LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS MANUAL OP ONCHOLOGY; STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SPECIES. BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR. CONTINUED BY HENRY A. PILSBRY. Vol. XIII. ACMJEIVAL, LEPETID^, PATELLIDyE, TITISCANIID^E. PHILADELPHIA : Published by the Conchologieal Section, ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES, COR. igTH AND RACE STS. 1891. LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS In the present volume the important and difficult of group Doco- glossate Gastropods, the Limpets, is monographed, and in addition a small group not heretofore included. The material studied in the families Acmceidce and PatellidcK is exceptionally extensive. A large number of forms are herein for the first time figured and adequately described. The value of the work has been enhanced by the liberality of Dr. W. H. Ball, of Washington, who placed at the author's disposal for study the magnificent collection of the Smithsonian Institution, a collection especially rich in species from the west coast of America, and containing the types of species described by GOULD, CARPENTER and DALL, many of which have not before been figured. No effort has been spared to make the synonymy and references complete and reliable ; and it is hoped that conchologists will find the labor of classifying their collections of these intricate groups decidedly lightened. Philadelphia, June, 1891. H. A. P. MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY. Monographs of the Acmceidce, Lepetidce, Patellidce and Titiscaniidce. Family A CMjEID^E Cpr. Acmceidce CPR., Maz. Cat. p. 202, 1856. — Tecturidce GRAY and authors. — Lottiadce GRAY. — Patellidce, in part, of authors. Shell patelliform, conical, the apex more or less anterior, the embryonic shell conical, not spiral. Animal having a free branchial plume above the neck on the left side ; radula without median teeth. Animals of this family differ mainly from the Patellidce and Lep- etidce in having a cervical branchial plume. The shells may generally be known from Patellidce by their dif- ferent texture and the more or less distinct internal border of the aperture. They are never iridescent within. They live on rocks and sea weeds, generally at very moderate depths. One species, Acmcea fluviatilis, is known to inhabit brackish water, and a few, like Pectinodonta arcuata, are abyssal. The shells are excessively variable, as is usually the casein seden- tary mollusks. The author has examined very large suites of specimens, including nearly every species and variety described from the waters of North and South America, both east and west, and of Japan, Polynesia and Europe. The Australian and New Zealand forms are known to me by fewer specimens, and a number of the species of those regions I have not seen. In the treatment of species I have aimed to be strictly conserva- tive, reducing no described form to a variety or synonym without the most ample evidence of identity or intergradation of characters ; and on the other hand, I have refrained from burdening science with new names for the vast number of transitional or divergent forms in the collections examined. No characters diagnostic of the genera of Acmseidse can be found in the shells. (5) 6 PECTINODONTA. Synopsis of genera. I. Radula with a single lateral tooth on each side ; no uncini, PECTINODONTIN^E. Genus PECTINODONTA Ball, 1882. Animal blind; having a cervical branchial plume but no branchial cordon. II. Radula having three lateral teeth on each side, ACM^EIN^E. Genus ACM^EA Eschscholtz, 1830. Animal having a cervical branchial plume but no branchial cor- don ; eyes present. Genus SCURRIA Gray, 1847. Animal having a cervical branchial plume and a complete or interrupted branchial cordon. Subfamily PECTINODONTIN^E. Genus PECTINODONTA Dull, 1882. Pectinodonta DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, p. 409, 1882; Blake Gastrop. p 411. Shell resembling Scutellina but with a blunt subcentral apex. Soft parts resembling Acmsea except in the following details : Ani- mal blind, with the front part of the head between the tentacles and above the muzzle much produced upward and forward, extending considerably farther forward than the end of the muzzle, which is marginated with lappets at the outer corners. Jaw thin, translu- cent. Gill exactly as in Acmsea; sides of foot and mantle edge simple, nearly smooth. Dental formula 0 (1.0.1.) 0; teeth large, with transverse pectinated or denticulated cusps, the serrated edge of which is turned toward the median line. The number of teeth is the smallest in any known limpet. (Dall.) The dentition is figured on pi. 33, fig. 74. P. ARCUATA Dall. PI. 33, figs. 74, 75, 76. Shell white, elongate-ovate, moderately elevated, with a blunt polished apex, on which in young specimens, remain traces of the disk-like, chalky, embryonic shell ; the slopes from the apex to the ends both convexly arched ; margin simple or slightly denticulated by the radiating sculpture ; within polished ; scars as in Acmsea ; ACM^EA. 7 epidermis none ; sculpture externally of fine, uniform, rounded, closely set threads, radiating from near the apex to the margin and reticulated by the fine, rather prominent, regular, concentric ridges of growth, both ridges and threads averaging near the margin about three and a half to the millimeter. Length., from end to end, 14'5 mm. ; from apex to anterior end 5*5 mrn. ; lat. 10*0 mm. ; alt. 5'5 mm. (Dall} Off St. Lucia, 226 fms. ; off Dominica, 333 fms. ; off Guadelupe, 583 fms.; and off St. Thomas. P. arcuata BALL, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, p. 409, 1882 ; Blake Rep. p. 411, t. 25, f. 3, 3a, 3b. Subfamily ACM^EIN^E. Genus ACM^EA Eschscholtz, 1830. Acmcea ESCH., in append. Kotzebue's Neue Reise, ii, p. 24, 1830, type A. mitra Esch. — FORBES & HANLEY, Brit. Moll., ii, p. 433. — CPU., Mazat. Catal. p. 202. — DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch, vi, p. 237. — WATSON, Challenger Gastr. p. 28. — FISCHER, Manuel, p. 865. — Tecture AUD. & MILNE-EDW., in Cuvier's Rapport sur trois M£moires, etc., Annales des Sci. Nat. xxi, 1830, p. 326, published not before 1831, type P. virginea. — Tectura of GRAY, H. & A. ADAMS, JEFFREYS, et al. — Patelloidea QUOY & GAIMARD, Voy. Astrol. iii, p. 349. Type P. fragilis (Chemn.) Q. & G., 1834.— Lottia GRAY, in pare, Philos. Trans. 1833, p. 800. — Lottia of GOULD, et al. — Erginus JEFFREYS. Ann. Mag. N. H. 4th ser., xix, p. 231, March, 1877. Type Tectura rubella Fabr.— Collisella DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch, vi, p. 245, 1871. Type A. pelta Esch. — Collisellina DALL, I. c., p. 154, type A. saccharina. L. Shell conical, patelliform, apex more or less anterior. Animal with a branchial plume at the left side of the neck above; no branchial cordon. Dentition, see below. The shells may generally be distinguished from Patella by the different texture and marginal border of the inside. The thorough discussion of the generic name of this group con- tained in the various papers of Dr. Dall and others, renders any justification of the view of its nomenclature here taken, unnecessary. Tectura and Erginus must be regarded as absolute synonyms of Acmcea s. sir. ; Patelloidea Q. & G. will probably be found to differ somewhat anatomically, and may then be utilized for a subgeneric group. The subgenera Collisella and Collisellina are defined below. 8 ACM^EA. Species of the genus Acmsea are found in the littoral and lamin- arian zones of nearly all seas, except the waters adjacent to the con- tinent of Africa. The shells are subject to even greater mutations than the Patel- lidse, and species are correspondingly difficult to define and limit. More than any other shells, these must be studied with constant reference to not only habitat geographically, but station as well. For an exact knowledge of the group we must therefore wait until observations on the species are made with especial reference to their modes of life and surroundings. Such data should be attached to every limpet collected. Acmcea has been divided by Dr. W. H. Dall into a number of groups which may be tabulated as follows : A. Muzzle with lappets ; no uncini ; formula of teeth 0 (3.0.3) 0, Acmcea s.s. B. Muzzle without lappets, uncini present, Collisella Dall. a. formula of teeth 1 (3.0.3) 1 Collisella s.s. b. formula of teeth 2 (3.0.3) 2 Collisellina Dall. The type of Acmcea is A. mitra Esch., dentition pi. 42, fig. 82 ; of Collisella, A. pelta Esch., dentition pi. 42, fig. 8J ; and the type of Collisellina is A. saccharin a L., dentition pi. 42, fig. 83. It is practically impossible at present to group the species of the entire world according to anatomical characters, or to decide to what extent these divisions will prove applicable to the entire series. The most convenient and in most cases the most natural division of the genus is geographic. Thus considered, the species fall into six groups : I. North Atlantic and Arctic. II. Western coast of North America. III. Western coast of South America. IV. West Indies. V. Japan. VI. Indo-Pacific. (VII. Species of unknown habitat.) Of these groups, the second has great affinity to the first and fifth ; the fourth may be regarded as derived from the second during the early tertiary period. I. SPECIES OF EUROPEAN SEAS AND THE NORTH ATLANTIC. Many specimens of all of the species of this region have been examined by me. ACM^EA. 9 A. RUBELLA Fabricius. PL 42, figs. 79, 80. Shell small, rounded-oval, conical, apex elevated, situated at the anterior fourth of the shell's length ; front slope steep, straight or concave, posterior slope convex. Surface smooth, showing faint lines of growth. Color reddish-buff or orange ; inside of the same color, the border flesh-colored. Length 5, breadth 4, alt. 2| mill. Finmark, Norway ; Greenland, 5-40 fms. Patella rubella FABR,, Fauna Gronl., p. 386, 1780.— Tectura (Erginus) rubella JEFFREYS, Ann. Mag. N. H., Mar., 1877, xxi, p. 231.— SARS, Moll. Arct. Norv. p. 121, t. 8, f. 5 ; t. ii, f. 11 (dentition), 1878. — Pilidium fulvwn, in part, DALL, Am. Journ. Conch, v, 1869. — Acmcea rubella DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1879, p. 337. This little shell is of a more erectly conical form than Pilidium fulvum, and lacks radiating sculpture. It is smaller than A. vir- ginea and not radiately painted, besides having the summit more anterior and more elevated. The specimens before me are from Greenland. It has been reported from the New England coast, but I am not sure of the correctness of the determination. A. VIRGINEA Miiller. PL 10, fig. 13, 14. Shell small, oval, conical ; apex at or a little back of the anterior fifth of the shell's length. Surface having delicate, almost obsolete radiating striae and delicate growth lines. Color a delicate pink, with numerous (about 13) pink rays. Upper part of the cone buffish- white. Inside pink or white, center flesh-colored or opaque white. Length 9-10, breadth 6|-9, alt. 31-4 mill. Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas ; Atlantic from Nonvay and Ice- land to the Canaries, Azores and Cape Verde Is., low water to 60 fms. Patella virginea MULL., Zool. Dan. Prodr. i, p. 43, 1776. — GMEL., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3711. — Acmcea virginea HANLEY, Br. Mar. Conch, p. 32, 1844.— FORBES & HANLEY, Hist. Brit. Moll, ii, p. 437, t. 61, f. 1, 2.— DALL, Am. Journ. Conch, vi, p. 243, 1871.— BUQUOY, DAUTZ, & DOLLF., Moll, du Rouss. p. 478, t. 51, f. 12, 13.— Tectura virginea JEFFR., Brit. Conch, iii, p. 248 ; v, p. 200, t. 58, f. 4.— SARS, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv. p. 121, t. ii, f. 10 (dentition). — Patella parva DA COSTA, Brit. Conch, p. 7. t. 8, f. 11, 1778, of DONOVAN and MONTAGU. — Lottia unicolor FORBES, Rep. JEg. Invert, pp. ] 35, 188,1844. — L. pulchella FORBES, I. c., p. 137. — Lottia pellucida 10 ACMJEA. WKINKAUFF (not Linne) Journ. de Conchyl. x, p. 334, 1862. — Patelloidea virginea COLBEAU, Moll. viv. de la Belg., p. 14. — Patella cequalis Sow., Min. Conch, t. 139. — Patella astensis BONELLI. A small and delicate species, pink rayed on a pale ground. It is widely distributed in European seas. The following mutations have received names: Form cornea Jeffr. Smaller than the type, more conical, summit more elevated, nearly central. This form is figured by Wood, Crag Moll. pi. 18, f. 60. Form rotundata Monts. More rounded than the type. Form depressa Wood. Crag Moll. pi. 18, f. GA. Form unicolor Forbes. Of a uniform rosy color, without rays ; small. Form lactea Jeffr. Milky-white. A. TESTUDINALIS Muller. PI. 9, figs. 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Shell conical, oval, the apex a little in front of the middle ; pos- terior slope slightly convex, other slopes straight ; surface more or less distinctly, finely radiately striated ; color yellowish-gray, with numerous blackish-brown stripes, generally broken into a coarse network, or tessellated pattern. Inside white, with a large dark brown central area, the border tessellated brown and white. Length 38, breadth 28, alt. 13 mill. North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans, southeast to the English Channel, southwest to Long Island Sound; North Pacific from Sitka (and Yesso f) to the Arctic Ocean. Patella testudinalis MULL., Prodr. Zool. Dan. p. 237, 1766.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 70. — Tectura testudinalis JEFFREYS, Brit. Conch, iii, p. 246 ; v, p. 200, t. 58, f. 3.— OLD., Invert, of Mass., Binney's edit., p. 267, f. 529. — Acmasa testudinalis FORBES & HAN- LEY, Hist. Brit. Sh. ii,' p. 434, t. 62, f. 8, 9 ; t. AA, f. 2 (animal).— DALL., Amer. Journ. Conch, vi, p. 249, t. 14, f. 13 (dentition) ; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 339.— SARS, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv. p. 120, t. ii. f. 9 (dentition). — Lottia testudinalis FORBES, Malac. Monensis p. 34. — GLD., Invert, of Mass., 1st edit., p. 153, f. 12.- — Patella testudinaria and P. tessellata MULL. — P. clealandi SOWB., Trans. Linn. Soc. xi, p. 621. — P. amcena SAY, Journ. Acad. N. S. Phila. ii, p. 223.— DE KAY, N. Y. Moll. p. 162, t. 9, f. 196.— P. cly- peus BROWN, 111. Conch. Gt. Br. t. 37, f. 9, 10.— Patella alveus CON- RAD, Journ. Acad. N. S. Phila. vi, p. 267, t. 11, f. 20, 1831.— Patel- ACM.EA. 11 loidea alveus COUTH., Best. Journ. N. H, ii, p. 177. — Lottia alveus GLD., Inv. of Mass., p. 154, f. 13. — lectura alveus BINNEY in GOULD, Inv. of Mass., 2d edit., p. 269, f. 530. — Acmcea testudinalis var. alveus DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 340. Atlantic specimens of this well-known shell, although very vari- able in size and coloration, are readily distinguished from the other forms, the only considerable divergence being found in var. alveus. Specimens from the Aleutian Is., according to Dr. Dall, completely bridge the gap between testudinalis and patina. I have retained the latter separate, simply as a matter of convenience ; but I do not doubt that it must be regarded as a geographic race of testudinalis. American specimens are generally larger than European ; figs. 27-29 represent specimens from Maine, figs. 25, 26 from England. Var. ALVEUS Conrad. PI. 42, figs. 90, 91. Small, thin, compressed at the sides; apex acute and a little hooked forward. Surface delicately striated, interruptedly striped or tessellated with brown. Inside showing the markings of the exterior. Massachusetts to Arctic Ocean ; Sitka northward. Numerous transitions occur between this and typical testudinalis. The narrow form is caused by the residence of individuals on sea- weed or Zostera fronds. ** * II. SPECIES OF THE WESTERN COAST OF NORTH AMERICA. The author has examined specimens of all of the species of this region, including many original types. Of most species many hundreds of shells have been studied. The elaborate papers of Dr. P. P. Carpenter, and of Dr. Win. H. Dall have been freely used. A. PATINA Eschscholtz. PL 2, figs. 34, 35, 36, 37 ; pi. 9. figs. 6-14. Shell large, oval or rounded-oval, depressed-conic, the apex rounded and near the middle; slopes slightly convex. Surface obsoletely radiately striated, olive-gray, tessellated, or more rarely striped, with black. Inside white with an irregular brown central area and a rather wide dark or tessellated border. Length 53, breadth 46, alt. 18 mill. Aleutian Is. to San Diego, California. 12 ACM^EA. A. patina ESCH., Zool. Atlas, edit. Rathke., p. 19, t. 24, f. 7, 8.— MIDD., Sib. Reise, p. 187, t. 16, f. la-d, 2a-c, 3.— CPU., Mazat. Cat. p. 207; Araer. Journ. Conch, ii, p. 333. — A. scutum ESCH., not Orb. — P. mammillata NUTT., Jay's Catal. no. 2839. — RVE., Conch. Icon f. 140. — P. tessellata NUTT., Jay's Cat. no. 2885. — P.fenestrata NUTT., Rve. Conch. Icon. f. 121. — P. verrieulata RVE., I. c., f. 87. — P.nuttalliana, RVE., /. c., f. 81. — P. cumingii RVE., 1. c., f. 37. — Lot- tiapintadina GOULD, U. S. Expl. Exped. t. 29, f. 455.— Collisella patina DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch, vi, p. 247, 1. 14, f. 4 (dentition). — A. testudmalis var. patina DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i, p. 340. P. cinis Rv., considered a synonym of patina by Cpr., belongs to A.pelta. P. strigillata Nutt. mss. is a form of fascicularis, judging from the suite deposited by Nuttall in the Academy collection. This is the commonest of all western limpets. Although it has been shown to intergrade with A. testudmalis on the Alaskan coast, yet I cannot rank it as a variety of that species in the sense in which alveus is a variety. It is thoroughly differentiated from testu- dinalis throughout most of its range. The two forms vary in quite diverse directions, patina having no form corresponding to the var. alveus of testudmalis, but having its own peculiar mutations, not found in the other species. It would be an advantage if we were to use the term " form " (forma) for such mutations as alveus, nacelloides, etc., reserving the rank of "variety" for true geographic subspecies. The principle mutations of A. patina are as follows: Var. PINTADINA Gld. (pi. 9, fig. 6). Large, flat, open, apex subcentral ; tessellated white and dark. P. cumingii Rv. (pi. 42, fig. 87) and tessellata Nutt. belong here as synonyms. This form passes into the striped form nuttalliana Rve. (pi. 2, figs. 32, 33, and also f. 36, 37). The last figures correspond to Reeve's verrieulata. Another mutation is the form fenestrata Nutt. (pi. 9, figs. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14), of which eribraria Gld. mss. is a synonym. This shell when young is dark olive closely dotted all over with white, the eroded apex black ; when adult it is usually uniform dull slate-color outside with a ring of light around the black apical spot ; inside it has a wide dark border, a large, irregular central dark patch', and generally is suffused with dark brown all over. Sculpture obsolete. This form is from San Francisco, Santa Cruz, etc. Var. OCHRACEA Dall (pi. 9, figs. 7, 8, 9). Externally of a very light yellowish-brown, without spots or rays ; internally white with ACM^EA. 13 the characteristic dark brown stain of patina in the visceral area. The exterior is covered with fine, regularly radiating, close, equal, thread-like riblets, which pass from apex to margin without bifur- cation, imbrication or asperities of any kind. These riblets will serve to distinguish it from any of the other limpets of the coast ; otherwise it approaches very close to some varieties of scabra and can be traced right into some varieties of patina. (Dall.) This variety was described from Monterey, Cal. ; it has also been found on Vancouver Id. A. DALLIANA Pilsbry. PI. 7, figs. 57, 58, 59, 60. Shell large, oblong, depressed, rather thin. Apex low, curving forward ; length of front slope contained about 3? times in the length of the shell ; posterior slope gently convex. Surface covered with close, slightly unequal radiating riblets, each rendered rasp-like by very close, regular and erect delicate lamellae ; interstices narrow, having growth-strise but no lamellae. The color is chestnut-brown, becoming dark umber in places, having short streaks and spots of white, forming a sparse tessellation. Inside light blue, with a small brown spot at the cavity of apex, and showing the color-pattern of the outside faintly through. Bor- der wide, deep brown with white spots. Length 46, breadth 32, alt. 6i mill. Angel Island, Porto Refugio, Gulf of California. This is one of the finest American Acmceas. The oblong, some- what parallel-sided and depressed contour, thin texture, and the beautifully sharp and regular lile-like sculpture of the low, close riblets, are its prominent features. It is allied to A. scabra, but the enormous number of specimens of that species which I have exam- ined in the Philadelphia and Washington collections, furnish no forms leading toward the Dalliana. The species is named in honor of Dr. Wm. H. Dall, who outlined the classification of the Acma3- idse in essentially its modern form, twenty years ago. A. SCABRA Reeve. P1. 3, figs. 38-49. Shell thin, rounded-oval, depressed ; apex situated between the center and the anterior third ; surface sculptured with close, fine, minutely scaly riblets, of which larger ones are placed at regular intervals. Color light yellow, indistinctly spotted (rarely striped in divaricating pattern) with brown. 14 , ACM^EA. Interior porcelain-white or blue-tinted, with sometimes a few faint spots of brown in the cavity. Inside border transparent-yellowish or showing faint brown markings. Length 37, breadth 31, alt. 7-8 mill. Vancouver's Island to Acapulco, western Mexico. Patella scabra Rv., Conch. Icon. f. 119. — Acmcea scabra CPU., Am. Journ. Conch, ii, p. 340. — Collisella scabra DALL, /. c., vi, p. 251, t. 14, f. 12, 12a (dentition). — Acmcea (scabra var.?) morchii DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 47. The typical form is easy to recognize by its light coloration and the fine rasp-like riblets of the surface. Forms in which the outer layer of the shell is deep brown instead of buff, and the inside bor- der consequently blackish, are quite similar to some variations of A. patina ; but sculpture and color-pattern will usually permit one to separate them readily. Two forms have been described : Var. LIMATULA Cpr. PL 3, figs. 38, 39, 40. Outer layer of the shell black, covered with an olive-green, or sometimes light bluish, epidermis ; inside border black ; a deep brown central spot. Distribution mainly southern, San Diego to Acapulco. A very beautiful color-pattern is shown in figs 45, 46, drawn from San Diego specimens. White rays alternate with dark olive. As an extreme form of this variety, Var. MORCHII of Dall (pi. 3, figs. 47, 48, 49), must be ranked. It is typically much elevated, the apex subcentral and curved forward, sculpture coarse. Otherwise like var. limatula. Locality, Tomales Bay, Lower California. The large suite of shells before me from Tomales Bay show every inter- mediate stage between the high, cap-shaped forms and the normal limatula. The former constitute a peculiar phase of development attained by comparatively few individuals. Figures 47-49 are drawn from Tomales Bay specimens. A. SPECTRUM Reeve. PI. 1, figs. 7, 8, 9. Apex rather anterior ; slopes rather straight ; sculptured with very strong close rough ribs, with smaller intervening riblets ; cen- ter of the inside white, with dark spots and bars. Normally it is solid, rather depressed, with from 20-30 very strong, rounded ribs not evanescent anteriorly, the interstices being occupied by intercalary riblets. The color is white, with fine lines ACM^A. 15 of brown (not striped as in pelta and persona) between the principal ribs, which delicately dot the otherwise uniform white margin. Sometimes the principal ribs are rather sharp, palmating the margin, occasionally they are small and crowded, becoming faint at the mar- gin, when the shell presents the internal aspect of A. mitella; at other times assuming that of Patella pediculus.. Generally the apex is at the anterior third ; rarely at the anterior fourth, with very elongated outline ; but sometimes is nearly central, with a rounded shell. In this species also there is occasionally found a var. iextilis; when the ribs become faint and distant, the color-lines run into net- work, and the shell is of a thinner texture. The young is extremely inequilateral, and rapidly developes the characteristic ribs. Inside the shell has a white callus, through which the dark irregular blotch appears. This occasionally takes the form of irregular ghostly bars, which gave the name to the species. ( Cpr.) Length 34, breadth 24, alt. 12 mill. Bodega Bay and San Francisco south to Lower California. Patella spectrum Rv., Conch. Icon. f. 76. — Acmcea spectrum CPU., Amer. Journ. Conch, ii, p. 339. — Collisella spectrum DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch, vi, p. 251, t. 14, f. 10 (dentition). — Lottia scabra GLD. (part), Expl. Exped. Shells. The very strong ribs of the outside, and the curiously marked interior, like print of a hand, are prominent characters of this species. It belongs to a group of forms represented in South America by A. variabilis and A. ceciliana; in China by A. hieroglyphica, and in Australasia by A. marmorata, etc. All showing curiously figured interiors. A. PERSONA Eschscholtz. PL 2, figs. 25, 26, 27, 28 ; pi. 3, figs. 51-56. Shell oval, apex pointing forward, posterior slope long, convex, anterior slope short. Sculptured with strong, rounded ribs, .usually nodulous, but sometimes obsolete. Whitish, with stripes and zigzags of blackish-brown, or olive-green variegated and speckled with white. Margin crenated by the ribs. Inside white or stained with yellowish-brown, with a large central deep brown area, rarely absent ; border articulated black and gray Sitka to Turtle Bay, L. California. A. persona ESCH., Zool. Atl. v, p. 20. no. 9, t. 24, f. 1, 2.— CPR., Amer. Journ. Conch, ii, p. 337. — A. ancylus ESCH., I. c., t. 24, f. 16 ACM^EA. 4-6. — A. digitalis ESCH., /. c., t. 23, f. 7, 8. — P. umbonata NUTTALL, in RVE., Conch. Icon. f. 107. — P. oregona NUTT., I. c., f. 112. — L. textilis GOULD, Expl. Exped. Sh. t. 29. f. 456.— Collisella per- sona DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch, vi, p. 250, 1. 14, f. 8 (dentition). — L. scabra GLD. (in part), Expl. Exped. Sh., f. 456b. — A. radiata ESCH., Zool. Atl. p. 20. — Tectur a persona MARTENS, Mai. Bl. xix, p. 95, t. 3, f. 5, 6. An excessively variable species, ranging from about 30° to 50° N. lat. The typical PERSONA is rather a smooth shell, corresponding to figs. 51, 52, of plate 3. Two main races may be distinguished. The minor modifications of each are numberless. Var. DIGITALIS Esch. PL 2, figs. 29, 30, 31 ; pi. 3, figs. 53, 54, 55, 56. This is the most usual form found north of San Francisco Bay. It is dull, lusterless, whitish, with stripes and zigzags of blackish- brown. The apex is usually decidedly anterior and elevated ; the front ribs are obsolete, the posterior ribs strong, rounded, often uneven. Inside margin conspicuously tessellated ; central area generally dark and rather narrow. This is the oregona of authors, and probably radiata of Eschscholtz. It resembles the striped vari- ety of the Chilian A. ceciliana so closely that it would be absolutely impossible to separate a mixed lot. Var. UMBONATA Nuttall. PI. 2, figs. 25, 26, 27, 28. The prevalent form southward of San Francisco is an oval shell with rather spreading sides, the ribs narrow, interspaces wide and flat. Color dark olive to blackish, closely flecked with fine white dots, and usually having coarse white dashes also. This variety becomes at times wholly free from ribs. Another variety, typically equally distinct, but nameless, is found rom San Francisco to San Diego. It is a small shell resembling somewhat A. patina. There are no riblets. The surface is luster- less, white, with numerous, rather narrow, radiating brown stripes, often broken or abruptly divaricating. Inside generally without a central dark area. Gould's figures of the synonymous L. sca&raare copied on pi, 29, figs. 47, 48, 49. ACM^A. 17 A. PELTA Eschscholtz. PL 8, figs. 86-95. Shell oval, conical, apex a little in front of the middle. Surface having rather coarse low ribs. Dark border of the inside very narrow, or reduced to a series of dark scallops. Aleutian Is. an$ south coast of Alaska to the Santa Barbara Islands, California. A. pelta ESCH., Zool. Atl. pt. v, p. 19. — CARPENTER, Amer. Journ. Conch, ii, p. 336.— DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1878, p. 338.— Patella fimbriata OLD., U. S. Expl. Exped. atlas, f. 445.— P. leucophcea (Nutt.) RVE., Conch. Icon. f. 101. — P.monticola~N\jTT., mss. — ? A. cassis ESCH., Zool. Atl., p. 19, t. 24, f. 3. — ? A. pileolus MIDD., Beitr. zu Mai. Ross, ii, p. 38, t. 1, f. 4, teste Cpr. — Collisella pelta DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch, vi, p. 246, t. 14, f. 6 (dentition). — Tectura cassis MARTENS, Mai. Bl. xix, p. 92, t. 3, f. 9, 10.— Patella cinis RVE., Conch. Icon. f. 60a, b, c. — A. pelta var. nacelloides DALL., Amer. Journ. Conch, vi, p, 247, t. 17, f. 36. Prominent characters of this species are the erect, conical form, rather wide coarse ribs, and the narrow margin of the inside, usually not continuous but composed of scallops or square spots. The variations may be classed under two main groups, as follows. Numerous intermediate forms occur. (1) Var. PELTA Esch., typical. PI. 8, figs. 90, 91. Rather large, solid, strong, with low coarse ribs, almost obsolete, or visible only posteriorly. Central dark spot of the interior rather small or wanting. Grayish-white, with numerous radiating black stripes, often divaricating or broken into a tessellated pattern. As the ribs become stronger this passes into — Form cassis (Esch.) Martens. PI. 8, figs. 86, 87, 88, 89. Solid, strong, having stout radiating ribs about 25-27 in number, those in front narrower or obsolete. Dark spot of the inside small or obscured ; margin with a mere dark line, or a series of scallops between the ends of the ribs. Outside dull, grayish. Another form connecting with the typical pelta is figured on pi. 8, figs. 92, 93, 94. It is small, conical, elevated, having much the shape of A. yiitra. The color outside is gray, pink or light purple, painted with few or many black stripes. A dark spot is inside. Ribs obsolete. This is common at Olympia, Washington, growing on Mytilus. See Hemphill, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1881, p. 88. 2 18 ACMvEA. (2) Var. NACELLOIDES Dall (PL 6, figs. 43, 44, 45), agrees with A. instabilis in the blackish-brown color and in sculpture, but it is less compressed laterally, and the basal margins are level, not elevated at the ends. It is abundant, living on kelp, at Monterey. The proof of the alleged specific identity of instabilis with pelta is incomplete. The specimens collected by Henry Hemphill and described by him in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1881, p. 87, under the name instabilis, are typical nacelloides. Hemphill found that when these limpets live on the fronds and stems of kelp (Phyllospora) they have always the Nacella-like form and are black or dark brown ; when an individual leaves the kelp for a station on the rocks its additional growth is of the normal black and white striped or tessel- lated pattern usual in typical A. pelta. A specimen of this form, beginning life as nacelloides and becoming pelta, is figured on pi. 8, fig. 95. A. INSTABILIS Gould. PI. 6, figs. 32, 33. Shell narrow and oblong, the basal margin elevated at the ends ; texture thin ; slopes convex or bulging. Surface finely radiately striated ; dark brown or black. Inside white or bluish, with or without a faint brown spot in the cavity. Large specimens measure 1£ inches (38 mill.) in length by t in. (23 mill.) breadth ; but the usual length is about one inch. Vancouver Id. to Monterey, Cal. P. instabilis GLD.; Proc. Bost. Soc. K H. ii, p. 150, 1846 ; U. S. Expl. Exped. Atlas f. 454, 454a. — Nacella mstabilis CPR., et al. — Acmcea instabilis DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch, vi, p. 245. This species has been considered by some to be a form of A. pelta ; but no specimens connecting the two species have been reported, although it is not at all improbable that such may occur. At present A. instabilis has as valid grounds for being retained as a distinct species as A. insessa or A. asmi. A. INSESSA Hinds. PL 6, figs. 36, 37. Shell rather thin but strong ; outline oval or oblong, the sides often parallel; elevated, conical, the apex in front of the middle, slopes convex ; surface smooth, polished. Color varying from yel- lowish or olive-brown to chocolate; inside usually very deep brown with a lighter border. Apex blackish, sometimes having snowy dots ACMCEA. 19 or two crescents, the horns of one directed forward, of the other back- ward. Length 20, breadth 11, alt. 12 mill. Sitka south to San Diego, California. Patella insessa HINDS, Ann. and Mag. N. H. x, p. 82, t. 6, f. 3. — Nacella insessa CPU., Suppl. Rep. Brit. Asso. 1863, p. 650. — Acmcea insessa DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch, vi, p. 244, 1. 14, f. 3 (dentition). A small, smooth, dark species. Faint, almost obsolete, radiating lines are usually perceptible. It is much larger than A. paleacea or depicta and is not so narrow. Compared with A. asmi it is larg- er, longer, and brown instead of black. The Bay of Monterey is probably the central point for this species, in regard to numbers of individuals. It lives on the fronds of sea- weeds. A. ASMI Middendorff. PI. 6, figs. 38, 39. Shell small, thin but strong and solid, elevated, conical, the base short-oval, apex erect, a little in front of the middle ; slopes of the cone somewhat convex. Surface lusterless, usually corroded, smooth except for very fine radiating stride visible with the aid of a lens, but obsolete in adult shells. Color rusty black. Inside black, with a brown zone just outside the muscle-scar. Length 10, breadth 82, alt. 7 mill. Length 81, breadth 7, alt. 8 mill. Sitka to Turtle Bay, Lower California. Patella asmi MIDD., Mai. Ross, ii, p. 39, t. 1, f. 5. — Acmcea asmi CPR., Amer. Journ. Conch, ii, p. 341. — Collisella asmi DALL, I. c.} vi, p. 252, t. 14,.f. 7 (dentition). In the suite of thirty or more of this species before me, no speci- mens show characters which warrant a union with any of the other species. It is an erectly conical, solid little shell, of a more rounded outline than A. insessa, and black instead of corneous in color. It is generally found living on Chlorostoma fanebrale or other black shells. A. DEPICTA Hinds. PI. 6, figs. 40, 41. Shell small, thin, long and narrow, the sides parallel"; apex at the anterior fourth or third. Surface smooth, shining, having light growth-lines. Very light brown, with narrow dark brown stripes radiating from the apex and from the ridge of the back, where they form a series of v's. 20 ACM^EA. Inside bluish-white, showing the color pattern of the outside through the shell. Length 11, breadth 4, alt. 3 mill. Santa Barbara, Monterey, San Diego, California. Patelloida depicta HINDS, Ann. and Mag. N. H. x, p. 82, t. 6, f. 4, 1842. — ^Collisella f depicta DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch, vi, p. 254. Resembles no species but A. paleacea. The long narrow form is caused by growth on Zostera fronds. There is some variation in the coloring, broad bands sometimes replacing the narrow lines. The front end is generally of a decidedly darker shade. A specimen of average proportions is figured. The form of this species as developed when growing on a flat sur- face instead of a narrow frond, is shown in fig. 41 of pi. 6 drawn from a specimen in the Smithsonian collection. It measures, length 6, breadth 4?, alt. H mill. Sculpture and coloration are as in the type. A. PALEACEA Gould. PL 6, fig. 42. Shell small, thin, long and narrow7, parallel sided ; apex near the front end. Surface sculptured with close radiating riblets. Color yellowish-brown, darker toward the margins and on the front slope. Length 7, breadth H, alt. 2 mill. Monterey, Santa Barbara and San Diego, California. A. paleacea OLD., Mex. and Cal. Shells p. 3, t. 14, f. 5.— CPR., P. Z. S. 1856, no. 40. — Collisella paleacea DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch, vi, p. 253 (dentition). Smaller and narrower than A. depicta, the surface radiately ribbed and not variegated. The sculpture is quite distinct under a lens of moderate power. A. TRIANGULARIS Carpenter. PI. 7, figs. 74-78. Shell small, rather thin, either oval or narrow and parallel-sided ; elevated, apex subcentral, a trifle recurved ; surface nearly smooth, but showing very fine radiating stride under a lens. Color pure white, sometimes immaculate, but usually having 6 or 7 wide brown rays, which usually do not extend to either apex or basal margin. There is almost always a brown spot just behind the apex. Inside pure white. Monterey and Baulinas Bay, California. Nacella (f paleacea, var.} triangularis CPR. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. iii, p. 213, 1866. — Collisella (7) triangularis DALL, Am. Jour. Conch, vi, p. 254. — Nacella .casta CPR. olim. ACM.EA. 21 " They present nearly every variation in form, from wide, oval and nearly flat, to narrow, triangular, high and very compressed. The extreme apex is almost always black. It is usually furnished with a few dark brown stripes, radiating from near the apex but seldom reaching the margin in adult specimens. These however are want- ing in some specimens. In all its forms it is a well marked species and cannot be united with any now known from the California coast. Dr. Carpenter proposes to rename this form specifically " casta " and to apply the term triangularis to the compressed variety only ; it is doubtful, however, if such a course would be admissible, as every transition in form can be observed in a very few specimens. (Dall.) Typical triangularis is shown in figs. 77, 78. An example meas- ures: length 6|, breadth 3, alt. 4 mill. The form called CASTA is illustrated by figs. 74, 75, 76. This is really the normal form of the species, the other being modified by the narrow frond supporting it. A large example measures : length 12, breadth 9, alt. 4£ mill. Var. ORCUTTI Pilsbry. PI. 42, figs. 84, 85, 86. Has the oval base of A. casta, but the apex is decidedly anterior, as in A. persona. Surface lusterless, having rather rude growth- lines and very obsolete, low, wide radiating riblets, some at wide inter- vals slightly more prominent. Color white, or tinged with cream or green ; apex obtuse, eroded, but around the eroded area there are brown dots, indicating that the young were marked like A. casta. Interior white or fleshy-cream tinted, sometimes with slight greenish or brown stains in the cavity ; border wide, darker than the rest of the interior. Length 11?, breadth 9, alt. 5i mill. San Diego, California. Specimens of this curious variety were received from Mr. C. R. Orcutt. It has the coloration of some specimens of A. triangularis, but the form recalls A. persona. A. ROSACE A Carpenter. PI. 7, figs. 71, 72, 73. Shell small, conical, thin, smooth or with very obsolete ribs. The young are pale roseate, with few white and brown subradiating spots ; the adults have rosy brown and whitish streaks or are dotted with pale rose. Apex elevated, a little anterior ; inside white or rosy. Length 8, breadth 6i, alt. 3? mill. San Diego to Monterey, California. 22 ACM^EA. Acmcea (f pileolus var.~) rosacea CPU., Proc. Cal. A'cad. iii, p. 213 ; Amer. Journ. Conch, ii, p. 341. — Collisella (7) rosacea DALL. Amer. Journ. Conch, vi, p. 256. The shell is small, obtusely conical with an erect, subcentral apex. The ground color of the surface is'u translucent white, suffused with rose toward the margin, where several indistinct rays of rose color appear. These are more evident on the inside. The extreme nucleus is usually white. The apex is profusely dotted with minute dark brown and opaque white specks of color, which are not rays, nor are they often arranged with any regularity ; these are more numerous on the posterior portion of the shell, but vary exceedingly, from a dark reticulated brown network of lines to wavy irregular penciling or sparse brown dots, usually most plenty on the inter- spaces of the ribs. The surface is smooth, especially in front, but from the apex radiate (especially on the posterior half of the shell) a number of very marked riblets which appear as if indented from below, and do not materially interrupt the smoothness of the surface, though the margin is rendered slightly crenulate by them. They are also of a more opaque white than the remainder of the shell, and sometimes form conspicuous white rays. (Dall.) A. SYBARITICA Dall. PI. 9, figs. 22, 23, 24. Shell depressed, thin ; apex subcentral, more anterior in the young. General shape rounded-oval, hardly more narrow before than behind. Surface nearly smooth, with rounded concentric lines of growth, in young specimens a few faint hardly noticeable elevated radiating lines or riblets may be observed near the margin, which is entire. Internally smooth, border polished and also the cavity of the apex above the muscular impressions. Color a clear rose-pink, varying from quite deep and a little livid in some specimens, espe- cially the young, to a very faint pink. Apex white, even in very young specimens entirely eroded, rather blunt and inconspicuous ; sides of the shell ornamented with rays of a darker shade of pink, more or less gathered in groups, and more or less evident, accord- ing to the shade of the remainder of the shell. Internally the vis- ceral area is bluish-white, usually washed with a faint yellowish- brown, often hardly evident, in which case the area is whitish ; the successive layers of brown sometimes appear externally around the apex when eroded. The inner margin, and to some extent the whole interior, exhibit the external markings or rays through the ACM^EA. 23 somewhat pellucid shell. Texture hard and brittle. Epidermis exceedingly thin, usually evanescent ; translucent, brownish. (Doll.) Pribiloff Is. to Halcodadi, Japan; Aleutian Is.; southeast to Chirikoff Island. A. sybaritica DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch, vi, p. 257, t. 17, f. 34, 1871 ; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i, p. 341. A beautiful species. The largest specimens attain one inch in length, but those before me measure scarcely over 10 mill. It is always much depressed. Inhabits rather deep water. A. PERAMABILIS Dall. PI. 33, figs. 80, 81, 82. Shell thin, delicate, ovate ; externally of a uniform dark-rose-color, with a few scattered irregular blotches of light or dark-brown, nucleus pale. Within polished, bluish-white, with a chestnut-brown spectrum with sharply defined edges, outside of which for a short dis- tance the white is unsullied, but further toward the margin in adult specimens, radiating brown blotches may be observed forming a more or less interrupted band around the shell, which is wanting in the young. The margin is -of the same deep rose as the exterior. Shell moderately elevated, with the apex well marked, sub-acute and situa- ted in the central third. Nucleus smooth, pale, sharply decurved with a chink beneath it, in front. Sculpture of fine, sharp, elevated threads which extend from the vertex to the margin without bifur- cation. These are crossed by very fine sharp lines of growth slightly elevated. Length 1*03 in. lat. 0*8, in. alt. 0'33 in. Posterior slope slightly arched. (Dall.) Shumagin group of islands ; Alaska Territory, on rocks near low water mark. This lovely species has no relations with A. sybaritica Dall and rosacea Cpr., except those of color. The two latter are much smaller and the rose color is much lighter and differently disposed. Its nearest allies are some varieties of A. patina, in none of which have I observed any approach to the color of this species, and which have a different nucleus, and the sculpture in slender rounded riblets instead of sharp threads. The shell of patina is also in general much more solid and thick. The animal partakes of the rosy hue of the shell except the margin of the mantle which is furnished with brown dots. It belongs to the subgenus Collisella. 24 ACM^A. It is worthy of note that when there is a brown marking on the exterior, in the region of the sub-marginal internal mottled band, the latter is interrupted by a white space corresponding in size and width to the external marking. (Da//.) A. (Collisella) peramabilis DALL, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. iv, p. 302, Dec. 17, 1872 ; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i. p. 341, 1878. My figures are drawn from a type specimen. It is a most beautiful shell, as delicate in coloring as a rose-petal. A. APICINA Dall. PL 7, figs. 66, 67. Shell small, conical, thin, rounded, more or less elevated ; whitish or isabelline, the apex erect, buff; inside buff, whitish or brown, smooth ; provided with subobsolete lines of growth outside. Length 6, breadth 5, alt. 4 mill. (Dall.) Pribiloff Is. on the north ; Aleutians from Amchitka eastward to the Shumaging, 0-70 fms. A. ( ColUsella /) apicina DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i, p. 341, 1878. Among other small shells obtained from time to time on the beach or in the dredge, occasional specimens occurred which at first were supposed to be the young of A. mitra or pale specimens of A. sybar- itica. After eliminating some of the these, there remained, after care- ful study, a residue which do not appear to coincide in character with any described species. They are small, thin, conical, with a blunt erect apex marked by a light yellow spot, the rest of the exterior white or faintly yellowish, marked by obsolete lines of growth, smooth or nearly so but not polished. Within, fresh specimens are yellowish, whitish or orange-colored, and quite polished. The out- side is almost always covered with Nullipore. The chief characters are the rounded base, regularly conical and yellow spotted apex, with a thinner shell than A. mitra. (Dall.) My figures are drawn from one of the types in the Smithsonian Institution, no. 30787 of the museum register. It is allied to A. mitra and A. virginea. A. MITRA Eschscholtz. PI. 3, fig. 50. Shell dull- white, aperture nearly circular, wider behind, in some young examples somewhat elongated, oval; form conical, apex erect, nearly central, blunt, smooth, posterior surface usually straight, but occasionally a little convex ; exterior smooth, marked with very faint concentric lines of growth, devoid of epidermis ; margin entire, polished, with a narrow semi-pellucid rim inside. ACM.EA. 25 Internally smooth or furnished with grooves radiating from the apex more or less strongly marked. Muscular impressions deep, strong, horse-shoe-shapedf with the marks of the anterior ends of the adductors rounded and broader than the rest, connected by a slender impressed line marking the attachment of the mantle. Young shells are often furnished with irregular riblets more or less strong, many or few in number, radiating from the apex, but stronger towards the margin. Color dead-white inside and out, often livid or tinged a fine pink or pea green from Nullipore, never wax-yellow or horny- pellucid as in the normal state of Scurria scurra. Length 35, breadth 31, alt. 23 mill. Length 23, breadth 20, alt. 17 mill. Aleutian Is. to San Diego, California. A. mitra ESCH. in Rathke, Zool. Atl. pt. v, p. 18, t. 23, f. 4. — BALL, Amer. Jour. Conch, vi, p. 241. — A. mammillata ESCH., 1. c. p. 18. — A. marmorea ESCH., I. c. p. 19 — Scurria mitra GRAY, ADAMS, CARPENTER etal. — S. f mitra DALL, Amer. Jour. Conch, v, p. 149 (dentition) — Lottia conica GLD., (part) Moll. U. S. Expl. Exped. p. 346. — S. mitra var. tenuisculpta CPR. Amer. Journ. Conch ii, p. 346. — Scurria f funiculata CPR. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. iii, p. 214, 1865 ; Brit. Asso.'Rep. 1863, p. 650; Amer. Jour. Conch, ii, p. 347. The shell of this conical white species is very distinct from the others inhabiting West America. It resembles Scurria scurra Less., of Chili in form, but has not the waxen-yellowish outer layer of that species. The largest specimen I have seen measures, length 45, breadth 41, alt. 28 mill. Var. TENUISCULPTA Cpr. Sculptured with distant radiating. striae or lirulse. Var. FUNICULATA Cpr. Shell small, whitish, regularly conical, apex acute, elevated, a little in front of the middle; sculptured with strong rounded riblets, sometimes a little nodulous ; sometimes single, sometimes gathered into two's and three's ; with wide interspaces in which intercalary riblets appear. Length 6, breadth 4J, alt. 3 mill. Monterey, California. A curious small shell, having the contour of A. mitra, but with strong, smooth, crowded unequal ribs. The measurements are from the type in the Smithsonian Institution. 26 ACM^EA. A. FASCICULARIS Menke. PI. 6, figs. 50, 51, 52, 53. Shell rather thin, depressed, oval ; surface closely radiately stri- ated, the striae low, often obsolete but indicated by light dark lines. " The prevailing tints are a reddish-brown outside, more or less mottled or striped with white ; inside a prevailing white, more or less penciled or fretted with brown, and a border, sometimes white with a tessellated penciling of brown ; sometimes a delicate fawn shading into a pinkish or slightly greenish tinge, with or without penciling. The body mark is of a dark lustrous brown, or very light with a greenish tinge, or nearly absent. It is large for the size of the shell, more or less removed from the margin. In shape, A. fascicularis is much longer, and generally smaller than discors. The standard color of A. mesoleuca is green, of A. fascicularis red. In A. meso- leuca the markings are laid on with stripes and patches, in A. fascic- ularis with very fine penciling. In the latter the outline of the body mark is much more regularly gathered up into points with concave margins between, the points often making regular lines radi- ating from the center. The surface of A. mesoleuca is covered with granulose ribs with soft interstices and a very thin smooth epidermis ; that of A. fascicularis is very much more finely marked, showing under the glass, smooth ribs with the interstices extremely finely cancel- lated with very close, slightly rugose concentric striae, covered with an extremely thin, rather velvety epidermis. The surface of A .fascic- ularis is much more generally abraded ; and as the young shells were not uncommon in the Spondylus and Chama washings, while not one was found of A. mesoleuca, it is presumed that their station is different. The apex is sometimes brown, sometimes white ; and in the smallest specimen, '035 by '025, shows no trace of being spirally recurved. The young shells are known by their finely cancellated texture and delicately reddish penciling ; and generally, by a white spot pro- ceeding from the apex posteriorly bounded by red lines. In all stages it is thin, and very glossy within." (Qor.) Length 27, breadth 21, alt. 6 mill. Mazatlan, and Gulf of California generally. A. fascicularis MKE. Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1851, p. 38. — CPU. Mazat. Cat., p. 255.— DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch, vi, p. 253, t. 14, f. 11 (dentition). — A. mutabilis MKE, in part, 1. c., p. 37. — Patella opea RVE., Conch. Icon., f. 79, teste CPR. A beautifully penciled species, allied to S. mesoleuca. The synonymous P. opea of Reeve as represented on pi. 6, figs. 52, 53. ACM^A. 27 A. STRIGATELLA Carpenter. PI. 7, figs. 83, 84, 85. The shell is ovate, a little wider behind, elevated ; apex at the front fourth of the length. Young with excessively fine dose radiat- ing strict crossed by growth -lines, largely worn off in adult specimens. Apex very acute in young, eroded, dark brown and polished in old shells. Coloration : Marked with irregular, forking black stripes on a white ground, interspersed around the apex when not eroded, with dots and small narrow or needle-shaped white streaks. Inside bluish- white, with the central area indistinctly irregularly clouded with brown. Border wide, vividly tessellated with blackish-brown. Length 19, breadth 14, alt. 7 mill. Cape St. Lucas, L. California. A. strigatella CPR., Ann. Mag. N. H. 3d. Ser. xiii, p. 474. — A. strigillata CPR., Suppl. Rep. 1863, p. 618. — Collisella strigatella DALL, Araer. Journ. Conch, vi, p. 253. The figures and description are from a type in the Smithsonian Institution collection. The A.filosa of Carpenter of which I have seen the type, seems to be a variety of this, differing in sculpture and the more depressed form. The Carpenterian specimen of strigatella in the Philadelphia collection has the radiating stripes less regular, more anastomosing. A. FILOSA Carpenter. PL 7, figs. 80, 81, 82. Similar to A. mesoleuca in form and texture ; but sculpture much more delicate ; young shell smooth ; then with delicate acute lirulse, scarcely granulose, very distant, sometimes obsolete; interstices wide, smooth; thin, flat. Oval, subdiaphanous, blackish-brown radiately strigate or variously maculated with corneous. Inside livid or whitish, the colors of the outside showing through ; border broad, acute. Length '7, breadth '56, alt. '12 inch. (Qpr.) Panama. Lottia f patina C. B. AD., Cat. Panam. Sh. no. 367. — Acmcea (f floccata, var^filosa CPR., P. Z. S. 1865, p. 276. In shape and texture, but not in color or sculpture, these shells resemble A.fascicularis ; in the latter respects, A. strigatella. ( Cpr.) I have examined the type of this species. It has much the appearance of A. strigatella, but differs in sculpture, having the liru- lse very delicate and more widely separated. It measures, length 171, breadth 14, alt. 2i mill. 28 ACM^EA. A. SUBROTUNDATA Carpenter. PI. 33, figs. 1,2, 3. Shell similar to A. filosa, but subrotund, more elevated, vertex subcentral ; color more intense, the corneous lines closer, narrow ; young shell paler, with two triangular rays posteriorly ; inside callus livid, thinner. Length -53, width '45, alt. '15 inch. (Cpr.) Panama. Lottia sp. ind. a, C. B. AD., Panam. Cat. no. 368. — Acmcea (f floccata, var.) subrotundata CPU., P. Z. S. 1865, p. 277. I give figures of the type of this species, no. 15922 of the Smith- sonian Institution collection. It is a subcircular shell, with the sub- acute, erect apex near the center. The surface has sub-obsolete nar- row, separated radiating threads. If held toward the light, fine close unequal brown radiating lines are seen through it. The outside appears of a dingy brownish, with obscure lighter lines. The inside is bluish-white, with a chestnut spot in the cavity of the apex ; border wide, dark, with close lines of dark brown. Length 13 J, breadth 11 J, alt. 4 mill. ; distance of apex from front end, 51 mill. In my opinion the A. vernicosa of Carpenter is a variety of this. A. VERNICOSA Carpenter. PI. 33, figs. 99. Shell small, subrotund, depressed-conical, apex situated at the front two-fifths of the shell's length ; whitish-green, ornamented here and there with a few reddish-brown streaks ; sometimes with white rays ; sculptured faintly with acute, radiating very distant lines, sometimes obsolete; inside livid, callous, generally with a white spatula; base subplanate, border narrow. (Opr.) Length 7i, breadth 5f alt. 2 mill. Panama. Lottia sp. ind, b, C. B. AD., Panam. Sh. no. 369. — Acmcea (f var.) vernicosa CPR., P. Z. S. 1865, p. 277. Had this form been brought from the. China Seas it might have been taken for A. biradiata Rv. From its solidity, however, its rough exterior, and its callous interior, it appears to be adult. It is barely possible that it may develop into A. vespertina. It differs from the young of A. subrotundata in being much thicker and less spotted with the green tint. ( Cpr.~) To Carpenter's description and remarks I add figures from the type, in the Smithsonian collection. It is a small, yellowish form, very solid, with erect, acute apex. I regard it as a probable variety of A. subrotundata Cpr. With "vespertina" it has nothing to do. ACM^A. 29 A. MITELLA Menke. PL 6, figs. 46, 47, 48, 49. Shell small, conical, oval, apex in front of the middle; slopes straight or nearly so, surface radiately sculptured with larger and smaller riblets ; color greenish or gray, often encrusted with a white coralline. Edge scarcely crenulated. Inside white, with margin regularly spotted with black ; central tract marbled with brown, generally with a bluish-black spot near the center. Length 11, breadth 8, alt. 5 to 6 mill. Mazatlan to the Gulf of California. A. mitella MKE. Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1847, p. 187.— CPR. Mazat. Cat. p. 210— BALL, Am. Journ. Conch, vi. p. 253, t. 14, f. 9 (denti- tion).— P. navicula RVE. Conch. Icon. f. 130. Small, conical, rather finely radiately ribbed, the inside border regularly spotted with black. A. DISCORS Philippi. PL 9, fig. 3, 4, 5. Shell oval, solid, depressed, apex near the anterior third ; slopes gently convex. Surface generally encrusted ; having about 10-15 strong radiating folds around the apex, usually lost by erosion in adult shells and wholly absent on the later growth of the shell, which is closely, finely radiately striated. Margin very finely crenulated, often dotted with black. Color greenish or grayish- white, with more or less distinct radiating black lines. Inside white, often mottled with purple or brown. Muscle-scar distinctly impressed. Length 48, breadth 37, alt. 14 mill. Cape St. Lucas and Mazatlan to Panama. P. discors PHIL. Abbild., t, 2, f. 6.— RVE, Conch. Icon., f. 78.— CPR. Mazat. Cat., p. 201. This species is peculiar in being puckered around the apex, when not eroded. It is usually encrusted with coralline, algse, etc. A. ATRATA Carpenter. PL 7, figs. 61, 62, 63, 64, 65. Shell solid, oval, apex at the anterior third ; sculptured with un- equal, irregular ribs, the interstices narrow. On a whitish ground it has black stripes and lines, and the eroded apex is black. Inside white ; the border yellowish-gray, tessellated with square black spots, usually bifid ; the central area callous, white, clouded with brown and faint livid-purplish tints. It is excavated anteriorly at the cavity of the apex. Muscle-scar distinct, rugose. Length 31, breadth 24, alt. 14 mill. 30 ACM^A. The young (figs. 64, 65) are flatter, and have very close, acute, unequal ribs, sharply crenulating the margin. Cape St. Lucas, L. California. A. (f •oar.') atrata CPR. Ann. Mag. N. H. 3d Ser., xiii, p. 474. — Collisella atrata DALL, Amer. Jour. Conch, vi, p. 225, t. 14, f. 15, 15a, (dentition.) A perfectly distinct species, allied to A. pediculus, but more elevated, with differently patterned interior. My description and figures are drawn from the types in the Smithsonian Institution collection. A. PEDICULUS Philippi. PI. 6, figs. 34, 35 ; PI. 7, figs. 68, 69, 70. Shell normally flat, oblong, solid, with ten stout rounded ribs projecting at the margins, of which two are in the axis of length with four on each side ; ribs and interstices radiately striated ; yel- lowish-white generally with more or less of black or brown tortoise- shell markings within, sometimes with black between the ribs. Sometimes the shell is more rounded and the ribs more angular, in which state it might be taken for the young of P. mexicana. Occasionally a few other intercalary ribs appear. In a very few un- usually large specimens, the ribs are nearly obsolete at the margin and the shell is much lengthened. The body mark varies as usual; when plain it is gathered into points as in P. discors. The very young shells appear not to develop the ribs marginally, in which state they might be taken for the young of P. discors. The stout ribs of the adult shell however bear no analogy with the very finely marked surface of the latter with its curiously puckered circum-un- bonal portion. With the young of P. mexicana it has much more close analogies. The largest specimens of P. pediculus however do not at all run into the smallest of P. mexicana. They have all the appearance of being old shells, with the margin narrow and the shape long and irregular, while P. mexicana, as it is traced upwards, displays a very wide semitranslucent margin, and a broad regular shape, with the ribs not rounded and prominent but simply giving an angular form to the shell. Even when very young, they are almost always incrusted with corallinous matter. ( Cpr.) West Mexico, Mazatlan to Acapulco. P. pediculus PHIL. Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1846, p 21, No. 8. — CARPEN- TER, Mazat. Catal. p. 200. — P. corrugata RVE., Conch. Icon. f. 132, ACM^EA. 31 1855 — Collisella pediculus DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch, v i. p. 255, t. 15, f. 16 (dentition). The ribs extend to the margin in this species ; in A. discors they merely pucker the central part. Some specimens have the interior most beautifully variegated with rich brown, black and steel-blue. One of these, from the Academy collection is figured on pi. 7, fig- ures 68-70. The figures on pi. 6 represent Reeves synonymous P. corrugata. A. STIPULATA Reeve. PI. 6, figs. 27-31. Shell solid, ovate-oblong, depressed, apex in front of the middle ; slopes convex ; sculptured with about 10 principal radiating ribs, scarcely larger than the numerous wide and narrow, rounded inter- mediate ribs, but giving a somewhat angular outline to the base. Color " greenish-black, faintly rayed with a few whitish lines " or light green, blotched with dark olive. Inside white tinged with green, muscle-scar impressed, narrow, white, the tract within it olive-green ; border of shell light green, clouded with blue-green and irregularly dotted with black. Length 27, breadth 18, alt. 6 mill. Panama. P. stipulata Rv., Conch. Icon. f. 117,- 1855. A solid, depressed species, with low, rounded ribs, the interior having an olive or brownish-green central area. A specimen in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution agrees with the one figured from the Philadelphia collection (figs. 29, 30, 31). The other fig- ures, 27, 28, are from Reeve, and represent a slightly different coloring. Undetermined West American species of Acmcea. Patella (Acmcea f ) personoides Midd., Beitr. zu einer Mai. Rossica ii, p. 37, t. 1, f. 2, (=A. ancyloides Midd., Bull Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. vi) from Kenai Bay, north-west Coast America, is probably a form of A. pelta Esch. Patella (Acmcea /) ceruginosa Midd., I. c., p. 38, 1. 1, f. 1, is perhaps a form of A. patina. Lepeta puntarencK Morch (Mai. Bl. vii, p. 175) is perhaps an Acmcea. The description is as follows : Shell oval, apex eleVated, excentric ; inside milk-white, outside yellowish, closely decussated 32 ACM^A. with thick, narrow radiating and concentric subequal lines, the inter- sections nodose ; margin entire. Has the aspect of Lepeta cceca Miill. Length 6, breadth 4, alt. 2 mill. Puntarenas ( W. coast Central America). A single specimen. Differs from L. cceca in the very coarse and close concentric lines, and the numerous finer radiating lines. ** * III. SPECIES OF THE WESTERN COAST OF SOUTH AMERICA. Of the following species, I have not seen A. coffea Rv., exilis albescens and nisoria Phil. Of the others, numerous specimens have been examined. A. SCUTUM Orbigny. PI. 4, figs. 77, 78, 79, 80, 81. Shell rounded-oval, conical, the apex directed forward, nearer the middle than the front margin. Front slope straight, back slope somewhat convex. Surface nearly smooth, but finely radiately striate, the stride obsolete on some specimens. Color black, dotted or spotted more or less profusely with white. Edge of the shell smooth, even. Inside white, with a broad black margin (often spotted with white), and a dark brown central tract, which is usually partially or wholly concealed in old individuals by a white layer. Muscle-scar incon- spicuous. Length 40, breadth 35, alt. 15 mill., or less. Peru to Sts. of Magellan. A. scutum ORB. (not Esch.), Voy. Amer. Merid., p. 479, t. 64, f. 8-10. — CARPENTER, Amer. Journ. Conch, ii, p. 335. — L. punctata GRAY, where? Has some resemblance to black forms of A. patina. It is a solid, black species, usually rather conical, more or less dotted with white. Young specimens have the apex decidedly hooked forward, and the central spot dark and prominent. It is a true Acmcea. A. VIRIDULA Lamarck. PI. 1, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Shell rounded-oval, conical, or depressed, the apex in front of the middle. Surface having about 20 low, rather wide radiating ribs, and obscurely, finely striated all over the ribs and interstics. The color-pattern is a close, fine network of light-green on a white ground, the intervals between the ribs with larger spots of green, 33 ribs lighter; adults more of an even gray all over. Edge of shell even, smooth, with a green or light green border within. Inside pure white in old shells, but with an irregular green or brown central spot in the younger stages. Length 70, breadth 60, alt. 23 mill. Peru to Chili. Patella viridula, LAM. An. s. Vert, vii, p. 539 — DELESSERT, Recueil, t. 23, f. 2 — RVE. Conch. Icon. f. 26 a, b, c. — Lottia viridula OLD., U. S. Expl. Exped. p. 353, t. 30, f. 459.— Patella pretrei ORB., Voy. Amer. Merid. p. 481, t. 78, f. 15, 16.—? P. (Aemcea f) plana PHIL. Abbild iii, t. 2, f. 3.—? A. nisoria PH., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1846, p. 49 ; Abbild. t. 2, f. 8. Differs from Seurria zebrina in the character of the painting, and in the sculpture. The viridula lacks the cordon of branchial papillae possessed by the other species. Orbigny's P. pretrei (PI. 34, figs. 9, 10) is evidently a variety. A. plana Phil, may perhaps be the young of this species ; see under A. araucana. A. nisoria probably belongs here also. The descrip- tion is as follows. Var. NISORIA Philippi. PL 4, figs. 82, 83, 84. Shell solid ; suborbicular, elevated-conical, radiately obscurely ribbed-striate ; whitish, subtessellated with lints, flames and dots of brown ; apex situated at the front two-fifths of the length. Inside white, often brown in the cavity, the border dotted with brown. Length 15, breadth 14, alt. 6 mill. The impressed radii are irregu- lar, and sometimes there is a weak indication of about 16 radial ribs. The nearly circular form, the height and thickness of the shell, as well as the coloration, mark out this species from its allies. (PhiL) A. CEOILIANA Orbigny. PI. 34, figs. 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 14, 15, 16. Shell solid, oval, elevated, the apex in front of the middle, some- times decidedly anterior ; posterior slope frequently decidedly arched. The surface has 13 to 16 strong elevated radiating ribs, those upon the posterior slope most strongly developed. Color grayish, with several black lines in each intercostal space. Edge of shell more or less strongly crenated by the ribs. Inside soiled white, the margin articulated with black. The central area has five or six longitudinal black stripes on a white ground. Length 17, breadth 14, alt. 7 mill. 3 Falkland Is. ; Strait of Magellan ; Chili. 34 ACM^EA. Patella ceciliana ORB., Voy. Amer. Merid., p. 482, t. 81, f. 4-6.— GAY, Hist. Chil. viii, p. 260, 1854. — L. viridula GLD., in part, Exped. Atlas, f. 459c, 459d,-459e, and text, p. 354. — P. monticula NUTTALL mss. teste Gld., L c. This shell has much resemblance in form to strongly sculptured examples of A cmcea persona of California; and it is as variable as that species. Some specimens are so elevated that the height of the cone is equal to the breadth of its base, and others are comparatively depressed. The curious streaks of the central area are very charac- teristic of typical specimens, but in old individuals this is often more or less obscured. Dwarfed specimens before me measure, length 9, width 85, alt. 7 mill. They have strongly arched basal side-margins, probably from growing pebbles or small gastropod shells. Figures 17, 18, 19 are D'Orbigny's figures of ceciliana. I rank the following described form as a variety : Yar. SUBPERSONA Pilsbry. PL 34, figs. 11, 12, 13. Shell the shape of A cmcea persona. Apex curved forward, its distance from front margin 3 to 1 the length of the shell. Anterior ribs obsolete, ribs at the back and sides 10-12 in number, rounded, sometimes irregular, some of them obsolete. White, with v-shaped or irregularly triangular black markings, the black often predomi- nating, and frequently finely speckled or netted with white dots. Inside white with gray and black spotted margin and solid, dark chestnut central area. Valparaiso, Chili, southward. A. VARIABILIS (Sowerby) Reeve. PI. 34, figs. 1-8. Shell short, oval, very much depressed, the apex a little behind the anterior third. Slopes somewhat convex. Surface sculptured with numerous low, close, subequal riblets; gray or of a light green tint, radiately painted with black lines of varying widths in the intercostal intervals ; edge smooth, even, scarcely modified by the ribs. Inside smooth, the muscle-scar white (rarely dark in the young), the central area black, conspicuously mottled with white ; border broad, grayish or greenish-white, articulated with black; tract between border and muscle-scar white, chestnut or blackish-brown. Length 32, breadth 26, alt. 5-7 mill. Chili. ACM^EA. 35 Lottia variabilis SOWERBY (in part), Zool. Beechey's Voy. p. 147, t. 39, f. 5, not figs. 3, 4; 1839.— Patella variabilis Gray, RVE., Conch. Icon. t. 25, f. 63, 1855.— P. penicillata RVE., /. c., f. 102.— P. (Acmcua*) lineata Phil., Abbild. iii, t. 2, f. 1 (1846). This is unquestionably a distinct species, characterized by its depressed contour and mottled central area. The outside is usually much eroded. The black lines of the exterior are often interrupted, and in large specimens they are arranged in about a dozen broad but indistinct bands. The synonymy given above is unquestionable. A. ARAUCANA Orbigny. PL 16, figs. 21, 22, 22. Shell ovate, extremely depressed, costate, whitish, inside whitish, margin crenulated, brownish. Diam. 30, alt. 4 mill. ( Orb.') Valparaiso. P. araucana ORB., Voy. Amer. Merid., p. 482, t. 65, f. 4-6. — Collisella araucana DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch, vi, p. 257 (animal). — f Patella plana PHIL., Abbild., Patella, t. 2, f. 3.— P. plana Rv., Conch. Icon., f. 133. The specimens before me are longer than Orbigny's figured type, and the ribs are more separated. The shell is frequently distorted. I am inclined to believe that A. plana of Philippi is a synonym or variety of A. viridula; but A. plana of Reeve is very probably a synonym of araucana. My material is too limited to enable me to decide this question. A. COFFEA Reeve. PI. 4, figs. 91, 88. Shell ovate, convexly depressed, radiately densely ridge-striated, always very much eroded ; brown-black within and without, finely denticulated at the margin, (/fry.) Valparaiso. P. co/ea Rv., Conch. Icon., f. 139, 1855. A. EXILIS Philippi. PI. 4, figs. 89, 90, 91. Shell minute, thin, elongate-elliptical, convex, smooth, white, painted with brown rays ; apex at the front third. Length £, breadth 4, alt 2^ mill. In size and form just like Patelloidea elongata Q. & G., and per- haps is only a variety of it. That species should be netted over a greenish-yellow ground, according to the description ; but the illus- tration of it shows simple red rays upon a gray ground, the two pos- terior rays broader and darker ! The present species has about 20 36 ACM^EA. to 24 dark reddish-brown rays, mostly in pairs, the interstices often milk-white, and a brown apex. The inside is similarly colored. One specimen is flatter. (Phil.) Cape Horn. A. exilis PH., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1846, p. 50 ; Abbild. iii, t. 2, f. 6. Probably a young shell. A. ALBESCENS Philippi. PI. 4, figs. 85, 86, 87. Shell small, thin, ovate-oblong, elliptical, conical, sculptured with close, little elevated, obsolete radiating ribs ; whitish, sometimes radiated and spotted with brown ; apex elevated, situated at the front third. Inside white, margins incumbent at the ends. Length 10, width 7J, alt. 4 mill. Six specimens are before me. In the young the acute apex is very prominent, and also the ribs, of which I count about 24, are much more distinct. With age they become more and more obsolete, and in old examples which have lost the apex by erosion, they often can not be recognized with certainty. Young examples are frequently pure white with yellowish apex ; older ones have more or less brown markings. The border is pale brownish, and does not lie in a plane, for the sides are higher than the ends. The inside is white, or brownish when there is brown to be seen outside. (Phil.') Central Chili. A. albescens PH., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1846, p. 50; Abbild. iii, t. 2, f. 7. This seems to be young. *** IV. WEST INDIAN SPECIES. Many specimens of all described West Indian Acmaeida3, except the doubtful A. Antillarum Sow., have been examined by the author. The West Indian Acmseas are few in number and of small size. Their affinities are with the species of western Mexico. The syn- onymy is involved in great confusion. Of the four commoner species I have seen hundreds of specimens, and am still inclined to consider them quite distinct. The Acmcea hamillei of Fischer (Journ. de Conchyl. v. p. 277, and J. de C. 1872, p. 145, PI. 5, f. 6) is the same as Seutellina antil- larum (Shutt.) Dall, and as the latter was until 1890 a mere mss. name, the species should hereafter be known as Seutellina hamilltti. ACM.EA. 37 The species may be briefly diagnosed as follows : — A.punctulata Gm. Depressed or low-conic, the apex acute, conical, subcentral ; riblets irregular ; pinkish, usually dotted with red. Inside white with a narrow, pale margin, the spatula white or sal- mon colored. A. candeana Orb. Depressed, low-convex, closely and finely radiately striate. Light yellowish with narrow brown lines usually gathered into rays. Inside with a wide border and central brown area. A. carpenteri Pils. Moderately elevated ; closely evenly and finely, rather obsoletely radiately striated ; rayed with pinkish-purple on a light buff ground. Inside with a rather narrow border, spotted at the terminations of the rays. The central area more or less marked with brown. A. antillarum Sowb. See under A. candeana. A. onychina Old. Depressed, solid, having low but rather wide ribs, the ribs and intervals closely, finely, radiately striate. A. leucopleura Gm. Conical or depressed, the apex subcentral ; coarsely radiately ribbed, ribs white, intervals dark or spotted with dark brown or black ; inside with a very narrow border and brown or brown-outlined central tract. A. cubensis Rve. Conical, solid, with fine radiating riblets ; closely marked with radiating black lines which frequently bifurcate and anastomose ; inside with a very narrow dotted border and a dark central area. A. PUNCTULATA Gmelin. PI. 5, figs. 99, 100, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 11, 12, 13. Shell wide-oval, depressed or depressed-conical, the apex acute and subcentral. Surface sculptured with rather rude, low separated riblets of which some (about every third or fourth rib) are larger. Color yellowish or delicate pink, marked with distinct red dots be- tween the riblets. There is apparently no epidermis. Often the surface is finely speckled all over with pink, and there is sometimes a blotch of carmine on each side of the apex. The inside is white; the border is very narrow, irregular, translucent gray. There are often reddish- brown dots sparsely scattered along the border, which seem to be under the gray edge. The central tract is short, wide, and either white or of a light salmon color. Length 24, width 19, alt. 7 mill. 38 UM.EA. Bermuda and Key West, Florida, south to Guadeloupe and Vera Cruz, Mexico. Patella punetulata GMELIN, Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3705, no. 68, and again p. 3717, no. 132. — ? P. punctata LAM., An. s. Vert, vi, p. 333, no. 34. — P. puncturata LAM., 1. c., p. 333, no. 35. — RVE, Conch Icon., f. 122 a, b. — Patella pustulata HELBLING, Beitrage zur Kenntniss neuer und seltener Conchylien, in Abhandlungen einer Privatgesell- schaft in Bohmen zur Aufnahme der Mathematik, der Vaterliind- ischen Geschichte und der Naturgeschichte, vi, p. 110, t. 1, f. 12, Prag, 1779. — GMELIN, Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3720, no. 147. — ARANGO, Fauna Mai. Cubana, p. 230. — Patella eubani'ana ORB., Moll. Cuba ii, p. 199, t. 25, f. 4-6. — P. con/ma and P. pulcherrima GUILDING. A very variable shell, but easily known from its West Indian fel- lows. There are sometimes delicate raised laminae in the direction of growth lines, making wide low scales over the ribs. The young are almost always high and conical, very different from the depressed adult form. A frequent variation is illustrated by fig. 5, represent- ing a convex, dome-shaped variety. Specimens from Key West, Fla., are small, thin, and narrower than most from the Islands; they form the var. pulcherrima Guild., of authors. The Bermuda speci- mens are small and conical. Figs. 11-13 represent the cubaniana of Orbigny. A. CANDEANA Orbigny. PI. 5, figs. 91, 92, 93, 94, 95. Shell ovate, depressed, the apex in front of the middle, slopes genily convex ; surface finely, regularly striated radiately ; gray or dull buff, with radiating black lines, often gathered into 7 to 9 broad rays. Inside white (o"r *brown tinted), with a wide translucent-gray border usually closely articulated with brown lines; central area generally brown or brown and white marbled. Length 25, breadth 21, alt. 8 mill. Bahamas and West Florida to Tobago, West Indies. P. Candeana ORB., Moll. Cuba ii, p. 199, t. 25, f. 1-3.— A. can- deana DALL, Cat. Mar. Moll. s.-e. U. S. p. 156. — Patella tenera C. B. AD., Synopsis Conchyliorum Jamaicensium, etc., in Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii, p. 8, 1845.— RVE. Conch. Icon. f. 104. — Patella (Acmcea?) elegans PHIL., Abbild. iii, p. 34 (Patella p. 6, t. 2, f. 2.) More finely and regularly striated than A. punetulata, the apex less erect, more anterior. The color-pattern also is quite different. ACM^A. 39 There is considerable likeness between this species and A.fascicu- laris Mke, a form from the Gulf of California. In thin or young specimens the lines of the outside show through the bluish-white internal layer. Sometimes the light ground-color, sometimes the dark markings predominate in the coloration. The form called elegatis by Philippi (see pi. 5, figs. 96, 97, 98) differs in having the border very narrow. It was described from La Guayra, Venezuela, in 1846; and if I were assured of its identity with candeana, I would call the species Acmcea elegans, as that name has some years priority over Orbigny's. A. candeana is more depressed than A. Carpenteri, with wider, differently marked internal border and different coloration. Var. antillarum Sowb. A curious varietal form referable to A. candeana is figured on pi. 42, figs. 92-95. It is decidedly elevated, the surface having minute radiating striae around the apex, becom- ing obsolete below. It is rayed with narrow, light blue stripes on a blackish ground, dotted with blue around the apex. Inside bluish- white, the body-mark deep chestnut in the young and half-grown (fig. 95), but partly overlaid with white in the adult ; border dark, articulated with light. Length 20, breadth 16, alt. 7 2 mill. The specimens were collected at St. Kitts by Dr. Wm. H. Rush, U. S. N. I have little doubt that this is the Lottia antillarum, some speci- mens in Dr. Rush's collection agreeing exactly Sowerby's figure. Lottia antillarum Sowerby (pi. 5, fig. 7), has never been charac- terized in any way. The original figures are copied on my plate, (see Sowerby, A Conchological Manual, p. 59, fig. 231, 1839.) A. CARPENTERI Pilsbry. PL 33, figs. 70, 71, 72, 73. Shell oval, rather thin ; apex situated near the anterior third of the length, obtusely rounded ; surface very finely, evenly radiately striated all over, rayed with purplish-pink on a light buff ground, the rays 8-12 in number, the anterior ones narrower; more or less flecked with light brown around the apex. Inside white, either immaculate or having a brown spot in the cavity and a narrow outline around the central area ; rays of the exterior generally indistinctly showing through ; margin narrow, buff, with brown spots at the ends of the rays. Length 20£, breadth 15J, alt. 8 mill. West Indies. 40 ACMJEA. A. melanosticta CARPENTER, in Mus. Smithsonian Institution, not P. melanosticta GMEL., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 8724; founded on Die weisse grau gestrahlte and schwartz punctirte Napfschnecke of SCHRCETER, Einleitting in die Conchy lien kenntniss, ii, p. 497, t. vi, f. 9, an unidentifiable but certainly different Acm(m. The young or half grown are often prettily flecked with light brown v-shaped or zigzag markings, most distinctly seen on the in- side (fig. 73). The rays are sometimes absent, and are usually obscure on unworn adult specimens, which are dull and lusterless outside. My figures are drawn from the types in the Smithsonian Institution. The striae are more even, more obsolete than in A. candeana; the apex is more elevated, more anterior, the coloration is of a different pattern, and the internal border is narrower, and either unspotted or with fewer spots than in the candeaiui. The synonymy given above is merely nominal, and is introduced only to explain the labels given by Carpenter to the specimens in the Smithsonian and probably in other collections. Anyone who suspects that this is the melanosticta of Gmelin, after a perusal of his description, may consult the reference in Schroter, and be satisfied that it is not. Gmelin's diagnosis was compiled from Schroter's. A. LEUCOPLEURA Gmelin. PL 5, figs. 16-26. Shell solid, rounded-oval, erectly conical or depressed, the apex subcentral ; surface sculptured with about 12 strong primary ribs, but large specimens have 20 to 30 ribs around the base, the number being increased by the interposition of interstitial ribs, not reaching to the apex. Ribs white, interstices brown or black. Inside white with a narrow gray border usually black dotted, the central area brown or outlined with brown. Length 23, breadth 18, alt. 9 mill. Southivest Florida to Guadeloupe. Patella leucopleura GmeL, Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3699, no. 34. — LAM.? An. s. Vert, vi, p. 332. — Acmcea melanolenca DALL (not Gmelin), Catal. Mar. Moll. S.-E. U. S. p. 156.— P. albicosta C. B. AD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii, p. 8, 1845.— P. albicostata RYE., Conch. Icon. f. 128, 1855.— P. balanoides Rv., L c., f. 137.— P. occidental-is Rv., /. c., f. 135.— f P. cimeliata Rv., I. c., f. 116. There is considerable variation in this species, but it is always much more coarsely ribbed than A. cubensis Rve. The extremes ACM^EA. 41 of form are shown by figs. 18 and 19, representing small specimens. The best figure referred to by Gmelin is that in Knorr's " Vergnugen der Augen, etc. vi, pi. 28, fig. 9, really an excellent figure. The fig- ure in Lister is less characteristic ; and Martini's figures do not belong to this species at all. This last fact precludes the use of the name melanoleuca Gm. for this species, and indeed it is only in the last few years that the name has been so used. The melanoleuca of Keeve is not this shell. Unquestionable synonyms are P. albicosta Ad. (albicostata Rv.), figures 22, 23 ; P. balanoides Rv. figs. 24, 25 ; and P. occidentalis Rv. fig. 26. A more doubtful form is P. cime- liata Rv. figs. 14, 15, of pi. 5, said to be from Honduras. A label in our museum, written by Robert Swift, gives the name " Patella fungus Mke." as a synonym of P. albicosta. I have seen no description of P. fungus. A. CUBENSIS Reeve. PL 4, figs. 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 69, 70. Shell solid, ovate, elevated, the apex a little in front of the middle ; surface sculptured with numerous narrow riblets, often obsolete. Closely marked all over with bifurcating and anastomosing black lines on a white ground, the black sometimes confluent into large blotches. Edge of shell smooth. Inside white with a brown central area marbled with white ; rarely entirely white ; border very narrow, black with light dots, or light with black dots. Length 21, breadth 16, alt. 10 mill. St. Thomas, St. Croix, Guadeloupe etc., West Indies north to the Bahamas. Patella cubensis RVE., Conch. Icon., f. 125, 1855. — P. melanoleuca RVE. I. c., f. 134, not P. melanoleuca GMELIN. — P. leucopleura REEVE, I. c.,f. 138. This is a solid, conical species, having the riblets much more numerous and finer than A. leucopleura, and marked in a peculiar pattern of forking and anastomosing black lines. The variations of this pattern are sufficiently shown by the figures. Of the names applied to this species, none prior to Reeve's can be identified with any confidence. P. melanoleuca Gm. is much more likely to be Subemarginula nolata L. than this species. The figures in Martini referred to by Gmelin correspond exactly with half- grown notata, but are too depressed for A. cubensis; and in any case leucopleura has priority. P. melanosticta Gm. is a wholly differ- ent shell, evidently a depressed species (" planiuscula"), larger and differently marked. Neither description nor figure apply to cubensis. 42 ACM^EA. Figs. 69, 70 are copies of Reeve's illustrations of his cubensis; figs. 56, 57 are melanoleuca Rv. not Gmel. ; figs. 58, 59, 60 are drawn from a large specimen of typical cubensis. Var. SIMPLEX Pilsbry. PI. 4, figs. 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68. Shell having a tendency to be squarely orbicular when fully adult, and much elevated, the black lines continuous, separate, rarely splitting more than once. This is the P. leucopleura of Rv., not Grn. nor Lam. .Specimens from the Bahamas were collected from the shells of Livona pica ; figures 66, 67, 68 were drawn from one of these. Fig. 63 represents a large specimen of the typical form of simplex. Another modification of either the cubensis or the leucopleura stock is figured on pi. 4, figs. 61, 62. It is small, conical, apex erect and subcentral. When cleared of the extraneous calcareous coating it is seen to be either smooth or obsoletely ribbed, the ribs narrow, separated ; marked with blackish-brown radiating blotches which split into two or three branches toward the basal margin. Inside with a dark central area with or without a white central spot, the border black spotted with white. The external color- markings may be faintly seen inside. The exact status and affini- ties of this form are somewhat doubtful. It is abundant at Man- cheoniel and Port Antonio, Jamaica. The locality " West Indies" given in the books for Subemarginula notata L. is probably owing to a confusion of that species with these similar Acrnseas. Specimens of notata marked " Ceylon " are before me, and I have no doubt that it is an oriental species. The very strongly inflexed ends of the muscle-scar, and the slight trace of a groove between the apex of the cavity and the front margin will enable one to separate S, notata from all Docoglossate limpets. A. ONYCHINA Gould. PI. 34, figs. 22, 23, 24. Shell small, thin, irregular, depressed, broadly ovate, with twenty or more obsolete, unequal ribs. The general color is ashy green, with deep olive stripes between the ribs. Besides this, the whole surface is marked with fine radiating striae, and by crowded loose lines of growth, giving the surface a decomposing aspect. Margin sharp, irregular ; interior mottled with cream-color and clear chestnut-brown ; central spatula thick and well marked ; a marginal border is striped alternately chestnut and yellow, answering to the ACMJEA. 43 ribs and intervening spaces. Summit eroded, dark brown. ( Gld.*) Length 20, alt. 6 mill. Barbados to Rio Janeiro, Brazil. f Acmcea subrugosa ORB., Voy. Amer. Merid., p. 479. 1847. — Lottia onychina GLD., U. S. Expl. Exped., p. 355, atlas, f. 461. — Collisella subrugosa DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch. vi, p. 255, t. 14, f. 14 (denti- tion).— Patella (Tectura?) Mulleri DKR., Jahrb. D. M. Ges. ii, p. 246, 1875. The specimens before me are much eroded. I have no doubt that P. mulleri Dkr. is synonymous, but give the original description here for comparison. A. subrugosa Orb. is also in all probability the same, but the description is wholly insufficient for identification, and should not be allowed to displace Gould's excellent diagnosis and good figures. P. mulleri. Shell solid, ovate or elliptical, often irregular, more or less convex, seldom conic ; with weak ribs and fine strise, which also cover the ribs, but are seen only on fresh, un corroded specimens. The obtuse apex lies at about two-fifths the shell's length. From it unequal dark brown streaks radiate, which often split, and which show through on the shining inside, and are especially distinct on the border. The center is whitish or liver-brown; margin acute, simple or subcrenulated. Length 22-24, alt. 10 mill. Bay of Maldonado, and Destero, Province of Sta. Catharina, Brazil, abundant. Undetermined West Indian species. Patella (Acmcea f) antillarum Philippi (as of Sowb.) PI. 5, figs. 8, 9, 10. This is a dark colored, very finely striated, depressed shell. I have seen nothing like it from the West Indies. Philippi gives Antilles as the habitat. There is no resemblance between this and antillarum Sowb. Compare Scurria parastica Orb. (See Phil, Abbild., etc. iii, Patella, t. 2, f. 12.) *** V. JAPANESE SPECIES. The species of Japan are allied 'to those of Western North America. Specimens of all of them have been examined by the writer. 44 AGIOS A. A. SCHRENCKII Lischke. PI. 2, figs. 21, 22, 23, 24. Shell elliptical, much depressed, rather thin. The apex is situated between the front sixth and eighth of the shell's length ; posterior slope convex, its curve generally higher than the apex. Sculptured with very fine, unequal thread-like riblets, which are very closely granose ; of an olive-ashen color, variously marbled with blackish-olive. Inside light blue with a broad blackish border and an ill-defined dark chestnut central area. Length 31, breadth 22-24, alt. 4-6 mill. Ojima and Nagasaki, Japan. P. sehrenekii LISCHKE, Mai. Blat. xv, p. 220 ; Jap. Meeres-Con- chyl. i, p. 107, t. 8, f. 1-4. — Tectura schrenckii DKR., Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 155. My description is drawn from typical specimens collected at Ojima by Mr. Frederick Stearns. The species is variable in mark- ings, the mottling sometimes being converted into stripes obliquely radiating and curving from the central dorsal region. It is closely allied to P. eoncinna, but is of a longer elliptical outline, is more depressed, and the granulation is finer. Still, I am disposed to believe that the two will be united when fuller collections are made. A. CONCINNA Lischke. PI. 2, figs. 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. Shell oval, rather thin ; apex at the front fifth or sixth of the shell's length; posterior slope convex. Surface sculptured with close fine unequal riblets, finely and distinctly granulose ; of a uniform blackish-olive shade, or variegated with olive, green or brown on a very light green ground. Inside light blue, with a wide dark or spotted border, and an ill- defined central darker tract. Length 24, width 20, alt. 6 mill. Yokohama to Enophima, Japan. P. eoncinna Lischke, Mai. Bl. xvii, p. 25 ; Jap. Meeres-Conchyl. ii, p. 98, t. 6, f. 1-6. — Tectura eoncinna DKR., Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap. p. 154. — P. granostriata SCHRENCK, Amurl. Moll. t. 14, f. 1-3. Closely allied to A. schrenckii, probably a variety of that species, but rounder, more elevated, more distinctly granulose. These Japanese forms have much in common with A. scabra of the Cali- fornian coast, but they are abundantly distinct in sculpture, the position of the apex, and the general tone of coloring. ACM^EA. 45 Numerous specimens collected by Frederick Stearns and others are before me, exhibiting considerable variation. A variegated specimen is figured on pi. 9, fig. 30. This species is the P. grano- striata of Schrenck. The true granostriata of Reeve (Conch. Icon., f. 126) described without habitat, is very likely the same as con- cinna ; but without more information it would be mischievous to use that name for this or any other species. A. HEROLDI Dunker. PI. 2, figs. 18, 19, 20, (enlarged) ; PI. 9, figs. 17, 18, 19, 20, 21. Shell small, ovate-elliptical, not much elevated, sculptured with more or less distinct close riblets ; whitish, ornamented in various patterns with brown ; vertex elevated, situated at the anterior fourth of the shell's length. Inside white or bluish, brown in the middle. Length 11, width 8, alt. 4 mill. (Dkr.} Nagasaki and Decima, Japan. P. heroldi DKR. Moll. Jap. p. 24, t. 3, f. 13. — Acmcea heroldi LISCHKE, Jap. Meeres-Conchyl. ii. p. 96. — P. conulus DKR. I.e. p. 24, t. 3. f. 19.— P. pygmasa DKR. /. c. p. 24, t. 3, f. 20. A small species, varying much in degree of elevation, coloration and position of the apex. It passes through the same mutations as most other Acmseas. I have not seen the typical form. Form conulus Dkr. PL 9, figs. 17, 18. Small, much elevated, apex more central. Length 8, breadth 6<], alt. 5 2 mill. The figures are drawn from a specimen before me. Of this form I have seen a good many examples. The radiating riblets are wanting or obsolete ; most are marked with dull olive or brown stripes. Form pygmaa Dkr. PI. 9, figs. 19, 20, 21 (enlarged). This is the narrow form, probably growing on fuci. It is very finely striated radially. The size is smaller than the figures. A. DORSUOSA Gould. PL 33, figs. 88, 89, 90 ; PL 9, figs. 15, 16. Shell oval, elevated conical, having the form of A. persona Esch. ; solid. Apex curved forward, situated one-eighth of the shell's length from the anterior end. Surface having strong irregularly nodose radiating cords, separated by spaces of greater width than the ribs and having occasional strongly marked concentric depres- sions, indicating periods of growth arrest. Color, blackish-brown 46 ACM^A. with irregular obscure lighter olive-yellow streaks in the interstices. Interior bluish-white ; border not distinctly defined, having indis- tinct dark tesselations. Central area defined and obscurely clouded with dark chestnut. Length 30, breadth 24 i, alt. 14 mill. Hakodadi, Japan. A. dorsuosa OLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii, p. 162,1859. Otia,p. 115.— WATSON, Challenger Gastrop. p. 29, t. 4,f. 1. This species, which I have figured and described from types, is evi- dently allied to A. persona and pelta of the Californian coast, but is quite distinct. The ribs are variable in number, 20 to 27 being de- veloped ; they are obsolete in front. The periods of arrested growth are strongly marked. It is likely that " Tectura digitalis " reported from Hakodadi by Dunker (Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap. p. 154) is this species. No other Japanese Acmcea is so strongly ribbed as this. Watson figures a slightly differing variety from Oosima, See pi. 9, figs. 15, 16. * ** VI. INDO-PACIFIC, AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND SPECIES. The Australian region is rich in forms of Acmcea, but the number of species is doubtless less than are herein admitted. The lack of extensive suites has prevented me from working up the synonymy as fully as I would desire. There are but few Polynesian AcmaBas, and a still smaller number are found in the Indian Ocean. The following species I have not seen : A. biradiata Rv., rugosa Q. & G., cinaulata Hutton, conoidea Q. & G., petterdi T.-W., septi- formis Q. & G., laciniata Rv., cantharus Rv., seabrilirata Ang., flammea Q. & G., subundulata Ang., pileopsis Q. & G., orbicularis Q. & G., mixta Rv., elongata Q. & G., punctata Q. & G., squamosa Q.&G. A. CONOIDALIS Pease. PL 33, figs. 93, 94, 95. Shell solid, thick, short-oval, elevated, straightly conical, the apex erect, pointed, subcentral, slopes of the cone straight or the posterior a little convex. Surface sculptured with numerous close, rather fine radiating threads, alternately larger. Whitish or yellowish- white. Edge thick, very finely crenulated. Inside yellowish, the central area opaque white. Basal side mar- gins somewhat arched. Length 22, breadth 17, alt. 11 mill. Raratonga, Cook Is. ; Hervey Is. ACM^EA. 47 Tectura eonoidalis PSE., Amer. Journ. Conch, iv, p. 98, t. 11, f. 22. — MARTENS & LANGKAVEL, Donura Bisraarkianum, p. 51. Allied to A. mitra, but more obviously radiately ribbed than any of the varieties of that species, and differing in the yellowish interior, with opaque white central tract. The largest specimen before me measures, length 28, breadth 23, alt. 14 mill. The species varies considerably in degree of elevation. A. GARRETTII Pilsbry. PL 33, figs. 96, 97, 98. Shell small, oval, conical, the apex acute, erect, slightly in front of the middle ; slopes convex. Surface having numerous close radi- ating riblets, of which a few (about seven) are generally larger. Color dull blackish-brown, or gray with lines of dark. Inside white, the large central area either solid blackish-brown or clouded ; border narrow, black or light, dotted dark brown. Length 13, breadth 10; alt. 5 mill. Length 11, breadth 9, alt 5 •} mill. Viti Islands. A small species, collected by Garrett, and apparently distinct from the described Australasian forms, as well as from the few described from Polynesia* The figures represent a strongly sculpt- ured specimen, but some specimens have the riblets more nearly equal in size, and in some the color, both inside and out, is lighter. It is a very solid little shell, somewhat similar to some forms of A. cubensis. It is much more solid and differently sculptured than A. mitella. The only species reported from the Viti Islands besides A. sacch- arina is a Patella nana Dkr., enumerated in the Mus. Godeffroy Catal. v, p. 149, 1874; but I have been able to find no description of it. It is again catalogued in the Catal. vi, Nachtrage zu Catal. v, p. 91, 1877. A. STRIATA Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 19, figs. 37, 38 ; PI. 35, figs. 25-29. Shell orbicular, convex, very delicately striated, brown or black ; inside sky-blue, the margin brown. Apex obtuse. A large species, nearly round ; the summit is anterior. Length 30, breadth 25, alt. 6 mill. (Q.) . Licoupang, Celebes. Patelloida striata Q. & G., Astrol. p. 353, t. 71, f. 8-11.— Patella striata Rv., Conch. Icon. f. 58 (not fig. 99). The additional locality, Philippine Is., is given by Reeve. 48 ACM.EA. A number of specimens of this form are before me. They differ from A. borneensis Rv. only in being more distinctly striated and darker colored. The largest specimen I have seen measures, length 43, breadth 39, alt. 9 mill. VAR. BORNEENSIS Reeve. 'PL 35, figs. 25, 26, 27, 28, 29. Shell rounded-oval, rather thin, depressed, the apex at about the anterior third ; slopes convex ; surface nearly smooth, but obscurely radiately striated ; dull-grayish-white with close hair-like radiating black lines and more or less speckled with brown or blackish, these last markings frequently forming obscure darker rays ; sometimes blackish all over. Inside bluish-white, with a wide dark border and a small brown central area. Muscle-scar inconspicuous, remote from the margin. Length 29, width 24, alt. 7 mill. Amboyna ; North Coast of Borneo. P. borneensis Rv. Conch. Icon. f. 113, 1855. — Collisella borneen- sis DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch, vi, p. 259, t. 15, f. 17 (dentition) ; t. 17, f. 38 (shell). — A. Bickmorei DALL mss. A depressed species, nearly smooth, hair-lined with deep brown or black and more or less speckled with the same color. I have seen none with the rays so pronounced as in Reeves figure. A. FLUVIATILIS Blanford. PL 35, figs. 40, 41, 42. Shell much depressed, conical, subcircularly oval, thin, covered with a very dark olive epidermis, always eroded at the subcentral apex ; marked with fine radiating raised lines, and with close and minute concentric striae of growth. Inside the shell is bluish-white, sometimes with one or mofe milky concentric bands, or the whole interior is milky, except the cavity of the apex which is invariably ferruginous. (Blanf.) Length 2H, breadth 20, alt. 6 mill. Length 20, breadth 17, alt. 5-1 mill. Length 14, breadth 12, alt, 4 mill. Delta of the Irawadi River, Pegu. Teetura ftuviatilis W. T. BLANFORD, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, xxxvi, pt. 2, 1867, p. 62, t. 13, f. 2, 3, 4 (1868). This species is found on rocks, rarely on trunks of trees, in many of the creeks near high -water mark, in brackish water. It was not met with near the sea, where the water was very salt. The foot is ACM^EA. 49 large, filling the cavity of the shell, muzzle broad, tentacles long and fine, mouth not notched beneath. It does not appear to keep to one place and form a hole for itself like some Patellse, but it is very sluggish in its movements. (Blanfy ' The only specimen of this species which I have seen is in the col- lection of Dr. W. H. Dall. It has the appearance of an ordinary Acmcea of the type of A. striata Q. & G. A. BIRADIATA Reeve. PL 42, figs. 88, 89. Shell nearly orbicular, conoidly depressed, apex nearly central ; radiately striately ridged ; whitish, rayed with blue-black near the margin, conspicuously ornamented posteriorly with two broad, pale bands ; interior vividly painted with the same color. (Reeve}. China Seas. P. biradiata RVE., Conch. Icon. f. 142. A. HIEROGLYPHICA Dall. PI. 33, figs. 77, 78, 79. Shell small, stout, rugged, with a sub-central, more or less eroded apex moderately elevated. Muscular impression pyriform. Shape of shell ovate; exterior with rather strong white ribs, 14-20 in number, with riblets between them, interspaces brown. Stride of growth somewhat imbricated, less prominent on the ribs. Internally white, with brown maculae on the margin corresponding to the brown interspaces of the exterior. Margin strongly crenulated. Spectrum pyriforrn with the smaller end anterior, consisting of a sharp black line forming a pyriform figure with three longitudinal black lines inside of it. In the larger specimens these have a faint bluish halo about them, but in the smaller they are simply black on a white ground. The same figure of less size is conspicuous on the outside of the eroded apex, soft parts unknown. (Dall.) Length 7, breadth 51, alt. 1J mill. China. A. hieroglyphica DALL, A. J. C. vi, p. 258, t. 17, f. 37. This little species of the A. spectrum group, has much resem- blance to the Chilian species A. ceciliana. I have seen no specimen but the type, which was found in a box of Chinese shells in a San Francisco tea shop. A. SACCHARINA Linne. PI. 36, figs. 60, 61, 62, 78 ; pi. 18, figs. 31, 32; pi. 24, figs. 12,13. 50 ACM^A. Shell solid, conical, having seven prominent, angular radiating ribs, projecting at the margin ; surface finely radiately striated when not eroded ; variously marked with black blotches, usually v-shaped, on a whitish ground. Inside white, the border gray marked with black or entirely black ; central area with a patch of black or deep brown, covered over with white in old specimens. Length 40, breadth 30, alt. 18 mill. Viti and Fiji Is ; Amboyna to Japan. P. saccharina L., Syst. Nat. x, p. 781, no. 660. — REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 72. — LISCHKE, Jap. Meeres-Conchyl. p. 113, 1869.— DUNKER, Index Moll. Mar. Jap. p. 155. — Acmcea saccharina HAN- LEY, in Wood's Index Test., 2d edit. p. 185, 1856. — Collisella sac- charina DALL, Am. Journ. Conch, vi, p. 259, 1. 15, f. 18 (dentition). — Patella lanx Rv., Conch. Icon. f. 82. The typical saccharina is best represented by the figures 60-62 of PL 36. Sometimes smaller ribs are developed between the principal ones, as in PI. 18, figs. 31, 32. Reeve's P. lanx (PI. 24, figs. 12, 13,) is not a constant color variety. Var. STELLARIS Q. & G. PL 36, figs. 63, 64, 67, 68. Resembles saccharina in form. Central area of the inside dotted with brown. New Ireland, etc. Patelloida stellaris Q. & G.. Voy. Astrol. Zool. iii, p. 356, t. 71, f. 1-4, 1834 — Patella stella LESSON, Voy. de la Coquille, Zool. ii, p. 421, 1830. — P. octoradiataHuTTON. See below. A beautiful variety, of which numerous specimens from the col- lection of Mr. John Ford, of Philadelphia are before me, (figs. 63, 64). The types of Quoy & Gaimard (figs. 67, 68,) differ somewhat from the shells before me, in having the ribs more prolonged at the margins, but agree in the number of principal rays, seven, and the dotted spatula. Reeves P. stellaris is unlike the true stellaris in hav- ing eight principal ribs and a solid brown spatula. See below. The name proposed by Lesson is anterior in date (1830), but be- ing briefly described without a figure, is scarcely entitled to displace the unmistakable diagnosis and good figures given by Quoy. Var. PERPLEX A Pilsbry. PL 36, figs. 69, 70, 71. Depressed, star-shaped, with four large rounded ribs behind, three in front of the apex ; ribs and intervals closely striated. White or creamy, with fine radiating reddish-brown lines. ACM^EA. 51 Interior white with a few flesh-colored spots ; border narrow, dot- ted with pinkish. Length 31, breadth 27, alt. 8 mill. ; a smaller specimen measures, length 21, breadth 20, alt. 4J mill. Australia (Phil. Acad. Coll.) ? P. stellaris REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 114, not stellaris Q. &. G. — ? P. octoradiata BUTTON, Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Z. p. 44, 1873.—? P. stellaris (Q. & G.) HUTTON, Journ. de Conchyl. 1878, p. 37. It is with great doubt that I give the above synonymy for this species or variety, for Hutton has never made clear what his octora- diata really is ; referring it first to stellaris Q., and then omitting it from his Manual of 1880. It is, however, fair to assume that in 1880 he included his specimen under the name P. stella Lesson. Lesson's species is no doubt completely synonymous with Quoy's P. stellaris ; and I, therefore, offer a new and definite appellation for this form. The Patella stellaris Rv. (not Q. & G.) is an octo- radiate limpet resembling somewhat the shells above described, but not agreeing in characters with any of the specimens before me. Reeve's figures are copied on pi. 36, figs. 65, 66. They should be compared with certain varieties of Patella pentagona. Under whatever name this variety or species is ultimately placed, it is well characterized by the number of ribs, which is constant in the large suite before me, the rounded form of the ribs and their striated surface. The interior does not have the dots characteristic of A. stellaris Q. & G. The ribs are not carinated as in Patella longicosta Linn., nor are interstitial riblets developed. Two ribs are upon the central longitudinal line of the shell ; which is not the case in A. sacckarina or A. stellaris. A. COSTATA Sowerby. PI. 36, figs. 72-77. Shell solid, ovate, conical, apex a little in front of the middle ; slopes convex or straight ; surface having 17 to 25 strong unequal ribs, the ends of which denticulate the margin. Inside white, with a narrow gray border, often having black scallops between the marginal projections ; the central area is more or less clouded with brown, usually having a distinct outline. The inner surface is sometimes stained with patches of livid purplish, light olive or brown. Length 36, breadth 29, alt. 13 mill. South Australia ; Tasmania ; Chatham Is. Lottia f costata SOWB., Moll, of Beechey's Voyage, p. 147, t. 39, f. 2, 1839. — Acmcea costata TENISON-WOODS, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 52 for 1876, p. 50, 1877 (animal).— P. alticostata AD. & ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 56, t. 2, f. 11.— Patella costata ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 221. A very variable form in sculpture and coloration. The outside is dull, usually corroded; rubbed specimens which have black scallops on the border show narrow lunate black markings in the spaces between the ribs. Figures 72, 73 are Angas's alticostata ; the other figures are drawn from specimens before me. A. MARMORATA Tenison-Woods. PL 42, figs. 66-70. Shell irregularly ovate, low-conical, the apex eroded, at about the anterior third. Surface dull, eroded, having 7 to 10 wide ribs, often sub-obsolete. The ribs are light, interstices dull black ; edge of the shell irregular. Inside having black stripes between the ribs, which are indicated by light stripes; central area yellowish-brown, closely dotted or marbled with black. There is a snow-white line just within the muscle-scar. Length 15, breadth 13, alt. 5 mill. Tasmania ; Port Jackson, N. S. Wales, Australia. Acmcea marmorata TENISON-WOOD, Proc. & Rep. Roy. Soc. Tasm. for 1875, p. 156, 1876 ; Ibid. 1876, p. 53, 1877. May be known at once by the peculiarly dotted, marbled interior. There is a variety which may be called submarmorata, in which the inside is not distinctly radiately striped around the central area, the white line within the muscle-impression is narrow or obsolete, and the outer surface has numerous rather narrow riblets in place of the few wide ribs of the typical form. This variety is from Port Jackson. It is represented on pi. 42, figs. 69, 70. A. RUGOSA Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 37, figs. 5, 6. Shell ovate, conic, with radiating rugose unequal ribs; margin crenulated ; broadest behind ; apex sub-median, acute; inside bluish, border and center blackish-chestnut. Length 16, breadth 12, alt. 6 mill. (§.) Amboyna. PateUoida rugosa Q. & G., Astrol. p. 366, t. 71, f. 36, 37. Compare A. lacunosa Rve. A. LACUNOSA Reeve. PL 37, figs. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. Shell small, oblong, apex near the front third, or nearer the mid- dle ; 'surface dull, lusterless, rough and irregular, having 18 to 24 ACM^A. 53 rude, strong, usually unequal ribs, which denticulate the margin ; the ribs are whitish, interstices dull-black ; sometimes the whole shell is of a light buff- tint. Inside white with either a blue or a pink tint ; central area irreg- ularly clouded with rust-brown or black, showing through a thin white layer ; border white, black, or dotted. Length 14, breadth 10, alt. 4£ mill. New Zealand. Patella lacunosa REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 120, 1855. — Acmcea cor- ticata HUTTON, Man. N. Z. Moll. p. 89, 1880. — f Fissurella rubiginosa BUTTON, Cat. N. Z. Moll. p. 42, teste Martens Zool. Rec. x, p. 150. A small, roughly sculptured species, with much the aspect of Siplionaria. This likeness is increased by the frequent unsym met- rical distortions of the shell. Reeve figured a clear buff specimen ; but this coloration is comparatively rare, only one out of twenty- three shells before me being wholly without the black stripes. When the outside lacks stripes, the inside is very light, its border without dark dots. The young often snow dark rays within like A.jackson- iensis. I have some doubt about the A. rubiginosa. It may prove a dis- tinct species, being shorter and rounder. The original description is given in the MANUAL Vol. XII, p. 216. See also torn. ciL p. 291. A. CINGULATA Hutton. Shell moderately thick, white, oval, conical ; apex about one-third of the length from the anterior end ; about 30 to 50 low radiating ribs. Interior white, the margin light brownish-pink, banded with white. Length *56, breadth '45, alt, '2 inch. (Hutton.) Lyttelton and Dunedin, New Zealand. A. eingulata HUTTON, Trans. N. Z. Institute, xvi, p. 215, t. 11, f- 5 (dentition), 1884. The shell much resembles that of A. lacunosa Rve. (=corticaria Hutton), but the ribs are finer and the margin differently colored ; the teeth, however, are very different ; it may prove to be a variety of A. rubiginosa, the dentition of which is not yet known. (Hutton.} A. CONOIDEA Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 37, figs. 84, 85. Shell ovate, arcuate, decidedly conical, apex obtuse, rounded ; ashen ; inside corneous-brown, margin spotted. 54 ACM^EA. Length 13, breadth 10, alt. 11 mill. (§.) Port Lincoln, S. Australia, on stones at low water ; Sow & Pigs Reef, Port Jackson. Patelloida conoidea Q. & G., Astro!., p. 355, t. 71, f. 5-7.— Acmcea conoidea ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 186. A. CALAMUS Crosse & Fischer. PI. 37, figs. 3, 4. Shell small, round-oval, erectly conical, apex in front of the middle, slopes nearly straight. Surface sculptured with many acute, unequal radiating riblets; dull pinkish-white, often with some ir- regular dark brown markings. Inside white, lilac or pink-tinted, central area more opaque white with a small brown spot in its depth ; border sparsely spotted with brown. Length 10?, breadth 9, alt. 5 to 6 mill. Port Lincoln, on stones at low water ; Tasmania* Patella calamus C. & F. Journ. de Conchyl. 1864, p. 348 ; 1865, t. 3, f. 7, 8. — Acmcea calamus ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 186. A. ALBA Tenison- Woods. PI. 42, figs. 76, 77, 78. Shell broad, oval, depressed, scabrous, thin, white, subshining; apex sub-median, acute; radiated with numerous small, acute, un- equal scaly-granose ribs, gathered into groups ; interstices delicately and most closely undulose-striate. Inside shining-white, sometimes rayed or clouded with pale-brown ; no spatula. Margin acute, slightly undulating, elegantly fringed with a pale-tawny line. Length 26, width 22, alt. 7 mill. (T.-W.) North Coast of Tasmania. A. alba T.-W. Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. for 1876, p. 155, 1877. A white, silky species ; porcellanous inside and delicately mar- gined with light-brown, not unlike the Chinese umbrella-shell, but. smaller. The fine scabrous ribs are gathered sometimes into a bun- dle, which thus forms a compound rib. It is very different from any other southern form, and rare. ( T.-W.) The single specimen of this species before me does not agree very well with the original description. This specimen is figured on my plate. A. PETTERDI Tenison-Woods. Unfigured. Shell broadly ovate, tumid, depressed, apex acute and subniar- ginal ; shining, dull white, very closely undula.tely striate with con- centric growth lines and indistinctly radiated with wide, rude tawny ACM^EA. 55 interrupted sulci. Margin acute, elegantly fringed within with chestnut or tawny ; inside white, clouded with pale chestnut ; spat- ula tawny, sharply defined. Length 22, breadth 20, alt. 7 mill. (T.-TF.) Northwest coast of Tasmania. A.petterdi T.-W.,Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. for 1876, p. 155, 1877. Larger than A. septiformis, an old enlarged specimen of which it somewhat resembles. It is dull white and shining, with the lines of growth very distinctly marked. A. SEPTIFORMIS Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 37 figs. 93, 94. Shell oval, convex, very delicately radiately striated, tessellated with green or white, ornamented with radiating brown lines ; inside blue or whitish, lineolate with brown. Length 14, breadth 12, alt. 6 mill. (§.) King Georges Port, W. Australia, Kiama and near New Castle, New South Wales ; Tasmania ; on rocks between tides. Patelloida septiformis Q. & G., Astrol., p. 262, t. 71, f. 43, 44.— Tectura septiformis ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 220. — Acmcea septi- formis TEN.-WOODS, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. for 1876, p. 50, 1877, (animal.) A. scabrilirata Angas, and A. cantharus Rve. are considered synonymous by Tenison- Woods. A. LACINIATA Reeve. PL 35, figs. 36, 37. Shell oblong, ovate, rather sharply convex, laterally slightly com- pressed, radiately densely elevately striated ; whitish, reticulately rayed everywhere promiscuously with numerous fine red lines, net- work around the apex interruptedly open ; interior bluish-white. (Eve.) Australia. P. laciniata RVE. Conch. Icon. f. 100, 1855. Compare the following species. A. CANTHARUS Reeve. PL 37, figs. 1, 2. Shell ovate, rather thin, convex ; apex very anterior, sharp, hooked; smooth; black, irregularly blotched with white; interior blackish-chestnut. (Hve.~) New Zealand ; Tasmania f P. cantharus Rv., Conch. Icon. f. 131, 1855. — A. cantharus HUT- TON, Man. N. Z. Moll. p. 88, 1880. 56 AOM^A. A. SCABRILIRATA Angas. Unfyured. Shell small, thin, subovate, a little planate ; outside of a whitish or gray color, variously maculated and penciled, sometimes streaked ; very elegantly ornamented with more or less distant, most minutely granulose, very acute radiating riblets, the interstices wide, flat. Apex curving forward, at the third or fourth of the length. Inside very shining bluish-green, varied with reddish-brown ; margin wide* tesselated or penciled ; central area rarely conspicuous. (Angas.) Length 12 mill. Port Jackson ; Port Phillip ; Port Lincoln ; Hobsorfs Bay, Viet. ; Holdfast Bay, St. Vincents Gulf. A. scabrilirata ANG., P. Z. S. 1865, p. 154 ; I. c., p. 186 ; /. c. 1867, p. 220. This small and tender, but exceedingly beautiful species is gener- ally more or less abraded ; but when perfect is easily recognized by the sculpture, which consists of distant, extremely slender riblets, each of which consists of, or is surmounted by, a series of minute granules. A rare variety is striped like the young of A. pelta (A. strigillata Nutt) ; but in general it is more or less, mottled, some- times delicately penciled, like A . fascicularis Mke., from the Gulf of California. May be a form of A. septiformis. A. CHATHAMENSIS Pilsbry. PI. 35, figs. 43, 44, 45, 46. Shell oval, depressed, apex within the middle third of the length ; radiately striated; interruptedly banded ani spotted with umber on a white ground. Spatula chestnut, well-defined ; border wide, light with brown dots and lines. The surface has even rather fine, close and obsolete radiating riblets. The coloration is peculiar, consisting of dots, spots and stripes formed of interrupted brown lines. The stripes when present are 8 or 10 in number. The inside is white or suffused with yellow, with a brown central area and a wide border variously marked. Length 30, breadth 24, alt. 6* mill. Length 24, breadth 20*, alt. 8i mill. Chatham Is. This very pretty white species is quite different from any known to me from any part of the world. ACM^A. 57 A FLAMMEA Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 37, figs. 78-83. Shell small, ovate-conic, very delicately radiately striated, buff, flamed and reticulated with brown. Aperture brown, white or yellowish, with a blackish border. Length 10, breadth 8, alt. 5 mill. (§.) Hobart-town, Tasmania; Isl. of Guam, Marianne Archipel. Patelloida flammea Q. & G., Astrol. p. 354, t. 71, f. 15-24.— Acmcea flammea TENISON-WOODS, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. for 1876> p. 51 (animal). The elliptical, convex and turgidly conical form of the shell, as well as its greater solidity will separate this species from A. septi- formis. Mr. Tenison- Woods refers A. subundulata Angas to this species, with doubt. A. SUBUNDULATA Angas. Unfigured. Shell small, thin, oval, elevated ; outside of a pale brownish-cor- neous color, variously maculated or streaked with brown ; radiating line obsolete, a trifle undulating ; growth-strias very close ; apex scarcely curved forward, more or less anterior, at a third or two- fifths the shell's length. Inside brownish, variously maculated or streaked with blackish-brown ; spatula usually dark ; margin scarce- ly apparent. Length 13, breadth 10, alt. 5? mill. (Angas.) Port Jackson ; Port Phillip ; Port Lincoln ; Hobsoris Bay, South- ern Australia; between tide marks. A. subundulata ANG., P. Z. S. 1865, p. 155; I. c.p. 186; ibid. 1867, p. 220. A variation has the inside paler, radiating streaks narrow. A. PILEOPSIS Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 37, figs. 90, 91, 92. Shell ovate-convex, very finely radiately striated ; blackish, dotted and netted with whitish ; apex recurved to the margin ; inside bluish, margin black, the center of a chestnut color. ( §.) Length 18, breadth 14, alt. 8 mill. Bay of Islands and the French Pass to Dunedin, New Zealand; Auckland Is. Patelloida pileopsis Q, & G., Voy. Astrol., p. 359, t. 71, f. 25-27. — Acmcea pileopsis HUTTON, Manual N. Z. Moll., p. 88, 1880. A. ORBICULARIS Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 37, figs. 95-99. Shell conical, orbicular, transversely striated, reddish-green, marked with radiating brown or reddish rays ; inside bluish ; ver- tex submedian. Length 18, alt. 6 mill. (§.) Island of Vanikoro. 58 ACM^A. Patelloida orbicularis Q. & G., Astrol. iii, p. 363, t. 71, f. 31, 32 ; var., f. 33, 35. A variety Cpl. 37, figs. 95-97) from Amboyna is less rounded, more oblong. A. JACKSONIENSIS Keeve. PI. 42, figs. 71-75. Shell ovate, conical, the apex near the middle or somewhat in front of it ; surface smooth (or obsoletely radiately striated), dull, usually corroded or incrusted ; color whitish rayed with brown. Inside conspicuously rayed with brown and white ; the central area variously mottled with brown, or continuing the rays ; border narrow, scarcely different from the rest of the inside layer in color. Length 19, breadth 15£, alt. 8 mill. Port Jackson, Australia, on rocks at low tide. Patella Jacksoniensis Rv., Conch. Icon. f. 127, 1855. — *Tedura jacksoniensis ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 220. The smooth exterior and prominently rayed interior are the more striking characters of this species. The central area inside is vari- ously clouded ; often the rays are continued into it. When the center is entirely dark it is peculiar in shape ; see fig. 75. There is often a tendency to form a white line just within the muscle-impression. A depressed specimen measures, length 18, alt. 5? mill. Var. MIXTA Reeve. PL 35, figs. 32, 33. Shell ovate, rather thin, conoid, compressed at the sides ; apex rather anterior, obsoletely decussately striated ; peculiarly mottled with black and yellow, variegated in the interior. A thin, peculiar mottled shell, with somewhat the aspect of our northern P. testudinalis. (Eve.~) Port Phillip, Australia. P. mixta RVE., Conch. Icon., f. 129, 1855. Seems to be a synonym or variety of A. jacksoniensis. A. CRUCIS Tenison- Woods. PI. 37, figs. 12, 13, 17, 18, 19. Shell oval, conical, apex somewhat in front of the middle ; slopes nearly straight ; surface smooth, without radiating sculpture', lines of growth fine, regular. Color a dead-white, with white apex, sur- rounded by a small brown ring, from which four brown stripes, (in the direction of major and minor axes of the shell) radiate. These stripes sometimes do not reach to the basal margin ; some- times they split, and additional stripes appear in the intervals. ACM^EA. 59 Inside white, usually showing the brown stripes faintly through ; central area usually brown or outlined with brown, clouded with light blue in the middle. Length 22, breadth 17, alt. 9 mill. Tasmania. A. crucis T.-W., Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. for 1876, p. 52, and animal p. 53, 1877. Perfect, unworn specimens do not show the maltese cross of brown at the apex, it being covered by the outer layer ; and they have a narrow brown border. The figures represent specimens somewhat worn. A. ELONGATA Quoy and Gaiinard. PI. 37, figs. 86, 87. Shell small, ovate-elongated, fragile and pellucid; subconvex, smooth, greenish, ornamented with longitudinally reticulating reddish lines; inside white; apex marginal. Length 6, width 4 mill. (§.) • King George Sound, S. W. A ustralia. Patelloida elongata Q. & G., Astrol., p. 358, t. 71, f. 12-14. A. PUNCTATA Quoy & Gaimard. PL 37, figs. 88, 89. Shell small, oval, fragile, convex, smooth, whitish or buff, very delicately dotted with reddish ; inside white, apex obtuse, at the margin. Length 6 mill. (Q.) King George's Port, S* W. Australia. Patelloida punctata Q. & G., Astrol., p. 365, t. 71, f. 40-42. A. FRAGILIS Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 37, figs. 14, 15. Shell membranaceous, pellucid, ovate, flattened ; smooth, green, ornamented with concentric brown rings ; inside with an emerald ring around the muscle-impression, margin brown. Length 15, width 12, alt. 2 mill. The apex is anterior, sub-marginal, a little to the left of the middle. East Coast of the North Island, New Zealand, under stones. Patelloida ffagilis Q. & G., Voy. Astrol. iii, p. 351 1. 71, f. 28-30. — Lottia fragilis GRAY, DiefF. N. Z. ii, p. 240, — Aemcea fragilis HUTTON, Man. N. Z. Moll. p. 89, 1880. — Patella solandri COLENSO, Tasmania Journal of Natural Science ii, pp. 226, 250, 1841 ; Trans. N. Z. Institute, xiv, p. 168, 1882. — P. unguis-almce LESSON, Voy. de la Coquille, Zool. ii, p. 420. This is one of the most peculiar and distinct species. In its flat, scale-like form and green color it is unlike anything else. 60 ACM^EA. A. SQUAMOSA Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 35, figs. 34, 35. Shell orbicular, stibplane, fragile, radiately very delicately striated, painted with green and brown areoles ; inside bluish, margin black- ish, center chestnut colored. Length 16, breadth 14, alt. 4 mill. Isle of France. Patelloida squamosa Q. & G., Astrol. iii, p. 260, t. 71, f. 38, 39. VII. SPECIES OF UNKNOWN HABITAT. The original figures and descriptions of these are copied. I have been able to identify none of them, and they have not been noticed by other authors. A. ACHATES Reeve. PL 35, figs. 38, 39. Shell ovate, rather thin, convexly depressed, radiately densely striated, striae here and there finely corded ; intense black, irre- gularly variegated with lightning-marked white rays ; interior bluish, with a broad black variegated border. (Eve.) Habitat unknown. P. achates RVE., Conch. Icon., f. 123, 1855. A. LENTIGINOSA Reeve. PL 37, figs. 20, 21. Shell ovate,* convex, apex inclined anteriorly, obtuse, radiately striated, striae more or less eroded ; whitish, interruptedly rayed and promiscuously wave-freckled with blackish chestnut; interior bluish-white. This species is well-characterized by the promiscuous wave- freckled style of its dark chestnut painting. (Eve.) Habitat unknown. P. lentiginosa Rv., Conch. Icon., f. 110. It is very difficult, in the absence of locality, to identify limpets. The species from different parts of the world sometimes resemble each other so closely. This should be compared with the form described by me as A. chathamensis, and with the more speckled forms of A. borneensis. A. LIMA Reeve. PL 33, figs. 86, 87. Shell oblong-ovate, convex, apex anterior, rather hooked, radi- ately closely ridge-striated, striae very minutely prickly-scaled; greenish-olive, interior bright, blue green, purple-brown at the mar- gin. (Eve.) Habitat unknown. SCTJRRIA. 61 A. lima Rv., Conch. Icon. f. 144, 1855. A. NIMBUS Keeve. PL 35, fig. 30, 31. Shell ovate, slightly attenuated anteriorly, rather sharply convex ; apex somewhat anterior ; everywhere decussately wave-striated, the radiating stride being the stronger ; olive, elegantly rayed with faint yellow, purplish around the apex. The rays of this species are very softly expressed, and have more the appearance of rays of light than is presented by any other species, whilst the surface striae are finely waved throughout. (Rye.) Habitat unknown- P. nimbus KVE., Conch. Icon., f. 143. A. TJNCINATA Keeve. PL 33, figs. 91, 92. Shell ovate, sharply conoid, apex a little hooked anteriorly ; radi- ately profusely finely ridged, interstices obscurely cancellated; whitish, tessellated or diagonally streaked with blackish-brown ; interior bluish-white, transparent, tessellated and stained with faint chestnut. (Eve.) Habitat unknown. P. uncinata RVE., Conch. Icon. f. 141. Spurious Species. Tectura pusilla JefFr.=CoccuLiNA. Tectura adunca Jeffr.==CoccuLiNA. Tectura galeola Jeffr.=CoccuLiNA. Nacella peltoides Cpr. belongs to SIPHONARIID^E. Tectura tahitensis and T. radiata Pse.= PATELLA. Genus SCURRIA Gray, 1847. Scurria GRAY, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 158 ; Guide Syst. Dist. Moll. B. M. p. 171. — DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch, vi, p. 262. — Not Scurria Cpr. — Helcion, Lottia and Acmcea, in part, of authors. Shell patelliform. Animal having a branchial plume as in Acmwa, and an accessory branchial cordon extending entirely around the foot, or interrupted in front. Formula of radula 1 (2-l'0'l-2) 1. This genus differs from Acmcea in possessing a branchial cordon, like Patella, in addition to the branchial plume. It agrees with Acmwa in dentition (S. mesoleuca, pi. 39, fig. 22). The subgenus Lottia differs from typical Scurria in having the branchial cordon interrupted over the head, but this distinction alone seems scarcely sufficient for generic separation. 62 SCURRIA. Numerous specimens of all the following species have been exam- ined by the author. S. SCURRA Lesson. PL 39. figs. 16, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27. Shell solid, straightly conical, elevated, the outline short oval, or nearly round, apex sub-central. Surface smooth, having fine incon- spicious radiating striae and concentric lines of growth. Color light- brown or buff, outer layer with a waxen translucency. Specimens are not infrequent in which the growth has been inter- rupted, producing an abrupt change in the color, or giving the steep, volcano-like cone, a terraced appearance. The apex, when retained, has the shape of a tiny Lottia gigantia. It lacks radiating striae, but is colored with several brown stripes, as shown in figs. 23, 24 of PI. 39. The interior is pure white. • Length 32, breadth 28, alt. 18 mill. Length 27, breadth 22, alt. 22 mill. 12° to 41° S. Lat. West Coast of South America. Patella scurra LESS., Voy de la Coquille, Zool., p. 421, 1830.— Acmcea scurra Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid. v, p. 478, t. 64, f. 11-14. — GAY, Hist. Chile, Zool. viii, p. 252, Atlas t. 4, f. 11.— Scurria scurra GRAY, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 171. — DALL, Amer. Jour. Conch, vi, 263.— Lottia pallidaSw., Moll. Beechey's Voy. p. 147, t. 39, f. 1, 1839.— Lottia conica GLD., Moll. U. S. Expl. Exped. p. 346.— Acmcea cymbula HUPE in Gay, Historia de Chile, Zool. viii p. 252, Atlas, t. 4, f. 12, 1854. This straightly conical species resembles the Californian Acmcea mitra Esch. in form. It differs in being of a buff color, in the acute, anteriorly directed apex, etc. S. ZEBRINA Lesson. PI. 1, figs. 10, 11. Shell ovate, elevated, apex in front of the middle ; slopes some- what convex. Surface having 12 strong radiating ribs, about as wide as their interstices or narrower ; these ribs making the margin strongly notched, when their ends are not eroded. Ground color greenish, the intervals between the ribs (or sometimes the whole sur- face) closely marked with triangular black blotches. Inside smooth, muscle-scar white, scarcely impressed, the area within it chestnut colored with a darker border, becoming lighter with age, until in old shells it is almost entirely concealed by the white layer. The area outside of the muscle-scar is white or slightly SCURRIA. 63 clouded with brown. Edge of the shell deeply sinuated by the ribs, articulated with black ; inside of this there is a narrow blue band. Length 54, breadth 44, alt. 20 mill. Chili. P. zebrina LESSON, Voy. de la Coquille, p. 417, 1830. — ORB., Voy. Amer. Merid., p. 480, t. 65, f. 1-3. — P. concepcionensis LESS., I. c., p. 418. — Lottia zebrina OLD., Moll. U. S. Expl. Exped., p. 352, t. 130, f. 460. — Tedura zebrina GRAY. — Lottia variabilis GRAY? Beechey's Voy., t. 39, f. 3, 4, but not f. 5.—Scurria (?) zebrina DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch, vi, p. 264. The color pattern of triangular black spots is characteristic when not obscured by erosion. The eroded shell is gray, or purple tinged, with a darker apical tract. S. PARASITICA Orbigny. PI. 4, figs. 74, 75, 76. Shell oval, rounded-conical, solid and strong, the apex at the anterior third, rounded oft' by erosion ; front slope nearly straight, posterior slope convex. Surface closely and finely radiately striated all over ; light gray or whitish, with broad and narrow radiating blackish-gray stripes, about 11 in number. Edge of shell smooth even. Inside white, more or less clouded with chestnut inside the muscle- scar ; the yellowish-white border is rather broad, and alternately light and dark the one or the other frequently predominating. Length 22i, breadth 17, alt. 7£ mill. Valparaiso, etc., Chili. P. parasitica ORB., Voy. Amer. Merid. p. 481, t. 81, f. 1-3. — Lottia cymbiola OLD., Moll. U. S. Expl. Exped. p. 350, t. 29, f. 453. — Not Patella parasitica RVE. — P. (Acmcea) leucophcea PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1846, p. 22; Abbild. iii, t. 2, f. 10.—? A. puncta- tissima PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1846, p. 23 ; Abbild. iii, t. 2, f. 11. A finely striated, arched or dome-shaped species. The basal side- margins are usually arcuate. It lives upon other shells, usually S. zebrina. There is but little variation in this species, and the several names are completely synonymous. The following form seems to be closely allied, the distinction being founded mainly on the finely speckled or dotted surface— a common aspect of variation in West American limpets. 64 SCURRIA. Var. PUNCTATISSIMA Philippi. PL 4, figs. 71, 72, 73. Shell ovate-elliptical, somewhat depressed, obsoletely sculptured with about 20 riblets and impressed radiating lines ; white, minutely tessellated with impressed brown dots ; apex at the front third of the length, eroded. Inside brown, maculated with black in the cavity ; border wide, white, articulated with black ; margin very finely crenulated. Length 14, width 11J, alt. 4 mill. Like leucophcea in size and^orm, but differing in sculpture and coloration. The form is elliptical, a little narrower in front. Of ribs one sees only weak indications, and'shallow furrows only toward the margin. The rest of the outside is decorated with little brown impressed dots very regularly arranged in bands, and looking very pretty on the white ground. There are besides inconspicuous brown rays. The border inside is 1 to 1J mill. wide. (Phil.) Chili S. MESOLEUCA Menke. PI. 8, figs. 96-100, 1, 2; PL 33, figs. 83, 84, 85. Shell extremely variable in color and markings, but generally rather broad and flat, with the apex somewhat inclined anteriorly, especially in the young shell. Outside with the apex and sometimes with a considerable portion of the shell nearly smooth ; generally with extremely fine ribs, sometimes sharp, sometimes rounded, gener- ally slightly granulose ; sometimes with broad strong ribs; some- times nearly smooth with radiating lines of granules. Sometimes intercalary ribs are found, much larger than the rest ; sometimes dif- ferent plans of sculpture are seen on the same shell. The color out- side is generally olive or brownish-green ; sometimes without mark- ing, generally with white lines either radiating or broken Tip ; often with white patches tesselating with the brown ; or changing from one pattern to another. Inside, the shell is generally whitish about the middle, (whence the name) with more or less of a bluish- green tinge, sometimes dark-green, sometimes brownish, sometimes with an element of ochre-yellow more or less mottled. There is almost always a large dark spot at the body mark, of a brownish- olive green, in which sometimes the brown, sometimes the dark- green predominates. The body stain is irregularly and slightly gathered into points ; the head mark is generally shown by a stain shaped like a sector, bounded by two radii from the apex, about 70° apart. The margin is generally broad, occasionally very narrow, PLATE 1 •.• m /^ ' />*+.'. '. -* ^ :' PLATE 2 ACM>SID./E. PLATE 3 38 . 42 *:-, 45 ~~l ... PLATE 4 80 PLATE 5 "•" ' 93 94* 95 92 PLATE 6 39 40 43 45 PLATE 7 57 59 60 ^^85^ PLATE 8 PL.ATE 10 s 4 4 f .•* a* 10 13 "14 12 PATELLID^E. PLATE 11 PATELLID^E. PLATE 12 PATELLIDyE. PLATE 13 49 ' AK ;; 531 PATELLID^E. . PLATE PATELLID^E. PLATE 15 SCURRIA-LOTTIA. bounded inside by a greenish line; ordinarily v-s^llaua \\ifli brown and white, sometimes with green or yellow ; not unfrequently with very slight markings of white, or none at all, in which case the color is either dark-greenish-brown, (P. striata Rve.,) or with inter- mediate stages to very light-greenish-white. (Qor.) Length 34, breadth 28, alt. 8 mill. Central America to Gulf of California. Acmcea mesoleuca MKE., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1851, p. 38. — CPU. Maz. Cat., p. 203. — A. mutabilis (part) MKE. /. c., p. 37. — P. diaphana Rv., Conch. Icon., f. Ql.—Lottia patina? C. B. AD., Pan. Cat., p. 241.— Lottia pintadina (part) OLD., Exped. Sh., p. 9. — P. striata EVE., Conch. Icon. f. 99. — P. vespertina Rv. /. c. f. 67. — Scurria mesoleuca DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch, vi, p. 264, t. 15, f. 19 (dentition). This variable species has much in common with Acmwa patina; that species, however, is not green inside. Specimens from the Galapagos Is., are nearly typical. They have been described by Reeve as Patella striata, (not P. striata Quoy). See PI. 8, figs. 100, 1. The P. vespertina of Reeve (PI. 8, figs. 98, 99) is doubtless synonymous. Subgenus LOTTIA (Gray) Carpenter. Lottia (GRAY mss.), SOWB., Genera of Shells, pi. 42, fig. 1. — CARPENTER, Journ. de Conch. 1865, p. 140. — Am. Journ. Conch, ii, p. 342, 1866. — DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch, vi, p. 260. — Tecturella CPR., Smiths. Check List W. C. Sh., p. 3, I860.— Tecturina CPR., Smiths. Rep. 1860, p. 219. — Lecania CPR. mss., see Amer. Journ. Conch, ii, p. 343. The branchial cordon is interrupted over the head. Animal otherwise as in Scurria. Dentition, pi. 38, fig. 3. S. GIGANTEA Gray. Plate 38. Shell large, solid, oval, depressed, the apex near the front margin ; outer surface eroded, of a spongy texture, dull brown, gray toward the summit. Inside having a black rim around the margin, deep chestnut brown outside of the muscle-impression, which is strong, bluish or purplish-white. Central area chestnut brown, more or less mottled with white, rarely entirely white. Length 75, breadth 55-60, alt. 17-20 mill. San Francisco, Cat., to Panama. 5 66 LEPETID.E. Lottia gigantea GRAY, in SOWERBY, Genera Sh., f. 1. — REEVE, Conch. Syst., f. 1. — CARPENTER, Amer. Journ. Conch, ii, p. 343. — DALL, I. c. vi, p. 260, t. 15, f. 20 (animal and dentition). — Acmcea scutum AUCT., not of Esch. nor d'Orb. — Tedurella grandis Gray, CPR., Smiths. Chk. List no. 176; Brit. Asso. Rep. 1861, p. 137.— Patella kochi PHILIPPI, Abbild. u. Beschreib. iii, Patella, t. 1, f. 1, Jan., 1849. Young specimens (fig. 4) have fine, nearly obsolete radiating striae and are roughened by low, obliquely radiately ribletsin front and at the sides, which on the posterior half of the shell become broken into low rounded tubercles or bosses arranged in curved rows obliquely descending from the central line of the back. This is the largest and handsomest of the California!! limpets. Philippi's excellent illustration of it seems to have been unknown to writers on west coast shells. Family LEPETID^ Gray. Lepetidce GRAY, Guide Syst. Dist. Moll. B. M., p. 172, 1857.— Patellidce and Tecturidce, in part, of authors. Shell conical, patelliform, with subcentral or anterior apex ; sur- face feebly sculptured, the edge smooth ; muscle-impression as in Patella. Embryonic shell spiral. Animal without external branchia?; radula provided with a rhomboidal cuspidate rhachidian tooth ; no lateral teeth ; uncini slender, two each side, their cusps simple or fringed. Formula 2-0-1-0-2. It will be noted from the formula given that the side-teeth are considered uncini rather than true laterals. The lateral teeth are either aborted or represented by the lateral cusps of the rhachidian tooth, which is, if this be the case, a compound body formed by coalescence, as is the case in Phasianella (Orthomesus) virgo Ang. I am not inclined, however, to believe this to be the case in Lepeta. The very different dentition of the genus Lepetella renders its reference to this family somewhat doubtful. Synopsis of genera and subgenera. Subfamily LEPETIN^ Dall. Radula having a large central tooth with several cusps, and two side-teeth on each side. LEPETID.E. 67 Genus LEPETA Gray, 1847. Shell patelliform, the embryonic nucleus spiral, lost in the adult ; apex in front of the middle ; no internal septum. Animal without external branchiae; having the muzzle produced into a labial process on each side. Dental formula 2'01'02, the uncini narrow, erect, provided with cusps. Type, L. cceca. Section Lepeta s. str. Apex erect ; anterior terminations of the great muscle-scar in front of the apex. Color whitish or light-brown. Surface granulate. Apex of rhachidian tooth 5-cuspidate, middle cusp large, lateral cusps small ; uncini subspatulate at apex, obtuse, not ciliated. Section Cryptobranchia Midd. Apex inclined forward, the anterior terminations of the muscle-scar not in front of it. Surface not granulate ; color whitish. Apex of rhachidian tooth tricuspi- date, the cusps nearly equal ; uncini spatulate. Type, (7. concentrica. Subgenus PILIDIUM Forbes. Apex of shell anterior ; surface delicately radiately ribbed and granulate ; color dark orange or reddish. Apex of rhachidian tooth tricuspidate, the middle cusp much the largest, side cusps small, triangular, disjoined from the central one at their bases ; uncini elongated, apex lanceolate, its inner margin densely ciliate. Genus PROPILIDIUM Forbes & Hanley, 1849. Shell patelliform, elevated; the spiral nucleus retained in the adult ; apex central ; surface cancellated ; inside having a small tri- angular plate situated deep in the cavity, as in Puncturella. Type, P. ancyloide. Rhachidian tooth tricuspidate, the central cusp rather long, side cusps small, separated from the middle cusp at their bases. Uncini with the cusps finely denticulated. Subfamily LEPETELLIN^: Dall. Radula having three teeth on each side of the simple central tooth. Genus LEPETELLA Verrill, 1880. Shell patelliform, small, smooth, oval, conical, with a subcentral apex, spiral in the young. Animal having distinct eyes. Radula having lateral teeth and uncini, formula 2'1*1'1*2. Type, L. tubi- cola. 68 LEPETA. Subfamily LEPETIN^E Dall. Genus LEPETA Gray, 1847. Lepeta GRAY, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 168. — DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch, v, p. 140. Dentition of L. cceca, pi. 40, figs. 31, 31 ; enlarged apex showing spiral embryonic shell, pi. 40, fig. 32. L. CTECA Miiller. PI. 40, figs. 29-32. Shell rather straightly conical, apex erect ; front slope one-half the length of shell ; surface sculptured with fine close radiating striae, rendered granulous by the intersection of equally close low thread- like concentric strise ; color light-brown, sometimes having a pinkish tint. The outline is oval ; front slope nearly straight, posterior slope a little convex, both often slightly concave above. The beaded sculpt- ure is most developed toward the upper part of the cone. Inside dirty white or pink tinged. Apex generally eroded ; basal margins of shell level. Length 14, breadth 11, alt. 5 mill. Arctic Ocean, and North Atlantic, South to Massachusetts Bay, Scotland and Denmark; Off Sea Horse Is., near Point Barrow, Alaska, and North from Bering Strait. Patella cceca MULL., Prodr. Zool. Dan., p. 237. — Lepeta cceca GRAY, P. Z. S. 1847, p. 168.— JEFFREYS, Brit. Conch, iii, p. 252.— DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch, v, p. 141 ; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i, p. 334, 1878.— GOULD, Invert, of Mass. 2d edit., p. 270, f. 531.— BERGH, Verh. z.-b. Ver. Wien, xxi, p. 1300. — SARS, Moll. Arct. Norv., p. 123, t. 20, f. 17.— Patella cerea MOLL., Groenl., p. 16 — Patella Candida COUTHOUY, Bost. Journ. N. H. ii, p. 86, t. 3, f, 17, 1838. — GOULD, Inv. of Mass., p. 152, 1841. — Pilidium candidum, STIMP., Sh. of New Engl., p. 29. — f Lepeta franJclini GRAY, Guide Syst. Dist., p. 172. This is a small whitish species, seen under a lens to be very dis- tinctly and beautifully granulated. Section Oryptobranchia MiddendorfF, 1851. Cryptobranchia MIDD., Sib. Reise, p. 183. — DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch, v, p. 143, 1869, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i, p. 334, 1878, and/, c. iv, p. 412. LEPETA. 69 Differs from Lepeta s. str. in having the apex of the shell more anterior, the surface not granulate, the median cusp of the rhachidian tooth not longer than the side cusps. Dentition of L. concentrica, pi. 40, fig. 35 ; of L. alba, pi. 40, fig. 40. L. CONCENTRICA Midden dorff. PL 40, figs. 33, 34, 35, 36, 37. Shell depressed conical, apex directed forward ; front slope one- third the length of the shell or a little less ; surface faintly radiately striate (more distinctly so in young specimens), not decussated or granulose; light-brownish or greenish tinted. The outline is ovate, a little narrower in front ; front slope slightly concave, posterior slope convex. The fine thread-like radiating striae are larger on the longer slope of the shell ; they are not interrupted by concentric growth-lines, the latter being incon- spicuous, or sometimes strongly impressed at intervals. Epidermis very thin, yellowish-brown, deciduous. Inside polished, white, the anterior terminations of the muscle-scar a little behind the apex. Edges of shell level, narrowly bordered with gray, especially in the young. Length 20?, breadth 16, alt. 6 mill. North Japan, along the Aleutian Is. and along the southern coast of A laska, southward to Puget Sound. Patella ( Cryptobranchia) cceca var. concentrica MIDD., Siber. Reise, p. 183, t. 16, f. 6, 1851. — Cryptobranchia concentrica DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch, v, p. 143, t. 15, f. 2, 1869; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i, p. 334, 1878. — Lepeta cwcoidesf n. sp., CPU., Suppl. Rep. Br. Asso. Adv. Sci. 1863, pp. 603, 651. — Lepeta ccecoides COOPER, List Cal. Moll, p. 24.— CPR., Proc. Acad. K S. Phila. Apr., 1865, p. 60. Differs from L. cceca in the simply striated, not granulose surface, more anterior apex, larger size and more depressed form. Var. INSTABILIS Dall. PL 40, figs. 44, 45, 46. Shell depressed, apex anterior, length of front slope contained three and one-half times in the length of the shell ; surface smooth, with occasional rings caused by more impressed growth-lines. Basal margin curved upward at each end. Color whitish. The outline is shortly ovate, front and posterior slopes nearly straight, the young may be lightly striate. Shell thick, solid, muscle-impression deep. Length 14, breadth 12, alt. 4 mill. Sitka, Alaska, in 10 fms. f Cryptobranchia instabilis nom. prov., DALL, Amer. Journ Conch, v, p. 145, t. 15, fig. between 3b and 5b, 1869. — C. concentrica v. in- stabilis DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i, p. 335, 1878. 70 LEPET A -PILIDIUM. May be known by its rounded form, the ends turned upward, much as in Clypidella pustula. The soft parts are unknown. There is an error in the numbers of the plate referred to by Dall. The figure between figs. 3b and 5b represents this species. L. ALBA Dall. PI. 40, figs. 38, 3D, 40. Shell pure white, smooth or with extremely faint stride ; solid ; interior pure white ; apex directed anteriorly, inconspicuous; shell arcuate before and behind. Length of adult 24, width 17£, alt. 10 mill. This species differs from the last in its smooth shell, greater size, pure whiteness, greater lateral compression, and generally more rounded back, from the less prominent apex. The tentacula in a specimen twice the size of a concentrica were not half as large. The teeth differ in the shape of the central tooth and the greatly broader cusps of the laterals, and their striation, resembling those of Pilidium fulvum. Aleutian Inlands ; Seniavine Strait ; Plover Bay, E. Siberia. Cryptobranchia alba DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch. 1869, p. 145, t. 15, f. 3a-d; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i, p. 335, 1878.— Patella alba AURIVILLIUS, Vega-expedition ens Vetenskapliga lakttagelser, iv, p. 318, t. 12, f. 10,11,1887. Subgenus PILIDIUM Forbes, 1849. Pilidium FORBES, Athenaeum, Oct. 6, 1849, p. 1018. — FORBES & HANLEY, Hist. Brit. Moll, ii, p. 440, 1849. — DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch, v, p. 146, 1869. — lothia GRAY, (not Forbes) Guide Syst. dist. Moll. B. M., p. 172. — Scutellina CHENU, in part, and of SARS, Moll. Keg. Arct. Norv., p. 122, not Scutellina of Gray and authors. — Not Pilidium MIDD.,= Capulacmcea SARS, (see Capulidce.} The dentition of P. fulvum is figured on pi. 40, fig. 43. L. FULVA Miiller. PI. 40, figs. 41, 42, 43. Shell small, apex strongly inclined forward, near to the front margin ; front slope steep, somewhat concave, posterior slope long, convex ; sculptured with delicate, closely granular radiating threads. Color orange or reddish. The form is oval ; apex, pointed, prominent. The riblets of the surface are delicate, thread-like, separated by intervals wider than LEPETA-PILIDIUM. 71 themselves ; they are closely, finely granulose. Interior polished, orange reddish, rarely white. Length 4'7, breadth 3'3, alt. 2 to 2'2 mill. Coast of Scotland and Ireland ; Scandanavia, 5 to 100 fms. Patella fulva MULLER, Prodr. Faun. Dan., p. 227. — Pilidium fulvum FORBES, Athenseum, 1 849, p. 1018. — FORBES & HANLEY, Hist. Brit. Moll, ii, p. 441, t. 62, f. 6, 7 ; pi. AA, f. 3.— DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch, v, p. 147, 1869, t. 15, f. 4, 4a; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. i, p. 335. — Tectura fulva JEFFR., Brit. Conch, iii, p. 250. — Seutellina fulva SARS, Moll. Keg. Arct. Norv., p. 122, t. II, f. 12 (dentition).— Patella forbesii J. SMITH, Mem. Werner Soc. viii, p. 107, t. 2, f. 3. — BROWN, 111. Conch. Gt. Br., t. 57, f. 3, 4.— lothia fulva GRAY, figs. Moll. An., p. 93, 1854. May be known by its small reddish or dark colored shell, anterior apex and fine beaded radiating riblets. Patella rubella Fab. has has been referred here as a synonym, but it is a species of Acmcza. L. COPPINGERI E. A. Smith. PI. 39, figs. 20, 21. Shell cap shaped, thin, sculptured with numerous fine, thread-like, granulous lirse radiating from the apex to the margin, and with fine concentric lines of growth. The color is dirty white, varied with two or three bands of a pale slate-color which encircle the shell at irregular intervals, and are interrupted by the radiating lirse, which are white. This feature is more apparent within the shell, where the surface is very smooth and shining. Margin nearly simple, very crenulated by the extremities of the ridges, roundly ovate in form. Apex rather acute, not greatly curved down, and very near the an- terior end. Length 5J mill., diam. 4J, height 2£. (Smith.*) Sandy Point, Eastern part of the Sts. of Magellan, Patagonia, 9-10 fms. Tectura (Pilidium) coppingeri SMITH, P. Z. S. 1881, p. 35, t. 4, f. 12, 12a. This is the southern representative of the northern Tectura (Pilidium) fulva of Miiller. It is rather more circular than the latter ; and the color of the single specimen at hand is different. (Smith.*) L. EMARGINULOIDES Philippi. Unfigured. Shell minute, elliptical, rather depressed, white, thin ; vertex nearly marginal ; having about 30-36 scaly ribs ; margin subdentate. Length If, breadth 1 J, lines. (P/i.) Magellan. 72 PROPILIDIUM. Patella? emarginuloides PHIL., Mai. Bl. xv, p. 224, 1868. A single specimen seen. Has the aspect of Emarginula, but no trace of any incision in the shell. The riblets in front are smaller, filiform ; wider and more distant behind. The animal soaked in water showed elongated tentacles with eyes at their bases, but branchiae could not be made out. (Phil.') This may be referred to Lepeta provisionally. Genus PKOPILIDIUM Forbes & Hanley, 1849. Propilidinm F. & H., Hist. Brit. Moll, ii, p. 443, 444.— SARS, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 123.— FISCHER, Manuel, p. 863.— DALL, Blake Report, p. 412. — Bostriseptq SEGUENZA. The adult shell of this genus retains the distinctly spiral nucleus; and in the cavity of the apex it is furnished with a small plate or septum, like that of Pancturella. The dentition (pi. 39, figs. 13, 14) is very similar to that of Pilidmm. It may well be doubted whether there are any gills, although Forbes' original figure shows a pair of small plumes. This point calls for additional observation. At all events, the position of the genus is doubtless in Lepetidce, for the dentition agrees with no other family of limpets. P. ANCYLOIDE Forbes. PL 39, figs. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. Shell having an oval outline, compressed at the sides, rather thin, semitransparent, glossy at the apex, but elsewhere of a dull hue ; sculpture, very numerous and close-set fine striae, which radiate from the beak and are exquisitely granulated in consequence of their being intersected or decussated by equal sized concentric striae ; color dirty white, occasionally diversified by a few clear longitudinal rays or lines; beak smooth and highly polished, styliform and slender, pinched up into a minute spire of between one and two whorls, which curls downwards at the posterior end ; mouth oval ; of nearly the same breadth throughout; margin thin and even, minutely tuberculated in immature specimens ; inside nacreous, furnished in the centre with a thin laminar partition, like the half deck of a vessel, which has its opening towards the head or anterior part ; pallial scar broad. Length O15, breadth (H15 inch. (Je/r.) Coasts of Ireland and Scotland; Scandanavia; Naples, and Tra- pani, Sicily, 10-145 fms. Fossil in Sicilian, Pliocene. PROPILIDIUM. 73 Patella f ancyloides FORBES, Ann. Mag. N. H. v, p. 108, t. 2, f. 16. — Propilidium ancyloide F. & H., Hist. Brit. Moll, ii, p. 443, t. 62, f. 3, 5 ; t. AA. f. 4.— JEFFREYS, Brit. Conch, iii, p. 254.— SARS, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 123, t. 20, f. 18a-e.— DALL, Blake Report, p. 412, t. 31, f. 2 (dentition).— P. ancyloides JEFFR., P. Z. S. 1882, p. 673. — Rostrisepta parva SEG., teste JEFFR. The small internal transverse septum is a peculiar feature of this species. P. SCABROSUM Jeffreys. PI. 40, figs. 47, 48. Shell roundish-oval, expanded, rather thin, semitransparent and of a dull hue ; sculpture, numerous but not close-set, slight striae which radiate from the beak and are more or less covered with short tubercles, especially behind ; there are also several concentric ridges as in the last-named species ; color whitish ; beak small, pinched up, incurved, and forming a minute spire of two whorls ; mouth roundish oval ; margin thin ; inside glossy ; septum thick and strong. Length 0'15, breadth 0*15 inch. (Jeffr.) Adventure Bank, Mediterranean. P. seabrosum JEFFR., P. Z. S. 1882, p. 674, t. 50, f. 6. Differs from P. ancyloides in being round instead of oval, and in having much fewer and tuberculated strise ; but I am not quite satisfied that it is more than a curious variety. It somewhat resembles the young of Gadinia garnoti ; but that shell has not the internal septum which is characteristic of the present genus. P. AQUITANENSE Locard. Un figured. Shell very small, patelliform, conic a little elevated ; thin, rather solid, opaque, a little rugose, ornamented with longitudinal striae which are very obsolete, visible only toward the base. Basal margin continuous, smooth, irregularly level, visibly turned up at the two extremities, descending at the median part ; aperture very broadly elliptical, a little contracted behind, well rounded in front. Summit subcentral, a little anterior, little elevated, recurved toward the an- terior region. Length 2, width If, alt. If mill. (Locard.') France. P. aquitanense LOCARD, Proc. de Malac. Francaise, Obs. sur la Faune Marine des Cotes de Fr., in Annales de la Soc. Linn, de Lyon, xxxii, 1885, p. 244 (1886.) This form has not been figured, and no locality is given by Locard in his worthless publication. It is said to be near P. seabrosum 74 PROPILIDIUM. Jeffr. but less regularly elliptical, more lengthened, narrower behind ; the altitude less in proportion to the greatest diameter, the apex a little more anterior, surface less ornamented. P. PERTENUE Jeffreys. PI. 40, fig. 49. Shell oval, convex, very thin and delicate, transparent, and glossy; sculpture, none; color whitish ; beak small, cylindrical, and incurved, forming a minute spire of two whorls ; mouth oval ; mar- gin even ; inside glossy ; septum small. Length O'l, breadth 0'075 inch. (Jeffr ^ Off Rinaldo's Chair and Palermo, Mediterranean 162-j fms. Of Rhode Island, 640 fms. P.pertenue JEFFR., P. Z. S. 1882, p. 674, t. 50, f. 7.— VERRILL, Trans. Conn. Acad. vi, pp. 262, 271.— DALL, Blake Gastrop., p. 412. The young shells of P. aneyloides are much smaller than the species now described, are more expanded or depressed, and have the same sculpture as the adult ; they are also proportionally solid as well as of a dull hue. The inner layers of most of the specimens are permeated by a microscopic and branching spore-like organism, perhaps of a fungoid nature. An imperfect specimen of another small and apparently distinct species occurred also in Station 17. It has the characteristic septum, but otherwise resembles a Lepetella. The beak is very much shorter than in P. pertenue; and the spire has barely one turn. I have originally given the species above described the ms. name tenue. (Jeffr. .) The identity of the specimens collected off Rhode Island, by Prof. Verrill, is not certain. P. COMPRESSUM Jeffreys. PI. 40, fig. 50. Shell differs from P. pertenue in being oblong intead of oval, and in being laterally compressed like Patella (Lepetella} latero-com- pressa of Rayneval, a Monte Mario fossil, and, according to Dr. Tiberi, living in the Bay of Naples ; and it is also not quite smooth, but is marked by a few slight longitudinal strise ; the beak is pro- portionally longer, somewhat twisted to one side, and nearly over- hangs the hinder margin, instead of being placed (as in P. pertenue} at about one-third of the distance from it. Length O'l, breadth 0'065 inch. (Jeffr.} North Atlantic. LEPETELLA. 75 P. compressum JEFFR., P. Z. S. 1882, p. 674, t. 50, f. 8. P. ELEGANS Verrill. Unfigured. Shell small, very thin and fragile, translucent bluish-white, rather depressed, elongated-elliptical with the recurved apex situated at about the posterior third. The nuclear whorl is very minute, smooth glassy, compressed, strongly involute and turned a little to the left, forming a complete whorl, visible in a side view. The whole surface, under the microscope, has the appearance of a very fine shagreen. This is produced by very minute, short, wavy, raised lines, which are mostly arranged in zigzag or in herring-bone style ; in some parts the two sets of lines, running obliquely, cross each other at nearly right angles; on other portions one or both sets are replaced by minute punctations, or granulations. This sculpture is visible only under a strong lens or with the compound microscope. The internal lamina or septum is narrow, crescent-shaped, situated behind and some little distance below the extreme apex, and not forming an elongated channel ; it is distinctly visible from the outside, owing to the translucency of the shell. ( Verrill.') Length 3'5, breadth 2'5, alt. 1 mill. Of Chesapeake Bay, 1395 fms. P. elegans VERRILL, Trans. Conn. Acad. vi, p. 205. The animal has a short, broad ovate foot, subtruncate in front, with the edge frilled. Frontal disk rather large, broad semicircular or crescent-shaped, with the angles extending back in a large obtuse lobe on each side. Buccal area semicircular; mouth surrounded with four convex elevations, one before and one behind it, and one on each side. Tentacles slender, tapering, acute. Eyes apparently wanting. No cirri on mantle. ( Verrill.') Subfamily LEPETELLIN^: Dall. Genus LEPETELLA Verrill, 1880. Lepetella VERRILL, Amer. Journ. of Science, 3d Ser., xx, p. 396, Nov., 1880; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iii, p. 375, Jan., 1881.— DALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv, p. 408, 1882 ; Blake Gastrop., p. 413. The animal has eyes. There are seven rows of teeth, the dental formula being 2-l'M'2 (pi. 39, fig. 17). Soft parts otherwise as in Lepeta. The embryonic shell is spiral (pi. 39, fig. 19.) L. TUBICOLA Verrill & Smith. PL 39, figs. 17, 18, 19. Shell thin, white, smooth, conical with the apex acute and nearly central; aperture broad elliptical, oblong or subcircular, usually 76 PATELLID^E. more or less warped, owing to its habitat ; edge thin and simple. Sculpture none, lines of growth slight, outer surface dull white; inner surface smooth, with the pallial markings faint. Length 3'75, breadth 3, alt. 2 mill. (F.) Off Martha's Vineyard ; Gulf of Mexico between the delta of the Mississippi and Cedar Keys, Fla., 130-388 fms. L. tubieola V. & S. Amer. Jn. Sci. 1880, p. 396 ; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1881, p. 375 ; Trans. Conn. Acad. v, p. 534, t. 58, f. 29, 29a — BALL, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. iv, p. 408 ; Blake Gastrop., p. 413, t. 25, f. 6 (Dentition.) Young specimens show that the nucleus is subspiral, as in other Lepetidce. Family PATELLIDJE. Docoglossate gasterpods having a simply conical shell, non- spiral even in the embryo. Breathing by a cordon of branchial leaf- lets attached to the mantle between its thickened edge and the sides of the foot; having no cervical gill-plume. Radula having three uncini and three laterals on each side, the rhachidian tooth being either present, rudimentary or wanting; jaw developed. The Patellidce differ markedly from Acmceidce and Lepetidce in the gills, which form a complete or interrupted cordon, not accom- panied by a cervical branchial plume, and not homologous with the gills developed in other Prosobranchiata. The shells may generally be distinguished from those of the Acmceidce and Lepetidce by their texture and the lack of a defined internal border; but the distinction is difficult or impossible to ex- press in words, and must be learned by actual familiarity with the objects themselves. In the arrangement of the species and groups I have made use of the character of the texture of the interior, heretofore neglected by systematists, but undoubtedly of equal importance in many cases for the discrimination of groups with the character of the gill-cordon and the presence or absence of a rhachidian tooth. The rhachidian tooth is now proven to be decidedly variable in closely allied species. It is well-developed and bears a cusp in Ancistromesus and many species of Scutellastra ; is represented by a linear rudiment in Patina, Nacella, Patinella and Helcioniscus. It is apparently wanting in 'Patella s. str. PATELLID^E. 77 An original formula is herein used to express the arrangement of teeth upon the radula, not from any preference for novelty, but because the new method is believed to be more graphic. The gill-cordon is probably always interrupted by a narrow hiatus at the front left side but practically it is considered " interrupted " only when absent above the neck for a considerable distance. An excellent paper by R. J. Harvey Gibson on the anatomy of Patella vulgata, in Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xxxii, pt. 2, p. 601-638, 5 plates, gives the most complete account yet published of the anatomy, histology and physiology of Patella. Illustrations 'of the dentition of various Patellidce have been published by Dall, Bars, Hogg, Hutton and others. Numerous classifications have been proposed for the limpets. The systems of the earlier authors, as well as of H. & A. Adams, are very crude, being founded upon the shell alone. J. E. Gray (Guide) offered a somewhat better but still very imperfect arrangement. Dr. W. H. Dall in 1871, proposed a system based mainly upon the gill-cordon and dentition. This was somewhat modified by him a decade later in Proc. IT. S. Nat. Mus. iv, 1881, p. 412, 413 (1882). His modified arrangement is as follows : A. Branchial cordon complete. a. With rhachidian tooth; branchial lamella? arborescent, pro- duced; sides of foot smooth. ANCISTROMESUS. Ancistromesus Dall. 3(i212i)3. b. Without rhachidian tooth ; branchial lamellae short, lingui- form. PATELLA. Patella Linne. Foot smooth ; branchial lamellae sub- equal all around. 3(i202i)3. Patinella Dall. Foot with scalloped frill interrupted only in front ; gills as in Patella. 3(21012)3. Nacella Schum. Foot frilled ; gills very small in front ; shell peculiar ; lateral teeth all bidentate. 3(21012)3. B. Branchial cordon interrupted in front. a. Sides of foot smooth. HELCION. Helcion Montf. Third laterals posterior, bidentate. / 202 N 3U 1J3- Helcioniscus Dall. First laterals anterior. 3(21012)3. Patina Gray. Third laterals posterior, denticulate ; shell peculiar. 3(i0\~)3' *** Metoptoma Phillips (fossil.) 78 PATELLID^E. Dr. Paul Fischer's classification (Manuel de Conch., p. 866, 1885) is as follows : Genus PATELLA. Subgenus Patella s. s. Brachial cordon complete ; no tuber- cles on the epipodial line ; dentition sd202^. P. vulgata, etc. Section Ancistromesus Dall. P. mexicana. Section Olana Ads. P. coehlear. Section Scutellastra Ads. P. pentagona. Section Cymbula Ads. P. compressa. Section Patellastra Monts. P. lusitanica. Subgenus Patinella Dall. Branchial cordon complete ; epipo- dial line scalloped ; no central tooth ; dentition 3(21012)3. P> magellanica. Subgenus Nacella Schum. Animal as in the last. Shell oval, thin, pellucid, summit anterior, submarginal. N. mytilina. Section ? Cellana Ad. Subgenus Helcion Montf. Branchial cordon interrupted in front. Epipodial line papillose; dentition 3(i202i)3. H. peetinatus. Synonym Patina (Leach) Gray. P. pellucida. Subgenus Helcioniscus Dall. Branchial cordon interrupted ; sides of the foot smooth ; dentition 3(21012)3- H. variegatus. Genus TRYBLIDIUM Lindstr., 1880. Shell like Patella; muscle- scar broken into a number of separate impressions (fossil.) Subgenus Palceacmcea Hall, 1873. Shell like Scurria; muscle-scar like Tryblidium (fossil.) Dr. Fischer places Metoptoma in CapulidcB on account of the pos- terior apex, which is unlike all docoglossate limpets. It is evident that a great mass of material must be examined before a just appreciation of the constancy of the characters used to separate groups in this family can be attained. A survey of all available sources of information upon the soft parts and radulse has convinced me, against my preconceived ideas, that the presence or absence of a rhachidian tooth and the continuity or interruption of the branchial cordon are not sufficiently constant to be used as characters for the separation of genera. In some cases it is evident that they are scarcely specific. The radulse should be thoroughly re-examined, as many of the published figures are not sufficiently accurate to be of much use. PATELLIDvE. 79 Synopsis of Groups of Patellidce. A. Two inner lateral teeth on each side anterior. Subgenus PATELLA Linne, 1758 (restricted.) Branchial cordon complete; sides of foot having no epipodial pro- jections. Two inner lateral teeth on each side anterior, the rhachidian tooth present or absent. Apex of the shell near the center. Type P. 'vulgata. Section PATELLA s. sir. Inner layer of the shell subtranslu- cent, exhibiting when closely examined a concentrically fibrous texture ; more or less iridescent. Radula without a rhachidian tooth ; formula 3(i202i)3. Type P. vulgata. Cymbula Ads. and Patellastra Monts. are synonyms. Section SCUTELLASTRA Ads., 1858. Inner layer of the shell opaque, porcellanous, not iridescent. Radula either with or without a rhachidian tooth ; formula 3(i202i)3 or 3(i2I2i)3. Olana Ads. is a synonym. Section ANCISTROMESUS Dall, 1871. Inner layer of the large, massive shell porcellanous, opaque. Rhachidian tooth of the radula developed, bearing a cusp ; formula 3(i212i)3. Type P. mexicana. Subgenus HELCION Montfort, 1810. Branchial cordon interrupted in front ; side of foot smooth, with- out epipodial processes. Inner two lateral teeth on each side ante- rior, no rhachidian tooth. Shell oval, apex anterior. Formula of teeth 3(1*»1)s. Section HELCION s. str. Shell oval, with anterior apex ; sur- face sculptured with scaly radiating ribs. Type H. pect- inatus. Section PATINA (Leach) Gray, 1840. Shell with anterior or subcentral apex ; radiately striated, polished. B. One inner lateral tooth on each side anterior. Subgenus NACELLA Schumacher, 1817. Branchial cordon complete; sides of foot bearing a scalloped epipodial ridge. One inner lateral tooth on each side anterior; rhachidian tooth none or rudimentary. Interior of shell having a satin-like or metallic luster. 80 PATELLA. Section NACELLA s. str. Gills very small in front. Shell oblong, thin, the apex curved forward, near or at the an- terior extremity of the shell. Type P. mytilina. Section PATINELLA Dall, 1871. Gills equally developed all around. Shell solid, colored, ribbed, the apex subcentral or anterior. Type P. magellanica. Subgenus HELCIONISCUS Dall, 1871. Branchial cordon interrupted ; sides of the foot smooth, lacking epipodial processes. Ons inner lateral tooth on each side, anterior. Shell solid, having the apex subcentral or subanterior, inner layer subtranslucent, more or less iridescent or satiny. Type H. variegatus Rve. Resembles Patinella in texture of shell and dentition, but lacks an epipodial ridge, in the latter respect resembling Patella. It differs from both in having the branchial cordon interrupted in front. Genus PATELLA L., 1758. Patella L., p. Syst. Nat. x, p. 780 (in part). — Eruca TORNEFORT. — Patellites WALCH. — Patellaria LLHWYD. — ? Goniclis RAF. olim. — Patellus MONTFORT. Subgenus PATELLA (restricted.) The subgenus is here considered to= Patella^ Ancistromesus of Dr. Dalls's arrangement. It is one of the best-defined groups of the family, being characterized by (1) the continuous branchial cordon, (2) smooth sides of the foot, having no epipodial ridge or processes, and (3) having a peculiarity of the radula found in none of the other groups except Helcion-\- Patina ; viz., the two inner lateral teeth on each side are unicuspid and situated in front of the third laterals, which are larger and have several (generally three) cusps. This disposition is easily understood by reference to pi. 52, fig. 1 representing the odontophore of Patella vulgata. In some species a central or rhachidian tooth is developed, and when this is the case it is placed on the same level with the inner laterals. See under section Ancistromesus. A reference to the synopsis of groups on page 79 shows that the subgenus consists of three sections, of which the first is PATELLA. 81 Section PATELLA (restricted.) Cymbula H. & A. ADAMS, Gen. Rec. Moll., p. 466, is a synonym, its type being P. compressa L. Rhachidian tooth of the radula absent. Inner layer of the shell subtranslucent, exhibiting when closely examined a fibrous texture; usually more or less iridescent. Distribution : European seas, West Africa and the adjacent islands. The oceanic and west African allies and varieties of P. ccerulea are much in need of revision. Too many species have been made, most of which are here retained for want of sufficient material to show their actual specific affinities. P. FERRUGINEA Gmelin. PI. 53, figs. 1, 2, 3 ; pi. 17, figs. 23, 24. Shell oval, conical, solid, the apex in front of the middle ; slopes straight or convex ; roughly sculptured with numerous (44-50) strong, unequal rounded radiating ribs, which are wider than their inter- spaces, and which strongly denticulate 'the margin. Dull and lusterless, ashen, more or less stained with brown. Interior bluish-white, porcellanous ; muscle-scar deeply impressed ; central area thick, callous, opaque-white, its border well-defined. Margin strongly fluted, having a brown line at the edge. Length 62, breadth 50, alt. 20 mill. Mediterranean Sea, from the ^Egean to Spain. P. ferruginea GMEL., Syst. p. 3706. — WEINKAUFF, Conchyl. des Mittelm. ii, p. 401.— P. lamarckii PAYR., Moll, de Corse p. 90, t. 4, f. 3, 4. — DESK., Exped. Sci. de Moree iii, p. 133. — P.plicata COSTA, Catal. Sist. p. 119. — P. costosoplicata REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 14. — HIDALGO, Journ. de Conchyl. xv, p. 416. — Lepades vertice integro, margine lacero, ovatce, costoso-plicata, etc. MARTINI, Conchyl. Cab. i, p. 91, t. 8, f. 66 ; also Lepas magna, vertice integro acuto, albo, etc., etc., t. c., p. 117.— P. rouxi PAYR., Moll, de Corse, p. 90, t. 4, f. 1, 2. — P. pyramidata LAM., An. s. Vert, vi, p. 327. — DELESSERT, Rec., t. 22, f. 3. — P. ferruginea var. pyramidata WEINKAUFF, Conchyl. des Mittelm. p. 401. The strong rounded ribs, deeply crenulating the margin, distin- guish this from other European species. The interior is faint bluish and slightly opalescent outside of the muscle-scar ; inside of it there is a distinctly defined, opaque white callus. The ribs number from 44 to 50 in all. 82 PATELLA. There is no warrant whatever for the use of the name " contoso- plicata Martini " for this shell. There is not the slightest pretension to or attempt at binomialism or the use of generic names in the first volume of Martini. De Gregorio has described the following varieties : sitta, imperat- oria, percostata, ficarazzensis (Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. x. p. 120, 124.) P. VULGATA Linne. PI. 10, figs. 1-6. Shell solid, oval, conical, the apex a little in front of the middle ; ;slopes nearly straight; surface sculptured by numerous radiating ribs (often subobsolete), the spaces between the ribs having radiating striae. Color varying from whitish to pink, yellow, slate, olive, or black, the ribs generally lighter. Interior somewhat opalescent in dark specimens, usually yellow- ish and showing faint rays around the edge, the central area varying from white to dark-brown. Length 44, breadth 37, alt. 17 mill. Lofoten Is., Norway, to Spain. P. vulgata L., Syst. Nat. xii, p. 1258. — FORBES & HANLEY, Hist. Brit. Moll, ii, p. 421, t. 61, f. 5, 6. — JEFFREYS, Brit. Conch, iii, p. 236 ; v, t. 57, f. 1-4 (with varr. elevata, pieta, intermedia, depressa, ccerulea')— HIDALGO, Mol. Mar. Esp. t. 52, f. 1-8 ; t. 53, f. 7, 8.— DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch, vi, p. 268, t. 15, f. 23 (anatomy). — SARS, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 118, t. ii, f. 7a. 7b. (dentition).— HARVEY, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb. xxxii, pt. 3, p. 601-636, 1885 (anatomy and histology). — ? P. radiata PERRY, Conch., t. 43, f. 1. The common Patella of northern Europe is the typical vulgata of Linne. It is more elevated than the Mediterranean shells, but some specimens of the latter can scarcely be separated specifically. The species is excessively variable : The forms recognized by Jeffreys occurring on the English coast are as follows : Form elevata Jeffr. Much smaller, rounder and higher. Form picta. Smaller and thinner ; with alternate rays of reddish and dark blue. Form intermedia Knapp. Smaller, flatter and oval, with finer ribs and an orange crown ; inside golden-yellow or tinged with flesh- •color (occasionally cream-color) in the center, and beautifully rayed toward the margins (Ann. Mag. N. H. xix, 1857, p. 211). Form depressa Pennant (pi. 11, figs. 24, 25, 26). Much depressed, more oblong than the usual form ; ribs finer but sharp ; apex more anterior ; inside porcellanous with a pale orange head scar or PATELLA. 83 spatula. P. athletica F. & H. is a synonym. This form is thicker and more coarsely sculptured than the var. aspersa Lam. P. CCERULEA Linne. PI. 10, figs. 7-12. Shell depressed, thin, spreading, usually more or less distinctly 6 or 7 angled ; riblets rather fine and notably unequal. Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas; Madeira; Azores ^ Canaries. P. ccerulea L., 1. c., p. 1259.— HANLEY, Sh. of L.,p. 421.— PHIL., Enum. Moll. Sicil. i, p. 109, t. 7, £ 5.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 28. —HIDALGO, Mol. Mar. Esp., t. 50, f. 5, 6 ; t. 51, f. 1, 2.— BUQ. DAUTZ. & DOLLF., Moll. Mar. Rouss., p. 471, t. 58, f. 1-7. — P. fragilis PHIL., Enura, i, p. 40, t. 7, f. 6. — P. subplana P. & M., Galerie de Douai, i, p. 524, t. 37, f. 3, 4. — P. ccerulea v. subplana BUQ. DAUTZ. & DOLLF., Moll. Rouss., p. 473. — P. tarentina LAM., not v. SALIS. — P. scutellaris BLAINVILLE, not LAM. P. aspera LAM., An. s. Vert, vi, p. 327. — P. bonnardi RVE., not PAYR. P. tarentina v. SALIS, Reise ins Koenig. Neapel, p. 359, t. 6, f. 2. — P. bonnardi PAYR., Moll, de Corse, p. 89, t. 3, f. 9-11. P. crenata GMEL., Syst., p. 3706. — ORB., Moll. Canaries, p. 97, t. 7, f. 6-8. — DROUET, Moll. Mar. Azores, p. 40. Separated from P. vulgata mainly on account of its more expanded, depressed, generally thinner shell and more southern range. I am wholly inclined to believe that the line of separation is artificial, and that the two species vulgata and ccerulea fade into one another. The variations of the genuine ccerulea are numerous including the following forms: Form, fragilis Phil. Shell thin, the radiating striae very fine. Form intermedia B. D. & D. Intermediate between the regu- larly oval and the polygonal forms. Form adspersa B. D. & D. Dotted with white on a greenish- gray ground. Form subplana Pot. & Mich. (figs. 7, 8). Large, thin, pentagonal, the apex quite anterior. This is P, scutellaris of Blainville, Reeve, and others. As mutations under it rank form stellata B. D. & D., having the angles prolonged, star-like ; form cognata B. D. & D., having the pentagonal form of subplana and the rugose sculpture of aspera. 84 PATELLA. Var. ASPERA Lamarck. PI. 11, figs. 20, 20a, 21, 22, 23; pi. 53, figs. 4, 6. Solid, depressed, the growth-lines rising into more or less promi- nent scales on the conspicuous ribs. Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. Form tarentina von Salis. PI. 53, fig. 6. Conspicuously rayed with brown ; nearly smooth. Form spinulosa B. D. & D. (pi. 53, fig. 4). Ribs spinose. Additional names applied to forms belonging to the vulgata and ccerulea stock are forms comina, depressaspera, macrina, albula and cimbulata De Greg., Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. x, 1884, pp. 122, 123; P. tasleifordinaria, goudoti, servaini and teneriff'ce J. Mabille, Bull. Soc. Philomathique de Paris, 1887-1888, pp. 78-81. Var. CRENATA (Gmelin) Orbigny. PI. 54, figs. 12, 13, 14. Depressed, irregularly oval, having numerous rather low riblets, over which small granules are scattered more or less closely. Yellowish-brown or tawny outside ; the inside usually bluish, more or less iridescent, white in the middle. Azores and Canary Is. Var. LOWEI d'Orbigny. PI. 53, figs. 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 ; pi. 29, figs. 44, 45, 46. Depressed, spreading, angularly ovate, solid, the surface very densely ribbed, the ribs unequal, scaly, especially toward the mar- gins. Color varying from dull brown or rust red to blackish-brown ; sometimes rayed with white. Edge of the shell denticulate, the pro- jections compound, foliated. Inside varying from white to deep blue, iridescent, having a fibrous texture ; the central area generally white, and much thick- ened, callous. Madeira, Azores, Cape Verde and Canary Is. P. lowei ORB., Hist. Nat. Canaries, Moll., p. 97, t. 7, f. 9, 10.— DAUTZENBERG, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, iii, p. 161, 1890. — DROUET, Moll. Mar. A9ores, p. 40. — P. azorica NUTT., teste JAY, Catal., 4th edit., 1852, p. 100, no. 2798. More spreading and angular than var. aspera, and the marginal denticulations are foliated. Figure 43 of pi. 29 is not characteristic. PATELLA. 85 The other figures are drawn from specimens before me. Dr. JET. Simroth (Zur Kenntniss der Azorenfauna, in Archiv fur Naturge- schichte 54th year, 1888, p. 215, Apr., 1889) ranks the Azores Patella under the single species aspera, with several varieties as follows : . "Patella aspera Lam. a. typical form,=P. lowei Orb., P. baudoni Drouet, P. specta- bilis Drouet, not Dkr. b. P. moreleti Drt., P. crenata Gm. of Orb., in Moll. Canar., and probably P. gomezi Drt. c. var. simrothi v. Martens. Narrower, oval, flat. Ribs weaker, more rounded than carinated, either entirely smooth or hav- ing distinct scales. Margin but little crenated. Color of the outside pretty regular dark reddish-brown ; inside also pretty dark, obscure violet, sometimes more reddish, sometimes more dark blue, the central area bluish-white or gray-blue, sometimes with an admixture of yellow; rarely having dis- tinct dark rays inside. The margin is often somewhat horizontally dilated. Apex at the front i. Length 41, breadth 30, alt. 14 mill.; length 32, breadth 24, alt. JO mill. Azores. Approaches P. ccerulea L. but evidently deserves a separate name. d. var. accedens ad lusitanicam Gmel. Higher, broader more bluntly elevated, ribs and border similar to the fore- going. Colored outside and inside with broad dark, defined rays on a light ground. Central area lead-gray, rarely yellowish or reddish. Only small specimens, length 25 breadth 21, alt. 11 mill., apex at f of the length. The P. nigrosquamata Dkr. of Drouet is perhaps this, but without rays." P. MORELETI Drouet. PL 56, figs. 27, 28. Shell subdepressed, very rugose, ribbed, the ribs scaly, scarcely solid ; brownish-green outside : inside brownish or reddish, iridescent, with a white spot at the summit. Apex acute. Aperture ovate, crenulated. Length 40, breadth 30, alt. 12 mill. (Drouet.) Fayal, Azores. P. moreleti DR., Moll. Mar. Ayores, p. 42, t. 2, f. 10, 11, 1858. Considered a variety of P. aspera by Simroth. 86 PATELLA. P. GOMESII Drouet. PL 54, figs. 17, 18. Shell large, subdepressed, rugose, ribbed-plicate, rather solid; outside grayish-brown or rufescent ; inside shining, brown, pearly ; apex situated at the front third of the length, obtuse ; aperture oval, entire. Length 50-60, breadth 50-53, alt. 12-1 5 mill. (Drouet.) Bay of San Lourenzo, Santa Maria, and Pico, Azores Is. P. gomesii DROUET, Mollusques Marins des lies A9ores, p. 39, t. 1, f. 6, 7, 1858. More depressed and less elongated than P. candei, the ribs more conspicuous, the summit more obtuse. Referred by Simroth to P. aspera var. moreleti Drt. P. BAUDONII Drouet. PI. 54, figs. 15, 16. Shell large, subelevated, coarsely ribbed, plicate, solid, thick ; outside grayish-green, inside white ; vertex subacute, submedian ; aperture oval, a little crenated. Length 60, breadth 50, alt. 25 mill. (Drouet ) Santa Maria and Pico, Azores. P. baudoni DR., Moll. Mar. A§ores, p. 41, t. 2, f. 8, 9, 1858. This seems to be very closely allied to P. ferruginea Gmel. It is referred by Simroth to P. aspera. P. CANDEI d'Orbigny. PL 55, fig. 22, 23, 24. Shell elevated, conical, thick, smooth or irregularly roughened ; ovate, margin entire. Inside buff, bluish in the middle ; outside pale yellow. Length 67, breadth 58, alt. 27 mill. (Orb.) Canaries. P. candei ORB., Hist. Nat. Canaries, ii, 2d part Mollusques, p. 98, t. 7, f. 11, 12, 1844.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 34, 1854. P. CITRULLUS Gould. PL 28, figs. 39, 40, 41. Shell sub-diaphanous, thin, sub-conical, moderately elevated, sum- mit prominent ; apex anterior, acute, feebly incurved, usually some- what eroded ; a great number of faintly elevated lines, studded with fine tubercles or asperities, radiate from it, and become obsolete about half way towards the margin. Strise of increment coarse and irregular, overlaying each other, so as to give the shell a rude, con- centrically squamose aspect externally ; disk nearly oval, a little narrowed anteriorly ; margin very thin and sharp, finely and irreg- ularly undulated. External color a dusky olive-green, with a shade PATELLA. 87 of brown showing through it, ornamented with concentric, undu- lating lines of obscure white. Interior greenish-white, with bright iridescent reflections ; a slight spatulaform deposit at the fundus, bluish at the edges and forepart, passing into greenish towards the middle and posterior portions. ( Old.~) Length !•*, breadth 1£ inch. Funchal, Madeira Is. P. citrullus OLD. Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, p. 149, July, 1886 ; U. S. Expl. Exped. Moll. & Sh. 335, f. 448. This shell resembles somewhat the skin of a cucumber externally. The radiating striae occupy the upper half of the shell, and the lower half is somewhat imbricated by the stage of growth. It is somewhat like P. Candei D'Orb. ( Old.) I have not seen this species. It should be compared with P. cosrulea var. crenata, and with P. candei. P. LUSITANICA Gmelin. PI. 11, figs. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. Shell solid, conical, rounded-oval, the apex elevated and slightly in front of the middle; front slope straight, posterior slope slightly convex. Surface dull, lusterless ; having close unequal, granose radi- ating riblets. Ashen-white, with blackish rays wider than the white ones, the granules on the ribs black. Interior rayed with brown or purplish-black on a lighter ground, the central area white, brown or blue-black, often surrounded by a yellow stain. . Length 35, breadth 29, alt. 16 mill. Mediterranean and A'driatic Seas ; Atlantic coast of Portugal and S. W. France ( Gironde) ; Madeira. P. rustica LINN., Syst. Nat. x, p. 783, teste HANLEY, Shells of L., p. 427 (Not P. rustica LINN., Mus. Ulricse, nor of REEVE, Conch. Icon., nor of MIONKIO, Moll. Nov. Holl. Spec.). — P. lusitanica GMEL., Syst. p. 3715. — PHIL., Enum. Moll. Sicil. i, p. 110. — HIDALGO, Mol. Mar. Esp. 51, f. 3, 8.— BUQ. DAUTZ. & DOLLF., Moll. Mar. Rouss. i, p. 469, t. 57. — P. granularis v. SALIS et al, not Linn.— P. nigropunctata REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 57. — P. piperata GLD., U. S. Exped. Moll. p. 338, atlas f. 449. The conical form and dark or black granules upon the radiating riblets readily distinguish this species. 00 PATELLA. P. pipp.mtu ( Toukl (j)l. 29, figs. 50-52) is identical. The P. run- ticn of Linne (Syst. Nat. x) is, according to Hanley, who has studied Linne's type, the same as lusitanica; but Linne afterward described another and entirely different shell under the same name, and as his original description is insufficient, the name rustica had better be dropped entirely. The conical, compact form and subgranose riblets, dotted with blackish, are characteristic. The species may perhaps be found to intergrade with P. guttata Orb., but proof of this is lacking at present. P. GUTTATA d'Orbigny. PL 56, figs. 29, 30, 31. Shell elevated (the young depressed), conical, thick, unequally ribbed, the ribs alternately large and small, longitudinally tuber- culate, the tubercles black ; interior grayish, yellowish-red in the middle. (Orb.) Length (adult specimen) 54, breadth 46, alt. 35 mill. Length (young specimen) 23, breadth 19, alt. 5 mill. Teneriffe and Grand Canary Is., Canaries. P. guttata ORB., Hist. Nat. Canaries, Moll., p. 98, t. 7b, f. 13-15, 1844. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 91. — DAUTZENBERG, Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr. iii, p. 161, 1890.— P. frauenfeldi DUNKER, Verb. k. k. zool.-bot. Ges. in Wien, xvi, p. 914, 1866. — FRAUENFELD, Reise der Oesterreichischen Fregatte Novara, Zool. Theil, ii, Moll., p. 15, t. 2, t'. 26. The black nodules upon the ribs and the red stained interior are prominent and characteristic marks. It is somewhat allied to P. granularis, natalensis, etc. P. nigrosquamosa Dkr. is probably a variety or synonym of this species. Von Martens (Zool. Rec. iii, p. 188) having examined part of the original specimens of P. frauenfeldi, considers them identical with guttata. The locality " Madras " is an error. P. NIGROSQUAMOSA Dunker. PI. 13, figs. 57, 58, 59. Shell ovate, convex-conic, whitish with large and small scaly radi- ating ribs; scales erect, blackish. Apex subcentral, rather acute. Margin crenulated. (Dkr.) Length 19 mill. Horta, Fayal Is., Azores. PATELLA. 89 P. nigrosquamosa DKR., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1846, p. 25. — P. nigro- squamosa var. minor DKR., Ind. Moll. Guin. Infer, p. 41, pi. 7, f. 4-6. We must retain this name for the Azores form for which it was originally proposed. Dunker subsequently included the larger Cape species, P. natalensis. Compare P. guttata Orb. of which this may prove to be a variety. P. RANGIANA (Valenciennes) Kochebrune. PI. 58, figs. 42, 43. Shell ovate, depressed-convex, rufous ; vertex submucronate, usually eroded, situated at f of the length ; having larger and smaller radiating broad, very scaly ribs, scales subimbricating, obtuse, lenticular; margin undulating; interior bluish, silvery- pearly, rayed with bands and spots of purplish, the center spatulate, pale orange. Length 44, breadth 36, alt. 19 mill. (Rocttebr.*) Porto Praya, Cape Verdes. P. rangiana (Valenc. ms.') ROCHEBRUNE, Bull. Soc. Philomathique de Paris, 7th Ser., vi, p. 29, 1882 ; Nouv. Arch, du Mus. 2dSer.,iv, p. 267, t. 18, f. 7, 1881. P. GUINEENSIS Dunker. PI. 12, figs. 34, 35, 36, 37, 38. Shell oval, sometimes elliptical, subelevated, rather solid, con- centrically striate and subrugose ; furnished with close, unequal subnodose radiating ribs, in part obsolete. Buff-orange, rayed and variegated with brown. Apex projecting, inclined forward, submamillar, situated at the front & of the length. Interior buff-orange, center milky and lurid. Margin acute, slightly crenulated, nearly simple, Length 27 mill. Ratio of length, breadth and alt. = J 00 : 88 : 30. (Dkr.) Loanda, Guinea. P. guineensis DKR., Ind. Moll. Guin. Infer, p. 40, t. 7, f. 19, 20, 21, 1, 2, 3. P. SPECTABILIS Dunker. PI. 12, figs. 45, 46, 47. Shell ovate, sjib depressed, solid, buff or dull white, rayed with red- dish ; apex somewhat obtuse, situated at £ the length, or the space in front bearing to the space behiud the apex the ratio of 3 to 4. Having numerous radiating ribs, which are rugulose, subnodose, subimbricated toward the margin. Interior bluish, the center white ; margin irregularly folded, crenulated, scarcely angular. Length 43, breadth 34?, alt. 12 mill. A large example measures 62 mill, in length. (Dkr.} Loanda, Guinea. 90 PATELLA. P. spectabilis DKR., Ind. Moll. Guin. Infer., p. 39, t. 6, f. 7-9. Should be compared with P. ccerulea var. aspera. P. SAFIANA Lamarck. PI. 55, figs. 19, 20, 21. Shell ovate-oblong, convex, variable ; having equal radiating flattened white ribs, the interstices brown ; apex subacute, inflexed. It is of grayish whitish above, and rayed between the ribs with yel- lowish or slightly brown rays. The internal border is of a bluish nacre. {Lam.} Ocean coast of Morocco. P. safiana LAM., An. s. Vert, vi, p. 329, 1819. — DELESSERT, Kec. de Coq. t. 22, f. 2. The following species, conspicua Ph., is probably identical with this forgotten Lamarckian shell. P. CONSPICUA Philippi. PL 56, figs. 25, 26, 26. Shell rather thick, ovate, a little broader behind than before, with about 34 flat, somewhat sharply angular, coarse ribs, and about double that number of weaker riblets in their interspaces ; the border is irregularly toothed and crenated by these ribs. The apex lies at the front third of the length ; the front slope is straight, back slope convex. The color is whitish, with blackish-brown interrupted rays, here and there connected by transverse strise. Inside, the outer portion is whitish, showing the external black rays through the shell ; in the center more or less reddish-yellow. Sometimes the reddish-yellow color, includes the central area and the muscle-im- pression, sometimes the muscle-impression is the darkest reddish- yellow, and the centrum itself lighter. {Phil.} Length 80, breadth 62, alt. 24 mill. Gaboon, Guinea. P. conspicua PHIL., Abbild. iii, p. 71, t. 3, f. 1, October, 1849.— DKR., Ind. Moll. Guin. Infer., p. 43.—? REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 12. I have not identified this species with certainty. The original figures and description are given. It is doubtful whether Reeve's figures represent this species. I have copied them on pi. 21, figs. 47, 48. P. LUGUBRIS Gmelin. PI. 57, figs. 32, 33, 34, 35; pi. 12, figs. 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44. Shell conical, short-oval, solid ; the apex situated in front of the middle ; slopes slightly convex ; sculptured with numerous (34 to PATELLA. 91 37) strong radiating ribs, most of which are compound, as if formed by the coalescence of several smaller ribs. Color dull black, some- times rayed with white. Interior blue, the central area either blue or white ; border crenu- lated. Length 60, breadth 50 alt. 20 mill. Loanda and JBenguela, Guinea ; Cape Verde Is. P. lugubris GMELIN, Syst. p. 3705. — REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 32, 1854.— DUNKER, Ind. Moll. Guin. Infer, p. 38, t. 7, f. 9-11, 22-24. The uniform black color is sometimes relieved by light rays, visi- ble inside, and sometimes the whole central area is white, the black rays not extending to the apex. These color-marks are best seen by looking through the shell at a strong light. The ribs are usually seen to be compound, or partially split into several smaller riblets ; but of the principal ribs there are generally about 34. P. PLUMBEA Lamarck. PI. 24, figs. 11, 14, 15 ; pi. 57, figs. 38, 39. Shell low-conic, oval or elliptical, rather solid; apex at the ante- rior two-fifths of the shell's length ; slopes convex. Surface sculptured with numerous riblets, sometimes narrow, irregular and close, sometimes separated. Color dull black, sometimes rayed with grayish, the rays scarcely perceptible outside. Interior blue, the central area elongated, white, often clouded or stained with rich brown. Margin crenulated. Length 53, breadth 42, alt. 15 mill. Senegal ; St. Helena. P. plumbea LAM., An. s. Vert, vi, p. 328, 1819. — DESH., 1. c. vii, p. 530.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 5 and 46.— E. A. SMITH, P. Z. S. 1890, p. 296.— P. ccerulea QUOY & GAIM., Voy. de PAstrol. Moll., iii, p. 342, t. 70, f. 4-6. — P. cyanea LESSON, Voy. de la Coquille, ii, p. 417. — P. canescens RVE., Conch. Icon. f. 103. This species is extremely variable in sculpture. The ribs are narrow, rather separated, but often increased in number and close- ness by the secondary ribbing which transforms each rib into three, the middle one larger. The ribbing is finer than in P. lugubris, the shell is more elliptical, more depressed, and the central spatula of the interior is longer and narrower. The variations exhibited by the series before me cause me to regard P. safiana Lam. and eonspicua Phil, as close allies, possibly varieties of this species. 92 PATELLA, The form called P. canescens by Reeve is figured on pi. 57, figs. 36, 37. It has quite a different appearance, but I am disposed to believe that Mr. Smith is justified in placing it in the synonymy. Var. VATHELETI Pilsbry. PI. 57, figs. 40, 41, 42, 43. Shell low-conic, ovate-rectangular, solid ; sculptured with numer- ous unequal riblets, and having about nine larger but often indis- tinct ribs or angles, distinguished by white stripes, giving a more or less polygonal outline to the shell. The radiating ribs and riblets are closely cut or crenulated by concentric striae. The principal ribs are white, the intervals black. Upper part of the cone eroded, grayish-white. Interior whitish, somewhat stained with yellow, blotched around the margin with black, the central area either coal-black or mar- bled black and white. Length 28, breadth 22, alt. 7 mill. Senegal. These small shells are evidently allied to P. plambea, but differ in contour, in the very short, broader central area of the interior, etc. They were collected by the Abbe A. Vathelet. P. ADANSONII Dunker. PI. 12, figs. 30, 31, 32, 33. Shell oblong-ovate, subelliptical, moderately elevated, sculptured with about 80-100 unequal ribs ; whitish, marbled and striated with black, brown and olive. Apex situated in front of the anterior third of the length. Interior bluish, the central area white and rufescent, sometimes rather flesh- colored or liver-colored ; toward the edge rayed with reddish. Margin subcrenate-dentate. (Z)&r.) . Length of large specimen 50, breadth 41, alt. 17 mill. Loanda, West Africa. P. adansonii DKR., Ind. Moll. Guin. Infer., p. 42, t. 6, f. 10-15, 1853. This species is evidently closely allied to P. plumbea Lam., differ- ing mainly in the varied coloring of the exterior. The number of riblets is very variable ; one specimen has 120. There is a small riblet on each side of the larger ones, as in conspicua, plumbea, and many other species from this region. P. KRAUSSII Dunker. PL 13, figs. 54, 55, 56. Shell ovate, thin, rather depressed, pale brown, subcorneous, radiately ribbed and transversely striated, ribs unequal, subundulat- PATELLA. 93 ing; apex acute, curved over, somewhat hooked, situated nearly at | of the length. Margin acute, obsoletely plicate and crenulated be- neath. Interior somewhat hoary and bluish, the center dull white and yellowish. Length 31, breadth 22, alt. 8 mill. (Dkr.) Loanda, West Africa. P. kraussii DKR., Ind. Moll. Guin. Infer., p. 42, t. 6, f. 4-6, 1853. There are 100-120 radiating libs; the intervals between the larger ribs are occupied by 2 or 3 smaller riblets. The larger ribs are scaly and nodulous ; and the whole surface is very delicately lineated. P. COMPRESSA Linne. PI. 61, figs. 68, 69, 70. Shell thin, narrow, oblong, the sides compressed and parallel ; con- ical, the apex in front of the middle and curving forward. Covered with close unequal radiating riblets ; dull strau'-colored, the young often finely dotted, spotted or rayed with bright crimson, pink or orange often marked with opaque-white dots or triangles. Interior white, or in the young marked like the outside. Edge of the shell even, the ends elevated. Length 94, breadth 45, alt. 35 mill. Cape Good Hope. P. compressa LINN., Syst. x, p. 783. — KRAUSS, Siidaf. Moll. p. 50.— Q. & G. Voy. de 1' Astro!., iii. p. 338, t. 70, f. 1.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 13a, and of authors. — P.miniata BORN, Test. Mus.Cses Vindob. p. 420.— LAM., An. s. Vert, vi, p. 333.— KRAUSS, Die Siidaf. Moll. p. 51. — P. umbella GMEL., Syst. p. 3706. — LAMARCK, An. s. Vert, vi, p. 327. — REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 17. — P. sanguinolenta GMEL., Syst., xiii, p. 3716, no. 130. — P. sanguinalis RVE., Conch. Icon. f. 95. This species is readily known by its compressed sides, elevated end-margins, and straw-yellow color. It is occasionally found varie- gated with red on the upper part of the cone, and the young are almost always so marked. Dead specimens have been found at St. Helena, doubtless drifted thither on seaweed. (See Smith, P. Z. S., 1890, p. 248.) The typical form of this species is never found living on shore. It lives upon large seaweeds, as one might readily tell by the form of the shell. When living on rocks it develops into the form known as P. miniato. Specimens which have changed their stations and show a corresponding abrupt change of sculpture are not very 94 PATELLA-SCUTELLASTRA. infrequent. Parallel mutations occur in Acmcea pelta, Patella gran- ularis, Patina pellucida, etc., etc. Var. MINIATA Born. PI. 26, figs. 22-27. Shell thin, varying from depressed and broadly ovate to conical and narrowly ovate ; sculptured with numerous acute unequal radi- ating riblets, more or less destinctly decussated by growth-striae. Elblets white or yellowish, interstices occupied by red rays ; the young speckled and blotched with red (rarely brown or purple- black). Interior having an opaque-white central area, the outer portion transparent and showing the color-rays. Length 70, breadth 58, alt. 13 mill, (normal.) Length 58, breadth 42, alt. 18 mill, (more elevated specimen; figs. 23, 24.) There is great variation in the form, still greater in the sculpture of this shell. Some young specimens are nearly smooth, having fine, subequal radiating riblets, scarcely decussated, whilst others have the riblets distinctly cut into close, compressed beads by the con- centric sculpture. In young shells the apex is much nearer the anterior end than in adults. P. ELECTRINA Kecve. PI. 18, figs. 33, 34. Shell orbicular, attenuated in front, rather depressed ; sharp at the apex ; radiately densely ridged, ridges rough, irregular, bluntly squamate. Light fulvous, rusty about the apex and between the ridges. Interior transparent white. (Jffoe.) Australia. P. electrina RVE., Conch. Icon., f. 55. Dec., 1854. Of a transparent texture, stained with amber rust about the apex and between the ridges, the color showing conspicuously through in the interior. (JRve.) Compare P. miniata and P. lowei. Section SCUTELLASTRA H. & A. Adams, 1858. Scutellastra ADS., Genera Rec. Moll, i, p. 466, types P. gorgonica Humph., pentagona Born, plicata Born. — Olana ADS. 1. c., type P. cochlear Gmel. Inner layer of the shell opaque, porcellanous, not iridescent nor fibrous in texture. PATELLA-SCUTELLASTRA. 95 Animal similar to Patella, except that a small rhachidian tooth is frequently developed. Distribution, S. Africa to Central Pacific. I have separated this group from Patella s. s. mainly on account of the different texture of the shell. Although this distinction has not heretofore been noticed, 1 am confident that it is constant and of sufficient systematic value to warrant the course here taken. (1) GROUP OF P. BARBARA. Erect, oval shells, with numerous ribs or riblets. P. ARGENVILLEI Krauss. PI. 22, figs. 15, 16 ; pi. 58, fig. 44. Shell large, solid, elevated-conical, ovate, apex in front of the middle, slopes nearly straight. Surface closely sculptured with numerous (80-100) crowded, obtuse radiating riblets, obscurely alternating in size, and roughened by the low, scaly growth-lines. Color blackish, having concentric lighter zones. Interior white, stained at the muscle-scar with brown or yellowish- brown, the edges of the central area well-defined, laciniate, stained : border brown, closely crenulated by small teeth arranged in pairs. Length 81, breadth 62, alt. 43 mill. Table Bay, South Africa. P. argenvillei KRAUSS, Die Siidafric Moll., p. 49. — REEVE, Conch Icon., f. 20. — ? Lepas ecaille ARGENVILLE, La Conchyl., p. 504, t 3, f. G. P. NEGLECT A Gray. PI. 20, figs. 41, 42 ; pi. 58 , figs. 40, 41. Shell large, solid, elevated-conical, elliptical or ovate ; apex at about the front third ; slopes nearly straight. Surface sculptured with coarse, irregularly subnodose, unequal radiating riblets. Ribs whitish, interstices blackish brown. Interior white, tinged with flesh-color, having some yellowish- brown clouds or stains in the central area ; muscle-scar distinct, light-buff or flesh-tinted. Edge of the shell crenated, conspicuously marked with black-brown blotches, mostly in pairs. Length 95, breadth, 68, alt. 40 mill. Length 106, breadth 80, alt. 41 mill. King George's Sound, Mistaken Island, and Swan River, Aus- tralia. f P. rustica LINN., Mus. Lud. Ulricse p. 694, (not of Linn. Syst. Nat. x, = P. lusitanica Gm., q. v.~) — P. rustica L., MENKE, Moll. 96 PATELLA-SCUTELL ASTRA. Nov. Holl. p. 33, 1843 ; and also Zeitschr. f. Malac. 1844, p. 62.— P. pileus MKE., mss. — ? P. indica GMEL., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3716, founded on Gualtieri, Testarum, t. 8, f. E, and Martini, Conch. Cab. i, p. 106, t. 7, f. 49. — P. melano gramma f SOWERBY, Genera, Patella, f. 1 (good!); not P. melano gramma Gmel., Syst. xiii, p. 3706, no. 74.— P. neglecta GRAY, in Capt. King's Survey of the Inter-tropical and Western Coasts of Australia, ii, appendix, p. 492, 1827.— P. zebra REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 7, Oct. 1854. This large species is much more strongly ribbed than P. argent- villei. The ribs are very unequal. The position of the apex is more anterior in my specimens than in Reeve's figures, in one speci- men being decidedly in front of the anterior third, nearly reaching the fourth. The ribs are rudely nodular in young or half grown shells, but become obsolete and eroded with age. Notes on synonymy. — That this species is not the P. rustica of Linnaeus' Systema x, is obvious (see under P. lusitanica, this volume). Whether it is the rustica of his later publications (Mus. Lud. Ulricse, p. 694, etc.) or of Gmelin, is a useless question into which we need not enter, but with Menke, I am disposed to believe that it is. Reeve's P. rustica has nothing to do with this species, being either a large P. lowei or an immature P. patriarcha. The P. indica of Gmelin, founded upon Gualtieri's figure and Martini's embellished copy of it, is very doubtful at best. Sowerby gave a most excellent figure under the name melanogramma, but it is not the shell so named by Gmelin. Gray fixes the identity of his P. neglecta by stating that it is the P. melanogramma of Sowerby's Genera, not of Gmel. P. BARBARA Linne. PL 59, figs. 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55 ; pi. 15, figs. 1,2. Shell rather large, depressed or conical, ovate ; apex central ; slopes nearly straight. Sculptured with numerous elevated, acute narrow7 riblets, which bear conspicuous narrow vaulted spines. White or tinged with brown, the spines usually tipped with brown. Interior white, either immaculate or having the central area stained with light orange-brown. Margin strongly toothed, having a colorless border. Length 72, breadth 60, alt. 27 mill. Habitat unknown. P. ba,rbara LTNN., Syst. Nat. x, p. 782.— HAN LEY, Shells of Linnaeus, p. 418. — LAM., An. s. Vert, vi, p. 325. — P. plicata BORN, PATELLA-SCUTELLASTRA. 97 Mus. Oes. Vindob., t. 18, f. 1.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 16.— P. barbata LAM., An. s. Vert, vi, p. 326. — DELESSERT, Rec. de Coq., t. 21, f. 1. — P. spinifera LAM., An. s. Vert, vi, p. 326. — DELESSERT, Rec., t. 21, f. 2.—? ? P. cypria GMEL., Syst. xiii, p. 3698. In all the variety of forms and names in which this species- masquerades, it may be known by the acute, high, compressed ridges, which bear vaulted or sometimes solid spines, usually touched with brown at their tips. The ribs are unusually variable in number, 24 to 30 being developed on moderate sized individuals, not counting a few small interstitial riblets. The spines are rarely as numerous as Reeve's figures show. These are reproduced on pi. 15, figs. 1, 2. An elevated, conical form is figured on pi. 59, fig. 55. A form which may be known as var. OVALIS is figured on pi. 60> figs. 56, 57, 58. It is ovate and has about 41 ribs. Interior pure white. Length 95, breadth 70, alt. 31 mill. (2) GROUP OF P. STELL^EFORMIS. Shell having coarse, unequal ribs or riblets. P. PICA Reeve. PI. 22, figs. 9, 10, 13, 14 ; pi. 59, figs. 47, 48, 49 ; pi. 26, figs. 28, 29. Shell solid, depressed, apex a little anterior, ovate, broad behind, more or less narrowed in front ; having numerous (about 21) rude angular radiating ribs, and more or less obviously radiately striate. Whitish or ashen, irregularly blotched with black. Interior white, the central area sometimes stained with yellowish or brown. Edge crenated, having a narrow border which is usually whitish-buff dotted and blotched with black, but sometimes lacks all dark markings. Length 43, breadth 31, alt. 10 mill. Length 47, breadth 37, alt. 10 mill. Mauritius and Reunion* P. pica REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 45, 1854; also f. 68.— P^ chitonoides REEVE, f. 52. — DESK., Moll. Reunion, p. 43. — P. moreli DH., Moll. Reunion, p. 43, t. 6, f. 13.— P. levata DH., I. c., p. 44, t. 6,f. 14.— / P. dentata DUFO, Ann. Sci. Nat. 1840, p. 204. The outline is somewhat spoon shaped, approaching that of P. cochlear. The ribs are usually subequal, and about 21 in number, but sometimes they are very irregular, as in the figures on pi. 59. 7 8 PATELLA-SCUTELLASTRA. In the form called chitonoides Rv. (pi. 26, figs. 28, 29) the ribs are somewhat more numerous, and the entire surface is purple-black. I am unable to find differential characters in the P. moreli of Deshayes. I have copied the original figure on pi. 58, fig. 45, re- presenting an immature specimen. • The same is true of P. levata X)h. (pi. 59, fig. 46). This species seems to be more than usually encrusted with calcareous growths, algse, etc. The specimens before me are from Mauritius, collected by Robillard. P. EXUSTA Reeve. PI. 24, figs. 9, 10. Shell ovate, a little attenuated in front, flatly convex, rather spread; apex inclined anteriorly; radiately ribbed, ribs with the surface rude, irregularly, obscurely prickly-scaled, interstices obsoletely latticed, with rather distant concentric ridges; burnt- black, red-tinged, interior marble-white ; edge remotely denticulated, purple-black. An extremely characteristic species, marble-white within, reddish- burnt black without, but of singular rude irregular, obsoletely latticed sculpture. (Rve.*) Habitat unknown. P. exusta RVE., Conch. Icon., f. 35, Oct., 1854. This may prove to be the same as P. pica Reeve. If so the name exusta will take precedence. P. FUNEBRIS Reeve. PI. 60, figs. 59, 60, 61. Shell ovate, slightly attenuated in front, elevately convex ; smooth, rayed with tubercled ribs, tubercles swollen, sometimes rather distant. Dull black, rusty-white at the apex. Interior opaque white, sometimes rust-tinged. (Rve.} Habitat unknoivn. P.funebris RVE., Conch. Icon., f. 54. Dec., 1854. P. STELL^FORMIS Reeve. PI. 17, figs. 25, 26, 27 ; pi. 61, figs. 62-65. Shell solid, low-conic, angularly oval, the apex central. Surface vary irregularly and roughly sculptured with carinated radiating ribs and riblets, 8 or 9 being more prominent in the typical form of the species. The ribs are rude, irregular, often somewhat scaly. White, sometimes marked in the interstices with black or rusty- .black. PATELLLA-SCUTELLASTRA. 99 Interior white, frequently slightly stained in places with yellow- ish ; central area white or stained with fleshy-brown, the muscle- scar sometimes outlined with reddish-brown. Margin very irregu- larly toothed. Length 45, breadth 35, alt. 14 mill. Japan to Port Jackson, S. Australia ; eastward to Viti, Cook's and Society Archipelagos. P. stellceformis REEVE, Conch. Syst. ii, p. 15, t. 136, f. 3, 1842.— DUNKER, Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 156. — P. pentagona REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 48, 1854 — LISCHKE, Jap. Meeresconchyl. i, p. 114 (not P. pentagona Born).— ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 221.— BALL, Amer. Journ. Conch, vi, p. 272, t. 15, f. 22 (dentition). — P. paumo- tensis GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii, p. 150, 1846; U. S. Expl. Exped. Moll. & Sh., p. 339, f. 440. — P. cretacea REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 53.— P. tramoserica AD., Ann. Mag. N. H. 1868, p. 369. This excessively variable species is allied to P. pica, differing mainly in not being narrowed anteriorly as a general rule. The main distinction, however, is geographic, the present form being Pacific, in distribution, whilst pica (and its immediate allies or varieties) is from the western part of the Indian Ocean. I doubt the occurrence of true stellceformis in the last mentioned area. It is impossible to say what P. pentagona Born (Mus. Test. Cses. Vindob., p. 421, t. 18, f. 4, 5) is intended' for. It is certainly not this species. Von Martens surmises that it may not belong to the Patellidce. The figures somewhat resemble a large Siphonaria. The typical form of stellceformis has 8 to 10 larger ribs. Among the large number of minor modifications, typically quite diverse but intergrading by easy stages with the types, the follgwing may be noticed : Var. PAUMOTENSIS Gld. (pi. 47, figs. 4, 5). Outline much more regularly oval ; riblets very numerous and subequal. P. cretacea Rv. is a synonym. Another slightly differing form is figures on pi. 61, figs. 62, 63, 64. It is large, oval, coarsely ribbed, with fine secondary radiating striae. The interior is marked with brown. The specimen figured on pi. 61, fig. 65 has a great similarity to Reeve's P. stellaris, and I am inclined to believe it is the same. It is very distinctly octoradiate, the ribs wide ; both ribs and intervals finely striated radially. See p. 51 of this volume for remarks on Reeve's stellaris, and pi. 36, figs. 65, 66, copies of the original figures. 100 PATELLA-SCUTELL ASTRA. Var. NIGROSULCATA Reeve (pi. 61, figs. 66, 67). " Ovate, rather solid, radiately grooved, grooves narrow, rather distant; rough chalk-white, grooves more or less black ; interior yellowish-white, border faintly lineated." This seems to be a regularly oval form smaller than v. paumotensis, and more stained with rust-red inside. Numbers of shells before me correspond with Reeve's figures. P. ACULEATA Reeve. PI. 25, figs. 20, 21 ; pi. 62, figs. 71, 72, 73. Shell oblong-oval, solid, conical, the apex at the front third. Sur- face dull, having numerous (about 23) strong, carinated, and more or less scaly-nodose ribs. White, with inconspicuous rust- reddish concentric bands. Interior whitish, tinged toward the middle with orange-brown, the cavity of the apex white with blue-black stains. Edge of shells dentate, having several narrow short reddish lines in each interval. Clarance River to Twofold Bay, Australia; Tasmania. P. aculeata REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 90, 1855.— ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 221.— TENSION-WOODS, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 1877, p. 22. —BRAZIER, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. xiii, p. 224, 1883.— P. squamifera Rv., 1. c., f. 94. — ANGAS, I. c., p. 221. There are about 23 large ribs, and some smaller ones in the interstices. The apex is at the anterior third, not central as it is in P. stellceformis, and the ribs are scaly. It is a common form at Port Jackson. The description of Reeve's P. squamifera, which Brazier considers a mere synonym of this variable shell, is as follows : P. squamifera Reeve (pi. 62, figs. 74, 75). Shell ovate, some what depressed, rather thick, apex nearly central ; radiately roughly ribbed and ridged, ridges irregularly rudely scaled. Whitish tinged with ash and black. Interior bluish-white. This is a solid, ash-colored shell, roughly sculptured throughout with irregular scaly ribs and ridges. (Rve.) P. MORBIDA Reeve. PL 15, figs. 3, 4. Shell ovate, rudely depressed, rotundately raised in the middle, radiately fimbriately ridged, more or less eroded, ridges obsoletely short-spined. Interior yellowish-wrhite, more or less irregularly stained with black ; exterior rust-eroded. (Eve.) Cape of Good Hope. P. morbida RVE., Conch. Icon. f. 64, Jan. 1855. Of a characteristic depressedly furbelowed growth round the mar- gin, the radiating ridges armed here and there with short, sharp PATELLA-S.CUTELLASTRA. 101 black and white spines. Exteriorly the shell is roughly rust-eroded ; interiorly it has a peculiarly diseased look. (Eve.} P. CHAPMANT Tenison-Woods. Unfigured. Shell ovate, somewhat broad behind, reddish or scorched and nebulously brown, apex acute, submedian ; with 8 radiating ribs more or less valid, and depressedly rounded, profusely radiate with very fine lirse, and girdled with irregular sulci ; margin angulate, nodulose. White within and clouded pale rose color, spatula scarcely visible. Length 20, breadth 15, alt. 5 mill. (21- IF.) Tasmania. P. chapmani T.-W., Proc. Koy. Soc. Tasm. for 1875, p. 157, 1876. Very rare. Four of the ribs are posterior, and the four anterior are smaller. ( T.- W.) P. USTULATA Reeve. PI. 22, figs. 11, 12. Shell somewhat squarely ovate, a little attenuated in front, pos- teriorly convexly depressed, anteriorly tumidly umbonated, apex obtuse ; radiately elevately striated, striae scabrous next the mar- gin ; burnt-red, neatly rayed with rather distant narrow white bands, striae more or less black next the margin, interior white. (Rve.~) Tasmania (Tenison- Woods). P. ustulata RVE., Conch. Icon f. 88, Jan., 1855. — TENISON- WOODS, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm, for 1876, p. 49, 1877.— P. tasmanica T.-W., /. c. for 1875, p. 157, 1876. Tenison-Wood's description of his P. tasmanica is as follows : Shell ovate, solid, sordidly yellowish white, often corroded, apex sub-median with about 21 valid, angular radiating ribs, and the in- terstices rayed profusely with very fine subimbricated lirse ; within ivory white and shiny, more or less tinged with yellow ; margin narrow, elegantly pectinated ; margined with a very fine bkie line within, and an interrupted dusky brown line outside. Spathula scarcely defined. Recherche Bay and south generally. Nearer to P. alticostata Angas than any other. Length 49, width 38, alt. 20 mill. (T.-W). "If I am right in my identification of this shell, it must be the same as my P. tasmanica described in last year's Proceedings of this Society. Reeve gives no habitat for his shell, which from appear- ance was worn and corroded. The unworn specimens found living 102 PATELLA-SCUTELL ASTRA. on the rocks are as different as possible, the ribs and riblets being- then conspicuous, and the whole shell a dull yellowish- white with no trace of the scorched coloring. When dead, however, and thrown on the beach this feature is conspicuous. It has many fine riblets between the coarse, somewhat nodular ribs, and the margin is very finely pectinated. A peculiarity of the animal is that it seldom comes above low water mark, and prefers situations where it is much exposed to the waves. It is very stationary, often being sunk into a regular pit in the rocks, and appears to live upon the fine green ulva on the rocks. It is nearly always covered, not only with confervoid growths, but also nulliporse so as to quite alter its shape and appearance. This often alters the height of the shell, which is usually depressed, and changes the position of the apex, which is usually submarginal. The interior is white and the spatula not defined. "The animal is of uniform pale yellow at the base ; wyhite above the foot, gills semi-pellucid and continued as a delicate fringe all round the mantle I, however, noticed one exception where, like the former species, the gills were discontinued in front of the head,, mantle without tentacles ; head livid, with semi-pellucid tentacles ; eyes very small and at exterior base ; buccal mass red and fleshy ; cartilaginous jaws long and less tumid than most limpets ; odonto- phore scarcely as long as shell ; not coiled, but bending with intes- tine in two folds. Teeth closely set and not high, composed of five central small curved cusps, and two tri-lobed laterals, all narrowly tongue-shaped, laterals more acute. The five centrals have the middle tooth often small. Teeth brown, lighter on the summit." (3) GROUP OF P. GRANULARIS. Shell oval, sculptured with numerous granose riblets, none of them notably larger. Central tract of the inside and border generally dark. Dist., S. Africa. P. GRANULARIS Linne. PL 63, figs. 80, 81, 82, 83. Shell solid, conical, ovate; apex in front of the middle; sculpt- ured with numerous (about 50) regularly granose riblets ; the gran- ules usually like small solid scales. Color dull brown, blackish, or ashen, dull reddish above. Inside opaque-white, with a broad black or dark brown border and a large reddish-chestnut central area. Length 58, breadth 48, alt. 26 mill. Cape Good Hope* PATELLA-SCUTELLASTRA. 103 P. granularis LINN., Syst. Nat. x, p. 782. — HANLEY, Sh. of Linn, p. 419. — LAM., An. s. Vert, vi, p. 330. — REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 31. — KRAUSS, Die Siidafric. Moll. p. 52. — QUOY & GAIMARD, Voy. de 1'Astrol. iii, p. 341, t. 70, f. 12-15. Characterized by the closely granose riblets of the outside and the broad dark border and large orange-brown central area of the interior. It is not at all iridescent within. In one specimen (pi. 63, fig. 83) of this species before me the earlier portion is black, finely but obsoletely radiately striated, dif- fering totally from the normal later growth. A similar change of structure has already been noticed in this volume, page 18, under Acmcea pelta var. nacelloides. P. NATALENSIS Krauss. PI. 13, figs. 65, 66, 67. Shell oval or oblong, conical, rather solid, slopes straight ; apex at the front third. Surface sculptured with 40-46 rather separated regularly granulose riblets. Color ashen or blackish, the granules black ; apex generally eroded. Interior white, the margin intensely black, having a border of blackish-brown flames ; central area dark reddish-brown. Length 31, breadth 23, alt. 12 mill. Length 27, breadth 20, alt. 11 mill. Natal, northward to Guinea. P. natalensis KRAUSS, Die Siidafric. Moll., p. 53, t. 3, f. 10, 1848. — P. echinulata KRAUSS, 1. c., p. 52, t. 3, f. 15. — P. nigrosquamosa var. miliaris PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1848, p. 162. — P. nigrosquamosa var. 1, DKR., Ind. Moll. Guin. Infer., p. 41, t. 7, f. 7, 8. This is a compact, long-oval species. The outside is blackish with black tubercles on the riblets. The eroded apex is brown or clouded with brown, and surrounded by a white tract, which usually is digitate or rayed more or less, as figure 66 shows. The black outer layer is quite thin. The margin is intensely black. The central spatula varies from olive-brown to a deep red-brown. Philippi's ?m7i(ms=Dunker's var. 1 of nigrosquamosa (pi. 13, figs. 63, 64) is a synonym. Var. ECHINULATA Krauss. PI. 13, figs. 60, 61, 62. Smaller, narrower ; grayish-brown, rayed with whitish. The basal side-margins are somewhat raised, so that the shell rests upon the ends only. Table Bay. 104 .PATELLA-SCTTKLLASTRA. P. vii)UA Reeve. PI. (J3, figs. 78, 79. Shell ovate, moderately convex ; strongly, sharply ribbed, ribs alternately smaller, minutely scaled, scales distant, the alternate rib sometimes nearly obsolete; rusty-black, eroded at the apex. Inte- rior whitish, with a broad rusty-black band at the edge ; nucleus pale rust. (Eve.~) Island of Camiguing, Philippines. P. vidua RVE., Conch. Icon. f. 22, Oct. 1854. A moderately convex shell, rayed with sharp ribs, alternately larger and smaller, each rib being roughened with minute, some- what distant scales. The chief characteristic of this species lies in its broad deep rust-black marginal border. (Rve.) (4.) GROUP OF P. COCKLE AR. Shell spoon-shaped, produced and narrowed in front ; ribs numer- ous, subequal. P. COCHLEAR Born. PL 27, figs. 34, 35. Shell spoon-shaped, depressed, solid ; apex subcentral. Surface having numerous close radiating riblets, grayish or blackish, usu- ally encrusted or eroded. Interior white or purplish-blue, the muscle-scar black. Length 60, breadth 45, alt. 15 mill. Cape Good Hope. P. cochlear BORN, Mus. Cses. Vindob. p. 420, t. 18, f. 3.— RKKVK, Conch. Syst. ii, t. 136, f. 5; Conch. Icon. f. 24.— KRAUSS, Die Siidafric. Moll. p. 48. The curiously narrowed anterior end gives a spoonlike appear- ance to this shell. Some specimens are almost perfectly flat, and have a red central callus. It has been made the type of a subgenus by the Adams brothers, but a number of other species approach it in contour, and form con- necting links with the oval limpets. (5) GROUP OF P. LONGICOSTA. Shell large, having some (usually 7-11) of the ribs, decidedly larger, rendering the outline more or less polygonal. Distribution, S. Africa. PATELLA-SCUTELLASTRA. 105 P. PATRIARCHA Pilsbry. PI. 64, figs. 84, 85 ; pi. 65, fig. 86. Shell very large and solid, conical, the apex a little in front of the middle ; rounded oval, nearly as wide as long. Surface dull, coarsely ribbed, 9 or 10 primary ribs radiating from the summit, the secondary ribs numerous, some of them nearly as prominent as the primaries ; radiating striae also are to be seen in some places ; growth-lines fine, inconspicuous. Color dull reddish-ashen. Interior pure white, the edge reddish-brown, bordered by a narrow subtranslucent band, sometimes not conspicuous. Length 127, breadth 112, alt. 45 mill. Length 117, breadth 105; alt. 43 mill. Cape Good Hope. ? P. rustica REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 8, 1854, not P. rustica Linne* (1758), nor P. rustica Menke (1843.) This is, next to P. (Ancistromesus} mexicana, the largest limpet I have seen, one of the specimens before me attaining a length of five inches. The interior is pure white, totally lacking the fibrous texture which renders P. ccerulea and its allies iridescent. The shell figured by Reeve as " P. rustica Linn." is probably an immature specimen of this species, having the sculpture sharper. The true rustica of Linne is the small shell known to us as P. lusitanica (q. v.). The rustica of Menke is the same as P. neglecta Gray (q. v.) P. TABULARIS Krauss. PI. 16, figs. 9, 10. Shell ovate, solid, much depressed, whitish, with radiating reddish lines ; radiately ribbed and striate, the striae and ribs unequal, cari- nated, scaly; larger ribs 12-14 in number. Margin digitately toothed ; vertex obtuse, situated at two-fifths to one-third the length. Inside white, having a peripheral border of dull yellow spotted with brown, 2 mill, wide ; space between border and muscle-impres- sion white ; the muscle-scar and central area pale brownish. Length 59, breadth 46, alt. 8 mill. Table Bay, S. Africa. P. tabularis KRAUSS, Die Sudafric'. Moll. p. 47, t. 3, f. 8. — DKR., Ind. Moll. Guin. Infer, p. 41.— P. obtecta KR., I. c. p. 49, t. 3, f. 11. Reported by Dunker from Benguela, W. Africa. The strongly angular, star-like form and closely scaly ribs and striae are the prominent characters of this shell. 106 PATELLA-SCUTELLASTRA. Var. OBTECTA Krauss. PI. 16, figs. 7, 8. In sculpture like P. tabularis; but narrower, more elevated, less strongly ribbed. The central area of the interior is brown. Length 30, breadth 22, alt. 8 mill. Table Bay. P. GRANATINA Linne. PI. 62, figs. 76, 77. Shell large, rather thin but solid, conical, angularly ovate; apex subcentral, eroded, rust-color or dark brown. Surface having unequal radiating ribs or carinse, of which one at each side and three in the rear are especially prominent. Color dull whitish, closely marked with black spots, often zigzag or angular. Interior white, the portion outside of the muscle-scar having a dis- tinctly fibrous appearance ; central area blackish-brown, sometimes mottled with white. Border very narrow, finely dotted with black and brown. Length 85, breadth 72, alt. 30 mill. Cape of Good Hope. P. granatina L., Syst. Nat. x, p. 782. — LAMARCK, An. s. Vert, vi, p. 324.— KRAUSS, Die Siidaf. Moll., p. 43.— REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 4. — P. apicina LAMARCK. — DELESSERT, Rec. de Coq., t. 21, f. 4. — ? P. picta PERRY, Conchology, t. 43, f. 7. The prominent ribs of the exterior and the spotting of black (sometimes lost by erosion) are characteristic ; inside the white, fibrous appearance and deep brown center are excellent diagnostic points. In old specimens the dark center is often considerably invaded by white in the middle and forward. P. OCULUS (Born) Auct. PI. 27, figs. 30, 31, 32. Shell large, angularly oval, conic or depressed, solid. Apex in front of the middle. Sculptured with large angular unequal ribs, which project at the margins ; and having a secondary sculpture of radiating striae when not eroded. Color blackish or dull brown outside ; usually eroded. Interior having a very broad blackish-brown border, a light zone just outside the muscle-impression, the latter strongly marked, bluish-white. Area inside the impression callously thickened, yellow- ish flesh-colored. Length 88, breadth, 75, alt. 25 mill. Length 64, breadth 63, alt. 12 mill, (younger shell). Length 110, breadth 106, alt. 42 mill, (largest specimen seen). Cape of Good Hope. PATELLA-ANCISTROMESUS. 107 P. oculus BORN (in part), Mus. Cses. Vindob. p. 418. — SOWB., Conchol. Manual, f. 229.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 2. — P. badia Gmel. Syst. p. 3700. — P.fuscescens GMEL., Syst. p. 3701. — P. schrce- teri KRAUSS, Die Siidafric. Moll. p. 43. Allied to P. granatina, but not variegated outside except in the young (fig. 32), and entirely different in color inside ; this species being broadly black bordered with a light central area. The more markedly stellate forms, such as fig. 31, approach P. longicosta in outline, but the coloring of the interior is constantly distinct. It seems advisable to retain the well-known name oculus for this species, despite the fact that Born included another and probably distinct species with this, in his references. P. LONGICOSTA Lamarck. PL 28, figs. 37, 38. Shell depressed, star-shaped, having 7 to 9 principal ribs which are carinated and project at the margins, and a variable number of smaller projecting ribs. Color black, usually rayed with whitish. Interior white, the central area often yellowish or flesh- colored, in the young generally stained or mottled with blue-black. The laciniate edge is bordered with black, often dotted with gray-white, rarely entirely white. Length 75, breadth 70, alt. 20 mill. Table Bay, Cape of Good Hope. P. longicosta LAM., An. s. Vert, vi, p. 326, 1819. — DELESSERT, Rec., t. 21, f. 3.— REEVE, Conch. Syst. ii, p. 136, f. 6 ; Conch. Icon., f. 11. — POT. & MICH., Galerie, i, t. 37, f. 7, 8. — P. gorgonica HUMPH, mss., teste Reev^. Allied to some forms of P. oculus, but much more distinctly stellate, and having a narrower black border within. Section Ancistromesus Dall, 1871. Ancistromesus BALL, Amer. Jour. Conch. Apr. 4, 1871, p. 276. Shell very large and heavy, its inner layer porcellanous, opaque. Animal with a complete branchial cordon, the lamellae long and slender, subequal ; sides of foot smooth ; radula furnished with a simple rhachidian tooth having a cusp ; the two inner laterals on each side anterior to the third pair, which are large and quadri- dentate ; uncini simple. Formula of teeth 3(i212i)3. PL 31, fig. 62. The shell resembles very closely, in texture, sculpture and form, the larger South African species of Patella (Scutellastra of my 108 PATELLA-HELCION. arrangement), some of which also possess a rhachidian tooth, as Hogg and others have demonstrated. P. MEXICANA Broderip & Sowerby. PL 31, figs. 59-62. The shell is very large, thick and heavy, oval, conical, with central summit. The dull, soiled white, eroded surface shows]about 10 low angles or obsolete ridges, and young shells are rather finely striated (fig. 61). The interior is pure white or tinged with flesh-color, having also, usually, some brown or purplish stains. The muscle-scar Js ^con- spicuous, roughened. Length 200, breadth 150, alt. 80 mill. Mazatlan ! San Bias I Acapulco ! W. Mexico ; also Central America. P. mexieana B. & S., Zool. Journ. iv, p. 369. — MKE., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1851, p. 37. — REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 1. — CARPENTER, 'Mazat. Cat. p. 199.' — Ancistromesus mexicanus DALL, Amer. Journ. [ Conch, vi, p. 266, t. 15, f. 21 (dentition). — Lottia gigantea OLD., ms. in B. M. — Patella maxima ORB., Voy. Amer. Merid. p. 482, and in B. M. Catal. d'Orb. Moll., p. 53. This is the largest living species of limpet, frequently attaining a length of 8 to 14 inches. The animal is black, more or less mar- bled and streaked with white. The shell is often used as a wash- basin in Central America. (See Dall, I. c.) D'Orbigny described this species as P. maxima, giving the locality Payta, Peru. Subgenus HELCION Montfort, 1810. Helcion MONTF., Conch. System, ii, p. 62. — GRAY, Guide, p. 176. — DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch, vi, p. 276. Helcion is composed of limpets differing from Patella s. s. in hav- ing the gill-cordon interrupted in front, the shell cap-shaped, apex curving forward. Two sections are distinguishable : HELCION (restricted), having a strongly convex solid shell with scaly radiat- ing ribs, and PATINA, in which the shell is nearly smooth and thinner. Section HELCION s. s. The gill-cordon is interrupted over the head, composed of small and filiform strands. PATELLA-PATINA. 109 The dentition is said by Ball to be the same as Patella except that the third or outer cusp of the third lateral tooth is obsolete. The shell is cap-shaped, scaly-ribbed, the apex strongly curving forward. P. PECTINATA Born. PL 51, figs. 1, 2, 3. Shell solid, oval, elevated, cap-shaped, the apex curved forward, nearly to or over the anterior margin. Surface sculptured with numerous close, densely prickle-scaled riblets, alternately larger and smaller. Riblets black, the intervals buff or pinkish. Interior of a dull lead color, sometimes a little iridescent at the edge. Length 27, breadth 22, alt. 14 mill. Cape of Good Hope. Patella pectinata BORN, Mus. Cass. Vindob. p. 423, t. 18, f. 7, (1780).— LAM., An. s. Vert, vi, p. 334. — POT. & MICH., Galerie, i, p. 529, t. 37, f. 11, 12.— KRAUSS, Die Siidafric Moll. p. 57.— Not Patella pectinata LINN., Syst. Nat. x, p. 783, nor of GMELIN, Syst. xiii, = Siphon-aria ! — Patella intoria SOWERBY, Genera of Shells, Cephala, Patella, f. 5. — Patella pectunculus GMELIN, Syst. xiii, p. 3713. — Helcion pectinatus MONTF., Conch. Syst. ii, p. 63. — GRAY, Guide Syst. Dist. Moll. B. M., p. 126 (descr. of branchiae).— DALL, Proc. Acad. N. S. Phila. f876, p. 244 (dentition). This cap-shaped, scale-ridged black species is unlike any other limpet, having much the contour of Scutellina. Linnaaus is gener- ally but erroneously quoted as the authority for the name. It is a common Cape species. Section PATINA (Leach) Gray, 1852. Patina LEACH, Moll. Gt. Brit. (Gray's edition) p. 223, 1852.— GRAY, Syn. Br. Mus. 1840 (name only no definition; no type mentioned). — Ansates Sows., Conch. Man. edit, ii, p. 68. — Helcion, Patella and Nacella sp., of authors. The branchial cordon is interrupted in front ; side of the foot with- out an epipodial ridge or papilla. Dentition, pi. 52, fig. 2. Two inner lateral teeth on each side an- terior, having simple cusps, the third lateral having a broad tri- partite cusp. Formula of dentition 3(i2W1)3. Epipodial papillae have been ascribed to this group by a recent authority, but I have satisfied myself that none are present by an examination of specimens. The sides of the foot are as smooth as in Helcioniscus exaratus. 110 PATELLA-PATINA. The shell has the contour and texture of Helcion but is generally thinner and the radiating sculpture is obsolete. P. PELLUCIDA Linne. PI. 51, figs. 4, 5, 9, 10. Shell thin, oval, elevated, the apex curved forward, near the an- terior end. Surface polished, smooth except for very faint radiating stride. Dark olive or brownish horn-color, reddish or blackish at the apex, and usually having a few radiating interrupted lines of vivid blue. Interior brownish, reddish or dusky within the cavity. Length 20, breadth 15, alt. 8 mill. Lofoten, Norway, to Cascaes Bay, Portugal. P. pellucida L., Syst. Nat. x, p. 783. — FORBES & HANLEY, Hist. Brit. Moll, ii, p. 429, t. 61, f. 34; t. AA, f. 1 (animal).— P. ccerulea PULT., Cat. Dorset., t. 23, f. 6.— P. bimaculata MONT., Test. Brit., p. 482, t. 13, f. 8.— P. cceruleata DA COSTA, Brit. Conch., p. 7, 1. 1, f. 5, 6. — P. elongata and elliptica FLEM., Encyc. Edin., t. 204, f. 2, 3. — P. cornea POT. & MICH., Galerie Douai^ p. 525, t. 37, f. 5, 6.—? P. intorta PENNANT. — P. minor WALLACE and P. cornea MICHAUD, teste Jeffr. — Patina pellucida LEACH, Moll. Gt. Brit., p. 224. — DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch, vi, p. 280, t. 16, f. 30 (dentition). — Helcion pellucidum JEFFR., Brit. Conch, iii, p. 242, t. 5, f. 4. — Nacella pellucida SARS, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 119, t. 2, f. 8 (dentition). — P. cypridium PERRY, Conchology, t. 43, f. 6. — P. Icevis PENNANT, Brit. Zool. iv, p. 144, t. 90, f. 151.— Patina Icevis LEACH, 1. c., p. 224. — Patella cornea HEEBLING, Beitriige zur Kenntniss neuer u. seltener Conchyl., in Abhandlungen einer Privatgesellschaft in Boh men zur Aufnahme der Mathematik, der Vaterliindischen Geschichte und der Naturgeschichte, iv, p. 107, t. 1", f. 8, 1779. A delicate cap-shaped shell, common on fronds of laminariaB throughout the seas of northern Europe. Var. L^VIS Pennant. PL 51, figs. 6, 7, 8. Shell more erect, the summit more nearly central ; solid, thick? more obviously radiately striated and having coarse concentric wrinkles. Length 22, breadth 18-20, alt. 8-10 mill. The distribution is the same as the typical pellueida. The differ- ences are the result of station, the Icevis living imbedded in the stems of fuci. Specimens of all sizes may be found having the typi- cal Icevis form, but frequently a Icevis is surmounted by an earlier growth of the pellucida type, like the similarly caused forms of P. granularis, compressa, Acmcea pelta, etc., etc. PATELLA-PATINA. Ill P. TELLA Bergh. PI. 51, figs. 12-26. Under this name Bergh has given the following description and figures of the soft parts of a specimen, the shell of which had been detached and lost. The body measured in length 8'5, breadth 5 mill. The sole of the foot (fig. 14) is oval, 8 mill, long, 4? broad. The color is light brown, the sole having a median longitudinal band shining like a tendon, not quite reaching to the posterior end. The foot was very strong, having a narrow fringe except at the head and behind, but not scalloped as it is in P. pelludda. The branchial cordon is inter- rupted in front. The head is strong, exactly similar to that of P. pelludda. At the three-cornered, kidney-shaped anterior end (fig. 13) is the broad three-cornered mouth, and behind it the oblique, as if cleft, front end of the buccal mass. The tentacles were pretty short, quite cylindrical (figs. 12, 13), similar to those of P. pelludda. Unlike the latter, the eyes were not visible through the integument. On the upper side of the head the radula showed blackly through. The mantle-margin shows none or slight trace of a clothing with closely placed, short, tentacular bodies. The positions of anal and infra-anal papillae could not be determined. Above in the mouth-opening projected the edge of the upper jaw. The buccal mass was strong ; about 2.5 mill, long by 1.5 broad. The form of the basal-plate of the jaw was not observed. The cutting (anterior) plate (fig. 17) was large, 1*3 mill, broad, light brownish- yellow, darker at the back margin, half-moon-shaped, a little nar- rower in the middle than at the sides, with obliquely excavated anterior margin, thin back margin. The tongue was similar to that of P. pelludda, strongly black-pigmented at the side areas. The teeth had fallen off. The number of rows, however, seems to have been 11. The odontophore sheath is very long, reaching over the upper surface of the foot. The posterior end is lacking ; the remain- der has a length of 7 mill., its middle brownish, the sides with a peculiar greenish-yellow luster. In the sheath there are 38 devel- oped, 2 nearly developed (lighter colored) and 6 colorless, unde- veloped, transverse series of tooth-plates. The dentition agrees in all important characters with that of P. pelludda, as figured by Loven. In each row there are 12 teeth, the formula being 3(^2<\)3. On the rhachis there is in the middle-line (figs. 19, 20), a low, elongated, narrow (median) ridge, without cusp (homologous with the rhachidian tooth in Andstromesus), and on 112 PATELLA-PATINA/ each side of it three strong lateral teeth, of which the inner one is more or less fused with the median at their bases. The inner lat- eral (fig. 21) and the median lateral were rather similar to one another, the second lateral (rig. 19a, a, 20a, a) being only somewhat stronger, with somewhat S-shaped base (fig. 19); the cusps being on both strong but narrow. The outer lateral was much stronger than the others; the basal-plate broader (fig 25) ; the cusp broad, three-cuspidate, the outer cusp shovel-shaped, the two inner nar- rower, more acute. Of the 3 uncinal teeth on the pleura of each side (figs. 23-26), the outer is larger (fig. 23), the inner the smallest. They show themselves often as if fastened on the upper part of the basal-plate of the outer lateral tooth (figs. 23, 24). All three pairs of lateral teeth show the basal part and the outer portion of the cusp amber-yellow, the intermediate part was almost as clear as glass. The side cusps were light horn-yellow. The length of the basal-part of the middle lateral tooth is about 0"15 mill. ; the height from 0'15-0"16 mill. The length of the base of the outer lateral tooth 0-145-0-15, the breadth 0'14 mill. ; the height of the tooth 0-16-0-18 mill. ; the breadth of the cusp was about 0'12-0'13 mill. ; the length of the outer side-cusp O'l, the middle 0'08, the inner 0*056 mill. The cusp of the outer was 0'025 mill. high. In the stomach was found a large-celled vegetable mass, similar to that found in various Pleurophyllids. Sargasso Sea. Patina tella BERGH, Beitrage zur Molluskeu des Sargassomeeres, in Verhandlungen der k.-k. zool.-bot. Gesellschaft in Wien, xxi, p. 1297, t. 12, f. 12-26 (1871.) The explanation of figures is as follows: 12. Head, from above. 13. Head, from in front. 14. Sole of the foot. 15. Buccal mass from the side ; a anterior end, b broken radula sheath. 16. Buccal mass from below, a, b, as above. 17. Front or cutting plate of the jaw, cutting edged turned up- ward. 19. Median ridge, inner and middle lateral teeth from the under side. 20. Median ridge, inner and a middle lateral tooth, obliquely from beneath. PLATE 16 22 PLATE 17 PATELLID^E PLATK 18 30 PATELLIDvE. PLATE 19 40 PATELLID^E PLATE 2O PLATE 21 48 PATELLID^E. PLATE 22 16 PATELLID^E. PLATE 23 Hk^ PATELLID^E PATELLIDvE PLATE 25 PATELLTD^E PLATE 26 PATELLID^K PLATE 27 PATELLID^E PLATE 28 PATELLID^E PLATE 29 PATELLID>E PLATE 3O 58 PATELLIDyE PLATE 31 PATELLID^E. PLATE 32 68 PLATE 33 96 JBP.\97 y ..::* 99 ACM^EID^E. PLATE 34 PLATE 35 HELCION-PATINA. 1 18 21. Inner lateral tooth, from the side. 23. Outer lateral tooth and side cusp, from the inner side. 24. The same, from the outer side. 25. The same, from the posterior side. 26. The three uncini. P. PRUTNOSA Krauss. PI. 51, figs. 11, 11 ; pi. 13, figs. 68, 69. Shell oval, depressed-conical, nearly smooth, the apex near the front fourth of the length. Surface having faint radiating striae. Color varying from yellowish-olive to blackish-olive often mottled or rayed, and having fine interrupted radiating, lines of blue. Interior olivaceous, dusky-whitish in the cavity. Length 28, breadth 21, alt. 6 mill. Length 31, breadth 24, alt. 9 mill. Cape Good Hope. P. pruinosa KRAUSS, Die Siidafric. Moll., p. 56, t. 3, f. 9. — REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 109. — Patinastra pruinosa THIELE, Das Gebiss der Schn. ii, p. 326, t. 28, f. 24, 25 (dentition and jaw.) It is larger and more depressed than P. pellucida. The blue lines are broken into minute dots. It has the same indistinct radiating strise that are to be seen on the European species. Dr. Thiele has made this the type of a new genus, Patinastra, founded upon a very slight difference in the dentition, which is inter- mediate between that of Patina and Helcion. P. ROSEA Dall. PL 50, fig. 44. Shell small, egg-ovate, of a deep rose color ; externally smooth except for very faint radiating ridges divaricating from the apex, and for lines of growth. Margin entire ; apex minute, produced before the anterior margin. Interior smooth, white except the margins, which are polished and of the same color as the exterior. Nacre, especially when weathered, silvery. Length *35, width '27, alt. '12 inch, of largest specimen. (Dall.~) East side of Simeonoff Island, Shumagins- Naeella (/) rosea DALL, Proc. Cal. Acad, Sci. iv, p. 270, t. 1, f. 2 (Oct. 8, 1872.) The soft parts have not been examined. The position of this shell in Naeella where originally placed, is therefore, doubtful. It may 114 NACELLA. prove to be a Patina, which the types, seen by me in the U. S. National Museum, resemble as much as they do Nacella. Subfamily NACELLIN.E, Thiele. The researches of Thiele have demonstrated that there are but too lateral teeth on each side in Nacella, Patinella and Helcioniscus, whilst Patella, Heleion, Patina, etc., possess three on each side. This difference is undoubtedy of considerable value, and I therefore depart from the arrangement adopted in the synopsis of groups on page 79, and consider the forms in my second division " B. One inner lateral tooth on each side anterior " as constituting the sub- family NACELLIN^E. The subfamily differs from Patellince in possessing the character- istic dental formula 3(inii)3, and in the shells having a distinctly metallic luster inside ;— the genus Patella having the formula of teeth 3(i212i)3 and the inside of the shell either transparent and fibrous, or opaque, porcellanous. On pages 79, 80, I have divided this group into two subgenera : (I) NACELLA, with sections Nacella s. s. and Patinella Ball, and (II) HELCIONISCUS Ball. These division^ are used in the same limits by Thiele (/. c.), except that he considers the three as of generic rank, as Dall has already done. Genus NACELLA Schumacher, 1817. Nacella SCHUM., Essai d'un nouv. Syst., p. 179.— DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch, vi, p. 274, 1871.— THIELE, Das Gebiss der Schn. n, p. 329.— not Nacella of CARPENTER, SARS, et al. The gill-cordon is continuous. The foot is encircled by a scalloped epipodial ridge, interrupted in front. The dentition is practically the same as in Helcioniscus (q. /i.) Ceylon. P. Reynaudi DH., in Belangers' Voy. aux Indes-Orientales, Zool., p. 411, atlas t. 2, f. 11, 12 ; DH. in Lam'k., vii, p. 543. H. FLEXUOSUS Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 66, figs. 96-98. Shell small, fragile, orbicular, angulate, arcuate, the vertex only elevated; margins flexuous, obsoletely striated, whitish-brown dotted, apex rosy ; inside bluish, cavity orange. Length 10 lines. (§. & £.) Island of Vanikoro. P. ftexuosa Q. & G., Voy. de 1'Astrol. iii, p. 344, pi. 70, f. 9-11. HELCIONISCUS. 131 t (3). JAPANESE AND CHINESE SPECIES. The Patellas of this region may be distinguished by the key given below. Neither P. clypeater nor P. aryentata (cuprea) inhabit Japan, the citations of these species by Schrenck and Dunker being erroneous. Key to Japanese Patellidse. Shell more or less silvery or iridescent inside (ffelcioniscus.') Conical, having about 50 strong, close elevated riblets, alternating [or subequal in size. Large, light buff; border of the inside narrow, yellowish, H. Boninensis Pils. Variegated with brown ; border of the inside conspicuously black-blotched, H. Stearnsii Pils. Conical, having several smaller riblets in each interval between the larger ribs, H. pallidus Gld. Ribs fine or obsolete. Solid, with radiating dark lines ; spatula orange-red ; ribs obsolete, H. nigrolineatus Rve. Thin, with very finely beaded riblets or striae, H. amussitatus Rve. Thin, with very fine striae, not beaded, H. toreuma Rve. Shell porcellanous inside, opaque, not iridescent (Scutellastra.} Depressed, having strong irregular ribs, P. stellceformis Rve. H. BONINENSIS Pilsbry. PL 66, figs. 1, 2 ; pi. 67, fig. 3. Shell large, solid, oval, erectly, straightly conical, the apex a little in front of the middle ; posterior slope a little convex, the other slopes straight ; basal side-margins a little elevated, so that the shell is supported by the ends alone when resting upon a plane sur- face. Sculptured with numerous (48-55) subequal radiating ribs (and sometimes some small interstitial riblets), the ribs varying from closely and rather weakly crenulated to strongly tubercled. The color is a uniform light buff, somewhat soiled, and having sometimes a few small black spots around the apex. Interior : the muscle-impression is of a snowy or« bluish-white ; outside of it there is a broad band varying in different individuals from creamy-brown to deep chestnut, outside of which there is a silvery, slightly iridescent zone, extending to the narrow yellow 132 HELCIONISCUS. border. The large central area is either cream-colored with a dis- tinct dark laciniate outline, or is of an umber-brown, lighter in the depth. From each angle of the anterior head-segment of the central callus, a narrow dark band radiates, passing through the dark zone which surrounds the muscle-scar. Length 100, breadth 85, alt. 40 mill. (no. of riblets 53.) Length 90, breadth 75, alt. 40 mill. (no. of riblets 50.) Length 88, breadth 77, alt. 40 mill. (no. of riblets 48.) Bonin Is., north of Japan. Patella (Helcioniscus) boninensis PILSBRY, The Nautilus, Nov- ember, 1891, p. 79. This magnificent limpet approaches the P. nigrisquamata of Reeve, but may be readily distinguished by its much larger central callus inside, the two diverging brown streaks mentioned in the description, etc. The two forms are moreover widely separated geographically. The specimens were seen and purchased by Mr. Frederick Stearns, of Detroit, Michigan, at the Third National Exhibition at Tokyo, 1890. They are called in Japanese, Yome-gai-sara, "Bride- cup shells." H. STEARNSII Pilsbry. PI. 48, figs. 16, 17, 18. Shell solid, elevated-conical, oval ; apex a little behind the front third of the length; front slope straight or concave, posterior slope convex. Sculptured with about 51 unequal closely nodulose ribs, separated by deep interstices. Surface lusterless, soiled whitish, hav- ing irregular rays of reddish-brown, and speckled with the same on the upper part of the cone. Interior bluish-white rayed or mottled with darker by the dark rays of the exterior ; central area strongly defined, reddish-brown with a white stain in the cavity of the apex ; edge of the shell scalloped. The dark rays become vivid deep brown or black at the border, the dark blotches alternating with white. Length 41, breadth 31 J, alt. 27 mill. Length 38, breadth 29, alt. 21 mill. Province of Kii, Japan. P. (Helcioniscus') Stearnsii PILSBRY, The Nautilus, Jan., 1891, p. 100. This handsome shell is sculptured with closely nodulose ribs, obscurely alternating in size. There are 10 or 11 irregular dark rays on the outside, much broken into spots on the upper part of the HELCIONISCUS. 133 cone. The apex is at the front I of the length. The interior shows fine transverse wrinkles when examined under a lens. It is not especially iridescent except at the border, where there is a narrow strip of fiery-orange iridescence between the blue-white of the interior and the blackish stained border. The species is named in honor of Mr. Frederick Stearns of Detroit, Michigan, who collected the shells when traveling in Japan. H. PALLIDUS Gould. PL 67, figs. 9, 10. Shell subovate, elevated, erectly-conical, solid ; white both out- side and within, or whitish-yellow ; having close concentric sulci and strise, and radiating unequal ribs, the ribs plicate or obsoletely plicate-tuberculate ; there are 20-25 larger ribs radiating from the summit itself; of the smaller interstitial riblets there are about 60. Apex subcentral or at the front f of the length. Margin of the aperture undulating. (Schrenck.^) Length 40, breadth 33, alt. 24 mill. Length 60, breadth 51, alt. 29 mill. Hakodadi, Japan. P. pallida GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii, p. 162. — DKR., Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap., p. 156. — P. lamanonii SCHRENCK, Reisen und Forsch. im Amurl. ii, p. 303, t. 14, f. 6-9. Characterized by its light color and the sculpture, consisting of radiating ribs, and having several riblets in each interval. I have seen none but immature specimens. H. NIGROLINEATUS Reeve. PL 14, figs. 71, 72, 73, 74 ; pi. 13, figs. 48, 49. Shell solid, oval, rather depressed ; apex at the front third ; slopes slightly convex; surface nearly smooth, the young having sub- obsolete radiating riblets ; bluish, with numerous narrow radiating stripes of red, or sometimes black. Interior dark-silvery, showing (especially in young shells) black radiating stripes. Central callus bright orange-red, veined with black, its front portion white or nearly so. Length 74, breadth 60, alt. 18 mill. Enoshima (Fr. Stearns), Nagasaki (Lischke) and Tsus-sima (Ad.), Japan; Camiguan, Philippines (Rve.) P. nigrolineata REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 43. — LISCHKE, Jap. Meeres-Conchyl. i, p. Ill, t. 8, f. 5-11 ; ii, p. 103, t. 7, f. 1-6. 134 HELCIONISCUS. A magnificent species, the handsomest of the Japanese limpets. The rays of the outside are generally dull red, but sometimes are brown or dull black. Between them the surface is normally of a peculiar light blue tint. In some specimens (pi. 13, figs. 48, 49), there are numerous fine, close waved concentric reddish lines, and these shells generally show a peculiar mottled pattern inside. The spatula is normally orange-red, more or less veined with black, but the black sometimes predominates. There is, in all the specimens I have seen, a light or white tract on the forward part of the spatula. My description is drawn from specimens kindly furnished me by Mr. Frederick Stearns. Var. DIVERGENS Pilsbry. PL 73, figs. 81, 82, 83, 84. A Helcioniscus between nigrolineata and toreuma. It is rather thick and solid, at least as thick as nigrolineata. Surface having a distinct sculpture of subgranose, crowded unequal radiating stride. Apex at the front fourth. Color purplish-brown, having rays of greenish-white, of which nine extend to the margin. Interior dark, leaden, with silvery reflections, showing the white rays. Spatula opaque white in front, leaden-brown behind. Length 42£, breadth 32, alt, 8i mill. Enosliima, Japan. Fig. 84 represents the shell as it appears when held between the eye and a strong light. The color-pattern, otherwise obscure, is thus distinctly seen. H. AMUSSITATUS Eeeve. PL 14, figs. 75-79 ; pi. 68, figs. 11, 12, 13. Shell thin but rather solid, ovate, conical ; apex in front of the middle ; slopes nearly straight. Surface sculptured with fine, close, regularly and closely beaded radiating riblets or striae. Light yel- lowish-brown, with inconspicuous darker rays, usually 11 in num- ber, and sometimes speckled with reddish and opaque white, or mottled with purplish. Interior bluish-silvery, iridescent, conspicuously finely crenulated toward the border ; central area not distinctly outlined, whitish or dull brown. Length 44, breadth 36, alt. 12J mill. Bonin Is. and Japan to Philippines. P. amussitata EVE., Conch. Icon. f. 83. — SCHRENCK, Reis. und Forsch. im Amurl. ii, p. 30, t. 14, f. 4, 5. — LISCHKE, Jap.-Meeres- Conch. i, p. 109 ; ii, p. 100, t. 6, f. 7-11.— DKR., Ind. Moll. Mar. HELCIONISCUS. 135 Jap. p 156. — DEBEAUX, in Journ. de Conchy]. 1863, p. 245. — P. granostriata REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 126. This species is extremely variable in degree of elevation. It is never so variegated as P. toreuma, is more elevated, thicker, and the fine riblets are distinctly, finely and regularly beaded. From the Japanese species of Acmcea which have similar sculpture, it is of course separated by the lack of a defined internal border to the lip- edge. I am now disposed to consider Patella granostriata Reeve as a synonym of amussitata. H. TOREUMA Reeve. PI. 13, figs. 50, 51, 52, 53. Shell depressed, long-oval, thin, the apex between the front third and fourth of the shell's length ; front slope straight or concave, posterior slope gently convex. Surface having fine close radiating stride separated by interstices slightly wider than themselves, the striae sometimes a little irregular but not distinctly beaded. Color excessively variable, usually greenish or buff, rayed or blotched with purplish-black and dotted with white ; sometimes without dark markings. Interior silvery or bluish, showing distinctly the dark and light markings of the exterior, the central area dusky, white or rich chestnut, its edges not sharply defined. Length 40, breadth 31, alt. 9 mill. Nagasaki, ToJcio, etc., Japan; China. P. toreuma RVE., Conch. Icon. f. 69. — LISCHKE, Jap. Meeres- Conchyl. i, p. 109, t. 8, f. 12-15; ii, p. 102, t. 6, f. 12.— DKR. Ind. Moll. Mar. Jap. p. 156. A thin species, always depressed, remarkable for the endless variety of its mottled coloring. It is allied to P. amussitata, but the delicate riblets or striae are not beaded as in that species. P. GRATA Gould. Unfigured. ' Shell ovate-conic, elevated, apex acute, very much anterior ; out- side rude, ashen, with elevated compressed radiating ribs which are tubulose toward the margin ; margin expanded, denticulate. In- side ochraceous variegated with brown, spatula and subrnargin intense chestnut. Length 30, width 24, alt. 14 mill. (Gld.) North shores of Niphon. 136 HELCIONISCUS. Patella grata GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. vii, p. 161 (Dec., 1859) ; Otia Conchologica, p. 115. This may be an Acmcea. It has not been figured, and I have not seen it. (4.) NEW ZEALAND AND AUSTRALIA SPECIES. The Patellas of New Zealand are all, with the exception of P. tramoserica, confined to that province. They have been referred by Hutton to Patinella, but erroneously, the branchial cordon being interrupted in front as in all Helcioniscus, a group with which they agree in dentition as well. The correct synonymy of many of the species is here given for the first time. The dentition of several species has been figured by Hutton, Trans. N. Z. Institute, xv. A useful paper on the anatomy of P. radians has been published by J. A. Newell, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xix, p. 157, plate xi, 1887. H. REDIMICULUM Reeve. PL 23, figs. 1, 2, 3, 5. Shell oblong, rather depressed, solid, the apex between the front fourth and sixth of the shell's length, and inclined forward. Sculp- tured with about 22 rounded ribs. Ribs dark or buff, intervals bluish-white ; having several darker concentric streaks, and marked near the apex with oblique black stripes. Interior somewhat iridescent, obscurely rayed, having a cream- white central callus, often more or less bordered behind with olive ; muscle-scar slightly pinkish. Length 41, breadth 32, alt. 12 mill. Length 43, breadth 34, alt. 12£ mill. Southern New Zealand and Auckland Is. P. redimiculum REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 50, (1854). — HUTTON, Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Z. 1880, p. 107.— E. A. SMITH, Voy. Erebus & Terror, Moll., p. 4, 1. 1, f. 24. — P. radians Gm., REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 25, (not of Gmelin).— P. pottsi HUTTON, Cat. Mar. Moll. K Z. 1873, p. 44, teste Hutton. — Patinella redimiculum Rv. HUTTON, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales ix, p. 375, (1884.) The rounded ribs are nearly smooth. The coloring of oblique blackish stripes around the anteriorly curved apex is characteristic, but shared by some other species. HELCIONISCUS. 137 H. STRIGILIS Hombron & Jacquinot. Unfigured. Shell oval, convex, obliquely conical ; two-colored outside, above blackish-rufescent, below brownish-rufescent, having few white dots ; principal radiating ribs 24, subequal, obtuse, subprojecting beyond the margin ; vertex obtuse, white, excentric. Interior blackish- purple, the depth pale yellowish. Length 65, breadth 50 mill. (H. & J.~) Auckland Is. (H. & J.) ; Banks' Peninsula to Shag Point, Otago, New Zealand; Auckland Is. ; Campbell Id. (Hutton). P. strigilis H. & J., Ann. Sci. Nat. (2) xvi, p. 190 (1841).— P. magellanica HUTTON, Trans. N. Z. Institute xv, t. 16, f. A (denti- tion only); Man. N. Z. Moll., p. 107 (1880), not of Gmelin !— Pati- nella strigilis HUTTON, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ix, p. 374 (1884). The original description is given above. This species I have not seen. It certainly has nothing to do with Patinella magellanica, cenea, kerguelensis or Juegiensis. Button's description in P. L. S. K S. W., 1884, is as follows: " Shell large, solid, obliquely conical, high, with about 20-30 low radiating ribs ; the apex subcentral or rather anterior. Brown, obscurely marked with yellowish; interior greenish or yellowish- brown above the muscle impression, bluish-white and iridescent below it, the margin brown." The description in Man. N. Z. Moll, does not, of course, apply to this shell. H. ORNATUS Dillwyn. PL 68, figs. 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19; pi. 19, figs. 39, 40. Shell solid, oval or oblong, rather low-conical, the apex at about the front third, erect. Surface having larger radiating, coarsely nodular ribs, about 11 in number, with a somewhat smaller rib be- tween each pair of larger ones, the intervals radiately striated ; growth-striae fine, often quite distinctly cutting the radial striae. The larger ribs are light, the intermediate ribs are black dotted with white, especially in the young, this coloring being less obvious on large shells. Interior having alternating silvery and black rays, the latter usually 11 in number; the large central area black, suffused more or less with cream color in the depth of the apex. Length 32, breadth 25, alt. 10 mill. Throughout New Zealand. 138 HELCIONISCUS. Patella ornata DILLWYN, Descriptive Catal. Recent Shells, ii, p. 1029, (1817)). — P. nodosa HOMBRON & JACQUINOT, Ann. Sci. Nat. (2), xvi, p. 191, (1841). — Patella margaritaria, testa ovali, etc., CHEMXITZ, Conchyl. Cab. xi, p. 180, t. 197, f. 1914, 1915 (1795).— P. denticulata E. A. SMITH, Voy. Erebus & Terror, Zool., ii, Moll., p. 4, t. 1, f. 26. — P. luctuosa GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii, p. 150, (1846) ; U. S. Expl. Exped. Moll. & Sh., p. 336, f. 446.—Patinella- denticulata HUTTON, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ix, p. 375 ; Trans. N. Z. Inst. xv, t. 16, f. B (dentition). — P. ineonspicua GRAY, in Dieffenbach's N. Z. ii, p. 244, (1843). — Patinella ineonspicua HUTTON, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. W. ix, p. 375. — Patella margaritaria REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 74. Easily distinguished by its coarsely nodose ribs, eleven-rayed in- terior with black central area, and in the young by the alternately white-spotted riblets. It is a very distinct species, but it has been afflicted with a number of names unusual even in this genus. It has no especially close relations with P. denticulata Martyn (q. v.) Reeve's figures of margarilaria are copied on pi. 19, figs. 39, 40. They represent a large, rather round specimen. The correct synonymy is herein given for the first time. The name margaritaria Chemnitz cannot be used, as that author was not a binomialist. Var. INCONSPICUA (Gray) Hutton. PL 68, figs. 20, 21, 22. Shell conical, high, the altitude often more than half the length ; apex subcentral. Interior brown, with about twelve radiating white stripes. (Hutton.') Wellington to Dunedin, New Zealand. The figures represent the luctuosa Gld. (not Hombr. & Jacq.) which is the same as ineonspicua. Gray's description is very poor. P. DENTIOULATA Martyn. PL 68, figs. 23, 24; pi. 21, figs. 49, 50. Shell solid, oval, elevated, the apex more or less anterior ; sculpt- ured with about 31 principal ribs, and some smaller interstitial rib- lets all of them closely scale-granose. Color blackish-brown. Interior bluish, having a distinct, opaque, flesh-colored or dull orange-brown central area. Spotted with brown around the edge. Length 55, breadth 43, alt. 24 mill. Wellington to Dunedin, New Zealand. HELCIONISCUS. 139 Patella denticulata MARTYN, Univ. Conch, i, t. 65 (1784).— P. imbricata REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 95 (1855), not P. imbricata Linne. -P. reevei HUTTON, Man. N. Z. Moll. p. 108 (IS&ty.—PatineUa reevei HUTTON, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ix, p. 376 (1884). Differs from other New Zealand species in the closely scaled ribs, opaque " rust orange " or fleshy central area of the interior, etc. It is a solid species, attaining a considerable size. Reeve referred denticulata Martyn to P. graniilaris as a synonym and made a new species, " imbricata" of the New Zealand shell. Hutton has followed Smith in mistaking the P. ornata Dillw. (mar- garitaria Chemn.) for Martyn's shell — an error immediately de- tected by a reference to the excellent figures in the Universal Con- ch ologist. In order to finally settle the name and synonymy of this species, I have copied Martyn's original figures on my plate 68, figs. 23, 24. P. RADIANS Gmelin. PI. 69, figs. 25-39 ; pi. 23, figs. 4, 6, 7, 8. Shell ovate, depressed, thin but solid, slightly narrower in front, the apex at the front fourth or fifth, not prominent. Surface sculptured with decidedly separated, narrow radiating riblets, hav- ing a number of smaller riblets (sometimes obsolete), in each inter- val, and decussated by fine, crowded growth-striae, often obsolete, but usually cutting the surface just in front of the apex into fine granules. Color bluish-white, usually buff around the apex, striped in a divaricating pattern, or irregularly blotched and rayed down the ribs with brown or olive. Interior buffish-olive, with a silvery luster, showing the color- markings of the outside, having a white or brown central callus, often ill-defined. Length 44, breadth 34, alt. 8 mill, (typical form). Throughout New Zealand; Australia. P. radians GMEL., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3720 (1789).— HUTTON, Man. Mar. Moll. N. Z. 1880, p. 108 ; Trans. N. Z. Inst, xv, t. 16, f. E (dentition). — P. argentea Q. & G., Voy. Astrol. Zool. iii, p. 345, t. 70, f. 16, 17 (1834).— P. argyropsis LESSON, Voy. Coquille, p. 419 (1830). — P. radiatilis HOMER. & JACQ., Ann. des Sci. Nat. (2), xvi, p. 191 (1841).— P. decora PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1848, p. 162 ; Abbild. t. 3, f. 3.— RVE., Conch. Icon. f. ZZ.—Patinella radians HUTTON, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ix, p. 336 (1884).— Patella earlii REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 71 (1855). — P. flexaosa HUTTON, Cat. 140 HELCIONISCUS. Mar. Moll. N. Z. p. 45 (1873), not of Q. & G—Lottia radians Sow- ERBY (de novo\ Genera, Lottia f. 3. — Patella affinis REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 108, (1855.)— P.fusca LINN., Syst. Nat. x, p. 784.— HANLEY, Shells of Linn., p. 428, t. 4, f. 9 (fig. of Linnaeus' type specimen). — P. sagittata DONOVAN, Rees' Encyclop., Conchol. t. xvi. The earliest name proposed for this shell is that of Linne, P.fusca. It was defined in an absurdly inadequate manner, however, and as Hanley justly remarks, no claims to precedence can be grounded upon the mere preservation of the original specimens. Typically depressed, but sometimes as elevated as P. redimieulum. The sculpture of narrow separated riblets, having in the intervals a smaller riblet, or numerous minute riblets (sometimes obsolete), is characteristic. Sometimes the whole surface between the larger ribs is finely granulose, and most specimens retain this granulation in front of the apex. The connecting forms are so numerous that I am unable to diagnose any of the following as varieties worth naming. Typical form (pi. 69 figs. 25-28). Much depressed, thin, riblets often subobsolete ; conspicuously striped and blotched with brown or red on a bluish-white ground, yellow around the apex. The form called argentea by Q. & G. is dark, mostly olivaceous, depressed. The P. decora of Philippi (pi. 69, figs. 29-31) is yellowish with about 24 narrow, reddish-brown ribs, alternating with small riblets. Reeve's decora is intermediate between this and argentea Q. Reeve's P. ear Hi (pi. 21, figs. 51, 52) is typically more elevated, rounder, " pale green, broadly wave-variegated with olive-black." It is very closely connected by intervening forms with the type. The P. affinis of Reeve (pi. 69, figs. 32, 33) scarcely differs from the typical radians. " The surface is carved throughout with simple smooth, slightly waved, close-set ridges and striae." Var. PHOLIDOTA Lesson. PI. 69, figs. 38, 39. Ribs small and uniform ; apex very anterior, about one-seventh of the length from the anterior end. Olive-brown, largely blotched with white, or white with brown radiating bands. (Hutton.~) Throughout New Zealand. P.pholidota LESSON, Voy. de la Coquille, p. 420 (1830).— P. sturnus HOMBR. & JACQ., Ann. des Sci. Nat. (2), xvi, p. 191, (1841). HELCIONISCUS. 141 P. floccata REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 106, (1855). — P. radians var. pholidota HUTTON, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ix, p. 377, (1884). The figures represent the synonymous P. floccata of Reeve. H. OLIVACEUS Hutton. PI. 70, figs. 46, 47, 48. Shell short-ovate, conical, the apex at about the front third ; closely but subobsoletely radiately ribbed, the riblets about 70 in number, and of nearly equal size; uniform olive colored. Interior greenish-olivaceous, iridescent, the center whitish ; edge narrowly black-bordered. Length 33, breadth 28, alt. 14 mill. Dunedin to the Bluff, New Zealand. P. olivacea HUTTON, Trans. N. Z. Inst. xv, p. 133, (1883), pi. 16, f. D (dentition). — Patinella radians var. olivacea HUTTON, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ix, p. 377, (1884.) The apex is less anterior than is usually the case with P. radians, and it is more erect. It is further distinguished by the uniform olive color, and more equal ribbing. My illustrations are from a specimen received from Prof. Hutton. This species seems quite distinct from the P. radians, of which I have seen many examples. Prof. Hutton, however, considers it a variety of that species, no doubt having good reasons for the union. There is a prior P. olivacea of Anton, and a still earlier P. olivacea of Gmelin, but as both are totally unrecognizable, the name im- posed by Hutton may be allowed to stand. H. STELLIFERA Gmelin. PI. 70, figs. 43, 44, 45. Shell depressed, oval, with small granular ribs ; reddish with white rays at the apex, or two white lines at the posterior end. In- terior white. Apex anterior. Length 25, breadth 19, alt. 7 mill. (Q.&G.) Cooks' Straits to Bank's Peninsula, New Zealand. Patella stellata, seu stellifera, etc. CHEMNITZ, Conchyl. Cab. x, p. 329, f. 1617 (1788).— P. stellifera GMELIN, Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3719. — P. stellularia QUOY & GAIM., Voy. Astrol. Zool. iii, p. 347, t. 70, f. 18-20 (1834).— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 96.— Patinella stellifera HUTTON, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ix, p. 378. Readily recognized by the central white star. 142 HELCIONISCUS. H. TRAMOSERICA Martyn. PI. 70, figs. 49, 50, 51, 52. Shell solid, short-oval, conical, the apex erect, near the center or somewhat anterior. Surface sculptured with numerous (about 40) narrow ribs, with usually an interstitial small riblet in each interval, the concentric striae of growth crowded, sometimes prominent enough to finely crenulate the radiating ribs. Color varying from yellowish with blackish-brown rays, to reddish-brown with whitish rays. Interior yellowish, lustrous, having dark rays and spots ; central area having a whitish, orange or olive callus. Length 46, breadth 40, alt. 17 mill. Wellington, New Zealand; Chatham Is.; New South Wales, Aus- tralia. P. tramoserica MARTYN, Univ. Conch, i, t. 16. — REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 27. — P. antipodum E. A. SMITH, Voy. Erebus and Terror, Moll. p. 4, t. 1, f. 25 (1874). — Patinella tramoserica HUTTON, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ix, p. 377 (1884).— ?P. joecte/i GMEL., Syst. xiii, p. 3702. The ribs are numerous, their narrow intervals usually having an interstitial riblet. The color is dull yellow or reddish, with dark rays, which are sometimes seen to be fretted or dotted if held toward the light. H. FLAVUS Hutton. Ovate, conical, radiately ribbed ; apex recurved ; margin crenated ; pale yellow, inclining to orange toward the apex ; interior, above the muscular-impression more or less orange, below silvery. Length 2'2, breadth 1-8, alt. 1 inch. (Hutton.) Poverty Bay to Stronghurst, Canterbury, New Zealand. P. flam HUTTON, Cat. Mar. Moll. N. Z., p. 44, (1873) ; Man. N. Z. Moll., p. 109, (1880).— Patinella flava HUTTON, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ix, p. 378. The description of this form is scarcely sufficient. H. ILLUMINATA Gould. PI. 70, figs. 40, 41, 42. Shell elevated conical, with an arched outline, the apex at about the anterior fourth ; surface covered with numerous small, obtuse, radiating ribs, with from one to three intervening striae ; concentric lines of growth crowded, very faint. Color sooty, with scattered, yellowish spots, about twenty in number somewhat regularly dis- HELCIONISCUS. 143 posed, which are transparent when held up to the light, those near the margin elongated. Aperture ovate, the margin slightly irre- gular ; interior a very dark claret-color, with brilliant silky and golden reflections, and yellow spots, corresponding to those of the ex- terior ; central spatula dull buff-color. (Old.) Length H, breadth li, alt. I inch. Auckland Is. (Gld.) ; Campbell and Macquarie Is. (Button.) P. illuminata GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii, p. 149, (1846) ; Exped. Moll. & Sh., p. 340, atlas f. 441.— HTJTTON, Trans. K Z. Inst. xv, t. 16, f. c (dentition). — Patinella illuminata HUTTON, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ix, p. 376. — ? Patella terroris FILHOL, Compt. Rend, xci, (1880.) * * * Australian species. H. LIMBATA Philippi. PI. 71, figs. 53, 54, 55, 56 ; pi. 17, figs. 28, 29. Shell solid, oval, the apex near the front third ; sculptured with from 21 to 31 broad rounded ribs. Brown or reddish, the intervals between the ribs brown-striped. Apex eroded. Edge scalloped by the ribs. Inside whitish, tinted with flesh-color or lilac, the central callus generally opaque-white mixed with bluish, becoming olive toward its edges. There is a distinct yellow or brown border, within which the stripes of the exterior make a ring of vivid blotches, these stripes being also, at times, visible through the tinted lining of the shell. Length 47, breadth 41, alt. 20 mill. Length 59, breadth 52, alt. 29 mill. Port Lincoln, S. Australia ; Tasmania. P. limbata PHIL., Abbild. u. Beschreib., iii, p. 71, Patella t. 3, f. 2.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 29.— ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 185.— TENISON- WOODS, Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasm. 1876, p. 48 (animal). A large, solid species. The broad, rounded ribs, narrow inter- stices striped with brown, and distinct internal border are charac- teristic marks of this species. The eroded apex is usually stained with bluish. The number of ribs is excessively variable, sometimes as many as 37 being developed. H. LATISTRIGATA AngaS. Shell very similar to P. limbala, but more elongated ; liver-colored, rayed with a few very broad brown-black stripes. Ornamented with 144 HELCIONISCUS. about 12 to 14 irregular, rounded ribs. Spatula of an intense brown- black, margined with white. (Angas.) Length '7, breadth '45, alt. '2 inch. Aiding a Bay, South Australia. P. latistrigata ANGAS, P. Z. S. 1865, p. 154, 186. ' H. GEALEI Angas. Similar to P. Jaclcsoniensis, but the interior splendidly metallic, a little tinted with golden ; margin narrow. Spatula lurid, clouded with leaden and brown. (Angas.) Length •!, breadth '86, alt. *4 inch. St. Vincent's Gulf, S. Australia. P. gealei ANG., P. Z. S. 1865, pp. 57, 186. H. ARANEOSA Reeve. PL 71, figs. 57, 58. Shell suboblong-ovate, attenuated in front, rather thin, compressed at the sides, apex rather sharply acuminated, anterior ; radiately densely striated, striae corded, minutely crenulated with concentric striae. Olive-green, conspicuously rayed with numerous opaque- white lines. Interior semitransparent. A somewhat depressed species, pinched and sharply pointed to- ward the apex, which inclines very much to the front, and of a dull greenish-olive color, curiously rayed throughout with fine opaque- white lines. (Eve.) Australia. P. araneosa REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 111. March, 1855. Gould described in 1846 a different species under this name, but it is probably an Acmcea. See appendix to this volume. (5.) SPECIES OF SOUTH AND EAST AFRICA AND ADJACENT ISLANDS. Limpets of the genus Helcioniscus are not found on the West African coast, which is inhabited by the typical groups of Patella. Upon the East African shores, however, typical Patella is not numerous in species, but Helcioniscus abounds from the Red Sea to the Cape. H. ROTA Gmelin. PI. 72, figs. 65-80. Shell oval, low-conical, the apex at the front third or behind it. Sculptured with numerous subequal or unequal, obsoletely granu- lous radiating striae. Outside whitish, having purple-brown rays which sometimes branch to form v's, sometimes are spotted with light HELCIONISCUS. 145 or split into several narrow stripes. The rays are generally eleven in number, but often some of them are multiplied by splitting. - Interior yellow (or silvery), showing the rays as vividly as the outside ; the central area red-chestnut in color. Suez and Mozambique (Reeve);' Madagascar (Ball); Reunion (Nevill, in Phil. Acad. Colin.). Patella rota, testa subrotunda, etc., CHEMN., Conchyl. Cab. x, p. 330, t. 168, f. 1619.— P. rota GMEL., Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3720.— REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 39a. — Helcioniscus rota DALL, Amer. Jour. Conch, vi, p. 278, pi. 16, f. 28. — Patella variegata REEVE, Conch. Syst. t. 136, f. 1. — P. petalata RVE., Conch. Icon. f. 56. — P. luzonica RVE., I. c., f. 86.— P. scalata RVE., /. c., f. 89.—? ? P. argentaurum LESSON, Voy. de la Coquille, p. 414. An excessively variable species. It is closely allied to P. novem- radiata, but in that species the rays do not bifurcate, although they are often split into two, and the indistinctly defined central callus is white with more or less bright yellow7 tint. It is even more closely allied to P. capensis Gmel and P. variabilis Krauss, and the three may prove to be one species, although in some details they differ. I have seen too few of the Cape species to write confidently upon their constant characteristics. Var. ROTA, typical, (figs. 65-69) may be restricted to the forms with chestnut or reddish spatula. As a synonym I have placed P. variegata Reeve, founded upon a typical specimen of rota, although Reeve afterward shifted the name to a different species. The following seem to belong here : R petalata ~Rve. (pi. 72, figs. 70, 71). "Shell ovate, rather de- pressed, obsoletely cancellately ridged ; transparent yellow, painted with broad blackish-purple rays. Interior transparent horny, nucleus chestnut-purple. Australia" (jReeve.*) P. luzonica Reeve, (pi. 72, figs. 72, 73). " Shell rotundately ovate, rather depressed, radiately finely ridged, ridges granuled ; apex sharp, anterior minutely hooked ; transparent yellow, rather horny, promiscuously stained with large black blotches. Interior trans- parent, subiridescent, dark chestnut in the middle. Luzon, Philip- pines." (Rve?) P. scalata Rve. (pi. 72, figs. 74, 75). " Shell ovate, rather sharply convex ; apex scarcely central ; radiately obtusely striated, and here and there linearly grooved ; livid-white, rayed with black 10 146 HELCIONISCUS. bands peculiarly bi-forked, or diagonally linearly streaked. Interior subtransparent, horny.4 Philippine Is." (five.) Var. oriental™ Pilsbry. PI. 72, figs. 76, 77. Shell more solid, the central area of the interior whitish or more or less stained with olive or orange. Viti Islands (A. Garrett). Var. DISCREPANS Pilsbry. PI. 72, figs. 78, 79, 80. Surface with growth-lines but no radiating sculpture whatever. Soiled white, with purple-brown rays torn into oblique shreds. Length 29, breadth 24, alt. 10 mill. Probably a distinct species. The two specimens I have seen are unlike any described Helcioniscus in their smoothness and lacerated rays. H. CAPENSIS Gmelin. PI. 16, figs. 15, 16, 17. Shell ovate, thin, depressed-conical ; dull white, variously painted with brown radiating bands and spots ; radiately striated, the striae close, equal, granulose ; vertex acute, erect, situated at about £ the length ; margin denticulated. Interior yellowish-silvery, with a pearly luster, having rays and spots of brown ; central spatula, brown or orange, rarely whitish, but always marked with white under the vertex and a brown spot in front. (Krauss.~) Length 39, breadth 29 mill. Natal. P. capensis GMEL, Syst., p. 3720. — KRAUSS, Die Siidafric. Moll. p. 53, t. 3, f. 13. There is a white area in the depth of the interior, having an orange or brown bar across it, as in pi. 16, figs. 16, 17 ; or the white is reduced to a bar in the same place. Compare P. rota Gmel. H. NOVEMRADIATUS Quoy & Gaimard. PI. 30, figs. 55, 56, 57, 58. Shell low-conic, rounded-oval, rather thin but solid, the apex slightly in front of the center. Surface lusterless, closely, finely striated radially, the striae somewhat granulose, often subobsolete ; growth-lines obvious or obsolete. Whitish, broadly rayed with olive-brown or dull rust-red. Interior layer translucent, iridescent, conspicuously showing the rays of the outside, which become vivid brown at the edge ; central HELCIONISCUS. 147 area having an ill-defined callus, which is more or less deeply stained with bright gamboge yellow. Length 40, breadth 34, alt. 10 mill. Mauritius. P. novemradiata Q. & G., Voy. de 1'Astrol. p. 346, t. 70, f. 22, 23. —P. aster REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 80, 1855. A splendid species. The rays are broad and about nine in num- ber, but more frequently they are twice as numerous by the splitting of each broad one into two. Quoy & Gaimard .described a very young shell. Reeve figured under the name P. astert a small speci- men from an unknown locality. The series before me is from Mauritius (Robillard Coll.). It is a much larger, more spreading and vividly colored shell than the allied P. profunda. There is little besides coloring to sunder this species from P. rota Gm. Compare also P. capensis and P. variabilis, the former of which may be the same. It should be noted that Gmelin refers to Kaemmerer, t. 2, f. 1, 2, as an illustration of his capensis. These figures represent the typical novemradiata. H. VARIABILIS Krauss. Pi. 16, figs. 18, 19, 20. Shell ovate, thin, depressed-convex ; whitish or ashen-yellow, painted with radiating bands and spots of ashen or brown ; radiately striated, striae or riblets unequal, transversely very minutely striated; vertex acute, looking forward, situated at the front third ; margin denticulated. Interior yellowish, rarely whitish, having radiating bands and spots of brown, shining. Central area not distinct, yellowish or whitish. (Krauss.} Length 32, breadth 24, alt. 7-9 mill. Natal. P. variabilis KRAUSS, Die Siidafric. Moll., p. 35, t. 3, f. 12 (not P. variabilis Sowb., a species of Acmcea.*) This is a flatter shell than the preceding, rather thin, translucent, rarely eroded at the apex. The apex is more forwardly directed than in P. capensis. From it many (70-80) alternately larger stria3 radiate, which are cut by very fine concentric striae, scarcely visible with the naked eye. The color outside is usually dirty white or yellowish with many grayish-brown or brown radiating striae or flecks, which are visible with more intense color through the gray- ish-yellow or whitish-yellow shining (but never silvery and pearly) 148 HELCIONISCUS. layer of the interior. The centrum is not sharply defined, generally scarcely darker than the circumference. (Krauss.) Compare P. rota Gmel. The following variations are described by Krauss : V&Y.fasciata (fig. 18). Shell whitish, spotted with brown, painted with six broad blackish-brown bands. The typical form is irreg- ularly and interruptedly striated and flecked, but this has broad bands. Var. radiata (fig. 19). The usually somewhat stronger riblets are white, and the smaller riblets and grooves are brown or blackish- brown. Under a lens young examples are seen to be sprinkled with little light-blue flecks. The centrum is yellowish. Var. concolor. Shell unicolored, blackish-ashen or tawny. Always smaller, totally unicolored. Centrum whitish. H. DUNKERI Krauss. PL 16, figs. 11, 12, 13, 14. Shell small, ovate, convex, very thin; subpellucid ; whitish or dull yellowish, having 11 radiating black bands and reddish striae, sometimes painted with rose and spots of bluish-green ; radiately striated, the strise fine, subequal ; vertex acute, inclined forward, situated at the front fourth ; margin very finely denticulated, not gaping. Interior shining, colored like the outside, the center yellowish or ashen-whitish. (jKr.) Length 17, breadth 11, alt. 4f mill. Natal. P. dunkeri KR., Die Siidafric. Moll. p. 55, t. 3, f. 14. — REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 124.— PHIL., Abbild. t. 2, f. 9. The thinnest of the South African species. It is somewhat inter- mediate between P. variabilis and P. pruinosa, according to Krauss. Compare also P. compressa young, and P. araneosa Rve. H. EUCOSMIA Pilsbry. PI. 71, figs. 61, 62, 63, 64. Shell oval, conical, the distance in front of the apex contained from 2 £ to 3 times in the length of the shell. Posterior slope some- what convex. Sculptured with fine closely granulous radiating riblets, of which every fourth one is usually somewhat larger. Out- side gray-white, spotted all over and indistinctly rayed with rusty- brown. Interior yellowish, conspicuously blotched, spotted and rayed with purple-brown or black-brown; the rays being usually 11 or 12 in number, either wide or narrow, and spotted with light. The cen- HELCIONISCUS. 149 tral callus is dark orange-brown, sometimes encircled by a whitish ring. Length 40, breadth 32, alt. 15 mill. Suez (Fischer) ; Red Sea and GulfofAkaba (Smithsonian Cabi- net) : Japan at Hakodadi (Stimpson and Anthony in Phil. Acad. -Colin.) ; Australia. (Bye.) P. variegata REEVE, Conch. Icon, species 38 (Dec. 1854), not P. variegata REEVE, Conch. Syst. pi. 136, fig. 1 (1842). — P. variegata FISCHER, Journ. de Conchyl. 1870, p. 167. — Helcioniscus variegatus DALL, Amer. Journ. Conch, vi. p. 277, t. 16, f. 27 (animal and den- tition).— Not Patella variegata DE BLAINVILLE, Diet, des Sci. Nat. xxxviii, p. 100 (1825). Readily distinguished from P. rota by its blotched and speckled color-pattern. Part of the localities given above are no doubt incorrect. I have examined a very large series, and find but little variation from the typical form. I have seen no specimens approaching P. rota. Reeve in 1842 described and figured a specimen of typical P. rota Gm. under the name variegata. In 1854 he shifted that name to the present species, giving no reason for such change, nor even admitting that he had made a change. Under these circumstances it becomes necessary to give a new name to the present species, and thus avoid the confusion otherwise inevitable. It should also be noted that there is a prior P. variegata of Blainville, 1825. H. CERNICA (Barclay) Adams. PI. 71, figs. 59, 60. Shell thin, ovate, depressed-conic; decussated with numerous obtuse radiating ribs and close, elevated, undulating concentric lirse; whitish, ornamented with reddish-brown rays. Apex sub- central, obtuse ; aperture ovate. Interior sculptured and colored like the outside, shining, somewhat pearly ; margin more or less widely crenulated. Length 39, breadth 29, alt. 10 mill. (Ad.) JBarkly fyland, Mauritius. Nacella (Cellana) cernica Barcl. ms., H. ADAMS, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 273, t. 19, f. 7, 7a. This species is the type of H. Adams' subgenus CELLANA. It probably belongs to Helcioniscus rather than to Nacella or Patinella. 150 HELCIONISCUS. The name Cellana has priority over Helcioniscus but it has not been adequately defined. H. PROFUNDUS Deshayes. PI. 65, figs. 94, 95, 96. Shell small, elevated-conical, solid, apex a little anterior, the slopes straight ; surface finely closely and evenly radiately striated, white with purplish or brownish rays ; the rays usually 10 in number, articulated with darker spots which are often angular. Inside white, showing the rays faintly; the central area light chestnut or outlined with light chestnut, edge of the shell smooth, articulated with white and chestnut. Length 16, breadth 12, alt. 7 mill. Length 20, breadth 15*, alt. 8 mill. Island of Reunion. P.profunda DH., Moll. Reunion, p. 44, t. 6, f. 15, 16, 1863. A small conical species, nearly smooth, the radiating striae being quite fine. The rays are more obvious on worn examples. The central area is not calloused. It has very much the appearance of an Acmcea. Var. MAUKITIANA Pilsbry. PI. 65, figs. 97, 98, 99. Shell thicker, heavier, more elevated ; dull white with reddish rays, which are not visible within, and only faintly visible at the edge, which is minutely crenulated; basal side-margins slightly curving upward ; radiating striae of the surface coarse, unequal. Central area of the interior having an orange-tawny callus. Length 21, breadth 17, alt. 11 mill. Mauritius. H. GARCONI Deshayes. PL 66, figs. 100, 101. Shell ovate, little narrowed in front, conical ; vertex acute, sub- central ; ornamented with small granulous radiating striae ; blackish- brown, vividly pearly inside, toward the apex whitish. (Z>/i.) Regularly oval, conoidal, the summit elevated, pointed, very slightly directed forward, situated at the front two-fifths of the length. From the apex radiate a great number of very fine, regu- lar, rather equal riblets, which bear long, obtuse granules. The margins are simple and sharp. The interior is lined with very bright nacre of a whitish-brown, the central callus quite large, white, sharply defined by the muscle-scar. The shell is thin, semi- HELCIONISCUS. 151 transparent, of a uniform brown-blackish, but if held up toward the light, a few rays of a beautiful red become visible. (Z>&.) Length 23, breadth 19, alt. 9 mill. Island of Reunion. P. garconi DH., Moll, de Pile Reunion, p. 42, t. vi (xxxiii), f. 11, 12. I have not seen this species, which apparently resembles P. oliva- cea and P. ardosicea ; but those species are truly unicolored, whilst this shows rays when held toward the light. It is probably allied to P. profunda Dh. H. DEPSTA Reeve. PI. 20, figs. 45, 46. Shell ovate, thin, rather depressed, raised in the middle, rather compressed at the sides ; apex sharp, anteriorly minutely hooked ; radiately striated, strisfr raised toward the margin ; reddish-chestnut, sometimes faintly rayed with greenish-yellow. Interior livid horny. A nearly smooth reddish-chestnut shell, with a sharp minutely hooked apex. (Rve.~) Macao and Island of St'. Paul. P. depsta REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 85, 1855. H. SANGUINANS Reeve. PI. 30, figs. 53, 54. Shell oblong-ovate, rather convex, apex rather anterior ; decussated with concentric strise and small superficial ridges ; whitish, here and there peculiarly rough, marked with promiscuously flowing blood-red streaks, rough surface red-dotted. Interior semipellucid white, con- spicuously red rayed. A fine new species of an oblong-oval form, rather flattish, with the apex situated somewhat anteriorly. It is of a reddish-white ground, painted with promiscuous streaks of red, like blood flowing, and the ground is singularly overlaid here and there with an opaque, rough coating dotted with red. (Rve.~) Cape Natal, S. Africa. P. sanguinans RVE., Conch. Icon., f. lOa, lOb. Oct., 1854. I have not seen this species. It is not mentioned by Krauss or other writers on the Cape fauna. (6.) SPECIES OF UNKNOWN HABITAT. H. MELANOSTOMUS Pilsbry. PI. 32, figs. 67, 68, 69. Shell solid, erectly elevated-conical, the base ovate ; slopes nearly straight; apex subcentral, erect. Surface sculptured with numer- 152 HELCIONISCUS. ous (43-45) strong rounded ribs, closely but usually rather super- ficially cut by concentric striae. Color clear buff, unicolored or hav- ing the ribs black or black-spotted. Interior white and silvery, the central callus of a more or less in- tense purple- black. Length 61, breadth 51, alt. 34 mill. Length 50, breadth 41, alt. 30 mill. Habitat unknown. Distinguished at once by the unusual coloring of the interior, and the sculpture of the outside. All of the specimens before me have the upper portion of the cone eroded. In one the central black callus is very thick. The ribs are alternately larger and smaller. They are scarcely strongly enough represented in the fig- ure. Specimens having black ribs possess also two short dark streaks radiating from the forward angles of the " head-mark " as in P. boninensis, with which species this is probably most nearly allied. H. ENNEAGONA Reeve. PI. 28, figs. 35, 36. Shell ovate, a little attenuated in front, depressed, rather thick, obtuse at the apex, subattenuated and inclined, densely crenulately ridged, peculiarly nine-sided, the three front areas narrow. Yellow- ish, the nine areas diagonally reticulately streaked with deep purple. Interior silvery, iridescent. (Reeve.) Habitat unknown. P. enneagona REEVE, Conch. Icon., f. 44. (Dec., 1854.) H. LIVESCENS Reeve. PI. 73, figs. 99, 100. Shell ovate, rather thin, depressly convex, rather sharply pointed at the apex, radiately densely granulately striated, striae slightly waved; apex rather anterior. Pellucid blue-green, rayed with blackish-purple, rays sometimes broken up into opaque blotches. Interior iridescent-silvery, more or less transparent. (Rve.) Mazatlan (Reeve.) P. livescens RVE., Conch. Icon., f. 75, 1855. A very delicate subpellucid greenish-blue shell, painted with dark purple rays which show through into the interior. The sculpture consists of numerous slightly waved granuled lines. (Eve.~) The locality given by Reeve is more than doubtful. It seems near P. rota Gmel. HELCIONISCUS. 153 H. DIRUS Reeve. PI. 73, figs. 88, 89. Shell ovate, erectly conoid, densely radiately ridged and ribbed, ribs and ridges very closely broken up into small warts. Dark blue- black, sub-iridescent in the interior. Although a similarity prevails between the figures of this and the preceding species [P. guttata Orb.], they are very different. P. dira being of a deep, erectly conical form, rayed throughout with close- set ribs and ridges, crenated with small tumid warts. (Rve.} Habitat unknown. P. dira REEVE, Conch. Icon. f. 92, 1855. H. FUNGUS Reeve. PL 44, figs. 18, 19. Shell ovate, depressly conoid, apex raised, subcentral ; radiately densely ribbed and ridged, ribs and ridges narrow, small, everywhere finely noduled. Dull tish, dotted around the apex and near the mar- gin with reddish-brown, with nodules whitish. Interior semitrans- parent, iridescent. A dull ash, depressly conoid shell, densely rayed with finely noduled ribs and ridges, sparingly marked with reddish-brown dots, which are seen most distinctly in the interior of the shell. (Eve.) West Indies (Rve.) " Tectura fungus MEUSCHEN " teste Reeve. — Patella fungus RVE., Conch. Icon., f. 105, 1855. This seems to be a Helcioniscus of the H. exaratus type. The locality given by Reeve is in all probability incorrect. H. (?) ADEL^E Potiez & Michaud. PI. 67, figs. 11, 12. Shell ovate, depressed, blackish, painted with nearly regularly placed oblong white spots ; radiately most finely costulated, the rib- lets very numerous, unequal, subgranulous. Vertex anterior, acute and tawny ; margin acute, entire. Inside blackish in the depth of the cavity, the margin maculated, intermediate space whitish. Length 15, breadth 10, alt. 4 mill. (P. & M.) Habitat unknown. P. adelce P. & M., Galerie des Moll., Mus. de Douai, i, p. 523, t. 37' f. 1, 2, 1838. H. LINEATUS Lamarck. PI. 73, figs. 85, 86, 87. Shell oval, convex, buff-brown, painted with 10-12 yellow lines ; excessively numerous longitudinal close striae ; vertex acute, buff. Length exceeding one inch. (Lam.) Habitat unknown. 154 UNIDENTIFIED LIMPETS. P. lineata LAM., An. s. Vert, vi, p. 331. — DELESSERT, Rec. de Coq. t. 28, f. 6. I do not recognize Delessert's figures of the type of this species. Deshayes (in Lam. 2d. edit.) gives no additional information, as he did not have access to Lamarck's cabinet. H. NIMBUS Reeve. PI. 35, figs. 30, 31. I have described this under Acmcea, page 61, but it may be a Helcioniscus. I have not seen the species. Spurious, Unidentified and Unfigured Limpets. The following list consists mainly of such species as I have been unable to identify with known forms, and which seem to me fairly unidentifiable. A certain proportion of the number I have identified with certainty ; and others with doubt, as will be seen by my notes below. It will be understood that I have no desire to revivify names or species which have passed from the memory of man. It is at least a half century too late for that. It is not too late, however, to avoid the use of these dead names for new forms. The frequent duplica- tion of specific names in Patella has shown the necessity of a com- plete list such as that here given. I have deemed it neither nec- essary nor desirable to change well-known modern names which are preoccupied by the old and insufficiently defined names given below, although there exist a considerable number of such duplications. The species of Clyptrceidce, Fissurellidce, Siphonariidce and Gadi- niidce, etc., included by older writers in Patella, have been excluded, as far as the original descriptions have enabled me to judge of them. ? NACELLA SUBSPIRALIS Cpr. (Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. iii, p. 213), belongs to the Siphonariidce. TECTURA RADIATA Pse. (Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1860, p. 437), is a synonym of Williamia gussoni Costa — Siphonariidce. P. VIRIDIS Dufo (Ann. Sci. Nat. (2) xiv, p. 204, 1840). Seychelles and Amirantes. Unidentified. P. AURIFERA Dufo (Ann. Sci. Nat. (2) xiv, p. 204). Make, Sey- chelles. Unidentified. P. VIRGINUM Dufo (Ann. Sci. Nat. (2) xiv, p. 205). Mahe, Sey- chelles. Unidentified. UNIDENTIFIED LIMPETS. 155 P. MALICOLOR Dufo (Arm. Sci. Nat. (2) xiv, p. 205). Make Sey- chelles. Unidentified. P. DIEMENSIS Philippi. Shell ovate-elliptical, convex conic, rather solid, whitish, having about 54 brown grooves; interior white, margin crenulated, the inside marked with brown dots at the crenations ; apex at two- fifths of the length. Length 1 6 J, breadth 14, alt. 8 lines. (Phil.} Hobarttown, Tasmania. P. diemensis PH., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1848, p. 162. Compare Helcioniscus limbata and tramoserica. P. CRASSA Lesson ( Voy. de la Coquille, Zool. ii, p. 413, 1830). A very thick, massive species, measuring, length 3i, breadth 3, alt. If inches. Said to be from New South Wales. P. COSTATA Lesson, (Voy. de la Coquille, Zool. ii, p. 415, 1830). The summit is said to be recurved posteriorly; sculptured with radiating striae fine above, wide at the edge, surmounted by lamellae. Outside green, surrounded with blackish toward the apex, having the elevations on the ribs bright chestnut. Inside golden red in the middle, silvery outside, rayed with blackish-purple at the positions of the ribs. Length 12, breadth 9, alt. 3 lines. Island of Bum, Moluccas. P. BOUROUNIENSIS Lesson, (Voy. de la Coq. Zool. ii, p. 415, 1830). Much depressed, oval, white, with black ribs outside, etc. Summit much posterior. Length 14, breadth 12, alt. 3J lines. Bay of Cajeli, Burn. P. CROCATA Lesson (Voy. de la Coq. Zool. ii, p. 415, 1830). Irregularly oboval, little elevated, not thick, summit conical, nearly central, margins thin and angulose. Covered with close little ridges separated into little groups by shallow, spaced grooves. Color whit- ish with purple-violet rays. Inside white, tinted with yellow and silvery. Center saffron-yellow ; border spotted with purple. Length 11, breadth 10, alt. 4 lines. Port Praslin, New Ireland. P. CONCEPSIONIS Lesson (Voy. de la Coq. Zool. ii, p. 418, 1830). Evidently an Acmcea or a Scurria, perhaps A. variabilis (Sow.) Rve. Province of Concepcion, Chili. 156 UNIDENTIFIED LIMPETS. P. JACKSONIENSIS Lesson (Voy de la Coq. Zool. ii, p. 418, 1830) A species said to resemble P. vulgata. From Port Jackson, N. Wales. P. GRANULOSA Lesson (Voy. de la Coq. Zool. ii, p. 422, 1830). Island of Bum. (Bourou.) P. GIGANTEA Lesson (Voy. de la Coq. Zool. ii, p. 423, 1830). A very large shell, length 7, breadth 5 inches. It is massive, very thick, aval, convex, submedian. Muscle-impression deeply marked. Interior smooth, whitish, the cavity reddish. Outside covered with Serpula tubes. Coral reefs off Borabora, Society Is. P. OBLONGA Perry (Conchology, t. 43, f. 4). Unknown and un- knowable. P. LAMPEDUSENSIS De Greg. An unfigured, imperfectly described form, from the Sea of Lampedusa. (Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital., x, p. 121.) P. GRANULATA Philippi. Shell ovate-elliptical, depressed, brown, tessellated with little-con- spicuous brown spots ; roughened by elevated very close, minutely granose radiating lines. Apex at the front fifth of the length. In- terior bluish, margin brown, articulated with whitish. Length 10, breadth 7f, alt. 2* lines. (PA.) China. P. granulata PH., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1848, p. 162. Compare Acmcea schrenckii and concinna. P. ALBA Hombron & Jacquinot. Shell ovate-elliptical, depressed, white ; having sharp carinated crests, toothing the margin ; apex excentral, obtuse. Interior white, shining, the depth and the margin submaculated with black. Length 37, breadth 30 mill. (B. & J. in Ann. des Sci. Nat. (2), xvi, 1841, p. 190.) Tahiti. P. TESSELLATA Hombron & Jacquinot. Shell elevated-elliptical, convex-conic ; yellow outside and inside, ornamented with undulating, transverse black-reddish lines and bands ; having close radiating striae, the chief of which number about 32. Vertex acute, gray ; cavity of the same color. Length UNIDENTIFIED LIMPETS. 157 28, breadth 22 mill. (H. & J. Ann. Sci. Nat.*[(2), xvi, p. 190, 1841.) Island of Mangareve. P. OBSCURA Hombron & Jacquinot. Shell elevated-elliptical, convex, obliquely conical, blackish-brown, lightly tessellated with whitish. Inside bluish-white, the cavity reddish-black. Vertex excentral, subobtuse. Margin entire, en circled by a black zone within. Length 26, breadth 20 mill. (H. & J. in Ann. des Sci. Nat. (2) xvi, p. 191, 1841.) Talcahuano, Chili Evidently an Acmcea or a Scurria. P. LUCTUOSA Hombron & Jacquinot. Shell very angular, star-shaped, elliptical, rough, brown-black ; with separated radiating ribs, of which 5 are principal and 9 or 10 adjunct, all extending beyond the margin. Vertex obtuse, excen- tral. Inside shining, white-bluish; margin angular, black-zoned. Length 33, width 28 mill. (H. & J. in Ann. Sci. Nat. (2) xvi, p. 191, 1841). Mindanao. May be the same as Acmcea saccharina. P. CRUENTATA Hombron & Jacquinot. Shell oval, convex-depressed, white, painted with white and brown radiating bands, ribs close, numerous, radiating; vertex brown- blackish, acute, central : margin unequally undulating, subdenticu- late; inside pearly, deeply blood-stained. Length 24, breadth 19 mill. (H. & J., Ann. Sci. Nat. (2), xvi, p. 191, 1841.) New Guinea. PATELLOIDES ANTARCTICA Hombron '& Jacquinot. Shell convex-oval, smooth, brownish-olive, painted around the margin with greenish-white bands. ^ Vertex incumbent ; inside white in front, sooty behind, the cavity rufo-castaneous ; edge entire, encircled by a black zone spotted with white. Length 31, breadth 23 mill. (H. & J. in Ann. Sci. Nat. (2), xvi, p. 192, 1841.) Auckland Is. P. CALLOSA Hombron & Jacquinot. Shell oval, depressed ; radiately painted with black and white bands ; inside white, the depth thickened, callous, white. Apex ele- 158 UNIDENTIFIED LIMPETS. vated, very acute ; margin entire, colored with alternate black and white lines. Length 18, breadth 14 mill. (H. & J. in Ann. Sci. Nat. (2), xvi, p. 192, 1841.) Vavao. P. ORICHALCEA Philippi. Shell ovate-elliptical, depressed-conoid, rather thin, pellucid, pale corneous; having about 20 narrow, reddish-brown low radiating ribs, and sometimes reddish-brown decurrent streaks in the inter- stices. Interior beautiful silvery-golden, the center pale brown ; apex at i to i of the length. Margin subdentate by the ribs. Length 18, breadth 14, alt. 5* lines. (Ph.) New Zealand. P. orichaleea PHIL., Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1848, p. 163. Compare P. radians and its varieties. P. RETICULATA Anton. Oval, widened in front ; apex posterior ; strong-shelled ; finely longitudinally striated. Ground-color yel- lowish-white, with brown reticulated markings, which in front flow into a broad ray. Length 7, .breadth 1\ lines. (Anton, Verzeich- niss, p.. 25, 1839.) P. SOLIDA Anton. Oval, strongly arched ; apex nearly in the middle. Strong-shelled, ribbed, irregularly rayed and flecked with white and brown. Muscle-impression very large. Length 6, breadth 4-} lines. (Anton, Verzeich. p. 25.) P. OLIVACEA Anton. Refers to Gualtieri pi. 8, fig. R. No de- scription. The cited figure is unidentifiable. (Verzeich. p. 26.) P. LINEOLATA Anton. Oval, high.. Apex at the first third of the length ; white, with many small lines and strokes. Cavity of the inside brown, otherwise white within, Length 6, breadth 4 lines. (Ant, Verzeich. p. 26.) . P. ALBA Anton. No description. Refers to Gualt. t. 8, fig. L, =P. ccerulea ! (Verzeich. p. 26.) P. SERPUL^EFORMIS Anton. Oval, pretty high, with 10 ribs, some projecting over the margin ; brown ; inside yellowish-white. Muscle-impression with brown vermiform lines. Length 10, breadth 8J lines. (Verzeich. p. 26.) UNIDENTIFIED LIMPETS. 159 P. PURPURASCENS Anton. Oval, with 19 equal ribs, which slightly project at the margin. Apex moderately high, blackish-red. Apex and ribs yellow, showing on the inside. Length 11, breadth 9 lines. (Verzeich. p. 26.) P. CONICA Anton. Equals P. vulgata Lam., etc., the varieties with equal broad and somewhat separated ribs and conic form. Blainv. 49, 1 ; Mart. 1, 38. (Anton, Yerzeich. p. 26.) P. ALBESCENS Anton. Oval, nearly round, conical ; apex wart- like, inclined forward. Very finely longitudinally, and still more finely transversely striated. Yellowish-white ; inside pure white, with a brown margin around the muscle-impression, below the mar- gin horn-colored. Length 1, breadth 11 lines. Antilles. (Anton, Verzeich. p. 26.) P. DICHOTOMA Anton. Oval, conical, white with brown longitu- dinal lines, which below mostly divide gable-wise [y\ -shaped]. In- terior whitish. Length 6£, breadth 5? lines. Has the muscle-im- pression of Patella and the outward aspect of Siphonaria. (Anton, Verzeich. p. 26.) This may possibly be Acmwa cubensis Rve. (H. A. P.} P. (? TOREUMA, VAR.) TENuiLiRATA Carpenter. Shell much depressed, oblong, diaphanous ; corneous, irregularly flamed with brownish-purple ; about 22 very delicate lirse, the inter- stices obsoletely striated ; apex subprominent, situated about at the front fifth. Interior very iridescent. Length 1*38, breadth 1, alt. •28 inch. (Opr.) Monterey (Hartweg) in Cuming Coll. This shell appears to agree with P. toreuma Reeve in all essential respects ; but instead of the fine regular strise of that species, there are a few delicate principal ribs, with obsolete strise between. As its neighbor P. oregona sometimes developes large ribs, and is at other times nearly smooth, this has not been considered a sufficient differ- ence to constitute a species until more is known of its variable powers. (Cpr. in P. Z. S. 1855, p. 233.) P. RUSTICA Linn. BORN has attempted the identification of this perplexing limpet, his selection being perhaps the P. lusitanica. His description is on p. 426 of the Mus. Cses., pi. 18, fig. 11. See under P. lusitanica and P. neglecta, this volume. 160 UNIDENTIFIED LIMPETS. P. LACINOSA Linne., Syst. x, p. 781. Unidentified ; / possibly=P. stellceformis. P. TUBERCULATA Linne., Syst. x, p. 782. Unidentifiable. All Linnsean Patellae other than these two and those referred to in the foregoing text of this volume, belong to other groups, such as Fissurellidce, Calyptrceidce, Capulidce, Siphonariidce, Ancylidce, (q. v.) P. ISLANDICA GmeL, Syst. Nat. xiii, p. 3698, ?=P. vulgata. P. RUBRA GmeL, p. 3700. Unidentified. P. HEPATICA Gmel., p. 3700. Unidentified. P. FUSCESCENS Gmel., p. 3701. Unidentified. P. MACULOSA Gmel., p. 3701. Unidentified. P. ROTUNDATA Gmel., p. 3701. Unidentified. P. CORRUGATA Gmel., p. 3702. Unidentified. P. ALBORADIATA GmeL, p. 3702. Unidentified. P. OLIVACEA GmeL, p. 3702. Unidentified. P. CEREA GmeL, p. 3702. Unidentified. P. IMPRESSA GmeL, p. 3702. Unidentified. P. AURANTIA GmeL, p. 3703. Unidentified. P. MELANOZONIAS GmeL, p. 3703. Unidentified. P. OCULATA GmeL, p. 3703. Unidentified. P. OCHROLEUCA GmeL, p. 3703. Unidentified. P. DENTICULATA GmeL, p. 3703. Unidentified. P. NODULOSA GmeL, p. 3703. Unidentified. P. CINEREA GmeL, p. 3704. Unidentified. P. EXALBIDA GmeL, p. 3704. Unidentified. P. L^VIS GmeL, p. 3704. Unidentified. P. ARGENTEA GmeL, p. 3704. Unidentified. P. CUPREA GmeL, p. 3704. I do not know this apparently well- marked species. It may be a form of P. magellanica. P. SANGUINEA GmeL, p. 3705. Unidentified. P. IN^EQUALIS GmeL, p. 3705. Unidentified. P. FLAVEOLA GmeL, p. 3705. Unidentified. P. INFUNDIBULUM GmeL, p. 3705. Unidentified. P. CYATHUS GmeL, p. 3705. Unidentified. ACM^EID^E. PLATE 36 Hfl , . ¥, , H £lb I ~G$*/ ACM^EIDvE. PLATE 37 79 78 jjftiLjjfc 64 90 91 81 80 83 86 87 88 89 93 PLATE 38 , ETC. PLATE 39 16 15 LEPETID^E, ETC PLATE 4O 38 50 TTTISCANIID^E. PLATE PATELLTD^E PLATE 43 M 5 PATELLID^E. PLATE 44 PATELLID^E PL-ATE 45 PATELLID^C PL.ATE 46 ,<« r> m 34 PATELLID^E PLATE PATELLID^E. PLATE PL-ATE 49 PATELLIDyE. PLATE 5O \ PLATE 51 21 PATELLID./E PLATE 52 8 PATELLID^S PLATE 53 PATELLID^E. 18 PLATE 55 . 84 21 UNIDENTIFIED LIMPETS. P. ULYSSIPONENSIS GmeL, p. 3706. This is a form of P. ccerulea. P. MELANOGRAMMA Gmel., p. 3706. Unidentified. P. REPANDA Gmel., p. 3707. Probably=P. aspera of the Mediter- rean. P. ANGULOSA Gmel., p. 3707. Unidentified. P. TIGRINA Gmel., p. 3707. Unidentified. P. MONOPIS GmeL, p. 3707. ?=P. oculus Born. P. CHLOROSTICTA Gmel., p. 3707. ?=P. ccerulea var. crenata. P. MARGARITACEA GmeL, p. 3707. ?— P. ccerulea. P. TENUIS Gmel., p. 3708. ?=P. ccerulea. P. PLICARIA Gmel., p. 3708. t=P. barbara Linn., p. 96. P. STANNEA GmeL, p. 3709. ?— P. ccnea Martyn. P. FASCIATA GmeL, p. 3713. Unidentified. P. ELEGANS GmeL, p. 3713. Unidentified. P. SQUAMOSA GmeL, p. 3713. Unidentified. P. SQUALIDA GmeL, p. 3714. Unidentified. P. CROCEA GmeL, p. 3714. Unidentified. P. CANDIDA GmeL, p. 3714. Unidentified. P. MINIMA GmeL, p. 3714. ?— Acmcea virginea Mull. P. TRANQUEBARICA GmeL, p. 3714. An unidentifiable Oriental * Acmcea. P. SURINAMENSIS GmeL, p. 3716. Unidentified. P. VITELLINA GmeL, p. 3716. Unidentified. P. L^VIGATA GmeL, p. 3717. Unidentified. P. CITRINA GmeL, p. 3720. Unidentified. P. GUTTATA GmeL, p. 3721. Unidentified. P. SCUTIFORMIS GmeL, p. 3721. Unidentified. P. CRATICULATA GmeL, p. 3722. Unidentified. P. CRUENTATA GmeL, p. 3722. Unidentified. P. PAPYRACEA GmeL, p. 3722. Unidentified. P. CYLINDRICA GmeL, p. 3722. Unidentified. P. DECUSSATA GmeL, p. 3723. Unidentified. P. H^EMOSTICTA GmeL, p. 3723. Unidentified. P. ASTEROIDES GmeL, p. 3723. Unidentified. P. RUBELLA GmeL, p. 3723. Unidentified. 11 162 UNIDENTIFIED LIMPETS. P. SPECTABILIS Gmel., p. 3723. Unidentified. P. CONSPURCATA Gmel., p. 3724. Unidentified. P. ATRA Gmel., p. 3724. Unidentified. P. SPECULARIS Gmel., p. 3724. Unidentified. P. CANESCENS Gmel., p. 3724. Unidentified. P. VIRESCENS GmeL, p. 3724. Unidentified. P. PULLA Gmel., p. 3725. Unidentified. P. REVOLUTA Gmel., p. 3725. Unidentified. P. SQUAMATA Gmel., p. 3725. Unidentified. P. TESTACEA Gmel., p. 3725. Unidentified. P. CAPILLARIS Gmel., p. 3725. Unidentified. . P. GLAUCA Gmel., p. 3725. Unidentified. P. OBSCURA Gmel., p. 3726. Unidentified. P. EXOLETA Gmel., p. 3726. Unidentified. P. AFFINIS Gmel., p. 3726. Unidentified. P. FUSCATA Gmel., p. 3726. Unidentified. P. MELLEA Gmel., p. 3726. Unidentified. P. GUINEENSIS Gmel., p. 3726. Unidentified. P. COMPLANATA Gmel., p. 3726. Unidentified. P. NAVICULA Gmel., p. 3727. ?=P. miniata. P. CINGULATA Gmel., p. 3727. Unidentified. A portion of these species of Gmelin may belong to Siphonariidce, although all species belonging elsewhere than in Patellidce and Aemceidce have been purposely omitted in the above list. P. LUTEOLA Lam., An. s. Vert, vi, p. 327. Unidentified. P. TUBERCULIFERA Lam., An. s. Vert, vi, p. 333. Unidentified. P. RADIATA Born, Test. Mus. Cses. Vindob., t. 18, f. 10. (P. virgata Gmel., Syst. xiii, p. 3727). Unidentified. P. BORNIANA Helbling, Abhandl., p. 106, t. 1, f. 7.=Acmcea testu- dinalis. P. ZONATA Schubert & Wagner, Conchyl. Cab., p. 125, t. 229, f. 4056, 4057. Unidentified. P. VIRGATA Donovan, in Rees' Encycl., Conch., pi. xvi. Unidentified. P. AURICULA Donovan, in Rees' Encycl., Conch, pi. xvi. Unidenti- fied. UNIDENTIFIED LIMPETS. 163 P. STRiGATA Donovan, in Rees' Encycl., Conch, pi. xvi. Unidenti- fied. P. ONYCHITES Menke, Moll. Nov. Holl. Spec., p. 34. Unidentified. Western Australia. P. PULCHELLA Blainville, Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, xxxviii, 1825, p. 92. This may be Patina pruinosa. P. LOB AT A Blainv., L. c., p. 93. This is either a strongly costate form of Nacella mytilina, such as JV. compressa of Rochebr. & Mabille, or a nearly smooth N. deaurata. P. CASTANEA Blainv. L. c., p. 94. Unidentified. P. VIRIDESCENS Blainv., L. c., p. 95. Probably a form of Nacella cenea. Falkland Is. P. TENUISTRIATA Blainv., L. c., p. 96. Unidentified. P. NIGRA Blainv., L. c., p. 96. Unidentified. P. MACULATA Blainv., L. c., p. 97. Probably it is P. capensis or, P. variabilis. From the Cape. P. DEPRESSA Blainv., L. c., p. 97. Unidentified. P. LUGUBRIS Blainv., L. c., p. 99. A Helcioniscus, like H. amussitatus. Rv. From the Moluccas. P. AURANTIACA Blainv., L. c., p. 99. Unidentified. Habitat un- known . P. VARIEGATA Blainv., L. c., p. 100. Unidentified. From Botany Bay. P. SQUAMA (Gualt., t. 8, f. L.) Blainv., L. c., p. 101.— P. ccerulea. P. GRISEA Blainv., L. c., p. 102.=P. aspera. From Greece. P. ALBORADIATA Blainv., L. c., p. 102. Unidentified. P. PARALLELOGRAMMICA Blainv., L. c., p. 103. Unidentified. P. HEPTAGONA Blainv., L. c., p. 104.= Acmcea saccharina. P. CHILENSIS Blainv., L. c., p. 104.=Siphonaria f P. CONICA Blainv., L. c., p. 107. Island of Maria. This is a large species, perhaps Helcioniscus argentatus. P. CAMPANIFORMIS Blainv., L. c., p. W8.=Siphonaria f P. CARDITOIDEA Blainv., L. c., p. lW.=Nacella deaurata? P. RARICOSTA Blainv., L. c., p. 110. Unidentified. P. SOLID A Blainv., L. c., p. 110. Unidentified. Australia. P. RUBROAURANTIACA Blainv., L. c., p. 111. Unidentified. 164 TITISCANIA. P. LATICOSTATA Blainv., L. c., p. 111. Probably this is P. negleda Gray. P. NIGROALBA Blainv., L. c., p. 111. Unidentified. Cape Good Hope. P. PERONII Blainv., L. «., p. 111. Unidentified. Port of King George, Australia. P. MADAGASCARENSIS Blainv., L. c., p. .112. Unidentified. P. VIOLACEA Blainv., L. c., p. 112. Perhaps— P. vulgata. P. ATROMARGINATA Blainv., L. c., p. 113.=P. gmnularis. P. SUBGRANULARIS Blainv., L. c., p. 113.=P. lusitanica. P. ZEBRA Blainv., L. c., p. 115. Unidentified. P. UNGULIFORMIS Blainv., L. c., p. 115. Unidentified. Family TITISCANIID^E. Animal limaciform, naked, without a shell ; radula rhipidoglosate, neritoid, but lacking median teeth like the Neritopsidce. This shell-less, limaciform type belongs, as its internal anatomy and the armature of the radula show, to the group of the Neritacea; and the lack of median teeth places it evidently in the Neritopsoid division of that group. Genus TITISCANIA Bergh, 1890. Titiscania BERGH, Morphol. Jahrbuch, xvi, (1), p. 3. Type, T. limacina. T. LIMACINA Bergh. Plate 41 ; pi. 39, figs. 28, 29. Form quite limax-l'iks, long-oval, convex above, flat beneath, rounded in front and behind. The color above is clear yellowish, whiter in the middle, where the violet-gray entrails show through, and with a few whitish transverse bands. The back is quite even, only with a few white salient points; anteriorly above is the trans- verse branchial slit, the end of the gill projecting out of the slit in several individuals. The gill has 35 to 40 laminae. In front of the gill-slit is the flat and rather wide head with rather long, pointed tentacles, having the black, nearly sessile eyes at their outer bases. In the male there is behind the right eye a little whitish hump or pit (opening) for the end of the seminal duct. The entire length is 10? mill. Camiffuin, Philippines; Mauritius. TITISCAXIA. 165 Titiscania limaeina BERGH in Semper's Reis. Archip. Phil. II, ii, Heft ix, t. xli, f. 10 ; Morphol. Jahrb. xvi, p. 3. t. 1, 2. The coloration of the specimens from the Philippines is described above. The specimens from Mauritius were mostly smaller (length 9, breadth scarcely 4, alt. 2-2 2 , length of tentacle 1* mill.) the color whitish, the entrails not showing through, with the exception of the anterior female genital mass which conspicuously shows through. Explanation of figures, plate 41. Fig. 53. Anterior end of animal from below, showing front gill- commissure with retracted gill, then tentacles, oral aper- ture and sole of foot. Fig. 54. Anal papilla. Fig. 55. Alimentary canal. Fig. 56. The living animal, enlarged after a drawing by Semper. Fig. 57. Tentacle with eye. Fig. 58. Radula (xlOO). Fig. 59. a, Lateral tooth lying prostrate ; b. Three inner teeth of the second row ; c. Two inner supporting plates. Fig. 60. Outer plates. Fig. 61. Innermost of the outer plates. Fig. 63. Outermost plate. Fig. 64. Outer end of a row of teeth. Fig. 65. A few teeth from the same. Plate 39, figs. 28, 29. Nerve ganglia. 166 APPENDIX-ACJYLEID^E. Appendix. Family ACM^EID^E Cpr. Dr. THIELE, in his continuation of Troschel's Das Gebiss der SchnecJcen, recognizes two subfamilies of Acmceidce, identical with those adopted by me on p. 6 of this volume. ACM^A VIRIDULA Lam. (p. 32). Reeve, on a suppressed page of the Conchologia Iconica, names this species P. nivalis. ACM^EA VARIABILIS Sowb. (page 34.) Philippi changed the name of his P. lineata to P. grammia in the index to the Abbildungen. This name will also fall into line in the procession of synonyms after A. variabilis. ACMCEA ANTILLARUM Sowb. (p. 38). This name will take precedence over that of candeana, elegans, etc., the former of which was used in the text, p. 38. Sowerby's figure of Lottia antillarum, on the plate first cited below, is an excellent and characteristic picture of this species in its finest development. The synonymy will stand as follows : Lottia antillarum SOWERBY, Genera of Shells, fig. 4. (Issued before 1831.) Lottia antillarum SOWERBY, A Concholog. Manual, p. 59, fig. 231, 1839. (A somewhat different color-form.) Lottia antillarum Sowb., REEVE, Conch ol. System., pi. cxxxvii, f. 4 (printed from same plate as Sowerby's Genera) 1842. Acmcea antillarum Sowb., PILSBRY, The Nautilus, Dec., 1891, p. 85. Patella tenera C. B. ADAMS, Proc. Bost. Soc. K H. ii, p. 8 (1845). Patella tenera Ad., REEVE, Conch. Icon. fig. 104. Patella candeana ORB., Moll. Cuba, ii, p. 199, atlas pi. 25, figs. 1-3. Acmcea candeana Orb., DALL, Catal. Mar. Moll. S. E. U. S., p. 159. Acmcea candeana Orb., PILSBRY, Manual of Conchology, xiii, p. 38, pi. 5, figs. 91-95, and pi. 42, figs. 92-95. / Patella {Acmcea/) elegans PHILIPPI, Abbild. u. Beschreib. iii, p. 34, Patella p. 6, pi. 2, fig 2 (1846). ? Not P. antillarum Sowb., PHILIPPI, Abbild. iii, Patella, pi. 2, fig. 12. APPENDIX-ACMJEIDJ-]. 167 ACM^EA ONYCHINA Gould. PL 73, figs. 96, 97, 98. The original figures of this species are not very satisfactory, although Gould's description is very good. Figures are here given drawn from specimens lately collected at Bahia, Brazil. The diagnostic characters are, besides the orbicular and rather depressed form, the sculpture, which consists of a variable number of low, rounded radiating ribs (often nearly obsolete), the entire surface being finely radially striated. The erosion of the surface is generally, so far as my specimens show, extensive, the sculpture being lost to a corresponding degree. The interior is characterized by a black-brown spatula which often has a "tail-piece" similar to the usual head-segment, and nearly always there are broad rays extending to the front and posterior margins from the central spatula. The marginal border is either black or tessellated. This species has a wide distribution along the east coast of South America, ex- tending as far south as Santa Caterina, in S. Lat. 32° 30', where it has been collected by Dr. H. von Ihering (see Dall, in The Nautilus, Aug., 1891, p. 44). See also the locality of the synonymous P. mulleri Dkr., this volume, page 43. The name Acmcea subrugosa was published by Orbigny prior to the Gouldian name onychina, but the diagnosis given is scarcely sufficient for recognition. It is as follows : • A. testa ovato-convexiuscula, striato-costata ; striis incequalibus ; albido-virescente zonis fuscis radiata; intus fusco ; margine sub- crenato, lutescente, fusco-maculato. Diam. 18 mill., alt. 8 mil]. (Orb.) Mr. E. A. Smith has recently described a form closely allied to this species, from the island Fernando Norouho. It should prob- ably be considered a variety of the A. onychina. Var. NORONHENSIS E. A. Smith. PI. 73, figs. 93, 94. Shell ovate, wider behind, moderately elevated, blackish, painted with pale rays, eroded and black at the apex, which is situated a little in front of the middle ; radiately delicately striated, sculptured with lines of increment. Interior blackish within the muscle-scar, toward the apex having a thin whitish callus; outside of the muscle-scar, nearly to the edge, it is bluish-white ; at the margin narrowly edged with black ; hav- 168 APPENDIX-ACM^EID^. ing a wide dark ray extending from apex to margin in front, and a broader one behind. (Smith.) Length 24, width 19, alt. 9 mill. Island of Fernando Noronho, off Brazil. Acmcea noronhensis SMITH, Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond. xx, p. 495, t. 30, f. 3, 3a (1891.) This species has a smoother surface than A. subrugosa, d'Orbigny (==Lottia onychina Gould), from Rio Janeiro. Like that species, however, it has in the interior a broad obscure ray from the apex to the margin in front and a broader one at the opposite end. These rays, however are more distinct in the present species than in the Brazilian shell. The external radiating striae being very fine, do not, as a rule, produce a crenulated margin, but in some instances a slight crenulation occurs. The surface within the muscle scar is almost black, forming a marked contrast to the pallid space be- tween it and the black margin, shells found attached to rocks, when placed upon a flat surface, rest upon the anterior and posterior mar- gins only, so that the sides are slightly raised. (Smith.) SCURRIA ZEBRINA Lesson, (page 63.) Following Dall, I included " Patella concepcionensis Lesson " in the synonymy of zebrina on page 63. Lesson described no such species, his name being " concepsionis " ; and its pertinence to zebrina is doubtful. See at foot of page 155, this volume. New Zealand Acmceidce. ACM.EA LACUNOSA Reeve (p. 52). Hutton omits this name from his latest revision of the New Zea- landic Acmseids (Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ix, p. 372, 1884). He considers A. corticata a good species. Figures 9, 10, 11 of my plate 37 represent specimens of corticata received from Hutton, and figs. 7, 8 of pi. 37 are Reeve's originals of lacunosa. A. CINGULATA Hutton (p. 53). Add to references : HUTTON, N. Z. Journ. of Sci. i, p. 477, 1883 ; Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, ix, p. 372. A. RUBIGINOSA Hutton (p. 53). This unfigured species I have not seen. It may = A. lacunosa. Hutton considers Patella campbelli Filhol (Compt. Rend, xci, p. APPENDIX-ACM.EID^E. 169 1095, 1880) a probable synonym. P. campbetli is insufficiently diagnosed. A. CONOIDEA Q. & G. (p. 53). Hutton records this from Banks' Peninsula, N. Z. A. FLAMMEA Q. & G. (p. 57). Hutton reports this from New Zealand, Auckland to Dunedin. A. CRUCIATA Linne. PI. 73, fig. 95. Shell oval, moderately solid, varying in elevation from subde- pressed to subconical, usually found smooth, but rayed in fresh and perfect individuals with very fine raised striae. Coloring rather variable, yet almost always exhibiting a more or less cruciform arrangement ; when most characteristic, displaying four broad white rays upon a white spreckled ground of blackish-brown that are usually bisected, as they spread, by a short dark streak which at times becomes so broad as to produce the appearance of there being eight narrow white rays, or of a cross with white edges and a brown center ; occasionally, too, there are narrower interstitial rays besides. Apex blunt, yet prominent, always white both within and without, placed at rather more than one-third the space from the narrower end. Interior with a faint central brown spatula-shaped stain, intersected by the external rays, which appear more or less visibly through the very thin white glaze that lines the rest of the cavity. Length three-fourths of an inch ; breadth half an inch. Worn in- dividuals exhibit a brown cross upon a white ground. (Hanley.) Habitat unknown. Patella cruciata L., Syst. Nat. x, p. 784. — SCHRCETER, Einleitung in die Conchylien-Kenntniss, ii, p. 432, t. 5, f. 6. — Acmcea cruciata HANLEY, Shells of Linn., p. 429; Wood's Index Testae., p. 189, t. 38, f. 78, (edit. Hanley).— ? Patella insignis MKE., Moll. Nov. Holl. Spec., p. 34 ; Zeitschr. f. Mai. 1844, p. 62. Compare Acmcea crucis Tenison-Woods. The figure is reduced in size. P. INSIGNIS Menke. Shell ovate, convex, shining, subpellucid, obsoletely concentric- ally striated, vertically subsulcate behind, whitish, painted with five or six rather wide reticulated brown rays. Vertex excentric, mar- 170 APPENDIX-PATELLID.E. gin entire, length 7'4, breadth 5*7, alt. 3 lines, (Mke. in Moll. Nov. Holl. Spec., p. 34.) Western Australia. This is not P. insignis Dkr., a synonym of P. testudinaria. It is probably the same as Acmcea cruciata Linn. ACM^A ARANEOSA Gould. PL 73, figs. 90, 91, 92. Shell small, thin, rounded, slightly elevated, smooth, and without ribs or sculpture ; apex nearly central, obtuse. Color pale yellow- ish-green, reticulated with very fine rusty-brown lines, branching off like rootlets towards the margin. The interior is whitish, with a rusty ring just within the muscular impression ; the edge is sharp and simple, and has a well-defined limbus, so thin as distinctly to repeat the external linear markings. Length five-eighths of an inch ; breadth half an inch ; height one-fourth of an inch. (Old.) A pretty little shell, most probably a Lotti, resembling some of the species figured by Quoy, especially his orbieularis. Indeed it is so like the reticulated variety figured in Quoy's pi. 71, fig. 33, that the examination of a more extensive series might show them to be identical. (Old.') iSooloo Sea. Patella (Lottia f) araneosa GLD., Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. ii, p. 152 (1846) ; U. S. Exped. p. 347, figs. 450. PATELLA BARBARA Linne. (Page 96.) No locality is given in the text for this species. I am informed by MR. GEO. W. TAYLOR that it is abundant at the Cape of Good Hope. HELCIONISCUS REYNAUDI Desh. (Page 130). By a typographical error this name is spelled incorrectly in the text. Family PATELLID^E. Dr. Thiele, in his continuation of Troschel's Das Gebiss der Schnecken (received at Philadelphia since the publication of part 50 of the MANUAL, in which my own classification of Patellidce was out- lined), divides the family according to the characters of the radula into groups as seen below. The great merit of Dr. Thiele's work consists in his demonstration of the existence of a rhachidian tooth APPENDIX-PATELLID.E. 171 in all groups of Patellidce; in his recognition of the fact that the primary division of the family is into two groups, based upon the number of anterior side teeth — a generalization which I had made before seeing his publication, as will be seen by iny synopsis on page 79 of this volume. I am satisfied that no generic distinctions can be based upon the degree of development of the rhachidian tooth. It varies in differ- ent species from a mere rudiment to a tooth as well-developed as the laterals. It is to be expected that the examination of more material will bridge such gaps as still exist in the range of its variation. Dr. Thiele's arrangement is as follows. I have quoted in brackets the species investigated by him of each group. Family Patellidce. Subfamily PATELLIN^E [equals in limits and contents, division A of my synopsis on p. 79.] Genus Ancistromesus Dall. [P. chiton oides, P. pica.] Genus Patellidea Thiele. [P. granularis.] Genus Patellona Thiele. [P. granatina, P. plumbea?, P. adan- soni.] Genus Olana Ads. [P. cochlear.] Genus Cymbida Ads. [P. compressa.] Genus Patellastra Monts. [P. lusitanica, P. guttata, P. ferruginea.] Genus Patella L. [P. tarentina, P. crenata, P. coerulea, P. scutellaris, P. aspera, P. lugubris, P. moreleti, P. vulgata.] Genus Patellopsis Thiele. [P. ? shell unknown.] Genus Helcion Moutf. [P. pectunculus Gm.— P. pectinatus Born.] Genus Patinastra Thiele. [P. pruinosa,] Genus Patina Leach. [P. pellucida, P. tella.] Subfamily NACELLIN.E [Equals in limits and contents, division B of my synopsis on page 79.] Genus Nacella Schum. [P. vitrea, P. hyalina, P. mytilina.] Genus Patinella Dall. [P. deaurata, P. ve'nosa, P. fuegiensis, P. atrarnentosa.] Genus Helcioniscus Dall. [P. toreuma, P. amussitata, P. testu- dinaria, P. exarata, P. rota.] Different authors entertain such diverse views upon the amount of divergence sufficient to give gen eric rank to a group, that any discussion of this matter would be futile. Such differences of 172 APPENDIX-PATELLID.E. opinion are inevitable, and it must be left to the zoologists of the future to sift these things down to a just, convenient and uniform usage. It should be noted, however, that most of the above " genera " are founded upon the degrees of development of a single organ. I have copied on pi. 52, fig. 6, Thiele's figure of the radula of Patellidea granularis. On pi. 74, fig. 1, dentition of Patellona grana- tina. On pi. 52, fig. 7, the dentition of Olana cochlear. On pi. 74, fig. 2, that of Cymbula compressa. On pi. 52, fig. 8, that of Patellastra lusitanica. On pi. 52, fig. 5, that of Patella aspera. On pi. 52, fig. 9, that of Patellopsis sp., a Cape species of which the shell is unknown. PI. 52, fig. 4, represents the dentition of Helcion pectinatus. PI. 52, fig. 3, that of Patinastra pruinosa. PI. 52, fig. 2, the dentition of Patina pellucida. On pi. 74, fig. 3, the dentition of Nacella vitrea is figured. PI. 74, fig. 4, represent that of N. mytilina. PI. 74, fig. 5, that of Patinella venosa. PI. 74, figs. 7, 8, that of P. faegiensis. PL 74, fig. 6, represents the dentition of Helcioniscus capensis. It is likely that naturalists of all schools could agree upon some such arrangement of this family as the following: REVISED CLASSIFICATION OF THE PATELLID^E. Family Patellidce. I. Subfamily PATELLIN^. Lateral teeth of the radula three on each side, two of them anterior. 1. Genus Patella L. Branchial cordon complete ; apex of shell near the center. 2. Genus Helcion Montf. Branchial cordon interrupted in front ; apex of the shell anterior. II. Subfamily NACELLIN^E. Developed lateral teeth but two on each side, of which one is anterior. 3. Genus Nacella Schum. An epipodial ridge developed upon the«sides of the foot; branchial cordon complete. 4. Genus Helcioniscus Dall. Sides of foot smooth, with no trace of an epipodial ridge. Branchial cordon inter- rupted in front. REFERENCE TO PLATES, VOL. XIII, PLATE 1. FIGURE. PAGE. 1, 2. Acmsea viridula Lra. Conch. Icon., . ... 32 3-6. Acrnsea viridula Lm. Original, . . . .32 7-9. Acmsea spectrum Rv. Original, . . . .14 10. Scurria zebrina Less. Original, . . . .62 11. Scurria zebrina Less. Conch. Icon., . . . .62 PLATE 2. 12-17. Acmsea concinna Lischke. Jap. Meeres-Conchyl., . 44 18-20. Acmsea heroldi Dkr. Moll. Jap., . . .45 21-24. Acmsea schrenckii Lischke. Jap. Meeres-Conchyl. 44 25-28. Acrusea persona Esch. Original, ... 15 29. Aemsea persona Esch. (P. oregona Rye.). Conch. Icon. 15 30, 31. Acmsea persona Esch. var. Original, 32, 33. Acmsea patina Esch. (P. nuttalliana Rv.). C. Icon. 34-37. Acmsea patina Esch. Original, PLATE 3. 15 11 11 38-40. Acimea scabra var. limatula Cpr. Original, . 14 41. Acmsea scabra Rv. Conch. Icon., . . . .13 42-44. Acmsea scabra Rv. Original, . . . "13 45-46. Acmsea scabra var. limatula. Original. . . 14 47-49. Acmsea scabra var. morchii Dall. Original, . 14 50. Acmsea mitra Esch. Original, 24 51, 52. Acmsea persona Esch. typical. Mai. Bl., . . 15 53, 54. Acmsea persona var. digitalis Esch. Mai. Bl., . 16 55, 56. Acmrea persona var. digitalis Esch. Original, . 16 PLATE 4. 56, 57. Acmsea cubeusis Rv. (melanolenca Rv.). C. Icon. 41 58-60. Acmsea cubensis Rv. typical. Original, . 41 61, 62. Acmsea cubensis var. Original, ... 42 63. Acmsea cubensis v. simplex Pils. Original, . 42 64, 65. Acmsea cubensis v. simplex (leucopleura Rv.). C. Ic. 42 66-68. Acmsea cubensis v. simplex Pils. Original, . 42 69, 70. Acmsea cubensis Rv. Conch. Icon., . . 41 (173) 174 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 71-73. Scurria punctatissima Ph. Abbild., . . .64 74-76. Scurria parasitica Orb. (Lottia cymbiola Old.). U. S. Expl. Exp., . . .63 77, 79. Acmsea scutum Orb. Amer. Merid., . . .32 78, 80, 81. Acmsea scutum Orb. Original, . . .32 82-84. Acmaea nisoria Ph. Abbild., . . . .33 85-87. Acmsea albescens Ph. Abbild., . . . .36 88, 91. Acmsea coffea Rv. Conch. Icon., . . .35 89, 90, 91. Acmsea exilis Ph. Abbild., . . . . 35 PLATE 5. 9), 92. Acmsea antillarum Sowb. Original, . . 38,166 93-95. Acmsea antillarum Sby. (candeana Orb.). Moll. Cuba, 38 96-98. Acmaaa elegans Phil. " Abbild., . . . .39 99, 100, 1-5. Acmsea punctulata. Original, . . .37 6. Acmsea punctulata. Conch. Icon., . . . .37 7. Acmsea antillarum var. Conch. Man., . . .39 8-10. Acmsea antillarum Phil., not Sowb. Abbild., . 43 11-13. Acmsea punctulata Gm. (cubaniana Orb.). Moll. Cuba, 37 14, 15. Acmsea cimeliata Rv. (—leucopleura Gm.), . . 41 16-21. Acmsea leucopleura Gm. typical. Original, . . 40 22, 23. Acmsea leucopleura (albicostata Rv.). Conch. Icon., 40 24, 25. Acmsea balanoides Rv. (— leucopleura). C. Icon., 40 26. Acmsea occidentalis Rv. (^leucopleura). Conch. Icon., 40 PLATE 6. 27, 28. Acmsea stipulata Rve. Conch. Icon., . . .31 29-31. Acmsea stipulata Rve. Original, . . .31 32, 3.3. Acrnsaa instabilis Gld. U. S. Expl. Exp., . . 18 34, 35. Acmsea pediculus Phil. Conch. Icon., . . .30 36, 37. Acmsea insessa Hinds. Original, . . .18 38, 39. Acmsea asmi Midd. Original, . . . .19 40. Acmsea depicta Hinds. Original, . . . .19 41. Acmsea depicta var. Original, . . . . .19 42. Acmaea paleacea Gld. M. & C. Sh., ... 20 43-45. Acmsea nacelloides Dall. A. J. C., . . .18 46, 47. Acmsea mitella Mke. Conch. Icon., . . .29 48, 49. Acmsea mitella Mke. Original, 50, 51. Acmsea fascicularis Mke. Original, . . .26 52, 53. Acmsea fascicularis Mke. Conch. Icon., . . .26 PLATE 7. (With the exception of figs. 68-70, the figures of this plate were drawn from the type specimens, by the author.) 57-60. Acmsea Dalliana Pils. Original, . . . .13 61-63. Acmsea atrata Cpr. Original, . . . .29 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 175 FIGURE. PAGE. 64, 65. Acmsea atrata Cpr. young. Original, . . .29 66, 67. Acmsea apicina Dall. Original, . . . .24 68-70. Acmsea pediculus Phil. Original, . . . .30 71-73. Acmsea rosacea Cpr. type. Original, . . .21 74-76. Acmsea triangularis v. casta Cpr. type. Original, . 21 77, 78. Acmsea triangularis Cpr. type. Original, . . .20 79-82. Acmsea filosa Cpr. type. Original, .... 27 83-85. Acmsea strigatella Cpr. type. Original, . . .27 PLATE 8. 86, 87. Acmsea pelta v. cassis Esch. Original, . . .-17 88, 89. Acmsea pelta v. cassis Esch. Mai. Bl., . . .17 90, 91. Acmsea pelta Esch. typical. Original, . . .17 92-94. Acmsea pelta var. Original, 17 95. Acmsea pelta plus nacelloides Dall. Original, . .18 96, 87. Scurria mesoleuca Mke. Original, . . . .64 98, 99. Scurria mesoleuca (Patella vespertina Rv.) Conch. Icon., 64 100, 1. Scurria mesoleuca (P. striata Rv.) Conch. Icon., . 64 2. Scurria mesoleuca. Original, . . . . . .64 PLATE 9. 3-5. Acmsea discors Phil. Abbild., . . . .29 6. Acmsea patina var. pintadina Gld. U. S. Exped., . 12 7-9. Acmsea patina var. ochracea Dall. A. J. C., . 12 10, 11. Acmsea patina v. fenestrata Nutt. Conch. Icon . 12 12-14. Acmsea patina v. fenestrata. Original, . . 12 15, 16. Acmsea dorsuosa Gld. Chall. Gast., . . 45 17, 18. Acmsea heroldi v. conulus Dkr. Original, . 45 19-21. Acmsea heroldi v. pygmsea Dkr. Moll. Jap., . 45 22-24. Acmsea sybaritica Dall. A. J. C., . . 22 25, 26. Acmsea testudinalis L. F. and Hani., . .10 27-29. Acmsea testudinalis L. Original, . . .10 30. Acmsea concinna Lischke var. Original, . . 44 PLATE 10. 1-6. Patella vulgata L. Moll. Esp., . . . .82 7-17. Patella cserulea L. Moll. Esp., 13,14. Acmsea virginea Mull. Forbes & Hani., . . 9 PLATE 11. 15-19. Patella lusitanica Gmel. Moll. Esp., . . .87 20-23. Patella csarulea v. aspera Link. Moll. Esp., . . 84 24-26. Patella athletica F. & H. (=vulgata) F. & H., . 82 27-29. Patella camilea v. lowei Orb. Moll. Guin., . . 84 176 REFERENCE TO PLATES. PLATE 12. FIGURE. PAGE, 30-33. Patella adansoni Dkr. Moll. Gum. Inf., ... 92 34-38. Patella guineensis Dkr. Moll. Guin. Inf., . . 89 39-44. Patella lugubris Gmel. Moll. Guin. Inf., . . .90 45-47. Patella spectabilis Dkr. Moll. Guin. Inf., . . 89 PLATE 13. 48, 49. Helcioniscus nigrolineatus Rv. var. Jap. Meeres- Conch., 133 50-53. Helcioniscus toreuma Rv. Jap. Meeres-Conch., . 135 54-56. Patella kraussii Dkr. Moll. Guin. Inf., ... 92 57-59. Patella nigrosquamosa Dkr. Moll. Guin. Inf., . 88 60-62. Patella echinulata Kr. Siidaf. Moll., . . . 103 63, 64. Patella miliaris Ph. (=natalensis). Moll. Guin., . 103 65-67. Patella natalensis Kr. Siidaf. Moll., . . .103 68-70. Helcion pruinosa Kr. Siidaf. Moll, . . . 113 PLATE 14. 71-74. Helcioniscus nigrolineatus Rv. Jap. Meeres-Conch., 133 75, 76. Helcioniscus amussitatus Rv. Conch. Icon., . . 134 77-79. Helcioniscus amussitatus Rv. Jap. Meeres-Conch., . 134 PLATE 15. 1, 2. Patella barbara Linn. Conch. Icon., . . . .96 3, 4. Patella morbida Rv. Conch. Icon., 100 5, 6. Nacella senea Martyn. Conch. Icon., . . . .117 PLATE 16. 7, 8. Patella obtecta Kr. Siidaf. Moll., . . .106 9, 10. Patella tabularis Kr. Siidaf. Moll 105 12-14. Helcioniscus dunkeri Kr. Siidaf. Moll., . . .148 15-17. Helcioniscus capensis Gmel. Siidaf. Moll., . .146 18-20. Helcioniscus variabilis Kr. Siidaf. Moll., . . .147 21, 22, 22. Acmsea araucana Orb. Voy. Amer. Merid., . 35 PLATE 17. 23, 24. Patella ferruginea Gmel. Conch. Icon., ... 81 25-27. Patella stell^formis Rv. Couch. Icon., . . 98 28, 29. Helcioniscus limbata Phil. Conch. Icon., . . 143 PLATE 18. 29, 30. Helcioniscus argentatus Sowb. Conch. Icon., . . 127 31, 32. Acmsea saccharina L. Conch. Icon., . . .49 33, 34. Patella electrina Rv. Conch. Icon., . . . . 94 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 177 PLATE 19. FIGURE. PAGE. 35, 36. Helcioniscus nigrisquamatus Rv. Conch. Icon., . 125 37, 38. Acmtea striata Q. & G .47 39, 40. Helcioniscus ornatus Dillw. Conch. Icon., . . 137 PLATE 20. 41, 42. Patella neglecta Gray (zebra Rv.). Conch. Icon., . 95 43, 44. Nacella inradiata Rv. Conch. Icon., . . . 120 45, 46. Helcioniscus depsta Rv. Conch. Icon., . . . 151 PLATE 21. 47, 48. Patella conspicua Ph. Conch. Icon.*, . . .90 49, 50. Helcioniscus denticulatusMartyn (type of P. imbricata Rv.). Conch. Icon., ....... 138 51, 52. Helcioniscus radians v. earlii Rv. type. C. Icon., . 140 PLATE 22. 9, 10. Patella pica Rve. Conch. Icon., .* . . .97 11, 12. Patella ustulata Rve. Conch. Icon., . . .101 13, 14. Patella pica Rv. Conch. Icon., . .97 15, 16. Patella argenvillei Kr. Conch. Icon 95 PLATE 23. 1-3. Helcioniscus redimiculum Rv. ..... 136 4, 6-8. Helcioniscus radians v. decora Phil., . . . 140 PLATE 24. 9, 10. Patella exusta Reeve. Conch. Icon., ... 98 11, 14, 15. Patella plumbea Lm. Conch. Icon., . . 91 12, 13. Acmsea saccharina L. (lanx Rv.) Conch. Icon., . 49 PLATE 25. 16-19. Helcioniscus testudinaria L. Original, . . .128 20, 21. Patella aculeata Rv. Conch. Icon., . . . .100 PLATE 26. 22-25. Patella miniata Born. Original, . . . .94 26, 27. Patella miniata Born. Conch. Icon., . . .94 28, 29. Patella chitonoides Rv. Conch. Icon., . . 98 PLATE 27. 30, 32. Patella oculus Born. Original, 106 34, 35. Patella cochlear Born. Conch. Icon., . . .104 12 178 REFERENCE TO PLATES. PLATE 28. FIGURE. PAGE. 35, 36. Helcioniscus enneagonus Rv. Conch. Icon., . . 152 37, 38. Patella longicosta. Conch. Icon., . . . .107 39-41. Patella citrullus Old. Expl. Exped., . . 86 PLATE 29. 43. Patella rustica Rv. (reduced). Conch. Icon., . . 105 44-46. Patella coerulea v. lowei Orb. Original, . . .84 47-49. Patella scabra Old. Expl. Exped., ... 16 50-52. Patella piperita Gld. Expl. Exped., . . 87, 88 PLATE 30. 53, 54. Helcioniscus sanguinans Rv. Conch. Icon., . . 151 55-58. Helcioniscus novemradiatus Q. Original, . . 146 PLATE 31. 59, 60. Patella mexlcana Brod. i nat. size. Original, . .108 61. Sculpture of a*young specimen. Original, . . . 108 62. Dentition, from Dall., 108 PLATE 32. 63-66. Helcioniscus ardosiseus H. & J. Original, . .124 67-69. Helcioniscus melanostomus Pilsbry. Original, . 151 PLATE 33. 70, 71, 73. Acmsea carpenteri Pils. Original, . . .39 72. Acmsea carpenteri. Interior of a young specimen, . . 39 74. Teeth of Pectinodonta arcuata Dall. Blake Rep., . . 6 75. Basal plate, the cusp removed, of P. arcuata. Blake Rep., 6 76. Pectinodonta arcuata Dall. Blake Rep., . . .6 77-79. Acmsea hieroglyphica Dall. A. J. 0., . . .49 80-82. Acmsea peramabilis Dall. Original, . . .23 83-85. Scurria mesoleuca Mke. Original, . . . .64 86, 87. Acmsea lima Rve. Conch. Icon., . . . .60 88-90. Acmsea dorsuosa Gld. TYPE. Original, . . .45 91,92. Acmsea uncinata Rv. Conch. Icon., . . . .61 93-95. Acmam conoidalis Pse. Original, . . . .46 96-98. Acmsea garrettii Pils. Original, . . . .47 99. Acmsea vernicosa Cpr. Original, . . . . .28 1-3. Acmsea subrotunda Cpr. Original, . . . .28 PLATE 34. 1-2. Acmsea variabilis Sowb. Conch. Icon., . . .34 3-8. Acmsea variabilis Sowb. Original, . . . .34 9, 10. Acmsea pretrei Orb. Amer. Merid., . . . .33 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 179 FIGURE. PAGE. 11-13. Acmsea subpersona Pils. TYPE. Original, . . 34 14-16. Acmsea ceciliana Orb. var. Original, . 33 17-19. Acmsea ceciliana Orb. TYPE. Am. Mer., . 33 20, 21. Acrruea ceciliana Orb. U. S. Exped., . 33 22-24. Acmsea onychina Gld. U. S. Exped., 42, 167 PLATE 35. 25, 26. Acmsea borneensis Rv. Conch. Icon., . 48 27-29. Acmsea striata Q. Original, .... . 47 30, 31. Helcioniscus nimbus Rv. Conch. Icon., . 154 32, 33. Acmsea mixta Rv. Conch. Icon., 58 34, 35. Acmsea squamosa Rv. Voy. Astrol., . 60 36, 37. Acmsea lacinata Rv. Conch. Icon., . 55 38, 39. Acmsea achates Rv. Conch. Icon., . . 60 40-42. Acmsea fluviatilis Blanf. J. A. S. B., . 48 43-46. Acmsea chathamensis Pils. Original, . 56 PLATE 36. .' 60-62, 78. Acmsea saccharina Linn. Typical. Original, 49 63, 64. Acmsea saccharina v. stellaris Q. Original, . 50 65, 66. Patella stellaris Rv. not Q. & G. Conch. Icon., 99, 51 67, 68. Acmsea saccharina v. steUaris Q. Voy. Astrol., . 50 69-71. Acmsea perplexa Pils. Original, . 50 72, 73. Acmsea alticostata Ang. (—costata Sby). P. Z. S ., . 51 74-77. Acmsea costata Sowerby, Original, . . 51 PLATE 37. 78-83. Acmsea flammea Q. & G. Voy. Astrol., . . 57 84, 85. Acmsea conoidea Q. & G. Voy. Astrol., . . 53 86, 87. Acmsea elongata Q. & G. Voy. Astrol., . . 59 88, 89. Acmsea punctata Q. & G. Voy. Astrol., . . 59 90-92. Acmsea pileopsis Q. & G. Voy. Astrol., . . 57 93, 94. Acmsea septiformis Q. & G. Voy. Astrol., . 55 i)")-97. Acmsea orbicularis var. Voy. Astrol., . 58 98, 99. Acmsea orbicularis Q. & G. Voy. Astrol., . 57 1, 2. Acmsea cantharus Rv. Conch. Icon., . 55 3, 4. Acmsea calamus C. & F. J. de C. . 54 5, 6. Acmsea rugosa Q. & G. Voy. Astrol., . 52 7, 8. Acmsea lacunosa Rv. Conch. Icon., . 52, 168 9-11. Acmsea corticata Hutt. Original, . 168 12,13. Acmsea crucis T.-W. Original,. 58, 169 14, 15. Acmsea fragilis Q. & G. Original, . . 59 17-19. Acmsea crucis var. Original, .... . 58 20, 21. Acmsea lentigiuosa Rv. Conch. Icon., . 60 180 REFERENCE TO PLATES. PLATE 38. FIGURE. PAGE. SURE. PAGE. 1, 2, 4. Scurria gigantea Sowb. Original, . . . .65 3. Scurria gigantea dentition. A. J. C., . . . 65 5-7. Scurria gigantea (kochii Phil.). Abbild., . . .65 PLATE 39. 8-11. Propilidium aricyloide Forbes. Moll. Reg. Arct., . 72 12. The same, young shell. Moll. Reg. Arct., . . .72 13-15. Dentition and mandible of the same. Blake Rep., . 72 16. Scurria scurra Less. Original, . . . . .62 17. Dentition of Lepetel la tubicola, 75 18. Lepetella tubicola Verrill. Trans. Conn. Ac., . . 75 19. Lepetella tubicola, enlarged embryonic apex, . . 75 20. 21. Lepeta coppingeri Smith. P. Z. S., . . .71 22. Scurria mesoleuca, dentition. A. J. C., . . .61 23, 24. Scurria scurra, enlarged apex. Original, . . 62 25. Scurria scurra, animal. Voy. Am. Mer., . . .62 26, 27. Scurria scurra Less. Original, . . . .62 28, 29. Nervous system of Titiscania limacina Bergh. (See pi. 41.) . 164 PLATE 40. 29, 30. Lepeta cieca Mull. Moll. Arct. Norv., . . .68 31. Lepeta caeca, dentition. Moll. Arct. Norv., . . .68 32. Lepeta caeca, apex, x 4. A. J. C., . . . . . 68 33. 34. Lepeta concentrica Midd. A. J. C., . .69 35. Lepeta concentrica, dentition. A. J. C., . . .69 36, 37. Lepeta concentrica Midd. A. J. C., . . . . 09 38, 39. Lepeta alba Dall. Original, 70 40. Lepeta alba Dall, dentition. A. J. C., . . . . 70 41, 42. Pilidium fulvum Mull. F. & H., . . . .70 43. Pilidium fulvum, dentition. Moll. Arct. Norv., . . 70 44. Lepeta instabilis Dall. A. J. C 69 45. 46. Lepeta instabilis Dall. Original, . . . .69 47, 48. Propilidium scabrosum JefFr. P. Z. S., . . 73 49. Propilidium pertenue Jeffr. P. Z. S., . . . 74 50. Propilidium compressum Jeffr. P. Z. S., ... 74 PLATE 41. 53-65. Titiscania limacina Bergh. Morphol. Jahrb., . . 164 (See also pi. 39, figs. 28, 29.) PLATE 42. 66-68. Acmsea marmorata T.-W. Typical. Original, . 52 69, 70. Acmsea marmorata var. submarmorata. Original, . 52 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 181 FIGURE. PAGE. 71,72. Acmsea jacksoniensis Rv. Conch. Icon., . . .58 73-75. Acmsea jacksoniensis Rv. Original, . . .58 76-78, Acmsea alba T.-W. Original, 54 79, 80. Acmsea rubella Fab. Moll. Arct. Norv., ... 9 81. Acmsea pelta, dentition. A. J. C., . . ... 8 82. Acmsea mitra, dentition. A. J. C., . . . .8 83. Acmsea saccharina, dentition. A. J. C., . . .8 84-86. Acmsea (triangularis var. ?) orcuttii. Original, . 21 87, 87. Acmsea cumingii Reeve (^patina v. pintadina). C. Icon., 12 88, 89, Acmsea biradiata Rv. Conch. Icon., . . .49 90,91. Acmsea alveus Conr. Original, . . . .11 92-95. Acmiea antillarum Sowb. var. Original, . . 39, 166 PLATE 43. 1,2. NacellamagellanicaGm. (meridionalis R. &M.). Moll. Cap. H., . . . . . . , ' . .119 3, 4. Nacella magellanica (pupillata R. & M.). Moll. Cap. H, 119 5, 6. Nacella magellanica (tincta R, & M.). Moll. Cap. H., 119 7,8. Nacella kerguelensis Smith. Phil. Trans., . .121 PLATE 44. 9-12,15,16. NacellamagellanicaGm. Original. . . 119 13,14. Nacella magellanica Gm. (atramentosa Rv.). Conch. Icon., 119 17. Nacella magellanica (metallica R. & M.). Cap. H., . 119 18,19. Helcioniscus fungus Rv. Conch. Icon., . . . 153 20. Nacella deaurata Gm. (cymbularia Delessert). Rec., . 118 PLATE 45. 20, 21, Nacella magellanica v. chiloensis Rv. Conch. Icon., 120 22,23. Nacella senea Martyn, typical. Original, . . .117 24,25. Nacella magellanica v. venosa Rv. Original, . .120 26, 27. Nacella magellanica v. venosa Rv. Conch. Icon., . 120 PLATE 46. 28-30. Nacella deaurata Gm. Original, . . . .118 31,32. Nacella deaurata Gm. Original, .... 118 33. Nacella deaurata (varicosa Rv.). Conch. Icon., . .118 34-36. Nacella deaurata Gm. Original, . . . .118 PLATE 47. 1-3. Helcioniscus exaratus Nutt. (lutrata Nutt.). Original, 127 4, 5. Patella stellseformis var. (cretacea Rv.). Conch. Icon., 99 182 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 6, 7. Helcioniscus exaratus Nutt. Original, . . .127 8, 9. Helcioniscus exaratus Nutt. Conch. Icon., . .126 10. Helcioniscus exaratus Nutt. Original, .... 126 11, 12. Helcioniscus exaratus (undatolirata Rv.). Conch. Icon., •. . .127 PLATE 48. 13-15. Helcioniscus nigrisquamatus Rv. Original, . . 125 16-18. Helcioniscus stearnsii Pils. Original, . . .132 19, 20. Patella barbara L. Conch. Icon., . . . .96 PLATE 49. 21-27. Nacella polaris H. & J. Jahrb. Hamb., . .120 28, 29. Nacella fuegiensis Rv. Philos. Trans., . . .121 30,31. Nacella fuegiensis Rv. Conch. Icon., . . .121 PLATE 50. 32-34. Nacella mytilina Helb. Abbild., . . . .115 35, 36. Nacella raytilina Helb. Original, . . . .115 37. Nacella mytilina v. compressa R. & M. Cap. H., . .116 38, 39. Nacella mytilina v. hyalina Ph. . . . .116 40, 41. Nacella clypeater Less. Original, . . . .122 42, 43. Nacella clypeater Less. Conch. Icon., . . .122 44. Helcion (?) rosea Ball. Proc. Cal. Acad., . .113 PLATE 51. 1-3. Helcion pectinatus Born. Original, . . . .109 4. Helcion pellucidum L. Original, . . . . .110 5, 9, 10. Helcion pellucidum L. F. & Hani., . . . 110 6-8. Helcion pellucidum v. laBvis Penn. Original, . .110 11,11. Helcion pruinosa Kr. Original, . . . .113 12-24. Helcion tella Bergh. Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges., . . Ill PLATE 52. 1. Patella vulgata L. Radula. Sars, . . . 80, 172 2. Helcion pellucidum. Radula. Thiele, . . . 109, 172 3. Helcion pruinosa. Radula. Thiele, . . . .172 4. Helcion pectinatus Born. Radula, Thiele, . . .172 5. Patella aspera Lm. Radula. Thiele, . . . .172 6. Patella granularis Lm. Radula. Thiele, . . .172 7. Patella cochlear Born. Radula. Thiele, . . .172 8. Patella lusitanica Gm. Radula. Thiele, . . .172 9. Patellopsis sp. Radula. Thiele, 172 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 183 PLATE 53. FIGURE. PAGE. 1-3. Patella ferruginea Gmel. Original, . . . .81 4. Patella caerulea v. spinulosa. Original, . . . .84 6. Patella caerulea v. tarentina. Original, . . . .84 7-11. Patella caerulea v. lowei Orb. Original, . . .84 PLATE 54. 12, 13. Patella caerulea v. crenata Orb. Moll. Can., . . 84 14. Patella cserulea v. crenata Orb. Original, . . .84 15, 16. Patella baudoni Drt. Moll. A9ores, . .86 17, 18. Patella cserulea v. gomesii Drt. Moll. Acores, . . 86 PLATE 55. 19-21. Patella safiana Link. Deless. Kec., . . . .90 22-24. Patella candei Orb. Moll. Can. and C. Icon., . . 86 PLATE 56. 25, 26, 26. Patella conspicua Ph. Abbild., (^safiana Lmk.) 90 27, 28. Patella cserulea v. moreleti Drt. Moll. Acores, . 85 29-31. Patella guttata Orb. Moll. Can., .... 88 PLATE 57. 32. Patella lugubris Gm. Conch. Icon., . . . .90 33-35. Patella lugubris. Original, 90 36, 37. Patella plumbea v. canescens Rv. Conch. Icon., . 91 38, 39. Patella plumbea Lmk. Original, . . . .91 40-43. Patella vatheleti Pils. Original, . . . .92 PLATE 58. 40, 41. Patella neglecta Gray. Original, .... 95 42, 43. Patella rangiana Val. Nouv. Arch., . . . .89 44. Patella argenvillei Kr. Original, . . . . .95 45. Patella moreli Dh. Moll. Reun., 98 PLATE 59. 46. Patella levata Dh. Moll. Reun., 98 47-49. Patella pica Rv. Original, 97 50-55. Patella barbara L. Original, 96 PLATE 60. 56-58. Patella barbara v. ovalis Pils., 97 59-61. Patella funebris Rv. Conch. Icon., . 98 184 REFERENCE TO PLATES. PLATE 61. FIGURE. PAGE. 62-64. Patella stellseformis v. paumoteusis Old. Original, . 99 65. Patella stellseformis Rv. var. Original, . . .99 66, 67. Patella nigrosulcata Rve. Conch. Icon., . . 100 68, 69. Patella compressa L. Conch. Icon., . . . . 93 70. Patella compressa L. Original, 93 PLATE 62. 71-73. Patella aculeata Rv. Original, . . . .100 74, 75. Patella squamifera Rv. Conch. Icon., . . .100 76, 77. Patella granatina Grnel. Conch. Icon., . . .106 PLATE 63. 78, 79. Patella vidua Rve. Conch. Icon,, . .104 80. Patella granularis Link. Conch. Icon., . . .102 81-83. Patella granularis Link. Original, . . . .102 PLATE 64. 84, 85. Patella patriarcha Pilsbry. Original, . . 105 PLATE 65. 86. Patella patriarcha Pilsbry. Original, . . . .105 87, 88. Helcioniscus articulatus Rv. Conch. Icon., . .128 89-92. Helcioniscus sagittatus Gld. Original, . . .130 93. Helcioniscus argentatus Sowb. Original, . . .127 94-96. Helcioniscus profundus Dh. Orig. and Moll. Reun., 150 97-99. Helcioniscus profundus v. mauritianus Pils. Original, 150 PLATE 66. 1, 2. Helcioniscus boninensis Pils. Original, . . . 131 94, 95. Helcioniscus reynaudi Dh. V. Ind. Orient., . .130 96-98. Helcioniscus flexuosus Q. V. Astrol., . . .130 99. Nacella strigatella R. & M. C.Horn, . . . .118 100,101. Helcioniscus garconi Dh. Moll. Reun., . . . 150 PLATE 67. 3. Helcioniscus boninensis Pils. Original, .... 131 4-8. Helcioniscus tahitensis Pse. Original, . . .129 9, 10. Helcioniscus pallidus Gld. Amurl. Moll., . . 133 11, 12. Helcioniscus adel^e P. & M. Galerie, . . .153 PLATE 68. 11-13. Helcioniscus amussitatus Rv. Original, . . . 134 14-16, 18, 19. Helcioniscus ornatus Dillw. Original, . . 137 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 185 FIGURE. PAGE. 17. Helcioniscus ornatus Dillw. Voy. E. & Ter., . . 137 20-22. Helcioniscus ornatus v. inconspicuus (luctuosa Gld.). Expl. Exped., ' . ^ .138 23, 24. Helcioniscus denticulatus Martyn. Univ. Conch., . 138 PLATE .69. 25-28. Helcioniscus radians Gm. Original, . . .139 29-31. Helcioniscus radians v. decora Ph. Abbild., . . 140 32, 33. Helcioniscus radians v. affinis Kv. Conch. Icon., . 140 34-36. Helcioniscus radians v. earlii Rv. Original, . .140 37. Helcioniscus radians Gm. Original, . . . .139 38, 39. Helcioniscus radians v. pholidota Less, (floccata Reeve). Conch. Icon., . . . . . . 140 PLATE 70. 40-42. Helcioniscus illuminatus Gld. U. S. Exped., . . 142 43, 44. Helcioniscus stelliferus Gm. Conch. Icon., . .141 45. Helcioniscus stelliferus. Q. & G., ..... 141 46-48. Helcioniscus olivaceus Hutt. Original, . . . 141 49. Helcioniscus tramoserica Mart. Conch. Icon., . . 142 50-52. Helcioniscus tramoserica Mart. Original, . . 142 PLATE 71. 53-55. Helcioniscus limbatus Ph. Abbild., . . .143 56. Helcioniscus limbatus Ph. Original, . . . .143 57, 58. Helcioniscus araneosa Rv. Conch. Icon., . . .144 59, 60. Helcioniscus cernicus H. Ad. P. Z. S., . . . 149 61, 62, 64. Helcioniscus eucosmius Pils. (variegata Rv.). Conch. Icon., ........ 148 63. Helcioniscus eucosmius Pils. Original, . . . .148 PLATE 72. 65-69. Helcioniscus rota Gm. Original, .... 144 70, 71. Helcioniscus petalata Rv. Conch. Icon , . . . 145 72, 73. Helcioniscus luzonica Rv. Conch. Icon., . . . 145 74, 75. Helcioniscus scalata Rv. Conch. Icon., . . . 145 76, 77. Helcioniscus rota v. orientalis. Original, . . . 146 78-80. Helcioniscus rota v. discrepans Pils. Original, . . 146 PLATE 73. 81-84. Helcioniscus nigrolineatus v. divergens. Original, . 134 85-87. Helcioniscus lineatus Lmk. Deless., . . .153 88,89. Helcioniscus dirus Rv. Conch. Icon., . . .153 90-92. Acrnsea araneosa Gld. U. S. Exped., . .170 93, 94. Acmsea onychina var. noronhensis Smith. Lin.Soc.,J., 167 186 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE, 95. Acmsea cruciata L. Wood's Index, .... 169* 96-98. Acmsea ony china Gld. Original, . . . .167 99, 100. Helcioniscus livescens Kv. Conch. Icon., . . 152 PLATE 74. 1. Patella granatina. Dentition. Das Gebissd. Schn., . 172 2. Patella compressa L. Dentition. Das Gebissd. Schn., . 172 3. Nacella vitrea Ph. Dentition.. Das Gebiss d. Schn., .172 4. Nacella mytiloides. Dentition. Das Gebissd. Schn., . 172- 5. Nacella venosa Rv. Dentition. Das Gebissd. Schn. 172 6. Helcioniscus capensis Gin. Dentition. Das Gebissd. Schn. . 172 7. Nacella fuegiensis Rv. Jaw. Das Gebissd. Schn. . 172 8. Nacella fuegiensis Rv. Dentition. Das Gebissd. Schn. 172 INDEX TO VOL XIII. NOTE. — The names of valid species and varieties are printed in Roman type ; of genera and other groups in SMALL CAPITALS ; of synonyms in Italic. Achates Rv., . 60 Ansates Sowb., . 109 ACM^A Esch., . . 6,7 Antarctica H. & J., . 157 ACM^ID.E, . 5 Antillarum Phil., 43 ACM^EIN^: Pils., .6,7 Antillarum Sowb., 166 Aculeata Rve., . . 100 Antipodum Smith, . . 142 Adansonii Dkr., . 92 Apicina Dall, 24 Adelse P. & M., . 153 Apicina Lmk., . 106 Adspersa B. D. & D., . 83 Aquitanense Loc., 73 Adunca Jeffr., . . 61 Araneosa Gld., . 170 Adunca Perry, . . 118 Araneosa Rv., . 144 ^Enea Martyn, . . 117 Araucana Orb., . 35 jEqualis Sow., . . 10 Arcuata (Pectinodonta) Dall , 6 sEruginosa Midd., . 31 Ardosisea H. & J., 124 Affinis Gmel., . 162 Areolata Gm., 120 Affinis Rve., . 140 Argentata Sowb., 127 Alba Ant., . 158 Argentaurum Less., . 145 Alba Dal!, . 70 Argentea Q. & G., . 139, 140 Alba H. & J., . . 156 Argentea Gmel., 160 Alba Ten.-W., . . 54 Argenvillei Kr., 95 Albescens Ant., . . 1,59 Argyropsis Less., 139 Albescens Phil., . 36 Articulata Rv., . 128 AtbicostaC.K.Ad., . 40, 41 Asmi Midd., 19 Albicostata Rv., . 40, 41 Aspera Lam., . . 84, 85 Alboradiata Blv., . 163 Astensis (Bon.), . 10 Alboradiata Gmel., . 160 Aster oides Gmel., 161 Albula Greg., . 84 Aster Rve., 147 Alticostata Ang., . 52 Athletica F. & H., 83 Alveus Con., . 11 Atra Gmel., 162 Amoena Say, . 10 Atrata Cpr., 29 Amussitata Rv., . 134 Atromarginata Blv., . 164 ANCISTROMESUS Dall, 79, 107 Atramentosa Rv., 119 Ancyloide Forbes, . 72 Aurantiaca Blv., 163 Ancyloides Midd., . 31 Aurantia Gmel., 160 Ancylus Esch., . . 15 Auricula Don., . 162 Angnlosa Gmel., . 161 Azorica Nutt., . 84 187 188 INDEX. Badia GmeL, . . . Balanoides Rve., . 40, Barbara L., .- . 96, Barbata Lm., . . . Baudonii Drt., ... Bickmorei Dall, . . Bimaculata Mont., . . Biradiata Rve., . . . Boninensis Pils., . . Bonnardi Payr., . . Borneensis Rv., . . . Borniana HelbL, . . Bourouniensis Less., . . OecaMiilL, ... Ccecoides Cpr., . . . CcsruleataD&O., . . Ccerulea Q. & G., . . C^erulea L., CceruleaPult ..... Calamus Cr & F., . . Callosa H. & J., . . Campanifurmis Blv., . . Campbelli Filhol., . . Candida GmeL, . . . Candeana Orb., . . CandeiOrb., ... Candida Couth., . . Canescens Gmel., . . Canesceas Rv., . . . Ctfntharus Rve., . . Capensis Gm., . . . Capillaris Gmel., . . Carditoidea Blv., . . Carpenter! Pils., . . Cassis Esch., . . . CastaCpr., . . Castanea Blainv., . . Ceciliana Orb., . . . Cellana H. Ad., . .123, Cerea Gmel., . . . OreaMolL, ... Cernica Ad., . . . Chapmani T.-W., . . Chathamensis Pils., . . Chilcensis Rve., . Chitonoides Rv., 107 41 170 97 86 48 110 49 131 83 48 162 155 68 69 110 91 83 110 54 157 163 168 161 38 86 68 162 91 55 146 162 163 39 17 21 163 33 149 160 68 149 101 56 163 119 98 Chlorosticta Gmel., Cimeliata Rv., . . 40, Cinerea Gmel., . Cingulata Gmel., Cingulata Hutt., Cinis Rve., Citrina Gmel., . . - Citrullus Gld., . Clathratula Rv., Clealandi Sowb., Clypeus Brn., Clypeater Less., Cochlear Born, . CoffeaRv., Cognata B. D. & D., . COLLISELLA Dall, COLLISELLINA Dall, . Comina DeGreg., Complanata Gmel , Compressa L., Compressum Jeffr., Compressa Rochebr., . Concentrica Midd., Conception ensis Less., Concepsionis Less., . 155, Conchacea Gm., Concinna Lisch., Concolor Kr., Confusa Gldg., . Conica Blv., Oom'caGld., . . 25, Conica (virgineavar.) Jeffr., Conoidalis Pse., . Conoidea Q, & G., Conspicua Ph., . Conspurcata GmeL, . Contosoplicata Rv., Conulus Dkr., Coppingeri Smith. Corrugata GmeL, Cornea HelbL, . Cornea Mich., . Cornea P. & M., Corrugata Rve., Corticata Hutt., . . 53, Costata Less., Costata Sowb., . Crassa Less., INDEX. 189 Craticulata Gmel., 161 Diaphana Rve., . 65 Crenata Gm., . . 84, 85 Dichotoma Ant., . 159 Cretacea Rve., . 99 Diemensis Phil., . 155 Cribraria Gld., . 12 Digitalis Esch., . . 16 Crocata Less., 155 Dira Rv., . . 153 Crocea Gmel., . 161 Discors Phil., . 29 Cruciata L., 169 Discrepans Pils., . 146 Crucis T.- Woods, 58 Divergens Pils., . 134 Cruentata Gmel., 161 Dorsuosa Gld., . . 45 Cruentata H. & J., 157 Dunkeri Kr., . 148 CRYPTOBRANCHIA Midd., 67, 68 Cabaniana Orb., 38 Ear Hi Rv 5 139, 140 Cuben^is Rve., . 41 Echinulata Kr., . 103 Cnmingii Rve., . 12 Electrina Rv., , . 94 Cuprea Gmel., . 160 Elegans Gmel., . . 161 Cuprea Rve., 128 Elegans Phil., . . 38 Cyanea Less., . . 91 Elegans Ver., . 75 Cyathus Gmel., . 160 Elevata Jeffr., . . 82 Cylindrica Gmel., 161 Elliptica Flem., . 110 Cymbalaria R. & M., . 116 Elonaata Flem., . 110 Cymbiola Gld., . 63 Elongata Q. & G., . . 59 Cymbiam Phil., . 116 Emarginuloides Phil., . 71 Cymbula Ad., 81 Enneagona Rv., . 152 Cymbula Hup.. . Cymbularia Deles?., . 62 118 Erginu* Jeffr., Eruca Torn., ! 80 Cymbalaria Lm., 116 Eucosmia Pils., . . 148 Cymbulata Greg., 84 Exalbida Gmel., . 160 Cymbuloides Less., 116 Exarata Nutt., . . 126 Cypria Gmel., 97 ExilisPhil., . 35 Cypridium Perry, 110 Exoleta Gmel., . . 162 Exusta Rve., . 98 Dalliana Pils., . 13 » Dean rat a Gmel., 118 Fasciata Gmel., . . 161 Decora Phil., . . 139, 140 Fasciata Kr., . 148 Decussata Gmel., 161 Fascicularis Mke., . 26 Delessertii Phil., 118 Fmestrata Nutt., . 12 Dentata Dufo., 97 Ferruginea Gmel., . 81 Denticulata Gmel., 160 Ferrugiuea Rve., . 121 Denticulata Hutt., 138 Ferruginea Sowb., . 118 Denticulata Martyn, . 138 Ficarazzensu Greg., . . 82 Denticulata Smith, 138 Filosa Cpr., . 27 Depicta Hinds, . 19 Fimbriata Gld., . . 17 Depressa Blainv., 163 Flammea Q. & G., . . 57 Depressa Penn., 82 Flava Hutt., . 142 Depressa (A. virginea var.) ; Flaveola Gmel., . . 160 Wood, .... 10 Flexuosa Hutt., . . 139 Depressaspera Greg., . 84 Flexuosa Q. & G., . . 130 Depsta Rv., 151 Floccata Rv., . 141 190 INDEX. Fluviatilis Bens., Forbesii Smith, . Fragilis Phil, . . 48 . 71 . 83 Hepatica Gmel., Heptaqona Blv., Heroldi Dkr.. . 160 . 163 45 Fragilis Q. & G., Franklini Gray, Frauenfeldi Dkr., . 59 ! Hieroglyphica Ball, . 68 Hyalina Phil., . 88 ! 49 . 116 Fuegiensis Rve., . 121 IlluminataGld., . 142 Fulva Mull., . 70 Imbricata Rv., . 139 Funebris Rve., . Fungus Meusch., Fungus Rv., Funiculata Cpr., Fusca Linn., . 98 . 153 . 153 . 25 . 140 Imperatoria Greg., Impressa Gmel., Incequalis Gmel., Inconspieua Gray, Indica Gmel., . 82 . 160 . 160 . 138 96 Fuscata Gmel., . Fuscescens Gmel., . 162 . 107 Infundibulum Gmel., Inradiata Rv., . . 160 . 120 Insessa Hinds, . 18 Galeola Jeffr., . 61 Insignis Dkr., . . 129 Garconi Dh., . 150 Insigni* Mke., . . 169 Garrettii Pils., . . 47 Instabilis Dall, . . 69 Gealei Angas, . 144 Instabilis Gld., . 18 Gigantea Gray, . . 65 Intermedia B. D. & D., . 83 Gig antea Less., . . 156 Intermedia Knapp, . . 82 Glauca Gmel., . . 162 Intorta Penn.. . 110 Gomesii Drt., . 86 Intorta Sowb., . . 109 Goniclis Raf., Gorgonica Humph., . . 80 lothiaGr&y, . 107 Islandica Gmel., . 70 . 160 Goudoti Mab., . . 84 Grammia Phil., . 166 Jaeksoniensis Less., . 156 Granatina L., . 106 Jaeksoniensis Rv., . 58 Grandis Gray, . . 66 Granostriata Schr., . 44 Kerguelensis Sm., . 121 Granostriata Rve., . ?35 Kochi Phil., . 66 Granularis L., . . 102 Kraussii Dkr., . . 92 Granularis v. Salis, . 87 Granulata Ph., . 156 Laciniata Rve., . . 55 Granulosa Less., . 156 Lacinosa L., . 160 Grata Old., . 135 Lactea (A. virginea var ) Grisea Blvr. 163 Jeffr., i n Guadichaudi Blainv., . 117 Lacunosa Rve., 1 U . 52 Guineensis Dkr., . 89 Ijcevigata Gmel., . 161 Guineensis Gmel., . 162 Lcevis Gmel., . J60 Guttata Gmel., . . 161 Lsevis Penn., . 110 Guttata Orb., . . 88 Lamanonii Schr., . 133 Lamarckii Payr., . 81 Hcemosticta Gmel., . 161 Lamped usensis Greg., . 156 Hamillei Fisch., . 36 Lanx Rve., . 50 HELCIONISCUS Ball, . 80, 123 Ijaticostata Blv., . 164 HELciONMontf., 79, 108 Latistrigata Angas, . . 143 INDEX. 191 Lecania Cpr., . 65 Mauritian a Pils., 150 Lentiginosa Rv., . 60 Maxima Orb., 108 LEPETA Gray, . 67, 68 Mazatlandiea Sowb., . 126 Lepeta puntarense Morch , . 31 Melano gramma Gmel., 161 LEPETELLA Ver., 67, 75 Melanogramma Sowb., 96 LEPETELLIN^: Dall, . 67, 75 Melanoleuca Gm., 41 LEPETID^E, . 66 Melanoleuca Rv., 41 LEPETIN^E Dall, . 66 Melanosticta Cpr., 40 Leucophcea Gld., . 17 Melanosticta Gm., 40 Leucophcea Phil., . 63 Melanostoma Pils., 151 Leucopleura Grael., . . 40 Melanozonias Gmel., . 160 Leucopleura Rve., . 41 Mellea Gmel., . . . 162 Levata Dh., 97, 98 Meridionals Roch. & Mab., 119 Lima Rv., . 60 Mesoleuca Mke., 64 Limacina Bergh, . 164 Metallica Roch. & Mab., . 119 Limatula Cpr., . . 14 METOPTOMA Ph., 78 Limbata Phil., . . 143 Mexicana B. & S., 108 Lineata Lmk., . . 153 Miliaris Phil., . 103 Lineata Phil., . 35 Miniata Born, . . 94 Lineolata Ant., . . .158 Minima Gmel., . 161 Livescens Rv., . . 152 Minor Wall, 110 Lobata Blainv., . . 163 MitellaMke.. . 29 Longicosta Lmk., . 107 Mitra Esch., 24 LOTTIA Gray, 65, 7 Mixta Rv., 58 Lottiadce, . 5 Monopis Gmel., . 161 Lowei Orb., 84, 85 Monticola Nutt., 17 Luctuosa Gld., . . 138 Monticula Nutt., 34 Luctuosa H. & J., . 157 MorbidaRve., . 100 Lugubris Blv., . . 163 Morchii Dall, . 14 Lugubris Desh., . . 127 j Moreleti Drt., . 85 Lugubris Gmel., . 90 Moreli Dh., . . 97, 98 Lusitanica Gm., . 87 Mulleri Dkr., . 43 Luteola Lmk., . . 162 Mutabilis Mke., . 26, 65 Lutrata Nutt., . . 127 Mytilina Helbl., - 115 Luzonica Rv., . 145 Mytiloides Sch., . 116 Macrina Greg., . . 84 NACELLA Schum., . 79, 114 Maculata Blv., . . 163 NACELLIN^E, 114 Maculosa Gmel., . 160 Nacelloides Dall, 18 Madagascar ensis Blv., . 164 Na.na Dkr., 47 Magellanica Gm., . 119 Natalensis Kr., . 103 Magellanica Hutt., . 137 "Navicula Gmel., 162 Malicolor Dufo, . 155 Navicula Rve., . 29 Mammillata Esch., . 25 Neglecta Gray, . 95 MammiUata Nutt., . 12 Nigra Blainv., . 163 Margaritacea Gmel., . . 161 Nigrisquamata Rv., . 125 Margaritaria Chem., . . 138 Nigroalba Blv., . 164 Marmorata Ten., . 52 Nigrolineata Rv., 133 192 INDEX. Nigropunctata Rv., . 87 Nigrosquamosa Dkr., . . 103 Nigrosquamosa Dkr., . 88 Nigrosulcata Rve., . 100 Nimbus Rv. 61, 154 Nisoria Phil., . 33 Nivalis Rv., . 166 Nodosa H. & J., . 138 Nodulosa Gmel., . 160 Noronhensis Smith, . . 167 Novemradiata Q. & G., . 146 Nutialliana Rve., . 12 Oblong a Perry, . . 156 Obscura Gmel., . . 162 Obscura H. & J., . 157 Obtecta Kr., . 106 Occidentalis Rv., 40, 41 Ochracea Dall, . . 12 Ochroleuca Gmel., . 160 Oculata Gmel., . . 160 Oculus Born., . 106 Octoradiata Hutt., . 51 Olana Ad., . 94 Olivacea Ant., . . 158 Olivacea Gmel., . . 160 Olivacea Hutt., . . 141 Onychina Gld., . 167, 43 Onychites Mke., . 163 Opea Nutt., . 128 Opea Rve., . 26 Orbicular is Q. & G., . . 57 Orcutti Pils., . 21 Ordinaria Mab.., . 84 Oregona Nutt., . . 16 Orientalis Pils., . . 146 Orichalcea Ph., . . 158 Ornata Dillw., . . 137 PAL^ACM^A Hall, . . 78 Paleacea Gld., . . 20 Pallida Gld, . . 133 Pallida Sby., . . 62 Papyracea Gmel., . 161 Parallelogrammica Blv ., . 163 Parasitica Orb., . 63 Parva Da Costa, . 9 Parva Seg., . 73 PATELLA L., . . 79, 80 Patellaria Llhwyd, . . 80 Patellastra Monts., . . 79 PATELLID.E, . . 76, 172 PATELLIDEA Thiele, . . 171 Patellites Walch., . . 80 Patelloidea Q. & G., . . 7 Patelloides, H. & J. . . 157 PATELLONA Thiele, . . 171 PATELLOPSIS Thiele, . .171 Patellus Montf., . . 80 PATINA Leach, . . 79, 109 Patina C. B. Ad., . . 27 Patina Esch., . . .11 PATINASTRA Thiele, . 171, 113 PATINELLA Dall, . 80, 116 Patriarcha Pils., . . 105 Paumotensis Gld., Pecten Gmel., . .142 Pectinata Born., . .109 Pectinata L., . . .109 PECTINODONTA Ball, . 6 PECTINODONTIN^E Pils., . 6 Pectunculus Gmel., . .109 Pediculus Phil., . . 30 PellucidaL., . . .110 Pellucida (Lottia) Weink, 9 Pelta Esch., . . .17 Peltoides Cpr., . Penicillata Rve., . . 35 Pentagona Born., Pentagona Rve., . .99 Perambilis Dall, Percostata Greg., Peronii Blv., . . .164 Perplexa Pils., . . 50 Persona Esch., . . 15 Personoides Midd., Pertenue Jeffr., . . 74 Petalata Reeve, . . .145 Petterdi Ten.-W., . 54 Pholidota Less., . . 140 PicaRvp., ... 97 Picte Jeffr., ... 82 Picta Perry, . . . 106 Pileolus Midd., ... 17 Pileopsis Q. & G., . . 57 . . .96 INDEX. 193 PlLIDIUM Fbs., . 67, 70 Reticulata Ant., 158 Pintadina Old., . . 12 Revoluta Gmel., 162 Patindina Old., . . 65 Reynaudi Dh 170 Piperata Gld., . 87 Rosacea Cpr., 21 Pluna Phil., 33, 35 Rosea Dall, 113 Plana Rve., . 35 Rostrisepta Seg., 72 Plicaria Grael., . . 161 Rota Gmel., 144 Plicata Born, . 96 Rotundata Gmel., 160 Plicata Costa, . 81 Rotundata (A. virginea var.) Plumbea Lmk., . . 91 Monts., .... 10 Polaris Hombr. & Jacq., . 120 Rouxi Payr., ... 81 Pottsi Hutt., . 136 Rubella Fabr., . 9 Pretrei Orb., . 33 Rubella Gmel, . 161 Profunda Dh., . . 150 Rubiginosa Hutt., 53 PROPILIDIUM F. & H., 67, 72 Ruhr a Gmel., 160 Pruinosa Kr., . 113 Rubroaurantiaca Blv., 163 Pulchella Blaiuv., > . 163 Rugosa Q. & G., 52 Pulchella (Lottia) Fbs., . 9 Rumphii Blainv., 129 Pulcherrina Gldg., . 38 Rustica Born, 159 Pulla Gmel., . . 162 Rustica L., . 87, 88, 96 Punctata Gray, . , 32 Rustica Mke., . . 95, 96 Punctata Lm., . . 38 Rustica Perry, . 117 Punctata Q. & G., . 59 Rustica Rve., 105 Punctatissima Phil., . . 64 Punctulata Gmel., . 37 Sacharina L., 49 Puncturata Lm., . 38 Safiana Lmk., . 90 Puntarence Morch., . 31 Sagittata Don., . 140 Pupillata Roch. & Mab. , . 119 Sagittata Gld., . 130 Purpurascem Ant., . 159 Sandwichensis Pse., . 127 Piuilla JefFr., . . 61 Sanguinea Gmel., 160 Pustulata Helbl., . 38 Sanguinalis Rv., 93 Pygmsea Dkr., . . 45 Sanguinans Rv., 151 Pyramidata Lam., 81 Sanguinolenta Gm., 93 Scabra Gld., 15 Radians Gm. 139 Scabra Rve., 13 Radians Rve., . . 136 Scabrilirata Angas, . 56 Radians Sow., . . 140 Scabrosum JefFr. 73 Radiata Born., . . 162 Scalata Rv., 145 Radiata Esch., . . 16 Schrenckii Lisch., 44 Radiata Kr., . 148 Schrceteri Kr., . 107 Radiata Perry, . . 82 Scurra Less., 62 Radiata Pse., . 154 SCURRIA Gray, . . 6, 61 Radiatilis H. & J., . . 139 Scutellaris Blainv., . 83 Rangiana Val., . • . 89 SCUTELLASTRA Ad., . 79, 94 Raricosta Blv., . . 163 Scutellina Sars., 70 Redimiculum Rv., . 136 Seutiformis Gmel., 161 Reevei Hutt., . 139 ScittoEsch., . 12 Repanda Gmel., . 161 Scutum Orb., . 32 194 Septiformis Q. & G., . Serpulceformis Ant., . Servaini Mab., . Simplex Pils., . Simrothi Mts., . Sitta Greg., Solandri Colenso, Solida Ant., Solida Blv., Spectabilis Dkr.,. Spectabilis Gmel., Spectrum Rv., . Speeularis Gmel., Spinifera Lm., . Spinulosa B. D. & D., Squalida Gmel., . Squama Blv., Squamata Gmel., Squamifera Rve., Squamosa Gmel., Squamosa Q. & G., . Stannea Gmel., . Stearnsii Pils., . Stellseformis Rve., Stella Less., Stellaris Q. & G., Stellaris Rve., Stellata B. D. & D., . Stellata Cnem., . Stellifera Gmel., Stellularis Q. & G., . Stipulata Rve., . Striata Q. & G., Striata, Rve., Strigata Don., Strigatella R. & M., . Strigatella Cpr., Strigilis Hombr. & Jacq. Sirigillata Cpr., . Sturnus H. & J., Subgranularis Blv., . Subimirmorata Pils., . Subpersona Pils., Subplana P. & M., . Subrotundata Cpr., Subrugosa Orb., Subspiralu Cpr., Subundulata Ang., INDEX. 55 Surinamensis Gmel., . 161 158 Sybaritica Dall, 22 84 42 Tabularh Kr., . 105 85 Tahitensis Pse., 129 82- Talcosa Gld., . 128 59 Tarentina v. Sal., 84 158 TasleiMab., 84 163 Tasmanica T.-W., 101 89 Teetura Auct., . 7 162 Tecture Aud. & Edw., 7 14 Tecturella Cpr., . 65 162 Tecturidce, 5 97 Tecturina Cpr., . 65 84 Telia Cpr., 111 161 Tener a Ad., 38 163 Teneriffce Mab., . 84 162 100 Tenuilirata Cpr., Tenuisculpta Cpr., 159 25 161 Tenuistriata Blainv., . 163 69 Tennis Gmel., 161 161 Terroris Filhol., 143 132 Tessellata H. & J., . 156 98 Tessellata Miill., 10 50 Tessellata Nutt., 12 W Testacea Gmel., . 162 99 Testudinalis Miill., 10 83 Testudinaria Linne, . 128 141 Textilis Gld., . 16 141 Tigrina Gmel., . 161 141 Tincta Koch. & Mab., 119 31 TITISCANIA Bergh, . 164 47 Titiscania limacina Bergh, 164 65 TlTISCANIJIXaE, . 164 163 Toreuma Rve., . 135 118 Tramoserica Mart., . 142 27 Tranqiiebarica Gmel., 161 137 Triangularis Cpr., 20 27 TRYBLIDIUM Linds., . 78 140 Tuberculata L., . 160 164 Tuberculifera Lmk., . 162 52 Tubicola Ver., . 75 34 83 Ulyssiponensis Gmel., 161 28 Umbella Gmel., . 93 43 Umbonata Nutt., 16 154 Uncinata Rv., . 61 57 Undatolirata Rv., 127 INDEX. Unguis-almce Less., Unguliformis Blv., Unicolor (Lottia) Fbs., Ustulata Rvc., . Variabilis Kr., . Variabilis Sow., Varicosa Rve., . Variegata Blv., . Variegata Reeve, Vatheleti Pils., . Venosa Rve., Verriculata Rve., Vernicosa Cpr., . Vespertina Rve., Vidua Rv., Virescens Gmel., . 59 j Violacea Blv., . . 164 Virgata Don., . 10 Virgata Gm., . 101 Virginea Mull., . Virginum Dufo., . 147 Viridescens Blainv., . 34 Viridis Dufo., . . 118 Viridula Gld., . . 163 Viridulr Lam., . 145, 149 Vitellina Gmel., . 92 Vitrea Phil., . 119 Vulgata L., . 12 . 28 Zebra Blv., . 65 Zebra Rve., . 104 Zebrina Less., . . 162 Zonata S. & W., 195 164 162 162 9 154 163 154 34 32 161 116 82 174 96 62 162 NOTE. — The Parts of Vol. XIII of the MANUAL were issued to subscribers upon the following dates : Part 49, including pp. 1-64, plates 1-15, August 3, 1891. Part 50, including pp. 65-112, plates 16-35, November 3; 1891. Part 51, including pp. 113-160, plates 36-55, January 30, 1892. Part 52, including pp. 161-196, plates 56-74, March, 1892. PATELLID^E PLATE 56 PATELLID^. PLATE 57 PATELLIDvE. - •- •-, T- ' v PLATE 58 (Hi PATKLLJD^E. PLATE 59 46 \ - f' I PATELLID^E. PLATE 6O 61 PATELJLID^E PATELJLID^l. PLATE 62 PATELLID^E PLATE 63 83 PLATE 64 PATELLIDyE. PLATE 65 PATELLID>£ PLATE 66 PATELLID^E. PLATE 67 1?, atuu PATELLJD^E PLATE 68 PATJELLID^E. PLATE 69 PATELLID^E PLATE 7O 49 50" ^fi PATELLIDyE PLATE 71 -tf ' ? '*) 53 ft, *€ • I 60 <.•••]$ : i^Pi PLATE 72 PATELLID^E PLATE 73 RETURN TO the circulation desk of any University of California Library or to the NORTHERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY Bldg. 400, Richmond Field Station University of California Richmond, CA 94804-4698 ALL BOOKS MAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS • 2-month loans may be renewed by calling (510)642-6753 • 1-year loans may be recharged by bringing books to NRLF • Renewals and recharges may be made 4 days prior to due date. DUE AS STAMPED BELOW JUN13ZQQQ 12,000(11/95) N9 551364 Tryon, G.W. Manual of conchology. QLU03 T?6 ser.l v.13 LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS