischer. Shell thick, solid, polished, elongated; ovate-pointed; aperture ovate, longer than broad ; columella arcuate, bearing usually a tooth- like projection in the middle. Type, C. bad i us Wood. Subgenus BANKIVIA Beck, 1848. Shell imperforate, elongated, narrow, conical, thin, but slightly pearly ; aperture small, about one-third the length of shell ; col- umella slightly twisted, subtruncated toward the base. Type, C. varians Beck. Section LEIOPYRGA H. & A. Adams. Shell perforate, elongated, narrow, somewhat turrited, thin, the whorls convex, rounded or carinated ; aperture oval, small, columel- la arcuate, not truncated at base. Type, (.'. picturata Ad. Subgenus THALOTTA Gray, 1840. Shell imperforate, elevated-conical, thick, solid, granulated or spirally ribbed ; periphery rounded or obtusely angular ; aperture TROCHUS. 11 small, ovate, outer lip thick, crenulated within ; columella toothed at base, subtruncated. Type, C. conicua Gray. Section ODONTOTROCHUS Fischer. Shell conical, elevated; periphery acutely carinated ; columella toothed below, truncated. Type, C. chlorostomus Mke. Genus GAZA Watson, 1878. Shell trochiform, nacreous both on the surface and throughout ; delicately sculptured, witli a reversed lip thickened internally by a nacreous callus; the pillar twisted direct, in front angulated and pointed, behind entirely parted from the lip, and in the umbilical region spread out in a nacreous pad. ( Watson) Type, G. dsedala Watson. Fiji Is. Submenus MICROGAZA Dall, 1881. Shell flattened, rotelliform, resembling a Gaza without reflected lip or umbilical callus, brilliantly nacreous when fresh, and having a distinctly scalariform umbilicus. (Dall) Type, M. rotelia Dall. Barbados. (Jcnus CALLOGAZA Dall, 1881. Shell resembling Gaza Watson, but with the umbilical pad re- flected only partly over the umbilicus ; the pillar straight, passing without notch or mucronation into the reflected basal margin of the aperture ; nacreous layer in this shell covered with a thin non- nacreous layer, which appears to be covered by a delicate epider- mis. (Dall) Type, C. superba Dall. Genus BEMBIX Watson, 1878. Shell conical, high, carinated, tumid on the base, umbilicated, thin, nacreous, covered with a thin membranaceous epidermis. ( Wat- sou) Type, B. ajola. Japan. Genus CHLOROSTOMA Swainson, 1840. Shell conical, umbilicate or imperforate, solid ; spire elevated or depressed ; aperture oblique, subrhomboidal, the outer lip smooth within ; columella arcuate, above continued in a callus over or half- way around the umbilicus, which when open shows one or more spiral ribs inside ; base of columella with two or more denticles. Type, C. argyrostomum Gin el. Chinese and Japanese Seas, W. Coast America, West Indies. 12 TROCHUS. Subfamily II. GIBBULIISLE. Genus GIBBULA Risso, 1826. Shell usually perforate or umbilicate, conical, the spire moderate- ly elevated ; whorls often gibbous or tuberculose beneath the sutures, smooth or spirally ribbed ; the last generally angular at the periph- ery ; aperture subrhomboidal ; columella oblique, dentate or sub- sinuous at base ; outer lip acute. Type G. magus L. Subgenus GIBBULA (restricted.) Section GIBBULA. Shell nodulous or tumid beneath the sutures, spire elevated, urn- bilicated or imperforate, generally conspicuously painted with longitudinal stripes of red or brown. European and Australian Seas ; Indian 0.\ Red Sea. Section EURYTROCHUS Fischer. Shell small, spirally lirate, depressed, umbilicate ; last whorl de- flected toward the aperture ; aperture oblique rounded-quadrangular, the terminations of the lips approaching, connected by a callus; outer and basal lips crenulated within. Type, G. danieli Crosse. Oceanica. Section CALLIOTROCHUS Fischer. Shell minute, turbinate, shining, narrowly perforated ; whorls convex ; aperture subcircular. Type, G. phasianellus Desh. Indian 0. Subgenus MONILEA Swainson, 1840. Shell solid, depressed-conical, sharply striate and spirally lirate, umbilicated, the umbilicus partly filled by a prominent spiral funicle within it which terminates at the columella ; outer lip lirate within; columella sinuous, terminating in a point or denticle at base. Type, G. callifera Lam. Oceanica. Section SOLANDERIA Fischer. Umbilicus narrow, columella arcuate, obliquely plicate, terminat- ing in a strong anterior tooth. G. nucleus Phil. Subgenus APHANOTROCHUS Von Martens, 1880. Shell conical, perforated ; columella with finely denticulated edge; outer lip lirate within. Type, G. obscurus Wood. Indian Ocean, TROCHUS. 13 Subgenus ENIDA A. Adams, 1860. Shell depressed-conical, widely umbilicate, whorls convex, con- centrically granose-lirate, sutures canaliculate, last whorl carinated or angulated ; aperture subquadrate ; outer lip simple, or lirate within ; inner lip reflexed ; umbilicus large, margin crenulated. Type, E. japonica A. Ad. Japan. Genus MINOLTA A. Adams, 1860. Shell widely umbilicated, delicate, thin, smooth ; whorls rounded; spire depressed; aperture circular, the outer lip and columella thin, simple, acute ; umbilicus without an internal funicle or rib. Type, M. punctata Ad. Oceanica. Genus CIRCULUS Jeffreys, 1865. Shell minute, widely umbilicated, thin, with spiral striae ; whorls rounded ; spire depressed ; aperture rounded-quadrate, the columella and outer lips thin, simple, acute. Type, C. striatus Phil. European Seas. Genus TROCHISCUS Sowerby, 1838. Shell large, orbicular, umbilicated, solid, depressed, smooth ; spire low-conical, formed of rapidly widening flattened whorls ; aperture subquadrangular, outer lip acute, sinuous, columella simple, some- what sinuous. Type, T. norrisii Sowb. California. Genus LIVONA Gray, 1842. Shell large, turbinate, thick, solid, umbilicate, whorls rounded ; aperture rounded-quadrangular, smooth and silvery within ; outer lip acute ; columella arcuate, simple, spreading half around and partly over the umbilicus in a white callus which is deeply notched in the middle. Type, L. pica L. Genus PHOTINULA H. & A. Adams, 1854 Shell imperforate, orbicular, depressed, rather thin, whorls round- ed, smooth or spirally striated ; aperture wider than long, outer lip acute, columella spreading in a callus pad at its insertion, simple at base. Type, P. coerulescens King. Southern Seas. Genus MARGARITA (Leach) Auct. Shell umbilicate, obicular, conoidal or depressed, thin ; not va- riegated; whorls rounded, smooth or spirally lirate: aperture sub- 14 TROCHUS. circular, peristome simple, acute, the margins approaching; columella arcuate, simple, thin. Type, M. helicina Fab. Arctic and Subarctic Seas. Subgenus BATIIYMOPHILA Dall, 1882. Shell when immature like Margarita ; adult with a broad flattened columella, which has a blunt tooth, rough or granulated, at its end. Type, M. euspira Dall. Genus SOLAKIELLA Searles Wood. 1842. Shell umbilicated, conical ; whorls with spiral granose lirse ; umbilicus with carinated margin. Type, S. maculatum Wood. Subgenus TURCICULA Dall, 1881. Shell globosely conical, white, thin ; umbilicus reduced to a chink under the thin callus of the upper part of the pillar lip ; mouth rounded rectangular, margins all thin ; columella concave ; outer surface with tuberculose ridges. Type, M. imperial is Dall. Cuba. (This group is placed under Calliostoma by Fischer. Its position is problematical until the structural details are known.) Genus CALLIOSTOMA Swainson, 1840. Shell imperforate or rarely umbilicate, conical, rather thin ; whorls smooth, spirally ridged or granular, the last angulated at the periph- ery ; aperture quadrangular ; columella simple, usually ending an- teriorly in a slight tooth. Type, C. ziziphinum L. Subgenus CALLIOSTOMA (restricted.) Axis imperforate, its lower termination covered by a slight ex- pansion of the columella. The sections of this subgenus are given in the text. Subgenus FUTROCHUS A. Adams, ISGo. Shell umbilicated ; columella ending in a point or tooth below. Type, C. javanicus Lam. Genus TURCICA H. and A. Adams, 1854. Shell conoidal, thin, subdiaphanous, imperforate ; whorls with transverse series of granules, the last rounded on the . periphery ; columella thick, spirally twisted posteriorly, ending anteriorly in an obtuse, prominent point ; outer lip thin, simple, acute (H. , (pi. 8, fig. 85).— REEVE Conch. Icon., f. 81).— T. hi»trio REEVE, P. Z. &,.184N, p. 52, Conch. Icon., 1861, f. 90 (pi. 8, fig. 87).— f T. cumingii A. AD. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 150. T. cumingii REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. .S,s. This form, like T. tubiferus Kiener, is principally distinguished by the fistulous or perforated peripheral tubercles. I have some hesitation in referring here as synonyms T. pustnlosus Phil., and T. hixtrio Reeve. The first was described from a very young speci- men; the latter was not well described, and as was his custom in Trochus, only a back view was given by Reeve, so that positive identification is difficult. For these reasons I adopt the French naturalist's name for the species. T. cumingii (Ad.) Reeve (PI. 43, fig. 11,) may be the young of this species, but on account of the slender form I hesitate to place it here. It is at all events a young shell. Specimens which agree exactly with Reeve's figure are before me. They exhibit about 7 planulate whorls, the sculpture of which consists of about five or six spiral granulose line on each whorl ; the lower third or half of each whorl is strongly plicate, each fold terminating in a solid tubercle at the periphery ; of these tubercles there are 18 on the last whorl ; the base is flat, somewhat concave, 6 to 7 lirate; outer lip lirate within ; basal lin and columella thin, without teeth? as is usual in TROCHUS. 31 young shells of this group. Color greyish, more or less green tinged, and maculate with purplish brown, the lower part of each whorl encircled by a purplish or red band ; base minutely macu- late with reddish. Alt. 11-12, diam. 9-10 mill. Locality, Philippines. T. FASTIGIATUS A. Adams. Vol. x, PL 43, fig. 60. Shell conical, imperforate, red, variegated with longitudinal white maculations ; whorls plane, concave in the middle, ornamented above with three series of nodules, furnished with subspinous nod- ules at the sutures; base plane, concentrically lirate, the line cren- ulated ; columella posteriorly canaliculate, anteriorly truncated ; lip angulate in the middle. (Adams.} Trochus fastigiatiLs A. ADAMS, P. Z. S., 1851, p. 150. — REEVE Conch. Icon., f. 87. Evidently allied to T. calcaratus Souv. T. LACINIATUS Reeve. PL 42, fig. 16. Shell excavately umbilicated, rather sharply conical, green, stained with purple-brown ; whorls rather concavely flattened, regularly spirally granulated, neatly plicately tubercled at the margin, tuber- cles descending ; base flat, grain-ridged, ridges rather distant. (Reeve.) T. laciniatus REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 76 (1861). Similar in form and sculpture to T. tubiferus, Kn., but differs in the smooth-edged columella. T. TUBIFERUS Kiener. PL 6, figs. 62, 63. Shell conical, altitude and diameter about equal, false-umbilicate, solid, thick ; spire with rectilinear or slightly convex outlines ; whorls about 9, planulate, or a little concave, the last carinatcd and spinose at the periphery ; color above grayish, maculated with purplish brown and faint green ; base radiately striped, lineolate or maculate with brown ; upper surface of whorls closely granulose, and each whorl bearing at its periphery about 17 radiating perforated short spines ; base slightly convex, with 10 to 12 narrow closely granulose concentric line ; aperture white within, outer and parietal walls strongly lirate, parietal wall the same color as the base, but overlaid with a white callus; basal margin straight, very thick, dentate; col- umella oblique, its edge convex, quadri-dentate, within spirally 32 TROCHUS. plicate ; umbilical area white, funnel-shaped^ callous, rather narrow, obsoletely spirally costate. Alt. 35, diam. 36 mill. New Caledonian Archipelago ; Uvea; Viti Is. T. tubiferus KEENER, Spec. gen. Troque, t. 37, f. 3. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv. p. 116.— T. concinnus PHIL., Zeitsch.f. Mai., 1846, p. 105. (young.) — REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 15. — Polydonta squamigera A. AD., P. Z. S., 1851, p. 155. — T. obesns REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 75. (pi. 8, fig. 82.) The numerous line of the base separate this form from T. calcara- tus, with which it agrees in the perforated or fistulose spines. These are sometimes subobsolete, and frequently solid on the last whorl. T. SQUARROSUS Lamarck. PI. 6, figs. 60, 61. Shell umbilicate, conic-pyramidal, thick, radiate with white and and rose color ; whorls 9, the embryonic smooth, the following planulate, sculptured with spiral series of regular beads the remain- ing whorls subexcavated in the middle, with three series of granules on the upper part and a series of oblique short folds below; last- whorl carinated, with 16 to 24 folds crenulating its periphery; base planulate, with six concentric granulose lirse, separated by interstices as wide as the ridges; aperture rhomboidal; lirate within ; umbilical area spirally plicate. Alt. 35, diam. 40 mill. (Fischer.') Inf. Reunion; Ujwlti-; Sandwich Is. T. sguarrosus LAM., An. s. Vert, vii, p. 20. 1822. — T. regius DESH. in LAM., An. s. Vert. ed. 2, ix, p. 155. (non regius Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 10.)— T. oblitus REEVE, Conch. Icon. t. 16, f. 98. T. RUBRICATUS Philippi. PI. 7, figs. 70, 71. Shell false-umbilicated, conical, whitish, maculated with purplish red; whorls 8^ separated by an undulating suture, planulate, the apical eroded, the following obliquely, finely striate, spirally lirate with 5 to 6 lirse, the three upper ones distinct, two or three lower obsolete ; lower part of the whorl nodose, the nodules prominent ; last whorl carinated, crenulated at the periphery with 16 nodules; base marked with radiating, flexuose lines and 8 to 9 concentric, granulose, lira?, the interstices between those in the center wider and marked with minute parallel lira?; aperture rhomboidal, lirate with- in ; basal margin plicate; colum'ella oblique, umbilical area funnel- shaped, with a spiral ridge. Alt. 17, diam. 22 mill. (Fischer.') Japanese /Seas, TROCHUS. 33 T. rubricatusPmL. Zeitschr. f. Mat., 1848, p. 12o.— Conchyl. Cab., p. 213, t. 31, f. 13.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 352, t. 110, f. 1. Typical specimens of this form I have not seen. T. CREBRIGRANATUS Reeve. PI. 6, figs. 56, 58, 59. Shell unibilicate, conical, elevated, thick, whitish yellow, flam- mulate with roseus; whorls 11 to 12, planulate, the first whitish, eroded, the following spirally cingulate, the cinguli granose, unequal, on the last whorl five, of which the first, fourth and fifth are larger than the others, the fourth most prominent; last whorl slightly elevated, carinate and crenulate at the periphery, planulate beneath, radiately subcostate and concentrically cingulate, the ridges about 7, granose ; aperture rhomboidal, lirate within, the basal margin crenated ; columella oblique ; its edge six-nodose ; umbilical area plicate. Alt. 24, diam. 19 mill. (Fischer.) Habitat unknown. T. crebrigranatus REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 89, 1861. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv. p. 307, t. 97, f. 3. In its elongated, narrow form, crenulated periphery, and serrate unequal tubercles, this species is very distinct. (Fischer.) T. LINEATUS Lamarck. PL 7, fig. 76. Shell false umbilicate, acutely conical ; whorls 9, planulate, whit- ish, ornamented with narrow, close, obliquely descending rosy or purple lines, and sculptured with numerous small, inconspicuous, granose spiral Iira3 ; upper whorls subnodose at the sutures, the lower nearly smooth ; last whorl carinated, a little compressed in the mid- dle, planulate beneath, and ornamented with radiating lines and 8 to 9 concentric lirre; aperture rhomboidal; columella straight, with 4 or 5 teeth ; basal margin tuberculose within. Alt. 40, diam. 38 mill. (Fischer.) Australian Seas. T. lineatus LAM.. An. s. Vert, vii, p. 23. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 100, t. 28, 1. 2.— T. hanleyanus REEVE, P. Z. S., 1842, p. 184; Conch. Syst., ii, t. 118, f. 11 ; Conch. Icon. f. 2. (Not T. hanleyanus Phil.) f T. eugrammus PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1849, p. 153; Conchyl. Cab., p. 299, t. 43, f. 17 (PL 43, figs. 4, 5). The T. hanleyanus of Reeve (PL 12, figs. 84? 85) may perhaps be considered a variety. 3 34 TROCHUS. T. SACELLUM Philippi. PL 6, figs. 54, 57. Shell false-umbilicate, conical, thick, reddish, maculate with white ; whorls about eight, obliquely striate, spirally cingulate, cinguli numbering 6 on the penultimate whorl, the first (upper) large, com- posed of tubercles confluent two by two ; second and third composed of distinct tubercles, fourth and fifth have the tubercles connected, forming radiating costee, sixth composed of spiniform tubulose tuber- cles alternating with simple grains ; last whorl carinated, crenulated at the periphery (by about 18 nodes), below plano-convex, white and red variegated, concentrically lirate, line granose, equal, about 8 in number, separated by concentrically striate interstices ; aperture rhomboidal, lirate within ; columella plicate-dentate ; umbilical area white, spirally sulcate. Alt. 17, diam. 18 mill. (Fischer.) China ; Japan. T. sacellum PHIL., Conch. Cab. p. 309, t. 44, f. 13.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 93. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv. p. 412. Var. PHILIPPINARUM Fischer. PI. 6, fig. 57. Short, red, the peripheral tubercles less developed. Luzon, Philippines. (Cuming.) T. saeellnm REEVE, Conch. Icon., t. xiv, f. 78. — Var. ft (T. philip- pinarum FISCHER Coq. Viv. t. 120, f. 5. The T. sacellum is probably, as Lischke declares, merely a nodose form of T. spengleri (Chemnitz) Gmel. If this be true, Dr. Fischer's var. ft. philippinarum is nearly synomyrnous with the typical spengleri. My reason for not adopting the latter name is that the" figure of Chemnitz, copied by Philippi, is so very poor that one would scarcely recognize it for the present species. Fig. 12, pi. 43, re- presents the T. spengleri var. a of Lischke. The synomymy, if we admit T. spengleri to be identical with the species under considera- tion will stand as follows : (Typical form.) Trochus Spengleri grandinatus, perforatus, etc. CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. Cab. v, p. 92,t. 169, f. 1631. (1781.)— T. spengleri GMELIN, Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3571, no. 27. (1788.)— PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab. II, p. 43, t. 9, f. 9. — LISCHKE Jap. meeres-conchyl. p. 93. ( Var. A. periphery with obtuse nodes.) "Trochuli pyramidales umbilicati" etc, (in part) CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. Cab., p. 100, t. 170, f. 1653. — Trochus pyramis /5, GMELIN, Syst. Nat., xiii, p. 3573, no. 39. — T. spengleri var. /?, PHILIPPI, TROOHUS. 35 Conchyl. Cab. II, p. 44, t. 10, f. 15.— T. sacellum REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 78, 93. — T. sacellum var. /?, (or T. philippinarwn) FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 412. ( Var. B. periphery with acute spine-like nodes.) Trochus sacellum PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab. II, p. 309, t. 44, f. 13.— FISCHER Coq. Viv. p. 412. I quote Chemnitz merely because authors have referred to his figures. The first binomial name is that of Gmelin. T. ROTA, Dunker. PL 12, figs. 75-77. Shell conical, white or greenish, marbled or spotted irregularly with red maculations ; whorls planulate, subgranose, encircled above with two or three spiral series of tubercles, costate below, the folds thick, suboblique, produced at the periphery into 17 to 18 obtuse spines ; base concave, bearing 7 to 8 concentric subnodose lirse ; false umbilicus deep, contorted; columella subnodose; basal lip subserrate ; aperture rhomboidal, fauces sulcate. Alt. 20, diam. 25 mill. (Dunker.) Japan ; (Nagaski, Decima, Ooshima). T. rota DKR., Malak. Blatt., vi, p. 238, I860.— Moll. Japonica, p. 21, t. 3, f. 4.— LISCHKE, Jap. Meeres.- Conchyl., 1869, p. 94, t. 6, f. 20, 21. — Polydonta gloriosum GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1861, p. 19.— Otia, p. 158. This lovely species is closely allied to T. spengleri, but is distin- guished by the following characters : the form is broader ; the whorls are more constricted above the peripheral nodes ; the granu- lation is finer, and often on the last whorl is wholly lost, or trans- formed into small, irregular ridges ; the peripheral nodes are narrow, long, often claw-shaped and crooked ; the base is slightly concave, and the ground color is greenish. (Lischke.) Figs. 76, 77 represent a depressed variety. T. BICREXATUS Gould. PI. 16, figs. 62-65 : PL 12, figs. 68, 69. Shell low, pyramidal, acute at apex ; base and height nearly the same ; base flat, pale yellowish, marked with delicate equal and equidistant beaded revolving lines ; umbilical pit like a vortex, of a smooth ivory white polish ; whorls 7 to 8, slightly excavated ; basal edge acute, and furnished with about 15 scallops ; above this are three lines of beaded granules, arranged also in oblique lines, which extend in the form of slight folds to the edge of the periphery, pro- ducing, by their extension, three or four crenulations of a rose-tint 36 TROCHUS. between eacli of the scallops, so that the periphery, when viewed below, appears doubly crenulated ; coluraella sharp, contorted ; aperture trapezoidal ; color flamed alternately darker and paler brown. (Gould.} Alt. 15, diam. 21 mill. Singapore (Phil. Acad. Coll.). T. bicrenatus GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iii, p. 106, 1849. U. S. Expl. Exped., xii, p. 175, t. 13, f. 221. Two specimens of this species marked "Singapore" are before me. They differ from the type as figured and described by Dr. Gould in various characters. One of them is figured on PI. 12, figs. 68, 69. The whorls are planulate, spirally granose-lirate, the line about 8 on each whorl, but sometimes nearly obsolete; the lower third of each whorl is strongly, regularly folded, the folds scalloping the periphery ; the base is flat, very finely, subobsoletely, concentrically granose-lirate ; the coloration above consists of fine close obliquely descending narrow red lines on a white ground ; be- neath of radiating narrow lines. Alt. 17, diam. "22 mill. T. IGNOBILIS Philippi. PL 12, figs. 82, 83. Shell elevated conical, whitish, painted with rufous radiating flexuous lines ; whorls 6 to 7, planulate, above with four spiral fur- rows, the last. obtusely angulated ; base flattened, with 6 to 7 con- cbntric sulci ; center false-umbilicate ; coluinella contorted above; aperture rhomboidal ; outer lip with four revolving line within, parietal wall with one, the base with three spiral line, ending in denticles ; columellar edge four toothed. Alt. 18, diam. 17 mill. (Philippi) Sandwich Is. 1. igaobilis PHIL. Zeitschr.f. Mai. 1846, p. 102.— Conchyl. Cab. p. 98, t. 16, f. 5. A species unknown to me save by Philippics description and figure. It may, perhaps, be allied to T. sctibrostis, Phil. T. TRICATENATUS Reeve. PI. 43, figs. 7, 8. Shell excavately umbilicated, rather obtusely conical, solid, some- times fulvous white, flamed with rose, sometimes greenish flamed with ash-olive ; whorls narrowly three-chained at the upper and lower parts, encircled around the middle with three rows of strong grains, basal margin rounded; base rather convex, closely serially grained, sparsely spotted. (Reeve.) Habitat unknown. TROCHUS. 37 T. tricatenatus REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 91. (1861.) The whorls of this species are encircled with three rows of bold wart-like grains, bound above and below by a narrow, transversely stretched chain. (Reeve.'} Compare T. sandwichensis, a species with which this may prove identical. Section INFUNDIBULUM (s. sir.) T. RADIATUS Gmel. PI. 8, figs. 88-93. Shell false-umbilicate, rather solid, conical, the spire with nearly straight outlines, apex acute, generally eroded and orange-colored ; whorls about 7, planulate, sometimes a little concave in the middle; color whitish ; tinged with green, and radiately striped with broad or narrow crimson flames, base white or pink, radiately marked or minutely speckled with red; upper surface sculptured with granu- lose spiral line, 5 or 6 on each whorl, uneven in size, the upper row largest ; last whorl angulate at the periphery ; base nearly flat, con- centrically Unite, the lint1 granulose, rather coarse, with broad inter- spaces, which are frequently occupied by revolving liruke or striae; aperture large, subrhomboidal, lirate within ; basal lip thickened, crenate ; columella oblique, strongly plicate above, its edge nearly smooth ; umbilical tract funnel-shaped, rather broad, with a central rib ; parietal wall scarcely callous, showing the color of the base, and with a white spiral rib in the middle. Alt. 25, diam. 30 ; alt. 23, diam. 25 mill. Indian 0.; Red Sea; Singapore; Madagascar; Ceylon. T. radiatus GMEL., Syat. Nat. xiii, p. 3572, No. 33. — PHILIPPI Conch. Cab., p. 46, 1. 10, f. 6-8. — REEVE, Conch. Icon.,f. 80. — FISCHER Coq. Viv., p. 304, t. 97, f. l.—T. vividus REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 72, 1861 (PI. 8, fig. 86).— T. surgilfatus REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 85 (pi. 42, fig. 8).— T. festivus PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 116, t. 19, f. 5 (PI. 43, figs. 9, 10.)— T. eiicosmus PHILIPPI, Zeitschr. f. mal. 1848, p. 104, et Conchijl. Cab., p. 260, t. 38, f. 11.— f T. nobilis PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 86, t, 15, f. 6, (— T. gemmosus MKE., Spec. Moll. Nov. Holl., p. 16, teste Philippi). — / T. infnscatus PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 329, t. 46, f. 15 (PL 43, figs. 2, 3). The conspicuously radiate color pattern and the sculpture, con- sisting of coarse granulose line with interstitial lirulse both above and below, as well as the wide umbilical tract and eroded corneous or orange apex, will serve to distinguish this form. 38 TROCHUS. T. TEXTILIS Reeve. PL 42, fig. 7. Shell excavately umbilicated, rather broadly conoid, pinkish- brown, sparingly speckled with black ; whorls concavely flattened, finely spirally granulated, basal margin rounded ; base rather con- cave, ridged, ridges smooth, alternately larger, profusely dotted with purple-red. (Reeve.} Cape of Good Hope (Reeve.) T. textilis REEVE, Conch Icon., f. 82. (1861.) Of a sombre rose-brown hue, freckled with an irregular network of black, the base of the shell being profusely dotted with a rich purple-red. (Reeve.) Known to me only by Reeve's description and figure. The local- ity is doubtful. T. VENETUS Reeve. PL 7, figs. 69, 74. Shell false-umbilicate, conical, thick, ornamented with wide green- ish and purplish longitudinal streaks ; whorls 7 to 8, the first eroded, the following spirally lirate, the line granose, numbering five on the penultimate whorl, the upper ridge large, composed of oblique, oblong tubercles, the lower ridges narrow ; last whorl angulated, planulate beneath, with 5 to 6 concentric narrow lirae ; aperture subquadrate, lirate within ; basal margin thickened ; columella oblique, without teeth, contorted above ; umbilical area funnel-shaped, with a single spiral funicle. Alt. 31, dam. 31 mill. (Fischer.) Moluccas (Reeve.) T. venetux REEVE, Conch. Icon., 1862, t. xvi, f. 99a, 99b.--.Fwc/ier, Coq. Viv., p. 348, t. 109, f. 3. A species allied in form, sculpture and coloration to the group of T. flammulatus or T. radiatus. but without teeth on the columella. T. CHLOROMPHALUS A. Adams. PL 12, figs. 62-65. Shell false-umbilicate, thick, conoid, apex acute ; whorls 8, the first yellowish, the following planulate, greenish, ornamented with flexuous brown lines ; separated by a slightly impressed suture, spirally cingulate, the penultimate whorl with about 7 granose un- equal ridges, the upper two large, third and fifth smaller ; last whorl carinated, plano-concave beneath, with 7 concentric lirse, slightly or not at all granulose, separated by obliquely striated interstices ; aper- ture rhomboidal, grooved within, the basal margin subcrenate; col- umella oblique, folded above, compressed in the middle and toothless; umbilical area funnel-shaped, like an umbilicus ; bordered with in- tense green. Alt. 19, diam. 22 mill. (Fischer.) • Japanese Seas ; Nagasaki. (Lischke.) TROCHUS. 39 Infundibulum chloromphalus A. AD. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 153.— T. chloromphalus LISCHKE, Jap. Meeres ConchyL, p. 92, t. 6, f. 17, 18. —FISCHER, Coq. Viv. p. 285, t. 92, f. 4. The following varieties are diagnosed by Dr. Fischer : Var. [1. Form normal ; umbilical area not margined with green. Var. MEDERI Fischer. PL 12, figs. 66, 67. More elongated, ornamented with wide deep brown longitudinal bands, the spiral liraa of the base separated by intermediate lirulse. Alt. 19, diam. 21 mill. Arou Is. T. NIGROPUNCTATUS Reeve. PL 42, figs. 2, 3. Shell rather largely, excavately umbilicated, shortly conical, ash- green, obliquely flamed with black ; whorls flatly convex, spirally very closely gemmed with regular grains ; base grain-ridged, inter- stices crispately decussated, ridges dotted with black ; dots conspic- uous, distant. (Reeve.) Natal. T. nigropunctatiis RVE., Conch. Icon., f. 71. (1861.) — T. hanley- anus PHILIPPI, ConchyL Cab., t. 16, f. 2. (not T. hanleyanus Rve.) T. subviridis PHILIPPI, Zeitschr. f. MaL, 1848, p. 126.— ConchyL Cab., p. 259, t. 38, f. 7, (pi. 42, figs. 4, 5.) The surface of this species is grained with unusual regularity, and the base is very characteristically sprinkled at rather distant inter- vals with blue-black dots. (Reeve.) I consider the locality doubtful. T. KOCHII Philippi. PL 5, figs. 36, 37. Shell conical, broad, rather solid ; spire conic, apex generally eroded, corneous or orange colored ; whorls about 7, a little convex, whitish, painted with oblique flexuose or angular brownish green radiating stripes, nearly the whole surface sometimes suffused with bright green by the erosion of the outer layer ; the sculpture consists of inconspicuous incremental striae and very oblique subobsolete folds ; base very obsoletely lirate; flat, the middle portion (umbilical tract) excavated, concave, strongly spirally grooved, the sculpture not extending into the aperture nor to the edge of the columella, which is nacreous; aperture very oblique, large, very iridescent and neither lirate nor toothed within ; basal lips and columella simple, forming a regular curve ; columella with a strong dentiform fold above ; parietal wall eroded, green, nearly smooth. Alt. 32, diam. 38 ; alt. 28, diam 40 mill. Indian 0 ; Red Sea. 40 TROCH03. T. kochii Phil., Abbild. u. Beschreib, i, t. iv, f. 8, 1844.— Fischer, Coq. Viv. p. 120 — T. listen Kiener, Species, t. 39, f. 2, (non Wood). A distinct, well-marked form. The broadly concave base, round- ed-periphery, etc., sufficiently characterize it. T. CONCAVUS Gmelin. PL 43, fig. 13. Shell false-umbilicate, regularly conic, concave below ; color greenish and roseus, under' a dull grayish-green cuticle ; outlines of spire nearly rectilinear ; whorls 7 to 8, planulate, very obliquely striate, radiately corrugated, and covered with a very minute secondary sculpture of radiating, fine, close wrinkles; last whorl acutely carinated at the periphery ; base concave, concentrically lirate, the line about 6 to 8 in number, granose in the young, nearly smooth in the adult ; aperture very oblique, covering half the base, outer lip crenulated by the folds of the outside; basal margin straight, thin, simple ; columella oblique, with a strong fold above, projecting into the aperture, insertion very deep parietal Avail lirate; umbilical tract white or yellowish, spirally costate in young, smooth in fully adult specimens. Alt. 35-40 diam. 45-47 mill. Indian 0. ; Seychelles ; Madagascar, etc.. T. concavus GMEL., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3570, no. 21. — and of authors generally. A very distinct form, with aperture so oblique as to resemble a Calyptraea. Section INFUNDIBULOPS Pilsbry, 1889. T. ERYTHR^EUS Brocchi. PL 5, figs. "32-35. Shell conical, false-umbilicate, rather thin and inflated ; apex acute ; whorls about 7, somewhat concave and generally traversed by several conspicuously granose line in the middle, a little gibbous above and below, obliquely undulate below the sutures, and frequently on the periphery also, the whole surface more or less finely spirally lirate, the lirse subgranulose ; base convex, concentrically lirate with about 7 granose narrow lirse, their interstices generally occupied by cencentric strise ; color cinereous grayish or pinkish, striped and maculated above with reddish; unicolored pinkish or radiately mark- ed below; aperture large, smooth and pearly within, the basal lip simple ; columella oblique, very deeply inserted, its entire edge nearly straight, not dentate ; umbilical tract deep, narrow, pearly, TROCHUS. 41 bearing a single strong spiral white rib near its base, which does not attain the edge of the columella. Alt. 33-35, diam. 37-40 mill. Red Sea. T. erythrceu* BROCCIII, Git. di una ser. di Conchiglie, etc., p. 29. (1819-1823.)— T. kochii KIKNKR, Spec. gen. Trochii^t. :55, f. 2. (non T.leochiiPhil.)--T.fi4ili8joBA.9Zeit8chr.f. Ma.I.f 1840, p. 125.— PHILIP?!, Conchy/. Cab. p. 288, t. 42, f. 10.—? T. crebriliratus JONAS, Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1840, p. 125— PiiiLrppi, Coiiclujl. Cab., p. 289, t. 42, f. 11. (pi. 42, fig. 14, 15.) T. SAGA Philippi. PI. 14, figs. 14, 15. The shell is conical, the whorls almost completely planulate, the suture not impressed ; on the examples before me the last whorl is descending, whilst the lower margin of the penultimate projects, and passes with a blunt rounded angle to the level base. The sculpture upon the upper side consists of 8 or 9 spiral series of granules ; upon the base of 0 to 7 feebly developed concentric line; the last whorl shows fine obsolete longitudinal costaj ; aperture and colum- ella precisely as in T. eryth ranis, to which this species is closely allied. The coloration in the examples before me is very constant, yellowish white with broad red rays, the base white, the line articu- lated with red. Alt. 17, diam. 20 mill. (Philippi.) Habitat unknown. T. saga PHIL, Zeitxchr.j'. Mai 1840, p. 103.— Conchy 1. Cab. p. 99, t. 10, f/0. The above paragraph, from Philippi, contains all the information I possess about this form, which is evidently closely allied to T. erythrasus. T. CARINIFERUS (Beck) Reeve. PL 5, figs. 38-42. Shell false-umbilicate, \vide-conical, rather thin, dark green, the upper surface irregularly broadly maculate with crimson or purplish red, the ribs of the base articulated with the same ; whorls about 0, somewhat convex, the upper surface of each whorl with usually four or five spiral closely granose Urge, in the interstices between which sharp microscopic oblique and spiral stria? are visible under a lens ; body-whorl carinated at the periphery, usually with six lirse on the upper surface, convex beneath, concentrically lirate, the lirse very narrow, feebly granose or nearly smooth, separated by wide lightly obliquely striate interspaces, the inner lira? closer ; aperture rhom- boidal ; columella not folded above, but straight from the insertion 42 TROCHUS. to the base, its edge simple ; umbilical area deep, rather narrow, white, smooth, with a spiral rib just inside the margin, and with its outer border tinged with red. Alt. 14, diam. 16 mill; alt. 18, diam. 21 mill. Indian 0; Madagascar; Zanzibar; Red Sea; Chinese Seas; Liewkiew Is. (Philippi.) T. cariniferus BECK in REEVE, Conch. Syst. ii, t. 118, f. 8, 1842. (no description). — PHILIPPI, Conch. Cab., t. 38, f. 6; — FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 229, t. 75, f. 1, 2. The straight columella shows this species to be nearly related to T. erythrseus. The description is drawn from typical examples from Madagascar. A variety differing in coloration is figured by Fischer, (see pi. 5, fig, 40). Section CCELOTROCHUS Fischer, 1880. Ccelotrochus FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 417. T. TIARATUS Quoy et Gaim. PI. 12 figs. 72-74. Shell very deeply false-umbilicate, depressed conical, rather thin; spire with slightly convex outlines; apex acute, lemon yellow when eroded; whorls 5 to 5J-, nearly plamilate, but the upper margin of each whorl prominent and projecting beyond the periphery of the preceding ; last whorl carinated at the periphery ; sculpture above consisting of spiral line, about ") to 8 on each whorl, cut into close oblique beads, the interstices obliquely finely stria te, one or two of the broader ones usually with a central riblet ; color whitish or yellowish, finely tessellated or articulated with reddish brown, the tessellations formed by the disintegration of narrow radiating stripes, which are on the base frequently continuous ; base nearly flat, with seven or eight concentric close fine line, which are crenulated in a peculiarly irregular manner by distinct short oblique impressed marks, the interstices finely rad lately striate ; aperture subrhomboi- dal, smooth within ; columella oblique, nearly straight, with an obsolete, scarcely perceptible fold above, inserted upon the side of the umbilicus, not in its center ; umbilical area white or yellow, smooth; false-umbilicus deep and narrow, but partly filled by a white callus, not tapering to a point. Alt. 10, diam. 13? mill. T. tiaratus Q. ET G., Voy. de V Astrolabe, iii, p. 256, t. 64, f. 6-11, 1832.— KIENER, Spec. Troque, t. 22, f. 2.— HUTTON, Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Z., p. 36.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv. p. 90.— and of other authors.— T. TROCHUS. 43 delicatulus PHILIPPI, Zeitschr.f. Mai. 1846, p. 105. — Conchy I. Cab., p. 176, t. 28, f. 1. (pi. 12, figs. 70, 71.~)—Polyodonta elegans GRAY, in Yate's Account of New Zealand, p. 309. 1835. This small trochid is evidently allied to the preceding species in the peculiarly straight columella and the somewhat tumid aspect of the upper part of each whorl. From T. erythrreus and its allies the flat base, and especially the insertion of the columella on the side, instead of in the center of the false-umbilicus will at once separate this form. Dentition (pi. 50, fig. 4.) T. CHATHAMENSIS Hlltton. Whorls flat with an elevated upper ed^e, and, together with the base, spirally striated ; columella with a slight posterior fold, anterior portion nearly smooth ; axial cavity small, smooth ; white with pink or brownish purple markings ; base white with interrupted pink spiral lines. Alt. 7J, diam. 9 mill. (Hutton.) Chatham Is. Polydonta chathamensis HUTTON, Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Z., 1873, p. 36. Section ANTHORA Gray, 1857. Anthora GRAY, Guide Syst. dist. moll. Brit, mus., p. 148. T. VIRIDIS Gmelin. PL 3, figs. 16, 17 ; Vol. x, pi. 40, fig. 21. Shell conical, solid, false-umbilicate ; spire conic, writh nearly straight outlines, apex acute ; whorls about 7, nearly planulate, or sometimes a little bulging at the upper and lower margins, the last whorl carinate at periphery ; color dull gray, whitish or greenish ; sculpture of upper surface consisting of five series to each whorl of rounded, bead-like granules, between which are visible numerous very minute spiral striae, in the interstices of which oblique in- cremental stria? are prominently shown (under a lens) ; base plano- concave, concentrically striate, the striae unequal, disappearing toward the outer edge ; aperture suboval, brilliantly nacreous and iridescent within, outer lip lirate within, basal margin thick- ened, subdentate, uniting with the columella in a regular curve; columella oblique, with a deep fold near its insertion, smooth within ; umbilical area with 3 or 4 spiral ribs ; parietal wall smooth, covered with a brown callus. Alt. 20, diam. 19 mill. New Zealand ; Chatham Is. ; Norfolk Id. T. viridis GMEL., Syst. Nat. xiii, 1788, sp. 34, p. 3572.— REEVE, Conch. Icon, f. 79. (Vol. x, pi. 40, fig. 21). — Polydonta tuberculata 44 TROCHUS. GRAY, in Dieffenbach, Travels in New Zeal., p. 239. — T. acinosus GOULD, U. S. Expl Exped., f. 217 (pi. 3, figs. 16, 17).—T.fulvolabris. HOMER. ET JACQ., Voy. au Pole Sad. pi. xiv, f. 14-16. — Polydonta tritonis A. AD., P. Z. S. 1855, p. 132. The synonymy of this species was worked out by Dr. Fischer. There is but little variation in the several suites I have examined. The more prominent characters are the regular beads, the secondary sculpture of fine stria;, the striate base, and especially the brown; parietal callus. The animal is yellowish brown, foot reddish or purplish brown filaments white, three on each side. The head lobes are smooth and rounded, and joined together across the head ; the eyes are on rather long white peduncles. Section PR/ECIA Gray, 1857. Prwcia GRAY, Guide Syst. dist. moll. Brit. Mas., p. 148. T. ELEGANTULUS Wood. PI. 14, figS. 16, 17. She'll perforate, conical, white, maculated with red or brown, yellowish beneath ; whorls 9, the first 7 exactly conical, planulate, ornamented with 4 or 5 spiral series of small, granules, the lower margin nodulous, and with a double row of granules ; penultimate whorl convex, nodose below, the nodules heavy ; suture profound ; last whorl convex, ornamented with about 15 or 16 oblong nodules around the periphery, plano-convex beneath, with 7 to 9 concentric lirse ; umbilical area broad, yellowish, with a spiral ridge; aperture subrhombic, canaliculate within, the basal margin plicate; col- umella tortuous, denticulate below and within. Alt. 25, diam. 23 mill. (Fischer.') Ceylon ( Wood.) T. elegantulus WOOD, Ind. Test., suppl., t. 5, f. 9. — REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 96.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 194, t. 63, f. 1.— T. hys- ginus VALENCIENNES, Voy. de la Venus, Moll., t. 4, f. 3. A shell of remarkable form ; the first 7 whorls are flat and form an exactly conical spire ; the two last whorls are convex, globose, and bear a series of nodules on the lower part. (Fischer.) Section BELANGERIA Fischer, 1880. Belangeria FISCHER, Coquilles Vivantes, p. 415. T. SCABROSUS Philippi, PI. 12, figs. 78-81. Shell false-umbilicate, conic, thick, solid ; outlines of spire nearly straight ; whorls 6 to 7, planulate, the last often constricted, carinate TROCHUS. 45 at the periphery ; color whitish, longitudinally flammulate with brown, base radiately marked with narrow brown stripes, often broken into tessellations ; sculpture consisting of about four spiral cinguli, of which the middle two are granulose ; the upper and lower are wider, smooth or obsoletely gran osc : base convex, with 6 or 7 concentric narrow feebly granose lirse, the interstices minutely concentrically striate ; aperture oblique, rounded rhombeidal, outer lip lirate within, columella and basal lips thickened, denticulate; columella folded above ; umbilical area white, false umbilicus very narrow, with a spiral sulcus and fold within. Alt. 15-17, diam. 14-16 mill. Indian Ocean; Bombay; China(?). T. scabrosus PIIILIPPI, Zuittrhr. f. ^fal. 1850, p. 190. — Conclnjl Cab. p. 29.', t. 43, f. 3.— FISCHER, Cory. V!r. p. 335, t. 104, f. 2. Unfiyured, insufficiently described species of Trochus, Polydonta, etc. P. PALLIDULA A. Adams. (PL 42, fig. 0.) P. testa elevato-conica, albida, maculis luteolis picta ; anfractibus planis, cingulis tuberculorum ornata, tuberculis inferne in costas excurrentibus ; basi convexa, cingulis granosis ornata, cavitate con- torta umbilieum simulante; columella superne soluta, margine tuberculato-dentato; labro intus lirato, inferne denticulate. AD., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 155.— RKKVK, Conch. Icon., f. 92. Habitat unknown. P. CORRUGATA A. Adams. P. testa elevato-conica, albida, rufo-fusco variegata; anfractibus phmiusculus, sulcis transversis sulcisque obliquis nodoso-reticulatis; inferne oblique costatis, costis nodosis ornatis; basi planiuscula, in meclio concava, excavata, umbilieum mentiente; columella superne soluta, margine tuberculato-dentato ; labro intus lirato, inferne denticulate. (A. AD., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 155.) Habitat unknown. P. (IXFUNDIBULUM) XEPTUXi A. Adams. P. testa elevato-conica, lateribus convexiusculis, viridi-fusca ; an- fractibus planis, cingulis granosis transversis ornatis, ultimo angulato, basi planiusculo, cingulis granosis instructo, centro excavate, umbilieum mentiente; columella superne soluta, margine tuberculato- dentato, labro intus lirato, ad marginem intus taevigato. (A. AD., P. Z. S. 1854, p. 132.) China (Mus. Cuming.) 46 TROCHUS. A greenish brown species, with regular transverse rows of headed ridges, and with the lateral outlines convex ; the color is a uniform greenish brown. (Adams.) P. (INFUNDIBULUM) /KM i; LANS A. Adams. P. testa depreaso-conica, peeudo-umbilicata, albida, rufo-fusco radiatim picta ; anfr. planis, cingulis transvorsis granulorum ornatis, serie bituberculata ad suturas ; basi convexiusculo, rubro radiatim ornata, ac cingulis confertis, concentriciscrenulatis instructo ; regione umbilicali infundibuliformi, alba ; columella superne tortuosa, inar- gine simplice. (A. AD. P. Z. S. 1354 p, 132.) China (Mus. Cuming). A handsome species, variegated with broad radiating red-brown markings, and with a conspicuous double row of tubercles at the sutures. (Adams). P. (INFUNDIBULUM) CONCINNUM A. Adams. P. testa conica, pseudo-umbilicata, lutescente, fusco-vividoque variegatim picta ; anfr. planiusculis, cingulis transversis granulorum, cingulis distantioribus, interstitiis liris moniliformibus ornatis; anfr. ultimo ad peripheriam angulato ; regione umbilicali infundibuliformi, albida, basi hevigata, cingulis concentricis articulatis ornata ; colum- ella recta, margine simplice. (A. AD., P. Z. S. 1854, p. 132). China Seas (Mus. Cuming). This is a small but handsomely variegated species, with the false- umbilicus infundibuliform and of a whitish color, and with the base of the shell adorned with concentric zones articulated with dark brown. (A dams) . INFUNDIBULUM CALIFORNICUM A. Adams. I. testa depresso-conica, pseudo-umbilicata, albida, viridi rufoque variegata ; anfr. planis, supra angulatis, ultimo angulato, cingulis tuberculorum subdistantium multiformium ornata ; interstitiis long- itudinaliter oblique costatis, basi concava, cingulis confertis crenula- tis insculpta; regione umbilicali infundibuliformi, vividi, linea alba elevata cincto ; columella superne tortuosa tuberculata. (A. AD, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 153). California. TROCHUS. 47 P. MARINE A. Adams. Testa turbinato-conica, granulata, albida, rubro maculata ac flam- nmlata ; anfr. convexiusculus, ultimo rotundato, plicatonoduloso, et, ad suturas, corrugate, granulis in seriebus permultis, sequalibus, regularibus confertis depositis, basi cingulis granosis exsculpta, cavi- tate contorta, umbilicum mentiente, cingulo elevato, in dente unico terminate exhibente ; labro intus sulcato. (Adams.) Habitat unknown. A very beautiful finely granulated species, with the last whorl rounded and having many of the characters of Claviculus, [.sic] thus showing the close affinity of the two genera. (Adam*.) A. AD. P.Z. S. 1565, p. 223. P. (IXFUNDIBULUM) LACERTINUM Gould. Testa depresso-conica, cinerea et olivaceo variegata ; anfr. 10, sub- concavis, supernis seriatim granulosus, et ad suturam inconspicuam subcrenulalis ; ultimo imprimis granulis compressis obliquis seriatim cincto, tune serie minori, denique ad peripheriam duobus majoribus ; basi vix convexo, liris granulosis fusco maculatis insculpto ; umbil- ico lato, polito, nacreo ; columella lobato, flexuosa ; fauce margarita- cea ; apertura dolabriformis ; labro acuto. Alt. 25, diam. 25 mill. (GOULD, in Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, viii, 1861, p. 19). Hong Kong Harbor. Resembles P. ban ley anus Rve. but has fewer series of granules and is granular beneath. ( Gould). Subgenus CLANCULUS Montfort, 1810. Clanculus MONTF., Conch. Systematique, p. 191. — Monodonta, in part, LAMARCK and other authors. — Fragella~SwJLlx&., Shells and shell-fish, p. 352. — Otavia Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., iv, p. 132, 1826. — Clanculopsis MONTEROSATO, Bull. Soc. Malac. Ital., v, p. 222, 1879. The animal of Clanculus bears four pairs of tentacular filaments on the epipodial line. The dentition (T. pharaonius, pi. 50, fig. 5,) is similar to that of Trochus, but the body of the tooth is more expand- ed, the centrals and laterals bearing large lateral supporting-wings. I was at first inclined to treat Clanculus as a genus distinct from Trochus ; but on account of the difficulty of so defining the group that its species may always be distinguished from Trochus, and the lack of any tangible anatomical character differing from the latter 48 TROCHUS. genus, I do not see my way clear to make such a separation. Con- chologically, such species as C. villanus Phil., are very near to T. scabrosus Phil., etc. ; and finally, when we see that neither the teeth of the columella nor of the outer lip are constant in nearly all the species, nor the form of shell, peculiar umbilicus nor granulated sculpture can be depended on for generic characters, it is clear that the group can have no higher rank than Tectus, Infundibulum, and other subdivisions under 'Prodi us. As to the grouping of the species I have not been able to discover any mode of division into sections wholly satisfactory to myself. Perhaps the species are best grouped by a division into two sections; Clancnlus including those with strong basal tooth to the columella, and Clanculopsis for species with only a small denticle at the base. Each of these sections may be divided into species with the columella solute or tortuous above, inserted at or near the center of the axis in the bottom of the false umbilicus, and those with the columella inserted upon the edge of the umbilieus, and not deeply entering. Perhaps this last distinction is the more fundamental of the two. There are a number of species which greatly resemble species of Gibbula of the section Eurytrochus. Of course the resemblance is wholly superficial, as there is no real relationship between the forms. Section TLAM-TUIS (,s-. .sfr.) T. niAUAoxirs Linne. PL 15, figs. 54- 5<>. Depressed conoidal with rounded periphery and profoundly umbilicate axis, very strong and solid, densely granulate, coral red; spire conoidal, its outlines scarcely convex; whorls about 6, some- what convex, separated by well impressed sutures, the last large, deflected anteriorly, bearing 18 or 19 crowded, closely granose cinguli, of which the 1st, 3d, 5th, 7th, 9th and two upon the base are composed of alternate black and white granules ; upon the base the granulation is finer ; the base is convex, a trifle indented toward the center; aperture oblique, subtetragonal, peristome with a marginal rowT of black and white dots ; outer lip plicate within, with a short pliciform tubercle above ; basal lip, outer margin of the umbilicus and parietal wall provided with wrinkle-like plicse ; columella very oblique, terminating below in a square prominence, contorted above, and inserted on the side of the umbilicus ; umbilicus white, and within the strongly radiately plicate marginal rib, smooth. Alt. 18, diam 23 ; alt. 16, diam. 18 mill. Red Sea, TROCHUS. 49 Trochus pharaonius L. Syst. Nat., x, p. 757, no. 506. — (and of authors generally). — Monodonta pharaonis WOODWARD, Man. of Moll. pi. 10, f. 12. Specimens of a dark brown color, with alternating brown and black series of granules above are before me. T. PUNICEUS Philippi. PI. 15, figs. 59-61, This form differs from pharaonius in being more finely granulate, the last whorl bearing 20 or 21 cinguli, of which the 4th and 9th, as well as one or two upon the base, are articulated with black ; balance of shell coral red, or sometimes more or less articulated with white ; last whorl more deflected anteriorly than in T. pharonius. Alt. 18-19, diam. 22-23 mill. Zanzibar. Monodonta punicea PHIL., Zeitschr.f. Mai., 1846, p. 100. — Trochus puniceus PHIL., Conchyl. Cab. p. 73, 1. 14, f. 2. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 167. — Trochus pharaonis var. KIENER, Spec. Trochus, t. 56, f. la. T. FESTIVUS Tapparone-Canefri. PI. 14, fig. 18. Shell elevated-conoid, encircled by granose Iira3, base depressed ; whorls depressed, slightly tumid below, separated by moderately distinct sutures, ornamented with 5 unequal granulose cinguli on the penultimate, 13 on the last whorl, the interstices sculptured with oblique longitudinal stride, crossed by nearly obsolete spiral striae, giving the shell a granulose appearance ; umbilicus small, its margin dentate ; columella oblique, its edge reflexed, terminating in a plicate tooth below; labrum dentate within, with a conspicuous tubercle above ; color rosy-brown, (in specimens worn nearly smooth,) orna- mented with rose, black and rarely white granules, except the first and third cinguli, which are unicolored. Alt. 12, diam. 14 mill. (Tapparone-Canefri.) Bay of Bias, New Guinea. Clanculas festivus TAPP.-CAN., Zool. delviaggio delta fregata Mag- enta, p. 58, t. 1, f. 10. (1874.) Differs from T. pharaonius in the less numerous spiral cinguli (5 instead of 7 on the penultimate, 13 instead of 17-19 on the last whorl,) by the coloration, etc. It is perhaps more nearly allied to the group of T. stigmatarius than to T. pharaonius. The name festivus is preoccupied by Philippi in Trochus. 4 50 TROCHUS. T. LIMBATUS Quoy et Gaimard. PL 11, figs. 39, 40. Shell depressed conoidal, carinate at periphery, umbilicate, whitish or yellowish, maculated with brown, generally writh a series of blotches at periphery and beneath suture, the intervening space unicolored or more or less tessellated ; base tessellated or radiately flamed ; spire low conical, apex acute, smooth ; whorls 5 to 6, convex just below the sutures, then flattened, and at the periphery carinated >* sutures subcanaliculate ; last whorl scarcely descending anteriorly, above with 6 to 8 spiral closely granose cinguli, beneath with 7 to 9 similar concentric cinguli, the interstices both above and below closely, sharply, obliquely, microscopically striate ; base slightly convex ; aperture tetragonal, oblique ; outer lip four or five-lirate within, the upper fold somewhat enlarged, subdentiform ; basal mar- gin and marginal rib of the umbilicus finely plicate ; columella oblique, nearly straight, its edge reflexed and plicate-dentate ; term- inating below in a small square denticle, inserted above upon the side of the umbilicus ; umbilicus rather wide, funnel-shaped. Alt. 14, diam. 18 mill. Adelaide, Victoria, Port Western, Australia. Trochus fimbatus QUOY ET GAIMARD, Voy. de I' Astrolabe, iii, p. 245, t. 63, f. 1-6.— PHILIPPI, Conch. Cab. p. 212, t. 31, f. 10-12.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv. p. 214, t. 71, f. 2.— T. depressus (" GMEL.") PHILIPPI, Conchy 1. Cab., p. 77, t. 14, f. 6. The coarser granulation will serve to separate this form from the several following species ; the reflexed, crenulated edge of the colum- ella is also characteristic. The basal margin of the aperture is expanded, in fully adult individuals. T. VARIEGATUS A. Adams. PI. 14, fig. 19. Shell depressed-conical, light colored, variegated with reddish brown ; whorls tumid above, ornamented with granose cinguli, the interstices longitudinally striate ; last whorl acutely angulate ; base plane ; umbilicus crenulated ; columella twisted above, the margin reflexed, crenulated, terminating below in a biplicate tooth ; lip lam- ellarly toothed within, the upper tooth larger. (Ad.) Id. Of Siquijor, under stones. (Cuming). Clanculus variegatus A. AD. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 160, no. 27.— TENI- SON-WOODS, Proc. Eoy. Soc. Tasmania, 1877. p. 40. — TAPPARONE- CANEFRI, Zool. del Viaggio della Fregata Magenta, p. 57, t. 1, f. 11. TROCHUS. 51 Of this form Tenison- Woods says : A rather thin depressedly conical shell, acutely angulate at the base, which is flat, granular, with oblique microscopic strife between ; pale brownish red ; larger than any of our species except the twro preceding, 18 to 20 mill. diam. whorls 5. I cannot distinguish this shell from C. zebrides of the same author. Tasmania ; S. Australia. Tapparone-Canefri has figured this species. The British Museum specimens are said to be more vividly colored than his examples. His figure is copied on pi. 14, fig. 19. T. UNDATOIDES Tenison-Woods. PI. 13, figs. 99, 100. Shell turbinately conoid, rather small, somewhat solid, opaque, reddish rose with indistinct purple spots ; whorls 5£, flat increasing rapidly, margined below, girdled with 6 series of rounded granules, of which the lowest line is the smallest, and increasing gradually in size to the suture, which is coronate and broadly canaliculate ; the base is flattened, ornamented with 8 spiral lines of close rose colored granules ; aperture rhomboid, with a thickened labrum, which is lirate inside ; columella with two obtuse, blunt tubercles above and below, and intermediate small obsolete teeth ; umbilicus narrow, white, with a rather conspicuous white margin. Alt. 10, diam. 10 mill. ( Tenison- Woods.) Dredged near "Sow and Pigs," Port Jackson N. S. Wales. Clanculus undatoides, TEN.-WOODS, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. iv, p. 22, (1880.) In shape and appearance this shell is a little like C. undatus Lam., but is smaller and the whorls flat. (Tenison- Woods.) T. MAXILLATUS Menke. PL 42, figs. 17, 18. Shell orbiculate-convex, pale brown, obscurely punctate-articulate, or black, transversely granulate-cingulate ; whorls nearly plane, the last subangular, base plane ; cinguli above 6, granose, beneath 7, smooth ; umbilical cavity with crenate margin ; aperture rhomboidal, ringent ; outer lip with 6 teeth, the upper one largest ; basal tooth of the columella large, obtuse, bifid, three on the columella margin. (Philippi.) Also a very distinct species, allied to T. corallinus Gm. by its size, the grains on the margin of the umbilicus, and the large bifid tooth on the end of the columella ; but it is more depressed, the base is flat, the granose lirse are narrower, their interstices showing fine oblique striie under the lens ; the teeth inside the outer lip are fewer in 52 TROCHUS. number; finally the edge of the columella shows reflexed blunt denticles, or rather, folds. The color is pale brown, decked with darker dots, or blackish. Alt. 6, diam. 9 mill. (Philippi.) W. Coast Australia. Monodontamaxillata^lE,~$KV, Spec. Moll. Nov. Holl., p. 14.— Trochus maxillatus PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 236 t. 36, f. 2. T. PHILIPPII Koch. PI. 42, figs. 9-11. Shell conical, perforate, fuscescent, marbled with purple or white, whorls plane, ornamented with a series of nodules at the suture, then 3 or 4 series of granules, the last angulated ; base plane, sculpture with 7 rows of granules ; aperture rhomboidal ; lip lirate within ; columella oblique, subsolute above, terminating below in an acute tooth. (Philippi.) The shell is conical, perforate ; the whorls are flat, but appear terraced because a nodose carina projects on the upper part, below the sutures; below this there are 2 or 3 minutely granose spiral line, and one more strongly granose, forming the angle of the last whorl. The base is flat, and has 7 granose concentric lir^e. The angle surrounding the very narrow umbilicus is indistinctly grained. The aperture is rhombic, the fauces sulcate, the columella very oblique, somewhat solute above, terminating in an acute tooth below. The color seems to be quite variable; some examples are brown, with large white spots and dark purplish-red granules, others are reddish-brown, with white and purple granules, etc. Alt. 11, diam. 12? mill., or smaller. Perhaps this species is identical with Monodonta granulata Gray, (Capt. King's Survey, etc., appendix, p. 47.) (Philippi.) Adelaide, Australia. T. pfiilippii KOCH, in PHILIPPI, Abbild. u. JBeschreib., i. Trochus, t. 2, f. 1.— Conchyl. Cab., p. 238, t. 36, f. 4. T. OMALOMPHALUS A. Adams. PL 15, fig. 52. Shell low conical, acutely carinated at periphery, deeply umbilicate, grayish or brownish, with subsutural and peripheral brown blotches, the carina white and brown articulated, sometimes visible at the sutures, base radiately painted or finely tessellated ; spire somewhat slender toward the acute apex ; whorls rounded, the last descending a little below the peripheral carina anteriorly, bearing above, 8 to 10 closely finely granulose spiral cinguli, separated by regularly, ob- liquely and sharply striate interspaces; base concentrically finely TROCHUS. 53 granose-lirate, the lirse 10 to 12, much finer than those of the upper surface ; aperture subtetragonal, oblique, outer lip lirate within, slightly plicate-tuberculate near its upper angle ; basal lip rounded, expanded, denticulate ; columella oblique, a little convex, ending below in a square centrally sulcate tooth, its front margin reflexed and finely denticulate, inserted above upon the side of the umbilicus ; umbilicus wide, funnel-shaped, smooth within, margined by a smooth rib. Alt. 10, diam. 14 mill. Port Jackson, Sydney, Australia. Clanculus omalomphalus A. AD., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 162. — Trochus homalomphalns FISCHER, Coq. Viv. p. 235, t. 81. f. 2. — WATSON, Challenger Gasteropoda, p. 51. Like the preceding species in coloration, form of spire, base and aperture ; but more finely granose both above and below, the umbili- cus wider, its margin smooth. C. omalomphalus is more acutely carinated than the next species. T. FLOBIDUS Philippi. PL 10, figs. 12, 12a. pi. 14, figs. 12, 13. Shell low conical, subcarinate at the periphery, the carina evanes- cent toward the termination of the last whorl, deeply umbilicate ; color light brown or grayish, striped with rich brown, the markings somewhat interrupted around the middle of the upper surface of the last whorl, the stripes more numerous and narrower at the periphery than upon the upper surface, and continued upon the base, or fading out there, and replaced by dots of brown on a light ground ; sutures deeply impressed ; whorls about 5, the apical ones acute, pale pink, the following closely granose-cingulate, the last with about 17 to 21 closely beaded cinguli, of which the 8th or 9th usually forms the peripheral angle, all above that being subequal and equally spaced; those of the base are more crowded and finer ; the interstices are sharply, finely obliquely striate ; body whorl deflected toward the aperture, and appearing gibbous ; aperture subhorizontal, subtetra- gonal ; outer lip with a finely plicate thickening or rib within, and a strong tubercle near the upper angle ; basal margin expanded, crenulated, and bearing a small but distinct central, very oblique fold within ; columella very oblique, with a strong biplicate tooth below, a wide triangular projection at the middle, the whole edge reflexed but not distinctly crenulate as in the preceding two species, the insertion upon the side of the rather wide umbilicus, which has a radiately crenulated marginal rib ; parietal wall wrinkled. Alt. 8-9, diam. 11-12 mill. Port Jackson, Australia. 54 TROCHUS. Troehus floridus PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab. p. 243, t. 36, f. 15.— Zeitschr.f. Mai. 1849, p. 156. — WATSON, Challenger Gasterop. p. 52. — Clanculus gibbosus A. AD. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 162.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv. p. 237, t. 81, f. 3. This form may be distinguished from the preceding by the nearly round periphery ; the outer lip is much depressed and straightened, producing a very oblique aperture ; the sutures are profoundly impressed ; the granulose cinguli of the upper surface are equal, and separated by sharply crispate interstices. T. ANUS Philippi. PL 14, figs. 34-36 ; pi. 11, figs. 43-45. Shell low-conic, solid, subangulate at periphery, with a rather wide umbilical excavation, whitish, maculated with brown below the sutures, the remainder of the shell tessellated, black and white, pinkish or yellowish toward the apex ; whorls 5 to 6, somewhat con- vex, spirally gran ose-1 irate, the lirse 5 or 6 on the penultimate, 12 or 13 on the last whorl, of which the 6th is at the periphery; the fine- ly beaded lirse are separated by minutely spirally and obliquely striated interstices as wide as the ridges ; the body-whorl is a little deflected anteriorly, flattened and excavated in the center beneath ; the aperture is contracted, very oblique, tetragonal ; the upper lip is straight, with a strong tooth midway between its insertion and the outer angle of the aperture ; the outer and basal lips are well curved, thickened and plicate-denticulate within ; the columella is very oblique, its edge reflexed and bearing 4 or 5 large tubercles, one at its insertion; terminating below in a strong quadrangular bifid tooth; parietal tract bearing strong white wrinkles ; umbilical excavation penetrating but little deeper than the insertion of the columella, its border plicate-denticulate. Alt. 9-11, diam. 12-15 mill. Australia. Troehus anus PHIL., Zeitschr.f. Mai., 1848, p. 101.— Conchyl. Cab. p. 266, t. 39, f. 7.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv. p. 324, t. 101, f. 3. This species is allied to T. floridus, etc, but differs in the shallow umbilicus, very heavy columellar teeth and coarser sculpture. In the form of the aperture anus is very similar to floridus ; like that species, it is nearly horizontal, and obstructed by large teeth. T. limbatus is more strictly conical, with less developed teeth than anus, and has a more deeply perforating umbilicus. T. clanguloides, with equally strongly developed teeth, is far more finely sculptured, and has a deeply entering columella. TROCHUS. 55 T. FLAGELLATUS PlliUppi. PI. 19, figs. 3, 4. Shell conoid, umbilicate, granulate, white, painted with branching stripes of reddish purple ; whorls convex, the last rounded ; base convex, white ; penultimate whorl with six series of granules, the interstices wide as the ridges, obliquely striate ; last whorl with eight series of granules above, nine on the base ; columella oblique, solute above, the edge rugose-denticulate, terminating below in a prominent tooth ; outer lip rugose and dentate within. The whorls are pretty convex, especially above ; the last is round- ed, deflected anteriorly and flattened ; the penultimate whorl has six series of granules, which are the same width as their densely striate interstices ; the last whorl however has eight, twro new ones having been intercalated on the lower part, the eighth prominent, forming the periphery. The base is rather convex, and has nine close granulose line. The granules on the border of the umbilicus are but slightly developed. The aperture is about as in T. pharaonius. The color white, with numerous dark rose-red radiating, sometimes branching stripes above. Alt. 10, diam. 15 mill. Habitat unknown. Separated from T. personatus and T. anus by the more numerous lira} of the base ; from T. morum by the convex base, etc. Trochus flagellatus PHIL., Zeitschr.f. Mai. 1848, p. Wo.— Conchyl. Cab. p. 267, t. 39, f. 9. This is a species which I have not been able to identify. It is evidently closely related to T. floridus. Philippi's description and remarks are translated above, and his figures copied on my plate. T. MORUM Philippi. PL 14, figs. 31, 32. Shell conicajp umbilicate, granulate, flesh-colored, at the sutures and around the periphery rufous-maculate ; whorls planulate, the last acutely angulate, with 6 series of granules, the interstices wide as the ribs, obliquely striate ; base flat, with 10 granose lira? ; columella oblique, contorted above, the margin reflexed, crenulate, terminating below in a bifid tooth ; lip dentate and rugose within ; the superior tooth large ; umbilical margin crenulate. The shell is pretty regularly conical, and consists of 6 to 7 slightly convex whorls, of which the upper are angulated in the suture, the last rather sharply carinated at the periphery, scarcely deflected anteriorly, and flattened toward the aperture, as in the other species 56 TROCHUS. of the section Clanculus. The granules of the upper surface are hemispherical, regular, rather separated, and stand in 6 rows ; on the base they are less distinct and in 10 rows ; the interstices are as wide as the granules ; the close incremental striae with which they are marked give them a very pretty appearance. The aperture and umbilicus show nothing characteristic. Alt. 12, diam. 17 mill. Habitat unknown. Distinguished from T. anus and T. personatus by the number of lirse on the base ; from T. flagellatus by the flat base, sharply cari- nated last whorl, etc. T. morum PHIL., Zeitschr.f. Mai. 1848, p. 109.— Conchy 1. Cab. p. 265, t. 39, f. 5. Another species autoptically unknown to me, and not mentioned by authors except Philippi. His description and remarks are above translated in full. Compare T. floridus, T. clangulus and the forms mentioned by Philippi. T. PERSONATUS Philippi. PI. 14, figs. 29, 30. pi. 19, figs. 91, 92. Shell low conical, heavy, solid, umbilicated, carinated, white, or scuffused with a faint rose tint, with a series of small rose-colored maculations above the periphery and sometimes at the suture, base white or faintly marked with rose around the outer border ; whorls about 5, slightly convex, separated by subcanaliculate sutures ; out- lines of spire a little convex ; first two whorls smooth, eroded, the following granose-lirate, the penultimate with 5 or 6, the last with 11 or 12 series of very distinct rounded granules, the 5th or 6th forming the periphery, the interstices decussated by fine oblique and spiral striula?, which are sometimes obsolete; last whorl carinated at the periphery, slightly deflected toward the aperture, and much flattened there ; base a trifle convex, the middle portion concave toward the umbilicus ; aperture tetragonal, very oblique, the upper lip straight, bearing a strong tubercular tooth midway ; outer and basal lips well rounded, thickened and plicate-denticulate within, the basal margin decidedly expanded and curved; columella very oblique, concave toward the insertion, its edge scarcely reflexed, simple, bear- ing a single triangular projection or tooth below the middle, and terminating in a very strong, quadrate, biplicate tooth at base ; parietal wall wrinkled ; umbilicus penetrating deeper than the inser- tion of the columella, bordered by a plicate rib. Alt. 10, diam. 14; alt. 10, diam. 12 mill. Australia. TROCHUS. 57 Monodonta ringens PHILIPPI, Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1846, p. 99. (not M. ringens MKE, also a species of Clanculus.) — Troehus personatus PHIL., Conchyl. Cab. p. 78, t. 14, f. 7. (about 1847.) This species is allied to T. anus Phil, but differs in the deeper umbilicus, the smooth, not tuberculate edge of the columella, the stronger development of the teeth, more distinct granulation, and other characters. The aperture is almost horizontal ; the umbilicus and aperture are both narrower than in T. anus. The peristome is much thickened inside. T. OOHROLEUCUS Philippi. PI. 13, figs. 95, 96. Shell conoidal, umbilicate, isabella-colored, sculptured with very fine subgranose lira?, about 11 on penultimate, 40 on last whorl; whorls rather convex, the last scarcely angled ; margin of the umbilicus dentate ; columella very oblique, not solute above, ter- minating below in a simple denticle ; lip thickened and corrugated within. The form is just like T. vieilloti Payr. ; the shell consists of 6 to 7 rather rounded whorls, the last one not angulated to speak of, and with a rather convex base. The spiral cinguli gradually increase in number, so that on the penultimate there are about 11, on the last whorl about 40 of them. On the upper whorls they are distinctly granulose, on the last almost entirely smooth. The umbilicus is pretty narrow, its margin dentate ; the columella is very oblique, not free above, with a small but prominent denticle below ; the out- er lip is thickened within, with five folds, but near the edge with numerous wrinkles. The color is isabella-yellow. Alt. 8, diam. 12 mill. (Philippi.) Habitat unknown. Troehus ochroleueus PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab. p. 243, t. 36, f. 16. (after 1853.) T. CLANGULUS Wood. PI. 10, figs. 5-7. Shell conical, with decidedly higher spire generally than C. flor- idus, subcarinate, nearly rounded at the periphery, very deeply umbilicated ; color brownish, or, more frequently a beautiful emer- ald green, much paler below, the upper surface broadly radiately maculate with crimson, the flames not extending below the periphery, which, with the base, is dotted with the same shade ; spire usually attenuated toward the acute rose-colored apex ; whorls about 6, con- vex, the last deflected anteriorly, spirally sculptured with about 18 58 TROCHUS. closely granose cinguli, of which 5 to 8 principal ones are above the periphery, their interstices bearing granose riblets, and sharp oblique striae ; on old individuals the disparity in the size of the lirse of the upper surface is often scarcely apparent ; the base bears much finer, closer, granulose lirse ; aperture very oblique, subtetragonal, outer lip plicate within, the tooth near the superior angle but slightly devel- oped ; other details of aperture and umbilicus as in the T. person a- tus, save that the parietal area is scarcely wrinkled. Alt. 12, diam. 13 ; alt. 10, diam. 12«i mill. Port Jackson, Australia. Trochus clangulus WOOD, Ind. Test, Suppl t. 5, f. 31. 1828.— PHILIPPI, Conchy I. Cab. t. 36, f. 8.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv. p. 234, t. 81, f. 1. This form is closely allied to C. floridus ; differing in the lesser development of the superior tooth of the lip, the smoother parietal area, and (typically) the greater altitude. C. floridus, too, has much deeper sutures, rounder whorls, and, especially, the ribs of the upper surface are equal, whilst in C. clangulus they are alternately large and small. In the obsolescence of the superior tooth of the aperture, this species forms a transition from the preceding to the following group of species ; which, whilst closely allied to the foregoing, differs in the less developed teeth within the aperture. V T. MINIATUS Anton. PI. 10, figs. 23, 24 ; pi. 14, figs. 24, 25. Shell conical, carinated at the periphery, deeply umbilicated, painted with crimson and brown radiating bifurcating stripes above, the apical whorls crimson, the base convex, radiately strigate or fine- ly tessellate with brown ; whorls about 6, subplanulate, but with a slightly salient central carina above, spirally finely granose-lirate, the line narrow, close, about 8 to 12 in number on the upper surface of the last whorl, the 5th forming a slightly projecting carina ; base finely lirate, the lirae granose, about 15, subequal, or sometimes alternately smaller, the interstices radiately striate ; aperture rather large, subrhomboidal, the outer lip lirate within, base crenulate, expanded ; columella long, straight, strongly dentate at base, obsolete- ly folded above, inserted upon the side of the umbilicus, which is smooth within, bordered by a slight, smooth rib. Alt. 12J-15, diam. 15-17 mill. South African Coasts. TROCHUS. 59 T. miniatus ANTON, Verzeich., p. 58, 1839. — PHILIPPI, ConchyL Cab., p. 89, t, 16, f. 10.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv. p. 212, t. 83, f. 1.— Clanculus carinatus A. AD., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 162. In its conical form, densely granose-lirate sculpture and the carina in the middle of the upper surface of the whorls, this form is quite distinct. VAR CARINATUS A. Adams. PI. 14, fig. 24, 25. A form which differs slightly from the type in its somewhat great- er altitude ; the peripheral carina of the penultimate whorl is exsert- ed ; the coloration consists of short alternate crimson or brown dashes below the suture, and brown tessellations on a white ground in the center of the base, the intervening space unicolored, brown, save the carina, which is articulated with white. Alt. 15, diam 16 mill. Algoa Bay, Australia. T. ALOYSII Tenison- Woods'. PL 14, figs. 20-23. Shell small, conical, carinated, umbilicated, whitish or corneous, marked above with zigzag radiating stripes (sometimes broken intc^ dots) of sepia or black, below uuicolored white or sparsely dotted with black, peripheral carina ornamented with a series of black spots; spire rather straightly conical, apex acute, whorls about 6, separated by subcanaliculate sutures ; upper surface spirally sculp- tured with about 6 coarse, conspicuously granose lirse, of which the first and the sixth (or peripheral) are most prominent ; base slightly convex, bearing 6 to 7 concentric, coarse, conspicuously granose separated line ; aperture rhomboidal, outer lip iridescent and plicate within ; basal margin rounded, denticulate ; columella oblique, nearly straight, slightly folded. above, bidentate at base; umbilicus with (in fully adult specimens) a crenate marginal rib, white within, and perforating scarcely deeper than the insertion of the columella. Alt. 8-9. diam. 9-11. Tasmania. Clanculus aloysii TEN.- WOODS, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1875, p. 155. A small species, quite distinct in the black and white coloration. T. DOMINICANUS Tenison-Woods. Shell small, depressed, turbinate, broadly umbilicate, rather solid, bluish brown and obscurely spotted and clouded ; whorls 6, rather 60 TROCHUS. convex, and obliquely neatly and thickly striate, stria? passing over the lirse but not over the granules ; aperture obliquely quadrate ; lip thickened within, throat pearly ; columella obsoletely unidentate, subreflected ; umbilicus white, smooth ; base flattened, spirally and smoothly lirate. Differs from known species in the smoothly lirate base and the absence of tubercles around the lip, columella or umbili- cus. (Tenison-Woods). Alt. 7 *, diam. maj. 10, min. 8 mill. S. coast Tasmania. Clanculus dominicana T.-WoOD, Proc. Roy. Soe. Tasm., 1876, p. 144. (1877.) This species and the three following are known to me only by the original descriptions. R. RAPHAEL,! Tenison-Woods. Shell small, depressedly conical, rather solid, blackish olive, but tessellated with white at the sutures ; whorls 4 to 5, flattened, girdled with irregular spiral granulose liraa, sometimes alternating and some- times with minute granulose lines intervening, granules larger at the margins ; shell universally covered with minute transverse oblique lines ; last whorl subacutely angular at the periphery ; suture canaliculate ; base flattened, ornamented with spiral granulose lines and oblique stria?; umbilicus white; aperture quadrate, silvery, pearly, conspicuously lirate ; columella wide, conspicuously tuber- culate anteriorly ; lip dentate. ( Tenison- Woods'). Alt. 6, diam. maj. 6, min. 5 2 mill. George's Bay and Long Bay, Tasmania. C. raphaeli TEN.-WOOD, loc. cit., p. 144. T. ANGELI Tenison-Woods. Shell small, turbinate, depressed, orbicular, rather solid, sordid white and clouded red, irregularly keeled all over, with the interstices finely, irregularly, neatly obliquely lirate, and peculiarly punctate ; larger keels smooth or obsoletely granular ; whorls 5, convex, the last obtusely angular ; base flat or slightly convex and spirally lirate with equal lira? and spotted brown, interstices transversely neatly striate ; aperture subquadrate, lip closely dentate, throat conspicuous- ly lirate ; columella obtusely unidentate; margin of the umbilicus regularly tuberculate with rounded granular tubercles. Alt. 5, diam. maj. 6, min. 5 \ mill. (Tenison-Woods.} Long Bay (in 10/w.s.); Blackmail's Bay, Tasmania. C. angeli T.- WOODS, loc. cit., p. 144. TROCHUS. 61 T. PHILOMEN.E Tenison-Woods. Shell depressedly conical, white ; whorls 5, at the suture canalic- ulate, concave, \vith both margins beaded, within the margins 3 to 4 lirate ; Iira3 ornamented with round shining granules, interstices very finely obliquely striate ; last whorl acutely angulate and mar- gined ; base flat, spirally granulosely lirate; aperture obliquely squared ; outer lip lirate within ; columella unidentate and corruga- ted ; umbilical margin spirally dentate. Diam. 11, alt. 10 mill. (Tenison-Woods). Tasmania. Clanculus pliilomence TEN.-WOODS, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 1875 p. 155. One specimen. A very distinct white shell with moniliferus whorls rising in stages. (Tenison-Woods}. I have not seen this species. It is evidently closely related to the preceding. T. YATESI Crosse. PI. 10, fig. 13 ; pi. 14, fig. 33. Shell conical, very solid, annulate at the periphery, with a very shallow umbilicus; white, variegate with maculations and radiating zigzag stripes of purplish red ; whorls 5, planulate, turgid below the subcanaliculate sutures, the apical ones when not eroded spirally striate, the following granose-lirate, the last bearing on its upper surface five coarse beaded Iira3, the fifth forming the periphery ; base slightly convex, bearing six beaded line ; interstices between the lira? finely obliquely striate; aperture rounded-tetragonal, pearly within ; outer lip lirate within ; basal lip curved, subdenticulate ; columella short, hardly perceptibly folded above, dentate below ; umbilicus perforating scarcely deeper than the insertion of the straight columella. Alt. 8, diam. 11 ; alt. 10?, diam 11 mill. Gulf of St. Vincent, S. Australia. Clanculus yatesi CROSSE Journ. de Conch. 1863, p. 379, t. 13, f. 1. —FISCHER,. Coq. Viv. p. 399, t. 118, f. 4. A solid little species, allied to the preceding, but differing in coloration etc. The specimens before me exceed the types in altitude. A variety from Tasmania is of a uniform deep purple color, (pi. 14, fig. 33.) It may be called var. PURPURATUS. T. DUNKERI Koch. PI. 14, figs. 26, 27 ; pi. 15, figs. 57, 58. Shell imperforate, having a little hollow or depression at the place of the umbilicus, orbicularly conoid or subdepressed, thick, solid ; 62 TROCH US. whorls 5, the first whitish, often eroded, the last brownish, purplish or red, obliquely striated, and ornamented with spiral granulose line, 3 on penultimate, 8 or 9 on last whorl, of which the first is composed of larger beads, and the fourth forms the periphery, the interstices about as wide as the line ; last whorl somewhat gibbous and descend- ing toward the aperture, which in adult specimens is somewhat con- tracted and subtrigonal, outer lip witli a few deeply entering line within, the upper one terminating in a small denticle; columella short, concave, smooth, terminating in an acute narrow denticle, which is separated from a similar smaller tubercle on the base by a narrow notch. Alt. 8, diam. 1 1 ; alt. 8, diam. 9 ; alt. 9, diam. 11-13 mill. Adelaide, Cape Riche, St. Vincent's Gulf t S. Australia ; Port Philip, Melbourne, Bass, Straits. T. (Monodonta) dunkeri Kocn, in PmLirpi, Abbild. u. Beschr. neuer ConchyL, i pt, 3, p. 67, t. 2, f. 5. 1843.— PHI LI PPI, Conchy I. Cab., p. 237, t. 36, f. S.— Clnnculm rubens ("A. AD.") ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 178— TENISOX-WOODS, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1878, p. 40.— Trochus dunkeri FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 361, t. 96, f. 2, (1880).— BRAZIER, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1886, p. 202. The typical form of this shell is shown in figs. 26, 27 of pi. 14 ; the figures and description given by Fischer are of a depressed variety. In several specimens measured by me the altitude is nearly equal to the diameter. The synonymy was first worked out by Mr. BRAZIER, from whose excellent description the first lines of my own are quoted. This shell is allied to the T. yatesi, but is more solid, more compact, and less carinated at the periphery ; its spiral line are fewer than in that species. The umbilicus is remarkably shallow for a Clanculus. A The two following species are similar to certain forms of the section Clanculopsis in lacking a distinct tubercle at the base of the col- umella ; I am however inclined to group them with the preceding species, which they resemble in general aspect. T. GUINEEXSIS Gmelin. PI. 10, figs. 3. 4. Shell conical, very solid, rather depressed, angulate at the periph- ery, deeply umbilicate, whitish, painted with broad radiating purplish brown stripes above, base with narrow radiating stripes or tessella- tions of the same shade; whorls about 6, planulate or slightly con- cave above, the apex whitish, eroded, the succeeding whorls spirally beaded, the last whorl slightly descending anteriorly, bearing on TROCHUS. 63 the upper surface about 7 spiral beaded lira?, the interstices oblique- ly finely striate ; base subplanulate, concentrically sculptured with about 7 or 8 beaded lira? ; aperture rounded rhomboidal, the outer and basal lips thick, evenly and finely plicate within ; columella oblique, deeply entering, conspicuously folded near its insertion, its edge denticulate near the base, and passing into the basal margin with a regular curve ; parietal wall bearing a white wrinkled callus, . the untbilical margin of which is dentate; umbilicus wide, deep, scarcely narrowed as it penetrates, bordered by a strong acutely dentate rib. Alt. 13-16, diam. 18-20 mill. Guinea; Gaboon; Liberia. Trochus guineensis GMEL. Syst. Xat. xiii, p. 3574, no. 49, 1788. — PHILIPPI, Conchyl Cab. p. 79, t. 14, f. 9. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv. p. 221, t. 72, f. 3. This species, together with T. villanus constitutes a group which differs from the typical forms of Clanculus in lacking the strong tooth at the base of the columella. T. VILLAXUS Philippi. PI. 11, figs. 58, 59 ; pi. 14, fig. 28. Shell conical, very solid, cinereous-olive or purplisji, lighter beneath, sparcely dotted with black; whorls about 6, slightly con- vex, spirally lirate, the last encircled by about 14 granose separated lira?, of which about 6 are on the upper surface, their interstices bearing spiral stria? ; last whorl obtusely angular at the periphery, slightly convex beneath, a little descending anteriorly ; aperture rounded-tetragonal, outer and basal lips plicate within, columella as in T. guineensis but longer; umbilicus narrow, deep, parietal wall slightly calloused, wrinkled. Alt. 22, diam. 22 mill. W. African coasts ; Guinea; Gold coast; Gaboon. Mondonta villana PHILIPPI, Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1846, p. 101. — Trochus villanus PHIL. Conchyl. Cab. p. 74, t. 14, f. 3. — FISCHER, Cog. Viv. p. 220, t. 72, f. 2. More elevated than T. guineensis, less carinated at the periphery, and with narrower umbilicus. The parietal callus is much heavier in T. guineensis. 64 TROCHUS. T. MAUGERI Wood. PL 10, figs. 25-27. Shell conical, with nearly straight sides carinated, solid, thick, false-umbilicate, reddish or yellowish brown, more or less dotted minutely with a slightly darker shade; whorls about 8, flat above, the sutures scarcely marked ; the first whorls of the apex when not smooth by erosion are spirally 1 irate, the lira; dotted with red; succeeding whorls very closely, finely granulate in spiral series, the last whorl with about 7 rows of granules above, carinate at the periphery, slightly deflected anteriorly; base nearly flat with nu- merous (15 to 20) close finely beaded concentric lirula?; aperture very oblique, tetragonal; upper lip straightened, wrinkled within; outer and basal lips thick, curved, crenulate within ; columella very oblique, its edge denticulate, slightly tortuous above, and inserted in the center of the axis, below terminating in an acute or squarish narrow tooth ; parietal wall and umbilicus rugose, the latter bound- ed by a plicate-denticulate rib. Alt. 20-25, diam 25 mill. Port Jackson, Australia. T. maugeri WOOD, Lid. Testaceo. suppl t. 5, f. 27a, p. 220. — PHILIPPI Com'liijl. O.ib., t, 36, f. 9.— FISCHKII, (.oq. Vie. p. 218, t. 72, f. 1. A handsome species, formerly very rare. The form is more strict- ly conical than usual in Ounculus. The fine granulation nearly uniform, color, minutely dotted with darker and beneath usually with white, are characters separating maugeri from other species. The specimens before me are from Port Jackson, collected by Brazier. T. NODULOSUS A. Adams PL 13, fig. 3. Shell turbinate-conoid, imperforate, whitish, variegated with red; whorls transversely silicate, ornamented with grnnose cinguli, above with a coronal series of tubercles ; suture canaliculate; last whorl spirally sulcate, at the periphery tuberculate, the base rather flat- tend, concentrically gran ose-1 irate ; columella solute above, tortuous, anteriorly tuberculate; margin of the umbilicus crenulated; lip transversely sulcate within, margin dentate-lirate. (A. Ad.) T-isinania, (Cuming.) Clancu1u* noditlosus A. AD. P. Z. S. 1854, p. 39, t. 27, f. 2. This species has most of the characters of a Clanculus, but the whorls are nodulous and not granular. (Adams.) The pecies has not been been noticed by Tasmanian nor Aus- tralian conchologists, PLATE 2 TROCHID^E PLATE 3 TROCHID^ PLATE 4 TROCHID^E PLATE 6 61 59 TROCHID^ PLATE 7 TROCHID^E PLATE 8 PLATE 9 S - • • \_ " Ji~"j :, : 1 TROCHIDv-E PLATE 10 TROCHID^: PLATE 11 TROCHID^F PLATE 12 PLATE 13 m $ ' /M N. 3V:V*:r; >W \ ^ J « •.•M-; TROCHID^E Jite TROCHUS. GO T. UNDATUS Lamarck. PI. 40, figs. 1, 2. Shell large, depressed conoid, excavated, i'alse-innbilicate in the center beneath, cinereous or rose colored, radiately striped with brown or black, the stripes sometimes broken into irregular macula- tions, especially on the base ; whorls about 6, convex around the upper part, then flattened, obtusely angulate at the periphery, the base flattened, concave toward the center ; sutures subcanaliculate ; apex acute, eroded ; following whorls finely granose in spiral series, of which there are 10 to 12 on each whorl ; last w7horl somewhat deflected anteriorly, bearing about 30 spiral granose ridges, very close and fine upon and below the periphery, coarser above and around the umbilicus, the interstices obliquely striate ; aperture oblique, tetragonal, outer and basal lips thickened and plicate within ; columella oblique, inserted nearly in the bottom of the broad umbilical excavation, its edge reflexed and bearing about 10 denticles, twisted near the insertion, terminating below in a simple tooth ; parietal tract wrinkled ; umbilicus with a plicate border, and in the middle a strong, sometimes crenulate, spiral funicle. Alt. 18-22, diam. 28-35 mill. S. Australia; Tasmania. T. undatus LAM. An. sans. Vert, vii, p. 28, no. 61 (1822). — FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 168, t. 56, f. 2.— PHILIPPI Conchyl. Cab., t. 33, f. 4—Monodonta undata LAM. Encyc. Meth., t. 447, f. 3.— Trochus smithii WOOD, Ind. Test, Suppl. t. 5, f. 20a, The largest and one of the most beautiful species of Clanculus. It is apparently more nearly allied to T. maugeri than to any other species of the genus. T. PUSILLUS H. Adams. PL 43, fig. 6. Shell trochiform, solic, encircled by granose lirse, alternately minute, the interstices densely obliquely striate ; rosy, marked with white macul.ttions ; suture canaliculate ; whorls 6, convex ; the last convex beneath, with granose concentric lirse ; umbilicus crenulated, white; aperture diagonal, subcircular; columellar tooth prominent, compressed; lip simple, sulcate within. (Adams.} Alt. 5, diam. 7 mill. New Hebrides. Clanculus pusillus H. AD., P. Z. S., 1873, p. 207, t. 23, f.-9. T. CLANGULOIDES Wood. PL 10, figS. 10, 11. Shell globose-conic, very solid, deeply, narrowly false-umbilicate, fawn colored, lighter beneath and roseate at the apex, sharply 5 66 TROCHUS. granose-lirate, usually with every second rib articulated with dots of white or black or both ; whorls about 6, the upper ones nearly flat, the penultimate and last convex, the former with 7 or 8 spiral distinctly granose lirae, the last with about 18, of which the 7th usually is upon the periphery, interstices finely obliquely striate ; last whorl deflected anteriorly, rounded at the periphery ; base some- what convex ; aperture oblique, small, contracted ; outer lip bearing within a strong tooth above, and an inconspicuous rather acute thread at the place of the periphery; basal lip expanded, curved, slightly denticulate ; columella very oblique, slightly tortuous above and very deeply entering, terminating below in a strong plicate, tooth, and with a smooth margin, save for a small denticle im- mediately above the basal tooth ; parietal tract wrinkled ; umbilicus with a plicate-denticulate border. Alt. 10-12, diam. 12-15 mill. Australia, Port Jackson; Watson's Bay; New Caledonia; Viti Is. T. clanguloides WOOD. 2nd. Testaceo. suppl, t. 6, f. 39. — FISCHER Coq. Viv., p. 369, t. 113, f. 2. In the typical form, the 1st, 3d, 5th, 7th and 9th lirse, and one or two upon the base are articulated with black. A tray of specimens from the Viti Islands, received from the late Andrew Garrett, differ in having only the 3d and 7th lirse, and one upon the base so marked. I need not compare clanguloides with T. persouatus and its allies, — species with similar strongly developed teeth — for the deeply enter- ing columella of the present species at once separates it. T. ROBERTS: Pilsbry. PL 13, fig. 4-7. A form similar in color-pattern and sculpture to T. clanguloides, but differing notably in the greater altitude, more turbinate form, and greater development of the teeth ; in these characters it is like T. stigmatarius, which is, however, quite different in coloration. The spire is elevated conical, the apex tinged with orange ; the upper whorls are nearly flat, separated by a linear suture, which becomes more deeply impressed at the last whorl ; the body-whorl is slightly convex, rounded at the periphery, deeply deflected and flattened toward the aperture ; the base is rather flattened, about as in T. clanguloides ; the sculpture consists of spiral series of closely set rounded granules, the series or cinguli a little separated on the upper surface, closer beneath ; these number 17 or 18 upon the last whorl, the 7th being upon the periphery, just as in T. clanguloides ; the interstices between lirse are finely obliquely and spirally striate, the TROCHUS. 67 spiral strise often a little difficult to distinguish ; this gives the inter- stices at times a granulate appearance under the lens. The aperture is nearly horizontal, tetragonal ; superior lip straightened, bearing a very large sub-bifid squarish tubercle in the middle ; place of the periphery marked inside by an entering lamellar fold ; basal margin curved, slightly expanded, bearing two or three fold-like denticles inside, edge minutely denticulate ; columella oblique, deeply enter- ing the narrow umbilicus and inserted in the center of the axis, slightly dentate above, bearing a narrow tooth below the middle, and terminating in a large, heavy bi- or triplicate tooth ; parietal area covered by a white callous bearing numerous wrinkles, one or two of which enter the aperture ; umbilicus surrounded by a radiately strongly plicate callous. Coloration as in T. clanguloides. Alt. 12£, diam. 13 ; alt. 11, diam. 11 mill. Red Sea. (Dr. Beadle.) On old specimens the compression and deflection of the last whorl gives the shell a bullet shape. The aperture is like stigmatarius, coloration and sculpture like clanguloides. In this combination of characters the species is quite distinct. Similar specimens marked Lord Howlands Id. are before me. The species is named in honor of Mr. S. RAYMOND ROBERTS, author of the Monograph of Cyprseidte in the MANUAL. T. LARGILLIERTI Philippi. PL 11, figs. 51, 51. Shell perforate, conoid, apex acute; whorls 6J, the first rosy, following whorls convex, grayish, spotted with white and black at the narrow sutures ; spirally lirate, lira? granulose, numerous, 8 to 10 on the penultimate whorl ; last whorl rounded, concentrically lirate beneath, lime 8 to 10, gray and brown articulated ; aperture oblique, rhomboidal, lip dentate above ; basal margin plicate, colu- mella oblique, dentate at base ; parietal callous wrinkled ; umbilicus bordered by strong white plica?. Alt. 14, diam. 16 mill. (Fischer.) Habitat unknown. T. largillierti PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1848, p. 109.— Conchyl. Cab. p. 265, t. 39, f. 6.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 216, t. 71, f. 3. T. FLOSCULUS Fischer. PI. 11, figs. 56, 57. Shell narrowly perforate, conoid, thick, apex acute ; whorls 7 J , the first rosy, smooth, the rest convex, separated by linear sutures, spirally lirate, the lime granose, 6 on the penultimate whorl, of which the 1st, 3d, 5th are entirely reddish, the 2d, 4th, 6th composed 68 TROCHUS. of alternating white and black granules ; last whorl globose, bearing 15 or 16 Iira3, somewhat convex beneath, the concentric line uniform yellowish-brown, often in pairs, separated by single alternately white and black articulated lira? ; aperture oblique, rhomboidal ; lip thick- ened, plicate, dentate above, columella oblique, terminating in a large, plicate, contorted, truncate tooth ; umbilicus profound, narrow, its border crenulated ; parietal callous wrinkled. Alt. 11, diam. 11 mill. (Fischer.') Seychelles Is. T. rarus (Dufo) FISCHER, Sp. et Icon, genre Trochus, t. 96, f. 1. -T.flosculus FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 300, t. 96, f. 1. (1880.) This form was at first identified by Dr. Fischer with the T. rarus, of Dufo (Ann. des. Sc. Nat. 2e. Ser. xiv, 1840, p. 188). This form, however, cannot be certainly determined from Dufo's miserable description, and had better be dropped altogether ; or, as Fischer suggests, be relegated to the synonymy of T. pharaonius. T. MARGARITARIUS Philippi. PI. 13, fig. 90. Shell conical, umbilicate, ornamented with granose cinguli (about 7 on penultimate whorl), brown, the 2d and 4th cinguli ornamented with black, 6th and 7th with alternating brown, white and black granules ; margin of the umbilicus dentate ; columella solute above, terminating in a plicate tooth below ; lip dentate within. The grains of the second and fourth rows are much smaller than the rest, and are formed of alternating white and black grains. The base shows 10 concentric rows of granules, in which every fourth granule is black. The aperture and the umbilicus are formed just as in T. pharaonius. In all varieties the ground-color is a dirty flesh-color, and alternating series of granules white and black articulated. Alt. 12, diam. 14 mill. (Philippi.) 3Lonodonta margaritaria PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1846, p. 100. — T. margaritarius PHIL., Conchyl. Cab., p. 74, t. 14, f. 4. Philippi quotes as possibly the same as margaritarius the figure of T. clangulus, in Wood's Index Test. It is not that species, how- ever. It may be allied to stigmatarius. T. AMCENUS Koch. PI. 42, figs. 19, 20. Shell elevated conical, false-umbilicate, granulate ; whorls plane, the last rounded-angulate ; granose cinguli 4 or 5, first and third pale pink, second, fifth and basal (6 to 7) cinguli whitish, every TROCHUS. 69 fourth granule brown ; aperture rhoniboidal, lip smooth within ; col- umella oblique, solute above, terminating below in a strong tooth, margin reflexed. (Fhilippi.') Allied to T. pharaonius. The shell is elevated conical, with a rounded angle on the periphery, the base elevated but not rounded. The whorls are about 8, the uppermost forming a rosy apex, pretty smooth, the following elegantly encircled by series of granules, act- ually 12 in number, but only 4 shown upon the upper whorls, the suture running upon the middle of the fifth. The interstices are somewhat narrower than the ridges, and under a lens are seen to be finely, densely, obliquely striate. The first and second rows of granules* are pale flesh-colored ; the rest have regularly 3 white granules, then a brown one. The aperture is rhombic, with rounded outer portion. The outer lip is thickened within, but simple, smooth ; the columella oblique, solute above, its edge reflexed, below ending in a strong tooth, near which is a denticle. The false- umbilicus is rather narrow, with smooth margin. Alt. 82, diam. 71 mill. (Philippi.') Habitat unknown. T. amoemis KOCH in PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 100, t. 16, f. 1. I have seen nothing in nature or the books like this form. The lack of folds within the outer lip is different from the numerous species of Clanculus having similar elevated conical form. T. STIGMATARIUS A. Adams. PL 15, fig. 53 ; pi. 19, figs. 5-8. This is a globose- conoid, solid, false-umbilicate species, very similar to T. clanguloides, but differing in the following characters: It is more solid, more elevated, somewhat the shape of a Minie ball. There are 6 to 7 whorls, the sutures somewhat impressed ; the penul- timate is encircled by 6-8, the last whorl by 18 (more or less) gran- ulose line, every alternate rib of the upper surface and tw7o or three of the base roseus, articulated with dots of brilliant rose-red, the ground-color faint pinkish or yellowish. The base is quite convex ; the aperture tetragonal, contracted by teeth and the deflection of the superior margin, which is straightened, bearing a strong tooth, below which the outer and basal lips are well rounded, and bear, within, a few plica?. The columella is short, very deeply entering the profound, narrow umbilicus (much narrower than in T. clangu- loides) ; anterior edge of the columella as in clanguloides ; terminat- ing below in a very large, heavy, trifid quadrangular tooth, much 70 TROCHUS. larger than the corresponding part in T. clanguloides ; parietal callous slightly wrinkled ; umbilicus border with only one or two denticles. Alt. 12-14, diam. 11-12 mill. Philippines ; Upolu ; Ins. Phoenix, Art, New Caledonian Archipel- ago ; Guan, Marianne Archipelago ; Viti Is. Clanculus stigmatarius A. AD., P. Z. S., 1851, p. 161. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 217, t. 71, f. 4. A beautiful rose-dotted species, of which many specimens collected by PEASE and by GARRETT are before me. T. UNEDO A. Adams. PL 10, figs. 17, 18. Shell elate-conic, very solid, narrowly false-umbilicate, red or reddish brown, dotted with black; rosy at apex; outlines of spire a little concave toward the apex ; whorls about 7, nearly flat above, sutures linear, impressed, last whorl descend ing anteriorly, encircled by about 13 or 14 granose line every second one, or on some spec- imens every one articulated with black dots ; the interstices finely spirally and obliquely striate ; base convex ; aperture tetragonal, the outer lip bearing within a strong tubercle above, and a few plica? on the outer and lower part ; columella short, oblique, with a very slight fold above, very deeply entering the profound, extremely narrow axial pit, and at the base terminating in a large squarish trifid tooth ; parietal tract finely Avrinkled ; umbilicus bounded by a plicate rib. Alt. 12-16, diam. 11-15 mill. Lis. Art, New Caledonian Archipelago (Montrouzier) ; Viti Is. (Garrett.) This species differs from T. stigmatarius in the same way that that form differs from T. clanguloides. It is higher, narrower, more acute than stigmatarius ; the color is darker ; the line of the body-whorl less numerous, and the umbilicus narrower. The microscopic spiral lines in the inter-liral interstices also constitute a perfectly tangible and characteristic difference. T. CEYLANICUS Nevill. PL 11, fig. 48. Shell small, conical, solid, whitish or yellowish, radiately striped above with sepia, alutaceous or reddish brown, the stripes at the periphery frequently branching, and with additional stripes inter- calated between them, all of which continue upon the base as narrow rays, or are there broken into tessellations ; whorls 5 to 6, slightly convex, spirally gran ose-1 irate, the last bearing 12 or 13 line, the upper six larger, separated by obliquely striate interstices about as TROCHUS. 71 wide as the ridges, basal line finer, closer, more minutely granose ; last whorl bluntly angulate at the periphery, slightly convex beneath, slightly deflected anteriorly ; aperture oblique ; outer and basal lips curved, with a plicate thickening or rib within, and a small pliciform denticle above ; columella very deeply inserted in the narrow, pro- found umbilicus, its middle portion subdentate, terminating below in a strong tri-plicate tooth ; umbilicus with a strongly crenulate marginal rib. Alt. 7, diam. 7 mill. Ceylon. Clanculus ceylanicus G. and H. NEVILL, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, xxxviii, 1869, p. 157, t. 17, f. 7. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 303, t. 96, f. 3. A small brown-radiate species, somewhat similar to T. clangu- loides in form. The more characteristic marks, aside from form and coloration, are the narrow, deep umbilicus, with centrally inserted deeply entering columella, the large, trifid basal tooth, and the number of granose spiral ribs, which is fewer than in allied forms. T. THOMAS: Crosse. PI. 10, figs. 14, 15. Shell conic-globose, umbilicate, maculate with white on a ground of reddish carmine ; whorls 5, convex, spirally traversed by five very finely granulose lirse, the first two small, third larger, fourth small, fifth larger than the others ; suture profoundly impressed, canalicu- late, last whorl with 8 lirse on the base encircling the umbilicus ; columella unequally bidentate, the basal tooth larger, compressed ; lip at base obsoletely denticulate, elsewhere edentulous ; aperture oblique, less ringent than most species of Clanculus, fauces sulcate, nacreous ; umbilicus white, in young shells smooth, in adults ob- soletely crenulated. Alt. 6-62, diam. 62 mill. (Fischer.) Is. Art, Nei.v Caledonia. Clanculus thomasi CROSSE, Journ. de Conch, x, 1862, p. 405, t. 13, f. 4.— T. thomasi FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 321, t. 101, f. 1. A variety is olivaceous green, maculate with white, the apex rosy. It is a small species, with very prominent, compressed basal tooth, and slight crenulations at the margin of the umbilicus, the right lip not dentate. T. SATRAPIUS von Martens. PL 39, figs. 25. Shell conoidal, umbilicate, granulate-cingulate, cinguli unequally elevated, smaller ones interpolated, numbering 5 to 6 between suture and periphery, 7 to 8 on the base of the last whorl ; periphery 72 TROCHUS. obtusely angulated; granules of rosy-red and white subalternating ; suture moderate ; aperture very oblique, subquadrangular, fauces sulcate, corresponding to the ridges of the exterior ; outer margin obtuse, subcrenulated ; basal margin plicatulate ; columella disjoined and prominently denticulate above, oblique, with 1 or 2 tubercles where it joins the basal margin ; umbilicus narrow, margin not crenate, with an elevated fold within, white. Alt. 14, diam. 14? mill. (Martens) Persian Gulf; Aden. T. satrapius MART., Vorderas. ConchyL, p. 100, t, 6, f. 50. — T. ton- nerrei NEVILL, Jo-urn. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 1874, p. 27, t. 1, f. 3, and 1. c. 1875, p. 103. T. CORALLINUS Gmelin. PI. 10, figs. 1, 2. Shell globose-conic, umbilicate, coral-red or brown, marked beneath the sutures with narrow flames of white and maculations of brown, and on the base dotted with white ; spire conic, acute ; sutures subcanaliculate ; whorls 5 to 6, convex, spirally granose- lirate, the last rounded, encircled by 14 or 15 conspicuously granose equal ridges, the interstices finely obliquely striate, and with more or less obvious spiral striae ; aperture oblique, subtetragonal ; outer lip plicate within, dentate above, the tooth usually bifid ; basal margin curved, crenulate within ; columella inserted deep in the rather narrow umbilicus, bearing a strong dentiform fold above and a large quadrangular biplicate tooth at the base ; parietal wall wrinkled ; umbilicus white, smooth within, with a crenulate margin. Alt. 9, diam. 11 mill. Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. Trochus corallinus GMEL., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3576 (1788), and of most authors. — Monodonta couturii PAYRANDEAU, Cat. desc. et. Mctli. des Annelides et des Moll, de Vile de Corse, p. 134, t. 6, f. 19, 20 (1826).— Otavia corallina, Risso, Hist. Nat. VEur. Merid. iv, p. 133. — ? Trochus roseus VON SALTS, Reisen ins KonigreicJis Neapel, p. 376 (1793). — Clanculus corallinus, BUCQUOY, DAUTZENBERG et DOLL- FUS, Moll. Mar. du Eoussillon, p. 409, t. 50, f. 1-4 (1885).— Trochus multigranatus PHILIPPI, Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1848, p. 147. — ConchyL Cab., p. 239, t. 36, f. 6. (PI. 19, figs. 14, 15.) A common Mediterranean species exhibiting considerable varia- tion iri color. The deep brown form is var. brunneus Requien. (Var. atra Monts. is a synonym.) Philippi's T. multigranatus was described TROCHUS. 73 from a specimen with 16 series of granules upon the body-whorl. The species is somewhat allied to T. ceylanicus, but is larger, less conical, and has a different color-pattern. The large basal tooth will separate it from other Mediterranean forms. I have not thought it necessary to quote in the synonymy every author who has written on this well-known species. T. ERUBESCENS Philippi. PI. 42, figs. 12, 13. Shell conoidal, white, radiate with red ; whorls slightly convex, deeply separated by the suture, granulate, granules of the penul- timate whorl in 5 to 6 series, 7 on the last, 12 to 14 on the base ; false-umbilicus with a denticulate margin; aperture subrhomboidal ; columella straight, denticulate above, subsolute, the margin crenula- ted. (Philippi^ The shell is conoidal, somewhat broader than high, granulate. The whorls are but slightly convex, but separated by a deep suture, the lower ones with 5-6 rows of granules, of which the three upper are crowded, the two lower wider apart. In the interstices there are two elevated lines, which also become rows of granules at last. The false-umbilicus is denticulate on its margin. The almost vertical columella has a tooth above, and three denticles on the edge. The outer lip is plicate within, but less obviously to the touch than to the sight. The color is whitish with pale red flames. From T. kraussi this species is distinguished by the more depressed shell, less convex whorls, paler color and much more numerous series of granules of the base. Alt. 11, diam. 14 mill. (Philippi.) Habitat unknown. T. erubescens PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 101, t. 16, f. 13. Seems to be a variety of T. kraussi. T. BERTHELOTI d'Orbigny. PL 11, figs. 46, 47. Shell small, globose-conic, very similar in form to T. corallinus ; yvhorls 5, acutely granose-lirate, brown, below the sutures more or less maculated with blackish, base dotted with white ; last whorl en- circled by 11 sharply granose ridges, those of the base profoundly separated by deep grooves, wider than the ridges ; aperture as in T. corallinus, but the tooth at base of columella more pointed, smaller. Alt. 6-8, diam. 8*-9 mill. Madeira, Azores and Canary Is. Monodonta bertheloti D'ORB., in Webb et Berthelot, Hist. Fat. des Canaries, p. 81, t. 6, f. 17-20. — Trochus bertheloti PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., t, 39, f. 17.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 295, t. 95, f. 1. 74 TROCHUS. Allied to T. corallinus, but easily distinguished by the deeply separated lirse of the base. T. CRUCIATUS Linne. PI. 11, figs. 60, 61 ; pi. 19, figs. 16, 17. Shell globose-conic, narrowly umbilicate, spire conic, apex acute,, pinkish ; dark brown, blackish or pink, radiately maculated with white below the sutures, and dotted with white around the center of the base ; whorls 5 to 6, convex separated by canaliculate sutures,, spirally granose-lirate ; body-whorl rounded, encircled by about 13 line, those above the periphery granulose, about as wide as the interstices, those beneath more separated, smoother ; interstices finely spirally striate ; base convex ; aperture subcircular, oblique ; outer and basal lips rounded, finely crenulate within ; columella slightly concave, bearing a small denticle at base and above near the in- sertion ; parietal wall nearly smooth ; umbilicus deep, narrow, smooth, and white within, bordered by a strong smooth or obsoletely crenulated marginal rib, and surrounded by narrow tract of white. Alt. 8-9, diam. 9-10 mill. Mediterranean Sea ; Cape Verde Is. (Rochebrune.) T. cruciatus, LINN., Syst. Nat. xii, p. 1228. (1767).— HANLEY, Ipsa Linn. Conch., p. 315, t. 5, f. 6.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 298, t. 95, f. 3.—Monodonta vieillotii PAYRANDEAU, Cat. des Annelides et des Moll. Corse, p. 135, t. 6, f. 21-23 (1826).— T. vieilloti PHILIPPI, Comliyl. Cab., p. 80, t. 14, f. 13, and of other authors.— T. med- iterraneus WOOD, Ind. Test. Suppl., t. 5, f. 32. — Clanculus eruciatut BUCQUOY, DAUTZ. ET DOLLFUS, Moll. mar. du Roussillon, p. 411,t. 50, f. 5-12. A species of about the size of T. corallinus. The obsolescence of the teeth will distinguish this form from any other Mediterranean Clanculus. The subgenus Clanculopsis of Monterosato is based upon this character ; but in view of the great variation observed in the teeth of nearly related species, and of the fact that this shell is really very closely allied to T. corallinus I am not inclined to give any systematic value to the division. Var. GLOBOSO-CONICA Arad. et Ben. (Conch, viv. mar. della Sicilia^ p. 171.) Whorls with a broad subsutural margin lacking line ; last whorl with four, penultimate and antepenultimate with three granose lirse. A form said by Aradas and Benoit to be constant, though rare. I have not seen examples. TROCHUS. 75 The following variations have received names. They are scarcely distinct enough to be called varieties, for typical examples of all three occur in one of the sets before me. Var. nigrescens Requien. (-brunnea Req.,-monochroa Monte.) Color uniform brown or blackish, without white flammules. Var. rosea Monts. (pi. 19, fig. 13.) Rose-colored, with or without white markings. Var. Candida Monts.'(pl. 19, fig. 12.) Entirely white. This and var. rosea are abundant in the Gulf of Gabes, Tunis. (See Moll du Roussillon, p. 413.) T. KRAUSSI Philippi. PI. 10, figs. 8, 9. Shell umbilicate, conoid, moderately thick ; whorls 5, convex, separated by canaliculate sutures; first whorls eroded, whitish, the rest roseus, cinereous or brownish, ornamented with a few radiating white streaks, spirally granose-lirate, the line 6 on the penultimate whorl, the fifth larger, more prominent, simulating a carina ; last whorl angulate, plano-convex beneath, concentrically cingulate, the cinguli granose, about 7, the interstices sometimes bearing concentric liruke ; aperture rhomboidal, lip within thickened, sulcate, basal margin crenulate ; columella tuberculose, above twisted plicate, be- low obsoletely truncate ; umbilical area white spirally plicate, mar- gin crenulate ; parietal callous thin, wrinkled. Alt. 19, diam. 12 mill. (Fischer.) W. Coast of Africa. Monodonta kraussi PHILIPPI, Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1846, p. 100.— I7. kraussi PHIL. Conchy I. Cab., p. 82, 1. 14, f. 14. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 377, t. 114, f. 4. Allied according to Dr. Fischer, to T. cruciatus L. but distinguished by the less rounded whorls, shallower sutures, closer spiral lirse, smaller tooth at base of columella and by the well developed um- bilical crenulations. T. JUSSIEUI Payrandeau. PI. 11, figs. 36-38 ; pi. 19, fig. 11. Shell depressed-globose conic, umbilicate, polished, shining, black- ish, olive or purplish brown, unicolored, dotted or tessellated with white, often with short flames of white beneath the sutures and always more or less marked with white around the umbilicus ; spire conical, sutures simple, impressed ; whorls 5 to 6, convex, the upper surface marked with obsolete, frequently almost imperceptible lirse, the interstices between them finely spirally striate ; base smoother, 76 TROCHUS. lightly concentrically marked around the center ; aperture rounded, outer and basal margins crenulated within ; columella bearing a small tooth above and below, concave between them, deeply entering the umbilicus, but inserted on its edge ; umbilicus rather deep, smooth within, bordered by an irregularly crenulated rib. Alt. 11, diam. 14 mill ; alt. 8£ diam. 9 mill. Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. Monodontayussicei PAYR. Cat. Annelides et Moll. Corse, p. 136, t. 6, f. 24, 25 (l&Zfy.—M.jusaieui PHILIPPI, Enum. Moll. Sicil, ii, p. 157 (1844).— Trochus jussieui PHIL., Conchyl. Cab., p. 81, t. 14, f. 11. — FISCHER, Coq. viv., p. 238, t. 82, f. 1. — Clanculus jussieui BUCQ., DAUTZ. ET DOLLF., Moll. Mar. du Rouss., t. 50, f. 13-20, p. 413.— Clanculus blainvillei CANTRAINE, Malac. Medit. et lift. t. 6, f. 14, 14a ; Bull. Acad. Brux., ix, p. 344. — Trochus glomus PHILIPPI, Enum. Moll. Sicil., ii, p. 157, t. 25, f. 16 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 82, t. 14, f. 15. To be consistent, Payrandeau's original spelling of this name ought to be revived ; but since the emended form used by Philippi has been adopted by all modern authors we would perhaps in this case lose rather than gain by a rigid adherence to principle. The species was named in honor of M. ADRIEN DE JUSSIEU, " professeur au Jardin du Hoi." It is a variable form in size, coloration and sculpture ; the surface is remarkably smooth and shining for a Clanculus. The following color varieties are described by Messrs Bucquoy, Dautzenberg and Dollfus. (Moll, du Roussillon,p. 415.) Var. GLOMUS Phil. (pi. 19, figs. 9, 10). More decidedly lirate above than the type. This is a transition form to T. cruciatus. Var. STRIATA Monts. Small, polished, under a lens showing fine spiral lines. (Gulf of Gabes, Tunis.') Var. BLAINVILLEI (pi. 11, fig. 36). Conspicuously tessellated. Var. ROSEOCARNEA Monts. Roseate or violaceus in color. T. SPADICEUS Philippi. PL 9, figs. 97, 98 ; pi. 11, figs. 52, 53. Shell umbilicate, conoid, thick, shining; whorls 5£, convex, the first vivid rose-color, following chestnut-brown, subcanaliculate at the suture, in the middle subangulate, minutely spirally cingulate, the ridges about 9 on the penultimate whorl ; last whorl carinated, slightly convex beneath and paler, white and brown maculate, con- centrically marked with about 9 delicate line, the interstices radi- ately striate; aperture subtrapezoidal, plicate within; lip double, TROCHU8. 77 basal margin denticulate ; columella oblique, granulose without, above contorted, truncated below ; umbilical area white, with an interior spiral ridge, crenulated at margin ; columellar callous obso- lete. Alt. 10, diam. 14 mill. (Fischer.) W. Coast Equatorial Africa ; Annabon Id. T. spadiceusPmL, Zeitschr.f. Mai. 1848, p. 125. — Conchyl Cab., p. 239, t. 36, f. 7. — DUNKER, Lid. Moll. Guin. infer, coll. p. 17. t. 2, f. 43-45.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 390, t. 117, f. l.— T. ludwigi KRAUSS, Die. Sudaf. Moll. p. 99, t. 5, f. 33 (1848).— PHILIPPI Conchyl Cab., p. 323, t. 46, f. 5. Allied to the preceding by the comparatively smooth shell. T. ludwigi Krauss (pi. 13, figs. 93, 94) seems to be an immature form of spadicus, and if so probably has priority ; for the preface of Die Sudaf. Moll, is dated January, 1848. The diagnosis of Krauss is as follows : Shell obliquely conoidal, apex acute, umbilicate, roseate, sculpt- ured with irregular delicate transverse striae, which are subgranulose below the suture ; whorls 6, convex ; separated by subcanaliculate su- tures, the last subangulate; base convex, striate, with two white-spotted cinguli around the umbilicus ; umbilicus white, bounded by a prom- inent margin ; columella oblique, solute above, unidentate, base (4 or 5) denticulate ; aperture rounded-rhomboidal ; lip acute, callous and denticulate within. Alt. 2, 4, diam. 3 lines. (Krauss.) Cape of Good Hope. T. ATROPURPUREUS Gould. PL 15, figs. 50, 51 ; pi. 11, figs. 28-32; pi. 13, figs, 86-87. Shell depressed, conoid, umbilicate, dark purplish or ferrugineous brown, unicolored, the apex carmine; whorls 6, convex, granose- lirate, the sutures narrowly subcanaliculate, last whorl rounded at the periphery, abruptly briefly deflected anteriorly, encircled by 16 or 17 finely, very regularly but feebly granose line, which are wider on the base ; aperture rounded, outer and basal lips regularly curved thickened and finely crenulated within ; columella deeply entering the profound umbilicus, bearing a minute denticle above and at the base ; umbilicus profound, smooth within, bordered and constricted by a marginal rib bearing about four white teeth, the largest near to the parietal wall of the aperture. Alt. 7, diam. 9 mill. Samoan and Viti Is.; Sorong, New Guinea; San Christoval, Solomon Is.; Tutuila, Navigators' Is. 78 TROCHUS. Trochus (Monodonta) atropurpureus GLD., Proc. Host. Soc. Xat. Hut iii, p. 107 (1849).— U. S. Expl Exped. Shells, p. 189, t. 13, f. 224. — Trochus samoensis HOMBRON ET JACQUINOT, Voy. au Pole Sud. etc., Zool., v. p. 58, 1. 14, f. 21-25 (1854).— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 239, 1. 82, f. 2. A solid little species, evidently allied to the group of T. cru- ciatus (l< Clanculopsis "). Numerous specimens before me show little variation. The more notable characters are the uniform dark color with rosy apex, the very regular and superficial cutting of the lirse into beads on every part of the surface, and the teeth around the umbilicus. T. BATHYRHAPHE E. A. Smith. PI. 11, figs. 34, 35. Shell depressed-conic, the base flattened, olive-green, the apex green, ornamented with deep brown granules, rather widely umbil- icate; whorls 5i, convex, separated by a narrowly canaliculate suture, encircled by granose Iira3, about 7 on penultimate whorl ; last whorl with roundly angulated periphery, encircled by about 14 granulose lira?, umbilicus white, surrounded by a white granuliferous rib, and with a smooth rib within; aperture oblique, beautifully pearly, lirate within, lip with the outer margin crenulated, at the base strongly lirate ; columella inserted on the whorl above, oblique, dentate below. Alt. 6$, diam. 8-] mill. (Smith.') San Christoval, Solomon Is. Trochus ( Clanculus) bathyrhaphe SMITH, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, xii, p. 557, t. 30, f. 17 (1876). Distinguished from atropurpureus by the difference of color, more rounded spire, and the peculiarity of the umbilicus. The main color of bathyrhaphe is a very dark olive-green, the apex being bright green ; the granules of the infrasutural series, which are con- siderable larger than the rest, are dark brown at intervals, two or three together being of this color, and those between them of the same hue as the shell. The granules on the base are subalternately reddish-brown and greenish. (Smith.') T. MICRODON A. Adams. PI. 13, figs. 91, 92. Shell depressed conoidal, thick, solid, of a reddish-brown hue, interstices between the ribs, chocolate colored, above marked with a few broad yellowish or flesh-tinted maculations radiating from the sutures toward, but not quite reaching the periphery, which with the base, has the ribs sparcely dotted with white ; spire low-conic, apex TROCHUS. 79 roseate ; suture distinct, not canaliculate ; whorls 5, moderately convex, encircled by lirse more or less distinctly granulate, very unequal in size, numbering, on the last whorl about 14, the inter- stices closely obliquely striate, and usually bearing a minute central riblet ; body-whorl descending anteriorly, rounded at the periphery ; base convex, the revolving lirse more superficially and much more •closely cut into granules than those of the upper surface, and also broader, flatter, and equal in size, numbering 6 to 7, one or two around the umbilicus white, dotted with yellow or reddish, the remainder reddish-brown, sparcely articulated on the ribs with white, sometimes radiately marked with narrow white stripes ; aperture oblique, somewhat contracted, subcircular ; outer and basal lips thickened, finely crenulated within ; columella oblique, with a tooth-like fold above, solute, and deeply inserted upon the side of the umbilicus, middle portion concave, with a reflexed subdenticulate edge, ending beneath in a minute denticle ; umbilicus profound, smooth and polished within, bordered by a strong rib bearing 6 or 7 projecting white teeth, the upper one the largest. Alt. 9, diam. 12 mill. Andaman Is. Clanculus microdon A. AD., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 162. — E. A. SMITH, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 818, t. 50, f. 21. A species belonging to the group of atropurpureus, bathyrhaphe, etc., including species in which the base of the columelia is scarcely toothed, but passes into the basal margin in a regular curve, bearing several subequal denticles, the columella above inserted upon the side of the umbilicus instead of in the center of the axis as in the typical Clanculopsis. From T. atropurpureus, which seems to be its nearest ally, T. microdon differs in the larger size, variegated color- ation, and irregularity of the spiral ribs on the upper surface. T. PLEBEICJS Philippi. PL 10, figs. 19-22 ; pi. 13, figs. 1, 2. Shell small, depressed, umbilicate, pinkish brown, gray or yellow, the ribs articulated with dots of black and white, often forming radiating lines above, zigzag beneath, where yellow replaces pink in the ground-color ; spire low-conic, apex acute ; whorls about 5, coarsely lirate, the sutures subcanaliculate ; body-whorl obtusely angular at the periphery, its upper surface encircled by 4 coarse, somewhat beaded lirse, the upper two contiguous, the third separated by wide intervals above and below it, the fourth peripheral, usually 80 TROCHUS. formed of two ridges close together, the interstices bearing numerous fine spiral striae and sharp microscopic incremental stride ; base con- vex, concentrically sculptured with numerous (6 to 9) smooth striae, in the intervals between which very numerous microscopic striulse revolve ; aperture rounded, oblique, outer and basal margins thick- ened and very minutely crenulated within ; columella oblique not tortuous above, nor entering the umbilicus, but inserted upon its side; front edge nearly straight, denticulate at the base; umbilicus wide, not very deep, its margin somewhat denticulate. Alt. 7, diam. 10 mill. S. Australia ; Tasmania. T.plebejus PHIL. Zeitschr.f. Mai. 1851, p. 41, and Conchyl. Cub. p. 326, t. 46, f. 10.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 243, t. 83, f. 2, 2a.— Clanculus nodiliratus A. ADAMS, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 163. — C. nodolir- atus TENISON- WOODS, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1877, p. 40. Both Adams and Philippi proposed names for this form in 1851. I give precedence to that of the latter author because the description is better, and is accompanied by excellent figures. The species when typically developed is easily recognized by the very coarse sculpture of the upper surface, and the minute concentric striation of the base and interstices. To this (typical) form Dr. Fischer gave the mss. name T. muscarius, which he considers a var. /?. of plebejus. There are also smoother forms exhibiting numerous line above, which, while still unequal in size, are not nearly so prominent as in the types. These specimens (pi. 13, figs. 77, 78) have a rounded pe- riphery, and only the upper few lirae are gran u lose. In the Academy collection they are marked C. rubicundus Mighels ; but I have seen no description of such a species by that author. The ground color is yellowish, obliquely, narrowly radiate above and below with blackish lines, edged anteriorly with white, the lines of base and top uniting in a V-shaped angle on the periphery, when the pattern is, not too much interrupted. T. BICARINATUS Angas. PI. 11, figs. 33. Shell umbilicated, turbinate, solid, very dark purplish-brown ; whorls 6, prominently keeled in the center, the last whorl with two keels, one above and one below the periphery, sculptured all over with distinct separated rows of regular, close-set bead-like nodules, those on the keels being double the size of those between them, the interstices crossed with fine oblique striae ; outer lip strongly dentate TROCHUS. 81 within, and surrounded by a row of black spots at the margin ; col- umella nearly straight, with a small tooth-like projection at either end, the margin of the false-umbilicus dentate, with an incurved tooth above, and crenate at the base, around the umbilical margin white; interior pearly white. Alt. 12, diam. 16 mill. (Angas.) Port Darwin, N. Australia. C. bicarinatas ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1880, p. 419, t. 40, f. 4. This shell is remarkable from its having too strong keels on the last whorl, and also on account of its uniform dark brown color. (Angas.) T. GRANOSUS Brazier. Shell conoid, spire prominent, apex white, smooth; whorls 4], flattened, spirally encircled with four rows of beaded grains, the two upper near the suture being the smallest, interstices with very minute oblique striae, ornamented with white and light brown flames ; suture deep, last whorl large and inflated, having rive beaded rows of grains, the last being contiguous to the suture ; base slightly convex, finely grained; aperture oblique, triangularly ovate; peristome denticulated; columella white; umbilicus marginal plicated and denticulated below. Alt. 6, diam. maj. 5J, min. 4J mill. (Brazier.} Barnard Is., JVo. Ill, N.-E. Australia. Clanculus granosus BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ii, p. 43 (1878). Found in crevices of large blocks of coral. I cannot determine the specific relationships of this unfigured Clanculus, as the descrip- tion gives no details of the structure of the columella. T. RINGENS Menke. PL 11, figs. 49, 50. Shell perforate, conical ; whorls 7, the first smooth, yellowish, following planulate, separated by canaliculate sutures, maculate with chestnut and white, spirally cingulate above with 4 elegantly gran- ulate ridges, the upper and lower the larger, last whorl acutely carinated ; base slightly convex, ornamented with 8 to 9 granose cinguli ; aperture rhomboidal, obliquer narrow ; basal margin sul- cate-denticulate ; columella strong, oblique, terminating below in A large tooth, ringent above ; columella callous, ringent, plicate. Alt. 10, diam. 11 mill. (Fischer.) S. Australia, Port. Lincoln; Van Diemen's Land. 82 TROCHUS. Monodonta ringens MENKE, Spec. Moll. Nov. Holl. p. 14, no. 53 (not M. ringens PHIL. 1846). — T. ringens PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 235, t. 36. f. 1.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 213, t. 71, f. 1. May be known by the conical form, not depressed rior gibbous like the majority of Clanculus. It is sometimes quite narrow, the altitude greater than the diameter. T. LACEYI Sowerby Jr. PL 18, fig. 21. Shell conical, grayish-brown, all over covered with series of mi- nute granules ; whorls 6, conspicuously bi-angulate ; last whorl slightly convex beneath ; umbilicus white, deeply excavated ; aperture oblique, fauces iridescent, obsoletely sulcate ; columella obscurely folded above, conspicuously uniplicate at base. Alt. 14, diam. 13 mill. (Sowerby. ~) Port Elizabeth, S. Africa. Clanculus laceyi SOWB., Jo-urn of Conchol. (Leeds) vi, 1889, p. 11, t. l,f. 16. An interesting bi-angulated species, more conical than C. car- inatus. (Sowb.) Unfigured, imperfectly known and insufficiently described species of Clanculus. The following species are known to me only by the descriptions, which are reprinted in full below. A few have been recognized by Australian naturalists, and in these cases I have given such addi- tional information as is accessible to me. Most of those descriptions by A. Adams, without either locality or measurements are mere trash. Such careless work does not deserve recognition. The arrangement is alphabetical ; but the original sequence of the descriptions may be determined by the species number. CLANCULUS ACUMINATUS A. Adams. C. testa elevato-conica ; spira acuminata, fusca, nigro-fusca punctata, cingulis transversis subdistantibus granorum ornata ; interstitiis lineis transversis et longitudinalibus decussatis; margine umbilici subnodulosa ; col- umella margine reflexo, integro, basi dente simplici magno terminate; labro intus lirato. Sibonga, island of Zebu, under stones. (Cuming.) Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1851, p. 160, no. 31. CLANCULUS ALBINUS A. Adams. C. testa conoidea, albida, cing- ulis granorum confertis ornata, grauis nonnullis fusca-punctatis ; TROCHUS. 83 anfr. convexis, ultimo rotundato ; margine umbilici plicato-dentato ; columella callosa, plicis duabus transversis, basi dente triplicate terminata ; labro superne inflexo, intus lirato ; tuberculo magno "trisulcato prope marginem superiorem. Habitat unknown. L. c. p. 160, no. 32. CLANCULUS BRUNNEUS A. Adams. C. testa depresso-conica, fusca, ciagulis granorum subdistantibus ornata ; interstitiis longitudinaliter elevata striatis ; anfr. planiusculis, ultimo acute angulato, umbilici margine plana ; columella transversim plicata, margine fimbriata, basi dente bi-plicato terminata ; labro intus lirato, lira suprema majore. Habitat unknown* L. c. p. 161, no. 37. CLANCULUS CINGULIFER A. Adams. C. testa elevato-conoidea, carneola, cingulo albo rufoque articulate ornata ; anfr. rotundatis, cingulis transversis granosis sculptis ; basi concava, peromphalo albo rosea radiato, margine plicato ; columella crassa, supra nodosa, infra uniplicata ; basi dente triplicate terminata ; labro intus lirato ; tuberculo maximo prope margine superiorem. Habitat unknown. L. c. p. 160, no. 28. CLANCULUS CONSPERSUS A. Adams. C. testa orbiculato-conica, rufescente, albo rubroque variegata, cingulis moniliformibus trans- versis ornata, cingulo infra suturam majore, anfractu ultimo angu- lato ; columella antice plica magna transversa terminata, postice subcanaliculata vix tortuosa ; labro intus valde dentato-lirato. Habitat unknown. L. c. p. 163, no. 46. — TENTSON-WOODS, Proc. Eoy. Soc. Tasmania, 1877, p. 40. Tenison-Woods says of this species : A trochiform coarsely gran- ular shell, with last whorl subangular, variegated red and white ; toothed on the inner lip. Alt. 11, diam. 13 mill, whorls 4$. N.-E. Tasmania ; Bass' Sts. CLANCULUS PEPICTUS A. Adams. C. testa conoidea, pseud o- umbilicata, albida, viridi fuscoque radiatim picta, cingulis sub- granosis insequalibus ornata ; anfr. planis, ultimo ad peripheriam angulato ; margine umbilici simplice ; columella superne uniplicata, 84 TROCHUS. inferne tuberculis ' tribus parvis instructa ; intus lirato, margins Isevi. Bombay (Cuming.) A prettily variegated conical species, somewhat resembling a Polydonta in appearance. (A. Ad.) P. Z. S. 1854, p. 316. CLANCULUS EDENTULUS A. Adams. C. testa orbiculato-conoidea, sordido rufa, albo variegata, cingulis transversis granosis sculpta; anfr. parum convexis, umbilici margine subcrenulata ; columella supra plicata, infra edentula, margine infra tuberculis tribus ; labro intus subsulcato. Habitat unknown. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 162, no. 40. CLANCULUS JUCUNDUS Gould. Testa parvula, depressa, ovato- conica ochracea vel rufescens; anfr. 5, convexis, prope suturam tessellatis, interdum omnino strigatis, liris inrequalibus cinctis, ad anfr. majores gemmatis ; sutura canaliculata ; basi rotundato ; um- bilico crenulato; dente columellari eminente, acuto ; labro intus sulcato. Alt, 5, diam. 5 mill. Sydney, N. S. W. About the size of C. minor. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, viii, p. 17 (March, 1861). — Otia Conch., p. 156. CLANCULUS MACULOSUS A. Adams. C. testa elevato-conoidea, rufo-fusca, maculis albidis variegata ; anfr. rotundatis, cingulis granorum ornatis, interstitiis oblique striatis, margine umbilici crenulato ; columella supra tuberculo magno instructa, basi dente biplicato terminata ; labro intus lirato, lira suprema maxima. Habitat unknown. P. Z. S., 1851, p. 160, no. 29. CLANCULUS MINOR A. Adams. C. testa parva, conica, albida, fasciis rufo-fuscis radiatim ornata ; anfr. planis, cingulus transversis granosis sculpta, anfractu ultimo angulato, basi planiuscula, margiue umbilici crenulata ; columella tuberculo decurvato terminata ; labro intus lirato. Id. of Masbate, sandy mud, 7 fms. (Cuming.) L. c. p. 161, no. 36. CLANCULUS NIGRICANS A. Adams. C. testa depresso-conica, umbilicate, nigricante ; aiifr. planis, cingulis quinque granulatis ornata, ultimo augulata, carinis planis duabus in parte inferiore, TROCHUS. 85 cingulis 5-6 articulatis sulcisque intermediis sculpta ; umbilici margin e crenulato ; columella recta, superne soluta, in parte super- lore tuberculata, extus tuberculis tribus instructa ; labro intus Isevi. Habitat unknown. L. c. p. 162, no. 41. CLANCULUS ORMOPHORUS A. Adams. C. testa depresso-conica, umbilicata, anfr. rotundatis, cingulis granorum sequalibus ornatis, cingulo primo, secundo et tertio granis fuscis albis alternantibus, quarto granis fuscis ornato ; anfractu penultimo gibboso, ultimo rotundato ; umbilico crenulato ; columella callosa, subreflexa, basi dente triplicate. Habitat unknown. L. c. p. 159, no. 26. TROCHUS PLANOSPIRUS Kiener. This species is known only by two illustrations in Kiener's Spec, et iconogr., genus Trochus, pi. 56, fig. 3 (copied on my pi. 11, figs. 41, 42). One of these figures is probably C. floridus Phil. ; the other is a different species, but it is practically unidentifiable because of the total lack of knowledge we have of the aperture. CLANCULUS SULCARIUS A. Adams. C. testa parva, albida, fasciis fuscis radiatim ornata, cingulis distantioribus granorum instructa, interstitiis longitudinaliter oblique striatis ; anfr. parum convexis ; margine umbilici crenulato ; columella dente pliciformi ; labro intus crenulato. Id. of Masbate, sandy mud, 1 fms. (Cuming.) P. Z. S., 1851, p. 160,no.30. CLANCULUS TEXTILOSUS A. Adams. C. testa conoidea, spira acuminata, cingulis granorum inaequalibus ornata, primo, tertio et sexto coccinea, secundo, quarto, quinto et septimo granis albis nigris alternantibus ornata ; margine umbilici dentato ; columella biplicata, margine acuta, basi dente triplicate terminata ; labro intus lirato, prope marginem superiorem tuberculo magno. Id. of Ticao, sandy mud, 6 fms. (Cuming.) i.e. p. 161, no. 35. CLANCULUS TURBINOIDES A. Adams. C. testa turbinato-conoidea, fusca, cingulis subdistantibus granorum ornata ; interstitiis lineis transversis prominulis ; anfractibus rotundatis, sutura canaliculata, basi cingulis concentricis granorum instructa ; umbilico dentato ; columella sulcata, margine reflexa, tuberculis quatuor ; labro intus lirato. Habitat unknown. 86 MONODONTA. L. c. p. 160, no. 33. CLANCULUS ZEBRIDES A. Adams. C. testa conoidea, fuscesceni, nigro-fusco radiatim picta, cingulis grauorum sculpta ; intersititiis lineolis transversis elevatis ; anfr. rotund atis ; umbilici margine crenulata ; columella supra tuberculo, margine callosa, basi tuberculo magno terminate ; labro intus dentibus linearibus instructo. Habitat unknown. L.c.p. 161, no. 39. Said by Tenison- Woods to be the same as C. variegatus A. Ad. Genus MONODONTA Lamarck, 1801. Monodonta LAM. Syst. des. An. s. Vert. p. 87 (1801). — GRAY, Syst. Dist. Moll. Brit. Mus., p. 155.— A. AD. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 173.— H. and A. AD., Gen. Rec. Moll, i, p. 417. — WOODWARD, Manual of Moll. p. 144.^-FiscHER, Man. de Conchyl., p. 820. — Labio OKEN, Lehrbuch, p. 263, and some other authors. — Monodontes MONTF. Conch. Syst. ii, p. 195. — Trochidon SWAINS. Treatise on Malacol. p. 351. — Odontis SOWERBY, Cat. Tankerv. coll. p. 53. — Trochulus HUMPH. — Monodon SCHWEIGGER. The genus Monodonta was first separated from the Linnseau genus Trochus by Lamarck in 1801, T. labio L. being given as the type. Later, Lamarck included many species of such dissimilar groups as Tectarius, etc ; but modern authors have restricted the genus to the toothed Trochids allied to the type. Monodonta consists of globose-conoidal shells with more rounded body-whorl and aperture than Trochus. With the exception of several forms from the West Coast of S. America, the species are all Old World in distribution, mostly tropical. All are littoral. Geo- logically, the genus dates from the Trias. The prominent character of the dentition (pi. 50, figs. 5, 12) is the development of the lateral basal angles of the central and lateral teeth into broadly projecting lobes imbricating over the adjacent tooth ; the cusp of the central is wide, shortly reflexed, its edge denticulate at the sides, smooth in the middle. Subgenus MONODONTA Lam. Section Monodonta (restricted). M. LABIO Linne. PL 19, figs. 95, 96. Shell imperforate globose-turbinate, very solid, grayish-pink or greenish, mottled or longitudinally striped with purplish-red or MONODONTA. o7 blackish ; spire conic, acute ; whorls 6-7, slightly convex, spirally sculptured with coarse, irregular, coarsely granose lime, about 6 in number on the penultimate whorl ; sutures not much impressed, the whorl flattened just below it; last whorl globose, rounded; base rounded ; aperture oblique lined with a white porcellaneous layer, rounded, the outer and basal lips margined with green, beveled to an edge, plicate within ; columella short, projecting and terminating as a square tooth-like prominence into the aperture below, forming a square notch between it and the oblique plications of the base ; parietal wall not calloused above. Alt. 35-40, diam. 28-34 mill. Indian Ocean; E. African Coasts; E. Indies; Japanese and Chi- nese Seas. An abundant and mutable species, very variable in the compar- ative length of the spire, and in coloration. Trochus lafyio LINN, Syst. Nat. x, p. 759 (1758). — Monodonta labio LA.MARCK, Encyc. Meth., p. 447, f. 1, 2 and of. other authors. -Trochus labio PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 166, t. 27, f. 1-4, t. 44, f. 8.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 223, t. 73, f. 1, t. 74, f. 4.— Monodonta confusa, TAP-CAN., Zool. Viaggio della Magenta, Malac., p. 61, t. 1, f. 8 (1874). TroschePs figure of the dentition of this species is given on PI. 50, fig. 5. Var. CONFUSA Tapparone-Canefri. PI. 22, fig. 37. This form, of which typical examples are before me, is shaped like M. labio ; the color is pink, longitudinally clouded with dusky ; the penultimate whorl bears 5 or 6, the last 13 or 14 spiral ridges ; the second one from the suture is very narrow ; the others are subequal, but become smaller beneath ; there are no lirulse intercalated between the ridges on the last whorl, as is usually the case in M. labio ; and the ridges are very conspicuously and regularly cut into oblong subquadrangular or lozenge-shaped grains by vertical iinpres-: sions as deep as the inter-liral grooves ; the basal tooth of the col- umella is smaller and more acute than in typical M. labio. Alt. 16, diam. 15 ; alt. 20, diam. 18 mill. Singapore. Var. minor, or immanis of Fischer (1880) seems to be identical with confusa. Tapparone-Canefri's figure, copied on my plate, does not distinctly enough show the coarsely granose character of the lira?. The figure 88 of plate 62 represents, according to Philippi an aberrant form of M. labio. MONODONTA. M. AUSTRALIS Lamarck. PL 62, figs. 84, 85. Shell similar to M. labio, but with rounder whorls, more marked sutures, the lirse lower, not granulose, tessellated with black and , hist large, rounded, hinder 102 MONODONTA. part with three to six spiral keels; axis imperforated ; throat smooth and silvery. (J. E. Gray.) E. Coast New Zealand. M. subrostrata GRAY, in Yate's Account of New Zealand, etc., (1835).— SMITH, Voy. Erebus and Terror, Moll., p. 4, t. 1, f. 14.— HUTTON, Manual N. Z. Moll, p. 96; Trans. N. Z. List, xv, t. 15, f. a; Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1884, p. 367. The figures are from Smith. I have not seen this species. Hut- ton's description of it is as follows : Shell with subnodulose spiral ribs which are distant on the upper surface and closer on the base ; yellowish, with undulating longitudinal purple lines ; mouth yellow, more or less marked with purple. M. MORIO Troschel. PI. 35, figs. 26, 27. Shell semiglobose, imperforate, thin, obsoletely transversely sulcate, black, with irregularly scattered white dots ; aperture subtetragomil ; columella very oblique, nodulous, continued in a porcellanous band parallel to the lip; lip acute, within blackish-green. Xearly allied to T. rethiops, but more depressed, with more numerous, less dis- tinct transverse stria?, often wanting above ; the white dots ir- regularly scattered upon the greenish-black ground. Oblique alt. 10, diam. 14 mill. (Philippi.) Habitat unknown. T. morio TROSCHEL in PHILIPPI, Conchy 1. Cab., p. 142, t. 24, f. 3. Known to me only by Philippi's description and figures. It is probably the same as Watson's T. porcifer, and if so has priority. M. PORCIFERA Watson. PI. 22, figs. 53, 54. Shell depressed globose, imperforate, spirally superficially lirate, black, very sparcely dotted with white ; spire short and much de- pressed, or slightly elevated ; apex acute ; suture linear, margined below ; whorls about 5, very rapidly widening, the last very large, depressed, the base with a small eroded patch in front of the aper- ture ; aperture very large, very oblique, the outer lip not thickened within, margined with black, nacreous and iridescent, smooth, but showing very distinct entering folds in the texture of the nacre, corresponding to the lira? of the outer surface ; columella oblique, sub-straightened, but not really dentate, quite broad and flat or subconcave, composed of white, opaque substance, expanded above upon the parietal wall but not extending to the superior lip, nor MOXODONTA. 103 bordered anteriorly by a nacreous strip uniting with that of the upper lip, as in the case m M. nigerrima ; place of the umbilicus marked by a slight pit; opaque substance of the columella extend- ing upon the base of the aperture, forming a strong ledge within. Alt. 12, diam. 15; alt, 10, diam. 13* mill. Xew Zealand. ? Labio porcifera A. AD. P. Z. S., 1851, p. 179. — Trochus porcifer WATSON, ('/uif/on/er Mo//., p. (17, t, 4, f. 12. — Diloma nigerrlmn HTTTTOX, M.unutl X. Z. Moll, p. 96; and Trans. X. Z. Institute, xv, p. 125, t. 15, f. B. (Dentition.) (Not T. nigerrima (Gm.) Phil.) The present species has been confounded by most authors with the Chilian M. nigerrima. From that form it may be readily distin- guished by the following characters : The spiral line are much coarser and generally more conspicuous, although occasionally obsolete on the last whorl ; they number 15 to 18 on the body-whorl ; the form is more depressed ; the spiral undulations of the nacre within the outer lip much more obvious and coarser; the columella less concave ; the parietal wall without the nacreous band which connects the terminations of the lip in M. nigerrima, and upon care- ful inspection a few white or yellowish dots may be detected upon the black surface, especially on the base, thus showing the affinities of the species to be with M. striolata and M. a-thiops rather than with M. nigerrima. The surface is rather smooth and polished, with light growth-lines. The animal is black ; head with a transverse band of yellow near the front margin ; rostrum margined with white ; tentacles long and tapering, longitudinally striped with black and yellowish ; filaments blue-black, three on a side, sometimes a fourth on the left side ; foot white, closely and finely marbled with blue-black, and broadly margined with yellow veined with black. Its movements are said by Hutton, from whom I have taken the above description of the animal, to be very rapid, quite different from the other species of Neodiloma. M. COKACINA (Troschel) Philippi. PI. 19, fig. 94; pi. 31, fig. 28. Shell small, imperforate, orbicular-conoid, depressed, solid, luster- less purplish-black, unicolored, or sparcely dotted (especially beneath) with yellowish ; spire conic, short, eroded, whitish ; suture scarcely impressed ; whorls 4-5, slightly convex, the last large, spirally lirate, the lira? more or less obsolete, about 5 to 8 on the 104 MOXODONTA. penultimate, 10-15 on the last whorl ; body-whorl depressed, obtusely angulate around the periphery, eroded in front of the aperture ; aperture very oblique ; outer lip acute, not thickened inside, black edged, within pearly, iridescent, the nacre smooth but^ showing fine folds like line within ; columella very oblique, arcuate, extending upon the basal lip ; columellar area rather wide, concave. Alt. 6-9, diam. 8*-10 mill. New Zealand ; Cook's Sts. T. coracinus TROSCHEL in PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 148, t. 24, f. 13.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 357, t. 110, f. 6. Allied to M, porcifer ; but differing in the smaller size, more depressed body-whorl, angulate periphery and more conic shape. I have copied the locality given above from Fischer, as the spec- imens before me are without data. Hutton does not mention the species in his Catalogue of N. Z. Mollusca. M. MELANOLOMA Menke. PL 22, figs. 56, 57. Shell i mperforate, globose-conical, solid, surface dull, roughened, corroded, dark purplish, overlaid by a more or less eroded yellowish white layer, coarsely obsoletely sublirate ; spire conic, apex eroded ; whorls about 5, the last globose, not eroded in front of the aperture; aperture oblique, nacreous and apparently smooth within ; outer lip bordered by a narrow yellow or white followed by a black strip ; columella short, oblique, sub-straightened, white, dilated upon the parietal wall but not extending to the upper lip, slightly pitted at the place of the umbilicus, subconcave. Alt. lo. diam. 16 mill. •New Zealand. Monodonta melanoloma MKNKK, Moll. Nov. Holl., p. 14 (1843). — PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 146, t. 24, f. 9. — Labio corrosa A. ADAMS, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 180. — Diloma corrosa, HUTTON, Manual X. Z. Moll, p. 96. — D. hectori HUTTON, Cat. Mar. Moll. JV. Z., p. 37. — Iroclio- cochlea chloropodaTATE, Zool. and Pal. Misc., p. 10 (Teste HUTTON). — -Monodonta melaloma HUTTON, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1884, p. 366. I follow Hutton in referring this form to Menke's M. melanohtim, although I am not absolutely sure that such reference is correct. This species may be known by the corroded, dull appearance and by the margin of yellow within the lip ; the columella is like that of M. porcifer, but not so broad. My description and figures are from 'MONODONTA. 105 specimens received from Professor HUTTON, who considers it doubt- fully distinct from M. undulosa Ad. The animal is like that species. Var. PLUMBEA Hutton. PI. 20, figs. 15-17. Shell globose-conic, imperforate, solid, dull purplish, the spin- eroded, white, the base usually somewhat eroded, bluish ; spire conic, acute ; whorls 4-5, the last obsoletely coarsely lirate ; aperture as in M. melanoloma, but outer lip margined within only by black ; colu- mella as in M. melanoloma, but bordered outside by black. Alt. 141, diam. 16 mill. Xeiv Zealand. Diloma plmnbea BUTTON, Trans. X. Z. Institute, xv, p. 126 (1883). Animal, according to Hutton, like M. rethiops, the foot being margined with a band of black and white transverse stripes. Denti- tion ; central teeth as in M. corrosa ; cutting points of laterals dentic- ulated on both sides; cutting points of inner marginals denticulated on outer edges only ; those of outer marginals on both edges. Shell like M. corrosa, but lacking the marginal yellowT stripe within the lip. The specimens described and figured were received from Profes- sor HUTTON. Var. UNDULOSA A. Adams. PL 22, figs. 45-47. Yellowish, with longitudinal undulating lines of dark purple, or altogether purple ; mouth yellow, articulated with purplish-black. (Hutton.') Banks Peninsula to Dunedin, X. Z. Chlorottoma unduloswn A. AD., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 182.— E. A. SMITH, Zoo/. Erebus and Terror, Mollusca, p. 4, t. 1, f. 15 (1874). — Diloma undulosa HUTTON, Manual X. Z. Moll., p. 96 (1880).— T. uttrihi* HOMBR. ET JACQ., Voy. au Pole Slid., p. 57, t, 14, f. 19-20 (1853).— FISCHER, Coq. Fit'., p. 186, t. 61, f. 2. Var. GUTTATA Hutton. Dark purple, usually spotted with white; mouth black; columellar lip greenish at base ; interior highly iridescent, markedly grooved. This variety looks like a hybrid between M. nigerrima [M. porci- fer !] and M. melanoloma. (Hutton.") Nelson, X. Z. M. CARBONARIA Philippi. PI. 34, fig. 30. Shell elevated-conoidal, imperforate, solid, smooth, black ; whorls slightly convex, the last rounded; aperture rhombic-rounded, 106 MONODONTA. triangulate ; columella oblique, subtruncate and biuodulose at base ; lip acute, wide, with a porcellauous greenish margin, edged with black, inside of which it is silvery, pearly, throat porcellanous, subsulcate. (Phil.) The shell is rather thick ; the whorls are slightly convex, the upper ones eroded, grayish- white, the last impressed at the suture, rounded beneath. The columella is round, oblique, and makes a distinct angle with the preceding whorl ; below it is truncated, and has two little tubercles ; the upper angle of the aperture is rounded, not channeled, even if distinctly angular. The place of the inner lip is absorbed, smoothed (forming a negative inner lip). In the umbilical region there is a porcellanous, slightly callous deposit. Alt. 34, diam. 31 mill. (Philippi.) Kim/ George's Sound, S. Australia. Can this T. carbonarius be only an adult specimen of T. diloma Mcnke? The latter is distinguished by (1) its smaller size, (2) the entirely black margin of the outer lip, (3) a distinct furrow at the upper angle of the aperture, (4) the much less conspicuous angle the columella makes with the upper whorl, (5) in lacking truncation and denticles at the base of the columella. (Philippi.) T. carbonarius PHIL. Zeitschr.f. MaL, 1848, p. 105 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 276, t. 40, f. 9. Known to me only by the above description and figure. (Compare Cklorostoma fnnebrale.) M. NERITOIDES Philippi. PI. 34, figs. 20-22. Shell semiglobose, very oblique, imperforate, smooth, black, painted with numerous white zigzag lines; whorls rapidly widening; spire retuse ; aperture semiovate; lip thin, duplicated and coarsely crenate; columella flat, grooved by a parallel sulcus, terminating in an acute tooth below. (Phil.) The shell is very similar to a Nerita on account of its semiglobose form, very obtuse spire, flat base and rapidly widening whorls. I count 5 volutions ; the uppermost are flat, and spirally striate ; the penultimate convex, the last completely smooth, obliquely descending, flatly depressed above, almost concave. The aperture is almost exactly like that of T. canaliferus. The outer lip is on its outer part, inside the edge lined with mother-of-pearl, visibly furrowed ; on this part borders a white porcellanous coat, underneath standing out like a rib, on the base cut by two furrows ; the throat is nacreous all around. The columella is compressed, flat, arcuate, produced into a 3IONODONTA. 107 sharp tooth below, and outwardly with a furrow parallel with its free margin. The color is black, with narrow white dense zigzag curved streaks. The spire is pure black. Oblique alt. 13, diam. 15 mill. There are forms with more elevated whorls, departing a little from the usual form. (Philippi.) Habitat unknown. T. veritoides PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1849, p. 170,— Conchyl. Cab., p. .°>03, t. 44, f. 4. This form may be the same as that I have described below as M. perplexa. It is said to be very blunt in the spire, and differently colored. M. PERPLEXA Pilsbry. PI. 35, figs. 6-8. Shell depressed-conoid, imperforate, oblique, light green, radiately flamulate above with wide zigzag dark green stripes, more narrowly striped below, encircled about the middle with a well-defined lighter zone ; the entire surface polished, and marked with numerous .tlirjhtly impressed light-colored spiral lines; spire very short, conic, acute ; sutures more impressed than usual in this group ; whorls 5, quite convex, the upper ones ruddy or purplish, the last very large,, slightly compressed just below the suture, gently descending an- teriorly ; aperture very large, very oblique ; outer lip thin, acute, pearly, iridescent, and uppim.'iitly lirate within; columella extremely oblique, its inner edge concave, distinctly toothed or hooked below, bearing a shallow groove parallel with the edge, from the place of the umbilicus downward ; columellar area very wide, white. Alt. 84, diam. 10 mill. Japan. This form is very oblique, like M. constellata. From that species it differs in the characters italicized in the above description. There is a distinct ledge within the base, as in M. nigerrima, M. porcifera etc. The notch at the base of the columella is more decided than in any other species of Neodiloma, and raises a doubt concerning the true position of the species. The specimens before me were received from the Smithsonian Institution. Compare preceding species. M. GUTTATA Koch. PL 34, figs. 16, 17. Shell small, narrowly umbilicate, depressed conical, very smooth, upper surface with distant impressed lines, black, subtessellated with scattered white spots ; aperture rhomboidal, patulous ; um- 108 MONODONTA. bilicus narrow ; columella arcuate, terminating at base in an obtuse denticle. (Philippi.) j he shell is much depressed, with 5'. rapidly widening whorls, which are above flat, the rest convex ; the last is slightly angled, and has above eight equally widely spaced impressed spiral lines, which do not modify the smoothness of the surface. The base also has a pair of impressed lines ; the umbilicus is narrow, the columella arcuate, with a blunt denticle below. The color is black above, brown beneath, both sides guttate with yellowish-white spots ar- ranged in rows. Alt. 3, diam. 5 mill. (Philippi) Habitat unknown. T. guttatus KOCH, Zeitschr. /. Mai., 1846, p. 104.— PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 178, t. 28, f. 4. Philippj's description, remarks and figures are copied. M. STURNUS Muhlfeld. PI. 34, figs. 18, 19. Shell imperforate, convexo-orbicular, black, ornamented with white-spotted slightly elevated transverse lines; columella very oblique, continued upon the base in a lobe parallel with the lip. {Phil.} I have seen two examples of this species, in the Anton collection. The shell is pretty depressed, and seems to consist of only 4 whorls ; these are so flat, and separated by such slightly impressed sutures that one has difficulty in distinguishing them. It is hard to count the elevated transverse lines, they are so inconspicuous. The aper- ture is large, rounded-quadrangular ; the inner lip is, as Muhlfeld correctly says, concave, or rather, surrounded by a little trench, and the basal lip is continued parallel beyond it. The columella is very oblique, compressed, its edge rounded, not acute, and it is continued upon the base in a callous lobe parallel with the outer lip, which has 8 to 10 furrows inside, corresponding to the lirse of the outer surface. The color is black, usually with yellow dots on the spiral lira?. Alt'. 4'., diam. nearly 8 mill. (Philippi.) T. sturmis MUHLF. Mag. Berl. Gesell. nat. Freunde. viii, p. 8, t. 2, f. 12.— PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 269, t. 39, f. 14. Probably a young shell of one of the New Zealand or Australian species. It cannot be from the Antilles, as Muhlfeld supposed. M. CONSTE LLATA Souverbie. PI. 35, figs. 9, 10 ; pi. 62, figs. 69-71. Shell imperforate, orbiculate-conic, slightly elevated, oblique, the base very wide, longitudinally very obliquely subtly striate, and MONODONTA. marked with a few spiral subimpressed lines which are sometimes obsolete, leaving the surface smooth ; color plumbeous ashen, often with a pink tinge, speckled closely with white dots, and encircled witli two dark bands which are articulated with larger spots of white; sutures impressed ; whorls 5, subconvex, the last forming the greater portion of the shell, compressed, obtusely angulated, depressed below the suture, the surface of the base almost entirely occupied by the parieto-columellar area ; aperture very oblique, pearly, iridescent inside ; outer lip acute, thin, continued on the base in an angle which bounds the columellar area ; columella subhorizontal, thin, very wide, subconcave, white, bounded by a narrow brown streak outside. Alt. <», diuin. 10 mill. JYetu Caledonian Archipelago. T. comtellatus SOUVERBIE, Journ. de Conch., 1863, p. 279, t. 12, f. 3.— FISHER, Coq. Viv., p. 271, t. 90, f. 1. A very depressed, almost Trochita-shaped species. There is con- siderable variation in the color-pattern. Unlike most of the preced- ing species, the base is not lined with a white thickened continuation of the columella. M. EXCAVATA Adams et Angus. PI. 35, figs. 1, 2, 3. Shell small, imperforate, depressed-conic, oblique, light green, closely maculated and mottled in minute pattern with dark olive, the markings sometimes assuming the form of obliquely descending dark bars; spire conoidal, the apex eroded, whitish; the penultimate whorl quite convex, ruddy or purplish ; suture well impressed ; whorls 4, the last conic above, flattened beneath, carinate at the periphery ; almost the entire surface of the base occupied by the large, very oblique aperture ; outer lip acute, arcuate, not thickened within, inside brilliantly iridescent, smooth or nearly so; columella subhorizontal, its edge arcuate, thin, acute, extending below upon the base, forming a ledge within the basal lip; parieto-columellar area very large, eroded, concave, white. Alt. 5, diam. 6 mill. New Zealand. Trochocochlea excavata AD. and ANG., P. Z. S., 1864, p. 37. — HUTTOX, Manual X. Z. Moll., p. 97. A species allied to M. constellata, but smaller, lacking dark Spiral bands, more angular at the periphery, more concave beneath, and with the columella prolonged in a distinct ledge within the basal lip. To M. perplexa it is also related ; but is smaller, more angulated, 110 MONODONTA. more concave beneath, and does not possess the peculiar notch at the base of the columella characteristic of that form. M. ATROVIRENS Philippi. PL 22, figs. 48-50. Shell imperforate, orbiculate-conoidal, depressed ; whorls 6, sep- arated by impressed sutures, slightly convex, greenish-black, shining, spirally sulcate, the sulci about 5 on the penultimate whorl ; last whorl much dilated, slightly depressed above, rounded in the middle, very obliquely striate, obsoletely transversely sulcate, slightly convex beneath ; aperture subrhomboidal, lirate within ; lip acute, green ; basal margin thickened within ; columella compressed, white, arcuate ; columellar callous broadly expanded, subdepressed at the place of the umbilicus. Alt. 9, diam. 14 mill. (Fischer.) Bay of Tasmania ; New Zealand. Trochus atrovirens PHIL. Conchy 1. Cab., p. 148, t. 24, f. 12.— FISCHER Cog. Viv., p. 373, t. 114, f. 1. Not noted by Hutton. Reported from New Zealand on the authority of Quoy and Gaimard. JVI. PIPERINA Philippi. PL 22, figs. 39, 40 ; pi. 35, figs. 4, 5. Shell small, globose-conic, imperforate, thick, solid, blackish, speckled and maculated all over with yellowish, the body- whorl spirally encircled by two narrow bands of black articulated with orange ; spire short, generally eroded more or less, apex acute or eroded ; whorls 4 to 5, slightly convex, spirally finely striate, the stria? often almost obsolete ; aperture rounded, outer lip arcuate, acute, thickened within, the nacre inside appearing finely lirate ; col- umella short, oblique, not as wide as usual in this group, quite obviously bluntly toothed in the middle. Alt. 8, diam. 1\ mill. Fiji a,nd Viti Is. T. piperinus PHILIPPI, Zeitschr. f. Mai, 1848, p. 111. — Conchy I. Cao., p. 205, t. 30, f. 10.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 260, t. 87, f. 3.— T. amce.nus GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., iii, p. 107, 1849 — 17. S. Expl. Exped. Moll., p. 187, t. 13, f. 218, 1852. A globose-conic, solid little species, not likely to be confounded with any other, as the coloration, form and sculpture are very char- acteristic. Figs. 4, 5, of plate 35, are T. amoenus Gld. Section CHLORODILOMA Pilsbry. Latona HUTTON, Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ix, p. 368. (Not Latona Schumacher, Essai, p. 156 (1817.) MOXOUONTA. Ill U. ••CRINITA Philippi. PI. 22, figs. 41-44. Shell globose-conic, narrowly perforate, solid, light cinereous, longitudinally marked with numerous narrow regularly spaced olive .lines, the first whorls bright orange colored ; spire conic, eroded ; .sutures linear, impressed ; whorls 5, convex, spirally grooved, the /grooves shallow, about 5 on the penultimate whorl ; aperture oblique, the lip smooth and thickened within ; columella not very thick, arcuate, white edged, obtusely dentate below; umbilico-columellar .area bright green. Alt 17, diani. 16-18 mill. A ustra lia n Coasts. T. crinitu* PHIL., Zeitechr.'/. J/ mill. New Zeal i ml. C. tenebrosus A. AD., P. Z. S., 1851, p. 170, no. 11.— HUTTON, Manual X. Z. Moll., 1880, p. 101 ; Proc. Linn. Soc. X. S. Wales, ix (1884) p. 361. Narrower and more coarsely sulcated than C. huttoni. Var. HUTTONII Smith. PI. 34, fig. 2. Shell short-conical, covered perforate, bluish-black or purplish- black, the apex worn white; whorls 5 to 6, slightly convex, sc .Ipt- 1 -4 CANTHARIDUS. ured by 7 to 8 spiral stride and incremental lines ; last whorl obtusely angular at the periphery, rather convex beneath, slightly impressed in the region of the umbilicus; aperture subcircular-quadrate irides- cent within, lightly grooved; lip within a trifle thickened whitish, narrowly edged with black ; columella slightly arcuate, thickened, covering the perforation. Alt, 14*, diam. 10* mill. ; alt. 9, diam. 7 mill. (Smith.) New Zealand. T. ( Cantkaridm) Huttonii E. A. SMITH, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, xii (Zoology), p. 558, t, 30, f. 20 (1876).— HUTTOX, Manual X. Z. Moll., 1880, p. 100. — Gibbula plumbea HUTTON, Journ. de Conch yl., 1878, p. 33 (teste Button, Manual N. Z. Moll., p. W0).— Cantharidus ieaebrosus Ad. var., HUTTON, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ix (1884), p. 362 ; Trans. N. Z. Inst., xiv, t. 7, f. L. (Dentition.) Care must be taken not to confound this species with one or two others which are found from the same locality. C. tenebrosus, described by A. Adams is a narrower and more coarsely sulcated species than the present ; and a second species (at present undescribed) is closely allied ; it is umbilicated more broadly, .spirally sulcated, and not so dark in color, being of a pale purplish tint with the spiral lira? between the sulcations of a darker tint. (Smith.) C. PURPURATUS Marty n. PI. 45, fig. 44. Shell imperforate, acutely conical ; whorls 8, somewhat convex, separated by slightly impressed sutures, the first reddish-green, the remainder whitish, ornamented with rosy oblique streaks, spirally cingulate, cinguli flat, 5 on the penultimate whorl, the interstices nar- row, obliquely lamellose-striate ; last whorl subangular, convex beneath, concentrically lirate, articulated with white and purplish ; -aperture subtrapezoidal, sulcate within ; lip thin ; columella nearly vertical, columellar callous thin, narrow. Alt, 22, diam. 16 mill. (Fischer.) Auckland to Bank's Peninsula, X. Z. Limax purpuratus MARTYN, Univ. Conch., t. 68 (1784).— Trochns purpuratus DESK, in Lam., An. s. Vert. ed. 2, ix, p. 108. — PHIL- IPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 10, t. 2, f. 9, 10. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 366, t. 112, f. 3. — Cantharidus purpuratus HUTTON, Proc. Linn. Soc. X. S. Wales, ix, p. 361 ; Trans. N. Z. Inst., xv, t, 14, f. o (den- tition).— T. restrains GMELIN. Syst. Nat., xiii, p. 3580. — T. elegans GMEL. /. c., p. 3581.— (P/ios. rw&e^aMenke, Synops. Moll, teste Hut- ton.) — T. icxturatus GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. X. H.,iii,p.90 (1849); CANTHARIDUS. 125 U. S. Expl. Exped. Moll., p. 181, t, 12, f. 206.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 133, t. 46, f. l.— T. pallidus HOMER. ET JACQ. Voy. an Pole-Slid, p. 55, t. 14, f. 12, 13. (Not T. pallidus Forbes). — T. rostratus KEENER, Species et Icon., t. 46, f. 1. — T. torosus Q.UOY, mss. in KIENER, Species et Icon., genre Trochus, t. 46, f. 3. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 136, t. 46, f. 3. I am disposed to refer to one species all of the coarsely ribbed Cantharidua of New Zealand included in the above synonymy. The description given above applies to the typical purpuratu*. The following may be separated as varieties. Yar. TEXTURATUS Gould. PI. 45, figs. 41-43. Form as in typical C. purpuratus. The sculpture consists of five broad rounded spiral ribs on the penultimate, nine or ten on the last whorl. The ribs have a secondary sculpture of fine spiral sir ice, the whole surface covered by sharp incremental stria? which are lam- ellose in the narrow interstices between ribs. Aperture brilliantly nacreous within. Color whitish, longitudinally striped with red or purplish ; apical whorls roseate. Yar. TOROSUS Quoy. PL 45, fig. 4"). Im perforate, elongate-conical, spire acute; whorls 7 to 8, livid- reddish or ashy, slightly convex, radiately irregularly striate, with 4 low, transversely striated spiral cinguli ; body-whorl subcarinate ; base convex, 4-lirate ; aperture ovate; columella white, arcuate, margins greenish. Alt. 26, cliam. 15 mill. (Fischer.'} Nothing more than an elongated form of the preceding, scarcely distinct enough for varietal rank. Specimens before me are inter- mediate between texturatus and torosus in form and coloration. C. PULCHERRIMUS Wood. PL 46, figs. 78, 79. Shell im perforate, acutely conical, elongated, thick and solid ; spire straightly conical, apex subacute, sutures linear; whorls about 6, nearly flat, the penultimate with four or five broad flat spiral ribs, often unequal in width, separated by narrow impressed grooves, the body-whorl subangular, with four or five broad fiat low ribs above the periphery and more numerous narrower ones on the base. The ribs are usually purplish-crimson articulated with narrow white marks. Aperture small, less than one-half the length of shell, oblique, oval, brilliantly iridescent and somewhat sulcated inside, peristome edged with a line of intense crimson, bordered with green- 126 CANTHARIDUS. ish inside ; columella vertical, slightly arcuate, straight in the 'middle; parietal wall covered by a light callous. Alt. 14-17, diam. 9-11 mill. Southern Australia; Northern Tasmania. T. pulcherrimus WOOD, Ind. Test, suppl., t. 6, f. 45. — PHILIPPI, Abbild. u. Beschr., ii, Trochus t. 7, f. 1 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 132, t. 23, f. 4, t. 43, f. 11.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 137, t. 46, f. 4.— T. preissii MKF., Moll. Nov. Holl. Sp., p. 17.— T. puella PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1851; Conchyl. Cab., p. 327, t. 46, f. l2.— Thalotia marice TEN I8ON— WOODS, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, xiv, p. 58 (1877). Separated from C. purpuratus by the smaller size, thicker shell, coarser, more unequal ribs and crimson peristome ; from C. lesueuri by the much coarser sculpture. €. LESUEURI Fischer. PL 45, figs. 52-54 ; pi. 34, figs. 9, 10. Shell imperforate, elongated conical, somewhat solid, whitish or a little tinged with olive, painted with numerous rather narrow lon- gitudinal olive-brown or reddish-brown stripes generally broken into tessellations on the base ; spire long, apex subacute, whitish ; sutures moderately impressed ; whorls about 7, fiat or concave below the sutures, convex and swollen at the periphery and above each sut- ure, encircled by numerous fine lirae ; last whorl a trifle deflexed at aperture, often subangular at the periphery; aperture rhomboidal, less than half the total length of shell ; peristome rather thin, acute, edged by a row of red dots, thickened a little distance within, the thickening finely crenulated ; columella vertical, marked with crimson at the outer base. Alt. 13-19, diam. 10-11 mill. S. Australian Coasts ; Tasmania. T. lesueuri FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 129, t. 45, f. 2. — BRAZIER, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 1886, p. 194. — Phasianella elegans LAM., An. s. Vert., iii, p. 53 (1822).— Trochus elegans, KIENER, Spec, et Icon. Coq. Viv., t. 45, f. 2 (not T. elegans GmeL). — T. lehmanni MKE., Moll. Nov. Holl., p. 18 (1843).— PIIILIPPI, Abbild. u. Besch- reib., ii, Trochus t. 7, f. 2 (not T. lehmanni KIKNER). — T. pietus PHILTPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 139, t. 23, f. 18, I9.— Thalotia picta ANGAS, P. Z. S., p. 179 (1865). (Not T. pietus Wood.) This species is characterized by its fine spiral striation, whorls swollen at the periphery, and more or less red-edged peristome. In some specimens the longitudinal color streaks are quite broad ; the base is alimst always finely tessellated, and the lower part of the CANTHARIDUS. 127 •columella is crimson. There is an umbilical tract of tessellated pink and white. The following form does not seem to me to differ specifically, although its color-pattern of whitish flames on a coral-red ground give typical examples quite a distinct aspect. Var RAMBURI Crosse. PI. 45, fig. 40. Shell imperforate, pointed conical, solid, crimson with narrow radiating whitish flames on the upper surface, usually extending to the periphery, and an umbilical tract of red and white tessellated ; spire lengthened, apex subacute, sutures subimpressed ; whorls about 7, concave below the sutures, convex and swollen at the periphery and on the lower edge of each whorl of the spire; whole surface finely spirally lirate, the line about as wide as the interstices, which are delicately obliquely striate ; aperture oval-quadrate, iridescent within, less than half the length of shell ; peristome edged by a row of crimson dots, with a porcellanous internal thickening which is finely crenulate ; columella vertical, slightly arcuate, pearly. Alt. 13, diam. 8;' alt, 18, diam. 12 mill. S. Australian Coasts. T. ramburi CROSSE, Journ. de Conchy!., 1864, p. 342, t. 13, f. 3.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 409, t. 120, f. 3.— T7. pulcherrimns Wood, par. PHILIPPI, Conchy). Cab., p. 29"), t. 43, f. 11. Typically of a coral-red or crimson color, flammulate above with whitish. Fully adult examples often show the light flames only upon the upper whorls. C. EROGATUS Fischer. PI. 46, fig. 69. Shell conic-elongate, spire acute ; whorls 7-8, the first eroded, iridescent, the rest planulate, submarginate beknv, smooth, encircled by 3-4 slightly impressed lines, ornamented with minute dots ar- ranged into radiating flames ; last whorl carinated, concentrically striate beneath ; aperture rhomboidal, columella subtruncate below. Alt. 19, diam. 14 mill. (Fischer.) Australia ? T. erogatus FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 128, t. 45, f. 1. — T. indistinctus KIENER, Species, etc., t. 45, f. 1. (Not T. indistinctus Wood, Ind. Test., suppl., t. 6, f. 41.)— PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p, 293, t. 43, f. 7. — Ziziphinus indistinctus REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 35. ? 128 CANTHARIDUS. Dr. Fischer, from whom my information concerning this species is derived, says : I have not seen this species. It is not in the collection of the Museum. M. Kiener has indentified this shell with Trochns indirfiiirhi* Wood. It differs from the type of Wood by the more conical form, fewer and shallower concentric grooves. There is at the Museum a series of Trochids collected by Peron and Lesueur on the Australian coast, which represent exactly the figure of Wood. Their spiral line are salient and subgranose ; the whorls of the spire project at the lower part. The figure of Philippi cited approaches that of Kiener ; its whorls are smooth, the grooves shallow. The coloration of the umbilical region is a little different. Reeve's figure seems to belong to another species ; it is narrower, less carinated, and the inter-liral spaces are striated. In conclusion, the T. indixtiuctns of Kiener and of Philippi seems to us to be a species different from that of Wood, and we propose to name it T. erogatus. (Fischer.) C. INDISTINCTUS Wood. PL 34, fig. 4. This form is known to me only by the remarks of Fischer (supra, under T. erogatus) and the figure in the Index Testaceologious, pi.. 6, fig. 41. The latter is copied on my plate. It is said to be from Australia. C. GILIBERTI Montrouzier. PI. 45, figs. 37, 38. Shell imperforate, conic-elongate, acute; whorls 10-11, planulate, greenish, with a few whitish radiating flexuous irregular streaks, or punctulate with white, obliquely very finely striate, spirally lirate,. the lira? delicate, 15 to 16 on the penultimate whorl, the two lower ones wide, prominent ; last whorl carinated, somewhat depressed above, convex beneath and 10-lirate, sometimes with intercalated lirula?. Aperture subquadrate. lip simple, greenish, basal margin arcuate; columella straight, short, with a parallel groove outside, base truncate. Alt. 13, diam. 7-] mill. (Fischer.) l*ln nd of Art, N. Caledonian Archipelago.. T. gilberti MONTR., in Fischer, Journ. de Conchyl., 1878, p. 207. — T. giliberti FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 401, t. 119, f. 2. A species allied to T. fournieri Crosse, differing in the larger si/e, more numerous whorls, more salient spiral lira? and more carinated body-whorl. The two lower liraB of each whorl form a strong carina. The truncation of the base of the columella is very distinct, while it is slight or wholly wanting in T. fournieri. M. Souverbie informs me that it was by an error that this species was named gilberti ; it should be called giliberti. (Fischer.) TROCHID^E PLATE 15 M ^ \ «fa ,-vy y ^-"{;;V«T |(|l ^4,U^&^ \vv^. >**j!M? fe^t^^lSfei 60 Gl 62 PL-ATE 16 ii TROCHIDvE PLATE 17 TROCHID^ PLATE 18 10 Jl 19 23 24- 25 26 PL-ATE 2O PLATE 21 TROCHID^E PLATE 22 TROCHID^E PLATK 23 PLATE 24 100 101 TROCHID^E PLATE 25 TROCHID^E PLATE 26 TROCHID^E PLATE 27 38 39 TROCHID>E PLATE 28 TROCHID^E PLATE 29 78 PLATE 3O TROCHID/E PLATE 31 57 60 CANTHARIDUS. 129 C. ARTENSIS Fischer. Shell imperforate, thick, conico-elongated, apex reddish, eroded, remaining whorls 6, spirally lirate, penultimate whorl with 6 granose lira?, the first and last largest, 6th or basal ridge very prominent subcarinate, interstices obliquely striate, decussated on the last whorl ; upper whorls whitish-rosy, penultimate radiately streaked with white and red, last whorl olivaceous, obscurely clouded, carinated ; base convex, ornamented with 7 concentric line, punctate with rosy, and with intermediate lirulse ; aperture subquadrate, basal margin arcuate ; columella straight, bounded outside by a parallel groove, truncate at base. Alt. 11, diam. 8 mill. (Fischer.) Is. Art, New Caledonian Archipelago. T. artensis FISCHER, Journ. de Conchyl., 1878, p. 208. This species, represented by one slightly worn example, belongs to the same group as the preceding \_T. giliberti]. It is heavier; its base is wider ; the surface of the whorls has granulose lirse, and the oblique strife, very prominent on the last whorl. The coloration is peculiar. ' It is probable that this diagnosis will require modifica- tion when better preserved specimens are found. (Fischer.) The single specimen known is in the Bordeaux Museum. C. FOURNTERI Crosse. PI. 45, fig. 51. Shell imperforate, acutely elongate-conical, small, brown or olivaceous, unicolored or punctate or maculate with white ; spire straightly conical, apex acute, sutures linear ; whorls about 8, flat, very finely, evenly, densely spirally striate, the striaB sometimes sub- decussated by delicate oblique growth-lines ; last whorl carinate at periphery, the base coarsely lirate, lirse about 9 in number ; aperture small, quadrangular, smooth within ; lip acute, bordered inside by a wide porcellanous band, the throat nacreous, brilliant green ; col- umella straight, scarcely truncate at base. Alt. 9, diam. 6 ; alt. 7, diam. 4? mill. Id. of Nou, N. Caledonian Archipelago. T.fournieri CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., 1863, p. 180. — FISCHER, loc. cit., 1875, p. 49 ; Coq. Yiv., p. 400, t. 119, f. 1. Seems to be very closely allied to C. giliberti. The figure of this species is not very satisfactory. 9 130 CANTHARIDUS. C. SUAREZENSIS Fischer. PI. 45, fig. 55. Shell narrowly perforate, conic-acute ; whorls 9 to 10, planulate, the embryonic smooth, buff, the remaining whitish-buff, ornamented with longitudinal wavy streaks of brown or rosy, and sometimes spiral zones ; spirally lirate, line 7 on the penultimate whorl, upper and lower ones most prominent, the intermediate 5 slightly granose, the interstices sharply obliquely striate ; last whorl angular, convex beneath, with about 8 concentric lirse. Aperture subquadrate, lip acute, columella subtruncate ; parietal wall bearing a callous in adults. Alt. 18, diam. 13 mill. Id. Nossi-Be ; and Diego-Suarez, Madagascar. T. suarezensis FISCHER, Journ. de Conchyl., 1878, p. 63 ; Coq. Viv., p. 378. t. 115, f. 2. A well-marked form, distinct in possessing a narrow umbilicus, and distinctly granose lirse. C. HILARIS Lischke. PI. 45, fig. 39. Shell subrimate, cyclindrical-conic, smooth, shining ; whorls 8 the first eroded, greenish ; the remainder scarcely convex, red and white clouded, maculate with brown above, encircled by equidistant olive-brown lines ; last whorl angular, convex beneath and orna- mented with 6 concentric lines; aperture subquadrate, smooth within ; basal margin scarcely arcuate ; columella narrow, sub- truncate beneath, whitish-green. Alt. 14, diam. 7 mill. (Fischer.} Nagasaki, Japan. T. hilaris LISCHKE, Malak. Bl., 1871, p. 41 ; Jap. Meeres- Conchyl., 2d part, p. 85, t. 5, f. 14, 15.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 353, t. 110, f. 2. It is possible that Ziziphinus japonicus A. Ad. is identical. Fischer says : This species is quite remarkable in its very elongated form, like a Bankivia. Lischke's type was not adult ; it is more conical and smaller than the specimen figured by me, attaining only 8i mill. C. PUPILLUS Hutton. Shell depressed or sometimes elevated, imperforate or narrowly perforated ; whorls spirally ribbed. Dark brown or greenish-brown, with brown and reddish markings ; margin of the aperture greenish- CANTHARIDUS. 131 brown. A very variable shell, smaller than C. tenebrosus. (Hut- ton.) Bank's Peninsula to Dunedin, -VT. Zealand. Cantharidus pupillus HUTTON, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ix, p. 562, 1884, etc. (not Trochus pupillus Gould, U. S. Expl. Exped. xii, p. 186, atlas, fig. 208). My knowledge of this shell is derived wholly from Professor Button's description and remarks. It is not the T. pupillus of Gould, which is undoubtedly a species from the West coast of North America. C. SANGUINEUS Gray. PI. 47, figs. 92, 93. Shell top-shaped, white, with rows of numerous blood-red spots ; whorls flattened, the last obscurely keeled ; the front rather convex, with sharp-edged, low spiral ridges. ( Gray.} Auckland to Wellington, N. Z. ; Chatham Is. Tro»h. ( Gibbivm) sanguineus GRAY, Dieffenbach's Travels in New Zealand, ii, p. 238 (1843). — T. sanguineus E. A. SMITH, Zool. Voy. H. M. S. Erebus & Terror, ii, Mollusca, p. 4, t. 1, f. 12 (1875).— Cantharidus sanguineus HUTTON, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ix, p. 362 (1884) ; and var. ccelatus HUTTON, /. «., p. 363. Hutton says of this species, which I have not seen. Shell im- perforate, spirally grooved. Pinkish white, with red spots on the ribs, or with red flexuous longitudinal markings ; interior and mouth white. Var. C^ELATUS Hutton. Smaller but more deeply ribbed and the grooves wider. (Hutton.) Foveaux Straits. Section PHASIAXOTROCHUS Fischer, 1885. Phasianotrochus Fischer, Manuel de Conchy 1. p. 819. — Elenchus H. New Zealand. L. picturata H. & A. AD. Ann. and Mag. N. H., 1863, p. 19.— ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 181 ; P. Z. S. 1867, p. 2I6.—Bankivia (Leiopyrga} picturata E. A. SMITH, Zool. Coll. H. M. S. ' Alert ' p. 75. — Trochus (Leiopyrga) picturata WATSON, Kept. Challenger Gasteropoda, p. 65. The specimens of this species before me are like those described by the brothers Adams. There seems to be the same variations in color shown by Bankivia fasciatus. Mr. Smith says : A variety has the middle of the whorls encircled by a plain narrow zone, without the series of spots at the periphery of the last. Messrs. Adams de- scribed these spots as being * round ' in the specimen they examined ; in those before me they are rather angular, being the zigzag turn of the longitudinal lines. A third variety has a pale band around the middle of the last volution which falls at the lower part of the upper ones, the lower portion being pinkish or closely lineolated with pink. The lower half of the body-whorl has a broad pinkish band beneath the central white one, which is succeeded by a nar- rower plain zone, which in turn is followed by another fine pink one. A fourth form, with the exception of the upper part of the spire and the umbilical region, is of a uniform grayish violet. # * # # The spiral sulcation and ridging is much more developed in some specimens than others. (Zool. Coll. ' Alert/ p. 75.) CANTHARIDUS. 141 •C. CIXGULATA A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell pyramid al-turbinate, narrowly perforate, thin, .shining, purplish, the base whitish, with a series of rufous spots ; whorls 4, plane, marked with distant elevated cinguli (3 on the last whorl) ; base concentrically deeply lirate ; umbilical region surrounded by an elevated ridge. (Ad.) Port Essington. (Cuming.) Leiopyrga eingulata A. AD., P. Z. S., 1863, p. 507. This is a second and very distinct species of a genus proposed by my brother and myself under the name of Leiopyrga. The present species has the whorls encircled with three transverse ridges, and there is a conspicuous ridge around the region of the umbilicus. {Adams.) Subgenus THALOTIA Gray, 1847. Section THALOTIA (restricted). Thalotia GRAY (" Synops. Brit. Mus. 1840"?) P. Z. S. 1847, p. 145; Guide syst. dist. Moll. Brit, Mus., p. 150. (1857). — H. and A. AD., Genera, i, p. 420. — FISCHER, Manuel, p. 819. C. CONICUS Gray. PI. 46, fig. 73. Shell imperforate, elevated conical, solid, pinkish or grayish white with crimson apex and numerous close longitudinal dark red- dish-brown stripes, often cut into tessellations by the spiral grooves of the surface ; spire straightly conical ; apex acute ; sutures linear ; whorls about 7, nearly planuhite, the last obtusely subangular at the periphery ; whorls of spire encircled by 5 or 6 more or less granose lirre, last whorl with about 13 or 14 ; wrinkles of increment more or less prominent ; aperture rhomboidal ; peristome thick, plicate within ; columella straight, denticulate, with a strong basal truncation. Alt. 18, diam. 13 mill. ; alt. 21, diam. 15 mill. Western Australia, Southern Australia and Northern Tasmania. Monodonta coniea GRAY, in Capt. King's Survey of Australia, ii, p. 479 (1827).— T. conicus PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab. p. 130, t. 23, f. 1.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv. p. 135, t. 46, f. 2.— BRAZIER, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1886, p. 197 (1889). Thalotia coniea AXGAS P. Z. S. 1865, p. 179. — f f T. pictus WOOD, Index Test, suppl. t, 5, f. 28. — Thalotia pieta A. AD. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 172.— ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 179.— TENISON-WOODS, 142 CANTHARIDUS. Proc. Roy. Boc. Tasni. (1877), p. 4l.—Monodonta turrita MKE., Moll. Nov. Holl., p. 15. — T. lehmanni KIENER, Species, genre Trochus, t. 46, f. 2 (not of MENKE). — HOMBR. et JACQ., Voy. an Pole-Sud., Zool. v, p. 54, t. 14, f. 7-8. — CHENU, Manuel, i, p. 359, f. 26o9.— Thalotia woodsiana ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 611, t. 42, f. 4, 5.— T. Troschelii PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 131, t. 23, f. 2. The above synonymy is partly taken from that compiled by BRAZIER, who has published an excellent paper on Tasmanian Trochidce in Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, for 1886. Rather variable in sculpture ; the spaces between the spiral ribs often occupied by lirula?. I am wholly unable to see any differential characters in Mr. Angas' T. ivoodsiana, except that it is narrower than the majority of specimens of C. conicus. The description corresponds absolutely with C. conicus. The original figures are copied on pi. 46, figs. 67, 68. C. BLANDIANUS Crosse. PI. 40, fig. 22. Shell imperforate, elevated-conical, solid, rather thick, ornamented with numerous oblique longitudinally impressed stride and spiral lira), articulated with white and violaceous, on a violet-rose ground- color; suture little impressed; whorls 7, plane, the embryonic !•> smooth, purplish, white edged ; the remainder striate, with 6 spiral line ; the last angulated, slightly descending, nearly flat beneath, decussated by spiral cinguli and oblique stria? above ; aperture a little oblique, subquadrate, pearly and lirate within, the lira? near the lip-margin more elevated, as opaque rugae. Umbilical tract slightly concave in the vicinity of the columella ; columellar mar- gin subarcuate, rugose, strongly uniplicate ; basal margin corrugated, outer margin thickened, granulate within. Alt. 18 J, diam. 14 mill. ( Crosse.) St. Vincent's Gulf, South Australia. T. Blandianm CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1864, p. 339, t. 13, f. 1. C. ABNORMIS Crosse. PI. 40, fig. 42. Shell imperforate, subelevated conical, thick, rather solid, buffish- tawny, ornamented with spiral series of little beads (white and brown articulated) alternating with obsolete stria? ; suture little im- pressed ; whorls 6, convexo-plane, the apical 2 whitish, smooth, the following articulate-cingulate, the last slightly descending, subcom- CANTHARIDUS. 143 pressed, obsoletely angular ; base slightly convex and like the upper surface in color ; aperture a little oblique, subquadrate, lirate Avithin ; columellar margin subarcuate, (implicate, basal and outer margins thickened, rugose within. Alt. 15, diam. 10 mill. (Crosse.) St. Vincent's Gulf, South Australia. T. abnormis CROSS E, Journ. de Conchy 1. 1864, p. 341, t. 13, f. 2. C. ELONGATUS Wood. PI. 45, fig. 56. Shell imperforate or very narrowly perforate, conic-elongated, thick, whitish, ornamented with radiating livid-brown flam mules, brown punctulate ; whorls 9, convex, spirally lirate (the line un- equal) and longitudinally nodose-costate, the nodules more promi- nent below ; sutures impressed ; last whorl angulated, depressed beneath the sutures, nodulous at the periphery ; very convex and with about 8 concentric lira? beneath, the interstices with inter- calated liruke ; aperture subquadrate, canaliculate within ; basal margin arcuate, plicate; columella subangular, concave, strongly truncate at base, with a short callous over the umbilicus. Alt. 33, diam. 22 mill. '(Fischer.) New Caledonian Archipelago. T. elouyatus WOOD, Ind. Test., suppl. t. 5, f. 19. — PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 200, t. 30, f. 4 ; Abbild. u. Beschr. ii, Trochus t. 6, f. 6.— T. att'enuatus JONAS, Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1844, p. 170. Distinct from other species in its elongated form and strong longi- tudinal plication. C. SERPENTINUS Quoy. PI. 46, fig. 63. Shell narrowly perforated, thick, conical, apex acute, grayish- green, painted with radiating chestnut and white flammules ; whorls 7, planulate, the first eroded, buff, the following scarcely shining, encircled by 6 to 7 unequal lirse, above and beneath the suture margined and obsoletely nodulose; last whorl carinated, convex beneath and ornamented with 7 articulated concentric line ; aper- ture rhomboidal; columella lightly arcuate, subtruncate below. Alt. 22, diam. 18 mill. (Fischer.) Guam, Marianne Archipelago. T. serpentinus QUOY in KIEXER, species, Genre Trochus, t. 45, f. 3.— CHENU, Manuel, ii, f. 2661.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 131, t. 45, f. 3. 144 CANTHARIDUS. This shell is quite distinct from its congeners, and remarkable for its rays of brown, more or less shaded with a greenish hue. It belongs to the group of T. elongatus and Kotschyi. (Fischer.} C. KOTSCHYI Philippi. PL 46, figs. 70-72. Shell narrowly perforated, conoidal, whitish-ashen, ornamented with undulating, oblique, radiating chestnut or blackish stripes ; spire acute ; whorls 7, the first eroded, the remainder angulated and nodulose above ; above the carina obliquely nodulose, below the carina spirally lirate ; lirse 4 ; last whorl biangular, convex beneath, and with 7 concentric brown-spotted lirse. Aperture subquadrate ; columella arcuate, white, sinuous, below strongly truncate-dentate. Alt. 30, diam. 24 mill. (Fischer.) Karrak, Persia. T. kotschyi PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1848, p. 127 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 234, t. 35, f. 8.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 207, t. 69, f. 1. C. PYRGOS Philippi. PL 46, figs. 74-76. Shell imperforate, acutely conical, rather thin ; whorls 9, planu- late, ashen or brownish, maculate or obliquely striped with brown ; obliquely arcuately peculiarly crispate-striate, spirally cingulate, 6 unequal granose cinguli on the penultimate whorl as wide or nar- rower than the interstices, which frequently bear minute lirulse, the upper and lower cinguli more prominent, the others equal. Last whorl carinated ; base convex and lirate (with about 8 lirse and in- terstitial lirulse) ; aperture rhomboidal, sulcate within ; lip thin ; basal margin subcrenulated ; columella subhorizontal, slightly arcuate, subtruncate at base, expanding in a short callous over or nearly over the umbilicus above. Alt. 20, diam. 15 mill.; alt. 23, diam. 17 mill. Wallis Is. Port Jackson, Australia. T. pyrgos PHIL. Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1849, p. 189 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 297, t. 43, f. 14.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 368, t. 112, f. 4.— ? Thalotia zebrides A. AD., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 173. Distinguished by its straightly conical form, peculiarly crispate striation, and spiral granose lirse. Two trays of this species are before me ; one marked " Java," I know not on whose authority ; the other was received from DR. J. C. Cox, from Port Jackson. CANTHARIDUS. 145 C. TORRESI E. A. Smith. PL 46, fig. 62. Shell sharply conical, subperforated or with the perforation con- cealed, greenish (sometimes pinkish red), with oblique white nar- row stripes and darker green or rosy black spotting at the base of the whorls and upon the angle of the last. Volutions about 8, flat, margined at the lower part with two rows of closely-packed granules, rather more prominent than five others above. Between these, in well-preserved specimens, very fine lira (one in each inter- stice) and oblique lines of growth are discernable. Last whorl rather acutely angled at the periphery, beneath with about 9 con- centric rows of granules alternating with others very much finer having smaller subobsolete tubercles. The aperture is obliquely subquadrate ; columella a little arcuate at the upper part, white, re- flexed over the white umbilical region and subtruncate anteriorly. Alt. 12, diam. 9J ; alt. 13, diam. 12 mill. (Smith.) Prince of Wales Channel, Torres Straits. There are two varieties of this pretty species, which may be termed the green and pink. In the green variety the base in three out of the four examples is somewhat pinkish, radiately streaked with white, whilst in the fourth specimen it is green with irregular streaks and has a more tessellated aspect. The perforation is small, and may either be concealed by a thin callosity or remain open. This is a smaller species than T. fragum Phil., has more numerous granules (of which there are five instead of four rows besides the basal girdle), and intervening fine lira are generally to be met with on the spire which are wanting in Philippi's shell. I should also observe that the columella of T. fragun, judging from the figure, is less incurved than in this form. (Smith.) T. (Thalotia) torresi E. A. SMITH, Zool. Coll. H. M. S. ' Alert,' p. 72, t. vi, f. A. (1884.) Evidently closely allied to C. pyrgos Phil. C. FLINDERSI Fischer. PI. 46, fig. 81. Shell very narrowly perforate, conical, rather thick; whorls 7 to 8, planulate, the first eroded, the succeeding whitish-ashen, radiated with narrow, close and flexuose blackish and violaceous lines ; spirally cingulate ; line 6 on penultimate whorl ; last whorl sub- angular, a little depressed above, dilated in the middle ; base con- 10 146 CANTHARIDUS. vex, ornamented with about 8 line ; aperture rhomboidal ; lip sim- ple ; columella arcuate, truncate below. Alt. 16, diam. 13 mill. (Fischer.} South Australia. T.flindersi FISCHER, Jour, de Conchyl. xxvi, 1878, p. 65; Coq. Viv., p. 354, t. 110, f. 3. Distinguished from C. freycineti by the less conical form, wider base, stronger spiral ridges, more truncated columellar tooth and different coloration. C. FREYCINETI Fischer. PI. 45, fig. 59. Shell narrowly perforate, conical, rather thick ; whorls 7, planu- late, the first eroded, buff, the remainder whitish, ornamented with rosy dots and narrow flexuous chestnut flammules ; spirally cingu- late, about 8 lirse on penultimate whorl ; last whorl carinated ; base convex with about 8 concentric line ; aperture subrhomboidal ; lip simple ; columella white, obsoletely nodose-truncate below. Alt. 16, diam. 12 mill. (Fischer.*) Is. of St. Peter and St. Francis, S. Australia. T. freycineti FISCHER, Journ. de Conchyl. 1878, p. 64 ; Coq. Viv., p. 355, t. 110, f. 4. The form of this shell is more regularly conical than in T. flin- dersi or T. freycineti. C. BAUDINI Fischer. PI. 46, fig. 80. Shell imperforate, conic-elongate, rather thick ; whorls 6 to 7, planulate, the first buff, eroded, the following whitish, ornamented with sparce rosy points and angular chestnut streaks; spirally lirate, lirse about 8 on penultimate whorl ; last whorl subangular, depressed above ; base convex, with about 8 concentric line ; aper- ture rhomboidal ; lip simple ; columella short, subnodose-truncate below. Alt. 11, diam. 9 mill. (Fischer.) King Island, S. Australia. T. baudini FISCHER, Journ. de Conchyl. 1878, p. 65 ; Coq. Viv., p. 356, t. 110, f. 5. Differs from the two preceding species in lacking an umbilical perforation, smaller size, by the depression of the upper part of the whorl and the coloration. CANTHARIDUS. 147 C. YOKOHAMENSIS Bock. PI. 40, fig. 40. Shell imperf orate, acutely pyramidal, dull white, marked at intervals with irregular dark brown blotches, and the base orna- mented with brown lines radiating from the center (where they are paler, almost orange) to the periphery. Whorls 7, quite flat, spirally ridged ; ridges crenulate or subgranular through being crossed by oblique raised stria? ; on the upper whorls there are about 6 ridges, and on the last, which is acutely angled at the mid- dle, they are about 14 in number; that at the carina consisting of two or three small approximated ones, and hence broader than the rest. Aperture slightly oblique, subquadrate, upper half above the carina shallowly sulcate, lower portion smooth; columella white, callous, terminating in an oblique truncation. Alt. 18, diam. 15 mill. (Bock.} Yokohama, Japan. T. ( Thalotia) yokohamensis CARL BOCK, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1878, p. 727, t. 46, f. 3. C. GILYUS Philippi. PI. 51, fig. 15. Shell small, conical, imperforate, transversely granulate-sulcate, white, longitudinally painted with dirty yellowish stripes ; whorls flattened, marginated and prominent at base, the last one angular, encircled by six elevated granose cinguli ; base flat, closely sulcate, scarcely granulate ; aperture depressed, rhomboidal ; columella slightly oblique, cylindrical, scarcely truncate at base. Alt. 11, diam. 9J mill. (Philippi.') Habitat unknown. T. gilvus, PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1849, p. 157 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 298, t. 43, f. 16. C. MUNDULA Adams and Angas. Unfigured. Shell elevated-conical, subperforate, whitish, obsoletely painted with longitudinal purplish flammules ; whorls plane, concave in the middle, at the sutures with a prominent rounded ridge, transversely lirate, lirse equal, subgranulose, base concentrically lirate, with radiating strife in the interstices ; aperture subquadrate ; lip arcuate, ending anteriorly in an obtuse tooth ; lip obsoletely sulcate within. Alt. 12, diam. 9 mill. (Ad. and Ang.) Shark's Bay, Western Australia. Thalotia mundula AD. AND Axc4. P. Z. S. 1864, p. 37. 148 CANTHARIDUS. Characterized by the rounded elevated ridge at the sutures, the transverse granular lirse, and the obscure flame-like longitudinal markings. (Ad. and Ang.~) Section ODONTOTROCHUS Fisher, 1880. Odontotrochus FISCHER, Coquilles Vivantes, Monograph of Trochus, p. 419 (1880) ; Manuel de Conchyl., p. 819. C. CHLOROSTOMUS Menke. PI. 40, fig. 25, 26. Shell imperforate, conical, elevated-trochiform, solid, first whorls red, the following reddish-brown, more or less tinged with buff, and in places with olive-green, and sparsely maculate with whitish, the spiral ribs more or less articulated minutely with whitish ; whorls 8 to 9, flat or a trifle concave, acutely carinated, the carina a trifle projecting above the sutures; upper surface of each whorl encircled by 10 to 12 spiral lirse, only slightly elevated, and showing strong, regular oblique strse of increment in the interliral interstices ; base flat, with about 10 concentric narrow lira?, strongly, regularly radiately striate ; aperture rhomboidal, very oblique, iridescent and sulcate within ; outer and basal lips edged with green, plicate-dentic- ulate within ; columella curved, ending in a strong tooth at base, green. Alt. 24, diam. 20 mill. ; alt. 25, diam. 18 mill. Australian shores. T. chlorostomus MENKE, Moll. nov. Holl. spec., p. 17. — PHILIPPI, Abbild. u. Beschr. i, Trochus t. 2, f. 8 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 106, t. 17, f. 6 ; p. 43, f. 5.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 282, t. 92, f. 2.—Ziziphinus chlorostoma REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 26. Peculiar in the elevated straightly conical form, carinated periphery and coloration. Unfigured, unidentified species of Cantharidus, Elenchus, Thalotia, etc. ELENCHUS DILATATUS Sowerby. Testa brevi, subcinerea, spir- aliter subdistanter lirata ; spira brevi ; anfr. quatuor, ultimo lato ; apertura dilatata, viridi-coeruleo iridescente. (Sowb.) New Zealand (Mr. Brazier). Remarkable for the expansion of the last whorl. (Sowb.~) Elenchus dllatatus G. B. SOWERBY in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 251. — Cantharidus dilatatus HUTTON, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. 1884, p. 363. ELENCHUS SPLENDIDULUS Swainson (Treatise on MalacoL, p. 352). An undescribed Cantharidus. CAXTHARIDUS. 149 ELEXCHUS OCELLATUS Gould. Testa parva, elevata, ovato-conica, polita, postice ex rufo vivescens, antice rubescens, lineis volventibus pallidis rufomarginatis circ. 4 et lineis flexuosus obliquis ornata; anfr. 7, vix convexis, punctis albis circ. 6 cinctis, ultimo ad peripheram obtuse angulato, basi convexo ; apertura ovata, intus virescens ; columella pallide, dente obsolete albido instructa. Axis 12 ; diam. 7 mill. Allied to E. minor. (Gould.) Sydney, N. S. Wales. GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. Xat. Hist, viii, 1861, p. 18. ELEXCHUS EXIGUUS Gould. Testa minuta, l?evis, ovato-conica, acute, flavide-rosacea vel fulvida, plus minusve lineis flexuosis saturatioribus vel vittis articulatis ornata; anfr. 5, ventricosis; apertura rotundato-ovata ; columella planata, decolorata, dente acuto deflecto munita. Axis 2, diam. 1J mill. (Gould.) Port Jackson. GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. viii, 1861, p. 18. CANTHARIDUS LINEOLARIS Gould. Testa elevato-conica, perforata, aureo-vividis, lineis angulatis luteis prope suturam dilatatis ibi nigro maculatis, striis increment! et striis volventibus subtilissimis reticulata ; anfr. 7, planulatis, ultimo angulato ; apertura parva> subtriangularis. Axis 7, diam. 4 mill. (Gould.) Sydney, N. S. Wales. GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. X. H. viii, 1861, p. 18. CAXTHIRIDUS CIXGULIGER A. Ad. Testa elevato-conica, cinerea, punctis fuscis in lineis flammulatis depositis, transversim sulcata; anfr. planis, cingula prominent] supra suturam, anfractu ultimo angulato, cingulo piano cincto ; umbilico subobtecto ; columella recta ; labro intus albo, laavi. (A. Ad.) Habitat unknown. A. AD. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 169. CAXTHIRIDUS PUXCTULOSUS A. Ad. Testa elevato-conica, im- perforata, Irevi, nitida, cinerea, transversim sulcata ; cingulis trans- versis, luteo-alboque punctatis nigro-maculatis, ornata ; anfr. planis, ultimo acute angulato; regione umbilicali rosea ; apertura sub- quadrata ; columella alba, recta, antice subtruncata ; labro intus kevi, limbo punctulato. (A. Ad.) Sivan River, 4 fins. (Jukes). A. AD. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 169. 150 CANTHARIDUS. CANTHIRIDUS MONILTGER A. Ad. Testa elevato-conica im- perforata, cinerea, cingulis moniliforraibus transversis ornata ; inter- stitiis longitudinaliter elevate striatis; anfr. planis, apice purpureo, sutura canaliculata ; anfractu ultimo angulato ; apertura subquad- rata; columella antice subtruncata ; labro intus sulcato. (A. Ad.) Swan River, 8 fms. (Jukes.) A. AD. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 169. CANTHIRIDUS ARTICULAEIS A. Ad. Testa elevato-conica, Isevi, nitida, cinerea ; cingulis confertis, nigro alboque articulatis ornata ; interstitiis longitudinaliter striatis ; anfr. planis, ultimo angulato, basi planiuscula, cingulis articulatis sculpta ; apertura subquadrata ; columella antice subtruncata; labro intus laevi, limbo articulate. (A. Ad.) Habitat unknown. A ADAMS, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 170. CANTHIRIDUS ARTIZONA A. Ad. Testa elevate conoidea, pallida ; cingulis carneolis angustis elevatis transversis ornata; interstitiis transversim striatis ; anfractu ultimo angulato ; apertura intus vir- idescenti ;. labro intus lirato, limbo rufo articulate. (A. Ad.) Habitat unknown. A. ADAMS, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 170. CANTHIRIDUS RUFOZONA A. Ad. Testa conoidea, cingulis rufis transversis, interstitiis planis tra versa; anfractu ultimo rotundato ; labro intus albo, Isevi, limbo rufo-articulato ; columella alba. (Ad.) Habitat unknown. A. ADAMS, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 1870. CANTHIRIDUS NIGRICANS A. Ad. Testa depresso-conica atro- purpurea, cingulis elevatis transversis ornata ; interstitiis longitudi- naliter oblique striatis ; anfractu ultimo subangulato ; labro intus albo, sublsevi, limbo nigro. (A. Ad.) Habitat unknown. A. ADAMS, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 170. CANTHIRIDUS PALLIDULUS A. Ad. Testa elevato-conica, imperfo- rata, pallida ; cingulis transversis elevatis luteo-articulatus ornata ; interstitiis concinne longitudinaliter striatis ; columella subrecta, in medio tumida; labro intus lirato. (Ad.) Australia. A. ADAMS, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 170. CANTHARIDUS. 151 ELEUCHUS VULGARIS A. Ad. Testa ovato-conoidea, subturrita, im- perforata, laevigata, virenti, trausversim tenuissime striata ; lineis undulatis viridis picta; basi convexa ; apertura ovata; columella basi dente acuto terminata; labro postice subangulato. ( A. Ad.) Swan River. A. ADAMS, in P. Z. S. 1851, p. 171. THALOTIA TESSELATA Tenison-Woods. Shell small, subumbilicate, conical, pale olive, spotted or tessel- lated with white ; whorls 7, sub-convex, everywhere finely obliquely* spirally transversely striate; furnished with five keels which are broad, flattened, and the upper and lower ones broader and more prominent ; base convex, keeled ; aperture sub-quadrate, outer lip acute, thin, margined within , inner lip white, conspicuous ; throat silvery nacreous, lirate. The interstices between the keels sometimes striate. Alt. 6, diam. 4-i mill. ( Ten.- Woods.) Tasmania. TENISON-WOODS, in Trans, and Proc. Roy. Soc. Viet, xiv, p. 58. (1877). THALOTIA DUBIA Tenison-Woods. Shell turbinately conical, solid, whorls intensely rose-purple and rose -flamed ; whorls 7, convex (the four spiral flattened) keels 4, small, distant, conspicuously granular; granules small, neat, and rose-purple in color ; interstices clothed with a yellow silky perio- straca; suture deep, broadly canaliculate; base flattened, spirally lirate and radiately striate ; aperture sub-quadrate, thickened, con- spicuously multidentate ; columella tuberculate, margined and closely toothed. Alt. 18, diam. 15 mill. In general form resembling T. conica, but smaller, and more closely ornamented. The mouth is also an approach to a Clanculus. ( Tenison- Woods.) Clark's Islands. TENISON-WOODS, in Trans, and Proc. Roy. Soc. Viet, xiv, p. 59 (1877). THALOTIA MARGINATA Tenison-Woods. Shell narrowly conical, oblique, solid, tessellated with small olive or purple spots; whorls 8£, concave above, below broadly carinate or marginate, girdled with four lines of granules, of which the up- permost is often the largest, closely decussate with oblique squamose striae ; keel elevated, somewhat flattened, and projecting over the 152 CANTHARIDUS. suture in a conspicuous manner ; granules rounded, subobsolete ; apex acute, aperture obliquely quadrate, smooth, nacreous, of a rosy silver hue, with one conspicuous angular groove in the middle ; columella rounded, truncate below, not tuberculate ; base convexly rounded, subumbilicate, elegantly lirate, the lirse being granular and alternating large and small, tessellate and radiately striate. Alt. 18, diam. 14 mill. The young are distinctly umbilicate. Many specimens have be- tween the larger line smaller ones on the whorls of the spire. The species differs especially from all previously described in the roundly convex base, and non-tuberculose columella. It comes very near to T. zebrides Ad. which is common at Moreton Bay, and with which it has been previously confounded ( Tenison- Woods'). Moreton Bay. J. E. TENISON- WOODS, in Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. iv, p. 109 (1880). THALOTIA ZEBUENSIS A. Adams. Testa elevato-conoidea, per- forata, atro-fusca, fasciis longitudinalibus ornata, transversim sul- cata ; anfr. planulatis, ultimo rotundato, basi convexa ; labio sub- recto, antice reflexo, dilatato ; apertura subcirculari, inttis alba ; labro intus Isevi, atro-marginato. (A. Ad.) San Nicholas, Id. of Zebu, in sandy mud, 6 fms. (Owning.) A. Ad. in P. Z. S. 1851, p. 172. THALOTIA STRIGATA A. Adams. Testa turrita-conica, perforate, albida, fasciis latis rufo-fuscis radiata ; anfr. in medio angulatis, porcis transversis subgranulosus, interstitiis longitudinaliter striatis ornata, basi convexa, concentrice porcata ; urnbilico aperto ; aper- tura subrotundata ; columella subflexuosa, basi truncata ; labro intus lirato, margine crenulato. (A. Ad.) Swan Point, N. Australia (Dring). A. ADAMS, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 173. THALOTIA ZEBRIDES A. Adams. Testa turrito-conica, subper- forata, virescenti, lineis atropurpureis longitudinalibus ornata, porcis transversis coufertis sculpta ; longitudinaliter striata, basi convexa ; umbilico subobtecto ; columella sinuata, callo terminata ; labro intus lirato, margine atro-purpureo articulate. (A. Ad.) Habitat unknown. A. ADAMS in P. Z. S. 1851, p. 173. THALOTIA SUTURALIS A. Adams. Testa conica, subperforata, virescenti, lineis purpureis longitudinalibus undulatis ornata ; trans- CANTHARIDU£. 153 versim lirata, longitudinaliter striata ; anfractibus planis, supra suturam elevatis ; sutura canaliculata, basi planiuscula ; columella brevi, basi tuberculo terminata; labro intus laevi, viridi. (A. Ad.) Cape Upstart, Torres Sts., Australia ; under stones at low water. (Dring.) A. ADAMS, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 173. THALOTIA TRICINGULATA A. Adams. Testa conica, imperforate,' nigra, lineis albis longitudinalibus ornata ; anfr. angulatis, ultimo cingulis tribus transversis prominentibus instructo ; basi convexa, cingulis concentricis nigro alboque articulatis ornata ; labio ad basim tuberculato ; apertura subrotundata, intus alba ; labro intus liris elevatis, atro-marginato. (A. Ad.) Habitat unknown. A. ADAMS, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 173. THALOTIA CRENELLIFERA A. Adams. Testa elevato conica, im- perforata ; rufescente, rubro maculosa ; spira acuminata, apice rubro ; anfractibus planulatis, liris confertis, crenellatis, transversis, interstitiis oblique longitudinaliter striatis; anfractu ultimo sub- angulato, basi convexiuscula ; apertura subquadrata, intus alba ; columella alba, iucurvata, antice truncata. (A. Ad.) Australia (Mus. Cuming). A. ADAMS, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 173. CAXTHIRIDUS DECORATUS Adams and Angas. Testa turbinato- conoidea, imperforata, cupreo-aurantiaca, flammulia longitudinalibus albo articulatis, in anfractu ultimo fascia lata albo articulata et serie transversa macularum quadratarum albarum ornata, apice carneola tincto; anfractibus planis, • traiisversim sulcatis, sulcis distantibus, postice obsoletis ; anfractu ultimo ad peripheriam rotundato ; aper- tura subquadrata, labio vix recto, in medio callosa, labro intus sulcato. Long. 6, diam. 4 mill. (Ad. and Aug.) York Peninsula, South Australia. AD. AND AN(4AS, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 37. A small but beautifully ornamented species, of a rich golden- orange color, marked with white spots and nammules. (Ad. Aug.) BANKIVIA LTJGUBRIS Gould. Testa parva, ovato turrita, glabra, rubida, lineis inequalibus satoratioribus cincta ; apice pallido ; anfr. 8, ventricosis, apertura subcircularis, trientem longitudinis 154 GAZA. testse adequans ; columella tenui, alba, arctissime perforata ; labro acuto, pallido, intus rufo submarginato. Axis 12, diam. 6 mill. (Gould.} GOULD, in Proc. Bost. Soc. K H. viii, 1861, p. 18. Sydney, N. S. W. Genus GAZA, Watson, 1878. Gaza WATSON, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., xiv, p. 601 ; Report on Challenger Gasteropoda, p. 93. — DALL, Rep. on ' Blake ' Gastero- poda, p. 354. The animal of G. superba has been described by Dr. Dall as follows : An examination of the soft parts showed the operculum to be very thin, light brown, and with about seven whorls. The animal was of a whitish color without any spots or markings, and with very large black eyes set on a good-sized peduncle closely adjacent to and behind the tentacles. There is a single narrow gill in the usual position. The tentacles are long, large, and rather slender ; the foot short, broad, and bluntly rounded in front, behind almost truncate, in fact the contracted specimen looked almost as if there was a broad posterior indentation in the middle line. The muzzle is long, narrow, subcylindrical above and transversely expanded at its distal end, which is semi-lunar with a densely papillose surface and fringed edges. This expansion is nearly three times as wide as the stem of the muzzle. Epi podium with a large lobe behind the •eye peduncle but not connected with it ; behind the lobe is one long process and then a shorter one. The frill behind is merely puckered, but from under the borders of the operculum on each side protrude three good-sized processes. Behind the opercular lobe the epipo- •dium terminates in a prominent point, concave and papillose on its upper surface. There are no frontal lobes between the teiitacula. The epipodial point extends some distance behind the posterior end of the foot. The jaw is like that of Calliostoma in shape, composed of brown four-sided translucent prismatic rodlets which give under the microscope a reticular marking of diamond-shaped spots to the .surface of the jaw; the two sides are not united in the middle line. The dentition closely resembles that of Lunella versicolor Gmelin as figured by Troschel (Geb. der Schnecken, ii, pi. 20, fig. 7), ex- cept that the bases of the rhachidian and lateral teeth are subcir- •cular, and on a few of the scythe shaped cusps of the numerous GAZA. 155 uncini are a few denticles. There are five lateral teeth, and between twenty and thirty uncini. (Dall.) The nucleus of G. superba is often caducous, and in such speci- mens the apex is pierced with a circular perforation H mill, in •diam., which is continuous with the umbilicus. There does not appear to be any particular difference between the nucleus and the •early whorls, its loss would therefore seem to be due merely to its fragility. In none of those in which it remains is there any indica- tion of its being reinforced by a shelly deposit. (Dall.} I regard Gaza and its subgenera as a group of Trochidce re- lated to Lunella of the Turbinidce on the one hand, and Umbonium on the other. (Dall.) Our knowledge of this beautiful group is derived wholly from the publications of WATSON and of DALL. The species are all deep sea dwellers, living mostly at depths of 100 fms. or greater. O. DJEPALA Watson. PI. 36, fig. 12. Shell depressedly globose, with a convexly conical spire, thin, translucent, horny, nacreous in its whole texture, and iridescent on the surface, with a slightly reverted and narrowly thickened lip, a thin edged twisted pillar, the point of which runs out into a bluntly mucronated angle. Sculpture : Longitudinals — the whole surface is covered with strong, puckered, oblique lines of growth, which are sharp-edged but flattened, rather regular, with many minuter ones in the intervals. The longitudinals are cross- hatched with spirals, which are stronger and more regular, but not perfectly uniform, consisting of square threads and furrows of equal breadth, and both scored by the longitudinals ; on the earlier whorls these spirals disappear before the longitudinals do ; and on the base they become on the outside feebler, closer, and finer, in the middle broader and flatter, and stronger again toward the centre of the shell. Color, delicate yellowish, with a horny translucency and ex- quisite iridescence, which under the lens appears brilliant. Spire high and slightly scalar. Apex very small, flatly rounded, the embryonic H whorl very slightly projecting. Whorls 7 of gradual increase, well rounded, the last slightly angulated below, and on the base flattened, but rather less so towards the mouth, where there is a slight contraction and downward turning of the whole whorl, without, however, any descending of the lip at its junction with the body. Suture very distinct, but not impressed, mouth rather large, very oblique, semioval. Outer lip reflected aud thickened internally 156 GAZA. by a strong but narrow, equal, rounded, white pearly callus, which almost disappears just at the upper corner, and which has a very slight furrow round its margin ; it does not descend at all. Inner lip — from the corner of the outer lip a very thin layer of nacre spreads out a little way across the body, but then ceases entirely. The pillar is spread out at its base as a confined, flattened, unevenly inclined, semicircular, iridescent umbilical pad, from the left corner of which the pillar proper projects, with a narrow but rounded edge, twisted, straight, bending to the left,. and advances into a sharply angulated, and, as seen from behind, even mucronated junction with the basal mouth-edge, to which the umbilical pad curving round the back of the pillar also attains. The inside is scored with the external sculpture, and is brilliantly iridescent. The umbilical pad is defined by a narrow furrow, and in front by a slightly tumid ridge, which is the least nacreous part of the whole shell. Operculum is membranaceous, horny, yellowish, with about six to seven turns, each strongly defined by a narrow line of thick- ening, and sharply scored with minute oblique radiating lines. Alt. 0'65 in. ; diam. 0'87 in. Mouth, height 0'43, breadth 0'41 in. ( Watson.) Kandavu, Fiji, 610 fms. Gaza dazdala WATSON, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, xiv, p. 602 ; Challenger Gasteropoda, p. 93, t. 7, f. 12. G. SUPEKBA Ball. PI. 48, figs. 16, 17. Shell in general features recalling Gaza dsedala Watson, much of whose description would apply with little change to this species* Whorls eight, in the adult roundly shouldered below the suture, rounded at the periphery, somewhat flattened on the base, deeply and widely umbilicated, the umbilicus a little more than half covered by a nacreous callus ; first two and a half whorls trans- parent, not nacreous, very obtuse, the nucleus not prominent ; the next three and a half whorls smooth, except for faintest lines of growth, glassy with the nacre shining through ; the remainder of the shell covered with delicate and distinct lines of growth, some- times a little more pronounced near the suture and by revolving lines almost too shallow to be called grooves, most prominent on the periphery, evanescent on the flattened part of the base and above near the suture ; on the last whorl these are about 0'5 mrn. apart ; the region, near the suture is almost smooth. Suture GAZA. 157 very distinct, but not channelled ; umbilicus bordered by an edge from which the flattened base falls away, and the straight walls forming an almost perfect cone ; the last whorl contracted just before the reflected lip, which, above, rounds out in advance of its junction with the suture, the last quarter of an inch of which descends on the whorl, giving the aperture a downward look ; aper- ture oblique above, arching more nearly to a perpendicular below, smoothly, evenly reflected and thickened from the pillar to the suture, with an internal channel behind the thickening ; pillar callous above, thinly and unevenly reflected half-way across the umbilicus, gently and very obliquely descending and smoothly passing into the basal part of the lip. The interior of the aperture, the lip, the umbilical callus, and a slight wash near the sutural junction, brilliantly nacreous; base and body whorl within the mouth not so; upper surface of shell distinctly tinted with fawn color, base waxen white, the nacre perceptible through the thinner portions. Alt. 24*0 ; maj. diam. 35'5 mill; of umbilicus, 8'0; of aperture, lo'O mill. Defl. about 100°. (Dall.) Off Montserrat, Santa Cruz, Barbados, and in the Gulf between Mississippi delta and Cedar Keys, Fla., 209 to 324 fins. Callogaza superba DALL, Bull. Mus. Cornp. Zool. ix, p. 49, 1881 ; Gaza superba DALL, I.e. xviii, p. 354, t. 22, f. 4, 4a. Dr. Dall writes of this species: I included this species with the subgenus Callogaza in my preliminary paper, but the receipt of more specimens from the U. S. Fish Commission dredgings leads me to doubt whether the umbilicus always remains uncovered, and though I have seen no specimens in which it is wholly closed, yet I suspect it becomes so at times. An adult specimen measures 40 mill, wide by 32 high, and this appears to be about the average of the species. G. RATHBUNI Dall. Another species of about the same size (38 x 24 mill.), G. rath- buni Dall, which differs from G. superba in being more depressed, with stronger spiral grooving, a slightly smaller umbilicus, and more flattened over the sutures, has since turned up among the ' Albatross ' collections, dredged in the Pacific, in 392 fins., sand, near the Galapagos Islands. (Dall, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xviii, p. 354, foot note.) 158 GAZA. G. FISCHERI Dall. PI. 49, fig. 37. This shell is of six and a half whorls, and closely resembles Gaza dsedala Watson, except in the following particulars : It is much more depressed proportionally ; the upper margin of the aperture is distinctly depressed below its general plane ; and the radiating lines, almost microscopic in G. d&edala, are in this form impressed in the early whorls near the suture, so as to produce a succession of short ripples, following the recurved lines of growth, which give a fringe-like ornamentation to the suture, at the rate of about five ripples to a millimeter. Nothing like this is visible in any of the specimens of G. superba. The margin of the suture in this form is distinctly appressed, forming a narrow border. The operctilum has about seven whorls. The umbilicus is completely floored over. The soft parts are like those of G. superba, but the tentacles are shorter and stouter, the lateral lobes of the epipodium propor- tionally larger, there is one more lateral process, and the muzzle is not so much expanded laterally at its termination. Max. diam. of base, 25'0 ; min. diam., 20'0 ; alt., 16*0 mill. (Dall.) Off Santa Lucia, in 423 fins., gray ooze. AVe know so little about the limits of variation in this beautiful group that it is with some doubt that I apply a name to these speci- mens. The difference in form and sculpture, and the distance between Fiji where G. drcdala was collected and the Antilles has seemed to me sufficient warrant in this instance. (Dall.) G.fischeri DALL, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. xviii, p. 355. (1889.) Subgenus CALLOGAZA Dall. Callogaza DALL, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ix, p. 49 (1881) ; I. c. xviii, p. 356. G. WATSONI Dall. PL 49, figs. 25, 26, 27, 28. PI. 48, figs. 11, 12. Shell much smaller than the last and but slightly nacreous ; whorls six and a quarter, having the same general form as in the last species, but with a more prominent nucleus ; nucleus small, bulbous, dark brown ; first two and a half whorls glassy, brown spotted, smooth ; subsequently the exterior two-thirds of the upper surface of the whorls sculptured with four or five strong revolving threads ; the space between them and the suture above, with strong, even, flexuously radiating, shining, rounded plications (about eight to a millimeter) which pass obliquely over the revolving threads and appear again on the base as strong regular plications in the GAZA. 159 umbilical region, extending from the umbilical carina one-third of the way toward the periphery. The base is covered with numerous revolving threads flattened until their interspaces appear like grooves; the umbilicus similarly formed to the last species, but somewhat more turrited internally. Last whorl less contracted behind the lip, which is not produced forward above, as in superba ; the umbilical callus not nacreous, with a granular surface, white and covering less than half the umbilicus ; lip and aperture other- wise much the same as in superba, but only slightly nacreous. Base waxy white, top the same, with cloudy radiating brown blotches near the suture and on the periphery; some of the revolving threads are also continuously brown. Alt. 7'75. maj. diam. 12*5; of umbilicus, 2'5 ; of aperture, 5*5 mill. .Deft, about 120°. (Dall.) Of Havana, Cuba, in 177-200 fms. ; of JBahia Honda, Cuba in 640 fms. ; of Barbados, in 84-154 fms. Callogoza Watsoni DALL, Bull. Mus. Cornp. Zool. ix, p. 50 (1881) ; Le. xviii, p. 356, t. 22, f. 7, 7a ; t. 23, f. 1, la; t. 24, f. 2, 2a. — Margarita filoyyra DALL, Bull. M. C. Z. 1881, p. 42 (young shell). This shell named by me Margarita filogyra is without doubt in part based on young specimens of Callogaza Watsoni. But with regard to some of the others I am puzzled as to whether to so refer them or not. In any case, the weight of probability is in favor of their being eventually united. There are certain differences in the umbilicus to which I do not, in the absence of soft parts, feel able to give a definite value ; wThile the fact that these specimens have a slightly but distinctly thickened lip adds to the obscurity. At all events, whether wholly identical with C. Watsoni or not (Figures 11, 12, Plate 48, certainly are), the M. filogyra is in an uncertain state, and for that reason I prefer to omit the name in my list of established species until I obtain more definite material for study. I retain the figures which had been prepared of the sup- posed young shells. An adult specimen affords the following notes : The body is yel- lowish, the sides streaked with ashy-gray, a few flecks of which also appear between the tentacles. The body is longer than in Gaza proper and distinctly pointed behind. The tentacles are short and stout, with a small inner angle or expansion opposite the distinct eye peduncle, which bears a large very black eye. The 160 GAZA. muzzle is proportionately shorter than in Gaza, sub cylindrical, granulose at the end, but not laterally expanded. The gill as in Gaza superba, but broader in proportion to its length. The very large anterior lobe of the epipodium is followed by seven gradually decreasing lateral processes, of which five are under the operculum, and are separated by small rounded lobes of the epipo- dial margin. The posterior angle of the epipodium is pointed as in Gaza, extending considerably beyond the operculum, but not as far as the foot. The dentition differs considerably from that of Gaza. It most nearly resembles that of Forskalia declivis Fors- kal, as figured by Troschel (Gebiss d. Schneck., II. pi. xxiv, fig. 14.) The rhachidian tooth has a single three pointed cusp, without the accessory denticles of Forskalia, the laterals have two or three accessory denticles, the uncini, unlike Forskalia, are denticulated all along the inner edges of their blade-like cusps, except toward the margin of the radula, where they gradually become simple. It will be observed that in the soft parts there are features which sufficiently distinguish this group from Gaza, according to ordinary standards. Subgenus MICROGAZA Dall. Microgaza DALL, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ix, p. 50 (1881) ; I.e. xviii, p. 357. G. ROTELLA Ball. PI. 48, figs. 5, 6. Shell depressed, with five whorls, somewhat flattened above and below ; nucleus small, translucent white, and with the two first whorls polished, smooth or marked only by faint growth lines ; remainder of the whorls with a narrow puckered band revolving immediately below the suture, on which the shell matter is as it were pinched up into slight elevations at regular intervals, about half a millimeter apart. In some specimens, outside of this band an impressed line revolves with the shell ; remainder smooth, shining or with evanes- cent traces of revolving lines impressed from within and strongest about the rounded periphery ; base rounded toward the umbilical carina over which it seems to be drawn into flexuously radiating well-marked plications (about thirty-two on the last turn) which disappear a third of the way toward the periphery ; wall of the um- bilicus concave, overhung by the carina, turns of the shell so coiled that the part of each whorl uncovered by its successor forms a nar- row spiral plane ascending to the apex like a spiral staircase or GAZA. 161 screw thread. Pillar straight, thin, with no callus ; aperture rounded except at the angle of the umbilical carina ; margin thin, sharp, not reflected or thickened ; no callus on the body whorl in the aperture ; shell whitish or greenish ; nacre less brilliant in dead or deep-water specimens; with zigzag brown lines variously trans- versely disposed and disappearing on the base. Alt. 4'0 maj. diam. 6'75 ; of umbilicus, l'7o; of aperture, 2*5 mill. (Dall) Of Barbados, in 100 fms. ; off Baliia Honda, Cuba, 220 fms. ; 36 miles S. J W. from Cape Hatteras, N. Carolina, in 124 fms. The operculum is like that of Gaza, and has six or seven whorls. None of the specimens show any tendency to a reflected lip, yet it is, of course, possible that no completely adult specimen was ob- tained. The animal has a short stout foot, bluntly rounded at either end. It is of a pinkish tint. The tentacula are very long and the eyes large. The muzzle is rounded and not very long, its ex- tremity plain. There are no frontal lobes. The epipodium has a very small anterior lobe with a cirrus behind it, then a space with- out cirri, a long process just in front of the opercular disk, and one, shorter, under it on each side making three in all. There is no posterior point to the epipodium, and only the above three cirri on each side. The jaw is somewhat like that of Umbonium, but shorter and broader. The radula, however, bears no resemblance to that of Umbonium (Rotella Lam.). The teeth are very elegant. The rhachidian tooth in general form (except the cusp) not unlike that of Calliostoma granulata Born (Troschel, II, pi. xxiv, fig. 18), but the central spur of the cusp is long and slender like a stiletto, ex- tending considerably behind the posterior edge of the base of the tooth. On each side of it are four stout sharp rather short denticles, radiating as from the median point of the front edge of the cusp. The laterals recall those of Gibbula divaricata (Troschel, loc. cit., fig. 6), but have more, larger, and stronger denticles, all on the posterior edge of the cusp, or the edge away from the rhachis, the uncini are rather few in number, the cusps sword shaped, sigmoid, the inner ones denticulated on both edges. The number of laterals is five. The radula as a whole is very short and small. . The depressed form and marginated suture, as well as the kind of coloration, in this shell recall Umbonium. The texture of the shell and the character of its umbilicus are precisely as in Callo- gaza. The soft parts indicate its place to be in that vicinity. 11 162 GAZA-BEMBIX. Until a larger number of the myriad of species shall have been ex- amined, it is evident that the characters of the dentition in their classification cannot be formulated except in a provisional manner. Genus BEMBIX Watson, 1878. Bembix WATSON, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, xiv, p. 603 ; Chal- lenger Gasteropoda, p. 95. A remarkable feature of this genus is its being covered with a thin extremely persistent smooth fibrous epidermis, like that of some of the Helices. This epidermis swells up and becomes pustu- lated in water. In form the shell recalls some of the Cantharidus group, but is thinner and on the base more tumid ; the axis is per- forated, and the pillar is thin, reverted and merely angulated in front. The operculum is membranaceous and multispiral. ( Watson.) B. ^OLA Watson. PL 40, figs. 10, 11. Shell high, concavely conical, cariuated, sculptured on the upper whorls, smooth or wrinkled below, thin, with a tumid lirated base, narrowly umbilicated, with a smooth epidermis, thin, but especially so on the base, more or less nacreous all over under a thin porcel- lanous upper layer. Sculpture: The first three whorls (after the embryonic apex) are reticulated by three sharp remote spirals, and rather stronger, slightly oblique longitudinals, which rise at their in- tersections into small sharp pyramidal tubercles ; the interstices are a little broader than high. This system gradually dies out and leaves the surface smooth, only the row of infra-sutural tubercles survives in an enlarged but depressed form, and springing from these some sinuous, oblique, and slightly irregular longitudinal puckerings appear on the last whorl, which is nearly bisected by the sharpish, slightly expressed, finely tubercled carina. This bisec- tion of the last whorl arises from the great prolongation and tumidity of the base, on which, below the carina, are five narrow, equally parted, spiral threads, and two intra-umbilical ones, which are more continuous. Besides this larger system of sculpture, the whole surface is covered with minute, oblique, irregular, and inter- rupted puckerings of the epidermis. Color a brownish yellow, but below the epidermis there is a thin pure white porcellanous layer, through which and the epidermis the sheen of the nacreous layer gleams. The base is whiter, the epidermis there being very thin. Inside the mouth is an exquisite roseate nacre, spire high, with a BEMBIX-CHLOROSTOMA. 163 slightly concave contour, the lines of which are hardly swollen out by the slight tumidity of the last whorl. Apex eroded, but evi- dently small. Whorls 7 or 8, of regular increase, quite flat on the side slopes, except the last, which is very slightly constricted below the suture, a very little tumid on the upper slope, sharply carinated but not much angulated at the suture, and very tumid on the base. Suture linear, strongly defined on the upper whorls by the square furrow lying between the lines of tubercles which marginate the suture above and below. On the last whorl it becomes slightly pouting from the projection of the carina and the slight infra- sutural constriction. Mouth nearly square, very little oblique in the line of its advance, but standing out a little obliquely to the axis of the shell. Outer lip thin, not descending:. Pillar lip thin, spread out broadly at its base over the umbilicus, which it largely conceals, with a deep narrow furrow behind it. Curving over to the right, it advances, thin and pointed, to its angular junction with the basal lip. Umbilicus defined by a spiral thread and with two other spirals within it. It is not small but concealed by the pillar- lip. Alt. 0'82 in. ; diam. O63 in. ; mouth, heigth O4 ; breadth 038 in. ( Watson.) It is evidently not remote from Trochns aryent.eonitens, Lischke (Japan. Mee res-Conch., vol. iii, p. 67), a species I know only from the figure and description. The whole sculpture, however, seems distinct though similar. (Watson.) Off Japan in 565 fms. J3. ceola WATSON, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, xiv, p. 603 (1878) ; Challenger Gasteropoda, p. 95, t. 7, f. 13. Genus CHLOROSTOMA Swainson, 1840. Chlorostoma SWAINS. Malacol., p. 350. — PHILIPPI, Handb. der. Conchyl. u. Mai., p. 209.— A. AD. (in part), P. Z. S. 1851, p. 180. —GRAY, Guide Syst. dist, Moll. Brit. Mus., p. 154.— H. and A. AD. Gen. Rec. Moll, i, p. 428. — TRYON, Struct, and Syst. Conch, ii, p. 311—Ompkalius PHILIPPI, Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1847, p. 21 ; Handbuch, p. 210. — GRAY, Guide Syst. dist., p. 154. — TRYON, S. and S. Conch., p. 310. — H. and A. AD., Genera, p. 429. — TROSCHEL, Das Gebiss der Schnecken, ii, p. 232. — Neomphalius FISCHER, Manuel de Cuc- chyl., p. 821 (1885).— Phorcus A. AD. Monog. Trochida?, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 156 (not Phorcus Risso). — Tegula LESSON, Illust. de 164 CHLOROSTOMA. Zoologie, t. 51 (1832) (no description). — H. and A. AD., Genera, i, p. 426. The genus Chlorostoma replaces on American shores the old world genus Gibbula. The more prominent shell characters are the callous which is continued from the columella partly around (or even covering) the umbilicus, and the bi- or tri-dentate base of the columella. The dentition is peculiar, and at once separates these shells from all other Trochidse. The rhachidian tooth is broader than long, the reflected portion extending nearly its whole breadth, narrowly reflected and with irregularly denticulated edge. The laterals number 5 on each side. The uncini have either denticulate or simple cusps (pi. 50, fig. 10, C. fanebrale; fig. 13, Omphalhi* excavatus). The distribution of the species of Chlorostoma into sections is difficult on account of the coalescence of characters throughout the group ; and many species go equally well in Chlorostoma or Omphalius; in general, Omphalius includes umbilicate species with spirally lirate or granose whorls, but some undoubted Omphalius are smooth, and some granose species are imperforate. Correspond- ing variations occur in the large conical typical Chlorostoma ; so that no sharp line can be drawn. C. pellisserpentis, the only species of Tegula (Less.) Gray, is perhaps distinct enough to have a sec- tional name. Oriental Species. The following key, slightly modified from Lischke, will usually guide one to the species of Chlorostoma inhabiting Japanese waters : A. Umbilicus covered. 1. Longitudinally plicate : a. Large, folds strong, base spirally lirate, C. argyrostoma. b. Smaller ; folds fine, close ; base smooth, C. distinguenda. 2. Without longitudinal folds : a. Coal-black, with orange apex, C. nigricolor. b. Olive-colored, with lead-colored apex, C. lischkei. B. Openly umbilicate. 1 . Periphery bluntly angled ; base plano-convex or flat : a. Elevated ; with broad low folds or smooth, C. rustica. b. Depressed ; folds very narrow and close, C. nigerrima. 2. Periphery acutely angled ; base plano-concave. CHLORQSTOMA. 165 a. Strongly plicate ; base spirally lirate, C. carpenteri. b. Base smooth. a. Obsoletely plicate, C. pfeifferi. b. Entirely smooth, C. achates. C. ARGYROSTOMA. Gmelin. PL 25, figs. 11, 12. Shell imperforate, conical, solid, heavy, black, except the eroded first whorls which are yellow, the base lighter, olive or pinkish ; de- pressed ; whorls about 7, finely longitudinally corrugated, and much less obviously spirally sculptured, the longitudinal sculpture obsolete on the base ; aperture very oblique, smooth and nacreous within ; outer lip edged with black ; columella oblique, decidedly dentate midway, and frequently less markedly so at the base ; um- bilical tract covered by a heavy green callus. Alt. 40, diam. 45 mill. Philippines ; Chinese and Japanese Seas. Trochus aryyrostomus GMEL., Syst. Nat., xiii, p. 3583. — LISCHKE, Jap. Meeres-ConchyL, p. 96, t. 7/f. 3-5. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 105, t. 29, f. 4 (Turbo). — T. distinguendus DUNKER, Molluska Japonica, p. 22, t. 3, f. 1. (1861.) An abundant and variable species. It may be separated from the following forms by the imperf(*rate base, green or olive umbili- cal callus, and finely, regularly plicate upper surface. Var. DISTINGUENDA Bunker. PL 26, fig. 20. Longitudinal folds less strong, close ; base smooth ; umbilical callus white. Alt. 18, diam. 20 mill. Japan. C. NIGERRIMA Gmelin. PL 25, figs. 9, 10. Shell umbilicated, rather depressed conical, solid, black or pur- plish-black, lighter beneath ; spire conic, sutures impressed ; whorls about 6, very obliquely striate, longitudinally finely corrugated, the folds small, dichotomose a short distance beneath the periphery, very regular and close ; base nearly flat, smooth ; periphery bluntly angular ; aperture very oblique ; columella toothed in the middle and more obsoletely at the base, expanding above in a callus half surrounding the umbilicus and partly covering it. Alt. 20, diam. 25 mill. Japan. 166 CHLOROSTOMA. » Trochus nigerrimus GMEL., Syst. Nat., xiii, p. 3572. — PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., t. 10, f. 13. — LISCHKE, Jap. Meeres- Conchyl., p. 97, t. 7, f. 6, 7 (not Turbo nigerrimus GMEL.,=Monodonta nigerrima (Gm.) (Phil.) — Trochus niger, umbilicatus, etc., CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. Cab., v, p. 98, f. 1647. — T. niger PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 369. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 372, t. 113, f. 4. — Chlorostoma corrugation A. ADAMS, P. Z. S., 1851, p. 182.— Chlorostoma undatella GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1861, p. 20. This species is most nearly allied to C. argyrostoma, and in the sculpture differs from that form only in the rather smaller folds above, and the lack of distinct spiral striae or lir?e. It is smaller than argyrostoma, more depressed, and always umbilicated. C. RUSTICA Gmelin. PI. 25, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4. Shell umbilicate, conic, heavy, solid, chocolate-colored or brownish- olivaceous ; spire conical, more or less elevated ; suture distinctly impressed ; whorls 6-7, moderately convex or nearly flat, sometimes tumid just below the sutures, and either smooth or longitudinally plicate, the folds usually obsolescent, and visible only for a short distance below the sutures ; spirally obsoletely striate ; body-whorl obtusely angular at the periphery ; base nearly flat ; aperture very oblique ; columella with one or two teeth below, expanded above in a white callus, which half surrounds the narrow, deep circular umbilicus. Alt. 33, diam. 32 mill. Japan. Trochus rusticus GMEL., Synt. Nat., xiii, p. 3572. — PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 48, t. 10, f. 11, 12.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 163, t. 55, f. 1, t. 112, f. 2. — LISCHKE, Jap. Meeres- Conchyl., p. 97. Periphery less sharply carinate than in C. uordmanni and C. pfeifferi ; less strongly sculptured than C. carpenteri, and not lirate beneath ; more elevated than C. nigerrima and not nearly so finely corrugated above. C. NIURICOLOR Bunker. PL 26, figs. 21, 22. Shell conoid, imperforate, obsoletely striate, black ; whorls plano- convex, the last subangulate, base convex,, dull reddish or yellow- ish ; umbilical callus green, pitted ; columella very oblique, uniden- tate ; fauces smooth, pearly. Alt. 17, diam. 28 mill. (Dunker.) Japan. Trochus nigricolor DKR., Malak. Blot., 1860, p. 237, and Moll. Jap., p. 22, t. 3, f. 2.— LISCHKE, Jap. Meer ex- Conchyl., p. 100, t, 7, f. CHLOROSTOMA. 167 1, 2. — Chlorostoma xanthostigma A. ADAMS, P. Z. S., 1851, p. 183 (Teste E. A. SMITH, Ann. and Mag. N. H., xvi, 1875, p. 112, and WATSON, Challenger Moll, p. 70). My scientific conscience will not allow me to substitute for Dr. Bunker's name for this species, that proposed by Adams. The latter would never have been identified had it not been for the speci- mens in the British Museum ; for Adams' description gives neither measurement nor locality, and is not sufficient for identification. I do not consider specimens placed in the British or any other Museum as " published " in any sense, unless they are so described or figured that they may be identified without referring to the types. And further, I do not see how anything but evil can result from the practice of quoting names from specimens in the British Museum in synonymy. Of this species Lischke says: It stands extremely close to T. brunneus. The sculpture is identical, save that my examples lack the upper of the two spiral lirse mentioned. The umbilical pit is in my adult examples of T. brunneus, much narrower than in the present species, in one example entirely concealed. T. nigricolor seems also to be larger and proportionately broader than T. brun- neus. My largest example of brunneus is 34 mill, alt., 29 in diam.; of nigricolor 41 mill, alt., 36 diam. But the main difference is in the color; the upper surface and the larger part of the base is pitchy-black in T. nigricolor, the eroded apex orange, the umbilical callus white or a beautiful green, (Lischke.) The " T. brunneus " which is referred to above is not the true Chlorostoma bruuneum Phil., a species of the California!! coast, but a distinct form as yet uudescribed, of which a single small specimen is before me. This shell is figured on pi. 26. fig. 16. It ma) be called Chlorostoma Lischkei. On account of the insufficiency of my material at present, I defer a formal description. Vide LLSCHKE, Ja,p. Meeres- Conchy lien f i, p. 99, " T. brunneus." C. PFEIFFERI Philippi. PL 26, figs. 13, 14, 15. Shell umbilicate, conical, solid, dark purplish or brownish-purple, obliquely striate, the base radiately striate with white ; spire strictly conical, elevated, apex eroded, whorls about 7, planulate above, the last acutely angular at the periphery, the base plano-concave ; whorls smooth or with fine spiral striae, and ill-defined longitudinal folds ; aperture subhorizontal, occupying about half the area of the 168 CHLOROSTOMA. base ; columella dentate in the middle, expanded above in a white callus ; umbilicus profound, circular, surrounded by a white zone. Alt. 30, diam. 33 mill. Japan. Trochus pfeifferi PHILIPPI, Zeitschr. f. Mai, 1846, p. 104, and Conchy 1. Cao., p. 152, t. 25, f. 2. — LISCHKE, Jap. Meeres- Conchy!., p. 98.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 336, t. 105, f. l.— T. nordmanni SCHRENCK, Bull, de I'Acad. de St. Petersb., v, p. 511 (1862) ; Nord- jap. Moll., p. 349, t. 15, f. 1,2; Relsen u. Forschungen Amur-Lande, p. 349, t. 15, f. 1, 2.— Chlorostoma achates OLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., viii, p. 20. (1861.) The typical C. pfeifferi is strictly conical, with nearly straight lateral outlines ; the whorls are obsoletely longitudinally plicated ; the base is slightly concave, and radiately striate or streaked with white. Var. ACHATES Gould, differs in having a smooth surface, the folds entirely obsolete. C. CARPENTERI Dunker. PL 25, figs. 5, 6, 7, 8. Shell umbilicate, conical, solid, grayish-black, but seen on close inspection to be minutely, densely striped with black on a whitish ground; spire strictly conical, apex yellowish; whorls 6 to 7, flat, densely, very obliquely sublamellose-striate, and with coarse, wavy, irregular longitudinal folds over the entire upper surface ; last whorl acutely carinated at the periphery ; base plano-concave, with about four strong spiral lirse ; aperture extremely oblique, columella strongly dentate in the middle, expanded above and reflexed partly over the umbilicus; umbilicus white within, spirally ribbed. Alt. 26, diam. 25 ; alt. 54, diam. 43 mill. Nagasaki and Decima, Japan. Trochus carpenter i DUNKER, Malak. BL, vi, p. 237 (1860) ; and Moll. Japonica, p. 21, t. 3, f. 12. — LISCHKE, Jap. Meeres- Conchy I., p. 98, t. 7, f. 8, 9, 10.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 170, t. 57, f. 1. More coarsely sculptured than any other Japanese species. Species from the West Coast of the Americas. C. PELLISSERPENTIS Wood. PL 20, figs. 1, 2. Shell imperforate, conical, elevated, very thick, solid and heavy ; color yellowish or pinkish, marked with narrow angular patches or interrupted longitudinal oblique stripes of black ; spire strictly conical, apex acute, sutures linear ; whorls 8, encircled by weakly CHLOROSTOMA. 169 granose line, separated by narrow impressed lines; periphery nearly smooth ; base smooth or lirate, eroded in front of the aperture ; aperture oblique, outer lip thick within, smooth, bevelled to an edge ; columella oblique, bearing in the middle a heavy tubercle, at the base less prominently toothed? Alt. 43, diam. 38 mill. W. Coast of Central America; Gulf of California. Trochus pellis-serpentis WOOD, Lid. Test. SuppL, t. 5, f. 4. — PHIL- IPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 105, t. 17, f. 4. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 165, t. 55. f. 3. — T. strigilatus ANTON, VerzeicJmiss, p. 56. — PHILIPPI, Abbild. u. Beschreib., i, Trochus t. 2, f. 9. — Tegula elegans LESSON, Illustrations de Zoologie, t. 51 (1832). This species is the type of the subgenus Tegula. It differs from the species of Chlorostoma with which I have associated it in the heavier, larger columellar tubercle, more numerous whorls and differ- ent color-pattern. C. GALLINA Forbes. PL 20, fig. 5 ; pi. 28, figs. 52, 53. Shell imperforate, heavy, solid, thick, conoidal, dark purplish or blackish, longitudinally striped or speckled with whitish, the stripes occupying the interstices between close, narrow superficial folds of the surface, which may be well-marked, or obsolete, continuous or cut into granules by equally close spiral furrows, the latter some- times predominating ; spire conoidal, the apex usually blunt, eroded and yellow; body-whorl rounded at the periphery; base convex, more or less eroded in front of the aperture ; whorls 5 to 6 ; aperture oblique ; outer lip black-edged, smooth and pearly within ; columella short, arcuate, strongly bidentate near the base : place of the umbilicus marked by a pit. Alt. 28-40, diam. 26-34 mill. California; L. California. Trochus (Monodonta} c/allina FORBES, P. Z. S., 1850, p. 271, t. 11, f. S.— T. aallina FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 358, t. Ill, f. l.—T.pyri- formis GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. Ar. H., 1853, p. 382. The above description applies to the typical form ; the sculpture of the surface is superficial and very variable, as is the distribution of the color markings, which is dependent upon the sculpture. It is sometimes difficult to separate this from C. funebrale. See remarks under that species. Var. TINCTA Hemphill. In this form the longitudinal markings and sculpture are obsolete and the spiral grooves generally scarcely visible above ; the color is 170 CHLOROSTOMA. yellow-greenish or blackish, the apex eroded, yellow ; and there is a streak of yellow on the base just below the columellar teeth. C. FUNEBRALE A. Adams. PL 28, figs. 42, 43, 44. This species is similar to C. gallina in form and characters of the aperture. It is lusterless, purple or black, the apex usually eroded, orange-colored ; the teeth of the columelia are white ; and there is never a yellowish streak at the base, as in the var. tincta of the last species. The whorls are spirally lirate, sometimes smooth except on the base, sometimes strongly lirate above. The suture is margined below by an impressed line, and by elevated, foliaceous incremental lamella?. This last feature may almost always be detected, although sometimes but very slightly developed. Alt. 35, diam. 32 ; alt. 25, diam. 26 mill. L. California and Northward. C.funebrale A. AD., P. Z. S., 1854, p. 316. — CARPENTER, Rept. on Moll. W. Coast N. A., 1863, p. 652.— KEEP, West Coast Shells, p. 84, f. 71. — Trochus funebralis FISCHER, Cog. Viv., p. 173, t. 57, f. 3. — T. marginatus NUTTALL, mss. — T. mcestus var., GOULD, Exped. Shells., p. 183, f. 214. One of the most abundant mollusks of the Californian Coast. The shell never shows the longitudinal folds and stripes characteristic of typical C gallina, nor has it the basal yellowish streak of the smooth var. tincta. The foliated subsutural margin is characteristic, also, though not always developed. C. BRUNNEUM PhilippL PL 27, figs 36-38. Shell imperforate, conical, solid, russet-yellow, brown, orange- colored or deep crimson ; spire conic ; sutures deeply impressed ; whorls about 7, convex, smooth, obliquely lightly striate, the last sometimes obsoletely undulated or plicate below the suture ; base de- pressed, deeply concave in the center ; aperture very oblique ; columelia one or two toothed near the base ; umbilical callus white ; place of the umbilicus deeply excavated. Alt. 32, diam. 36 ; alt. 38, diam. 35 mill. Californian Coast. Trochus brunneus PHILIPPI, Zeitschr.f. Mai., 1848, p. 189, and Conchy L Cab., p. 300, t. 43, f. 19. — LISCHKE, Jap. Meeres- Conchy I, p. 99.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 365, t. 112, f. 1. The smooth surface and the color of this species will distinguish it from any of its allies. It is according to Lischke found upon the CHLOROSTOMA. 171 coast of Japan (Nagasaki, Decima) ; but I share the doubt ex- pressed by Fischer as to its actual occurrence there. The relative altitude and the size are extremely variable. C. PULLIGO Martyn. PL 26, figs. 23, 24, 25. Shell deeply and widely umbilicate, conical, solid, dull purplish or brown, when worn often orange, obliquely streaked with white or unicolored ; spire elevated ; whorls 7, flattened, the upper ones finely spirally striate and sometimes very obsoletely plicate ; the re- mainder smooth, obliquely finely striate ; base flattened, slightly convex, obliquely streaked, concave and white around the umbilicus ; body- whorl bluntly angled at the periphery ; aperture very oblique, smaller than usual in Chlorostoma ; columella thin, obtusely den- tate, ending above in a white callus which partly covers the umbili- cus. Alt. 35, diam. 32 ; alt. 22, diam. 22-27 mill. Sitka to California. Trochiis pulligo MARTYN, Universal Conch., t. 76. — PHILIPPI, Conchy]. Cab., p. 84, t. 15, f. 3.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 232, t. 80, f. 1. — T. marcidus GOULD, Bost. Journ. N. H., xvi, 1852, p. . A handsome and rare species, more widely umbilicated than any other from the West Coast. There is no spiral ridge within the umbilicus. C. MONTEREYI Kiener. PL 27, figs. 27, 28, 29. Shell umbilicate, strictly conical, rather thin, light olivaceous or pale corneous ; spire conical, with nearly straight outlines ; apex acute ; sutures linear ; whorls 7, flattened, encircled by numerous fine line, which become obsolete on the lower whorl, which shows usually very ill-defined obliquely descending small folds, at right angles to the incremental strise; body-whorl acutely angular at the periphery; base flat, spirally, subobsoletely lirate ; aperture subhorizontal ; outer lip thin, margined with brown or corneous; columella subhorizontal, curved, toothed below the middle, receding above, not spreading around the umbilicus as in the other species; umbilicus funnel-shaped, rapidly becoming very narrow, white within, its edge defined by an angle. Alt, 28-39, diam. 34-42 mill. Calif ornian Coast. Troclms montereyi KIENER, Species, gen. Trochus, t. 33, f. 1, la. —FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 104, t. 33, f. 1. 172 CHLOROSTOMA. This form, of Avhich a number of specimens are before me, is very distinct from the other species. Its general aspect is that of an Eutrothus. The whorls and base are flat; and the color a light fawn. It is the "Chlorostoma pfeifferi" of American writers on Californian shells. C. STRIATULATUM Kiener. PI. 27, figs. 34, 35. Shell imperforate, conoid, apex subobtuse, covered with a brown or cinereous unicolored cuticle ; whorls 6, separated by linear suture, obliquely striate, transversely finely lirate, the lirae obsolete on the last whorl ; last whorl slightly convex, carinate, beneath planulate or slightly convex, marked with obsolete concentric line ; aperture ample, rhomboid, the right margin oblique ; columella arcuate, denticulate in the middle, emarginate below the denticle; umbilical area depressed. Alt. 18, diam. 21 mill. (Fischer.) Coast of California (?) T. striatulatus KIENER, Species, gen. Trochus, t. 33, f. 3. — FISCHER, Cog. Viv., p. 106, t. 33, f. 3. I have not seen this form, nor has it been mentioned by writers on Californian mollusks. It differs, according to Fischer, from C. montereyi, in the shorter more obtuse spire, more convex whorls and in lacking an umbilicus. C. AUREOTINCTUM Forbes. PL 27, figs. 31, 32, 33. Shell umbilicate, conoidal, thick, solid, black or cinereous ; spire conical, apex generally eroded ; sutures impressed ; whorls about 5, convex, spirally coarsely ridged below, radiately plicate above ; the revolving ridges 5 in number, the folds of the upper surface dis- appearing with age ; base rounded, concave around the umbilicus ; periphery rounded ; aperture oblique ; columella with a blunt tuber- cle in the middle and a smaller one below it, slightly reflexed above, joined to the upper margin by a heavy white callus extending across the parietal wall ; umbilicus wide, deep bright orange-colored within. Alt. 38, diam. 35 ; alt. 22, diam. 26 mill. California and L. California. T. aureotinctus FORBES, P. Z. S. 1*50, p. 271, t. 11, f. 7. — CAR- PENTER, Rept. on Moll. W. Coast N. A., p. 652. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv. (gen. Turbo), p. 94, t. 31, f. 1. — Turbo cateniferus KIENER, Species, genre Turbo, t. 31, f. 1 (not T. cateniferus Pot. et Mich.). The more prominent features of this species are found in the heavy, solid shell, coarsely ridged below and the orange-colored CHLOROSTOMA. 173 umbilicus. The aperture is less oblique than in any of the preceding species of Chlorostoma. C. RUGOSUM A. Adams. PL 26, fig. 26. Shell narrowly umbilicate, conoidal, solid, heavy, dull cinereous, more or less variegated by brown, blackish or red streaks; spire conoidal, generally eroded and white or yellow at the apex ; whorls, about 5, obliquely striate, radiately coarsely and irregularly plicate and rugose above, sometimes nearly smooth ; periphery rounded ; base convex, concentrically lirate ; aperture oblique ; columella strongly dentate in the middle or below it, with a second small tooth at the base ; edge of the columella rather deeply curved above the tooth, but spreading at its junction with the whorl, bounding and somewhat narrowing the umbilicus by a white callus, which does not extend to the upper margin of the aperture ; umbilicus deep, white within. Alt. 26, diam. 27 mill. L. California ; Gulf of California. Chlorostoma rugosum A. AD., P. Z. 8., 1851, p. 182. — T. rugosus FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 231, t. 75, f. 3. A rude, rugose species, like C. aureotinctum ; but much less coarsely sculptured, with narrower umbilicus, different columella, and parietal wall lacking the callus of that form. Var. RUFOTINC- TUM Carpenter (pi. 27, fig. 30) is smaller, alt. 20, diam. 21 mill., and radiately striped with lusterless red. The spiral lirulie are some- times visible also upon the upper surface. Species of Peru and Chili. C. ATRUM Lesson. PL 28, figs. 40, 41. Shell imperforate, conical, more or less depressed, heavy, solid, lusterless black ; whorls about 6, moderately convex, separated by impressed sutures, smooth, except for slight incremental strise ; body whorl more or less depressed, rounded or subangular at the periphery ; base flattened, concave in the center, eroded and light purplish in front of the aperture ; aperture- very oblique, the outer lip black-margined, smooth and pearly within ; columella oblique, obtusely dentate in the middle; umbilico-columellar tract covered by a white callus, excavated at the position of the umbilicus, and bearing a spiral rib. Alt. 35, diam 40 ; alt. 26, diam. 40 mill. Coasts of Chili and Bolivia. 174 CHLOROSTOMA. Troche ater LESSON, Voy. de la Coquille, p. 344, t. 16, f. 2 (1826). — D'ORBIGNY Voy. clans VAmer. merid., p. 409. — GOULD, U. S. Explor. Exped., t. 211. — GAY, Hist, fisica y polit. de Chile, viii, p. 142, t. 4, f. 2.— PHILIPPI, Conchy 1. Cab., p. 198, t. 30, f. 1.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv. (gen. Turbo), p. 109, t. 30, f. 2. The largest American Chlorostoma. Some specimens are much depressed. The dimensions are frequently smaller than above given. Fisher gives alt. 50, diam. 54 mill, as the measurements of a specimen in the Paris collection. Var. MCESTUM Jonas. PI. 28, figs. 50, 51. This form differs from the preceding in being smaller, narrower and more elevated. Alt. 28, diam. 26-28 mill. Coast of Chili. All the specimens I have seen are very much eroded. T. mcestus JONAS, Zeitschr. f. Malak., 1844, p. 113. — PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 199, t. 30, f. 2.— GAY, Hi-fis, y polit. Chile, t. 4, f. 3.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 276, t. 91, f. 1. C. EURYOMPHALUS Jonas. PI. 27, figs. 39. Shell umbilicate, conical, solid, black or purplish ; spire elevated, conical ; whorls about 6, somewhat convex, nearly smooth, the last more or less angulate at the periphery, sometimes obtusely bicar- inate; aperture rather small, oblique, colurnella arcuate, spreading above in a white callus; umbilicus white within, somewhat funnel- shaped, bearing a spiral rib which terminates in a denticle in the middle of the columella. Alt. 28-33, diam. 28-33 mill. Coast of Chili. T. euryomphalus JONAS, Zeitschr. /. Malak., 1844, p. 115. — PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 155, t. 25, f. 7. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 107, t. 31, f. 4. — Turbo luctiiosus var., KIENER, Species, t. 31, f. 4. — Trochus kieneri HUPE, in GAY, H-ist. fis. y polit. Chile, viii, p. 144, t. 4, f. 1. Allied to the following species, but narrower, more elevated, and much less distinctly carinated. It bears about the same relation to C. luctuosum that C. mcestum does to C. atrum, and should per- haps rank as a variety of that species. C. LUCTUOSUM d'Orbiguy. PL 28, figs. 45, 46. Shell broadly umbilicate, depressed conical, solid, heavy, black or purplish ; spire more or less depressed, sutures linear ; whorls 5 CHLOROSTOMA. 175 to 6, the upper ones with a strong carina midway between the sutures, the last carinated at the periphery and above, generally showing a less prominent carina on the base near the periphery ; aperture oblique, columella oblique, arcuate ; umbilicus broad and deep, with a spiral rib within. Alt. 26, diam. 40 ; alt. 35, diam. 44 mill. W. coast of S. America, from Callao to Valparaiso. Trochus luctuosus D'ORB., Voy. dan* VAmer. Merid., p. 409, t. 76, f. 16-19.— PHILIPPI, Conchy I. Cab., p. 153, t. 25, f. 4, 5.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 106, t. 31, f. 3. — T. bicarinatiis POT. ET MICH., Galerie, i, t. 30. f. 1-3 (not T. bicarinatiis Lam., a fossil species). — T. carinatus KOCH, in PHILIPPI, Abbild., Trochus, t. 2, f. 3 (not T. carinatus Borson, a fossil species). — Chlorostoma tropido- phorum A. AD., P. Z. S., 1851, p. 183. The wide umbilicus and strongly keeled whorls* separate this form from the other species. C. TRIDENTATUM Potiez et Miclmud. PI. 28, figs. 47, 48. Shell minutely perforate, conoidal, elevated, heavy and solid, black or purplish ; whorls 5 to 6, slightly convex, smooth, the last with rounded periphery ; base somewhat flattened, deeply eroded in front of the aperture; aperture small, oblique, the outer lip thick and lirate within, the columella short, oblique, distinctly tridentate at the base ; umbilicus circular, minute. Alt, 19-22, diam. 15-18 mill. Coasts of Peru and Chili. Monodonta trideutata P. ET M., Galeri? du Mus. de Douai, i, p. 321, t. 29, f. 16, 17.— Trochus tridentatus PHIL., Conchy 1. Cab., p. 153, t. 25, f. 3.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 172, t. 57, f. 2.—T. tridens MKE. in PHILIPPI. Abbild., Trochus, t. 4, f. 10. — T. stenomplialus JONAS, Zeitschr. f. Mai., , p. 114. — T. microstomus D'ORBIGNY, Voy. dans I'Amer. Merid., p. 410, t. 76, f. 20, 21. ( Omphalius.) C. VIRIDULUM Gmelin. PI. 29, figs. 54-56. Shell umbilicate, conoidal, solid, whitish-grayish or greenish, radiately striped above with crimson or rich brown, beneath spotted or radiately striped with the same color ; spire rather obtuse, short ; whorls 6, convex, encircled by spiral lirse which are more or less 176 CHLOROSTOMA. beaded upon the upper surface, the interstices between them mi- nutely spirally striated ; on the penultimate whorl they number about 6 ; below the periphery the line are finer, closer, and nearly smooth ; last whorl obtusely angulate or rounded at the periphery ; base rather flattened, somewhat concave around the umbilicus, and generally eroded in front of the aperture ; aperture oblique ; outer lip beveled to an acute edge, which is usually margined with green and is sulcated or crenulated, the furrows corresponding to the lirse of the outer surface ; the pearly throat is also more or less sulcate ; columella arcuate, expanded above in a bright green callus which partly surrounds the umbilicus, at its base green, bearing a tuber- cular tooth, followed by several smaller ones ; basal margin smooth or denticulate within ; umbilicus wide and deep, white or greenish within. Alt. 22, diam. 25 mill. Rio Janeiro, Northward to West Indies. Trochm viridulus GMEL., Syst. Nat., xiii, p. 3574. — PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 75, t, 14, f. 5.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 210, t. 70, f. 1 (not T. viridulus Mke.) — T. Cruciatus "Chemnitz," PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 76, 1. 14, f. 8 (not of Linn.) — T. articvlatus D'ORB., Voy. dans. VAmcr. Mcrid., p. 409. Under the above specific name I am compelled to unite a number of species hertofore considered distinct. The description and figures given above apply to the typical form found on the E. Coast of S. America. This form is nearly always green beneath the superficial coat. Var. RETICULATUM Wood. PL 29, figs. 63, 64, 68, 69. This form is more depressed than C. viridulum and smaller ; the base is flatter ; the periphery carinate ; the lirse of the upper surface more regular, more distinctly beaded, the interliral interstices with fewer spiral striae, often with minute beaded lirulse. Coloration as in C. viridulum, consisting of radiating stripes. Aperture and columella tinged with green or white. Alt. 15, diam. 18-19 mill. Panama to Mazatlan. T. retieulatas WOOD., Lid. Test. SuppL, t. 6, f. 38. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 212, t. 70. f. 2. — T. brazilianus MENKE, Syn. meth. Moll., p. 142 (1830).— Philippi, Conchyl. Cab., p. 76, t. 14, f. 10. A form precisely like this in every character except that it has a somewhat more rounded periphery is before me from the Gulf coast of Costa Rica. CHLOROSTOMA. 177 Var. LIGULATUM Menke. PI. 29, figs. 58, 59, 60. This is an extremely variable form. The shell may be either very much depressed or as high as broad. It may be spirally sculptured with numerous narrow, unequal line, or as strongly cingulate as the preceding form. The best development of this variety is shown by the specimens before me from San Diego. They are elevated, turbinated, strongly granose-lirate ; the base is deeply eroded in front of the aperture ; the color is brownish-yellow, with numerous close narrow longitudinal purplish-brown stripes, but the whole surface is so dingy that it appears unicolored ; the spiral lirae are subequal, the grains low and elongated in the direction of the Iira3. The whorls are rounder than in C. viridulum, and the aperture decidedly smaller, and lacking green tinge on the columella. Alt. 22, diam. 22 ; alt. 14, diam. 18 mill. Panama to California. Trochus ligulatus MENKE, Zeitschr.f. Mai., 1850, p. 173. — Om- phalius ligulatus CARPENTER, Cat. Mazatlan Sh., p. 235. — 0. fusees- cens, CARPENTER, Suppl., Rept. on Moll. W. Coast N. A., p. 652 (and of subsequent American collectors and authors, not of Philippi!}.— T. ligulatus FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 382, t. 115, f. 5. Figs. 59, 60 are drawn from San Diego specimens. C. ligulatum differs from C. reticulatum and C. viridulum in lacking broad radiating stripes. It is usually encrusted with Bryozoa or Serpula. C. CORONULATUM C. B. Adams. PL 24, figs. 80-83. Shell umbilicate, more depressed and less conical than C. reticu- latum ; color dingy white, with broad radiating flames of brown or red above irregularly maculated below, sometimes nearly unicolored, pinkish, with the lirse of the base articulated with red and white dots. The spire is either conic or depressed ; the sutures either simple, linear, or somewhat canaliculate. The whorls number about 5 ; they are spirally transversed by excessively minute spiral stride ; the last whorl has an acute carina at the periphery, and an angulation or keel at the middle of the upper surface of the whorl and continued upon the spire, and which is usually nodose on the last whorl ; there is usually, too, a third ridge or carina, generally nodose, betweeen the two already described. The base is more or less convex, generally shows microscopic concentric stria? under a lens, and has about 5 low, narrow, separated lirulse. The aperture 12 178 CHLOROSTOMA. is not notably different from that of C. reticulatum ; the columella and inside of the umbilicus are either green or white. Alt. 8-9, diam. 12 mill. Taboga, C. A. (C. B. Ad.) ; Cape St. Lucas and La Paz, L. Gal Trochus coronulatus C. B. AD., Cat. Shells Panama, p. 191, 317 (1852). — Omphalius turbinatus PEASP:, Am. Journ. Conch., v, p. 84, t. 8, f. 15. This little species may be recognized by the close microscopically striated surface and the several keels of the last whorl, the upper one nodose. It is one of those species where the sculpture is very mutable because almost any one of the strife is likely to become magnified into a strong rib or carina. Clanculus plebejus is precisely comparable to this form in this respect. Chlorostoma semigranosa AD. is allied to this form but is much more coarsely lirate. Adams gives for alt. "55, diam. '72 inch. Omphalius turbinatus is the adult of this species, as I have satis- fied myself by an examination of the type specimens. The follow- ing is Pease's description : Var. TURBINATUM Pease. PI. 24, fig. 90. Shell openly and deeply umbilicate, somewhat depressly turbinate, thick, solid ; whorls angulate above, the last obsoletely angulate at the periphery, encircled by small slightly nodulous ridges, inter- stices elevately striate ; base convex ; smooth or obsoletely ridged, at the umbilical region smooth ; columella at base nodosely dentate, and terminating in a very slightly elevated tooth (not grooved). Yellowish or whitish, radiately obliquely marked with reddish-brown interrupted stripes, the base marbled with reddish-brown. Umbilicus and columella sea green, operculum bright yellow. Alt. 13, diam. 18 mill. La Paz, Gulf of California. C. SEMIGRANOSUM A. Adams. PI. 29, figs. 65-67. Shell umbilicate, conical, about the size and shape of C. reticu- latum Wood ; whorls of the spire but slightly convex, the sutures linear, not impressed ; coloration consisting of radiating irregular divaricating flames, fine lines and dots of umber almost covering a whitish ground, sometimes entirely covering it except for small dots of white on the line; whorls 5 to 6, encircled by very numerous close irregularly crenulated spiral line, about 10 to 12 on the last whorl above the periphery, the interstices narrow, spirally striate CHLOROSTOMA. 179 or smooth ; the periphery is obtusely angular ; and there is a slight prominent carina or angulation on the middle of the upper surface of the whorls ; on some specimens there is a subsutural row of rounded grains; base slightly convex, bearing about 8 concentric crenulated lirse similar to those of the upper surface, but more separated, dotted with white, the interstices microscopically spirally striate ; aperture oblique, outer lip slightly crenulated, or smooth within ; columella short, arcuate, with a heavy white callus above, connecting with a pearly callus which coats the parietal wall ; um- bilicus rather large, deep, its edge formed by a spiral rib which terminates in a tooth at the base of the columella ; immediately below this is a smaller one, and a third denticle is situated at the junc- tion of columella with the base ; basal margin thickened within, smooth. Alt. 12, diam. 16 mill. West ladies (A. Ad.\ Phorcus semigranosus A. AD., P. Z. S., 1851, p. 157. This species may be known by the close, crenulated line, the color — which is a little too dark for umber but is more of a bistre shade, the obtuse carina on the middle of the upper surface of each whorl, etc. C. QUADRICOSTATUM Wood. PI. 28, fig. 49. Shell umbilicate, conical, solid, thick, blackish ; spire conoidal, apex rather blunt, sutures canaliculate ; whorls 6, encircled by 4 coarsely tuberculose ribs on the upper surface ; the upper two con- tiguous, sometimes coalescent ; base with 3 or 4 separated smaller beaded ribs, the broad interstices both above and below densely, finely spirally striate; periphery obtusely angular; base nearly flat; aperture oblique, smooth within, columella sinuous, oblique, biden- tate ; umbilicus surrounded by a white callus, bearing inside a strong spiral rib which terminates in a denticle about the middle of the columella. Alt. 23, diam. 25 mill. Coast of Chili. T. qaadricottatus WOOD, Ind. Test. Suppl., t. 5, f. 16. — PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 154, t. 25, f. 6. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv , p. 104, t. 31, f. 2.— T. torulosus PHIL., Abbild., i, Trochus, t. 2, f. V2.—Monodonta catenifem POT. ET MICH., Galerie des Moll., i, t. 29, f. 12, 13 (not T. catemfera Kiener, also a Chlorostoma). 180 CHLOROSTOMA. This species is allied to C. coronulatum. The large size, somber color and strong beaded spiral ribs at once characterize it. C. RUBROFLAMMULATUM Koch. PI. 29, figs. 57, 61, 62. This form is similar in general appearance and form to C. quadri- costatum. The spire is either elevated or rather depressed ; the sutures deeply canaliculate ; the last whorl encircled by three prom- inent, equidistant carinse, one subsutural, composed of rounded or radiating knobs followed by two or three beaded lirulse, two at the periphery, prominently beaded, with a beaded riblet between them ; base encircled by 5 more or less beaded, equal line; the entire surface microscopically obliquely striate, and in some places decus- sated by microscopic spiral striae. Aperture oblique, rounded-quad- rate ; outer lip thick, lirate within ; columella less deeply sinuous than in C. quadricostatum, arcuate, tridentate below ; umbilicus narrower than that of C. quadricostatum. Color whitish, radiately striped above with pink, the ribs of the base dotted or articulated with pink. Alt. 15, diam. 18 ; alt. 22, diam. 21 mill. Panama ; Gulf of California. Trochus rubroflammulatus KOCH, in PHILIPPI, Abbild., i, Trochus t. 2, f. ±—Conchyl. Cab., p. 186, t. 28, f. 17.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 250, t. 85, f. 1. The light coloration, complete coalescence of the two subsutural ribs into one series of tubercles, the equal lirse of the base and the lirate interior of the aperture at once separate this form from C. quadricostatum. C. MELALEUCOS Jonas. PI. 63, figs. 1, 2. Shell rather solid, conical, apex obtuse, profoundly umbilicated, white ornamented with oblique black flammules ; whorls 6, with a coronal series of tubercles, carinated, the carina nodulose ; chan- nelled below the carina, and spirally bistriate ; last whorl bicari- nate; base concentrically sulcate; aperture subrhomboid, fauces smooth; columella arcuate; terminating in two teeth. (Phil.) This species, closely allied to T. quadricostatus Wood and T. rubroflmmulatus Koch, is readily recognized by its very peculiar characters. It consists of 6 whorls, which are divided by a nodose keel into a larger convex upper portion and a smaller channelled lower part ; a second series of blunt tubercles adorns the upper edge of the whorls along the suture ; below there are slightly elevated stride ; the last whorl has the base sharply separated by a second CHLOROSTOMA. keel ; the base is concentrically, rather deeply furrowed, the 6 furrows narrower than the intervening ridges. In the umbilicus, which perforates almost to the apex, all of the whorls are visible, encircled by an acute carina ; the aperture is subquadrate, nacreous, smooth within, and has a groove indicating the place of the exter- nal keel; the columlla is S-shaped, and ends in a blunt tooth, before which there is a small acute denticle ; above, the columellar plate is callous, and covers a small portion of the umbilicus. The pretty markings of the shell consist of oblique, regular wide black streaks, separated by spaces as broad as themselves, on a white ground. Alt. 24, diam. 25 mill. There are also narrower forms. (Philippi.') Coast of Peru. T. Dielaleucos JONAS, Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1844, p. 169. — PHILIPPI Abbild. u. Beschreib., ii, Troekus, t. 6, f. 7 ; and Conchyl. Cab., p. 185, t. 28, f. 16. Evidently closely allied to Chlorostoma rubroflammulatwn. C. FUSCESCEXS Philippi. PI. 61, figs. 42, 43. Shell depressed-conical, narrowly umbilicate, acute, brown ; whorls densely spirally striated ; nearly flat, subangulate at the sutures ; last whorl subangular at the periphery ; columella sub- excised, base bidentate, above produced in a short lobe partly im- pinging upon the umbilicus. (Phil.) The shell consists of 5 to 6 whorls, and has a great likeness to the Mediterranean T. (Gibbula) varias in size, form of the whorls, stria- tion and coloration ; the whorls are almost entirely flat, only con- vex above near the suture ; the last whorl is pretty angular, almost marginated ; the aperture is rounded-quadrangular, the columella strongly excavated, with two denticles below, separated by a nacreous depression, above produced into a callous which lies partly around the umbilicus, but is not so conspicuous as in other species. The umbilicus is narrow, white, distinctly bounded by a blackish band, which goes to the lower tooth of the columella, on others the color is brown, marbled with a few lighter flecks. There seems to be a variety in wThich there are separated elevated, carina-like lints. Alt. 11, diam. 14 mill. (Philippi.') Chili. T. fuscescens PHIL., Abbild., etc., i, Trochus, t. 3, f. 8. (1884.) (Not Otnphalius fascescens Carpenter et and., — Chlorostoma liyula- tur/i Mke.) ] 82 CHLOROSTOMA. This seems to be a form perfectly distinct from the Californian shells called fuscescens by Cpr. and other American authors and collectors. See C. ligulatum. C. SMITHII Tapparone-Canefri. PI. 24, figs. 100, 101. Shell globose-conoidal, thick, rather smooth, obscurely transversely striate-lirate, the line more evident on the base; whorls 62, terete; the penultimate inflated, convex, the last rotund, subcarinated ; base somewhat convex ; aperture suborbicular, lip much thickened within ; subdenticulate within ; columella sinuate, white, continued above in a lobe partly surrounding the umbilicus, and at the base bearing three obvious tubercles ; throat smooth, silvery; shell green, fiam- mulate with white ; base around the umbilicus pale, purple flarn- mulate. Alt. 27, diam. 26 mill. (Tap.- Can.) Peru. Omphalius mnithii TAP.-CAN. Viaggio della R. Fregata ' Magenta ' (Malacologia) p. 62, t. 1, f. 13. This species is allied to O. viridulus Gmel., but is distinguished by (1) its larger dimensions ; (2) its almost smooth surface, the cinguli almost obliterated ; (3) the three very pronounced tubercles at base of columella ; (4) the smooth and thick lip ; (5) the convex base, the angle scarcely noticeable ; (6) the umbilicus is less covered by a more extended callous. (Tap.- Can.) C. PANAMENSIS Philippi. PI. 61, figs. 11, 12. Shell globose-conoidal, umbilicate, solid, transversely sulcate, pur- plish, marbled with white spots ; whorls convex, the last rounded ; transverse sulci about 10 on penultimate, 24 on the last whorl ; um- bilicus narrow ; aperture circular ; columella produced above in a lobe partly surrounding the umbilicus, below terminating in three denticles ; lip very smooth within, with a basal sulcus parallel to the margin. (Phil.) The shell is thick, globose, conoidal. The 5 to 6 whorls are separated by a deep suture, the upper ones slightly, the penult, and last strongly convex. The circumference is indistinctly angled ; the base rather convex ; the whole upper surface is densely furrowed by blunt tranverse sulci, of which I count 10 on the penult., about 24 011 the last whorl, including the base. The umbilicus is rather narrow, nearly cylindrical, encircled by a carina, above which a more prominent spiral rib revolves, which ends at the columella in three denticles. The aperture is very oblique, circular ; the outer CHLOROSTOMA. 183 lip is thickened within, and this thickening where it unites with the columella, leaves a deep furrow resulting from the continuity of the margin of the outer lip with the border of the umbilicus. Above the columella is continued in a lobe partly surrounding the umbili- cus. The color is brownish-red, almost wine-colored, with white flecks. Alt. 15, diam. 19 mill. (Philippi.) Panama. T. panamensis PHIL. Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1848, p. 127; Conchyl. Cab., p. 311, t, 44, f. 15. C. COOKSONI Smith. PL 60, figs. 12, 13. Shell deeply umbilicated,, suborbicular, slightly conoidal, brown, variegated with rosy, painted with white lines articulated with black; whorls 4J, nearly smooth, slightly convex, sculptured with few delicate spiral striae ; last whorl convex above, slightly depressed beneath the suture, at the periphery flattened and biangulate : base nearly flat, delicately spirally striate, around the umbilicus encircled with a shallow groove ; umbilicus white, deep, surrounded by white callus forming a tooth at the base of the columella ; aperture sub- orbicular ; columella arcuate, joined to the whorl by a callus. Alt. 4, diam. 8 mill. (Smith.') Charles Id. ; Galapagos. This shell is deeply umbilicated, elevately orbicular, convex above, only slightly conical, and flat beneath; the last whorl is flattened at its middle, and this produces a double angulation, which, however, is not very conspicuous. There is also a faint de- pression a little below the suture. The coloration of this species is not very definite ; the upper surface is blotched irregularly with pink and brown, and some spiral articulated lines; the base is a trifle paler ; the only sculpture consists of fine spiral striations, which are most conspicuous on the base ; the callus which surrounds the umbilicus is whitish, and terminates in a faint tooth on the columella, and is bordered by a shallow sulcus on the whorl. The columella terminates above in a callosity which extends upward some distance on the whorl, and also spreads out within the aperture. T. occultus of Philippi bears a faint resemblance to this form, but is more conoid, and more strongly sculptured. (Smith.) Charles Id., Galapagos. Tr. (Omphaliits) cooksoni SMITH (in Giinther, Zool. coll. H. M. S. 'Peterel'), P. Z. S. 1877, p. 71, t. 11, f. 7. 184 CHLOROSTOMA. C. MACULOSTRIATUM C. B. Adams. PI. 24, figs. 88, 89. Shell umbilicate, conical, solid, deep green, brown, pinkish or olivaceous, more or less dotted with white and a self-color, sometimes radiately flam mu late with white ; a tract around the umbilicus white, tessellated with brown. The spire is elevated, sometimes scalariform ; the apex acute ; upper whorls slightly convex, the last convex, depressed below the suture, rounded at the periphery ; the whole surface bearing numerous low, smooth spiral striae, which are often subobsolete on the last whorl, and it is then nearly smooth ; base concave in the middle; aperture rounded-quadrate, smooth within or finely lirate; columella slightly sinuous, bideiitate at base, expanding in a callus above, which slightly impinges upon the um- bilicus. Alt. 9, diam. 10 mill. West Indies generally. Trochus hotessierianus D'ORB., Moll, de Cuba, ii, p. 59, t. 18, f- 15-17 (1853).— PHILIPPI, Conchy I. Cab., p. 270, t. 39, f. 15.— T. oecultus PHILIPPI, Abbild. u. Beschreib., ii, Trochus t. 6, f. 8 (1845), and Conchy 1. Cab., p. 156, t. 25, f. 8. — Monodonta macnlo- striata C. B. ADAMS, Proc. Boat. Soc. N. H., 1845, p. 6. — T. macido- striatus PHIL., Conchy I. Cab., p. 120, t. 28, f. 7. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 254, t. 86, f. 1. This species when fully developed is elevated, finely, regularly spirally striate, with much smoother surface and more regular smooth sculpture than C. scalaris, as well as narrower umbilicus. The fully developed form is T. hotessierianus of d'Orb. Younger shells are less elevated, and more conspicuously sculptured ; and I at first drew up a description of them under the name of T. oecultus Phil. ; the same form is the J/. mdculo-atriata of Adams. These two names were both proposed in 1845, and as far as I know there is no means by which the priority of either may be proven, j he description of T. oecultus Phil.=maculo-striatus C. B. Ad., is as follows : (PI. 24, figs. 84, 85). Shell small, umbilicate, depressed conical, dark olive- brown (bistre) or umber colored, dotted more or less with white, especially beneath ; ivhorls slightly convex ; suture impressed ; apex acute, leaden or whitish ; whorls 5, moderately convex, spirally finely lirate, the line 8 to 12 in number on the penultimate whorl, smooth, narrower than the interstices, which under a strong lens appear obliquely striate, often with a central spiral riblet ; there are often one or two more prominent lira? about the middle of the whorl CHLOKOSTOMA. 185 above, and these are articulated with white ; the periphery is obtusely subangular, and bears two more conspicuous lira? articulated with white, between which there are several lirula? ; the base is rather flattened, concave in the middle around the umbilicus, and white, with about 6 rather strong concentric line articulated with dark spots; the outer part of the base is encircled by a zone of very minute spiral ribs ; aperture oblique, rounded-quadrate ; columella sinuous, arcuate; umbilicus white within, bordered by a strong spiral rib which terminates in a tooth at the base of the columella, beneath which is another smaller similar denticle. Alt. 7, diam. 8 mill. C. IMPRE.SSUM Jonas. PL 63, figs. 8, 9. Shell narrowly and profoundly perforate, rather thick, conoid, dull cinereous, ornamented with castaneous radiating flammules ; whorls 6, rather convex, spirally finely lirate, the lira? 7 to 8 on the penultimate whorl, 5 on the preceding; last whorl rounded, com- pressed below the suture above, somewhat convex beneath, and provided with about 10 concentric lira? ; aperture slightly dilated, ovate, the lip plicatulate within ; columella thin in the middle, arcuate, concave, bearing 2 or 3 tubercles below ; columellar callus thick, green, slightly impinging upon the umbilicus. Alt. 13, diam. 13 mill. (Fischer.) W. coast S. America (.*); Mazatlan (f). Trochus impressus JONAS, in PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 318, t. 45, f. 6.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 252, t, 85, f. 2.— T. corvus PHIL., Zeitschr.f. Mai., 1849, p. 152. (Error). C. SCALAR E Anton. PL 29, figs. 70-73. ' Shell broadly, deeply umbilicated, conical, white, nearly uni- colored, (1) articulated on the ribs with reddish or olive-brown dots, (2) tinged with pinkish or olive all over and dotted with a darker self-color on the ribs, (3) with broa I radiating pinkish, olivaceous or yellowish maculations above, maculated or speckled on the base. Spire generally elevated, sometimes scalariform, pointed, conical, the apex acute ; sutures deeply marked ; whorls 6 to 8, quite convex, obliquely striate, spirally lirate, the lirre generally rather low, but sometimas elevated, cord-like, and numbering from 7 to 12 on the penultimate whorl. The lirse are rather irregularly, slightly crenulated ; they are unequal in size, one or two about the middle of the upper surface generally being larger, causing a slight 186 CHLOROSTOMA. carina there. The periphery is sometimes rounded but usually carinated ; the base is convex, broadly concave around the umbilicus. Aperture oblique ; columella sinuous ; more deeply receding above than in any other species, and angulated at its junction with the white callus upon the whorl, strongly unidentate below ; umbilicus broad, deep, with two spiral ribs within; one terminating in the callus of the columella at its junction with the body-whorl, the other ending in the basal tooth of the columella. Alt. 14-17, diam. 18-22 mill. West Indies generally ; Florida Keys (Simpson). T. scalaris ANTON, in PHILIPPI, Abbild., i, Trochus, t. 4, f. 11 (1844).— PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 182, t. 28, f. 11.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 255, t. 85, f. 3.— T. canaliculatus D'ORB., Moll, de Cuba, t. 18, f. 18, 19.— PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 227, t. 34, f. 14.— Mono- donta liv) do-ma culata C. B. ADAMS, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1845, p. 7 (teste Fischer). — T. gundlachi PHILIPPI, Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1848, p. 108, and Conchyl. Cab., p. 226, t. 34, f. 13. I do not quote Globulus indusii CHEMNITZ, Conchylien Cabinet, v, p. 116, f. 1682, because the figure is unidentifiable and because Chemnitz says of his shell, Er ivird wiederum von diehte aneinander sitzenden Perlenreihen umgeben; and the granulation of the lira? of this species is never obvious enough to justify such a term as " Perlenreihen." In general, this form may be recognized by the broad umbilicus, strongly 2-ribbed within, the low, irregular, cord-like line, the acutely pointed spire, and especially by the very deep angular sinuosity of the columella. There are sometimes two spiral ribs instead of one at the margin of the umbilicus. PI. 24, figs. 86, 87 are T. gundlachi Phil., a form which seems to be synonymous, cor- responding with immature specimens of the C. scalare. C. FASCIATUS Born. PI. 29, figs. 74-77. Shell umbilicate, depressed, thick and solid ; smooth; ground-color yellowish, elegantly painted with red, black or brown in innumer- able patterns, usually some combination of spiral rows of dots or blotches, and radiating irregular flames ; whorls about 6, the apex acute, upper whorls nearly flat, the last flattened beneath the suture, convex, rounded, descending; base rounded, concave around the umbilicus ; aperture oblique, outer lip finely crenulated within ; CHLOROSTOMA. 187 columella short, arcuate, with a white callus above and two transverse tubercles at base. Alt. 14, diam. 16 mill. West Indies; Florida Keys ; Bermuda. T. carneolus LAM., An. s. Vert, vii, p. 29. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 195, t. 63, f. 2.— T.fasciatus BORX, Mus. CMS. Vindob., p. 331, t. 12, f. 3, 4.— T. dentatus GMEL., Syst. Nat., xiii, p. 3601. An abundant West Indian species, differing from other Omphalius by the smooth surface. The name imposed by Born had better be retained, as there is no doubt about the identity of his rigures and description with the present species. C. SUBSTRIATUM Pilsbry. PI. 29, figs. 78. Much more depressed than C. carneola, discoidal, widely umbil- icate; surface sculptured by numerous spiral slightly elevated lirulre, which are red, more or less articulated with white dots ; periphery frequently with two or several more prominent lirse. Alt. 6, diam. 10 mill. Bahamas; St. Croix. C. EXCAVATUM Lamarck. PL 63, figs. 3, 4, 5. Shell umbilicate, conical, dull grayish, olivaceous or pinkish, longitudinally lineolate with a darker shade, frequently appearing unicolored ; spire conic, apex erojded or acute ; whorls 6 to 7, flat- tened, scarcely convex, very obsoletely spirally grooved ; body-whorl acutely carinated at the periphery, flat or plano-concave beneath, concentrically lirate ; aperture large, subhorizontal, iridescent within ; columella sinuous, unidentate in the middle, green, half surrounding the umbilicus with a sickle-shaped callus ; umbilicus infundibuliform, green or white within, broadly expanding at its opening. Alt. 12-14, diam. 15 mill. Wett Indies. T. excavatus LAM., An. s. Vert., vii, p. 29. — PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 151., t. 25, f. 1 ; t. 28, f. 12.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 283, t. 92, f. 3. Distinct from all other West Indian species in the conical form, flat base and more oblique aperture. C. CRUENTUS Philippi. PL 63, figs. 6, 7. The present species is very distinct in its sculpture. There are 7 whorls, ending in an acute apex, and very convex. The upper ones have 6 concentric lira?, which appear quadrate in section, often above 188 CHLOEOSTOMA. divided by a sulcus, and broader than the interstices. The last whorl has 15-16 such lira?, and is almost cylindrical. The umbilicus is pretty narrow, almost cylindrical, bounded by a prominent sharp carina, which resembles a tooth-like projection of the columella* Columella rather deeply excavated, but showing no trace of a con- tinuation around the umbilicus. The aperture is somewhat rhom- boidal, the outer lip thickened within, sulcate from the margin inward, corresponding to the lira? of the exterior. One of my examples is dark red, the other dark ashen-gray, both sprinkled with white dots. Alt. 11-13, diam. 14-16 mill. (Philippi) Habitat unknown. T. cruentus PHIL.. Abbild. u. Beschreib., i, Trochus, t. 4, f. 4 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 157, t. 25, f. 10. A species of uncertain generic position. May be a Gibbula. C. SORDIDUM Philippi. PI. 61, figs. 7, 8. Shell depressed-conoidal, narrowly umbilicate, transversely striate, obliquely plicate, brown ; whorls depressed, cariuated just above the sutures, the last bicariuated ; aperture rhombic-orbicular ; columella oblique, toothed in the middle, continued above in a lobe partially surrounding the umbilicus. (Phil.') The shell is pretty thin, depressed-conoidal above, consisting of 6 whorls. The uppermost are level, with an elevated keel just above the suture, below the keel perpendicular. The last whorl has a second keel around the periphery. The base is plano-convex. The part of the whorl above the keel shows about 6 elevated transverse lines, and closely crowded growth stria?, under a lens appearing lamellar; and on the last whorl are oblique wave-like folds meeting the incremental lines at right angles. The part between the keels has 4 furrows ; the base has smooth, close, concentric stria?. The aperture is broader than high, rhombic-circular ; the outyr lip thin ; the throat smooth ; the columella is oblique, with a tooth in about the middle, and above is prolonged in a lobe partly around the um- bilicus. The umbilicus is narrow, cylindrical, not definitely bounded. The color is dirty brown, somewhat tinged with green. Alt. 9, diam. 12 mill. (Philippi) Habitat unknown. T. sordidus PHILIPPI, Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1849, p. 191 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 301, t. 44, f. 1. CHLOROSTOMA. 189 C. SUBFUSCESCENS Schrenck. PL 41, figs. 18, 19, 20, 21. Shell small, depressed-conoidal, narrowly umbilicated, brownish- black, unicolored or marbled with dull white, encircled by slightly elevated lines, densely decussated by oblique striae ; whorls 4, plan- ulate, the upper subaugular at the suture, the last bicarinate at the periphery, transversely costulate-plicate above ; base nearly flat, very minutely closely striate ; aperture rhomboidal, columella arcu- ate, with two small teeth separated by a little pit below, above produced into a lobe partly covering the umbilicus ; lip acute, brown- margined ; fa'uces pearly, white. Alt. 7, diam. 10 mill ; alt. 5, diam. 7 mill. (Schrenck.) Bay of Hakodadi, Japan. T. subftiscescens SCHRENCK, Bull, de 1'Acad. Imp. des Sci. de St.- Petersb., v, p. 512 ; Moll, des Amur-landes, etc., p. 350, 1. 15, f. 3-10. This species is evidently closely allied to Trochus sordidus Phil. €. PFEIFFERI Dohrn. PI. 61, figs. 28, 29. Shell umbilicate, conical with concave base, solid, lusterless, dark blackish or purplish slate-colored, with spiral series of white dots ; spire conoidal, apex blunt, sutures subcanaliculate ; whorls about 5, convex, the last subangulate at periphery, and with a decided angle in the center of the base ; the sculpture consists of narrow in- conspicuous spiral riblets (about 6 on penult, whorl) articulated with white dots. The whole surface has oblique growth lines; and a lens shows fine, subobsolete spiral striae all over the upper surface. Inside of the angle on the base the color is greenish, with radiating dull reddish stripes, and the surface smooth, save for five growth- lines. Aperture large, occupying one-half the area of base, sub- horizontal, pearly within, with red and green reflections, the nacre either almost smooth or bearing fine white opaque plica? ; outer lip thin, bordered within by an opaque white band about \l or 2 mill. wide ; columella very oblique, straight, white, opaque, continued in a callous lobe about 2 around the umbilicus. Alt. 10, diam. 12 mill. New Hebrides. Omphalius pfeifferi DOHRN, Malak. Bl. 1864, p. 56. 190 CHLOROSTOMA. This shell seems to be a true Cklorostoma, or rather, OmphaUus. Its distribution is very different from that of any other species, and its characters also are distinct. The dark coloration, white-dotted narrow line, concave base, etc., are diagnostic. C. CANUS Koch. PL 61, figs. 14, 15. Shell small, umbi Heated, globose-conoidal, solid, smooth, gray ; whorls nearly flat, depressed above, the last rounded ; aperture nar- row within ; columella arcuate, with an acute basal denticle and a deep sulcus below ; umbilicus narrow. (Phil.) The shell is globose-conical, somewhat depressed, and consists of 5 to 6 whorls ; the superior ones are flat, especially at the suture; the last is well rounded at the periphery ; all are smooth ; the shell is very thick, so that the aperture appears small within ; it is cir- cular ; the concave columella ends in a sharp tooth, bounded by a deep furrow which is parallel with the outer lip. The inner lip is thickened, especially toward the umbilicus, which is very narrow but perforating. The color is gray, without markings. The neigh- borhood of the umbilicus is white. Alt. 7, diam. 9 mill. (Philippi.) West, Indies. T. canus KOCH, Zeitsehr. f. Mai. 1848, p. 102; PHILIPPI, Conchy 1. Cab., p. 181, t. 28, f. 9. C. OMPHALIUM Philippi. PI. 61, figs. 5, 6. Shell umbilicated, conoidal, granose, painted with deep purple flames ; whorls slightly convex, the last angulated at the circum- ference, with 5 to b' granuliferous cinguli, slightly narrower than the interstices ; base rather flattened, with 5 slightly elevated cinguli articulated with purple ; aperture rounded-rhombic ; colu- mella cut out, produced into a green lobe partly surrounding the um- bilicus, below denticulate; lip where it passes into the columella, simple. (Phil.) The shell is depressed conoidal, consisting of 6 whorls, of which the upper ones are scarcely convex, the last angular at the periphery and flat beneath ; last whorl showing 5 to 6 rows of flat, rather dis- tant granules, which are narrower than the interstices ; the base shows 5 or 6 very slightly elevated, smooth, concentric lirse, with- out granules. The umbilicus is cylindrical in each whorl, with a white spiral keel within. The aperture is somewhat depressed, rhombic-circular ; the columella excavated, prolonged in a green lobe above, partially surrounding the umbilicus. The basal mar- CHLOROSTOMA. 191 gin is simple, and at its junction with the columella there is a den- ticle, terminating the ridge which bounds the umbilicus. The throat has the appearance of being corrugated, but is smooth. The color is a dirty pale green, with broad purple-red stripes above, the base brownish, with the lira? articulated with white and purple-brown. The columella is greenish, and the aperture has greenish nacre. Alt. 10, diam. 14 mill. (Philippi.) Habitat unknown. Distinguished from T. viridulus by the much smaller size, more depressed form, simple basal lip, and the green umbilicus-bounding lobe of the columella, a feature approaching T. excavatus Lam. (Phil.) T. omphalium PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1848, p. 110; Conchy!. Cab., p. 270, t. 39, f. 16. C. GRUNERI Philippi. PL 61, figs. 1, 2. Shell small, umbilicate, depressed, transversely striate above, smooth beneath; white and scarlet spotted, shining; last whorl rounded, encircled at the periphery with two more elevated lines ; umbilicus similarly encircled; aperture suborbicular, throat silvery, lip lightly sulcate within. (Phil.) This small species, notable for its beautiful red color, is very much depressed, and consists of 5 whorls which rapidly widen. The upper ones are but slightly convex, the last nearly cylindrical. The upper surface is transversely [i. e. spirally] striate but shining, the base smooth. Around the circumference of the last whorl there are two elevated stronger lines or lirulse, reminding one of a similar form- ation in T. maculostriatns. The umbilicus is pretty broad, and would pass imperceptibly into the base were it not bounded by two rounded lirse close to one another. These do not terminate in denti- cles. The aperture is circular inside ; the outer lip has little lirse within ; the columella is not excavated, but is produced in a little continuation, partly surrounding the umbilicus. On a white ground there are bright red spots, or the shell is white and red marbled ; the transverse lines are often white and red articulated. Alt. 6, diam 9£ mill. (Philippi.) Antilles. T. (jruneri PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1848, p. 107 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 183, t, 28, f. 13. 192 CHLOROSTOMA. C. SCABRICULUM v. d. Busch. PL 61, figs. 16, 17, 18. Shell depressed-conic, umbilicate, pale reddish, marbled with white and brown spots, sculptured with frequent rugose transverse cinguli, the middle of the upper surface angulated ; last whorl subangulate, submarginate ; aperture suborbicular within ; columella denticulate at the outer basal portion, produced in a callous partly surrounding the umbilicus above. Umbilicus moderate, terete. (Phil.) The shell is depressed-colloidal, pretty thick, and consists of 5 J whorls. These are very regularly convex, sometimes somewhat angular in the middle, the last one at the periphery often much more distinctly carinate than in the figure, and slightly margined. On the upper surface of the penultimate whorl one sees 6 to 8 lirse, separated by narrow interstices, and irregularly uneven and wrinkled, not regularly gran u lose. This is especially true of the upper ones, and the middle one, which sometimes makes the whorl angular. The last whorl has above numerous spiral lira? ; the flat base has 10, which are smooth, regular, and separated by deep nar- row interstices. The umbilicus is moderate, and in each whorl is cylindrical. The aperture is circular within ; the columella has at the outer base a little pit, as if something had been broken off', and three little denticles ; above it is continued in a callous which sur- rounds one-third of the umbilicus. The basal lip has within a broad, rather deep furrow, parallel with its edge. The furrow is clear reddish-brown, marbled with dark brown and white dots ; the base lighter, regularly marked, the umbilical tract white. Alt. 9, diam. 14 mill., generally smaller. West Indies. T. scabriculus (v. d. Busch in //«.) PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1848, p. 125 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 178, t. 28, f. 5. C. PATAGONICUS d'Orbigiiy. PL 13, figs. 88, 89.. Shell orbiculate-conic, thick, umbilicate, transversely narrowly granulose-sulcate, uniform brownish or purplish ; spire conic, apex obtuse ; whorls 5, subcarinate ; sutures excavated ; aperture rounded ; columella bidentate. Alt. 11, diam. 14 mill. (Orb.) ^Bay of San Bias, Patagonia. T. patagonicus ORB., Voy. dans 1'Amer. Merid., p. 408, t. 55, f. 1-4.— PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 225, t, 34, f. 12. C. CORRUGATUM (Koch) Philippi. PL 41, figs. 34, 35. Shell orbicular-conoid, umbilicated, dull flesh-colored ; whorls rather convex, transversely silicate, roughly reticulated by impressed CHLOROSTOMA. 193 oblique irregular squamose lines ; aperture rounded-rhombic colu- mella marked with a granule outside. (Phil.) This species is very distinct in sculpture. The 6 whorls are slightly convex, and have about 9 impressed spiral lines, which are so intersected by irregular impressed longitudinal lines, that the result is an irregular network, very difficult to render in the illustra- tion. The aperture has nothing distinctive ; the inner lip is smooth inside. The columellar margin has a nacreous depression below, and over it a white, blunt outward-projecting tooth. The umbilicus is narrow, almost cylindrical, and is bounded by a rather acute angle ; within this angle is a slight ridge, which ends in the denticle of the columella. The color is a dirty flesh-tint; aperture and umbilical region not colored; the former has an inferior kind of nacre. Alt. 12, diam. 15* mill. (PldUppi.) Brazil. T. corrugatm KOCH in PHILIPPI, Abbild., i, Trochu*, t. 2, f. 7; and PHIL. Conchyl. Cab., p. 157, t. 25, f. 9. Unfigured Chlorostoma and Omphalius. C. CASTANEUM A. Adams. C. testa oblique conica, umbilicata, castanea ; anfractibus planis, longitudinaliter obsolete nodoso-pli- catis et oblique striatis, pen ultimo infra marginato, ultimo acut- angulo, basi concavo, pallide fusca, lineis viridi-fuscls radiatim picta ; umbilico infundibuliformi. perspective, intus albo, linea elevata cincto ; apertura subrhomboidea ; columella supra sinuata, basi dente terminata. (A. Ad.*) Habitat unknown. P.Z.S., 1851, p. 182. C. TURBINATUM A. Adams. C. testa turbinata, profunde umbili- cata, nigra, spira obtusa, longitudinaliter subplicata, transversim sulcosa; anfractu ultimo rotundato, regione umbilicali partim callo lutescente obtecta ; columella antice bituberculata ; labro nigro marginato. (A. Ad.) Habitat unknown. L. c., p. 182.— SMITH, Ann. and Mag, N. H., 1875, p. 112. Mr. E. A. Smith has indentified this species with specimens re- ceived by him from Toba, S. Niphon, Japan. With it he unites the Clilorostoma rugatum of Gould, observing that the latter differs only in being more finely lirated on the base. 13 194 CHLOROSTOMA. C. MACULOSUM A. Adams. C. testa conica, profunde umbilicata, viridi-fu.sea, maculis uigro-fuscis ornata; anf. planulatis, longitud- inaliter substriatis, transversim striatis; anfractu ultimo angulato, basi concavo ; columella antice tuberculo acuto termiiiata. (A. Ad.} Habitat unknown. L. c., p. 183. C. SEMINODOSUM A. Adams. C. testa depresso-conica, profunde umbilicata, fusca ; anf. planulatis, superne subnodosis, longitudinal- iter oblique striatis; anfractu ultimo angulato, supra angulum cin- gula transversa elevata ornato, basi planiuscula; columella tuber- culis duobus, supremo acuto, prominente. (A. Ad.) Habitat unknown. L. c., p. 183. C. ARTICULATUM A. Adams. C. testa orbiculato-conica, umbili- cata, nigro-fusca, cingulis transversis elevatis albo-articulatis ornata ; anfractu ultimo subangulato, basi cingulis albo-articulatis instructo, regione umbilicali viridi ; columella tuberculo parvo termiiiata. (A. Ad.) Habitat unknown. L. c., p. 183. C. TURBINATUM A. Adams. C. testa ovato-conoidea, imperforata, castanea, Isevi ; longitudinaliter oblique striata, striis transversis indistinctis insculpta ; anfractibus rotundatis, sutura anguste canal- iculata, regione umbilicali impressa; labio curvato, basi deiite et tuberculo terminata ; labro intus sulcato. (A. Ad.) Habitat unknown. L. c., p. 183. Mr. Adams preoccupied this name in Chlorostoma on the preced- ing page of the Proceedings Zool. Soc. C. RUGATUM Gould. Testa solida, depressa, ovato-conica, fusco- nigra, striis increment! lamellosis ; anfr. 6, admodum convexis, posticis transversim striatis, anticis plicis ad suturam tuberculosis in undulas obliquas divaricantes desinentibus ornatis; basi convexo, spiraliter striato, regione umbilicali impresso, imperforato, albido; dente columellari acuto ; apertura magna, rotundata ; fauce argen- tata. Diameters about one inch. Closely allied to C. nigerrima. (Oould.) Hakodadi Bay and Simoda, Japan. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., viii. p. 20, 1861. CHLOROSTOMA-GIBBULA. 195 PHORCUS NODICINCTUS A. Adams. Testa conoidea, umbilicata, fusco luteo variegata, lievi ; anfr. subplanulatis, cingulis tribus nodulosis, liris elevatis transversis ornatis, anf. ult. subangulato, basi convexiuscula, lineis elevatis concentricis sculpta, regione um- bilicali albida ; columella brevi, arcuata, basi dentibus duobus terniinata ; labro fusco marginato. (Ad.) Habitat unknown. P. Z. S., 1851, p. 157. PHORCUS GRANIFER A. Adams. Testa orbiculato-conica, fusca, cingulis transversis granorum distantium ornata, cingulis remotius- culus, interstitiis transversim liratis; anfr. rotundatis, sutura canali- culata ; umbilico aperto, perspective ; columella sinuata, basi denti- bus duobus terniinata ; labro intus crenulato. (Ad.) Habitat unknown. P. Z. S., 1851, p. 157. PHORCUS LIRATUS A. Adams. Testa conoidea, umbilicata, fusca, lineis pallidis undulatia ornata, cingulis distantioribua transversis insculpta ; columella sinuata, basi dentibus tribus terniinata; um- bilico aperto, perspective, peromphalo viridulo ; labro intus Isevi. (Ad.) Habitat unknown. P. Z. S., 1851, p. 157. PHORCUS CALIFORNICUS A. Adams. Testa orbiculato-conica, profunde umbilicata, viridi, atro-purpureo radiatim maculata, liris transversis subnodulosis insequalibua ornata ; anfr. ult. subangulato ; basi convexiuscula; umbilico perspective ; labio in medio valde ex- cavato; columella antice dentate, intus kevi. (Ad.) California (Mus. Cum ing.) P. Z. S., 1851, p. 157. Genus GIBBULA Risso, 1826. Gibbula Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., iv, p. 134. — GRAY, Guide Syst. dist. Moll. Brit. Mus., p. 151 (1853).— H. and A. AD., Genera, i, p. 431. — FISCHER, Manuel de Conchyl., p. 823 — TROSCHEL, Das Gebiss, ii, p. 238. — Phorcus Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., iv, p. 133. — PHILIPPI, Handbuch der Conchyl., p. 210. — Forskdlia H. and A. AD., Genera, p. 432 (1858) — Magulus, Glomulus, Puteolus, Phor- culus, Tumulus, Gibbulastra, Colliculus, MONTEROSATO, Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., 1888, p. 169-177.— Sterompiiala (LEACH, mss.) GRAY, P. Z. S., 1847, p. 146. — Korenia FRIELE (Type T. cinerarius Linn.) 196 GIBBULA. Tungebevsebningen hos de Norske rhipidoglossa. — Eurytrochus FISCHER, Icon. Coquilles Vivantes, Trochus, p. 417 (1880). — Calliotroehus FISCHER, 1. c., p. 418. Gibbula (Leach mss.) Risso, is preceded by Phorcus Risso. The latter name has been used by A. Adams and writers on the shells of West America for the umbilicated Chlorostoma; but such use is of course inadmissible. The name Gibbula has been so uniformly selected by authors in preference to Phorcus that it would be in- advisable to insist on the priority of one page which the latter name has. The subdivisions of the restricted subgenus Gibbula are given on the following page. It will be noted that one author had added no less than seven synonyms to the homogeneous group inhabiting the seas of Europe. Such heaping up of names for groups without characters is highly undesirable. The time is at hand when such performances will bring their authors the discredit they merit. The species of Gibbula are very numerous, and are nearly all littoral or laminarian in station. The group is distributed through all seas except upon the coasts of the Americas, which have not a single species. The dentition of G. declivis is figured on PL 50, fig. 6 ; G. tumida, pi. 50, fig. 16. Both rhachidian and lateral teeth have well devel- oped denticulate cusps ; the body of the tooth has expanded lateral supporting-wings, and is narrowed toward the cusp. The outer laterals are wider. Radulse of species of Gibbula have been figured by Troschel, Friele, Sars and Hutton. Subgenus GIBBULA, restricted. This division comprises most of the species. Owing to the fact that there are many forms which I have not seen, and on account of the intergradation of the various types of form, I have not at- tempted to distribute the species into their natural groups or sec- tions, but have simply grouped the forms around certain types of shell-structure, which may be briefly indicated here, — this analysis to replace the partial division given on page 12 of this volume. Section I. GIBBULA s. sir. (including Forskalia Ads., Magulus Monts., Colliculus Monts., Glomidus Monts., Pudeolu* Monts., Phor- culm Monts., Tumulus Monts., Phorcus Risso, Gibbulastra Monts., Steromphalus (Leach) Gray, Korenia Friele and a number of other names). Shell nodulus or more or less tumid beneath the sutures; generally not much higher than broad, conical, umbilicate (rarely GIBBULA. 197 Bubimperforate), spirally striate or lirate, generally conspicuously painted with longitudinal stripes of red or brown. Species mostly of the European seas. (See remarks under G. magus.) Section II. EURYTROCHUS Fischer. See definition on p. 12. This section includes G. danieli, reevei, affinis, concinna, strangei, mystica, and perhaps some other species. Its distribution is Australo- Pacific. Section III. CALLIOTROCHUS Fischer. Small globose species, with rounded, smooth or spirally striate whorls; thin; aperture rounded, outer lip and columella simple, thin, arcuate ; umbilicus narrow. Includes G. phasianellus, G. tasmanica, and perhaps some other forms not seen by me. Section IV. CANTHARIDKLLA Pilsbry. Small forms with much the aspect of tiny Cantharidus : usually polished, narrowly or not perforate ; conical, elongated. G. picturata, fulminata, nitida, stolitzkana, dupontiana, blanfordiana, tiberiana, yessoensis, calli- chrous, and some othes species belong here. Section V. COXOTROCHUS Pilsbry. This type is quite distinct in the elevated narrow, turrited form, narrowly umbilicate base, tubular whorls, either striate or keeled. The shell is thin, minute, lusterless, with circular aperture, not modified in form by the parietal wall. The species are mariei, holdsworthiana, subplicata, singaporensis, pantanellii. All are from the northern shores of the Indian Ocean, Red Sea to .Singapore. A. Species Inhabiting European Seas. G. MAGUS Linne. PL 30, figs. 8, 9, 10. Shell widely, deeply umbilicate, low-conical, solid, whitish or yel- lowish, painted with zigzag radiating stripes, maculations or lines of pink or rich brown, sometimes so broken into minute flecks as to ap- pear minutely mottled all over, or sometimes lacking markings ; base radiately zigzag-striped ; spire conical, apex acute ; whorls 7 to 8, swollen, gibbous and radiately plicate beneath the sutures, and with a rim or flange at the periphery; entire surface spirally finely striate ; base convex ; aperture very oblique, rounded-rhomboid, smooth within ; columella oblique, its edge straight or slightly con- vex in the middle, at its insertion reflexed slightly over the umbil- icus ; umbilicus bounded by a strong spiral rib. Alt. 22, diam. 30 mill. Mediterranean and temperate Atlantic Coasts of Europe ; Azores. 198 GIBBULA. T. magus LINNE., Syst. Nat., xii, p. 1228 (1766).— PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 18, t. 4, f. 1, 2.— FORBES & HANLEY, Brit. Moll,, t. 65, f. 6, 7.— JEFFREYS, British Conch., ill, p. 305, t. 52, f. 1- — HIDALGO, Mol. Mar. de Esp., t. 58, f. 3-6. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 110, t. 35, f. 1. — BUQ. DAUTZ. ET DOLLFUS, MoV. Mar. Rouss., p. 373, t. 44, f. 1-11. — T. tuberculatus DA COSTA, Brit. Conch., p. 44, t. 3, f. 1, 2.—T. majus SOWB., III. Ind. Brit. Sk., 1. 11, f. 19.— T. bicar- inatus GRAY, in Griffith's Cuvier's Anim. Kingd., t. 1, f. 1.— T. gray- anus PHIL., Conchyl. Cab., p. 281, t. 41, f. 6. An abundant species. There is great variation in color. A small white or cream colored variety is found on the Mediterranean coast of France. The natural position of G. magus is between the group known as Forskiilia (G. declivis, fanula, guttadauri, fanuloides) and the G. albida L. It is equally related to both the former and the last-named species, but being the type of the genus I have given it first place. The Mediterranean Gibbula, although they have been divided into numerous " subgenera," form a quite homogeneous group, in which species succeeds species so closely that only careful analysis enables us to discriminate them. Only in one place can I see a hiatus of super- specific value in the series ; and that break, indicated by asterisks on p. 204, separates the species having acuminate, acute spires from those in which the outlines of the spire are more convex, not atten- uated toward the apex. For the latter group the name Phorcus of Risso may be retained by those who can see any use in such trivial distinctions. G. DECLIVIS Forskal. PI. ,31, figs. 47, 48. Shell umbilicate, conical, solid, whitish, maculated with purplish or yellowish; whorls about 6, -bicarinate at the periphery, all over spirally lirate, the upper surface strongly radiately costate, the folds terminating at the periphery in short spines ; periphery encircled by a channel bearing a median riblet ; base convex, bearing 4 or 5 strong concentric Iira3 ; aperture rounded, smooth within ; columella sinuous, arcuate, dentate at the base ; umbilicus moderate, deep. Alt, 20-24, diam. 22-27 mill. lied Sea; Gulf ofAkaba. Turbo declivis FORSKAL, Descrip. animal., p. 126. — SAVIGNY, Moll, de r Egypt, t. 3, f. 1, 2. — Trochus declivis PHILIPPI, Conchyl. GIBBULA. 199 Cab., p. 229, t. 34, f. 17.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 126, t. 43, f. 3.— Trochus aeyyptius KIENER, Species, gen. Trochus, t. 43, f. 3. — Monodonta aegyptiaca LAMARCK, An. s. Vert., vii, p. 33. Type of the subgenus Forskdlia H. and A. Adams. This species and the following are separated from all others by the scalariform spires, strongly plicate upper surface, and the deep channel en- circling the periphery. These characters are only an exaggeration of those of Gibbula magus. It is inadvisable to give a subgeneric name to so slight a divergence. G FANULUM Gmelin. PI. 63, figs. 10, 11. Shell umbilicate or perforate, conical, solid, whitish, radiately maculated above, dotted beneath with red or rich brown; spire conical, acuminate, somewhat scalariform ; whorls about 7, very convex, spirally lirate, radiately costate above, bicarinated at the periphery, and encircled by a deep canal; base convex, bearing about 5 spiral line ; aperture oblique, rounded, columella sinuous in the middle (not concave, nor dentate at the base as in G. declivis), arcuate above ; umbilicus broad and funnel-shaped, or narrow and almost closed. Alt. 15-19, diam. 14-17 ; alt. 14, diam. 15 mill. Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. T.fanulam GMEL., Syst. Nat., xiii, p. 3573. — PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab.", p. 228, t. 34, f. 16.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 125, t. 43, f. 1.— BUQUOY, DAUTZ. ET DOLLFUS, Moll. Mar. du Rouss., p. 370, t. 44, f. 12-16. — And of authors generally. — Monodonta cegyptiacaPAYR., Moll, de Corse, t. 6, f. 26, 27 (not of Lam.).— T. tuber culatusRisso, Hist. Nat. Ear. Mcrid., iv, p. 128, t. 9, f. 133. Easily recognized by the turrited, acuminate spire and the deep peripheral groove, which is narrower than in G. declivis, and lacks the central riblet. Several varieties (lutea, nigra, rubra, albo-sordida and varia, all of Scacchi) have been founded upon color muta- tions,— the shell being subject to the same variations in hue as G. magus. The altitude is equal to, or greater or less than the diameter. G. GUTTADAURI Philippi. PL 31, figs. 44-46. Shell small, umbilicate, conical, whitish, irregularly maculated with reddish brown or purplish above, dotted beneath ; whorls 6, turrited, very convex, the apex acute, encircled by three strong ribs, one on the periphery, the others above it, the interstices 200 GIBBULA. lamellose-striate ; plicate or lamellose-striate below the sutures ; base with 6 or 7 concentric lirse ; columella nearly straight, arcuate above, terminating in a tubercle below ; umbilicus narrow. Alt. 9, diam. 10 ; alt. 10, diam. 9 mill. Sicilian and Dalmatian Coasts. T. guttadauri PHILIPPI, Enumer. Moll SiciL, i, p. 177, t. 11, f. 1, and ii, p. 154. — PHIL., Conchyl. Cab., p. 179, t. 28, f. 6. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 147, t. 49, f. 2. Smaller than the preceding, and tricingulate on the body-whorl. G. FANULOIDES Fischer. PL 31, fig. 41-43. Shell umbilicate, conoid, rather thick ; whorls 5 to 6, convex, canaliculate, spirally granose-lirate, above nodose ; cinereous macu- lated with red and vermillion ; last whorl rounded, sulcate in the middle, finely granose-lirate in the stilcus ; base convex, ornamented with 9 to 10 concentric lirse, the interstices narrow ; aperture ovate ; columella arcuate, base tuber cu lose ; umbilicus smooth, profound. Alt. 11, diam. 13 mill. (Fischer.') Habitat unknown. Trochus fanuloides FISCHER, Journ. de Conch., 1874, p. 373. — Coq. Viv., p. 333, t. 103, f. 3. Combines the size of G. fanulum with the form of G. declivis. G. PULCHERRIMA A. Adams. PL 61, figs. 26, 27. Shell umbilicate, conoidal, solid, lusterless, white with a series of red spots below the sutures, another beneath the periphery, and more or less closely red-dotted over the whole shell. The spire is conical, acute, somewhat scalariform ; the sutures very deeply impressed ; whorls about 6, very convex, nodulose below the sutures, the entire surface covered with spiral line which are distinctly beaded on the base, less obviously so above, and which number about 12 on the penultimate, 20 on the last whorl. The aperture is subcircular, oblique ; outer lip bevelled to an edge, the bevel iridescent, pearly ; the interior is very regularly lirate, the folds numbering about 14; columella not thickened, arcuate, cut or excavated out, at its junction with the body produced forward in a white lobe, ending below in a denticle ; umbilicus deep, with a slight spiral rib near its opening, ending in the columellar tooth. Alt. 14, diam. 16 mill. China ; Andaman Is. GIEBULA. 201 G. pulcherrima A. AD. P. Z. S. 1854, p. 39. — Forskdlia pulcher- rima H. & A. AD., Genera, i, p. 432. — Trockus (Forskdhlia) pul- cherrimus E. A. SMITH, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 818, t. 50, f. 22, 22a. I am not at all sure that this beautiful shell is a Forskdlia. It is quite variable in color. A specimen before me has no subsutural red blotches, but has a girdle of square spots below the periphery. Smith (loc. cit.) says : " The oblique arcuate phik or scarlet stripes on the upper part of the body-whorl, which in some specimens are black, generally terminate a little above the middle. At this part the whorl is encircled by two close-set gran u Ions lira?, with a furrow on each side, whereof the lower is the most conspicuous. Immedi- ately below this the color of the interrupted scarlet stripes changes to black and they assume the form of somewhat quadrate spots, but toward the aperture become more flame-like and merge into scarlet." G. ALBIDUM Grnelin. PL 63, figs. 12, 13, 14. Shell conical, umbilicate or irnperforate, solid, whitish, painted with longitudinal stripes of red, brown or purple, the base striped, maculated or mottled ; spire acute ; whorls 7, tumid below the sutures and sometimes obsoletely plicate there, spirally lirate, the last tumid at the periphery, convex beneath ; columella slightly sinuous and prominent in the middle ; umbilicus white, funnel- shaped when open, frequently closed. Alt. 21, diam. 23 mill. Sicily; Dalmatia; Italy; Greece. Trochus cinerarim BORX, Test. Mm. Cut*., p. 330, t. 11, f. 19, 20 (not T. cin.erarius Linn.). — T. albidus GMEL., Syst. Nat., xiii, p- 3576.— T. biasoletti PIIILIPPI, Enum. Moll. SiciL, i, p. 178, t. 10, f- IS.— Conchyl. Cab., p. 187, t. 29, f. 1.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 204, t. 68, f. 2.— T. magulus DESH., Exped. Morce., p. 144, t. 1*. f. 26, 27. — T. borni CANTRAINE, Mai. Medit., t. (>, f. 17. — / T. saulcyi D'ORBIGXY, Hist. Nat. Canaries, p. 83, t. 6, f. 24-26. (1844.) This species is a miniature G. magus, without the subsutural tubercles of that species, and with narrower or closed umbilicus. I quote with some hesitation the T. saulcyi of d'Orb., in the synonymy of this species, following Dr. Fischer. The figures of T. saulcyi cited above are copied on my plate 24, figs. 97-99. I am strongly inclined to consider T. saulcyi a form of Monodonta sauciata Koch. Bern's figures, referred to by Gmelin, undoubtedly represent this species. 202 GIBBULA. G. ARDENS Von Sails. PL 30, figs. 17-19. Shell umbilicate, depressed conic, solid, usually reddish or olive- brown, with a subsutural series of short white flammules, a row of white spots on the periphery, the remainder of the surface sparcely punctate with white ; spire acute, sutures markedly canaliculate ; whorls about 7, convex, spirally lirate, the interstices obliquely regularly crispate-striate ; lira) 5 or 6 on the penultimate whorl, frequently grooved, and usually with lirulse between them ; base with about 8 principal concentric lirse ; aperture oblique, smooth within, but apparently sulcate; coluraella subdentate in the middle ; umbil- icus funnel-shaped, bordered by a white rib. Alt. 12, diam. 15 mill. Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas; Atlantic Coast of Portugal. T. ardens VON SALIS MARSCHLINS, Reise ins Koen. Neap., p. 376, t, 8, f. 9 (1793). — BUQUOY, DAUTZ. ET DOLLFUS, Moll, du Rouss., p. 379, t. 45, f. 9-11. — Gibbula ardens MONTS., Norn. Gen. e Spec., p. 40.— T.fermonii PAYRANDEAU, Moll, de Corse, p. 128, t. 6, f. 11, 12 (1826). — WEINKAUFF, Conch, des Mittelmeeres, ii, p. 377. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 145, t. 48, f. 3. — T. adansoni BLAINVILLE, Faune franc., t. lOa, f. l.—T. tessellatm PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 190, t. 29, f. 9-12. — T. canaliculatus DESHAYES, Exped. Moree, iii, p. 137 (1832) (not of Lam., nor d'Orb.). — Gibbida barbara MONTEROSATO, Norn. Gen. e Spec., p. 40 (1884). — T. succinctus MONTEROSATO, Enwn. e Synon., p. 20 (1878). This species is allied to G. albida Gin. It is less elevated, has more deeply canaliculate sutures, is less carinate at the periphery, and is always umbilicate. The coloration is quite variable, as well as the sculpture. Omitting the references given by some authors to Chemnitz and Gmelin, as entirely unidentifiable, the first description of this form is that of von Salis. The figure and description given by this author are perfectly applicable to the present form, although the figure (like all of von Salis's) is reversed ! The next name in order is that proposed by Payrandeau. Var. SUCCTNCTA Monts. PI. 33, figs. 82, 83. Lirse prominent, separated by profound narrow grooves. Gulf of Gabes, Tarns. GIBBULA. 203 Var. BARBARA Monts. PI. 33, figs. 84. Spire elevated, conical, acuminate ; suture but feebly canaliculate ; shell thinner and umbilicus narrower than in typical G. ardens. Gulf of Gabes. G. UMBILICARIS Linne. PL 32, figs. 63, 64, 65. Shell umbilicate, conical, cinereous, reddish, or purplish-brown, obscurely clouded, dotted or flamed with white; spire conical, acuminate; whorls about 7, slightly convex, spirally striate or lirate, microscopically obliquely striate ; the line generally subobso- lete on the last whorl ; periphery obtusely augulate ; aperture rather small, oblique, rounded-quadrate, angl«d at the base, smooth within ; columella arcuate above, straightened below. Alt, 12-16, diam. 14-20 mill. Mediterranean Sea. T. uirbilicaris LINN., Syst. Nat., xii, p. 1229 (1766).— LAM., An. s. Vert., vii, p. 28.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 143, t. 45, f. 2.— BUQ., DAUTZ. ET DOLLFUS, Moll, du Rouss., p 376, t. 45, f. 1-8.— T.fits- catus GMEL., Syst. Nat., xiii, p. 3576. — DESHAYES, Exped. Moree, p. 142. — Gibbnla mediterranea R'ISSO, Hist. Nat. TEur. Merid., iv, p. 136. — G. desserea Risso, toe. cit., p. 136. — T. roissyi BLAINVILLE, Fanne franc., p. 282, t, lOa, f. 9. — T. zonatus JEFFREYS, Piedin. Coast, p. 28. — T. umbilicaris var. latior et patula (MoNTEROSATo) BUG., DAUTZ. et Dollfus, Moll. Mar. du Eouss., p. 378, t. 45, f. 6, 7, 8. A species very closely related to G. ardens v. Salis. It differs in the smoother, more angulated body-whorl ; the less canaliculate sutures ; rounder mouth ; deeper umbilicus, which, although as broad (or nearly so) as in G. ardens, is much less funnel-shaped, but nearly of the same width to a considerable depth ; the whorl is also more angulated around the umbilicus than in the other species, and the columella is not dentate, The coloration is extremely variable, as in nearly all the Mediter- ranean Trochids. In fact nearly every species of the smaller Trochidse of this province exhibits the same patterns and modifica- tions in coloration, commencing with (1) a series of white flames beneath the sutures, which (2) are continued as longitudinal, oblique, or undulating stripes to the base, or (3) are broken into maculations or articulations over the whole surface, or (4) the entire surface is either creamy wlfite or uniform dark. 204 GIBBULA. Var. LATIOR Monts. PI. 33, fig. 89. Large, thin, much depressed, the sutures profound ; body-whorl depressed, carinated, finely lirate ; aperture large, oblique, expanded ; umbilicus broad, funnel-shaped. Alt. 9, diam. 15 mill. Gulf of Gabes, Tunis. I have also a conical form from Greece, nearly smooth. Alt. 10, diam. 11 mill. G. NEBULOSA Philippi. PL 63, figs. 15, 16. Shell conoidal, umbilicate, solid, reddish, spotted with white ; whorls slightly convex, grooved by 6 superficial sulci, the last rounded-angular ; base grooved with 4 stria? ; umbilicus patulous, smooth, white ; aperture suborbicular. (Phil.) This species approaches near to T. umbilicaris L. in the structure of the umbilicus and the sculpture, but it differs in the smaller size, much more elevated whorls, the last less angular. The sculpture of the upper surface consists of 6 to 7 impressed spiral lines (not of elevated line), whicn become evanescent below the periphery, the base showing about 4. The color is reddish, with white spots, especially above and beneath the suture ; the conic apex is blackish. Alt. 10, diam. 10-f mill. Mediterranean at Alexandria; Red Sea. T. nebulosus PHIL. Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1848, p. 109 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 232, t. 35, f. 5. Probably a synonym of G. umbilicaris. * * * (Phorcus.) G. VARIA Linne. PI. 33, figs. 77, 80, 81. Shell urabilicate, conical, solid, dull, lusterless yellowish white or pinkish, with flexuous radiating cinereous or violaceous stripes below the suture, the entire surface finely mottled and dotted with yellowish or violaceous and white ; spire conical, short, not acuminate as in G. ardens and umbilicaris ; whorls about 6, flat- tened, separated by slightly impressed sutures, encircled by numer- ous fine stride ; body-whorl obtusely angular at the periphery ; aperture large, very oblique, smooth within ; columella oblique, straightened ; umbilicus funnel-shaped, whitish within. Alt. 12, diam. 15 mill. Mediterranean Sea. GIBBULA. 205 T. varius LINX., Syst. Nat. xii, p. 3568. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 259, t. 87, f. 2.— PHILIPPI, Conchy 1. Cab., p. 191, t. 29, f. 8, 13.— HANLEY, Ipsa Linn. Conch., p. 318. — BUQ., DAUTZ. ET DOLLFUS, Moll, da Roass., p. 385, t. 46, f. 6-14.— T. roissyi, PAYR., Moll, cle Corse, t. 6, f. 13, 14. — T. pallidus FORBES, Rep. JEg. Inv., p. 138.— T. elata BRUSINA, Conch. Dalm. Ined., p. .'6. — T. gibbosula BRUS. Contr. Fauna Dalmatia, p. 80. This form connects the preceding with the following group of .species. It is less acuminate in the spire than G. umbilicaris, more finely spirally striate, and with much more oblique aperture and ex- panded umbilicus ; from G. richardi the flatter whorls and spiral strife separate it. The periphery is sometimes rounded. G. PHILBERTI Recluz. PL 31, figs. 25, 26, 27. Shell small, umbilicate, conical, thin ; coloration very variable, sometimes uniform dark brown or red, sometimes cinereous, longi- tudinally clouded with brown, or with spiral series of blackish dots ; spire low-conic, gradate ; sutures impressed ; whorls 6, a little gib- bous just below the sutures, causing the spire to be somewhat turrited ; whorls encircled by numerous fine unequal lirulse or stride ; periphery obtusely angular ; base convex, generally a little more coarsely lirate than the upper surface ; aperture subquadrangular, oblique, not angled a: the junction of basal lip and columella ; col- umella perceptibly arcuate; umbilicus large, funnel-shaped, white, margined by one or several spiral riblets. Alt. 6-11, diam. 8-12, mill. Mediterranean Sea. T. philberti RECLUZ, Rev. Zoologique, 1343, p. 11. — MONTEROSATO, Conch, litt. MediL, p. 8. — BUQ., DAUTZ. ET DOLLFUS, Moll. Mar. du Itoiiss., p. 383, t. 46, f. 1-5. — T. villicus PHILIPPI, Enum. Moll. Sicll, ii, p. 152, t. 25, f. 14 and Conchijl. Cab., p. 194, t. 29, f. 17.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 258, t. 87, f. 1. A smaller species than the preceding, quite stable as to form, but •exhibiting great variation in the development of the spiral riblets. Sometimes all are small, nearly equal, and sometimes several larger ones are developed upon the upper surface. G. LEUCOPMA Philippi. PL 31, figs. 29, 30. Shell elevated-conical, slightly obtuse, umbilicata, spirally striate, ashen, spotted and marbled with white, brown and black dots ; whorls contiguous, flat, smooth, the last nngulated ; aperture sub- 206 GIBBULA. quadrangular; columella oblique, straight, scarcely nodulose; uni- bilcus narrow, funnel-shaped. (Phil.) The shell consists of 62 whorls, which are flat, scarcely separated from each other ; they form an elevated cone with blunt apex, and the last passes into the base in a sharp angle. The sculpture con- sists of 6 to 9 uneven, elevated, smooth spiral lines on the upper surface, and about 8 similar concentric lirre on the base. The um- bilicus is pretty narrow, widening and funnel-shaped at the opening. The color is just as in T. villicus. From this, its nearest ally, leuco- phcKiis is separated by (1) its size; (2) its completely flat whorls; (3) the numerous spiral lines ; (4) the narrower umbilicus. Alt. 8, diam. -U mill. (Philippi.) Sicily. T. leucophceus PHIL. Moll. Sicil, i, p. 182, t. 10, f. 17; ii, p. 153. — Conchyl. Cab., p. 195, t. 29, f. 19.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 340, t. 106, f. 1. — WEINKAUFF, Die Conchyl. desMittelmeeres, ii, p. 370. — T. cinerasceus ANTON, Verzeich., p. 57. This is a small species, often not attaining the dimensions given above. G. SPRATTI Forbes. PI. 32, figs. 70, 71. Shell narrowly perforate, conoid, somewhat thick, whitish, radiately flammulate with deep brown subquadrate maoulationa, very finely obliquely striate, concentrically lirate, each whorl en- circled by two more prominent, remote sulci ; whorls 6, convex, separated by deep sutures, inflated above; last whorl subangulate, convex beneath, with numerous unequal concentric lirse ; aperture rhomboidal ; columella sinuous in the middle, slightly convex. Alt. 8, diam. 6 mill. (Fischer.) JEgean Sea. T. spratti FORBES, Rep. Brit. Asso. Adv. Sci, 1843, p. 190 (1844). — MONTEROSATO Nuova revista delict Conch. MediL, p. 23. — WEIN- KATJFF, Conch, des Mittelmeeres, ii, p. 384. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 148, t. 49, f. 3.— T. alveolatns PHIL. Conchyl. Cab., p. 207, t. 30, f. 14._; T. pictus PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1846, p. 104. Philippi's T. alveolatus is figured on pi. 33, fig. 93. G. CANDEI d'Orbigny. PI. 48, figs. 21, 22. Shell conoidal, elevated, longitudinally, gracefully, unequally striate, olive-yellowish, ornamented above with purplish spots ; spire GIBBULA. 207 gnulate ; whorls subbicarinate, smooth above and flat ; aperture subquadrangular ; umbilicus open, smooth. Alt. 12, diam. 15 mill. (Orb.) Canary Is. T. candei D'ORB., Hist. Nat. lies Canaries, Mollusques, p. 82, t. 6, f. 21-23.— PHILIPPI, Conohyl. Cab., t. 34, f. 15. Known to me only by the description and figures of Orbigny. G. RICHAKDI Payraudeau. PI. 32, figs. 54-56. Shell umbilicate, conoidal, olivaceous or yellowish, ornamented with obliquely longitudinal tawny stripes; entire surface smooth; spire short, conical; sutures deeply impressed; whorls 5, quite convex, the last flattened and sloping around the upper part, very obtusely subangular around the periphery; aperture large, very oblique; outer lip thin, acute, very narrowly margined with yellow, succeeded by a line of black, within which lies a band (about 2 mill, wide) of opaque white ; columella arcuate above, partly surrounding the umbilicus with a white callus, straightened in the middle ; umbilical tract large, white, funnel-shaped, bounded by a carina. Alt. 15, diam. 17 mill. Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. Monodonta richardi PA YE., Moll, de Corse, p. 138, t. 7, f. 1, 2. — Trochus Richardi PHILIPPI, Conchy L Cab., p. 189, t. 29, f. 4, 5, 7. —FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 142, t. 48, f. 1.— B., D. ET D., Moll, du Eo ass., p. 3^9, t. 47, f. 6-13. — Phorcus margaritaceus Risso, Hint. Nat. Ear. Merid. iv, p. 133, t. 4, f. 47. — T. radiattts ANTON, Ver- zeich., p. 57 (Teste Philippi). Type of Risso's genus Phorcus. A species peculiarly attractive in appearance ; it is smoother than its allies, and striped upon an olive -yellowish ground with a very pleasing and unusual tawny or cadmium orange hue. Rarely unicolored olivaceous specimens occur, or shells with a ground color of crimson. G. DIVAEICATA Limie. PL 33, figs. 74, 75, 76, 78, 79. Shell imperforate or narrowly perforate, conoidal, very thick and solid, cinereous, yellowish or green, longitudinally marked with rose-red lines, often oblique or broken into square dots ; spire more or less elevated, its outlines rather convex ; whorls about 6, encircled by numerous liruhe, the upper ones flattened, sutures slightly im- pressed, but scalariform specimens with deep sutures are frequent ; last whorl rounded at the periphery and on the base ; aperture 208 GIBBULA. rounded-quadrate ; outer lip bevelled to an edge, very thick and smooth within ; eolumella straightened in the middle, pearly ; um- bilicus narrow or concealed. Alt. 15-23, diam. 16-19. mill. Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. Trochus divaricatus LINX., St/at. Nat., xii, p. 1229. — HANLEY, Ipsa Linn. Conch., p. 319. — HIDALGO, Mol Mar. Esp., t. 61, f. 4-8. — DESHAYES, Ann. de Malac. i, t. 2, f. 4 (animal). — FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 139, t. 47, f. 1, 2.— PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 193, t. 29, f. 16, 21.— BUQ. DAUTZ. ET DOLLFUS, Moll, du Rouss., p. 391, t. 46, f. 15-22. — Mondonta Lessoni PAYR., Moll, de Corse, p. 139, t. 7, f. 3, 4. — T. rari/ineatus MICHAUD, Actes Soc. Linn. Bord., iii, p. 266, f. 12 (1829).— BUQ. DAUTZ. ET Dollf., Moll. Rouss., p. 393, t. 46, f. 23- 27. — Gibbula purpurata BRUSINA, Conch. Dalm. ined., p. 26. May be known by the very thick, heavy shell and peculiar painting. Var. RARILINEATA Michaud. PL 33, figs. 90, 91. Smaller, more conical, with angulate periphery and flattened base. Alt. 12, diam. 13 mill. G. CINERARIA Linne. PL 30, figs. 23, 24. PL 33, figs. 86, 87, 88. Shell narrowly umbilicate, rarely im perforate, conical, thick, cin- ereous, densely marked with numerous narrow longitudinal brown or reddish lines, or broader stripes ; whorls 6, flattened, with 7 or 8 thread-like spiral ridges on the upper surface of the body-whorl, with often one or two finer strise between each ridge, and about a dozen fine ridge-like strise on the under side ; the last whorl angu- late at the periphery, somewhat convex beneath ; aperture sub- rhomboidal, smooth within ; eolumella straightened in the middle ; umbilicus narrow. Alt. 13-16, diam. 14-16 mill. European Seas, from Scandinavia to Gibralter; Black Seaf T. cinerarius LINN., Syst. Nat., xii, p. 1229. — FORBES AND HAN- LEY, Hist. Brit. Moll., t. 65, f. 1-3. — JEFFREYS, Brit. Conch., t. 62, f. 3.— PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 222, t, 34, f. 2-4.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 192, t. 62, f. 4.— T. lineolatus MICHAUD, Galerie, i, p. 334, t. 30, f. 8-9. — T. cinerarius var. electissimns (BEAN) THORPE, Brit. Mar. Conch., p. 264. — T.fumosus PHILIPPI, Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1849, p. 156; Conchyl. Cab., p. 304, t. 44, f. 5. Var. ELECTISSIMA (Bean) Thorpe. Smaller and more regularly conical. TROCHID^E PLATE 33 74 78 75 87 38 90 91 1A I 33 95 96 37 38 S3 100 101 102 104 TROCHID^E PLATE 34 28 TROCHID^E I PLATE 35 I 1-1 10 15 20 1£ 11 13 16 17 18 22 23 TROCHID^E 13 14 PLATE 37 ^3 1m 10 11 12 15 18 13 20 21 13 17 S3 £4- 26 27 I ^ I 23 30 31 TROCHID^E PLATE 38 TROCHID^E PLATE 39 24 25 23 30 35 40 46 51 52 56 57 27 26 31 32 33 36 37 38 33 44 45 48 49 50 53 54 .-'* 55 I / 59 60 61 62 63 64 PLATE 4O PLATE 41 TROCHID^E PLATE 42 '^li 15 17 PLATE 43 TROCHID^ PLATE 44 18 *v..\t: n 27 28 25 33 •^S#? .... ........-^••.-^"« 36 TROCHID^E PLATE 45 41 4-2 46 47 48 43 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 TROCHID^ PLATE 46 TROCHID^ PLATE 47 04 85 87 88 90 92 33 91 95 96 97 l^L I 38 93 100 101 TROCHID>£ PLATE 48 TROCHID^E PLATE 49 GIBBULA. 209 Var. FUMOSA Philippi. Yellowish, marked above with large reddish maculations, the base radiately striped with brownish-gray ; form more elevated and slenderer than in T. cinerarias. Alt. 10, diam. 10 mill. Habitat unknown. G. OBLUJUATA, Ginelin. PI. 30, figs. 11-16. Shell more depressed than G. cineraria, and (although the base is flatter} never inclined to a pyramidal form ; the spiral ridges are sharper and fewer, especially in the young ; the coloring is different; both have a similar kind of marking, but in the present species the longitudinal rays or streaks are red, besides being broader and not half so many as in the other species ; and they are sometimes zig- zag, instead of being broken into spots or interrupted by the sculpt- ure; this species is striped, the other lineated; just within the outer lip are two borders, one of yellow, the other of green variegated by red spots , this edging is minutely tubercled like shagreen. Alt. 17, diam. 20 mill. (Jeffreys.) T. obliquatm GMEL., $T/S£. Nat., xiii,p. 3575. — PIIILIPPI, Conchyl. Cub., p. 223, t. 34, f. 5-9.— FISCHER, Coq. Vio., p. 191, t. G2, f. 2, 3. —T. umbiUmtus MONTAGU, Test. Brit., p. 28(>. — JEFFREYS, Brit. Conc.lt., iii, p. 312 (and of other English authors). — T. umbilicalis FORBES AND HANLEY, Hist. Brit. Moll., ii, p. 519, t. 66, f. 1-4.— T. pennanti PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 224, t. 34, f. 10.— I7. agathensis RECLUZ, Rev. ZooL, 1843, p. 11. The present species is usually more widely umbilicate and broader than G. cineraria. Var. AGATHEXSIS Recluz. Smaller, with the spire more raised ; less angular at periphery, and somewhat glossy beneath ; stripes purplish ; umbilicus closed or nearly so. G. TURDUS Philippi. PI. 33, figs. 98, 99. Shell solid, globose-conical, white, ornamented at the suture with pale brown spots, the rest of the shell painted with articulated lines of reddish-browTn ; whorls nearly plane, a trifle tumid at the suture above, quadrisulcate, the last whorl angular at the circumfer- ence, margined, the base grooved by 4 to 6 sulci ; umbilicus moder- ate, cylindrical ; aperture squarish-rounded. (Phil.} 14 210 GIBBULA. The solid shell is rather conical, for the whorls are quite level, only projecting a little below the suture. They are grooved by 4 narrow slightly impressed furrows, besides which the last whorl has a few inconspicuous furrows. The last whorl is angular at the periphery and the ridge between this angle and the lower of these furrows is somewhat more elevated than the rest of the upper sur- face. The base is rather elevated, with 4 to 6 slight narrow con- centric furrows. The umbilicus is moderate, round, white, with a sharp angle inside the outer edge. The aperture is quadrangular, with well-rounded angles. The columella is rather arcuate. The color is pale brown, at the suture white with large brown spots, sometimes with reddish-brown oblique strokes between every two furrows ; the base is checkered with white. Alt. 8, diam. 8 mill. (PhilippL) Habitat unknown. T. turdus PHIL. Conchy 1. Cab., p. 308, t. 44, f. 11. G. ADANSONI Payraudeau. PI. 30, figs. 1-4. Shell narrowly umbilicate, conical ; color maroon or deep brown, with longitudinal undulating flames of white, continuous or inter- rupted into spots on the base; spire conoi da 1, elevated ; whorls 6 to 7, convex, traversed by numerous spiral stria? ; last whorl large, dilated, subangulate at the periphery, the base convex, concen- trically finely lirate, each ridge divided by a central impressed line ; sutures deeply impressed; aperture subquadrangular, columella straight or a little projecting in the middle ; umbilicus deep, very narrow, bounded by a carina. Alt. 12, diam. 10} mill. Mediterranean, Adriatic and Black Seas. T. adansonii PAYR., Moll, de Corse, p. 127, t. 6, f. 7, 8 (1826).— PHILIPPI, Concliyl. Cab., p. 192, t. 29, f. 14, 15. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 343, t. 107, f. 1-4.— BUQ, DAUTZ. ET DOLLFUS, Moll, du liouss., p. 394, t. 47, f. 1-5. — T. varians DESH., Exped. Moree, p. 142, t. 18, f. 31-33.— T. adriaticus PHIL., Enwn. Moll. SiciL, ii, p. 153, t. 25, f. 10.— T. tiirbinoides DESH., Exped. Moree, p. 143, t. 18, f. 28-30. — BUQ. DAUTZ. ET DOLLFUS, Moll, du Rons*., p. 396, t. 47, f. 26-30.— T. helicoides PHILIPPI, Conchy 1. Cab., p. 197, t. 29, f. 23. — Gibbula ivanicsi BRUSINA, Conch. Dalm. ined., p. 27. — T. ivanicsiana BRUS., Contr. pella Fauna Dalm., p. 80. — T. olivaceus ANTON, Verzeich., p. 57. — T. angulatus (EICHWALD) BRUS. (teste Monterosato, II Nat. SiciL, iii, p. 105). — T. euxinicus Andr., KRYN. GIBBULA. 211 Bull. Sci. Nat.' Moscou, 1837, p. 60. — T. variegatus Risso, teste Monterosato. — T. olivaceus ANTON, Verzeich., p. 57. — T. pumilio PHIL. Enum. Moll. Sicil., ii, p. 226, t. 28, f. 7 ; Coiichyl. Cab., p. 94, t. 15, f. 19. A variable species, distinguished from the preceding by its more elevated form and thinner shell. From G. tnmida Montagu the more acute spire will separate the present species ; and also the shape of the whorls, which are less tumid and angulated below the sutures. The form and coloration are very mutable and also the sculpture varies, sometimes being quite coarse. T. pumilio Phil, may belong in Calliostoma. It is figured on pi. 40, fig. 35. Var. ADRFATK-A Philippi. PI. 30, fig. 1. Shell more solid, generally paler, the base whitish ; spiral sculpt- ure stronger, the penultimate whorl with about 5 well-marked, separated spiral lira?; body-whorl angulate at the periphery. Var. TURBINOIDES Deshayes. PI. 33, figs. 94, 95. Shell smaller than G. adansoni, globose, rose-red, yellowish, or brown, with short white fiammules below the sutures, the remainder of the shell minutely punctate with white. Alt. 8, diam. 8 mill. G. DREPANENSIS Brugnone. PL 33, figs. 100, 101. Shell small, narrowly umbilicate, depressed, stomatella-sh&ped, whitish, zigzagly striped with red, the stripes often broken into spots, white around the umbilicus; spire very short; sutures im- pressed ; whorls 32 to 4, convex, rapidly widening, encircled by spiral striae which are nearly obliterated on the last whorl ; body- whorl very large, depressed ; aperture large, oblique, subcircular ; columella arcuate. Alt. 3-4, diam. 4-5 mill. Provence; Sicily; Sardinia; Algiers. Trochus drepanensis BRUGNONE, Miscellanea malacologica, pt. 1, p. 13 (1873). — MONTEROSATO, Journ. de Conch., xxv, p. 31, t. 2, f. 6 (1877). — BUQ. DAUTZ. ET DOLLFUS, Moll, du Rouss., p. 398, t. 50, f. 25, 26. This smallest of the Mediterranean species of Gibbula, is very distinct in its minute size, obsoletely striate whorls and stomatella- like form. Monterosato has described a G. VIMONTIJE (II Nat. Sicil., iii, p. 108) which I take to be a form of drepanensis. His description 212 GIBBULA. (translated) is as follows: More depressed; whorls subangulate; smooth instead of striate ; of a greenish color, with metallic reflec- tions. Provence; Algiers; Italy. G. TUMIDA Montagu. PI. 32, figs. 49-52. Shell small, narrowly umbilicare, conical, elevated; color whitish, variously strigate or maculated with brown, beneath white, uni- colored or punctate with brown ; spire elevated, somewhat turrited, apex acute; sutures impressed; whorls 6, convex, encircled by numerous, close fine striae ; periphery obtusely angular ; base slightly convex, concentrically finely lirate, the sculpture coarser than upon the upper surface ; aperture large, rounded-quadrate ; columella oblique, straightened and a little convex in the middle ; umbilicus deep, narrow, expanding and funnel-shaped at its opening. Alt. 8-12, diani. 7-12 mill. English and Northern European Coasts ; rare in the Mediterranean. T. tumidus MONT., Test. Brit., p. 280, t. 10, f. 4. (1803.)— PHIL- IPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 195, t. 29, f. 20-25.— FORBES AND HANLEY, Hist. Brit. Moll., ii, p. 153, t. 65, f. 8, 9.— JEFFREYS, Brit, Conch., iii, p. 307, t. 62, f. 2.— FISCHER, Cog. Viv., p. 345, t. 108, f. 1, 2, 3. — BUQ., DAUTZ. ET DOLLFUS, Moll, du Rouss., p. 387, t. 47, f. 14-18. — T. Racketti PAYR., Moll, de Corse, p. 128, t. 6, f. 9, 10.— BUQ., DAUTZ. ET DOLLFUS, Moll, du Row*., p. 388, t. 47, f. 19-25.— T. tumidus var., FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 315. — ? Gibbula pygmcea Rrsso, Eur. merid., iv, p. 137. — MONTEROSATO, Conch, litt. medit., p. 9, Gibbula gibbosula (DAN. ET SANDRI) BRUSINA, Conch. Dalm. ined., p. 27. — T.petholatus DILLWYN, Catal., p. 776 (Texte Philippi). This turbinate little species is readily recognized by the form, the whorls being a little tumid just below the sutures, and the base of the aperture is usually a little emargiuate. VAR. RACKETTI Payrandeau. PI. 33, figs. 96, 97. This form differs from typical G. tumida in the constant smaller size, fewer whorls (4 to 5), and generally more solid and deeply colored shell. Alt. 6J, diam. 6 mill. Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. This little Mediterranean variety is variable in proportions, frequently as broad or broader than long. GIBBULA. 213 G. HEMPRICHII Issel. PI. 47, fig. 100. Shell minute, orbiculate-conoid, umbilicate, under a lens longi- tudinally striate, shining, whitish, painted with oblique chestnut streaks, spotted with brown ; apex rather obtuse ; whorls 5, regularly increasing, rather convex, flattened at the distinctly impressed sutures, the last whorl scarcely equalling half the total altitude ; base rounded or obscurely subangular; aperture quadrate-rounded; peristome simple, acute; columella subtruncate at base ; umbilicus rather narrow, funnel-shaped. Alt. 2t, diam. 2-1 mill. (Issel.) Gulf of Suez. T. hemprichii ISSKL, Malac. del Mar Rosso (1869). — SAVIGNY Descript del'Egypte, Coq., t. 3, f. 6. G. SISMOXD/I; Issel. PL 47, figs. 94, 95. Shell small, conoidal, imperforate, minutely transversely striate, greenish, obtuse at apex; whorls 4^, slowly increasing, slightly convex, separated by impressed sutures; last whorl more than half the total length, angular at base; base flattened, ornamented with 4 concentric costulse ; aperture very oblique, subcircular. Alt. 4, diam. 4 mill. (Issel.) Suez. T. sisimondas ISSEL, Malac. Mar Rosso, p. 225, t. ii, f. 13. In general form this species approaches T. tumidus Mont., but it is distinguished by having no umbilicus, and by its greenish color. (Lsel.) G. SPURCA Gould. PL 51, figs. 22, 23. Shell small, solid, globose-conic, everywhere sculptured with fine, shallow, revolving alternate grooves and elevations; shining, of a dingy yellowish color, delicately variegated with oblique zigzag dusky lines, the two colors in about equal proportions, a series of somewhat conspicuous quadrate dusky and yellow spots just below the suture ; whorls 4 or 5, ventricose ; suture deeply impressed ; the last subangular at periphery ; base moderately conical, imperforate or minutely umbilicated ; aperture very oblique, circular ; columella rounded, arcuate ; lip sharp, smooth within and subnacreous. Alt. 3-10ths, diam. 3-8ths inch. (Gould.) Madeira Is. Has most of the characters of T. fermoui but is much smaller, wants the peculiar channelled shoulder of the whorls, and the widely open umbilicus. (Gould.) 214 GIBBULA. T. spurcus OLD., Proc. Boat. Soc. N. H, iii, p. 106 (1849) ; U. S. Expl. Exped. Shells, p. 188, f. 219 ; Otia, p. 58. G. GORGONARUM Fischer. Shell iiii perforate, conical, slightly elevated, rather thick, pale buff or ashen above, ornamented with subflexuous, irregular radiat- ing brown lines, white beneath ; whorls 7 to 8, flattened, separated by canaliculate sutures, ornamented with a few narrow lirse, evanes- cent in the middle of the whorl ; infra-sutural liration largpr, crenulated ; last whorl acutely carinated ; base densely, concen- trically lirate ; aperture rhomboidal, lip acute ; basal callous wide, subcircular, covering the umbilicus. Alt. 10, diam. maj. 14, diam. min. 12 mill. (Fischer.) Cape Verde Is., in 410-596 meters. G. gorgonarum FISCHER, Journ. de Conchy 1. 1883, p. 393. G. GLYPTUS Watson. PL 36, f. 19, 20. Shell like T. magus L., but carinated, higher, less scalar, and much more delicately and richly sculptured. Sculpture, spirals — a flat shoulder below the suture is followed by an angulation, on and below which is a double row of smallish, round but pointed tubercles, which are remote from cue another but run in pairs on the two rows ; the tubercles in each row are connected by a slight rounded thread ; on the second, third and fourth whorls these rows coalesce into one ; on the last whorl they are about 5-100 inch apart. At the periphery is a strong angulation bearing a sharp carina. About 5-100 inch above this is a spiral thread, which, as well as the carina, is ornamented with delicate, sharp, laterally- compressed beads separated from one another by about twice their own size. Those on the upper spiral are rather the larger; the middle of the whorl for about 0.1 inch is bare. On the base there are five closely-beaded threads, of which the inmost and strongest defines the umbilicus. Between the outermost and the carina is a broad slightly sunken furrow. The carina meets the outer lip and appears above the suture. Longitudinals — the upper whorls are ribbed, but the ribbing gradually breaks into the double row of paired tubercles, and the link uniting the pairs in the two rows be- comes very feeble. There are besides many distant, irregular, loose, skin-like puckerings which follow the lines of growth ; they disap- pear on the spiral threads. The whole surface is further roughened by microscopic flexuous wrinklings. Color yellowish white on the GIBBULA. 215 thin calcareous layer overlying the nacre. Spire high, a little scalar. Apex small and sharp. Whorls 8, of regular increase, a little rounded, angulated at the carina, rather tumid on the base, with a wide umbilicus. Suture angulated and well denned, but a little filled up by the carina of the overlying whorl. Mouth (ap- parently) perpendicular, semioval. Outer lip well rounded. Pillar- lip a little bent over on the umbilicus, and then advancing rather straight toward the left, angulated and slightly toothed at the point of the base when the umbilical beaded thread joins it. Umbilicus a wide deep funnel, with a deep spiral staircase at the junction of the whorls. Alt. 0.68 inch ; diam. 0.72, least 0.61 inch. This beautiful species is unfortunately present in only one dead and chipped specimen. The name given to it is expressive of the singular beauty of its sculpture. It is more like Trochus magus, L., than any other species I know, but is obviously very different in all details of form and sculpture. It has some resemblance to Trochus ottoi Phil., but is higher and narrower; that species has a broadly open but immediately contracted umbilicus, which rather resembles a scoop than a funnel; its whorls are much less tumid above, and are less sculptured ; they slope downwards conically, from the suture with only one feeble and feebly tubercled thread between the suture, to which it lies near, and the peripheral thread. (Watson.) Off Sydney, 410 fins. T. glyptH* WATSON, Journ. Linn. Soc. London, xiv, p. 694; Challenger Gasterop., p. 75, t. 6, f. 6. _B. /Species of Indo-Pacific and Australasian Seas. G. PICTUKATA Adams et Angas. PI. 37, figs. 28-30 ; pi. 30, fig. 7. Shell small, narrowly umbilicate, conical, excessively variable in coloration, the following patterns most usual; (1) whitish with longitudinal broad or narrow red or crimson flames reaching to the periphery, the ground-color and base dotted with red ; the flames are frequently interrupted in the middle by a dotted zone ; (2) ground-color clear yellowish or whitish, the lirse dotted with red ; this pattern frequently shows short flames of red under the sutures ; (3) entire surface purplish black, the umbilicus green-tinged. Except the last variety, all are whitish around the umbilicus ; in all, the in- side of the umbilicus and the columella are tinged with green. Spire elevated, conical, rather obtuse ; sutures impressed ; whorls 5 to 6, convex, encircled by line, usually 5 or 6 in number on the 216 GIBBULA. penultimate whorl, but very variable ; body-whorl with a prominent rib at the periphery, convex beneath ; aperture quadrangular, delicately ribbed within and iridescent, green predominating ; columella arcuate above, then straight and oblique, terminating near the base in a slight denticle. Alt. 6-7, diam. 6-7 mill. Codgee Bay, N. S. Wales. G.picturata AD. ET ANG., P. Z. S., 1864, p. 36. — T. picturatus FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 272, t. 90, f. 2. A beautiful little species, usually either flamed with dark red or dotted all over writh pink. The ground-color sometimes has a green cast, or is pink. G. FULMINATA Button. PI. 43, figs. 14-16. Shell small, narrowly perforate, globose-conoidal, shining, solid, smooth, except for a few striae around the umbilicus ; color pink, orange, purplish or olive-brown, generally with a series of white blotches alternating with self-colored darker ones below the sutures, a girdle of white blotches around the periphery and often around the umbilicus ; the intervening spaces irregularly strigate with darker zigzag streaks or unicolored. Spire short, apex rosy ; whorls about 5, convex; aperture rounded-quadrate, iridescent within, the lip white-margined ; columella arcuate, a trifie straightened in the middle; umbilicus white. Alt. 7-1, diam. 7-1-8 mill. Auckland to Wellington, N. Z. ; Clnti1i]-7, diam. 5-6 mill. Ceylon. G. dupontiana NEVILL, Jourti. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, xxxviii, p. 158, t. 17, f. 8, 1869.— T. dupontianus FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 342, t. 107, f. 3. Coarsely lirate like the preceding form, but more conical, more carinate, with flatter base, and columella not truncate below. The color too is much lighter. G. BLANFORDIANA G. et H. Nevill. PL 37, fig. 32 ; PL 62, fig. 65. Shell small, narrowly, deeply umbilicate, thick, conoid ; whorls 5, the first whitish, the following painted with brown undulating, radiating maculations, spirally strongly lirate, the line 5-6 on the penultimate whorl, smaller above, the interstices deep last whorl, GIBBULA. 219 angulate in the middle, a little convex beneath, provided with about 8 flat concentric lirse; aperture subrhomboidal, lip plicate within, basal margin crenate ; columella oblique, sub-truncate below. Alt. 5, diam. 6 mill. (Fischer.) Ceylon. G. bianfordiana NEVILL, Journ. Asiat. Sac. Beng., xxxviii, 1869, p. 158, t. 17, f. 9.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 265, t. 88, f. 3. The size mark was omitted on pi. 62, f. 65. Nevill's original figure is copied on pi. 37, fig. 32. O. CICER Menke. PI. 62, fig. 75 ; pi. 26, figs. 18, 19. Shell perforate or subperforate, globose-conical, solid, whitish, longitudinally striped with reddish or dark brown, the stripes often broken into tessellations on the base ; whorls about 5, convex, the first two yellow or rosy, smooth, the remainder coarsely spirally lirate, the lira? about 6 or 7 on the penultimate whorl, separated by deep interstices which sometimes interrupt the stripes of color ; spire short ; body-whorl rounded ; base convex, finely marked with about 8 narrow line; aperture subcircular, smooth and white with- in ; columella arcuate, straightened in the middle and oblique, very -obsoletely subdeniate below ; umbilical area small, white or yellow- ish ; base frequently suffused with pink. Alt. 7, diam. 6 mill. Cape Region of S. Africa. T. deer MKE., in PHILIPPI, Abbild. u. Beschreib., i, Trochus, t. 3, f. 5. (1844).— Conchyl. Ca6.,p.l97, t. 29, f. 24.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 264, t. 88, f. 2.—Gibbula musiva GOULD, Otia Conch., p. 159.— Leptothyra deer PILSBRY, Manual of Conch., x, p. 254, t. 54, f. 62. — Turbo suHf/iiiiieu.* RI;KYK, Conch. Icon., t. 12, f. 55 ? (not of Linn.). — Turbo roseus PHILIIMM, Conchyl. Cab., p. 85, t. 19, f. 10 (?). G. cicer is reported from Japan by Schrenck. (Amurl. Moll. p. 352.) G. BENZI Krauss. PI. 51, figs. 13, 14. Shell orbicular-conoid, perforate, purplish, maculate with whitish, orange or rose, irregularly transversely costate-striate ; whorls 5, convex, separated by a distinct suture, the last veutricose, subangu- lar in the middle ; base convex, striate ; aperture rotund-quadrate, white within ; columella oblique, concave, dilated above ; umbilicus profound, narrow. Alt. 8, diam. 9 mill. (Krauss.) Cape of Good Hope. The transverse stride are crowded, blunt, and very unequal above, on the base rather regular and elevated. Young examples are 220 GIBBULA. carinated, but old ones have the last whorl rounded, wide and very convex. The columella has a somewhat reflexed margin, which is a trifle widened above, slightly covering the umbilicus ; it passes imperceptibly into the outer lip, and is united above with the latter by a very thin white callus. The umbilicus is deep, narrow, longi- tudinally very finely striated. The color is various ; either rose-red or orange-yellow, with traces of clear spots at the suture, or else purple-red with white flecks. (Krauss). T. benzi KRAUSS, Die Siidaf. Moll. p. 99, t, 5, f. 32— PHILIIMT, Conchyl. Cab. p. 320, t. 46, f. 1. Known to me only by the description (translated above) of Krauss, and his figures (pi. 51, figs. 13, 14), and by Philippi's des- cription and figures of a shell identified by him with this species. Of this form Philippi says : The shell is pretty thin, conoidal, and consists of 5 whorls which are regularly moderately convex ; the last shows an indication of an angle. The sculpture consists of slightly elevated rather narrow transverse lirse, of which I count 4 on the penultimate, about 6 above the periphery of the last whorl, with here and there an inter- mediate smaller one, and upon the base 10 less elevated ones. The interstices look pitted on account of the elevated incremental striae that cross them. The umbilicus is very narrow, but perforates to the apex, is widened, funnel-shaped at the opening, and is bounded by an obtuse but distinct keel. The color is rose-red with dark red dots. The above-described examples from the Menke collection differ from Krauss' description in color, for his species is said to be purple or orange-red with white flecks ; furthermore, the umbilicus, Krauss says, is striate, which is not the case in the specimens before me, which are also more narrowly umbilicated than his figures. G. SCAMNATA Fischer. PL 30, fig. 6. Shell small, subperforate, conoidal, unicolored cinereo-olivaceous, with spiral blackish bands ; whorls 6, somewhat convex, with 5 to 6 spiral elevated lirse on the penultimate whorl ; last whorl sub- angulate, base convex with 7 to 8 concentric lira?, the interstices narrow ; aperture subrhomboidal, sulcate within ; columella arcuate, a little reflexed and almost covering the umbilicus. Alt. 7, diam. 1\ mill. (Fischer.) Oceanica. GIBBULA. 221 T. (Gibbula) scamnatus FISCHER, Journ. de Conch., 1878, p. 66. — Coq. Viv., p. 394, t. 117, f. 4. G. SMALTATA Fischer. PI. 32, figs. 72, 73. Shell small, narrowly perforate, conoid, obtuse ; whorls 5, convex, separated by linear sutures; the first whitish; the remainder very finely obliquely striate, shining, very variable in color, sometimes all chestnut or blue, sometimes maculated with green or brown and spirally zoned, the bands linear, narrow, pale, sometimes articulated with brown ; penultimate whorl rather tumid, body-whorl angulate, sub plan ul ate below and obsoletely concentrically lirate ; aperture sub rotund, silicate within ; basal margin arcuate ; columella regularly concave-arcuate, nearly closing the umbilical perforation above ; umbilical area somewhat funnel-shaped, white, striate, carinate at its margin. Alt. 6, diam. 6 mill. (Fischtr.) S. Australia. T. smaltatm FISCHER, Journ. de Conch., 1879, p. 22. — Coq. Viv., p. 381, 1. 115, f. 4. According to Dr. Fischer, the T. balteatus Phil, differs from T. smaltatus in its more conical form, flatter whorls, and the columella, which is vertical, not arcuate, and subnodulose, forming an angle with the basal lip. G. BALTEATA Philippi. PL 33, fig. 92. The shell is solid for its small size, perforate, nearly exactly conical in form, and consists of 6 whorls, of which the upper are almost planulate, while the last, which is as high as all the others together, is bluntly angulated ; the upper whorls are encircled around their lower borders by a white girdle articulated with vertical black lines, and which is continued upon the periphery of the last whorl ; above this girdle are 5 elevated transverse lines, and upon the base about 12 inconspicuous ones; the columella is almost vertical, rounded, with a slight tubercle in the middle, and forming an angle with the basal lip: the color is pale brown, and besides the above described girdle has large deep brown inoculations below the suture ; the spiral line are punctate with black ; the base shows oblique streaks, formed by the coalescence of black dots. Alt. 7, diam. 6 mill. (Philippi.) Habitat unknown. T. balteatus PHILIPPI, Zeitschr. f. Mai., 1849, p. 148— Conchy I. Cab., p. 307, t. 44, f. 10. 222 GIBBULA. Compared by Philippi with G. racketti Payr., which is similarly colored, narrower, more ovoid, less conical. G. SEMINULA Philippi. PI. 33, fig. 85. The shell is rather thin, globose-conical ; the 5 whorls are moderately convex, the last quite circular, somewhat angular in the middle, but the angle appears much more prominent on account of a thread-like ridge which encircles it. Above this are 4-5 elevated lirse, as wide as their interstices ; and upon the base are 9 or 10 lira?, which become narrower and weaker toward the periphery. The umbilicus is very narrow, a mere crevice. The aperture is rhom- boidal, with rounded angles ; the columella slightly arcuate, simple. The color is red, verging on yellow, with 4 to 5 broad white rays ; the apex is white. Alt. 3-1, diam. slightly less. (Philippi.') Habitat unknown. T. sem'nuilnm PHIL., Conchyl. Cab., p. 308, t. 44, f. 12. The most similar species is our T. helicoides [G. adansonsii Payr.], but that species differs in the larger size, wider umbilicus and rounder aperture ; at least no transition forms have come under my notice. (Philippi.) G. TIBERIANA Crosse. PL 32, fig. 53. Shell imperforate, conical, rather thin, olivaceous with nacreous reflections, ornamented with flexuous longitudinal grayish streaks; spire .moderately elevated ; suture impressed ; whorls 5-1 to 6, sub- planate, the last obtusely angulated ; base obsoletely striated and covered with spots of grayish-white; aperture oblique, quadrate, in- side white, nacreous ; columella somewhat expanded ; outer margin simple, acute. (Crosse). Alt. 4-}, diam. 4-1 mill. Coodgee Bay, S. Australia. T. tiberianus CROSSE, Joum. de Conch., 1863, p. 381, t. 13, f. 2 — FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 408, t. 120, f. 2. — Cantharidus tiberianus ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 215. G. YESSOENSIS Schrenck. PI. 37, figs. 23, 24 ; pi. 40, fig. 43. Shell small, imperforate, conical, rather thin, smooth, shining, light olivaceous, longitudinally marked above with radiating red stripes, with short alternating white maculations at the suture and periphery ; upper surface of whorls with three spiral girdles of alternating white and blackish spots, continuous over the longitudinal flames; spire conical, whorls 6, slightly convex, obsoletely lirate, especially at GIBBULA. 223 sutures and periphery ; sutures impressed ; last whorl angulate at the periphery, the angle dividing the shell into two equal parts as regards altitude ; base convex, very finely 1 irate, the lirre about 12 in number, unicolored ones alternating with articulated white and deep brown or reddish ones ; aperture large, equalling half the total altitude of shell, subcircular, about as wide as long; outer lip acute, smooth within ; columella arcuate, a little straightened in the middle ; place of the umbilicus impressed and grooved, but imperf orate. Alt. 7, diam. 0 mill. Hakodadi, Japan. T. yesxoensis SCHHKXCK, Bull, de 1'Acad. Imp. des Sci. de St. Petersb. v, p. 512 ; Moll, des Amur-landes u. des No rd japan. Meeres, p. .",03, t. 15, £ 11-18. An obsoletely lirate, shining species, differing from most others in being imperforate. From (I. tiberiana Crosse the larger size and coloration separate it. This species seems to be closely allied to, or identical with T. cal- liclirom Philippi. The figure of Philippi is copied on pi. 61, fig. 25 ; the description is as follows : Shell imperforate, acutely conoidal, very smooth ; whorls slightly convex, the last angulate-carinate ; whorls above and below roseous, articulated with red, in the middle olivaceous with spiral lines articulated with green dots ; base olivaceous, encircled by two similar lines, the center rosy; aperture subrhomboidal ; columella terete, scarcely oblique, subangular in the middle. (Phil.) A small but extremely beautiful species. The shell is elevated conical, acute, and consists of 7 whorls. These are slightly convex, especially above, and the last (which is 3-7 ths the total alt.) has a keel-like angulation. The upper and lower portions of the upper surface of the whorl are finely obliquely striate, rose-red with large brown spots ; the median part of the upper surface is green, approach- ing olive-color, and is marked by three lines formed of dark green dots. The base is the same color. The center is rose-red, then fol- lows a green girdle with two lines of dark green dots, and the cir- cumference is again rose-red with large brown spots ; the aperture is nearly rhomboidal, white within ; the columella is nearly per- pendicular, cylindrical, blunt-toothed in the middle, outside sur- rounded by an impressed line, which reminds one of an umbilical rimation. Alt. 7&, diam. 6£ mill. Habitat unknown. 224 GIBBULA. T. callichrous PHIL. Zeitschr f. Mai. 1849, p. 149 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 298, t. 43, f. 15. — f Ziziphinus catlichrous REEVE, Conch. Icon., Monog. Ziziph., f. 60. Reeve's species is in all probability a distinct thing. G. JAPONICA E. A. Smith. Shell wide short conic, deeply perforated, whitish, variegated with dots and spots of brown, base white ; whorls 6, nearly flat, encircled by granose spiral lira?, and cut by oblique striae ; last whorl slightly convex above, acutely angulated and carinated in the middle, plane below the carina, and with about 13 concentric granular lira, the one around the umbilicus larger than the rest. Umbilicus deep, reaching to the apex, smooth ; aperture oblique, subquadrate, pearly within ; columella slightly thickened, parietal wall with a thin callus. Alt. 5, diam. maj. 8,'min. 7 min. (Smith.) Guff of Yado, Japan, lat. 35° 35' N., long. 139° 48' E., 0-25 fms. The keel which encircles the body-whorl runs up the spire in the deep suture. Within the umbilicus, and adjacent to the large granular liration which surrounds it, there is another, but much finer one. (Smith.) T. (Gibbula)japonicm~E. A. S., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1875, xvi, p. 110. G. YAMADANA E. A. Smith. Shell ovate-conical, dull whitish, painted on the lira with lilac- brown tessellations, somewhat formed into flammules; slightly per- forate ; whorls 5, convex, separated by profound sutures, ridged by delicate spiral lirae articulated with lilac-brown (5 to 0 on penul- timate, about 20 on the last whorl) ; with oblique incremental lines ; aperture circular, pearly, equalling 2 the total length ; columella a trifle thickened ; terminations of peristome joined by a thin callus. Alt. 6, diam. 4£ mill. (Smith.) Yamada Harbor, Japan. The elongate brownish-lilac spots on the lirations are situated somewhat irregularly underneath each other, so as to form flammula- tions. (Smith.) T. (Gibbula) yamadanus E. A. S., Ann. Mag. N. H. 1875, xvi, p. 111. GIBBULA. 225 G. CORALLINA E. A. Smith. Shell coral-red, small, orbicular, rather depressed, deeply but narrowly umbilicated ; whorls 4, convex, encircled by close sub- granulose line, 4 to 5 on the upper whorls, about 20 on the last whorl, and with distant, oblique, longitudinal striae ; umbilicus deep, surrounded by a large ridge sulcated by longitudinal striations ; aperture circular, slightly pearly within. Alt. 2J, diam. 3 mill. (Smith.) Japan. This is a very pretty little shell with convex whorls, which are spirally striated, the interstitial lirations being somewhat granulous. This appearance is produced by their being cut across by rather distant striations. (Smith.) T. (Gibbuld) corallinus E. A. S., Ann. Mag. N. H. 1875, p. 111. G. FULGEXS Gould. PL 40, fig. 38. Shell imperforate or a trifle rimate, globose-conical, rather thick and solid, vividly iridescent under a thin brownish cuticle, the reflections chiefly green and golden; spire more or less elevated; apex minute, acute ; sutures impressed ; whorls about 5, quite con- vex, the last globose, rounded, encircled by about 16 delicate lira?, above separated by wide interstices, which are lightly obliquely striate, and often spirally striate ; on the base the lira? are closer and more regularly spaced, nearly as wide as the interstices. The line are either uniform brown or articulated brown and yellowish ; there are sometimes short brown flammules below the sutures. The Iira3 or keels are very widely separated about the middle of the whorl. Aperture subcircular, almost smooth (a trifle sulcate) with- in, and vividly iridescent ; columella arcuate, a trifle dilated at base, and either concealing the perforation above or leaving a narrow chink. Alt. 7, diam. 6f ; alt. 62, diam. 6 mill. Japan. G. fulgens GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. viii, p. 21 (1861) ;— Otia Conch., p. 160. — E. A. SMITH, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 1875, p. 110. — Tr. iridescens SCHRENCK Reisen im Amurlande, Moll., p. 356, t. 15, f. 19-24 ; Bull, de 1'Acad. Imp. des Sci. de St. Petersb. v, p. 512 (1863) ; iv, p. 255. A brilliantly iridescent little shell, quite heavy and solid, hav- ing a little the aspect of a Solariella, but imperforate. I have seen no other Gibbula which shows the iridescence through the cuticle as 15 226 GIBBULA. this species does. The figure of iridescens, copied on my plate, is more elevated than most fulgens I have seen. G. LACAZEI Velain. PL 66, figs. 7, 8. Shell slightly elevated, subcircular, narrowly umbilicated ; rather thick, with a very thin epidermis ; aperture oblique, nacreous inside ; operculum corneous, many whorled ; spire composed of 5 whorls, rapidly increasing, presenting (1) a flattened, slightly convex part beneath ; (2) longitudinal [i.e. spiral] ridges, quite strong, unequal, with 2 or 3 interstitial, secondary, feeble ridges; (3) transverse [incremental] striae, very fine, regular, close, crossing the other ridges. Aperture oblique, subcircular, nacreous inside; umbilicus small, and often hidden by the extension of the columellar lip. Color a whitish-gray, with rosy and green reflections. Some of the principal ridges are visibly tinged with pale rose. Alt. 51, diam. 7 mill. (Velain.) Island of St. Paul, Indian Ocean. Margarita lacazei VELAIN, Comptes rendus, 1876 ; Archives Zool. Exper. et Generale, xvi, 1877, p. 118, t. 4, f. 4-6.— M. nigri- cans VELAIN, lib. cit., t. 4, f. 6. VAR. NIGRICANS Velain. PL 66, fig. 93. Differs in its smaller size, stronger spiral ridges, and black colora- tion. Alt. 3*, diam. 6i mill. This is of course no Margarita. I am not certain of its generic position. It was collected in great numbers by the naturalists at- tached to the French expedition to the islands of St. Paul and Amsterdam, for observing the transit of Venus in 1874. G. GLOBULARIUS Schrenck. PL 69, fig. 10. Shell depressed-conical, imperforate or obsoletely rimate, oliva- ceous-brown, spirally lirate with reddish, with here and there whit- ish undulating rays; whorls 5, planulate, separated by deep sutures, last whorl somewhat convex, subangular ; base plano-convex, brown, spirally striate with red ; umbilical tract callous, rosy ; aperture rounded-quadrangular, the columellar margin very minutely biden- ti dilate, with a little pit between the teeth ; outer lip margined with black inside; throat white, pearly. Alt. 7, diam. 9 mill. (Schrenck.) Bay of ffakodadi, Japan. GIBBULA. 227 T. globularim SCHRENCK. Bull, de 1'Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersb. v, p. 512; Amurlandes Moll. p. 357, t. 16, f. 1-4. A species of doubtful generic position. G. RED1MITA Gould. Shell depressed, orbicular, narrowly perforated, greenish-pearly, iridescent, line ornamented with black, the apex white ; whorls 4J, rather convex, encircled by 3 or 4 lirse or carinse (on the last whorl about 12, slenderer below) ; umbilicus white, small ; aperture large, circular, pearly; columella white, somewhat reflexed above, joining the outer lip with a thin callus. Alt. 3|, diam. 4 mill. (Smith.) Japan (43 fms.) This very pretty species is at once recognized by its green pearly surface and the black-dotted spiral keels. (Smith.) G. redimita GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. viii, p. 20 ; Otia Conch., p. 159. — T. (Gibbula) redimitus E. A. SMITH, Ann. Mag. N. H. 1875, p. 111. Gould's description is as follows : Shell small, ovate-conic, ventricose, thin, silvery under a calcareous coat, encircled by remote flat lirse (5 on the spire), pale crimson, the lime articulated red and white ; whorls 7, ventricose, tabulate ; base rounded, scarcely rimate ; aperture rounded-ovate ; columella thin, erect, dilated above, flattened below. Alt, 7, diam. 6 mill. Hakodadi Bay, Japan. G. STTCTICA A. Adams. Shell depressed-conical, broadly and deeply umbilicated, reddish, maculated with brown ; whorls flat, encircled by white and black articulated cinguli ; last whorl angular at the periphery ; base con- vex, concentrically sulcate ; aperture orbicular; umbilicus open, perspective. (-4. Ad.) New Caledonia. Omphalius sticticus A. AD. P. Z. S. 1854, p. 39. G. DORI^E Caramagna. PL 51, fig. 27. Shell conoidal, solid, perforate; whorls 6J, angulate, excavated above, ornamented with granose cinguli with square red spots, and minutely longitudinally striate ; cinguli 5 on penultimate, 6 on the last whorl, which is angulate at base ; base with 7 concentric cinguli, tessellated red and Avhite. Shell rosy, sometimes olivaceous, ornamented with darker maculations on the last whorl, the cinguli 228 GIBBULA. tessellated ; suture nearly filled by the first granose ridge ; umbilicus profound, wide, finely striate, lightly cingulate ; lip smooth, crenated by the sulci of the outside; columella simple, arcuate, lamellar, twisted at the umbilicus, forming a little canal at the base ; aperture subrotund, whitish, rosy. Alt. 62, diam. 6 mill. (Caramagna.} Assab, on the Red Sea. G. dorice CARAMAGNA, Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. xiii, p. 127, t. 8, f. 3 (1888). G. TAPPARONEI Caramagna. PI. 51, fig. 1. Shell small, turbiniform, very thick ; spire short, obtuse, apex mammillated ; whorls about 4, the first two smooth, very rapidly increasing, the remainder convex, ornamented with spiral ridges or cords, the ridges costiform, rounded, regular, as wide as the interstices, ornamented with blood-red spots ; spots here and there interrupted, 'sometimes disposed in nearly regular series parallel with the axis, more obscure on the posterior part of the last whorl ; interstices between the ridges profound, sulciform, white ; last whorl more produced than the spire, quite inflated, rounded at the periphery, depressed on the base, umbilicated ; umbilicus very narrow, white, encircled by a white zone ; aperture oblique, rounded, simple ; peris- tome with a light thickening; within white, or painted like the out- side ; suture somewhat impressed, simple. Alt. 3, diam. 3 mill. ( Caramagna.) Assab. G. tapparonei CARAMAG. Bull. Soc, Mai. Ital. 1888, p. 129, t. 8, f. 5. G. ISSELII Caramagna. PI. 51, figs. 5, 6. Shell conoidal, solid, umbilicated ; whorls 5, angular, separated by somewhat deep sutures, canaliculate, granulate, maculate with olivaceous, minutely obliquely striate ; obscure subquadrangular spots alternating with white ones on the last whorl; 3d and 4th whorls angular above and below, with 4 cinguli ; lower part of last whorl with 17 cinguli; outer lip acute, slightly sulcate at margin, maculate ; columella denticulate in the middle ; aperture suboval, canaliculate within, whitish pearly ; umbilicus narrow, deep, ob- liquely channelled. Alt. 7, diam. 7 mill. (Caramagna.) Assab. G. isselii CARAMAG., Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., 1888, p. 129, t. 8, f. 6. GIBBULA. 229 G. DANIELI Crosse. PL 32, figs. 57, 58, 58a. Shell narrowly umbilicate, depressed conoidal, solid, lusterless, whitish, upper surface spirally banded with dark brown, apex roseate, base light, clouded with brown ; spiral low-conoidal, apex acute, sutures well impressed; whorls 5, some what, convex, spirally coarsely ridged, the ridges not beaded, about 4 to 6 in number above the periphery, more numerous on the base ; the whole sur- face closely, minutely, densely, spirally and radiately striate ; last whorl slightly descending at aperture, rounded or subcarinate at periphery ; aperture quite oblique, rounded-subquadrate ; outer lip slightly creuulated, margined inside by a thin opaque white band, silvery and showing folds in the nacre within ; columella oblique, sinuous, a little thickened in the middle ; umbilicus deep, narrow, bounded by a smooth rib. Alt. 5, diam. 6-6? mill. New Caledonia, Viti and Samoa Is. Clanculus danieli CROSSE, Journ. de Conchy 1. 1862, p. 407, t. 13, f. 5. — Trochus danieli FISCHER, Journ. de Conchyl. 1875, p. 49 ; Coq. Viv., p. 326, t. 102, f. 1. — Gibbula filosa GARRETT, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. iv, p. 201 (1872). Distinguished from other forms by the red apex, sculpture of fine spiral striae over coarse lirse, which are not granose. Umbilicus with growth-lines inside, bounded by a smooth rib. G. REEVEI Montrouzier. PI. 32, figs. 59, 60. Shell small, perforate, conoidal, rather solid, blackish-green or olive- brown, marked at the sutures with pale spots, base obsoletely articulated with white and brown ; whorls 5, convex, separated by canaliculate sutures, obliquely finely striated, spirally cingulate, the cinguli prominent, 6 to 7 on the penultimate whorl, the upper ridge wider and subgranulose ; last whorl subangulate, slightly convex beneath, and encircled by 7 concentric cinguli wider than their finely decussated interstices ; aperture rhomboidal, sulcate within; lip thickened, basal margin crenulated; columella oblique, thick, granulose ; umbilicus profound. (Fischer.) Alt. 6, diam. 7 mill. New Caledonian Archipelago. Trochus reevei MONTR., Journ. de Conchyl. 1866, p. 141, t. 6, f. 8. —FISCHER, Journ. de Conchyl. 1875, p. 49; Coq. Viv., p. 327, t. 102, f. 2. 230 GIBBULA. G. AFFINIS Garrett. PI. 40, figs. 6, 7. Shell small, narrowly umbilicate, conoidal, rather solid, lusterless, cinereous, encircled by spiral series of small brown or slate colored subquadrate spots ; spire conical, apex whitish, acute, sutures slightly impressed, not canaliculate ; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last sub- carinate at periphery ; surface all over very minutely densely spirally striate, and more or less decussated by growth-lines ; with about 5 larger somewhat granose ridges on the penultimate, 12 or more on the last whorl ; body-whorl slightly descending anteriorly ; aperture rounded-quadrangular, iridescent and sulcate within ; basal margin finely crenulate; columella straight in the middle; umbili- cus bounded by a coarsely plicate rib, whitish and strongly spirally grooved within. Alt. 5-5*, diam, 6 mill. Diam. of umbilicus, 1 mill. Viti and Samoa Is. G. affinis GARRETT, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. iv, p. 201 (1872). My description and figure are drawn from specimens received from GARRETT. G. CONCINNA Dunker. PI. 40, figs. 8, 9. Shell small, globose-depressed-conical, narrowly umbilicate, solid, lusterless, soiled whitish or yellowish, with either a series of dark flammules below the sutures, the base faintly articulated with dark, or else the entire surface mottled, nearly covered with blackish. The body-whorl is obtusely subangular, and descends a trifle anteriorly; the sutures are narrowly but decidedly impressed ; the penultimate whorl has 7 or 8 equal strong spiral lirae, as wide as the interstices, which are densely obliquely striate and have usually a few indistinct spiral striae. The base has about 10 concentric lirulse. Aperture rounded, very oblique, thickened with opaque white within, its edge crenulated ; umbilicus narrow, bounded by an indistinctly crenulated rib, strongly grooved within. Alt. 4, diam. 5 to 6 mill. ; diam. of umbilicus, \ mill. Samoa Is. ; Upolu. The upper one or two lirse are more or less beaded, and sometimes all of them are. The interstices are sometimes wider than the lirse, and have numerous quite distinct spiral striae. The species differs from G. affinis Garrett in having subequal line, and a narrower um- bilicus, scarcely exceeding J mill, in width. I have been unable to find any description of this shell ; it is mentioned in Museum God- GIBBULA. 231 effroy Catalog V, p. 147 ; Cat. der Conchy I -Samml. von FT. Paetel, 8te lieferung, p. 569; Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. iv, p. 201, and several other places, but nowhere can I find a reference to the description. It was probably never described. The form is very close to G. affinis and G. reevei. G. STRANGEI A. Adams. PL 32, figs. 61, 62. Shell small, narrowly umbilicate, globose-conical, rather thin, lusterles.s, olive colored, with scattered white dots, and obliquely radiating brown flames below the sutures, the spiral ribs with mi- nute brown dots ; spire conical, acute ; sutures subcanaliculate ; whorls 5, convex, encircled by strong spiral ridges, 3 on the upper, 4 on the la.st whorl, the fourth forming the periphery; interstices spirally .striate, below the suture radiately lamellose striate ; base with numerous concentric line ; a patch around the umbilicus white, articulated with brown ; aperture subquadrangular, iridescent and sulcate within ; coliimella straight, usually green tinged. Alt. 6, diam. 6 mill ; alt. 10, diam. 8 mill. Port Jackxon, Australia. G. strangei A. AD., P. Z. S. 1867, p. 217.— Troc/ms strangei FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 329, t. 102, f. 3. The strong keels of the upper surface separate this form from allied species. G. coxi Angas. PI. 31, figs. 34, 35 ; pi. 32, fig. 69. Shell orbicularly conical, moderately umbilicated, rather solid, whitish, marbled with olive and pink, and with a few broad pure white flames descending from the sutures and interrupted on the keels with brownish red ; base reticulated with gray and minutely spotted with red ; spire conical ; whorls 5, angular, with two prom- inent rounded keels, one next the suture; concave between the suture and upper keel, and a little concave between the keels, finely spirally ridged and decussated with exceedingly fine and close oblique longitudinal lines; base convex, finely concentrically ridged and decussated like the whorls, the ridges increasing in size toward the umbilicus. (Angas.) Alt. 8, diam. 10 mill. Port Jackson, Australia. Gibbula coxi ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 115, t. 13. f. 26.— T. coxi "A. Ad." FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 339, t. 105, f. 3. 232 GIBBULA. A globose-conoid species, with two strong rounded keels, the whole surface covered with fine spiral striae. One of the specimens before me from BRAZIER has no color markings. G. OPPRESSA Hutton. PI. 40, figs. 4, 5. Shell small, imperforate (or with a shallow " false umbilicus "), conical, somewhat solid, lusterless, dark olive-brown or greenish, minutely tessellated all over with a slightly darker shade of the same hue (scarcely visible unless the shell be wetted); whorls about 5, convex, those of the spire keeled in the middle, body-whorl biangular, base rather flattened ; entire surface closely finely spirally striate, the striae of base becoming coarser toward the axis ; aperture oblique, quadrangular, smooth within and brilliantly iridescent, the nacre dark green with red reflections ; lip slightly thickened by a narrow opaque margin within, not crenulated ; columella oblique, straight, long, inserted in the center of the base; umbilicus filled with callus, leaving only a slight pit. Alt. 5£, diam. 6 mill. Auckland, N. Z. G. oppressa HUTTON, Journ. de Conchyl. 1878, p. 34 ; Proc, Linn- Soc. N. S. W. 1884, p. 364; Trans. N. Z. Inst. xv, t. 14, f. M. (dentition). My description and figure are drawn from a specimen received from Professor HUTTON. The imperforate axis separates this form from the preceding biangulate Australian Gibbula. G. PRASINA Garrett. PL 40, figs. 14, 15. Shell minute, perforated, globose-depressed, rather thin, scarcely shining, light olive-green, mottled closely with dark greenish; the whole surface, save a circum-umbilical tract, often uniform blackish- green ; spire very short, formed of 4 very rapidly widening whorls separated by well-marked sutures; the whorls spirally lirate except on the base, the lirse slightly crenulated by indistinct oblique growth marks; aperture very large, very oblique, rounded, the extremities of peristome nearly joining, connected by a short parietal callous ; columella and basal margins equally curved, simple and smooth within ; umbilicus quite narrow. Alt. 2*, diam. 3i mill. ; alt. 3, diam. 4 mill. Viti Is. Gibbula prasina GARRETT, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. iv, p. 202. GIBBULA. 23.3 A curious little form, quite distinct from any other known to me. The figure and description are from specimens received from GARRETT. G. SATORIUS Deshayes. PI. 40, fig. 23. Shell turbinate, subglobose, conoidal, blackish-brown, transversely very finely lirate, lirse unequal, mostly punctate very regularly with white ; spire short, acute ; whorls 6, slightly convex, separated by linear sutures, slowly widening, the last large, globular, angular at the periphery, obtuse below ; base profoundly perforate ; aperture subcircular, very oblique, white ; columella cylindrical, slightly tortuous. Alt. 6, diam. 6 mill. (Desk.} Id. Reunion. T. satorius DESK. Moll, de 1'Ile de la Reunion, p. 72, t. 9, f. 7, 8. G. STRIATA Garrett. Shell small, rather thin, globosely conical, grayish-browrn, rarely crimson, delicately mottled with whitish ; whorls 5, convex, last one gibbose, subangulated at the periphery, closely lineated with large, unequal sized, elevated spiral striae ; umbilicus whitish, small, with deep spiral grooves within ; aperture roundly subquadrate, pearly white, outer lip rather thin. Alt. 4, diam. 5 mill. (Garrett.} Viti and Samoa Is. G. striata GARRETT, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. iv, p. 201 (1872). According to Garrett this is a very rare species. I have seen no specimens. G. LEHMANXI Menke. PI. 40, figs. 12, 13. Shell umbilicate, rather thin, orbicular-conoid ; whorls 6, separated by impressed sutures, the first eroded, the following angular, flattened above, gradate, strikingly painted, spirally lirate, lirse delicate, about 12 on the penultimate whorl ; last whorl dilated, biangular, or- namented with transverse white and reddish-violet interrupted lines, like flexuous rays; at the suture and periphery there are zones formed of violet-brown spots alternating with white or yellowish ones; base convex, with 15 to 16 cencentric lirse; coloration white and reddish tessellated ; aperture subovate, margins thin ; columella arcuate, subnodose inside below ; umbilical tract white, funnel- shaped. Alt. 7£, diam. 9 mill. (Fischer.) Western Australian coasts. 234 GIBBULA. Turbo lehmanni MENKE, Moll. Nov. Holl., p. 18. — Trochus lehmanni PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. .185, t. 28, f. 15. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 362, t. Ill, f. 3 (not Trochus lehmanni Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl., p. 18, nor T. lehmanni Kiener, Spec, genre Trochus, t. 46, f. 2).— Gibbula pulchra A. AD., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 187. G. TESSERULA Tenisoh-Woods. PL 32, figs. 66-68. Shell small, shining, obliquely depressed, deeply umbilicated, thin, blackish, with a kind of a' purple iridescence, conspicuously marked with a line of large square black and white spots at the periphery; whorls 3* to 4, convex, regularly and distantly spirally striate, decussate transversely with close fine lines. Outer lip thin, crenulate, inner lip reflexed and curved, scarcely separated from the lab rum ; aperture subquadrate, tessellate inside with a fine iridescent film ; base smooth, polished and convex. Alt. 4 mill. (T. Woods.*) The depressed form of this shell and its conspicuous tessellations distinguish the species from the many forms of Gibbula we have in the Australian Seas. G. depressa described by me is a dark tessellated form, but it is widely sulcate. (T- Woods.) G. tesserula T.- WOODS, Trans, and Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, xvii, 1881, p. 81, t. 1, f. 3-5. The figures of this shell are much enlarged. Teoison— Woods does not give the locality, but it is presumably Tasmania or Eastern Australia. G. DEPRESSA Tenison-Woods. PI. 40, figs. 36, 37. Shell narrowly umbilicate, depressed, thin, lusterless, whitish, mottled and somewhat radiately streaked with blackish-brown and crimson, periphery whitish, with or without a series of dark blotches ; base olive or brown, sometimes tessellated with a darker shade ; spire very low, short ; apex minute, subacute ; sutures narrowly im- pressed ; whorls about 4, the last very rapidly widening, with several (6 or fewer) coarse but superficial spiral line above, and about 6 narrower, still less conspicuous ones beneath ; periphery more or less distinctly biangular; aperture large, subquadrangular, quite oblique ; iridescent and sulcate within, the lip thin, fragile, bordered inside by a thin opaque band ; columella thin, a little straightened, umbilicus narrow, not bounded by a distinct rib or carina, smooth within. Alt. 4, diam. 6£ mill. Tasmania. GIBBULA. 235 •% G. depressa TENISON-WOODS, Proc. Koy. Soc. Tasm. 1875, p. 154. G. DOLOROSA Tenison-Woods. Shell small, turbinate-conoid, solid, lirate, slightly shining, black- ish-purple, apex pearly, rosy ; whorls 4-5, slightly convex, encircled by wide rounded equal line, and decussated by oblique, obsolete in- cremental strise ; base convex, lirate, purple ; umbilicus narrow, longitudinally striate ; aperture rounded, brilliantly iridescent, lirate within ; columella margined. Alt. 7, diam. 7 mill. (Tenison-Woods.*) Baas' Straits. A somewhat tumidly conical small solid shell, umbilicate and lirate, specially distinguished by its blackish-purple hue, while the apex is pearly and rose color. The mouth is splendidly iridescent, and the columella is marginate. (T.- Woods.) G. dolorosa TENISON-WOODS, Proc. Koy. Soc. Tasm. 1876, p. 143. (1877). G. PHASIANELLA Deshayes. PI. 31, figs. 31, 32, 33. Shell small, globose-turbinate, narrowly perforate, thin, smooth, shining, marbled and mottled with various shades of olive, brown and pinkish, usually showing dots of white, or spiral lines of white and pink or brown articulated ; spire short, conical, apex minute, acute, sutures impressed ; whorls about 5, rounded, the last large, convex below, indented around the narrow white umbilicus ; aper- ture rounded-oval, with a very thin layer of bluish iridescent nacre within, oblique ; outer, basal and columella margins well curved, thin, simple, converging and united across the parietal wall by a thin layer of callus. Alt. 6, diam. 6 mill. ; alt. 4, diam. 4 mill. Id. of Reunion; Art, New Caledonian Archipelago; Lifu, Loyalty Archipelago. Turbo phasianellus DESH., Conchyl. de 1'Ile de la Reunion, p. 74, t. 9, f. 13, 14. — Trochus phasianellus FISCHER, Journ. de Conchyl. 1874, p. 156, and 1875, p. 49 •; Coq. Viv., p. 363, t. Ill, f. 4. This beautifully variegated little shell is closely allied to G. tas- manica Petterd differing in the smoother, polished surface and color- ation. The rich, mottled color-pattern is like some specimens of Turbo petholatus L. It is the type of Fischer's subgenus Calliotro- chus, a section which includes also G. tasmanica and probably some other small species. 236 GIBBULA. G. AMIRANTIUM Smith. PI. 67, figs. 65, 66. Shell small, subglobose, perforate, spirally finely lirate and sul- cate, white, the lirse being interruptedly pink ; whorls 4-5, convex, rapidly increasing; last whorl rounded at the periphery, lirate throughout, the lirse rather narrower than the intervening grooves and crossed by the lines of growth. Aperture circular, occupying more than half the total height of the shell. Columella arcuate, white, covered with a callous, which is considerably reflexed, especially at the lower part. Alt. 4, diam. 4i mill. (Smith.) Etoile Island, Amir antes, 13 fms. Trochus ( Gibbula ?*} amirantium E. A. SMITH, Zool. ' Alert ' p. 504, t. 44, f. v. The distinguishing feature of this little species is the reflexed character of the columella. (Smith.') G. WELDII Tension- Woods. Shell small, depressed-turbinate, carinated, rather widely umbil- icate, solid, shining, whitish, elegantly ornamented with slender oblique lines and brown spots ; whorls 5, quadrate, carinated above and below, the carinse rounded, elevated, conspicuously spotted with fulvous ; all over (except the carinse and the space between them on the last whorl) lirate ; apex obtuse ; base flat, striate, with radiating rose colored lines ; aperture rounded, peristome continuous, thick- ened ; columella arcuate, conspicuous ; umbilicus margined, margin white, within marked with spiral equal lirse. Long. 7, lat. 6£, alt. 6 mill. (Tension- Woods.) Bass' Straits. A small depressedly turbinate shell, white, shining and porce- lanous, keeled and lirate throughout except on the keels and on the last whorl between them. It is prettily marked with brown spots on the keels and fine diagonal lines of the same color on the whorls ; on the base which is lirate it is radiately marked with fine rose lines. The umbilicus is white margined and spirally lirate. Rare. This shell may turn out to be G. porcellana A. Ad., but I had no speci- men of the latter for comparison. (Tension- Woods.*) G. weldii T.-WOODS, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 1876, p. 143 (1877.) G. TASMANICA Petterd. PL 40, fig. 20. Shell small, perforate, globose-turbinate, rather thin, lusterless, whitish, tinged with yellow or greenish, unicolored or marked with a GIBBULA. 237 few angular radiating maculations of blackish-brown ; spire very short ; sutures impressed ; whorls about 4£, convex, rounded, all over finely regularly spirally lirulate ; last whorl rounded at the periphery, or very bluntly subangular, convex beneath, impressed around the umbilicus ; aperture quite oblique, rounded-ovate, angular above, broadly rounded below, with a thin iridescent layer of nacre within ; outer, basal and columellar margins rather thin, curved, the latter joined to the upper margin by a thin white parietal callous; umbilicus not bounded by an angle, narrow. Alt. 5£, diam. 51 ; alt. 6, diam. 5J mill. Brown River, Tasmania. G. tasmanica PETTERD, Quart. Journ. Conch. (Leeds) ii, J). 103 (1877). This dull whitish little shell may be known by its finely striate surface, narrow umbilicus, short spire and globose-turbinate form. G. AUKEA Tension-Woods. Shell small, turbinately conical, scarcely umbilicate, yellowish- white, painted very prettily with reddish gold spots; whorls 4, margined at the base, and flattened, rounded above and constricted at the sutures ; girded by irregular obliquely striate very fine stride ; margin elegantly tessellated with white and reddish gold ; base sculptured with impressed tessellated lines ; aperture rounded. Very nacreous underneath. Alt. 5, diam. 4 mill. (Tension-Woods.) Kings Island, Tasmania. G. aurea T.- WOODS, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 1875, p. 153 (1876.) The Academy received shells under this name from Mr. Beddome, (PI. 40, fig. 17) but I am not at all sure that they really represent Mr. Tension-Woods' species. G. OCHOTENSIS (Middendorf) Philippi. PI. 60, figs. 3, 4. Shell globose-coiioidal, narrowly umbilicate, closely transversely sulcate, blackish ; whorls convex, the last subangulate ; base convex, rounded toward the umbilicus; spiral lines about 11 on the penult- imate, 30 on the last whorl; aperture rhombic-orbicular; columella oblique, sub-excavated above, rounded; beautifully nacreous, green- ish. (P7n7.) The shell is orbicular-conical, consisting of 5 regularly convex whorls, the last indistinctly angular at the periphery, convex beneath, and notably convex near the umbilicus. Umbilicus very narrow, and while it perforates to the apex, one can hardly get the finest 238 GLBBULA. needle through it. The sculpture consists of numerous elevated transverse lines. On one specimen there are 11 on the penultimate whorl, rather strongly elevated, scarcely half as wide as their inter- stices ; on a second there are about 30 much weaker ones ; on both the base is more densely striate than the upper surface. The aperture is rounded, slightly quadrangular ; the outer lip is simple ; the columella oblique, arcuate, passing into the outer lip, and is strongly incurved above, as in the related species. The color is blackish- gray unicolored in the thickly striate specimen ; the other (here illustrated) has obliquely longitudinal coalesing dashes on a clear ground. This coloration affects only a very thin layer, beneath which lies a beautiful nacre, with play of golden and green tints. Alt. 16, diam. 18 mill. (Philippi.') Okhotsk Sea. T. ochotensis (Middendorf in Kit.') PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 222, t. 34, f. 1. I do not know the generic position of this species. G. ZONATA Wood. PI. 36, fig. 21 ; pi. 64, fig. 38. Shell imperforate but excavated at the place of the umbilicus, depressed-conical, rather solid, whitish, with numerous spiral bands and lines of purplish-brown ; surface very lightly obliquely striate, closely, densely finely spirally striate, generally with three strong carinse, one at periphery, the others above ; whorls about 5, convex, those of the upper surface bicarinate ; last whorl convex, carinate or subcarinate ; aperture rounded-quadrangular, oblique, nacreous inside with slight sulci at the positions of the external carinse ; col- umella a little straightened. Alt. 7, diam. 8 mill. Cape of Good Hope. Tr. zonatus WOOD, Index Test, suppl. t. 5, f. 34. — KRAUSS, Die Siidaf. Moll., p. 97.— PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab. p. 287, t. 42, f. 8.— VON MARTENS, Jahrb. d. Mai. Gesellsch. 1874, p. 129, 142.— WATSON, Challenger Gasterop. p. 76. — T. cingiilatus MUHLF., Mag. d. Gesellsch. Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, viii, 1818, pi. 2, f. 11, (not cingulatus Brocchi). — T. menkeanus PHIL. Abbild. u. Beschr. i, p. 91, t. 21, f. 6 ; ii, p. 39.— T. cingulatus (again) MENKE, Syn. Meth., p. 55, 143. — T. leaensis WATSON, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., xv, p. 90. — " Cymatia cingulata " MUHLF. in coll. (Specimens sent to I. Lea, 1835, now in A. N. S. P. coll.) GIBBULA. 239 A small form, distinct from other Cape Gibbula in its fasciate color-pattern. There is great variation in the prominence of the spiral carinse. Lischke classes it as a Photinula, and it certainly bears a considerable resemblance to that group. G. CAPENSIS Gmelin. PI 31, figs. 36, 37. Shell narrowly umbilicated, conoid-depressed, whorls. 5, the first roseate, eroded, the following convex above, depressed beneath, whitish or rosy, flammulate with brownish-violet radiating macula- tions, obliquely striate and spirally lirate, the lira? flat, narrow, not granose ; last whorl dilated, subangulate above, depresso-carinated at the periphery, convex beneath and ornamented with 9 concentric reddish lirse ; aperture oblique, subquadrate ; lip simple ; columella arcuate, denticulate at base, slightly calloused above, almost cover- ing the umbilicus. Alt. 12, diam. 17 mill. (Fischer.) Cape of Good Hope. T. capensis GMEL. Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3573. — KRAUSS, Die Sudaf. Moll., p. 100.— PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab. p. 196, t. 29, f. 22.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv. p. 311, t. 98, f. 3. A conical flat-based species, often more decidediy radiately striped than the figures represent. G. TRYONI Pilsbry. PL 69, figs. 20, 21. Shell conical, umbilicate, rather thin, crimson or purplish red, ob- scurely, rather finely mottled with arrow-shaped whitish dots, usually with several narrow' articulated lines on the base, and in the middle of the upper surface of the last whorl ; apical whorls eroded, yellow ; spire conic ; whorls 5, a little tumid below each suture, and with a narrow ledge or margin, marked off by an impressed line, above each suture. This peripheral ledge gives the last whorl a rather prominent keel ; the surface is polished, but shows quite prominent, spaced, impressed growth-lines, and under a lens is all over very densely minutely spirally striate; the base is flattened, rather prominent around the umbilicus ; aperture oblique, quadrangular, smooth and with a very brilliantly iridescent green nacre inside ; columella arcuate above and expanded partly over the umbilicus ; parietal wall free from callus; umbilicus deep, with a narrow rapidly tapering perforation, but broad and funnel-shaped at the opening. Alt. 12, diam. 14 mill. ; alt. 13, diam. 13 £ mill. Cape of Good Hope. 240 GIBBULA. Has the aspect of G. richardi on the base, but is more narrowly umbilicated and has smaller, less oblique aperture. The ledge on the periphery is like that of O. magus, G. albidus, and other species of the typical group. The color is sometimes pale purplish red; mottled with light green, and with broad subsutural darker flames, sometimes it seems nearly unicolored crimson above. The mottlings will however be seen under a lens. The base is always lighter colored. The principal peculiarity of sculpture is the fold-like oblique striation, and the very dense microscopic striation of the whole surface. G. MULTICOLOR Krauss. PI. 62, fig. 83. Shell small, narrowly perforated, conoidal , whorls 5, the first whitish-rosy, the following white, with reddish flammules and spots of green and bluish, especially at the ridges ; The surface of the whorls is marked with very fine spiral and vertical striae, and 2 elevated carinse ; last whorl tricarinate, base red with a spiral series of green streaks, concentrically striate ; aperture suboval, smooth within ; columella white. Alt. 6J, diam. 7 mill. (Fischer.) Cape of Good Hope. T. multicolor KRAUSS, Die Sudaf. Moll., p. 97, t. 5, f. 31. — PHIL- IPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 321, t. 46, f. 3.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv. p. 316, t. 99, f. 3. G. PONSONBYI Sowerby. PL 65, fig. 76. Shell subglobose, narrowly umbilicate, rather thin, pale, maculated with brown at the base, whorls 5, convex, rapidly increasing, first two smooth ; the rest angulated, coronated on the angle with a series of tubercles, above the angle spirally tri-sulcate, below obscurely lirate. Last whorl inflated, coronated with a series of (about 12) tubercles ; below the corona uni-lirate, at base convex, ventricose, rounded, furnished with about 8 rather acute line. Aperture semi- lunar ; columella lightly callous, contracted above, turgid below the middle. Alt. 13 i, diam. 14 mill. ; aperture, alt. 9, breadth 7 mill. (Sowb.) In the absence of operculum it is impossible to say with certainty to what genus or section this species belongs, though I have little doubt it will prove a Gibbula. The base is unusually convex and ventricose, the spire rather shortly conical, and the upper angle coronated with rounded tubercles. The mouth is rather wide, and the umbilicus narrow. The spiral ridges on the base are rather GIBBULA. 241 close, and the upper ones distant. (Sowb.) Described from a single dead specimen. Port Elizabeth, S. Africa. Tr. (Gibbula) ponsonbyi Sows., P. Z. S. 1888, p. 209, t. 11, f. 5. G. VULNERATA Philippi. PL 51, figs. 10, 11. Shell conoidal, imperforate, transversely sulcate-cingulate, yellow- ish, painted with oblique blood-red streaks; whorls convex, the last scarcely angular ; aperture rhombic-rounded ; columella very oblique^ cylindrical, simple. (Phil.} The shell is rather thick,, imperforate, conoidal ; the 6 whorls are convex, the last scarcely angular, with 7 to 8 transverse sulci, which are as broad as the ridges lying between them ; the base is similarly traversed by the same number of sulci. There is scarcely a trace of umbilicus to be seen. The aperture is rhombic-circular, and appears somewhat contracted on account of the very thick lip; the columella is very oblique, cylindrical, straight ; the color is yellow- ish, regularly marked with oblique blood-red streaks. Alt. Hi diam. 1H mill. (Philippi.) Habitat unknown. T. vulneratus PHIL. Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1850, p. 16 ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 305, t. 44, f. 7. G. PISUM Philippi. PL 31, figs. 38, 39, 40. Shell perforate, turbinate-conic, rather solid, lusterless, reddish, with white radiating flamraules above, more or less dotted with white beneath, and with (usually) a white umbilical tract ; spire conical, apex acute, sutures narrowly canaliculate ; whorls about 4£, the last biangular, its upper surface spirally lirulate, the subsutural spiral prominent, followed by about 4 smaller ones; periphery biangular from two encircling strong lirse, with an equal or slightly smaller one between them, on each side of which is a minute spiral ; base with 5 to 7 concentric lira? ; interstices all over obliquely crispate-striate ; aperture subcircular, smooth within ; columella arcuate, white. Alt. 5£, diam. 6 mill. West Indies. T. pisum PHILIPPI, Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1848, p. Ill ; Conchyl. Cab. p. 205, t. 30, f. 11.— T. gradatus GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. iii, p. 91 (1849) ; U. S. Expl. Expedition Moll., p. 175, f. 210. A well-marked species, of which numbers of specimens are before me. Dr. Gould gives " Pacific Is." as the locality of T. gradatus 16 242 GIBBULA. (pi. 31, figs. 38, 39, 40) which I take to be the same species. I have specimens found among small West Indian shells. The young are very similar to certain species of Liotia. They are strongly bicuri- nate, the carinse with radiating short spines .; there is a subsutural granose ridge, and a similar one bounds the umbilicus. I am not certain that the species is a Gibbula. A specimen of this species is drawn in figs. 2, 3, pi. 45 of vol. x of the Manual. G. ROSEUS Krauss. PI. 40, fig. 38. Shell small, globose-conoid, imperforate, thin, roseate, unicolored or marked with white flammules; whorls terete, transversely cingu- late, cinguli 3 on the penultimate whorl, the interstices much wider, striated; base closely lirate; aperture rhombic-orbicular, columellu oblique. (Phil.) The shell is wholly imperforate in my examples, with only a. slight impression at the place of the umbilicus, rather thin, globose- conoidal, acute, formed of 5 convex, strongly separated whorls. These on the upper part are encircled by 3 narrow ridges, their broad interstices traversed by 2 to 4 elevated lines ; the rounded base has about 7 to 9 close spiral line with narrow interstices. The aperture is almost circular, scarcely quadrate ; the columella oblique, scarcely straight. The color is rose-red, with darker girdles or with white flecks, or with radiating flames above. Alt. 6, diam. 6 mill. (Philippi.') Cape of Good Hope. T. roseus KRAUSS, Die Sudaf. Moll. p. 97. — PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab. p. 198, t. 29, f. 26. (? Globulus roseus Chemnitz, ? T. rosem Gmel.) — T. gaudiosa GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. viii, p. 21. I identify this shell with specimens before me marked G. gaudw*7, t. 86, f. 3.— T. callosus WOOD, Index Test., suppl., t. 5, f. 33 (not T. callosus Gmel.). — T. masoni G. & H. JSTEViLL, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 1874, p. 28, t, ],f. 1. T. masoni Nevill is figured on pi. 41, figs. 14, 15, 16, 17. Has a stronger spiral funicle within the umbilicus than any other species. There is a considerable degree of variation in the development of this spiral pillar of callous in different individuals. The T. calyculus of WOOD (Ind. Testaceo., suppl., pi. 6, fig. 44) may 248 MONILEA. be synonymous, but it has the columella shaped very differently at the lower part. (PI. 61, fig. 13.) M. LENTIGINOSA A. Adams. PI. 41, figs. 8, 9, 10 ; pi. 60, figs. 23, 24. Shell umbilicate, conical, very solid, whitish, unicolored or obscurely striped or maculate with brown or buff; lusterless ; spire conical ; apex acute ; sutures impressed ; whorls 6 to 7, convex, the last with a tendency to be flattened around the middle ; the entire surface covered with sharp close uneven spiral riblets with deeply incised interstices, and very fine, close, longitudinal growth-lamellae, forming compressed beads on the lirse, and generally lamellae in the interstices. Aperture oblique, rounded-quadrangular, with 10 or 11 plicae within, which attain the edge of the lip. Columella short, toothed below, concave and somewhat expanded above. Um- bilicus with a smooth funicle, not very prominent, within. Alt. 17, diam. 22 mill. ; alt. 21, diam. 20 mill. Philippines; Singapore; Australia at Swan River, Sharks Bay, Outer Manly Beach and Cabbage-tree Bay. M. lentiginosa A. AD. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 188. — M. corrugata A. AD., P. Z. S. 1854, p. 41 (not T. corrugatus Koch). — Tr. lentiginosus FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 317, t. 100, f. 1. Umbilical funicle not nearly so strongly developed as in M. calliferus. This species has a great similarity to the shell described as Trochus corrugatus by Philippi ; but as Dr. Fischer has pointed out, that is a different species on account of the smooth inside of the aperture. M. PATRICIUS Philippi. PI. 41, figs. 30, 31. Shell deeply umbilicated, thick, orbicular-conoid, shining, whitish- ashen, punctate with brown or blackish-violet ; spire acute ; whorls 7, scarcely convex, separated by a canaliculate suture; spirally cin- gulate, the cinguli narrow, remote, granose, 4 to 5 on the penulti- mate whorl ; last whorl subbiangulate in the middle, encircled by unequal line ; base slightly convex, rad lately striate and with about 8 white and violet articulated concentric line ; aperture subrhom- boidal, sulcate within ; columella arcuate, its base truncate-dentate, and above partly covering the umbilicus. Umbilical area white. Alt. 15, diam. 18 mill. (Fischer.') Central American Coasts (?) MONILEA. 249 T. patricius PHIL. Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1851, and Conchyl. Cab., p. 326, t. 46, f. 11.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 277, t, 91, f. 2—Monilea kalisoma A. AD. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 188. The locality given above is very doubtful. M. STRIATULA Garrett. PI. 61, figs. 19, 20. Shell narrowly umbilicate, rather thin, shining, apparently smooth, but under a lens seen to be covered with a fine decussated pattern of close oblique striae cut by coarser engraved spiral lines ; color whitish-rosy, white or buff, mottled with brown, rose or fawn-color, and spirally encircled by several very narrow lines of articulated white and brown ; spiral conical, apex acute, sutures well im- pressed ; whorls 5 to 6, convex, the last obtusely subangular at the periphery, convex beneath ; aperture subcircular, oblique, within very delicately sulcate or nearly smooth, lined with a thin, silky, iridescent milky-bluish nacre; outer lip acute, thin ; columella regu- larly arcuate, not toothed below, produced in a thin olive-colored lobe partly over the umbilicus; umbilicus narrow, deeply spirally grooved within. Alt. 6, diam. 8 mill ; alt. 11, diam. 14 mill. Viti Is.', Hawaii. Trochus striatula GARRETT, Proc. Cal. Acad. i, p. 102. (1857.) A small shining, smooth species, with rounded whorls and beauti- ful microscopic surface decussation. The specimens from which the above description was drawn are from the Viti Is., collected by GARRETT. M. VITILIGIXKUS Menke. PL 41, fig. 28. Shell umbilicate, conoidal, rather thin ; whorls 6, convex, the first smooth, whitish, the remainder corneous-fulvous, maculate above with white or brown, ornamented with narrow remote articu- lated zones, flattened-sloping above, angulate, very delicately obliquely striate, spirally very finely lirulate ; last whorl angular, convex beneath ; base ornamented with several concentric brown and white articulated lines, radiately and spirally striated ; aperture subquad- rate, margins thin ; columella oblique, reflexed outward into a linguiform lobe ; umbilicus with a spiral funicle terminating in the columellar lobe. Alt. 8, diam. 11 mill. (Fischer.) Port Jackson and St. Vincents Gulf, Australia ; N. Australia ; Philippines; Japan. 250 MONILEA. T. mtiligineus MKE. Moll. Nov. Holl., p. 18. — PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 176, t. 28, f. 2.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 397, t. 118, f. 3.— Mtnolia vitiliginea ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 182 ; I c. 1867, p. 217.— T. vitiligineus LISCHKE, Jap. Meeres Conchyl. ii, p. 86. — Marga- rita nitiligineus A. AD., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 190.— Trochus (Solariella) ritiligineus WATSON, Challenger Gasteropoda, p. 72. I have seen no specimens which I can refer with certainty to this species. I think it possible that Fischer has wrongly identified it. This species and the last should be critically compared and investi- gated by some naturalist who has abundant material. The entire genus Monilea is very much in need of a more thorough revision than the limited material before me allows me to attempt. T. mtiligineus may belong in Minolia. M. WARNEFORDI G. & H. Nevill. PL 41, figs. 12, 13. Shell flatly conoidal ; whorls 6, angular, spirally ribbed with rather distant, slightly undulating costulations, keeled at the periph- ery; on the angle of the last whorl a row of slightly raised transverse undulations, giving the shell a coronated appearance ; brown irregu- larly and minutely reticulated with white ; base smooth, glabrous, closely ribbed, ribs somewhat superficial, flat, with a smooth thick- ened callosity round the umbilicus, forming a tooth on the margin of the columella ; interior of the aperture barely striated. The only species at all resembling this fine shell are Monilea ricjata Phil., M. callifera Lam. (also found in our Indian seas), and our M. masoni; it can, however, be easily distinguished from all of them by the above characters. Alt. 9*, diara. 13-1 mill. (Nevill.') Andaman Is. Trochus (Monilea) warnefordi NEVILL, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 1874, p. 27, t. 1, f. 2. C. BELCHERI Philippi. PI. 61, figs. 3, 4. Shell depressed-conoidal, umbilicate, thin, sharply transversely lirate, white, painted with scattered red dots and a few larger red spots ; whorls convex, separated by a subcanaliculate suture, the last rounded ; umbilicus surrounded by a peculiarly reddish colored callous ; aperture subrhomboidal ; columella nearly perpendicular, incised at base. (Phil.} A very handsome species. The shell is rather thin, somewhat depressed ; the whorls are strongly convex, especially at the sutures, Avhich are therefore almost channelled ; the last is well rounded. 3IONILKA. 251 The upper surface is ornamented with narrow, elevated, sharp lirse, of which three are stronger, alternating with two or three smaller ones ; about 12 similar ones are on the base; all of them are crossed and made subgranose by closely crowded growth-lines. The umbili- cus is moderate, surrounded by a peculiar callus, which shows only growth-lines. The aperture is almost rhombic ; the coltimella oblique below in the middle of the callous excavated. On a white ground there are strewn red dots and larger spots. The apex is white or ru>e-red. The umbilical callous is reddish-brown. Alt. 9i, diam. 12ji mill. Allied to T. crenulatus Mke., but differing in the colora- tion, deep sutures and umbilical callous. (Philippi.) Inside the reef at Tongatabu, off Nukalofa, 18 fins. (Watson.) T. belcheri PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1849, p. 148; Conchyl. Cab., p. 302, t. 44, f. 3.— WATSON, Challenger Kept., p. 71. M. RIG ATA Philippi. PL 41, figs. 32, 33. Shell eoiioidal, umbilicate, transversely closely sulcate, longitu- dinally closely striate ; whitish ; clouded with brown ; whorls rather convex, the last rounded ; base plano-convex, closely sul- cate; umbilicus funnel-shaped, dilated, modified by two spiral callouses ; columella arcuate, base truncate. (P7w7.) The shell is somewhat flatly-conoidal, with 7 moderately convex whorls. The penult, has about 8 elevated lines, often in pairs; the last whorl has 12. They are decussated by dense oblique elevated growth-lines, as are also the slightly wider interstices. The base is level, and has about 8 narrow slightly elevated con- centric lira?. The umbilicus is pretty narrow, but at the last whorl is widely funnel-shaped, showing two* rounded spiral ribs, the lower terminating in the denticle at base of the columella. The aperture is rounded rhombic ; the throat sulcate within ; the columella produced outward Avith a somewhat reflexed margin. The color above is whitish or pale rust-yellow, with brown spots ; beneath it is lighter with wavy interrupted brown lines, and darker umbilical border. Alt. 10, diam. 15 mill. This species stands midway between T. solandri and T. calliferus. It is separated from the first by the broader umbilicus, the slightly elevated spiral lira?, which on the base are narrow and crowded; from the last the much less developed umbilical callus separates it. (Philippi.) Adelaide, Australia. T. rigatus PHIL. Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1848, p. 124; Conchyl. Cab., p. 184, t. 28, f. 14. 252 MONILEA. M. SOLANDRI Philippi. PL 61, figs. 9, 10. Shell depressed-coiioidal, whitish, sprinkled with brown spots and streaks ; whorls convex, encircled with close obsoletely crenulated, subgranose lirse ; base with 8 cinguli, the interstices elegantly punctate-foveolate ; umbilicus open, spiral ; columella arcuate, base produced into a denticle ; lip sulcate within. (Phil.) The shell is pretty flatly conoidal, pretty thin, and consists of 7 whorls; they are pretty convex, and are encircled by about 10 double, strongly elevated sharp lirse, each consisting of a larger and a smaller ; on the last whorl there are still more. These lirse on my specimens are scarcely granulate to speak of, but the interstices are crowded with growth-lines. The base, which distinguishes this species from T. rigatus and T. calliferus, is pretty flat, with 8 smooth concentric lirse, of which the broad interstices are very prettily punctate, or rather divided into little pits. The umbilicus is mod- erately wide, and opens out like a funnel, and is sharply bounded by the innermost rib of the base. The aperture is lower than broad, rather quadrangular; the outer lip and throat are sulcate; the col- umella is produced, and ends in an acute tooth. The color is white, with brown dots, which often, especially on the base, coalesce into streaks. Alt. 11, diam. 15 mill. (Philippi.) West Coast of Australia. Monodonta crenulata MKE., Moll. Nov. Holl., p. 14 (1843) (not T. crenulatus Lam. nor Brocchi.) — T. solandri PHILIPPI Conchyl. Cab., p. 180, t. 28, f. 8.— Monilea plumbea A. AD. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 188. M. LIFUANA Fischer. PI. 41, figs. 6, 7 ; pi. 59, figs. 64, 65. Shell perforate, conoid-depressed, rather thin ; color very variable, whitish-buff or rosy, brown reddish, ornamented with rosy macula- tions and narrow spiral lines articulated with white ; transversely delicately sulcate, the sulci exquisitely decussated by incremental strise ; whorls 6, slightly convex, the first buff, the remainder sub- angulate ; last whorl dilated, slightly subangular in the middle, con- vex beneath and very finely decussated ; aperture subovate, del- icately sulcate within ; columella arcuate ; columellar callous thick, semicircular, yellowish or livid-green, almost covering the umbilicus. Alt. 11, diam. 14 mill. (Fischer.) Id. of Lifou, Loyalty Archipelago. T. lifuanus FISCHER, Journ. de Conchyl. 1878, p. 63, 206 ; Coq. Viv., p. 388, t. 116, f. 4.— Smith, Zool. 'Alert.' MOXILEA. 253 Easily to be distinguished from T. calliferus by the thin shell, fine sculpture, and colored columellar callous. The example figured is about double the size of the other specimens seen, according to Dr. Fischer. M. EGENA Gould. Vol. IX, PL 6, figs, 22, 23 ; vol. XI, pi. 37, f. 13. Shell minute, low ovate-conic, thin, amply umbilicated, ashy white, pearly beneath ; whorls 6, convex, the last obtusely angular, each one encircled by 4 sharply-compressed well-elevated ribs the two uppermost of which are beaded ; interspaces concave, smooth, with a single groove near the margin of the umbilicus ; the latter occupies i of the base, is tunnel-shaped, penetrating to the apex, its sides ex- cavated on each whorl, the verge of. which is crenulated ; aperture nearly circular, slightly encroached upon by the inflection of th§ columella ; lip simple ; interior pearly. Alt. 1, diam. 3-10 inch. (Gould.) Neiv Zealand. Solarium egenum GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. X. H. iii, p. 84 (1868) ; U. S. Expl. Exped. Shells, p. 196, atlas, fig. 226. — Monilea zeland- ica HUTTON, Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Z. (1873). — Margarita zelandiea Hutton, SOWB. in Conch. Icon., Monog. Margarita, f. 17. — Monilea egena HUTTON, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1884, p. 365. — Torinia egena MARSHALL in TRYON, Manual of Conchology, ix, p. 22, t. 6, f. 22, 23. I have not seen this shell. I follow Prof. Hutton in referring it to Monilea. PL 37, fig. 13 is the Margarita zelandiea of Sowerby. Unfigured species of Monilea. M. TURBIXATA Tenison-Woods. Shell turbinately conical, perspectively unibilicate to the apex, fleshy whitish, clouded with pale brown spots and streaks ; whorls 6, rounded, obtusely angulate and subcanaliculate aboVe. spirally sulcate, and girdled with numerous (about 12) lirse alternating great and small ; suture impressed ; apex obtuse and pearly ; last whorl angulate at the periphery ; base convex, lirate and transversely slenderly spirally striate ; aperture transversely ovate ; lip thickened and nacreous, lirate within ; columella short, sloping, concave ; umbilical margin 3-costate, terminating with 4 tubercles. Closely 254 MONILEA. allied to M. corrugata of N. S. Wales, but more conical, the whorls not granular, umbilicus wider, and terminating- in four tubercles. Long. 18, lat. 20 mill. (Ten. -Woods.) North Coast of Tasmania. M. turbinata T.-AVooDS, Proc. Roy. Soc. Ta M. GLAREOSA Gould. T. parva, solida, ovato-globosa, cinerea, flammulis radiautibus fuscesentibus variegata ; anfr. 5, ventrico>is. apicalibus plicato-granulosus, ceteris liris frequentibus, quorum 3-4 majoribus interdum subdivisis cinctis ; basi rotundato ; umbilico modico, ad marginem plicato-crenato ; apertura circularis ; labro incrassato, simplici. Diam. 5 mill. (Gould, 1. c. p. 17.) Loo Choo, Ousima and Kikaia. M. SITRIA Gould. T. parva, rudis, crassa, depressa, orbicularis, albida ; anfr. 4, supernis simplicibus, alteris liris 4 elevatis et lineis incrementi decussatis, ultimo ad peripheriam obtuso ; basi con- vexo ; umbilica amplo, profundo, scalariformi ; apertura circularis; columella tentii ; labro antice dilatato. Diam. 5, axis 4 mill. (Gould, 1. c. p. 17.) Simon's Bay. M. LI it ATA A. Adams. Testa orbiculato-conica, umbilicata, pallida ; anfr. paulum convexis, liris transversis elevatis distantibus, in terstitiis decussate striatis ornatis ; anfr. ult. angulato, basi convexa, margine umbilici sulco cincto. (A. Ad., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 188.) Habitat unknown. M. PUSILLA A. Adams. T. orbiculato-conica, umbilicata, rube- scenti, fusco variegata ; anfr. planiusculis, cingulis granorum trans- versum distantibus (circa quatuor) ornata, interstitiis transversim striatis ; columella in medio sinuata. (A. Ad. 1. c., p. 188.) Habitat unknown. M. SWAINSONII A. Adams. T. conoidea, umbilicata, albida, nigro variegata ; anfr. plains, cingulis subgranosis, albo nigroque articulatis ornatis; ultimo subangulato, basi planiuscula, cingulis rufo-articulatis ornata ; columella basi tuberculata ; labro intus lirato. (A. Ad. 1. c. p. 189.) Habitat unknown M. MENKEI A. Adams. T. orbiculato-conoidea, umbilicata, sordide alba; anfr. convexiusculis, supremis transversim liratis, interstitiis longitudinaliter rugoso-reticulatis ; infimis cingulis gran- ulosis, confertis, granulis nonnulis majoribus ornatis ; umbilici margine callo carneo, spirali, striato cincto ; columella in medio sinuata callo reflexo instructa, antice bituberculata ; labro intus Isevi. (A. Ad. P. Z. S. 1854, p. 38.) Ma abate, Philippines. (Cuming.) 256 MONILEA-SOLANDERIA. M. PHILIPPII A. Adams. T. orbiculato-conoidea, umbilicata, sordide cornea, fusca radiatim picta; anfr. convexiusculis, cingulis transversis, a3qualibus, crenulatis, interstitiis longitudinaliter striatis ornatis ; margine umbilici callo spirali, fusco, radiatim striata cincto ; columella in medio sinuata, ecallosa, antice obsolete bituberculata. (A. Ad. 1. c. p. 39.) China Seas. The species most nearly resembling this is the T. belcheri of Philippi, which I imagine is the T. calyculus of Wood. (Ad.) M. PHILIPPIANA Dunker. Shell small, rather solid, conoidal, umbilicate; whorls 5i, plano- convex, the last and the penultimate subangulate, encircled by spiral crenelliferous costulse, finely striated in the interstices only visible under a glass; last whorl rather biangulate, with three larger median ribs ; base convex, ornamented with about 10 small crenated equal ribs ; umbilicus pervious, with a crenated margin, provided with a spiral rib inside ; aperture subrotund ; color pale gray, umbilical margin white, the riblets, especially the larger punctate and articulated with black. Alt. 4, diam. 6 mill. (Dkr.} Satnoan Archipelago. Monilea Philippiana DKR., Malakozool. Bl. xviii, p. 170, 1871. An unfigured species, allied in sculpture and coloration to Tr. preissianus. M. TENUILIRATUS Dunker. Shell orbiculate-convex, depressed conoidal, perforate, very thin, pellucid, shining, whitish, variegated and spotted with pale ashen and reddish ; whorls 7, convex, moderately increasing, the last subangulate ; base convex, perforated by a narrow umbilicus, with a white spiral rib terminating in a small concave lamina ; aperture subrotund, lip acute ; columella a little thickened. Alt. 6, diam. 10 mill. (Dkr.) Samoa Islands. Trochus tenuiliratus DKR., Mai. Bl. xviii, p. 168, 1871. Allied to T. vitiligineus Mke. Section SOLANDERIA Fischer, 1880. Solanderia FISCHER, Coq. Viv., Monogr. Trochus, p. 417 (1880) ; Man. de Conchyl., p. 824. MONILEA-PRIOTROCHUS. 257 M. XUCLEA Philippi. PL 61, figs. 31, 32. Shell narrowly umbilicate, globose-conoidal, solid, whitish, mac- ulated with chestnut, sometimes banded, often punctate and artic- ulated with white dots ; spire conic, acute, short; sutures impressed ; whorls 5 to 6, convex, decussated by spiral lirse and close, strong longitudinal stria? ; the lirse usually with intermediate lirulse ; whorls often a little flattened below the suture, with a slight angle at the shoulder ; last whorl globose and convex ; aperture slightly oblique ; outer and basal lips closely lirate within ; columella short, concave, its edge plicate-denticulate, terminating below in a tooth ; umbilicus funnel-shaped, white, margined by a slight eonvexity terminating below the columellar tooth. Alt. 7* diam. 8-j mill.; alt. 9, diam. 9 mill. New Caledonian Archipelago ; Japan; Viti Is. (Garrett.) T. nucleus PHIL. Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1849, p. 17 i ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 306, t. 44, f. 9.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 256, t. 86, f. 2. A peculiar little species, of globose form, with truncated columella, lirate interior, and finely decussated surface. The color pattern is very variable. The Viti Id. specimens before me have rather large, angular radiating maculations above, of a blackish umber shade, a lighter girdle around the periphery, the base maculated and tes- sellated umber and buff. Subgenus PRIOTROCHUS Fischer, 1880. Aphanotrochus v. MART., in Mobius' Reise nach Mauritius, Mollusken, p. 296 (1880) type, Tr. obscurus Wood. — Priotrochus FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 420 (1880) ; Manuel de Conchyl., p. 824. Von Martens declares Fischer's name, Priotrochus to have one month priority. The relations of the group are with Monilea and Solanderia. The operculum and animal are unknown. M. OBSCURUS Wood. PL 61, figs. 33. Shell narrowly perforated, conical, elevated, very solid, thick, ashen-white, with longitudinal chestnut streaks or maculations, spire elevated, apex acute, sutures slightly impressed, the whorl below them closely appressed ; whorls 6 to 7, the upper ones sub- angular and nodulose in the middle, the last with a coronal series of knobs, on large specimens becoming obsolete toward the aper- ture ; entire surface traversed by spiral lirulse, much narrower than 17 258 MONILEA-PRIOTROCHUS. the densely obliquely striate interstices; aperture oblique, about half the length of shell, ovate; outer lip bevelled to an edge; throat spirally lirate ; edge of columella denticulate, its upper insertion callous, partly or nearly covering the umbilicus. Alt. 23, diam. 18 mill. Red Sea to Natal T. obscurus WOOD, Index Testaceologicus, suppl. t. 5, f. 26. — PHILIPPI, Abbild. ii, Trochus t. 6, f. 3 ; Couchyl. Cab., p. 200, t. 30, f. 3.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 208, t. 69, f. 2.— KKAUSS, 1 )ii> Siidafric. Moll., p. 98. — MARTENS, Mobius' Reise n. Mauritius, p. 296.— T. signatus JONAS, Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1848, p. 171.— T. lineo- lata BIANCONI, Mem. della Accad. Sci. della Institute di Bologna, ser. 2, iv, p. 524, t. 1 (1864). Young specimens are subbiangulate with nodulose periphery. M. CHRYSOI^EMA von Martens. PL 39, fig. 27. Shell conoid-ovate, perforate, sculptured with about 8 spiral lirse above the suture, 11 below; grayish-white; whorls 5, convex, separated by rather deep sutures ; last whorl rounded, base con- vex ; aperture ovate-circular, moderately oblique, small ; outer margin slightly thickened within, simple ; columellar margin cal- lously thickened, obtusely denticulate; throat golden, spirally striate. Alt. 71, diam. 62 mill.; aperture alt. 4, width 3i mill. (Von- Martens^) Black River, Mauritius. Tr. (Aphanotrochus) chrysolcemus MART., Reise nach Mauritius, p. 296. M; GOUDOTI Fischer. PL 61, fig. 36. Shell small, imperforate, thick, conoid-elongated ; whorls 6 to 7, convex, whitish-ashen, punctate with rose-color, maculate with spadiceous ; spirally cingulate, the penultimate whorls with 8 cinguli ; last whorl elongated, rounded in the middle, appressed below the suture, convex beneath ; aperture ovate-subquadrate ; lip crenulated ; columella arcuate, delicately crenulated. Alt. 9, diam. 6 mill. (Fischer.*) Id. of St. Marie, near Madagascar. T. goudoti FISCHER, Journ. de Conchyl. 1878, p. 62; Coq. Viv., p. 371, t. 113, f. 3. MONILEA-MINOLIA. 259 Subgenus MINOLIA A. Adams, 1860. Minolia A. AD. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist, iv, 1860, p. 336.— FISCHER Manuel de Conchyl., p. 824. — Solariella H. & A. ADAMS, Genera Rec. Moll., i, p. 431. — WATSON, Challenger Gasteropoda, p. 72 (not Solariella Searles Wood). — Minosia Ad. DUNKER, Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 142. Minolta includes a number of broadly umbilicated thin-shelled de- pressed trochids, with cylindrical or angulated whorls, and fine decussated sculpture. They are like Monilea in many respects, differ- ing in the simple umbilicus, which has no spiral callous funicle within it. The species belong to the Indian Ocean, western and southwestern Pacific. As is the case in many groups of Trochidse, I have been obliged to select the species belonging here out of a number of very dissimilar genera or subgenera ; and I doubt not that still more forms, referred heretofore to Gibbula, Margarita, or simply Trochus, will be found to group in Minolta. The dentition and animal are unknown. The use by some authors of the name Solariella for this group is obviously indefensible. At the same time, it must be admitted that no character in the shells really separates Minolia and Solariella. It remains to be seen whether the dentition will con- firm their separation. In the arrangement of the genera of Trochidse it must be admitted that we are all at sea. The systems proposed by various authors break down at so many points that their artificial nature becomes obvious. Nevertheless, there undoubtedly is a natural classification to be ascertained ; this awaits a fuller knowl- edge of the anatomy of the group. The type of the group is M. punctata Ad. M. PUNCTATA A. Adams. PL 44, fig. 33. Shell helicoid, widely umbilicated, fulvous, punctate with red ; whorls 6-2, convex, traversed by spiral granulose cinguli ornamented with red dots, and alternately larger and smaller, the interstices beautifully clathrate with delicate oblique lamellae ; suture canalic- ulate ; umbilicus perspective, with concentric granulose cinguli, the interstices closely clathrate. (A. Ad.} Id. of Mino-Sima, near Niphon, Japan. Minolia punctata AD. Ann. Mag. N. H. 1860, p. 337. Magarita punctata Ad., SOWB. Conch. Icon., f. 14. This is another .modification of the hollow spiral cone of the Tro- choid family ; the whorls are somewhat loosely rolled on themselves. 260 MONILEA-MINOLIA. which causes the sutures to be very deep, and the last whorl at the peristome to be almost disunited from the penultimate whorl. The red-brown spots on the beaded ribs and the exquisite clathrate sculpture of the surface render this one of the prettiest shells in the great family of Trochoid scutibranchs. In texture it resembles Enida japonica and Tercica monilifera, and judging from the shell, it appears to be more closely associated with the Ziziphinus group than with the Gibbula or Margarita. (A. Ad.) M. CARINATA A. Adams. PL 44, fig. 28. Shell elevated conical, perforate, brown, ornamented with trans- verse lirse, the upper two decussated by longitudinal riblets, the lo'wer ones plane, the interstices delicately longitudinally striated; base somewrhat flattened, sculptured with concentric riblets with radiating striae in their interstices ; margin of the umbilicus crenulated. (Ad.) Catbalonga, Philippines, 8 fms. Margarita carinata AD., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 190. — SOWB., in Conch. Icon., f. 22. M. PULCHERRIMA Angas. PI. 41, fig. 37. Shell depressedly conical, rather solid, transversely finely ridged, with two or three broader ridges forming keels, the interstices crossed everywhere with very fine close-set oblique striae ; pinkish or yellow- ish white stained on the body-whorl with bright rose, and spotted on the keels with deep purple lake ; whorls 6, angularly convex ; sutures broadly and flatly channelled ; last whorl tricarinate, beneath white and rounded ; umbilicus wide, perspective, crenatc within ; aperture circular, pearly inside ; peristome continuous, margins thin, simple. Alt. 5, diam. 8 mill. (Angas.) Brisbane Water, New South Wales. Minolia pulcherrima ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 48, t. 2, f. 10. The umbilicus is two mill, wide; the aperture is perfectly cir- cular, 3 mill, across ; apex buff. My specimen is less strongly 3- keeled than the original description and figure indicate. M. BELLULA Angas. PI. 41, figs. 27. Shell umbilicated, conoidal, rather thin, shining ; whorls 6, con- vex, depressed-canaliculate above, and terraced ; the first whitish, the remainder whitish, beautifully ornamented with regular, equi- distant, radiating, somewhat flexuous radiating rosy streaks ; MONILEA-MINOLIA. 261 spirally delicately striate ; last whorl carinated ; base white, radiately striate, somewhat convex ; aperture subquadrate, smooth inside; lip thin, columella scarcely arcuate, narrow, forming an angle with the basal margin ; umbilical area funnel-shaped, white, carinated, the carina subnodulose. Alt. 6, diam. 8£ mill. (Fischer.} Brisbane Waters, N. S. Wales. Minolta bellula ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 48, t. 2, f. 11.— T. dianthus FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 396, t. 118, f. 2. Those naturalists who retain intact the Linnsean genus Trochus must adopt Fischer's name dianthus for this form, as bellulus is pre- occupied by Philippi in Cantharidus. M. PUDIBUXDA Fischer. PI. 41, fig. 26. Shell small, umbilicated, conoid, rosy- red, ornamented with minute white dots ; whorls 6, slightly convex ; the first smooth, white, the remainder spirally delicately cingulate, cinguli 6 to 8 on the penultimate whorl ; last whorl angulate ; base convex, radiate with rose-color, buff around the umbilicus, concentrically lirate, the Ime about 17-18; aperture ovate-subtetragonal ; lip simple; col- umella arcuate, a little reflexed ; umbilicus longitudinally striate, with a spiral marginal funicle. Alt. 6, diam. 7 mill. (Fischer.} New Caledonian Archipelago. T. pudibundus FISCHER, Journ. de Conchyl. 1878, p. 66, 206; Coq. Viv., p. 376, t. 114, f. 3. M. PREISSIANA Philippi. PI. 41, fig. 29. Shell deeply umbilicated, orbicular-depressed, rather thick ; whorls 5 to 5-j, separated by profound sutures, whitish, conspic- uously ornamented with flexuous rosy-brownish lines and remote spots at the suture and periphery ; first whorls smooth ; the follow- ing spirally, delicately sulcate, with an elevated ridge in the .middle; last whorl bicingulate, the cinguli elevated, distant; base convex, concentrically lirate, the lirse larger around the umbilicus ; umbilical area sulcate and funiculate within; aperture subrotund ; columella arcuate, not dentate. Alt. 6, diam. 7 mill. (Fischer} Gulf of St. Vincent, King Georges Sound, etc., Australia. T. preissianus PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1848, p. 123 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 177, t. 28, f. 3.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 245, t, 83, f. 3.— Gibbula porcellana A. AD., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 186. Compare Gibbula weldii Tenison-Woods. 262 MONILEA-MINOLIA. M. UNICARINATA Fischer. Unfigured. Shell small, umbilicate, orbicular-conoid ; apex acute, whorls 6, planulate, separated by linear sutures; the first whitish, remainder white and ashen clouded, spirally granose lirate, lirse narrow, 5 on the penult, whorl, the interstices wider, and often with an intermediate lirula; last whorl acutely carinated, maculate at the periphery with white and chestnut, convex beneath, white and ashen tes- sellated, concentrically lirate, lirse about 12, the central ones closer and wider ; aperture subquadrate, margins thickened, plicate ; columella oblique ; umbilical area white concave, spirally plicate- fimiculate, subcrenate outside. Alt. 4, diam. 7 mill. (Fischer.') Australia (Quoy & Gaimard). T. unicarinatus FISCHER, Journ. de Conchyl. 1879, p. 23. Described from a single specimen in the Paris Museum. " Allied to T. preissianus, but differs in being smaller, with narrower aper- ture, acutely carinated periphery, flat whorls, etc." M. RHODOMPHALA Souverbie. PI. 41, figs. 22, 23, 24. Shell umbilicated, depressed-orbicular ; spire subelate, apex obtuse, carinate, radiately very delicately striate, spirally, regularly impressed-striate ; white, spotted in various ways with rosy and yellowish, a broad rosy-tinted umbilical tract; whorls 6, convex, separated by impressed sutures, above radiately subplicatulate- striate ; last whorl more or less obtusely carinated, the umbilical region broadly funnel-shaped, subplicate-striate ; aperture pearly within, oblique, subrhombic-rounded, the margins joined by a thin callous, right margin acute, columellar margin much thickened, at the umbilicus narrowly reflexed ; umbilicus moderate, very pro- found. Alt. 8, diam. 5 mill. (Fischer.) Lifou, Loyalty Archipelago. T. (Monilea) rhodomphalus SOUVERBIE, Jo^rn. de Conchyl. 1875, p. 36, t. 4, f. 3.— FISCHER, 1. c. 1878, p. 210 ; and Coq. Viv., p. 392, t, 117, f. 3.—; T. rotellceformis PHILIPPI Conchyl. Cab., p. 302, f. 44, f.2. A small, depressed, shining, porcellaneous shell, remarkable for its bright rose-colored umbilical tract. (Fischer.) There is not much doubt that this is the same as Philippi's I. rotellceformis (pi. 61, figs. 21, 22, 23). The latter name of course has priority. MONILEA-MIXOLIA. 263 M. PRODICTA Fischer. PI. 41, fig. 25. Shell small, broadly umbilicated, thin, orbicularly depressed ; whorls 6, the first whitish, shining, the following ornamented with dots of pale chestnut and tawny, separated by linear sutures, terraced above, planulate, carinate, spirally delicately striate ; last whorl dilated, acutely bicarinated, convex beneath, shining, cingulate with articulated lines, with fine radiating and concentric striae ; aperture quadrate, margins acute ; columella almost vertical, a trifle reflexed above ; umbilical area buff, more prominently striate. Alt. 4, diam. 7 mill. (Fischer.) Port Jackson; N. S. Wales, Australia. Margarita angulata A. ADAMS, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 190. — Minolia angulata ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 217. — T. prodictus FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 395, t. 118, f. 1. — WATSON, Challenger Gasteropoda, p. 72. Angulata is several times preoccupied as a specific name in Trochus but not in Minolia nor Monilea ; the orginal description by Adams being wholly insufficient for identification, I prefer to adopt Dr. Fischer's name. M. TASMAXICA Tenison- Woods. PL 61, figs. 38, 39, 40. Shell broadly umbilicate, depressed, with low-conoidal spire, thin, scarcely shining, opaque whitish, upper surface W7ith radiating maculations of purplish or olive-brown, base marbled with the same colors ; apex acute minute ; sutures well impressed ; whorls about 5?, convex, those of the spire subangular in the middle, flattened below the suture, giving the spire a terraced appearance, last whorl sub- cylindrical, obtusely subangular at the periphery, convex beneath ; surface all over encircled by delicate spiral elevated stride, and around the umbilicus decussated by growth lines; aperture sub-, circular, a trifle modified by the contact of the penultimate whorl ; margins all thin, simple ; umbilicus about J the diameter of base, opaque white within, and longitudinally striated. Alt. 4?, diam. 6 mill. Bass' Straits and Long Bay, Tasmania. Margarita (Minolia} tasmanica TEX.— WOODS, Proc. Hoy. Soc. Tasm. 1876, p. 143 (1877). Tenispn- Woods gives alt. 5, diam. 9 mill, for the dimensions of this species. The tubular whorls, rounded save for a flattened area be- low the suture, and keel-less except for the carina banding that area, will discriminate this shell from many species ; other marks are the 264 MONILEA-MINOLIA. delicate spiral striation, wide umbilicus, and broad radiating mac- ulations of the upper surface. M. ROSEA Tenison- Woods. Unfigured. Shell minute, turbinate, widely umbilicate, rose-color, variegated with white spots, whorls 4, rounded, encircled with white alternating large and small striae ; aperture entire, rounded ; outer lip produced ; inner lip simple ; umbilical margin furnished with a somewhat in- conspicuous white corrugated callous. Diam. 3 mill. This shell is of intense carmine color in some specimens. The outer lip is pro- duced very much from the suture, so as to give the aperture a sunken appearance. The callosity at the umbilicus is only perceptible under the lens in very good specimens. ( Tenison- Woods.} • Tasmania. Monilea rosea TEN.-WOODS, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 1875, p. 154 (1876). M. CHINENSIS Sowerby. PI. 34, figs. 26. Shell conical, moderately umbilicated, gray, all over ornamented with narrow undulating white streaks, more conspicuous beneath, shining ; spire rather acute, moderately elevated, gradate ; whorls 7, separated by an impressed suture, sculptured by oblique very deli- cate strise, bicarinate above ; last whorl obtusely augulated beneath, carinated at the angle ; base convex, more or less spirally sulcate ; umbilicus round, deep, lirate ; aperture oblique, subquadrate. Operculum corneous, thin, multispiral, concave outside. Alt. 10, diam. 11 mill. (Sowerby.) Hong Kong, China. Minolia chinemis SOWERBY, P. Z. S. 1888, p. 569, t. 28, f. 13. In form like Minolia, biangulata Angas, but much larger, ob- liquely striated, and without the beaded ridge bordering the um- bilicus. The interior of the umbilicus is spirally grooved. (Soivb.) M. DEGREGORII Caramagna. PI. 51, figs. 18, 19, 20. Shell subdiscoidal, delphinuliform, very fragile, umbilicate ; spire conoidal, depressed, obtuse ; whorls 5, spirally finely striate, in the middle slightly angled or subcarinate, flattened between the carina and the suture ; carina slightly crenulated on the last whorl pos- teriorly ; last whorl rounded at the periphery ; base convex, deeply and broadly umbilicated, very finely corrugated ; aperture elliptical, simple, heliciform ; surface of the spire ornamented with 5 reddish MONILEA-MIXOLIA. 265 zones alternating with white punctate with rosy ; surface of the base of the last whorl ornamented with regularly radiating costiform white maculations. Alt. 2, diam. 3 mill. (Caramagna.) Assab, Red Sea. Gibbula de Gregorii CARAMAGNA, Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. 1888, p. 130, t. 8, f. 7. M. BICARIXATA Adams & Reeve. PL 59, figs. 51, 52. Shell depressed-orbicular, very widely umbilicated ; apex acute ; whorls spirally bicarinated, the carinse distant, interspaces concave, spirally closely lineated, concentrically striated ; brownish or yellow- ish, variegated with reddish flammules ; carinse obliquely artic- ulated with red ; throat iridescent. (Ads. & Rve.} Eastern Seas. Margarita biearinata ADS. & RVE. Zool. Voy. H. M. S. Samaraug, Mollusca, p. 49, t. 11, f. lla, b. M. TIGRINA H. & A. Adams. Unfigured. Shell globose-conical, perspectively umbilicated ; whorls 5?, smooth, the superior ones bicingulate, the last whorl multi-cingulate, cinguli stronger above, closer and smaller beneath ; umbilicus with con- centric crenulated line within ; aperture subquadrate-orbicular, inner lip nearly straight, posterior margin of outer lip subangulate; white, closely painted longitudinally with wide brown stripes. (H.&A.Ad.) Habitat unknown. Minolta tigrina ADS., P. Z. S. 1863, p. 433. M. BIANGULOSA A. Adams. PL 37. fig. 7. Shell orbicular-conical, broadly umbilicate, smooth, brown, closely painted with longitudinal undulating lines ; whorls planu- late, angulate above, the last biangulate ; sutures margined ; base convex, concentrically cingulate ; umbilicus perspective, its margin crenulated, its interior elegantly decussated by transverse and radiating lines. (A. Ad.) Siam. Margarita biangulosa A. AD., P. Z. S. 1854, p. 40. — Margarita trianyulosa SoWEBBY, in Reeve Conch. Icon., f. 26. M. SOLARIIFORMIS Sowerby. PL 67, fig. 73 ; pi. 39, figs. 44, 45. Shell orbicular, sublenticular, very thin ; whorls 5, smooth, sub- planulate, spirally very finely striate, pallid, painted with a very 266 MONILEA-MINOLIA. minute white and brown articulation ; aperture subquadrate ; um- bilicus large, deep. (Soiverby.) San Nicolas, Zubu, Philippines. (Cuming.) Margarita solariiformis SOWB., Malacological and Conchological Magazine, pt. i, 1838, p. 26 ; Conchological Illustr., Margarita, f. 8. G. B. SOWERBY, JR., in Keeve's Conch. Icon., Monogr. Margarita, f. 27.— T. solariiformis PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 244, t. 37, f. 1. Adult specimens of what I take to be the true solariiformis are before me, and one is figured on pi. 67, fig. 73. The shell is elevated ; bluntly conic, whorls 6, the earlier two rounded, the rest with a strong angle on the upper surface, the last with another at the periphery. There are slight growth-lines but no spiral strife above the periphery ; the base has a beaded carina bounding the very deep umbilicus, and outside the carina about 7 smooth con- centric lirse becoming smaller toward the periphery. The umbilicus is clathrate inside, funnel-shaped and has about 6 spiral line crossed by numerous radiating riblets. The aperture is rounded-rectangular, pearly and pinkish inside. Alt. 9, diam. 9 mill. The color is pur- plish-brown, with numerous narrow, irregular or zigzag radiating light streaks. The upper surface of the earlier whorls is seen to be slightly fluted under a lens, on the flat portion above the superior carina. The iridescence of the pearl often shows through the outer coat on the spire. There are often a few spiral raised threads in the concave portion between the two carinse on the body-whorl. This is one of those forms which might be equally well placed in true Solariella. M. EUDELI Deshayes. PL 66, figs. 2, 3. Shell small, discoidal-conical, subturbinate, apex rather obtuse, spire short ; whorls 5, slowly increasing, transversely very minutely striate-granulose ; last whorl large, depressed beneath, the base um- bilicate. Aperture semilunar, little oblique ; shell whitish-rufous, elegantly marbled with chestnut spots. Alt. 3, diam. 5 mill. (Desh.~) Island of Reunion Trochus (Margarita) eudeli DESK., Moll, de L'ile de la Reunion, p. 75, t. 8, f. 9, 10, 1863. M. CASTA G. & H. Nevill. PI. 60, figs. 21, 22. Shell conoidal, glabrous ; white, ornamented with brown., some- times in distant broad flames, sometimes in minute close reticula- tions ; base white, on the outer half only streaked or marbled with MOXILEA-MINOLIA. 267 brown ; whorls 5 to 6, angular, spirally keeled, keels prominent, 4 or 5 ; outer half of the base with five distant impressed spiral lines ; round, and entering into the open deep umbilicus some six spiral rows of close oblique granules, the outer row of which is the largest. Alt. 7*, diam. 9 mill. (Nevill.) Ceylon. Trochus (Solariella) castus NEVILL, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1874, p. 27, t. l,f.4. May perhaps belong elsewhere. M. CANALICULATA E. A. Smith. PL 60, figs, to the right of 21, 22. Shell small, broadly umbilicated, pearly, beautifully prismatic ; spire depressed-conical ; whorls 5, the first 2 smooth, the remainder spirally lirate, and ornamented beneath the channelled sutures with a series of white tubercles, here and there marked with brown ; last whorl encircled by chestnut-dotted caring, base with a purple-brown zone ; umbilicus perspective, margined by a tubercular cord ; aper- ture subcircular. Alt. 2, diam. 3 mill. (Smith.') Whydah, W. Africa. Solariella canaliculata E. A. SMITH, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 736, t. 75, f. 28. A very pretty pearly species, with a channelled suture and with a row of tubercles below it ; about every seventh one is chestnut, the rest whitish. The umbilicus is girt with a somewhat tubercular chord, and a zone of purplish brown. (Smith.) M. BELLARD1I ISSEL. PL 47, figS. 96, 97. Shell minute, thin, orbicular-depressed, oblique, narrowly ura- bilicate, transversely minutely costulate, pale rose-color, tessellated with purple ; spire obtuse ; whorls 4£, rapidly widening, slightly convex, planulate at the sutures, separated by impressed sutures ; last whorl large, rounded on the base ; aperture dilated, ovate-tri- gonal; peristome simple, acute. Alt. 2, diam. 2<> mill. (Issel.*) Suez. T. bellardii ISSEL, Malacologia del Mar Rosso, p. 224. t. 2, f. 12. (1869.) M. TUERTTELLINA Ancey. Unfigured. Shell trochiform, turritted, thick, pale brownish-gray, flammulate with white, pervious-umbilicate ; whorls 6, elevated, apex mucronate ; whorls separated by a profound suture, at the periphery unicarinate, 268 MONILEA-MINOLIA. the carina acute, crenulated ; last whorl angulated, tricarinate, the lower carina less acute, surrounding the funnel-shaped, deeply longi- tudinally and spirally striated umbilicus, strongly crenated, bounded by an impressed line ; two upper carinse acute, separated by con- cavo-flat interspaces. Aperture suboblique, rounded ; peristome acute, not expanded nor reflexed. Alt. 4J, diam. 4 mill. (Ancey.} Sumatra. This curious form was discovered by Capt. Martin, in 1842, on the coast of Sumatra. It is allied to the Solariella solariiformis Hani, of Cochin (Malabar), but is more elevated, more acuminate, more angular than the latter, etc. (Ancey}. The types are in the collections of Schaufuss, Jousseaume and Ancey. Solariella turritellina C. F. ANCEY, Le Naturaliste, iii, p. 390, April, 1881. (Paris.) M. L^VISSIMA Von Martens. Unfigured. Shell broadly umbilicated, depressed conoidal, sculptured with very fine, hardly visible spiral stride, otherwise smooth, very shin- ing, ashen-whitish, painted with yellowish confluent flamrnules above and at umbilicus; whorls 5i, slightly convex, separated by simple sutures, the last subplanate at base ; umbilicus cylindrical ; aperture diagonal, rounded-trapezoidal, peristome simple, incomplete, the col- umellar margin straightened, forming an obtuse angle where it joins the basal lip. Alt. 8, diam. maj. 13, min. 11 mill. ; aperture, alt. 7, diam. 6? mill. (Mart.} South Africa, 33° 59' s. lat. ; 50 ft. depth. Trochus Icevissimus MART., Sitzungsb. Gesellsch. naturf. Freunde, 1881, p. 65. Recalls the wide-umbilicated forms of Northern Margarita, but is easily separated from them by the beautiful marking. This and the almost perpendicularly entering umbilicus shows likeness to the subgenus Minolta,, but the umbilicus of our snail is not encircled by a callous. Operculum thin, horny, with 6-7 whorls. (Martens.) [The following six species form a little group to which I gave the name Conotrochus. I believe the species to belong to MinoliaJ] M. MARIEI Fischer. PI. 35, fig. 11. Shell minute, narrowly but profoundly umbilicated, conical - turrited ; whorls 7, convex, separated by deep sutures ; the first MOXILEA-MINOLIA. 269 obtuse, subdepressed, decussated; the following are ornamented with sublamellose radiating stride, bicarinate below, pale yellowish, ornamented with greenish or chestnut flammules, and white dots ; last whorl augulated, bicarinate in the middle, the carinse subgranose; base concentrically lirate ; aperture circular, descending ; lip thin, acute. Alt. 10, diam. 5 mill. (Fischer.) Island of Mayotte, Comoro Archipelago. T. (Gibbula) inaiiei FJSCHER, Journ. deConchyl. 1886, p. 72, t. 1, f. 5. M. HOLDS WORTH AN A G. & H. Nevill. PL 40, fig. 24. Shell small, narrowly but deeply perforate, conical-turritted, thin, lusterless, whitish, mottled with greenish-brown above, base densely marked with dark brownish or greenish ; spire elevated, apex acute, yellowish, sutures profound ; whorls 5, the median portion encircled by three prominent keels, the upper two visible on the spire ; base with a few coarse but not deep spiral sulci, carinated around the funnel-shaped umbilicus ; aperture subcircular, iridescent within ; lip fragile, columella thin, concave; umbilicus with several obscure spiral sulci inside. Alt. 4-4 2, diam. 3s-3f mill. Ceylon; Singapore. Gibbula holdsivorthana G. & H.^EVILL, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1871, pt. 2, p. 3, t. 1, f. 18—Minolia variabilis AD. P. Z. S. 1873, p. 207, t. 23, f. 10. Numerous specimens collected by ARCHER, at Singapore, are be- fore me. This is a broader species than M. mariei, more widely umbilicate, and differently sculptured. The oblique stria? of incre- ment are scarcely visible. M. SUBPLICATA G. &. H. ISevill. PL 40, fig. 34. Shell turbinate, thin, semipellucid, white ; whorls 5, tubular, flat- tend at the suture, spirally ridged; ridges 3 on the penultimate whorl, very prominent, widely separated by deep interstices, on upper whorls transversely cancellated, on the last delicately spirally striated; whorls transversely plicate at sutures; base subconvex, narrowly umbilicate, ornamented by 4 spiral ridges, the two inter- stices next the umbilicus transversely costulate; aperture nearly circular, surrounded by a simple margin ; inner lip moderately arcuate ; inside slightly pearly. Alt. 5, diam. 4 mill. (Nevill.") S. Province Ceylon. 270 MONILEA-MINOLIA. S. sub-plicata G. & H. NEVILL, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1869, p. 159, t. 17, f. 1. M. SINGAPORENSIS Pilsbry. PI. 40, fig 27. Shell narrowly, deeply umbilicate, conical-turritted, thin, luster- less, whitish, with a series of obscure brownish blotches below the suture, and a chain of large brown blotches around the outer part of the base; spire conical, apex minute, acute; sutures deeply im- pressed ; whorls about 5, very convex, those of spire bicarinate, the last whorl with two principal carinse and several smaller ones on the base of the whorl, the entire surface very regularly strongly obliquely crispate-striate ; aperture almost perfectly circular, in contact with the body-whorl for only a short distance, margins thin, outer and inner equally curved; umbilicus deep, funnel-shaped. Alt. 3, diam. 2} mill. Singapore. Numerous specimens of this form, collected by Dr. ARCHER are before me. It belongs to the group including M. holdsworthiana, M. subplicata, M. mariei — a group of minute elevated turritted shells, narrower and more elevated than G. pisum Phil, and its allies. M. PANTANELLII Caramagna. PI. 51, fig. 7. Shell turbinate, rather solid, red, umbilicate ; whorls 5, sloping, angular ; the first two smooth and scarcely visible, the rest orna- mented with oblique lamellar minute stria3 and tuberculate cinguli ; beneath ornamented with three granulose whitish concentric cinguli, the upper two near each other, the third more distant, surrounding the umbilicus; suture nearly covered; umbilicus profound, funnel- shaped, crenate ; peristome simple, continuous ; aperture subrotund, whitish. Alt. 3, diam. 2J mill. (Caramagna.) Assab, Abyss in in. G. pantanellii Caramag., Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. xiii, p. 128 (1888). Evidently allied to the preceding species, but distinguished by the coloration, granulose carinse, crenated umbilicus, etc. M. SEMIUSTA Fischer. PL 41, fig. 36. Shell very small, profoundly umbilicated, conoidal ; Avhorls 5 to 6, separated by impressed sutures, rather convex, planulate at the sutures, subgradate, the first white the remainder brownish-red, streaked with white, ornamented with a zone of chestnut interrupted with white above, spirally lirate, and elegantly clathrate with lamel- MONILEA-MINOLIA. 271 lose radiating stride; spiral cinguli 4 on the penult, whorl ; last whorl elongated, convex, with a zone of white and chestnut spots at the periphery, convex beneath, whitish or maculate with chestnut, clathrate, with about 4 concentric lirre, aperture subrhomboidal, lip sub-duplicate within ; columella a little arcuate ; umbilical area funnel-shaped, spirally plicate, carinated at its edge. Alt. "2->, cliam. 2 mill. (Fischer?) '' Ouagap et Kua-Kue " New Caledonia. Trochus (Minolta) semiustus FISCHER, Journ. de Conchyl. 1879, p. 23 ; /. c. 1886, t. 1, f. 6. Seems to belong to the group of species which I have called Cono- trochus rather than to Minolta proper. M. PHILTPPENSIS Watson. PL 36, figs. 15, 16. Shell rather like Trochus tumid us, Mont, but with a broader base, more conical and less scalar, with a large open umbilicus and brilliant color. Sculpture : the shell is gathered into small regular flat puckers below the suture ; these are weaker on the last whorl. The whole surface is covered with very fine oblique longitudinal strise. Spirals : there are very numerous fine, sharp, undulating scratches, which on the middle of the base are shallower and wider apart, but toward the umbilicus again become sharper and more crowded. Within the umbilicus are four or five somewhat beaded spirals, the first and strongest of which forms an umbilical carina. Color faintly irides- cent all over, creamy white, flecked with zigzag lines of crimson, which on the upper whorls are narrow and regular, on the penul- timate whorl are remote, and on the last are irregular, broken and crowded. On the base there are eleven to twelve elongated radiat- ing crimson spots. The first three whorls are a pale orange-yellow. Spire rather high, scalar, apex small, bluntly pointed. Whorls 6£, with a flat shelf below the suture, angulated at about one-fifth of their breadth, and rounded from the angulation to the suture. The last whorl is bluntly angulated at the edge of the rounded base. Suture strong, being slightly impressed aud very distinctly marked by the angle at which the adjoining whorls meet. Mouth little oblique, round. Outer lip thin and sharp, not at all expanded. Inner lip thin and sharp, a very little patulous on the pillar, where it also retreats a little, so as to form a slight open sinus ; brilliantly iridescent within. Umbilicus wide and pervious, and deeply impressed at the suture, which runs spirally up to the apex within. 272 MONILEA-MINOLIA. Alt. 0-275 in. diam. O33, least 0'3 in. Mouth, height 0'15, breadtl 0-14 in. (Watson.) There is a Margarita tasmanica of Tenison-Woods, from Bas Straits, which from his description, seems to present some features o resemblance to this species ; but he says of it that the upper part o the whorl is not angulated. Then Trochus (Solariella) prodictus Fisch. (= angulatus, A. Ad.). This Port Philip species is mucl larger and higher. It approaches most nearly to T. bellula, Aug. but that is larger, with the same number of whorls, has a transpar ently white apex, has the shoulder below the apex not flat noi drooping outwards, but gouged out as a concave depression ; the las whorl is more spread out, and the base is without color, the umbili- cus is wider and less deep, and the spiral which defines it is stronger while there are no other spirals within it ; the whole surface of th< shell, too, is smooth, with a few strong clean-cut impressed spirals instead of being closely and minutely fretted with spirals all over ( Watson.) Off entrance to Port Philip, Australia. 33 fins, sand Trochus (Solariella) philippensis~WA.TSoN, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond xv, p. 92 ; Challenger Gasteropoda, p. 73, t. 6, f. 10. M. LAMPRA Watson. PL 36, figs. 17, 18: Shell depressedly conoidal, angulated at the periphery, rounded on the base, umbilicated, polished, finely sculptured, solid. Sculpt- ure : the glossy surface is closely fretted with fine, curved, oblique, longitudinal scratches, crossed by very similar but slightly stronger and more equal spirals ; these both are stronger near the suture and feebler on the base, when indeed, the spirals almost disappear. Color pellucid pale yellowish-white, with many narrow, opaque, pure white spirals, which are flecked with fine zigzag brown longi- tudinal lines, aggregated in spots, and most abundant near the suture. The strongest opaque spiral is at the periphery, and on it are minute linear interruptions of the fundamental color and very regularly recurring little brown spots, which are about half the width of their interspaces. On the base the brown spots are very few and minute. There is very little iridescence anywhere. Spire low. Apex minute and projecting. Whorls 6, depressed, equally curved, slightly angulated at the periphery, more flattened on the base than above, of regular, but rather rapid increase. Suture slightly, impressed. Mouth small, rounded. Outer lip thin and perfectly simple. Inner lip porcelanous, thick and flat, projecting in a MONILEA— MINOLTA. 273 minute ear across the umbilicus, and having toward the point of the pillar a broad backward bevel, cut out of the thickness of the shell round the umbilicus. Umbilicus a shallow open depression, with a deep narrow hole in the center. Alt. O15 in., diam. 0*24, least 02. Mouth, height O13, breadth O'l in. (Watson.) The specimen from which this species is described is not quite full grown. The whorls are not angulated, nor the umbilicus open, nor is the color ruddy, nor the texture thin as in Trochus (Solariella) prodictus, Fisch. From Trochus (Solariella) vitiligineus, Mke., from which it differs in these respects, but in a less degree, it may further be distinguished by its greater depression, its smaller mouth, its weaker sculpture, its greater glossiness, its feebler iridescence and its minute umbilicus. ( Watson.) Levuka, Fiji. 12 fms. T. (Solariella) lamprns WATSON, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. xv, p. 93 ; Challenger Gasteropoda; p. 74, t. 6, f. 9. M. ALBUGO Watson. PL 36, figs. 13, 14. Shell small, conoidal, with a tumid conical base, bluntly bicarinate, umbilicate with a resinous luster, brown, flecked with crimson and and white. Sculpture : very many irregular oblique faint lines of growth, with a few remote rounded spirals, which are very weak above, stronger on the base, and of which two at the periphery form a feeble double carina. Color : a pale transparent resinous brown, flecked below the sutures and at the periphery with alternate spots of white and crimson ; the latter color runs in minute zigzag streaks down the shell ; there are also, both above and on the base, a few delicate spirals of alternate crimson and white specks. Spire rather low, with curved profile lines and a blunt round apex. Whorls 5, rounded and sloping above, flat at the periphery, and tumid on the base. Suture linear and very slightly depressed. Mouth rather large, round. Outer lip thin. Inner lip thin, hollowed out back- wards, and bending somewhat across the umbilicus. Umbilicus a broad shallow funnel, contracting to a small deep hole. Alt. 0'125 in. ; diam. 0*2, least 0*15. Mouth (in consequence of obliquity), height 0-125, breadth O'l in. (Watson.) This species differs from Trochus (Solariella) lamprus W., in being higher, with a larger mouth, and most of all in color and in sculpt- ure. It is perhaps most like Trochus (Solariella) r^rnicosus Gould,. 18 274 MINOLIA-CIRCULUS. but that is flatter and has a much wider umbilicus. The name is derived from the white spots which fleck the shell. T. (Solariella*) albugo WATSON, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. xv, p. 94 ; Challenger Gasteropoda, p. 75, t. 6, f. 8. Unfiyured Species of Minolta. SOLARIELLA UNDATA Sowerby. Testa subdepressa, umbilico ro- tuudo usque ad apicem perforata, margaritacea, pallide rubescente, spiraliter tenuiter lirata, supra prope suturam angulata ; medio anfractuum carina rotundato-angulata, angulis distanter rubro maculatis ; interstitiis rubro undato-lineatis. (SowB., P. Z. S. 1870, p. 251). Agulhas Bank, S. Africa. (Mus. Taylor.*) Genus CTRCULUS Jeffreys, 1865. Circulus JEFFREYS, Brit. Conch., iii, p. 315; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 94. — FISCHER (as subgenus of Qibbula), Man. de Conchyl., p. 824. Jeffreys's diagnosis of this group is as follows : Shell coin-shaped or forming a circular compressed disk, slightly nacreous or pearly ; mouth quadrangular, with a discontinuous peristome ; umbilicus very wide ; operculum multispiral as in other genera of Trochidse. The animal is unknown. C. STRIATUS Philippi. PL 66, figs. 11, 12, 13. Shell minute, discoidal, depressed above, broadly umbilicated beneath, subtransparent, quite solid, white ; surface shining ; spire depressed, composed of 4 to 5 convex whorls, traversed spirally by sharp narrow lirse, 7-9 in number on the upper part of the last whorl, half as many on the penultimate whorl, two or three on the next, the two upper whorls smooth ; the inter-liral spaces delicately obliquely marked by growth striae. The lowest ridge is placed just under the periphery, and is sometimes more prominent than the rest ; suture impressed ; whorls cylindrical, gradually enlarging, the last broadly concave beneath, and smooth save for slight radiating lines of growth ; aperture oblique, rounded-quadrangular ; peristome not continuous ; columella arcuate, subreflexed at the umbilicus ; outer lip slightly sinuous above ; umbilicus broad, deep, showing all the whorls. Alt. '8, diam. 2'5 mill. Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas; Atlantic Ocean, England to Morocco. CIRCULUS-NORRISIA. 275 Valvata striata PHIL., Enum. Moll. Sicil., i, p. 147, t. 9, f. 3 (1836). — Adeorbis striatus SEARLES WOOD, Crag Mollusca, p. 137, t. xv, f. 7. — CHENU, Manuel, i, p. 352, figs. 2589, 2590. — Adeorbis striatus Phil. TASLE, Catal. Morbihan, p. 36. — Cyclostrema striata Phil. PETIT, Catal. Test. Mar., p. Ill (1869) —Cyclostrema striatum Phil. FISCHER, Actes Soc. Linn. Bord. 1869, p. 129. — GRANGER, Moll, de France, p. 142 (1885). — Skenea striata Phil. ARAD. et BEN. Conch, viv. mar. della Sic., p. 158 (1870).— Circulus striatus Phil. MONTEROSATO, Not. int. alle Conch. Medit., p. 31 (1872) ; Nuova Revista, p. 23 ; En am. e Sinon., p. 20. — FISCHER, Brach. et Moll, du litt. oc. de France, p. 13 (1878). — JEFFREYS, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 95. — BUCQUOY, DAUTZENBERG AND DOLLFUS, Moll. Mar. du Roussillon, p. 420, t. 51, f. 1, 2. 3 (1886).—Delphinula duminyi REQUIEN, Coq. de Corse, p. 64 (1848). — Trochu* (Circulus) duminyi Req. JEFFREYS, Brit. Conch, iii, p. 315 ; v, p. 203, t. 62, f. 5 (1865). —Trochus duminyi Req. WEINKAUFF, Conchyl. des Mittelmeeres, ii, p. 374. — Skeneia striatula WEINKAUFF, Journ. de Conchyl. 1862, p. 343. — Delphinula costata DANILO et SANDRI. Elenco nomin., p. 123 (1856). This tiny shell has much the appearance of a Cyclostrema; from which genus, however, the 10 or 12 whorled corneous operculum and slightly nacreous interior separate it. The authors of " Les Mollus- ques du Roussillon " give as measurements, alt. 2, diam. 4 mill. ! which is enormously larger than any I have seen, the largest of which is only 2 \ mill, in diam. The species is found living from the littoral zone to considerable depths. It is found fossil in the pliocene (Crag) of England, and in Italy. The fossil forms described by Searles Woo^J as Adeorbis supranitidus and tricarinatus (Crag Moll., p. 137, 138, t. xv, f. 5, 6) are evidently closely allied. Solarium philippii Cantraine is also said to be synonymous. The discoidal form, strong spiral ridges of the upper surface and concave smooth base, discontinuous peristome, etc., render the species easily separable from other known recent forms. Genus NORRISIA Bayle, 1880. Norrisia BAYLE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1880, p. 241. — FISCHER, Manuel de Conchyl., p. 825. — Trochiscus SOWERBY, Ann. and Mag. N. H. 1838, p. 96; and of most authors, not Trochiscus V. Heyden, Isis, 182(5, a genus of Arachnida, nor Trochiscus Held, 1837, a sec- tion of Helices. 276 NORRISIA. The position of this genus is a little uncertain. Troschel places it in the vicinity of Gibbula, and this is probably its natural posi- tion. Fischer includes it as a subgenus under Gibbula. The peculiar operculum and dentition suffice to give the group generic rank however, in my opinion. The dentition is figured by Dall (Am. Journ. Conch. 1871, pi. 13, f. 6). Young shells are strongly bicarinate, and have an umbilical rib like Monilea. The dentition is figured on pi. 50, fig. 9. N. NORRISI Sowerby. PL 61, fig. 30. Shell wide, depressed-turbinate ; solid, nearly lusterless, smooth, save for light growth-lines and ill-defined spiral lines ; reddish fawn- colored, black around the umbilicus ; umbilicus large, contracted at its opening ; greenish inside ; spire low-conoidal ; apex minute, sub- acute, spirally striate ; when perfect, the apical whorls are variegated ; sutures plain ; whorls about 6, rapidly widening, nearly plane and sloping above ; the last very large ; aperture rounded-quadrangular, angular above, brilliantly nacreous inside ; peristome thin, simple, columellar margin thickened at the base, and with a very obtuse tubercle there. Alt. 4fc diam. 52 mill., or less. 1 me Operculum circular! multispiral, nucleus central ; edges of the whorls projecting outsiie, papery and rolled up like a spiral cord. Cerros Id., L. Cal. north to . Trochiscus norrisi SOWB., Ann. & Mag. N. H. 1838, p. 96. — GRAY, Zool. Beechey's Voy., t. 34, f. 14. — CHENU, Man. de Conchyl., i, p. 362, f. 2692. — CARPENTER, Rep. Brit. Asso. Adv. Sci. 1863, p. 665. — BALL, Amer. Journ. Conch., vii, t. 13, f. 6 (Dentition^.— TROSCHEL, Das Gebiss der Schn., ii, p. 243, t. 24, f. 15. — KEEP, West Coast Shells, p. 86, f. 82. — Turbo norrisi DESH. in Lam. An. s. vert, ed. 2, ix, p. 221. — PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 50, t. 12, f. 5.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 54. — Trochus norrisi FISCHER, Coq. Viv. (Turbo), p. 45, t. 10, f. 1.— Turbo rotellceformis JAY, Cat., 3d ed., 1859, p. 3, 1. 1, f. 2, 3. — Trochiscus convexus CARPENTER, Ann. and Mag. K H. xv, 1865, p. 180. A form very distinct from all others. It is an abundant species about San Diego, Cal. I do not know how far northward it ranges. The dimensions given above are for the largest specimen I have seen. Fischer quotes it from Oregon. LIVONA. 277 Genus LIVONA Gray, 1842. Livona GRAY, Guide Syst. dist. Moll. Brit. Mus., p. 156.— H. and A. AD., Genera, i, p. 412. — Fischer, Mannel de Conchyl., p. 825. — TROSCHEL, Das Gebiss, ii, p. 223. — Meleagris MONTFORT, Conch. Syst., ii, p. 207 (not Meleagris Linn.). — Cittarium PHILIPPI, Zeitschr. f. Mai, 1847, p. 21 ; Haudb. Conchyl. u. Mai., p. 210, 445 (1853). Livona is peculiar in the great number of lateral teeth to the radula, 9 on each side of the rhachis (see Troschel, Gebiss, p. 223, pi.. 21, fig. 10). Jaws composed of rhombic elements, as in other Trochids. The operculum is thin, smooth and concave outside, shining and rich chestnut color inside, the half attached to the foot olive-green, duller ; the nucleus is central ; whorls about 12. The epipodial line bears very numerous cirrhi, — also a peculiar char- acter. L. PICA Linne. PI. 61, fig. 24. Deeply umbilicate, turbinate, solid, lusterless, black with mac- ulations or zizgag flammules of white. Spire conoidal, apex eroded ; whorls about 6, convex, the last depressed-globose, large ; aperture semicircular, oblique, nacreous inside ; outer lip simple, columella arcuate, produced above in a heavy porcellanous callous deposit, half-surrounding the umbilicus and deeply notched in the middle. Umbilicus deep, spirally bicostate inside. Alt. 110, diam. 120 mill., usually smaller. West Indies ; North to Bermuda and Charlotte Harbor, Fla., South to Panama and Trinidad. Turbo pica LINNE, Syst. Nat., xii, p. 1235. — LAMARCK, An. s. vert., vii, p. 44. ; ed. Desh., ix, p. 193.: — REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 24. — Trochus pica PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 331. — CHENU, Manuel de Conchyl,, p. 356, f. 2638.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 64, t. 1.— Livona pica GRAY, Guide Syst. Dist. Moll. Brit. Mus., p. 156, and of Authors generally. — T. (Livona) pico ides GOULD, Otia, p. 185. — CARPENTER, Moll. Western K A., p.,21, 23, 138. A well-known Antillean species. The upper surface is often entirely black. Young shells, or well-preserved adults, have the spire Avhorls sculptured by oblique folds cut by a few spiral sulci ; the periphery and base in the half-grown shells are spirally lirate. The lip is edged inside by black, or black and white. There is no well authenticated Pacific coast record. 278 PHOTINULA. Genus PHOTINULA H. & A. Adams, 1854. Photinula H. & A. AD., Genera Rec. Moll., i, p. 427 ; and of recent authors. — Photina H. & A. AD., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 191 (not of Burmeister). — Margarita (in part) of authors (not of Leach). The genus Photinula was instituted for Margarita-like shells with imperforate axis, confined to Antarctic America in distribution. The species are few arid very variable. P. T^ENIATA Wood. PL 44, figs. 18, 19. PI. 64, fig. 37. Shell imperforate, depressed, conoid, thin, shining, white, unicolored or with numerous spiral pink stripes and lines ; surface smooth ; spire conical, apex acute, the first three wThorls encircled by three coarse lirse ; whorls 6, the last rapidly increasing ; aperture oblique, rounded-rhombic, writh a thin, finely folded, brilliantly iridescent layer of nacre inside ; peristome simple, thin ; coliimella broad, reflexed, appressed, arising from a small pad of callous on the base of the shell. Alt. 21, diam. 26 mill. ; alt. 17, diam. 23 mill. Sts. of Magellan; Falkland Is. Trochus tceniatus WOOD, Index Test, suppl., t. 5, f. 12. — PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 251, t. 37, f. 12.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 319, t. 100, f. 2.— Margarita twniata Sows. Conch. 111., f. 2 ; in Reeve, Conch. Icon., xx, f. 4.— REEVE, Conch. Syst., t. 227, f. 2.— T. bicolor LESSON, Voy. de la Coquille, p. 345, t. 16, f. 3. — Photinula tceniata CHENU, Manuel, i, p. 361, f. 2681. — Margarita ccerulescens KING, Zool. Journ., v, p. 346, no. 54. — SOWERBY in Reeve, Conch. Icon., xx, f. 12. — Trochus ccerulescens PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 250, t. 37, f. 11. — WATSON, Rept. Challenger Gasterop., p. 68. — Tr. lineatus PHIL., Arch. f. Naturg. 1845, p. 56 (not of Da Costa). — Margarita maxima HOMBRON et JACQUINOT, Voy. au Pole Sud, p. 59, pi. 14, f. 32, 33 (not T. maximus Koch).— Photina coerulea A. Ad., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 191.— Photinula ccerulescens ADS., Genera, i, p. 427. — T. hombroni FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 320, t. 100, f. 3. — T.purpuratus FORBES, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 372, t. 11, f. 11. • A large handsome species, easily recognized by its spiral red stripes on a white ground. Var. CCERULESCENS King. PL 44, rigs. 18, 19. More depressed ; aperture more oblique ; color ashen or fleshy, with spiral lines and bands of blackish-blue. PHOTINULA. 279 P. EXPANSA Sowerby. PI. 39, figs. 51, 52. Shell imperforate, depressed-conoidal, thin, shining, of a light olivaceous tint or somewhat tinged with pink ; surface smooth ; spire conoidal, acute; sutures slightly impressed; whorls about 4£, rapidly widening, the last large, rounded at periphery, a little im- pressed or margined below the suture; aperture large, rounded, angular above, green and iridescent inside ; columellar margin a little straightened ; umbilico-columellar tract slightly excavated. Alt. 9, diam. 12 mill. Falkland Is., Kerguelen Id. ; Sts. of Magellen ; South Georgia. Margarita expansa Sows. Mai. and Conch. Mag., p. 24, and Conch. Illustr., figs. 16, 17. — Trochns expansus PHIL. Conchy!. Cab., p. 254, t. 37, f. 18.— T. (Photinula) expansa E. A. SMITH, Moll. Kerguelen, Philos. Trans. 1877. — WATSON Challenger Gasterop., p. Q9.—Photina expansa A. AD., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 191.— TAPPARONE CANEFRI, Zool. Viaggio ' Magenta,' p. 67. — Photinula expansa H. & A. AD., Genera, i, p. 428. — T. (Margarita) hillii FORBES, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 272, t. 11, f. 10.— Margarita (Photinula) expansa vox MARTENS & G. PFEFFER, in Natur. hist. Mus. zu Hamburg, Pagenstecher's Bericht fur 1885, p. 100, t. 2, f. lOa, b, c, d. (1886.) P. VIOLACEA King. PI. 39, figs. 42, 43. Shell imperforate, orbicular-conic, thin, smooth, purplish-pink ; whorls 4, tumid ; suture scarcely impressed ; aperture rounded-quad- rangular, angular above, subangular at base of columella ; columella subthickened, subarcuate ; umbilico-columellar tract excavated. Alt. 10, diam. 10 mill. Straits of Magellen ; Orange Harbor, Tierra del Fuego. Margarita violacea KING, in Zool. Journ., v, p. 346 (1832-34). — SOWERBY, Mai. and Conch. Mag., i, p. 24 (1838) ; and Conch. 111., figs. 11, 12. — SOWB. in Keeve, Conch. Icon., vol. xx, f. 5. — Tr. violaeeus PHIL., Conchyl. Cab., p. 254, t. 37, f. 19. — f Margarita magellanica GOULD, U. S. Expl. Exped. Moll., p. 192, atlas, f. 228. — Margarita persica GOULD, I. c. p. 193, atlas, figs. 230. — Margarita magellanica (de novo) HOMBRON et JACQUINOT, Voy. an Pole Sud, Zoologie, vol. v, p. 59, atlas t. 14, f. 29-31 (1854). This form seems to be of a deeper pink shade than P. expansa. It is somewhat more conical, with smaller aperture. I am not certain of the identity of M. magellanica Gld. The original figures 280 PHOTINULA. are copied on pi. 44, figs. 14-17. Gould's figures of M. persica are also given, pi. 44, figs. 23, 24. The color is sometimes pale yellowish-brown. P. SIGARETINA Sowerby. PL 39, figs. 34, 35. Shell orbicular-depressed, thin, smooth, reddish, whorls 3, tumid, a little depressed above, the last large; suture inconspicuous; aperture large, suborbicular, suboblique ; columella a little widened, flat, arcuate, with an indistinct longitudinal furrow. (Sowb.) Port Famine, Sts. of Magellan. Margarita sigaretina SOWB., Mai. and Conch. Mag., i, p. 24 (1838) ; Conch. 111., f. 14. — SOWB., JR., in Rve., Conch. Icon., f. 10. P. RINGEI PfefFer. Unfigured. Shell rather solid, semipellucid, shining, bluish-white gray, encircled above the periphery (rarely below) with very narrow lines and bands of bluish-black ; subheliciniform, subdepressed-turbinate, the apex acute ; whorls little convex, with moderate suture ; the last whorl a little descending, a little flattened above, rounded beneath ; aperture rounded-subquadrangular, upper, outer und lower margins continuously curved, thin, acute, columellar oblique, passing with an angle into the base. No umbilicus. Young specimens have a spiral excavation at the place of the umbilicus, which becomes in the adult evanescent, the umbilical tract being entirely occupied by a large white callous, as in Rotella, and there is only a slight concavity in the place of the umbilicus. The umbilical callous always remains concave. A thin irregularly S-shaped callous connects the termina- tions of the aperture. Alt. 12*3, diam. maj. 19, min. 14'5 mill. ; apert. lat. 9'6, long. 11*7 mill. (Pfe/er.) Straits of Le Maire, between Staten Id. and Tierra del Fuego, in 70 fms. Photinula Ringei GEORG PFEFFER, Verhandl. des Vereins f. naturwissensch. Unterhaltung zu Hamburg, vol. vi, p. 113 (1887). This new species stands intermediate between the genera Rotella and Photinula. It is nearest to P. coerulescens King, but that snail is in general, as well as in each separate whorl, much more convex, and resembles in the columella, which is not so oblique, the young, rather than the adult of the new species ; and finally, the spiral stripes extend over the entire surface of the last whorl in P. cwrulescens. PHOTINULA. 281 Unfigured and undetermined Photinula. PHOTINA NIGRA A. Adams. Shell depressed-conical, imperforate, solid, black, smooth ; whorl subrotund, transversely sulcate ; longitu- dinally obliquely substriate ; last whorl subangulate ; umbilical region impressed, covered by a white callous. (Ad. in P. Z. S. 1851, p. 192.) Habitat unknown. PHOTINA FUSCA A. Adams. Shell oblique, subconical, shining, variegated with brown ; whorls a little convex, transversely sulcate, the last subangulate ; aperture subrotund, inside green iridescent. (Ad. in P. Z. S. 1851, p. 192.) Habitat unknown. PHOTINA SANDWICHIANA A. Adams. Shell orbicular-conic, im- perforate, smooth, whitish, maculated with green and brown ; whorls rounded, the last subangular ; apex rosy; aperture open, orbicular, green and pearly inside; labium white; umbilicus covered by a white callous. (Ad. in P. Z. S. 1851, p. 192.) Mataineka, Sandwich Is. This is not the Margarita sandwichiana Ad. of Sowerby, Jr. (Reeve's Conch. Icon., f. 8), for that species is umbilicated. PHOTINULA QU^SITA A. Adams. Shell orbiculate-conic, spire a little elevated, umbilical region deeply impressed, umbilicus covered by a white callous ; fleshy-reddish, at the sutures radiately clouded with chestnut, the periphery ornamented with oblique white and chestnut spots; whorls 5*, convex, transversely lirate, the upper lirse beaded, lower ones simple ; last whorl rounded-angular at the periphery ; aperture subcircular, sulcate and vividly iridescent in- side. Alt. 14, diam. 18 mill. Aniwa Bay, Tatiyama, Kino- 0-Sima, Japan 17 fms. Ann. & Mag. K H. 1864, vol. xiii, p. 140. A doubtful member of this group. PHOTINULA VIAGINALIS Rochebrune et Mabille. Shell imperforate, depressed orbiculate, rather thick, solid, sub- opaque, destitute of cuticle or color, decussated by slightly con- spicuous stria3 and slightly prominent lirse ; spire minute, a little convex, scarcely prominent ; apex minute, obtuse, submamillated ; whorls 5?, plane at the sutures, then a little convex, irregularly (the first rapidly, following very rapidly) increasing, separated by 282 PHOTINULA. distinct sutures; last whorl large, subcomplanate above, at the periphery angularly rounded, not descending at the aperture, flat- tened beneath, very elegantly and minutely lirate and closely rad lately striate. Alt. 18, diam. maj. 19, min. 15 mill. (K. & M. in Bull. Soc. Phil- omathique de Paris, 7th Ser., vol. 9, 1885, p. 104). Sta. Cruz, Patagonia. PHOTINIA HYADESI Rochebrune et Mabille. Shell covered-imperforate, orbicularly trochiform, subdiaphanous, rather solid, shining, grayish flesh color, clathrulate with little evident distant lirse and extremely narrow strise; spire elevated, conic- pyramidal, distinctly lirate (the lirse acute, resembling carinse) ; apex minute, somewhat obtuse; whorls 6£, convex, irregularly (the first slowly, subregularly, the remainder very rapidly) increasing ; separated by a narrowly margined impressed suture ; last whorl large, rounded-sloping above, at the periphery obtusely angulated, planulate beneath, and ornamented with radiating strise and 3-4 lirse. not descending at the aperture ; aperture oblique, lunate, rounded ; peristome acute ; columella deeply twisted, columellar margin thickened in a white, shining, very narrow, umbilicus-con- cealing callous ; outer margin slightly, basal well rounded. Alt. 10, diam. maj. 21, min. 14 mill. (E. & M., 1. c., p. 105.) Terra del Fuego. PHOTINULA DETECTA Rochebrune et Mabille. Shell imperforate, orbiculate-convex, a little thick, destitute of cuticle, sub-rudely striate ; spire moderate, conical, little prominent ; apex minute, subpapillar; whorls 6-7, rounded-convex, irregularly (embryonic sensibly, following very rapidly, last more rapidly) increasing, separated by subcanaliculate sutures ; last whorl largest, rounded-sloping, obscurely angulate at the periphery, not descending at the aperture ; base scarcely convex, at the umbilicus entirely covered, impressed, and with 5-6 lines ; aperture oblique, transversely oblong; peristome straight, acute; margins distant, joined by a slightly thickened calcareous lamina; columella twisted, thick, emitting a narrow callous ; outer margin well and elongately arched. Alt. 11, diam. maj. 24, min. 20 mill. (E. & M., 1. c., p. 105.) Around Sta. Cruz, Patagonia. PHOT1NULA. 283 PHOTINULA RESURRECTA Rochebrune et Mabille. Shell orbiculate-depressed, imperforate, conical, subopaque, solid ; under a tawny, thin, rather caducous cuticle, it is white, scarcely shin- ing, decussated by very fine striae and very minute spiral lines ; spire conical, little prominent ; apex minute, subacute ; whorls 6i, regularly and obviously increasing, separated by an impressed suture (first 3 whorls a little convex) ; last whorl large, subdepressed- sloping, obtusely angular at the periphery, scarcely descending at the aperture ; subconvex-plane beneath and distinctly lirate ; aper- ture oblique, oblong, depressed ; columella callous, oblique, obscurely dentate at the base ; collumellar margin thick, oblique, emitting a small thickened callous, entirely closing the umbilicus. Alt. 12, diam. maj. about 25, min. 20 mill. (E. & M., 1. c., p. 106.) Santa Cruz, Patagonia. PROTINULA PRUINOSA Rochebrune et Mabille. Shell imperforate, subglobose-conical, a little thick, solid, viola- ceous, ornamented with irregular oblique strise and decussated with evanescent lines, only visible under a lens ; spire turbinate, prom- inent, apex minute, shining, subacute ; whorls 5-6, convex, regularly rapidly increasing, separated by impressed narrowly margined sut- ures ; last whorl large, above sloping, then rounded, at the periphery subcarinated, at the aperture scarcely descending ; aperture oblique, lunate, transversely oblong, obscurely lirate inside, shining ; per- istome simple, acute, margins subparallel, outer subsinuous, basal arcuate, columellar incurved ; columella twisted, incurved, a little thick, callous, forming an obtuse angle at the base, and emitting a thick, white, shining, slightly dilated callous closing the umbilicus, and bipartite by a longitudinal sulcus. Alt. 7-9, diam. maj. 11-14, min. 10-14 mill. (R. & M., 1. c., p. 106.) Santa Cruz and Punta Arenas, Patagonia. PHOTINULA GAMMA Rochebrune et Mabille. Shell imperforate, orbicular-pyramidal, rather thin, solid, opaque, shining, whitish or buff, ornamented with red lines, the upper beaded, the lower simple, continuous ; spire conic-pyramidal, prom- inent, apex subacute, red ; whorls 5J-6, depressed-planulate, rapidly and regularly increasing, separated by a linear, scarcely perceptible suture ; last whorl large, sloping above, compressed-rounded at the periphery, subplanulate beneath ; aperture little oblique, lunate, 284 PHOTINULA. ovate-subtriangular, pearly inside, and more or less zoned with green lines ; margins joined by a very thin fulvescent lamina ; outer mar- gin at first nearly straight, then curved, columellar subthickened, very narrowly calloused at the insertion, joining the basal margin in an obtuse angle ; columella elongated, intorto-curved. Alt. 7, diam. maj. 13, min. 11 mill. (R. & M., 1. c., p. 107.) Punta Arenas, Patagonia. PHOTINULA PARADOXA Kochebrune et Mabille. Shell orbicular-conic, covered imperforate, thin, solid, subdiaph- anous, grayish-ruddy or white, zoned with red lines or unicolored, smooth, finely striate under a lens ; whorls 6, a little convex, piano- depressed at the suture, rapidly increasing, separated by a linear sub- margined suture, the last largest, depressed rotund, at the periphery scarcely obtusely angled, impressed around the 0o lire is still very obviously different, and the form is globose, not, as in that species, high and conical. ( Watson.) - North of Culebra Id., W. Indies, 390 fms. Tr. (Margarita) pompholugotus WATSON, Journ. Linn. Soc. xiv, p. 702 ; Challenger Gasterop., p. 79, t, 5, f. 9. M. ILLOTUS Watson. PL 64, figs. 63, 64. Shell conical, with a tumid base, a <<-;ilar spire, and an impressed suture, uncarinated, umbilicated, sharply spiralled, thin, brilliantly nacreous, but with a squalid and dirty surface. Sculpture : Longitu- dinals— there are dense lines of growth and remote puckerings of the surface which might be called bars if they were continuous, but except within the umbilicus they are not uniformly so; they follow the lines of growth, and are thus very oblique ; they are stronger above than below the periphery. Spirals — much more marked than the longitudinals are the equal and regularly parted sharp spiral threads which score the whole surface. Of these there are two or three on the earlier whorls and four on all the later ; where they are crossed by the longitudinal puckerings, they rise into small delicate round white tubercles, which are sparse on the subsutural, and denser on the peripheral threads ; the four spiral threads on the base are feebly dotted, but the two which lie near the umbilicus are somewhat more strongly tubercled than any of the rest ; there are none within the umbilicus. Color white ; a thin calcareous layer covers the brillant nacre of the shell but is obscured by a dirty deposit which simulates an epidermis. Spire high and scalar. Apex broken. Whorls 61 remaining, of rapid but regular increase, rounded, with a short sloping shoulder above, and constricted below ; very tumid on the base, suture distinct and impressed by the constriction of the whorl above it. Mouth very perpendicular, roundly and gibbously oval, bluntly angulated at the insertion of the outer lip, and at the point of the pillar in front, dully nacreous within. Outer lip thin, not descending, well arched. Pillar-lip with a direct edge, concave, bending a good deal over the umbilicus ; it joins the basal lip at an angle just where the spiral thread on the edge of the umbilicus occurs. Umbilicus funnel-shaped and pervious, but a good deal contracted by the convexity of the pillar ; internally it is scored by longitu- dinal threadlets, and the strongly impressed suture coils around it within. Alt. 0'62 in. diam. 0'57. Penultimate whorl height 0'14. Mouth, height 0'31, breadth (>26. ( Watson.) 304 MARGARITA. I am haunted with the impression of having somewhere seen this species, hut can come on no more definite remembrance of it. It is connected with the Trochus ottoi, Phil., group, and is not remote from Trochus (Margarita) infundibulum W., but is quite certainly distinct. It may be observed that I have put a mark of interrogation to the station whence this species comes. The solitary specimen had been sent to Mr. Henderson that he might deal with the Pagurus it con- tained. Mr. Henderson in handing it to me, expressed some doubt of the accuracy of the station marking, as the Pugurus living in the shell was a North Atlantic species. The Trochus itself also suggests to me that locality rather than the shallow water of a South Pacific locality like station 304. ( Watson.) North-west Patagonia, 45 fms. T. (Margarita) illotus WATSON, Challenger Kept., Gasterop., p. 86, t. 17, f. 3. M. STREPTOPHORUS Watson. PL 64, figs. 65, 66. Shell ivory white, thin, conical, rounded at the periphery, um- bilicated, sculptured, and rough on the upper whorl. Sculpture : The upper whorls are dull, rough, reticulated, being crossed by oblique close-set riblets, scored by 7 or 8 fine round threads ; the riblets gradually degenerate into puckerings, which die out in the course of the penultimate whorl ; a necklace of little tubercles near the top of the puckerings becomes on this whorl double or treble, the tubercles being at the same time horizontally elongated ; in this whorl too a very obtuse feeble tubercled carination appears in the middle of the whorls; both this keel and the subsutural neck- lace die out toward the mouth ; the edge of the umbilicus is angularly keeled ; outside of the keel is a strongish, but depressed thread ; besides this stronger sculpture the whole surface is scored with very fine lines of growth and still more microscopic spiral scratches. Color white, dead above, and with the gloss and beauty of ivory below, where a faint pearly nacre gleams through. Spire somewhat raised, scalar. Apex small mammillated, but prominent. Whorls 61, high and convex, more or less angulated above the periphery, of regular but rapid increase ; the last large, with a round but slightly flattened base, and with a large marginated funnel-shaped umbilicus, within which the lines of growth are very strong. Suture strong marginated. Mouth largish, round. Outer lip thin beveled off from the inside to a sharp edge, nacreous MARGARITA. 305 within. Inner lip strong, concave, patulous, thickened and angu- lated at point of the pillar where the umbilical keel joins it. Um- bilicus funnel-shaped, pervious; a deeply marked suture coils up within it. Alt. 0-46 in., diam. O46. Penultimate whorl, height 014. Mouth, height 0-25, breadth 0'23 in. ( Watson.') This is a singularly beautiful shell. It is connected in a general way with the group to which Trochus (Oxystele) euspira, Dall. (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, p. 98, pi. xx, fig. 6) belongs. In that species the umbilicus is large when the shell is young, and fills up entirely when the shell is full grown. ( Watson.) S. E. of Philippines, 500 fins-, T. {Margarita) streptophorus WATSON, Challenger Gasterop., p, 91, t. 17, f. 4. M. SCINTILLANS Watson. PL 64, fig. 62. Shell small, thin, white, very depressedly oonoidal, angulated, tumid on the base, uinbilicated ; mouth semioval. Sculpture: It is perfectly smooth but for some curved puckerings which radiate from the umbilicus, but very soon die out; above the middle the body-whorl is roundly angulated. Color pure white, with a trans- parent calcareous layer over brilliant fiery pearly nacre. Spire very depressedly conical. Apex bluntly rounded, with a minute hyaline, depressed embryonic tip. Whorls 4£ barely convex. Suture slightly impressed. Mouth semi-oval. Outer lip thin, barely angulated at the periphery. Pillar-lip straight, patulous, right-angled at its junction with the base. Umbilicus small. Alt. 0'14 in., diam. 0'2, least 016. Penultimate whorl 0'025. Mouth, height 0'09, breadth Oil. ( Watson.) The specimen from which I have described this is neither full grown nor perfect, but the species is a very well-marked one. It is much more depressed and has the whorls less rounded than Trochus (Margarita) euspira, Dall. Than Trochus helicinus, Fabr., it is- much more depressed, much more brilliantly nacreous, and the surface is much more polished, and the radiating puckers are much stronger. ( Wateon.) Of Culebra Id., W. Lid., 390 fins. T. (Margarita f) scintillans WATSON, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. xiv, p. 712 ; Challenger Kept,, p. 91, t. 5, f. 2. 306 MARGARITA. M. ERYTHROCOMA Dall. PI. 48, fig. 15. Shell small depressed conic, yellowish, variegated and articulated with rose-pink and opaque white ; whorls rounded, 4 or 5 in number, with a minute smooth nucleus ; generally a little carinated on the upper surface, especially the earlier whorls, by one or two prominent spiral riblets; below full and rounded, with a small but well-marked umbilicus. Radiating sculpture of the lines of growth occasionally irregular so as to form faint waves, but usually inconspicuous; spiral sculpture of fine close little-raised threads, with on the upper surface one and on the periphery another stronger thread or carina- tion, seldom nodulous, and stronger on the earlier whorls ; the spirals are usually articulated with rose-red and opaque white or greenish- yellow. The base is rounded, finely spirally threaded, umbilicus not carinated nor marked by special sculpture. Aperture rounded, oblique, the margins a little angulated above, thin, simple, joined by a thin layer of callus on the body. Alt. of largest specimen 5, max. diam. 5'25, diam. of base 4 mill. (Dall.) Off Sand Key, in 54 fins. ; Samana Say, St. Domingo, and Nassau, Bahamas. M. erythrocoma DALL, Rep. on ' Blake ' Gasterop., Bull. M. C. Z. xviii, p. 375, t. 28, f. 1 (1889). Var. ? SAMANA Dall. Shell more depressed, last whorl propor- tionately larger and aperture much more oblique ; umbilicus twisted nearly closed, white, with radiating nexuous striae ; shell colored like the typical form, and with similar early whorls. Alt. 4'75, max. diam. of base 5'75, min. diam. 4'25 mill. Samana Bay, 16 fms. This very pretty little species occurs with Liotia miniata in moderate depths of water. The specimen from 54 fms. was probably drifted. It may be distinguished from the Liotia, which is about the same size, by the different characters of aperture and umbilicus. There is no northern species which resembles it. (Dall.) Section BATHYMOPHILA Dall, 1881. Bathymophila DALL, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 102 ; 1. c. xviii, p. 378. M. EUSPIRA Dall. PI. 51, fig. 24 ; pi. 47, figs. 1, 2, 3. Shell conical, shining, pearly white, elevated, with a rather obtuse apex ; five-whorled, the nucleus translucent, white, and with a MAIK ; A RITA-SOLARIELLA. 307 sculpture of strong revolving threads, of which that nearest to the suture is most pronounced, and continues, at first sharp, then with slight waves, then with oblique waves like the "lay" of a stranded rope, and on the last whorl as a succession of well-elevated pinched- u p points forming a band next the suture ; the others disappear on the third whorl, and for the re 4 the shell is only marked by faint lines of growth here and there, a little more pronounced in the vicinity of the umbilical callus; periphery with a tendency to carination, base rounded; aperture oblique, rounded, margin sharp, simple, pillar stout, thick, inseparable from a thick white callus which forms a lump over 'the umbilical pit ; end of pillar (broken in specimens seen so far) apparently forming a sort of lump or thickened angle. Suture distinct throughout. Alt. 0-7.3, major diam. 6, diam. of aperture, 3 mill.; defl. some- what less than 90°. (Dall.) Gulf of Mexico of Culebra Id., etc. 390-805 fms.; also North Atlantic. M.f en«pira DALL. Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 44, 18*1.— J/. (Bathymo- jthil't) eu*i)h'i.t and var. n'dena Jeff, (ms.) Dall, /. c., p. 102; Bull. M. C. Z. xviii, p. 37*, t. 32, f. 8, 1889.— Trochu* (O.cy stele) euspira Dall JEFFREYS, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 98, t. 20, f. 6. The diam. of my largest specimen is about 9 mill. This pretty shell is extremely variable as regards the height of the spire and the sculpture. Some specimens are quite smooth; others are spirally striated throughout, or on the body whorl only, or on the upper whorls, or round the umbilicus; some (var. coroiiata) haveja row of beads below the suture. In all my specimens there is^a minute tubercle on the broad and fretted pillar \neir its base, but not at its base. ^ ^ ^ The young are always umbilicate. (Jeffr.) Subganus SOLARIELLA Searles Wood. Solar iella SEARLES WOOD, Cat. shells from the] Crag, in Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ix, p. 531 (1842). Type, S. maculata S. Wood. — CARPENTER, Proc. Cal. Acad. iii, p. 157. — FISCHER, Manuel de Conch., p. 826 (not Solar iella Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. p. 431, = Minolta M.).— Solar iella 'A. Ad.' DALL, Bull. M. C. Z. xviii, p. 378. — Machceroplax FRIELE, Tungebevsebningen hos de Norske Rhipidoglossa, in Archiv f. Mathematikjog Naturvidenskab, Chris- tiana, ii, p. 311, 1877.— SARS, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 136, 1878. Type, M. ajjinis Jeffr. 308 SOLARIELLA. This genus was founded by Wood for an English (Yair fossil Trochid, conical in form, with tubular whorls and deep umbilicus, its margin crenulated. The type species, S. maeidata, is closely allied to the recent S. amabilis of Jeffreys. The name has been erroneously used by the brothers Adams for a group of tropical, broadly umbilicated, tubular-whorled Trochids, which later received the name Minolia. In 1877, Herman Friele instituted the genus Machceroplax (type M. affinis Jeffr.,— amofoYw JefFr. var.), giving as diagnostic characters the short broad radula, with few (about 10) uncini, and these much larger and differently formed than in Margarita. The characters of radula may be compared thus : Margarita. Radula long. Median teeth 9-13, subequal, with recurved serrate cusps, and an outer obsolescent cusp- less plate lying between the perfect median teeth and the uncini. Uncini very numerous, the apices recurved, denticulate. | Mack&oplax (— Solar iella). Radula short, broad. Median teeth 5-7, subequal, with serrate cusps, the obsolescent outer lateral of Margarita re- placed by a well -developed tooth with denticulate cusp. Uncini few (about 10), larger falciform, with entire or feebly denticulate ed. 1880, p. 378. I have no doubt of the intergradation of the forms bella, obscura and Icevis. These three form a series varying from highly-sculptured to smooth. Verrill's observations on M. bella as dredged by him off the New England coast are as follows : It differs from the typical obscura chiefly in having the base covered with distinct incised spiral lines. In some specimens the curved radiating ribs or un- dulations on the base are well marked, as in the typical form, in others they are more or less obsolete. The presence of a slight spiral carina, or angle, bordering the umbilicus, is variable in both forms, being in some specimens, pretty well developed, in others entirely absent. The sculpture on the upper whorls is also variable in both varieties. The transverse ribs are usually more evident in var. bella, but they are often equally evident in typical obscur SOL ART ELLA. plicata M. SARS, teste G. O. BARS. — M. elegantissima (BEAN MS.) WOOD, Crag. Moll, i, p. 134, t. 15, f. 1.— LECHE, Hafs-Moll. Kongl. sw. Akad. Handl. xvi, p. 43. — M. polaris DANIELKSEN, in Copenhagen Mus. (teste Leche). S. ALBULA Gould. PI. 66, figs. 14, 15. Shell rather solid, whitish, pearly, more or less distinctly tinted with violaceous or rose color, depressed-conoidal ; spire short ; whorls 6, appressed, the last large; base planulate; suture very slightly impressed ; aperture subangulate ; outer lip obliquely arcuate, inner nearly vertical ; umbilicus large and deep, funnel-shaped, defined by a distinct basal ridge; surface sculptured with slightly elevated unequal spiral lines, decussated by less conspicuous longitudinal striae ; base nearly smooth, but with subobsolete spiral lines around the umbilicus. Alt, 9, diam. 10 mill. (Sars.) Greenland; Norway; Unalaschka. Marg. albula GLD., Otia, p. 154. — Machceroplax albula Gld. SAKS, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 138, t. 9, f. 3. S. PERAMABILIS Carpenter. PI. 67, figs. 59, 60, 61. Shell very thin, very elegantly sculptured, livid, spotted with pale rufous-brown ; nuclear whorls 2, very tumid, smooth, apex mammillated ; following whorls 4, tabulated, sutures nearly rect- angular; upon the spire there are two or three carin«3, and inter- calated carinula?; the entire surface is most elegantly and densely radiately costate, costa? very acute, subgranulose upon the caring, nterstices on the first whorl fenestrated, posteriorly decussated ; basei deeply rounded ; sculptured with about 5 lirulse, anteriorly granulose; umbilicus large, closely ornamented with about 3 spiral distant lines, and radiating costulations continued from the base. Aperture rounded, indentated by the carinse, scarcely in contact parietally, iridescent inside, nacreous ; operculum very thin, multispiral, with about 10 elegantly radiately rugulose whorls. (Carpenter.) Alt. 8, diam. 8 mill. San Diego; Catalina Id., Cal., 30-120 fms. / Solariella peramabilis CARP., Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. iii, p. 156 (1864). Dr. Cooper's very lovely species of a very lovely group may possibly prove to be a variety of the Japanese Minolia aspecta A. Ad. inss. in Mus. Cuming; but, until more specimens from each district have been compared, it is more prudent to keep them SOLA RI ELL A. 313 ssparate. It seems to have .exhausted the power of sculpture on its graceful habitation. Under the microscope, the sharp transverse lirulre, mounting over the keels, dividing the interspaces, and even ascending the wide umbilicus, are eminently beautiful. Even the operculum is sculptured with delicate waved radiating lines. It has the aspect of an extremely thin Torinia, with a funnel-shaped umbilicus. This is not only bounded by a granular keel, but has three other distant spiral lines crossing the 15rula3. The radiating sculpture is more distant on the upper whorls, where first two, then three keels appear, feuestrated by the liruhe, which afterward become much closer and are sometimes worn away behind the lab rum. ( Carpenter.) S. VAXCOUVERENSIS E. A. Smith. Unfigured. Shell conical, moderately umbilicated, grayish-white ; whorls 5, slightly convex, with oblique flexuous ribs extending from suture to suture, also obscurely spirally striated ; last whorl obtusely angulated at the middle, rather flattened beneath with four or five concentric sulci at the angle, of which the three uppermost are broader than those below, and the interstices or lirse between them are also stouter. The rest of the flattened base -is arcuately plicated, or, in other words, exhibits the continuation of the costse upon the upper half of the volution, which are interrupted by the sulci at the periphery ; umbilicus smallish, surrounded by a subtuberculated double ridge; aperture subrotund, flattened at the base, iridescent within. Colu- mella a trifle arcuate, somewhat expanded above, and at the lower extremity forming an angle with the base. Alt. 62, diam. 6] mill ; aperture, alt. and breadth nearly 3 mill. (Smith.} Vancouver Island. Trochus (Margarita) Vancouver ensis Smith, Ann. and Mag. N. H. 1880, vi, p. 288.' In some places, probably where the superficial calcareous layer is thin, the pearly iridescence beneath it is observable. The oblique flexuous costre are about 19 in number on the penultimate, and a trifle more numerous upon the last whorl. (Smith.) S. AMABILIS Jeffreys. PL 57, fig. 52. Shell pyramidal, moderately solid, semitransparent, of a pearly and partially iridescent luster; sculpture: two spiral ridges or keels •on the upper part of each of the last three or four whorls, and one 314 HOLARIELLA. on the upper part of the next or smaller whorl, besides several finer but irregular ridges on the base of the last or largest whorl, and numerous minute spiral strise between all the ridges ; the principal ridges are placed near the suture of each whorl, both above and below, leaving a broad flattened space in the middle and a narrow excavated space below the suture, thus imparting a tower-like appearance to the shell ; the upper whorls are also marked with numerous short and fine longitudinal ribs, which cross the ridges and make them crenelated ; color pure pearl-white ; spire elevated ; apex semiglobose, prominent and slightly twisted ; whorls 7, gradually increasing in size; suture very distinct; mouth nearly circular, but angulated or somewhat notched below by the um- bilical ridge ; outer lip thin and slightly expanded ; inner lip folded a little back on the umbilicus, and adhering to the pillar ; inside more or less iridescent ; umbilicus large but not wide, funnel-shaped, and completely exposing the whole of the inner spire ; it is encircled outside by a strong spiral ridge, which is often beaded, and winds like a staircase into the interior ; operculum forming a spiral of about a dozen whorls, the edges of which are imbricated and over- lap one another in succession. (Jeff.} Alt. 8 diam, 7 mill. ; alt. 7-1, diam. 62 mill. (Jeffreys.) North Sea off Shetland Is., 85-95 fins. ; Gulf of Mexico, Cape Florida to Oiribbees, 193-888 fms. Trochus amabilis JEFFREYS, British Conch, iii, p. 300; v. t. 61, f. 6. — Solariella amabilis Jeffr. DALL, Blake Gasteropoda, Bull. M. C. Z. xviii, p. 380 (1889).— Trochus dnctus Phil. JEFFREYS, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 97.— T. affinis JEFFREYS olim— T. dnctus var. affinis JEFFREYS, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 98, t. 20, f. 5. — Machceroplax affinis Jeffr. FRIELE, Archiv. f. Math, og Naturvidenskab, ii, p. 313, t. 5, f. 2 (Dentition). — Machceroplax hidalgoi FISCHER, Jouru. de Conchy 1. 1882, p. 51. A beautiful form, distinguished by the elevated turreted spire bicarinate whorls, etc. The only specimens I have seen are from the Gulf of Mexico. They are more elevated than Jeffrey's types. " A remarkable variety which I have named affinis (pi. 47, fig. 98), and at one time believed to be a distinct species, is finely and closely reticulated ; the whorls are rounded and show no trace of angularity ; and the umbilicus is not encircled by a keel." (Jeffreys.} According to Jeffreys, the M. hidalgoi Fischer is synonymous. The original description is as follows : SOLARIELLA. 315 Shell broadly umbilicated, whitish-pearly, thin, conoidal ; whorls •)'>, convex, separated by gradate suture, ornamented with oblique, dense regular radiating costellae, and two spiral lira? on the lower part ; last whorl ventricose, radiately costellate above, with three acute elevated median spiral cinguli, beneath with obsolete con- centric striae; umbilicus wide, carinated at the periphery, plicate, denticulate; aperture subcircular. Alt. 5, diam 5 mill. (Fischer.) Gulf of Gascogne, 896-1226 meters. S. LAMELLOSA Verrill & Smith. PL 57, fig 14. Shell small, fragile, conical, canaliculate, with a wide umbilicus. Whorls five, angulated and carinated below the middle, swollen just below the suture, which lies in a deep channel ; they are crossed, above the peripheral carina, by numerous elevated, thin, oblique ribs, which rise into lamellae near the suture, where they join the carina forming small nodules; between the ribs are fine parallel lines of growth and sometimes a few fine revolving lines. Below the periphery, in line with the posterior edge of the lip, there is a smaller, plain, angular rib, and around the umbilicus there is a strong nodulose rib. Between these ribs, the base is covered with fine revolving lines. Within the umbilicus are radiating raised lines which cross two or three small revolving ribs. Aperture rounded, with angles corresponding to the ribs. Alt. 3, diam. 3 mill. (Verrill) Off Martha's Vineyard, in 115 fms. ; Gulf of Mexico 287-2805 fms. Margarita lamelloxa VEKRILL and SMITH, Am. Journ. Sci., 3d series, vol. 20, p. 397 ; Trans. Conn. Acad., p. 530, t. 57, f. 38.— Solariella lamellosa V. & S., DALL, ' Blake ' Gastrop., p. 379. Constantly smaller and differently wrinkled from S. amabilis. (Ball.) S. ^EGLEES Watson. PL 66, figs. 18, 19. Shell broadly conical, high, with a very large umbilicus, orna- mented with rows of tubercles, carinated. Sculpture : spirals — there is a row of small round pointed tubercles a little below the suture, the carina is double, formed by two rather remote tubercled threads, the lower of which runs to the outer lip. Below this one is a broadish furrow and slightly beaded thread, which toward the mouth projects so as to become a third carina. The center of the base has another slightlv beaded thread; and another formed of 31(5 SOLARIELLA. remote rounded tubercles, defining the umbilicus, within which is a very slight furrow and an ill-defined ridge. Longitudinals — the apical whorls are ribbed, but the ribs gradually break into the scarcely connected tubercles of the last whorl. The lines of growth are hardly perceptible, except on the base. Color pure white when weathered, but apparently slightly brownish when fresh, with a pearly nacre below the thin calcareous surface-layer. Spire high, very slightly scalar. Apex sharp, minute, flattened on the one side, with the very small embryonic 1 \ whorl rising sharply on the other. Whorls 7, of regular increase ; the last is small, from the large part of it cut out by the umbilicus ; they are flatly conical and slightly scalar. Suture linear, but strongly defined by the right-angled junction of the whorl. Mouth oblique, much inclined to the axial line, rectangularly rounded, the pillar and outer lip being parallel. Outer lip thin and broken, not descending. Pillar-lip shortly but flatly bent over the umbilicus, and here it is patulous and sinuated, it then advances in a straight line toward the base. It is toothed in the middle by a strongish spiral protuberance at which point it projects; but from this to the junction with the base it is thin and retreats. Umbilicus very large, funnel-shaped and pervious. Alt. 0-27 in.; diam. 0'3, least 0'25. Mouth, height Ol, breadth. 0'15 in. (Watson.) This very beautiful species is well defined by its exactly conical form and very large umbilicus, which cuts the whole body out of the inside of the last whorl, narrowing the base to an extraordinary extent. The young shells are excessively like those of Trochus (Ziziphinus) tiara, Wats., but are flatter, broader, and more umbili- cated. ( Watson.) Gulf of Mexico, 287-888 fms T. (Margarita) aeglees WATSON, Journ. Linn. Sue., Lond. xiv, p 704, 1879 ; Challenger Gasterop., p. 81, t. 5, f. 10. — Margarita cegleit Watson, DALL, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 40, ISSl.—Solariella cegleii WatFon, DALL, Bull. M. C. Z. xviii, p. 379, 1889. Dr. Dall unites with this species as varieties, the rhina and clavaic of Watson. I have no doubt of the correctness of his views. Var. RHINA Watson. PI. 64, figs. 51, 52. Shell conical, with a broad and tumid base and a wide narrowec umbilicus ; surface cross-hatched like a file ; when fresh, translucent with a pearly sheen. Sculpture: spirals — there are three to fiv( slightly raised remotely beaded threads, of which one lies a little be SOL A RI ELL A. 317 o\v the suture, one at the periphery forming a carina, of which the seads are much smaller and closer set, sometimes evanescent; one, *vith beads like the first, defines the umbilicus, within which there s a strong spiral ridge ; and the whole surface is covered with fine *ather sharp threads, whose partings are twice as broad as themselves. 3f these finer spirals, the one which meets the outer lip often rises nto prominence and defines the base, while another above the carina sometimes stands out more strongly and more beaded than the rest. Longitudinals — the whole surface is close-set with these, which are crossed by the spirals, than which they are broader but less sharp, jloser-set, and more irregular and interrupted, especially near the ipper line of tubercles and near the umbilicus. Color a bluish vhite when alive, with a translucent calcareous layer through which ;he nacre shines. Spire high, a little scalar. Apex small, a little lattened, with the embryonic 11 whorl barely projecting in the iiiddle. Whorls 6-7, the last is of rapid increase, full rounded and i little tumid ; the preceding ones are a little rounded ly shouldered )elow the suture, flat on the contour angulated at the carina, and slightly contracted into the sutur \ ; the apical whorls are simply •ounded and longitudinally ribbed, suture is linear, but strongly, lot acutely defined by the perpendicular rise of the whorl above it md the slight sloping shoulder below. Mouth round, scarcely )blique, with a translucent porcelaneous edge, and pearly within. Duter lip not descending, sharp ; its inner edge is beveled outwards it the expense of the pearly layer. Pillar-lip bends over the um- )ilicus, is a little reverted, and expands into a tooth at the intra- imbilical ridge. Umbilicus funnel-shaped, wide, pervious, but larrowed within by the spiral ridge. Operculum of very many i arrow whorls, which on their outer edge over lap as a narrow gleaming flange. Alt. 0'32 in., diam. O32 in., least 0'28 in. Mouth, height 0'18, Breadth 0- 18 in. (Watson.} This is a much larger species than Trochus (Margarita) cinereus, Jouth. ; from the North Atlantic, much higher, much more conical, iiuch more exquisitely sculptured, suture more impressed, base more iiimid and not angulated at the edge, umbilicus larger. Than Frochus (Margarita) amabilis Jeffr., it is, of course, still larger, less xmical, less angulated, the sutural impression is not like a rounded 'ouged-out line as it is there, the base is not flattened, and the whole 318 SOLARIELLA. style of sculpture is totally different. The measurements given above are taken from an almost exceptionally fine specimen. ( Watson.} Of Azores Is., 450-1000 fms. T. {Margarita} lima WATSON, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. xiv, p. 703 (not lima Phil.). — T. (Margarita} rhina WATSON, Challenger Gasterop., p. 80, t. 5, f. 1. Var. CLAVATA Watson. PI. 66, figs. 98, 99. Shell small, conical, with a high spire and a tumid base, a round mouth, and a deep umbilicus, and covered with sharp prickles. Sculpture : spirals— there are several small threads, two of which, of equal strength and prominence, angulate the whorls — one at the basal contraction, the other about halfway up the whorl ; on the base they are somewhat closer set. The outer lip does not meet the carinal thread, but the one below. Longitudinals — the whole surface is crossed bv close-set, slightly oblique narrow lamina', which, in cro^s- ing the spirals, rise into sharp vaulted prickles whose faces are turned towards the mouth. Color white, with a pearly luster. Spire very high. Apex minute, with the small embryonic 1 ', whorl rising from a minute flat. Whorls 6], angulated and narrow in the spire, but the last inflated and expanded. Suture deeply impressed, somewhat depressed, and very strongly defined. Mouth perpendicular, round, slightly pointed on the base, and angulated at the upper carina. Outer lip sharp, advancing far across the body towards the pillar-lip. Pillar-lip depressed upon the umbilicus, then rounded and sinuatcd, slightly toothed at the point of the pillar. Umbilicus wide and deep, but internally narrowed. Alt. '17 in. diam. '13. Mouth, height 0'07, breadth 0'07 in. ( Watson.} The peculiarly high narrow spire and the vaulted prickles are very characteristic features of this species, none of the specimens of which are adult. When full grown there would probably be an additional whorl, which would add a broad base to the high narrow spire. There seems to be some variation in the number of the spirals. I have put a query to the specimens from Pernambuco, because, though identical in other respects, the embryonic whorls arc slightly larger and more tumid. The curves of the mouth-edge have some suspicion of an infra-sutural sinus, and the form of the pillar is also suggestive of Basilissa, but the form of the mouth is wholly unlike that genus. ( Watson.} Of Calebra Id., W. Ind., 350 fms. ; offPernambiico, 675 fms. SOLARIELLA. 319 T. (Margarita) clavatus WATSON, Jourii. Linn. Soc. Lond. xiv, p. 705 ; Challenger Rep. Gasterop., p. 82, t. 5, f. 8. — Solariella cegleis var. clavata Watson, DALL, Bull. M. C. Z. xviii, p. 380. S. INFUNDIBULUM Watson. PI. 66, fig. 97. Shell conical, with a tumid base, carinated, nmbilicated, thin, translucent, pearly. Sculpture : spirals on the upper whorls 2, on the body whorls 7-8, pretty strong, but fine beaded threads. The first lies remote below the suture, and is sparsely ornamented by longitudinally produced, high and pointed, tubercles; it forms a shoulder on the whorl. The second projects strongly and sharply at the periphery and forms the carina ; it and those below are delicately fretted with close-set small beads. The third, which meets the outer lip, lies within the contraction of the base. The last two are closer than the rest, which, however, are sometimes brought closer by the additional thread which appears among them. The one which defines the umbilicus is more sharply beaded than the rest. Longitudinals — below the suture and near the umbilicus the surface is sharply but delicately puckered, and these puckerings, strong in the early whorls, are in the later faintly continued across the whorls as lines of growth. Color yellowish white, with a brill- iant nacreous sheen shining through the thin superficial calcareous layer, which becomes more opaque in drying. Spire high, scalar. Apex minute, flattened, with the minute bulbous embryonic 1 \ whorl projecting on one side. Whorls 8, of rapid increase, rounded, but angulated by the projection of the spirals, very tumid on the base. Suture linear, but strongly defined by the contraction of the suprajacent whorl and the flat shoulder of the one below. Mouth very slightly oblique, round, but on the pillar flattened, and at the point of it angulated slightly, nacreous within ; across the body there is no pad, but the shell is eroded, and this erosion has the appearance of a thin callus. Outer lip thin, not descending. Pillar-lip slightly patulous, bending flatly over the umbilicus, and then advancing in a straight line to the point of the pillar, where it is slightly angulated just where the beaded umbilical spiral ends. Umbilicus funnel-shaped, rather open, but a good deal contracted within. Sharply scored with the lines of growth. Operculum yellow, horny, very thin, of 7 to 8 whorls. Alt. '81 in., diam. '65, least 0'59. Mouth, height 0'37, breadth 0'35 in. ( Watson.) 320 SOLARfELLA. The beautiful species, of very singular aspect, recalls in a very general way the form of Turcica monilifera, A. Ad., but differs from that in its rounded contours, strongly contracted suture, umbilicus, and straight untoothed pillar. It resembles in form Margarita aspecta, A. Ad., but that is less tumid, is carinated, its umbilicus is much smaller, the spirals are many more, and they are not tubercled. It is very like Trochus ottoi Phil., a fossil from Messina, lately taken alive in abundance by Professor Verrill off the New England coast in 115 to 500 fathoms, and published by him as Margarita regalis. Trochus infundibulum may, after all, be only a variety, but compared to that this is larger, higher in proportion to breadth, has the base much more tumid, and the longitudinals far weaker. In Trochus ottoi Phil., these longitudinals are very strong, and make sharper, higher, crisper nodules on the spirals; that species, too, has not the subsutural flat with its radiating bars and its border of tubercles, and has not the spiral uniting that first row of tubercles. As to the infra-umbilical spirals they vary astonishingly. ( Watson.) Off Bermuda, 1075 fins.; Marion Id., Indian O., 1375 fins.; Off Guadalupe, 769 fms. Tr. (Margarita) infundibulum WATSON, Jotirn. Linn. Soc. Lond., xiv, p. 707, 1879; Challenger Rep., p. 84, t. 5, f. 5. — Solar iella in- fundibulum Watson, DALL, Blake Gasterop., Bull. M. C. Z. xviii, p. 380, 1889 ; The Nautilus, 1889, p. 1. (Anatomy.) The external anatomv and genitalia have been described by Dall. 8. OTTOI Philippi. PL 57, fig. 17. Shell rather large for the genus, thin and delicate, whitish, brilliantly iridescent or pearly, externally and internally, broad conical, turreted, wider than high, with a convex base, and deep umbilicus. Whorls seven, much flattened, with the suture scarcely impressed ; the upper whorls are coronated by two, and the body- whorl by three, revolving, strongly nodulous ribs, along which the conical, often acute nodules are very regularly arranged. The first of these rows of nodules is just below the suture ; the second is separated from the first by a wide, flat, or slightly concave interspace ; the third is not far from the second, and surrounds the periphery, usually corresponding with the line of the suture ; the second and third are usually the most elevated ; on the base there are five or six strong, rounded, revolving ribs, part of them usually somewhat nodulous, separated by deep, concave interspaces, rather wider than SOLARIELLA. 321 the ribs ; one or two additional ones often appear in the umbilical opening, which is funnel-shaped and moderately large, but often partially obstructed by the reflexed edge of the inner lip. The inter- spaces between all the ribs are covered with close, slightly raised lines of growth, and usually with traces of a thin epidermis. Aperture somewhat quadrangular, large, lip thin. Animal with long tentacles and large black eyes ; four large lateral cirri on each side, with a group of four or five small intermediate ones ; snout with a broad, bilobed, crescent-shaped expansion in front. Odontophore without a large lateral tooth between the inner and outer series, otherwise much like typical Margarita. Alt. 14, diarn. 15 mill. ( Verrill.) Off Martha's Vineyard, 65 to 192 fms. ; off Newport, R. I., 85-325 fms.; of Grenada, 416 fms.; Bay of Biscay ; between Hebrides and Faroe Is.; Mediterranean; St. Thomas, W. L; Fossil and Pliocene of Italy and Sicily. Trochus ottoi PHILIPPI, Enurn. Moll. Sicilian, ii, p. 227, t. 28 f 9, 1844.— JEFFREYS, P. Z. S. 1883, p. 98.— Solariella ottoi Phil ' DALL, Blake Gasterop., Bull. M. C. Z. xviii, p. 381. -Margarita regahs VERRILL and SMITH, Amer. Journ. Sci. 1880, p. 397 ; Trans. Conn. Acad. v, p. 530, t. 57, f. 37 : vi, p. 254, t. 29, f. 14. The description and figures pertain to this species as dredged living, and described by Verrill and Smith as M. regalis. S. VAILLANTI Fischer. Unfigured. Shell umbilicate, conic ; whorls 7, planulate, the first costellate, the rest ornamented with acute tubercles arranged in two spiral cinguli ; last whorl bicingulate at the periphery, above provided with a beaded sutural cingulus, beneath sculptured with 5 concentric lira? Alt. 7, diam. 8 mill. (Fischer.) Portugal, 1224 meters. Trochus vaillanti FISCHER, Journ. de Conchyl. ] 882, p. 50. Said by Jeffreys to be a synonym of S. ottoi Phil. S. LUSITANICA Fischer. Unfigured. Shell umbilicate, orbicular-conic ; whorls 7, regularly increasing spirally delicately cingulate, decussated by very minute arcuate costelbe, with an acute prominent median carina; last whorl bicarinate, a little convex beneath, sculptured with concentric lines vanishing in the middle ; umbilicus funnel-shaped, acutely augulate 21 322 SOLARIELLA. at margin ; aperture rhomboidal ; columella margin subdentate at base. Alt. 5, diam. 7 mill. (Fischer.} Portugal, 3307 meters. Trochus (Solariella) lusitanicus FISCHER, Journ. de Conchyl. 1882, p. 51. S. LISSOCONA Ball. PI. 48, figs. 23, 24. This species belongs to the same group as the last three mentioned species, but is nearest to the last. The shell is more simply conical, consisting of six and a half whorls, which glisten with that peculiar spun-glass or flossy luster noticeable in so many abyssal species; the nuclear whorls as in the last ; then the sculpture consists of two lines closely appressed to the sutures, less prominent and less con- spicuously provided with the angular projections than in the last species. Between the upper and lower lines the surface of the whorl is smooth, except for lines of growth, shining as above described, and seems even a little concave. The nodules on the upper carina of one whorl fit into the spaces between the nodules on the lower carina of the preceding whorl, and thus alternate along the line of the suture and give it a wavy character. The carina on the last whorl is seen to be formed by two threads, which constitute the periphery, with fainter angularities than the others. The base is somewhat inflated, with two sharp, smooth threads between the periphery and the nodulate boundary of the small funnel-shaped umbilicus. The lines of growth are much as in the last species, the umbilicus is not in- fringed upon by any reflection of the pillar-lip, and the aperture is about as wide as high, and less distinctly rectangular. Alt. 5'5, diam. of base, 4'5. Lat. of aperture, 2 mill. (Dall.~) Northern Central Gulf of Mexico, 331 fms. Margarita lissocona DALL, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 41, 1881 ; Solari- ella lissocona DALL, Bull. M. C. Z. xviii, p. 381. t. 21, f. 8 1889. S. LACUNELLA Dall. PI. 51, figs. 32, 33. Shell in general form and sculpture much resembling the last, but, without the nacreous coloring, stouter and coarser in every respect, whorls five, the revolving threads on the upper side of the whorls only seven in number (on the last whorl), of which the inner two are crenulated by the radiating plications which otherwise are visible only as radiating threads in the interspaces, the base rounded with nine flattened revolving ribs separated only by incised lines and crossed by delicate lines of growth. The umbilicus much SOLARIELLA. 323 smaller than in the last, bordered by two nodulous ribs with a remarkably deep groove between them ; aperture as in the last, but not so distinctly angulated ; shell variously painted with brown on a yellowish-white ground ; one specimen has five distinct brown patches on the upper side of the last whorl, another has more numerous radiating brown streaks ; the base is whitish, and in adults there is a thickening of the inside of the aperture all around, but least on the pillar. Alt. 4'5, maj. diam. 5'0. Diam. of aperture, 2'25 ; of umbilicus, 1-0 mill. (Dall) Off Santa Cruz, 115 fms. ; Off North Carolina Coast, 25-124 fms. Margarita maculata DALL, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 43, 1881, not of Searles Wood, 1842. — M. lacunella DALL op. tit., p. 102. — Solariella lacunella DALL, Blake Gasterop., Bull. M. C. Z. xviii, p. 381, t. 21, f. 1, 1889. This species is nearest to Tr. cinctus Phil., but differs in so many details of sculpture that I do not see my way clear to unite them at present. The coloration is variable ; some are clouded with olive and others with pinkish brown. A variety depressa has the spire low and somewhat tabulated by a smooth space betwreen the suture and the spiral ribs. (Dull.) S. IRIS Dall. PL 51, figs. 30, 31. Shell thin, brilliantly nacreous, inflated, depressed-conical, five whorled ; spire obtuse ; nucleus polished, smooth, very minute ; re- mainder of shell sculptured with fine revolving lines, subequal, about as wide as the interspaces, about eighteen at the beginning of the last whorl ; these are crossed by slight plications, beginning near the suture, becoming nodulous on a single prominent thread a little way from the suture (which is thus made to appear somewhat channelled), becoming faint about the middle of the upper side of the whorl, and entirely disappearing before reaching the periphery ; the revolving lines are fainter on the rounded base; the umbilicus is wide and funnel-shaped, bordered by a strong keel with about twenty-five rounded nodules, the inner walls of the umbilicus with strong revolving lines delicately reticulated by the lines of growth. The whorls are rounded, with no carina at the periphery ; the pillar thin, arched not reflected ; the aperture nearly round, but angulated above by the sutural thread, and below by the umbilical keel ; edges 324 SOLARIELLA. simple not thickened ; operculum thin, corneous, multispiral ; shell nacreous, with delicate suffused splashes of brown. Alt. 5, maj. diam. 5'5. Diam. of aperture, 2 ; of umbilicus, 2*75 mill. (Dall) Sand Key, 119 fms. Margarita iris DALL, Bull. M. C. Z. separated, the rest closer ; aperture rounded-subquadrate ; columella sinuous, brilliantly pearly. Alt. 43, diam. 30 mill. (Lischke.) Jedo, Jap'in. Trochus argenteo-niiens LISCIIKE, Jap. Meeres-Conchyl. iii, p. 66, t. 4, f. 1, 1874. A handsome and distinct species. C. CONSORS Lischke. PI. 63, figs. 22, 23. Shell broadly conical, apex acute, imperforate, rather thin, en- circled by very many narrow, unequal, subtly granulose or cren- uhited riblets, as wide or narrower than the interspaces ; pale tawny, flamed with deeper color, and articulated on the riblets with dark dots ; whorls 8, separated by a suture not profound, margined, acutely angled in the middle; last whorl wide, furnished with another angle on the base ; base convex, inulti-lirate ; aperture rhomboid-orbicular ; columella arcuate, pearly, bordered outside by a semilunar pit; throat obsoletely sulcated, nearly smooth. Alt. 25, diam. 24 mill. (Lischke.) Jedo, Jdji'iii. Trochus censors LISCHKE, Jap. Meeres-Conchyl., p. 65, t. 4, f. 2, 3, 1874. C. MONILIFERUM Lamarck. PI. 63, fig. 17. The typical form of this shell is known to me only by the figures cited below. Fischer repeats Lamarck's diagnosis. The T. alwince of Lischke (pi. 63, figs. 15, 16) differs somewhat in the contour of the columella. The following description is translated from Lischke's: Shell broad conic, oblique, apex acute, rather thin, whitish, with a silvery sheen from the underlying pearly layer ; whorls 8, nearly flat, encircled by very numerous very finely granose riblets, and in the middle by a series of equidistant tubercles ; the suttire has a series of numerous little tubercles close above it, and beneath it a row of short oblique folds ; last whorl equaling about two-fifths the total altitude, sub-bicarinated by two series of tubercles; base scarcely convex, sculptured by numerous granose spiral riblets, cut by incre- mental stride ; umbilicus narrow, nearly covered by a plate-like dilation of the columella, and bounded outside by a porcelain- white 348 CALLIOSTOMA. fascicle, the latter separated from the rest of the base by a furrow, and a second furrow runs spirally into the umbilicus. The concave columella passes gradually into the basal lip. The aperture is very oblique, is oval-rounded, rather widened ; the throat shows lines corresponding to the outer sculpture, and is beautifully pearly. Alt. 37, diam. 36 mill. (Lisch/ce.) Ins. Kiushiu, Japan* Tr. moniliferus LAM., Encyc. Meth., p. 445, fig. 2 ; An. s. Vert, vii, p. 26.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 73, t. 16, f. 2 (not T. monilifer Lam., nor T. moniliferus Phil.). — Tr. alwitm LISCHKE Mai. Blatt. xviii, p. 149, 1871 ; Jap. Meeres-Conchyl. ii, p. 84, t. 6, f. 17-19 ; Dkr., Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 259. This shell is the type of Fischer's section Lischkeia. C. AUSTRALIS Broderip, PI. 18, fig. 23. Shell, conical, granulate cingulate, with a larger supra-sutural cingulus, buff or nearly white, painted with spots of reddish or viola- ceous ; whorls plane ; base flat, imperforate, throat silvery. (Brod.) Australia. Tr. australis BROD., Zool. Journ. v, p. 331, tab. suppl. 49, f. 3. 1830 (not T. (Monodonta) australis Lam.) — Tr. broderipi PHILIPPI. Conchyl. Cab., p. 257, t, 38, f. 5. Compared by Philippi (who had not seen the shell) with T. geni- mosus Rve. and nobilis Phil. In outline the figure resembles T. (Odontotrochus) c/ilorostomus Mke., but that shell has a strong tooth at the base of columella. C. FRAGUM Philippi. PI. 18, figs. 13, 14. Shell conical, sub perforate, pale purplish-brown, painted with whitish stripes, with 4 distant series of granules ; whorls 8, basal margins of the whorls prominent, granulate ; interstices very delicately obiquely striate ; base little convex, sculptured with 8 flat subgranose concentric lira?, each one divided by a furrow into two parts, alternating with narrow elevated lines ; aperture rhom- boidal, smooth, columella but little oblique, subtrtmcate at base. Alt. 14, diam. 12 mill. (Phil.) Habitat unknown. Tr.fragum PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1848, p. 106; Conchyl. Cab., p. 257, t. 38, f. 4. — Zizyphinus fragum Phil., RVE, Conch. Icon., f. 47. CALLIOSTOMA. 349 May be a Thalotia, allied to T. pyrgos, one of Philippi's own species. C. DFCORATA Philippi. PL 66, fig. 31. Shell turreted-conical, imperforate, brownish-ashen ; whorls 9, nearly plane, with an elevated cingulus above and below, cut into granules by impressed longitudinal and transverse lines, encircled by three series of granules on a reddish-brown ground, the granules alternately white and black ; the interstices have one or two elevated lines. Angle of the last whorl rounded, base pretty convex, with about 8 elevated weakly granulated concentric lira?, the granules alternately whitish and dark brown. Columella somewhat oblique, subtruncate at base, obviously separated from the basal lip by a siiuis. Alt. 20, diarn. 15 mill. (Phil) Port Jackson and Brisbane, Australia. Tr. decoratus PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1846, p. 102 ; Ccnchyl. Cab., p. 59, t. 13, f. 1. — Ziziphinus decoratus Phil. REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 28.— ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 188.— Tr. (Zizyphinus) decoratus Phil., WATSON, Challenger Gasterop., p. 54. — Tr. (Calliostoma) decor- atus E. A. SMITH, Zool. Coll. H. M. S. 'Alert,' p. 73. Smith says : The interior of the aperture of this species, close to the outer and basal margin, is thickened with a whitish and more or less cloudy pearly deposit, which conceals to some extent the beautiful iridescence observable further within. C. NOBILIS Philippi. PI. 15, figs. 47, 48, 49. Shell imperforate, acutely conical, rather thin ; whorls 10, plane, the first eroded, smooth, following whitish buff, radiately flamed with brown and reddish, spirally cingulate, cinguli 6, granose, the upper 5 small, separated by equal interstices, lower cingulus wider, more prominent, subcrenate ; last whorl acutely carinated ; base con- centrically encircled by about 7-8 granose cinguli, alternately buff and rose colored ; aperture subquadrate ; lip plicate ; columella sub- arcuate, base subnodose, with a parallel groove. Alt. 22, diam. 22 mill. (Fischer.) Australian coasts ; Swan River ; St. Vincent's Gulf, Darnley Id., Torres Sts., 25 fms. T. nobilis PHILIPPI Conchyl. Cab., p. 86, t. 15, f. 6, t. 38, f. 1.— FISCHER Coq. Viv., p. 309, t. 98, f. 2.— Ziziphinus nobilis Phil. REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 10. — BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ii, p. 44, 1878. — Tr. rubiginosus VALENCIENNES, Voy. de la Venus, 350 CALLIOSTOMA. t. 4, f. l.—Z. splendidus Phil. REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 11.— Tr. splendidus PHILIPPI, olim, see Conchyl. Cab., p. 255. Reeve's figure of the form called splendidus by Philippi, but afterward said by him to be a var. of nobilis, is given on pi. 15, fig. 49. C. POUPINELI Montrouzier. PI. 17, fig. 41. Shell imperforate, elevated-conical, apex acute, ornamented all over with close obliquely grained spiral riblets, 2 supra marginal riblets stronger ; shining, subcrystalline, fleshy-white, marked by re- mote reddish dots on the supra sutural rib. Whorls 8, separated by impressed sutures, subconcave above, a little tumid and very obtusely subcarinated below, the base plano-convex. Aperture oblique, sub- rhomboidal, throat pearly and sulcate inside, brilliantly nacreous, the pearl not attaining to the edge of the lip, which is sharp and finely crenulated ; columellar margin thick, subvertical, with a small tubercle. Alt. 12, diam. 8 mill. (Fischer.) New Caledonia. T. (Ziziphinus) poupineli MONTROUZIER Journ. de Conchyl. 1875, p. 40, t. 4, f. 6.— FISCHER, 1. c., p. 49, and 1878, p. 210 ; Coq. Viv., p. 387, 1. 116, f. 3.— Z. comptus Ai>. P. Z. S. 1854, p. 38.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 48 (not T. comtus Phil., also a Calliostoma). I follow Fischer in rejecting the name comptus on account of its essential identity with comtus of Philippi. C. LEGRANDI Tenison-Woods. PI. 66, fig. 23. Shell straightly conical, imperforate, solid, rather thick, yellowish- flesh-color ; sculptured spirally with numerous smooth riblets, alter- nately larger and smaller, 8 or 9 on the penultimate whorl, about 14 on the base, some of the interstitial ones near the axis quite small, the outer ones subequal in size. Spire conic, its outlines straight ; sutures scarcely visible except for a slightly wider cingulus above them. Whorls about 6, flat, the last angular, nearly flat beneath, shortly deflexed at aperture in the only specimen before me. Aper- ture rhomboidal, oblique, with a couple of prominent riblets inside the upper lip, basal lip thickened, columella straight or a trifle projecting in the middle. Alt. 13, diam. 13 mill.; aperture (meas. inside) alt. 6, diam. 6 mill. Chappell Id., Bass's St., Tasmania. CALLIOSTOMA. 351 Ziziphinus legrandi TEX.- WOODS, Proc. & Rep., Roy. Soc. Tas- mania, 1875, p. 154. A small smooth-ribbed form, allied, according to Tenison-Woods to Z. incertus Rve. C. IXCERTUM Reeve. PI. 17, fig. 37. This reversed species is known to me only by- Reeve's illustration (pi. V, fig. 28). The accompanying page of text is lacking in the copy of the Iconica in the Academy library. C. ALLPORTI Tenison-Woods. PL 66, fig. 22. Shell small, conical imperforate, solid, white, the 6 or 7 whorls en- circled by series of granules, 6 in number on the penultimate and upper surface of last whorl, the beads distinct, rounded; base with about 10 scarcely granulous concentric lira?. Spire conic, its outlines straight ; apex acute, suture linear ; body-whorl angular at periph- ery, a little convex beneath ; aperture quadrangular, with a couple of rather strong riblets inside the upper outer lip ; basal lip thick- ened ; columella very oblique, a trifle straightened in the middle, rounded. Alt. 7, diam. 6] mill. Islands in Bass's Strait, Tasmania. Ziziphinus allporti TEN.- WOODS, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm., 1875, p. 155. My specimen described above is probably not fully adult. The whorl is a trifle deflexed at the aperture, as in (7. legrandi; and like that shell, there are a pair of rather strong spiral lira? within the aperture, which are rather strong near the upper outer lip. Teni- son-Woods describes his shells as having the whorls rather convex, periphery rounded, inter-liral spaces obliquely striate, aperture bi- dentate below, alt. 11, diam. 9 mill., — characters lacking in my specimen, owing, probably to its immaturity and slightly worn condition. C. JUCUXDUM Gould. PL 66, figs. 26, 27, 28. Shell small, solid, low conical, composed of about six conical whorls, with a slight vertical portion at base ; the whorls girdled with fine, uniform, beaded lines, the alternate ones being generally smaller, sometimes even not beaded, and the two basal ones surrounding the vertical portion being larger ; base a little convex, similarly sculptured with about twelve concentric lines, gradually diminishing from the center to the circumference ; the umbilical region color- 352 CALLIOSTOMA. less, not perforated, and with a groove-like impression beside the columella ; aperture rhomboidal-orbiculate ; columella arcuate, smooth ; lip simple ; colors arranged in radiating flammules, alter- nately white, strawberry-red, and pale flesh-color, gradually shaded into each other ; on the base the dark or light-red are distributed along the granules in a somewhat articulated manner ; nacreous be- neath. Alt. 9J, diam. 10 mill. (Gould.) Tr.jucundus GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. iii, p. 91, 1849; U. S. Expl. Exped., Moll., p. 177, f. 209. The excellent description of Gould, given above, corresponds perfectly with a specimen before me. Hutton says that the locality New Zealand, given by Gould, is incorrect. The only shell I have seen is said to come from Rio Janeiro. C. SPECIOSUM A. Adams. PI. 16, fig. 2 ; pi. 67, fig. 42. Shell pyramidal-conical, imperforate, flesh-colored, variegated and punctate with rufous ; whorls plano-concave, sculptured with trans- verse subgranulate alternately smaller and larger lirse, the granules reddish-brown ; last whorl obtusely angular ; base concentrically grooved ; umbilical region impressed, bounded by a rufous callous; aperture subquadrate ; columella solid, subarcuate, scarcely truncate anteriorly ; lip lirate within, the margin subangulate in the middle. (Ad.) Moreton Bay ; Pott Curtis, Queensland, Australia, 7-11 fms. Z. speciosus AD., P. Z. S. 1854, p. 38. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 9a, b. — T. (Calliostoma) speciosus E. A. SMITH, Zool. Coll. H. M. S. ' Alert,' p. 71. Closely allied to C. meyeri Phil, but less angular at periphery, and with an orange columellar streak. Smith (loc. cit.} says : In form this species approaches T. comtus Phil., which however, in addition to difference in color, does not possess the peculiar smooth orange-yellow callosity at the umbilical region, so characteristic of T. speciosus. C. RIOENSIS Dall. PI. 67, fig. 76. Shell elevated-conical, imperforate, thin, flesh colored, with irregular yellowish longitudinal stripes on the upper whorls and small whitish spots on the periphery, the Iira3 of periphery and base articulated with rufous dots. Spire conic, high, its lateral outlines a trifle concave above ; whorls 8, a little convex ; sutures a little CALLIOSTOMA. 353 impressed. Surface covered with narrow, closely beaded spiral line, alternately larger and smaller, the interstices showing rather strong lines of increment. There are 6 principal spirals on the last, the penultimate and next earlier whorls. The penult, and last whorls each have an intermediate smaller spiral in each interstice. There is a slightly larger spiral just above the periphery ; and the peripheral carina is formed of a pair of contiguous riblets ; the base is nearly flat, with 12 subequal concentric spirals, slightly beaded by the light lines of increment. Aperture rhombic, bluish, nacreous and lightly sulcate within ; lip sharp ; columella cylindrical, a little curved, its face pearly, ending below in a slight point. Alt. 15,diam. 13* mill. Off East Coast, S. America, 0-20 fms. C. rioensis BALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1889, t. xii, f. 5 (1890). Closely allied to the shell herein described as C.jucundum Gould. C. TINCTUM Watson. PI. 16, figs. 11, 11 a. Shell small, conical, high spired, flatly rounded on the base, sculptured, creamy white, with faint chestnut specks. Sculpture : longitudinals — there are wrinkled lines of growth above, and on the base fine hair-like stria3. Spirals — there are strong threads parted by slight furrows, 10 above the periphery on the last whorl, 6 on the penultimate whorl, between the second and third threads above the periphery a slightly broader and more distinct furrow occurs ; all the threads are closely packed, with rather coarse round tubercles ; the edge of the base is pretty sharply angulated; the angulation be- comes blunt and rounded toward the mouth ; on the base there are 10 flattish, somewhat, unequal untubercled threads parted by very shallow and narrow furrows, which become somewhat stronger to- ward the pillar. Color creamy, sparsely speckled with small pale chestnut-colored dots. Spire rather high, conical. Apex a little coarse, but small, consists of 1J embryonic whorls, of which the tip is red and elevated, somewhat coarsely but regularly honeycombed. Whorls 6'., conical, with flattened slopes of slow regular increase; the last, which is not large, is angulated at the periphery, descends at the moutn, ancl has a flatly conical, slightly convex base. Suture small, but coarse, and a little impressed. Mouth very oblique, but with a perpendicular pillar; it is nearly square in form; there is very little nacre within. Outer lip thin ; at its insertion it is a good deal drawn in on the base of the shell; it is patulous on the side, 23 354 CALLIOSTOMA. but very little so on the base. Pillar lip is broad, strong, reverted, channelled, twisted, and bluntly angulated, patulous, but not tooth- ed at its junction with the base. Alt. '25, diam. '23 inch. ( Watson.') Off East Moncceur Island, Bass' Straits, in 38 fms. Trochus (Zizipklnus) tinctus WATSON, Challenger Rep., Gasterop., p. 63, t. 17, f. 2. An inconspicuous but pretty little species, which, though small, seems quite full-grown. ( Watson.') C. COMTUM Philippi. PI. 18, fig, 24. Shell conical, imperforate, solid, granulate, flesh-colored, painted with radiating white streaks, the apex blackish-violet. Whorls little convex, the last rounded-angulate, above a little concave, superior whorls with 6 or 8 granulate cinguli, close, separated by a narrow granulate line ; base granose-cingulate, principal cinguli about 8, alternating with smaller ones. Aperture rhomboidal, depressed : columella oblique, subtortuous, cylindrical. (Phil.) The shell is very solid, quite exactly conical. The 3 last whorls are more strongly convex below, the last somewhat concave above ; the uppermost are entirely flat; the basal angle is rounded ; the base plane in a radial direction. The granules of the surface are hemi- spherical, closely crowded ; on the third whorl I count 6 series of them, between them are much narrower granose lines, which become stronger and stronger until they attain the same prominence as the principal series. The sculpture of the base is the same. The aperture is depressed, rhomboidal, the outer lip superficially silicate within, corresponding to the principal lirse of the outer surface. The columella is oblique, somewhat twisted, cylindrical, without tooth at base. It is flesh-colored, with white rays. Alt. 17, diam. 18 mill. (Philippi.} Habitat unknown. Tr. comtus PHIL., Conchyl. Cab., t. 324, t. 46, f. 6. C. TICAONICUM A. Adams. PI. 1, fig. 4. Shell elevated conical, perforate, buff or flesh-color, ornamented at the suture with lirse articulated with rufous; whorls little rounded, longitudinally striate, apex blackish-purple ; last whorl subangular ; base a little convex, sculptured with rufous-articulated cinguli ; CALLIOSTOMA. 355 aperture subquadrate ; columella straight, subtruncated anteriorly ; aperture white inside. (Ad.) Island of Ticao, Philippines, 6 fins. Z. ticaonicus AD., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 167. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 43. C. DECUSSATUM A. Adams. PI. 17, fig. 33. Shell elevated-conic, sub perforate, whitish, ornamented with green longitudinal ruaculations ; whorls plane, margined and a little prom- inent at the base ; sculptured with granulate cinguli, decussated by elevated longitudinal lines ; last whorl angulate, base a little convex, ornamented with granulate cinguli ; aperture subquadrate ; columella straight, truncate at base. (Ad.) Calipan, Mindoro, 12 fins. Z. decussatus AD., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 167. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 65. C. JAPONKTM A. Adams. PI. 17, fig. 25. Shell turreted-conic, smooth, shining, imperforate; whorls plane, with two impressed lines at base, the last angulate, red with white and yellow flam mules, base convex, sculptured with articulated cinguli ; aperture subquadrate, iridescent green inside. (Ad.) Japan. Z. japonicus AD., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 167. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 49. Compare Cantkaridus hilaris Lischke, antea, p. 130. C. uxrcrxrruM A. Adams. PI. 17, fig. 34. Shell turreted conical, imperforate, buff; whorls plane, subim- bricating, ornamented at base with slightly prominent cingulus articulated with red, and close transverse lines ; last whorl angulate, base produced, sculptured with concentric lines and an elevated articulated cingulus ; aperture subtrigonal, columella straight, sub- canaliculate at base. (Ad.) Lord Hoods Island, on pearl oysters, 8-10 fins. Z. unicinctus AD., P. Z. S, 1851, p. 167. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., f.. 58. C. PICTURATUM A. Adams. PL 17? fig. 38. Shell turreted-conical, imperforate, green or violaceous, ornamented5! with undulating bands and zizgag lines ; whorls plane, basal manrin crenulated, sculptured with transverse impressed lines ; last whorl 356 CALLIOSTOMA. angulated, the base a little convex ; aperture subquadrate, white in- side ; coluraella incurved, base truncate. (Ad.) Delaquete, Id. of Negros, 7 fins. Z. 'picturatus A. AD., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 168.— KEEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 53. C. POLYCHROMA A. Adams. PI. 17, fig. 31. Shell turreted-conic, perforate, green, painted with undulating white bands, varied with buff angular lines; whorls plane, subini- bricating ; ornamented with a slightly prominent articulated margin, subdistant impressed transverse lines, and longitudinally substriate ; last whorl angulate, base a little convex, sculptured with cinguli articulated with buff; aperture subquadrate, green inside ; columella straight subtruncate at base. (Ad.) Island of Masbate, 7 fins. Z. polychroma AD. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 168. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., £ 40. — BRAZIER Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales ii, 1878, p. 45. Brazier gives Cape York, N. Australia, 11 fms., as an additional locality. C. DUPLICATUM A. Adams. PL 17, fig. 26. Shell turreted-conic, imperforate ; whorls convex, ornamented with granose cinguli, with two larger more prominent cinguli at base ; interstices longitudinally striate ; large whorl subrounded, base a little convex, sculptured with granose cinguli ; aperture subrotund ; lip lirate within ; columella terminating in a tubercle at base. (Ad.) Habitat unkiioirn. Zizyphinns duplicatus AD., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 168. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 55. C. ELEGANTULUM A. Adams. PL 66, fig. 29. Shell conical, imperforate, buff; whorls plane, encircled by distant elevated violet beaded lines, alternately smaller, the interstices longitudinally striate ; base nearly plane, ornamented with 4 violet cinguli; aperture subquadrate, white inside; columella subtruncate at base. (Ad.) Malacca, 10 fins. Z.-elegantulus AD., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 167. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 38. CALLIOSTOMA. 357 C. ZEBUEXSIS (A. Adams) Reeve. PL In, fig. 44. Shell stoutly conical, whitish, variegated with pale blue-green, whorls rounded, closely finely ridged throughout, minutely crenulated below the sutures, ridges smooth, rather sharp. The ridges of this little species are unusually fine and sharp, with no indications of granules. (Rve.~) Zebu, Philippines. Z. zebuensis (" Adams MSS.") REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 63 (1863). C. GEMMOSUM Reeve. PI. 15, fig. 40. Shell rather tumidly conical, solid, whorls slopingly convex, densely strongly grained, here and there linearly engraved, lines obliquely minutely crenulated, basal margin obtusely rounded ; golden straw- color, engraved lines chocolate-purple. Strongly grained upon a bright golden straw-color, enlaced with engraved lines of a deep chocolate-purple, (five.) Puerto- Galero, Island of Mindanao, Philippines, 6 fms. Tr. gemmosus REEVE, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 184; Conch. Syst. ii, p. 165, t 218, f. 9 ; Z. gemmosus Conch. Icon., f. 23. C. VEXILLUM Reeve. PL 15, fig. 43. Shell conical, white, broadly striped with green, whorls rudely convex, smooth, spirally linearly engraved. A shell of simple form, with no sculpture excepting faintly engraved spiral lines, (five.) Australia. Z. vexillum RVK, Conch. Icon., f. 59 (1863). C. SIMILARTS Reeve. PL 15, figs. 38, 39. The text describing this species is missing in the copy of the Iconica accessible to me. Palm Id., N. E. Australia, 8 fms. ; Lizard Id., Torres Sis. Z. simila^is REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 32a, b. — BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. X. S. Wales ii, p. 44 (1878).— Trochus (Zi«.) similaris Rve., WATSON, Challenger Gasterop., p. 55. C. FLAMMIGER Dunkcr. PL 66, fig. 34. Shell conical, solid, glabrous, yellowish-white, painted with un- dulating lines and flames of buff; whorls 10, plano-convex, separated by distinct sutures, the last obtusely angular at the circumference ; base a little convex, unicolored buff, in the middle white, marked with a few umbilical sulci ; aperture rounded-tetragonal. (Dkr.) Habitat unknown. 358 CALLIOSTOMA. T.flammiger DKR. P. Z. S., 1856, p. 355. — Zizyphinus flammiger Dkr., REEVE, Conch. ICOD., f. 52. C. OCELLATUM Reeve. PI. 17, fig. 23. Shell rather broadly conical, reddish fulvous, ocellated with brown- shaded white spots ; whorls concavely impressed round the upper parts, then rounded, spirally grain-ridged throughout. Rather con- stricted below the sutures, then rounded and ocellated with shaded opaque-white spots. (jR-ye.) Habitat unknown. Z. ocellatus RVE., Conch. Icon., f. 61 (1863). Compare C. jucundum Gould. C. INTERRUPTUM Wood. PI. 17, figs. 21, 22. Shell erectly conical, grayish-white, encircled by fine blue-black interrupted lines, minutely articulated at the sutures; whorls flatly sloping, spirally finely ridged, interstices minutely crenulately striate. A very distinct erectly-conical shell, painted in an elaborately tessellated manner. {Reeve.) Habitat unknown. Z. interrnptus (Wood) REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 64. — Trochus interrupts WOOD, Index test., SuppL, t. 6, f. 42. The original figure of Wood is given on pi. 17, fig. 22. Fig. 21 is from Reeve, the only author who has identified the species. C. SCOBINATTJS (Adams) Reeve. PI. 17, fig. 24. The text to plate 5 of Reeve's monograph of Ziziphinus is lacking in the copy of the Iconica before me. I copy his figure (Icon., t. 5, f. 29) of this species. I do not know where Adams described it, if anywhere. Darnley Id., Torre* Sts., 12 fms. (Brazier). Z. scobinatus (A. Ad.) REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 29. — BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales ii, p. 44, 1878. C. MONILE Reeve. PL 17, fig. 32. Shell erectly conical, rather swollen at the base, transparent white, encircled by a necklace of violet spots ; whorls concavely sloping, spirally ridged, ridges smooth, the two basal ridges more prominent. The necklace of violet spots has an exceedingly pretty appearance on the delicate transparent ground of the shell. (JRve.) Port Curtis ; East Australia. Z. monile REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 39 (1863). CALLIOSTOMA. 359 C. RUBROPUXCTATUM A. Adams. PL 66, fig. 30. Shell small, orbiculate-conic, huffish; ornamented with transverse spinulose cinguli (4 on the last whorl), interstices clathrate, beauti- fully dotted with red. (Ad.) Albany Id., N. Australia, 3-4 fms.; Port Darwin, N. W. Australia, 8-12 fms. Z. rubropunctatus AD., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 167. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 56. — Tr. (Calliostoma) rubropunctatus Ad., SMITH, Zool. Coll. H. M. S. « Alert,' p. 72. Smith (loc. cit.) writes as follows : This is a charming little species, and readily recognized by its peculiar painting and remark- able sculpture. Adams describes the color as " lutescens." I should rather consider it pale fleshy pink, with dark red dots in the inter- stices between the oblique ccstse and the transverse or spiral ridges. The latter are said to be four in number on the last whorl ; but on careful examination I find six, of which four are, however, more prominent than the rest. The upper volutions are encircled by three principal liroe, and a fourth secondary one at the suture. The points of intersection of these spiral ridges and the oblique costas are produced into quite acute nodules or prickles. The base of the shell is almost flat, ornamented with about six concentric line, which are more or less granulous, with the interstices exhibiting strong lines of growth and translucent nacre. The color closely approaches the rest of the surface, varied with brown dots both upon and between the granules. C. VENUSTUM Dunker. PI. 67, fig. 72. Shell of an elevated-conical form, narrow and slender, the lateral outlines of spire straight, the base convex, imperforate. It is strong, solid ; ground color either olive-green or dark red, with narrow longitudinal stripes of white, the periphery of the last whorl some- times articulated with white, and the base either unicolored dark, or finely dotted with white. Whorls 10, the apical one or two convex, smooth, the following flat, finely spirally striate (about 14 striae on the penult, whorl of a large specimen), the last whorl convex at the periphery, angulated there in specimens not completely adult, convex beneath, with 10-12 concentric lirulse there. The entire surface has fine lines of growth ; there is sometimes a slight tendency toward plication on the periphery of the last whorl. Aperture quadrangular, oblique, smooth inside ; basal lip thickened by a straight callous 360 CALLIOSTOMA. inside; columelJa short, vertical, arcuate above, terminating in a truncation or fold-like tooth. Alt. 13, diam. 7 mill. Viti Islands. Ziziphinus venustus DKR., Mai. Bl., xviii, p. 169, 1871. This species has the greastest similarity to the Mediterranean C. striatum Linn. The columella is very strongly folded at the base ; the color is either green or red ; on one shell before me the spire is red, body- whorl greenish. In pattern of color the shells before me differ little. It is possible that some forms included by me in the group of C. exasperatum as synonmyms may prove to be valid species of the south-west Pacific. Reeve and others report such forms (Vide Tr. soda Fischer; goniostomus Mke.). Without specimens from authentic localities this cannot now be decided. The specimens of C. venustwn before me were collected by GARRETT. C. MARMOREUM Pease. PI. 39, fig. 33. Shell elongate-conical, imperforate, but with a groove and pit or even a slight perforation at the place of the umbilicus ; rather solid ; whitish, longitudinally clouded with brown or pink, often showing white opaque scattered dots ; surface polished ; sculpture consisting of numerous broad flat smooth spirals, separated by impressed lines ; there are seven of these flat spiral ribs on the upper surface of the last whorl, the peripheral one larger; the base has numerous concen- tric striae, and about 4 spaced, more impressed grooves ; spire high, lateral outlines nearly straight ; whorls about 8, each one a trifle convex, the last angular at the periphery ; base a little convex ; aperture quadrate ; columella vertical, obliquely truncate at base. Alt. 6, diam. 4 mill. ; alt. 8, diam. 5 mill. Paumotus. Tr. marmoreus PSE., Amer. Journ. Conch, iii, p. 287, t. 24, f. 9. This is a second Polynesian species of Calliostoma which approaches very closely to Mediterranean types. It is smaller than C. venustum, and less abruptly truncated at base of columella. The base of the aperture is not rounded, as the figure shows, but nearly straight. American Species. The West American species fall into three groups, as follows : I. Shell with numerous smooth cord-like spiral riblets, group of C. canaliculatum Mart. II. Shell thin, with numerous granulose spiral riblets. interstitial lirulse few or none, group of C. annulatum Mart. CALLIOSTOMA. 361 III Shell generally swollen or biangular at periphery, spiral strise and lirulse fine, more numerous, closely sharply beaded, group of C. lima Phil. Species of the last group are also found in the Gulf of Mexico and on the east coast of South America, having the same distribution that Chlorostoma (plus Omphalius) has. ( Group of C. canaliculatum MartynJ) C. CANALICULATUM Martyn. PI. 67, fig. 49 ; Vol. X, pi. 41, fig. 34. Conical with flat base, thin, light fawn colored with yellowish- white line ; imperforate ; surface of the whorls encircled by numerous sharply sculptured smooth narrow, cord-like lirse, subequal or alter- nately smaller; base with 11 to 13 similar ones. On the upper whorls the line are fewer, and in well preserved individuals the second whorl is minutely beaded above. Spire conic, with nearly straight outlines ; sutures impressed. Whorls 7-8, the last obtusely angular, flat beneath and impressed around the axis. Aperture oblique, rhombic, iridescent and sulcated inside ; peristome thin, acute; columella straightened, not truncate below, dilated in a pearly iridescent pad above, bounded by an opaque white deposit. Alt. 33, diam. 33 mill. Sitka to San Diego, Cal. Trochus canaliculatus MARTYN, Universal Conchologist, t. 32. — Tr. doliarius CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. Cab. x, p. 228, t. 165, f. 1579, 1580. — PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 11, t. 3, f. 1, 2. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 71, 1. 16, f. 1. — Ziziphinus canaliculatus Mart., REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 18. — Calliostoma canaliculatum Mart, of American authors. — (/) Trochus decarinatus PERRY, Conchology, pi. 47, f. 2. In the case of this species, as in other similar cases, I have preferred Martyn's name to that of Chemnitz. Of course, as Fischer says (Coquilles vivantes, Trochus, p. 72), Martyn's work is simply an iconography, without descriptions ; but the great beauty and accuracy of the figures renders identification easy and certain, and these^ qualities should surely receive the same recognition at our hands that we give to a three-line diagnosis, such as most early authors have given us. The principal objection to the work is the rarity of the original edition — an objection which applies equally to many early authors whose species are universally accepted. Specimens from Vancouver are much smaller than southern shells, and have fewer spiral lirse, the alternate smaller ones being lost ; the 362 CALLIOSTOMA. interstices are chocolate colored. Figure 49 of pi. 67 represents one of these. From C. costatum this species may be known by its flatter whorls, more angular periphery, lighter color, etc. C. COSTATUM Martyn. PI. 16, figs. 6, 9 ; pi. 18, fig. 16. Shell conical, rounded at periphery, base flattened ; im perforate ; solid ; dark chestnut colored, the spiral riblets lighter, apex dark, usually purple. Surface encircled by numerous spiral smooth riblets, their interstices closely finely obliquely striate ; riblets usually 7 to 9 on the penultimate whorl, about 9 on the base. Spire conic ; apex acute ; sutures impressed. Whorls about 7, convex, the last rounded (or a trifle angled) around the lower part, slightly convex beneath ; aperture rounded, oblique, outer lip fluted within, with a beveled opaque white submargin; throat pearly, iridescent; colu- mella simple, arcuate. Alt. 20, diam. 18 mill. Sitka to Monterey and Sta. Barbara Jd. Trochus costatns MART., Univ. Conch., t. 34 (1784). — PHILIPPI Conchyl. Cab., p. 275, t. 40, f. 8 (not Trochus costatus Gmel. 1788, a form of Lamprostoma). — Tr.filosus WOOD, Index test, suppl., t. 5, f. 23 (no description).— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 199, t. 64, f. 3.— Zizy- phinus filosus Wood, REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 27. — Tr. ligatus GOULD, IT. S. Expl. Exped., 1. 12, f. 207. — Tr. castaneus (Xuttall ms) FORBES, P. Z. S. 1850, p. 271, t. 11, f. 9. — Calliostoma eostatam of American authors. — C. splendens CARP., Proc. Cal. Acad. iii, p. 156 (teste Dall, Am. Jour. Conch, vii, p. 126). A species very abundant along the northern Pacific coast ; of its mutations Dr. Dall says: This species passes through a number of variations, which, however, do not obscure the specific characters, The ribs are usually yellowish, smooth with reddish-brown inter- spaces. The apex is blue when eroded. The whole sometimes has a more or less olivaceous cast. The yellow of the apical ribs is usually interrupted by patches of brown. This is sometimes con- tinued on the lower whorls, when the three ribs nearest the suture and often one or two on the carina of the whorls are prettily painted with alternate patches of dark brown and greenish -white. The ribs are more or less prominent, some specimens having them quite sharp while in others they are hardly raised. In one other exquisite, variety the three sutural ribs and their interspaces are of a very rich purple-blue, which is not due to erosion. The umbilical rib is some- times salmon-colored. The nacre is of great brilliancy. Found from CALLIOSTOMA. 363 Sitka to Santa Barbara and San Diego. Mr. Stearns and myself, after an examination of the type, were disposed to consider C. splendens Cpr., as a very young specimen of the blue painted variety above alluded to. ( Group of C. annulatum Mart.) C. ANNULATUM Marty n. PL 67, fig. 43. Shell elevated-conic, imperforate, rather thin ; light yellow, dotted with brown on the spiral rows of grains, the periphery or lower edge of each whorl encircled by a zone of violet or magenta, the axis surrounded by a tract of the same. Surface with numerous granose line, about 7 on the penultimate whorl, 9 or 10 on the base. Spire conical, apex acute, minute, reddish ; sutures slightly impressed. Whoils about 9, slightly convex, the last angular at periphery, flat- tened beneath ; aperture rhomboidal, oblique, fluted within. Alt. 30, diam. 25 mill. Sts. of Fuca to San Diego. Trochus annulatns MART., Univ. Conch., t. 33 (1784). — PHILIPPI, Conch yl. Cab., p. 11, t. 3, f. 3-4.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 74, t. 16, f. 3. — -Zizi/phinus annulatus Mart, REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. CIIENU, Manuel, f. 2666. — Tr. virgineus CHEMNITZ, Conchy 1. Cab. x, p. 165, f. 1581, 1582.— Tr. moniliferus "Lam. " PHIL., Conchyl. Cab., p. 220, t. 33, f. 3 (not of Lamarck). — Calllostoma annulatum of American authors. A lovely shell, the most beautiful of the West Coast Calliostomas. This, like the last two species, was one of these treasures which the famous Captain Cook first brought to Europe. ' C. PLATINUM Ball. PI. 67, fig. 84. Shell conical, imperforate, very thin, nearly smooth, soiled white with a delicate tint of sea-green on the last whorl ; surface slightly shining. The spire is conical, its outlines a trifle concave; whorls 8 ; apex subimmersed, dextral, the first two whorls quite convex, the following whorls slightly convex ; sutures linear, last whorl with a delicate carina at the otherwise blunt periphery ; above this, par- allel with it, there is a narrow raised cord which does not extend above the lower whorl, and will probably be found to be quite inconstant; the whole upper surface of the whorls is traversed by numerous scarcely perceptible spirals ; the base is slightly convex, and has close, unequal spiral striae, coarser near axis and circum- ference. Aperture rather large, subquadrate, beautifully iridescent 364 CALLIOSTOMA. within ; outer lip thin, fragile ; columella vertical, cylindrical, pearly, not toothed at base. Alt. 30, diam. 27 mill. OffSta. Barbara Id., Cat., 414 fms, Callistoma platinum DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1889, t. vii,. f. 2. A lovely shell, very thin, white, with a faint tinge of "robin's egg " blue or green. It seems to group nearer C. annulatum than any other known species. I am indebted to the extreme liberality of Dr. W. H. Dall for the privilege of including this species as well as C. Rioensis, in my monograph, his own descriptions being still in print. C. VARIEGATUM Carpenter. Shell small, conical, variegated ; nucleus rosaceous ; whorls 6, planate ; sutures hardly impressed ; spire with 3 regular, nodulous riblets, the nodules whitish, subdistant ; interstices very elegantly rosy ; lirulse of the base 8, scarcely nodulous, spotted with rosy. Alt. -24, diam. '21 inch. (Qor.) Puget Sound. Calliostoma (f wzr.) variegatum CARPENTER, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1865, p. 61. 'This may prove to be an extreme variety of Cal. annulatum Martyn.' (Cpr.) I have not seen this form. Dr. Dall has expressed to me the opinion that it is a distinct species. The type is, I believe, still unique. Dr. Carpenter would have benefited science more by suppressing than by publishing those miserable descriptions of doubtful forms, some of which in spite of the long-continued labors of Dall, Stearns, Cooper and others, still defy identification except by a journey to where the types are deposited. (Group of C. lima Phil.} C. LIMA Philippi. PI. 67, figs. 55, 56, 57, 58. Conical, imperforate, quite solid and strong, whitish (tinged mere or less with yellow or blue), with irregular, radiating, brownish or bluish-black maculations on the upper surface, the principal spiral lirse sparcely articulated with dark dots ; frequently all color-marks are absent ; the shell is then of a uniform cream color, with bluish or brown apex. There are about 8 whorls, the later ones concave above,. CALLIOSTOMA. 365 swollen at the circumference. The surface is covered with sharply granulose spiral threads; of these, three on the upper surface are slightly larger ; midway between these lie two a trifle smaller ; and the interspaces between these are occupied by still smaller beaded lines ; on the base there are about 8 principal lira?, the interstices and outer portion being occupied by smaller lirulae. The aperture is quite oblique, iridescent and slightly silicate within ; columella -oblique, grayish, a little truncated or obtusely dentate at base. Alt. 25, diam. 25 mill.; alt. 21, diam. 21 mill. Panama ; Acapidco. Tr. lima PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1849, p. 159; Conchyl. Cab., p. 310, t. 44, f. 15.— FISCHER Coq. Viv., p. 331, 1. 103, f. 2.—Zizypkmus antonii Koch, REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. Zl.— Calliostoma (f lima, var.) wquisculpta CPR., P. Z. S. 1865, p. 279 (young shell). This is a beautifully sculptured form. The 1st, 3d, 5th, 7th, 9th, and llth lira? are very small ; the 2d, 6th and 10th large ; the 4th and 8th are intermediate in size. These figures are subject to some variation on account of the occasional interpolation of spiral threads, but they show at least what the system of the sculpture is. Several trays from Panama are before me. Fischer has with doubt identi- fied the T. antonii Koch with this form. It seems to me to be distinct in showing fewer lirse, with plain, unsculptured inter-liral interstices, while this is never the case in lima, every space being occupied by spiral beaded threads, which increase in number, as the shell grows, by interpolation. C. ANTOXII (Koch) Philippi. PI. 67, figs. 46, 47, 48. Shell conical, solid, imperforate, dull flesh colored, granulate ; whorls flat, encircled by 8 unequal series of granules, the second largest ; base roughened by numerous granose cinguli. (Phil.) •The shell is thick, quite conical, and consists of 7-8 whorls, difficult to distinguish in the neighborhood of the apex. These are flat and apparently margined, for one is likely to take the second series of granules of the following whorl for a margin. The whorls show about 8 rows of very pretty granules of three sizes ; the upper, 3d, 5th and 7th rows have th'e smallest granules, the 2d the largest ; the 4th and 6th have middle sized granules. The periphery consists of several closely crowded rows of the smallest size, and is rounded on the lower whorls. The base is slightly convex, with a multitude of granulose series, the granules becoming larger near the center, 366 CALLIOSTOMA. which is a semicircle, its chord being the columella, formed of inferior, gray nacre. The aperture is rhomboidal ; the outer lip has a little distance within a brown streak. The color is dirty flesh color, with a few very pale brown clouds and fewer dark brown points. Alt. 18, diam. 23 mill. (Phil.) Habitat unknown.. T. antonii Koch, PHILIPPI, Abbild. u. Beschreib. i, Trochus, t. 1, f. 4 (1843) ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 105, t. 17, f. 5. This is certainly very close to C. lima. The name has several years priority. See remarks under that species. C. MACANDRE^E Carpenter. PL 17, figs. 35, 36. Shell subelevated, conical, wrhorls a little convex, suture dis- tinct ; red, maculated with paler ; encircled by spiral nodose lines, 6 on the penultimate whorl, the lower two a little larger ; inter- stices impressed, sometimes with intercalated lirulse; tubercles close, rounded ; periphery, slightly angulated ; base ornamented with about 11 scarcely granulose line, interstices broad ; columella scarcely excavated, a little twisted, umbilical region impressed. (Cpr.) Alt. 8-3, diam. 8'4 mill. Var. Shell rufous-browTii. with paler undulating waves ; base red.. Alt. 13, diam. 10* mill. Mazatlan (type) ; Panama (var.) Shell somewhat resembling a variety of T. antonii Koch in Phil., wrhich however has a few granular rows much larger than the rest. which are extremely fine and far apart. The whole upper surface- in T. macandrece is covered with large tubercles. The base in T. antonii is sculptured like the rest of the shell, and the columella has a smooth scooped-out surface, which is wanting in this species. The Mazatlan specimen, perhaps immature, has 7 whorls. The variety from Panama has 9 whorls. ( Cjpr.) Trochus MacAndrece CARP., Cut. ^lazatlan Shells in Brit. Mus. (Reigen Coll.), p. 232, 1857. C. EXIMIUM Reeve. PI. 65, figs. 84-86. Vol. X, pi. 41, fig. 28. Shell conical, imperforate, rather solid and strong, light yellowish or grayish, with irregular bluish-black longitudinal maculations and streaks, the base dotted or with small maculations ; sometimes without dark flames, their place taken by obscure brownish clouding, the larger spiral cords both above and below articulated with deep red. CALLTOSTOMA. 367 There are about 8 whorls, each one more or less markedly biangular at the circumference, the lower angle obtuse, concealed by the suture on the spire, the upper one acute, continuing nearly to the apex ; whorls concave above, slightly excavated around the pe- riphery, a little convex beneath; encircled by numerous unequal spiral threads, the larger ones beaded, the smaller irregularly crenated by rather decided incremental striae. Base radiately striate, with about 8 to 12 smooth spirals, their interstices without secondary riblets. Aperture oblique, rhomboidal ; columella heavy, smooth, its face concave, obtusely subdentate at base. Alt. 24, diam. 23 mill. Mazatlan ; Cape St. Lucas ; fossil in post tertiary at San Ignacio Lagoon. Tr. versicolor, MENKE, Zeitschr f. Mai., 1850, p. 172. — CARPENTER, Mazatlan Cat., p. 231.— T. eximius REEVE, P. Z. S. 1842, p. 185; Conch. Syst. ii, p. 165, t. 208, f. 12. — Zizyphinus eximius REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 25 (1863). — T. eximius Rve., PHILIPPI, Conchy 1, Cab., p. 218, t. 32, f. 9.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 196, t. 64, f. 1 ; And of most American authors. — (?) Zizyphinus Californicus A. AD. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 168.— T. ceratus FISCHER, ms. Coq. Viv., p. 333. Reeve gives Panama for locality. None of the shells before me come from south of Mazatlan. The species is more obviously bicarintite than C. lima, far less granulose, and with different base- sculpture. C. palmeri Dall is allied, but more granulose, with differently colored, more excavated columella. C. ADSPERSUM (Beck) Philippi. PI. 18, figs. 1, 2. Shell conical, im perforate, whitish -gray, flammulate with rufous, encircled by delicate granulate threads ; whorls plane, angulated a little above the sutures, the last biangulate ; base a little convex, with 9 to 10 concentric, little elevated smooth lirse ; aperture rhom- boidal, angles rounded ; columella oblique, cylindrical, subdentate at base. (Phil.) The shell is pretty solid, exactly conical. The whorls are even, with a sharp carina close above the lower suture ; the last whorl showing beneath this one a second rounded carina, bounding the base. The sculpture of the upper surface consists of fine thread-like or hair-like granulate spirals. I count five of them, the last forming the sharp carina over the suture ; in the interstices there are finer granulose lines. The base shows smooth, little-raised concentric 368 CALLIOSTOMA. line, nearly as broad as their interstices. The columella is bounded, by a pit at its insertion. The color is pale, with indistinct rust- brown flames, clouds and dots. Alt. 16, diam. 17 mill. Brazil. Zizyphinium adspersum BECK (in Roy. Mus. of Berlin). — Trochus eximius PHILIPPI, Abbild. i, Trochus, t, 4. f. 7 (not of Reeve). — Tr. adspersus Beck, PHIL., Conchyl. Cab., p. 217, t. 32, f. 8. May be a synonym of C. eximium, but is more depressed than any specimen of that species I have ever seen. C. PALMERI Dall. Shell shaped like C. eximium Reeve, but rather more depressed, of seven whorls, glistening and polished, though sculptured with finely granulated, revolving lines. Upper whorls carinate and shouldered, last whorl bicarinate. Sculpture consisting above of about fifteen revolving, elevated, finely granulated lines, alternately spotted with light yellow, brown and white ; basal surface with about eleven similarly colored ribs, which are not granulated, but have the interspaces slightly decussated by the lines of growth. Upper sur- face also painted with narrow waved white and broad livid patches, which are absent below. Umbilical region cobalt blue, or blue- purple, rather excavated, and bordered by a carina ; mouth sub- quadrate, brightly pearly ; columella arcuate, white ; tooth-like process blue. Nucleus of two and a half whorls, flesh color, with revolving lines. (DalL) Alt. 15, diam. 15 mill. Guaymas, Mexico. It is nearest to eximium, from which it is readily distinguished by the blue umbilical region and the different coloration of the revolving ribs, which in eximium, are much less prominent and are mostly colored with alternate purple, black and white instead of brown and white. The color and sculpture differs from that of C. lima, which is granulate on the base and wants the upper carina. (Dall.) Calliostoma palmeri DALL, Am. Jour. Conch, vii, p. 125. This pretty shell is evidently intermediate between C. eximium and C. tricolor, but as far as my material goes, seems to be distinct from both. I have copied Dr. DalPs description and comments. C. GLORIOSUM Dall. PI. 67, fig. 70. Shell six-whorled, acute, whorls gently rounded, with fine, revolv- ing, thread-like ribs ; four or five ribs near the suture granulated. Last whorl roundly carinated, base flattened, with about twenty-five CALLIOSTOMA. 369 revolving stria?. Columella thick, not reflected, but base somewhat grooved or depressed behind it. Aperture about one-third of the length of the whole shell, rhomboidal, pearly, smooth. Shell of a beautiful light salmon color, ornamented near the suture and carina with alternate patches of light yellow and chestnut-brown. (Dall.) Alt. 17, diam. 15 mill, (specimen); Alt I'l, diam. '9 in. (Z)a//.) Monterey Bay, California. This elegant species was first referred by me to the Calliostoma 8upra, unequal. Aperture injured, angulated. (Phil.) Tr. suturalis PHIL., Enuin. Moll. Sicil. i, p. 185, t, x, f. 2o. — JEFFREYS P. Z. 6. 1883, p. 99. This Pliocene fossil of Calabria and Sicily has been dredged living in the Bay of Biscay and Gulf of Marseilles by the ' 7T/vm//Y/r/rr ' and at numerous points in the Atlantic and Mediterranean by the 'Porcupine'. It lives in 174-1025 fms. Jeffreys says : The small fossil originally described and figured by Philippi did scant justice to this beautiful shell, which has now been discovered to he still living. My finest specimens are about seven-tenths of an inch in length and breadth ; the color is cream, with the tint of a blush rose ; and the sculpture is variable as regards the beaded rows of strise. Young specimens have a deep umbilicus which is inclosed within a sharp ridge. The callous which covers the umbilicus in the adult is proportionally thinner than in BaHiynurpliiln etira Di\\\. C. FOLINI Fischer. Unfigured. Shell covered umbilicate, corneous, little elevated, whitish flesh colored; suture piano-canaliculate; whorls scarcely convex, the penultimate minutely ornamented with 11 spiral, elegantly beaded line; beneath marked with 12 simple or divided, scarcely gran ulose line ; umbilical area bounded by a spiral sulcus, covered by a central callous ; aperture oblique, subquadrate. Alt. 13, diam. 17 mill. (Fischer.) Algeria, 900 meters. Ziziphinus Folini FISCHER, Journ. de Conchyl., 1882, p. 50. Said by Jeffreys to be a variety of T. suturalis, Phil. < ALLIOSTOMA. 387 (Group of C. miliaris Brocc.) C. MILFARIS Brocchi. PI. 18, figs. 10, 11 ; pi. 15, figs. 41, 42. Shell strictly conical, imperforate, rather thin, but pretty solid, whitish or yellowish^ with more or less obvious longitudinal flame^ often reduced to a few spots on the ribs and a row of spots at the periphery of each whorl. Surface densely finely sculptured ltf spiral lirce crossed by very regular oblique lamella, producing a clatkrate patt rn, spiral lirse about (> in number on each whorl, but often double as many, by the intercalation of riblets in the interstices. The periphery has a prominent keel, cord-like, with secondary spiral strhe, or bifid, cut into compressed granules, somewhat prominent above sutures. The base has about 8 concentric ribs, interstices 1'atelv striate, sometimes with a central riblet. Spire coni.-al • periphery acutely angled, base fiat. Whorls about 7, aperture quad- rangular, columella short, nearly straight. Alt. 13, diam. 13 mill. Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas; Atlantic Ocean, Xor.ca,, to Gibraltar; Cape, Verde Is.; Miocene of Vienna, Italy, etc. Tr. miliaris Biiorc. Conch, fbss. Subap., p. 353, t. 6, f. 1 (1814) -Rrsso, Km-. Merid. iv., p. 130.— PHILIPPI, Conchyl.' Cab,, p. 71 *" 1:;j' f" 19-— BUQ- DAUTZ. and DOLLF., Moll, du Rouss., p. 357] t. 42, f. 20-25.— Trochus martini BROWN, 111. Conch. Gt. Brit., p.' 29, t. 57, f. 11 (1827).— THORPE, Brit. Mar. Conch., p. 164, t. 3, f. -7V. willa/num* PHILIPPJ, Enurn. Moll. Sicil. i, p. 183, t !()' f 25 (1836) ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 88, t. 15, f. 9.— JEFFREYS, Brit.' Conch' in, p. 325 ; v, p. 204, t. 63, f. 4.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv, p. 146, t. 49 l.—Conulus millegranus Phil., SARS, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p! 43, t. iv, f. 3 (Dentition).— Ziziphinm millegranus Phil. BRUSIXA bntr. pella Fauna Dalm, p. 79.— T. delandi WOOD, Ind. test! suppl., t. 5, f. 15.— T. clelandianis LEACH, Synops. Moll. Gt. Brit.,' P- !<"-• — T. elegans JEFFR., teste Jeffreys. The clathrate sculpture is very characteristic. ( Group of C. zizyphinum Linn.) ^ The Mediterranean species of Calliostoma immediately allied to C. zizyphinum form a group very closely allied in characters, and at the same time each species is excessively variable. The char- acters common to the group are the straightJy conoidal .outline gran- ulate upper whorls, the lower ones polished and either smooth or spirally sulcate. The following species are included: zizyphinum conidiim, gualterianum, laugieri, etc., each with numerous synonyms' CALLIOSTOMA. C. ZIZYPHINUM Linne. PI. 65, figs. 90, 91, 92. Shell conical, im perforate, solid ; ground color fawn, whitish, lilac or yellowish brown, with (generally) a series of brown spots on the periphery, and radiately clouded with brown on the upper surface; the base unicolored or obscurely radiately streaked. Spire conic, outlines straight, apex minute, composed of a single smooth rounded whorl, several whorls following each with 4 granose spiral ridges ; these become smooth and either obsolete or narrow on the later whorls. The periphery is angular, encircled by a smooth rounded rib which becomes a supra-sutural band or fasciole on the spire; whorls about 9, plane, base nearly flat, aperture quadrate, columella nearly straight, cylindrical. Alt. 27, diam. 28 mill. ; alt. 35, diam. 35 mill. Mediterranean and Adriatic. Seas. T. zizyphinus Linn., Syst. Nat. xii, p. 1231 (176(5).— And of LAMARCK, Risso, PAYRAUDEAU, WEINKAUFF, BUQUOY, DAUTZ., and DOLLF., FISCHER, and other writers on Mediterranean shells. — T. polymorphic CANTRAINE (in part), Diagn. Esp. nouv., p. 10 (1835). — T. conulus var. ft. PHIL., Enum. Moll. Sicil. i, p. 175. — ZizijjJtinun Linncei MONTEROSATO, Nom.gen. e. Spec., p. 44 (1884). — T. discre- pans BROWN, Mem. Wern. Soc. ii, p. 519, t. 24, f. 4. — Zizyphinus conuloides Lam. REEVE (part), Conch. Icon.,f. 16b, 16c. — Z. Hume! MONTS., with vars. dilatata, rotundata, scalar Is, simulants, violacea, pallida (= cornea and albina) MONTS., Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. 1889, p. 77. — Z. demissus MONTS., Nom. Gen. e. Spec., p. 44 ; Bull. S. M. Ital. '89, p. 78. — Z. typus NARDO, Sinon. modern a, 1847, p. 70 (-f Z. dalmaticus Monts. MS., Z. novegradensis Brus. MS., Z. conuloides Auct., not Lam.,) teste MONTS., Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. 89, p. 78. — Z. virescens (Ren.) Auct. MONTS., /. c., p. -79. — Z. vulgaris Gray, AD., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 163.— Z. albidus WOOD, Ind. testaceol. suppl., t. 5. f. 14. — Tr. cingulatus BROCCHT, Conch, foss. subap., p. 351, t. 5, f. 15. —Phil Conchy!. Cab., p. 67, t. 13, f. 12. Var. conuloides Lam. T. conuloides LAM., An. s. Vert, vii, p. 24 (1822). — POT. and MICH., Galerie de Douai, i, p. 330. — PETIT, Journ. de Conch. 1852, p. 177. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 81, t. 18, f. 3. — BUQ., DAUTZ. and DOLLF., Moll, du Rouss., p. 347. — T. polymorplius CANTRAINE, in part. — T. zizyphinus PHIL., Conchyl. Cab., p. 62, t. 13, f. 6. — JEFFREYS, Brit. Conch, iii, p. 330; v, p. 204, t. 63, f. 6.— SARS, CALLIOSTOMA. Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 141, t, iv, f. 4 (Dentition).— HIDALGO, Mol. mar. Esp t. 59, f. 4, 5.— T. Icevigata J. SOWBV Min. Conch., t. 181, f. l.— T. Cranchianus, and T. irregularis LEACH, Synops. Moll. . Brit.^(ed. Gray), p. 173, 171.— T. chemnitzii PHIL., Conchyl. Cab., p. 63, t. 13, f. 7.— MONTEROSATO, Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., 1889, p. 79 (-1- multisulcosa Hidalgo MS., -f granulifera Jeffr.)— T. agrestis PHIL., Abbild. i, Trochus, t. 1, f. 6 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 66, t. 13, f. IS.—T.flavws ANTON, Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1848, p. 105.— PHIL Conchyl. Cab., p. 256, t. 38, f. 3.— REEVE, f. 33. The synonymy of the two varieties is given separately above. The typical T. zizyphinus of Linnaeus is the large handsome form found m the Mediterranean. It is smooth, or has only slightly developed spiral riblets on the lower whorls. The upper (3 to 6) ones are densely granulate, showing the affinity of the form to C. graniilatum Born, etc. The following mutations have received names : Var. cingulata Broochi (pl.18, fig. 12). Shell with pretty strong spiral sculpture, approaching conuloides. Var. dibitata Monte., no sutural cordon ; last whorl dilated, rounded at periphery. Var. stran- gulate B., D. D., whorls compressed, a little concave around the middle (Var. scalaris Monts. is a syn.). Var. alba Monts., and Var. vwlacea Monts. There are numerous other forms named, but the practical use of this minute subdivision is very slight. The passion for names displayed by certain writers on ^Mediterranean shells reminds one of the vagaries of our own Rafinesque. The eccentric American naturalist however, betrayed great insight in taxonomic matters. Var. CONULOIDES Lamarck. PI. 65, figs. 67, 68. Shell similar in form or more depressed than the type, with strong spiral ridges on the upper surface of the whorls. Atlantic coast of Spain, France, England, etc. This form is the T. zizyphinm of English authors. It varies from nearly smooth to strongly spirally sulcate. There are forms nearly or entirely intermediate between conuloides and zizyphinus. Subvarietal names have been given as follows: Var. Lyonsi Leach, pure white. Var. Icevigata J. Sowb., smooth and polished, with strong sutural ridges, considerably expanded towards the base \ spire depressed. Var. granulifera Jeffr. white, the ridges granulated.' V&T.humUior Jeffr. shell depressed, the diameter decidedly exceed- ing the alt. The T. agresti* of Philippi is figured on pi. 18, fig. 15. 390 CALLIOSTOMA. I have retained conuloides as a variety of zizyphinus, rather than a species. It will he noted that zizyphinus from the Mediterranean has a spirally sulcate form (var. cingulata\ and conuloides from northern Europe has a smooth one (var. /wrigata). The latest treat- ment of the species is in Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. xiv, p. 77, 1889, article by Monterosato. He splits the zizyphinus into live species ! C. CONULUM Linne. PI. 65, figs. 70, 71, 72. Shell elevated-conical, higher and narrower than C. zizyphinum; carinated at periphery; yellow or delicate flesh color, with obscure clouds or maculse alternately whitish and brown below the suture, and painted on the peripheral rib in the same alternate manner; the surface is highly polished ; apical whorl smooth, the next four or five whorls densely granulate (granules in 4 or 5 series), the next whorl generally spirally ribbed, following whorls smooth, or with very obscure traces of spiral lines; base flat, smooth, save for 3 to 6 con- centric articulated riblets around the axis ; outlines of spire straight ; whorls about 10, flat, separated by linear suture with a distinct narrow supra-sutural faseiole. Aperture rhomboidal, smooth within; col- umella shorter and more knobbed at base than (\ zizyphinum, pearly. Alt. 26, diam. 22 mill.; alt. 23, diam. 18 mill. Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas; Atlantic Ocean «t Canaries, Madeira an*d Azores 7*. T. conulns LINN., Syst. Nat. xii, p. 1230. — And of LAMARCK, PAYRAUDEAU, Risso, PHILIPPI, WEIXKAUFF, HIDAL<;O, FISCHER, BUQUOV, BAUTZENBE.RG cv, BOLLFUS and other authors. — Z. lucidus Rrsso, Eur. Mend., p. 126. — Zlzi//>luni(s (Jancinthinus) con al us L. vars. acuta, dilatota, striata sanguinea, pal/idu, auranh'a, violacea Monts., Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., 1889, p. 71), 80. Var-. dubius Phil. T. dubius PHIL., Enum. Moll. Sicil. ii, p. 149, t. 25, f. 7, 1844; Conchy 1. Cab., p. 66, t. 13, f. 11.— BUQ., DAUTZ., et BOLLF., Moll. Rouss., p. 3o2, t. 42, f. 5-7. — T. coaultis var. diibin* Phil. FISCIIEK, Coq. Viv., p. 121, t. 49, f. 4.— Z. dubius Phil, and vars. dilat, 1. 10, f. 8. — Jvjubinus corallinm MONTEROSATO, Norn. Gen. e Spec., p. 46 (1884). — T. striyillatns and punctatus REVIEW, teste Blainville. — T. Jacob ii A RA DAS and T. mlaaris Risso, teste Monts.— T. soda FISCII EJI, Coq. Viv., ]>. 403, t. 119, f. 3. — Zizyphinus pijrami* REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 41 (not T. pyranii* Gniel. nor Born). — T. exnsperatus var. excavata MOMS.. Boll. Soc. Mai. Ital. 1880, p. 219. — T. monterosatoi B., D. & D., Moll. Rouss., p. 367, t. 43, f. 18, 19. Differs from C. atriatum in having fewer, coarser spiral line, and more prominent peripheral and supra-sutural fasciole. The follow- ing is a variety. Var. MONTEROSATOI B., D. & D. PI. 63, fig. 27. Whorls very concave, separated by a very prominent snpra-sntural fasciole or rib ; sculpture consisting of spiral lira?, more granulate on the earlier than on the later whorls. Color opaque white with longitudinal black flam mules which ordinarily become confluent in pairs upon the supra-sutural fasciole. Gulf of Gabes ; Gulf of Tarentinn. ('. STRIATUM Linne. PI. 17, figs. 39, 40. Shell small, elongate-conical, imperforate, solid, brown or yellow- ish olive, rarely unicolored, striped or lined longitudinally with white, sometimes the striping broken into a tessellated pattern. Surface dull or shining, the whorls with a much les» prominent ridge at periphery than in C. exasperatum ; the supra-sutural fasciole when discern able, not projecting nor prominent ; the whorls are encircled by numerous subequal lirulse, the interstices slightly or strongly obliquely striate ; base with numerous stria? or riblets, about double the number possessed by C. exasperatum. Alt. 10, diam. 7 mill. ; alt. 9, diain. 7 mill.; alt. 10, diain. 8 mill. Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas; Atlantic Ocean, England to Gibraltar; Canaries; Madeira; Azores. 396 CALLIOSTOMA. T. striatus LINN. Syst. Nat. xii, p. 1230. — And of most authors. — T. parvus DA COSTA, Brit. Conch., p. 41. — T. conicus DONOVAN, Brit. Sh., t. 155, f. \.— T. depictus DESK., Exped. Sci. de Moree, p. 140, t. 18, f. 23-25.— T. graved FORBES, Eep. ^Eg. Invert., p. 137. — T. sartorii ARADAS, teste Philippi. — T. parvulus Phil. BRUS., Condi. Dalm. ined., p. 25 (and parvulus PHIL., Euiim. Moll. Sicil. i, p. 155, t. 25, f. 11 ? a fossil species). — Trochus littoralis BRUSINA in sched., /. c., p. 25. — Jujubhtms cequistriatus MONTS., Nom. Gen. e Spec., p. 47 (1884).— T. cequirtriatus Monts. B., D. & D., Moll, du Rouss., p. 368, t. 43, f. 21, 22. — T. smaragdinus Monts. DATTZ, Journ. de Conchyl. 1883, p. 307. — Jujubinus smaragdinus MONTS., Nom. Gen. e Spec., p. 46. — T. striatus var. elenchoides ISSEL, Crociera del Volante, p. 436, figs. 6, 7, 1878. — J. elenchoides MONTS., Nom. Gen. e Spec., p. 47 (1884).— T. elenchoides Monts., D., D. & D.,Moll. du Rouss., p. 368, t, 43 f. 20, 25. — Tr. (Zizyphinus) striatus Linne, WAT- SON, Challenger (Jasterop., p. 56. Distinguished from C. exasperatum, a species of nearly the same size and outline, by its finer more numerous spiral striae, less strongly truncate columella, etc. The principal varieties are the following: Var. DEPICT UM Deshayes. Shell elevated, with spiral striio, a large peripheral ridge, and fine stria3 of increment, the latter crossing the spiral sculpture, render the surface visibly gramilose. Color greenish iridescent, with longitu- dinal brown tiames. Var. ^EQUISTRIATUM Moiiterosato. Shell solid, broad at base, without a noticeable peripheral rib at carina or above sutures ; surface traversed by numerous spiral lirse, the interstices finely obliquely crispate-striate ; base with about 7 concentric ribs, and outside of these a number (about 5) of minute close ones; color light gray, with longitudinal narrow black lines, sometimes interrupted. Var. SMARAUDINUM Moiiterosato. Quite conical, elevated, ~ the whorls plane, the last decidedly angular at periphery ; surface with numerous spiral smooth riblets, and a peripheral supra-sutural rib divided into two by a central groove ; color of earlier whorls white, with large blotches and dots of reddish purple ; the rest of the whorls and the base are a beautiful CALLIOSTOMA. 397 light green, with white and dark dots articulating the ribs. There is often a peculiar iridescence shining through the color. A white form (" var. albino, Monts.") and a golden yellow one ('' var. aurea Monts.), are found. This form has the peculiarly slender spire, sharply angular periph- ery and flat base that seem to be characteristic of Calif ostoma from the Gulf of Gabes. These modifications are shown by the var. spongiarwn of C- laugieri, \ar.fraterculum of C. unidentatum, etc. In fact, a number of these small species of Calliostoma seem to undergo variations which produce parallel series in the several specific types. Var. ELENCHOIDES Issel. PI. 63, figs. 24, 25. Last whorl rounded at periphery ; surface apparently smooth, with metallic reflections, but under a lens seen to be finely sculptured by numerous spiral and oblique striae. Color very variable ; brown, with zigzag white flammules, ashen gray, varied with bright rose and irregular white spots, or fawn colored, with short white longitudinal flames around the periphery, etc., etc. Resembles Elenchus in the form and iridescent surface. C. GRAVING: Monterosato. PI. 63, figs. 28, 29. Spire moderately elevated, conical, composed of 7 flat whorls, traversed by non-granulose lirse, about 6 on the penultimate whorl ; the ridge immediately above the suture larger, more salient than the others ; there are numerous spiral striae between thelirse, and several on the supra-sutural ridge. Last whorl subangular at the periphery, convex on the base, which is imperforate, and provided with a. very small umbilical rimation ; the base has 5 concentric ribs. Suture shallow. Aperture subquadrangular ; columella very slightly arcuate, not truncate at base ; lip sharp, rounded, smooth inside. Color white, with longitudinal flammules of reddish-brown; supra- sutural ridge articulated with spots of the same, the other line dotted with carmine ; columella white, interior nacreous. (B., D. & D,) Mediterranean; Atlantic Ocean, at Orotava, Canaries. T. (Zizyphinus) gravince MONTS., En um. e Sinon., p. 22, 1878. — B., D. & D., Moll, du Rouss., p. 369, t. 43, f. 26-30.— Jujubmus gravities Monts., Nomencl. Gen. e Spec., p. 47. Less elevated than T. exasperatus, the last whorl less angular at periphery, more convex beneath. The red-dotted lira? are also cha- racteristic, and while appearing granulate they are really not so. 398 ( ALLIOSTOMA. C. GONIOSTOMUM Menke. PL 18, fig. 25. Shell elevated, convex-conic, imperforate, olivaceous, flammulate with white tessellated with dots ; whorls plane, base not margined ; last whorl subangulate, with 7 to 8 shallow transverse sulci ; base with about 8 sulci ; aperture rhombic; columella with an acute tooth; lip broadly thickened inside. Alt. 9, diam. 6 mill. (Phil.} Habitat unknown. T. gomostomus MKK, Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1848, p. 107.— PHIL. Conchyl. Cab., p. 211, t. 31, f. H. Probably a synonym of C. xtn'ttfnm, or at most a mere variety. C. TUiiiirrri.rM Philippi. PL 18, fig. 9. Shell turreted, imperforate, transversely cingulate, dark rosy, flammulate with scarlet ; whorls plane, divided by profound sutures, the last angulate; transverse cinguli 5, equaling the obliquely striate interstices ; a])erture rhombic ; columella straight, cylindrical entire. (Phil.} This species is very distinct in its size and steeple-like form. The shell is pretty solid, consists of 7-8 flat whorls, separated by a deep suture; they have 5 little-elevated transverse cinguli, which, upon the last whorl are split into two by an impressed line. The inter- stices, wide as the cinguli, are prettily sculptured by the stria1 of in- crement. On the base I count (> concentric lino. The aperture is rhombic, columella straight, cylindrical, with no tooth below. Color dark rose-red, with bright red flames. Alt. 7, diam. 4 mill. (Phil.} Habitat unknown, T. turricula PHIL., Conchyl. Cab., p. 313, t. 44, f. 19. Is it a synonym of (\ c.cn.«}H:rntiim Pennant? C. UNIDKXTATUM Philippi. PL 17, figs. 13, 14 (enlarged). Shell small, elongate-conical, imperforate, rather solid; ground- color white, with a more or less pink tinge on the upper part of each whorl, especially on the upper part of the spire, or sometimes yellow or gray in place of pink ; entire surface longitudinally marked with distinct narrow black lines. Surface lusterless, densely spirally lirate and striate, the principal ridges subgranose, interstices densely obliquely crispate-striate ; periphery generally scalloped or sub- nodose, angular; base Hat, finely or obsoletely lirulate ; whorls about 10, the apical ones rosy, the rest concave below the sutures; CALLIOSTOMA. 399 spire very slender. Aperture suhtriangular, iridescent and green inside, columella short, vertical, abruptly dentate or truncate at base. Alt. 9, diam. 6 mill. M&diterranean Sea, on the coasts of Corsica, Sicily. Tunis, Syria; Adriatic Sea. T. Kiiidentatns PHIL., Enuni. Moll. Sicil. ii, p. 150, t. 25, f . 8 ; Conchyl. Cab., p.. 91r t. 15, f. 13. — WKINKATFF, Conchyl. des Mittel- meeres ii, p. :>03.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 279, t. 91, £4.— T. j'rr- culu* MONT*., Bull. S6c. Mai. Ital., 1*79, p. 220. Distinguished from the preceding by the slender spire, and very abruptly truncated columella. V&T. fraterculum Monts. is angular, sharply sculptured, the supra- sutural ridge very strong; base broader; whitish, with grav hieroglyphs. Tuiii*. It is placed by Watson in the synonymy of C.striatum Linne, on the authority of Jeffreys. C. MOXTAon Wood. PI. 17, figs. 15, 16. Shell im perforate or very minutely perforate, conical ; whorls 7, a little convex, the earlier buff, following pale huffish -ashen, or- namented with obscure maculations or zones of chestnut, obliquely striate, spirally lirate, lira,! on penultimate whorl (5. subequal ; last whorl a little convex above, carin Ued in the midde, convex beneath and provided with 7-8 concentric, white-and-brown articulated line; aperture rhomboid, columella stibtruncate below. Alt. 7-1, diam. 6 mill. (Fischer.') Atlantic and Mediterranean, England to Algiers. T. nio)it 226, t. 28, f. 5, 1844. Marquis de Monterosato, to whom we are indebted for much care- ful work on Mediterranean shells, has given the synonymy of this species, which was originally described as a fossil. The above de- cription is a translation of Philippi's diagnosis of T. gemmulatus, and the figure is copied from his illustration of the same. I am not sure of the generic position of the species. Subgenus TURCICA A. Adams, 1854. Turdca A. AD., Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1854, p. 37. Type, T. monilifera Ad. — Ptychostylis GABB., Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. iii, p. 187, 1M5, type, P. caffea. — Perrinia H. & A. AD., Genera, p. 419, 1858, type, P. anguhj'era Ad. It will be seen that here as in many groups I have departed from the arrangement of genera given in the first part of this monograph. Turdca I now regard as a subgenus under Calliostoma (as Fischer has already classed it), and until the dentition is known I see no reason for placing it elsewhere. Perrinia may be retained in a sectional sense for those species which are not distinctly toothed on the columella, and have the mouth lirate inside. The genus ranges on both shores of the Pacific, from California and Australia northward. No deep sea forms have yet been discovered. T. MONILIFERA A. Adams. PI. 57, fig. 27. Shell conoidal, subdiaphanous, thin, im perforate, tawny, golden- shining; whorls a little convex, sculptured with spiral beaded cinguli, their interstices obliquely striate ; sutures canaliculate ; base convex, with granose cinguli, some granules marked with brown ; aperture suborbicular ; columella spiral above, produced into a tooth below ; margin of the lip acute, lirate inside. (Ad.) Moreton Say, Australia.. Turdca monilifera AD., P. Z. S. 1854, p. 37, t. 27, f. 1. The name is preoccupied in Calliostoma. T. IMPERIALIS A. Adams. PI. 63, figs. 30, 31. Shell conoidal, spire acuminate, base obliquely produced ; solid ; tawny-red variegated, ornamented by transverse cinguli articulated with chestnut ; whorls somewhat convex, with a strong nodulose cingulus at periphery, and beaded liruke alternating with elevated lines, interstices obliquely striate; sutures canaliculate; furnished TURCICA. 415 with a series of granules above ; base convex, furnished with con- centric granulose cinguli. Aperture oblique, subcircular ; columella tortuous, terminating in an anterior tooth ; lip subexpanded, with entire margin ; inside smooth. (Ad.) Tsusaki, West Coast of Japan, 37 fms. ; Bay of Jesso ; Hakodadi. T. imperialis AD., P. Z. S. 1868, p. 507. — Trochus imperialis Ad., LISCHKE, Jap. Meeres Conchyl. iii, p. 67, t. 4, figs. 4-6. — Turcica imperialis Ad., DUNKER, Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 141. — Trochus adamtsianus SCHRENCK, Moll, des Amurlandes, p. 358, t. 16, f. 5 (1867). More elevated than T. monilifera; base more oblique; aperture more produced ; and the golden-nacreous appearance wanting. T. COXCINNA A. Adams. Unfignred. Shell small, ovate-conic, imperforate, whitish, solid ; whorls a little convex, subimbrieating, separated by profoundly canal-formed sutures; finely crenulated below the sutures; covered with encir- cling lint1, the interstices elegantly clathrate ; base convex ; aper- ture oblique, semicircular ; columella tortuous, terminating in a tooth ; lip sub-thickened, obsoletely sulcate inside. (Ad.) Uraga, Japan. T. concinna AD., P. Z. S. 1863, p. 508. T. COREENSIS Pease. PI. 03, fig. 26. Shell conoidal, rather thin, subdiaphanous, of a light grayish fawn-color, cinereous at the base, and sparingly marked with oblique stripes and small spots of deep brown. Whorls flattened ; body-whorl large, rounded at its periphery, all ornamented with transverse rows of close irregular sized granules, which become almost obsolete near the base. Apex acute; suture canaliculated ; base convex, imperforate ; outer lip sharp. Aperture large, breadth and height equal, and pearly within. Columella oblique, with two obtuse tubercles on its edge. (Pse.) Sea of Corea. Turcica coreensis PSE., P. Z. S. 1860, p. 189, t. 51, f. 2. This species is closely related to T. monilifera, Ad. It differs in the aperture being smooth inside, and the whorls flat. The figure of T. moniliferus also represents the sutural canal as being con- tinued round the body-whorl. In the present species it terminates with the suture. The columella is also quite different, descending obliquely to the right. (Pse.) 416 TURCICA. T. CAFFEA Gabb. Shell conical, thin ; spire elevated ; one nuclear whorl smooth ; 5 perfect whorls, subangulate at the margin, obliquely flat above ; body-whorl very slightly convex at the base ; suture strongly im- pressed ; surface marked by revolving tubercular ribs, about 18 on the body-whorl, one broad one on the margin, and about 8 or 9 on the under side ; these ribs are less numerous on the preceding volu- tions, only 4 can be counted on the upper side of the penultimate whorl ; the tubercles are arranged so as to present an irregular quin- cunx ; epidermis a rich coffee-brown, darker between the tubercles than on their summits ; aperture obliquely quadrangular, outer lip and base acute, internally pearly white, columella bearing two strong folds, the lower one of which borders the truncated end and terminates in a faint tubercular enlargement ; behind the columella is a slight groove running from the base to the end of the upper columellar fold. Alt. 13, diam. 14 mill. (Gabb.) Monterey, 20 fms. ; Post pliocene of San Pedro & Sta. Barbara. Ptychostylis caffea GABB, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci. iii, p. 187, 1865. Fossil specimens an inch in alt. have been found. Section PERRINIA H. and A. Adams. T. ANGULIFERA A. Adams. Shell elevated-conoidal, imperforate; whorls nearly plane, imbri- cated, angulated below, longitudinally nodose-costate, ornamented with transverse girdles of subdistant tubercles, interstices channelled ; last whorl subangulate ; columella straight, short, terminating in a small tooth ; lip subdu plicate, sulcate inside. (Ad.) Puerto Galero, Id. of Mindoro, 6 fms. Monodonta angulifera AD., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 176. T. LIROSTOMA A. Adams. Shell elevated-conical, imperforate, whitish ; whorls plane, with three strong granulate cinguli, interstices deeply clathrate; suture canaliculate ; last whorl angulated ; columella tuberculate ; lip strongly lirate within. (Ad.) Lord Hood's Island, 8-10 fms. Monodonta lirostoma AD., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 177. TURCICA. 417 T. ELISA Gould. PL 67, figs. 67, 68, 69, 74. Shell thick, solid, acutely conical, the spire elevated with straight lateral outlines, the base convex, imperforate ; color whitish-ashen. Surface dull ; apex minute, its tip subimmersed, apical whorl smooth, the rest of the whorls (7 to 8 in all) traversed spirally by three strong cords, the central one narrowest, all closely beaded by the decussation of close, regular, elevated lamella of increment, which sharply sculpture the interstices. Two lamellae arise from each bead of the superior Spiral cord. The sutures are very deeply, narrowly channelled. The last whorl is angled at the periphery, and bears 7 concentric line on the base, the inner ones smaller ; the whole closely sharply sculptured by radiating lamellae. Aperture very oblique, subquadrate with about 9 sharp entering line ; outer lip beveled, colurnella short, sub vertical, cylindrical, with three or four small, transverse, rather acute folds on the lower half. Alt. 19, diam. 13 mill. Singapore ; China. Trochu* elisus GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. iii, p. 92, 1849 ; U. S. Expl. Exped. Moll., p. 178, atlas, fig. 216. The specimen described and figured by Gould was evidently a young shell. The species is known by the three spirals of the spire whorls and the several small folds of the columella. T. MACULATA Brazier. PL 67, fig. 78. This species is similar to T. elisa Gld., but has four revolving cinguli on each whorl of the spire instead of three, and different col- umellar edge. Shell conical, with elevated spire, its outlines straight. There are about 8 whorls, each one encircled by 4 spirals", the upper and lower ones more prominent ; these are closely, regularly set with compressed granules, caused by the decussation of elevated regular lamellae of increment, which cut the inter-liral spaces into little pits. The sutures are deeply, narrowly channelled ; the base is convex, with 7 or 8 concentric liraa, interstices clathrate. The aperture has about 11 elevated lines within; outer lip beveled, its acute margin crenulated, columella short, subvertical, with traces of two obtuse, nearly obsolete, blunt tubercles in the middle. The color is whitish, sparsely spotted with brown, especially on periphery and base. Alt. 14, diam. 11 mill. Cape York, N. Australia, 11 fms. ; Off Katow, N. Guinea, 8 fms. ; Warrior Reef and Darnley Id., Torres Straits, 8-30 fms. 27 418 TURCICA. * Thalotia maculata BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales ii, p. 44, 1877. Described and figured from specimens received from Mr. Brazier. T. STELLATA A. Adams. PL 67, fig. 77. Shell elongated-conic, slender, strong, white, imperforate. Whorls of the spire strongly, acutely carinated above each suture, and bearing numerous short triangular spinous tubercles there. Above this carina each whorl has 3 spirals ; the upper is low,, wide, bluntly tubercled, the two median are narrow equal lirse; the interstices are lamellose-striate. The base has 4 coarse concentric ribs, the outer one largest, interstices clathrate. Whorls 6, the last carinated at periphery. Aperture rounded-rectangular, angular at the position of the peripheral carina, with sulci inside corresponding with the ribs of outer surface. Columella short, vertical, straight, and in the young specimen before me, not dentate, but according to Adams terminating in a tooth. Alt. 9, diam. 7 mill. China Seas. Tureica stellata AD., P. Z. S. 1863, p. 508. I have described and figured a shell which I believe to be the young of stellata. It is allied to the following species. Both may be found to belong in the typical section of Tureica rather than in Perrlnia. T. CHINENSIS Sowerby, Jr. PI. 34, figs. 24, 25. Shell trochiform, white ; spire elevated, acute ; whorls 9, separated by canaliculate sutures, the first 2-3 smooth, the rest coucavely sloping, obscurely obliquely striate, above concavely depressed with a corona of numerous plicae, beneath margined by a rounded corrugated spiral carina, beneath the carina profoundly canaliculate and pitted ; base convex, sculptured with 6 rather close, roughly transversely plicated ribs, the interstices pitted; aperture subrotund, throat pearly, lirate ; columella nearly straight, pearly, obscurely unituberculate. Alt. 20, diam. 19 mill. (Sowb.) Hong Kong. Turdca chinensis SOWB., P. Z. S. 1888, p. 569, t. 28, f. 8, 9. Compared with Tureica elisce A. Ad.,rthe body- whorl is larger in proportion to the spire, the keel more prominent and the suture more deeply excavated. The whorls have two rounded nodulous keels, the space between which is smooth excepting for the fine oblique TURCICA-BASILISSA. 419 stride. The base is strongly corded and deeply pitted. Of the only two specimens known one is in the National Collection at South Kensington, and the other is in that of Mr. MacAndrew. (Soicb.) Genus BASILISSA Watson, 1879. Basilissa WATSON, Jour. Linn. Soc. Loud., xiv, p. 593, April, 1879. Challenger Kept., Gasterop., p. 96. — DALL, 'Blake' Gas- teropoda, p. 383. Dr. Ball's diagnosis is as follows: Shell trochiform, umbilicate, nacreous, sculptured. Pillar concave, its distal end projecting as a strong tooth. Margin of the aperture concavely sinuate near the suture and on the base. Peripheral margin produced, claw-like, between the two shallow sinuations. A grooved or denticulate callous in the adult on the body-whorl and within the margin of the aperture. Aperture subrhomboidal. Operculum multispiral, horny, with a circular callous on the inner central face, and a sub- circular outline. The above amended diagnosis is rendered necessary by the dis- covery of adult specimens among the Blake shells. It is probable that most of the species in an adult condition conform to it. It is conchologically related to Seguenzia, a transition form which is indicated by such species as S. carinata, S. elegans, and S. trispinosa. But the soft parts are as yet unknown. Should it be found how- ever that some species do not exhibit the denticulation, etc., de- scribed in B. costulata, and conform to the edentulous type indicated in Watson's original description (and B. alta may prove to be of this character), these would of course retain the original name of Basilissa, while for the dentate forms the name of Ancistrobasis might be used. (Dall.) Section BASILISSA s. s. B. ALTA Watson. PI. 36, fig. 5. Shell an equilateral cone, flat-based, sharply angulated, small, thin, delicately sculptured, nacreous under a thin, white calcareous surface. Sculpture : there are longitudinals about 45, hair-like, strongly sinuated, flexuous, for they advance markedly at the periphery, where they are each ornamented by an elongated curved tubercle, and on the base they again retreat so as to form a sinus. On the earlier whorls these longitudinals are much more distinct than on the later, and each starts from a little bead, which lies 420 BASILISSA. close to the suture, but these beads are very feeble on the last whorl. In the intervals of the longitudinals and parallel to them are very faint lines of growth. Of spirals there are above the carina two stronger than the rest, with a sharp intermediate furrow ; above these are several hair-like lines, which become feebler toward the middle of the whorl and strong again above, the upper whorls presenting one in particular, which connects the row of infra-sutural beads. On the base below the carina are four narrow and sharp spirals, followed by about eight, which are broader and flattened, ami within these is one stronger than the rest, with about sixteen rounded beads, which crenulate the edge of the umbilicus. The furrows between these basal spirals are cut into little oblong pits by the longitudinals. Color a dead creamy wnite, with the underlying nacre gleaming through. Spire high and conical. Apex flattened, with the minute, smooth, 1} em- bryonic whorl somewhat tumidly projecting. Whorls 8J, of slow and regular increase. In the earlier whorls there is a slight- tumidity below the suture, a slight contraction in the middle, and a slight swelling around the base of each whorl. This last feature is feebly persistent in the later whorls, but otherwise these are flat in profile. There is a sharp carinated angle, and the base is almost flat, with an angled tubercled umbilical edge. Suture linear, almost invisible. Mouth perpendicular, somewhat rectangular, and broader than high. Outer lip sharp and thin, not patulous, not descending, with a rather deep but broad and open sinus at the suture, forming a slightly acute angle at the periphery, where it advances very markedly, retreating immediately to form a sinus on the base, where it is barely arched. Pillar-lip which is somewhat thickened, advances very little at its junction with the body, then retreats slightly so as to form a small sinus, bending at the same time a very little over the umbilicus. It has a sort of double point with a slight nick between them. It is very slightly reverted, and the umbilical groove behind it is very small. Umbilicus funnel-shaped, oblique-edged, crenate on the margin, and strongly scored within, and with an oblique spiral formed by the old points of the false pillar-end. Alt. "25, diam. '24 inch. ( Watson.) Off Culebra, W. Ind., 390 fms. ; near Guadeloupe, 769 fms. ; near Grenada, 416 fms. B. alta WATSON, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. xiv, p. 597 ; Challenger Gasterop., p. 100, t. 7, f. 8, var. oxytoma, I. c., f. 8a. — DALL, Blake BASILISSA. 421 Gasterop., p. 384. — Seguenzia delicatula DALL, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 48, 1881. — B. alia var. delicatula DALL, ' Blake' Gasterop., p. 384, t. 22, f. 2. Var. OXYTOMA Watson. PL 36, fig. 4. More distinctly sculpt- ured. Var. DELICATULA Dall. PL 48, figs. 3, 4. More delicate and thin than the type, but otherwise much like it, except that the delicate spiral threads cover the whole surface of the shell. (Dall.) B. LAMPRA Watson. PL 36, figs. 10, 11. Shell thin, white opalescent, smooth, faintly reticulated, with a high concave spire, sharp apex, acute carina, angulated umbilicus, and rhomboids! mouth. Sculpture : smooth, glossy, iridescent, with ten to twenty faint spiral threads on the upper side of the body- whorl ; the last of these which joins the lip is much stronger than the others ; a little remote and below is a thread forming the keel, below which, and nearer, are two other strong threads ; round the umbilicus are also two strong threads ; the intermediate space on the base is marked with eight to ten impressed spiral striae. The inter- stices of the spirals are crossed by longitudinals, which are regular, fine, hair-like but distinct and well parted ; their curve on the surface below the suture shows the old sinus. On the base they are radiating and are crowded and irregular, except around the umbilicus where in the first two or three striae they are very sharp and distinct. On the upper whorls both the spirals and longitudinals are finer, but sharper than they are on the last. Color grayish, horny, translucent, opalescent white. Spire raised, with a concave outline. Apex, which consists of the single minute embryonic whorl, is slightly exserted and sharp ; it is quite smooth, but the spirals and longitudinals begin sharply immediately below it. AVhorls 6^ ; the earlier ones are of slow and regular increase, depressed, quite flat on their side lines ; the last widens rapidly, is slightly rounded above, and still more slightly concave on the base, with an acute, but still rounded keel. Suture impressed on the body-whorl, but on the upper whorls sharply, though slightly, mar- ginated below. Mouth a little oblique, rhomboidal, the basal and palatal lines being nearly parallel, while the outer and inner lips diverge downwards. Outer lip thin, not patulous, not descending, advancing at its insertion, and then retreating so as to form a shallow, broad, open sinus a little below the suture, acutely but roundedly 422 BASILISSA. angulate at the periphery, nearly flat on the base, with a very slight nick at the point of the pillar, where it joins the inner lip at a slightly obtuse angle. The pillar-lip is straight. It is very little thickened, and is slightly porcelaneous. It advances a little on the edge of the umbilicus ; below this it is hollowed out by a reced- ing curve, but advances again into a slight rounded projection just above its junction with the oater lip. In its whole direction it inclines slightly to the left. Umbilicus oblique-edged, funnel-shaped, being wide in the mouth and deep, with straight converging sides. It is slightly marked with lines of growth and a few faint spirals ; while all the rest of the shell without and within is brightly opales- cent, it is scarcely so at all. Alt. -3, diam. '48 inch. ( Watson.) The specimen from which this species is described is full grown, and the animal is still within the shell, but the operculum is absent. The species has a slight general resemblance to Trochus (Solar -iella) aureonitens A. Ad., but is utterly different, not only in its angula- tion, but in its sculpture. In form it slightly recalls Zonites cellarius, Mull. (Watson.) Mid-Pacific, East of Japan, 2050 fms. B. lampra WATS., Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. xiv, p. 593 ; Challenger Gasterop., p. 97, t. 7, f. 5. B. SIMPLEX Watson. PL 36, fig. 1. Shell a rather narrow flat-based cone, sharply angulated, small, thin, delicate, smooth, glassy, nacreous under a thin white calcareous surface. Sculpture : there are longitudinals, which are faint, hair- like and sinuated, showing the old lines of growth. Of spirals, faint, rounded, and irregular, the whole surface has traces. At the bottom of each whorl is a flat puckered band about O'Ol inch broad, whose upper edge projects sharply, especially on the upper whorls, and whose lower edge is a slight narrow flange, which forms a sharp carina at the periphery. This band forms the upper border of the suture, which is further marginated below by two not continuous rounded threads occupying the top edge of each whorl. The base is covered by about fourteen rounded ridges and furrows, which are rather stronger toward the center, the last one, forming the edge of the umbilicus, being specially so. Color: the surface is a dead slightly creamy white, formed by a thin calcareous layer through which the underlying nacre shines. Spire high and conical. Apex BASILISSA. 423 broken. Whorls 8 (reckoning the first two as broken), of slow and regular increase till the last, which enlarges rapidly ; perfectly flat, with an upper and lower border, sharply angulated and caririated at the periphery, slightly convex but still very flat on the base, with a blunted angulated and carinated umbilical edge. Suture linear, almost invisible, marginated above and below. Mouth perpendic- ular, rhomboidal, with the body-pillar and basal edges nearly equal, and the pillar and outer lip nearly parallel. Outer lip sharp and thin, not patulous, not descending, advancing at its junction with the body-whorl, then retreating so as to form the broad open sinus, acute angled at the periphery, slightly arched across the base? nicked close to the point of the pillar. Pillar-lip arched, strengthened by a thin pad ; reverted on the umbilicus so as to leave a slight groove behind it, it has a slight tooth in front. From the body- whorl it bends very much over to the left, so as largely to cover the umbilicus, and then it curves over to the right to join the outer lip on the base at an obtuse angle. Umbilicus small, oblique edged, funnel-shaped, nearly covered by the pillar-lip, contracted within, scored with hair-like lines of growth. Alt. '255, diam. '25, least breadth '2, penultimate whorl, '075. Mouth, height -12, breadth, 'II inch. ( Watson.) This is a narrower shell than Basilissa alta Wats., less orna- mented and with a smaller umbilicus. Than Basilissa munda Wats., this is a narrower shell, the flexuous longitudinals are stronger, the supra-sutural bands are stronger, and in that species the infra-sutural band is wanting. ( WatsOn.) Off Mouth of La Plata, 1900 fms. B. simplex WATS., J. L. S. L. xiv, p. 595 ; Challenger Rep., p. 98, t. 7, f. 6. B. MUNDA Watson. PI. 36, fig. 2. Shell broadly conical, flat on the base, sharply angulated, small, thin, delicate, smooth, glossy, nacreous under a thin white calcareous surface. Sculpture : there are longitudinals which are very faint but still sharp, sinuated, showing the old lines of growth. Of spirals there are over the whole surface very faint traces. At the bottom of each whorl, about 0*01 inches above the suture, is a sharp narrow thread, which on the last whorl is bordered below by a second, rather higher and sharper, which forms the carina, and which on the spire is buried by the over-lap of the succeeding whorl. On the base 424 BASILISSA. there are about eleven fine spirals, within which is a strong furrow, and a projecting, crenulated, or rope-like thread forming the edge of the umbilicus. Color opalescent, from the under-lying nacre shining through the polished, thin, translucent calcareous layer of the surface. Spire high and conical. Apex flattened, with a minute smooth embryonic 1 £ whorl slightly projecting. Whorls 6, of regular and slow increase (but the specimen is not full grown) ; in profile perfectly flat, the slope being scarcely broken by the supra-sutural thread. Suture linear, almost invisible. Mouth perpendicular, irregularly rectangular, broader than high. Outer lip sharp and thin, with a slight open sinus, sharply angled at the periphery, slightly arched across the base, apparently nicked at the point of the pillar. Pillar-lip arched, strengthened by a thin pad, reverted on the umbilicus so as to leave a groove behind, with a slight tooth in front. From the body it bends very much over to the left, so as largely to cover the umbilicus, it then advances straight and is toothed in front. Umbilicus small oblique-edged, with a crenulated margin. Height vl3 in., breadth '14, least '12; Penultimate whorl, '03. Mouth, height *06, breadth '05 inch. ( Watson.) Than Basilissa simplex Wats., this is a broader, smoother, less banded shell. Than Basilissa alta Wats., it is lower, less ornamented, with a much smaller umbilicus. ( Wats.) OfPalma, Canaries, 1125 fms. B. munda WATS. J. L. Soc. Lond. xiv, p. 596 ; Challenger Kept., p. 99, t. 7, f. 7. B. SUPERBA Watson. PL 36, figs. 6, 7. Shell high, concavely conical, flat-based, sharply angulated, thin, finely reticulated, cream-colored. Nacre very faint. Sculpture: spirals — there are about twenty delicate threads, very nearly but not quite regular in thickness or distance, on the upper part of the last whorl ; they slowly decrease in number on the previous whorls. The two (or three) which form the carina are thrown out a little on a projecting whitish fillet, which encircles the base of the whorls. This whitish fillet extends to the base, when it forms a narrow obliquely-corrugated edging. On the base there are about thirty spirals, more crowded, flattened, and irregular than above, and the edge of the umbilicus is defined by another whitish fillet, orna- mented with about thirty oblong beads. One or two smaller and more faintly beaded threads lie within the edge of the umbilicus. BASILISSA. 425 Longitudinals — there are of these on the last whorl about 120 ; flexuous, marking the lines of growth, rather stronger, more regular and more distant than the spirals, which run over the top of them and form little white nodes at the crossings. The intersections of these two systems cut the whole surface into rhombic reticulations, whose breadth is about O'Oll and their height 0*006. The longi- tudinal threads themselves are about 0*005 and the spirals about 0*003 broad. On the base the longitudinals are flattened and spread out into undulations. Color creamy, on a dull polished surface, with a faint nacreous gleam which is pearly within the mouth ; the apex is ruddy. Spire high and conical with slightly concave slopes ; apex broken. On the upper whorls the longi- tudinals are strong, while the spirals are obsolete, except the carinal fillet, which projects bluntly above the suture. Whorls about 14, of very regular increase, very slightly convex, sharply acute-angled at the carina ; on the base, flat at the outer edge and barely convex in the middle, with a slight dip in toward the edge of the umbilicus which is strongly defined. Suture linear, defined by the white carinal fillet, and also on the lower whorls by being very slightly im- pressed. Mouth perpendicular, rhomboidal, the basal and palatal lines being parallel, the other two are somewhat diverging and curved, broader than high. Outer lip sharp and thin, not patulous, not descending, with a shallow open sinus below the suture, then, about the middle of the whorl, it advances with a rounded sweep, retreat- ing sharply across the carina to form the open rounded basal sinus toward the outer edge of the base. Pillar-lip sharp and thin ; it rises from the body a good way within the edge of the umbilicus. It retreats so as to form a sinus, and then it bends over a little on the umbilicus, and it forms a sharp angle projecting into a tooth at the extreme point of the pillar. Umbilicus strong, deep, abrupt, there being on the base only a very slight dip in toward it and it is defined by the white-beaded fillet. Within, besides the two spiral lines, there are slight longitudinal striations, and the inner edge of the whorls twines like a stair case round it, but concealed by the overcurve of the pillar-lip. Alt. *75 in. diam. '65, least '6 inch. ( Watson.) The form of this shell connects it with B. alta, B. simplex, and B. munda, and it distinctly has the sinuses of the genus : the layer of nacre is .very faint ; there is, however, a gleam of it through the surface-layer, and within the mouth, in a favorable light and pro- tected from light coming through the shell, there is a distinct 426 BASILISSA. pearly luster. It has some resemblance to Eutrochus gemmatus, Reeve, in form and in its gemmed umbilicus ; and though much higher and more conical, recalls the Solaria of the group Torinia (Gray), especially Solarium trochoides Desh. ( Wats.) E. of Cape York, Australia, 1400 fms. B. superba WATSON, Jour. Linn. Soc. Lond., xiv, p. 598 ; Chal- lenger Report, Gasterop., p. 101, t. 7, f. 10. B. OXYTROPIS Watson. PI. 36, figs. 8, 9. Shell small, high, conical, scalar, with a sharp, expressed carina at the periphery and a second carina above, angulating the whorls. Sculpture : there are a few close-set slight spirals on the edge of the flat base ; there are many not close-set, flexuous, longitudinal ribs above the periphery, but on the base merely lines of growth. These ribs in crossing the upper carina form small sharp-pointed tubercles, of which there is also a trace on the lower carina. The superior sinus lies just above the upper carina. the basal sinus toward the middle of the base ; both are well marked. The apex is small and flat, the smooth embryonic H whorl hardly rising at all. The whorls are of slow increase. The pillar is perpendicular, with a strong rounded sinus, which corresponds to a swelling within the umbilicus. The umbilicus is not large, but deep, funnel-shaped, with a puckered sharp edge. In both specimens there are 5? whorls to a height of '05 and a breadth of *055 inch. This species, which is not full grown, slightly resembles B. alta and var. nxytoma Wats., but is more depressed ; the carina is sharper and is double, and the longitudinal ribs are very much stronger. Than B. costulata Wats., this species is smaller, highei, more conical, and it is scalar ; the whorls are more carinated above, and the peripheral carina is much more projecting ; the apex is minuter and sharper, though the embryonic whorl is less raised, the base is smooth but for the marginal spirals; the umbilicus is smaller. Compared to B. reticulata (Solarium), Phil., it has a less expressed carina, and the whorls are not angulated in the middle. ( Watson.) B. oxytropis WATS,, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. xiv, p. 693 ; Chal- lenger Report, Gasterop., p. 104, t. 7, f. 9. Section ANCISTOBASIS Dall, 1889. B. COSTULATA Watson. PI. 36, fig. 3. Shell small, depressedly conoidal, sharply angulated, flattish on the base, sharply and deeply umbilicated, a little porcelaneous, BASILISSA. 427 flexuously ribbed. Sculpture : the whole surface is covered with longitudinal flexuous ribs, which are narrow, sharp, and uniform ; each of these is about 0'002 in. broad, and they are parted by intervals which at the suture are twice and at the periphery thrice as broad as the ribs. There are about forty of these on the last whorl. They are crossed by spirals, half the breadth of the ribs, running across the intercostal spaces and forming knobs on the ribs. Of these spirals there are about seventeen on the last whorl, much closer set and less uniform than the ribs ; in particular the carinal spiral, which is very sharp, and the fourth and seventh above it, are stronger than the others ; the last mentioned of these is especially so on the earliest whorls. On the base the longitudinals though continued even into the umbilicus, become much less prominent and are no longer nodose ; and the spirals, of which there are about fifteen, are closer set, broader and flatter, except the first three below the carina, which are sharp and narrow. The whole base is pit-marked from the spiral interstitial furrows being cut up by the longitudinals. Color dead white (on the base a little glossy) on the thin porcelaneous surface, through which ihe nacreous layer behind gleams. Spire raised, with a very slightly concave outline. Apex, which consists of the minute smooth embryonic whorl and a half, is itself a little flattened, but rises sharply above the sculptured surface of the succeeding whorls. Whorls 5-7, of slow and regular increase till the last, which begins to enlarge rapidly ; they are slightly rounded above, very sharply angulated at the keel, and flattened on the base, with a bluntly anguhited umbilical edge. Suture distinct, slightly impressed. Mouth perpendicular, square. Outer lip sharp, thickened by a slight internal remote callus, not patulous, not descending, advancing at its junction with the body-whorl and then slightly retreating so as to form the very shallow open sinus ; right-angled at the periphery, flat on the base, where it retreats so as to form two rounded sinuses, making with the pillar an angle that is scarcely obtuse. Pillar-lip is straight, a little thickened and reverted, so as to leave a slight groove behind it. It advances on the body-whorl, then retreats so as to form a feeble sinus, bending at the same time shortly but sharply to the right into the umbilicus and then advancing straight forward, but a little toward the left, to its junction with the outer lip at the base. Umbilicus funnel-shaped, open-mouthed, oblique- edged, straight-sided, deep and contracted internally. Its edge is sharply defined by a spiral thread, and is obliquely scored by the 428 BASILISSA. longitudinal ribs ; farther in its walls are marked by hair-like lines of growth and faint spirals. Alt. '12 in., diam. '14, least '11 ; penultimate whorl, '23. Mouth, height '063, breadth '061 inches. (Watson.) This species slightly resembles in sculpture the young of Mar- garita striata, Brod. (—Trochus cinereus. Couth., nee Da Costa), but in all details of form and ornamentation is very different. From Trochus amabilis Jeffr., besides the generic features, it differs in the depressed spire, in the absence of the deep-cut suture, in the flatness of the base, and in all the features of minute sculpture. From Basilissa reticulata (Solarium), Phil., it differs in being much rounder on the base, blunter at the edge of umbilicus and at the carina, and in being much less delicately sculptured. ( IPafeon.) Gulf of Mexico, 15-640 fms. B. costulata WATSON, Jour. Linn. Soc. Lond. xiv, p. 600 ; Chal- lenger Gasterop., p. 103, t. 7, f. 11. — DALL, Bull. M. C. Z. ix, p. 48, 1881. — B. (Ancistroba*is) costulata Wats., var. depressa DALL, 4 Blake ' Gasterop., p. 384, t. 23, f. 4, 4a. Var. DEPRESSA Dall. PI. 60, figs. 14, 15. The shell figured differs from B. costulata, as described and figured by Watson, in the less flexuous radiating costse, which are nearly equal to the interspaces in width, and in the smaller number of spiral ridges, which are about ten on the base and seven to nine on the upper surface of the whorls. The armature of the mouth is a character which does not appear until full maturity, so that I do not regard its non-existence in the Challenger specimens as im- portant. The other characters seem to agree closely with Watson's figure and description, and, taking into consideration the known variability of the abyssal shells and among the Blake specimens of this species, I do not feel justified in separating the Blake shells specifically from B. costulata. If I am correct in the identification, this material enables me to add a good deal to the knowledge of the species and genus. The dried remains of the animal in one specimen bear a pellucid multispiral operculum a little more cir- cular in outline than that of Seguenzia, but otherwise precisely like it. The aperture in the adult is strongly thickened a little distance within its margin, which remains sharp. The projecting peripheral part is a little bent in, recalling the aperture of Seguenzia. The BASILISSA-EUCHELUS. 429 callus on the body is thin and smooth, that within the outer lip is broad, thick, iridescent, and deeply grooved parallel with the external spirals, producing four or five ridges between the grooves above the carina and a large number of rather smaller ones below it. The columella is thickened concave and strongly re- flected, its basal extreme terminating in a stout tooth-like twist of the margin, beyond which is a deep sulcus in the callus extending nearly across the base, in the middle of which rises a solitary stout tooth-like ridge. The walls of the umbilicus are nearly smooth, and as regards the individual turns are somewhat concave. The nucleus in this form gives the impression, after a very close scrutiny of several fresh specimens, that it is really laid at right angles to the original axis and half immersed in the first post-nuclear turn. This is masked by the fact that the nucleus proper occupies less than a single turn, and appears thus more normal than it really is, if my suspicions are correct. Genus EUCHELUS Philippi, 1847. Euchelus PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1847, p. 20, type Monodonta tri- carinata Lam. — Aradasia GRAY, Figures of Molluscous Animals, iv, p. 90, 1850, type, E. canaliculatus Q.,=atratus Gm. — Huttonia KIRK, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xiv, p. 282, 1882, type, E. bella Hutton.— Monodonta and Trochus in part, of authors. I include as subgenera, Tallorbis Nevill and Danilia Brusina, both with considerable hesitation. Of the first I have seen no speci- men ; the latter is well-known as far as the shell is concerned ; it has a corneous multispiral opercu\\im ; the columella twisted above as in typical Turcica or Clanculus. Its sculpture is like Euchelus or Perrinia. The varixed lip is unique in Trochidse. Fischer includes it as a subgenus under Clanculus — a position as likely to be correct as that here taken. The affinities .of Euchelus are not very clear. There is a certain resemblance in aperture and columella to Clanculus, and the deflec- tion of the whorl at the aperture, rather an unusual character in Trochidse, also favors that genus. There is much likeness to Perrinia, too, in sculpture and aperture, but that group certainly belongs to Turcica as a section, and seems to be close to Calliostoma. The following well-defined natural sections may be recognized : EUCHELUS s. s. Shell turbinate-conic, solid, with thick lip ; spire elevated ; operculum with few whorls, like that of Littorina ; coin- 430 EUCHELUS. mella with a tooth near the base, sometimes a notch below it. Huttonia Kirk, is synonymous. HERPETOPOMA Pilsbry. Shell turbinate-conic, etc., as in Euchelus ; spire elevated ; operculum multispiral as in typical Trochus. Type, E. scabriusculus Ad. HYBOCHELUS Pilsbry. Shell depressed, with very short spire and large body-whorl ; outer lip not thick; columella simply concave, not in the least toothed or notched, somewhat refiexed above ; oper- culum unknown. Type, E. cancellatus Krauss. The sculpture in Euchelus consists of spiral ribs crossed by ele- vated striae, which bead them and cut the interliral furrows into pits, or frequently are nearly obsolete in the furrows. The spirals increase in number by the interpolation of tiny interstitial riblets, which increase in size until they become equal to the primary spirals. It follows that a species having equal ribs on the last part of the body-whorl, has alternately larger and smaller ones on the penultimate whorl, and usually equal ones again on the next earlier. Species like Euchelus principalis, with numerous equal riblets in the adult, have fewer unequal ones when young. The imperforate forms are always (so far as I know) decidedly um- bilicate when young. The above remarks on the development of spirals apply to most forms of Trochids in which each interstitial furrow gives rise to a single secondary riblet ; those forms which develop numerous spiral striae in each inter-liral space (Clanculus plebeius, Chlorostoma maculostriatum, etc.), will always be found to be excessively variable in the number of more prominent spirals. There are other forms, as Calliostoma lima, in which there are three or four orders of spirals; for example, the 1st, 5th, and 9th lirse may be largest and equal ; the 3d and 7th smaller, 2d, 4th, 6th, 8th still smaller. These species, following a certain mathematical method, are somewhat constant. It only remains to note those like Perrinia elisa, P. maculata, etc., which have the same number of spirals on all the whorls, no interstitial riblets being developed. In these the number of spirals is very characteristic. Section EUCHELUS s. s. E. QUADRICARINATUS Chemnitz. PI. 38, figs. 9-11. Shell globose-conic, imperforate, strong, solid, pinkish fawn-colored with numerous obliquely descending black stripes, often broken into dots. Spire short, conic ; sutures impressed ; whorls 5, rounded, encir- EUCHELUS. 431 cled by numerous unequal beaded spirals, of which two are more prom- inent on the upper, 3 or 4 on the body-whorl. Typically, these more prominent ones are elevated into spiral lamellae, but they are often not greatly larger than the others. There are generally about 12 spirals on the penultimate whorl. Body-whorl globose, convex ; aperture rounded, outer and basal lips thick, finely crenulate. finely plicate inside; columella concave, its edge smooth, and bearing a small denticle near the base, excavated at the position of the closed umbilicus, and rugose. Alt. 28, diam. 23 mill. Indian Ocean. TrocJius quadricarinatus CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. Cab. xi, p. 167, t. 196, f. 1892, 1893 (1795).— Monodonta tricarinata LAM., An. s. Vert, vii, p. 36. — DELESSERT, Rec. deCoq., t. 36, f. 8. — Troehus tri- caruiatas Lam., PHIL., Conchyl. Cab., p. 171, t. 27, f. 8. — FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 287, t. 93, f. 1. — Troehus oxytropis PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1848, t. 39, f. 1. The typical form is that represented in fig. 9. Figures 10 and 11 represent less strongly characterized shells. The latter approach E. asper, and may be found to be connected by intermediate forms. Tr. ojcytrnin* Phil. (pi. 37, figs. 14, 15), seems to be merely a young specimen of the typical form. Fully adult quadricar mains seems to be always imperforate, but specimens with a small umbilicus may occur. (Vide Fischer, loc. cit.~). Young shells have a large, deep umbilicus. E. ASPER Gmelin. PL 38, figs. 13, 14. Shell imperforate in adult specimens, conoidal, thick, dull ashen, dotted with brown, rosy, and black ; whorls 65-6, convex, separated by profound sutures, the first eroded, the rest rough, ornamented with close, granulose, unequal cinguli, two on the upper, 3 or 4 on the last whorl more prominent ; penultimate whorl with 12-15 lira? ; last whorl globose rounded, descending, convex beneath ; aperture, ovate-rounded, the margins nearly continuous, plicated finely all around, columella arcuate, base dentate. Alt. 26, diam. 24 mill. Indian Ocean. Troehus asper GMEL., Syst. Xat. xiii, p. 3583. — PHIL., Conchyl. Cab., p. 172, t. 27, f. 11.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 291, t. 94, f. 1.— E. proximus A. AD., P. Z. S. 1854, p. 316. Probably the last is a form of this species. Typically, asper is more elevated with smaller, more numerous spirals. I have given 432 EUCHELUS. Fischer's diagnosis of the typical asper. A specimen before me marked E. proximo, A. Ad. is evidently synonymous. E. CIRCULATUS Anton. PL 37, fig. 16. Shell ovate-conoidal, umbilicate, reddish, granulate-cingulate, sculptured with 4 large elevated distant cinguli on the penultimate, 9 on the last whorl ; aperture semi-orbicular, silvery ; throat with elevated lines not attaining the edge of lip ; columella denticulate at base. Separated from T. atratus by the color and number of cinguli ; from pullalus by the same characters and the elevated lines in the throat. Each whorl is very convex, cylindrical ; the upper- most spiral is distant from the simple suture ; all of them are strongly elevated, beautifully grained by elevated, oblique, fold-like in- cremental striae. In most of the interstices there are one or rarely two elevated, grained, lines. The color is pale reddish-brown, the lirse articulated whitish and red-brown. The outer lip has fur- ruws inside, corresponding to the external lirse, and numerous ele- vated riblets. Perhaps these riblets are the concomitant of old age, and all specimens lacking them are still immature. My material does not permit me to decide this question. Alt. 15, diam. 16 mill. (Phil.) Habitat unknown. Tr. circulatus ANTON, Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1848, p. 103. — PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 264, t. 39, f. 4. E. INCISUS (Mke.) Philippi. PL 37, fig. 6. Shell globose-conoidal, narrowly umbilicate, rosy-whitish, sub- tessellately painted with purplish-brown spots ; whorls cylindrical, separated by canaliculate sutures, sculptured with strongly ele- vated, profoundly crenated cinguli, 4 larger ones on penult., 9 on last whorl ; aperture semiovate, columella straight, with a denticle; lip crenate by the terminations of lirse, smooth inside. On the penultimate whorl I count 4 strongly elevated very prettily grained lirse of equal size. The first stands far from the suture, which is broadly channelled ; the two following inter-liral spaces are narrower than the lirse, the two next following are wider and have a little grained riblet. The last whorl has 9 large and 5-6 smaller lirse. The throat is scarcely sulcate inside, the outer lip thick, not denticulate, only furrowed to correspond with the external lirse ; otherwise the mouth is just as in T. atratus. The coloration is 433 very pretty, the .spirals causing the large purple-brown spots to appear tessellated on a light reddish ground. Alt. 12, diam. 13J mill. (Phil} Habitat unknotw. Tr. incisus MEXKE (in lift.) PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 175, t. 27, f. 16. E. HORRIDUS Philippi. PI. 37, fig. 17. Shell globose-conoid, perforate, transversely carinate and granulose- sulcate, reddish, maculated with brown and white; last whorl en- circled by 3 carinse, their interstices with one or two cumuli ; lip thick, obtuse. The shell is globose-conoid, acute, with ."> very strongly convex whorls, the last as long as the spire ; this has 3 prominent rounded or cord-like granose keels, above the first of them 5 granose line ; one or two similar grained threads stand between the first and second and the second and third keels, and below the latter there are about 8 cinguli. The aperture is egg-shaped, higher than broad, the outer lip simple, denticulate, silvery ; columella vertical, even, with a slight denticle. Umbilicus cylindrical but very small. Color reddish-gray, with white and black spots. Separated from T. tri- eingulatus by the small size, umbilicus, convex whorls, and the smaller number of granose lirre. Alt. 12, diam. 12f mill. (Phil.) Pacific Ocean, Tr. horridu* Phil., Conchyl. Cab., p. 172, t. 27, f. 12. E. PULLATUS Anton. PI. 38, fig. 4. Shell globose-conic, solid, thick, imperforate when adult, urnbili- cate in the young, whitish or yellowish, marked longitudinally with narrow black stripes, or series of black spots on the spirals ; whorls about 05, convex, encircled by numerous spiral lira?, clathrate with regular, elevated lamellae of growth, especially prominent between the lira?; spiral Hra3 9 or 10 on the penultimate whorl, every alter- nate one slightly larger ; on the last whorl there are about 16 to 18 lira?. The suture is very narrowly canaliculate. Aperture about half the length of shell, rounded, silvery inside, and sulcate ; lip thick, crenulated ; columella slightly curved, with a slight tooth at base. Alt. 19, diam. 17 mill. ; alt. 21, diam. 19 mill. Persian Gulf; Red Sea* Trochus pullatus Anton, Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1848, p. 123. — PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 263, t. 39, f. 3.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 407, t. 120, f. 1. 28 434 EUCHELUS. Allied to E. asper, but with fewer, larger cinguli. The coloration of black stripes or spots on a yellowish (or white) ground is char- acteristic. E. STELLIO Fischer. PI. 38, fig. 23. Narrowly, obliquely perforate, conoid, thick, chestnut colored, dotted with white, reddish and black ; whorls 5, convex, separated by an impressed suture, the first smooth, following rough, spirally cingulate, the cinguli granose, unequal, 5 more prominent ones on the penultimate whorl, with smaller intermediate granose lirse ; last whorl rounded ; aperture ovate, lip plicate within ; columella arcuate, simple, edentulous. Alt. 16, diam. 16 mill. (Fischer.) Habitat unknown. Trochus stellio FISCHER, Journ. de Conchyl. 1878, p. 63; Coq. Viv., p. 290, t. 93, f. 3. This does not seem to be a wholly adult shell. The description and figure recall to me immature specimens of E. pullatus. E. PRINCIPALS Pilsbry. PI. 67, fig. 83. Shell large, globose-conic, very thick and solid, imperforate, uni- form ashen ; spire short, acute, each whorl with a delicate carina im- mediately above the narrowly channelled suture ; whorls 5 to 6, convex, covered with minutely granose, spiral riblets, slightly un- equal in size, but none of them prominent, the interstices seen under a glass to be densely lamellose-striate ; penultimate whorl with about 18-20 spirals. Last whorl large, globose, rounded, descending to- ward the aperture, base convex ; aperture rounded, quite oblique, silvery within ; outer lip very thick, finely crenulated, columella curved, ending in a small tooth ; columellar lip continued across the parietal wall in a thin wrinkled layer, the peristome in adult shells crenulate or wrinkled all around. Alt. 27, diam. 24 mill. ; alt. 25, diam. 22 mill. Habitat unknown. This is the largest form of EucJielus I have seen. The sculpture consists of fine, beaded riblets, slightly unequal in size, much smaller than in E. atratus or E. asper. The whole shell is more regular in outline and smoother than the latter species. Two specimens of unknown origin are before me. I cannot tell whether this has been described by A. Adams or not. His descriptions are wholly in- sufficient for identification. EUCHELUS. 435 E. BACCATUS Menke. PL 62, figs. 72, 73. Shell globose-conic, imperforate, solid, pinkish, with sparsely scattered reddish or blackish dots. Spire elevated, conical, con- stricted by deep, canaliculate sutures ; whorls 5, convex, encircled by closely beaded equal spirals, the interstices lamellose-striate; spirals (typically) 9 on the penultimate whorl, 17 on the last, including base. Body-whorl rounded ; aperture rounded, lip thick, crenulate inside, columella concave, terminating in a minute tooth, and bounded by a longitudinal groove. Alt. 11, diam. 9* mill. ; alt. 13 diam. 13 mill. S. Australia ; Singapore ; Solomon Is. Monodonta baccata MKE., Moll. Nov. Holl., p. 14. — Tr. baccatus Mke., PHIL., Conchyl. Cab., p. 173, t. 27, f. 13.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv, p. 292, t. 94, f. 2 ; t, 115, f. l.— Trochus aspersus KOCH, Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1846, p. 103. There is considerable variation in degree of elongation, some shells being high, subscalariform. These have received the varietal name of solutus Fischer (pi. 38, fig. 17). The number of line on the penultimate whorl, their equality in size, and the coloration, are the more salient specific characters. E. BELLUS Hutton. PL 67, figs. 80. Shell small, globose-conic, solid, thick (blackish or) pink varied with darker; imperforate when adult, with a groove at the place of the umbilicus. Spire short, conic ; apical whorl smooth, the follow- ing whorl with three granose lirse, the next with 3 or 4 ; the penulti- mate has 1 or 8 equal, grained lime, the interstices narrow ; last whorl with ten such line. Whorls 5, convex, the last globose, descending at the aperture. Aperture rounded, nacre with steel-blue and dark red reflections, lirate inside ; columella concave, terminating in a tooth, below which there is a narrow notch, and another tubercle or tooth on the basal lip equal in size to the columellar denticle. Alt. 6J, diam. 6i mill. New Zealand; Chatham Is. ; Tasmania. E. bellus HUTTON, Cat. Mar. Moll. X. Z., p. 37, 1873 ; Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales ix, p. 357, 1884; Trans. N. Z. Iiist. xv, t. 14, f. 1 (operculum and dentition). — Huttonia iricolor KIRK, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xiv, p. 282, 1882. A globose little shell, evenly grained all over. 436 EUCHELUS. Var. TRICOLOR Kirk. Granules coarser ; dirty chocolate, interior bluish-green. E. HAMILTON: Kirk, Unfigured. Shell perforate ; spiral granular ribs very fine ; color white or faint pinkish-white, with points of darker color forming diagonal lines across the whorls ; apex white ; inside white. (Kirk.*) Wellington, Neic Zealand. Huttonia hamiltoni T. W. KIRK, Trans, N. Z. Institute xiv, p. 283, 1882. — Euchelus hamiltoni Kirk, HUTTON, Proc. Linn.Soc. N. S. Wales ix, p. 358, 1884. May prove the same as the following. E. TASMANICUS Tenison-Woods. Unfigured. Shell small, depressedly turbinate, fleshy white, spotted with red points which are sometimes disposed in oblique lines; whorls 4, slopingly rounded, thickly gemmed with granulous lirse, the inter- stices plaited lengthwise, with a channelled impression at the sutures ; aperture obliquely ovate, subcircular, outer lip lirate within, inner lip bisulcate and obliquely sulcate behind the columella. This some- what gibbous Euchelus appears to have traces of nacreous iridescence internally. It is very distinct in size (being the smallest of our species) from E. baccatus Mke., though somewhat near shape and color. Rather scarce. Diam. maj. 6, min. 5 mill. (Tenison-Woods.') Long Bay, Brunt J.^land, and S. Coast, Tasmania. E. tasmanicus TEN.-WOODS, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 1875, p. 152 (1876). Known to me only by the above description. E. FOVEOLATUS A. Adams. Shell small, globose-conic, solid, white, very minutely perforated ; spire short ; whorls about 4, convex, encircled by strong spiral ribs> the interstices between them deeply, coarsely pitted by the prominence of strong, regular, longitudinal lamellae, continuous over the spirals. The penultimate and next earlier whorls have 3 spirals (the sub- sutural one sometimes subobsolete), the outer lip inserted upon the fourth ; on the last whorl near the aperture there are 7, but some- times more, by reason of the interpolation of one or two interstitial riblets on the upper surface ; two or three submedian ribs are gen- erally more prominent. Sutures canaliculate. Aperture rounded, EUCHELT'S. 437 columella slightly concave, rather wide, flat, not toothed at base. Umbilical perforation minute. Alt. 6, diani. oJ to 6 mill. Lord Hood's Id.; Paumotus ; Vitils.; Philippines. 3fonodonta foveolata AJU., P. Z. 8. 1851, p. 176. — Euchelus anqa- latus PSE. Amer. Journ. Conch, iii, p. 283, t. 23, f. 27 (1867). A very distinct little shell, with coarsely latticed sculpture. Part of the specimens before me are imperforate. Var. ANGULATUS Pease. PL 38, fig. 1. More elongated and conical; last whorl biangulate by the prom- inence of two njfijtfian line, the lira? above these small or subobsolete. Alt. 5, diam. 4 2 mill. Id. Annaa. This variety is imperforate when adult. E. PAUPERCULUS Lischke. PI. 63, figs. 20, 21. Shell small, conical, solid, thick, imperforate, white, spotted on the ribs with blackish-brown ; spire conical ; sutures slightly channelled ; whorls 5, convex, encircled by strong spiral ribs, the interstices clathrate, pitted by longitudinal lamellae. Spiral ribs 3 to 5 on the penultimate, 8 or 9 on the last whorl ; aperture rounded, thickened and crenulate inside ; columella straight, broad, not toothed. Alt. 5 2, diam. 5 mill. Japan. Trochus pauperculm LISCHKE, Mai. Blatter xix, p. 105 (June, 1872) ; Jap. Meeres-Conchyl., 3d pt., p. 69, t. 4, f. 9-11. Similar in form, size and sculpture to E. foveolatus, but variegated with blackish, imperforate, with straighter columellar edge. E. SCROBICULATUS Souverbie. PI. 38, figs. 2, 3. Shell imperforate, ovate-conic, subventricose, apex rather obtuse, dull white, ornamented with strong spiral subnodose ribs, decussated by elevated rib-striae cutting the interstices into square pits, of which there are 3 or 4 series on the third whorl, 4 on the penulti- mate, and 7 on the last ; whorls 5, rounded, 'separated by a deep, subcanaliculate suture ; aperture rounded, oblique, sub-pearly, lap duplicate, edge acute, crenulated, sulcate inside, columella vertical, simple. Alt. 61, diam. 5J mill. (Souverbie.') Island of Art, New Caledonian Archipelago. Trochus scrobicukdus Souv., Journ. de Conchyl. 1866, p. 140, t. 11, f. 9.— SOUVERBIE in FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 248, t. 84, f. 2. 438 EUCHELUS. Evidently closely allied to E. foveolatus and E. pauperculus, perhaps only a variety of the former. E. SMITHI Dunker. PL 38, figs. 5, 6, 7. Shell umbilicate, globose-conic, whorls 6 or 7, encircled by numerous unequal, grained, partly pearly riblets ; base convex, sculptured with smoother riblets, their interstices cancellated ; umbilicus deeply channelled ; aperture rounded-quadrate ; columella deeply sinuous, callous, terminating in an acute denticle; lip sulcate within , subcinereus or ashen-reddish, with scattered obscure spots on upper whorls ; lip thickened in adults, silvery-pearly. Alt. 15, diam. 20 mill. (Dkr.) Wakayama, Japan. Euchelus smithi DKR., Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 259, t. 6, f. 16-19, 1882. Seems quite different in form from other Euchelus. E. BRONNI Dunker. PI. 57, fig. 16. Shell globose-conoid, perforate, brownish and white variegated ; whorls 6, convex, the last subangulate toward the base ; base plano- convex ; umbilicus narrow, crenated ; aperture subrotund ; lip costate within ; columella oblique, terminating in a thick tooth. Alt. 6, diam. 8 mill. (DJfcr.) Japan. Monodonta (Euchelus) bronnl DKR., Mai. Bl. vi, p. 229 ; Moll. Jap. p. 22, t. 3, f. 8. E. SEYCHELLARUM Nevill. PL 57, fig. 13. Shell small, depressed-conical, subglobulose, white, rather solid ; whorls 4, a little convex, joined by impressed suture, ornamented by spiral closely, minutely granulose riblets; last whorl rounded at the periphery ; base convex, spirally granulate-ribbed, narrowly umbili- cate; aperture subrotund; lip regularly arched, its edge rather obtuse, sulcate inside ; columella straight, obliquely sloping, with a small tooth below. Alt. 2i, diam. 3 mill. (Nevill.) Id. of Make, Seychelles. Euchelus seychellarumG. and H. NEVILL, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng. xxxviii, pt. I, p. 157, 1869. E. SCABER Fischer. PL 38, fig. 8 ; pi. 57, fig. 23. Shell globose-conoid, solid, umbilicate, whitish, with large macula- tions of reddish and darker dots of the same on the line ; spire short, EUCHELUS. 439 conic, apex subacute, first whorl smooth, remaining whorls con- spicuously lirate ; penultimate and whorls of the spire with 3 prom- inent spiral ribs, the first bounding the broadly canaliculate suture, followed by 2 minute spirals, the second and third separated by a space which has a central riblet ; on the last whorl there is another prominent spiral rib just below the periphery ; the base has about 8 alternately larger and smaller spirals ; the entire surface is covered with close, sharp, elevated vertical striae crenulating the ribs and interstices. Last whorl rounded ; aperture large, quite oblique, ex- panded, finely sulcate within ; columella subvertical, decidedly reced- ing, nearly straight, a trifle reflexed above, and bearing a small denticle near the base, below which it is obscurely crenulated. Alt. 16, diam. 16 mill. Singapore I (Archer) ; Indian Ocean. Trochus scaber Chemnitz, FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 288, t. 93, f. 2.— ( f Trochus scaber CHEMNITZ Conchylien Cab. v, p. 107, t. 171, f. 1667 ; 1781). — Tr. scaber Linn.? PHILIPPI Conchyl. Cab., p. 262, t. 39, f. 2.— ( / T. scaber LINNE Syst. Nat, x, p. 758.) As a temporary expedient I have taken Fischer's name for this shell, giving himself instead of Chemnitz as authority. I do this because it seems to me scarcely possible that it is the form named by Chemnitz. I believe Philippi's " / T. scaber L." to be the same, but am not at all sure it is the T. scaber of Linne. I would suggest that Chemnitz's and Linne's names be allowed to lapse as wholly uni- dentifiable ; Philippi's scaber is somewhat doubtful ; but as Fischer has given an unmistakable portraiture of a distinct, well-marked species, I am willing to consider his decision final. However this question may be settled, I have before me specimens of the shell agreeing with those so well figured and described in Fischer's magnificent monograph. It is quite a different thing from E. quadricarinatus Chem., belonging perhaps rather near to the group of fossulatus, cancellatus, etc., species of much the same general aspect. E. ATRATUS Gmeliu. PL 38, fig. 22. Vol. X, pi. 41, figs. 25, 26. Shell umbilicate, globose-conic, solid ; color black, brown, or grayish-pink, either unicolored or tessellated with dark spots ; spire short, conic; sutures deeply canaliculate; whorls 5-6, convex, encircled by numerous equal, densely, finely beaded spiral ribs, with deep interstices, in each of which an interstitial riblet arises on 440 EUCHELUS. the last part of the body-whorl; spiral ribs on the penultimate whorl 7 to 9 ; on the last whorl 12, exclusive of the interstitial riblets ; last whorl rounded, convex, quite abruptly and decidedly descending at the aperture; aperture rounded, strongly, finely sul- cate inside ; columella straight, with a small projecting tooth at base; umbilicus deep, bounded by a strong white rib, about 1 mill, diam. Alt. 13, diam. 12 mill. Alt. 20, diam. 19 mill. Alt. 23, diam. 20 mill. Yiti Is.; Nicobar Is.; Vanikora; Fiji Is.; Moluccas; Sorong ; Singapore ; Philippines. Turbo atratus GMEL., Syst. Nat, xiii, p. 3601. — Trochus (drains Gm., PHIL., Conchyl. Cab., p. 174, t. 27, f. 14.— FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 293, t. 94, f. 3. — Monodonta. canaliculata LAM., An. s. Vert, vii, p. 37. — DELESSERT, Rec. de Coq., t. 37, f. 1. — Tr. canalicnlatus Q. et. G. Voy. de 1' Astrol., iii, p. 261, t. 64, f. 21-25.— Euchelus canaliculatus Lam., CHENU, Manuel, f. 2656. — Euchelus den ign.it us Chem., H. & A. AD., Genera, t. 47, f. 6. The above description and first measurements correspond with the majority of shells before me. Larger specimens (16-23 mill, alt.) are paler, and have a small riblet developed in each inter- stice, thus about doubling the number of spirals. E. RUBRA A. Adams. PI. 67, fig. 79. Shell conical, umbilicate, solid, bright rose color, spire elevated, acute ; whorls 5-6, convex, rounded, encircled by alternately larger and smaller closely beaded riblets, numbering 9 on the penultimate, 4 on the next earlier whorl, about 14 on the last whorl, of equal size on its latter portion. Sutures narrowly canaliculate ; body-whorl rounded ; aperture rounded, finely silicate inside ; columella straight, toothed at base, with a narrow square notch between the tooth and the tubercles of the basal lip. Alt. 8, diam. 7 mill. China. Monodonta rubra A. ADAMS, P. Z. S. 1851, p. 176. A lovely little thing, deep rose or carmine in color, more conical than E. atratus, with a tubercle below the columellar tooth, and a rather deep square notch between them. Umbilicus as in atratus. E. INSTRICTUS Gould. PI. 67, figs. 62, 63. Shell small, elevated, ovate-conic, solid, white, with a series of about 10 rufous spots near the suture, whorls 5, forming a conical EUCHEI.rs. 441 spire, ventrico.se, with delicate, highly elevated spiral rib-stria?, of which there are about 5 on the upper and 10 on the last whorl. The surface of the ribs is slightly tuberculous, and the last one over- hangs the succeeding whorl so as to form a broad deep channel at the suture. The interspaces have about the same width as the ribs, and are beautifully barred with close-set lamina; ; base convex, with a small deep scalariform umbilicus, sculptured like the spire. Aperture obliquely semicircular; lip crenulated by the ribs, con- spicuously sulcate within ; columella sharp, oblique, armed with a fully-developed sharp tooth at base, succeeded by a deep basal notch. (Old.) Alt, 9, diam. 7 mill. Vitils.! New Caledonia! Japan f Tr. (Monodonta) instrictus GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. iii, p. ir,7. 1849; U. S. Expl. Exped. Moll., p. 190, f. *225.—Euchelu8 inxti'i'rtiis OLD., Otia Conch., p. 245. — Turcica instricta GLD., A. AD., Ann. and Mag. N. H. xiii, (3d. ser.) p. 143, 1864. — Monodonta bourcierei CROSSK, Journ. de Conchy!., 1863, p. 178, t. 4, f. 6. — Tr. bourcierei Crosse, FISCHER, Coq. Yiv., p. 249, t. 84, f. 3. This little shell is conical, like E. rubra, whitish with a series of brown spots below the suture, often continued as stripes to the periphery. Tr. bourcierei Crosse (pi. 37, figs. 18, 19) is a synonym. Specimens of it from New Caledonia are before me. Of the typical form I have shells from the Viti Islands. E. PERSICUS Yon Martens. PI. 39, figs. 31, 32. Shell globose-conoidal, perforate, granulate-cingulate, cinguli un- equal, with a few blackish spots, 8 conspicuous cinguli on penult., about 20 on last whorl ; interstices narrow, pitted ; suture pro- found ; aperture ovate-circular, throat sulcate, corresponding to the external sculpture, margin bright silvery, denticulated by the terminating cingnli ; columella arcuate, white, terminating in a more or less obsolete denticle; umbilical fossa between the columellar margin and the lowest cingulus shining, white. Alt. 17, diam. maj. 16, min. 14 mill. ; aperture, long. IH, lat. 8? mill. (Mart.) Nearest allied to E. atratus Gmel., pullatus Ant., and baecatus Mke. Distinguished from the first by the reduced or absent colu- mellar tooth and lighter color ; from the last two by the numerous spirals and narrow pitted interstices. The count of spirals is not very constant, because there are frequently, especially on the last 442 EUCHELUS. whorl, intermediate smaller ones developed. The long groove between the columellar edge and the lowest spiral reminds one some- what of Lacuna; it is not so deep as in atratus, and is porcelain- white, not silvery as that of atratus largely is. (Mart.) E. GEMMATUS Gould. PL 11, figs. 54, 55. Shell small, globose conic, solid, thick, pinkish, or ashen-pink, irregularly dotted or longitudinally striped with dull red ; spire short, acutely conic ; sutures narrowly canaliculate ; whorls 5, convex, encircled by numerous closely finely granose riblets, usually 12-14 in number on the body-whorl, the interstices with oblique raised strise or not visibly sculptured. Body-whorl rounded, globose; mouth rounded, outer lip thick, lirate inside ; columella short, straightened, obtusely subtuberculate in the middle, ending in a projecting tooth, between which and the basal margin there is a deep narrow notch ; umbilicus narrow. Alt. 6, diam. 5* mill. Sandwich and Viti Is. ; Upolu. Trochus (Monodonta) gemmatus GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nut. Hist, ii, p. 27, 1845. — 2V. gemmatus Gld., FISCHER, (1oq. Viv., p. 241, t. 82, f. 3. The above description was drawn from a Sandwich Id. specimen. The ground-color varies from nearly white to ashen-pink. On the darker forms the dots are obscure, and they appear unicolored, of a dingy pinkish hue. There seems to be great variation in the number and development of the spiral grained riblets. The ribs sometimes alternate in size on the median part of the last whorl, three being slightly larger. Most of the specimens I have seen are decidedly smaller than the measurements given above, averaging alt. 4£-5, diam. 4 mill. E. LACTEUS Philippi. PL 57, figs. 37, 38. Shell small, subglobose, umbilicate, milk white; whorls convex, the upper ones showing 3 series of nodules, the last 9-10 series ; sut- ure profound ; umbilicus margin entire; columella scarcely solute above, with a denticle at base. (Phil.) Alt. 23, diam. 3 mill. Friendly Islands. Monodonta lactea PHIL., Archiv. f. Naturg. 1845, i, p. 66.— Trochus lacteus PHIL., Conchylien Cab., p. 83, t. 14, f. 16. Said by Philippi to be full grown, but probably not so. EUCHELUS. . 443 E. FISCHERI Montrouzier. Pi. 38, figs. 18, 19. Shell small, umbilicated, globose-conoid, white, sparsely spotted with chestnut ; whorls 5, subconvex, ornamented with subcontiguous, granose, spiral ribs ; two supra-sutural ribs small and almost con- cealed by the following one, which is the strongest of all. The ribs are alternately elevated ; last whorl rounded, equaling J the length ; base perforated ; aperture oblique, rounded, inside pearly, shining ; lip thickened, acute at edge, crenulate, thickened inside, deeply sulcate ; columella with 2 little tubercles, the upper small, the other terminal, strong, transversely entering. Alt. 4, diam. 4 mill. (Souverbie.) Id. of Art, New Caledonia. Monodonta fischeri MONTOUZIER, Journ. de Conchyl. 1866, p. 142, t. 6, f. 7. — Tr. fischeri Montr., SOUVERBIE iii FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 246, t. 84, f. 1. E. GUTTAROSEA Ball. PI. 51, fig. 21. Shell small, white, the upper surface of the whorls with very small distinct rose-red dots sparsely distributed on the raised nodules of the sculpture, or all white; five or more inflated strongly sculpt- ured whorls, and a smooth nucleus. Spiral sculpture of, on the upper surface of the last whorl, two small and two strong spiral alternated ribs, one of the smaller just below the suture ; a large spiral on the periphery and four on the base ; crossed by numerous obliquely radiating threads, which make the early whorls coarsely reticulate with nodules at the intersections, while in the later whorls the radiations become less marked and the spirals more numerous and more conspicuously nodulous. Whorls rounded, apex a little blunt, suture distinct, not channelled, base rounded, umbilicus none ; pillar nearly straight, with a strong tooth near its base, aperture rounded, oblique, a little descending above, with six or eight stout lira? ending in tooth-like nodules, body with a moderate layer of nacreous callus. Alt. 5*0, diam. 4'5 mill. (Dall.) Off Havana, in 119-450 fms. ; West Indies generally. Eachelus guttarosea DALL, Blake Report Gasterop., p. 382, t. 33, f. 7. Section HYBOCHELUS Pilsbry. Species of this Section have a great resemblance to certain forms of Stomatella. I believe them nevertheless to belong to Euchelus. 444 EUCIIKLUS. E. t'ANCKLLAT-rs Kniuss. PL 57, figs. 1, 2, 3. Shell depressed, umbilicate, helicoid or aln.iost stomatia-shaped, the last whorl and aperture very large, reddish-brown, marked with white on the spiral ribs; spire very short, small ; whorls nearly 4, convex, the inner 1 J smooth, the rest with strong, separated spiral lir»3, the interstices wider than the lira?, rendered pitted by raised, regular rib-stria) each interliral interval with a central spiral thread. There are 3 principal lira) on the penultimate whorl, the outer lip inserted on the fourth ; on the base there are 8 concentric lirse, alternately larger and smaller, the inner one bounding the umbilicus and spirally entering it. Aperture large, oblique, finely sulcate, pearly and iridescent inside ; lip thin ; columella arcuate, not toothed, a trifle reflexed above, connected with the upper lip by a short, shining, white callus. Umbilicus narrow, funnel-shaped. Alt. 10, diam. 13 mill. Cape of Good Hope. Stomatellaf canceUata KRATJSH, DieSiidaf. Moll., p. 93, t. 5, f. 26, 1848. The edentulous aperture, large body-whorl, small, low spire and latticed sculpture separate this from all species except those im- mediately following. The shell is very aberrant for an Eachehis. E. FOSSULATUS Souverbie. PL 38, figs. 15, 16. Shell umbilicate, heliciforrn, whitish, spotted with pale reddish ; whorls 5, convex, separated by canaliculate sutures, all over regularly clathrate, penultimate whorl with 4 spiral cinguli, a minute riblet interposed in each interval ; the pits between the longitudinal and spiral riblets oblong, quadrilateral ; last whorl convex beneath, with close radiating lamellae ; aperture ovate, sulcate inside ; lip thin, plicate ; columella arcuate, edentulous, a little reflexed above ; um- bilical tract white, striate ; umbilicus profound. Alt. 12* diam. 15 mill. ; alt. 9, diam. 10 mill. (Fischer.) Andaman Is. (Nevill) ; New Caledonian Archipelago (Montr.). Tr. (Euchelus fossulatus Souv., Journ. de Conchyl. 1875, p. 39, t. 45 f. 5.— FISCHER, ibid., p. 50 ; Coq. Viv., p. 391, t. 117, f. 2. Very similar to E. cancellatus Krauss, but with slightly more prominent spire. E. MYSTICUS Pilsbry. PI. 57, fig. 7. Shell globose-depressed, yellowish-white, with purple-brown dots on the spiral ribs, spire very short, conic ; imperforate ; whorls 4g or EUCHELUS. 445 5, very raj)idly increasing, the nuclear one smooth, the remainder clatlirate with strong spiral ribs crossed by elevated, close, vertical stri;e, which crenulate the ribs and cut the interstices into pits. There are 3 stronger spirals on the penultimate whorl, with a riblet in each interval ; on the earlier whorls there are only 3 spirals; the last whorl at its termination has about 27 spirals ; the base has a'bout 8, alternating in size ; there is a strong spiral bordering the closed umbilicus ; aperture large, expanded, slightly sulcate inside, quite oblique ; columella simple, concave flattened, and above reflexed, connected with the upper margin of peristome by a short shining parietal callus. Alt. 8, diam. 9 mill. Singapore (Archer). "E. edentulits Reel." in Phil. Acad. Coll., not E. edentulm A. Adams. P. Z. S. 1851. A form allied to E. fossulatiis and cancellatus, but with closed umbilicus, reflexed columellar edge, and differing in some details of sculpture. I cannot learn that Recluz ever described this shell, but the specimens before me bear his name. E. DELPRETEI Caramagna. PI. 51, figs. 8, 9. Shell conic-depressed, umbilicate, rather thick, whitish, sub- vitreous; apex obtuse; first 3 whorls planate above, elegantly orna- mented with elevated spiral ribs and longitudinal stria3; first whorl nearly smooth; the last double as long as the spire, tumid, dilated, ornamented with 3 elevated cinguli on the lower part, 2 less ele- vated ones above; base with 6 granulose, minutely striated, con- centric cinguli-; lip thin, denticulated by the external sulci ; colu- mella smooth, straight, excavated at base, scarcely forming a denticle ; aperture white, oblique, sulcate within. Alt. 4. diam. 4 mill. (Caramag.) Assab, West Shore of the Red Sea. E. Del Pretei CARAMAGNA, Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. xiii, p. 131, t. 8, f. 9, 1888. Section HERPETOPOMA Pilsbry. E. SCABRIUSCULUS Adams and Angas. PL 38, fig. 1 2. Shell small, very minutely perforate, thick, conoidal, ashen- reddish ; whorls 5, separated by canaliculate sutures, convex, the embryonic ones smooth, the rest roughened, spirally cingulate, cinguli 4 on the penultimate whorl, unequal, the upper two smaller, 446 EUCHELUS. the third forming a carina ; sometimes with a delicate riblet between the 3d and 4th lirse; last whorl subrotund, with unequal, alternating cinguli ; base convex, with 5-6 concentric beaded cinguli ; interstices clathrate ; aperture subovate, sulcate inside ; lip thick, duplicate ; basal margin plicate-dentate, and deeply notched ; columellar callous a little reflexed above, passing into the right margin. Alt. 4, diam. 4 mill. (Fischer.') Port Jackson ; New South Wales, Australia. Euchelus scabriusculus A. AD. and ANG., (MS. in Coll. Cum.) P. Z. S. 1867, p. 215 (no description). — Trochus scabriusculus Adams, FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 374, 1. 114, f. 2. Operculum multispiral, as in most genera of Trochidse not few- whorled as is the case with Euchelus. Subgenus TALLORBIS G. and H. Nevill. Tallorbis NEVILL, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal xxxviii, p. 159, pt. i, 1869. I am in doubt about the systematic position of this group. Nevills compare it to Thalotia. Fischer considers it a section under Euchelus. The original description is as follows : Shell suborbicu- late, subconic; columella solid, anteriorly applanate, transversely plicate and abruptly terminated. E. ROSEOLA Ne'vill. PL 57, fig. 15. Shell depressed-conical ; whorls 5, rapidly widening, separated by profound sutures, spirally distantly costulate, costulae 3 on penulti- mate whorl, separated, elegantly ornamented with numerous rosy tubercles, the. interstices wide, divided by a central spiral thread, transversely cancellated ; base convex, similarly ornamented ; aper- ture ample, subrotund, pearly, smooth inside in adult specimens, in young ones sulcate ; lip scarcely thickened, crenulate at the margin ; labium thin ; columella thickened anteriorly, subreflexed, with three twisted plicae. Alt. 1H, diam. 11 mill. (NeviU.) Southern Province of Ceylon. Tallorbis roseola G. and H. NEVILL, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, xxxviii, pt. i, p. 160, t. 17, f. 5, 1865. The following species of A. Adams' may be regarded as unidentifi- able and practically non-existant. MONODONTA SULCIFERA A. Adams. Testa globoso-comca, um- bilicata, fusca, cingulis granorum distantium moniliformibus, inter- EUCHELUS. 447 stitiis profounde sulcatis, sulcis subkevis, loagitudinaliter striatis ornata ; columella ad basin trisulcata, dente parvo acuto instructa ; labro tenui, intus sulcato. (Ad. in P. Z. S. 1851, p. 175.) Roebuck Bay, N. Australia. MONODONTA CLATHRATA A. Adams. Testa ovato-conoidea alba, imperforata, cingulis subgranosis distantibus ornata, in anfr. ult. 7, interstitiis costulis longitudinalibus elenganter clathratis ; coluinella tuberculo parvo termiuata ; labro intus sulcato. (Ad., in P. Z. S. 1851, p. 175.) Ouidulman, Id. of Bohol, 60 fms. MONODONTA TRICINGULATA A. Adams. Testa globoso-conoidea, umbilicata, rubente, albo et fusco variegate, ciiigulis parvulis granorum ornata ; sutura canaliculata anfr. convexis, carinis tribus trausversis prominentibus cinctis ; umbilico profundo ; coluraella ad basin tuberculo parvo terminate ; labro expanso, tenui, intus laevi. (Ad., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 175.) Malacca; Singapore, 6 fms. MONODONTA PHILIPPINA A. Adams. Testa globoso-comca, proforata, fusca nigro punctata ; cingulis granulatis inaequalibus ornata ; interstitiis clathratulis ; umbilico parvo ; columella tuberculo parvo termiuata ; labro intus sulcato. (Ad.t P. Z. S. 1851, p. 176.) Pnerte Galero, Mindoro, 9 fms. ; Bolinao, Luzon, 10 fms. MONODONTA EDENTULA A. Adams. Testa ovato-conoidea, umbili- cata, fusca, costellis transversis imbricatis, interstitiis clathratis sculpta ; anfr. valde rotundatis, umbilico infundibuliformi ; colu- mella subrecta, basi tuberculo terminata ; labro margine crenulato. (Ad., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 176.) Catbalonoa, Id. of Samar, 6 fms. MONODONTA STRANGEI A. Adams. Testa conoidea, perforata, fusca, cingulis granorum sequalibus confertis ornata ; anfr. parum convexis, ultimo subangulato ; columella curvata, dente obtuso terminata ; labro intus sulcato, tuberculo prope basin columellse. (Ad.t P. Z. S. 1851, p. 177.) Sydney, under stones. MONODONTA PUNCTIGERA A. Adams. Testa globoso-conoidea umbilicate, alba fusco punctata, cingulis granulosis insequalibus rufo- 448 EUCHELUS-DANILTA. punctatis ornata ; sutura canaliculata ; anfractibus rotundatis ; um- bilico aperto, infundibuliformi ; coluraella recta, brevi, basi bituber- culata, dente parvo acuto terminata ; labro expanse, intus sulcato. (Ad., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 177.) Singapore, 6 fins. MONODONTA EXASPERATA A. Adams. Testa globoso-conoidea, umbilicate. subdepressa, albida, nigro-variegata, cingulis spino-gran- ulatis exasperata ; coluraella sinuata, dente promenenti terminata ; labro incrassato, duplicate, intus valde lirato. (Ad., P. Z. S. 1851, p. 177.) Sibonga, Id. of Zebu, at low water ; Id. of Siquijor, under stones. EUCHELUH INDICIA A. Adams. Testa globoso-conica, imperfor- ata, grisea, cingulis transversis insequalibus, confertis, moniliformi ornata ; anfr. rotundis ; columella ad basin tuberculo acuto instructa ; labro expanso, intus valde lirato. This is a solid, imperforate gray-colored species, of the same dimen- sions and style of sculpture as E. denigratus Cheinn., but quite distinct specifically. (Adams, in P. Z. S. 1854, p. 316.) Bombay. EUCHELUS MACULOSUS Pease. Shell small, umbilicate, some- what conical ly-globose, rather thin, shining, concentrically irregu- larly ribbed, longitudinally very finely striated. Color white; transverse ribs spotted somewhat remotely with red. Breadth 2, height 1J mill. (W. H. Pease, P. Z. S. 1862, p. 43.) Pacific Is. TROCHUS (EUCHELE) ALABASTRUM Reeve. Testa subdepresso- conoidea, anguste umbilicate ; spira exserta ; sutura peculiariter, profunde excavata; anfr. deinde concavis, et fortiter tricarinatis, carinis subirregulariter undatis et exquisite serratis; calcareo-alba, carinis punctis nigris subdistantibus peculiariter notatis. long. I, lat. f poll. Of this very striking species there is a second specimen in the collection of Mr. Cuming, It is of a pure chalk-white sub- stance, strongly spirally grooved and keeled throughout, the keels being sparsely dotted with black. (Reeve, P. Z. S. 1857, p. 209.) Id. of Diego Garcia, near Mauritius. Subgenus DANILIA Brusina. Olivia CANTRAINE, Bull, de 1'Acad. Roy. des Sci. et Belles-Lettres de Bruxelles ii, p. 387, 1835, Type, 0. otaviana Cantr. (not Olivia DANILIA. 449 Bertholoni, 1810, a genus of Sponges). — Craspedotus PIIILIPPI, Zeitschr. f. Malac. 1847, p. 28, Type, C. limbatus Phil, (not Cru#j>r- dotus Schoenbeer, Gen. e Spec. Cure., suppl. 1844, a genus of Rhyncho- phora). — Danilia BRUSINA, Conch. Dalm. hied., p. 25, 186.'). D. TINEI Calcara. PI. 37, figs. 20-22. Shell im perforate, conoidal with rounded body-whorl and base, solid, light brown ; spire elevated, whorls 6-7, convex, separated by deep sutures, the first plan or bold, smooth, the next lightly rib-striate, the remainder clathrate, encircled bv strong spiral line, crossed by elevated, lamellar, regular, vertical striae; there are 3 or 4 spirals on the penultimate, 9 on the last whorl ; body-whorl rounded, with a strong, prominent varix behind the outer lip; aperture rounded, thickened within and a little expanded, a tri Me iridescent ; columella short, vertical with a fold above at the insertion and a strong fold- like tooth below, separated from the plicate basal lip by a deep, narrow, notch. Alt. 9-10, diam. 6-1-7 mill. Mediterranean Upper surface spirally sulcate, costatum, superbum, suturale, [moniliferum, japonicum. U. VESTIARIUM Liiine. PL 58, figs. 1-8. Shell depressed, thin but strong, shining, polished, smooth ; spire low but conical ; whorls about 6, flat, the last usually a little de- pressed below the linear sutures, rounded at periphery, a little con- vex beneath ; callus pad large, convex, thick ; aperture subtri- angular, iridescent within. Alt. 10, diam. 15 mill. Indian Ocean, Madras and Ceylon to Java, Philippines, Singapore, New Ireland. Trochus vestiarius LINN., Syst. Nat. x, p. 758. — Rotella lineolata LAM., An. s. Vert., vii, p. 7. — KIENER, Spec, et Icon., Genre Rou- lette, p. 3, t. 1. — Rotella elegans BECK in KIENER, L c., p. 4, t. 3, UMBONIUM. 451 f. 6.— SOWERBY, Thes. Conch, v, p. 135, t. 472, f. 6-8 ; in Conch. Icon, xx, f. 6. — Rotella vestiaria SOWB., Thes. Conch, v, p. 135, f. 1-5 ; in Conch. Icon. f. 12. — Rotella rosea LAM., /. c., No. 2. — Globulus vestiarius Linn., PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 45, t. 7, f. 1-10.— G. elegans Beck, PHIL., I. c., p. 46, t. 7, f. 16-20.— Um- bonium depressum A. ADAMS, P. Z. S. 1853, p. 188. — Rotella depressa Ad., SOWERBY in Conch. Icon., f. 2. — Globulus australis PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 48, t. 7, f. 21-23. — Globulus parvulus Anton, PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 48, t. 7, f. 11, 12. An excessively variable form. Sometimes the spire is scarcely more convex than the base, though always conical. Usually it is more elevated. U. depressum Ad. (pi. 58, figs. 24, 25) is a depressed form. The colors are indescribably variable, usually very vivid. The following are the more usual patterns : (1) Uniform white, rose-color, fawn or flesh-color, or slaty- blackish. (2) Marked with close, zigzag radiating lines or stripes above, the base white or colored like the lines. (3) Radiately lineo- late, the lines interrupted by spiral zones of rose or white. (4) Finely mottled above, with a peripheral zone of large spots, or a white-edged girdle of red. There are any number of modifications and combinations of these patterns. I am unable to separate U. elegans from U. vestiarium, even varietally. U. CALLOSUM Sowerby. PL 59, fig. 36. Shell depressed, solid, outer lip thin ; white or yellowish, finely marbled all over with black, gray or ashen, sometimes with a series of white blotches at the periphery ; basal callus white, yellow, reddish or black. Surface polished, smooth ; spire low, conical, acute ; whorls 6-7, slightly convex, separated by simple, linear sutures ; last, whorl very rapidly widening, large, dilated, flat on the base, except for the large circular callus, which is excessively heavy and convex ; aperture oval-truncate. Alt. 8, diam. 13 mill. Indian Ocean. Rotella callosa SOWERBY, Thes. Conch, v, p. 135, t. 472, f. 26 (1887, date of title-page). The texture is like U. vestiarium ; the last whorl is very wide, and the umbilical callus far heavier, more convex, than in any other known species ; 6 specimens are before me, bearing the rather indefinite habitat given above. 452 L'MIJONIL'M. U. SAGITTATCTM Hinds. PL 59, fig. 47. Shell smaller, more depressed than U. vestiarium, fawn or flesh- colored, with a row of arrow-shaped dark spots at the periphery, and another a short distance below the suture ; whorls about 4V, rapidly widening, the last depressed; spire lower than in U. vest in rluin ; basal callus convex, circular, smaller than in vest-in r! inn. Surface perfectly smooth and polished. Alt. 4, diam. 6 mill. Straits of Macassar. Rotella sagittata HINDS, Zool. Voy of the Sulphur ii, p. 52, t. 16, f. 18, 19.— SOWERBY, Thes. Conch, v, p. 137, f . 9 ; in Conch. Icon. xx, f. 9. — Globttlus sagittatus Hinds, PHIL. Conchyl. Cab., p. 49, t. 7, f. 13, 14 (copied from Hinds). — Globulus articulatus PiiiLirrr, foe. tit., p. 49, t. 7, f. 24, 25. Spire more depressed than U. vestiarium, and coloration so far as I know constantly as above described. The callus is smaller and rounder than in vestiarium, and either white or slaty colored. U. CONICUM Adams et Reeve. PI. 59, figs. 45, 46 ; pi. 58, fig. 15. Shell conic with flat base, polished, smooth, thin but solid ; dark purple, unicolored with reddish apex, or with an opaque white band on the lower part of each whorl, or with the entire upper surface of the two outer whorls white, the base purple ; spire conical, lateral outlines straight ; whorls 6, rather slowly widening, the last rounded at periphery, flat below, or a trifle concave around the rather small, circular, dark central callus; aperture subquadrate, iridescent in- side ; columella short, oblique, very thick and heavy, with a little nick in the edge near its base, and a slight notch where it is inserted upon the basal callus pad. Alt. 5, diam. 7 mill. Mouth oj Lunda River, Borneo ; China seas. Rotella conica AD. and RVE., Zool. H. M. S. Samarang, Moll., p. 49, t. 11, f. 22, 1850.— SOWERBY, Thes. Conch, v, p. 136, f. 10; in Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 1. The coloration is peculiar ; a beautiful iridescence glows through the purplish outer coat of the upper whorls. The conical form, flat base, and peculiarly nicked columella, together with the polished surface, smooth except for fine, impressed lines of increment, are diagnostic. U. thornasi Crosse, is larger and quite differently colored and sculptured. UMBONIUM. 453 TJ. THOMAS: Crosse. PL 57, figs. 31, 32. Shell conical, the base nearly flat ; light fawn-color, whitish or yellowish, with clo.se, numerous, narrow, radiating reddish or bluish- brown stripes above, often interrupted by an ill-defined light zone just below the periphery; sutures linear, narrowly margined with a reddisli line, becoming blackish on the last whorl; base with a dark streak around the callus, and radiating lines or stripes colored like the upper surface. Surface apparently smooth and polished, but under a lens seen to be very densely, finely decussated all over by incised lines and oblique stria3 of exquisite fineness. Whorls 6£, plane, apex acute ; base fiat, central callus smaller than in U. vext'xir- ium, nearly flat, roughened, thickest on the columellar lip ; columella ending in a point below. Alt. 9. diani. 12-} mill, (specimen); alt. 9, diam. 18 mill. (Crosse.) Hakodadi, Japan; Northern China. Globulus thomasi CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1863, p. 384, t. 13, f. 8. — UmbrmhiM thomax! Crosse, DKR., Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 135. RoteUn infra jttamtta SOWB., Thes. Conch, v, p. 136, f. 11-13; and in Conch. Icon, xx, f. 10. May be known by the conical form, flat base, decussated sculpture and the color pattern. The specimens from which the above descrip- tion is drawn are labeled New Caledonia; whether correctly or not I cannot say. Crosse describes a variety which is rosy-white ; suture rose-colored ; longitudinally painted with pale blackish, flexuous, oblique lines. Sowerby's Rotella infraplanata (pi. .58, figs. 10, 11, 12) seems to have no differential characters. U. ADAMSI Dunker. PI. 58, figs. 26, 27, 28. Shell depressed-conoid, shining, glabrous, whitish, closely painted with undulating blackish-brown lines ; whorls plano-convex, the last obtuse; base nearly plane; callus thick, ashen-white. A shell allied to the preceding, but distinguished by being smaller, alt. 6, diam. 12 mill., closely lineolate with blackish-brown or purple ; base a little more convex ; under a lens finely transversely and longitudinally striate. (Dkr.) Japan. U. ftdamsi DKR., Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 135, t. 6, f. 3, 4, 5 ; Mai. Bl. xxiv, p. 74. Seems to differ but slightly from the preceding. 454 UMBONIUM. U. GIGANTEUM Lesson. PL 58, figs. 17, 18, 19. Shell large, depressed, solid ; slate-colored or reddish above, with a series of black spots below the suture, sometimes alternating with white ones, the periphery usually encircled with a row of white blotches ; base largely white, with a dark streak encircling the callus ; spire low, conoidal ; whorls 7, plane, the last often somewhat con- cave above, rounded at the circumference, slightly convex beneath ; surface shining, smooth, with a few (usually 4) narrow spiral im- pressed lines just above the periphery, which are obsolete in the adult. Base convex, callus white, or partly brown or ashen ; in the middle there is a prominent, blunt, heavy tubercle. Aperture oblique, subquadrate. Alt. 16, diam. 27 mill. Japan. Rotella gigantea LESSON, Illust. de Zool., t. 17, 1831. — KIENER, Spec, et Icon. Coq. Viv., p. 6, t. 3, f. 7. — SOWERBY, Thes. Conch, v, p. 136, f. 15, 16 ; and in Conch. Icon, xx, f. 3. — Globulus giganteus Less., PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 50, t. 8, f. 1. — Rotella aucta SOWERBY, Genera of Shells, f. 3.— REEVE, Conch. Syst., t. 216, f. 3. — Umbonium giganteum A. AD., P. Z. S. 1853, p. 188 ; Ann. & Mag. N. H. xi, p. 265, 1863.— DUNKER, Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 134, 1882. The largest species of Umbonium. The nearly smooth surface blotched periphery and central tubercle on the callus pad distinguish it. Included in my grouping of species with vestiarium etc., but more allied to costatnm. U. COSTATUM Valenciennes. PI. 59, figs. 34, 35. Shell heavy, solid, depressed, spire low-conoidal, periphery rounded ; color whitish or light yellow, closely tessellated all over with blackish-olive or reddish-brown squarish spots; surface shin- ing, polished, with strong spiral grooves above, generally 4 to 6 on last whorl ; sutures narrowly ynpressed, with a rather wide margin below them, which often shows a slight tendency to be tuberculate ; base smooth, tessellated around the irregularly convex, flesh-colored central callus ; whorls 6, the last a little concave above, convex beneath ; aperture subquadrate, pearly inside ; callus circular, heaviest in front of the aperture and behind the collumellar lip. Alt. 11, diam. 17 mill.; alt, 20, diam. 26 mill. Corea ; Japan. UMBOXIUM. 455 Rotella costata VAL., in KIENER, Spec, et Icon. Cov. Viv., p. 10, t. 2, f. 5. — Globulus costatus Val., PHIL., Conchyl. Cab., p. 51, t. 7, f. lo.— Umbonium costatum Val., A. AD., P. Z. S. 1853, p. 188.— DUNKER, Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 134. Sometimes nearly equal to IT. giganteum in size, but usually not exceeding 18 mill. diam. The strongly costate upper surface will distinguish this shell from the preceding forms. The suture is not so deeply impressed, nor has it so prominent a margin as in IT. suturale. The tessellated color-markings sometimes form subcon- tinuous oblique bands. U. SUPERBUM Gould. PI. 57, figs. 33-36. Shell large, solid, depressed-oonic, shining, brownish-green ; whorls 7, the apical smooth, the following 4-sulcate, interspaces tessellated with whitish lines ; base convex, whitish, ornamented with a green articulated zone ; callus copious, full, reddish tinted ; aperture rotund-ovate; columella thickened. Alt. 15, diam. 20 mill. (Old.*) The five examples before me are smaller than U. costatum with the same number (7) of whorls; they measure 17-18 mill, diam., costa- tum being often larger ; they have moreover a more acute apex, the first whorls are much steeper, more rectilinear in outline, and there- fore the shell is higher and more conic ; the suture is not so deep, the margin under it much weaker, sometimes scarcely visible, while that of costatum is often very strongly marked. The spiral furrows begin on the 3d whorl, sometimes at its termination, whilst in U. costatum they begin at the embryonic whorl. (Lischke.) Nagasaki, Kagosima, Japan. Rotella superba GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. viii, p. 17, 1861 ; Otia Conch., p. 156. — Umboninm xitperbiun Old., A. AD., Ann. Mag. N. H. xi, p. 265, 1863. — LISCHKE, Jap. Meeres-Conchyl. ii, p. 83, t. 5, f. 18-21.— DUNKER, Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 134. Evidently close to U. costatum Val. I have translated Gould's diagnosis, and the figures and part of the remarks of Lischke. U. SUTURALE Lamarck. PL 58, figs. 13, 14. Shell depressed, solid, strong, with lowrconoidal spire, upper and lower surfaces nearly equally convex ; color whitish or pinkish, with numerous, close, oblique, zigzag, radiating purplish-brown lines extending to the purple or crimson basal callus ; surface polished, shining, with a few shallow spiral sulci on the upper surface, 4-)() UMBONIU.M. generally not more than 4, frequently obsolete; whorls about 6, each with a prominent, convex margin bordering the deeply im- pressed suture, below this margin concave; last whorl rounded at the periphery, convex beneath; aperture subquadrate ; basal callus irregularly convex, with two lumps or prominences, one back of the columellar lip. Alt. 12, diani. 19 mill. East Indies. Rot'lla suturalis LAM., An. s. Vert, vii, p. 80. — KIENER, Spec, et Icon. Coq. Viv., p. 8, t. 2, f. 3. — So WERE y in Conch. Icon, xx, f. 7. Has fewer spiral sulci than U. costatum, and more profoundly impressed suture, with raised margin. U. MOXILIFERUM Lamarck. PI. 58, figs. 22, 23, 29, 30, 31. Shell depressed, solid, with very low, conoidal spire; color yellow, pinkish or whitish, closely tessellated with purple-brown or bluish slate-color, the basal callus purplish flesh-colored; surface shining, polished, with spiral sulci above, generally .'>-"> in number on the last whorl, often subobsolete ; suture margined by a row of prominent tubercles, 8 to 11 on the last whorl : whorls about 0, the last rounded at the periphery, convex beneath ; callus quite heavy, convex, circular. Alt. 8, diam. 13 mill. Japan. Rotella monilifera LAM., An. s. Vert, vii, p. 8. — REEVE, Conch. Syst, ii, t. 216. — KIENER, Spec. et. Icon. Coq. Viv., p. 9, t. 2, f. 4.— SOWTERBY, in Conch. Icon, xx, f. 5. — Rotella ja ran tea LAM., teste KIENER, 1. c.— DELESSERT, Rec. de Coq., t. 34, f. 4. — Sow KIIHY, T lies. Conch, v, p. 139, f. 23 ; in Conch. Icon., f. 8. — Globulus moniliferus Lam., PHIL., Conchyl. Cab., p. 52, t. 8, f. 6, 7, 8. — Vmbonium, inoni/i- ferum Lam. A. AD., P. Z. S. 1853, p. 188.— DKR., Ind. Moll. .Mur. Jap., p. 135. — Umbonium javanicum Lam. AD., P. Z. S. 1853, p. 188. This species has affinities with U. costatum. It is readily recog- nized by the row of subsutural beads or tubercles. One of the shells before me is very light colored, the tessellations of a light fawn tint. U. JAPONICUM Sulliotti. Shell rather solid, diaphanous, lucid, conoidal more or less eleva- ted; whorls 5, plane, separated by a little deepened suture; suture of the last whorl ornamented by a grauulose cingulus ; first whorl smooth, the remaining minutely cingulate, ornamented with close, oblique, sinuous stria3 ; last whorl subangulated ; strive more conspic- rMlJOXlUM-ETHALIA. 457 nous at the aperture ; base glabrous ; umbilical area covered by a strong calcareous callus, covering nearly two-thirds of the base ; apex frequently eroded, pearly ; aperture oblique, ovate-rotund ; columella thickened ; lip simple, very acute, fragile. Color grayish-blue, with series of brown dots ; columella white ; callus flesh-colored. Alt. 10-13, diam. maj. 14, min. 12-1 mill. Sea of Japan. Rotella japonica SULLIOTTI, Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. xiv, p. 70, 1889. Unfigured and insufficiently characterized. Sulliotti does not compare with the already known Japanese Umbonium with sculpt- ured whorls and beaded suture. U. BAIRDII Ball. PI. 60, figs. 5, 6. Shell small, depressed, conic, white, polished, externally porce- laneous, internally slightly nacreous ; nucleus globular, dextral ; whorls 5 or more ; radiating sculpture of occasional faint impressed incremental lines; spiral sculpture of occasional microscopic striae, and a single strap-like band appressed to the suture, and bearing numerous flatfish squarish nodules or elevations, which coronate the whorls ; periphery rounded, base rounded, depressed in the center, which is nearly filled with a mass of white callus having a very finely granular surface. Aperture ovate, margin simple, thin, oblique. Alt. of axis 3J, of shell 4, diam. 5 mill. (Dall.) Florida reefs, 200 fms. ; Yucatan Strait, 640 fms. U. bairdii BALL, ' Blake' Gasterop., p. 359, t. 21, f. 6, 1889. The specimen is not quite adult. Genus ETHALIA Adams. Ethalia A. ADAMS, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1853, p. 189. Type, Umbonium guamense Q. & G. (Rotella). — H. & A. AD., Genera Rec. Moll, p. 409. — FISCHER, Manuel, p. 822. — Liotrochus FISCHER, Journ. de Conchyl. 1878, p. 207. I have here used Ethalia in its original sense, for the species grouping immediately around E. guamense Quoy. I am convinced that to these it should be restricted. The species are moderate-sized shells, somewhat between Umbonium and Chrysostoma in texture, depressed, the whorls convex, with a mottled or streaked color- pattern. The callus emitted at the coluinellar-parietal angle of the aperture is tongue-shaped, closing the umbilicus except a rather 458 ETHALIA. narrow chink, or even entirely, in some species. < See pi. 57, figs, 41, 42, E. guamense, the type species.) P. P. Carpenter, A. Adams (since 1860), Dr. W. H. Dall and other recent authors have adopted Ethalia for a group of minute, glassy or porcelaneous white shells, allied to Teinostoma, Leucor- hynchia, Pseudorotella, etc. These, I contend, are entirely distinct from the type species of Ethalia and should be included under Teinostoma or some of its sections. No great violence would re- sult from enlarging Fischer's PSEUDOROTELLA to cover the West American and Gulf species referred by authors to Ethalia. In fact, after a comparison of specimens, I am unable to see any character of importance separating them, part of the so-called ' Ethalia ' being imperforate. I have appended a list of species referred erroneously to Ethalia, and have figured part of them. For further information see Mr. Tryon's monograph of Teinostoma, etc., MANUAL, vol. X> p. 103. E. GUAMENSE Quoy et Gaimard. PI. 59, figs. 38, 39. PI. 57, figs. 41, 42. Shell depressed, perforate, solid, strong, smooth, polished, whitish, mottled and lineolate above with brown, reddish, fawn-color or purplish, with 4 narrow spiral articulated lines, sometimes scarcely visible because of the variegated coloration ; base lighter ; whorls 0, convex, the last rounded, convex beneath ; suture impressed ; aperture oblique, outer wall moderately thick, columella strong and thick, arcuate above, spread upon the body-whorl and nearly over the umbilicus in a pad of callus, which is either white, pink or deep crimson ; callus kidney-shaped, but slightly convex, filling the um- bilicus except a narrow chink ; from the outer termination of the callus an arcuate groove extends to the base of the columella, within which the surface of the shell is radiately finely striate and darker colored. Alt. 13, diam. 18 mill. Guam ; Luzon, Philippines (Soivb.)* Rotella guamensis Q. & G., Voy. de 1' Astrolabe, Zool. iii, p. 267, t. 61, f. 32, 33, 1834.— KIENER, Spec, et Icon. Coq. Viv., p. 7, t, 2, f. 2.— SOWERBY, Thes. Conch, v, p. 137, f. 28, 29 ; in Conch. Icon., f. 18 — Umbonium (Ethalia) guamense A. AD. P. Z. S. 1853, p. 189. — Trochus callosvs, KOCH, in PHILIPPI, Abbild. i, Trochus, t. 4, f. 2, p. 138, June, 1844.— Conchylieii Cab., p. 233, t. 35, f. 7.— FISCHER, Journ. de Conchyl. 1878, p. 207 ; Coq. Viv., p. 378, t. 115, f. 3.— Rotella montrouzieri SOUVERBIE, Journ. de Conchyl. 1860, p. 123, t. ETHALIA. 459 2, f. 11. (Not Tr. callosns Gmel., nor Tr. callosus Wood, nor Rotella callosa Sowerby.) May be known, when typical, by the mottled coloration, with narrow spiral articulated lines above, the crimson callus almost closing the umbilicus, the globose-depressed form, etc. It seems to have real affinity with Chrysostoma nicobaricum and also witli Umbon- ium. Specimens in which the umbilical callus is not fully developed are very similar to Monilea. This species is the type of Ethalia A. Ad., and Liotrochus Fischer. Var. MONTROUZIERI Souverbie. PL 59, fig. 37 (enlarged). Very minutely spirally striate above, whitish or ashen, marbled and lineated with greenish, reddish or flesh-colored ; umbilical callus frequently completely closing the perforation, white. E. ZELANDICA Hombron et Jacquinot. PL 58, figs. 9, 32, 33 ; pi. 59, fig. 66. Shell depressed, imperforate, solid, yellowish or pinkish, radiately streaked with chestnut brown or red above, base with a reddish or purple zone around the central callus, the outer pirt white, more or less striped radiately ; surface smooth, shining, base showing under a lens very fine, close, regular spiral striae ; spire low, conoidal, sutures linear, not impressed ; last whorl concave above, the com- pressed periphery encircled by two rather obscure carinse ; base slightly convex, with a narrow spiral groove bounding a central area which is covered by a thin, radiately rugose, purple and white callus; aperture rounded quadrate, nacreous and iridescent within; columella short, very thick and heavy, its edge pearly, inserted in a pad of white callus on the body and over the axis. Alt. 11, cliam. 19 mill. Auckland to Dunedin, New Zealand. Rotella zelandiea Hombr. & Jacq., Voy. au Pole Sud, Moll., p. 53, t. 14, f. 5, 6, 1854. — UniboiiiumzelandicumA.AvAMS,P.Z. S. 1853, p. 189. — Rotella zelandiea Ad., SOWERBY, Conch. Icon, xx, f. 11 ; Thes. Conch, v, 136, f. 24. — Globulus anguliferus PHILIPPI, Conchyl- ien Cab., p. 51, t. 8, f. 3 (1853?). — Rotella neozelanica HUTTON, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales ix, p. 357, 1884. — Vmbonium chal- conotum A. AD., P. Z. S. 1853, p. 188. Although this shell is imperforate, I do not hesitate to place it in the same genus with the Rotella guamemis. It does not belong in Rotella (Umbonium) proper. The callus emitted by the columellar 460 ETHALIA. lip scarcely covers the axis, leaving often a slight pit. Well-pre- served specimens show red and emerald-green reflections through the thin layer overlying the nacre, like fiery opals. The radiating stripe?*, compressed last whorl, and biangular periphery easily distin- guished this shell. Four names were proposed for this shell and published at about the same time — in 1854. I have no means of knowing which has priority, but am inclined to prefer Hombron's to Adams', as it was accompanied by good figures. The title page of Philippi's monograph is 1853, but the actual date of issue is very uncertain. E. STRIOLATA A. Adams. PI. 58, fig. 21. Shell discoidal, subglobulose, subperforate, transversely striate ; whorls 5, slightly convex ; ornamented with very narrow transverse, white articulated, lines ; base smooth, reddish-brown maculated at periphery, with a reddish zone around the umbilical region ; callus white, small, partly concealing the umbilicus ; aperture oval. (Ad.~) Borneo. Umbonium (Ethalia*) striolatum A. AD., P. Z. S. 1853, p. 189. — Rotella striolata Ad., SOWB., Conch. Icon, xx, f. 13; Thes. Conch, v, p. 137, f. 18.—^. trilobata SOWERBY, Conch. Icon., f. 20; Thes. Conch., f. 14. Var. TRILOBATA Sowb. PI. 58, fig. 20. Shell pale olive-gray, subdepressed, variously painted with spots and stripes ; whorls rather convex above ; umbilicus funnel-shaped ; callus small, divided into three semicircular parts. Resembles E. striolata in form of callus, but is more pronounced. In rotundity of whorls the species is midway between the latter and E. guamen.se. (Sowb.) E. PULCHELLA A. Adams. PI. 59, figs. 59-63. Shell sublenticular, obtusely angulated, umbilicate, smooth, shin- ing, grayish-straw colored, above with little pale greenish-brown angular lines often confluent into wider streaks, below painted with white spots ; spire a little prominent, apex a little acute, whitish ; base around the umbilicus rather broadly, perspe.ctively, radiately corrugated and angulate ; aperture subrhomboidal, very oblique, throat pearly ; peristome straight, obtuse, whitish, basal margin ETHALIA. 4()1 arcuate, columellar margin expanded in a rosy, tongue-shaped callus, partly covering the umbilicus. Diam. 7, alt. 4 mill. ; aperture, diam. 3, alt. 2 mill. (Martens.) Owen Id., Meryui Archipelago ; Mindoro, Philippines. Isanda pulchella AD., P. Z. S. 1853, p. 190.— Vox MARTENS, Shells of Mergui, etc., Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. xxi, p. 197, 1887, t. 16, f. 3. Has much more the aspect of Ethalia than Luanda. The umbili- cus is quite broad, and in the adult about half covered by the expanded columella. Species allied to Teinostoma, erroneously referred to Ethalia. ETHALIA LIRATA E. A. Smith (pi. 59, fig. 40). P. Z. S. 1871, p. 737, t. 75, f. 23. Whydah, W. Africa. ETHALIA PLICATA E. A. Smith (pi. 59, fig. 41). P. Z. S. 1871, p. 737, t. 75, f. 24. Whydah, W. Africa. ETHALIA CANDIDA A. Adams (pi. 59, fig. 42). Ann. Mag. N. H. 1862, p. 296.— Conch. Icon., f. 14. Gotto Is.. Japan, 71 fms. ETHALIA POLITA A. Adams (pi. 59, fig. 55). Ann. Mag. N, H. 1862, p. 296.— Conch. Icon., f. 17. Gotto Is., Japan, 71 fms. ETHALIA OMPHALOTROPIS A. AdamS. Ann. Mag. N. H. xi, p. 266, 1863. Yobuko, Japan, 17 fms. ETHALIA NITIDA A. Adams. Ann. Mag. 1865, p. 266. Yobuko, Japan, 14 fms. ETHALIA ATOMARIA A. Adams. Ann. Mag. N. H. 1861, viii, p. 305. Kala-hai; SJian-tung, China. ETHALIA PERSPICUA A. Adams (pi. 58, fig. 16). Ann. Mag. N. H. 1861, viii, p. 306.— Conch. Icon., f. 15.— Thes. Conch., f. 17. Kala-hai; Shan-tung, China. ETHALIA SOBRINA A. Adams (pi. 59, figs. 43, 44). Ann. Mag. 1861, viii, p. 306 ; xi, p. 266.— Conch. Icon., f. 19. Kino-0-Sina; Takano-Sima, Japan, 25 fms. 462 ETHALIA. ETHALIA BRAZIERI Angas (pi. 59, figs. 53, 54, enlarged). P. Z. S. 1877, p. 39, t. 5, f. 17. — Rotella brazieri Angus, SOWB. in Conch. Icon, xx, f. 16. Sow and Pigs Reef, Port Jackson, Australia. ETHALIA TASMANTCA Tenison-Woods. Proc. and Rep. Roy. Soc. Tasmania 1876, p. 146 (1877). Tasmania ? ETHALIA (?) CANCELLATA Tate (pi. 57, figs. 28-30). Trans, and Proc. and Rep. Phil. Soc. Adelaide, S. Australia, for 1878-79, p. 139, t. 5, f. 11. "A lenticular hyaline Rotella, with a cancellated sculpture." Diam. '085 inch. Holdfast Bay, St. Vincent's Gulf] Streaky and Fowlers Bays, Great Australian Bight. ETHALIA PYRICALLOSA Carpenter, Cat. Mazatlan shells, p. 251, 1857. Mazatlan. ETHALIA LIRULATA Carp., 1. c., p. 251. j\[azatlan. ETHALIA PALLIDULA Carp., 1. c., p. 252. Mazatlan. ETHALIA CARINATA Carp., I. c., p. 252. Mazatlan. ETHALIA AMPLECTANS Carp., 1. c., p. 253. Mazatlan. ? GLOBULUS TUMENS Carp., I. c., p. 250. Mazatlan. ETHALIA SUPRAVALLATA Carp., Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. iii, p. 215, 1866. San Diego, Cal. ETHALIA VAR. INVALLATA Carp., /. c., p. 215. San Diego, Cal. ETHALIA RECLUSA Dall, 'Blake' Gasterop., p. 361, t. 28, f. 7, 8, 1889. Yucatan Strait, 640 fms. ; Of N. Carolina, 12-63 fins. ETHALIA SUPPRESSA Dall, Ibid., p. 362. West Florida. ETHALIA SOLIDA Dall, Ibid., p. 362, t. 28, f. 3, 5. OffSahia Honda, Cuba, 310 fms. ETHALIA-ISAXDA. 463 DILLWYXELLA MODESTA Dall. (PL 48, figs. 8, 9.) Ibid., p. 862, t. 21, f. 3. Off Santa Lucia, 226 fms. ROTELLA CRYPTOSPIRA Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad. vi, p. 241 1 1884. Of Cape Hatteras, 142 fms. ETHALIA MULTISTRIATA Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad. vi, p. 242. Off Cape Hatteras, 142 fms. ROTELLA SEMISTRIATA Orbigny, Moll. Cuba, atlas, t. 18, f. 20- 22. (Pseudorotella.) ETHALIA RUFULA Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. viii, p. 17, 1861. Oosima, Japan. ETHALIA CAPILLATA Gould, 1. c., p. 17. Coast of China, 23° 30' N. lat., in 25 fms. These two unfigured species may belong to true Ethalia. Genus ISANDA H. & A. Adams. Isanda ADS., P. Z. S. 1853, p. 189 ; Genera Rec. Moll, i, p. 409. A group of small, compact, polished, porcelaneous little shells with crenate-margined umbilicus, not covered by any reflection or callus of the columellar lip. The operculum is corneous, multi- spiral. The interior has a very thin nacreous layer. I unite Umbonella as subgenus or section. I. CORONATA A. Adams. PL 59, figs. 56, 57, 58 ; pi. 57, fig. 12. Shell small, umbilicated, depressed-turbinate, solid, polished, pinkish-white, with oblique, undulating grayish-pink longitudinal stripes ; spire low, conic ; apex acute ; sutures deeply channelled, bordered by a corona of tubercles or beads ; whorls 5, the last large, rounded or subangular at the circumference, convex beneath ; aperture higher than wide, slightly oblique, quadrangular; um- bilicus very deep, rather cylindrical, bordered by a deeply crenated white marginal rib, with a narrower beaded cingulus just outside of it. Alt. 3?, diam. 4 mill. ; diam. of umbilicus 1 mill. Port Curtis and Torres Sts., N. Australia; S. Australia. Isanda coronata AD., P. Z. S, 1853, p. 189 ; 1. c. 1854, t. 27, f. 5 ; Genera, t. 46, f. 2.— CHENU, Manuel, fig. 26l6.— Trochus (Isanda) coronata Ad., E. A. SMITH, Zool. Coll. H. M. S. Alert, p. 71, t. 5, f. P.—/. lepida A. AD., P. Z. S. 1853, p. 190. 464 IS.VXDA-GAMITIA. A compact, depressed little shell, with diamond-shaped aperture, showing in fresh specimens a slight trace of pearl within. Adams describes the color as spotted with brown in transverse series, with transverse whitish lines, and a wide subsutural white band. The coloration is very inconstant, as the figures on pi. 59 (copied from Smith) show. The columella is straight, a trifle expanded above, connected with the upper lip by a thin parietal callus. Var. LKPIDA A. Ad. Turbinate-conic, whitish-ashen, last whorl slightly angulated at periphery. I. SULCIFERA A. Adams. Shell orbicular-conoid, umbilicate, shining ; spire a little elevated ; whorls 5, subplanulate angular above, and with a deep sulcus there, above at the sutures crenulated and angulated, the last transversely sulcate, encircled by a hair-like carina at the periphery; whitish, ornamented with close longitudinal undulating and angular lines ; umbilicus open, perspective, sulcate within, the margin crenated ; aperture subquad rate ; columella sub-straight, crenulated. (Ad.) Philippines. I. sidcifera AD., P. Z. S. 1853, p. 190. In this species there is a conspicuous deep groove round the upper part of the whorls near the suture. (Ad.) [Lander crenelliferus Ad., Ann and Mag. ix, 1862, p. 296, is the type of Microtheca Ad. See MANUAL, vol. X, p. 166.] Subgenus UMBONELLA A. Adams. Umbonella AD., Ann. Mag. N. H. 1863 (vol. xi, 3d ser.). I. MURREA Reeve. Vol. X, pi. 58, fig. 62. This shell was described and figured in the MANUAL, vol. X, p. 264. It is a small turbinate, porcelaneous shell, with narrow umbil- icus, its margin crenated. Gotto Is., Japan, 71 fms. Turbo murreus REEVE, Conch. Icon., sp. 54, 1848. — Isander maculosus A. AD., Ann. Mag. N. H. 1862, xi, p. 296. — Umbonella murrea Reeve, AD., Ann. Mag. N. H. 1863, xi, p. 265. Genus CAMITIA Gray. Camitia GRAY, Syn. Moll. Brit. Mus. 1840.— H. & A. AD., Genera Rec. Moll, i, p. 409. CAMITIA. 405 The systematic position of this group is not known to me. Fischer places it under Clanculus as a subgenus. C. ROTELLINA Gould. PI. 63, figs. 18, 19. Shell covered-perforate, discoidal, depressed, smooth, shining ; whorls 6, under a lens very minutely, obliquely striate ; the earliest whitish, spirally obsoletely silicate, the remainder pale flesh-colored, ornamented with a subsutural linear zone and oblique brown spots ; last whorl dilated, obtuse in the middle, spirally trilineate (one line above, two at periphery), somewhat convex beneath, with two zones of brown spots ; aperture transverse, scarcely silicate within ; col- umella nearly horizontal, twisted above, truncate beneath, columellar callus forming a coating to the extremely oblique umbilicus. Alt, 6, diam. 11 mill. (Fischer.} Chinese and Japanese Seas. f Ti\ formoxH* WOOD, Index Test., Suppl., t. 5, f. 29. — And FISCHER, Sp. et Icon., on plate 120, f. 4. — Trochus (Monodonta) rotellinus GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. X. H. iii, p. 108, 1850; U.S. Expl. Exped., p. 191, f. 222. — Camilla pulcherrima, ADAMS, Genera, t. 46, f. 3.— CHENU, Manuel, p. 354, f. 2617 (not Tr. pulcherrimus Gray ?). — Trochus rotellinus Gld., FISCHER, Coq. Viv., p. 410, t, 120, f. 4. I have not seen specimens of C'amilia. Fisher's remarks under this species are as follov- s : The shell above described is incontestably a Camilla, and very probably the C. pulcherrima figured by Adams and Chenu, but I have not been able to find the work in which C. pulcherrima was de- scribed by Gray in 1840. Camitia is a Clanculus very much de- pressed, like Rotella, and with a smooth shell like Chrysosloma, Photinula, etc. The right margin of the lip has the character of that of Rotella. A copy of Adams' figure of pulcherrima is given on pi. 57, fig. 11. 0. (JRAYI A. Adams. Shell orbicular, convex-coiioidal, very smooth, flesh-colored, or- namented with subquadrate rufous spots at the suture ; periphery whitish, with two series of reddish-brown transverse spots ; base whitish. (Ad. in P. Z. S. 1854, p. 42.) Habitat unknown. 466 CHRYSOSTOMA. Genus CHRYSOSTOMA Swainson, 1840. Chrysostoma SWAINSON, Shells and Shell-fish, p. 353. The operculum is corneous, thin, a little convex and shining within, a little concave outside, with fine radiating strise ; there are 5 whorls, the nucleus central. It will be seen that this organ re- sembles that of Euchelus rather than of Umbonium or Trochus. The radula has teeth considerably like Monodonta and Diloma. (See Troschel Das Gebiss, ii.) 0. PARADOXUM Born. Vol. X, pi. 45, figs. 91, 92. Shell globular, imperforate or nearly so, thick and strong, with a porcelaneous texture. Surface smooth, with scarcely visible lines of growth, the upper whorls microscopically, densely, spirally striated. Color whitish, closely reticulated and mottled all over with red or pinkish, often with a few large darker maculations above. Spire very short ; sutures linear, bordered by a slight concavity of the whorl or margination. Whorls 6, convex, the last globular. Aper- ture half-moon shaped, reddish or golden-orange color within ; parietal wall covered with a very thick orange-colored (rarely crimson) callus, which projects in a short tongue-shaped lobe above the slight, often closed, umbilical perforation. Alt. 21, diam. 23 mill. ; alt. 18, diam. 17 mill. Singapore ; Celebes ; Mergui Archipelago ; Philippines ; New Cale- donia. Helix paradoxa BORN, Test. Mus. Cses. Vindobon., p. 394, t. 13, f. 16, 17, 1780. — Chrysostomus Nicobaricus, etc., CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. Cab., v, p. 216, t. 182, f. 1822-1825, 1781.— Turbo nicobaricus GMEL., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3596. — PHILIPPI, Conchyl. Cab., p. 34.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 48. — Chrysostoma nicobaricum Chem. CHENU, Manuel, f. 2618. — CROSSE, Journ. de Conchyl., xiv, p. 116, t. 5, f. 8 (operculum}. — Trochus nicobaricus Gm., FISCHER, Genre Turbo, in Coq. Viv., p. 68, t. 36, f. 5. ADDITIONS AND CORRECT] ONS. TROCHUS. Page 21, add PL 4, fig. 31, after T. TRISERALIS. Page 25, T. callicoccus Phil, read PL 9, fig. 95, not fig. 33. Page 25, T. smaragdus, read PL 9, fig. 94, not fig. 39. Page 26, Tr. gibberula Ad. is figured on PI. 9, fig. 4. Page 35, T. bicrenatus, read PL 15, figs. 62-66, not PI. 16. T. (INFUNDIBULOPS) FIRMUS Philippi. Shell conical, solid, transversely sulcate, greenish, painted with close purple streaks ; whorls a little subangular and plicate below the sutures, the last rounded-angulate ; base nearly plane, obsoletely cingulate, false-urabilicate ; aperture rhomboidal ; columella very oblique, simple. (Phil.) The shell is notably thick, rather conical ; the individual whorls are level, angular above near the suture, and a little plicate, appear- ing somewhat terraced ; the last passes into the base with a blunt angle ; the sculpture consists of about 7 weak smooth transverse grooves on the upper surface, and about 4 scarcely elevated concen- tric girdles on the base. The funnel-shaped pit occupying the place of the umbilicus has a slightly elevated liration. The aperture is rhombic, the columella very oblique, entirely simple. On a pale green ground there are oblique purple-red streaks above ; the base has red-spotted girdles. Alt. 18, diam. 22 mill. Persian Gulf. Trochus solidus JONAS, in Mus. Hamburg., not of Phil. — Tr.firmus PHIL., Conchyl. Cab., p. 317, t. 45, f. 5. Allied to T. erythrceus (page 40) but much smoother and differently colored. CLANCULUS. Page 79. Gibbula multicarinata Ten.-Woods.= Clanculus nodi- liratus (=C. plebeius Phil., p. 79), according to Petterd, Quart. Journ. of Conch., Leeds, 1889, p. 354. Page 80 (below middle of page). Clanculus plebeius, var. rubi- cundus High., read PL 13, figs. 97, 98, not 77, 78. CLANCULUS RUBICUNDUS Dunker. Shell globose-conic, narrowly umbilicated, rubicund ; whorls rounded, separated by canaliculate (467) 468 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. sutures, elegantly granose-cingulate ; umbilicus with a white, crenate margin ; columella thick, twisted, incised above, passing into a thick tooth below; lip thickened, silicate within, and splendidly pearly. Alt. 6, diam. about the same. A beautiful species, allied to T. coralliuus Gmel., but much slenderer, elevated riblets densely crenate, interstices canaliculate. Spiral riblets on penultimate whorl 4, on last whorl inclusive of base, 12-14. Color uniform ruddy or scarlet, variegated with white in the umbilical region. (Dkr., in Mai. Blatt., xviii, p. 168, 1871.) Viti Is. I suppose this to be the form I mentioned as "rubicundus Migh." in treating of Clanculus plebeius. See page 80. CLANCULUS ASSABENSIS Caramagna. PI. 51, fig. 4. Shell conoid, turbinate, thick, umbilicate ; spire subconic, as long as the aperture; whorls 6, first two smooth, mamillated, whitish, the third whitish, obsoletely spirally funiculate ; the rest ornamented with regular, rounded, crenulate granulose spiral cords; granules close, formed by axial sulci ; last whorl with about 12 cords; the periphery subangularly rounded, base little convex ; umbilicus very narrow, deep ; aperture subquadrangular ; columellar lip below with 2 or 3 delicate folds ; outer lip plicate within ; sutures canaliculate. Surface whitish, with ashen or wine-tinted spots in oblique series. Alt. 8-1, diam. 9 mill. j Red Sea. MONODONTA. Page 94. Figure 28 of pi. 21 is not J/. crassa, but M. turbinata. Page 106. After M. neritoides Phil., add PI. 38, figs. 20, 21, and the habitat Japan. The figures on pi. 38 are copied from Dunker ; they are much more globose than Philippi's, and may prove dis- tinct. DILOMA NANA Gould. T. miiiutii, fusca, oyato-globosa ; anfr. 4, convexis, bene discretis, apicali simiplici, alteris liris et sulcis angustioribus cinctis ; liris ordinatim quasi plicatis ; basi rotundato, pallidiori, vix perforate ; columella arcuata, denticulata ; labro iutus imdulato; fauce livida., diam. 5 mill. (Old. in Proc. Bost. N. H. viii, p. 18). Loo Choo. DILOMA VERRUCA Gld. T. parvula, ovato-conica, dilute rosacea ; anfr. 4 ; convexis, sutura canaliculate sejunctis, liris binis elevatis ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 469 cinctis, tribus minoribus antice, duobus postice additis, lamellis incrementi decussantibus ad decussationes dilatis ; basi convexo, arete perforate ; dente collumellari parvo, labro crenulato, intus. sulcato. Axis 4, diam. 3 mill. (Old., 1. c., p. 18). Coral Seas, China. CANTHARIUUS. CANTHARIDUS RAMBURI Crosse, page 127. My treatment of this form has recently been criticized (Journ. de Conchyl. 1889, p. 245). If it is conspecific with C. leseueri, as I believe, it will of course take specific rank, the latter name being retained for the variety. ' My disregard of the rule of priority was an oversight. CHLOROSTOMA. Page 194. Chlorostoma turbinatum. Adams proposed the name CH. FUSCUM for Oh. turbinatum Ad. P. Z. S. 1851, p. 183, not Ch- turbinatum Ad., lib. cit., p. 182. See P. Z. S. 1851, p. 305. C. PFEIFFERI Dohrn., p. 189. This name being already in use in Chlorostoma for an umbilicated . Japanese species, the form may be known as CHLOROSTOMA DOHRNI Pilsbry. In the 10th line of the description, read 'fine growth lines,' instead of 'five growth lines.' GlBBULA. GIBBULA MAGUS L., page 197. A variety PRODUCTA has been characterized by Buq., Dautz. and Dollfus. It is smaller than the type, more conical, more gibbous ; less tumid below the sutures ; umbilicus narrower. Gibbula pro- tumida Locard, Prodr. de Malac. Francaise, in Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyons, 1885, p. 243, is a synonym. Page 204. G. nebulosa Phil. PL 63, figs. 15, 16, do not repre- sent this species. It is figured on pi. 51, figs. 16, 17. Page 234. Tr. australis Tenison- Woods (" Census ")=full grown G. depressa Ten.-Woods, according to Petterd. (Journ. of Conch., Leeds, 1879, p. 354.) Page 239. Read after G. tryoni, PL 57, figs. 20, 21, not pi. 69. 470 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. MONILEA. MONILEA CALYCULUS Wood, PL 61, fig. 13 ; pi. 41, figs. 14-17. This form is doubtless distinct from M. callifera Lam., with which it is confused in the synonymy of that species on p. 247. T. masoni Nevill is synonymous. See Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 818 (article by E. A. Smith). Andaman Is. MINOLIA. MINOLIA CAIFASSII Caramagna. PI. 51, figs. 2, 3. Shell conoidal, umbilicated, very fragile ; whorls 5?, angular, flat above ; the first 3 smooth, the remainder minutely cingulate, granose, obliquely striate, ornamented with chestnut-brown radiating spots and whitish ; last whorl angular at base, convex below, and orna- mented with 7 minutely grained concentric lirae ; umbilicus ample, scalariform, cingulate, granose, bounded by a white crenate riblet. Alt. 5, diam. 5 mill. Assab. Red Sea, 20 meters. Minolia caifassii CAR. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. 1888, p. 126, t. 8, f. 1. CALLIOSTOMA. CALLIOSTOMA QUADRISULCATUM Philippi. PI. 59, fig. 9. Shell imperforate, exactly conical, somewhat elevated, pale yellow, sculptured with 4 rounded riblets as wide as the intervening furrows ; whorls 7-8, plane, the last angular ; base nearly flat, with about 8 concentric grooves. Aperture almost exactly rhombic; columella very oblique, cylindrical, scarcely truncate at base, and with a little groove outside. Alt. 15, diam. 16 mill. (Phil.) Tr. quadrisulcatus PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1848, p. 124 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 259, t. 38, f. 8. This species may belong to C. conuloides Its habitat is unknown. CALLIOSTOMA LURIDUM (Nuttall) Reeve. PI. 65, fig. 79. Shell conical, whorls flatly sloping, rather tumid at the base, smooth or nialleated, sometimes spirally linearly engraved ; burnt- brown, very obscurely luridly flamed. (Rve. in Conch. Icon., Monog. Zizyphinus, f. 24, 1863.) Said by Reeve to be from California, but unknown to American Conchologists there. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 471 Trochidce of undetermined systematic position. MARGARITA CUMINGII A. Adams. Shell elevated-conical, cinereus, painted with brown undulating lines, broadly umbilicated ; whorls ornamented with transverse riblets, the last with 3 median line, longitudinally elevated striate ; umbilicus large, encircled by a crenu- lated ciugulus, within elegantly decussated by radiating and trans verse lines. (P. Z. S. 1851, p. 191.) Philippines. MARGARITA VARIABILIS A. Adams. Shell orbiculate-conic, sub- depressed, broadly umbilicated, pallid, painted with brown and gray, varied with white ; whorls rounded, transversely deeply sulcate ; umbilicus perspective, margin crenulated ; base nearly plane ; labial margin subcrenulated. (P. Z. S. 1851, p. 191.) Habitat unknown. MARGARITA BALTEATA A. Adams. Shell orbiculate-conic, scarcely umbilicate, grayish, tessellated with brown ; whorls gibbous, deeply sulcated transversely ; last whorl subangular ; base rather flattened, concentrically sulcate ; columella curved, scarcely truncate. (P. Z. S. 1851, p. 191.) Habitat unknown. MARGARITA TESSELLATA A. Adams. Shell depressed-conical, broadly umbilicated, smooth, cinereus, regularly tessellated with gray ; whorls rather flattened, the last subangular ; base convex ; umbilicus white inside ; aperture rotund, iridescent with green inside. (P. Z. S. 1851, p. 191.) MARGARITA DILECTA A. Adams. Shell orbiculate-conic, broadly umbilicate, shining, whitish, radiately painted with rufous flames ; whorls convex, ornamented with elevated acute cinguli, crenulated above, the interstices closely longitudinally striate; base convex, whitish, nearly smooth, radiately striate; umbilicus perspective, margin crenulated. (P. Z. S. 1854, p. 40.) Straits of Magellan (Owning). MARGARITA ASPECTA A. Adams. Shell turbinate-conic, broadly umbilicate, grayish, gold-shining, maculated with brown ; whorls rounded, excavated at the sutures, ornamented with elevated crenu- lated subdistant cinguli, the interstices longitudinally striate ; base convex, concentrically cingulate ; umbilicus large, open, bounded by 472 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. an elevated ridge, inside decussated by concentric line and radiating lines. (P. Z. S. 1854, p. 40.) Australia, Mus. Cuming. Sowerby's figure (^Conch. Icon. Margarita, f. 25) is copied on my pi. 61, fig. 37. MARGARITA PULCHERRIMA ("A. Ad.") Sowerby. PI. 37, fig. 1. Shell raised, trochus-shaped, rather distantly spirally ridged, between the ridges regularly striated ; ridges minutely bedded, spotted with red ; umbilicus large, keeled ; columella oblique. (Sowb.) Japan. J/. pulcherrima (' A. Adams. ? ') SOWERBY, JR. in Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 11. Probably belongs to Minolia. MARGARITA MARMOREA Pease. Shell somewhat depressedly turb- inate ; spire short, spirally striated ; aperture circular, umbilicate; inner lip reflected over the umbilical region. Color light green, clouded with white and green of different shades, and marked with occasional longitudinal and oblique zigzag lines of dark green. ( TF. H. Pease, in P. Z. S. I860, p. 435.) Sandwich Is. The following six descriptions are from Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, viii, 1861, p. 15, 16. They are reprinted in the original order. MARGARITA IANTHINA Gould. T. globoso-conica, dilute ianthina, striis crebis volventibus cincta, satis umbilicata, ad peripheriam sub- angulata; anfr. 6+, ventricosis ; sutura profunda ; apertura ro- tundata, antics subangulata ; columella recta, acuta ; fauce mar- garitacea. Axis 8, diam. 20 mill. Arctic Ocean. Similar in form and size to L. shantarica Midd., but thinner, more angular, differently colored, and with a much larger umbilicus. (GfW.) MARGARITA MUSIVA Gould. T. pyramidalis, margaritacea, crusta cinerea, fusco tessellata induta ; anfr. 6, ultimo tricarinato, (ceteris bicarinatis) ; base convexiusculo, polito ; umbilico amplo, conico, carina plicata marginato ; apertura circularis ; columella vix reffexa, ad carinam umbilicalem terminante. Operculum corneum, lineis increment! concinne granulatis. Axis 6, diam. 5 mill. Hong Kong Harbor, 10 fms. Allied to M. carinata, biangidosa, etc. (Old.) ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 473 MARGARITA ARTICULATA Gould. T. parva, globoso-conica, liv- escens ; arifr. 6, rotimdatis, ultimo filis circ. 5 (ceteris 3) cinctis, juxta suturam excavatis ; filis coloribus pallidis et obscuribus alternantibus articulatis, interspatiis concinne clathratis ; basi nitido, concent rice striato ; umbilico amplo, eleganter plicato ; apertura circularis, labro tenui. Axis 5, diam. 6 mill. Simon's Bay, Cape of Good Hope. MARGARITA MUSTELINA Gould. T. minute, tennis, globoso- conica, infra concentrice striata, livida albo prope suturam parce strigata ; anfr. 4, veutricosis ; peripheria obtuse angulata ; basi rotundato, late perforate ; apertura ovata ; columella tenui, arcuata. Diam. 4, axis 3+ mill. (Old.) Hakodadi Bay. MARGARITA LENTICULA Gould. T. minuta, depressa, lenticu- laris, concavo-convexa, lactea, striis tenuissimus ordinatis cincta; anfr. 4, declivibus, prope suturam excavatis ; area umbilicali lira in labio desinente cincta ; oblique et arete perforata ; aperture ro- tundata, quadammode transversa; columella cylindrica, umbilico obvia. Axis 3, diam. 5 mill. Sea Shore, Loo Choo. This pretty depressed species may very likely belong to a distinct genus; but I find no other one that will better receive it. (Old.) MARGARITA PINTADO Gould. T. parva, ovato-globosa, depressa, tennis, cinerea ; anfr. 5, ventricosis, juxta suturam planulatis, liris 5 volventibus fusco et albo articulatis cincta ; basi rotundato, late perforate, concentrice sulcato et articulate ; apertura rotundato- ovata ; labro tenui ; columella incrassata, nacrea, antice cuspidata. Axis 4, diam. 5 mill. Simon's Bay, Cape of Good Hope, 12 fms. Characters in many respects like those of Monilea rather than of Margarita. ( Old.) T. GUILLARDI de Folin. PL 57, figs. 39, 40. Shell small, globose, apex obtuse, suture well defined, regularly longitudinally striate, pale, spire short ; whorls 5, the last large, base somewhat depressed, profoundly umbilicate ; aperture circular, margins simple ; operculum corneous, slightly concave, with 6 whorls. Alt. 5, diam. 4 mill, (de Fol) Pacific Ocean. 474 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. Turbo guillardi DE FOL., Les Meleagrinicoles, p. 52. t. 5, f. 9, 10, 1867. May be a Gibbula allied to amirantium, tasmanica, etc. T. GAUDICHAUDII Hupe. PL 61, figs. 34, 35. Shell ovate-rotund, obliquely depressed, imperforate, black, shining, spire short, obtuse ; whorls 4, convex ; base rounded ; sutures margined ; aperture patulous, rounded ; right lip acute ; columella wide, flattened or concave ; operculum corneous. Alt. 5, diam. 8 lines. (Hupe.) Valparaiso, Chili. T. guadichaudii HUPE, in GAY, Hist. fis. y polit. de Chile. Zool. viii, p. 146, atlas, Malac. t. 4, f. 4 (1854). • This species, unknown to me except for the above description, looks like Turbo (Prisogaster) elevatus Soul. T. MALOUINUS d'Orbigny. Unfigured. Shell conical, thin, umbilicate, transversely striate, whitish ; spire conical, apex obtuse ; whorls 4, convex, the last subangulate, with the suture excavated ; aperture rotund-subangulose, lip thin, acute ; columella acute. Alt. 2J, diam. 3 mill. (Orb.) Falkland Is. Trochus malouinus ORB., Voy. dans 1'Amer. Merid., p. 411. T. BICINCTUS Philippi. Shell small, conical, perforate, transversely striate, white, radiated with rose, angular below the suture, the angle nodose ; last whorl carinated in the middle ; base rounded ; aperture as high as wide, throat striated, columella arcuate, terminating in a bipartite tooth at the base. (Phil.) There are 5 whorls; above the shoulder-angle there are two shallow spiral furrows ; between this and the peripheral carina there are 4, of equal breadth to the elevated interspaces ; and on the base about 12. Alt. 7, diam. 7 mill. Red Sea. Tr. bicinctus PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai., p. 102 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 230, t. 35, f. 2. Has the outline of Priotrochus, but differs in the columella with bipartite basal tooth. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 475 TROCHUS MILLELINEATUS Bonnet. PI. 22, fig. 55. Shell with a very deep umbilicus, nearly reaching to the apex ; thick, little shining, yellowish, with elongated flexuous unequal brownish-green spots and dots of the same color. Spire little elevated, acute ; whorls 6, obliquely striate, the last very large, with numerous irregular spiral ridges, stronger and numbering 6 on the base, with obliquely striate interstices. Aperture oblique, rounded, nacreous with greenish reflections and showing the folds inside. Alt. 19, diam. 21 mill. Torres Straits (7) . Trochus (monodonta) mille-lineatus BONNET, Revue et Mag. de Zoologie, 1864, p. 281, t. 22, f. 5. My description is taken from that of Bonnet. The original figure is copied. Bonnet gives for locality, " Jorres straits. " I do not know the systematic position of this shell. MARGARITA SANDWICHIANA ("Ad.") Sowerby. PL 37, fig. 31. Shell subglobose, grayish fulvous, spirally striated, variegated with blackish-brown tessellated spots ; whorls 3, last large, subglobose ; aperture rather round ; columella rather thick, oblique ; umbilicus broad. (Sowb. in Conch, Icon, xx, f. 8.) Sandwich Is. MARGARITA COSTELLATA Sowb. PL 37, figs. 10-12. Shell orbicular obtuse-conic, thin, brownish; whorls 4, tumid, spirally ribbed, base subangulated, aperture suborbicular, sub- angulate below ; umbilicus small. Greenland. M. costellata SOWB. Conch. & MaL Mag., p. 26 ; Conch. 111., f. 15. — Philippi, Conchyl. Cab., p. 245, t. 37, f. 3. T. METAFORMIS Philippi. PL 67, fig. 53. Shell turreted-conic, subperforate, thin, shining, olivaceous, painted with scarcely visible spiral red lines; whorls nearly flat, a trifle turgid, the last acutely angulated, i the total length of shell ; aper- ture subrhombic ; columella little oblique, entire, cylindrical. Alt. 10, diam. 6f mill. (Phil.) Habitat unknown. T. metaformis Phil., Zeitschr. f. MaL 1849, p. 168 ; Conchyl. Cab., p. 2%, t, 43, f. 13. 476 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. T. PYGMJEUS Philippi. PI. 39, figs. 29, 30. Shell small, very thin, globose-conoid, umbilicate, whitish ; whorls rounded, a little depressed or tabulate at the sutures, superficially spirally silicate ; aperture rhombic-circular ; umbilicus crenulated. Alt. 2, diam. 2£ mill. (Phil.) Magnisi, Sicily. Tr. pygmceus PHIL., Enum. Moll. Sicil. ii, p. 153, t. xxv, p. 13. REFERENCE TO PLATES. PLATE 1. FIGURE. PAGE. 1, 2. Trochus sandwichensis Soul. Coq. Viv., t. 37, f. 2, . 29 3. Trochus sanchvichensis Soul. Voy. de la Bonite, t. 37, f. 2.°,, .... 29 4. Calliostoma ticaonicum Ad. Conch. Icon., f. 43, . . 354 5-8. Trochus niloticus Linn. Original, . . . .17 9. Trochus niloticus var. maximum Koch. Conch. Icon., f. 3a. ... 18 PLATE 2. 10. Trochus acutangulusCbemn. Conch. Icon., f. 7, . . 18 11, 12. Trochus mauritianus Gmel. Original, . . .23 13. Trochus obeliscus Gm. (acutus Lam.). Coq. Viv., t. 25, f. 2, . '19 14. Trochus obeliscus Gm. Conch. Icon., f. 8, . . 19 15. Trochus calcaratus Bouv. Journ. de Conchyl. 1875, t. 4, f. 7, . . . 30 PLATE 3. 16. 17. Trochus viridis Gmel. (acinosus Gld.). U. S. Expl. Exped., f. 217, 43 18. Trochus noduliferus Lam. var. Conch. Icon., f. 6, • . 22 19. Trochus noduliferus Lam. Coq. Viv., t, 21, f. 1, . . 22 20. Trochus triserialis Lam. (acutus Rve.). Conch. Icon., f. 20, 21 21. 22, Trochus fabrei Montr. Coq. Viv., t. 1 16, f. 1, la. . 21 23. Trochus dentatus Forskiil. Original, . . . .20 PLATE 4. 24, 25. Trochus mauritianus Gmel. Coq. Viv., t. 30, f. 1, .23 27. Trochus mauritianus Gmel. Conch. Icon., f. 19, . 23 26. Trochus obeliscus var. coerulescens Lam. Ibid., f. 5, . 20 28, 29. Trochus feuestratus Gmel. (circumsutus Gld.) U. S. Expl. Exped., f. 220. . . . . . . .22 30, 31. Trochus triserialis Lam. Coq. Viv., t, 26, f. 2, . . 21 PLATE 5. 32, 33, 35. Trochus erythraus Brocc. Coq. Viv., t. 35, f. 2, 40 34. Trochus erythrseus Brocc. Conchyl. Cab., t. 42, f. 12, . 40 (477) 478 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 36, 37. Trochus Kochii Phil. Coq. Viv., t. 39, f. 2, . .39 38, 39, 40. Trochus cariniferus Beck. Coq. Viv., t. 75, f. 1, 2, 41 41, 42. Trochus cariniferus Beck. Conchyl. Cab., t. 38, f. 6, 41 43, 44. Trochus virgatus Gm. Coq. Viv., t. 27, f. 1, . . 19 PLATE 6. 48, 49. Trochus incrassatus Lam. Coq. Viv., t. 37, f. 1, 50. Trochus incrassatus Lam. Conch. Icon., f. 77, 51, 60. Trochus granosus Lam. Coq. Viv., t. 34, f. 1, . 53. Trochus squarrosus Rev. Conch. Icon., f. 9, 54. Trochus sacellum Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 44, f. 13, . 57. Trochus sacellum Phil. Coq. Viv., t. 120, f. 5, 55. Trochus mirabilis Sowb. P. Z. S. 1875, t. 24, f. 7, . 56. 58. Trochus crebrigranatus Rev. Coq. Viv., t. 97, f. 3, . 59. Trochus crebrigranatus Rev. Conch. Icon., f. 89, . 60, 61. Trochus squarrosus Lam. Coq. Viv., t. 21, f. 5, 62, 63. Trochus tubiferus Kn. Ibid., t. 37, f. 3, . PLATE 7. 64, 65. Trochus vernicosus Gm. Coq. Viv., t. 109, f. 4, t. 1J9, f. 4, 66. Trochus tentorium Gm. Conch. Icon., f. 14, . 67, 68. Trochus creniferus Kn. Coq. Viv., t. 34, f. 3, . 69. Trochus venetus Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 99a, 70, 71. Trochus rubricatus Phil. Coq. Viv., t. 110. f. 1, 72. Trochus subincarnatus Fischer. Ibid., t. 119, f. 6, . 73. Trochus tentorium Gm. Coq. Viv., t. 29, f. Ib, 74. Trochus venetus Rve. Ibid., t. 109, f. 3, 75. Trochus flammulatus Lam. Conch. Icon., f. 70. 76. Trochus lineatus Lam. Coq. Viv., t. 28, f. 2, . . . PLATE 8. 77. Trochus subincarnatus Fischer. Coq. Viv., t. 119, f. 6, . 78. Trochus flammulatus Lam. Original, .... 79. Trochus flammulatus Lam. Coq. Viv., t. 27, f. 2, . 80. 81. Trochus incarnatus Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 16, f. 3, . 82. Trochus obesus Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 75, 83, 84. Trochus calcaratus Souv. Journ. de Conchyl. 1876, t. 4,f. 7, 85. Trochus pustulosus Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t, 44, f. 6, 86. Trochus vividus Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 72, 87. Trochus histrio Rve. Ibid., f. 90, 88. 89, 90. Trochus radiatus Gm. Coq. Viv., t. 97, f. 1, 91, 92, 93. Trochus radiatus Gm. Original, REFERENCE TO PLATES. 479 PLATE 9. FIGURE. PAGE. 94. Trochus sraaragdus Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 66, . . 25 95. Trochus callicoccus Phil. Conch yl. Cab., t. 43, f. 18, . . 25 96. Trochus altus Phil. Ibid., t. 32, f. 7, 19 97. 98. Clanculus spadiceus Phil. Ind. Moll. Guin. Infer., t. 2, f. 43, 45, . . 76 99. Trochus maculatus (granosus Rve.). Conch. Icon., f. 97, 25 100. Trochus maculatus Linn. Ibid., f. 4, . . . 24 1. Trochus maculatus Linn. Coq. Viv., t. 29, f. 1, . .24 2. Trochus maculatus Linn. Conch. Icon., f. 4c. . . 24 3. Trochus maculatus Linn. Hanley, Ipsa Linn. Conch., t. 3, f. 7. 24 4. Trochus maculatus var. gibberulus Ad. Conch Icon., f. 67, 26 PLATE 10. 1, 2. Clanculus corallinus Gm. Coq. Viv., t. 75, f. 2, . . 72 3, 4. Clanculus guineensis. Ibid., t. 72, f. 3, . . .62 5. 6, 7. Clanculus clangulus Wood. Ibid., t. 81, f. 1, . . 57 8, 9. Clanculus kraussi Phil. t. 114, f. 4, . . 75 10, 11. Clanculus clanguloides Wood. Coq. Viv., t. 113, f. 2, 65 12, 12a. Clanculus gibbosus Ad. Ibid., t. 81, f. 3, . 53 13, Clanculus yalesi Crosse. Ibid., t. 118, f. 4. . . 61 14, 15. Clanculus thomasi Crosse.- Ibid., t. 101, f. 1, . 71 16, 17. Clanculus unedo Ad. Ibid., t. 101, f. 2, ... 70 19, 19, 20, 21, 22. Clanculus plebeius Phil. Ibid., t. 83, f. 2, 79 23, 24. Clanculus miniatus Anton. Ibid., t. 83, f. 1, . 58 25, 26, 27. Clanculus maugeri Wood. Ibid., t. 72, f. 1, .64 PLATE 11. 28-32. Clanculus atropurpureus Gld. U. S. Expl. Exped., f. 224, 77 33. Clanculus bicarinatus Ad. P. Z. S. 1880, t. 40, f. 4, . 80 34, 35. Clauculus bathyraphe Smith. Jour. Linn. Soc. xii, t. 20, f.17, 78 36, 37, 38. Clanculus jussieui Payr. Coq. Viv., t. 82, f. 1, .75 39, 40. Clanculus limbatus Phil. Ibid., t. 71, f. 2, . . 50 41, 42. Clanculus planospirus Kn. Ibid., t. 56, f. 3, . 85 43, 44, 45. Clanculus anus Phil. Ibid., t. 101, f. 3, . . 54 46, 47. Clanculus bertheloti Orb. Ibid., t. 95, f. 1, . . 73 48. Clanculus ceylanicus Nevill. Ibid., t. 96, f. 3, . . 70 49, 50. Clanculus ringens Phil. Ibid., t. 71, f. 1, . . . 81 51, 51. Clanculus largillierti Phil. Ibid., t. 71, f. 3, . . .67 52, 53. Clanculus spadiceus Phil. Ibid., t. 117, f. 1, . . 76 54, 55. Euchelus gemmatus Gld. Ibid., t. 82, f. 3, . . 442 56, 57. Clanculus flosculus Fischer. Ibid., t. 96, f. 1, . . 67 58, 59. Clanculus villanus Phil. Ibid., t. 72, f. 2, . . 63 60, 61. Clanculus cruciatus Linn. Ibid., t. 95, f. 3, . - .74 480 REFERENCE TO PLATES. PLATE 12. FIGIJRK. J 62, 63. Trochue chloromphalus Ad. Jap. Meeres-Conchyl., t. 6,f. 17, 18, . • 64, 65. Trochus chloromphalus Ad. Coq. Viv., t. 92, f. 4, . 66, 67. Trochus chloromphaius var. Ibid., t. 118, f. 1, 68, 69. Trochus bicrenatus Gld. Original, .... 70, 71. Trochus delicatulus Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 28, f. 1, . 72. Trochus tiaratus Q. & G. Voy. Astrol., t. 64, f. 8, . 73, 74. Trochus tiaratus Q. & G. Coq. Viv., t. 22, f. 2, 75. Trochus rota Dkr. Moll. Jap., t. 3, f. 4, 76, 77. Trochus rota var. Jap. Meeres-Conchyl., t. 6, f. 20, 21, 78, 79. Trochus scabrosus Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 43, f. 3, . 80, 81. Trochus scabrosus Phil. Coq. Viv., t. 104, f. 2, 82, 83. Trochus ignobilis Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 16, f. 5, . 84. Trochus hanleyanus Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 2, . 85. Trochus hanleyanus Rve. Conch. Syst., t. 218, f. 11. PLATE 13. 86. 87. Clanculus atropurpureus Gld. Original, . . 77 88, 89. Chlorostoma patagonica Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid., t. 55, f. 3, . . .192 90. Clanculus margaritareus Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 14, f. 4, 4r> 29. Calliostoma tiara Watson. Ibid., t. 6, f. 4, . . 380 30. Calliostoma gualtierianum Phil. Coq. Viv., t. 119, f. 5, . 391 31. Calliostoma polychromum Ad. Conch. Icon., f. 40, . 356 32. Calliostoma monile Rve. Ibid., f. 39, . . . . 358 33. Calliostoma decussatum Ad. Ibid., f. 65, ... 355 34. Calliostoma unicinctum Ad. Ibid., f. 58, . . . 355 35. 36. Calliostoma nmcandreae Cpr. Ibid., f. 50, . . 366 37. Calliostoma incertum Rve. Ibid., f. 28, . . . . 351 38. Cailiostoma picturatum Ad. Ibid., f. 53, . . . 355 39. 40. Calliostoma striatum Linn. Coq. Viv., t. 89. f. 2, . 395 41. Calliostoma poupineli Montr. Ibid., t. 116, f. 3, . 350 42. Calliostoma exasperatum Pennt. Ibid., t. 89, f. 1, . . 394 PLATE 18. ], 2. Calliostoma adspersum Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 32, f. 8, 367 3, 4. Calliostoma nocturnum Phil. Ibid., t. 18, f. 9, . . 391 5, 6, 7, 8. Calliostoma crenulatum (=exasperatum). Ibid., t. 13, f. 16-18, 394 9. Calliostoma turriculum Phil. Ibid., t. 44, f. 19, . . 398 10, 11. Calliostoma miliaris Brocc. Ibid., t. 13, f. 19, . . 387 12. Calliostoma zizyphinum L., var. cingulatum Brocc. Ibid., t. 13, f. 12, 389 13, 14. Calliostoma fragum Phil. Ibid., t. 38, f. 4, . . 348 15. Calliostoma agrestis Phil. (— conuloides Lam.). Ibid., t. 13, f. 13 389 16. Calliostoma castaneus Nutt. (— costatum Mart.). P. Z. S., t. 11, f. 9, . . ! . . . ' . . 362 17. Calliostoma juncundum Sowb. (— Sowerbyi Pilsbry). Ibid., 1878, t. 48, f. 6, . . . . . . ' . . 340 18. Calliostoma inconspicuum Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 43, f. 12, . ... . 343 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 483 FIGURE. PAGK. 19, 20. Calliostoma dubium Phil. Ibid., t. 13, f. 11, . . 391 21. Clanculus laceyi Sowb. Jour. Conch. (Leeds) vi, t. 1, f. 16, . 82 22. Calliostoma nubilis Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 38, f, 2, . 344 23. Calliostoma australis Brod. Ibid., t. 38, f. 5, . . . 348 24. Calliostoma comptum Phil. Ibid., t. 46, f. 6, . . 354 25. Calliostoma goniostomum Mke. Ibid., t. 31, f. 6, . . 398 26. Calliostoma ferrugineus Phil. Ibid., t. 44, f. 14, PLATE 19. 89,90. Monodonta subrostrata Gray. Voy. Erebus and Terror, t. 1, f. 14, 101 91, 92. Clanculus personatus Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 14, f. 7, 56 93. Monodonta lugubris Gmel. Coq. Viv., t. 62, f. 1, . . 100 94. Monodonta coracina Trosch. Ibid., t. 110, f. 6, . . 103 95. 96. Monodonta labio Linn. Ibid., t. 73, f. 1, . . .86 97, 98. Monodonta striolata Quoy. Ibid., t. 61, f. 3, . . 99 99, 100. Monodonta sethiops Gmel. Ibid., t. 61, f. 1, . .98 I, 2. Monodonta fuliginea Ad. Challenger Rept., t. 4, f. 11, 99 3, 4. Clanculus flagellatus Phil. Conchy]. Cab., t. 39, f. 9, . 55 5-8. Clanculus stigmatarius Ad. Coq. Viv.; t. 71, f. 4, . . 69 9, 10. Clanculus jussieui var. glomus Phil. Moll. Rouss., t. 50, f. 15, 1(5, 76 II. Clanculus jussieui (typical). Ibid., t. 50, f. 13, . 75 12. Clanculus cruciatus L. var. Candida Monts. Ibid., t. 50, f. 12, _. .75 13. Clanculus cruciatus L. var. rosea Monts. Ibid., t. 50, f. 7, 75 14, 15. Clanculus corallinus L. var. multigranatus Phil. Con- chyl. Cab., t. 36, f. 6, 72 16, 17. Clanculus cruciatus L. Coq. Viv., t. 95, f. 3, 74 PLATE 20. 1, 2. Chlorostoma pellisserpentis Wood. Coq. Viv., t. 55, f. 3, 168 3, 4. Monodonta tamsiana Dkr. Ibid., t. 59, f. 1, . . . 95 5. Chlorostoma gallina Fbs. Ibid., t. Ill, f. 1, . . . 169 6, 7. Monodonta constricta Quoy. Ibid., t. 60, f. 4, . .90 8, 9. Monodonta punctulata Lam. Ibid., t. 58, £2, . . 96 10, 11. Monodonta porcatus Ad. (extenuatus Fischer). Ibid., t. 103, f. 1, . . . ... . . .92. 12. Monodonta zebra var. multicarinata Kn. Coq. Viv., t. 60, f. 3, 91 13,14. Monodonta mutabilis Phil. Original, . . .94 15-17. Monodonta plumbea Hutton. Original, . . . 105 18. Monodonta nigerrima (Gmel.) Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 24, f. 14, .... .... 97 19. Monodonta rethiops Gmel. Original, . . . .98 20. Monodonta zebra Mke. Coq. Viv., t. 60, f. 2, . . 91 484 REFERENCE TO PLATE*. PLATE 21. FIGURE. PAGE. 21. Monodonta turbinata Born. Original, . . . .92 22, 23. Monodonta turbinata Born. Coq. Viv., t. 67, f. 1, . 92 24. Monodonta dama Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 35, f. 6, . . 89 25, 26. Monodonta vermiculata Fischer. Coq. Viv., t. 27, f. 3, 89 27, 29. Monodonta crassa Montagu. Ibid., t. 67, f. 2, . 94 28. Monodonta fragaroides (—turbinata). Hidalgo, Moll. Esp., t. 61, f. 2, . 93 30. Monodonta crassa Mont. Ibid., t. 61, f. 1, . . .94 31,32. Monodonta sauciata Koch (sagittifera Hidalgo). Ibid., t. 60, f. 6, . . . 113 33-35. Monodonta articulata Lam. Coq. Viv., t. 68, f. 1, . 93 36. Monodonta articulata Lain. Mol. Esp., t. 61, f. 3, . . 93 PLATE 22. 37. Monodonta labio var. confusa Can. Zool. Magenta, t. 28, f.8, 87 38. Monodonta dama Phil. Coq. Viv., t. Ill, f. 2, . . 89 39. 40. Monodonta piperina Phil. Ibid., t. 87, f. 3, . .110 41-43. Monodonta crinita Phil. Ibid., t. 69, f. 3, . .111 44. Monodonta crinita Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 35, f. 9, .111 45, 46. Monodonta attrita Hombr. (=undulosa Ad.). Coq. Viv., t. 61, f. 2, 105 47. Monodonta attrita Hombr. (=unduloBa Ad.). Voy. Astrol. AZelee, t. 14, f. 20, . 105 48, 49. Monodonta atrovirens Phil. Coq. Viv., t. 114, f. 1, . 110 50. Monodonta atrovirens Phil. Conch. Cab., t. 24, f. 12, . 110 52. Monodonta radula Phil. Ibid., t. 30, f. 9, . . . 101 51. Monodonta radula Phil. Coq. Viv., t. 91, f. 3, . . 101 53, 54. Monodonta porcifera Watson. Challenger Rep., t. 4, f. 12, 102 55. Trochus millelineatus Bonnet. Rev. Zool. 1864, t. 22. f. 5, 475 56, 57. Monodonta hectori Hutton. Original, . . . 104 58, 59, 60. Monodonta zeus Fischer. Coq. Viv., t. 104, f. 1, . 112 PLATE 23. 61-64. Monodonta tigrina Chem. Coq. Viv., 58, f. 1, . .113 65. Monodonta sagittifera Lam. Conch. Cab., t. 24, f. 16, .114 66, 67. Monodonta sagittifera Lam. Coq. Viv., t. 103, f. 4 ; t. 59, f. 3, 114 68, 69. Monodonta fulgurata Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t, 39, f. 10, 115 70. Monodonta fulgurata Phil. Coq. Viv., t. 60, f. 1. . .115 71-73. Monodonta koeneni Dkr. (=suavis Phil.). Ind. Moll. Jap., t. 12, f. 4-6, .... . . . 117 74, 75. Monodonta suavis Phil. Coq. Viv., t. 96, f. 4, . . 117 76. Monodonta variegata Ant. (—sagittifera Lam.). Ibid., t. 59, f. 3, 114 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 485 FIGURE. PAGE. 77, 78. Monodonta nigerrima Gmel. Ibid., t. 29, f. 2, . . 97 79. Monodonta merula Gmel. Ibid., t. 29, f. 1. . . . 112 PLATE 24. 80-83. Chlorostoma coronulata Ad. Original, . . . 177 84, 85. Chlorostoma occulta Phil. (=maculostriatum Ad.). Conch. Cab., t. 25, f. 8, 184 86, 87. Chlorostoma gundlachi Phil. Ibid., t. 34, f. 13, . .186 88, 89. Chlorostoma maculostriatum Ad. Coq. Viv., t. 86, f. 1, 184 90. Chlorostoma turbinatus Pse. (— coronulatum Ad.). Amer. Journ. Conch, v, t. 8, f. 15, 178 91. Monodonta perdix Koch (— sagittifera Lam.). Conch. Cab., t. 24, f. 17, 115 92. 93. Monodonta indecorus Phil. (=sauciata Koch). Ibid., t. 24, f. 5, .114 94. Monodonta variegatus Ant. (=sagittifera Lam.). Ibid., t. 24, f. 15, . . . . ' 115 95, 96. Monodonta sauciata Koch. Ibid., t. 30, f. 5, . .113 97-98. Gibbula saulcyi Orb. (^albida Gmel.). Hist. Nat. Canaries, t. 6, f." 24-26, 201 100, 101. Chlorostoma smithii Canefri. Zool. Magenta, t. 1, f. 13, 182 PLATE 25. 1, 3, 4. Chlorostoma rusticum Gmel. Coq. Viv., t. 55, f. 1 ; t. 112, f. 2, 166 2. Chlorostoma rusticum Gmel. Original, .... 166 5, 6. Chlorostoma carpenteri Dkr. Coq. Viv., t. 57, f. 1. . 168 7, 8. Chlorostoma carpenteri Dkr. Jap. Meeres-Conch., t. 7, f. 9-10. 168 9, 10. Chlorostoma nigerrimum Gmel. Ibid., t. 7, f. 6, 7, . 165 11, 12. Chlorostoma argyrostomum Gmel. Ibid., t. 7, f. 3, 4, 165 PLATE 26. 13, 14, 15. Chlorostoma pfeifferi Phil. ^ Coq. Viv., t. 105, f. 1, 167 16. Chlorostoma lischkei Pilsbry. Original, . . . 167 17. Chlorostoma nigricolor Dkr. Moll. Jap., t. 3, f. 2, .166 18. 19. Gibbula cicer Mke. Abbild. u. Beschreib., t. 3, f. 5, 219 20. Chlorostoma distinguenda Dkr. Moll. Jap., t. 3, f. 1, . 165 21, 22. Chlorostoma nigricolor Dkr. Jap. Meeres-Conch., t. 7, f. 12, 166 23. Chlorostoma pulligo Mart. Univ. Conch., t. 76, .. .171 24, 25. Chlorostoma pulligo Mart. Coq. Viv., t. 80, f. 1, .171 26. Chlorostoma rugosum Ad. Ibid., t. 75, f. 3, . . . 173 486 REFERENCE TO .PLATES. PLATE 27. FIGURE. PAGE. 27, 28. Chlorostoma montereyi Kn. Coq. Viv., t. 33, f. 1, . 171 29. Chlorostoma montereyi Kn. Original, . . . .171 30. Chlorostoma rugosum, var. rufotincturn Cpr. Coq. Viv., t. 75, f. 3, 173 31. Chlorostoma aureotinctum Fhs. Ibid., t. 31, f. 1, . .172 32. 33. Chlorostoma aureotiiictum Fbs. Original, . . 172 34, 35. Chlorostoma striatulatum Kn. Coq. Viv., t. 33, f. 3, 172 36. Chlorostoma brunneum Phil. Original, . . . .171 37, 38. Chlorostoma brunneum Phil. Ibid., t. 112, f. 1, .171 39. Chlorostoma euryomphale Jonas. Coq. Viv., t. 31, f. 4, . 174 PLATE 28. 40. Chlorostoma ater Lesson. Coq. Viv., t. 30, f. 2, . .173 41. Chlorostoma ater Lesson. Original, .... 173 42. Chlorostoma funebrale Ad. Coq. Viv., t. 57, f. 3, . .170 43. 44. Chlorostoma funebrale Ad. Original, . . .170 45, 46. Chlorostoma luctuosum Orb. Coq. Viv., t. 31, f. 3, .174 47, 48. Chlorostoma tridentatum P. & M. Coq. Viv., t. 57, f. 2, 175 49. Chlorostoma quadricostatum Wood. Ibid., t. 31, f. 2, . 179 50, 51. Chlorostoma mcestum Jonas. Ibid., t. 91, f. 1, . .174 52. Chlorostoma gallina Fbs. P. Z. S. 1850, t. xi, f. 8, . . 169 53. Chlorostoma gallina Fbs. Original, .... 169 PLATE 29. 54-56. Chlorostoma viridulum Grnel. Coq. Viv., t. 70, f. 1, 175 57. Chlorostoma rubroflammulatum Koch. Conch. Cab., t. 28, f. 17, 180 58. Chlorostoma ligulatum Mke. Coq. Viv., t. 115, f. 5, . 177 59. 60. Chlorostoma ligulatum Mke. Original, . . . 177 61, 62. Chlorostoma rubroflammulatum Koch. Coq. Viv., t. 85, f. 1, ' . .180 63, 64, 68, 69. Chlorostoma reticulatum Wood. Coq. Viv., t. 70, f. 2, . ' . . . . '. . . .176 65-67. Chlorostoma semigranosum Ad. Original, . . 178 70, 71. Chlorostoma scalare Anton. Conch. Cab., t. 28, f. 11, 185 72, 73. Chlorostoma scalare Anton. Coq. Viv., t. 85, f. 3, . 185 74-77. Chlorostoma fasciatum Born. Ibid., t. 63, f. 2, . . 186 78. Chlorostoma substriatum Pilsbry. Original, ... . 187 PLATE 30. 1-4. Gibbula adansoni Payr. Coq. Viv., t. 107, f. 1-4, . 210 5. Gibbula dupontiana Nevill. Ibid,, 1. 106, f. 3, . . .218 6. Gibbula scamuata Fischer. Ibid., t. 117, f. 4, . . . 220 7. Gibbula picturata Ad. Ibid., t. 90, f. 2, . . . . 215 8. 9. Gibbula magus Linn. Ibid., t. 35, f. 1, . . .197 10. Gibbula magus Linn. Mol. Esp., t. 58. f. 4. . . . 197 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 487 FIGURE. PAGE. 11-14. Gibbula obliquata Gmel. Coq. Viv., t. 107, f. 2, 3, 5, 209 15-16. Gibbula obliquata Gmel. Mol. Esp., t. 61, f. 9, 10, . 209 17-19. Gibbula ardens Salis. Coq. Viv., t. 48, f. 3, . . 202 20-22. Monodonta mutabilis Phil. Ibid., t. 99, f. 2, . 94 23, 24. Gibbula cineraria L. Ibid., t. 62, f. 4, . . . 208 PLATE 31. 25-27. Gibbula philberti Reel. Coq. Viv., t. 87, f. 1, . . 205 28. Monodonta coraciua Phil. Original, .... 103 29, 30. Gibbula leucophrca Phil. Coq. Viv., t. 106, f. 1, . 205 31, 32. Gibbula phasianella Desh. Ibid., t. Ill, f. 4, . 235 33. Gibbula phasianella Desh. Moll. Reunion, t. 9, f. 13, . 235 34, 35. Gibbula coxi Angas. Coq. Viv., t. 105, f. 3, . . 231 36, 37. Gibbula capensis Gmel. Ibid., t. 98, f. 3, . . 239 38-40. Gibbula pradata Gould. U. S. Expl. Exped., f. 210, 241 41-43. Gibbula fanuloides Fischer. Coq. Viv., t. 103, f. 3, 200 44-46. Gibbula guttadauri Phil. Ibid., t. 49, f. 2, . . 199 47, 48. Gibbula declivis Forsk. Ibid., t. 43, f. 3, . . 198 PLATE 32. 49-52. Gibbula tumida Mont, Coq. Viv., t. 108, f. 1-3, . 212 53. Gibbula tiberiana Crosse. Coq. Viv., t. 120, f. 2, . . 222 54-56. Gibbula richardi Payr. Ibid., t. 48, f. 1, . . . 207 57, 58, 58a. Gibbula danieli Crosse. Ibid., t. 102, f. 1, . 229 59, 60. Gibbula reevei Montr. Ibid., t. 102. f. 2, . . 229 61, 62. Gibbula strangei Ad. Ibid., 1. 102, f. 3, . . . 231 63-65. Gibbula umbilicaris Linn. Ibid., t. 45, f. 2, . . . 203 66-68. Gibbula tesserula Ten.- Woods. Proc. Roy. Soc. Viet. 1881, t. l,f. 3-5 .234 69. Gibbula coxi Angas. P. Z. S. 1867, t. 13, f. 26, . . 231 70, 71. Gibbula spratti Fbs. Coq. Viv., t. 49, f. 3, . . 206 72, 73. Gibbula smaltata Fischer. Ibid., t. 115, f. 4, . . 221 PLATE 33. 74-76 Gibbula divaricata Linn. Mol. Esp., t. 61, f. 5-7, . 207 78, 79. Gibbula divaricata Linn. Coq. Viv., t. 47, f. 1, . 207 77, 80, 81. Gibbula varius L. Ibid., t. 87, f. 2, . . . 204 82, 83. Gibbula succincta Monts. Moll. Rouss., t. 45, f. 13, 15, 202 84. Gibbula barbara Monts. Ibid., t. 45, f. 19, ... 203 85. Gibbula seminula Phil. Conch. Cab., t. 44, f. 2, . . . 222 86-88. Gibbula cineraria L. Brit, Moll., t. 65, f. 1-3, . . 208 89. Gibbula latior Monts. Moll. Rouss., t. 45, f. 6, . . 204 91. Gibbula rarilineata Mich. Ibid., t. 46, f. 24, . . 208 90. Gibbula rarilineata Mich. Coq. Viv., t. 47, f. 2, . . 208 92. Gibbula balteata Phil. Conch. Cab., t. 44, f. 10, . . 221 93. Gibbula alveolata Phil. Ibid., t. 30, f. 14, ... 206 488 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 94. Gibbula turbinoides Desh. Ibid., t. 29, f. 23, . . 211 95. Gibbula turbinoides Desh. Moll. Rouss., t. 47, f. 29, .211 96. 97. Gibbulea rackettii Payr. Ibid., t. 47, f. 20, 25, . 212 98, 99. Gibbula turdus Phil. Conch. Cab., t. 44, f. 11, . 209 100, 101. Gibbula drepanensis Brugn. Journ. Conch. 1877, t. 2, f. 6, 211 102-104. Gibbula antipoda Hombr. & Jacq. Voy. Astrol. & Zelee, t. 14, f. 26-28, 217 PLATE 34. 1. Cantharidus perobtusus Pilsbry. Original, . . . 123 2. Cantharidus button i Smith. Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., 1876, t. 30, f. 20, 123 3. Cantharidus tenebrosus Ad. Original, .... 123 4. Cantharidus indistinctus Wood. Ind. Test., suppl., t. 6, f. 41, .128 5. Cantharidus bellulus Dkr. Coq. Viv., t. 51, f. 1, . . 133 6. Cantharidus apicinus Mke. Conch. Cab., t. 23, f. 5, . 134 7. Cantharidus apicinus Mke. Original, . . . .134 8. Cantharidus rutilus Ad. Original, ..... 136 9. 10. Cantharidus pictus Wood. Conch. Cab., t. 23, f. 18, 19, 126 11. Calliostoma hungerfordiana Sby. P. Z. S. 1888, t. 28, f. 14, 343 12. Cantharidus fulmineus Kn. (=peroni Phil.). Coq. Viv., t. 50, f. 1, . . . . . ' . . .132 13. 14. Cantharidus peronii Phil, (vermiculosus Kn.). Ibid., t. 50, f. 4, 132 15. Cantharidus iris Chemn. Ibid., t. 51, f. 4, . . . 122 16, 17. Monodonta guttata Koch. Conchyl. Cab., t. 28, f. 4, 107 18, 19. Monodonta sturnus Muhlf. Ibid., t. 39, f. 14, . . 108 20-22. Monodonta neritoides Phil. Ibid., t. 44, f. 4, . . 106 23. Monodonta leprosus Phil. Ibid., t. 46, f. 13, . . .100 24, 25. Turcica chiiiensis Sowb. P. Z. S. 1888, t. 28, f. 8, 9, 418 26. Minolia chinensis Sowb. Ibid., t. 28, f. 13, ... 264 27. Monodonta parva Trosch. Conchyl. Cab., t. 27, f. 15, . 89 28. 29. Cantharidus schrayeri Troschel. Ibid., t. 23, f. 3, . 137 30. Monodonta (?) carbonaria Phil. Ibid., t. 40, f. 9, . . 105 31. Cantharidus porcatus Phil. Ibid., t. 43, f. 9, . . . 136 32. Cantharidus nitidulus Phil. Ibid., t. 43, f. 10, . . 137 PLATE 35. 1-3. Monodonta excavata Ad. & Ang. Original, . . .109 4, 5. Monodonta piperina Phil, (amoenus Gld,). U. S. Expl. Exped., t. 13, f. 218, , 110 6, 7, 8. Monodonta perplexa Pilsbry. Original, . . .107 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 489 FIGURE. PAGE. 9,10. MonodontaconstellataSouv. Journ. de Conchyl. 1863, tl2,f.3, 108 11. Coiiotrochus mariei Crosse. Journ. de Conchyl. 1886, t. 1, f. 5, . . . . ..:..'.. . . 268 12, 13. Monodonta bicanaliculata Dkr. Conchyl. Cab., t. 30, f. 6, . .100 14, 15. Monodonta tabularis Krauss. Ibid., t. 24, f. 4, .116 16. Monodonta fulgurata Phil. Ibid., t. 37, f. 11, . . 115 17, 18. Monodonta tener Trosch. Ibid., t. 24, f. 2, . . 116 19-21. Monodonta crusoeana Pilsbry. Original, . . .98 22, 23. Monodonta adelaidaj Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 24, f. 1, 111 24, 25. Monodonta lugubris Gmel. Voy. Astrol., t. 64, f. 16, 18, 100 26, 27. Monodonta morio Trosch. Conchyl. Cab., t. 24, f. 3, 102 28-32. Monodonta impervius Phil. Ibid., t. 39, f. 12, 13 ; t. 24, f. 8, 115 PLATE 36. 1. Basil issa simplex Watson. Challenger, Rep. Gasterop., t. 7, f. 6, . . . . 422 2. Basilissa munda Watson. Ibid., t. 7, f. 7, . . . 423 3. Basilissa costulata Watson. Ibid., t. 7, f. 11, . . . 426 4. Basilissa oxystoma Watson. Ibid., t. 7, f. 8, . . 421 5. Basilissa alta Watson. Ibid., t. 7, f. 8, . . . . 419 6. 7. Basilissa superba Watson. Ibid., t. 7, f. 10, . . . 424 8, 9. Basilissa oxytropis Watson. Ibid., t. 7, f. 9, . . 426 10, 11. Basilissa lampra Watson. Ibid., t. 7, f. 5, . . 421 12. Gaza dsedala Watson. Ibid., t. 7, f. 12, . . . .155 13, 14. Minolia albugo Watson. Ibid., t. 6, f. 8, . . . 273 15, 16. Minolia philippinensis Watson. Ibid., t. 6, f. 10, . 271 17, 18. Minolia lampra Watson. Ibid., t. 6, f. 9, . . 272 19, 20. Gibbula glyptus Watson. Ibid., t. 6, f. 6, . . 214 21. Gibbula zonata Wood (leaensis Wats.). Ibid., t. 6, f. 7, . 238 PLATE 37. 1. Minolia pulcherrima Ad. Conch. Icon., f. 11, . . . 472 2. Calliostoma occidental Migh. Ibid., f. 46, . . . 393 3. Calliostoma occidentalis Migh. Conchyl. Cab., t. 15, f. 14, 393 4. Margarita arctica Leach (— helicina Fab.). Ibid., t. 37, f. 8, 286 5. Margarita striata Sowb. (— cinerea Couth.). Conch. Icon., f. 7, N 291 6. Euchelus incisus Mke. Conchyl. Cab., .... 432 7. Minolia triangulosa Sowb. (=biangulosa A. Ad. Conch. Icon., f. 26 265 8. Margarita modesta Sowb. (=modesta Midd. ?) Ibid., f. 23, 295 9. Margarita corneus Lowe (—helicina). Ibid., t. 37, f. 4, 290 490 REFKKKXCK TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 10, 11. Margarita costellata Ibid., t. 37, f. 3, . . .475 12. Margarita costellata Conch. Icon., f. 20, . . . 475 13. Monilea zealandica Sowb. (— M. egena Gld.). Ibid., f. 17, 253 14, 15. Euchelus oxytropis Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 39, f. 1, . 431 16. Euchelus circulatus Ant. Ibid., t. 39, f. 4, . . 432 17. Euchelus horrid us Phil. Ibid., t. 27, f. 12, ... 433 18. 19. Euchelus bourcierei Crosse (— instrictus Gld.). Coq. Viv., t. 84, f. 3, 441 20-22. Danilia tinei Oak-. Ibid., t, 47, f. 3, . . . . 449 23, 24. Gibbula yessoensis Schrenck. Original, . . . 222 25-27. Gibbula nitida Ad. & Ang. Original, . . .217 28-30. Gibbula picturata Ad. & Ang. Original, . . 215 31. Minolia sandwichiana (Ad.) Sby. Conch. Icon., f. 8, . 475 32. Gibbula blanfordiana Nev. Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., 38, t. 17, f. 9, . 218 PLATE 38. 1. Euchelus angulatus Pse. Am. Jouru. Conch., iii, t. 23, f. 27, 437 2, 3. Euchelus scrobiculatus Souv. Coq. Viv., t. 84, f. 2, . 437 4. Euchelus pullatus Ant. Ibid., t. 120, f. 1, . . . 433 5-7. Euchelus smithii Dkr. Moll. Mar. Jap., t. 6, f. 16-19, 438 8. Euchelus scaber Fischer. Coq. Viv., t. 93, f. 2, . . 438 9, 10. Euchelus quadricarinatus Chem. Original, . . 430 11. Euchelus quadricarinatus Chem. Coq. Viv., t. 93, f. 1, . 430 12. Euchelus scabriusculus Ad. Ibid., t. 114, f. 2, . . 445 13, 14. Euchelus asper Gmel. Ibid., t. 94, f. 1, . . . 431 15, 16. Euchelus fossulatus Souv. Ibid., t. 117, f. 2, . . 444 17. Euchelus baccatus var. Ibid.j t. 115, f. 1, . . 435 18, 19. Euchelus fischeri Montr. Ibid., t. 84, f. 1, . . 443 20, 21. Monodonta neritoides Phil. var. Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., t. 6, f. 22, 23, 106 22. Euchelus atratus Gmel. Coq. Viv., t. 94, f. 3, . . 439 23. Euchelus stellio Fischer. Ibid., t. 93, f. 2, . 434 PLATE 39. 24. Eutrochus lessonsensis Canefri. Zool. Magenta, t. l,f. 9, 402 25. Clanculus satrapius Mart. Vorderas. Conch., t. 6, f. 50, . 71 (This is a poor figure, not showing the columellar tooth.) [26. Trochus exilis Pse. Am. Jour. Conch. 1867, t. 24, f. 7, . Seems to be a Risella of the subgenus Plesiotrochus Fischer.] 27. Priotrochus chrvsokemus Mart. Mobius' Reise, t. 40, f. 20, ./ .258 [28. Trochus conoidalis Pse. (= Risella). Am. Journ. Conch. 1867, t. 24, f. 8. See Manual of Conchology, vol. ix, p. 263.] 29, 30. Trochus pygmseus Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 42, f. 7, . 476 31, 32. Euchulus persicus Mart. Vorderas. Conchyl., t. 6, f. 51, 441 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 491 FIGURE. PAGE. 33. Calliostoma marmoreum Pse. Am. Journ. Conch. 1867, t. 24, f. 9, 360 34, 35. Photinula sigaretina Sowb. Conchyl. Cab., t. 37, f. 17, 280 36. Margarita undulata Sowb. Conch. Icon., f. 2, . . 290 37-39. Margarita undulata Sowb, Conchyl. Cab., t. 37, f. 13, 14, . . .290 40, 41. Margarita rossii (= undulata Sowb.). Ibid., t. 42, f. 9, .291 42, 43. Photinula violacea King. Ibid., t. 37, f. 19, . . 279 44, 45. Minolia solariiformis Sowb. Ibid., t. 37, f. 1, . 265 46. Margarita vulgaris Leach (--^helicinaFab.). Conch. Icon, f, 9, . 287 47, 48, Margarita glauca Moll. (— argentata Gld.). Conchyl. Cab., t. 42, f. 4, ; . 289 49, 50, Margarita borealis Phil. (— helicina Fab.). Ibid., t. 42, f. 1, 287 51, 52. Photinula expansa Sowb. Ibid., t. 37, f. 18, . . 279 53, 54. Margarita fabricii Phil. (=undulata Sowb.). Ibid., t. 42, f. 2, 291 55. Margarita bembix Phil. (— acuminata Sowb.). Ibid., t. 42, f. 5, 287 56, 57. Margarita obscura Couth. Ibid., t,42. f. 3, . . 308 58, 59. Margarita vahlii Moller. Ibid., t. 42, f. 6, . . 287 60. Margarita sulcata Sowb. (-—undulata Sowb.). Conch. Icon., f. 3 . 291 61, 62. Margarita umbilicalis Sowb. Conchyl. Cab., t. 37, f. 2 288 63. Margarita margarita Phil, (—helicina Fab.). Ibid., t. 37, f. 7, 285 63. Margarita umbilicalis Sowb. Conch. Icon., f. 1, . . 288 PLATE 40. 1-3. Gibbula guttadauri Phil. juv. Original, . . .65 4, 5. Gibbula oppressa Hutton. Original, .... 232 6, 7. Gibbula affinis Garrett, Original, .... 230 8, 9. Gibbula concinna Dkr. Original, .... 230 10, 11. Bembyx a3ola Watson. Challenger Gasterop., t. 7, f. 13, 162 12, 13. Gibbula lehmanui Mke. Coq. Yiv., t. Ill, f. 3, . 233 14, 15. Gibbula prasina Garrett. Original, .... 232 16. Calliostoma jujubinum Gmel. Coq. Viv., t. 18, f. 2. . 404 17. Gibbula aurea Ten. -Woods. Original, .... 237 18. 19. Gibbula simulata Hutton. Original, 20. Gibbula tasmanica Petterd. Original, .... 236 21. Eutrochus alternates Sowb. (=perspectivum Koch). P. Z. S. 1873, t. 59, f. 5, 405 22. Cantharidus blandianus Crosse. Journ. de Conch. 1864, t. 13, f. 1, . . . 142 492 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE.. 23. Gibbula satorius Desh. Moll. Reunion, t. 9, f. 7, . . 233 24. Conotroclms holdsworthiana Nev. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1871, t. 1, f. 18, 269 25. 26. Odontotrochus ehlorostomus Mke. Coq. Viv., t. 92, f. 2, 148 27. Conotrochus singaporensis Pilsbry. Original, . . 270 28-31 Bankivia fasciata Beck. Conchyl. Cab., t. 5, f. 1-4, . 139 32, 33. Bankivia fasciata Beck. Sudaf. Moll., t. 6, f. 7, . 139 34. Conotrochus subplicata Nev. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1869, t. 17, f. 2, 269 35. Calliostoma pumilio Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 15, f. 19, . 400 36. 37. Gibbula depressa Ten.- Woods. Original, . . .234 38. Gibbula roseus Krauss. Conchyl. Cab., t. 29, f. 26, . 242 39. Gibbula iridescens Schrenck (=fulgens Gld.). vAmurl. Moll., t 15, f. 21, 225 40. Thalotia yokahamensis Bock. P. Z. S. 1878, t. 46, f. 3, 147 1. Clanculus undatus Lam. Coq. Viv., t. 56, f. 2, . . 65 42. Cantharidus abnormis Crosse. Journ. Conch. 1864, 1. 13, f. 2, 142 43. Gibbula jessoensis Schrenck. Amurl. Moll., t. 15, f. 13, 222 PLATE 41. 1, 2. Monilea callifera Lam. Coq. Viv., t. 86, f. 3, . . 247 3-5. Monilea callifera Lam. Conchyl. Cab., t. 30, f. 13, . 247 6, 7. Monilea lifuana Fischer. Coq. Viv., t. 116, f. 4, . . 252 8-10. Monilea lentiginosa Ad. Ibid., t. 100, f. 1, . 248 12, 13, Monilea warneforti Nev. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1874, t 1, f. 1, . . . 250 14-17. Monilea masoni Nev. Ibid., t. 1, f. 2, . . . 470 18-21. Gibbula subfuscescens Schr. Amurl. Moll., t. 15, f. 5, 6, 9, 10, ' 189 22-24. Minolia rhodomphalus Souv. Coq. Viv., t. Ill, f. 3, 262 25. Minolia prodictus Fischer. Ibid., t. 118, f. 1, . . 263 26. Minolia pudibundus Fischer. Ibid., t. 114, f. 3, . 261 27. Minolia dianthus Fischer (bellulus Ang.). Ibid., t. 118, f. 2, 260 28. Monilea vitiligineus Mke. Ibid., t. 118, f. 3, . . .249 29. Minolia preissiana Phil. Ibid., t. 83, f. 3, . . . 261 30. Monilea patricinus Phil. Ibid., t. 91, f. 2, . . . 248 31. Monilea patricinus Phil. Conch. Cab., t. 46, f. 11, . 248 32. 33. Monilea rigata Phil. Ibid., t. 28, f. 14, ... 251 34, 35. Chlorostoma corrugata Koch. Ibid., t. 25, f. 9, . 192 36. Conotrochus semiustus Fischer. Journ. Conchyl. 1886, t. 1, f. 6, .270 37. Minolia pulcherrima Ang. P. Z. S. 1861 , t. 2, f. 10, . 260 38. Ethalia callosus var. Montrouzieri. Journ. Conchyl. 1860, t. 2, f. 11, 459 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 493 PLATE 42. FIGURE. PAGE. 1. Trochus architectonicus Ad. Conch. Icon., f. 22, . . 24 2,3. Trochus nigropunetatus Reeve. Conch. Icon., f. 71, . 39 4, 5. Trochus subviridis Phil. (— nigropunctatus Rve). Con- chy]. Cab., t. 38, f. 7, 39 6. Trochus pallidus Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 92, ... 45 7. Trochus textilis Rve. Ibid., f. 82, 38 8. Trochus surgillatus Rve. Ibid., f. 85, .... 37 9-11. Clanculus philippii Koch. Conchyl. Cab., t. 36, f. 4, 52 12, 13. Clanculus erubescens Phil. Ibid., t. 16, f. 13, . . 73 14, 15. Trochus crebriliratus Phil. Ibid., t. 42, f. 11, . . 41 16. Trochus laciniatus Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 76, . . .31 17. 18. Clanculus maxillatus Mke. Conchyl. Cab., t. 36. f. 2, 51 19, 20. Clanculus anioenus Koch. Ibid., 1. 16, f. 11, . . 68 PLATE 43. 1. Trochus tabidus Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 74, . . . 20 2, 3. Trochus infuscatus Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 46, f. 15, . 37 4, 5. Trochus eugrammus Phil. Ibid., t. 43, f. 17, . . 33 6. Trochus pusillus Ad. P. Z. S. 1873, t. 23, f. 9, . . 65 7, 8. Trochus tricatenatus Rve. Conch. Icon., f.,91, . . 36 9. 10. Trochus festivus Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t, 19, f. 5, . 37 11. Trochus cumingii Ad. Conch. Icon., f. 88, . . .30 12. Trochus spengleri var. Jap. Meeres-Conch., t. 6, f. 19, . 34 14-16. Gibbula fulrainata Hutton. Original, . . .216 13. Trochus concavus Gm. Coq. Viv., t. 33, f. 2, . . .40 PLATE 44. 14-17. Photinula magellanica Old. U. S. Expl. Exped., f. 228, . .279 18. Photinula coerulescens King. Kiister's Conch. Cab., t. 37, f. 11, 278 19. Photiuula coerulescens King. Coq. Viv., t. 101, f. 3, . 278 20 Margarita cornea Kiener (=cinerea var.). Ibid., t. 19, f. 2, • . . .291 21 . Margarita groenlandica Beck (=helicina Fab.). Conchyl. Cab., t. 39, f. 7, .... ... 287 22. Margarita groeulandica Beck (=helicina Fab.). Sowerby, 287 23. 24. Photinula persica Gld. U. S. Expi. Exped., f. 230, . 280 25. Margarita maxima Sowb. (=cinerea Couth.). Conch. Icon., f. 24, ' . .291 26, 27. Margarita beecheyana Mart. Mai. Bl. xix, t. 3, f. 1 , 2, 293 28. Minolia carinata Ad. Conch. Icon., f. 22, ... 260 29-32. Margarita pupilla Gld. U. S. Expl. Exped., f. 208, . 295 33. Minolia punctata Ad. Conch. Icon., f. 19, . . . 259 34-36. Calliostoma ligatura Gld. (=costatum). U. S. Expl. Exped., t. 12, f. 207, 362 494 REFERENCE TO PLATES. PLATE 45. FIGURK. ' PAGK. 37, 38. Cautharidus giliberti Montr. Coq. Viv., t. 119, f. 2, . 128 39. Cantharidus hilaris Lischke. Ibid., t. 110, f. 2, . . 130 40. Cantharidus raniburi Crosse. Ibid., t. 120, f. 3, . .127 41. Cantharidus rostratus Kn. (—purpuratus). Ibid., t. 46, f. 1, . . 125 42. 43. Cantharidus texturatus Gld. (--purpuratus). U. S. • Expl. Exped., t. 12, f. 206, . . ... . .125 44. Cantharidus purpuratus Mart. Coq. Viv., t. 112, f. 3, . 124 45. Cantharidus torosus Kn. (—purpuratus). Ibid., t. 46, f. 3, 125 46-48. Ltiopyrga picturata Ad. Zool. Coll. ' Alert,' t. 6, f. c, , 140 49. Phasianotrochus bellulus Phil. Coq. Viv., t. 51, f. 1, 50. Phasianotrochus gracilis Ant. Ibid., t. 51, f. 2, . . 135 51. Cantharidus fburnieri Crosse. Ibid., t. 119, f. 1, . . 129 52-54. Cantharidus lesueuri Fischer. Ibid., t. 45, f. 2, . 126 55. Cantharidus suezarensis Fischer. Ibid., t. 115, f. 2, . 130 56. Cantharidus elongatua Ant. Ibid., t., . 143 57. 58. Phasianotrochus badius Wood. Coq. Viv., t. 59, f. 2, 3, 131 59. Cantharidus freycineti Fischer. Ibid., t. 110, f. 4, . 146 PLATE 46. 60. Cautharidus pruininus Gld. U. S. Expl. Exped., f. 205, 122 61. Cantharidus capillaceus Phil, (—pruininus Gld.). Coq. Viv., t. ^2, f. 3, 122 62. Cantharidus torresi Smith. Zool. Alert, t. 6, f. a, . .145 63. Cantharidus serpentinus Quoy. Coq. Viv., t. 45, f. 3, . 143 64-66. Cantharidus irisodontes Quoy. Ibid., t. 52, f. 2, .133 67, 68. Thalotia woodsianus Angas. P. Z. S., 1872, t. 42, f. 4, 5, 142 69. Thalotia erogatus Fischer. Coq. Viv., t. 45, f. 1, . . 127 70, 71. Thalotia kotscheyi Phil. Ibid., t. 69, f. 1, . . . 144 72. Thalotia kotscheyi Phil. Conch. Cab., t. 35, f. 8, . . 144 73. Thalotia couica Wood. Coq. Viv., t. 46, f. 2, . . . 141 74. 75. Thalotia pyrgos Phil. Ibid., t. 112, f. 4, . . . 144 76. Thalotia pyrgos Phil. Conch. Cab., t. 43, f. 14, . .144 77. Thalotia nitens Kn. Coq. Viv., t. 45, f. 4, . . 135 78. 79. Thalotia pulcherrima Wood. Ibid., t. 46, f. 4, . . 125 80. Thalotia btiudini Fischer. Ibid., t. 110, f. 5, . . .146 81. Thalotia flindersi Fischer. Ibid., t. 110, f. 3, . . . 145 82. 83. Odontotrochus lencostigma Mke. Ibid., t. 52, f. 1, .134 PLATE 47. 84-88, Margarita shantarica Midd. Middend., Reise, t. 18, f. 1-6 293 89-91. Margarita modesta Midd. Mai. Rossica, 1. 10, f. 16-18, 294 92, 93. Gibbula sanguine us Gray. Voy. Erebus and Terror. .t, 1, f. 12, ! 131 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 495 FIGURF. PAGE 94,' 95. Gibbula sismondae Issel. Mai. Mar. Ross., t. 2, f. 13, 213 96, 97. Minolia bellardii Issel. Ibid., t. 2, f. 12, . . . 267 98. Solariella affinis Jeffr. P. Z. S., 1883, t. 20, f. 5, . ! 314 99. Margarita fulgida Jeffr. Ibid., t. 20, f. 1, . . . 297 100. Gibbula hemprichti Issel. Descr. del'Egvpte, t. 3, f. 6 213 101. Gibbula delicatus Jeffr. P. Z. S., 1883, t. 20, f. 7, 1-3. Bathymophila euspira Ball. Ibid., t. 20, f. 6, . . 306 4, 5. Margarita rainutula Jeffr. Ibid., t. 20, f. 2, . . \ 298 6, 7. Margarita laminarum Jeffr. Ibid., t. 20, f. 3, . . 298 8. Margarita cancellatas Jeffr. Ibid., t. 20, f. 4, . . . 298 PLATE 48. I, 2. Ethalia reclusa Ball. ' Blake ' Moll., Bull. M. C. Z., xviii, 4(52 6, 4. Basilissa delicatula Dall. Ibid., t. 22, f. 2, . .'421 5, 6. Microgaza rotella Dall. Ibid., t. 22, f. 5, . . .160 7. Calliostoma corbis Dall. Ibid., t. 33, f. 1, 381 8, 9. Dillwynella modesta Dall. Ibid., t. 21, f. 3, . . '. 463 10. Calliostoma aurora Dall. Ibid., t. 37, f. 2, . . 382 II, 12. Gaza Watsoni v. filogyra Dall. Ibid., ' 158 13, 14. Ethalia solida Dall. Ibid., 462 15. Margarita erythrocoma Dall. Blake Gasterop., . . 306 16, 17. Gaza superba Dall. Bull. M. C. Z., xviii, t. 22, f. 4, ^ ! 156 18. Calliostoraa orion Dall. Ibid., t. 28, f. 2, . . . 383 19, 20. Calliostoma yucatecanum Dall. Blake Gasterop., . 407 21, 22. Gibbula candei d'Orb. . . 206 23, 24. Solariella lissocona Dall. 'Blake' Moll., t. 21, f. 8, '. 322 PLATE 49. 25, 26. Gaza watsoni Dall. ' Blake ' Gasterop., . . ]5,s 27/28. Gaza watsoni Dall juv. Ibid., 158 29, 30. Turcicula imperialis Dall. Ibid., .... 330 31, 32. Calliostoraa cinctellum Dall. Ibid., .... 409 33, 34. Calliostoma circumcinctum Dall. Ibid., . . . 376 35, 36. Calliostoma roseolum Dall. Ibid., .... 373 37. Gaza fischeri Dall. Ibid., ... 158 38, 39. Calliostoma sapidum Dall. Ibid., .... 378 40, 41. Calliostoma echinatum Dall. Ibid., .... 377 42, 43. Calliostoma indiana Dall. Ibid., .... 383 44. Calliostoma benedictii Dall. Ibid., ... . 408 PLATE 50. Dentition and Opercula of Trochidce. 1. Trochus iiiloticus Linn. Troschel, Gabiss, t. 21, f. 11, . 17 2. Trochus fenestratus Gmel. Ibid., t. 22, f. 2, . . .17 3. Trochus maculatus Linn. Ibid., t. 22, f.'3, . . .17 5. Clanculus Pharonius Linn. Ibid., t. 22, f. 6, 496 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 6. Gibbula declivis Forskal. Ibid., t. 24, f. 14, . . .196 7. Solariella varicosa Migh. Sars, Moll. Norv, t. 18, f. 5, . 308 8. 11. Euchelus bella Hutton. Trans. N. Z. Inst., t. 14, f. 1, 429 9. Norrisia norrisii Sowb. Amer. Journ. Conch., . . 275 10. Chlorostoma funebrale Ad. Troschel, Gebiss, t. 23, f. 15, 163 12. Diloma sethiops Gm. Trans. N. Z. Inst., t. 14, f. A, . 86 13. Omphalius excavatus Lam. Troschel, t, 23, f. 9, . . 163 14. Oxystele tabularis Krauss. Ibid., t. 23, f. 2, . . . 86 15. Phasianotrochus badius Wood. Ibid., t, 24, f. 4, . . 121 16. Gibbula tumida Mont. Sars, t. 4, f. 2, . . . .196 17. Solariella varicosa Migh. Ibid., t. 3, f. 12, ... 308 18. Scissurella crispata Flem. Ibid., t. , f. PLATE 51. 1. Gibbula tapparonei Caram. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. 1888, t. 8, f. 5, . 228 2, 3. Minolia caifassii Caram. Ibid., ..... 470 4. Clanculus assabensis Caram. Ibid., . . 468 5, 6. Gibbula issellii Caram. Ibid., t. 8, f. 6, . . 228 7. Conotrochus pantanellii Caram. Ibid., .... 270 8,9. Euchelus delpretei Caram. Ibid 445 10, 11. Gibbula vulnerata Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 44, f. 7; . 241 12. Cantharidus chloritesPhil. Ibid., t. 13, f. 2, . . .138 13, 14. Gibbula benzi Krauss. Die Sudaf. Moll., t. 5, f. 32, . 219 15. Cantharidus gilvus Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 43, f. 16, . 147 16, 17. Trochus nebulosus Phil. Ibid., t. f. . 18-20. Minolia degregoryi Camarag. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., . 264 21. Euchelus guttarosea Dall. Blake Gasterop., . . . 443 22, 23. Gibbula spurca Gld. U. S. Expl. Exped., f. . . 213 24. Bathymophila euspira Dall. Blake Gasterop., . . 306 25, 26. Solariella lubrica Dall. Ibid., 324 27. Gibbula dorke Caramag. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. 1888, . 227 28, 29. Solariella scabriuscula Dall. ' Blake ' Gasterop., . 336 30, 31. Solariella iris Dall. Ibid., 323 32, 33. Solariella lacunella Dall. Ibid, . 322 Plates 52 to 56, inclusive, contain figures of Stomatiiace and Sd- surellidve. These have been transferred to the next volume on ac- count of the size of the present one. PLATE 57. I, 2, 3. Euchelus cancellatus Krauss. Die Siidaf. Moll., . 444 7. Euchelus mysticus Pilsbry. Original, .... 444 8. Scisurella plicata Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 25, f. 18, 9. Calliostoma euglyptum Ad. Original, .... 374 10. Gibbula globularius Schr. Amurl. Moll., t. 16, f. 3, . 226 II. Camitia pulcherrima Ad. Gen. Kec. Moll., t. 46, f. 3. . 465 12. Isanda coronata Ad. Ibid., t. 46, f. 2, . . . . 463 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 497 FIGURE. PAGE. 13. Euchelus seychellarum Nev. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 38, t. 17, f. 10, 438 14. Solariella lamellosa Yerrill. Rep. U. S. F. C., 1883, t. 27, f. 98, . ^ 315 15. Tallorbis roseola Nev. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 38, t. 17, f. 5, . . 446 16. Euchelus bronni Dkr. Moll. Jap., t. 3, f. 8, . 438 17. Solariella regalis Yen-ill (=ottoi Phil.). Rep. U. S. F. C. 1883, t. 27, f. 97, 320 20, 21. Gibbula tryoni Pilsbry. Original, . . . .239 22, 22. Schisomope ferriezi Crosse. Journ. Conch. 1867, t. 11, f.7, 23. Euchelus scaber Fischer. Coq. Yiv., t. 93, f. 2, . 438 24-26. Schisomope moreleti Crosse. Journ. Conch., 1880, t. 4,f.3, 27. Turcica raonilifera Ad. P. Z. S. 1854, t. 27, f. 1, . . 414 28-30. Ethalia cancellata Tate. Trans. Phil. Soc. Adelaide, 1879, t. 5, f. 11, 462 31, 32. Umbonium thomasi Crosse. Journ. Conch. 1863, 1. 13, f. 8, . .453 33-36. Umbonium superbum Gld. Jap. Meeres-Conch. II, t. 5, f. 18-21, 455 37, 38. Euchelus lacteus Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 14, f. 16, . 442 39, 40. Margarita guillardi Folin. Les Meleagrin., t. 5, f. 9, 473 41, 42. Ethalia guamense (callosus Koch). Conchyl. Cab., ^ t. 35, f. 7, . ...... 458 43. Tr. gemmulatum Phil. (— Putzeysia wiser! Calc.). Enum. Moll. Sicil, t. 28, f. 5, . .... 413 44, 45. Solariella obscura Couth. Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., t. 9, f. 5, 308 46, 47. Calliostoma strigosum Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 13, f. 4, 412 48. Calliostoma fonki Phil. Atacama Reise, t. 7, f. 22, . 371 49. Calliostoma bairdii Verrill. Trans. Conn. Acad., t. 57, f. 26, 375 50. Calliostoma leanum C. B. Ad. Reeve, Conch. Icon., f. 45, 370 51. Schisomope crossei Folin. Fonds de la mer, t. 22, f. 6, 7, 52. Solariella amabilis Jeffr. Brit. Conch., t. 61, f. 6, . 313 PLATE 58. 1-8. Umbonium vestiarium Linn. Kiener, Coq. Viv., . 450 9. Ethalia zelandica Hombr. . . . 459 10, 11, 12. Umbonium infraplanata Sowb. (—thomasi Cr.). Thes. Conch., f. 11-13, 453 13, 14. Umbonium suturalis Lam. Coq. Viv., . . . 455 15. Umbonium conicum Ad. Conch. Icon., f. 1, . . . 452 16. Ethalia? perspicua Ad. Conch. Icon., f. 15, . . . 461 17. 18, 19. Umbouium giganteum Lesson. Coq. Yiv. and Conch. Icon., 454 32 498 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 20. Ethalia striolata var. trilobata Sowb. Conch. Icon., f. 20, 460 21. Ethalia striolata Ad. Conch. Icon., f. 13, ... 460 22. 23. Umbonium moniliferura Lam. Coq. Viv., . . 456 24, 25. Umbonium vestiarium, var. depressa Ad. Conch. Icon., 461 26, 27, 28. Umbonium adamsi Dkr. . . .453 29, 30, 31. Umbonium moniliferum Lam. . . . 456 32, 33. Ethalia anguliferus Phil, (^zelandica). Conchyl. Cab., 459 PLATE 59. 34, 35. Umbonium costatum Val. Conch. Icon., f. 4, . . 454 36. Umbonium callosum Sowb. Thes. Conch., f. 27, . . 451 37. Ethalia moutrouzieri Souv. Journ. de Conch. 1860, t. 2, f. 11, 459 38. 39. Ethalia guamense Q. Conch. Icon., f. 18, . . 458 40. Ethalia? lirata Smith. P. Z. S. 1871, t. 75, f. 23, . . 461 41. Ethalia? plicata Smith. Ibid., t. 75, f. 24, ... 461 42. Ethalia? Candida Ad. Conch. Icon., f. 14, . . .461 43. 44. Ethalia? sobrina Ad. Ibid., f. 19, . . . .461 45, 46. Umbonium conicum Ad. Voy. Samarang, 1. 11, f. 22, 452 47. Umbonium sagittatum Hinds. Thes. Conch., f. 9, . . 452 48-50. Margarita vorticifera Dall. Proc. Cal. Acad. v, t. 2, f. 4, 288 51, 52. Minolia bicarinata Ad. Voy. Samarang, t. 11, f. 11, 265 53, 54. Ethalia? brazieri Angas. P. Z. S. 1877, t. 5, f. 17, . 462 55. Ethalia? polita Ad. Conch. Icon., f. 17, . . . 461 56-58. Isanda coronata Ad. Zool. ' Alert,' t. 5, f. P, . . 463 59-63. Ethalia pulchella Ad Journ. Linn. Soc. xx, t. 15, f. 3, . . .460 64, 65. Monilea lifuana Fischer. Zool. ' Alert, ' t. 6, f. B, . 252 66. Ethalia zelandica Hombr. Voy. Astrol. & Zelee, t. 14, f. 5, 459 PLATE 60. 1, 2. Calliostoma apicinum Dall. ' Blake ' Moll., t. 24, f. 3, 379 3, 4. Gibbula ochotensis Midd. Conchyl. Cab., t. 34, f. 1, . 237 5, 6. Umbonium bairdii Dall. ' Blake ' Moll., t. 21. f. 6, . 457 7, 8. Eutrochus sayana Dall. Ibid., t. 22, f. 10, 11, . . 407 9. Calliostoma quadrisulcatum Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 38, f. 8, 470 10,11. Eutrochus asperrimum Dall, var. dentiferum. 'Blake' Gasterop., t. 23, f. 7, 8, 411 12, 13. Omphalius cooksoni Smith. P. Z. S. 1877, t. 11, f. 7, 183 14, .15. Basilissa costulata, var. depressa Dall. 'Blake' Gasterop., t. 23, f. 4, . 428 16-18. Minolia canaliculate Ang. P. Z. S. 1871, t. 75, f. 28, 267 (These three figures are not numbered on the plate.) 19, 20. Eutrochus sericifilum Dall. * Blake' Gasterop., t. 24, f. 1, 412 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 499 FIGURE. PAGE. 21, 22. Minolia castus Nev. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. 1874, 1. 1, f. 4. . , • .266 23, 24. Monilea lentiginosa Ad. Original, . . . .248 25, 26. Margarita helicina (very young). Sars, Moll. Norv. t. 21, f. 5, 285 27, 28. Margarita cinerea Couth, (very young). Ibid., t. 21, f. 3 292 29. Margarita cinerea, v. grandis. Ibid., t. 21, f. 4, . . 291 PLATE 61. I, 2. Omphalius gruneri Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 28, f. 13, . 191 3, 4. Monilea belcheri Phil. Ibid., t. 44, f. 3, . . . 250 5, 6. Chlorostoma omphalium Phil. Ibid., t. 39, f. 16, . . 190 7, 8. Chlorostoma sordidum Phil. Ibid., t. 44, f. 1, . . 188 9, 10, Monilea solandri Phil. Ibid., t. 28, f. 8, . . 252 II, 12. Chlorostoma panamensis Phil. Ibid., t. 44, f. 16, . 182 13. Monilea calyculus Wood. Ind. Test. Suppl., t. 5, f. 44, . 247 14, 15. Chlorostoma can us Koch. Conchyl. Cab., t. 28, f. 9, . 190 16-18. Chlorostoma scabriculus v. d. Busch. Ibid., t, 28, f. 5, 192 19, 20. Monilea striatula Garrett. Original, . . . 24!) 21-23. Minolia rotellajformis Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 44, f. 2, 262 24. Livona pica Linn. Conch. Icon., f. 24, .... 'Ill 25. Gibbula callichroa Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 43, f. 15, . 223 26, 27. Gibbula pulcherrima Ad. P. Z. S. 1878, t. 50, f. 22, 200 28, 29. Chlorostoma dohrni Pilsbry. Original, . . .469 30. Norrisia norrisii Sowb. . Coq. Viv., t. 10, f. 1, . . 276 31. 32. Monilea nuclea Phil. Ibid., t. 86, f. 2, . . 257 33. Monilea obscura Wood. Ibid., t. 69, f. 2, ... 257 34, 35. Trochus guadachaudii Hupe. Gay, Hist. Chile, t. 4, f. 4, . . .474 36. Monilea goudoti Fischer, Coq. Viv., t, 113, f. 3, . .258 37. Minolia aspecta Ad. Conch. Icon., f. 28, ... 471 38-40. Minolia tasmauica Tenison- Woods. Original, . 263 42, 43. Omphalius fuscescens Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 28, f, 10, 181 PLATE 62. 64. Monodonta vermiculata Fischer. Coq. Viv., t. 74, f. 3, . 89 65. Gibbula blanfordiana Nev. Ibid., t. 88, f. 3, . . 218 66. 67. Monodonta odontis Wood. Coq. Viv., t. 99, f. 1, .111 68. Calliostoma zonamestum Ad. Ibid., t. 17, f. 3, . . 406 69, 70, 71. Monodonta constellata Souv. Ibid., t. 90, f. 1, . 108 72, 73. Euchelus baccatus Mke. Ibid., t. 94, f. 2, . . 435 74. Chlorostoma rugosum Ad. Ibid., t. 75, f. 3. . . . 173 75. Gibbula cicer Mke. Ibid., t. 88, f. 2, . . . 219 76. 77. Gibbula stoliczkana Xevill. Ibid., t. 106, f. 2, . . 217 78, 79. Astraliura confragosum Gld. Ibid., t. 76, f. 2, . 80. Chlorostoma rugosum Ad. Ibid., t. 75, f. 3, . . . 173 81, 82. Monodonta sauciata Koch. Ibid, t, 88, f. 1, . .113 500 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 83. Gibbula multicolor Kr. Ibid., t. 99, f. 3, . . . 240 84, 85. Monodonta australis Lam. Ibid., t. 74, f. 1, 2, . . 88 86. Monodonta canalifera Lam. Ibid., t. 73, f. 2, . . .88 87. Mouodonta canalifera var. Lam. Ibid., t. 73, f. 3, . 88 PLATE 63. 1, 2. Chlorostoma melaleucum Jonas. Conch. Cab., t. 28, f. 16, . . .180 3, 4, 5. Chlorostoma excavatum Lam. Ibid., t. 25, f. 12, . 187 6, 7. Chlorostoma cruentus Phil. Ibid., t. 25, f. 10, . . 187 8, 9. Chlorostoma impressum Koch. Coq. Viv., t. 85, f. 2, . 185 10, 11. Gibbula fanulum Linn. Ibid., t. 43, f. 1, . . . 199 12, 13. Gibbula albida Linn. Ibid., t. 68, f. 2, . . . 201 14. Gibbula albida Linn. Conchyl. Cab., t. 28, f. 12, . . 201 15, 16. Calliostoma alwinre Lischke. Jap. Meeres-Conch., t. 6,f. 17, 19, . 347 17. Calliostoma moniliferurn Lam. Coq. Viv., t. 16, f. 2, . 347 18, 19. Camitia rotellinus Gld. Ibid., t. 120, f. 4, . . 465 20, 21. Euchelus pauperculus Lischke. Jap. Meeres-Conch., t. 4, f. 9, 11, . 437 22, 23. Calliostoma censors Lischke. Ibid., t. 4, f. 2, 3, . 347 24, 25. Calliostoma elenchoides Issel. Moll. Rouss., t. 43, f. 20, 25, 397 26. Turcica coreensis Pse. P. Z. S., t. 51, f. 2, . . . 415 27. Calliostoma monterosatoi Buq. Moll. Rouss., t. 43, f. 18, 395 28. 29. Calliostoma graving Monts. Ibid., t. 43, f. 26, 30, . 397 30, 31. Turcica imperiulis Ad. Jap. Meeres-Conch., t. 4, f. 4, 6, . .414 32. Calliostoma argenteonitens Lischke. Ibid., t. 4, £1, . 346 PLATE 64. 37. Photinula taBniata Wood. Conch. Icon., vol. 20, f. 4, . 278 38. Gibbuhi y.oimtu Wood. Conchyl. Cab., t. 42, f. 8, . 238 39-41. Margarita umbilicalis Brod. Natur-hist, Mus. Hamb., 288 42, 43, 44. Margarita undulata Sowb. Forbes and Hanley, t. 73, f. 5, 6, . . .' . . . . 290 45-47, Margarita helicina Fab. Ibid., t. 68, f. 4, 5 ; t. 74, f. 10, ... 285 48, 49. Margarita argentata Gld. Sars, t. 9, f. 6, 50. Margarita brychius Wats. Chall. Gasterop., t. 5, f. 7, . 299 51, 52. Sqlariella rhina Wats. Ibid., t. 5, f. 6, . . 316 53, 54. Margarita cinerea Couth, (typical). Sars, t. 9, f. 1, . 291 55, 56. Solariella charopus Wats. Chall. Gasterop., t. 5, f. 6, 300 57, 58. Solariella bella Verkr. Sars, t. 9, f. 5, . . 310 59 Margarita pomphylogutos Wats. Chall. Gasterop., t. 5, f. 9, 302 60, 61. Solariella pachychiles Wats. Ibid, t. 5, f. 11, . . 325 62. Margarita scintillans Wats. Ibid., t. 5, f. 2, . . . 305 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 501 FIGURE. PAGE. 63, 64. Margarita illotus Wats. Ibid. t. 17, f. 3, . . . 303 65, 66. Margarita streptophorus Wats. Ibid., t. 17, f. 4, . 304 PLATE 65. 67, 68. Calliostoma zizyphinum var. conuloides Lam. Coq. Viv. and Hidalgo, 389 69. Calliostoma apongiarium Dautz. Moll. Rouss., . . 391 70-72. Calliostoma conulum Lam. Coq. Viv. and Hidalgo, 390 73. Calliostoma selectum Chem. Original, .... 335 74. Calliostoma selectum Chem. Coq. Viv., .... 335 75. Calliostoma punctulatiiin Mart. Ibid., .... 334 76. Gibbula ponsonbyi Sowb. P. Z. S. 1888, t. 11, f. 5, . 240 77. Calliostoma flavus Ant. (— conuloides ). Concliyl. Cab., t. 38, f. 3, 389 78. Calliostoma selectum Chem. Conchyl. Cab., t. 38, f. 13, . 335 79. Calliostoma luridum Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 24, 80. Calliostoma similaris Rve. Ibid., f. 32, . . . .357 81. 82, 87. Margarita lirulata Cpr. Specimens. . . . 296 83. Calliostoma incertum Rve. Conch. Icon., f. 28, 84, 85, 86. Calliostoma eximium Rve. Coq. Viv., t. 64. f. 1, 366 Between 80 and 90. Calliostoma laugieri Payr. Conchyl. Cab., 1. 13, f. 14, , ... ... 392 88. Calliostoma laugieri var. violacea. Coq. Viv., t. 49, f. 4a, 393 89. Calliostoma exquisitum Sowb. P. Z. S. 1888, t. 21, f. 7, 403 90, 91, 92. Calliostoma zizyphinum L. Coq. Viv., and Hi- dalgo, . . 388 PLATE 66. 91, 92. Margarita frielei Krause. Arch. f. Naturg. 1885, t. 16, f. 2, 290 93. Gibbula nigricans Vel. Arch. Zool. Exper. iv, t. 4, f. 6, 226 94, 95, 96. Solariella levis Friele. Norv. N. Atl. Exped., t. 12, f. 4-6, 310 97. Solariella inftmdibulum Wats. Chall. Gasterop., t. 5, f. 5, 319 98, 99. Solariella clavata Wats. Ibid., t. 5, f. 8, . . . 318 100, 1. Marg. cinerea var. margaritifera. Norw. N. Atl. Exped., t. 12, f. 2, 3, 293 2, 3. Minolia eudeli Desh. Moll. Reunion, t. 8, f. 9, 10, . 266 4, 5. Solariella azorensis Wats. Chall. Gasterop., t. 5, f. 12, 328 6. Margarita acuminata Migh. & Ad. Invert. Mass., f. 546, 287 7, 8. Gibbula lacazii Vel. Arch. Zool. Exper. iv, t. 10, f. 6, 226 9, 10. Solariella rhysus Wats. Chall. Gasterop., t. 5, f. 4, . 324 11, 12, 13. Circulus striatus Phil. Moll. Rouss., t. 51, f. 1-3, 274 14, 15. Solariella albula Gld. Sara, t. 9, f. 3, ... 312 16, 17. Solariella varicosa Migh. Ibid., t. 9, f. 2, . . 311 18, 19. Solariella a^glees Wats. Chall. Gasterop., t. 5, f. 10, . 315 20, 21. Solariella dnopherus Wats. Ibid., t. 5, f. 3, . . 327 502 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 22. Oalliostoma allporti Woods. Original, .... 351 23. Calliostoma legrandi Woods. Original, .... 350 24. 25. Calliostoma suturalis Phil. Enum. Moll. Sicil. . 386 26, 27, 28. Calliostoma jucundum Old. U. S. Exped. . .351 29. Calliostoma elegantulum Ad. Conch. Icon., f. 38, . . 356 30. Calliostoma rubropunctatum Ad. Ibid., f. 56, . . 359 31. Calliostoma decoratum Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 13, f. 1, . 349 32. 33. Calliostoma pulchellum Phil. Ibid., t. 13, f. 3, . . 405 34. Calliostoma flammiger Dkr. Conch. Icon., f. 52, . . 357 35, 36. Calliostoma perspectivum Koch. Conchyl. Cab., t. 17, f. 9, . . . : 405 PLATE 67. 40, 41. Calliostoma ciliaris Mke. Conchyl. Cab., t. 17, f. 1, . 338 42. Calliostoma speciosum Ad. Conch. Icon., f. 9, . . 352 43. Calliostoma annulatum Mart, Coq. Viv., t. 16, f. 3, . 363 44. 45. Enida japonica Ad. Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., t. 12, f. 17, 18, 245 46, 47, 48. Calliostoma antonii Koch. Conchyl. Cab., t. 17, f. 5 365 49. Calliostoma canaliculatum Mart. Specimen, . . . 361 52. Calliostoma tricolor Gabb. Specimen, .... 370 53. Calliostoma metaformis Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 43, f. 13, 475 54. Calliostoma gemmulatus Cpr. Specimen, . . . 371 55. 56. Calliostoma lima Phil. Coq. Viv., t. 103, f. 2, . . 364 57, 58. Calliostoma lima Phil. Specimen, .... 364 59, 60, 61. Solariella peramabilis Cpr. Specimen, . . 312 62, 63. Euchelus instrictus Old. U. S. Expl. Exped., . . 440 64. Calliostoma cecillei Phil. Conchyl. Cab., . . .342 65, 66. Gibbula amirantium Smith. ZooL ' Alert.,' . . 236 67, 68, 69. Turcica elisa Gld. U. S. Expl. Exped., . . 417 70. Calliostoma gloriosum Dall. Specimen, .... 368 71. Calliostoma supragranosum Cpr. Specimen, . . . 369 72. Calliostoma venustum Dkr. Specimen, .... 359 73. Minolia solariiformis Sowb. Specimen, .... 265 74. Turcica elisa Gld. Specimen, . . . . . .417 75. Calliostoma coppingeri Smith. Specimen, . . . 372 76. Calliostoma rioensis Dall. Specimen, .... 352 77. Turcica stellata Ad. Specimen, ..... 418 78. Turcica maculata Brazier. Specimen, . . . .417 79. Euchelus rubra Ad. Specimen, . . . ... 440 80. Euchelus bellus Hutton. Specimen, . . . . 435 81 82. Calliostoma seruginosum Phil. Conchyl. Cab., t. 45, f. 1, 412 83. Euchelus principalis Pilsbry. Specimen, . 434 84. Calliostoma platinum Dall. Specimen, . . . 363 INDEX TO TROCHID/t NOTE. — The names of valid species and varieties are printed in Roman type ; of genera and other groups in SMALL CAPITALS ; of synonyms in Italic. Abnormis Crosse, Achates Old., Achiosus Gld., . Acuminata Sowb., Acuminatus Ad., Acutangulus Chem., Acutangulus Mke., Acutus Gld., Acutus Lam., Acutus Rve., Adamslanus Schr., Adamsi Pilsbry, Adamsi (Umbouium) Dkr., Adansonii Blainv., Adansoni Payr., Adelaide Phil., Adriatica Phil., Adspersum Beck, Aeglees Wats., . JEgyptiaca Lam., ^Egyptiaca Payr., ^Egyptius Kn., . JEmulans Ad., . ^Eola Watson, . ^Equisculpta Cpr., ^quistriatum Monts., JEruginosum Phil., ^Ethiops Gm., . Affinis Dall, Affinis Garrett, Affinis Jeffr., Agathensis Reel., Agrestis Phil., . Alabasttum Beck, Alabastrum Rve., . 142 1 Albidus Gmel., . . 201 . 168 Albinus Ad., . 82 . 44 A Ibidus Wood, . 388 . 287 Albugo Wats., . 273 . 82 Albula Gld., . . 312 . 18 Allporti Ten.-Woods, . . 351 . 25 Alovsii Ten.-Woods, . . 59 . 401 Alta Wats., . 419 . 20 Alternatus Sowb., . 405 . 21 Altus Perry, . 18 . 415 Altus Phil., . 19 . 402 Altus Reeve, . 25 •., 453 Alveolatus Phil., . . 206 . 202 Amabilis Jeffr., . . 313 . 210 Amirantium Smith, . . 236 . Ill Amcenus Gld., . . 110 . 211 Amcenus Koch, . 68 . 367 Amplectans (Ethalia) Cpr., 462 . 315 ANCISTROBASIsDall, . . 426 . 199 Angeli Ten.-Woods, . . 60 . 199 Angulata Ad., . 263 . 199 Angulatus Eichw., . 210 . 46 Angulatus Pse., . . 437 . 162 Angulifera Ad., . . 416 . 365 Anguliferus Phil., . 459 . 396 Annulatum Mart., . 363 . 412 ANTHORA Gray, 8,43 . 98 Antipoda Hombr., . 217 . 341 Antonii Koch, . . 365 . 230 Anus Phil., . 54 . 314 Aphanotrochus Mart., 12, 257 . 209 Apicinum Dall, . . 379 . 389 Apicina Gld., . 254 . 394 Apicinus Mke., . . 134 . 448 Aradasia Gray, . . 429 503 504 INDEX. Araucanus Orb., . . .97 Architectonicus A. Ad., . 24 Arctica Leach, . . .286 Ardens Sails., . . .202 Argentata Gould, . . 289 Argenteonitens Lischke, . 346 Argyrostomum Gm., . .165 Armillatus Wood, . . 337 Arruensis Wats., . . . 344 Artensis Fischer, . .129 Artlculata Gld., . . . 473 Articulata Lam., . . 93 Articulatum Ad., . . 194 Articulatus Ad., . .150 Articulatus Orb., . .176 Articulatus (Globulus) Phil., 452 Articulatus Rve., . . 336 Artizona Ad., . . . 150 Aspecta Ad., . . .471 Asper Gmel., . . .431 Asperrimum Ball, . .411 Aspersus Koch, . . . 435 Asperulatus Ad., . . 400 Assabensis Caram., . . 468 Ater Lesson, . . .174 Atomaria (Ethalia) Ad., . 461 Atrarnentaria Fischer, . 89 Atratus Gmel., . . . 439 Atratus Wood, ... 96 Atropurpureus Gld., . . 77 Atrovirens Phil., . .110 Atrum Lesson, . . .173 Attenuatus Jonas, . .143 Attritus Hombr. & Jacq., . 105 Aucta (Rotella) Sowb., . 454 Aurea Woods, . . . 237 Aureotinctum Fbs., . . 172 Aurora Ball, . . .382 Australis Brod., . . 348 Australis (Globulus) Phil., . 451 Australis Lam., . . .88 Australis Quoy, . . .132 Australis Ten.- Woods, .111 Australis Ten.- Woods, . 469 AUSTROCOCH'LEA Fischer, 9, 90 Azofensis Wats., . . 328 Baccatus Menke, . . 435 Badius Wood, . . . 131 Bairdii (Umbonium) Dall, . 457 Bairdii Dall, . . .331 Bairdii V. &, S. . . 375 BalteataAd., . . .471 Balteata Phil., . . .221 BANKIVIA Beck, . 10, 138 Barbara Monts., . . . 203 BASIUSSA Watson, . 15, 419 Bathyraphe Smith, . . 78 BATHYMOPHILA Dall, 14, 306 Baudini Fischer, . . 346 Beecheyanus .Mart., . . 293 I>I:LAN<;KRIA Fischer, 8, 44 Belcheri Phil, . . .250 Bella Sars, . . . 310 Bellardii Issel, . . . 2illaceus Phil., Capillata (Ethalia) Gld., . Caragolus Monts., Carbonaria Phil., CARDINALLY Gray, . Carinata Ad., 170 Carinata (Ethalia ) Cpr., . 462 299 Carinata Verrill, . . 309 Carinatus Ad., . . .59 131 Ciinwitus Koch, . . 175 416 Carinidea Sw., . . .24 470 Cariniferus Beck, . . 41 30 Carneolus Lam., . . 187 46 Carneus Lowe, . . .291 195 Carpenter! Dkr., . . 169 367 Casta Xev., . . .266 223 Castaneum Ad., . . 193 2-1 Castaneus Xutt., . . 362 247 <'a*tra Kve 339 332 Catenifera P. and M., . 179 197 Catenifern# Kn., . . 172 158 Cecillei Phil., . . . 342 Ceratus Fischer, . . 367 451 Ceylanicus Nevill, . . 70 458 Chalconotum (Umbon.) Ad., 459 247 Cliaropus Wats., . 300 295 Chathamensis Hutton, . 43 47<> Chemnitzii Phil., . . 389 464 Chinensis Sby., . . .264 286 Chinensis Sowb., . . 418 267 Chlorites Phil., . . 138 361 CHLORODILOMA Pilsbry, 10, 110 Chloromphalus Ad., . . 38 186 Chloropoda Tutc. . . 104 440 CHLOROSTOMA Sw., . 11, 163 88 ' Chlorostomus Mke., . . 148 462 Chrysolajma Mart., . . 258 298 CHRYSOSTOMA Sw., . . 466 444 Cicer Mke., . . .219 206 Cidaris Cpr., . . . 331 461 Ciliaris Mke., . . .338 75 Cinctellum Dall, . . 409 393 Cinerareus Fab., . . 291 296 Cinerarias Linn., . . 208 197 Cinerascens Anton, . . 206 120 Cinereceformis Leche, . 309 190 Cinerea Couth., . . .291 22 Cinerarius Born, . . 201 2:l!> Cingulata Ad., . . .141 123 Cingulatm Brocc., . . 388 463 Cingulatm Q. & G., . . 100 1)2 OingtOatusl&ubl., . .238 105 Cingulifer Ad., . . .83 7 I Cinguliger Ad., . . . 149 260 506 Cingulella Monts., Circulatus Ant., CIRCULUS Jeff., . Circunaciiicta Ad., Circumcinctum Dall, . Circumsutus Gld., Citrinus Phil., . Cittarium Phil., . Clanculopsis Monts., . CLANCULUS Montf., . Clanguloides Wood, . Clangulus Wood, Clathrata Ad., . Clathrata Arad., Clavata Wats., Clelandianus Leach, . Clelandi Wood, Cochlea Wood, . CCELOTROCHUS Fischer, Ccerulea Ad., Co3rulescens King, Ccerulescens Lam., Cseruleus Wats., CoUiculus Monts., Colubrinus Gld., Comptus Ad., Corntum Phil., Concameratus Wood, Coneavus Grnel., Concinna Ad., . Concinna Dkr., Concinnum Ad., Concinnus Phil., Concolor Ad., Confusa Tap.-Can., Conica Cpr., Conicum (Umbonium) Conicus Don., Conicus Gray, . Conoidea Jeffr., CONOTROCHUS Pilsbry, Consimilis Smith, Consors Lischke, Conspersus Ad., Constellata Souv., Constricta Lam., Conulum Lin ne, Conuloides Lam., INDEX. . 393 Conulus Da Costa, . . 394 . 432 Conuhis Nardo, . . 332 13, 274 ConiwGniel., ... 18 .118 Convexus Cpr., . . 276 . 376 Cooksoni Smith, . . 183 . 22 Coppingeri Smith, . . 372 . 114 Coracina Trosch., . . 103 . 277 Corallina Smith. . . 225 . 47 Corallinus GmeL, . . 72 8, 47 Corallinus Monts., . . 395 . 65 CorbisDall, . . . 381 . 57 Coreensis Pse., . . .415 . 447 Corneus Kn., . . . 292 . 413 Coronata (Isanda) Ad., . 463 . 318 Coronulatus Ad., . .177 . 387 Corrosa Ad., . . .104 . 387 Corrugata Ad., . . .45 . 91 Corrugatum Ad., . .166 8, 42 Corrugatum Koch, . .192 . 278 Corvus Phil, . . . 185 . 278 Costata Dan. & San., . . 275 . 20 Costatum Mart., . . .362 . 301 Costatum (Umbonium) Val., 454 . 195 Costellata Costa, . . .449 .114 Costellata So wb., . .475 . 350 Costifer Jonas, . . . 23 .354 Costulata Wats., . . .426 . 99 Couturii Payr., ... 72 . 40 Coxi Aug., . . . v . 231 . 415 Cranchianus Leach, . . 389 . 230 Craspedotus Phil., . . 449 . 46 Crassa Mont., . . .94 . 32 Crebrigranatus Rve., . . 33 . 119 Crebriliratus Jonas, . . 41 . 87 Crenellifera Ad., . .153 . 297 Creniferus Kn., . . .27 Ad., 452 Crenulata Mke., . . .252 . 396 Crenulatus Brocc., . . 395 . 141 Crenulatus Rve., . . 22 . 385 CrinitaPhil Ill . 268 Cruentus Phil., . . .187 . 372 Cruciatus Chemn., . .176 . 347 Cruciatus Linn., . . 74 . 83 Crusoeana Pilsbry, . . 98 . 108 ! Cryptospira (Rotella) . 90 Verrill, . . . .463 . 390 ; Cumingii Ad., . . .30 . 388 Cumingii Ad 471 Cunningham! Gray, . . 336 INDEX. 507 Dsedala Watson, Dalmaticus Monts., DamaPhil, Danieli Crosse, . DANILIA Bras, . . 429, Decarinatus Perry, Declivis Forsk., . Decoratura Phil., Decussatum Ad., Degregoryi Caramag., Delicatula Dall, Delicatulus Phil., Delpretei Caram., Delpretianum Sul,v . Demissus Monts., Denigratus Chem., Dentatus Forsk al, Dentatus Gmel., Denticulata Gray, Dentiferum Dall, Depictus Ad., Depictum Desh., Depressa Dall, . Depressa (Umbonium) Ad., Depressa, T.-Woods, . Depressus (Gin.) Phil., Desserea Risso., . Detecta Rochebr., Dianthus Fischer, Diaphanus Gm., Dilatatus Sowb., Dilecta Ad., DILOMA Phil, . . 9, Diserepans Brown, Distingueudus Dkr., . Divaricatus Linn., Dnopherus Wats., Dohrni Pilsbry, . DoliariuB Chemn., Dolorosa T.-Woods, . Dominicanus Ten.- Woods, . Dorise Caram., . Draparnaudii Payr., . Drepanensis Brugn., . Dubia Ten.- Woods, . Dubius Phil., . Daminyi Req., . Dunkeri Koch., 155 | Duplicatum Ad., . . 356 388 Dupontiana Nev., . . 218 89 229 Echinatum Dall, . . 377 448 Edentula Ad., . . . .447 361 ! Edentulus Ad., ... 84 198 ! Egena Old., . . .253 349 Elata Brus., . . .205 :»r>f) Elatus Lam., . . 18 264 i Electissimus Bean, . . 208 421 i Elegans Blainv., . . 395 43 ! Elegans Gmel., . . 124 445 Elegans Gray, ... 43 400 Elegans Jeffr., . . .387 388 Elegans Lam., . . .126 440 ! Elegans Lesson, . .169 20 Elegans (Rotella) Beck, . 450 187 ElegantissimaRe&u, . .312 119 Elegantulum Ad., . .356 411 Elegantulus Wood, . . 44 *:; Elenchoides Issel, . . 397 396 Elenchus Ads., . . 131 428 Elenchus Swains., . . 120 451 Elisa Gld., . , . 417 234 Elongatus Wood, . . 143 50 EXIDA Ad., . . 13, 245 20:5 Episcopus Hombr. & Jacq., 123 '2*2 Erogatus Fischer, . . 127 261 Erubescens Phil., . . 73 334 Erythrseus Brocc., . . 40 148 Erythrocoma Dall, . . 306 471 Erythroleucos Gmel., . 394 96 ETHALIA Ad., . . 15, 457 388 EUCASTA Dall, . . . 383 165 EUCHELUS Phil, . 15, 429 207 Eucosmus Phil., . . 37 327 Eudeli Desh 266 469 Euglyptum Ad, . . 374 361 Eugrammns Phil, . . 33 235 Eumargarita Fischer, . 285 59 Euryomphalus Jonas, . 174 227 EURYTROCHUS Fischer, .197 93 Euspira Dall, . . .306 211 Eustephes Phil, . . 28 151 EUTROCHUS Ad, . . 402 390 Eu.rfnlnis Andr, . . 210 275 Exaltatus Phil, . . 22 61 | Exasperata Ad, . . 448 508 INDEX. Exasperatum Perm., . Excavata Ad. and Aug., . 394 . 109 Fragella Swains, Fragilis Pult., . 47 385 Excavatus Lam., . 187 Fragum Phil., . 348 Exigua Ad., . 118 Fraterculum Monts., 399 Exiguus Pult., . . 394 Freycineti Fischer, 146 Exiguus Gld., . 14!) Frielei Krause, . 290 Eximium Rve., . . 366 Fucata Gld., . 243 Expansa Sowb., . . 279 Fulgens Gld., . 225 Exquisitum Sowb., . 403 Fulgida Jeffr., . 297 Extenuatus Fischer, . . 92 Fulffurata Phil, 115 Fuligineus Ad., 99 Fabrei Montr., . . 21 Fulminata Hutton, . 216 Fabricii Phil., . 291 Fulminata Mke., 139 Fanuloides Fischer, . . 200 Fulmin&us Kn., 132 f anulum Gm., . . 199 Fulvolabris Hombr., 44 Fasciatus Born, . . 186 Fnfcus Phil., 340 Fasciatus Mke., . . 139 Fumosus Phil., . . 208, 209 Fastigiatus Ad., . . 31 Funebrale Ad., . 170 Fenestratus Gm., . 22 Funiculata Cpr., 297 Fermonii Payr., . 202 Fusca Ad., . 281 Festivus Phil., . . 37 Fuseescens Carp., 177 Festivus Tap.-Can., . 49 Fuscescens Phil., 181 Fictilis Jonas, . 41 Fuscum Ad., 469 Filogyra Dall, . . 159 Filosa Garrett, . . 229 Gaimardi Phil., 100 Filosus Wood, . . 362 Gallina Forbes, 169 Firmus Phil., . . 467 Gamma Rochebr., 283 Fischeri Dall., . . 158 Guadachaudii Hupe, 474 Fischeri Monts., . . 443 Gaudiosa Gld.., . 242 Flagellatus Phil., . 55 GAZA Watson, . .11, 154 Flammiger Dkr., . 357 Gemmatus Gld., 442 Flammulatus Lam., . . 28 Gemmosum Rve., 357 Flavus Anton, . . 389 Gemmosus Mke., 37 Flindersi Fischer, . 145 Gemmulatum Cpr., 371 Floridus Phil., . . 53 Gemmulatus Phil., . 414 Flosculus Fischer, . 67 Gemmulosa Ad., 246 Folini Fischer, . . 386 Gibberula Ad., 26 Fonki Phil., . 371 Gibbosula Brus., 205 Formosum Cpr., . . 370 Gibbosula Dan. and Sand., 212 Formosus Forbes, . 394 Gibbosus Ad., 54 Formosus Wood, . 465 GIBBULA Risso, . 12, 195 Fournieri Crosse, . 129 Gibbulastra Monts., . 195 Forskdlia Ad., . . 195 Gigantea Leche, 289 Forskali Morch, . . 22 Giganteum (Umboniu rn) Fossulatus Souv., . 444 Less., . 454 Foveolatus Ad., . 436 Gilberti Montr., 128 Foveolatus Gmel., . 21 | Giliberti Montr., 128 Fragaroides Lam., . 92 Gil vus Phil., 147 INDEX. 509 Glabratum Old., . .119 Glareosa Old., . . .255 Glauca Moll., . . .289 Globoso-conicaArad.&Ben. 74 Globalarius Schr., . . 226 Globulus Schum., . . 450 Glomulus Moots., . .195 GlomusPhil., ... 76 Gloriosum Dall, . . .368 Gloriosum Gld., . . . 85 Glyptus Watson, . .215 Gmelini Jonas, . . .25 Goniostomum Mke., . . 398 Gorgonarum Fischer, . . 214 Goudoti Fischer, . . 258 Gracilis Anton, . . .135 Gradatus Gld., . . .241 Granatum Chemn., . . 333 Grandineus VaL, . . 334 GrandisMorch., . . .293 GraniferAd., . . .195 Granosus Brazier, . .81 Granosus Lara., . . .26 Granosus Rve., . . .25 Granulata Gray, . .119 Granulatum Born., . . 384 (ifuniUfera Jeffr., . . 389 Gravesi Forbes, . . . 396 Gravinaj flouts., . . 397 Grayanus Phil., . . .198 Grayi (Camitia) Ad., . . 465 Gronlandicus Chemn., . 291 Gruneri Phil, . . .191 .Gualterianum Phil., . . 391 Gualterii Weink., . . 392 Guamense (Ethalia) Quoy, 458 Guillardi Fol., . . .473 Guineensis Gm., . . .62 Gundlachi Phil., . . .186 Guttadauri Phil., . . 199 Guttarosea Dall., . . 443 Guttata Hutton, . . .105 GuttataKoch, . . .107 Haliarchus Melvill, . . 339 Halmyris Rochebr., . . 284 Hamilton! Kirk., . . 436 HanleyanusPhil, . . 39 Hanleyanus Rve., . . 33 Harrisoni Hancock, . . 289 Hectori Hutton, . .104 Helicina Fab., . . .285 Helicina Gray, . . . 4-~)0 Helicoides Beck, . . 286 Helicoides Phil., . . 210 Hemprichii Issel, . . 213 HERPETOPOMA Pils., . . 430 Hidalgoi Fischer, . . 314 Hilaris Lischke, . .130 Hillii Forbes, . . .279 Histrio Rve., . . .30 Holdsworthana Nev., . . 269 Homalomplialus Fischer, . 58 Hombroni Fischer, . .273 Horridus Costa, . . . 449 Horridus Phil., . . . 433 Hotes* ir i'i< inn* Orb., . • . 184 Hungerfordi Sowb., . . 343 Huttonia Kirk, . . . 429 Hutton i Smith 123 Hyacinthinus Monts., . . 393 Hyadesi Rochebr., . :. 282 HYBOCHELUS Pilsbry, 430, 443 Hysginus Yal., . . .44 lanthina Gld. . . .472 Ignobilis Phil, ... 36 Illotus Wats., . . .303 Immanis Fischer, . . 87 Imperialis Ad., . . . 414 Imperialis Dall, . . 330 Impervius Phil., . . .115 Impressus Jonas, . .185 Incarnatus Couth., . . 290 Incarnatus Phil., . . 26 Incarnatus Reeve, . . 26 Incertum Rve., . . . 351 Incisus Mke., . . . 432 Inconspicua Hutton, . .217 Inconspicuum Phil., . . 343 Incrassatus Lam., . . 26 Indecorus Phil., . .114 Indiana Dall, . . . 383 Indicus Ad., . . . 448 Indistinctus Kn., . . 127 Indistinctus Wood, . 128, 400 510 INDEX. Indistinctum Wood, . 400 InflataCpr., . . .295 Infiatus Totten, . .286 Infraplanata (Rotella) Sowb., .... 453 INFUNDIBULOPS Pilsbry, 8, 40 INFUNDIBULUM Montf., 7, 24. 37 Infimdibulum Wats., . 319 Infuscatus Old., . . 401 Infuscatus Phil., . . 37 Inepta Old., . . . 254 Instrictus Old 440 Intermedia Leche, . . 309 Interruptum Wood, . . 358 Invallata (Ethalia) Cpr., . 462 Tricolor Kirk, . . . 436 Iridescens Schr., . . 225 Iridea Dall, . . . 324 Iriodon Phil., . . .133 Iris Dall, .... 323 Iris Gmel., . . .122 Irisodontes Q. et G., . . 133 Irregular is Leach, . . 389 ISANDA Ad., . . 463, 16 Isselii Caram., . . . 228 Ivanicsiana Brus., . .210 Ivanictd Brus., . . .210 Jaeinthinus Monts., . . 332 Jaeobii Arad., . . . 395 Japonica Ad., . . . 245 Japonica Smith . . 224 Japonicum Ad., . . 355 Ja vanicum (U m b o n i u m) SuL, , . . .456 Javanicus Lam., . . 406 Jessoensis Schoenck, . . 222 Jonasi Phil, . . .25 Jucundum Gld., . . 351 Jucundus Gld., . . 84 JuGiindus Sowb., . . 340 Jujubinum Gmel., . . 404 Jujubinus Monts., . . 332 Jussieui Payr., . . .75 Jussicei Payr., . . .76 Kalinota Ad., . . . 243 Kalisoma Ad., . . . 249 Kieneri Hnpe, . . . 1 74 Kockii Kn., KochiiPhiJ., . Kceneni Dkr., Korenia Friele, . Kotschyi Phil., . Kraussi Phil., Labio Linn., Labio Oken, Lacazei Vel., Lacertinum Gld., Laceyi Sowb., Laciniatus Rve., Lactea Jeffr., Lacteus Phil., Lacunata Cpr., . Lacunella Dall, Lcetus Phil., Lcevigata Sowb., . Lsevis Brugn., Lsevis Friele, Lsevissima Mart., Lamellosa Verrill, Laminarum Jeffr., Lampra Wats., . Lampra Wats., . LAMPROSTOMA Swains, 7, Largillierti Phil., Latior Monts., . Latona Hutton, . Laugieri Payr., . Leaensis Watson, Leanum Ad., Legrandi Ten.- Woods, Lehmanni Kn., . Lehmanni Mke., Lehmanni ]\Ike., LEIOPYRGA Ad., . 10, Lenticula Gld., Lentiginosa Ad., Lepida (Isanda) Ad., . Lepidus Koch, . Leprosus Phil., Lessonseanum Tap. Can., Lessoni Payr., Lesneuri Fischer, Leucophsea Phil., Leucosticta Ad., . INDEX. 511 Leucostigma Mke., Levis Hombr., . Lifuana Fischer, Ligatus Old., Ligulatus Mke., . Lima Wats., Lima Phil., Limbata Phil., . Limbatus Q. & G., Lineata Lam., . Lineatus DaCosta, Lineatus Lam., . Lineatus Phil., . Lineolaris Old., . Lineolata Bianc., Lineolata (Rote 11 a) Lam. Lineolata Mich., Linncei Monts., . Liopyrga (Ad.) Fischer, Liotrochm Fischer, Lirata Ad., Lirata (Ethalia) Smith, Liratus Ad., Lirostoma Ad., . Lirulata Cpr., Lirulata (Ethalia) Cpr., Lischkeia Fischer, Lischkei Pilsbry, Lissocona Dall, . Lister i Kn., Listeri Wood, Littoralis Brus., . Lividomaculata Ad., . Lividus Kn., LIVONA Gray, . Loculosa Gld., . Lubrioa Dall, Lucidus Risso, . Luctuosus Orb., . Ludwigi Krauss, Lugubris Gld., Lugubris Gmel., Lugubris Lam., Luridum Rve., . Lusitanica Fischer, . Lyciacus Forbes, Macandrese Cpr., .134 Machceroplax Friele, . 307 . 337 Maeulata Braz., . .417 . 252 Maeulata Dall, . . .323 . 362 Maculatus Linn., . . 24 .177 Maeulata Monts., . . 386 . 318 Maculatus Risso, . . 393 . 364 Maculostriatus Ad., . . 184 . 449 Maculosum Ad., . .194 . 50 Maculosus Ad., . . 84 . 132 Maculosus (Isander) Ad., . 464 . 95 Maculosus Pse., . . 448 . 33 MagellanicaGld., . . 279 . 278 Magellanica Hombr., . 279 . 149 Magulus Desh., . . 201 . 258 Magulus Monts., . .195 , . 450 Magus Linn., . . .197 . 208 Major Ad., . . . 139 . 388 MajusSowb., . . .198 . 139 Malouinus Orb., . . 474 . 457 ManotrocJms Fischer, . 332 . 255 Marcidus Gld., . . 171 . 461 MARGARITA Leach, . 13, 285 . 195 Margarita Mont., . . 286 . 416 Margaritaceus Risso, . . 207 . 296 Margaritarius Phil., . . 68 . 462 Margarites Leach, . . 285 . 332 | Margaritifera Friele, . 293 . 167 Marginata Ten.-Woods, . 151 . 322 Maria? Ad., ... 47 . 40 Mar ice Ten.-Woods, . .126 .114 Mariei Fischer, . . 268 . 396 Marmoratus Kn., . .18 . 186 Marmoreum Pse., . . 360 . 132 Marmorea Pse., . . 472 13, 277 Martini Brown, . . 387 . 242 Masoni Nev 247 . 324 Matonii Payr., . . 395 . 390 Maugeri Wood, . . 64 . 174 ! Mauritian us Gm., . . 23 . 77 Maxillatus Mke., . . 51 . 153 Maximus Koch, . . 18 . 100 Maxima Hombr., . . 278 . 95 Maxima Sowb., . . 292 . 470 Mederi Fischer,' . . 39 . 321 Mediterranea Risso, . . 203 . 244 Mediterraneus Wood, . 74 Melaleucus Jonas, . .180 . 366 Melanochlorus Phil., 88 512 INDEX. Melanoloma Mke., 104 Multigranatus Phil., . 72 Meleagris Montf., 277 Multigranum Dkr., . 403 Menkeanus Phil., 238 Multiliratum Sowb., . 342 9^5 Mnlt.Utvintfl n^fVmlifA Vpr- Merula Lam., 112 rill, . . 463 Metaformis Phil., 475 Multisuleosa Hid., 389 Metallicus Rve., . 29 Munda Wats., . 423 Meyeri Phil., 336 Mundula Ad. and Ang. 147 Microdon Ad., . 78 Murrea (Umbonella) Rve., 4(54 MICROGAZA Dall, . 11, 160 Musiva Gld., . . 219, 243 Microstomus Orb., 175 Musiva Gld., 472 Miliaris Brocc., . 387 Mustelina Gld., 473 Millec/ranm Phil., 387 Mutabilis Phil, 94 Millelineatus Bonnet, 475 Mysticus Pilsbry, 444 Mimetica Hutton, 111 Mindorensis Ad., 243 Nana Gld., 254 Miniatus Anton, 58 Nana Gld. , ! . 468 MINOLTA Ad., . .13, 259 Nebulosus Ad 400 Minor Ad., 84 Nebulosa Phil, . . 204, 469 Minor Troschel, . 133 NEODILOMA Fischer, . 9 , 98 JftTioaia— Minolia, 259 Neomphalius Fischer, 163 Minutula Jeffr., . 298 Neozelanica (Rotella) Hut- Minutus Chem., . 394 ton 459 Mirabilis Sowb., . 29 Neptuni Ad., 45 Modesta (Dillwynella) Dall, 463 Neritoideus Gm., 286 Modestus Midd., 294 Nrritoides Phil, 106 Moestus Jonas, . 174 Nicobari.cus Gm., 466 MONILE A Swains, . 12, 246 Niger Phil ., . . . 166 Monile Rve., 358 Nif/errinui Hutton, 103 Monilifera Ad., . 414 Nigerrima Gmel, 97 Moniliferum Lam., 347 Nigerrimum Gm., 165 Moniliferus Phil., 363 Nigerrimus Ren., 393 Moniliger Ad., . 150 Nigra Ad., 281 Monochroa Monts., 75 Ni^rescens Req., 75 Monodon Schweigg, . 86 Nigricans Ad., . 84 MONODONTA Lam., . 8, 86 Ni.^ricans Ad., . 150 Monodontes Montf, 86 Nigricans Vel, . 226 Montacuti Jeffr., . 399 Nigricolor Dkr., 166 Montagu! Wood, 399 Nigropunctatus Rve., 39 Monterey i Kn., . 171 Niloticus Linn., 17 Monterosatoi Buq., 395 Niloticus Rve., . 18 Montrouzieri ( R o t e 1 1 a ) Nitens Kn ., . . . 135 Souv., .... 459 Nitida Ad. and Ang., 217 Morio Troschel, ! 102 Nitida Ad. 139 Morum Phil., 55 Nitida (Ethalia) Ad., 461 Multicarinata Chenu, 91 Nitidulus Phil., 137 Multicarinata T.- Woods. . 467 Xitidus Kn., 135 Multicolor Krauss, 240 Nitiliginea Ad. 250 INDEX. 513 Nivosa Ad., . . Nobilis Monts., . . Nobilis Phil, .. Nobilis Phil., . . Nocturnum Phil., . Nodicinctus Ad., . Nodiliratus Ad., . Nodoliratus Ten .-Woods, Noduliferus Lam., . Nodulosus Ad., . . Nordmanni Schrenck, NORRISIA Bayle, . Norrisi Sowb., , . Novegradensis Brus., . Nubilis Phil., . . Nuclea Phil., . . Nudiuscula Mart., . Obeliscus Gm., . . Obesus Rve., .. Obliquata Gmel., . Oblitus Rve., .. Obtmus (Chemn.) Phil., Obscura Couth Obscurus Wood, . Obsoleta Cpr., . . Ocellatum Rve., . Ocellatus Old., . Ochroleucus Phil., . Ochotensis Phil., . Occidental Migh., . Occultus Phil., . . ODONTOTROCHUS Fischer, Odontis Wood, . . OLIVIA Cantr., . . Olivaceus Anton, . Olivaceus Brown, . Oli'oieri Payr., .. Otavia Risso, . . Onialomphalus Ad., . Omphaliuni Phil., . Omphalotropis (E t h a 1 i Ad., . . . Opalus Martyn, . OmphaliwPhiL, . Oppressa Hutt., . Optabilis Cpr., . . 33 .244 .385 . 37 .349 . 391 . 195 . 80 . 80 . "22 .64 . 168 . 275 . 276 . 388 .344 .257 . 296 19 32 209 32 91 308 257 297 358 149 57 237 393 184 86 148 111 448 210 289 92 47 52 190 11 a) 461 122 163 232 297 Orion Dall, Ormophorus Ad., Ornatum Lara., . Osilin Adans, Osilin Desh. OSILINUS Phil., . Otavianus Ad., . Ottoi Phil., OXYSTELE Phil., Oxytoma Wats., Oxytropis Phil., . Oxytropis Wats., 10, 383 58 340 96 96 92 449 320 112 421 431 426 Pachychiles Wats., . . 325 Pagodalis Montf., . . 23 Pallidula Ad., ... 45 Pallidula (Ethalia) Cpr., . 462 Pallidulus Ad., . . 150 Pallidulus Dkr., . . 390 Pallidus Forbes, . . 205 Pallidus Hoinbr. and Jacq., 125 Palmeri Dall, . . .368 Panamensis Phil., . . 182 Pantanellii Caramag., . 270 Papillosus Da Costa, . . 385 Paradoxa Rochebr., . . 284 Paradoxum (Chrysostoma) Born 466 Parcepicta Cpr 297 Parvulus (Globulus) Phil, 451 Parvulus Phil, . . . 396 Parvus Da Costa, . . 396 Parvus Trosch., . . 88 Patagonicus Orb., . . 192 Patricias Phil., . . .248 Patula Monts., . . . 203 Pauperculus Lke., . . 437 Pellis-serpentis Wood, . 169 Pellucidum Val., . . 334 Pennanti Phil., . . 209 Peramabilis Cpr., . . 312 Perdix Koch., . . .115 Perobtusus Pilsbry, . .123 Peroni Phil., . . .132 Perplexa Pilsbry, . .107 PERRINIA Ad., . . 15, 416 Persica Gld., . . .279 Persicus Mart., . . . 441 514 INDEX. Personatus Phil., . . Perspectivum Koch, . . Perspectivus Ad., . . Perspicua (Ethalia) Ad., . PERRINIA Ad., . . . Petholatus Dilhv., . . Pfeifferi American Authors, Pfeifferi Dohrn, see dohrni ' I'ilsbry, . . . . Pfeifferi Phil., . . . Pharaonis Kn., . . . Pharaoniii!* Linn., . . Phasianella Desh., . . 1'HASIANOTROCHUS Fischer, ..... 10, Philberti Reel , . . . Philippensis Wats., . . Philippiana Dkr., . . Philippii Ad., . . . Philippii Cantr., . . Philippii Koch, ... Philippina Ad., . . . Philippinarum Fischer, . Philomente Ten.-Woods, . Phorculus Monts., . . Phorcus Ad., . . . PHORCUS Risso., . . Photina, Ad., . . PHOTINULA Ad., . Pica Linn Picifer Fischer, . . Picoides Old., . . Picturata Ad. & Ang., Picturata Ad., . . Picturatum Ad., . Pictus Phil., . . Pictm Phil., . . Pictus Wood, . . Pintado Old., . . Piperina Phil., . . Pisum Phil., . . PHont'lhi* Montf., . Planospirus Kn., . Planulata Verrill, . Platinum Dull, . . Plebeius Phil., .. Plirata (Ethalia) Smith, Plicata Sars 13, 27 56 405 402 461 416 212 172 469 167 49 4S 235 131 205 271 256 256 275 52 447 34 61 195 163 204 278 278 277 132 277 215 140 355 126 141 473 110 241 450 85 309 363 79 461 312 P/ nmbe.a Ad., . . .252 Plumbea Huttou, . .105 .P/umbea Hutton, . . 124 1'olari* I)anii'lss., . . 312 Polaris Phil 292 Polita (Ethalia) Ad., . . 4(>1 Polychroma Ad., . . 356 Polydonta Schuni., . . 24 Polymorphus Cantr., . 388, 393 Pompholugotus Wats., . 302 Ponsonbyi Swvb., . . 240 Porcatus Ad., . . .92 Porcatus Phil 136 Por celt ana Ad., . . .261 Porcifera Ad., . . .103 Pordjfera Watson, . . 102 Poupineli Montr., . . 350 PRJECIA (Jray, . 8, 44 Prasina Garrett, . . 232 Prasinns Mke., . . .20 Preissiana Phil., . . 261 Prcissii Mke., . . . 126 Principals Pilsbry, . .434 PRIOTROCHUS Fischer, . 257 Prodicta Fischer, . . 263 Producta Buq., . Protumida Locard, . . 469 Proximus Ad., . . . 431 lYiiininusGld., . . . 122 Pruinosa Rochebr., . . 283 Psyche Dall, . . .376 riijclwstyUs Gabb, . .414 Ptychomphalus Ag., . . 450 Pudibunda Fischer, . . 2(51 Pulchella (Isurnla) = Etha- lia pulchella, . . .461 Puella Phil., . . . 126 Pulchella (Ethalia) Ad., . 460 Pulchellum Phil., . .405 Pulcher Ad., . . .375 Pulcherrinuis Wood, . 125 Pulcherrima Ang., . . 260 Pulcherrima Ad., . . 200 Putcherrima Ad., . . 465 Pulcherrima Ad., . . 472 PulchraAd., . . . 2:54 Pullatus Anton, . . 4:>>:>> Pulligo Mart 171 INDKX. 515 Pumilio Phil., . . .400 Pmirtata Ad., . . .259 Punctatus Ren., . . 395 Punctigera Ad., . . 447 Punctocostata Ad., . . 244 Punctulata Liun., . . 96 Punctulatum Mart., . . -J-M Pmictiilosus Ad., . . 149 Pimicens Phil., . . .4!) Pupilla (lid L"jr> Pupillus Mutton, . . 130 Purpurascens Ad., . .139 Parpuratus Forbes, . . 278 Pnrpiiratus Mart., . .124 Pusilla Ad., . . .255 PusillusAd,, . . . 65 /V-M/oxfM Phil., . . 30 I'lltrnfilx M( Hits., . . 195 PUTZKVSIA Sul., . . 413 I'l/ynm-u Risso, . . . 212 Pygma-us Phil., . . .476 Pyramidalis Lam., . . 21 Pyramidatus Lam., . . 395 Pyramided Sw., . . 1<> Py ran i is Horn, . . . 20 Pyramis Rve., . . . 395 Py ram-is Sclmm., . .19 Pyrgos Phil., . . .144 Pyricallosa (Ethalia) Smith, 462 Pyriformis GUI., . . 169 Quadrioarinatue Chem., . 430 i/uadricinctum Wood, . 394 Quadricostatus Wood, . 179 Quadrisulcatua Phil., . . 470 Quii'sita Ad., . . .281 QuoyiKu 97 Quoyi Phil., . . .132 Racketti Payr., . .212 Radiatus Anton, . . 207 Radiatus Gmel., . . 37 Radula Parr., . . .101 Rambnri Crosse, . 127, 469 Raphaeli Ten.- Woods, . 60 Rarilineatus Mich., . . 208 Earns Dnfo, ... 68 Rathnni Ball, . . .157 Reclusa (Ethalia) Dall, . 462 Gld., . . .227 Reevei Montr., . . .229 Regalia Verrill, . . .321 Itrt/iiis Desh., . . .32 Resurrecta Rochebr., . 283 Reticnlaris Gray, . . 99 Reticnlatus Wood, . . 176 Khina \Vats., . . . 316 Rhodomphala Souv., . . 262 Rhysus Wats., . . .324 Kirlianli Payr., . . .207 Kiirata Phil 251 Ringei Pfeiffer, . . .280 Ringens Mke., . . .81 Hi /i (/ens Phil., . . .57 Rioensis Dall, . . .352 Robertsi Pilsbry, . . 66 RocJiia Gray, ... 16 Roissyi l.lainv., . . . 203 Roisayi Payr., . . .205 Rosea Hutton, . . .216 Rosea Lam., . . .132 Rosea (Rotella) Lam., . 451 Rosea Monts., . . .75 Rosea T.-Woods, . . 264 Roseocarnea Monts., . . 76 Roseola Nev., . . .446 Roseolum Dall, . . . 373 Rosens Krauss, . . . 242 Rosens von Salis, . . 72 Rossii Phil., . . .291 Rostratus Gmel., . .124 Rota Dkr., ... 35 Rotella Dall, . . .150 Rotellceformis Jay, . . 276 Rotellczformis Phil., . . 262 Rotellina (Camitia) Gld., . 465 Rubella Mke., . . .124 Rubens (Ad.) Angas, . . 62 Rnbidus Gld., . . .401 Rubiginosus Val., . . 349 Rnbra Ad., . . .440 Rnbricatus Phil., . . 32 Rubicundus Dkr., . . 467 Rubroflammulatum Koch, . 180 Rubropunctatum Ad., . 359 RudisAd., . . . .119 Rudis Gray, . . .120 516 INDEX. Rufozona Ad., . . . 150 Rufula (Ethalia) Old., . 463 Rugatum Old., . . 193, 194 Rugosum Ad., . . .173 Rugulosa Ad., . . .118 Rugulosus Koch, . . 25 Ruscurianum Weink., . 399 Rustica Gmel., . . .166 RutilusAd., . . .136 Sacellum Phil., ... 34 Saga Phil., . ... 41 Sagittatum ( Umboniura ) Hinds, .... 452 Sagittifera Lam., . .114 Sagittiferus Hidalgo, . 114 Salmonea Cpr., . . . 295 Samanse Dall, . . .306 Samoemis Hombr. & Jacq., 78 Sandwichensis Soul., . . 29 Sandwichiana Ad., . . 281 Sandwichiana Ad., . . 475 Sandivichiensis Soul., . . 29 Sanguineus Gray, . . 131 Sapidum Dall, . . .378 Sartorii Arad., . . .396 Satorius Desh., . . . 233 Satrapius Mart., . .71 Sauciata Koch., . .113 Saulcyi Orb., . . .201 Sayanum Dall, . . 407 Scaber Fischer, . . 438 Scabriculus Busch., . . 192 Scabriuscula Dall, . . 330 Scabriusculus Ad., . . 445 Scabrosus Phil., . . 44 Scalare Anton, . . .185 Scamnata Fischer, . . 220 Schrayeri Troschel, . .137 Scintillans Wat*., . . 305 Scitulum Ad., . . .402 Schantarica Midd., . . 293 Scobinatum Ad., . . 358 Scrobiculatus Souv., . . 437 Selection Chemn., . . 335 Semigranosus Ad., . .178 Seminodosum Ad., . . 194 Seminula Phil, . . .222 Seraistriata (Rotella) Orb., 463 Semiusta Fischer, . . 270 Sericifilum Dall, . . 412 Seriopunctatus Ren., . . 393 Senatorius Phil., . .19 Serpentinus Quoy., . .143 Seychellarum Nev., . . 438 Shayeri Phil., . . .138 Sigaretina Sowb., . . 280 Signatus Jonas, . . . 258 Similaris Rve., . . . 357 Simplex Wats 422 Sinemis Gmel., . . .112 Siugaporensis Pilsbry, . 270 Sismondse Issel, . . . 213 Smaltata Fischer, . . 221 Smaragdiuum Monts., . 396 Smaragdus Rve., . . 25 Smithi Dkr., . . .438 Smithii Tap.-Can., . .182 Smithii Wood, ... 65 Sobrina (Ethalia) Ad., . 461 SOLANDERIA Fischer, 12, 256 Solandri Phil., . . .252 SOLARIELLA S. Wood, 14, 307 Solariiformis Sby., . . 21 Jo Solida (Ethalia) Dall, . 462 SolidumPhil., . . . 393 Solutus Fischer, . . 435 Sordida Hancock, . . 292 Sordidus Phil., . .188 Sowerbyi Pilsbry, . . 340 Spadiceus Phil., . . 76 Speciosa Ad., . . . 245 Specie* urn Ad., . . . 352 Spectabilis Ad., . . 332 Spengleri Gmel., . . 34 SpilotaAd., . . .118 Splendens Cpr., . . .362 Splendidm Phil., . . 350 Splendidulus Swains, . . 148 Spongiarum B. D. & D., . 390 Spratti Forbes, . . .206 SpurcaGld., . . . 213 Spuria Gld., . . 255 Squamigera Ad., . . 32 Squarrosus Lam., . . 32 Stellata Ad., . . .418 INDEX. 517 Stellio Fischer, . . .434 Stenomphalus Jonas, . .175 Stephanephorum Wats., . 337 Steromphala Leach, . 195 Stictica Ad., . . .227 Stigmatarius Ad., . . 69 Stirophorum Wats., . • 377 Stoliczkana Xev., . . 217 Strange! Ad., . . .231 Strangei Ad., . . . 447 Striata Brod., . . .292 Striata Garrett. . . .233 Striata Leach, . . .291 Striata Monts., . . .76 Striatula Garrett, . . 249 Striatitla Weink., . . 275 Striatulus Kn., . . .172 Striatum L., 395 Striatus Phil., . . .274 Strigata Ad., . . .152 Strigillatus Ren., . . 395 Strigilatus Anton, . .169 Strigosum Phil., . . 412 Striolata (Ethalia) Ad., . 460 Striolata Q. and G., . . 99 Streptophorus Wats., . . 304 Sturnus Miihlf., . . 108 Suarezensis Fischer, . . 130 Suavis Phil., . . .117 SubelevataCpr., . . .297 Subfuscescens Schrenck, . 189 Subgranulatum Dkr., . 403 Subincarnatus Fischer, . 26 Subplicata Nev., . . 269 Subrostrata Gray, . .101 Substriatum Pilsbry, . . 187 Subviridis Phil., . . 39 Succincta Cpr., . . 297 Succinctus Monts., . . 202 Sulcarius Ad., . . .85 Sulcata Sowb., . . .291 Sulcatus (Brit. Mus.), . 137 Sulcatus Wood, . . . 100 Sulcifera Ad., . . . 447 Sulcifera (Isanda) Ad., . 464 Sulcosa Ad., . . . 243 Superba Dall, . . . 156 Superba Wats., . . .424 ! S u p e r b u m (Umbonium) Old., .... 455 Supragranosum Cpr., . . 369 Supranitidm Wood, . . 275 Supravallata (Ethalia) Cpr., 462 Suppressa (Ethalia) Dall, . 462 : Surgillatus Rve., . . 37 Suturale Phil., . . .386 I Suturale (Umbonium) Lam., 455 Suturalis Ad., . . .152 Swainsonii Ad., , . . 255 Tabidus Rve., . Tabularis Krauss, Tseniata Wood, . Tceniatus Q. & G., TALLORBIS Ney., Talopia Gray, . Tampaensis Conr., Tamsi Dkr., Tapparonei Caram., 429, 20 116 278 91 446 246 405 95 228 Tasmanica (Ethalia) T.-W., 462 Tasmanica Petterd, . . 236 Tasmanica T.-Woods, . 263 Tasmanicus T.-Woods, . 436 TECTUS Montf., . . 7, 19 Tegufa Lesson, . . .163 TenebricKs Rve., . . 29 Tenebrosus Ad., . . .123 Tener Troschel., . . . 116 Tentorium Gm., . . .25 Tenuiliratus Dkr., . . 256 Tenuisculpta Cpr., . . 297 Tennis Mont 385 Tessellata Ad., . . .471 Tessellata Ten.- Woods, . 151 Tessellatus Gmel., . . 92 Tessellatus Phil., . . 202 Tessellatus Salis., . . 93 Tesserula T.-Woods, . 234 Tessulatus Born, . . 92 Textilis Rve., . . .38 Texturatus Old., . . 125 THALOTIA Gray, . 10, 141 Thomasi Crosse, . . 71 Th o m a s i (U m b o n i u m) Crosse, .... 453 518 INDEX. Tiaratus Q. & G., . 42 Tiara Wats., . . .380 Tiberiana Crosse, . . 222 Ticaonicum Ad., . . 354 Tigrina Ad 265 Tigrina Chemn., . .113 Tigris Mart., . ... 333 Tincta Hemphill, . .169 Tinctum Wats., . . 353 Tinei Calc., . . .449 Tineis Forbes, . . . 449 Tonnerrei Nev., . . 72 Torquatus Anton, . . 336 Torosus Quoy, . . .125 Torresi Smith, . . . 145 Torulosus Phil., . .179 Tranquebaricum Pfr., . 338 Transenna Wats., . . 345 Triangulosa Sowb., . . 265 Tricarinata Lam., . .431 Tricarinatus Wood, . . 275 Tricatenatus Rve., . . 36 Tricingulata Ad., . . 153 Tricingulata Ad., . . 447 Tricolor Gabb., . . 370 Tricolor Risso, . . 395 Tridens Mke., . . .175 Tridentatum P. & M., . 175 Trilobata (Ethalia) Sowb., . 460 Triserialis Lam., . .21 Tritonis Ad., . . .44 Trochidon Sw., ... 86 Trochiscus Sowb., . . 275 Trochius Leach, . . 92 Trochocochlea Klein, . . 92 Trochulus Humph., . . 86 TROCHUS Linn., . 6, 16 Tropidophorum Ad., . .175 Troschelii Phil., . . 142 Tryoni Pilsbry, . . .239 Tuberculata Ad., . . 118 Tuberculata Gray, . . 43 Tuberculatus Da Costa, . 198 Tuberculatus Risso, . .199 Tubiferus Kn., . . 31 Tuinens (Globulus) Cpr., . 462 Tumida Mont., . . 212 Tumulus Monts., . .195 Turbinata Born., Turbinata T.- Woods, Turbinatum Ad., Turbinatum Ad., Turbinatus Pse., Turbinoides Ad., Turbinoides Desh., TURCICA Ad., . TURCICULA Dall, Turdus Phil., . . Turriculum Phil., . ZWwPhiL, .. Tarrita Mke., . . Turritellina Anc., . Typus Nardo, . . Umbilicalis F. and H., Umbilicalis Brod., Umbilicaris Linn., Umbilicatus Mont., UMBONELLA Ad., UMBONIUM Link., Undatella Old., . Undatella Mke., Undata Sowb., . Undatoides Ten.- Woods, Undatus Lam., . Undosa Ad., Undulata Sowb., Undulosa Ad., . Unedo Ad., Unicarinata Fischer, . Unicinctum Ad., Unicum Dkr., . Unidentatum Phil., . Urbanus Gld., . Vahlii Moll., . Vaillanti Fischer, Valvatella Gray, Vancouverensis Smith, Variabilis Ad., Varians Beck, . Varians Desh., . Varicosa Migh., Variegatum Cpr., Variegatus Ad., Variegatus Anton, 14, 14, 16, 15, INDEX. 519 Variegatus Risso, 210 Vulgaris Leach, 286 Varius Linn, 204 Vulgaris Risso, . 395 Yascoi Fischer, . 113 Vulnerata Phil, 241 Yenetus Rve, . 38 Venusta Ad, 244 Warneforti Nev, 250 Venustum Dkr, 359 Watsoni Dall, . 158 Vermiculata Fischer, . 89 Weldii Woods, . 236 Vermiculosus Kn, 132 WiseriCalc, . 413 Yernicosa Gld, 254 Woodsiana Angas, 142 Yernus Gmel, . 25 ; Yerruca Gld, . 468 Xanthostigma Ad, 167 Yerrucosa Gm, . 25 Versicolor Mke, 367 Yamadana Smith, 224 Yestiarium Linn. (Umboni- Yatesi Crosse, 61 um), . 450 Yessoensis Schr, (in text; Yexillum Rve, . 357 should be iessoensis.) 222 Yiaginalis Rochebr, . 281 Yokohamensis Bock, . 147 Vieillotii Payr, 74 Yucatecanum Dall, . 407 Yillanus Phil, . 63 Villicus Phil, 205 Zealandicus Ad, 123 Vimontse Monts, 211 Zebra Mke, 91 Vincfus Phil, . 341 ZebridesAd., 86 Violacea King, . 279 Zebrides Ad, . 144 Virgata Mke, . 133 ZebridesAd, . 152 Yirgatus Gm, . 19 j Zebrinus Phil , 99 Virgineus Chemn, 363 Zebuensis Reeve, 357 Virgulatus Phil, 133 Zebuensis Ad, . 152 Viridis Gmel, . 43 Zelandica (Ethalia) Hombr. 459 Viridis Lam, 88 Zelandicus Q. and G, 99 Viridis Wood, . 99 Zeus Fischer, 112 Viridulus Gmel, 175 Zelandica Hutton, 253 Viridulus Mke, 138 Ziziphinus Leach, 332 Vitiligineus Mke, 249 Zizyphinum Linn, 388 Vividus Rve, 37 Zonamestum Ad, 406 Vorticifera Dall, 288 Zonata Wood, . 238 Vulgaris Ad, 151 Zonatus Jeffr, . 203 Vulgaris Gray, . 388 TROCHID^ PL-ATE 50 TROCHID^E 33 TROCHID^E PLATE 57 ft 51 TROCHID^: PLATE 58 \ — — i ".,.. .^fjj^^\ 31 .TROCHID^E PLATE 59 38 43 44 55 54- 55 56 57 58 SO 59 64- 66 TROCHID>£ PLATE 6O PLATE 61 PLATE 63 TROCHIDvE PLATE 65 TROCHID^E PLATE 67 THIS BOOK IS DUE ON THE LAST DATE STAMPED BELOW RETURN TO the circulation desk of any University of California Library or to the NORTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY Bldg. 400, Richmond Field Station University of California Richmond, CA 94804-4698 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS 2- month loans may be renewed by calling (510)642-6753 1-year loans may be recharged by bringing books to NRLF Renewals and recharges may be made 4 days prior to due date DUE AS STAMPED BELOW RETURNED NOV 2 9 Santa Cruz 1 3 2000 ?0,000 (4/94) N9 551362 Tryon, G.W. T?6 Manual of conchology. ser»l v.ll LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS