LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS HELICIDyE. PI- ATE 1 26 16 28 SECOND SERIES: PULMQiN'A.TA MANUAL OF NCHOLOGY STRUCTURAL AND SYSTEMATIC. WITH ILLUSTRATIONS OF -THE SPECIES. BY GEORGE W. TRYON, JR. CONShRVATOR OP THE CONOHOLOGTCAL SECTION OF THB ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. VOL. III. HELICID^:-VOL. i. PHILADELPHIA: PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR, Academy of Natural Sciences, Cor. 19th Sf Race Sts. 1887. LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA DAVIS WM. P. KILDARE, PRINTER, 734 AND 736 SANSOM STREET, PHILADELPHIA. MANUAL OF CONCHOLOGY. FAMILY S.ELIGIDM. Shell spiral, elongated, bulimiform, turbiniform, trochiform, depressed, lenticular, or planorbiform , usually thicker than in the Zonitidse, and also less transparent than in that family ; the aperture either edentulous or armed With teeth, the lip usually reflected. Animal capable of complete retraction within the shell, the tail without mucous gland or projection; mouth always pro- vided with a jaw, which is striate, ribbed, sulcate or plicate, sometimes composed of several imbricating pieces; radula com- posed of many transverse horizontal series of teeth, the centrals tricuspidate, about the size of the laterals, laterals bicuspid, or tricnspid with the interior cusp obsolete, marginals usually wider than high, short, with two or three small cusps (Struct, and Syst. Conch., i, t. 13, f. 59). As to the shell of the heliciform groups it is usually readily distinguished from Zonitidse by the reflected lip of the aperture, which is a character distinguishing most of the larger and most important sections or groups, but this difference disappears in the Patulse, for example, in which the lip is simple and the shell thinner; however, the Patulse are commonly darker in color, often with characteristic chestnut markings, and more rugosely sculptured surface than most Zbnitidse. In the soft parts the most obvious distinction is the want of a caudal mucous pore in the Helices, and their possessing a sculptured jaw. Typically, there is a distinction in the denti- tion, although in some species the lateral teeth of Helices take on a pseud ozonitoid appearance ; even in such cases the extreme marginals in Helix remain short and very obtuse. The family thus outlined comprises several thousand species, most of the land-snails, in fact ; including not only the numerous groups of Helix proper, but those of Bulimus, Partula, etc., as well. As the consideration of the species will occupy the pages (3) 4 HELICID^E. of some volumes of this work — several of them for Helix alone — the usual synopsis of genera is omitted (it may be found in Structural and Systematic Conchology, iii, 28-58), and I proceed at once to the consideration of the Genus HELIX, Linnaeus. Shell of variable form, orbicular, convex, planorboid, trochi- form, subturriculated or short bulimiform (monstrosities sinis- tral, or with whorls more or less uncoiled), smooth, rugose, striate, ribbed, tuberculate, sometimes pilose, often variegated in color ; the aperture oblique, oval or semilunar. with or without teeth on the interior of the lip, or parietal wall or colu- mella; the lip usually reflected, sometimes internally thickened, sometimes simple and sharp ; umbilicus varying from covered to widely open. No more precise diagnosis can be given of a genus in which the conchological features vary so much as they do in Helix. Albers, Beck, Swainson, Ferussac, the brothers Adams, Pfeiffer, and many others, have proposed a great number of groups rank- ing from sections merely, to genera, but which agree in pos- sessing but little individuality in a systematic, although highly important in a developmental aspect. In fact, the species in these groups very generally indicate more strongly here than in any other branch of Conchology, both by their general facies and by the territory peopled by them, their common ancestry. This is possibly the effect of a more recent appearance and a more rapid development than in the marine groups of mollusks, the extinct forms extending no further back than the cretaceous period in Europe and the somewhat later Laramie in the United States, and altogether very few in number, whilst the number of species now living is not far from four thousand ; indeed, it is not improbable that much of the differentiation has taken place within the historic period. The number of species of Helix, although considerably reduced in late years by the elimination of the genera comprised in the family Zonitidse, still remains so large that further disintegra- tion would be very desirable, were it practicable; unfortunately, no divisions have been proposed having the distinctive charac- ters usually assigned to genera and subgenera. As a mere HELICIB^E. 5 convenience, the names of these ancestral-geographical groups might be used in a generic sense, if only we could cease to apply the name Helix to the whole of them. Considering the above circumstances, I propose to use the generic and subgeneric divisions which have been formed under Helix as Sections only, and those sections which have certain common relationships as composing Groups, the latter as well as the former, although in a larger sense, indicating common ancestry and distribution. In a general way these groups will advance from those in which the characters most resemble the Zonitidse towards what has been usually accepted as the typical or ideal Helix, and thence towards the next-coming genus Bulimus. As I have stated that the characters distinguishing these sections and groups have but little systematic value, it will be readily understood that they are not readily expressible ; hence no useful S3mopsis or comparative table of them is possible, and I shall simply take them up in succession in proceeding immediately with the descriptions of the species. Group 1. SAGDA, Beck, 1837. Shell subperforate, or im perforate, globosely conoidal or de- pressed, diaphanous ; whorls narrow, aperture with interior revolving lamellae, peristome simple, sharp. Jaw oxygnathus. Jamaica. Section SAGDA (sensu stricto). Shell subimperforate, globosely conoidal ; spire more or less elevated, with obtuse apex ; eight or nine narrow whorls, the last flattened at the base, excavated around the umbilical region; with internal revolving lamellae ; columella short, oblique, dilated at the base ; aperture obliquely semilunar, peristome simple. Epistyla, Swainson, 1840, is a synonj^m. Section HYALOSAGDA, Albers, 1860. Shell scarcely perforated, depressed, hyaline, thin ; whorls 5-7, narrow, the last excavated at the base ; aperture obliquely lunar (with or without a basal lamella); peristome acute, colu- mellar margin scarcely dilated, slightly reflexed, more depressed, but with the same narrow whorls as in the typical section ; most of the species have no internal lamella. 6 HELIX. (Section SAGDA, Beck, 1837). H. ALLTGANS, C. B. Adams. PI. 1, figs. 1-3. Imperforate, globosely conoidal, white, under a brownish- yellow epidermis, incremental striae regular, stronger on the spire than on the body-whorl ; whorls 8, narrow, aperture with a deep-seated strong basal lamella. Diam. 1-25 inches. Jamaica. The synonyms are H. epistylium, Pfr. (not Miiller), H. alveo- lata, Beck ? H. EPISTYLIOIDES, Fe'r. PI. 1 , fig. 4. Solid, imperforate, obliquely costate, white, under a corneous yellow epidermis ; whorls 9, the last scarcely wider than the others, obsoletely angulated, aperture with an evanescent deep- seated revolving basal lamella. Diam. 1 inch. Jamaica. H. alveolata,jim., Beck, is referred here by Pfeiffer. H. CONNECTENS, C. B. Adams. PI. 1, fig. 5. Imperforate, hemispherical, white under a corneous epidermis, somewhat rugosely sculptured by incremental striae ; whorls 9, very narrow, a little convex, the last slightly convex below, concave in the umbilical region ; aperture rather narrow, trans- verse, the basal lamella strong, acute, deep-seated. Diam. 1 inch. Jamaica. H. JAYANA, C. B. Adams. PI. 1, figs. 6, 7. Imperforate, conoidal, smoothish, lightty striulate, white under a corneous epidermis, spire conoidal, obtuse ; whorls 9j, flattened, the last subangulated, base deeply excavated ; columella short, somewhat oblique, basal lamella deep-seated. Diam. 1 inch. Jamaica. This is H. Cookiana of Pfr. (not Gmel.),in part, H. alligans, Reeve (fig. 7). H. AUSTRALIS, Chemn. PI. 1, fig. 8. Imperforate, solid, obliquely striate above, light yellowish corneous, spire somewhat acute, suture impressed, margined; whorls 8, a little convex, slowly increasing, periphery very obsoletely angulated, base more lightly striated, globose, impressed in the middle, aperture almost vertical, with an HELIX. 7 interrupted basal lamella, colnmella slanting, callously thick- ened. Diam. 22 mill. Jamaica* This is H. Foremaniana, Pfr. (not Adams) ; H. Cookiana, Gmel. ; H. conica, Swains., and H. epistylium, Dillw. H. ALVEARE, Pfr. PI. 1, fig. 9. Imperforate, solid, obliquely striate, white under the hirsute fulvous epidermis ; whorls 10, narrow, the last obsoletely angulate near the base ; aperture with a deep-seated basal lamella, the columella with a subspiral lamella, scarcely visible without. Diam. 1 inch. « Jamaica. H. FOREMANIANA, C. B. Adams. PI. 1, fig. 10. Imperforate, somewhat solid, smoothly striate, alabastrine; whorls 7, a little convex, the last globose, base not impressed ; a strong nodiform tooth on the columella, and an acute elevated lamella (with rarely a second smaller one) on the base of the aperture. Diam. 18-5 mill. Jamaica. H. TRIPTYCHA, Shllttl. PL 1, fig. 11. Imperforate, globulose, thin, scarcely striulate, shining, diaphanous, alabastrine ; whorls 6, slowly increasing, suture submargined, last whorl inflated, periphery subangulated, base scarcely impressed, columella twisted, truncate at base, callously dentate, basal margin with an acute entering lamella, and a smaller one near the columella. Diam. 14 mill. Jamaica. H. SPICULOSA, Shuttlew. PI. 1, fig. 12. Imperforate, campanulately semiglobose, solid, lighly striate, whitish under a deciduous yellowish epidermis ; whorls 8, a little convex, apex subacute, last whorl obsoletely angulated, base excavated in the middle, columella callousty dentate, aperture with a revolving basal lamella, scarcely reaching the margin. Diam. 14 mill. Jamaica. H. TORREFACTA, C. B. Ad. PI. 1, fig. 13. Imperforate, somewhat solid ; whorls 9, a little convex, the earlier ones elegantly striate, the later ones smoothish, the last with subangulate periphery, and scarcely impressed base ; 8 HELIX. columella somewhat straightly descending, twisted, thickened, aperture wide, with a strong basal lamella. Diam. 16 mill. Jamaica. H. PILA, C. B. Adams. PI. 1, fig. 14. Imperforate, thin, smooth (very minutely lightly decussated), diaphanous, whitish, suture deep; whorls 6^, convex, the last globose, base not impressed ; columella short, subvertical, den- tately dilated ; aperture widely lunar, with an acute elevated lamella below the middle of the base. Diam. 12 mill. Jamaica. H. LAMELLIFERA, C. B. Ad. PI. 1, fig. 15. Imperforate, striated, the yellowish corneous epidermis sub- pustulose ; whorls 5J-6, a little convex, moderately increasing, the last more convex, with scarcely impressed base ; columella oblique, callously thickened, aperture obliquely lunar, base with a median lamella, evanescent in front. Diam. 10 mill. Jamaica. H. BLANDII, Weinland. PI. 1, figs. 16, 17. Very narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, scarcely striulate, whitish ; whorls 6, narrow, very slowly increasing, the last a little compressed on the sides, base convex, a little excavated in the middle ; aperture vertical, widely lunar, with an interrupted or continuous spiral basal lamina, and nodular columella. Diam. 4 mill. Port au Prince, Haiti. Section HYALOSAGDA, Albers, 1860. H. OSCULANS, C. B. Ad. PI. 1, figs. 18, 19. Imperforate, depressed, thin, striulate, shining, pellucid, hyaline-white ; spire very short, convex, suture smooth, sub- margined ; whorls 6-J-, scarcely convex, base subexcavated ; aperture obliquely lunar, columellar margin subcallous, nearly horizontal, basal lamella strong, conspicuous. Diam. 13 mill. Jamaica. Yar. DELAMINATA, Adams MS. The lamella absent. H. HALDEMANIANA, C. B. Adams. PI. 1, figs. 20-22. Imperforate, striulate, thin, shining, pale greenish or corneous, hyaline, spire very obtuse, suture margined; whorls 7, scarcely convex, base deeply excavated in the middle. Diam. 13 mill. Jamaica. H. arboreoides, Adams, is a synonym. HELIX. 9 H. SIMILIS, C. B. Adams. PL 1, figs. 23, 24. Perforate, depressed, rather thin, somewhat distantly striulate, shining, diaphanous, whitish, spire scarcely convex, the apex submucronate ; whorls 6, narrow, slightly convex, the last later- ally subcompressed, base a little excavated. Diam. 13 mill. Jamaica. H. HOLLANDI, C. B. Adams. PI. 1, figs. 25, 26. Differs from the preceding species in the whorls being more depressed, base plane, aperture wider. Diam. 11 mill. Jamaica. H. AMBIGUA, C. B. Adams. PI. 1, figs. 27, 28. Differs from H. similis in having a more elevated spire, colu- mella less oblique, anterior part of the lip directly transverse, umbilicus smaller. Suture deeper than in H. similis or H. Halde- maniana, between which this shell is in most characters inter- mediate. Diam. 11-5 mill. Jamaica. H. BREVIS, C. B. Adams. PL 1, fig. 29. Narrowly umbilicated, depressed, subdiscoidal, thin, smooth, shining, whitish ; spire scarcely convex; whorls 4j, flattened, slowly increasing, the last depressed, base subplanulate. Diam. 3'75 mill. Jamaica. H. CIRCUMFIRMATA, Redfield. PL 1, fig. 30. Umbilicated, conoidally depressed, thin, lightly obliquely striated ; fulvous corneous, with irregular light chestnut striga- tions ; suture impressed ; whorls 7 J, slowly increasing, the last with angulated periphery and more convex base ; aperture with an acute white spiral lamina below the periphery, visible through the shell, columella with a spiral callus. Diam. 10'5 mill. Bermuda. H. DISCREPANS, Pfr. Differs from the preceding species in being more solid, the spire less elevated, the peripheral carina more acute, a basal interior carina reaching the margin of the aperture, and the columella subdentate within near its insertion. Diam. 10'25 mill. Bermuda. Un figured. 10 HELIX. Group II. LEUCOCHROA, Beck, 1837. Shell imperforate to moderately umbilicated, globose or de- pressly globose, thick, white, or dull-colored, cretaceous ; whorls about five, usually with more or less angulated periphery, the last slightly descending in front; peristome simple, thickened, columella callously dilated, often covering the umbilicus. Jaw oxygnathous. Cir cum- Mediterranean Region. H. CANDIDISSIMA, Drap. The sj-nonyms are Calcarina, Moquin-Tandon, 1845, and Iberus (in part), H. and A. Adams, 1855. Section LEUCOCHROA (sensu stricto). Aperture broadly lunar, rounded, often with a small outer angle, corresponding with the peripheral carina. Section MIMA, Westerlund, 1866. Aperture very angular, much thickened within, especially above, where it develops two strong tubercles or tooth-like pro- jections subconfluent into one, narrowing the mouth. On account of the ribless jaw of H. candidissima, and for other peculiarities, Dr. von Martens classed this group with the Zonitidse. The investigations of Binney have shown that H. Boissieri, also a Leucochroa, has a ribbed jaw and the dentition of Helix. The heavy shells, and absence of a mucous pore are characters which serve to confirm the classification here adopted. (Section LEUCOCHROA, sensu stricto.) H. CANDIDISSIMA, Drap. PI. 2, figs. 31-35. Subimperforate, globose, solid, cretaceous ; whorls 5, rather flattened, the upper ones carinate above the suture, carina after- wards becoming evanescent, the last deflected in front ; peris- tome subpatulous, thickened within. Diam. 16-25 mill. Southern France, Italy, Algiers. Var. RIMOSA, Jan. Fig. 34. Subcarinate, umbilicus rimose. Diam. 20 mill. H. depressa, Miihlf., is a synonym. Yar. HIEROCHUNTINA, Boissieri. Fig. 35. HELIX. 11 H. B^TICA, Rossmassler. PI. 2, figs. 36, 37. Globose, solid, whitish ash-color; whorls 5^, very slowly in- creasing, the upper ones carious-rugulose, the penultimate about as broad as the last, the last more or less angulated on the periphery, rounded in front; aperture widely lunar, angulated exteriorly, peristome internally sublabiate. Diam. 25 mill. Spain, Morocco, Algiers. Var. ALEXANDRINA, Fagot. Smaller, conical bullet-shaped, penultimate whorl viewed from above appearing broader than the last one. Diam. 14-15 mill. Near Alexandria, Egypt. H. THAYACA, Bourg. PI. 2, fig. 38. Imperforate, opaque, solid, finely striated, brownish oliva- ceous ; whorls 6, periphery obtusely angulated. Diam. 27 mill. Constantine, Algiers. H. TITANODOLEMA, Pechaud. An unfigured species from the same locality as the above, but white, the whorls more drawn out, the base more swollen, the last whorl suddenly deflected anteriorly. H. OTTHIANA, Forbes. PI. 2, figs. 39-44. Umbilicated, carinate, striate, white, suture subcrenulated ; whorls 5, planulate, the last scarcely deflected in front. Diam. 23 mill. Algiers. Yar. JEANNOTIANA, Terver. Figs. 41, 42. More depressed and smaller, umbilicus open, periphery sharply carinated. H.piestius. Bourg., is a synonym. Yar. CHIONODISCUS, Pfr. Figs. 43, 44. Umbilicus nearly covered, con vexly depressed above, periphery with a strong wavy carina, becoming obsolete towards the aper- ture ; whorls 5, the last abruptly deflected in front. Diam. 26 mill. Bourguignat has distinguished two forms of this Yar. under the names of oxygira and depressa. Yar. SPEIRONOMALA, Bourg. Larger, much more compressed and sharply keeled, the umbil- icus open and rather broad, lip drawn down or overhanging above. I1ELTX.- H. ARGIA, Bourg. PI. 2, figs. 45, 46. Umbilicus nearly covered, shell solid, cretaceous, shining, irregularly striulate and obsoletely malleated ; whorls 6, slowly increasing, sharply keeled, the keel becoming less strong or finally obsolete on the last whorl. Diam. 23 mill. Bona, Algiers. Probably only another variety of the last species. H. FIMBRTATA, Bourg. PI. 2, figs. 47, 48. Covered perforate, subglobose, solid, cretaceous, subplanulate above; whorls 5, a little flattened, the first smooth, the following subcarious, narrowly fimbriately carinated, the last deflected in front, rounded, periphery obsoletely subangulated. Diam. 16 mill. Palestine, Mesopotamia. Tar. ILLICITA, Mousson. Whorls slightly convex, suture incised, not carinately margined above, sculpture indistinct, carina evanescent anteriorly, margin of insertion callous, subthickened. Var. MYOPA, Westerl. Shell smaller, globosely contracted ; suture well impressed, tuberculately erose ; aperture rounded, peristome thicker. Diam. 12 mill. Yar. VARICOSULA, Westerl. Entire upper surface regularly finely granulated, periphery with a keel and the trace of another above it. H. PROPHETARUM, Bourg. PI. 2, figs. 49, 50. Covered perforate, depressed, solid, striulate, cretaceous, white, suture impressed ; whorls 4j, flattened or slightly convex, the last very obsoletely angulated, rounded in front, shortly and suddenly deflected. Diam. 16 mill. Palestine. Var. /? is more depressed, the last whorl obscurely bicarinate, flattened below; Yar. y is less depressed, last whorl subrotund, more convex below, peripheral extremities joined by a stronger callus. HELIX. 13 H. CARIOSULA, Mich. PI. 2, figs. 51, 52. Subimperforate, carinate, globosely convex above, carious, somewhat flattened below, soiled white, with a tubercularly eroded filiform sutnral carina ; whorls 5, somewhat flattened ; upper margin of aperture subdeflected. Diam. 18 mill. Algiers. H. MAYRANI, Gassies. PI. 2, figs. 53-55. Imperforate, carinate, granulately crispate under the rusty epidermis, flatter below, flesh white, with a filiform peripheral carina, evanescent in front ; whorls 5-6, convex, the last with radiating striae above, suture profound. Diam. 19-20 mill. A Igiers. Yar. SUBCARIOSULA, Bourg. Fig. 55. Granulations stronger, base less swollen, keel sharper. H. Kobeltiana, Debeaux, is a synonym. Yar. DEBEAUXI, Kobelt. Globosely trochoidal, calcareous, soiled white ; whorls very distinctly crenated at the suture, tuberculosely rugose, the last whorl obsolete^ angulated, smoother and shining below, base convex, excavated around the umbilical region. II. OCTINILLA, Bourg. Umbilicus covered or rimate, turbinately convex above, ptanulate below, whitish, strongty rugose above ; whorls 5J, strongly tuberculate at the suture, carinate below, the last compressedly carinate, the base subtumid, radiately plicately striate. Diam. 17-22 mill, alt. 10-12 mill. Or an, Algiers. Unfigured. H. cariosula, var. vetula, Westerl., is a synonym. H. CARIOSA, Olivier. PI. 2, figs. 56-59. Umbilicated, carinated, convex, white, rough, crispately rugulose ; whorls 5, the last scarcely deflected in front, angu- lated around the wide, deep umbilicus. Diam. 18 mill. Syria. Yar. XAZARENSIS, Mouss. Half bullet-shaped, swollen, the last whorl angulated only at the periphery, upper surface thickly grained. 14 HELIX. Yar. CRASSOCARINA, Mouss. With strong carinse at the periphery and surrounding the umbilicus. Var. AMPHTCYRTA, Bourg. Figs. 58, 59. More flattened, compressed, last whorl not descending in front, aperture more angular, subtetragonal, last whorl strongly bicarinate, umbilicus widely conical. *** Canary Islands Species, doubtfully referred here. H. ULTIMA, Mousson. PI. 2, figs. 60-62. Umbilicated perspectively, cretaceous, substriated, with more or less oblique granulations, white, apex grayish corneous, suture linear ; whorls 6, slightly convex, the upper ones crenately carinatecl,the last not descending in front, more convex, obtusely carinated or angulated on the periphery, narrowly rounded at the umbilicus ; peristome straight, acute. Diam. 14 mill. Ins. Fuerteuentura, Canary Islands. H. PRESSA, Mousson. PL 2, figs. 63-65. More depressed than the preceding species, the granular striae smaller, the umbilicus wider. Perhaps only a variety. Diam. 12 mill. Fuerteventura, Canary Islands. H. ACCOLA, Mousson. PL 2, figs. 66, 67. Umbilicated, cretaceous, striulate, with minute rugae or granulations, white, suture subimpressed ; whorls 5^, a little convex, the upper ones obtusely nodulously carinate, the last not descending in front, periphery obtusely angulated or carinated, somewhat flattened below, narrowly rounded at the umbilicus. Diam. 9 mill. Fuertevsnturcti Canary Islands. H. HISPANICA, Westerlund (unfigured). Spain. Section MIMA, Westerlund, 1886. H. BOISSIERI, Charpentier. PI. 2, figs. 68, 69. Covered perforate, thick, irregularly striated, a little shining, cretaceous, white ; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last deflected HELTX. 15 anteriorly ; aperture with thick lip, projecting internally above in two thick, subconfluent tubercles. Diam. 25 mill. Arabia Petrsea, Judea. Bourguignat has described a var. ZONATA. H. FILIA, Mousson. PL 2, figs. 70, '71. Imperforate, rather solid, striulate, shining, white ; whorls 4, a little convex, the last subdepressed, rounded, constricted and deflected in front; aperture with a parietal tubercle at the junc- tion of the upper lip, lip irregular, profoundly sinuous. Diam. 17 mill. Palestine. Group III. PATULA, Held, 1837. Shell umbilicated, discoidal, turbinated or trochiform, rugose or strongly striated, usually horn-colored, frequently strigated, maculated or banded with chestnut ; whorls gradually enlarging, lip of the aperture simple, sharp; jaws smooth or slightly striated, with a more or less marked median projection. There are several hundred species ; distribution universal. The synonymy includes Delomphalus, Agassiz, 1837; Euryomphala, Herm., 1846, and Discus (in part), Ads., 1855. The following sections have been proposed : Section Discus, Fitzinger, 1833. Shell depressed, widely umbilicated, periphery rounded. This is the typical division, of which H. ROTUNDATA, Miill., may be considered an example. The species inhabit Europe, the United States, Polynesia, etc. Subsection PUNCTUM, Morse, 1864. Shell minute, orbicularly depressed, umbilicus usually moder- ate or narrow, surface costate or strongly striated. Jaw com- posed of distinct quadrate overlapping plates, or imbricately folded. Type H. PYGM^EA, Drap. Europe. I place in this group, as synonyms, Patalastra, Pfr.,1878, and Carthsea and Phryxgnathus, Hutton. Subsection PLANOGYRA, Morse, 1864. Shell minute, perfectly flat above, umbilicus moderate; whorls very convex, the last one sharply ribbed. H. ASTERISCUS, Morse. United States. 16 HELIX. Subsection GONIODISCUS, Fitzinger, 1833. Shell depressed, widely umbilicated, periphery angulated. Type H. SOLARIA, Menke. Europe. Subsection AMPHIDOXA, Albers, 1850. Widely umbilicated, thin, depressed, plane above, convex below, with close, rounded volutions and impressed sutures ; last whorl narrow ; aperture slightly oblique, rounded lunate ; peris- tome simple, acute, margins joined. Type H. MARMORELLA, Pfr. Ins. Juan Fernandez. Stephanoda, Albers, 1830, may be placed here as a synonym. Subsection MACROCYCLOIDES, Martens, 1867. Shell depressed, shining, striate, hyaline, base slightly exca- vated, showing all the whorls, peristome acute, the margins somewhat approaching. Type H. OBSCURATA, Adams and Reeve. East Indies. Subsection TRICHODISCUS, Strebel and Pfeffer, 1879. Shell depressed, widely umbilicated, banded, beset with fine bristle-bearing warts; peristome a little expanded. Type H. COACTILIATA, Fer. Mexico, Central America. Subsection THYSANOPHORA, Strebel and Pfeffer. Shell flat or subconical, widely umbilicated, brown, with longi- tudinal plaits arid rows of epidermal fringes ; aperture simple. Type H. IMPURA, Pfr. Mexico. Subsection PYRAMIDULA, Fitzinger, 1833. Shell pyramidal, minute, costate or strongly striate, umbilicus moderate or narrow. Microconus, Strebel, 1880, appears to be synonymous. Type H. RUPESTRIS, Drap. Europe. Subsection ACANTHINULA, Beck, 1846. Shell perforate, globosely turbinated, with a brownish, pli- cately ribbed, often aculeate epidermis ; whorls 4-5 ; aperture rounded, peristome thin, somewhat expanded, its extremities approaching. The buccal plate is transversel}T and longitudinally striate, its edge slightly indented, with a middle projection. Viviparous, containing embryos in various stages of development at the HELIX. 17 same time. H. ACULEATA, Miill. Europe. The United States and West Indies also have representatives. Zoogenites, Morse, 1864, is a synonym. Section ANGUISPIRA, Morse, 1864. Shell large, striate or finely ribbed, depressed- turb'mate, horn color, striped or banded with brown, umbilicus moderate. H. ALTERNATA, Say. United States. Section ENDODONTA, Albers, 1850. Usually depressed, with moderate or wide umbilicus, rounded or carinated periphery, aperture with parietal or lip lamellae, or both, surface usually costate or rugosely striate, brownish or radiatingly variegated with yellowish and chestnut. H. HUA- HETNENSIS, Pfr. Mostly Polynesian. Pity s, H. and A. Adams, 1855, is a synonym. Mr. Garrett attempts to divide the species into two groups, Endodonta and Pitys ; there being differences in the periphery r umbilicus, number and situation of the teeth, etc. I at first endeavored to make a somewhat similar arrangement of the species, corres- ponding with those of the edentulate Patulae, but have not succeeded ; and in grouping the species I have recurred to Pfeiffer's artificial arrangement, as on the whole the most useful. Subsection LAOMA, Gray, 1849. Shell conical or trochiform, scarcely perforate, smooth, pellu- cid, shining; whorls flattened, the last carinated, base plane; aperture squarely depressed, lamellate, lip simple. H. LEIMONIAS, Gray. New Zealand. Actinaria, Pfr., 1855, may be united with this, as a synonym. Section LIBERA, Garrett, 1881. Shell small, widely umbilicated, but the umbilicus (in adults) strongly constricted below, so as to form a pouch-like cavity within ; whorls 1-9, costulate or striate, periphery usually angu- lated, rarely rounded ; peristome simple ; parietal region with one or two, and the palate with two or three internal laminae, columella emarginate and furnished with a spiral fold. H. FRA- TERCULA, Pease. Polynesia. These animals are remarkable for their habit of ovipositing 2 18 HELIX, into the cavernous umbilicus of their shells ; this umbilicus is constricted with the formation of the last two whorls, and the eggs and young are sometimes still more effectually retained by a temporary shelly plate which partially covers the opening. Section TROCHOMORPHA, Albers, 1850. Subperforated to umbilicated, trochiform, with more or less obtuse apex ; whorls somewhat flattened, the last with a carinated periphery, and planulate base ; aperture depressed, oblique, peris- tome simple. A large group, the metropolis of which is central Polynesia, but some of the species are East Indian. Trochomorphoides and Ganesella, Nevill, are scarcely distinguishable. Liocystis, Morch, contains a species having a sigmoid colu- mella. I have followed Pfeiffer in including it here. Subsection NIGRITELLA, Albers, 1860. Includes the typical forms of TrochomorpJia, as distinguished from the following subsections. Subsection VIDENA, H. and A. Adams, 1852. Widely umbilicated, thin, discoidal, carinated at the periphery, flat or somewhat elevated above, flatly convex below ; aperture widely subtriangular, the peristorne simple, sharp or slightly thickened. Mostly Polynesian and Australasian. H. ACUTI- MARGO, Pfr. Philippines. Subsection THYSANOTA, Albers, I860. Narrowly umbilicated, trochiform, thin; whorls scarcely con- vex, base carinated, with rigid hairs ; aperture angularly lunar, lip simple, acute, columellar margin slightly expanded. H. GUERINI, Pfr. India. The New Zealand group Thera, Hutton, appears to be iden- tical. Subsection PARARHYTIDA, Ancey. Narrowly umbilicated, conical-discoidal, obliquely plicately striate, thin, diaphanous, periphery acutely carinated. H. DIC- TYODES, Pfr. New Caledonia. HELIX. • 19 Subsection POECILOZONITES, Sandberger, 1884. Narrowly umbilicated, conoidally lenticular, with acutely angulated periphery; aperture subtrapezoidal, lip simple, thick- ened within, columella short, vertical. H. BERMUDENSIS, Pfr. Bermuda. Section MICROPHYSA, Albers, 1860. Shell nnibilicated, turbinately or globosely depressed, thin, striulate, scarcely shining, usually light yellowish; whorls 4-5, slightly convex, slowly increasing ; aperture rounded-lunate, peristome thin, the margins converging. H. BOOTHIANA, Pfr. West Indies. Subsection PELTA, Albers, 1860. Shell imperforate, depressed, lenticular, thin, with concentric lines, acutely carinate; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last with convex base, impressed in the middle ; aperture subrhombic, peristome simple, acute. H. SPIRULATA, Pfr. Central America. Section PELLA, Albers, 1860. Shell imperforate or perforate, depressed orbicular, thin, striate, or plicate-striate ; whorls 5, slightly convex; aperture Innately rounded, peristome simple, acute ; columellar lip sub- vertical, dilated above. H. BISCULPTA, Benson. South Africa. Phasis, Albers, 1850, proposed for a single Cape species, may be added. Group III. PATULA, Held, 1837. Section Discus, Fitzinger- 1833. H. ROTUNDATA, Muller. PI. 3, figs. 72-76. Perspectively umbilicated, depressed, yellowish corneous,, maculated with chestnut, lightly costulate-striate, spire convex ; whorls 6^, planulate, the last obtusely subangulate on the periphery. Diam. 8 mill. Middle and Northern Europe. H. radiata, Da Costa, is a synonym. Var. TURTONI, Fleming. Spire much depressed, upper surface plane. Yar. ALBINA, Fer. Figs. 75, 76. Shell whitish or greenish white, without rays. An albino. 20 HELIX. Yar. PALLID A, Baud on. Whitish, the yellowish flammules faint. Yar. SCALARIS, Fer. Whorls exserted. A monstrosity. Yar. GLOBOSA, Fried. H. PERSPECTIVA, Say. PI. 3, figs. 77-79. Widely, perspectively umbilicated, very slightly convex above, excavated below, thin, reddish corneous, regularly costulate ; whorls 6-J, slightly convex, slowly increasing. Diam. 8 mill. U. S. (Middle, Western and Southern States). North of Maryland it does not occur east of the Appalachian chain. It is Helix patula, Desh. H. RUDERATA, Studer. PI. 3, figs. 80-84. Perspectively umbilicated, depressed, yellowish corneous, finely costulate-striate, spire a little convex; whorls 4-5, the last with rounded periphery. Diam. 6-8 mill. Northern and Middle Europe, United State*, Northern Asia. The synonyms are : H. rotundata ft Nilss ; H. umbilicus, Marklin; H. striatella, Anthony (figs. 82-84); H.perspectiva, Fer. Yar. ALBIDA, Westerl. Shell greenish white. Northern Sweden, Norway. Yar. GORTSCHANA, Mousson. A little more depressed, thin, costulae not so close and less distinct. Russian Transcaucasia. Yar. OPULENS, Westerl und. Globosely convex, densely costulate, widely concavely um- bilicated ; whorls convex, the last obtusely angulated, suture deep. Diam. 7, alt. 5 mill. Behr ing's Island. H. PAUPER, Gould. PI. 3, figs. 85, 86. Discoidal, reddish brown, incremental striae costulate ; whorls 41, a little convex, with deep suture. Diam. 7'5 mill. Kamtschatlca ; Jesso, Japan. Umbilicus narrower than in H. ruderata ; but certainly very HELIX. 1 closely allied to that species. The earlier described H. flocculus, Morelet, is probably the yonng of this species. H. CRONKHEITEI, Newcomb. PL 3, figs. 87, 88. Subdepressed, a little convex above, costulate striate, yellow- ish corneous ; whorls 4, suture wide and deep, almost channeled, umbilicus large, perspective. Diam. 5 mill. Oregon, Alaska. More elevated, striae stronger, suture deeper than in H. ruderata ; of which it is very probably a mere variety. H. HORNII, Gabb. PL 3, figs. 89, 90. Openly umbi Heated, depressed, brownish, minutely obliquely striate, and (rarely) sparsely hairy ; whorls 4J, the spire whorls subplanulate, the last rapidly descending, suture deep ; umbilicus about one-third the total diameter, indistinctly perspective. Diam. 4 mill. Arizona. According to Mr. Ancey this species occurs also in Honduras. H. FRIVALDSKYANA, Rossmassler. PL 3, figs. 91-93. Perspectively umbilicated, lenticularly depressed, obtusely carinated, yellowish white, lightly costulate-striate ; whorls 5, convex. Diam. 9 mill. Eoumelia. Is H. convexa, Fer. H. ABIETANA, Bourg. PL 4, figs. 45-47. Widely umbilicated, somewhat solid, translucent, corneous, flamed with fulvous, strongly costulate; whorls 6, convex, slowly increasing, suture deep, last whorl with obtusely subangulated periphery, not descending in front. Diam. 5 mill. Algiers. H. ARROUXT, Bourguignat. PL 4, fig. 56-58. Openly umbilicated, depressed, fragile, subpellucid, thinly striulate ; fulvous chestnut, maculated with whitish, apex shining, blackish ; whorls 5-J, a little convex, suture well im- pressed, last whorl obscurely subangulated, base convex. Diam. 6 mill. Berytus, Syria. H. CONCINNA, Lowe. PL 3, figs. 94-96. Widely umbilicated, rather solid, scarcely shining, light greenish corneous, closely plicate-cost ulate above, suture mod- 22 HELIX. erate ; whorls 1J, very slowly increasing, a little convex, the last subcarinate above, not descending in front, base more con- vex, smoothish ; aperture somewhat obliquely lunar, margins approaching. Diam. 8 mill. Hierro, Canary Is. H. HERMANNI, Pfr. PI. 3, figs. 100, 1. Widely umbilicated, discoidal, closely costulate above, a little shining, diaphanous, corneous; whorls 4^, a little convex, slowly increasing, the last narrow, more slightly costulate on the base ; umbilicus conical ; aperture subvertical, rounded-lunar, margins approaching. Diam. 2 mill. Mirador, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico. H. AMANCAENSIS, Hidalgo. PL 3, figs. 2, 3. Widely, profoundly umbilicated, thin, very closely covered by hair-like costulations, brownish corneous, spire subplanate, suture profound ; whorls 5, slowly increasing, convex, narrow, • the last scarcely wider than the penultimate. Diam. 2'5 mill. Near Lima, Peru. H. HUMILIS, Hutton. PI. 3, figs. 4-6. Widely, profoundly umbilicated, striulate, diaphanous, a little shining, brownish corneous ; whorls 5, rounded, periphery sub- angulated. Diam. 3-3 mill. Landour, Eastern India. H. COMA, Gray. Widely umbilicated, rather thin, obliquely costulate, ribs dis- tant, straight, about nine in the tenth of an inch ; pale brown with bands of reddish brown, periphery rounded. Diam. 5*5 mill. New Zealand. H. lau, Pfr., is a synonym. Unfigured : the H. coma, of Pfr., being a different species, referred to H. lucetta. H. LUCETTA, Hutton. PI. 3, figs. 7-9. Ribs rather distant, about fifteen in the tenth of an inch, spire convex, more elevated than in the last species, periphery obscurely angled ; pale brown obscurely spotted. Diam. 7 mill. New Zealand. H. coma, of Pfr., not Gray. The animal is white, the peduncles purplish, and a band on each side of the head slightly speckled with purple. HELIX. 23 H. VARICOSA, Pfr. PI. 3, fig. 10. Umbilicus moderate, spire slightly elevated, varicosely angu- lated by distant costse, not shining, fuscous ; whorls 4J-5, a little flattened, base somewhat flattened. Diam. 3'5 mill. New Zealand. H. GAMMA, Pfr. PI. 3, fig. 11. Rather widely umbilicated, somewhat thin, very closely costulate-striate (about 30 in the tenth of an inch), diaphanous; light corneous, nebulously marked with chestnut; whorls 5, a little convex, slowly increasing, the last more convex below. Diam. 3 mill. New Zealand. H. buccinella, Reeve, is a synonym. H. ANGUICULUS, Reeve. PL 3, fig. 13. Umbilicated, subdiscoidal, brownish with remote chestnut strigations, ribs about 33 in the tenth of an inch ; whorls 5, rounded. Diam. 2'5 mill. « New Zealand. Is H. theta, Pfr. MS. H. TAPIRINA, Hutton. Ribs about 18 in the tenth of an inch, horny brown, obscurely banded with chestnut. Diam. 5 mill. New Zealand. More closely ribbed than H. coma, with which Hutton at first identified it. Unfigured. H. ZETA, Pfr. PL 3, fig. 14. Widely umbilicated, subdiscoidal, somewhat solid, closely plicate, about 23 in the tenth of an inch, not shining, light yel- lowish, tessellated with large chestnut maculations, spire plane, subimmersed in the middle, suture profound ; whorls 5J, very narrow, convex, the base more lightly plicate. Length, 3'6 mill. New Zealand. H. infecta, Reeve, is a synonym. H. EGESTA, Gray. PL 3, fig. 15. Widely umbilicated, rather solid, regularly spirally sulcate, with distant radiating ribs ; reddish brown, sometimes mottled with yellowish ; whorls 5-J-, convex, the last narrow, often a little depressed in front. Diam. 4*3 mill. New Zealand. 24 HELIX. II. ETA, Pfr. PI. 3, fig. 12. Ilather widely urabilicated, depressed, silky, yellowish white, ribs very close, about 40 in the tenth of an inch, suture impressed ; whorls 4, barely convex, the last wider, depressed. Diam. 3 mill. New Zealand. H. corniculum, Reeve, is a synonym. H. DIEMENENSIS, Cox. PI. 3, figs. 16-18. Widely umbilicated, thin, translucid, with a number of some- what prominent subarcuate costulations, not shining, yellowish, radiately ornamented with chestnut strigations ; whorls 4^, slowly increasing, a little convex, the last rounded at the periphery. Diam. 9 mill. Tasmania. This has been suspected to be a variety of the New Zealand H. coma, Pfr. not Gray = H. lucetta, Hutton. Mr. Petterd reduces the following Tasmanian species to synonyms of this : //. Thomsoni, H. Daveyensis, H. Atkinsoni, H. Gamillse, and H. Wellingtonensis, Cox (figs. 17, 18). H. CUPREA, Cox. PI. 3, figs. 21, 22. Widely umbilicated, discoidal, copper-colored, shining, suture wide ; whorls 4^-5, moderately increasing, the last with rounded periphery, closely, lightly striate above and below, a little de- flected in front. Diam, 2'5 mill. King George's Sound, Australia. H. SATURNI, Cox. PI. 3, fig. 23. Widely, perspectively umbilicated, discoidal, subconcave above, everywhere costulate, reddish corneous, a little shining ; whorls 5, convex, the last tumid, spire subimmersed, suture deep. Diam. 2-5 mill. Sydney, Australia. H. costulata, Cox, is a synonym. H. BRAZIERI, Cox. PI. 4, figs. 24, 25. Umbilicus perspective, very wide, plano-discoidal, thin, lightly, very closely costulate, the interstices decussated by slight lines, ash-color, with chestnut lines and strigations, spire plane, suture deep; whorls 5, regularly increasing, the last rounded, costulate below as above. Diam. 3'3 mill. Cook's Ewer, Sydney, Australia. H. LTRATA, Cox. PL 4, figs. 26, 27. Widely, perspectively umbilicated, plano-discoidal, regularly strongly costate, chestnut corneous ; whorls 3^, the last rounded, spire subinimersed, suture profoundly impressed. Diam. 3 mill. Sydney, Australia. H. STROUDENSIS, Cox. PL 4, figs. 28, 29. Widely umbilicated, discoidal, thinly costulately striate, con- vex, suture impressed, brownish; whorls 5, spire truncate. Diam. 3 mill. Stroud, Port Stephens, Australia. H!. PEXA, Cox. PL 4, figs. 30, 31. Widely umbilicated, almost discoidal, thin, translucent, regu- larly, closely, arcuately costate, cosUe appearing as though in pairs, light yellowish corneous, spire plane, suture moderate ; whorls 4, convex, the last narrow, rounded. Diam. 2 mill. Greystanes, N. So. Wales. H. COCHLIDIUM, Cox. PI 4, figs. 32, 33. Umbilicus wide, scarcely narrower at the bottom, shell thin, translucent, dull vitreous, with numerous thin, elevated, curved riblets, the interstices lightly, very minutely granulate and lineate ; white ; whorls 4^, convex, spire plane, last whorl narrow, rounded, a little inflated and plicate below. Diam. 2*25 mill. Clarence River, Australia. More strongly sculptured than H. pexa. H. BELLI, Cox. PL 4, fig. 36. Widely and perspectively umbilicated, discoidal, depressed and subconcave, regularly costellate, reddish chestnut color, a little shining ; whorls 5, somewhat convex, the last tumid, suture deeply impressed. Diam. 1-75 mill. Sydney, Australia. H. COLLIST, Brazier. PL 5, figs. 79, 80. Widely umbilicated, shining, yellowish corneous, lightly striate above, smooth below, suture strong impressed ; whorls 5, regularly increasing, convex, narrow, the last a little descend- ing, excavated around the umbilicus. Diam. 1'75 mill. Mt. Wellington, Tasmania. Described as H. minima, Cox, preoccupied by H. Adams for a Mauritian species. 20 HELIX. H. DECRETA, Gassies. PI. 4, figs. 34, 35. Widely umbilicated, lenticular, lightly striate, light corneous unicolored under a yellowish brown epidermis, scarcely shining; whorls 5, convex, the last slightly descending, suture linear. Diam. 2 mill. New Caledonia. H.SUBCOACTA, Gassies. PL 4, figs. 48, 49. Widely umbilicated, striulate, reddish brown, epidermis some- what wrinkled, hairy; whorls 5, regularly enlarging, the last scarcely descending, suture deep. Diam. 3 mill. Ins. Art, N. Caledonia. H. LAMBERT:, Gassies. PL 4, figs. 37, 38. Very widely umbilicated, depressed, subplane above, thin, pellucid, sinning corneous, suture deep, surface longitudinally and spirally striated ; whorls 5, rapidly increasing, rounded, the last not descending in front, aperture brownish. Diam. 8 mill. Near Noumea, N. Caledonia. H. INCULTA, Gassies. PL 4, fig. 51. Umbilicated, lenticular, subcarinate, a little convex, thin, transversely flexuosely strigate, obscurely olivaceous under the epidermis ; whorls 3J-4J, rapidly increasing, the last descending, depressed above the middle, convex at base ; margins of peris- tome joined by a thin parietal callus. Diam. 6 mill. New Caledonia. H. RUSTICULA, Gassies. PL 16, figs. 71, 72. Widely, deeply umbilicated, strongly, obliquely, lamellarly striated, reddish corneous or dark reddish; whorls 6, the last depressed, the suture deep, carinated. Diam. 8 mill. Isle of Pines, New Caledonia. H. MELALEUCARUM, Gassies. PL 4, fig. 50. Narrowly umbilicated, convex, flexuosely striated, dirty chestnut-color, apex yellowish, spire turbinate, suture profound; whorls 4, convex, regularly increasing, the last descending, per- iphery subcarinated, base flattened. Diam. 6'25 mill. New Caledonia. H. DEMANI, Tapparone-Canefri. PL 4, figs. 39-41. Widely umbilicated, subobliquely closely costulate, corneous, subpellucid, spire almost immersed ; whorls 4, regularly enlarg- HELIX. 27 ing, with very deep suture, last whorl not descending in front, peripher}^ very obtusely subangulated. Diam. 1*25 mill. Jns. Aru, New Guinea. H. CALDWELLT, Barclay. PI. 4, figs. 42-44. Widely umbilicated, thin, arcuately costulate, fulvous cor- neous, waxy ; whorls 5J, with deep suture, the last depressed, base convex ; columella sinuous. Diam. 9 mill. . Mauritius. This is mentioned in Yol. ii. 27, as an nnfigured species of Erepta. I now supply a figure of H. Paulas, Morelet, which proves to be synonymous. It is a true Patula. H. PRINCEI, Liardet. PI. 5, fig. 83 a. Widely, perspectively umbilicated, dark horn-color, lighter below ; whorls 3, costulate, suture deeply impressed ; aperture round. Dia.m. 3-4 mill. Taviunm, Viti Is. " This is the only Titian shell I have seen resembling any of the Australian Helices.'1 — LIARDET. Unfigured and Undetermined Species. H. CARPETANA, Hidalgo. Near San Ildefonso, Spain. H. OMALISINA, Bourg. France. H. TENUISTRIATA, Binney. Tennessee. This species has never been identified. H. LEPTA, Westerlund. Nangasaki, Japan. H. REINIANA, Pfr. Bermuda. H. SQUARROSA, Gould. Japan. H. SCUTULATA, Shuttl. Teneriffe. H. GARACHICOENSIS, Wollaston. Madeira. H. B1ANCA, H. T1MANDRA, H. JESSICA, H. SYLVIA, Hutton. New Zealand. H. BARRENENSIS, H. MIMOSA, Petterd. Tasmania. H. SUBRUGOSA, Brazier. Hobart Town, Tasmania. H. SPALDINGI, and Yar. CARINATA, Brazier. N. Australia. H. FORNICATA, Gould. Sandwich Islands. In the Corrigenda to the Mollusca of the Wilkes Exploring Expedition, Dr. Gould states that the only specimen was lost, and H. Tongana, Quoy, figured by the artist for this species. H. NEWTONI, Nevill. Mauritius. HELIX. Subsection PLANOGYRA, Morse, 1864. H. ASTERISCUS, Morse. PI. 4, fig. 52. Orbicular, somewhat depressed, brownish; whorls 4, well- rounded, crossed by 25-30 thin, transparent, prominent, reclined ribs, the interstices lightly striate, spire not elevated, suture deep ; umbilicus moderate, showing all the whorls. Diam. 1-5 mill. State of Maine ; N. of Like Superior ; Tacoma, Washington Terr. Subsection PUNCTUM, Morse, 1864. I. European Species. It is very doubtful whether this group should be separated at all from Discus. Certain of the species possess a distinctive character in the jaw, but this organ has not been examined in many of the forms included by Pfeiffer in his undescribed sec- tion Patulastfa, which is, at least typically, the equivalent of Punctum. I have retained the species as assigned to the group by Pfeiffer, but many of them are certainly typical Discus, and conchologically there is no gap between the groups. H. MICROPLEUROS, Paget. PI. 6, figs 19-21. Minute, openly umbilicated, somewhat flattened above, convex below, shining, subpellucid, corneous or amber-colored, costate ; whorls 4, a little convex, with impressed suture, last whorl dilated. Diam. 2 mill. Southern France ; Sardinia. H. tenuicostata, Shuttleworth, 1848 (= H. Shuttleworthi, Ser- vain)3 from the last named country, is a synonym. H. ELACHIA, Bourguignat. PI. 6, figs. 22-24. Yery minute, umbilicated, planate above, convex below, pel- lucid, hyaline, light corneous, elegantly costate ; whorls 3J, rapidly increasing, with impressed suture, last whorl slightly descending in front, periphery subangulated, obscurely subcari- nated around the umbilicus. Diam. 1-5 mill. Angers, France. H. DEBEAUXIANA, Bourg. PI. 6, figs. 31-33. Narrowly, deeply umbilicated, subpellucid, a little shining, corneous, with whitish flammules on the earlier whorls, sharply HELIX. 29 striulate ; whorls 4, a little convex, regularly and rapidly increas- ing. Diam. 2 mill. Algiers. H. POUPILLIERT, Bonrg. PI. 6, figs. 40-42. Deeply umbilicated, shining, subpellucid, corneous, becoming orange-brown in the last whorl, elegantly obliquely lamellarly costate ; whorls 4-5, convex, rapidly increasing, with well im- pressed suture, last whorl a little deflected downwards, rounded. Diam. 2 mill. Algiers. H. PYGMJSA, Draparnaud. PL 6, figs. 28-30. Yery minute, openly umbilicated, brownish corneous, slightly shining, minutely striulate; whorls 3|-4, regularly slowly in- creasing, with well impressed suture, periphery rounded ; aper- ture widely lunar. Diam. 1*75-2 mill. Europe, United States. The synonyms of this well-known species are H. minuta, Studer ; H. Kirbtt, Shepp. ; H. Taranti, Bcnzo ; ? H. De- sliayvKii, Calcara (Sicily; perhaps a juvenile), and H. minutis- ima, Lea, the type of Morse's genus Punctum, inhabiting the northern portion of the United States. H. AUCAPITAINEANA, Bourg. PL 6, figs. 34-36. Small, perviously umbilicated, corneous, translucent, obliquely striulate, particular^ above ; whorls 4^-5, scarcely convex above, rapidly enlarging, with well-impressed suture, the last whorl dilated, obsolete^ angulated on the periphery, very slightly descending at the aperture. Diam. 2 mill. Algiers. H. SORORCULA, Benoit. PL 6, figs. 46, 47. Umbilicated, whitish fulvous, closely costulate, opaque ; whorls 4, slightly convex, the last a little descending in front, not dilated ; aperture a little oblique, the margins approaching. Diam. 3*5 mill. Sicily. H. MASSOTI, Bourg. PL 6. figs. 25-27. Widely umbilicated, almost flattened above, subpellucid, slightly shining, light corneous, smooth, scarcely striulate ; whorls 4-J, convex, slowly regularly enlarging, with channeled suture, the last slightly descending in front. Diam. 1-5 mill. Roussillon and Catalonia. 30 HELIX H. SCHWERZENBACHII, Calcara. PI. 6, figs. 43-45. Minute orbicular, thin, pellucid, glabrous, horny fulvous, widely umbilicated ; whorls 3, convex, the last large, inflated. Diam. 0'66 mill. Sicily. Probably a juvenile. ' H. SUDENSIS, Pfr. PI. 6, figs. 37-39. Perspective^ umbilicated, yellowish corneous, with thread- like costulations ; whorls 6, narrow, the last not descending, suture deep ; peristome flexuously repand, columellar margin subpatulous. Diam. 7*5 mill. Candia. H. BALMET, Potiez et Michaud. PL 6, figs. 48-50. Openly umbilicated, elegantly costate-striate, brownish yellow ; whorls 6, convex, slowly enlarging, aperture subvertical, lunar. Diam. 10 mill. Sicily. This is E. flavesctns, Parr., H. striolata, Phil., H. Teresse, Benoit, and H.flavida, Ziegler. The Marchioness Paulucci has recently examined the type of this species and finds it to be a true species equaling and anterior in publication to H. flamda, Ziegler, but the shell which Pfeiffer and other authors have called H. Balmei, and which Shuttleworth has figured under that name in his " Notitiae," is a Hyalina, and can stand as Hyalina Balmei, Shuttlew. H. ERDELII, Roth. PI. 6, figs. 51, 52. Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, closely costulate, diapha- nous, yellowish corneous, paler below; whorls 5.^, convex, slowly increasing, the last not descending, periphery rounded. Diam. 9 mill. Me of Rhodes. H. HAUFFENI, F. Schmidt. PL 22, figs. 15, 16. Rather widely umbilicated, elegantly costulate, subdiaphanous, yellowish white; whorls 4^-5, convex, the last narrow, not descending. Diam. 3*25 mill. Caverns in Corniola. This has been made the type of a new subgenus Spelaeodixcus, Brusina ; the animal is entirely blind, the visual organs absent. HELIX. 31 Un figured Species. H. ARANEA, Parreyss. Sicily. H. SIMONIANA, Bourg. So. France. H LEUERI, Bdttger. Transcaucasia. H. BALATONICA, Servain. Lake Balaton^ Hungary. H. LETESSIERIANA, Bourg. Algeria. H. CAROT^E, Bourg. Tuscany. H. PRONOE, Servain. Tuscany. H. SERVAINI, Bourg. France. H. NEMESIANA, Bourg. Maritime Alps. II. Atlantic Species. H PUTRESCENS, Lowe. PL 6, figs. 53-55. Perspectively umbilicated, rather thin, obliquely striulate, shining, dark brown; whorls 5^-6, a little convex. Diam. 9-9'5 mill. Ins. Palma. Probably belongs in Discus. H. PUSILLA, Lowe. PL 6, figs. 56-58, 64-68. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, brownish, distantly, membranously costate above, suture distinctly impressed ; whorls 3J, a little convex, last whorl not descending, base smooth ; aperture subcircular. Diam. 2 mill. Madeira, Teneriffe, etc. H. hypocrita, Dohrn, and H. servilis, Shuttl. (figs. 64-66), are synonyms.. H. LUSEANA, Paiva. PL 6, figs. 59, 60. Moderately umbilicated, thin, pellucid, shining, pale oliva- ceous yellow, with regular incurved radiating striae ; whorls 4-4 J, tumid, gradately increasing, the last not carinate, not deflected anteriorly, periphery obsoletely angulated. Diam. 2'5 mill. Madeira. Has been considered a variety of H. pusilla, Lowe ; differs in the umbilicus. H. TEXTILIS, Shuttleworth. PL 6, figs. 61-63. Moderately perspectively umbilicated, rather solid, obliquely closely costulate ; yellowish corneous, here and there maculated with brown, suture deep; whorls 7, convex, slowly enlarging, 32 HELIX. the last not descending, periphery rounded, base more flattened, lightly striate ; margins of aperture approaching. Diam. 8 mill. Ins. Palma. Probably a true Discus. H. PARVULA, Rang (unfigured). Cape Verd. III. East African Species. H. CRYOPHILA, Martens. PL 7, figs. 67-70. Openly umbilicated, distinctly, subdistantly costulate above, lightly striate below, corneous, diaphanous, shining ; whorls 3J, convex, the last one slightly deflected in front ; aperture diag- onal, subcircular. Diam. 2 mill. Abyssinia. H. ABYSSINICA, Jickeli. PI. 7, figs. 71-74. Perviously umbilicated, somewhat solid, opaque, brownish, obliquely, strongly, closely costulate-striate ; whorls 4, a little convex, slowly and regularly enlarging, suture rather deep, last whorl narrow, not deflected in front; aperture oblique, widely lunar. Length, 25 mill. Abyssinia. First described by Martens as H. rivularis, a name preoccu- pied by Krauss. IV. Asiatic Species. H. EUOMPHALUS, Blanford. PL 7, figs. 75-77. Moderately umbilicated, fulvous corneous, thin, obliquely striate, suture impressed ; whorls 4, rounded, the last somewhat narrow, scarcely descending ; margins of periphery distant. Diam. 2 mill. Nilgiri Mts., India. H. BIANCONII, Deshayes. PL 7, figs. 78, 79. Widely umbilicated, thin, pellucid, fuscous corneous ; whorls 5, narrow, convex, with deep linear suture, regularly thinly striated, last whorl double width, below less strongly striate ; extremities of peristome distant. Diam. 5 mill. Sytsliuan, China. Should be placed in Discus, perhaps. HELIX. 33 H. NEHERENSIS, Benson. PL 7, figs. 80, 81. Narrowly, perspectively umbilicated, obliquely striulate, de- cussated above and below by very close scarcely impressed con- centric lines, suture subchanneled ; whorls 5, a little convex, the last rounded at the periphery, convex below, excavated around the umbilicus ; margins of peristome joined by a thin, minutely granulated callus. Diam. 5 mill. Mahabaleshwar, Western India. The figures, which are copied from Conch. Indica, appear to represent a Hyalina rather than a Patula. Perhaps the striae are not sufficiently indicated. H. ARTIFICIOSA, Benson. PL f, fig. 82. Narrowly umbilicated, a little shining, above with close revolv- ing lirae and sulcations, decussated by oblique costulations, below with remoter lirie and radiating striae, light corneous, suture deep; whorls 6^, a little convex, slowly increasing, the last sub- angulate above, convex below ; peristome slightly sinuated, right margin crenulate. Diam. 14 mill. Tenasserim, Burmah. Does not belong in this group. H. FRITILLATA, Benson. PL 22, figs. 17-19. Perspectively umbilicated, arcuately costulate-striate, decus- sated by impressed close spiral striae above, the interstices con- spicuously quadrately granular, smoother and polished below, light corneous, suture profound ; whorls 6, narrow, slowly enlarg- ing, convex, the last scarcely descending anteriorly, more convex below, and excavated around the umbilicus ; peristome externally margined below, extremities remote. Diam. 13 mill. Pegu. H QUADRISPIRA, Martens. PL t, figs. 83-85. Widely perspectively umbilicated, subangulate, closely some- what obliquely costulate, grayish white, a little shining ; whorls 4, slightly convex ; rapidly increasing, with deep suture, last whorl subangulated, descending in front, more convex below ; margins of peristome approaching. Diam. 5'5 mill. Ceram, Moluccas. Probably a Discus. H. NAGPORENSIS, Pfr. (unfigured). Nagpore, India, 3 34 HELIX. V. Australasian Species. H. MORTI, Cox. PI. 7, figs. 87, 88. Widely, profoundly umbilicated, brownish, rugosety costate, the interstices very minutety, lightly, decussately striate-punc- tulate, somewhat solid ; whorls 5, a little convex, the last rounded. Diam. 2 mill. Sydney, Australia. H. paradoxa, Cox, is a synonym. This and several following species belong to Discus. H. HOBARTI, Cox. PL 7, figs. 89, 90. Openly, deeply umbilicated, dark brown, closely regularly costate; whorls 4|, rounded, base convex; aperture almost circular, the margins approximating, the columellar not everted. Diam. 12 mill. Hobart, Tasmania. Allied to the preceding species. H. TASMANIA, Cox. PI. 7, figs. 91, 92. Largely deeply umbilicated, thin, regularly, strongly costate, alternately dark chestnut and pallid ; whorls 5, planulate towards the suture, the last slightly descending in front, base convex; margins of aperture somewhat approaching, the columellar margin not dilated. Diam. 3 mill. ML Wellington, Tasmania. H. STELLATA, Brazier. PI. 7, figs, 93, 94. Deeply, perspectively umbilicated, chestnut-colored, not shin- ing, everywhere regularly, lightly costate, suture narrow and deep ; whorls 4J, rounded, the last slightly descending in front. Diam. 2 mill. ML Wellington, Tasmania. H. similis, Cox (not Adams), is a synonym. H. RETIPOBA, Cox. PI. 7, figs. 95, 96. Perfo rate, closely costulately striate, decussated by very minute concentric lines, rather solid, somewhat shining, reddish corne- ous, lighter colored below, suture moderately impressed ; whorls 4, plano-convex, the last not descending, convex below; aperture oblique, almost rounded-lunate. Diam. 5 mill. Flinders Range, Australia. HELIX. 35 H. MELBOURNENSIS, Cox. PI. 7, figs. 97-99. Shell subumbilicated, regularly lightly striate, converging towards the umbilicus ; fuscous, paler below, suture impressed ; whorls 41, rounded ; aperture Innately rounded, margins of peristome converging, columellar lip widely reflected. Diam. 5 mill. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. H. VORTICELLA, H. Adams. PL 7, figs. 100, 1. Openly perspectively umbilicated, thin, obliquely very closely costulate-striate. fulvous, suture distinct ; whorls 4-^, convex, the last not descending, subdepressed above ; margins of aperture approaching, right margin subsinuated. Diam. 2'25 mill. Mauritius. H. TEXTRIX, Pfr. PL 7, figs. 2-4. Conically umbilicated, thin, striulate and rather distantly arcuately plicate, diaphanous, scarcely shining, light corneous, with angular chestnut lines ; whorls 5, a little flattened, the last depressed, periphery subangulate, not descending anteriorly, base more convex. Diam. 8 mill. Lord Howe's Island, New Hebrides. H. AULOCOSPIRA, Pfr. PL 7, fig. 86. Widely umbilicated, thin, irregularly lightly malleate, regu- larly sulcated by impressed concentric lines, yellowish corneous ; whorls 4^, depressed, rapidly increasing, the last not descending. Diam. 12 mill. New Hebrides. Not a member of this group. H. CONFINIS, Gassies. PL 7, figs. 7, 8. Umbilicus moderate, shell obliquely lamelliformly striate, fer- ruginous chestnut-color, suture impressed ; whorls 4, gradately enlarging, the last subdilated, base scarcely convex. Diam. 2 mill. New Caledonia. H. SUBTERSA, Gassies. PL 7, figs. 5, 6. Rather narrowly, deeply umbilicated, lamelliformly striated, brownish, suture impressed ; whorls 4J, the last descending. Diam. 2 mill. Noumea, Lifou, New Caledonia. 36 HELIX. H. CALLIOPE, Crosse, PL 7, figs. 9, 10. Rather widely umbilicated, thin, with subflexuous, minute, rather distant costulations, yellowish white with longitudinal markings of dark brown, suture impressed; whorls 5, rather flattened, the last not descending, depressed, the base subplanu- late. Diam. 6'5 mill. New Caledonia. H. VETULA, Gassies. PI. 7, figs. 11, 12. Rather widely umbilicated, rather thin, very closel\r costulate- plicate above, radiately striate below, brownish corneous, suture deep ; whorls almost 6, convex, slowly increasing, the last scarcely wider, not descending ; margins of aperture remote. Diam. 4 mill. New Caledonia. H. RHIZOPHORARUM, Gassies. PI. 7, figs. 16, 17. Rather widely umbilicated, thin, regularly strongly striated, light corneous ; whorls 6, constricted, regularly increasing, the last not descending, rounded below. Diam. 5 mill. New Caledonia. More elevated and less strongly striate than H. vetula ; differ- ing also in color and caducous epidermis. This, and other New Caledonian species, would be more appropriately placed in Discus. H. TASLEI, Crosse. PI. 7, figs. 13-15. Widely umbilicated, somewhat thin, subtranslucent, a little shining, with light, arcuate, rather distant plications, light ful- vous corneous, suture impressed ; whorls 4, rather flattened, base planate; aperture similarly colored, margins joined by a very thin callus. Diam. 3'5 mill. Near Noumea, New Caledonia. Unfigured Species. H. LANGLEYANA, H. PETTERDI, H. ARCHITECTONFCA, H. ASSIMILIS, H. LUCKMANII, H. CURACO^E, all of Brazier. Tasmania. H. MATHIUNJE, Petterd. Tasmania. H. STANLEYENSIS, Petterd (H. Petterdiana, Taylor, not Brazier). Tasmania. H. FERNSHAWENSIS, Petterd. Tasmania. H. IGNAVA, Pfr. New Hebrides. HELIX. 37 , Hutton ) H. KIVI, Gray. PL 21, figs. 8-10. Imperforate, white, racliately tessellate with purple-chestnut above, obliquely closely striate ; whorls 6, somewhat flattened, the last subangulated, base convex, smoothish. Diam. 10 mill. New Zealand. H. irradiata, Gould (figs. 9, 10), is a synonym. (PHRIXGNATHUS, Hutton.) H. MARUE, Gray. PI. 21, fig. 11. Imperforate, rather thin, striulate, city-shining, greenish cor- neous, with obscure narrow brownish strigations, suture mar- gined ; whorls 5J, somewhat flattened, acutely carinated, base convex. Diam. 6-5 mill. New Zealand. H. umbraculum, Pfr., is a synonym. H. REGULARIS, Pfr. PI. 21, fig. 12. Subcovered perforate, thin, very minutely striate, pellucid, oily-shining, yellowish corneous, suture scarcely impressed ; whorls 6, subplane, slowly increasing, the last not descending, acutely carinated, base somewhat flattened. Diam. 3 mill. New Zealand. H. ERIGONE, Gray. PI. 21, fig. 13. Perforate, thin, smooth, pellucid, fulvous, obsoletely red flamed, suture impressed ; whorls 6-7, slightly convex, the last carinate. not descending, base scarcely more convex. Diam. 2'5 mill. New Zealand. H. Heldiana, Pfr., is a synonym. H. GLABRIUSCULA, Pfr. PI. 21, fig. U. Perforate, thin, smooth, pellucid, shining, yellowish, angu- lately lineated with chestnut ; whorls 5J, slightly convex, the last not descending, base a little flattened. Diam. 35 mill. New Zealand. Un figured Species. H. ARIEL, H. MARGINATA, H. CELIA (H. fatua of Hutton, not Pfeiifer), H. PHRYNIA, H. TITANIA, H. HAASTI, all of Hutton. New Zealand. Hutton adds H. CONELLA, Pfr.; H. SCIADIUM, Pfr., and H. 38 HELIX. FATUA, Pfr. The latter I have included in Conulus. These are all New Zealand species. VI. Polynesian Species. H. RADIELLA, Pfr. PI. 8, fig. 18. Moderately umbilicated, thin, everywhere closely costulate, corneous, with undulating radiating chestnut strigations, broader at the periphery; whorls 5J, a little convex, the last subangu- lated ; the base a little flattened. Diam. 4-75 mill. Ins. Opara. H. pardalina, Desh., and H. undulata, Fer., are synonyms. H. FILTOLA, Fer. PL 8, figs. 19-21. Yery widely umbilicated, radiately striate-plicate, reddish chestnut; whorls convex, narrow, striae furcate at the umbilicus. Diam. 9 mill. Ins. Tonga. H. GRADATA, Gould. PI. 8, figs. 22-24. Planorboid, umbilicated, thin, shining, brownish-green, varie- gated radiately with yellow ; whorls 5, closely obliquely striated, decussated by interrupted spiral striae, last whorl subangulated, deflected towards the aperture, suture channeled, base angulated at the umbilicus. Diam. 5 mill. Ins. Tongataboo. H. TIARA, Mighels. PI. 8, figs. 25-27. Widely conically umbilicated, rather thin, arcuately striated above, a little shining, yellowish, with lightning-like chestnut strigations ; whorls G, a little convex, slowly increasing, the last rather narrow, not descending, base scarcely striate ; aperture subopaline, peristome margins approximating. Diam. 12 mill. Ins. Kauai, Sandwich Is. H. MODICELLA, Fer. PI. 8, figs/ 28-32. Widely umbilicated, rather thin, closely costulate, yellowish, strigated tessellately with chestnut; whorls 5, convex, periphery rounded, suture well impressed ; aperture obliquely subcircular. Diam. 3 mill. Tahiti, Kerm.andec, Ellice Is. The synonyms are H. Atiensis, Pease, and H. vicaria, Mous- son (figs. 31, 32). HELIX. 39 Yar. VICINALIS, Mousson. Whorls more rounded, costulate but thin ; whitish with macu- lations and flames of chestnut. H. LAMELLICOSTA, Garrett. PI. 8, figs. 33, 34. Widely umbilicated, orbicular, thin, subpellucid, brown or fulvous brown, unicolored or tessellated with deeper brown, radiately, rather distantly, lamelliformly costate, suture deeply impressed ; whorls 4, convex, slowly and regularly increasing, the last not descending in front, periphery rounded. Diam. 3 mill. Society Islands. H. TENUICOSTATA, Garrett. PL 8, figs. 35-37. Perspectively umbilicated, thin, pellucid, a little shining, light corneous, not variegated, laminately costate, the ribs thin, rather close, oblique, slightly sinuous, continued on the base, interstices lightly, closely striate, suture deep ; whorls 4, plano-convex, rapidly enlarging, base convex. Diam. 4'5 mill. Rarotonga, Cook's Is. H. CANALIS, Garrett. PL 8, figs. 38-40. Widely, perspectively umbilicated, thin, subpellucid, slightly shining, brownish corneous, with darker strigations, closely, obliquely, sinuously costate, suture deeply channeled ; whorls 5, somewhat convex, the last a little deflected anteriorly, base rounded. Diam. 6 mill. Rarotonga, Cook's Is. H. PROXIMA, Garrett. PL 8, figs. 41-43. Deeply moderately umbilicated, thin, subpellucid, closely, sinuously, obliquely, rudely striated, yellowish corneous (rarely ashy), with widely luniform chestnut tessellations above and •radiating striae below, suture deep; whorls 4-J, convex, rather rapidly increasing, the last a little planulate and declining above, base convex ; peristome sinuous, upper margin receding. Diam. 3'5 mill. Rarotonga, Cook's Is. H. RUDIS, Garrett. PL 8, figs. 44-46. Moderately, deeply umbilicated, thin, subpellucid, lightly laminately costate, costae rude, sinuous, more or less irregular, or partially deficient, the interstices very lightly finely striated corneous, occasionally brownish or blackish brown, with or 40 HELIX. without chestnut radiations, suture channeled ; whorls 4J, a little convex, rather rapidly increasing, the. last a little deflected in front, base convex. Diam. 3J mill. Rarotonga^ Cook's Is. H. DECORTICATA, Garrett. PI. 8, figs. 47-50. Moderately, deeply umbilicated, thin, subpellucid, ash-colored under a brownish corneous epidermis, decorticated in adults, rarely strigated with chestnut, arcuately costate, the interstices very lightly striated, suture channeled ; whorls 5, convex, slowly increasing, the last deflected above, rounded below, periphery obsoletely angulated. Diam. 4 mill. Rvrotonga, Cook's Is. H. Otarede, Garrett (fig. 50), is a synonym. It is smaller than H. canalis, umbilicus less open, ribs larger, rougher and more distant; sutural line also less profound, and color different. H. HARVEYENSIS, Garrett. PI. 8, figs. 51-53. Moderately, deeply umbilicated, thin, subpellucid, greenish ash color, arcuately tessellated with chestnut, densely finely plicate-striate, striae oblique, sinuous, less distinct on the base, suture channeled ; whorls 5, slowly increasing, the last obtusely angulated, deflected above, convex below. Diam. 4-5 mill. Rarotonga, Cook's Is. In shape and markings it is very closely allied to H. comple- mentaria, a Samoa species, but quite different in the style of sculpture. H. YOUNGI, Garrett. PL 8, figs. 54-5(1. Widely, perspectively umbilicated, thin, shining, subpellucid, uniform dark brown, closely, obliquely, arcuately, plicately striate, more slightly below, suture channeled ; whorls 4^, convex, rapidly increasing, the last deflected above, convex below. Diam. 4 mill. Rarotonga, Cook's Is. H. COMPLEMENTARIA, MoilSSOU. PL 8, fig. 57. Rather narrowly umbilicated, rugose, striate-costulate, with curved-back radiations of white and grayish corneous, suture subimpressed ; whorls 5, slowly increasing, the last not descend- HELIX. 41 ing. oblique, obtusely subangulated, flatly rounded below ; right margin of peristome subincnrved. Diam. 5 mill. Ins. Upolu. H. ADPOSITA, Mousson. PL 8, figs. .58, 59. Narrowly umbilicated, thinly, unequally, but acutely obliquely plicate-striate, corneous, suture impressed ; whorls 4^, moder- ately increasing, somewhat convex, slightly, narrowly tumid above, the last a little larger, not descending, a little flattened. Diam. 3'5 mill. Oneala, Viti Is. H. INERMIS, Mousson. PL 8, figs. 60, 61. Moderately umbilicated, equally, thinly, striate-costrulate, chestnut corneous; whorls 4, moderately increasing, slightly convex, the last not descending, a little flattened in the middle. Diam. 2'6 mill. Lomma-Lomma and Vanua-Balavo, Viti Is. H. OUALANENSIS, Pease. PL 8, figs. 62-64. Widely umbilicated, thin, translucent, flat above, periphery rounded ; whorls 3-4, rapidly increasing, with subrugose, thin, radiating striae, lightly concentrically striated, the last with rounded base ; ashy yellow, with angulated and flexuous, oblique chestnut strigations and lines. Diam. 5 mill. Oualan Isl. Un figured Species. H. PLANOSPIRA, Garrett. Rarolonga, Cook's Is. H. MINUTALIS Fer. Tahiti? VII. West Indian and South American Species. H. INAGUENSIS, Weinland. PL 8, figs. 67, 68. Rather narrowly umbilicated, thin, whitish (dead?), irregu- larly striulate ; whorls 4^, planulate, slowly increasing, the last not descending, base convex. Diam. 3'5 mill. Little Inagua. H. COSTELLATA, d'Orbigny. PL 8, fig. 69. Widely umbilicated, thin, not shining, with very close, thin, equal, subdistant costulations, brownish, suture rather deep ; whorls 5, convex, regularly increasing, the last a little wider than the penultimate, rounded, not descending in front. ' Diam. 4 mill. Paraguay. 42 HELIX. H. LTRATA, Couthouy. PI. 9, figs. 72-74. Umbilicated, brownish corneous ; whorls 4, closely lirate, suture subchanneled. Diam. 5 mill. Tierra del Fuego. H. COPPINGERI, Smith. PI. 8, figs. 70, 71. Rather narrowly umbilicated, closely costate, the interstices with microscopical spiral lines, pale luteous, suture deep; whorls 3J, slowly enlarging. Diam. 1*6 mill. Patagonia. H. MAGELLANICA, Smith. PI. 9, figs. 75-77. Umbilicus wider than in the preceding species, body-whorl narrower beneath, but broader above ; whorls only 2-J-, more rapidly increasing, the riblets finer, more slender and numerous, no spiral sculpture. Diam. 1*6 mill. Patagonia. H. EXCISA, Pfr. PI.. 9, fig. 78. Widely umbilicated, rather thin, closely arcuately costulated, diaphanous, light yellowish, suture impressed ; whorls 4, a little convex, slowly enlarging, the last not descending, subdepressed, base narrower ; aperture small. Diam. 4'5 mill. Santa Ana, New Granada. H. BRYOPHILA, Phil. PI. 9, figs. 79, 80. Widely, deeply umbilicated, thin, shining, with close, elevated, thin, radiating striae ; light corneous, suture deep ; whorls 4^-, convex, slowly increasing, the last a little wider than the. penul- timate. Diam. 2'5 mill. Chili. H. CHILIENSIS, Miihlfeldt. PI. 9, figs. 81-83. Moderately umbilicated, thin, pellucid, brownish corneous, slightly rugose and very minutely granulated ; whorls 4, convex; aperture subcircular. Diam. 4*5 mill. Chili. H. EPIDERMIA, Anton. PI. 9, figs. 84-86. Widely, deeply umbilicated, brownish, obliquely longitudin- ally costulate ; whorls 5, moderate^ increasing, a little convex. Diam. 5 mill. Valparaiso, Chili. According to Deshayes the costulations are subinembrana- ceous and the interstices are thinly striated. HELIX. 43 This species is very closely related to H. costellata, d'Orb., and ma}r be the same. Un figured Species. H. BAT ESI, Pfr. Upper Amazon. H. HOLMBERGII, Dohring. Argentine Republic. H. STELZNERIANA, H. STROBELTANA, H. GERMAINI, H. JUNGER- MANNIARUM, H. PAZii (H. Minviellei, Phil., named in error for Dr. Paz Membiela, not Minvielle), H. CORTICARIA, H. MUSCICOLA, H EXIGUA, H. HYPOPHLCEA, H. CoiQUECANA, all of Philippi. Chili. Subsection GONIODISCUS, Fitzinger, 1833. H. BRYANTI, Harper. PL 4, figs. 69, 70. Widely urnbilicated, discoidal, nearly flat above, excavated below; whorls 5, gradualljT increasing, regularly ribbed, outer whorl bicarinate, surface between the carinse striate, base ribbed as above ; color light brown, translucent. Diam. 6'5 mill. Mack Mts., N. Carolina. Is related to H. perspectiva in somewhat same fashion as H. Cumberlandiana is to H. alternata. H. SOLARIA, Menke. PI. 4, figs. 53-55. Very widely umbilicated, lenticular, flattened above, excavated below, thin, costulately striate ; corneous maculated with chest- nut; periphery acutely carinated; whorls 6^, slowly increasing. Diam. 7 mill. Carinthia, Austria, Northern Italy, St. Jean de Luz. It is H. perspectiva, Miililf.; H. Meyerlei, Jan., and H. rotun- data, var. depressa, Fer. H. ENGONATA, Shuttleworth. PL 4, figs. 59-61. Very widely perspectively umbilicated, depressed, somewhat solid, plicate-costulate above, scarcely shining, chestnut colored, suture moderately impressed ; whorls 6j, slowly increasing, periphery acutely carinated, base striate, acutely angulated around the umbilicus. Diam. 7 mill. Ins. Teneriffe. Var. PALLIDIOR, Mousson. Maculated with horn-color, umbilicus defined by an obtuse angle. 44 HELTX. H. SEMIPLTOATA, Pfr. PL 4, figs. 62, 63. Ver}^ widely umbilicated, subdiscoidal, somewhat solid, plicate above, light corneous, maculated with chestnut; whorls 7, very narrow, a little convex, periphery carinate, base convex, smooth- ish. Diam. 6'5 mill. Ins. Madeira. H. Gueriniana, Lowe, is a synonym. H. CALATHOIDES, Paiva. PL 3, figs. 91-99. Yery widely, perspectively umbilicated, obsoletely or obtusely angulate or carinate, rather solid, with strong costae above, ending at the angle, smoothish on the base, suture very distinct; whorls 7-8, a little convex, slowly increasing. Diam. 7-8 mill. (Subfossil). Inn. Bugio, near Madeira. Closely allied to the foregoing species. H. RETEXTA, Shuttleworth. PL 4. figs. 64-66. Umbilicated, depressed, rather thin, closely subarcuntely cos- tate above, chestnut color with paler maculations ; apex more or less depressed ; whorls 6, convex, narrow, subequal, periphery angulated, base shining, smoothish, umbilicus very wide. Diam. 7 mill. Ins. Palma, Canaries.. H. CORTICOLA, Cox. PL 5, figs. 71, 72. Openly umbilicated, a little shining, irregularly strongly cos- tulate, fulvous chestnut color, with radiating lighter lines; whorls 5, slopingly convex, periphery obtusely carinated, the carina obsolete at the mouth, base smoothish, with slight obso- lete spiral lines. Diam. 8 mill. Richmond River, Australia. H. MUCOSA, Cox. PL 5, figs. 73, 74. Widely, perspectively umbilicated, subdiscoidal, irregularly closety rugosely striated, rather solid, glimmering, apex sub- immersed; whorls 4^, slowly increasing, a little convex, the last deflected in front, periphery obsoletely carinate, base convex, less roughly striated than above. Diam. 8 mill. Clarence River, New South Wales. II. MUCOIDES, Stephens. PL 5, figs. 75, 76. Widely umbilicated, rather solid, somewhat shining, irregu- larly corrugately striate, translucent, yellowish horn-color, HELIX. 45 suture impressed ; whorls 4J, rounded, gradually increasing, the last flat above, obtusely keeled, base roughly striate, with micro- scopic spiral lines. Diam. 3 mill. Victoria, Australia. H. FABREFACTA, Pease. PI. 5, figs. 81, 82. Very widely umbilicated, sublenticular, a little solid, subarcu- ately striate, soiled white irregularly radiated and maculated with brown ; whorls 6-7, slowly enlarging, plane or a little con- cave at the carina, the penultimate exserted, the last acutely carinated, scarcely descending, planate below the periphery. Diam. 7*5 mill. Ins. Raiatea. In a natural arrangement this would be classified with H. ficta, Pease, in Endodonta, although the mouth is unarmed. H. OPAOANA, Gassies. PI. 5, figs. 77, 78. Widely umbilicated, obliquely and concentrically striated, reddish corneous, suture moderate ; whorls 6, regularly increasing, the last depressed, periphery obtusely angulated, umbilicus carinated. Diam. 5 mill. Ins. Art and Balade, N. Caledonia. H. DISPERSA, Gassies. PI. 16, figs. 73, 74. Widely, deeply umbilicated, obliquely regularly striated, brownish, shining, suture deep, subcarinated ; whorls 5, regularly increasing, carinate'on the periphery. • Diam. 5 mill. Isle of Pines, New Caledonia. H. MELIT^, Gassies. PI. 16, figs. 75, 76. Widely, deeply umbilicated, acutel}T lamellated, the lamellae silvery hirsute at the carina, chestnut-colored ; whorls 4, a little convex, rapidly increasing, the last wide, scarcely descending, periphery carinated, suture deep, channeled. Diam. 3 mill. Ins. Art, N. Caledonia. H/TRTCHOCOMA, Crosse. PL 16, fig. 77. Widely umbilicated, subobliquely corrugately striated, chest- nut colored, marbled with white, under a laciniated brownish epidermis, suture impressed ; whorls 5, planate, the last scarcely descending, acutely carinated, base subinflated, a little convex, obtusely carinated around the umbilicus ; aperture chestnut colored, shining. Diam. 8 mill. Mt. Mou, New Caledonia. 46 HELIX. H. ARCUATA, Pfr. PL 5, fig. 84. Umbilicated, thin, pellucid, light corneous, closely regularly arcuately plicate ; whorls 6, scarcely convex, with serrulate carina, compressed around the umbilicus ; aperture wide. Diam. 55 mill. C 'a gay 'an , Ins. Luzon. Unfigured Species of Goniodiscus. H. GORGONARUM, Dohrn. Cape Verd Is. H. aluta, Alb., is a synonym. H. BOUVIERI, Morelet. Cape Verd Is. Probably a var. of H. Gorgonarum, Dohrn. H. ELATIOR, A. Adams. Japan. II. DEPRESSA, A. Adams. Japan. H. HYPTIOCYCLOS, Benson. Ceylon. H. MURPHYI and H. URARENSIS, Cox. Australia. H. EXAGITANS and H. DEPSTA, Cox. Norfolk I. H. KINGI, Brazier. Tasmania. H. STEPHENSI, Cox (Syns. H. Du Cani, H. plexus, H. spoilata, H. scrupulus, H. Coepta, of Cox; H. Iruinae, H. Savesi, H. Pascoei, H. Floodi, H. Kingi, Brazier, teste R. M. Johnston). Tasmania. H. OCEANICA, Guillou. Tahiti. II. CAPILLATA, Pease. Kauai, Sandwich Is. Subsection AMPHIDOXA, Albers, 1850. H. MARMORELLA, Pfr. PL 20, fig. 54. Shell perforate, very thin, distantly costulate, pellucid, straw- colored with oblique chestnut strigations and maculations ; whorls 3, scarcely convex, rapidly enlarging, base a little more convex. Diam. 7 mill. Ins. Juan Fernandez. H. HELICOPHANTOIDES, Pfr. PL 20, fig. 55. Perforate, thin, obliquely, closely costulate-striate, straw-color, tessellated and strigate with chestnut ; whorls 3 J, rapidly enlarging, the last depressed. Diam. 4-6 mill. 7ns. Juan Fernandez. SELlX. 47 [Subsection STEPHANODA, Albers, I860.] H. ARCTISPIRA, Pfr. PL 5, fig. 85. Umbilicated, depressed, subdiscoidal, closely costate, whitish, under a thin brownish epidermis ; whorls 5J, convex, very narrow ; umbilicus wide, perspective. Diam. 2-5 mill. Ins. Juan Fernandez. H. TESSELLATA, Miihlf. PL 5, fig. 86. Moderately umbilicated, discoidal, thin, light corneous, with undulating chestnut strigations ; whorls 6-7, flattened, very narrow, the last subinflated below. Diam. 4 mill. Ins. Juan Fernandez. H. contortula, Fer., is a synonym. H. SELKIRKT, Smith. PL 5, fig. 87. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, pale, spotted above with red, irregularly streaked beneath with a lighter tint, with close-set, hair-like striae ; whorls 6-7, very narrow, slowly increasing, convex, suture narrowly channeled ; last whorl a little constric- ted above the middle. Diam. 4 mill. Ins. Juan Fernandez. Whorls broader, and umbilicus more open than in H. tessellata; differs also in the constriction of the last whorl. H. QUADRATA, Fer. PL 5, fig. 88. Widely, perspectively umbilicated, very closely slightly striated, thin, diaphanous, yellowish, flamed with chestnut and with one to three bands ; whorls 5J, somewhat convex, rapidly enlarging. Diam. 7 mill. Juan Fernandez. Yar. p. Yellowish, obscurely zoned with reddish brown. H. Kingi, Pfr., is a synonym. H. CEROIDES, Pfr. PL 5, fig. 89. Moderately umbilicated, thin, very minutely striated, gray- waxy, suture rather deep; whorls 4, slightly convex, slowly increasing, the last not descending, rounded. Diam. 5 mill., Ins. Juan Fernandez. H. PUSIO, King. (Unfigured ?=quadrata.) Ins. Juan Fernandez. 48 HELIX. *** H. HOOKERI, Reeve. PI. 5, fig. 83. Narrowly perforate, somewhat solid, striate, with a brownish olivaceous epidermis ; whorls 4-4 J, convex, moderately increas- ing, the last not descending, depressed, rounded. Diam. 7 mill. Kergaelen Island. H. DissiMiLis, d'Orb. PI. 5, fig. 90. Widely umbilicated, depressed, thin, closely plicatulate above, light corneous straw-color, maculated and flamed above with chestnut, the space with spiral series of chestnut dots; whorls 5^, convex, suture deep. Diam. 11 mill. Near Conception, Chili. H. histriOj Miihlf., and H. plagiata^ Beck, are synonyms. H. BINNEYANA, Pfr. PI. 5, fig. 91. Widely umbilicated, discoidal, yellowish corneous, with undu- lating chestnut strigations, base obsoletely marbled, irregularly plicate, with very close, impressed, spiral lines above, more obsolete below; whorls 5, the last narrow, scarcely descending. Diam. 15 mill. 7ns Cliiloe. H. TENUISTRIA, H. ZEBRiNA, Phil. (Unfigured.) Chili. H. GRATIOLETI, Hupe. (Unfigured.) Chili. Subsection MACROCYCLOIDES, Martens, 1867. H. OBSCURATA, Ads. and Reeve. PL 5, figs. 92-94. Widely umbilicated, somewhat thin, costulate-striate, decus- sated by close spiral lines, shining, diaphanous, olivaceous cor- neous; suture deep ; whorls 5, a little convex, the last large; margins of aperture approaching. Diam. 12 mill. Borneo. H. Arthurii, Pfr., and H. tradita, Reeve, are synonyms. H. LUTEA, Martens. PI. 5, figs. 95-97. Perspectively umbilicated, striulate, shining, yellowish, suture rather deep; whorls 3J--4, somewhat flattened above, periphery and base rounded ; margins of aperture distant. Diam. 11 mill. Ins. Buru, Moluccas. HELIX. 49 H. ETJSTROPHES, A. D. Brown. Very widely umbilicated, solid, shining, with distant incre- mental striae, reddish brown, with yellowish flames; whorls 6, plano-convex ; aperture violaceous. Diam. 30 mill. Solomon's Is. H. VERONICA, Pfr. PI. 5, fig. 98. Rather widely umbilicated, very minutely radiately striulate, at the suture obsoletely spirally striate, pellucid, shining, green- ish corneous ; whorls 3J, somewhat flattened, rapidly enlarging, the last depressed, not descending in front, periphery rounded ; aperture a little oblique, rounded lunate, margins approaching. Diam- l'2 mil1 Solomon'* /.. Subsection TRICHODISCUS, Strebel and Pfeffer. H. CORDOVANA, Pfeiffer. PI. 5, figs 99-1. Widely umbilicated, thin, subgranulated and shortly pilose, corneous, with two narrow chestnut bands above ; suture deep, channeled; whorls 4 1, turgid, the last obsoletely sulcate above the periphery ; margins of aperture approaching, expanded above. Diam, 12'3 mill. Cordova, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico. It is H. coactiliata, var. ,J, of Crosse and Fischer. H. COACTILIATA, Ferussac. PL 5, fig. 2. Widely umbilicated, thin, very minutely granulate-striate, not shining ; light corneous, with 3 or 4 narrow chestnut bands ; whorls 4, convex, the last subdeflected in front ; aperture obliquely subcircular, the margins almost contiguous. Diam. 11 mill. Nicaragua; Chiapa, Mexico; Venezuela. It is H. fasciata, Nyst ; H. Nystiana, Pfr. ; H. quinquestrigata, Beck ; H. Parkeri, Tryon ( H. Bridgesi, Tryon, not Newcomb). H. SUTURALIS, Pfr. PI. 5, fig. 3. Widely umbilicated, thin, lightly, very minutely granulose (pilose), brownish corneous; spire plane, subimmersed in the middle ; suture deep ; whorls 4, very convex, the last descend- ing in front ; aperture obliquely subcircular, margin of aperture approaching. Diam. 10 mill. Honduras. H. coactiliata, var. ^, of Crosse and Fischer, is a synonym. 4 50 HELIX. H. PRESSULA, Morelet. PI. 5, figs. 4, 5. Openly umbilicated, thin, translucent, minutely granulose, corneous, with a dark brown band; suture deep; whorls 4^, the last deflected in front, base convex ; aperture obliquely lunar, margins approaching. Diam. 10 mill. Pacific Shore of Guatemala. H. OAJACENSIS, Koch. PL 5, figs. 6, 7. Rather widely umbilicated, obliquely roughly striate, lightly, very minutely granular, obtusely carinate, brownish corneous, with two yellowish bands, one superior, the other at the carina ; whorls 4J, scarcely convex ; aperture Innately subcircular, brownish within, with two white bands. Diam. 15 mill. Oajaca, Mexico. H. OBSITA, Pfr. (unfigurecl). Mexico. Subsection THYSANOPHORA, Strebel and Pfeffer. H. IMPURA, Pfr. PL 5, figs. 8-10. Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, rugosely costulate, slightty spirally striate, corneous, suture deep; whorls 5, the last one subdepressed, not descending, base costulately striate. Diam. 4 mill. Mirador, Vera Cruz, Mexico. H. PALEOSA, Strebel. PL 5, figs. 11-13. Shell umbilicated, rather solid, shining, reddish brown, ru- gosely costulate, with microscopic spiral lines ; whorls 5, the last spread out, with flattened base, so that the periphery appears indistinctly angulated, and the umbilicus is narrower, with steeper walls than in H. impura. Diam. 4'5 mill. Forest of Pacho, Mexico. H. CONSPURCATELLA, Morelet. PL 5, figs. 14-16. Widely umbilicated, scarcely convex above, turgid below, membranously striulate, corneous, suture deep ; whorls 3-4, the last subdilated in front, angulate above the periphery. Diam. 3*5 mill. Merida, Yucatan; Guatemala. HELTX. 51 H. TURBINELLA, Morelet. PI. 5, figs. 17, 18. Umbilicus very narrow ; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last compressed, subangulated, irregularly, subobliquely, rugosely striulate, diaphanous, thin, greenish white. Diam. 5 mill. Guatemala. H. ALMONTEANA, Tristram (unfigured). Guatemala. Section PYRAMIDULA, Fitz., 1833. H. RUPESTRTS, Drap. PI. 9, figs. 87-90. Umbilicated, minutely striated, waxy, brownish corneous ; whorls 5, convex, the last not descending; aperture rounded. Diam. 3'25 mill. Europe. It is" H. umbilicata, Montagu ; H. aliena, Ziegler ; H. spirula, Villa; H. saxatilis, Hartm.; H. Myrmecidis, Scacchi. Yar. TROCHOTDES, Fer. Fig. 90. Trochoidal, dark brown, narrower umbilicus. Var. PINII, Adami. Larger, pyramidal, striae stronger, suture deeper ; whorls more rounded. Diam. 3-4 mill. N. Italy. H. JAENENSIS, Clessin. PI. 9, figs. 91, 92. Moderately umbilicated, thin, finely striated, brownish corne- ous, apex obtuse ; whorls 5-5^, rounded, with deep suture, slowly increasing. Diam. 2, alt. 2'5 mill. Jaen, Spain. Perhaps only an elevated var. of H. rupestris. H. ASSARTNENSIS, Calcara. PI. 9, fig. 93. Umbilicated, fulvous chestnut, maculated with white ; whorls 5, flatly convex, longitudinally obliquely striated, first two smooth. Diam. 6 mill. Sicily. H. PLACIDA, Shuttleworth. PI. 9, fig. 94. Widely umbilicated, thin, diaphanous, waxy, corneous, lightly striate ; whorls 5, convex, slowly increasing, the last scarcely descending in front. Diam. 3'25 mill. 7ns, Teneriffe. 52 ttELlX. H. HIEROSOLYMITANA, Botirg. PI. 9, fig. 95. Narrow!}7, scarcely perviously umbilicated, rather thin, slightly plicate-striate, scarcely shining, subdiaphanous, fuscous; whorls 4, a little convex, the last not descending. Diaui. 2*66 mill. Jerusalem. H. BASCAUDA, Benson. PI. T, figs. 65, 66. Narrowly, profoundly umbilicated, with remote oblique ele- vated ribs, flexuous below ; brownish corneous, suture impressed ; whorls 6, a little convex, the last not descending, with a thread- like carina at the periphery, convex below, subangulated around the umbilicus. Diam. 4*5 mill. Khasia Mts., India. H. polypleuris, Blanford (fig. 66), from Arakan, is made a synonym by Nevill. H. ABBADIANA, Bourg. PI. 9, figs. 99-1. Openly, perviously umbilicated, irregularly densely plicate- striate, a little shining, reddish brown; whorls 4, inflated, with deep suture, the last convex above and below, scarcely angulated at the periphery, not deflected in front ; aperture subcircular. Diam. 2 mill. Egypt, Abyssinia. H. cryophila, Morelet (non Martens), and H. Brocchii, Jickeli, are sjmo^-ms. H. BRUCEI, Jickeli. PL 9, figs. 2-4. Narrowly umbilicated, opaque, obliquely costulate, grayish brown, ribs of the last whorl larger, submembranaceous, the interstices lightly longitudinally striate, base with scarcely con- spicuous impressed lines; whorls scarcely 3, subinflated, suture deep, the last not deflected, convex below. Diam. 1'6 mill. •"^ Abyssinia. H. AMBLYGONA, Reinhardt. PI". 9, figs. 96-98. Umbilicated, depressed turbinate, reddish brown, striated, the younger shell membranously lamellate ; whorls 4r the last slightly deflected, periphery obtusely angulated. Diam. 2'5 mill. • Japan. Unfigured and Spurious Species. H. HYPOCRITA, Dohrn. Cape Verd Is. H. ARENICOLA, Tate. Australia. H. CALPIS, Benson. Near Darjiling, Ind.' Blanford writes: "This species was described from specimens HELIX. 53 collected by myself in 1856. I had but an imperfect knowledge of land mollusks at the time, or I should have seen at once, as I did some 'years afterwards, when re-examining my collection, that the shells were all young specimens of Raphaulus Blan- fordi (Jour. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 211, 1880). (Subsection MICROCONUS, Strebel, 1880.) H. )VILHELMI, Pfr. PL 9, figs. 5, 6. Widely umbilicated, depressed conical, thin, striulate, shining, chestnut-brown, suture deep ; whorls 4, tumid, the last narrow, not descending. Diam. 3 mill. Mirador, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico. H. PUNCTUM, Morelet. PL 9, fig. 7. Covered perforate, brownish corneous ; whorls 3j, convex ; columellar lip reflected on the umbilicus. Diam. 1'66 mill. Merida, Yucatan. H. JEANNERETI, Pfr. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, very lightly striulate, shining, dark brown ; whorls 3J, turgid towards the deep suture, last whorl rounded, not descending in front. Diam. 2-33 mill. Cuba. Unfigured. H. PLEUROPHORA, Moricand. PL 9, figs. 8, 9. Umbilicated ; whorls 5, convex, elegantly elevately costulate, grayish, unicolored or maculated with fulvous. Diam. 3 mill. Bahia, Brazil. Subsection ACANTBINULA, Beck, 1846. H. ACULEATA, Miiller. PL 9, figs. 10-12. Perforate, lamelliformly costate, the costse elongately ciliated, yellowish, corneous ; whorls 4, convex ; peristome membrana- ceous, subexpanded, the margins approaching. Diam. 2*5 mill. Europe. The synonyms are H. spinulosa, Lightfoot ; H. delectabilis , Solander ; H. Granatelli, Bivona ; H. terrestris, Da Costa. Var. ALBIDA, Jeffreys. Shell white or whitish. 54 HELIX. Var. SUBL^VIS, Westerlund. Costse obsolete, without cilise, lip rose-colored. H. PERACANTHODA, Bourg. PI. 22, figs. 20-22. Narrowly perforate, brownish, costate, the cosfoe lamelliform on the last whorl and spinously prolonged on the periphery ; whorls 4, convex, rapidly enlarging, periphery an g ill a ted. Alt. 1-5 mill. Abyssinia. First described by Bourguignat as H. Raffrayi, preoccupied by Tapparone-Canefri. H. HARPA, Say. PL 9, figs. 13, 14. Subperforate, very thin, slightly striate, distantly plicate, pellucid, olivaceous corneous ; whorls 4, convex, the last rounded. Alt. 3*5, diam. 2 mill. Northern United States, Labrador, Siberia, Sweden, etc. The synonyms are Pupa costulata, Mighels, H. Amurensis, Gerstf. It is viviparous, and is the type of Morse's genus Zoogenetes. H. SPINIFERA, Mousson. PL 9, figs. 15-17. Very minutely perforated, rather thin, corneous yellow, pel- lucid, with remote lamellate striae, and long membranaceous ciliae; whorls 3^, convex, the last not descending, rounded or rounded-angular on the periphery, base subtumid around the perforation; lip very slightly expanded, the extremities con- verging, united by a thin callus. Diam. l-75 mill. Ins. Palm a , Canaries. H. LAMELLATA, Jeffreys. PL 9, figs. 18, 19. Perforate, beautifully membranously costulate, waxy, cor- neous; whorls 5, subequal ; aperture depressed, lunar. Diam. 2-3 mill. England, Ireland, Sweden. It is H. Scarburgensip, Turton, and H. seminulum, Rossm. H. MONAS, Morelet. PL 9, figs. 20, 21. Perviously umbilicated, striolate, waxy, fulvous; whorls 4, subequal, convex, laterally compressed, suture profound. Diam. 2 mill. 7ns. San Miguel, Azores. HELIX. 55 H. CJECOIDES, Tate. PL 9, fig. 22. Minutely perforated, a little shining, brownish corneous, with equal distant lamella? ; whorls 4, convex, suture profound ; aperture almost circular. Diam. 2 5 mill. Chontales Forest, Nicaragua. H. CvECA, Guppy. PL 9, fig. 23. Scarcely perforate, obliquely costulate, brownish corneous, apex smooth, suture deep; whorls 4, aperture obliquely sub- circular, the extremities of the peristome joined by a diffused columellar callus. Diam. 2 mill. Ins. Trinidad, West Indies. H. IERENSIS, Guppy. PL 9, fig. 24. . Profoundly umbilicated, somewhat obliquely costulate, brown- ish corneous, apex smooth, suture deep ; whorls 5, slightly carinatcd. Diam. 3 mill. Ins. Trinidad, W. Indies. H. BACTRTCOLA, Guppy. PL 9, fig. 25. Perspectively, widely umbilicated, closely radiate!}7 costulate, brownish corneous; whorls 7, narrow, slowly increasing, the last with carinate periphery, apex smooth, shining. Diam. 4 mill. Ins. Trinidad , West Indies. H. GRANUM, Strebel. PL 9, figs. 26-28. Narrowly perforate, thin, light horn-color, scarcely shining, indistinctly costulate ; whorls 4, well rounded, with deep suture. Diam. 28 mill. Mirador, Mexico. H. HARPULA, Reinhardt. (Unfigured.) Japan. Section ANGUISPIRA, Morse, 1864. H. IDAHOENSIS, Newcomb. PL 10, figs. 29-31. Profoundly umbilicated, ashj^ corneous ; whorls 5, the two first smooth or minutely obliquely striate., the others crossed by strong, thin, sharp, white costs? , from 20 to 26 in the last whorl, suture well impressed. Diam. 13-18 mill. Idaho. Varies considerably in its proportions, some specimens being much flatter. Notwithstanding the fact that the sculpture in 56 HELIX. the typical specimens runs in the opposite direction from H. Haydeni, H. Hemphilli, H. strigosa, there is considerable evi- dence that this is only an extreme form of a series representing varietal developments from a common type. This relationship is almost demonstrated by the magnificent suites of specimens of these species in the Museum of the Philadelphia Academy. H. STRIGOSA, Gould. PI. 10, figs. 32-36, 42. Umbilicated, moderately solid, irregularly costulately striate, scarcely shining, whitish or light yellowish, variegated and banded with chestnut; whorls 5, convex, the upper ones often carinate-margined, the last rounded or more or less obsoletely angulated, shortly descending in front. Diam. 15-25 mill. Oregon, Nebraska, Idaho, Utah, etc. With this are to be united the usually more elevated and smaller form H. Cooperi, W. G. Binney* (figs. 35, 36), and H. Bruneri, Ancey. Dr. Fischer described some thirty years ago a Helix, supposed to be from New Caledonia, which, on account of a fancied resemblance to the European H. cespitum, he called H. cespitoides. The locality was soon shown to be erroneous, and Pfeiffer rather carelessly made it a synonym of H. cespilum. Ancey has recently declared it synonymous with H. Cooperi, and I agree with him. The figure of it, as published by Dr. Fischer, represents a specimen in which the bands have coa- lesced so as to give a uniform light chocolate-color, a rather frequent variation in the species of Anguispira. H. HEMPHILLII, Newcomb. PL 10, figs. 31-39. Widely umbilicated, rather thin, corneous white, with obscure brownish lines, transversely rugosely striate; whorls 5, convex to planulate above, the last acutely carinated or bicarinated, descending in front, the base convex, lightly striated. Diam. 15 mill. Nevada, Colorado. The juvenile is acutely carinate, and shortly hirsute. Assum- ing H. strigosa to be the parent and normal form, this is almost certainly an intermediate between it and H. Haydenii, Gabb, one extreme of the series, as H. Idaho'ensis, Newcomb, is probably the other extreme. HELIX. 57 H. HAYDENII, Gabb. PI. 10, figs. 40, 41. Widely umbilicated, cretaceous, with rough incremental striae and strong revolving cords or ridges, suture impressed ; whorls 5, regularly increasing, the last anterioily deflected. Diam. 18 mill. Weber Canon, Utah. When this species was described its resemblance to certain Madeira helices was pointed out, and Pfeiffer has since referred it to the Madeiran group Craspedaria. That it has the very distinct features of that group is apparent ; \ret suites of speci- mens before me show so conclusively its connection with H. strigosa, that I only continue to give it specific rank tempor- arily for convenience's sake. H. ALTERNATA, Say. PL 10, figs. 43-48. Widely umbilicated, moderately solid, obliquely costulate, yellowish or whitish, variegated above with chestnut macula- tions ; whorls 6, flatly convex, a little tumid at the suture, the last rather narrow, not descending, periphery rounded or very obtusely snbangulated. Diam. 16-25 mill. Eastern, Middle and Southern region of the United States. This is H. scabra, Lam. ; H. radiata, Gniel. ? H. strong (/lodes, Pfr. ; H. infecta, Parreyss. A unicolored yellowish variety is of occasional occurrence ; Mr. Bland described a form compara- tively smooth, with a somewhat shining, subtranslucent epider- mis, as var. Fergusoni. I do not think it entitled to varietal distinction. Yar. MORDAX, Shuttleworth. Figs. 47, 48. Sublenticular, carinated, widely umbilicated, thin, yellowish corneous, with interrupted chestnut strigations, remotely flexu- oseiy costate ; whorls 5?, flattened. Diam. 18 mill. Mountains of No. Carolina. This variation, insensibly connected with the parent form, points in the direction of H. Cumber Ian dian a, but the evidence for the inclusion of the last-named form is not so conclusive as in the parallel variation of H. strigosa (which replaces alter nata in the far West) into Haydenii. 58 HELIX. H. CUMBERLANDIANA, Lea. PI. 10, figs. 49-51. Widely umbilicated, acutely carinate, plicate-costate, light corneous, strigate and maculate with chestnut; whorls 5, rather flat, subexserted, the last not descending, with a compressed crenate carina on the periphery ; aperture oblique, securiform. Diam. 14 mill. Cumberland M(s., E. Tennessee. See remarks under the preceding species. H. SOLITARIA, Say. PI. 10, figs. 52-55. Umbilicated, somewhat solid, diaphanous, closely obliquely rugosely striate ; yellowish corneous, with two or three chestnut bands; whorls 6, convex, with deep suture; aperture white, shining, showing the bands through the shell. Diam. 25 mill. Interior United States; valleys of the Mississippi Ewer and its northern tributaries. The variations include light-colored specimens, without bands, and dark specimens caused by the widening and diffusion of the bands over the entire surface. H. Kochi, Pfr. (fig. 55), may be considered a synonym. H. SUBRUDIS, Pfr. PL 10, fig. 56. Moderately umbilicated, somewhat solid, rather rudely ob- liquely striate, lightly decussated by close spiral striae, opaque, whitish, with a wide violaceous brown band at the suture, and another, narrow, at the periphery ; whorls 5, a little convex, the last narrow, not descending. Diam. 17 '5 mill. Hab. unknown. Perhaps a small specimen of the preceding species. H. ARECIBENSIS, Pfr. PI. 10, figs. 57-59. Moderately umbilicated, thin, obliquely striated and obso- letely subgranulated by spiral lines, pellucid, wax}T white; whorls 3 J-, the last not descending, acutel}T carinated, base con- vex. Diam. 17 mill. Porto Eico, W. Indies. H. DISCOIDES, Lesson. (Unfigured). New Ireland. A doubtful species, known only by a very short description. HELIX. 59 Section ENDODONTA, Albers, 1850. I. Umbilicated or perforate species. A. Lamellae palatal only. H. BERLIERI, Crosse. PL 11, figs. 62, 63. Widely, perspectively urnbilicated, rather thin, lightly longi- tudinally striulate, light corneous, unicolored, suture impressed ; whorls 5|, periphery rounded, base flattened; external margin of the aperture deeply quadrilirate, showing slightly through the whorl. Diam. 2-25 mill. New Caledonia. H. DISPAR, Brazier. (Unfigured). Mt. Wellington, Tasmania. B. Lamellae parietal only. a. Ecarinate. H. YINCENTINA, Crosse. PL 11, fig. 64. Perviously umbilicated, thin, not striated, dull fulvous corne- ous, unicolored, suture impressed ; whorls 5, the first three sub- planate, the others a little convex, the last not descending, rounded, base subplanate ; aperture with an angular, whitish, median parietal lamina. Diam. 2 mill. St. Vincent, New Caledonia. H. JUGOSA, Mighels. PL 11, figs. 65-70. Widely umbilicated, rather thin, somewhat closely costulate, the interstices minutely spirally striate, diaphanous, brownish ; whorls 6, a little convex, the last subdepressed, not descending ; aperture with a thin parietal lamina. Diam. 8 mill. Sandwich Islands. Yar. RUBIGINOSA, Gould. Figs. 68-10. Yellowish corneous, tessellated with chestnut, obliquely costate-striate. H. HYSTRIX, Mighels. PL 11, figs, 71-73. Widely umbilicated, regularly costulate, yellowish corneous, deciduously rigidly hirsute, tessellated with chestnut above ; spire plane, subimmersed in the middle ; whorls 5, convex, the 60 HELIX. last descending, base decussated by more or less obsolete lines ; aperture with two somewhat acute parietal lamellae. Diam. 5*75 mill. Sandwich Islands. H. setigera, Gould, is a synonym. H. DECUSSATULA, H. PAUCicosTATA ( H. filocostata, Pse., is a syno- nym), H. DISTANS, Pease. (Unfigured.) Sandwich Islands. H. UNILAMELLATA, Garrett. PL 11, figs. 74-76. Widely umbilicated, thin, corneous, tessellated and rayed with chestnut, obliquely, compressly, closely plicately ribbed, ribs finer and closer below ; whorls 5, convex, slowly, regularly increasing ; the last not descending in front, obtusely subangular on the periphery, more distinctly so around the umbilicus, suture channeled ; parietal region with a single small lamella. Diam. 4-5 mill. Rarotonga, Cook's Is. H. ROTELLINA, Pease. PL 11, figs. 82, 83. Narrowly umbilicated, thinly, radiately, elevately striated, rather thin ; whorls 5, convex, the last rounded ; parietal wall with a single entering lamella ; color alternate strigations of chestnut and yellowish. Diam. 2 mill. Ins. Aitutake. H. CONSIMILIS, Pease. PL 11, figs. 80, 81. Widely umbilicated, rather thin, closely radiately costellate, tessellated with chestnut and yellow above, strigate with chestnut below ; whorls 5, convex, suture impressed, periphery rounded ; parietal wall with a single lamella. Diam. 4 mill. Tahiti, Eaiatea. H. ACUTICOSTA, Mousson. PL 11, figs. 60, 61. Widely umbilicated, closely arcuately ribbed-striate, corneous, with chestnut tessellations, suture deep ; whorls 5, convex, slowly increasing, turgid next the suture, last whorl slightly depressed above, not descending, base convex ; parietal wall with one, two or very rarely three lamellae. Diam. 4-3 mill. Eaiatea, Society Islands. Larger and more depressed than H. consimilis, the umbilicus larger and ribs finer. A uniform whitish horn-colored variety occurs. 61 H. RURUTUENSIS, Garrett. (Unfigured). Rurrutu, Austral Is. b. Carinate. H. OBOLUS, Gould. PI. 11, figs. 77-79. Rather thin, widely umbilicated, radiately, thinly, irregularly, rugo^ely striate, irregularly concentrically sulcate or thinly cos- tate; whorls 7, convex, often angulated, the last with angulated periphery ; aperture with a single parietal lamella. Diam. 6 mill. Ins. Raiatea, Taheiti. H. acetabulum, Pease ; H. celsa, Pease ; H. Bariffi, Garrett, and H intermixta, Mousson, are synonyms. H. STELLULA, Gould. PI. 11, figs. 84-86. Widely umbilicated, planulate above, convex below, yellowish, maculated with chestnut; whorls 4, trigonal, with numerous elevated acute costee, the periphery carinate ; aperture with a parietal lamella. Diam. 5 mill. Sandwich Is. H. BINARTA, Pfr. PI. 1 1, figs. 87, 88. Moderately umbilicated, obtusely arcuatety costate, spirally obsoletely striate, corneous, strigate with chestnut, suture margined; whorls 5^, somewhat convex, slowly increasing, the last not descending, subacutely carinated ; parietal wall with two white lamellae, columella obsoletely dentate. Diam. 4'5 mill. Sandwich Islands. H. VELATA, Hombr. et Jacq. PI. 11, figs. 89-91. Narrowly umbilicated, striate, grayish corneous; whorls 5J, planulate, the last with acutely carinated periphery, base convex, smoother; aperture with a compressed, subqundrate parietal lamina, basal margin subthickened. Diam. 8 mill. Ins. Hogoleu. H. HUAHEINENSIS, Pfr. PI. 11, figs. 92-94. Widel}r umbilicated, rather thin, striate, opaque, light cor- neous, strigate and maculate with chestnut, apex very minutely mucronate, suture linear; whorls 6, somewhat flattened, very slowly increasing, the last carinated, not descending in front, base subcompressed around the umbilicus ; aperture with a single parietal lamella. Diam. 6 mill. Huaheine, Society Islands. H. aranea, Behn, is a synonym. 6 HELIX. H. TANE^, Garrett. PL 11, figs. 95-9 7. Widely, perspectively umbilicated, thin, semipellucid, brown- ish horn color, tessellated and rayed with chestnut, distantly, somewhat irregularly, obliquely, arcuatety, plicately ribbed, finer and more crowded on the base; whorls 6^, convex, slowly and regularly increasing, slightly sulcate next the suture, the last acutely carinate, flattened above, not descending in front, convex beneath, angular around the umbilicus ; parietal region with a small spiral lamella. Diam. 4'5 mill. Society Islands. H.janeae, Schmeltz and ff. Boraborensis, Pease, are synonyms. H. FICTA, Pease. PL 12, figs. 5-7. Widely, deeply umbilicated, a little solid, whitish, somewhat challry, radiately strigated and tessellated with chestnut ; whorls 8, the outer sulcate near the margin, periphery acutely carinate, and angulated around the umbilicus ; parietal wall with a spiral lamella. Diam. 7 mill. Society Islands. C. Aperture with both parietal and palatal lamellae. a. Ecarinate. H. POLYODON, G. W. Sowerby. PL 11, fig. 1. Widely umbilicated, rather thin, closely costate, variegated with brown and white, suture impressed ; whorls 8, very narrow, a little convex, the last not descending; aperture with two lamellae on the parietal wall and two or more within the outer lip. Diam. 4'66 mill. Ins. St. Helena. Pfeiffer has adopted for this species the name H. Helenensis, Forbes. H. Alexandri^ For.bes, has two or three parietal plicae, and eight additional within the lip, yet Pfeiffer considers the two identical. H. polyodon, G. W. Sowerby, agrees with Alexandri, and was the earliest described of the three species ; admitting that the number of lip lamellae is variable, they may be merged in one species, which should bear the oldest name — H. polyodon. H. CUTTERT, Pfr. (unfigured). St. Helena. H. PHILIPPINENSIS, Semper (unfigured), Manilla, HELIX. H. DERBESIANA, Crosse. PL 11, figs. 2-4. Widely umbilicated, rather thin, with impressed, close, longi- tudinal striae, light fulvous corneous ; whorls 4^, moderately increasing, the last rounded, base pfanate, suture impressed ; aperture with two parietal lamellae, a shining corneous tooth on the base, two within the outer margin. Diam. 1'75 mill. New Caledonia. H. CONTORTA, Fer. PL 12, figs. 8-10. Widely umbilicated, thin, fragile, striate, slightly pilose, yel- lowish, with radiating chestnut-colored flames ; whorls 4^, con- vex ; aperture with two parallel parietal lamellae, and five acute teeth within the right margin. Diam. 4 mill. Sandwich Islands. H. inter car inata, Mighels, is a synonym. Sandwich Islands. Marquisas. H. HYSTRTCELLA, Pfr. (unfigured). H. ANALOGICA, Pease (unfigured). H. VERECUNDA, Pease (unfigured). H SEXLAMELLATA, Pfr. PL 12, figS. 11-13. Yery narrowly perforate, thin, regularly costulate, yellowish, tessellated with chestnut-colored maculatious; whorls 6, convex, narrow, base planulate; aperture with six acute elevated lamellae, and some intermediate smaller obsolete ones. Diam. 3-25 mill. Gambler Islands. II. DECEMPLTCATA, MoilSSOn. Moderately umbilicated, strongly striate costulate, white or giayish with angnlated chestnut-colored fasciations ; whorls 5J-6, moderately increasing, rather narrow, more convex below; aperture with ten lamellae, four of them parietal, of which the three upper ones are longest, six in the base and palate. Diam. 2 mill. Ellice Is. tlnfigured. H. MULTILAMELLATA, GaiTCtt. PL 12, figS. 14-16. Deeply, widely umbilicated, thin, subpellucid, closely, lightly, lamellarly costate, costae slighter and closer below, corneous, tessellated with chestnut above only, suture deeply impressed; whorls 6|, convex, turgid above, slowly increasing; aperture B4 HELIX. with five subequidistant lamellae within the margin, besides two on the columella and four on the parietal wall. Diam. 3'5 mill. Rarotonga, Cook's Islands. H. ZEBRINA, Garrett. PL 12, figs, lf-19. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, pellucid, shining, whitish cor- neous, with chestnut tessellations on the spire and flexuous stripes on the body-whorl ; whorls 5J, convex, slowly increasing, membranously closely ribbed, the interstices under the lens elevately striated, suture deeply impressed, aperture with three lamellae within the lip and two on the parietal region. Diam. 4 mill. Rarotonga, Cook's Is. H. RAROTONGENSIS, Pease. Umbilicated, rather thin, radiately elevately striate, suture well impressed ; whorls 5, convex ; aperture with three parietal and two basal lamellae ; yellowish, tessellately strigated with chestnut. Diam. 3 mill. Rarotonga, Cook's Is. Unfigured. H. PARVIDENS, Pease. PI. 12, figs. 20-22. Rather widely deeply umbilicated, with small, close, elevated striae, yellowish, tessellated with chestnut ; whorls 5, a little convex above, more rounded below, suture well impressed ; aperture with two lamellae in the throat, one on the columella, and three on the parietal wall. Tahiti. H. incerta, Mousson,is a synonym. H. D^DALEA, Gould. PL 12, figs. 23-25. Yellowish brown, tessellated with chestnut, with acute, close, scabrous costulations ; whorls 6, narrow, rounded below, suture impressed ; aperture with nine lamellae, of which four are on the parietal wall, one on the columella, two at the base and three within the lip. Diam. 2'5 mill. Ins. Tahiti, Matea. H. SUBDJEDALEA, Mousson. PL 12, fig. 26. Widely umbilicated, unequally costulate-striate, light cor- neous, sometimes with oblique chestnut stripes, suture deep ; whorls 5^, slowly increasing, narrow, the last a little tumid HELICID>£. PLATE 2 17 HELICID^E. PLATE 84 65 63 HELICID^C PLATE 5 HELICIDyE. PLATE 6 48 50 HELICID^E. PLATE 7 67 68 69 70 75 "" 76 77 15 16 17 PLATE 8 70 71 HELICID>E. PLATE 9 84- 23 18 19 HELICIDve. PLATE 1O ) HELJCID>e. PLATE 11 HELICIDyE. PL-ATE 12 HELICID>£. . PLATE 13 HELICIDvE. PLATE 14 87 30 92 93 94 95 100 96 99 97 27 29 ELICID>e. PLATE 15 38 39 4-0 45 43 48 ., 51 57 55 HELIX. 65 above and below; aperture minutely seven-plicate, three equal ones on the parietal wall, and four smaller and palatal. Diam. 3'3 mill. Mango, Fiji Is. H. MAUPITIENSIS, Garrett. PI. 12, figs. 27-29. Narrowly, deeply umbilicated, thin, subpellucid, closely ele- vately striated, striae finer below ; yellowish brown, marked with dark chestnut tessellations, sometimes becoming zigzag stripes on the body-whorl, suture rather deep ; whorls 6*, rounded, slowly increasing, the last one slanting from the shoulder towards the base ; aperture with eight lamellae, four palatal, one columellar and three parietal. Diam. 3 mill. Maupiti I., Society Is. H. DE GAGEI. Garrett. Closely allied to H. Maupitiensis, but may be distinguished by its coarser rib-like striae, more oblique aperture, smaller umbili- cus and more depressed body-whorl. The palate has five and the parietal wall three revolving lamellae ; corneous or yellowish, tessellated and strigated with chestnut. Diam. 3 mill. Rurutu, Austral Is. Unfigured. H. HYSTRICELLOIDES, Mousson. PI. 12, fig. 30. Narrowly umbilicated, striate-costulate, radiately marked with whitish and grayish corneous strigations, suture acutely im- pressed; whorls 5i, slowly increasing, subinflated, the last a little descending in front, rounded below; aperture six to eight- lamellate, of which three or four are parietal, the first and third larger, the fourth inconspicuous, three to five palatal, the middle ones largest, the first and last (columellar) smaller. Diam. 4-25 mill. Ins. Upolu- H. G:; AFFEI, Mousson. PI. 12, fig. 31. Mo ierately umbilicated, rather thin, acutely biarcuately costal ite-striate, grayish, with zigzag chestnut strigations ;; whorl < .">, slowly increasing, convex, a little tumid towards the sutur>, the last not descending, rounded below; aperture with seve ia-uellae, two on the middle of the parietal wall, and five pal •!, whereof the first is smaller. Diam. 5'2 mill. Ins. Upolu. 66 HELIX. H. CONSOBRINA, Garrett. PI. 12, figs.. 43-45. Rather widely umbilicated, thin, with crowded, fine, nearly straight membranous riblets ; yellowish horn-color, tessellated and striped with reddish brown, suture channeled ; whorls 6, very narrow, convex, subangulate next the suture, slowly increas- ing, the last not deflected ; parietal region with four (very rarely three), palate with from seven to nine laminae, columella with or without one. Diam. 3 mill. Hualieine, Society Is. H. SUBTILIS, Garrett. PL 12, figs. 46-48. Moderately umbilicated, thin, yellowish corneous, tessellated and zigzagged with chestnut, with very thin, not crowded, subbi- arcuate riblets, suture channeled; whorls 5, narrow, rounded, sub- angulate near the suture, slowly increasing, periphery rounded, base convex ; parietal wall with two, palate with four (rarely three or five) laminae. Diam. 3 mill. HuaJieine Isl. H. PUNCTIPERFORATA, Garrett. PL 12, figs. 49-51. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, corneous, tessellated with chest- nut, base corn-color, sometimes with chestnut radiations, striae close-set, thin, rib-like, smaller and more crowded beneath, suture deep; whorls 6, narrow, slowly increasing, not descending in front ; parietal region with two (rarely three), palate with four or five laminae, one of them columellar ; in addition there are parallel raised lines both on the wall of the aperture and palate. Diam. 3 mill. Moorea, Society Is. H. BORABORENSIS, Garrett. PL 12, figs. 52-54. Widely umbilicated, thin, corneous, under a light brown epi- -dermis, tessellated above with chestnut, with or without chestnut rays beneath, sculpture of crowded riblets, suture deep; whorls 7, convex, slowly increasing, the last with obtusely angulated periphery, base convex ; parietal region with four, palate with jive or six laminae. Diam. 5 mill. JBorabora IsL, Society Is. b. Carinate Species. H. CRETACEA, Garrett. PL 11, figs. 98-100. Very broadly umbilicated, rather solid, finely striated, whitish with small, irregular, scattered chestnut spots, suture linear ; HELIX. 67 whorls 6?-7, planulate, narrow, slowly increasing, the last two slightly concave, periphery carinate, base angulated ; parietal wall with a single lamella, and another in the throat between the keel and basal angle. Diam. 6 mill. Borabora, Society Is. H. ficta, Garrett (not of Pease), is a synonym. H. LAMELLOSA, Fer. PL 12, figs. 32-34. Cylindrically, moderately nmbilicated, thin, shining, glabrous, acutely carinated, yellowish, with chestnut flames and macula- tions ; whorls 7, flat, base inflated, angulated around the umbili- cus ; aperture with two large parietal lamellae, the others smaller — one columellar, four basal and one upper. Diam. 7*5 mill. Sandwich Islands. H. FRICKI, Pfr. PL 12, figs. 35, 36. Widely umbilicated, rather thin, striate, yellowish corneous, with chestnut maculations and strigations, suture margined ; whorls 7, plane or a little concave above, the last subdeflected, acutely carinated, a little tumid below ; aperture with two long, parietal plications, none on the columella, four smaller ones on the base, and one superior. Diam. 8 mill. Sandwich Islands. Differs from H. lamellosa in sculpture, wider umbilicus, and want of the columellar lamella; Pease considered them identical. Unfigured Species. H. CONSTRICTA, H. IRREGULARIS, H. LACERATA, of Semper. Ins. Palau. H. RUGATA, Pease. Sandwich Islands. II. Imperforate. H. OPARICA, Anton. PL 12, figs. 37-39. Subimperforate, thin, costulate-striate, brownish, obsoletely maculated with chestnut; whorls 4£-5, narrow, slightly convex; aperture with three parietal and four basal lamellae. Diam. 3'5 mill. Ins. Opara. H. ROTULA, Hoinbr. et Jacq. PL 12, figs. 40-42. Imperforate, smooth, light corneous, radiated with chestnut 68 HELIX. above; whorls 4, moderately increasing, the last rounded, not descending ; no teeth. Diam. 3'3 mill. Ins. Mangareva. Perhaps not adult. As there are no teeth, this can scarcely be considered a member of the group — where it is placed by Pfeiffer. H. IMPERFORATA, Pease. (Unfigured). Ins. Aitutake. H. Aitutakiana, Mousson, is a synonym. Subsection LAOMA, Gray, 1849. H. LEIMONIAS, Gray. PL 13, fig. 55. Subimperforate, somewhat solid, smooth, shining, pellucid, light corneous, maculated with chestnut ; whorls 7, flattened, the last acutely carinated, base plane ; aperture with one parietal lamella and two in the right margin. Diam. 2'3 ; alt. 2*7. New Zealand. H. PCECILOSTICTA, Pfr. PL 13, fig. 56. Perforate, thin, closely plicate, fulvous, maculated with chestnut, diaphanous, suture margined ; whorls 5i, narrow, a little convex, the last carinate, base plane; columella with a single plication, aperture otherwise unarmed. Diam. 4 mill. New Zealand H. B1LAMELLATA, Pfr. PL 13, fig. 57. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, corneous, regularly plicate; whorls 9, carinated, carina exserted, acute, subaculeate, base slightly convex ; aperture with a parietal and columellar lamella, the latter stronger. Diam. 4, alt. 4'5 mill. Ins. Opara. It is Pitys Oparana, Beck. H. MARINA, and H. NERISSA, Hutton (unfigured). New Zealand. (ACTINARIA, Pfr., 1855.) H. PIRRIEANA, Pfr. PL 13, fig. 58. Perforate^ thin, smooth, scarcely lightly striulate, pellucid, corneous, suture margined ; whorls 7-8, slightly convex, very narrow, the last carinate, bidentate within the base. Diam. 5 mill. Koondah Mts., India. HELIX. 69 H. BIDEXTICULATA. Benson. PI. 13, fig. 59. Perforate, obsoletely radiately striate, whitish, suture impressed, whorls 6, narrow, convex, with two slightly elevated spiral lines above, the last whorl carinated, convex below ; aperture with two minute distant basal teeth, the right one largest, near the margin. Diam. 3 mill. Nilgherri Mts., India. H. DAGHOBA, W. and H. Blanford. PI. 13, fig. 60. Narrowly perforate, obliquely striated, spirally sulcate, carinated, suture impressed ; whorls 7—8, slowly increasing, subconvex, the last not descending, carinate, base convex, smooth ; peristome with two basal teeth. Diam. 6 mill. Patchamullies and Kalryenmullis Mts., India. H. DIPLODON, Benson. PL 13, fig. 61. Perforate, thin, smooth, a little striulate, whitish under a corneous epidermis; whorls 6;F, very slightly convex, the last acutely carinated, not descending in front, base somewhat convex, in front, near the periphery flattened-excavated, becoming suddenly more tumid in the middle ; aperture with an obtuse subcolumellar tooth, and another sinuated, pliciform one. Diam. 6'5 mill. Teria Ghat, Khasi Mts. H. INGRAMI, Blanford. PL 13, figs. 62, 63. Imperforate, "thin, diaphanous, light corneous, very minutely, closely granulately decussate-striate ; suture thread-margined ; whorls 62, flattened, periphery acutely carinated, not descending, compressed above and below the carina, base flattened, externally decussately striate, umbilical region impressed; aperture with two entering lamellae on the base, the exterior one largest, with a third transverse lamella behind it, lip white, somewhat thickened. Diam. 6-25 mill. Pegu. Section LIBERA, Garrett, 1881. So far as known this peculiar group, containing about a dozen species, is peculiar to the Society and Cook's Is. ; in the former archipelago, they are confined to Tahiti and Moorea. H. CAVERNULA, Hombr. et Jacq. PI, 13, figs. 75-77. Discoidal, whorls a little concave above, strongly costate, whitish, tessellated with chestnut ; periphery acutely laminately carinated, 70 HELIX. the edge often cut by the costulae so as to be fimbriated, base flatly convex, nearly smooth, whitish, a little mottled with chestnut round the outer portion ; aperture with one or two parietal lamellae. Tahiti (Jacq.), Sandwich Is. (Pease). A very distinct species, erroneously referred by Garrett to the synonymy of H. coarctata. I have before me two trays of shells named H. laminata, Pease, from the " Sandwich Is.," one of them from the describer, which undoubtedly represent the same species. H. FRATERCULA, Pease. PI. 13, figs. 64-66. Somewhat solid, yellowish, umbilicated, with scarcely oblique, close, rugose costulations ; whorls 7, excavated in the middle, the last with acutely carinated periphery, base plano-convex, closely, finely radiately costulate ; umbilicus cavernous, constricted above ; lip with two (sometimes three), columella with one, parietal wall with one or two revolving lamellae. Diam. 6 mill. Rarotonga. Described as H. sculptilis, Pease, preoccupied by Bland. H. SUBCAVERNULA, Tryon. PI. 13, figs. 67-69. Umbilicated, somewhat solid, ashy or brownish corneous, here and there darker brown, often tessellated with brown above, obscurely radiated below ; whorls 7, convex, the last acutely carinated, closely obliquely costulate, the interstices minutely striate ; umbilicus deeply cavernous with contracted margin ; aper- ture with two, rarely three remote lamellae in the throat and two on the parietal region, columella uniplicate, sinuate. Diam. 6 mill. Rarotonga, Cook's Is. Described by Garrett as H. cavernula, preoccupied by Hombr. et Jacq. H. TUMULOIDES, Garrett. PI. 13, figs. 70, 71. Kather thick, whitish to yellowish corneous, tessellated with chestnut above, radiately strigate below ; whorls 7, plano-convex, the last angu- lated, periphery acutely carinated, obliquely striate, the striae more distant and plicate in the upper whorls, suture linear, subcarinately margined, base plano-convex ; umbilicus cavernous, constricted ; aperture with twro median approximate lamellae in the throat, columella with a single plication, parietal region with a median lamella. Diam. 7 mill. Rarotonga, Cook's Is. HELIX. 71 H. JACQUINOTT, Pfr. PI. 13, figs. 72-74. Somewhat solid, acutely carinated, closely arcuately costate, variegated with white and brown, not shining ; whorls 8, narrow, all carinated, carina exserted, toothed with decurrent ribs, base a little convex, radiately striate ; umbilicus contracted by a lamina, wide within ; aperture with two long parietal, one columellar, and three deep-seated basal lamellae. Diam. 9 mill. Tahiti. It is H. exeavata, Hombr. et Jacq., and possibly H. bursatella, var. B. Gould. H. COARCTATA, Pfr. PI. 13. figs. 78-80. Distantly arcuately costate, slightly and finely spirally striate, brownish, tessellated with chestnut, not shining; whorls 8 £, narrow, carinated, somewhat scalar, the last receding below the penultimate ; base slightly convex, obsoletely radiately costate, more distinctly concentrically striate ; umbilicus wride, contracted by a lamina above ; aperture with two parietal lamella, one on the columella, one within the outer wall, and two on the margin of the base. Diam. 6'3 mill. Ins. Tahiti. H. turricula, Hombr. et Jacq. (figs. 79, 80), H. streptaxon, Reeve (fig. 78), and H. bursatella, Gld. (in part), are synonyms. H. cavernula, Hombr. et Jacq., is erroneously referred here by Garrett. H. BURSATELLA, Gould. PI. 13, fig. 86. Solid, rough, carinated, closely arcuately costate above, marbled with wrhite and chestnut color, not shining ; whorls 9, very narrow, base plane, smoothish, angulated and contracted over the umbilicus ; aperture 6-7 plicate, two of them parietal, one columellar and three or four basal. Diam. 7 '6 mill. Ins. Tahiti and Eimeo. H. turricula, Hombr. et Jacq., has been erroneously referred here ; it is a synonym of the preceding species. H. RETUNSA, Pease. PI. 13, fig. 81. Tessellated with chestnut and white above, radiated with flexu- ous flames below ; whorls 7, convex, obliquely radiately costulate, the riblets subdistant, flexuous, concentrically striated ; umbilicus cavernous, constricted at the top; throat with two revolving lamellae, one on the columella, one parietal. Diam. 4 mill. Tahiti. 72 HELIX. H. HEYNEMANNI, Pfr. PL 13, fig. 82. Somewhat solid, lightly striate, yellowish, maculated and flamed with chestnut ; whorls 7, planulate, all carinated and exserted, the last compressly carinated, base a little convex, umbilicus ample, nearly closed above ; aperture with two parietal, one columellar and three or four basal lamellse. Diam. 5*5 mill. Tahiti. H. GREGARIA, Garrett. PI. 13, figs. 83, 84. Rather solid, not shining, closely, finely, slightly biarcuately costellate, more crowded on the base ; whitish, tessellated, and rayed with chestnut ; whorls 7, narrow, slowly increasing, periphery acutely carinated, base somewhat convex ; apertural laminae 5-6, two parietal, one columellar, two palatal, and one inconspicuous (or absent) above the keel. Diam. 7 mill. Moorea, Society Is. H. RECEDENS, Garrett. PL 13, fig. 85. Rather solid, not shining, with thin, crowded, rough striae, finer and closer on the base, yellowish, tessellated and strigate with dark chestnut, or all chestnut ; whorls 7, slightly convex, narrow, slowly increasing, last one carinated and decidedly deflected from the periphery of the penultinate ; apertural laminae 6, two parietal, the lower one deep-seated, a stout one on the columella, two on the palate and a less conspicuous one above the keel. Diam. 5*5 mill. Moorea, Society Is. Section TROCHOMORPHA, Albers., 1850. A. Imperforate. H. CONUS, Phil. PL 14, figs. 87, 88. Imperforate, acutely carinate, striulate, with about seven undu- lating impressed spiral lines above the periphery ; fulvous chestnut, with white zones at the carina and suture, base shining ; whorls 8, the apex globose, uncolored, the others flattened, base scarcely convex, umbilical region excavated, whorl not descending in front ; columellar margin thickened, white. Diam. 12*5 mill. Java. H. CAMPBELLII, Gray. PL 14, fig. 89. Imperforate, convex, closely rugosely striate above, lightly decus- sated by spiral striae, light brown, with a broad light band above the periphery ; whorls 4?, a little flattened, the last angulated, base HELIX. 73 smoothish ; columella short, oblique, somewhat thickened. Diam. 19 mill. Phillip IsL, Australia. Var. /?. Shell fuscous above, chestnut below. H. STODDARTI, Gray. PL 14, fig. 90. Imperforate, solid, slightly rugose, a little shining ; brown, with a light band, or yellowish, with a darker band ; whorls 5, a little flattened, the last more convex, with angulated periphery. Diam. 15 mill. Phillip IsL, Australia. H. ALTA, Pease. PL 14, fig. 91. Imperforate, rather thin, yellowish, suture impressed ; whorls 6, plano-convex, slightly longitudinally striate, periphery acutely angulated, base a little flattened. Diam. 10 mill. Ins. Ponape. H. RECTANGULA, Pfr. PL 14, figs. 92-94. Imperforate, solid, yellowish grey with or without chestnut bands, narrow sutural line and basal area ; whorls 6-6 £, a little convex, the last subrectangularly carinated, base somewhat flattened, sub- excavated in the middle ; columella thickened, callously subdentate. Diam. 13 mill. Marquisas Is. H. hapa, Hombr. et Jacq., is a synonym. H. LALANNEI, Gassies. PL 14, fig. 96. Imperforate, rather solid, obliquely irregularly striate, somewhat shining, light yellowish, banded with chestnut at the carinated periphery ; whorls 4i-5, slightly convex; regularly increasing, the last not descending, base subplanate, more shining ; aperture cingu- lated with white within. Diam. 8'5 mill. Ins. Art, New Caledonia. H. PAGODULA, Pfr. PL 14, fig. 95. Imperforate, somewhat solid, opaque, striulate and with obsolete impressed spiral lines, epidermis deciduous, fulvous; whorls 6i, the upper ones flat, the 3 last with subelevated compressed, acute carina, the last subreceding, base slightly convex. Diam. 15 mill. Sab. unknown. 74 HELIX. Unfigured Species. H, KJELLERUPII, Morch. Ins. Sambelong, Nieobar. H. SUBTURRITULA, G. and H. Nevill. Ins. Make, Seychelles. H. CATINUS, Pfr. Admiralty Is. B. Perforated to umbilicated. a. Periphery carinated. H, CHLOROPLAX, Benson. PI. 14, figs. 97, 98. Perforate, thin, subplicately striated above, striulate below, very lightly decussated, translucent, scarcely polished, greenish corneous, suture impressed ; whorls 5, slowly increasing, a little convex, the last angulated above at the periphery, convex below. Diam. 8 mill. Simla, Himalayas. H. CAPITIUM, Benson. PL 14, figs. 99, 100. Perforate, thin, striulate, not shining, diaphanous, brownish corneous, with opaque laciniated white strigations, suture impressed, margined ; whorls 5 J, slightly convex, the last scarcely descending in front, with a filiform compressed carina, base more convex ; peristome thin, white, right margin shortly expanded, the basal subreflected, columella triangularly expanded, partly covering the perforation. Diam. 14 mill. Eastern India, Burmah, Siam. Var. HARIOLA, Benson. Fig. 100. Periphery obtusely angulated; the white strigations form two wide bands. Nevill refers this species to a section Ganesella. H. ACRIS, Benson. PI. 14, fig. 1. Narrowly umbilicated, obliquely striulate and obsoletely granu- lose, very minutely spirally striated below, whitish, suture slightly impressed ; whorls 6 J, planulate, the last scarcely descending, peri- phery acutely carinated ; peristome slightly expanded above and a little reflected below. Diam. 10 mill. Teria Ghat, Khasia Mts., India. H. puellula, Bens. MS., is a synonym. Nevill refers this and the following species to a section Trochomorphoides. H. BRUNII, Morch. PL H fig- 6. Scarcely perforated, yellowish rust color, light ashy towards the umbilicus, regularly remotely longitudinally striate; whorls 5, a HELIX. 75 little convex, the last rounded, obsoletely carinated, not descending ; lip white, tumid in the middle, reflected, columella sigmoid. Diam. 8'5 mill. Ins. Little Nieobar* The type of the group Liocystis, Morch. H. GALEA, Benson. PL 14, fig. 4. Scarcely perforated, obliquely striulate, decussated by very close granulose spiral striae, suture slightly impressed, sub margined ; whorls 7, the last acutely carinate, not descending, planulate below, slightly excavated next the carina ; whitish (decorticated). Diam. 9 mill. Teria Ghat, Burmah. H. GALERUS, Benson. PL 14, figs. 2, 3. Narrowly, deeply umbilicated, light corneous, very closely obliquely striate; decussated by slighter spiral striae, suture im- pressed ; whorls 5, slowly increasing, a little convex, the last acutely carinate, margined, base slightly convex, angulated obtusely around the umbilicus. Diam. 9 mill. Ceylon. Unfigured Species. H. TRIFILOSA, Pfr. Ceylon. H. CARYX, Benson. Phie Than, Tenasserim Valley. H. CEROCONUS, Pfr. Ins. Labuan. H. GYSSERIANA, Pfr. PL 14, fig. 7. Perforate, thin, irregularly striulate, diaphanous, corneous; whorls 6, somewhat flattened, the last acutely carinated below the middle, base a little convex ; upper margin of peristome shortly expanded, basal reflected. Diam. 9 mill. Moluccas, Sumatra. The previously described H. conulus, Mart, (not Pease), from Sumatra is a synonym. Nevill refers this to Trochomorphoides. H. ANGULATA, Issel. PL 14, figS. 8-10. Covered perforate, fragile, translucent, yellowish corneous, closely lightly transversely striate, and slightly obliquely decussated, suture moderate ; whorls 6 £, a little convex, the last obtusely angulated, not descending in front. Diam. 4'5 mill. Sarawak, Borneo* 76 HELIX. H. TERNATANA, Guillou. PL 14, figs. 11-14. Narrowly umbilicated or perforated, solid, obliquely striated, brownish, the carina lighter colored, base somewhat shining; whorls 7, the upper ones acutely carinated, the last obtusely angu- lated ; peristome simple, thickened at the base. Diam. 20*5 mill. Moluccas. Var. MAJOR. More depressed, whorls 8£ ; diam. 23 mill. Var. MINOR. More elate. Diam. 16 mill. H. Batchianensis, Pfr. (fig. 11), is a synonym. The species varies greatly in form, as shown by my figures of several of the extremes. H, MEMBRANICOSTA, Pfr. PI. 14, fig. 15. Moderately umbilicated, thin, membranously ribbed, slightly shining, brownish corneous ; whorls 7, somewhat convex, slowly increasing, the last not descending, periphery carinate, base more convex. Diam. 11 mill. Solomon's Is. H. EXALTATA, Pfr. PL 14, fig. 19. Perforate, rather thin, minutely decussated by oblique and spiral striae, waxy, whitish, with a superior narrow chestnut band ; whorls 7, scarcely convex, the last not descending, moderately convex below the peripheral carina. Diam. 15 mill. Solomon's Is. It is H. Cleryi, Reeve, not Recluz. H. BELMOREI, Cox. PL 14, fig. 16. Widely umbilicated, rather solid, opaque, slightly irregularly obliquely striated, dark chestnut color ; whorls 6i, flat, suture indistinct, last whorl very acutely carinated, not depressed in front, base plane, roughly striate, excavated around the umbilicus. Diam. 1 inch. Solomon's Is. H. FATIGATA, Cox. PL 14, figS. 17, 18. Deeply, widely umbilicated, roughly obliquely striate above, more finely below, light yellowish brown, base paler ; whorls 6, flat, obliquely margined and pinched at the suture, periphery acutely, flatly carinated, shining below, excavated around the umbilicus. Diam. 18 mill. Solomon's Is. HELIX. 77 H. SCYTODES, Pfr. PL 14, fig. 20. Moderately umbilicated, thinnish, slightly granularly rugose, scarcely shining, brownish corneous, with a chestnut sutural zone ; whorls 62, slightly convex, slowly increasing, the last with an acute chestnut carina on the periphery, scarcely descending in front, base convex, obsoletely compressed round the umbilicus. Diam. 14 mill. Solomon's Is. H. JUANITA, Angas. PI. 15, fig. 30. Widely, deeply umbilicated, rather thin, shining, with irregular, close, elevated striae ; dark chestnut, with a narrow yellowish green band at the periphery, and another, wider one around the umbili- cus; whorls 62 , slightly convex, periphery angulated; lip white, slightly expanded. Diam. 12 mill. Solomon's Is* H. VIRGULATA, Sowb. PL 22, fig. 23. Moderately umbilicated, with strong incremented striae, slightly carinate at the periphery, brownish, with a chestnut peripheral band ; whorls 5, a little convex •; aperture widely lunar, banded within, lip slightly patulous, thickened within. Diam. 19 mill. Hob. unknown. The original figure in the " Zool. of Beechey's Voy." is evidently badly drawn, but whether Reeve's figure represents the same species must remain somewhat doubtful. Unfigured Species. H. SERENA, Cox. Solomon's Is. H. LE VIEUXI, G. and H. Nevill. Ins. Make, Seychelles. H. PAGODULA, Semper. Ins. Palau. H. OLEACINA, Semper. PL 14, figs. 21-23. Narrowly umbilicated. solid, striated, shining, light corneous, suture plane, submargined ; whorls 5 £—6, slowly increasing, the last more convex above, not descending, obtusely carinated, base some- what plane ; lip and columella thickened. Diam. 15-18 mill. Nermalclc, near Cor ore, and Peleliu. H. GOULDI, Pfr. PL 14, fig. 24. Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, slightly striulate, scarcely shining, brownish ; whorls 6, slightly convex, the last carinated, subrotund anteriorly, base flatter. Diam. 9 "5 mill. Philippines. 78 HELIX. H. BERTINIANA, Canefri. PL 14, figs. 25-27. Covered perforate, obliquely irregularly rugosely striate, diaph- anous, white, under a thin light corneous epidermis ; whorls 6, .slightly convex, the last descending in front, periphery obtusely marinated, base convex. Diam. 11 mill. New Guinea. H. PACIFICA, Pfr. PL 14, fig. 28. Perforate, thin, pellucid, striulate, corneous ; whorls 6-62, a little convex, the last acutely carinated, base a little more convex, smooth, shining. Diam. 5'5 mill. Cocos IsL, Pacific Ocean. H. SECURIFORMIS, Desh. PL 15, fig. 31. Subperforate, thin, shining, smooth, acutely angulated at the periphery, greenish ; whorls 4£, a little convex, rapidly enlarging, the last large, tumid, convex below. Diam. 10 mill. Hob. unknown. H. GONIOMPHALA, Pfr. PL 15, fig. 34. Narrowly umbilicated, solid, obliquely rugulosely striated, fulvous, suture plane, margined ; whorls 6 •£, flat, slowly enlarging, the last more convex above, not descending in front, periphery subcom- pressed and acutely carinated, base a little plane, angulated around the umbilicus ; base of periphery callously thickened. Diam. 20'5 mill. Ins. Ponape, Caroline Is. H. NIGRITELLA, Pfr, PL 15, figs. 35-37. Moderately umbilicated, a little solid, brownish, under a blackish olivaceous epidermis; whorls 5i, nearly flat, slowly enlarging, periphery acutely carinated, base more convex. Diam. 14*5 mill. Ins. Ponape, Caroline Is. Var. OPPRESSA, Pease. More depressed, light yellowish, with a brown sutural band, base brown, frequently with a marginal yellowish line. Diam. 13 mill. H. CONTIGUA, Pease. PL 15, figs. 38, 39. Narrowly umbilicated, solid, thick, thinly longitudinally striated, yellowish, sometimes with a wide chestnut band ; whorls 6-7, con- vexly flattened, periphery acutely angulated, suture scarcely im- pressed, the base planulate or subconcave, lip thickened. Diam. 9, alt. 10 mill. Ins. Ponape, Caroline Is. It is H. congrua, Pease, not Pfr. HELIX. 79 H. TENTORIOLUM, Gould. PL 15, fig. 32. Moderately umbilicated, obliquely finely striated, light greenish, with a white carina ; whorls 6, flattened, periphery acutely angu- lated, base inclining towards the umbilicus. Diam. 10 mill. Ins. Upolu. H. TRANSARATA, MoUSSOll. PI. 15, fig. 41. Narrowly umbilicated, irregularly rugosely or plicately striated, brownish corneus, the plications whitish, suture linear, lightly mar- gined above; whorls 5, moderately enlarging, a little convex, the last not descending, with thread-like, acute carina, smoother and lighter colored below, slightly convex, sloping into the umbilicus. Diam. 7 mill. Lomma-Lomma, Viti Islands. Var. ft is more depressed, light corneous, thinner, and unequally rugosely striated, umbilicus wider. H. FESSONIA, Angas. PI. 15, fig. 40. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, closely irregularly plicate-striate, light brownish, with irregularly interrupted lighter, diaphanous strigations, suture pale thread-margined ; whorls 6, a little convex, the last not descending, with white carina on the periphery, base flat, corneous, with a narrow, brown band at the carina. Diam. 9 mill. Kantavu; Viti Is. Perhaps = the preceding species. H, ENTOMOSTOMA, Hombr. et Jacq. PI. 15, figs. 43-45. Narrowly umbilicated, striated above, greenish brown ; whorls 6i, somewhat flattened, margined, the periphery acutely carinated, base more convex ; columellar margin tuberculately thickened dilated above. Diam. 1 inch. Ins. Hogoleu. Partakes of the characters of subsection Videna. H. TROCHIFORMIS, Fer. PL 15, fig. 42. Narrowly umbilicated, solid, obliquely rugosely striated, chest- nut colored or brownish yellow, dark banded, carina yellowish ; whorls 6, a little convex, periphery acutely carinated. Diam. 16'5 mill. Ins. Raiatea, Tahaa, Taheiti, Moorea. H. drcumdata, Muhlf., is a synonym. H. SUBTROCHIFORMIS, Mousson. PL 15, figs. 46, 47. % Differs from the last species in being more discoidal, with more 80 HELIX. acute carina, and narrower umbilicus, the irregular incremental striae whitish, producing a greyish appearance. Samoan Is. H. trochiformis, Gould, not Fer., and If. Eurydice, Mousson, not Gould, are synonyms. Var. ALBOSTRIATA, Mousson. Spire brownish black, with imperfect transverse white strigations ; base fulvous, with a brown peripheral zone. Ins. Kanathia* H. ACCURATA, Mousson. PL 15, fig. 55. Narrowly umbilicated, subconcavely conical, strongly irregularly striated, violaceous green, suture linear, carinate margined ; whorls 7, moderately enlarging, flat, the last not descending ; periphery acutely compressed, carinated, white, base plane, yellowish at the abrupt umbilicus. Diam. 14 mill. Viti Levu, Viti Is* H. KUSTERI, Pfr. PL 15, figs. 48, 49. Subimperforate, solid, striated, chestnut colored, suture margined ; whorls 6i, slightly convex, the last not descending, periphery carinated, base scarcely convex ; base of peristome callously thick- ened, columella very short. Diam. 18 mill. Caroline Is. H. SOLARIUM, Quoy. PL 14, fig. 29 ; PL 15, fig. 33. Umbilicated, striate, diaphanous, fulvous ; whorls 7, a little exserted, flat, periphery carinate, base planulate, umbilical region angulated. Diam. 9 mill. New Ireland. H. INFRASTRIATA, Smith. PL 15, figs. 53, 54. Narrowly perforate, thin, semitransparent, corneous, with fine growth lines and microscopic spiral striae ; whorls 6, slightly con- vex, the last acutely carinated. Diam. 15 mill. Dentreeasfeaux IsL, Admiralty Group. H. SCULPTICARINA, Martens. PL 15, figs. 56-58. Narrowly umbilicated, greyish yellow, closely radiately costulate above, carina compressed, spirally striate above and below, base radiately and spirally striate ; whorls 6, scarcely convex. Diam. 22 mill. Ins. Salanga. HELIX. 81 Unfigured Species. H. SCIADIUM, Pfr. New Zealand. H. HERMIA, Hutton. New Zealand. H. SANSITUS, Cox. Vanna Lava, Banks Group ; Viti Levu, Viti Is. H. CONFERTA, Pfr. Hob. unknown. H. CONCENTRICA, Le Guillou. Ins. Vavao, Tonga Is. b. Ecarinate species. H. YORKENSIS, Pfr. PI. 15, fig, 59. Subcovered perforate, thin, strise capillary, waxy, reddish corn- eous, suture smooth, simple ; whorls 5, slightly convex, moderately enlarging, the last not descending, periphery subangulated, base more shining, impressed in the middle ; aperture reddish pearly. Diam. 10 mill. Cape York, Australia. H. PARTUNGA, Angas. PL 15, figs. 60, 61. Moderately, profoundly umbilicated, somewhat solid, obliquely striate, light corneous, with a broad dark chestnut band, suture narrowly margined ; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last a little descending, the periphery rounded, base convex, brown, or widely banded with brown. Diam. 13 mill. Russell IsL, Solomon Archipelago. H. MELEAGRIS, Pfr. Pi. 15, fig. 62. Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, somewhat remotely striated, slightly shining, dark chestnut color above with irregular yellowish maculations, and a light peripheral band, base light corneous ; whorls 5£, slightly convex, the last a little descending, periphery rounded, base convex. Diam. 19 mill. Guadalcanar, Solomon's Is* According to Mr. E. A. Smith H. sebacea, Pfr. (= H. cerealis,. Cox = H. Thorpeiana, Brazier), is a pale variety of this species. H. SAMOA, Hombr. et Jacq. PI. 15, figs. 64-66. Moderately umbilicated, striulate, yellowish, bilineated with brown ; whorls 5£, convex, the last subangulated, scarcely descend- ing, base convex. Diam. 18 mill. Ins. Upolu. H. TUBER, Mousson. PL 15, fig. 63. Narrowly perforate, striate, waxy, yellowish corneous, narrowly bifasciate, suture simple, impressed ; whorls 5£, regularly enlarging, 82 HELIX. convex, the last not descending, periphery rounded, scarcely obtusely subangulated, base convex ; peristome sublabiate within, somewhat thickened at the base. Diam. 12'5 mill. Ins. Upolu. Subsection VIDENA, H. and A. Adams, 1852. H. PLANORBIS, Lesson. PI. 16, figs. 78-82. Widely umbilicated, thin, fragile, yellowish, marbled with olive above ; whorls 5, the last acutely carinated. Diam. 15 mill. Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Celebes, Ternate, etc. Var. APPROPINQUATA, Mart. Figs. 80-82. Distinctly spirally striated above and below. Var. LESSONII, Mart. Slightly spirally striate below only. Var. JAVANICA, Mousson. Spiral strise obsolete. Var. NUMMUS, Issel. A little smaller, depressed, widely umbilicated, obliquely striu- late, whorls scarcely planulate, suture margined. Diam. 8-10 mill. H. PAVIEI, Morlet. PI. 14, fig. 5. Widely umbilicated, thin, corneous, radiately thinly striate, with some spiral lines at the base of each wrhorl ; whorls 7, a little con- vex, the last acutely carinated, convex below. Diam. 14 mill. Cambodia. H. LOMONTI, Brazier. PI. 15, figs. 50-52. Widely umbilicated, thin, pellucid, light reddish corneous, darker landed on the carina, suture narrowly margined ; whorls 5£, the last acutely carinated. Diam. 12'5 mill. New Guinea. H. BICOLOR, Martens. PL 16, figs. 83-85. Moderately umbilicated, striulate, shining with fine spiral lines above ; chestnut color, with a sutural zone, carina and umbilical region whitish ; whorls 5^-6, slightly convex, the last with carinated periphery, not descending in front, base subangulated at the umbilicus. Diam. 13 mill. Sumatra, Borneo. H. ZOLLINGERI, Pfr. PL 16, fig. 86. Moderately umbilicated, thin, striated, chestnut color, variegated HELIX. 83 with pale markings, diaphanous, a little shining ; whorls 5, scarcely convex, the last not descending, acutely carinated, base somewhat convex. Diam. 17 mill. Java. H. CANTORIANA, Benson. PI. 16, figs. 87-89. Moderately umbilicated, thin, obliquely subarcuately striate, smoother below, decussated by remote incised spiral lines, brownish corneous, translucent, a little shining, suture submargined ; whorls 5J, a little convex, the last somewhat obtusely carinated, base convex. Diam. 10 mill. Pulo Penang. H. TRICOLOR, Martens. PI. 16, figs. 90-92. Perspectively umbilicated, obliquely striated, slightly shining, corneous green above, with a rather broad chestnut band above the carina, carina itself white, base brownish ; whorls 5J, the last descending below the carina. Diam. 17'5 mill. Ins. Burn, Moluccas. H. LARDEA, Martens. PL 16, figs. 93-95. Moderately umbilicated, striulate, slightly shining, light corneous yellow ; whorls 5, scarcely convex, the last not descending, acutely carinated ; peristome white-lipped within. Diam. 14 mill. Ins. Ceram, Moluccas. Is H. Zollingeri, Mousson, not Pfr. H. GORONTALENSIS, Martens. PL 16, figs. 96-98. Somewhat widely umbilicated, striulate, shining, thin, brownish ; whorls 5, scarcely convex, the last not deflected, acutely carinated, base convex. Diam. 16 mill. Celebes. H. TIMORENSIS, Martens. PL 16, figs. 99-1. Perspectively umbilicated, distinctly arcuately striated, a little shining, fulvous corneous ; whorls 6, the last very slightly descend ing in front. Diam. 16'5 mill. Ins. Timor, Penang. H. HARTMANNI, Pfr. PL 16, fig. 2. Widely umbilicated, distinctly arcuately striated, fuscous, suture linear ; whorls 6, planulate, last not descending, periphery acutely carinated, base somewhat convex. Diam. 26 mill. Ins. Morotai, near Halmaliera 84 HELIX. H. BILLEANA, Morch (imfigured). Nicobar Is. H. SULCIPES, Morch (unfigured). " " H. SANIS, Benson. PI. 16, figs. 3, 4. Moderately umbilicated, obliquely subarcuately striulate, sub- granose, corneous, suture very slightly impressed, margined ; whorls 5£, subplanulate, the periphery with a compressed carina, a little more convex below. Diam. 11 mill. Port Blair, Andaman I. H. C ASTRA, Benson. PL 16, figs. 5-7. Moderately umbilicated, thin, obliquely sharply striulate, corn- eous, suture margined ; whorls 5 J, planulate, the last very acutely carinated, somewhat plane below. Diam. 12 mill. DarjiKng, Sikkim Himalayas. H. PERCOMPRESSA, Blanford. PL 16, figs. 8-10. Openly umbilicated, thin, corneous, shining, obliquely arcuately striate, suture margined ; whorls 5, convex, periphery very acutely carinated, base a little tumid around the umbilicus. Diam. 12 mill. Bhamo, Ava. H. BENIGNA, Pfr. PL 16, figs. 11, 12. Widely umbilicated, rugosely striated, decussated by very close minute spiral striae, pellucid, light cinnamon color, suture margined ; whorls 6, scarcely convex, slowly enlarging, periphery acutely carinated, above the carina slightly channeled, base more convex. Diam. 32'5 mill. Lao Mts., Cambodia. H. SAIGONENSIS, Crosse. PL 17, figs. 13, 14. Widely umbilicated, thin, scarcely obliquely striulate^ a little shining, corneous, suture margined ; whorls 6, scarcely convex, the last not descending, with acute carina, base shining, more convex. Diam. 11 mill. Saigon and Poulo- Condor L, Cochin China. H. SHERMANI, Pfr. PL 17, fig. 15. Bather widely umbilicated, somewhat solid, obliquely striated and slightly granular, reddish brown, suture margined ; whorls 7, slowly enlarging, somewhat flattened, the last not descending, acutely carinated, base more convex. Diam. 18 mill. Ins, Formosa. H. CONOMPHALA, Pfr. PL 17, fig. 16. Moderately umbilicated, thin, scarcely striulate, light fulvous with a brown band above and below, suture linear; whorls 4, HELIX. 85 rapidly enlarging, the last not descending, carina very acute, base scarcely more convex. Diam. 26 mill. Philippines. H. METCALFEI, Pfr. PI. 17, figs. 17-23. Widely umbilicated, striulate, light or reddish corneous, often with a chestnut band next the acute white carina; whorls 6, scarcely convex, a little more so beneath the carina. Diam. 21 mill. Philippines. H. solarioides, Reeve, is a synonym. Var. ft minor (figs. 20, 21). Yellowish, with a narrow dark chestnut band next the carina. Diam. 17 mill. H. Boholensis (unfigured) is probably a synonym. Var. Y unicolor, Semper (figs. 22, 23). Brownish corneous, with- out band. Diam. 15 mill. H. EXCLUSA, Fer. PI. 17, fig. 24. Narrowly umbilicated, striated, marbled, with two or three red bands ; whorls 5, the last excavated round the umbilicus. Diam. 20 mill. New Guinea, Vanikoro. H. Vahine, Jacq., is a probable synonym. H. ACUTIMARGO, Pfr. PL 17, figs. 25-27. Moderately umbilicated, thin, pellucid, obsoletely concentrically striated above, light corneous; whorls 6, slowly enlarging, base convex. Diam. 16 mill. Isle of Negros, Philippines. H. RADTJLA, Pfr. PI. 17, figs. 28-30. Moderately umbilicated, a little solid, with close incremental striae, and rough, acute, prominent concentric lines ; whorls 6, a little convex, slowly increasing, base inflated, closely radiately costulate-striate. Diam. 21 mill. Ins. Luzon, Philippines. H. STRIGILIS, Pfr. PI. 17, figs. 31, 32. Moderately cylindrically umbilicated, thin, pellucid, light corneous, closely costulate-striated above, reticulated by concentric elevated lines, base more convex, smooth, shining ; whorls 6, nar- row, scarcely convex above. Diam. 12 mill. Ins. Negros, Philippines. 86 HELIX. H. ALBOCINCTA, Pfr. PI. 17, fig. 36. Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, regularly closely striate above, waxy, fulvous-corneous; whorls 5$, convex, peripheral carina white, base smoothish, with slight concentric lines. Diam. 11 mill. Ins. Negros, Philippines. Is H. planorbis. var. of Reeve. H. BECKIANA, Pfr. PL 17, figs. 33-35. Rather widely umbilicated, thin, obliquely striate, brownish, scarcely shining, suture linear ; whorls 6, somewhat flattened, the last deflected, periphery angulated, the angle becoming obsolete at the aperture, base flattened. Diam. 22 mill. Ins. Luzon, Philippines. Var. KIERULFII, Morch. Fig. 35. Shell more solid, spire higher, whorls narrower, carina obtuse, umbilicus much smaller, last whorl with slight close longitudinal striae, peristome thicker. Diam. 18 mill. Ins, Marinduque, Philippines. H. CURVILABRUM, Ads. and Reeve. PL 17, fig. 37. Moderately umbilicated, solid, striate, chestnut color, with a yel- low band above the carina ; whorls 5, somewhat flattened, the last not descending, periphery acutely carinated, base scarcely more convex ; aperture livid, peristome slightly callous. Diam. 13'5 mill. Philippines: Unfigured Species. H. INFANDA, Semper. Ins. Luzon, Philippines. H. SPLENDENS, Semper. Ins. Zebu, Philippines. H. ELECTRA, Semper. Ins. Palau, Peleliu, etc. H. LIZARDENSIS, Pfr. PL 17, figs. 38, 39. Moderately umbilicated, solid, closely costulate-striate, with a thread-like lira next the carina, wax color, suture carinately exserted ; whorls somewhat flattened, very slowly increasing, the base a little convex, rudely striated. Diam. 7 '5 mill. Lizard IsL, Australia. H. MORETONENSIS, Pfr. PL 17, fig. 40. Perforate, thin, arcuately plicate above, shining, brownish, smoothish and whitish below, suture simple, impressed ; whorls 5J, HELIX. 87 slightly convex, slowly increasing, the last not descending, peri- phery rather acutely carinated, base convex ; aperture pearly within. Diam. 19 mill. Moreton Bay, Australia. H. HAMILTONI! Cox. PL 16, figs. 69, 70. Moderately umbiliuated, thin, closely subarcuately costulate, the interstices very narrrowly thread-striate, decussated by slight, very minute spiral lines, appearing a little granular, not shining, light brownish corneous, suture impressed ; whorls 5, rapidly increasing, plano-convex, the last subinflated, the last rounded, not descending. Diam. 13 mill. Tasmania. Evidently not a member of this group — where it is placed by Pfeiffer. H. BISULCATA, Pfr. PL 17, figs. 41, 42. Widely umbilicated, somewhat solid, spirally and very minutely obliquely striated, shining, yellowish chestnut, suture impressed ; whorls 6?, a little convex, the last much wider, periphery obsoletely angulated, not descending in front, base plane, a little impressed and sulcate in the middle, subcompressed around the umbilicus. Diam. 29 mill. Hob. unknown. Described as Tasmanian, but Mr. Petterd writes that it is un- known there (Jour, of Conch., ii, 95), unless it be possibly a mons- trosity of H. Launcestonensis, Keeve. Pfeiffer adds to his description the observation that the specimen has a series of callous nodes within the aperture, corresponding with the basal sulcus. Unfigured Species. H. BELLENGERENSIS, Cox. Bellenger River, Australia. H. BELLENGENENSTS, Brazier. Bellengen River, " The names are slightly diverse, but evidently refer to the same locality ; the descriptions and dimensions differ. H. HOOKERIANA, Johnston. Tasmania. H. TRUCANINI and H. JUNGERMANNI^E, Petterd. Tasmania. H. NEGLECTA, Brazier. Tasmania. H. SERRATA, H. Adams. PL 17, figs. 43, 44. Widely, profoundly umbilicated, thin, subpellucid, slightly shining, with elevated lirae, light yellowish, suture serrated ; Avhorls 88 HELIX. 6, a little convex, the last with serrated carina, base rounded about the umbilicus. Diam. 6'5 mill. Silhouette Isl., Seychelles. H. APIA, Jacquinot. PL 17, figs. 45, 46. Moderately umbilicated, somewhat solid, lightly striate, light fulvous, with or without two chestnut bands, suture narrowly mar- gined ; whorls 5 J, scarcely convex, the last not descending, acutely carinated, base slightly convex, impressly lineated towards the carina. Diam. 17 mill. New Hebrides. H. EUDORA, Angas. PI. 17, figs. 47, 48. Rather widely, deeply umbilicated, somewhat solid, irregularly, obliquely, closely and sharply striate, light chestnut colored ; whorls 6J, a little convex, the last with carinated periphery, not descend- ing, base convex ; aperture violaceous, peristome white. Diam. 23 mill. New Georgia. H. SEMICONVEXA, Pfr. PI. 17, fig. 49. Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, minutely striated, waxy shining, chestnut colored, suture impressed, distinctly margined ; whorls 4|, a little convex, the last not descending, periphery with compressed carina, base inflated ; aperture bluish. Diarn. 14 mill. Solomon's Is, H. MATURA, Pfeiffer. PI. 17, fig. 50. Rather widely umbilicated, thinnish, striulate, dark chestnut colored, suture carinated ; whorls 5i, hardly convex, the last slightly deflected in front, peripheral carina acute, base a little convex, obsoletely angulated around the umbilicus; lip white, widely thickened within the base, almost dentate. Diam. 20 mill. Solomon's Is. H. RHODA, Angas. PL 17, figs. 51, 52. Moderately, deeply umbilicated, rather solid, finely, obliquely, irregularly striated, fulvous brown, with pale, diaphanous, oblique stripe-like spots, a suffused brown band below the suture, a darker, narrower one above it, and a narrow dark band on either side of the keeled periphery ; whorls 6, suture narrowly margined, last whorl not descending ; lip white, slightly expanded and subreflexed, basal portion a little thickened. Diam. 20 mill. San Christoval, Solomon's Is. HELIX. 89 H. DEIOPEIA, Angas. PI. 17, figs. 53, 54. Profoundly umbilicated, rather thin, lightly, irregularly, ob- liquely striated, suture narrowly margined ; whorls 6, slightly convex, the upper ones brownish, the last blackish, with oblique light, diaphanous strigations, not descending, carinate, base sub- planate ; lip light corneous, margins approaching, the basal margin a little thickened, sinuous and subreflected. Diam. 8 mill. Solomon's Is. H. MERZIANA, Pfr. PL 18, fig. 55. Rather widely umbilicated, somewhat thin, slightly rugulosely striated above, brownish, strigated and marbled with yellowish, suture impressed, margined ; whorls 5£, a little convex, the last acutely carinated, not descending in front, base flattened, minutely radiately striate, yellowish, with a chestnut band at the carina ; aperture iridescent. Diam. 23 mill. San Christoval, Solomon's Is. H. SANCT^^ANN^:, Smith. PI. 18, figs. 56-58. Narrowly, deeply umbilicated, acutely keeled, light yellowish brown, sometimes with a few pale radiating streaks on the upper surface, with oblique growth-lines ; whorls 5, rather slowly increas- ing, slightly convex, depressed and margined above the suture, last whorl not descending, compressed at the keel ; aperture flesh- tinted, basal margin a little thickened, periphery with a thin callus. Diam. 17 mill. Santa Anna, Solomon's Islands. H. XIPHIAS, Pfr. PL 18, figs. 59-61. Rather widely umbilicated, somewhat thin, obliquely striated, whitish corneous, with four narrow chestnut bands, carina white, suture carinated ; whorls 5, slightly convex, slowly enlarging, the last not descending, acutely carinated ; base of aperture nodulously callous. Diam. 18 mill. Admiralty Islands. Var. ft. A little smaller, brownish, bands obsolete. Unfigured Species. H. PAPUA, Lesson. New Guinea. H. GASSIESI, Pfr. New Hebrides. H. ZENOBIA, Pfr. New Georgia. 90 HELIX. H. HOWINSUL^E, Cox. Lord Howe's Isl. H. CRUSTULUM, Cox. Solomon's Is. H. CROUANII, Le Guillou. Solomon's Is. H. HENSCHEI, Pfr. Solomon's Is. H. NAVIGATORUM, Pfr. PL 18, fig. 62. Moderately umbilicated, rather solid, obliquely striated, reddish grey, under a shining purplish brown epidermis, suture margined ; whorls 5, a little convex, gradually enlarging, the last not descend- ing, with compressed peripheral carina, base more convex. Diam. 18'5 mill. Navigator's Is. H. LUTEOCORNEA, Pfr. PL 18, fig. 63. Somewhat narrowly umbilicated, solid, thread-striate, waxy, yellowish corneous, suture impressed ; whorls 5, convex, slowly increasing, the last not descending in front, periphery angulated, base subconvex ; aperture whitish. Diam. 18 mill. Navigator's Is. H. APPROXIMATA, Guillou. PL 18, figs. 64-67. Umbilicated, rather solid, striulate, very obscurely granular, not shining, brownish, variegated with ashy yellow, suture linear; whorls 6-7, flattened, the last not descending, acutely carinated, carina separated from the scarcely convex base by an impressed line; base of peristome callously thickened. Diam. 14'5 mill. Caroline Is. Eichler (Sitzb. Berlin, 144, 1880) has recently called attention to discrepancies between Guillou's description of this species and the shell identified with it by Reeve, Pfeiffer, Kuster, etc. Var. MARMOROSA, Hombr. et Jacq. Figs. 66, 67. Smaller, lighter colored, similarly variegated, carina less acute, occasionally margined by chestnut bands. Diam. 14 mill. H. EURYDICE, Gould. PL 18, figs. 68-70. Widely, deeply umbilicated, thin, light greenish with chestnut colored revolving lines above and below ; whorls 5-6, scarcely con- vex, the last very acutely carinated, base planulate. Diam. 16 mill. Tonga Tabou, Vavao. HELIX. 91 H. TUMULUS, Gould. PL 18, figs. 71-73. Moderately umbilicated, solid, roughly subobliquely striated,, yellowish ; whorls 6-7, a little convex, with angulated periphery,, compressed towards the aperture. Diam. 10 mill. Viti Is. H. ABROCHROA, Crosse. PI. 18, figs. 74, 75. Very widely umbilicated, thin, diaphanous, a little shining, smoothish, scarcely obliquely striulate, yellowish corneous, suture margined ; whorls 5, moderately increasing, the last not descending, very acutely carinated, base somewhat convex, angulated around the umbilicus. Diam. 10 mill. Ins. Viti-Levu. Var. PSEUDOPLANORBIS, Mousson. Spire higher, base more flattened and umbilicus narrower. H. CRESSIDA, Gould. PL 18, figs. 76-78. Widely, deeply umbilicated, solid, closely, sharply striated,, shining, with coalescing fasciations of chestnut and yellowish green ; whorls 5, scarcely convex, the last acutely carinated, base sub- planulate. Diam. 17'5 mill. Ins. Samoa, Tahiti, Raiatea. H. PALLENS, Pease. PL 18, fig. 79. Umbilicus narrow, shell rather solid, obliquely roughly striated, scarcely shining, yellowish white, with two submedian reddish chestnut bands, the lower one wider, suture with narrow margin ; whorls 6, slightly convex, slowly increasing, the last not deflected in front, the acute keel whitish. Diam. 16 mill. Tahiti and Moorea, Society Islands. Pease described it as a variety of H. trochiformis, Fer. Garrett considers it distinct (Jour. Philad. Acad., ix, 25). Varieties have wide median bands, or pale honey yellow with narrow, often mar- ginal bands, or uniform whitish or yellowish-white, or dark chestnut color, with white keel and suture. H. SWAINSONI. Pfr. 'PI. 18, fig. 80. Moderately umbilicated, thin, pellucid, subarcuately rugosely striated, greenish fulvous, with two chestnut lines ; whorls 5,. depressed, the last acutely carinated. Diam. 16 mill. Tahiti; Peleliu. H. exclusa, H. scuta and H. lenta, Pease, are synonyms, the two latter are MSS. names. 92 HELIX. H. ASSIMILIS, Garrett. PL 18, fig. 84. Moderately umbilicated, rather solid, subpellucid, finely ob- liquely striate, greenish horn color with two narrow chestnut bands, .suture with a narrow pale margin; whorls 52— 6, upper ones con- vex, lower ones subplanulate, narrow, slowly increasing, last one with compressed, rugose peripheral carina. Diam. 15 mill. Huahine, Society Islands. Smaller with more flattened whorls and more excavated umbilical region than H. pallens ; the bands always narrow, and differing in color. The obliquely arched columella will separate it from H. troehiformis. H. LATIMARGINATA, Smith. PI. 18, figs. 81-83. Deeply, narrowly umbilicated, dull pale brownish ; whorls 5, .slowly increasing, the last broadly marginate above the suture, with •oblique growth-lines, periphery sharply carinated. Diam. 15 mill. Viti Islands. H. TAVINNIENSIS, Garrett. PL 18, fig. 85. Rather widely perspectively umbilicated, somewhat thin, sub- pellucid, a little shining, obliquely striated ; brownish yellow, with narrow chestnut bands above and below, suture white-margined, •carina white ; whorls 5, the last not descending, acutely carinated. Diam. 17 mill. Tavinni IsL, Viti Group. H. TROILUS, Gould. PL 18, figs. 89, 90. Rather widely umbilicated, solid, closely rugosely striated, shining, chestnut-fulvous or yellowish, bifasciate with chestnut, suture mar- gined; whorls 5?, convex, moderately increasing, the last not descending, base slightly convex, with slight spiral lines ; aperture pearly within. Ins. Samoa. H. LUDERSI, Pfr. Rather narrowly umbilicated, somewhat thin, obliquely striulate, corneous white, with narrow, equal, chestnut bands, suture white- margined ; whorls 5 J, scarcely convex, slowly increasing, the last not descending, periphery with an acute white carina, base slightly convex, shining. Diam. 19 mill. Ins. Ovalan, Viti Group. HELIX. far. CORALLINA, Mousson. Shell smaller, thinnish, carina more acute, light colored without or with one or two bands. Diam. 13 mill. Neither type nor variety have been figured. H. RUDIUSCULA, Pfr. PL 18, fig. 86. Widely, perspectively umbilicated, thin, irregularly rudely rugose- striate, corneous brown ; whorls 5, subplanulate, regularly increas- ing, the last not descending in front, periphery carinated. Diam. 9 mill. Habitat unknown* H. HIDALGOIANA, Crosse. PL 18, figs. 87, 88. Widely umbilicated, rather thin, subtranslucid, with rude, close impressed, oblique striae, light cinnamon-chestnut color, suture margined ; whorls 6, scarcely convex, slowly increasing, the last acutely carinated, base more convex, shining, obsoletely striate ;. aperture livid, subpearly. Diam. 25 mill. Hob. Oceania (loc. unknown). Unfigured Species. H. ALATA, Pfr. Sandwich Islands. H. DEPRESSIFORMIS, Pease. Tahiti. H. PROSTRATA, Pease. Is. of Central Pacific. H. PLANISSIMA, Pfr. Hob. unknown. H. GUILLOUI, Pfr. (H. Valenciennesii, Guill. not Eyd.). Hob. unknown. Subsection THYSANOTA, Albers, 1860. H. GUERINI, Pfr. PL 18, figs. 95, 96. Very narrowly umbilicated, trochiform, epidermis rugose, brownish ; whorls 7£, scarcely convex, periphery carinated, closely ciliated, base slightly convex. Diam. 16 mill. Nilgherri Mts., India. H. HYBA, Benson. PL 18, figs. 91, 92. Deeply, somewhat openly umbilicated, subtrochiform, closely, roughly, obliquely plicate above, decussated by very fine spiral strise, smoother and somewhat shining and very minutely granulated below, epidermis brownish corneous, suture lightly impressed, mar- gined ; whorls 6, slowly increasing, scarcely convex, the last r not descending, peripheral carina margined. Diam. 14 mill. Sub-Himalayan Hills, India. 94 HELIX. H. Tandianensis, Theobald, has been considered a synonym, but Theobald says that the animal has a mucous pore with overhanging spur, which would make it a Zonites. It has not been figured (Jour. As. Soc. Beng., 46, 1881). H. CRINIGERA, Benson. PL 18, figs. 93, 94. Very narrowly umbilicated, somewhat thin, closely membranously postulate, corneous, suture margined, with a subexserted ciliate carina; whorls 6?, scarcely convex, slowly increasing, with one (rarely several) spiral lirse near the suture, last whorl not descend- ing, periphery ciliately carinated, base a little more convex. Diam. 12'5 mill. Nilgherri Mts., India. H. TABIDA, Pfr. PI. 19, figs. 97, 98. Very narrowly umbilicated, turbinate, somewhat solid, closely rugosely striated, epidermis deciduous, brownish ; whorls 8, very slowly increasing, scarcely convex, the last not descending, periphery subangulated, convex above, flattened below. Diam. 17'5 mill. Nilgherri Mts., India. Like H. Guerini and H. crinigera but larger and not carinated. H. MACROPLEURIS, Benson. PI. 19, fig. 99. Narrowly umbilicated, minutely, obliquely, arcuately striated, with remote, elevated curved ribs . above, decorticated, whitish, a little shining, apex papillary, suture carinate-margined ; whorls 8, a little convex, the last not descending, with a thread-like peripheral carina, base flattened, a little more convex towards the aperture, and angulate around the umbilicus. Diam. 5 mill. Near Darjiling, India. H. MERA, Reeve. PI. 19, fig. 100. Scarcely umbilicated, depressed orbicular, corneous, subdia- phanous, arcuately, rugosely striated, epidermis very thin, oliva- ceous ; whorls 5, periphery acutely carinated, convexly tumid below. Diam. 27 mill. Hob. unknown. H. ALPHA, Pfr. PL 19, fig. 1. Moderately umbilicated, obliquely striulate and distantly lamel- lately costate, variegated with yellowish and brownish strigations ; whorls 5i, scarcely convex, the last not descending, acutely den- HELIX. 95 tately ciliately carinate, base flattened, subangulated around the umbilicus. Diam. 4'3 mill. New Zealand. H. stipulata, Reeve, is a synonym. H. BETA; Pfr. PL 19, fig. 2. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, arcuately plicate, fulvous, with wide chestnut maculations, suture margined; whorls 7, the last sub- receding, not descending, carina ciliated. Diam. 3'3 mill. New Zealand. H. barbatula, Reeve, is a synonym. Notwithstanding differences of size and proportions/number of whorls, etc., Hutton unites this species to the foregoing : they con- stitute his genus THERA. H. CORYS, Benson (unfigured). Darjiling, India. Subsection PARARHYTIDA, Ancey. H. DICTYODES, Pfr. PL 19, fig. 3. Narrowly umbilicated, obliquely plicately striate, rather thin, diaphanous, light corneous, reticulated finely with brown, with chestnut maculations at the suture and carina ; whorls 7, scarcely convex, the last not descending, periphery acutely carinate, not hairy. Diam. 27 mill. New Caledonia. Var. MAJOR. Whorls 7i, diam. 35*5 mill. H. MOUENSIS, Crosse. PL 19, figs. 4-6. Umbilicated, obliquely striulate, subdiaphanous, brownish corn- eous, closely reticulated with chestnut, with numerous, wide, dark chestnut maculations at the suture, suture submargined, carina articulated with corneous and chestnut, base reticulated with chest- nut maculations confluent into oblique radiating zones around the umbilicus ; whorls 6, flattened, the last not descending in front, carina acute; aperture livid white, shining. Diam. 17 mill. New Caledonia. Said to differ from the preceding species by its more lenticular form, less elevated spire, flatness and coloring. It will probably prove identical, or at most a variety. Subsection POECILOZONITES, Sandberger, 1884. H. BERMUDENSIS, Pfr. PL 19, figs. 7-10. Narrowly umbilicated, conoidally lenticular, rather thin, rugu- losely striate, periphery carinated ; light yellowish brown, marbled 96 HELIX. more or less obsoletely with fulvous, with usually a chestnut band extending narrowly above and broadly below the periphery (some- times absent) ; whorls 7, scarcely convex ; aperture subtrapezoidal, lip simply thickened within, columella short, vertical, forming an angle with the basal margin. Diam. 2'3 mill. Bermuda. Section MICROPHYSA, Albers, 1860. H. PORTORICENSIS, Pfr. PL 19, figs. 11, 12. Perforate, thin, diaphanous, corneous, closely striated ; whorls 5, a little convex, suture deep, last whorl marked by several spiral striae. Diam. 10 mill. Porto Rico, W. I. H. DESIDERATA, Pfr. PI. 19, fig. 13. Perforate, thin, striulate, whitish (when living corneous or hyaline ?), suture deep ; whorls 6, convex, subequal, the last should- ered, much higher than wide, not descending in front, base convex. Diam. 4'3 mill. Haiti. H. TURBINIFORMIS, Pfr. PI. 19, fig. 14. Perforate, obliquely striulate, corneous white ; whorls 5, convex, a little exserted. Diam. 7 mill. Cuba, Jamaica. H. subpyramidalis, Ads., is a synonym ; H. McNabiana, Chitty, probably another. H. ANTHONIANA, Adams. PI. 19, fig. 15. Perforate, somewhat solid, striulate, shining, whitish under a deciduous fulvescent epidermis; whorls 6, convex, the last not descending, base subplanulate. Diam. 10 mill. Jamaica. H. VIRESCENS, Pfr. PI. 22, figs. 51-53. Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, slightly striulate, light greenish yellow, suture impressed ; whorls 6, a little convex, the last not descending, base somewhat flattened. Diam. 13*5 mill. Haiti.. H. TRANSLUCENS, Gundl. PI. 22, figs. 54-56. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, striulate, translucent, yellowish white; whorls 6J, slightly convex, slowly increasing, the last not descending, base inflated. Diam. 7 mill. Eastern Cuba. HELIX. 97 H. BOOTHIANA, Pfr. PL 19, fig. 16. Narrowly umbilicated, hyaline, very minutely striated ; whorls 5, convex. Diam. 5*67 mill. Cuba. H. Lavalleana, d'Orb. (figures, but not description), is a synonym. Var. VITRINA, Adams. Larger. Diam. 8 mill. Jamaica. H. MUSICOLA, Shuttleworth. PI. 8, fig. 66. Narrowly, subcovered umbilicated, very thinly, obliquely, sharply costulate, the interstices striulate, chestnut corneous, epidermis deciduous ; whorls 4$, convex, the last rounded. Diarn. 9 mill. Porto Rico. A larger variety has a narrow white peripheral band. Diam. 11 mill. H. EUCLASTA, Shuttleworth. -PI. 8, fig. 65. Very narrowly umbilicated, thin, waxy, with close, hair-like striae, brownish corneous, suture impressed ; whorls 4, scarcely convex, moderately increasing, the last not descending, periphery obsoletely angulated, subexcavated around the umbilicus. Diam. 12'5 mill. St. Thomas, Cuba. If. Swifti, Pfr., is a synonym. A variety, with the spire a little more elevated, occurs in Porto- Kico. H. MONTETAURINA, Pfr. PL 19, figs. 17-19. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, striulate, pellucid, whitish hyaline,, suture subchanneled ; whorls 6i, very narrow, convex, the last not descending, base more convex. Diam. 4*67 mill. Cuba. H. ELATIOR, Weinland and Martens. PL 19, figs. 20-22. Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat roughly striulate, corneous hyaline; whorls 5£, convex, slowly increasing, the last a little turgid, not descending. Diam. 5 mill. Haiti. H. ANGUSTISPIRA. Adams. PL 19, fig. 23. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, smoothish, diaphanous, corneous white; whorls 5£, convex, very narrow, the last not descending in front, compressed on the sides. Diam. 3'67 mill. Jamaica. 1 98 HELIX. H. FUSCULA, Adams. PI. 19, fig. 24. Narrowly umbilicated, striulate, scarcely shining, fuscous ; whorls 4, convex, the last somewhat narrow, not descending. Diam. 3 mill. Jamaica. H. VORTEX, Pfr. PI. 19, figs. 25-28. Narrowly umbilicated, hyaline, obsolete ly striated ; whorls 5J, a little convex, narrow, the last subangulate, sometimes a little deviating. Diam. 6 mill. Cuba, St. Croix, Jamaica, Porto Rico, Bermuda, Barbados, Florida. Gould described it from the last locality as H. selenina; it is also H. otellina, Kiise, MSS., and H. bracteola, Per. (fig. 28), from Martinique, may probably be added, as indicated by Bland. H. ALVEUS, Adams. PI. 19, fig. 29. Rather narrowly umbilicated, with very slight, unequal, incre- mental striae, translucent, whitish, suture deep ; last whorl narrow, periphery obsoletely angulated. Diam. 7*5 mill. Jamaica. H. PERAFFINIS, Adams. PI. 19, fig. 30. Umbilicated, striulate, hyaline; whorls 6, convex, the last rounded, base flatter. Diam. 8 mill. Jamaica. Adams considered it intermediate between H. Boothiana and H. •vortex. TL SUBAQUILA, Shuttl. PI. 19, fig. 31. Narrowly umbilicated, very slightly striulate, light corneous or whitish, a little shining; whorls 4£, gradually increasing, convex, .the last rounded-inflated, suture deep. Diam. 5'5 mill. Porto Rico, Vieque, St. Thomas. With fewer whorls than H. peraffinis, and wider umbilicus than JET. Boothiana, the spire more depressed than in either. H. SPRETA, Adams. PL 19, fig. 32. Umbilicus rather narrow, light corneous, translucent, smooth ; whorls 5, convex, shouldered, suture rather deep, last whorl rounded. Diam. 6.25 mill. Jamaica. Var. ERBANS, Adams. Whorls less shouldered, umbilical region somewhat thickened, opaque. HELIX. 99 This species has a spire somewhat depressed as in H. peraffinis, with the convex base of H. Boothiana, the umbilicus wider than the latter and the aperture not so high — but narrower than in peraffinis. The shell figured is not fully grown. H. INCONSPICUA, Adams. PI. 19, fig. 33. Moderately umbilicated, striulate, thin, subhyaline, suture deep ; whorls 4£, a little convex, the last not descending, base inflated, subcompressed towards the umbilicus. Diam. 4'3 mill. Jamaica. H. BREVIOR, Adams. PI. 19, fig. 34. Moderately umbilicated, diaphanous, whitish; whorls 4s-5, scarcely convex, the last not descending. Diam. 5'5 mill. Jamaica. If. depressa, Adams, is a synonym. H. SINCERA, Adams. PI. 19, fig. 35. Moderately umbilicated, thin, striulate, waxy, white ; whorls 4?, somewhat convex, the last narrow. Diam. 4 mill. Jamaica. H. UMBRATILIS, Guppy. PI. 19, fig. 36. Deeply umbilicated, distinctly, regularly striated, diaphanous, corneous or whitish ; whorls 5 2-6, slowly increasing. Diam. 1*5 mill. Trinidad, W. I. H. IMMUNDA, Adams. PI. 19, figs. 37, 38. Moderately umbilicated, thin, irregularly costulate-striate, scarcely shining, diaphanous, light corneous or greenish, suture deep ; whorls 5i, convex, tumid at the suture, the last scarcely des- cending, periphery obsoletely angulated. Diam. 12 '5 mill. Jamaica. H. RUFULA, Pfr. - PL 19, fig. 39. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, closely costulate, diaphanous, a little shining, brownish, suture impressed ; whorls 4£, a little convex, the last not descending, base a little flattened. Diam. 10*5 mill. Jamaica. H. DIMINUTA, Adams. PI. 19, figs. 40, 41. Widely umbilicated, thin, rather closely plicately ribbed, dia- phanous, greenish- or corneous-white, suture deep ; whorls 4, con- vex, subequal, the last not descending, base somewhat flattened. Diam. 3 mill. Jamaica, Grenada. 100 HELIX. H. PERDEPRESSA, Adams. PI. 19, fig. 42. Widely umbilicated, striulate, diaphanous, corneous-white, spire flat, apex immersed, suture deep ; whorls 4£, convex, slowly increas- ing, the last descending in front, periphery subangulated, base inflated. Diam. 5 mill. Jamaica. H. CYCLOSTOMOIDES, Pfr. PI. 19, figs. 43, 44. Widely umbilicated, scarcely convex above, concave below, smooth, hyaline ; whorls 4, slightly convex, rapidly increasing, the last depressed, with obsoletely angulated periphery ; aperture sub- circular. Diam. 4 mill. Cuba. H. PTYCHODES, Pfr. PI. 19, fig. 45. Moderately umbilicated, much depressed, discoidal, very thin, arcuately plicate, hyaline under a thin, deciduous, fuscous epider- mis; whorls 4s-5, the base scarcely more convex. Diam. 10'3 mill. Jamaica. H. TICHOSTOMA, Pfr. PL 19, fig. 46. AVidely umbilicated, hyaline, shining, thinly striated ; whorls 5y somewhat flattened above, narrow, the last much wider ; aperture with the penultimate whorl partly halved by a horizontal lamina. Diam. 6 mill. Cuba. H. lamellina, Newcomb, MSS., is a synonym. H. STIGMATICA, Pfr. PI. 22, figs. 24-26. Umbilicated, thin, yellowish corneous, diaphanous, very min- utely hispid-granulate; spire flat; whorls 4J, convex, the last a little descending, rounded ; lip very slightly expanded. Diam. 17 mill. Cuba. H. VELUTINA, Lam. PI. 22, figs. 30-32. Perforate, thin, very minutely subreticulately striate, the epider- mis sublamellate, waxy, shining, velvety but not pilose, suture deep ; whorls 5, convex, slowly increasing, the last not descending, with subplanulate base. Diam. 13 mill. Porto Rico. H. SUAVIS, Gundlach. PL 22, figs. 33-35. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, minutely granulate and very shortly pilose, light brownish, spire immersed in the middle; whorls HELIX. 101 scarcely 5, convex, the last rounded, deflected in front ; aperture auriform-lunar, margins converging, a little expanded. Diam. 15-16 mill. Cuba. H. RARIPILA, Morelet. PL 22, figs. 27-29. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, subdiaphanous, corneous, with short, soft hairs ; whorls 4£, a little convex, the last rounded, not descend- ing, very slightly constricted at the aperture ; aperture scarcely oblique, the margins approaching, columella subangularly descend- ing. Diam. 7-8 mill. Cuba. It is H. stigmatica, var. of Poey. H. DEBITS, Pfr. PL 22, figs. 36-38. Umbilicated, very thin, light corneous, with close thread-like oblique striae ; whorls 4, a little convex ; aperture large, subcircular, lip thin, acute. Diam. 9'6 mill. Cuba, Porto Rico. H. SIGMOIDES, Morelet. PL 22, figs. 57-59. Narrowly perforate, whitish corneous, thin, shortly pilose, spire involute, aperture immersed, suture deep ; whorls 4, convex, the last rapidly enlarging, tumid, a little flattened laterally. Guatemala. If. vitrinoides, Tristram, an unfigured species; is referred here by Pfeiifer. Unfigured Species. H. GRACILIS, Poey. Cuba. H. PELLUCIDA, Ads. (— H. IN v AS A, Pfr.). Jamaica. H. HILUM, Weinl. and Mart. Haiti. H. HYPOLEPTA, Shuttlew. St. Thomas, W. I. H. ALICEA, Guppy. Trinidad. H. GYROPLATYS, Dohrn. Antioquia, N. Granada. H. INGERSOLLII, Bland. PL 20, figs. 47, 48. Moderately umbilicated, thin, translucent, rather smooth, white, spire plane, apex subimmersed, suture impressed; whorls 5£, slightly convex, slowly increasing, the last not descending, more convex on the base. Diam. 4 mill. Southwestern Colorado, U. S. 102 HELIX. H. LANSINGI, Bland. PI. 20, figs. 49, 50. Imperforate, smooth above, substriate below, brownish corneous, suture impressed ; whorls 5i, a little convex, the last not descend- ing, periphery obsoletely angulated, base more convex, excavated around the umbilicus; outer lip of aperture thickened, with an obsoletely denticular lamella. Diam. 3 mill. Astoria, Oregon. This with the following species forms the group ANCEYIA, Pilsbry (Pristina, Ancey, preoccupied in Vermes). It is character- ized by aculeate marginal teeth and ribbed jaw with a hyaline, Conulus-like, imperforate shell. H. STEARNSII, Bland. PI. 20, figs. 51, 52. Like H. Lansingi but larger, more elevated, and more distinctly striated ; aperture without lamella. Diam. 4 mill. Astoria, Oregon, Washington Terr., Alaska. H. EPSILON, Pfr. PI, 20, fig. 53. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, obliquely, closely plicate above, smoothish below, light corneous ; whorls 3 J, a little convex, the last not descending. Diam. T75 mill. New Zealand. H. caput-spinulce, Reeve, is a synonym. H. CAUSIA, Benson. PI. 15, figs. 67, 68. Perforate, somewhat solid, obliquely striulate, with very minute, close spiral slight lines, a little shining, yellowish corneous, paler below, suture impressed, submargined ; whorls 5, somewhat convex, periphery rounded. Diam. 7 mill. PJiie Than, Tenasserim. H. BERTHOLDIANA, Pfr. PL 4, figs. 67, 68. Narrowly umbilicated, conoidally lenticular, thin, closely radi- ately striate, scabrous (juvenile hairy), diaphanous, corneous brown . whorls 5, scarcely convex, regularly increasing, the last with angu- lated periphery, a little convex below. Diam. 8'5 mill. Is. S. Antao and S. Vicente, Cape Verd Archip. H, CAMPBELLICA, Filhol (unfigured). New Zealand. H. PUMILA, Hutton (unfigured). New Zealand. Subsection PELIA, Albers, 1860. H. SPIRULATA, Pfr. PI. 20, fig. 56. Imperforate, very slightly striate, with concentric elevated lines, thin, fulvous; whorls 5, slowly increasing, periphery compressly HELIX. 103 carinated, base scarcely convex, impressed in the middle. Real Llejos, Central America. Section PELL A, Albers, 1860. H. TROTTERIANA, Benson. PL 20, fig. 57. Imperforate, very thin, translucent, obsoletely plicatulate, greenish corneous, apex smooth, reddish ; whorls 4, slightly convex, the last not descending; columellar margin filiform, subvertical, slightly arcuate, entering, white. Diam. 19'5 mill. Uitenhage, So. Africa. H. NATALENSIS, Pfr. PI. 20, fig. 58. Imperforate, thin, smooth, subdiaphanous, corneous whitish, with irregular brownish radiating lines ; whorls 4, scarcely convex, the last inflated ; columella subvertical, filiform, profoundly entering, interior fulvous, shining. Diam. 12 mill. Natal, So. Africa. H. COTYLEDONIS, Benson. PI. 20, fig. 59. Imperforate, thin, rather smooth, diaphanous, brownish corneous, opaquely widely white-zoned ; whorls 5, scarcely convex, the last not descending, convex below, rudely radiately subplicate, with two narrow bands ; columella tubercu lately callous above. Simon's Bay, Cape of Good Hope. H. PINGUIS, Krauss. PI. 20, fig. 60. Perforate, thin, pellucid, smooth, shining, brownish corneous above, paler beneath ; whorls 5?, convex, slowly increasing, base subplanulate, impressed in the middle. Diam. 8 mill. Natal, So. Africa. H. CAPENSIS, Pfr. PI. 20, fig. 61. Perforate, thin, opaque, a little shining, white, dotted with blackish, obsoletely brown rayed ; whorls 4i, scarcely convex ; interior fulvous. Diam. 9 mill. Cape of Good Hope. H. irrorata, Ziegl. MSS., and H. littoricola, Benson, MSS., are synonyms. H. AUSTRALIA Menke. PL 20, fig. 62. Narrowly umbilicated, smooth, obsoletely striated, whitish with obsolete ashy radiating maculations and interrupted bands ; whorls 5, rapidly increasing. Diam. 4 mill. f Swan River, Australia. 104 HELIX. H. UITENHAGENSIS, Krauss. PL 20, fig. 63. Perforate, striulate, white, with brownish dots, apex papillary ; whorls 6, scarcely convex, the last inflated ; interior brownish. Diam. 11 mill. Cape of Good Hope. Differs from H. Capensis in size, papillary spire, whorls less con- vex, base more inflated. H. PALUDICOLA, Benson. PL 20, fig. 64. Perforate, thin, striulate, opaque white, with translucent spots and purplish brown broken bands ; whorls 5-5?, convex, the last inflated, purple brown towards the aperture or all over ; aperture brownish. Diam. 5'5 mill. Cape of Good Hope. H. DARNAUDI, Pfr. PL 20, figs. 65, 66 ; PL 22, figs. 39-41. Perforate, thin, rugosely striate, corneous, with opaque white bands ; whorls about 5, scarcely convex, slowly increasing, the last not descending, rounded. Diam. 8 mill. Sennaar, Africa. H. Isseli, Jickeli, is a synonym. Var. HEUGLINI, Martens. PL 22, figs. 39-41. Umbilicus wider, with fleckings of opaque brownish yellow above; and narrow pellucid fasciations below. Southern Abyssinia. H. d'HERicouRTiANA, Bourg. PL 20, figs. 67, 68. Narrowly umbilicated, subpellucid, a little shining, corneous, smooth at first, then striulate, last whorl coarsely striulate ; whorls 5, a little convex, the last with subangulate periphery, base a little more convex, slightly tumid around the umbilicus. Diam. 9 mill. CJwa, Ethiopia. H. LEJEANIANA, Bourg. PL 22, figs. 42, 43. Very narrowly perforate, almost covered, fragile, diaphanous, shining, closely striate, subplicate on the last whorl, with very minute spiral lines ; corneous, with a rather opaque white peripheral band ; whorls 6, convex, regularly, rather rapidly increasing, the last descending in front. Diam. 15 mill. Abyssinia. Is H. Darnaudi, Jickeli, in part. HELIX. 105 H. ACHILLI, Bourg. PI. 22, figs. 44-46. Narrowly perforate, thin, subopaque, finely striated, whitish, with numerous, narrow corneous bands ; whorls 6, somewhat convex, moderately increasing, the last rounded, a little descending in front. Diam. 16 mill. Abyssinia. H. ISSELI, Morelet. PI. 20, figs. 69, 70. Narrowly umbilicated, pellucid, brownish corneous, closely strigate and opaquely multifasciate ; whorls 5-5i, convex, suture deep, last whorl inflated, narrow. Diam. 15-18 mill. Bogos, Abyssinia. Var. MINOR. Less striate, brownish corneous, unicolor or sparsely zoned. H. ZANGUEBARICA, Craven. PL 22, figs. 60-62. Conically turbinate, perforate, transparent, smooth, dark brown ; whorls 4£-5, convex, perforate. Diam. 3 mill. Magila, and Zanzibar Island, E. Africa. Perhaps this should have been included in the Zonitidse, as a Conulus. H. ^ENEA, Krauss. PI. 20, fig. 71. Perforate, slightly, very closely costulate, thin, diaphanous, brownish corneous, with a bronze lustre ; whorls 4, a little convex, rapidly increasing ; columella dilated above into a triangular blade. Diam. 9'5-12 mill. Natal, So. Africa. H. BISCULPTA, Benson. PI. 20, fig. 72. Perforate, translucent, but little shining, brownish above, corneous below, vertically striate and plicate, decussated by spiral striae, suture deep ; whorls 4£, convex, slowly increasing, the last not descending, rounded, more convex below ; columella triangu- larly dilated above. Diam. '7 mill. Cape of Good Hope. H. PLANTI, Pfr. PI. 20, fig. 73. Perforate, thin, membranously costulate, and long haired, diaph- anous, corneous; whorls 5£, scarcely convex, slowly increasing, the last not descending, subplane above, obsoletely angulated, base convex ; columella dilated above. Diam. 10 mill. Natal, So. Africa. By a typographical error this species was first described as H. Platti. 106 HELIX. H. LOVENI, Krauss. PI. 20, fig. 74. Perforate, thin, with regular distant elevated striae, and very- close decussating, spiral lines, corneous, pellucid, epidermis hirsute, spire subpapillary ; whorls 5, somewhat flattened, the last carinate above, base convex. Diam. 10 mill. So. Africa. H. KNYSNAENSIS, Pfr. PL 20, fig. 75. Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, ribbed-striate, waxy, corneous olivaceous ; whorls 4, a little convex, the last inflated, base smoothish, shining ; aperture pearly, columella dilated above. Diam. 24 mill. Cape of Good Hope. H. PERPLICATA, Benson. PI. 20, fig. 76. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, corneous, subdiaphanous, rather distantly obliquely plicate, the interstices longitudinally striated, suture impressed : whorls 5-5 J, slightly convex, slowly increasing, the last slightly depressed, not descending, more convex below. Diam. 7 mill. Cape of Good Hope. H. MICROSCOPICA, Krauss. PI. 20, figs. 77, 78. Very narrowly umbilicated, striulate, thin, pellucid, light corneous ; whorls 4, convex, the last not descending, base somewhat flattened. Diam. T15 mill. So. Africa. H. DUMETICOLA, Benson. PI. 20, fig. 79. Somewhat widely umbilicated, thin, costulately striate above, smoother below, corneous white, under a caducous yellowish, pol- ished epidermis, suture impressed ; whorls 3 $-4, slightly convex, the last rapidly increasing, subdepressed, base convex. Diam. 11 '5 mill. Cape of Good Hope. H. COSMIA, Pfr. PI. 20, fig. 80. Openly, deeply umbilicated, thin, rugosely sub plicate, translucent, a little shining, waxy, greenish corneous; whorls 4, sub plane, rapidly increasing, the last dilated in front, not descending. Diam. 7 mill. Near Camp's Bay, Cape of Good Hope. Is H. munda, Bens, not Ads., and H. cerea, Pfr. not Gould. HELIX. 107 H. PETROBIA, Benson. PI. 20, fig. 81. Umbilicated, diaphanous, slightly shining, obliquely, unequally, subdistantly plicate, the interstices slightly longitudinally striate,. light corneous, suture lightly impressed ; whorls 41-5, a little con- vex, slowly increasing, the last obtusely angulated above, more cortvex below, and angularly compressed around the umbilicus. Diam. 6 mill. Cape of Good Hope* H. RARIPLICATA, Benson. PI. 20, fig. 82. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, corneous, with curved subdistant plications, suture deep ; whorls 4, the last narrow, not descending. Diam. 4'25. Cape of Good Hope* H. SABULETORUM, Benson. PL 20, fig. 83. Rather widely umbilicated, somewhat solid, very closely striate, with distant curved riblets, not shining, light corneous, suture deep; whorls 41-5, slowly increasing, convex, the last rounded. Diam. 4'25 mill. Cape of Good Hope* H. VORTICIALIS, Benson. PI. 20, fig. 84. Widely umbilicated, thin, brownish corneous, spire a little concave, closely radiately plicate, suture deep ; whorls 4, narrow, convex, the penultimate prominent, last not descending, compressed on the sides, convex below. Diam. 5'5 mill. Cape of Good Hope* H. RIVULARIS, Krauss. PL 20, figs. 85-87. Rather widely umbilicated, thin, closely costulate, waxy, pellucid, corneous brown ; whorls 4, slightly convex, slowly increasing ; the last not descending, base convex. Diam. 8*5 mill. Natal, So. Africa* H. AFRICA, Krauss. PL 20, fig. 88. Perforate, thin, with rough, close incremental striae, slightly decussated by very close spiral lines, opaque, whitish, under a yel- lowish corneous epidermis, apex papillary ; whorls 5, scarcely convex, the last subangulated above, base convex ; lip thinly labiate within. Diam. 9 mill. So. Africa. H. HARTVIGIANA, Pfr. PL 20, figs. 89-91. Subcovered umbilicated, rather thin, corded-costulate, with very close intermediate striae, subpellucid, dark brown, shining; whorls 108 HELIX. -5, convex, the last not descending, inflated ; aperture subpearly, base of lip slightly thickened. Diam. 17 mill. Cape of Good Hope. H. TOLLINI, Albers. PL 21, figs. 92-94. Covered subperforate, thinly striated, very lightly decussated by .spiral strise, a little shining, diaphanous, brownish corneous, suture impressed, submargined ; whorls 5, a little convex, the last rounded, not descending. Diam. 12-14 mill. Table Mt., Cape of Good Hope. H. MENKEANA, Pfr. PI. 21, fig. 98. Perforate, depressed, more convex below, somewhat thin, smooth, white, with 1-5 brown bands, the upper one wide, epidermis light corneous, diaphanous, suture moderately impressed ; whorls 4, scarcely convex, rapidly enlarging. Diam. 18 mill. Cape of Good Hope. H. SYMMETRICA, Craven. PL 21, fig. 99. Imperforate, vitreous, semitransparent, light olive green, dull glossy below and within the aperture, with growth lines and faint spiral striae ; whorls 4£, convex, the last equalling the others in breadth, suture rather deep. Diam. 16 mill. Leydenburg, Transvaal, So. Africa. H. CYCLARIA, Morelet. PL 21,figs. 95-97. Subperforate, thin, regularly costulate-striate, shining, light fulvous, suture sub channeled ; whorls 5£, somewhat convex, the earlier ones slowly increasing, the last tumid, narrow, with dilated and convex base. Diam. 22 mill. Mauritius. Unfigured Species. H. CONDENMOYI, Nevill. Mauritius. H. PISOLINA, Gould. Cape of Good Hope. H. HUDSONI^E, H. OMPHALION, H. CHARYBDIS, H. BROWNINGII, H. PRIONACRIS, Benson. Cape of Good Hope. H. AFRICA, Brown. Great Brakke, So. Africa. H. CONGELLANA, and H. ROSERI, Krauss. Cape of Good Hope. HELIX. Group IV. MACROCYCLIS, Beck, 1837. Shell large, rather solid, widely umbilicated, depressed, the last whorl declining towards the aperture ; aperture round-oval, peri- stome simple, the extremities approaching, and the lower somewhat reflected. H. LAXATA, Fer. Chili. Section GLYPTOSTOMA, Bland and Binney, 1873. Widely umbilicated, depressed, rather solid, rugosely striate; whorls 6, the last depressed-globose, not deflected at the aperture * aperture obliquely subcircular, peristome simple, acute, thickened within, its extremities approaching, columellar lip scarcely reflected. H. NEWBERRYANA, W. G. Binney. California* Group IV. MACROCYCLIS, Beck, 1837. H. LAXATA, Fer. PI. 21, figs. 100-2. Widely umbilicated, thin, very closely rugulose-striate, fulvous- brown, the base shining fulvous-green, decussated by very minute spiral lines ; whorls 4^-5, slightly convex, rapidly enlarging, the last wide, depressed, descending in front ; aperture pearly. Diam. 45 mill. Chili. H. Peruviana, Lam., H. Deshayesii, Anton, and H. dndnnus* Reeve, are synonyms. Var. BANKSII, Cuming. Figs, 1, 2. Larger : diam. 60 mill. This is var. maxima of Pfr. The juv. is H. umbilicata, Anton. The unfigured If. Gayi, Hupe, may also be a juvenile, as surmised by Philippi. *** The following Australian species are included by Pfeiffer : their pertinence is questionable. H. FRANKLANDIENSIS, Forbes. PI. 21, fig. 3. Rather widely, conically umbilicated, somewhat solid, distinctly arcuately striated, very shining, fulvous yellow, with some irregular deeper stripes ; whorls nearly 5, somewhat flattened, the last a little dilated, subdepressed, not descending ; aperture pearly. Diam. 26 mill. Lizard Is., Australia. H. HARRIETTS, Cox. PL 21, figs. 4, 5. Rather widely umbilicated, thin, light yellowish brown, with irregular dark strigations, roughly striated above, smooth below ; 110 HELIX. whorls 4, somewhat rapidly increasing, flattened above, convex below, the last obsoletely angulated, not depressed. Diam. 13 mill. Richmond River, Australia. Similar to juvenile specimens of H. Franklandiensis. H. KAMSAYT, Cox. PI. 3, figs. 19, 20. Widely mnbilicated, subdiscoidal, rugosely striate, under a smooth olivaceous epidermis ; whorls 4 $-5, rapidly increasing, the last rounded on the periphery, a little deflected in front ; aperture large, horizontal, bluish white. Diam. 32*5 mill. Richmond River, Australia. Section GLYPTOSTOMA, Bland and Binney, 1873. H. NEWBEBBYANA, W. G. Binney. PI. 21, figs. 6, 7. Moderately umbilicated, solid, lightly granularly decussated by incremental and spiral striae, whitish, under a blackish or reddish brown epidermis ; whorls 6, a little convex, regularly increasing, the last subdepressly rounded, scarcely descending in front ; aper- ture pearly white, lip subcallous within. Diam. 35 mill. California. Group V. ANCHISTOMA (Klein.), H. and A. Adams, 1855. Shell depressed, corneous, with aperture usually dentate or plicate, lip contracted and reflected, usually widely or moderately umbilicated, sometimes imperforate. Jaw odontognathous (oxy- gnathus in Ophiogyra). Mostly American and European ; Ophiogyra is Asiatic. Section I. GONOSTOMA, Held, 1837. Shell umbilicated, orbicularly depressed, narrow- whorled, often hirsute ; whorls 5-7, slowly increasing ; aperture oblique, narrowly lunar, more or less insinuated or tooth-like within, the peristome reflected and labiate, parietal wall unarmed. European. Subsection I. DREPANOSTOMA, Porro, 1836. Nautiliform, last whorl largely enveloping; aperture vertical, falciform, peristome callous. H. NAUTILIFORMIS, Porro. So. Europe. Ammonitella, Cooper, 1868, is a synonym. Subsection II. TRIGONOSTOMA, Fitzinger, 1833. Shell depressed or plane above, periphery rounded, axis umbili- HELIX. Ill E. PLATE 21 HELICID^E. PLATE 22 18 I \ 19 '" riv* - / \ ^ 22 26 27 28 29 25 24 51 ^ 44- 32 57 58 39 & 38 41 54 60 55 4*i 61 62 56 HELICID^E. PLATE 23 66 \ 91 97 65 67 68 69 71 * 73 74 75 76 77 85 . 86 87 81 83 '"V, 78 79 92 95 96 1 ' v - 98 100 y JO 11 PLATE 24 12 13 16 (^ 19 V.. 23 41 * \ V_, 26 "If 27 4-6 52 - >.«<* 'i'O 28 X:^2,^:— '' ° '^.^•s^' op 34 89 31 § ) « , ( ^ 35 36 37 "<::—•' ( ^T .^R 40 45 56 54 55 60 HELICID>£. PLATE 25 61 Mi 63 3> IT1 70 bS 96 81 83 so ^-~y i 73 80 87 89 PLATE 26 31 33 HELICIDvE. PLATE 27 39 In 66 67 79 83 HELICID^E. PLATE 28 27 HELICID^. V5 %Jr ^^ 78 53 .54: 55 HELICIDvG. PL-ATE 3O HELICID^E. PLATE 31 HELIX. 129 A species inhabiting the neighborhood of the sea, and very variable in its growth, so as to have given rise to several synonyms! These several forms have been critically discriminated by supposed characters which simply merge together when large series of specimens are compared. To Dr. Dall belongs the merit of having first published this fact. He writes : "The shell generally has from five to seven well-marked whorls ; but under especially favorable conditions, as near the walls of Fort Marion, at Saint Augustine, it may have ten or twelve. The number exhibited on the base is absolutely inconstant when specimens from various localities are compared. Only by breaking into the last whorl can it be determined whether the parietal lamina exists. In specimens labelled septemvolva by Mr. Binney I have found it and it is often absent in what is otherwise typical cereolus. The soft parts in all are very uniform." The synonyms are H. septemvolva, Say, (figs. 27-29), H. volvoxis, Parreyss, (fig. 35), H. microdonta, Desh. (figs. 36-38), H. plana, Dunker, H. Carpenteriana, Bland, (figs. 39, 40), H. Febigeri, Bland, (figs. 41, 42), H. delitescens, Shuttl. If. polygyrata, Pfr. If. eheilodon, "Say," Pfr. H^planorbula, Lam. H. PALUDOSA, Pfr. PL 27, figs. 43-45. Umbilicated, brownish corneous, thin, shining, obliquely costulate above, substriate below; whorls o, periphery subangulated, base more convex; aperture obliquely lunar, peristome reflected, sublabiate within, parietal wall with a small tooth, sometimes absent. Diam. 10 mill. Cuba. It is H. lingulata, Fer., If. Ramonis, Orb., H. Bardenflehtii, Villa, H. LUNDII, Morch (unfigured). Brazil. Subsection III, POLYGYRELLA, Bland. 1869. H. POLYGYRELLA, Bland and Cooper. PL 27, figs 46-49. Widely umbilicated, shining, translucent, yellowish corneous, costulate above, the ribs becoming obsolete at the aperture, base smoothish ; whorls 7-8, somewhat convex, slowly increasing, the last shortly deflected in front, with radiating series of three teeth, remote from the aperture and from each other, and visible through the 9 130 HELIX. base; peristome depressed above, white, simple, the extremities joined by a triangular parietal tooth. Diam. 12 mill. Idaho. Subsection IV, D^DALOCHILA, Beck. 1837. H. ANILIS, Gabb. PL 27, figs. 50, 51. Narrowly, rimately umbilicated, very lightly, minutely striulate, white, suture impressed; whorls 4J, somewhat convex, the last a little descending and scarcely constricted anteriorly, base planate ; aperture obliquely subhorizontal, peristome reflected, white, the extremities joined by a parietal tooth, basal margin scarcely tuber- culate, outer margin edentulous. Diain. 13 mill. Guaymas, Mexico. H. HELICTOMPHALA, Pfr. PI, 27, %S. 52-54. Umbilicated, solid, a little shining, obliquely costulate-striate, light yellowish corneous; whorls 5-51, somewhat convex, the last subdeflected in front, subcarinated above the middle, with inflated base and constricted and scrobiculate at the aperture; peristome white, angularly reflected, extremities distant, connected by a thin parietal callus, there is a parietal tooth, with another on the basal and outer margin. Diam. 9-12 mill. Chiapa, Mexico. H. HARFORDIANA, Cooper. PL 27, figs. 55-57. Widely umbilicated, smooth, translucent, yellowish corneous; whorls 6, slowly increasing, the last anteriorly shortly deflected; peristome, depressed above, white, thickened, the extremities joined by a parietal callus, bearing a triangular tooth, the outer and basal margins each bear a tooth. Diam. 10 mill. "Big Trees," Cal H. NOTATA, Poey; PL 27, figs. 58-61. Umbilicated, thin, slightly granulated, diaphanous, corneous brown ; whorls 5J, a little convex, the last obsoletely angulated above, with more convex base, shortly deflected anteriorly; aperture diagonal, sinuously lunar; peristome angulately reflected, margins joined by a subtriangular tooth, outer margin with two hook-like teeth, basal with one obtuse tooth. Diam. 10 mill. Cuba. H. Johannis, Poey (not Mort.) is a synonym. H. FASTIGANS, L. W. Say. PL 27, figs. 62-65. Convex beneath, nearly plane above; whorls 6, ribbed above, smooth beneath, periphery sharply carinated, brownish; aperture HELIX. 131 lunate, the extremities of the margins connected by a V-shaped tooth, upper lip tooth compressed, transverse, remote, lower lip-tooth compressed, marginal, both marked externally by pits. Diam. 8 mill. Tennessee. It is H. fatigiata, Say, H. fastigiata, DeKay. H. TROOSTIANA, Lea. PL 27, figs. 66-68; PI. 28, fig. 88. Differs from H. fastigans by its less prominent carina, the rib-like striae being well-developed on the base, and its parietal tooth more quadrangular; spire slightly, convexly elevated; corneous, when fresh, minutely hirsute. Diam. 6 mill. Tennessee. Is H. plieata, Binney (not Say) in part. H. HAZARDI, Bland. PI. 27, figs. 69-71. Depressed above, convex below; whorls 5, narrow, ribbed above and below, periphery not angular; aperture subreniform lip- extremities connected by a V-shaped parietal tooth, lip teeth deep- seated, the lower one the largest and partly obscuring the upper one, which is situated farther in; externally scrobiculate opposite these teeth ; epidermis brown, sparingly hirsute. Diam. 7 mill. Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama. For If. plieata, Say, preoccupied. H. LEPORINA, Gould. PI. 27, figs. 72-74. Shell small, lenticular, slightly hairy, minutely striate, spire convex, depressed; whorls 5, somewhat convex, the last sub angulate at the periphery, base convex, umbilicus nearly covered, its region excavated; aperture lunate, lip incumbent, reflexed, with a central sinus, the sides of which are formed by two teeth, parietal tooth V-shaped ; chestnut colored, lip sometimes roseate. Diam. 5 mill. Georgia to Tennessee, Indiana, Illinois, Arkansas, Mississippi. H. PUSTULA, Fer. PL 27, fig. 75. Small, depressed, lightly striate; whorls 4, subangulate on the periphery, more convex below it, deflected at the aperture ; aperture with a V-shaped parietal tooth, and two tubercular teeth margining a central notch ; umbilicus small and deep, with a groove revolving within it, corresponding with a lamina on the basal part of the interior of the shell ; reddish brown, with short hairs. Diam. 5 mill. Texas, Georgia, Florida. 132 HELIX. Distinguished from the next species by its narrower umbilicus, with its groove and internal lamina ; the latter is only to be seen by breaking the whorl. H. PUSTULOIDES, Bland. PI. 27, figs. 76-78. Widely and deeply umbilicated, thin, delicately striated, horn color, slightly hirsute; whorls 4J, narrow, subangular at the periphery, constricted and suddenly deflected at the aperture; aperture lunate, with a lamelliform parietal tooth joined to the upper extremity of the lip by a sharp callus, outer lip reflected, thickened within, with two internal teeth and a deep notch between them. Diam. 5*5 mill. Alabama, Georgia. H. ARIADNE, Pfr. PL 27, figs. 79-81. Shell white, finely ribbed above, smooth beneath ; whorls 5, with impressed suture; body whorl deflected, much constricted and scrobiculate behind the aperture ; aperture small, lip thick, much expanded, its extremities joined by an irregular V-shaped tooth ; lip with two stout basal folds converging within, while behind them is a perpendicular broad lamina almost closing the mouth; base convex, showing more than one whorl with a rounded umbilical groove terminating in a minute central perforation. Diam. 12 mill. Tamaulipas, Mexico. H. UNGUIFERA, Mousson. PI. 27, figs. 82, 83. Arcuately rimate, somewhat solid, diaphanous, lightly costulate, whitish (denudated), suture subimpressed ; whorls 5J, a little convex, the last shortly descending, bicompressed and subconstricted in front, base smooth, subangulated at the umbilicus; peristome shortly reflected, the margins converging, with a V-shaped parietal tooth, two entering basal teeth, the exterior larger, and two teeth within the outer margin. Diam. 12 mill. Mazatlan. Allied to the preceding species, but is distinguished from it and the others of the group by the lower tooth of the outer lip, which is elevated into a sharp projection. H. DYSONI, Shuttlew. PL 28, figs. 88-91. Rather widely umbilicated, shining, brownish corneous, subplicate above, striulate below; whorls 5-5J, a little convex, the last scarcely descending in front and subangulated on the periphery, base convex, HELIX. 133 constricted towards the aperture ; aperture tridentate, one entering, oblique, compressed tooth on the parietal wall, two submarginal teeth within the Avhitish reflected lip. Diana. 9 mill. Honduras. H. OPPILATA, Morelet. PI. 27, figs. 84, 85. Narrowly umbilicated, thinly striate, subpellucid, somewhat shining, light corneous, suture deep; whorls 5-5 J, a little convex, slowly enlarging, the last suddenly deflected in front, constricted towards the aperture, base inflated; aperture diagonal, lunate-cir- cular externally, ringent within, ear-shaped, whitish corneous, the parietal wall with a V-shaped tooth, basal with another tooth, outer wall with a third, wider, and forked. Diam. 7-8'66 mill. Yucatan. H. DORFEUILLEANA, Lea. PI. 27, figs. 86, 87. Obtusely conical above, periphery slightly angulated ; whorls 6, with well-impressed suture, ribbed, smoother below, deflected in front, constricted but not scrobiculate behind the aperture; extremities of the lip joined by a parietal callus forming a quadrate tooth, far within, behind the parietal tooth, are two rounded tubercles, one superior, the other basal; base showing 1? whorls and a minute perforation; whitish. Diam. 7'5 mill. Kentucky, Tennessee. * H. IMPLICATA, Beck. PL 28, figs. 92-94. Widely, perviously umbilicated, obliquely striulate, light corneous or whitish ; whorls 5, slowly increasing, somewhat convex, the last obtusely angulated, deflected in front and constricted behind the aperture; peristome shortly reflected, the margins joined by a parietal callus forming a triangular tooth, lip with two equal, sub- approximate teeth. Diam. 8 mill. Vera Ortiz, Mexico. H. PLAGIOGLOSSA, Pfr. PL 28.. figs. 95-97. Narrowly, perviously umbilicated, solid, arcuately striulate, scarcely shining, fulvous corneous, suture impressed; whorls 5i, the last descending in front, constricted below, base more convex; peristome whitish, margins distant but slightly converging, connected by a parietal callus bearing an oblique tongue-like tooth, base with two approximate nodiform teeth. Diam. 9 mill. Oajaea, Mexico. 134 HELIX. H. COULONI, Shuttleworth. PL 28, fig. 98. Narrowly, perviously umbilicated, sharply striulate, light corneous; whorls 6, somewhat convex, slowly increasing, the last gibbously constricted at the aperture and suddenly deflected ; peristome white, reflected, parietal wall with a pliciform tooth, the external part with a strong tooth, the basal with a smaller one. Diam. 10 mill. Vera Cruz, Mexico. H. ACUTEDENTATA, Binney. PI. 28, figs. 99-4. Shell whitish, smooth; whorls 6, very convex, suture distinct; body whorl inflated, oblique, deflected at the aperture and scrobicu- late behind the lip; aperture small, ringent, lip-extremities joined by a broad angular parietal tooth ; there are three lip-teeth, one on the basal margin, erect and short, the other two are farther within and form slight elongated horizontal laminse, marked by pits on the outer whorl. Diam. 14 mill. Near Mazatlan, Mexico. Var. LOISA, Binney. Figs. 2—4. A little higher, the aperture with five teeth, the basal margin unequally bidentate, other teeth as in the type. H. BEHRII, Gabb. PL 28, figs. 5-7. Shell planorboid, coarsely ridged above, striate below; whorls 5, convex, subangular at the periphery, very much deflected in front and constricted behind the aperture * umbilicus broad, with a minute central perforation ; aperture rounded, lip expanding, its extremities approaching and connected by a large V-shaped parietal tooth, there are also a large marginal basal tooth and a smaller tubercle on the middle of the outer margin. Diam. 15 mill. Guaymas, Mexico. H. JACKSONI, Bland. PL 28, figs. 8-11. Depressed, striate, smooth beneath, narrowly umbilicated ; whorls 8, slightly convex, deflected in front, and contracted behind the lip ; aperture oblique, lunate, lip thick, briefly reflected, its extremities joined" by a V-shaped parietal tooth, basal margin with a strong oblique sinuous fold, right margin with a deeply seated tooth ; dark brown, shining, lip brownish. Diam. 7 mill. Fort Gibson, Indian Territory; Springfield, Mo.; Arkansas. H. HIPPOCREPIS, Pfr. PL 28, figs. 12, 13. Shell solid, opaque, depressed, with fattened spire and impressed suture; whorls 5 2 scarcely convex above, abruptly deflected in HELIX. 135 front and constricted behind the lip, periphery angulated ; umbilicus expanded and grooved, with a minute central perforation; aperture extending from the periphery to the umbilicus, somewhat ear-shaped, lip white, expanded, its extremities connected by a V-shaped parietal tooth, the two laminae of which run far within the shell, upper portion of the lip with an entering angle, basal portion callous and reflected. Diam. 12 mill. New Braunfels, Texas. H. MOOREANA, W. G. Binney. PL 28, figs. 16, 14, 15. Depressed, carinated, white, strongly striate above and nearly smooth beneath; spire somewhat raised, suture deep; whorls 6, the last much deflected at the aperture, umbilicus ^exhibiting li whorls; aperture semi-oval, lip broad, heavy, but slightly reflected, with two marginal teeth of which one is basal and the other sub-basal, parietal tooth large, rhomboidal. Diam. 10 mill. Texas. Var. THOLUS, W. G. Binney. Figs. 14, 15. Umbilicus wider, showing 2£ whorls, lip narrower, tooth of outer lip situated higher. H. TEXASIANA, Moricand. PL 28, figs. 17-19. Orbicular-depressed, rather solid, ridged above, smooth below, suture moderately impressed; whorls 5, slightly convex above, periphery subangular, deflected in front, base convex; aperture crescentic, the lip-margins joined by a large V-shaped parietal tooth, outer lip with two closely placed denticles, with a pit between them ; umbilicus minutely perforate; pale horn color. Texas, Mexico. H. Tamaulipasensis, Lea, is a synonym. H. TRIODONTOIDES, Bland. PL 28, fig. 20. Perforate, orbicular, depressed, thin, subpellucid, obsoletely striate above, smooth beneath; whorls 5, somewhat convex, deflected in front, subangulate on the periphery, and very convex below ; aperture obliquely lunate, the extremities of the reflected lip connected on the body whorl by a V-shaped tooth, the lip having two small teeth, far apart, one on the outer margin of the aperture, the other on the base ; pale horn color. Diam. 9*5 mill. Texas. More delicate, not as distinctly ribbed, more elevated than H. Texasiana ; the teeth also are smaller, and farther apart. 136 HELIX. H. HINDSII, Pfr. PL 28, figs. 24-26. Depressed, orbicular, narrowly umbilicated, finely striated, diaph- anous, shining, spire somewhat conical; whorls 5, slightly convex above, more convex below, deflected at the aperture and constricted behind it; aperture lunate, lip slightly reflected, its extremities united on the parietal wall by a callus and a V-shaped tooth, the lip has two basal teeth, and another on the right margin ; light corneous. Diam. 8 mill. Texas, Mexico. H. BICKUBIS, Pfr. PL 28, figs. 21-23. Rimately umbilicated, thin, striulate, yellowish corneous, slightly shining, suture submargined ; whorls 5, somewhat convex, the last scarcely deflected in front, base more convex, subconstricted behind the aperture ; aperture with a two-pronged parietal tooth, two teeth on the basal and one on the superior margin, lip white, shortly reflected. Diam. 9 mill. Mexico. H. VENTROSULA, Pfr. PL 28, fig. 27, Minutely perforated, thin, shining, suture well impressed ; whorls 5, but little convex and finely striate above, very convex and smooth beneath, periphery subangulated, last whorl much constricted behind the aperture; aperture with a V-shaped parietal tooth, two white basal teeth and a large subtriangular lamella within the outer margin; horn color. Diam. 8-11 mill. Texas and Mexico. H. AVARA, Say. PL 28, figs. 28-30. Whorls 5, hirsute, slightly convex and coarsely ribbed above, convex below, and ribbed only for a short distance behind the aperture, the balance of the base being nearly smooth ; base without groove, showing a little more than one whorl, and with a minute perforation; aperture with reflected lip, the extremities joined by a parietal callus bearing a large V-shaped tooth, the base has an oblique tooth, the right side a lamella, which is submarginal. Diam. 7 mill. Florida, Louisiana. H. ESPILOCA, Ravenel. PL 28, figs. 31-33. Whorls 5, thin, costulate above, periphery subangulated, base convex and finely striated, last whorl a little deflected in front and constricted behind the aperture; base showing \\ whorls, the umbilical region bounded by an angle; margin of aperture con- HELIX. 137 tinuous, the parietal tooth linguiform, the upper lip tooth hook- shaped at its lower termination, the basal tooth oblique ; horn color, shortly hirsute. Diam. 8 mill. Sullivan's Island, So. Carolina; Georgia; Neiv Orleans; Texas. H. POSTELLIANA, Bland. PL 29, figs. 34-36. Whorls 5, costulate above, finely striate below, periphery sub- angular; aperture auriform, much contracted, the margins joined by a large, linguiform, entering tooth, right margin with a deep-seated lamella terminating below in a hook, basal margin with a promi- nent oblique lamella extending to the edge of the lip; brownish horn color, thin, pellucid, lip white. Diam. 9*.5 mill. Georgia, So. Car., Fla. H. AURIFORMIS, Bland. PL 29, figs. 37-39. Whorls 02-6, with moderate suture, ribbed-striate above, periphery subangular, base convex and smooth, last whorl slightly deflected in front and constricted behind the ear-shaped lip; base showing nearly two whorls with a deep groove revolving on their inner side and a minute perforation; peristome continuous and expanded, parietal tooth linguiform, with tAvo lip teeth, of which the upper one is a submarginal perpendicular lamella, and the basal one an oblique fold; whitish or brownish horn color. Diam. 10 mill. Georgia, Alabama, Texas. H. UVULIFERA, Shuttle worth. PL 29, figs. 40-41. Whorls 5, with close ribs extending entirely across the base, which is convex, periphery subangulated, last wrhorl deflected in front, and scrobiculate behind the aperture ; aperture oblique, much contracted by teeth, with the lip very much expanded, parietal tooth quadrately linguiform, extending into the aperture, the upper lip-tooth situated far within, the basal tooth an oblique plica; umbilical region sub- carinate; horn color. Diam. 12 mill. Florida, Texas. H. florulifera, Reeve is a synonym. H. AURICULATA, Say. PL 29, figs. 42, 43. Whorls 5, costulate above and below, periphery slightly angulated, last whorl suddenly deflected to the aperture, and very strongly scrobiculate behind the middle of the right margin and also at the base ; aperture oblique, auriform, the parietal tooth large, irregular, projecting inwards and upwards, right margin with a perpendicular 138 HELIX. lamella, basal margin twisted into a large oblique tooth; base showing 1^ whorls, the umbilical region bounded by a carina. Diam. 13-15 mill. Florida. Var. MICROFORMIS, Dall. Smaller, more closely whirled, umbilicus smaller and less per- spective. Diam. 12 mill. H. CHIAPENSIS, Pfr. Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, striated, shining, whitish corneous, with a brownish band at the suture; whorls 5£, somewhat convex, the last deflected in front and turgid above, constricted below, base inflated ; aperture large, diagonal, sinuately lunar, with a small, thin, parietal tooth, peristome white, shortly reflected, margins approaching, with a superior descending tooth, and an obsolete denticle on the base. Diam. 1O5 mill. Chiapa, Mexico. Unfigured. Subsection V, SCULPTARIA, Pfr. 1855. H. SCTJLPTURATA, Gray. PI. 25, figs. 69, 67, 68 ; PL 24, figs. 27, 28. Widely umbilicated, closely costulate, the interstices reticulately striate, whitish, spire planulate ; whorls 5, slightly convex, the last constricted in front on the base; aperture circular, with an entering parietal lamella and two teeth on the right margin, peristome subexpanded above, reflected below. Diam. 8 mill. Damara, So. Africa. Var. COLLARIS, Pfr. PL 24, figs. 27, 28. This form has 4} whorls with channeled suture, the last acutely, creiiately carinate, solute in front, corneous white. Var. DAMARENSIS, H. Adams, figs. 67, 68. Very closely covered with capillary strise, whitish fulvous above, whitish below, with a light fulvous band on the periphery, the whorls are 6, the last suddenly decending in front, the periphery ribbed-carinated, the aperture has the parietal lamina and three obtuse lip teeth. Section III. STROBILA, Morse, 1864. H. LABYRINTHTCA, Say. PL 29, figs. 44-48. Obtuse conic, yellowish brown; whorls 6, closely ribbed above, more slightly so below, suture well impressed; lip thickened, somewhat reflected, with two revolving laminae upon the base, not visible from HELIX. 139 the aperture, but seen through the shell, upon the parietal wall are three revolving laminae, and upon the columella another; base flattened, umbilicus small, impressed. Diam. 2'5 mill. Maine to Maryland, Florida, Mississippi, Texas, Arkansas, Western 'States, Mexico. The last locality is for H. Strebeli, Pfr. (fig. 48) which is now generally considered a synonym. Var. MORSEI, Ball. Differs from the type in wanting the costse, the whorls being only lightly striate, rather flat and appressed, with the basal periphery particularly angular and the umbilicus slightly smaller. Porto Cabello, Venezuela. H. HUBBARJ?!, A. D. Brown. PI. 29, figs. 49-52. Depressed, thin, striate above, smooth beneath, brownish ; whorls 5, with two parietal revolving laminae, and two, more deep-seated, on the outer whorl ; umbilicus rather wide ; lip slightly reflected. Diam. 2'25 mill. Georgia, Florida, Indianola, Texas; Jamaica. H. Vendryesiana Gloyne (figs. 51, 52) from the last-named locality, is a-synonym. *** H. LEIODA, Hutton. (Unfigured). New Zealand. Section IV. STENOTREMA, Rafinesque, 1819. The shells brought together under the genus Stenotrema of • Rafinesque are readily arranged in four groups: First, the group including Edvardsi and barbigera characterized by the extraordinary development of the epidermal hairs. Second that formed by spinosa, and Edgariana equally Avell characterized by the sharp periphery of the body whorl and the prostrate epidermal hairs. Third the group containing hirsuta, stenotrema, labrosa, and maxillata, in which the epidermal processes are shorter, and the surface is more tuberculate. Fourth, the group containing monodon, fraterna, Leaii, and germana. Among themselves the species in each group are united more or less closely, those of the monodon group being usually regarded as varieties of that shell, with the exception of H. germana, which Mr. Binney finds to be related to Stenotrema by its jaw and dentition, and more nearly to Mesodon by its shell; a prominent character of which is the want of the internal tubercle. 140 HELIX. The writer may here record his opinion that H. Leaii is also a valid species if other species are to be left to stand on characters which seem to be far less well denned. The hirsute group is next in this regard, and when the varieties of hirsuta and stenotrema, above mentioned are taken into considera- tion, the blending of the species into varietal forms is pretty well assured in one or two cases. It seems that the Edvardsi group and the spinosa group, of but two species each, though well enough characterized to be distinguished as separate divisions of this genus, may be united with the hirsute group by several characters of greater or less importance. It is not pretended that this grouping is of any systematic value, whatever ; but it will serve to call attention to the relations which the species of this singular genus bear to each other, and to their nearest allies in other genera, the genus gradually shading into Mesodon as represented by H. columbiana, Lea, through H. germana, Gould. — A. G. Wetherby. (Journal of the Cincinnati Soc. of Nat. Hist. 1880, Vol. Ill, pages 35, 36). H. HIRSUTA, Say. PL 29, figs. 53-55. Shell hirsute, subglobose, spire convex, elevated, suture deep; whorls 5, convex, periphery subangulated, base well-rounded, umbilicus covered; aperture narrowly transverse, partly filled by the lamelliforin parietal tooth, outer lip with a triangular notch upon its basal portion. Diam. 6 mill. New England, Middle and Western States. H. STENOTREMA, Fer. PI. 29, figs. 56-58. Subglobose, depressed, spire conically convex, suture well- impressed; whorls 5, narrow, slowly increasing, subangulated on the periphery, more convex below, slightly impressed in the umbilical region, finely striate and hirsute; aperture narrow, transverse, sub- basal, partly closed by a long, lamelliform parietal tooth, the narrow, depressed outer lip is reflected close upon the whorl, with a small triangular notch in its centre ; chestnut brown, lips white or pink. Diam. 10 mill. Western and Southern States. Larger and less globose than H. hirsuta, but with a smaller and more central lip notch ; the large parietal tooth is regularly bow- shaped over its edge in this species, instead of sinuous and abruptly terminated as in H. hirsuta HELIX. 141 H. MAXILLATA, Gould. PL 29, figs. 59-61. Globose, with conically convex spire, subangular on the periphery and more convex below; whorls 5, narrow; aperture transverse, nearly filled by a long, laminar parietal tooth, lip closely appressed, narrow, without notch, with a lamina behind its margin, and scarcely visible on account of the parietal tooth being in front of it ; umbilicus covered; light chestnut color. Diam. 6 mill. Tennessee, Georgia. H. EDVABDSII, Bland. PL 29, fig. 62. Rather thin, imperforate, angulate on the periphery, the angle becoming obsolete towards the aperture; whorls 5, narrow, slowly increasing, hirsute, base very convex, slightly indented in the middle, with impressed spiral lines under the epidermis ; aperture narrow, transverse, with a narrow, slightly curved, parietal tooth, upper margin of the lip scarcely reflected, basal portion slightly reflected, an'7. rmbilieated. thin. >hiniiur sparsely hirsute, ^roonish horn-colored. growth-Wrinkles not prominont ; whorls 4-1, hardly convex. the last ndinsj and deeply grooved behind the peristome. baso slightly con vex: aperture very oblique, trilobed. with a small parietal tooth. }>oristomo narrow. >caroelv retleeted. bearinu' two distant. sliu-htly developed dentieles. Oiain. S'") mill. s ::iho. Peseribed by \V . (i. Hinney as Triple-; *'* U -fordiana. the sjnvitie name preoeeuj>ied in the seetion Polyu-yra. H. BixoMiN.vr.v. Tryon. V -. . ~ - Impertorate. eoar-ely. slightly wrinkled, russet eolored. sparely hir>ute: whorls 5J, eonvex. the last ii'loboso. slightly deseendino-; aperture very oblivjne. lunate, with a short, narrow, somewhat i-iirviiiir parietal tooth, peristome white, broad, thiekened. revolute. usually quite eoneealinu' the umbilieus. Ivarinir on its basal margin ail elongated, lamellar, tooth-like proeess. Diam. 17 mill. Kingston. Xorthcrn Idaho. Beseribed by W. (i. l>inney under the preoceupied name of H. Hcmphilli ' H. Y v. Morelat. PL 30, fiu ..bove. but quite eonvex below the aiiirnlar poriph^ whorls ~\ obliquely rio.. . e. striate below. ev>nstrieted behind the retleeteil lip; aperture trilobate, parietal tooth very oblique. [y V-shaped, with a lip tooth opposite, and a smaller ereet ; one: umbilieus rather wide and deep: liuht horn eolor. Diam. S mill. Subsection 11. [8OGHOMOS - H. WPLB - - U-lt^. : W^orla 5, minutely obliquely >triate. sometimes hirsute. N much contracted behind the lip: a|vrture trilobate, parietal tooth almost transverse, large and blade-sha}H.\l, basal lip tooth a small IIKUX. 147 upright tubercle, upper lip tooth in the middle of the outer lip, larger and inflected ; lip covering I lie u in hi liens; light horn color. Diani. I I mill. Western Pennsylvania to Michigan, Southwards to Texas. H. clausa, Raf. is a synonym. II. RTOELI, Shuttle*. PL 30, figs. 20, 21. \\rhorls r>.], narrow, rather smooth, the last very much contracted in the eenlre hehiiid the lip ; a pert n re small, wit h a prominent, bent, oblique parietal tooth, a small upright, 1 ubercnlar hasal tooth, and an upper lip tooth, lamellar, farther within the aperture; base convex, with covered umbilicus; light horn color. Diam. l()-i:: mill. Tennessee, No. Carolina. Kasily distinguished from //. infleda by its deep-seated upper lip-tooth. II. PERSONATA, Lam. IM. .'!<», figs. 25-27. I mbilicus nearly covered, corneous, opaque, pubescent; whorls 5, a little convex, the last constricted in front; aperture angularly Insinuate, lip widely reflected, bidentate, the extremities almost joined by a tongue-shaped parietal tooth. Diam. 11 mill. Middle Europe* H. isognomostomos, Gmel. (in part) is a synonym. II. BUBPER80NATA, Middendorff. PL 30, figs. 17-19. Covered perforate, opaque, pubescent; whorls ;1, scarcely convex,, the last gibbous ahove jit the aperture, laterally slightly constricted; lip reflected, callous within, bidentate, the teeth minute, equal, parietal wall with a tongn< '-.shaped oblique tooth. I )iam. 7 mill. Siberia* Sub.M-ci.ion III, XOLOTREMA, Raf. 1819. H. I'ALUATA, Say. PL 30, figs. 30-32. Imperforate, light to dark horn color or brownish, with elevated oblique ribs, epidermis rugose, with close, minute, hispid prominences ;; whorls f), not very convex, with subangulated periphery; aperture: trilobate, parietal tooth large, oblique, the basal tooth blade-shaped. Diam. 23 mill. Appalachian Mis. and westward, Vermont to Tennessee and Iowa. H. denotata, Fer., II. n<>f 83 92 93 0 9 ~91 94 85 86 96 97 98 99 100 fi' 7 "' ' P fc* 10 11 12 HELICID^G. 13 14 20 24 29 26 «* 0 35 39 i • 40 45 46 50 51 61 63 PLATE 4O 16 17 82 21 32 47 58 23 * 33 34 4-3 55 f . 60 PLATE 41 FT* ; V. X / 78 83 V 5% 79 86 87 ^ 89 90 A © *ir 8E e 91 PLATE 42 " • • 29 30 46 32 33 37 38 39 40 49 50 25 35 34 42 36 51 y 52 53 54 58 55 56 57 62 59 60 64 65 66 67 ee 69 63 HELICID^E. 43 HELICID>E. 44 a / 13 17 18 14 IS 20 21 22 23 53 HELICID^E. PLATE 45 ••.^,,. » ,.,,45*, ^ Q?. 69 63 • •$^S\ }. / 64. 73 75 65 66. 67 68 79 77 78 80 •^ 70 71 1 / >*„ 83 88 ^ f "r-x (^ / 85 89 87 86 PLATE 46 * H 97 90 93 92 99 - ' "'^k 10 11 ^ ; ^sis^ ..- '^ ' 94 95 16 19 100 18 20 c- 27 24 29 HELICID>e PLA.TE 47 31 36 33 37 4-7 50 4-5 46 51 HELICID^E. PLATE 48 HELIX. 1 77 H. VILLOSA, Drap. PI. 39, figs. 87-89 ; PI. 38, figs. 51-53. Moderately umbilicated, opaque, thin, hairy, yellowish corneous, striate; whorls 5£, convex, the last not deflected; peristome sub- patulous, with a wide, thin, white callus within. Diam. 14 mill. France, Southern Germany, Northern Italy. H. pilosa, Alten is a synonym. Var. PHOROCH^ETICA, Bourg. Figs, 51-53. Smaller, thinner, more strongly costulate, with shorter hairs ; the whorls less convex above, aperture proportionally larger, the lip- extremities more distant, lip not thickened within ; umbilicus very narrow. Grande Chartreuse. H. ARPATSCHAIANA, Mousson. PL 39, figs. 90, 91. Narrowly umbilicated, irregularly striate, very minutely granu- lar, dark corneous ; whorls over 5, a little convex, slowly increasing, the last scarcely descending in front, with an obsolete peripheral angle, more convex, smoother and lighter colored below ; periphery scarcely expanded, white-lipped within. Diam. 14 mill. Arpatschai, Valley of the Araxes. The shell which Martens has described and figured as a variety of this species, under the name Var. Sewanica, is a synonym of H. pisiformis, Pfeiffer. H. DUSSERTIANA, Bourg. PI. 39, figs. 95-97. Deeply perforate, convex above, compressed below, sparsely his- pid, fragile, pellucid, striate-costulate, spire convex, apex minute, shining, obtuse, smooth ; whorls 5, convex, slowly increasing, with well-impressed suture, last whorl obscurely sub-angulated, not de- scending in front ; peristome simple, acute, the margins joined by a callus. Diam. 7'25 mill. Algiers. H. ALSIA, Bourg. PL 39, figs. 98-100. Narrowly umbilicated, rather plane above, sub-translucent, not shining below ; light yellowish corneous, strongly striulate, a little malleate, with long whitish hairs, which are very caducous ; whorls 6, with deep suture, the last a little flattened above, convex below ; peristome simple, acute, slightly labiate within. Diam. 12 mill. Algiers. H. SORDULENTA, Morelet. PL 39, figs. 1, 2. Moderately umbilicated, somewhat solid, a little turgid below, dull soiled corneous, with short hairs ; whorls 5, convex, with deep 12 178 HELIX. suture ; the last whorl dilated in front ; aperture circular, the lip acute, margins converging. Diam. 7 mill. Algiers, Tunis. H. GRANULATA, Alder. PL 39, figs. 3, 4, 5, 6. Perforate, light corneous or pale yellowish, often whitish below, sub-hyaline, thin, closely hairy, or granular when the hairs have fallen ; whorls 5-6, convex, rapidly increasing, the last rounded ; peristome acute, thinly white-lipped within, columellar lip shortly reflected, partly covering the perforation. Diam. 7-8 mill. Northern and Middle Europe. H. globularis, Jeffreys, and H, sericea, Rossm. (ex parte) are synonyms. Var. RUBIGINOSA, Schmidt. Figs. 5, 6. Umbilicus minute, deep, color corneous-brown or reddish-yellow, with a white band, distantly, minutely pilose. Diam. 5-5'5 mill. H. badiella, Ziegl., is a synonym. Var. EPIROTICA, Mouss. Perforate, rosaceous or light yellowish, pellucid, thin, epidermis fugacious, not pilose, with minute punctations. Greece. H. SERICEA, Drap. PL 39, figs. 7, 8. Depressed globose, a little shining, reddish brown, pilose, or show- ing a few hairs, or nearly smooth; whorls 5-5 £, convex, rapidly increasing, the last rounded, with a light peripheral band ; umbili- ,cus narrow, partly covered by the reflected columellar lip. Diam. 6-7 mill. Northern and Central Europe, Russia, Caucasus. 1H. piligera, Ziegl., is a synonym. Milachevich has indicated a Var. Gerstfeltiana. Var. EXPANSA, Clessin. A little shining, white, under the thin yellowish corneous, pilose •epidermis, whorls 5, the last without band, dilated, suture deep; peristome acute, not lipped within. Diam. 7 mill. Bavaria. Var. CORNEOLA, Clessin. Globose, thin, scarcely diaphanous, yellowish or brownish-cor- neous, epidermis shortly hairy ; whorls 5-5 i, slowly increasing, the periphery rounded, suture deep. Diam. 5'5-6'5 mill. Bavarian and Siviss Alps. HELIX. 179 Var. DUBIA, Clessin. Light corneous or brownish, last whorl less dilated than in the type, with wide umbilicus. Diam. 8 mill. Near Innsbruck, Tyrol. H. SEGUSINA, Lessona. PI. 39, fig. 72. Corneous, transparent, distinctly sub-carinate and fasciate ; whorls 5J, rapidly increasing ; lip a little reflected close to the very small umbilicus. Diam. 8 mill. Piedmont. H. DIECKMANNI, Mousson. PI. 63, fig. 70. Umbilicated, thinly striate, not hairy, pellucid, orange brown ; whorls 5, moderately increasing, the last a little descending, base convex, less striated ; lip acute, slightly reflected, a little thickened within, the basal portion obliquely descending, white, subdenti- formly thickened. Diam. 10 mill. Valley of the Amour River. H. PARLATORIS, Bivona. PL 40, figs. 39, 40. Moderately umbilicated, corneous, hairy ; whorls 4, flattened above, spire babylonic, last whorl not descending in front, base more convex ; peristome simple, acute, margins approximating. Diam. 9 mill. Sicily. H. MABTOBELLI, Bourg. PI, 40, figs. 41-43. Narrowly umbilicated, dark corneous, somewhat pellucid, shortly pilose, apex obtuse, somewhat paler ; whorls 4 J-5, obtusely sub-an- gular, a little compressed above, with impressed suture, slightly descending in front, well-rounded below; periphery very slightly labiate within, its extremities connected by a thin callus. Diam. 6 mill. Near Barcelona, Spain. H. CHNOODIA, Bourg. PL 40, figs. 53-55. Widely umbilicated, slightly diaphanous, not shining, corneous, lighter below, striulate, with inconspicuous minute hairs ; whorls 5, with impressed suture, the last large, rounded, scarcely descending in front; peristome acute, margins converging, connected by a very thin parietal callus. Diam. 7. mill. Algiers, Tunis. H. LASIA, Bourg. PL 40, figs. 47-49. Moderately umbilicated. depressed above, turgidly convex be- low, a little diaphanous, not shining, hairy and striate, dark corne- 180 HELIX. ous ; whorls 5, a little convex above but flattened, last whorl large, scarcely descending in front, periphery obtusely angulated, base convex ; peristome simple, acute, extremities approaching, con- nected by a very thin callus. Diam. 7 mill. Algiers, Tunis. H. MALASPIN.E, Bourg. PL 40, figs. 59, 60. Perforate, subpellucid, somewhat hispid, rugose, chestnut color, with faint whitish strigations ; whorls 5, convex, with deep suture, last whorl a little angulate on the periphery, slightly descending in front ; peristome acute, margins approximating. Diam. 6 mill. Tunis. H. TENIETENSIS, Bourg. PL 40, figs. 56-58. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, pellucid, strongly striated, shortly pilose, uniform corneous or obscurely . flamed, and zonulate below, apex lighter ; whorls 5, slightly convex, with impressed suture, the last not descending ; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 7 mill. Algiers. H. LANUGINOSA. Boissy. PL 40, figs. 50, 51. Perforate, yellowish corneous, hispid, opaque; whorls 5 i, a little flattened ; peristome subpatulous, acute, slightly labiate within. Diam. 14 mill. Majorca; Algiers. H. flava, Terver, and H. roseotincta, Forbes, are synonyms. H. CORSICA, Shuttl. PL 40, fig. 61 ; PL 41, figs. 92-94. Narrowly perforate, striate, slightly subhispid, obscurely angu- lated, thin, subpellucid, brownish or yellowish corneous, not shin- ing ; whorls 5, regularly enlarging ; peristome acute, simple, colu- mellar lip half covering the perforation. Diam. 15 mill. Corsica, Sardinia. H. REVELATA, Fer. PL 41, figs. 80-82, 89-91. Perforate, depressed globose, thin, diaphanous, shining, greenish corneous, slightly striate and sub corrugated, with short, sparse, rather rigid hairs ; whorls 4, convex, rapidly enlarging, the last inflated. Diam. 7 mill. France, Guernsey, Jersey. Var. OCCIDENTALS, Recluz. Figs. 89-91. Bimately perforate, greenish yellow, sometimes with two brown zones, rugulosely striate, hispid; whorls 4J-5, convex, the last HELIX. 181 dilated, with convex base, suture well impressed ; aperture white ; peristome acute, slightly expanded, white-lipped within. Diam. 9 mill. Portugal. H. Ponentina, Morelet and If. Lisbonensis, Pfr., are synonyms ; to which may possibly be added H. martigena, Fer. H. SALMURINA, Servain. PL 41, figs. 83-85. Narrowly perforate, turbinate, striate ; whorls 4, rapidly enlarg- ing ; with well-impressed suture ; peristome simple, the columellar portion reflected. Diam. 6 mill. /Southern France, Spain. Confounded by Michaud with H. revelata, but has a higher spire, etc. H. PTYLOTA, Bourg. PL 41, fig. 79. Scarcely perforate, pellucid, fragile, greenish brown, irregularly striate, with short whitish hairs ; whorls 4, a little convex, rapidly enlarging, the last scarcely descending at the aperture, peristome acute, simple. Diam. 5*5 mill. Brittany. H. ACLEOCHROA, Bourg. PL 41, figs. 76-78. Perforate, pellucid, shining, sharply striulate, light corneous, with an obscure lighter peripheral zone ; whorls 6, moderately enlarging, the last large, suddenly descending at the aperture; peristome slightly wrhite-lipped within, extremities approximating. Diam. -11 mill. H. MOQUINIANA, Kaym, PL 41, figs. 71, 72 ; 98-100. Perforate, thin, slightly granulate (scars of hairs?), pellucid, red- dish corneous; whorls 62, slightly convex, the last with subangu- late periphery, scarcely descending anteriorly; peristome simple, acute, slightly rosy-lipped within. Diam. 9*5-12*5 mill. Near Constantine, Algiers. Var. FRADINIANA, Bourg. Figs. 98-100. Larger, more elevated, whorls more slowly enlarging, perforation wider, last whorl distinctly descending in front. H. PERLEVIS, Shuttlew. PL 41, figs. 4-6. Very narrowly perforate, globose, striulate, with scarcely visible, sparse, very evanescent minute hairs, very thin, pellucid, light 182 HELIX. corneous, a little shining ; whorls 6, convex, the last inflated ; peristome acute, with a very thin internal lip, columellar margin partly covering the perforation. Diarn. 14 mill. Corsica and Sardinia. H. PSATUROCHCETA, Bourg. PL 41, figs. 2, 3. Scarcely perforate, pellucid, fragile, light yellowish, darker at the aperture, with caducous, dense, short hairs, thinly striulate, the adult a little malleate ; whorls 6, moderately enlarging , peris- tome simple, acute, nearly covering the perforation. Diam. 9 mill. Brittany. Oriental Species. H. HUNGERFORDIANA, Nevill. PI: 40, figs. 27, 28. Moderately umbilicated, very thin and fragile, light yellowish corneous, with deciduous very short hairs ; whorls 5, slightly con- vex, with impressed suture, the last large, inflated, shortly descend- ing in front ; aperture rounded lunar, peristome thin, slightly ex- panded, sinuous below. Diam. 18 mill. Formosa. H. SUBMISSA, Deshayes. PI. 39, figs. 9, 10. Moderately umbilicated, thin, fragile, subpellucid, yellowish cor- neous, spire subplane, rugosely striate, granular, shortly pilose ; whorls 6, a little convex, the last expanding in front, periphery obtusely angulated ; aperture subcircular, oblique, whitish, submar- gined within. Diam. 15 mill. Thibet. H. SUBECHINATA, Desh. PL 39, figs, 11, 12. Widely umbilicated, depressed, subdiscoidal, corneous, epidermis stiffly hirsute, spire obtuse, conoidal ; whorls 6, narrow, slowly in- creasing, convex, suture deep, periphery rounded ; aperture small, obliquely circular, whitish, peristome thin, a little expanded. Diam. 7 mill. Moupin, Thibet. H. TCHEFOUENSIS, Crosse and Debeaux. PL 40, figs. 13, 14. Widely, perspectively umbilicated, rather thin, pellucid, brown- ish corneous, very shortly hispid ; whorls 4£, a little convex, the last descending in front, periphery rounded; peristome patulous, subreflected, yellowish corneous, margins approaching. Diam. 8 mill. Tchefou, Northern China. Is H. Munieriana, Cr. et Deb. (not Deshayes.) HELIX. 183 H. PUBERULA, Heude. PI. 40, figs. 18-20. Moderately umbilicated, thin, greenish brown, slightly hairy; whorls 5, the last inflated ; peristome expanded, simple, extremities joined by a callous. Diana. 18 mill. Tchenkeou, China. H. HORRIPILOSELLA, Heude. PI. 40, figs. 21-23. Rather widely umbilicated, brownish, with scattered hairs ; whorls 4, narrow, very slowly increasing ; peristome acute, reddish, a little callous within. Diam. 7 mill. Tchenkeou, China. H. NAUTARUM, Heude. PI. 52, figs. 2-4. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, plicate-striate, with rather long hairs, brownish red; whorls 5J, convex, suture deep, slowly in- creasing, the last convex, thick, angulated, descending in front; peristome thin, dilated, a little reflected. Diam. 10 mill. Houang tcheou-fou, China. H. REBELLIS, Heude. PL 40, figs. 24-26. Widely umbilicated, plicately striate, fuscous ; whorls 4J, nar- row, very slowly increasing, the last suddenly descending anteriorly; aperture subcircular, peristome simple, acute, extremities nearly joining. Diam. 10 mill. Tchenkeou, China. Related to H. submissa, Desh. but with wider umbilicus, nar- rower whorls, less dilated aperture. Appears devoid of hairs. H. LEUCOCHEILUS, Cox. PL 40, figs. 15-17. Rather widely umbilicated, stout, pellucid, a little shining, obso- letely radiately striate, and occasionally minutely granulated, light yellowish brown or light chestnut colored, with a chestnut band above the carina, another at the suture, and the umbilicus sur- rounded by a wide chestnut zone ; whorls 5, planulate, the last ob- tusely carinated ; lip expanded, reflected, white, right margin sim- ple, columella slightly Insinuated. Diam. 16 mill. Clarence River, Australia. Described as H. Marice, Cox, preoccupied. Var. /?. Reddish chestnut, without bands. H. PORTERI, Cox. Profoundly umbilicated, a little tumid, thin, reddish, obsoletely plicate-striate, very minutely granulated, closely, very shortly pilose; 184 HELIX. whorls 4£, a little convex, the last tumid, constricted at the aper- ture; peristome thin, expanded, subreflected, white within, half covering the umbilicus. Diam. 17 mill. Clarence and Richmond Rivers, Australia. H. MUTICA, Morelet. PL 40, figs. 29-31. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, brownish, scarcely striate ; whorls nearly 5, slightly convex, the last narrow, suture deep ; peristome thin, acute, extremities distant. Diam. 6 mill. Ins. Mayotte. H. RADIOLATA, Morelet. PL 40, figs. 33, 34. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, lightly costulate-striate, a little shining, fulvous horny; whorls 4£, narrow, with subchanneled suture, the last whorl rounded ; peristome acute, simple, extremities connected by a thin parietal callus. Diam. 3 mill. Ins. Mayotte. H. SMIRUENSIS, Mousson. PL 40, figs. 44-46. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, diaphanous, very minutely, irreg- ularly pilose; light greyish; whorls 4J, rather slowly increasing, more convex below, periphery obtusely angulated ; peristome acute, margins remote. Diam. 6 mill. Java. jjAjj American Species. H. PUBESCENS, Pfr. PL 40, fig. 32. Very narrowly umbilicated, thin, smoothly, shortly pilose, diaph- anous, yellowish ; whorls 5, a little convex, the last rounded, higher than wide, not descending in front; lip simple, the columellar margin shortly reflected above. Diam. 11 mill. Haiti. H. SUMICHRASTI, Crosse and Fischer. PL 40, figs. 37, 38. Widely umbilicated, rather thin, subtranslucent, with numerous subdistant, longitudinal scales and short setae, suture deep ; whorls 4, slowly increasing, the last descending in front, with an obtuse angle above, base a little flattened ; aperture brownish-white, peris- tome reflected, margins converging, joined by a strong parietal cal- lus. Diam. 16 mill. Huallaga, Mexico. Unfigured and doubtful species of Trichia. H. VENDEANA, Letourn. Vendee, France. H. GOOSSENSI, Mabille. France. HELIX. 185 H. TUMESCENS, Westerl. Sweden. H. AXONANA, H. SAPOROSA, H. SUBMONTANA, H. MATRONICA, H. BELLO VAGINA, all of Mabille. France. H. ATAXIACA, Fagot. France. H. VENDOPERANENSIS, H. VOCO:NTIANA, H. BOURNIANA, H. ELA- VERANA, H. STENELIGMA, H. CHONOMPHALA, H. MICROGYRA, H. CULARENSIS, H. HISPIDELLA, H. VENETORUM, H. VILLULA, all of Bourguignat. France. H. DUBISIANA, H. URBANA, Coutagne. France. H. HYPSELLINA, Pons d'Hauterive. France. H. SCIRAIA, H. APORATA, H. MABARA, Bourg. Croatia, Carniola, etc. H. UMBROSELLA, Jouss. Salzburg, Austria.. H. BOFILLIANA, Servain. Catalonia. H. ERJAVECI, Brusina. Croatia. H. SAVINELLA, Servain. Zenica. H. DENSECOSTULATA, Retowski. Crimea. H. SUBBADIELLA, Bourg. France. H. LATINIACENSIS, Bourg. France. H. COTTIANA, H. SALASSIA, H. PEGORARII, Pollonera. Piedmont. H. LUBOMIRSKII, Slosarski. So. Russia. H. TUMESCENS, Westerl. Sweden. H. BIELZI, Schmidt. Transylvania. H. BIELZI, var. BOSNENSIS, Moll. Bosnia. H. TRANSSYLVANICA, Bielz. . Transylvania. H. KUSMICI, Clessin. Cottar o. H. GLISCHRA, H. PERSORDIDA, H. RYPA, Letourn, et Bourg. Tunis. H. MENDICARIA, Pfr. Tunis. H. ZARITOSA, Berthier. Tunis. H. POLYTRICHIA, Ancey. Tlemcen. H. LONGIPILA, MOUSSON. Morocco. H. APH^A, and H. BERBRUGGERIANA, Letourn. Algiers. H. STUXBERGI, Westerl. (H. sericea, Schrenck), Siberia. H. SEMIHISPIDA, Ancey. Inkiapo, Central China. H. SZECHENYII, Ancey. China. H. CONCINNA, A. Ad. (preocc. by Jeffreys). Japan. H. PROBA, A. Ad. Japan. H. ADRIANA, Hutton. New Zealand. H. SALVINI, Tristram. Vera Paz, Guatemala. 186 HELIX. Subsection IV. ZENOBIA, Gray. 1821. H. GLABELLA, Drap. PI. 40, figs. 62-68, 73-75. Narrowly umbilicated, glabrous, shining, corneous; whorls 5-5 j, a little flattened above, the last obsoletely angulated, with a light peripheral line, subdeflected in front ; peristome simple, acute, sub- labiate within. Diam. 9'5 mill. France, Germany, Var. TELONENSIS, Mittre. Figs. 63-65 ; 66-68 ; 73-75. Thin, corneous, pellucid, very slightly striate; spire more depressed than in the type, with wider umbilicus. Diam. 8 mill. Southern France* H. lavandalce, Bourg. (figs. 66-68), and H. Moutonii, Mittre (Figs. 73-75) are identical, Nevill has described a Var. crassilabris. The unfigured H. dicega, If. gelida, H. conereia, H. Druentina and jGT. crinoida, of Bourg. have all been referred to this variety. H. FUSCA, Montagu. PL 41 figs. 69, 70. Imperforate, very thin, pellucid,, corneous, shining, rugosely striate above, smooth below; whorls 5, a little convex, the last obsoletely angulated ; peristome simple, acute, columella very short, subvertical. Diam. 9 mill. England, Ireland, France* H. subrufescens, Mill, is a synonym. . H. CINCTELLA, Drap. PL 41, figs. 20, 21. Subperforate, shining, very lightly striate, thin, yellowish with an opaque white peripheral line; whorls 5J-6, somewhat flattened above, the last angulate; peristome simple, acute, basal margin a little reflected. Diam. 12 mill. Central Europe* H. Ranzani, Orsini, has been referred to this species. *** H. PALLIDULA, Pfeiffer. PL 41, figs. 95-97. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, pellucid, closely striate, light corneous, whorls 5j, a little convex, the last with obscurely angular periphery; peristome simple, acute, sublabiate within, Diam. 10 mill. Chili* H. PRUINOSA, Pfeiffer. PL 41, figs. 86-88. Perforate, thin; obliquely closely filose-striate, diaphanous, rufous, HELIX. 187 glaucous, suture deep ; whorls 4£, convex, the last rounded, scarcely descending; peristome thin, its extremities approaching. Diam. 11 mill. Haiti. Unfigured species of Zenobia. H. ASTENIA, H. ABEBARICA, H. DELACOURI, H. EUCLASTOLENA, H. GAUI>EFFROYI, H. ISCHNIA, all of Mabille. Corsica. H. LANGSDORFFI, Milliere. Maritime Alps, France* H. COTINOPHILA, Bourg. Near Toulon, France. H. MONTIVAGA, Westerl. Portugal. H. SAXIVAGA, Maltzan. Portugal. H. DESPECTA, A. Ad? Japan. Subsection V. MONACHA, Hartmann, 1840. H. CILIATA, Venetz. PI. 41 figs. 7-9. Perforate, corneous, opaque, rugosely striate ; whorls 4^-5, flat- tened, the last with a carinated and ciliated periphery; peristome a little reflected, with a slight brownish lip within. Diam. 8'5 mill. France, Switzerland, Tyrol. It is H. hirsuta, Jan, H. biformis, Beck, H. folliculata, Risso. Var. /?. Major: Diam. 1O5 mill. H. REIN.E, Benoit. PL 41, figs. 13-15. , Moderately umbilicated, striate, subdiaphanous, corneous, some- times with a few hairs, spire a little exserted ; whorls 4, planulate above, the last with subcarinated periphery and convex base; peristome simple, acute, margins approaching. Diam. 6'5 mill. Sicily. H. INCARNATA, Miiller. PL 41, figs. 16, 17. Perforate, thin, opaque, reddish brown, with a bloom, and a pellucid band, very minutely granulated , wThorls 6, a little convex, the last deflected in front, periphery obsoletely angulated ; peristome acute, subreflected, rufous exteriorly, with a reddish interior lip not attaining the margin. Diam. 16 mill. France, Germany, Switzerland, etc. H. sylvestris, Hartm. and H. rubra, Chier. are synonyms, and H. sericea, Mull, is probably a juvenile. Var. TECTA, Ziegler. Smaller, umbilicus nearly covered. 188 HELIX. Var. WELEBITANA, Stentz. More solid, opaque, basal margin of aperture straighter. Yar. MONODON, Villa. Columellar margin unidentate, more globose and turrited than the type. Switzerland. H. armata, Stabile is identical. H. JURINIANA, Bourg. PL 41, figs. 10-12. Narrowly perforate, subpellucid, dull, corneous or fulvous corn- eous, subcostulate above, striulate below; whorls 6J, the last with subcarinate periphery, which is sometimes lighter colored or whitish ; peristome simple, acute, with white lip within. Diam. 9 mill. Aix-les Bains. H. VICINA, Rossmassler. PI. 42, figs. 27, 28. Subperforate, yellowish corneous, with a pellucid peripheral zone, .slightly granulate ; whorls 6, scarcely convex above, the last shortly descending in front, base convex, impressed in the middle ; peristome patulous, white-lipped within. Diam. 12'5 mill. Carpathian Mountains. It is H. Carpatica, Friv., and H. tecta, A. Schmidt. H. HIBERNA, Benoit. PI. 41, figs. 18, 19. Perforation covered, thin subpellucid, yellowish corneous, very .shortly pilose, and slightly striate; whorls 5, subplanulate above, periphery subangulated, body whorl scarcely descending in front, base convex; peristome subpatulous, white-lipped within. Diam. 9 mill. Sicily. Var. VULCANICA, Platanica. More yellowish, periphery rounded, peristome rosy, marked with brown exteriorly. H. CONSONA, Ziegler. PL 42, figs. 29, 30. Perforation nearly covered, pellucid, slightly striate, a little shin- ing, yellowish corneous, with a peripheral pellucid zone ; whorls 5i, a little convex, the last scarcely descending at the aperture ; peristome .acute, white-lipped within, margins remote. Diam. 14'5 mill. Sicily. H. ursnla, Fer. is a probable synonym. HELIX. 189* H. BIDINENSIS, Cafici. PL 42, figs. 22, 23. Differs from the last species in being larger, conoidally globose, with more convex whorls, and the pellucid zone obsolete or wanting, last whorl descending at the aperture, peristome strongly lipped within. Sicily. H. FAIDHERBIANA, Bourg. PL 42, figs. 24-26. Narrowly perforate, thin, subpellucid, reddish corneous above, a lighter shade below, rugulosely or squamosely striate; whorls 6, scarcely convex above, with impressed suture, the last with angula- ted periphery, and slightly descending in front ; .peristome sharp. Diam. 15 mill. Algiers. H. LIMBATA, Drap. PL 42, figs. 33, 34. Perforation nearly covered, very lightly striate, pellucid, yellow- ish corneous, the angulated periphery with an opaque white band ; whorls 6, the last not descending in front; peristome slightly ex- panded, slightly labiate within. Diam. 15 mill. France. H. KEDTENBACHERI, Zelebor. PL 42, figs. 35, 36. Narrowly umbilicated, solid, closely striate, shining, light corn- eous ; whorls nearly 6, rounded, the last deflected in front ; peristome strongly white-lipped within, margins converging, slightly expand- ing, reflected at the base, the columellar lip expanded. Diam. 14 mill. Ins. Syra.. H. NICOSIANA, Mousson. PL 42, figs. 31, 32. Umbilicated, thin, opaque, brownish, light-banded, striate, and closely granulate; whorls 5-1, periphery subangulated, body whorl deflected in front ; peristome simple, a little expanded, whitish, thin- lipped within, extremities approaching, columellar margin widely reflected. Diam. 12 mill. Ins. Cyprus* Mousson has described a Var. PALLIDA, subdepressed, pallid, minutely subgranulate, fragile, subpellucid. H. BECCARII, Jickeli. PL 42, figs. 40-42. Perforate, brownish corneous, opaque, ciliate ; whorls 5, with deep suture, periphery angulated, with longer hairs, descending at 190 HELIX. the aperture, base convex ; peristome obtuse, dilated, subreflected, callous-lipped within. Diam. 7 '8 mill. JSogos, Abyssina. Is H. ciliata, Morelet, not Venetz. H. PILIFERA, Martens. PL 42, figs. 43-45. Umbilicus moderate, shell plicate-striate, with a few short hairs, chestnut colored ; whorls 5, rather flattened above, at first with an- gulated periphery, the last with the angle vanishing and descend- ing towards the aperture ; peristome simple, dilated on the colum- •ella. Diam. 14'5 mill. Abyssinia. H. COMBESIANA, Bourg. PL 42, figs. 46-48. Striae strong, plicate, with long hairs between them, arising from tubercular bases ; pale brown, with a yellowish line on the suban- gular periphery. Abyssinia. This is H. pilifera of Jickeli, but not of Martens, nor of Morelet. H. HERBINI, Bourg. PL 42, figs. 49-51. Narrowly perforate, thin, subpellucid, not shining, plicate-striate, with close short hairs in the intervals, chestnut colored; whorls 5-6, convex, slowly increasing, the last rounded ; peristome acute, mar- gins remote, joined by an inconspicuous callus^ Diam. 10 mill. Abyssinia. H. GALINIERIANA, Bourg. PL 42, figs. 52-54. Very narrowly perforate, rather thin, subpellucid, slightly shin- ing, chestnut colored, plicate, with hairs between the plicse ; whorls 5, the last rounded ; peristome acute, margins joined by a callus. Diam. 8 mill. Abyssinia. H. FERRETIANA, Bourg. PL 42, figs. 37-39. Narrowly perforate, thin, diaphanous, shining, elegantly obliquely striulate, corneous, with a whitish or translucent zone, sometimes two or three zon6s, which are often interrupted ; whorls 5, periphery .angulated, more convex below ; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 11 mill. Abyssinia. *** H. VILIS, Pfeiffer. PL 42, fig. 58. Umbilicated, rather thin, granularly striate, corneous ; whorls 5, scarcely convex above, rapidly enlarging, the last deflected in HELIX. 191 front, periphery obsoletely subangulated, base convex; peristome strongly labiate within. Diam. 11 mill. Hob. unknown. H. PULVISCULUM, Issel. PI. 42, figs. 55-57. Scarcely perforate, fragile, translucent, obliquely striulate, yel- lowish corneous ; whorls 4, convex, with deep suture, the last slightly descending at the aperture ; peristome acute. Diam. 1-3 mill. Borneo. More like a Conulus than a Monaeha in form and size. Unfigured Species of Monaeha. H. SILANICA, H. VEPRIUM, H. GlJEVARRIANA, H. ODECA, H. HYLO- NOMIA, H. TASSYI, H. SUBLIMBATA, Bourg. France. H. DELOMPHALA, Ancey. Cartagena. H. CRISPULATA, Mousson. Jerusalem. H. CRASPEDOCHEILA, H. COLLINSONI, H. COMMODA, A. Ad. Japan. Subsection VI, CARTHUSIANA, Kobelt, 1871. H. OLIVIERT, Fer. PI. 42, figs. 59, 60-64. Almost imperforate, thin, pellucid, whitish, with a light brown band ; whorls 5-6, slightly convex ; peristome acute, white-lipped within. Diam. 15 mill. Turkey, Corfu, Sicily, Dalmatia. H. cincta, Hartm., and H. dilueida, Zglr. are synonyms, and Paulucci has figured two forms, major (fig. 61) and nana (fig. 62.) Var. PARUMCINCTA, Parr. More depressed, corneous, with a white zone at the suture, and a narrow one on the periphery. Var. OCELLATA, Parr. Fig. 63. Spire corneous, last whorl white, with a peripheral corneous line, and pellucid scattered dots. Var. ^ENENSIS, Benoit. Smaller, diam. 12 mill. Var. RUFESCENS, Platanica. Brownish, with distinct white bands, peristome red-lipped within, brown-lined exteriorly. 192 HELIX. Var. BICINCTA, Benoit. Fig. 64. Thin, subpellucid, rugulosely striated, brownish corneous, with two milk-white bands. Diam. 15 mill. H. Rizzce, Aradas, is a synonym. Var. CRIBRATA, Westerl. Polished, bluish, with two light brownish bands, with radiating striae at the suture and umbilicus. Athens. H. PIRAJNEA, Benoit. PL 42, figs. 65, 66. Narrowly perforate, thin, shining, subpellucid, rugulosely striate, yellowish corneous or flesh color, spire exserted ; whorls 6, rapidly enlarging, the last descending in front ; peristome acute, white-lipped within. Diam 18 mill. Sicily. H. CANTIANA, Montagu. PI. 42, figs. 67-69. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, pellucid, striate, yellowish corneous ; whorls 51-6, slightly convex, rapidly enlarging, the last inflated, not descending ; peristome acute, labiate within. Diam. 21 mill. Western and Central Europe. It is H. carthusiana, Drap, not Mull., H. pallida, Jeffreys, and perhaps H. crepuscular is, Gmel. Var. SEMIRUFA, Colbeau. Last whorl brownish. Var. ANCON^:, Issel. With a white peripheral band, peristome pinkish or yellowish brown. Northern Italy, Elba, etc- Var. DIRPHICA, Blanc. Figs. 70-74. Irregularly, somewhat malleately striate, shining, light yellowish brown, with peripheral and sutural white bands, and yellowish white variciform strigations, apex brown, peristome white-lipped. Greece. Var. RUBELLA, Risso. Rugulosely malleate, subglobose, reddish anteriorly. Var. CAMPANICA, Paulucci. Figs. 72-74. Spire more depressed than in var. rubella, last whorl flattened above, more inflated below, umbilicus wider. HELIX. 193 Var. MESSENICA, Blanc. Kalamata, Greece. H. HAUSSKNECHTI, Bottger. PI. 43, figs. 75-77. Narrowly umbilicated, solid, yellowish corneous, white at the suture, rarely brownish, always with a broad white peripheral band; whorls 5i, slowly increasing, with impressed suture, the last suban- gulate, a little descending in front ; aperture widely white-lipped within. Diam. 11'5-13 mill. Mt.Pindi, Thessaly ; alt. 6000 feet. H. SARRIENSIS, Martorel and Pena. PI. 43, figs. 78-80. Scarcely umbilicated, smooth, striate, thin, shining; whorls 5J, moderately increasing, white, tinged with brown, the last with rounded periphery, scarcely descending at the aperture ; lip mar- gined with brown, with a white internal callus. Diam. 16 mill. Pyrenees. H. DIURNA, Bourg. PL 43, figs. 81, 82. Narrowly perforate, finely striate, solid, subopaque, whitish with dark gray strigations; whorls 6-7, a little flattened above, the last not carinate, convex below; peristome a little expanded, reflected towards the umbilicus, strongly labiate within. Diam. 11 mill. Lyons, France. H. CARASCALOIDES, Bourg. PL 43, figs. 83-85. Narrowly perforate, somewhat solid, lightly, irregularly malleately rugose, diaphanous, yellowish-or corneous-white; whorls 6 £—7, a little convex, the last rounded, scarcely descending in front ; peris- tome acute, white-lipped within. Diam. 18*5-20 mill. Gallipoli, Turkey. H. FREQUENS, Mousson. PL 43, figs. 86, 87. Narrowly perforate, somewhat solid, striate, subpellucid, shining, dark corneous; whorls 6, the last scarcely descending in front; aperture light corneous, peristome white-lipped within. Diam. 7 mill. Turkey. Mousson has described a var. cornea, darker colored, more convex, with 7 convex whorls. H. CEMENELEA, Kisso. PL 43, figs. 88-92. Narrowly umbilicated, thinly, regularly striulate, thin, pellucid, white or yellowish white; whorls 6-7, with well-impressed suture; peristome acute, brownish, white lipped within. Southern France. 13 194 HELIX. • Perhaps only a variety of H. Cantiana, with which it has usually been united. Another name for it is H. Galloprovinctalis, Dupuy. Var. CHERSONESICA, Kobelt. Figs. 89, 90. Shell more solid, spire more elate, peristome white-lipped. Sebastopol, Crimea. H. PUTONIANA, Mabille. PI. 43, figb. 93, 94. Narrowly umbilicated, convex above, swollen below, indistinctly, finely striate, moderately solid, somewhat shining, subtransparent, pale reddish corneous; whorls 6-7, with well-marked suture; peris- tome with a thin interior white callus. Diam. 12 mill. Alluvion of the Rhone, So. France. H. SIMPLICITA, Parreyss. PI. 43, figs. 95, 96. Scarcely perforate; somewhat solid, striulate, lightly malleated, yellowish white; whorls 6, a little convex, the last a little deflected in front ; peristome acute, strongly white-lipped within. Diam. 18 mill. Apennines. H. BERYTENSIS, Fer. PL 43, figs. 97, 98 99. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, subpellucid, fulvous, very minutely granulated; whorls 5-r, the last large, obsoletely angulated on the periphery, where it sometimes bears an obscure pale band ; peristome simple, labiate within. Diam. 16 mill. Syria. Eourguignat enumerates varieties or forms cornea, leucozona, and xubgranulata. Var. RACHIODIA, Bourg. PI. 43, fig. 99. More globose, greenish yellow, irregularly plicate and elegantly granularly decussated. Diam. 12 mill. Asia Minor. H. granulata Roth, (not Quoy), was the original name of this variety. H. FOUROUSI, Bourg. PI. 43, figs. 100-2. Narrowly umbilicated, rather solid, slightly translucent, not ^shining, yellowish green, irregularly substriulate, subplicate at the isuture, very elegantly granularly decussated; whorls 6, rapidly increasing, the last large, rounded, descending at the aperture; aperture white, peristome white-lipped within, the margins joined by a thin, diaphanous, parietal callus. Diam. 17 mill. Berytus, Syria. HELIX. 195 H. SCHUBERTI, Roth. PL 43, figs. 3-5; PL 44, figs. 8, 9. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, obliquely striate, shining, pellucid, yellowish corneous; whorls 6, the last a little inflated, deflected in front ; peristome angulately expanded, white-lipped within. Diam. 18'5 mill. Caria, Greece. Var. RISSOANA, Pfr. Fig. 5. Last whorl obsoletely angulated, with a light zone, peristomal lip reddish. H. fratis, Parr, is a synonym. Var. CIRCASSICA, Charp. Figs. 8, 9. Widely rugosely striate, subopaque, yellowish fawn color or corneous; whorls 7, the last a little descending anteriorly, obtusely angular, with a pallid dorsal zone, convex below; peristome acute, thinly labiate within, columellar lip widely reflected, thickened. Diam. 21 mill. Russian Transcaucasia. H. Colchica, Bayer is a synonym. H. TALISCHANA, Martens. PL 44, figs. 10, 11. Perforate, thin, closely plicately striate and minutely granular, brownish corneous; whorls 6, the last rounded, descending in front; peristome pallid, slightly expanded, white-lipped within. Diam. 17 mill. Lenkoran, province of Talisch, S. W. Coast of Caspian Sea. H. CARTHUSIANA, Muller. PL 44, figs. 12, 13. Perforate, minutely striate, pellucid, corneous white, apex mam- illate; whorls 5£, scarcely convex, the last a little deflected in front; peristome acute, subexpanded, reddish, labiate within. Diam. 14 mill. Europe. The synonymy includes H. nitida, Chemn., H. Gibbsii, Leach, H. G-ypsii, Fer., H. bimarginata, Gray., H. claustralis, Ziegler, H. convexa, Arad., H. lucernalis and H. gilvina, Zglr. H. lucina, H. subnodulosa and H. terrestris, Chier., H. (var.) Arvensis, Pini. (Belgiojoso, Italy). Var. RUFILABRIS, Jeffreys. Globosely depressed, polished, whorls slowly increasing; aperture rounded lunate, margin reddish brown, with narrow, high interior callus. Diam. 8-10 mill. A small form is 7 mill. diam. Is Var. minor, Drap. 196 HELIX. Var. EPISEMA, Bourg. Spain, Bosnia, Hungary. Var. ARCHIMEDEA, Benoit. Light flesh color, subopaque, striate, body whorl scarcely des- cending in front; peristome acute, red-lipped within. Var. LEUCOLOMA, Stabile. Small, lip entirely white. Var. albolabiata, Baudon, is identical. Var. RADIATA, Westerl. Depressed, porcellanous, with translucent rays; aperture horizon- tal, basal margin strict, peristome entirely white. Viareggio, Italy. H. PSEUDOSERICEA, Benoit. PL 44, figs. 14-15. Perforate, thin, subpellucid, a little shining, substriate, brownish corneous, with very short inconspicuous bristles ; whorls 5, the last subangulated ; peristome patulous, brownish-lipped within. Diam. 10 mill. Sicily. H. OBSTRUCT A, Fer. PI. 44, figs. 16-18. Narrowly perforate, smooth, subpellucid, corneous white ; whorls 4£, the last subdeviating, whitish towards the aperture, margin reddish ; peristome simple, white-lipped within. Diam. 12 mill. Egypt, Tripoli, Syria. It is H. obstrusa, Fer. (error typ.) and H. adpressula, Friv. H. STJBOBSTRUCTA, Bourg. PL 44, figs. 19-21. Narrowly perforate, diaphanous, smooth or very slightly striate, brownish white or light reddish or bluish corneous ; whorls 6, a little convex, regularly increasing, with impressed suture, the last suddenly deflected towards the aperture ; peristome reddish, acute, white-lipped within. Diam. 10 mill. Anatolia. H. GREGARIA, Ziegler. PL 44, figs. 22, 23. Imperforate, or subrimate, striulate, a little shining, subpellucid, yellowish corneous or brownish, not banded; whorls 6, a little con- vex, the last descending in front ; peristome scarcely patulous, white-lipped within. Diam. 12 mill. Sicily. It is H. Syriaca, Var. ft- of Pfeifler, H. onychina, Var., Ross- massler., and H. occulta, Bivona. HELIX. 197 H. SYRIACA, Ehrenberg. PI. 44, figs. 24-26. Subimperforate, greyish, subpellucid, with usually two white opaque bauds, a little shining, very minutely rugulose ; whorls 5, somewhat flattened, the last scarcely descending in front, peristome subpatulous, brownish, white-lipped within. Diam. 12'5 mill. Syria, Egypt, Algiers. It is H. incolata, Ziegler, and H. onychina, Rossm. in part. H. ROTHI, Pfr. PI. 44, figs. 27-30. Subcovered perforate, opaque, soiled white, bifasciate, upper band narrow, brownish, lower one wider, diluted and pellucid ; whorls 6, the last scarcely descending ; peristome acute, white- lipped within. Diam. 13'5 mill. Syra. Var. DRAXLERI, Zelebor. PI. 44, figs. 29, 30. Shell more globose, aperture smaller, umbilicus covered. H. PISIFORMIS, Pfr. PI. 44, figs. 31-33 ; pi. 39, figs. 92-94. Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, obliquely striulate, striae more distinct at the suture, yellowish corneous, with an opaque white band ; whorls 5 J, a little convex, the penultimate subcarinated, the last subdescending in front ; peristome acute, subexpanded, re- motely strongly white-lipped within. Diam. 11 mill. H. Arpatschaiana, Mart, (not Mousson), Var. Sewanica, Mart. (PL 39, figs. 92-94) may be here referred. H. GLOBULA, Krynicki. PI. 44, figs. 34-36. Narrowly perforate, thin, pellucid, scarcely shining; irregularly striulate, yellowish corneous ; whorls 7, rounded, the last scarcely descending in front ; peristome acute, with a thin, elevated, internal line. Diam. 8-10 mill. Caucasus. More globose than the preceding species, but may be a variety of it. H. PSEUDOGLOBULA, Mousson. PI. 44, figs. 37, 38. Narrowly umbilicated, rather solid, unequally striulate, lightly, very minutely rugulose, scarcely shining, brownish corneous ; whorls 5£, the last very slightly descending in front ; obtusely angulated, whitish towards the aperture ; peristome strongly labiate within. Diam. 8 mill. Transcaucasia. 198 HELIX. H. CRUZYI, Bourg. PI. 44, figs. 39-41. Kimate, diaphanous, whitish corneous, scarcely striulate ; whorls 6, convex, the last scarcely descending anteriorly; peristome white- lipped within. Diam. 7 mill. Sebastopol, Crimea. H. ROKNIACA, Bourg. PL 44, figs. 42, 43. Profoundly perforate, conical above, compressed below, subpellu- cid, shining, fragile, elegantly striate, corneous, lighter at the aperture, with whitish flames around the suture; whorls 6, slowly increasing, last not descending, with distinct peripheral angle, vanishing towards the aperture; peristome white-lipped within, margins joined by a thin parietal callus. Diam. 10 mill. Roknia, prov. Constantine, A Igiers. H. VILLJS, Desh. PI. 44, fig. 44. Imperforate, thin, fragile, hyaline, white, thinly striate; whorls nearly 7, narrow, slowly increasing, with deep suture; peristome simple, acute, shortly reflected, white within. Diam. 8 mill. Hab. unknown. Unfigured Species of Carthusiana. H. DAPHNICA, and var. FLAVIDA, Platania. Sicily. H. IADOLA, H. VlNTIENSIS, H. INNOXIA, H. LEPTOMPHALA, all of Bourguignat. France. H. LAMALONENSIS, Reynes. France. H. OUSTEREA, H. MONEREBIA, Mabille. Corsica. H. CANTIANIFORMIS, Bourg. Folkestone-, Boulogne. H. DELACOURTI, Mabille. ' France. H. LANGSDORFFI, Milliere. France. H. COTINOPHILA, Bourg. France. H. CARMELITA, Tristram, Palestine. H. ENCY.E, H. EUSCEPIA, Bourg. Lake Balaton, Hungary. H. LAMALOUENSIS, Bourg. France. H. RUSICADENSIS, Letourn. Tunis, Algiers. H. LENABARIA, and H. NICAISIANA, Letourn. Kabylcea. H. SAMSUNENSIS, Zelebor. Samsun, Asia Minor. H. SCHOTTI, Zelebor. Syria. H. PACHNODES, H. HOLOTRICHA, Bottger. Caucasus. H. FLAVEOLA, Krynicki. Georgia. H. SOLITUDINIS, Bourg. Heliopolis, Syria. H. CHOLA, Pechaud. Tunis. HELIX. 199 H. CHEFFANA, Bourg. Tunis. H. ACORTA, Letourn. et Bourg. Tunis. Subsection VII. NUMMULINA, Kobelt. 1871. H. NUMMUS, Ehrenb. PI. 44, figs. 45, 46. Narrowly umbilicated, pellucid, yellowish brown, with whitish striae; whorls 5J, the last with acutely carinated periphery; lip thin, subreflected. Diarn. 17 mill. Syria. The synonyms are H. Hedenborgi, Pfr., and H. oxygyra, Boiss. H. PROMETHEUS, Bottger. PI. 44, figs. 47-49. Larger than If. nummus, with much larger umbilicus, base not rugosely striate, very obsoletely granulated, distinctly descending at the aperture, peristome sublabiate with white within. Diam. 17'5-20'5 mill. Caucasus. H. SPIROXIA, Bourg. PI. 44, figs. 50, 51. Subperforate, not shining, subpellucid, striate above and below, with spiral, subpilose epidermal lines, corneous, carina whitish, rugose, subcrenulated ; whorls 6, rapidly increasing, suture linear, .last whorl shortly descending in front; lip callously thickened within. Diam. 14 mill. Alexandretta, Syria. H. GENEZARETHANA, Mousson. PI. 44, figs. 52, 53. Moderately umbilicated, thickly membranaceous, subpellucid, smooth, striate, very minutely and elegantly granular, fulvous or paler, not shining, suture linear; whorls 5$, the last not descending, base inflated round the umbilicus ; peristome simple, lower margin thinly expanded, labiate within, columella broadly reflected. Diam. 22 mill. Tiberias, Palestine. H. Tiberana, Mouss. is a synonym. H. JASONIS, Dubois. PI. 45, figs. 54, 55. Widely umbilicated, rather thin, strongly costulate-striate, the interstices very minutely granular, subdiaphanous, light-corneous, or whitish, suture plane, thread-like; whorls 62, periphery strongly carinated, carina subcrenate, last whorl scarcely descending in front ; peristome not labiate, reflected below. Diam. 24 mill. Mingrelia. 200 HELIX. H. DOUMETI, Bourg. (Unfigured). Tunis. Subsection VIII, EULOTA, Hartmann. 1842. H. INCHOATA, Morelet. PL 45, fig. 56. Perforate, thin, striulate, rugulose at the suture, diaphanous, yellowish corneous or brownish, scarcely shining, last whorl with a chestnut band; whorls 6J, slowly increasing, the last inflated, scarcely descending in front; peristome thin, slightly labiate within, margins distant, columella strongly reflected. Diam. 20 mill. Portugal. H. FRUTICUM, Miiller. PI. 45, figs. 57-59. Moderately umbilicated, globose, shining, opaque, obsoletely striate, whitish, yellowish, rosy or reddish brown, sometimes with a chestnut band ; whorls 5-6, the last with inflated base ; peristome subpatulous, sublabiate. Diam. 21 mill. Sweden, Germany, France, Switzerland. H. carduelis, Reibisch, H. terrestris, Gmel., H. cinerea, Poir., H. Lua, Chier. are synonyms. Var. ANDERSONI, Clessin. Fig. 59. Smaller, globose, solid, with more depressed spire and suture less impressed. Diam. 17-18 mill. Northern Sweden. Var. UNIFASCIATA, Bottger. Elevated, shining, yellowish, with a chestnut band, with percep- tible spiral sculpture, peristome white-lipped within. Diam. 21 mill. Caucasus. H. FRUTICOLA, Krynicki. PL 45, figs. 60, 61. Very narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, striate, whitish ; whorls 7, the last deflected in front ; peristome acute, narrowly white-lipped within, columella strongly reflected. Diam. 17 mill. Crimea. H. SCHRENCKII, Middend. PL 56, figs. 62, 63. Rather narrowly umbilicated, somewhat thin, striate, lightly decussated, diaphanous, corneous white, with a chestnut band; whorls 6J, the last not descending; peristome lightly labiate within. Diam. 23 mill. Siberia, Russia. H. Siberica, Friv., is a synonym. HELIX. 201 H. ARISTATA, Krynicki. PI. 45, figs. 64, 65. Moderately umbilicated, thin, pellucid, shortly hispid, striate and occasionally granular, brownish corneous, with a whitish band ; whorls 7, planulate ; peristome patulous, subreflected, interiorly margined. Diam. 9 mill. Caucasus. H. EUAGES, Bottger. PI. 45, figs. 66-68. Moderately umbilicated, subpellucid, reddish brown, strongly costulate, the interstices very minutely granular, suture very deep ; whorls 6J, the last descending in front, obsoletely angulated ; peris- tome a little expanded, rosy-lipped within. Diam. 16'5 mill. Caucasus. Var. DEPRESSA, Bottger. More depressed, with stronger keel, and more oval aperture. Diam. 16'5 mill. H. SEPTEMGYRATA, Mousson. PI. 45, fig. 69. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, fragile, pellucid, strongly striate above, more lightly striate below, shining, dark brown, with a whitish band ; whorls 7, slowly increasing, the last a little descend- ing in front, with convex base, very minutely spirally lined around the umbilicus; peristome acute. Diam. 16 mill. Transcaucasia. H. FLAVOLIMBATA, Bottger. PI. 45, figs. 70-72. Smaller, more depressed than the last species, very narrowly per- forate ; whorls 6, the last angulated ; olivaceous, with a whitish band, here and there radiated with yellow, with a yellowish line behind the aperture, strongly striate above, obsoletely so below, with spiral lines on the base; whorls 6-6 J, the last scarcely de- scending, periphery angulated ; peristome expanded, lipped within. Diam. 12'5-14 mill. Transcaucasia. H. NORDENSKIOLDI, Westrl. PI. 45, figs. 76-78. Moderately umbilicated, globose or globose depressed, pellucid, smooth, rarely sparsely short haired, shining, yellowish red, upper whorls reddish brown, with a white band, closely costulate above and below ; whorls 6*-7, the last not descending in front, obtusely subangulated ; periphery thinly, widely sublabiate. Diam. 12-14 mill. Jenissei, Siberia 202 HELIX. jEf. rufescens, Schrenck is a synonym. H. HELVOLA, Friv. PI. 45, figs. 73-75. Moderately umbilicated, rather solid, rugulosely striated, decuss- ated by very minute spiral lines, scarcely shining, corneous, with a chestnut band margined below with white; whorls 6 J, slowly in- creasing, the last not descending, with subangulate periphery ; lip slightly expanded, a little margined within. Diam. 19 mill. Siberia. H. STRIGELLA, Drap. PI. 45, figs. 79-83. Moderately umbilicated, striate, corneous, with a whitish band, fugaciously pubescent; whorls 5 £-6, somewhat flattened, the last descending in front ; periphery remotely labiate. Diam. 15 mill. Middle Europe, Caucasus. The synonyms are H. sylvestris, Alt., H. Altenana, Gartn., H. fruticosa, Parr., H. cornea, Hartm., H. piligera, Andrz., H. vitri- nosa, ZiegL, H. conspurcata, Nilss. (Juv.), H. hexagyra, Miihlf., H.peregra, Parr. Var. MOLDAVIA, Clessin. Larger, thicker, brownish corneous, flattened, slightly striate; whorls, 7, slowly increasing ; peristome expanded ; umbilicus wide, perspective. Diam. 18'5 mill. Var. COLLINIANA, Bourg. Figs. 81-83. Umbilicus wider, infundibuliform, aperture smaller, whorls well-rounded, more slowly increasing. Diarn. 15 mill. Sweden, Norway. H. RUSCINICA, Bourg. PL 46, figs. 90-92. Moderately umbilicated, finely striate, epidermis with vestiges of hairy scales, yellowish brown with a transparent peripheral band ; whorls 5, well-rounded, moderately increasing, periphery subangu- lated, last whorl descending in front ; peristome slightly expanded. Diam. 17 mill. Pyrenees. H. APENNINA, Miihlf. PL 45, figs. 84-87. Narrowly umbilicated, striulate, very lightly spirally lineolate and foveate, whitish corneous, becoming brownish anteriorily; whorls 6, convex, slowly increasing, the last rounded, slightly de- scending in front ; lip thin, with a remote white internal callus. Diam. 16*5-19 mill. Apennine Mts. Italy. HELIX. 203 Var. EUBCEICA, Kobelt. PL 43, figs. 6, 7. Mts., Greece. H. MARTENSIANA, Tiberi. PL 45, figs. 88, 89. Narrowly umbilicated, solid, rugulosely striate, subgranulate,. bluish corneous or pale fulvous ; whorls 6, convex, slowly en- larging, with impressed suture, the last whorl wider, planulate above, subinflated below, scarcely descending in front; peristome acute, bro\vn-lipped within, subexpanded. Diam. 21 mill. Mts. Italy. H. lavata, Tiberi is a synonym. Very probably this is only a variety of H. Appennina. H. SUBORBICULARIS, Martens. PL 46, figs. 93-95. Narrowly umbilicated, striulate, very lightly spirally lineolate,, polished, greyish white, apex blackish ; whorls 6, slowly increasing, the last rounded, scarcely descending ; peristome white-lipped within. Diam. 17 mill. Apennine Mts. H. ORSINII, Porro. PL 46. figs. 96-3. Moderately umbilicated, somewhat solid, lightly striate, whitish above, with a rather broad yellowish or brownish band, below yel- lowish or brown ; whorls 6, slowly increasing, the last narrow, scarcely descending in front ; peristome acute, slightly margined. Diam. 15-18 mill. Italy, Sicily.. H. ochracea, Ziegler is a synonym. Var. MAJELL^E, Kobelt. Figs. 99-1. Abruzzi, Italy.. Var. PIC^ENA, Tiberi. Figs. 2, 3. Abruzzi, Italy. H. PARREYSSI, Pfr. PL 46, figs. 4-6. Rather narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, granularly striate, reddish corneous, with two wide white bands, one at the suture, the other at the periphery; whorls 5?, slowly increasing, the last roun- ded, shortly descending in front, base more distinctly granular; peristome a little expanded, white-lipped within, basal margin obsoletely dentate. Diam. 10-15 mill. Apruti, Italy. H. modesta, Parr, is a synonym. This species is too closely allied to H. Orsinii, Porro. 204 HELIX. H. ALPHABUCELLIANA, Paulucci. PI. 46, figs. 7-9. Rather narrowly umbilicated, striulate, light chestnut X3olor, whitish at the suture and on the periphery ; whorls 7, the last large, slightly descending in front; aperture fulvous within. Diam. 16 mill. Abruzzi, Italy. H. RUFISPIRA, Martens. PL 46, figs. 10-16. Rather narrowly umbilcated, unequally rugulose-striate above, more closely striulate below, yellowish white, a little shining; whorls 5-5 £, with superficial suture, the last a little descending in front, with subangulate periphery, the angle becoming evanescent towards the aperture, with a white band, base convex : peristome acute, white-margined within, extremities approaching. Diam. 14-18 mill. Sarafschan, and in Alpine mountains, Turkestan. Var. ALBIDORSALIS, Mouss. Figs. 14-16. More depressed with stronger peripheral angle with a half whorl additional, narrower umbilicus, and stronger, white banding. Kuldseha, Central Asia. H. BRIGANTINA, Mengo. PL 46, figs. 17, 18. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, yellowish corneous ; whorls 5, slightly •convex, the last a little descending, peristome acute. Braganza, Portugal. Unfigured Species of Eulota. H. SOCCALIANA, Letourn. Corfu. H. CAPUSI, Villeserre. Turkestan. H. PANTANELLII, Stefani (H. strigella, Pautanelli, not Drap.), Italy. H. HIRCI, Clessin. Croatia. H. BRIANDI, H. GUERETINI, H. DUBREUILI, H. EUCY^E, H. Eus- CEPI^E, H. RENOUFI, H.FUEREDENSIS, H. BAKONYCA, H. PLAT- TENICA, Servain. Lake Balaton, Hungary. H. BOURGUIGNATI, Pfr. (H. fruticola, Bourg.) Crimea. H. CAIDIS, Ancey. Algiers. H. EUCESTELLA, H. MICROSPILA, Bourg. TuillS. H. URBARANA, Pechaud. Tunis. H. EUCANA, Hagenmiiller. Tunis. HELIX. 205 H. HADRUMETORUM, H. ENTARA, H. MAYETI, H. VALERYANA, H. EUMONA, H. PACHEST^EA, H. CHARMESIANA, H. BlLLOT- TIANA, H. MAXULANA, Letourn. et Bourg. Tunis. H. MOSELLICA, H. AUBINIANA, H. LEMONIA, H. DuMORUM, H. SEPARICA, H. VELLAVORUM, H. LEPIDOPHORA, H. BlJXETORUM, H. NEMETUMA, H. CUSSETENSIS, and H. CEYSSONI, Bourg. France* Subsection IX, DORCASIA, Gray. 1845. H. RUBENS, Martens. PI. 46, figs. 19-24. Narrowly umbilicated, rather solid, strongly striated, decussated by slight but conspicuous spiral lines, scarcely shining, brownish corneous, with a white peripheral band ; whorls 6, a little convex, slowly increasing, the last descending a little at the periphery; peristome slightly labiate within. Diam. 16.5 mill. Sarafschan, Turkestan. Var. CONCOLOR, Martens. Fig. 21. White band evanescent. Var. FINSCHIAXA, Martens. Fig. 22. Subglobose, last whorl lighter colored. Var. ZEILIANA, Martens. Fig. 23. Light colored, spire more produced. Var. KEGELIANA, Martens. Fig. 24. Shell depressed, whitish. H. PH^OZOXA, Martens. PL 46, figs. 25, 26. Narrowly umbilicated, roughly striate, with close, slight, spiral lines, white, with a chestnut baud; whorls 5i, the last scarcely des- cending in front, base convex ; peristome slightly thickened. Diam. 15-16 mill. Kokand, Turkestan. H. SIMILARS, Fer. PL 46, figs. 27-30 ; PL 47, figs. 33-37. Narrowly umbilicated, slightly striate, diaphanous, light corneous, with, or (more usually) without a chestnut band, spire more or less elevated ; whorls 5, slightly convex, lip white, reflected. Bengal, China, Mauritius, Seychelles, Brazil, Buenos Ayres, West Indies, Natal, Sandwich Is. etc. This species inhabits the coffee tree, and commerce has spread it all over the world, wherever coffee is cultivated. Its synonyms 206 HELIX. include H. translucens, King, H. Woodiana, Lea, H. squalida, Ziegl., H. addita, Fer. H. epixantha, Pfr. (fig. 30), from China, is regarded by Martens and others, as a juvenile. Var. STIMPSONI, Pfr. PI. 47, fig. 33. Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, closely striulate, shining, brownish corneous; whorls 5£, moderately increasing, the last not descending, turgid, periphery obsoletely angulated, base more dis- tinctly striate; peristonie white, shortly reflected, columellar lip nearly perpendicular. Diam. 15 mill. Japan. H. genulabris, Mart, is a synonym. Var. ARCASIANA, Crosse and Debeaux. PI. 47, figs. 36, 37. Scarcely perforate, not thick, a little shining, with thin, irregular, oblique striae, milk white; whorls 6, moderately increasing, the last not descending, base inflated, excavated around the umbilicus; peristome white, reflected. Diam. 16 mill. Shanghai, China. Var. BORBONICA, Desh. PL 47, figs. 34, 35. Narrowly umbilicatad, depressed, irregularly, obsoletely striated, yellowish corneous with a brown band; Avhorls 6, the last cylindrical; peristome expanded, white. Diam. 12-15 mill. Ins. Bourbon. H. CESTUS, Benson. PL 47, figs. 31, 32. Narrowly perforate, thin, distinctly striated and very obsoletely granulated, light corneous, wdth a peripheral chestnut band ; whorls 5, the last scarcely descending in front, periphery subangulated ; peristome simple, thin, slightly expanded. Diam. 15 mill. Bengal. This may also be a variety of H. similaris. H. HONGKONGIENSIS, Desh. PL 47, figs. 38, 39. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, pellucid, whitish or yellowish, with a chestnut peripheral line, irregularly striate; whorls 5J, convex, slowly enlarging, the last cylindrical; lip narrow, white, a little thickened within. Diam. 16 mill. Hongkong, China. Probably another variety of H. similaris. H. OBSCUBA, Desh. PL 47, figs. 41, 42. Narrowly perforate, thin, pellucid, irregularly thinly striated, dark reddish ; whorls 6, slowly increasing, with superficial suture, HELIX. 207 base convex ; aperture reddish, with a whitish margin, scarcely expanded or thickened within. Diam. 15 mill. Hong Kong, China. This is also suspected to be a variety of H. similaris. H. STRIATISSIMA, Desh. PI. 47, figs. 42, 43, Narrowly perforate, thin, fragile, pellucid, yellowish, minutely plicate, crossed by microscopic spiral lines ; whorls 5 J, the last much larger, very obtusely angulated on the periphery ; lip thin, a little reflected. Diam, 15 mill. Hong Kong, China. H. NUCLEUS, Desh. PI. 47, fig. 44. Narrowly umbilicated, corneous, pellucid, yellowish, irregularly striate, suture well-impressed ; whorls 6, convex, narrow, the last a little depressed in front ; lip thickened, reflected, white. Diarn. 18 mill. Shanghai, China. Perhaps a variety of H. similaris, Fer. H. ARUNDINETORUM, Heude. PL 47, figs. 45, 46. Narrowly umbilicated, fragile, pellucid, fulvous, rarely with a light rufous peripheral band, minutely spirally striate; whorls 5, the last rapidly enlarging, not descending, periphery obsoletely angulated ; lip narrow, scarcely reflected, reddish or white. Diam. 13 mill. River Yangtze, China. H. GRAMINUM, Heude. PL 47, fig. 47. Narrowly umbilicated, corneous or flavous, sometimes with a •chestnut band, spirally minutely or strongly striate ; whorls 6, convex, slowly increasing, the last obsoletely angulated ; aperture white, lip scarcely thickened, slightly reflected. Diam. 18 mill. River Yangtze, China. H. STRAMINEA, Heude. PL 47, figs. 48, 49. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, pellucid, whitish or yellowish, some- times with a chestnut band, minutely spirally striate; whorls 5J, convex, with deep suture, last whorl laterally convex, flattened below, descending in front ; peristome subreflected.. Diam. 21 mill. Yangtze River, China. H. CREMATA, Heude. PL 47, figs. 52, 53. Narrowly umbilicated, yellowish, with a narrow chestnut band, very minutely spirally striate, suture superficial ; whorls 4-5, convex, 208 HELIX. the last scarcely descending, obtusely angulated ; peristome white, a little expanded. Diam. 19 mill. Ouyuan, China* H. FORTUNEI, Pfr. PL 47, figs. 50, 51. Sinistral, narrowly umbilicated, thin, whitish, shining, with usually a chestnut band, closely, minutely, obliquely striate ; whorls 5£, the last convex, scarcely descending; peristome white, thickened reflected. Diam. 16-21 mill. Shanghai, China. Von Martens and others have suspected this to be a reversed If. similaris, Var. MERIDIONALIS, Mollend. Fig. 51. Yellowish corneous, without band, globosely conical, whorls some- what flattened. Diam. 17 mill. H. UNCOPILA, Heude. PL 47, fig. 56. • Sinistral, thin, yellowish, with a chestnut band, spirally striate, with oblique lines of short hairs, suture rather deep; whorls 5, rather rapidly increasing, the last inflated, obsoletely angulated, anteriorly scarcely descending; peristome subthickened, white or reddish, expanded. Diam. 21 mill. . River Yangtze, Cnina. H. LTJTOSA, Desh. PL 47, figs. 54, 55. Narrowly umbilicated, whitish, under a black pigmental epider- mis, opaque, suture deep; whorls 5, narrow, convex, slowly increasing, the last a little larger, with convex base; aperture white, peristome expanded, thickened within. Diam. 7 mill. Pekin, China. H. FASCIOLA, Drap. PL 47, figs. 57-59. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, diaphanous, whitish corneous with a narrow chestnut band; whorls 5£, the last scarcely angulated; peristome white, thickened. Diam. 15 mill. Hob. unknown. Described as a French species, but has not been recognized; H. DICHROA, Pfr. PL 47, figs. 63, 64. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, obliquely striated, lightly decussated by close spiral strise, diaphanous, with numerous, interrupted, white, opaque spiral lines; whorls 6, the last deflected in front, base convex ; lip thin, a little expanded above, shortly reflected below. Diam. 15'5 mill. Shanghai, China. HELIX. 209 H. MAACKII, Gerstfeldt. PL 47, figs. 60-62: PL 48, figs. 65-67. More or less perforate or narrowly umbilicated, thin, translucent, distinctly obliquely striate or subplicate, scarcely shining, yellowish brown, with three chestnut bands, suture moderate ; whorls 6-7 ; lip a little reflected, thickened within. Diam. 30 mill. Amur country; L. Poiang, China. Var. CONRAUXIANA, Heude. Figs. 62, 65, 66. Shell more depressed, with larger umbilicus. This=var. depressa, of Pfr. (Figs. 65, 66). Var. UNIZONALIS, H. Adams. Fig. 67. Whorls less convex, the last larger, with a single peripheral band. H. Kiangsinensis, Martens, is a synonym. H. BILLEANA, Heude. PL 48, figs. 68-70. Narrowly umbilicated, solid, closely and strongly obliquely striate, fulvous, with three chestnut bands ; whorls 5, the last large, slightly descending in front, convex below; peristome scarcely reflected, thickened within. Diam. 27 mill. KiuntcJieou, China. Perhaps only a variety of H. Maackii. H. WEYRICHI, Schrenck. PL 48, figs. 71, 72. Umbilicus narrow, partly covered, a little solid, obliquely striate or subplicate, decussated by spiral lines, yellowish white or greenish yellow, with a chestnut band, opaque ; whorls 5-6, the last ventri- cose ; lip acute, subreflected, with a white rim within. Diam. 28 mill. Sachalien Isl. H. TOURANNENSIS, Souleyet. PL 48, figs. 73, 74, 77. Narrowly umbilicated, distinctly, closely striated, greyish yellow, subdiaphanous ; whorls 6, the last with inflated base; peristome pinkish, a little expanded, white lipped \vithin. Diam. 15 mill. Cochin China, Macao, Burmah. H. globula, Lea. H. clusilis, Val. and H. Bolus, Benson, (fig. 77.) are synonyms. Var. RHODOSTOMA, Moll. Peristome rosy or purple. 14 210 HELIX. H. KUPPELLI, Desh. PL 48, figs, 75, 76. Narrowly perforate, with slight quincunx puncticulations and irregular oblique striae, shining, dark chestnut color, suture chan- neled; whorls 5,. periphery obtusely angulated; aperture bright chestnut, lip narrow, reflected; reddish. Diam. 21 mill. Moupin, Eastern Thibet. H. ARGILLACEA, Fer. PI. 48, figs. 78, 79. Perforate, thin, diaphanous, brownish corneous, suture moderate; whorls 4$, the last inflated, suddenly deflected in front; peristome widely expanded, shortly reflected. Diam. 20-22 mill. Ins. Timor, Flores. H. cyclostomopsis, Lea. is a synonym. H. RADICICOLA, Benson. PL 48, fig. 85. Perforate, thin, striulate, translucent, greejiish corneous: whorls 4J, the last obsoletely angulated, shortly descending in front; aperture diagonally subquadrate ; lip thin, acute, shortly expanded. Diam. 12 mill. Himalayas, India. H. ELATIOR, Martens. PL 52, 'figs. 14, 15. Subcovered perforate, striulate and malleate, a little shining, light greenish yellow, with two wide chestnut bands; whorls 5, the last rounded, slightly descending in front; lip thickened, white, shortly reflected, nearly covering the umbilicus. Diam. 15*5 mill. Himalayas. H. BRARDIANA, Pfr. PL 52, fig. 97. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, striate, pellucid, fulvous, with irreg- ular yellowish opaque maculations ; whorls 5, the last not descending in front, periphery obtusely angulated; peristome simple, thin, expan- ded. Diam. 14 mill. Ins. Bourbon. H. TRAN^VERSALIS, Mousson. PL 48, figs. 80, 81. Narrowly umbilicated, striulate, subdiaphanous, white under a fugacious thin epidermis, sometimes with a superior corneous band ; whorls 41, rapidly increasing, the last deflected in front, more convex below, angulated around the umbilicus; peristome sublabiate, reflected, distinctly constricted exteriorly. Diam. 10-14 mill. Ins. Bali, and Madura. HELIX. 211 H. DESPECTA, Gray. PI. 48, fig. 86. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, rugosely striate, yellowish brown; spire a little elate, with deep suture; whorls 5, convex, the last inflated ; lip simple, a little thickened within. Diam. 22 mill. ? Loo Choo Is. H. CRASSULA, Phil. PI. 48, figs. 90-92. Narrowly umbilicated, scarcely striulate, epidermis yellowish, with short hairs in quincunx order, suture deep ; whorls 5, the last inflated below and slightly angulate round the umbilicus, distinctly descending in front ; lip rosy white, thickened, reflected. Diam. 16'6-18 mill. Java, Sumatra. H. Storiana, Mousson. is a synonym. H. CRYPTOPILA, Mousson. PL 48, figs. 87-89. Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, obliquely striate and punctate, with a deciduous, very short pile, subdiaphanous, greyish corneous, suture linear; whorls 4*, the last carinate, shortly des- cending in front, inflated below and subangulated around the umbilicus; aperture diagonal, peristome simple, upper margin shortly expanded, basal narrowly reflected. Diam. 18 mill. Ins. Rakata. Var. HELICDSTOIDES, Mouss. Shell smaller, with a light peripheral band. Diam. 12'7 mill. Java. H. ZOROASTER, Theobald. PI. 48, fig. 93. Umbilicated, minutely striate, corneous, with usually a peripheral chestnut band, whorls 5 ; last obtusely angulate on the periphery ; peristome thin, a little reflected. Diam. 15 mill. Between Ava. and Prome. H. SCALPTURITA, Benson. PI. 48, fig. 94. Umbilicus narrow, striulate, closely spirally striate, a little shini'ng, whitish, light brown on the apex and towards the aperture, often with a chestnut band ; whorls 5 J, the last rounded, a little descending in front; peristome .thin, somewhat expanded. Diam. 22 mill. Ava. H. EVERETTI, H. Adams. PI. 49, fig. 95. Umbilicated, lightly plicate-striate above, inconspicuously gran- ulated, light fulvous, under a thin epidermis of the same color, with a peripheral chestnut band; whorls 4, convex, the base obtusely 212 HELIX. angulated around the umbilicus; peristome expanded and narrowly reflected. Diam. 13 mill. Sarawak, Borneo. H. TOMENTOSA, Pfr. PL 49, fig. 96. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, somewhat hairy, cinnamon color; whorls 5, rapidly enlarging, the last not descending, base convex, compressed around the umbilicus ; aperture lighter colored, shining, peristome red-lipped within, expanded and somewhat reflected, angulated at the base. Diam. 16 mill. Sarawak, Borneo. H. MENDAX, Martens. PI. 49, figs. 97-99. Moderately umbilicated, striulate, corneous fulvous; whorls 3?, a little excavated at the suture, the last deflected in front, subangula- ted on the periphery, base convex, with an angle around the umbilicus; peristome thin, reflected. Diam. 11 mill. Atapupu, Ins. Timor. H. BACTRIANA, Hutton. PL 49, figs. 13, 14. Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, obliquely rugosely striate and punctulate above, smoother below, a little shining, whitish corneous; whorls 6, moderately increasing, the last convex, scarcely descending at the aperture; aperture diagonal, peristome a little expanded, white-lipped within. Diam. 14 mill. Candaliar, India. H. MIGHELSIANA, Pfr. PL 49, figs. 6, 7. Narrowly umbilicated, solid, closely plicate, obsoletely spirally striated, chestnut color or yellowish brown ; whorls 5, the last ven- tricose, slightly descending in front, compressed around the umbilicus; peristome simple, strongly white-lipped within. Diam. 19 mill. Ins. Mindanao. H. FODIENS, Pfr. PL 49, figs. 8, 9. Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, diaphanous, closely obliquely plicate, sometimes lightly decussated by spiral lines, brownish corneous; whorls 5£, the last with subangulated periphery; aperture flesh color, shining, peristome subexpanded, sublabiate within. Diam. 21 mill. Ins. Luzon and Siquijor, Philippines. H. NAUTILOIDES, Val. PL 52, figs. 89-91. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, pellucid, smooth, yellowish corneous whorls 4, rapidly increasing, the last large, wide, convex ; peristom< simple, acute, white lipped below. Diam. 21 mill. Hob. unknm HELIX. 213 *** South African Species. H. ROSACEA, Miiller. PI. 49, fig. 100. Narrowly umbilicated, partly covered, solid, obliquely striate, scarcely shining, yellowish- or rosy-white or clouded with grey; whorls 5, convex, the last large, inflated, minutely rugosely malleate, scarcely descending in front, base convex ; aperture rosy, peristome similarly colored, thick, expanded or revolute, extremities joined by a brownish violaceous callus. Diam. 45 mill. Cape of Good Hope. It is H. globulus, Var. p. of Pfr. H. GLOBULUS, Miiller. PL 49, fig. 1. Subcovered umbilicated, rather thin, striulate, bluish gray, spire becoming brownish purple towards the apex; whorls 4|-, the last inflated, lightly malleated, a little descending in front, compressed round the umbilicus; aperture brownish purple, shining, peristome shortly reflected, rubicund, with a darker parietal callus connecting its margins. Diam. 27 mill. Cape of Good Hope. H. lucana. Lam. (not Mull.) and H. rosacea, Jonas are synonyms. H. LUCANA, Miiller. PL 49, fig. 2. Umbilicated, subpellucid, shining, brownish yellow above, su- ture and base white; whorls 5, the upper ones planulate, the last large, convex, peristome thick, reflected, margins callously joined. Diam. 30 mill. Cape of Good Hope. H. lucena, Gmelin is a synonym. H. BULBUS, Menke. PL 49, figs. 10-12. Moderately umbilicated, thin, irregularly rugosely striate, with a few impressed spiral lines, white; whorls 4£, oliquely flattened, the last scarcely descending, periphery rounded, base convex ; peristome simple, subreflected below, thickened within. Diam. 26 mill. Cape of Good Hope. H. ALEXANDRA Gray. PL 49, fig. 6. Kimately perforate, light fulvous or whitish, minutely costulate- striate above, smooth below; whorls 5, convex, the last inflated, suddenly deflected in front, base deviating, forming the rimate umbilicus; aperture subcircular, peristome continuous, expanded and reflected. Diam. 32 mill. Damara, Africa. 214 HELIX. H. VOTIVA, Crosse. PL 49, figs. 4, 5. Narrowly umbilicated, subtranslucent, a little shiniDg, thinly, subobliquely striate, yellowish straw color, with two dark chestnut bands on the penultimate, three on the last whorl ; whorls 4, rather flattened, the last anteriorly descending, scarcely angulated at the periphery ; aperture whitish, showing the bands, peristome white, the extremities closely approaching. Diam. 26 mill. Madagascar. H. CANESCENS, Ads. and Eeeve. PL 50, figs. 39-41, Subcovered perforate, somewhat solid, striate, obsoletely decus- sated, greyish white, with a median corneous-pellucid spiral line, or several interrupted lines and bands of mac illations, apex corneous; whorls 5, the last gradually descending in front; aperture bluish, peristome acute, sublabiate within, columellar margin oblique, callously tuberculated. Diam. 20 mill. Africa. The rather indefinite locality has not been verified; the figure and description given by Reeve (fig. 41.) are suspiciously close to the Western American group to which belong H. Icevis, H. Veatchi and H. Pandorce-, Kiister's figures (figs. 39, 40) appear very different. * * Australian /Species. H. L^SA, Reeve. PL 49, fig. 15. Narrowly umbilicated, plicate-striate and minutely granulated, livid greenish, purple-tinted ; whorls 5-6, convex, the last a little deflected in front; lip expanded, reflected, widely dilated at the umbilicus. Diam. 25 mill. Hunter Rivet1, Australia. H. EXPEDITIONS, Cox. PL 49, fig. 19. Umbilicated, thin, transparent, yellowish brown, shining, rudely striated; whorls 5 £-6, the last large, inflated, descending in front; aperture pale violaceous, peristome simple, white. Diam. 26 mill. Tropical Australia. H. FUNICULATA, Pfr. PL 49, fig. 16. Moderately umbilicated, thin, rugosely granulated, a little shin- ing, chestnut color, with a peripheral white band, suture subchan- HELIX. 215 neled ; whorls 6, slowly increasing, the last angulated, descending in front, base convex, subcompressed around the umbilicus; lip simple, shortly reflected below. Diam. 29 mill. Torres Sts., Australia. H. PLECTILIS, Benson. PL 49, figs. 18, 17. Subcovered perforate, brownish white, opaque, with strong angul- arly flexuous, oblique rugosities, becoming smoother below ; whorls 4, the last deflected in front, periphery obtusely angulated ; aperture subcircular, peristome expanded, a little reflected, margins approach- ing and connected by a parietal callus, columellar lip expanded, more or less covering the umbilicus. Diam. 14'5 mill. Shark's Say, W. Australia. H. paleata, Reeve (fig. 17), is a synonym. H. TORULUS, Fer. Subperforate, globular, white, smooth, with a chestnut band; whorls 6, convex, narrow, base inflated; aperture rather small, rounded-lunar, lip simple, white, upper margin subexpanded, basal dilated, reflected, partly covering the umbilicus. Diam. 15 mill. Australia. H. DURALENSIS, Cox. PL 50, figs. 20, 21. Umbilicated, a little solid, rudely costate, especially at the suture, and very minutely granulated, dark chestnut color or yellowish, paler below; whorls 5, the last carinated, a little descending in front; aperture pale rosy, lip slightly reflected. Diam. 20 mill. Dural, New South Wales. H. DUNKIENSIS, Forbes. PL 50, figs. 23, 22, 24. Moderately umbilicated, striated and minutely granulated, light fulvous; whorls 5-}, slowly increasing, rugulose at the suture, last whorl not descending, periphery subangulated, base inflated, sub- compressed round the umbilicus ; lip white, shortly expanded. Diam. 25 mill. Dunk Isl. N. Australia. Forbes' figure (fig. 22) represents a young shell. H. PRUNUM, Fer. PL 50, figs. 25, 26. Umbilicated, fulvous or chestnut color, sometimes with a dark chestnut peripheral line, obliquely striate and obsoletely granular; 216 HELIX. whorls 6, the last inflated, a little descending in front ; aperture reddish, shining, lip white, shortly expanded. Diam. 30 mill. Australia. H. argillacea, Gray and H. pelodes, Pfr. are synonyms. H. CAILLETI, Crosse. PI. 50, figs. 27, 28. Scarcely rimate, rather thick, rugulosely striate and very thinly subgranose, dark chestnut color; whorls 6, convex, the last inflated, obscurely angulated, descending in front, subcompressed round the umbilical region; aperture pale violaceous, peristome same color, shortly expanded and reflected. Diam. 32 mill. ? Oceanica. The particular locality is unknown. Var. ft. Paler, greenish yellow, thinner, peristome whitish. Diam. 28 mill. H. MABILLEI, Crosse. PI. 50, fig. 29. Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, pellucid, rugosely striate, light brownish ; whorls 5, convex, the last inflated, subangulated, descend- ing in front, shining and greenish yellow on the base, subcompressed around the umbilicus; aperture bluish, peristome white, dilated above, margins joined by a shining callus. Diam. 24 mill. f Oceanica. Var. /?. Peristome violaceous, scarcely impinging on the umbilicus, surrounded with chestnut color. Possibly this is identical with the preceding species. H. COXENI, Cox. PI. 50, fig. 30. Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, translucent, yellowish brown, with undulating irregular striae and subrecurved hairs ; whorls 5£, the last rapidly increasing, inflated, a little descending in front : lip expanded, its extremities joined by a thin callus. Diam. 24 mill. Whitsunday Isl. Queensland, Australia. H. PLICULOSA, Pfr. PL 50, fig. 31. Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, closely plicate-striate above, diaphanous, a little shining, reddish corneous ; whorls 4£, periphery subangulate, rounded and scarcely descending in front, base in- flated, subcompressed around the umbilicus ; peristome whitish, a little expanded. Diam. 16 mill. "Drayton Range" N. Australia- HELIX. 217 H. AEIDORUM, Cox. PL 50, figs. 34, 35. Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, a little shining, rugosely striate, very lightly granular, smoother below, greenish corneous ; whorls 4J, the last large, tumid ; lip thin, shortly reflected, partly covering the umbilicus. Diam. 14 mill. Clarence River, Australia. H. LUTACEA, Pfr. PI. 50, figs. 32, 33. Narrowly umbilicated, solid, striulate, decussated by very close spiral striae, a little shining, brownish yellow ; whorls 4J, moder- ately increasing, the last very obsoletely angulated, scarcely de- scending in front; peristome strongly white-lipped, expanded, re- flected below. Diam. 23 mill. Habitat unknown. H. BREVIPILA, Pfr. PL 50, figs. 34-36. Widely umbilicated, with short rigid hairs, in quincunx order, not shining, dark brownish ; whorls scarcely 5, a little convex, the last rounded, subdeflected in front, angularly compressed around the umbilicus; aperture shining, lip thin, chestnut color, shortly expanded, margins approaching. Diam. 18 mill. Cape York. Originally described from a young specimen (fig. 36). Unfigured and doubtful species of Dorcasia. H. ASSIMILARIS, H. FUCHSI, and H. MILIARIA, Gredler. China. H. OCCULTA, Ptr. Ins. Aru. H. CERINA, Mor. Madagascar. H. LIVERPOOLENSIS, Brazier. New South Wales. H. CARCHARIAS, Pfr. Shark's Say, Australia. H. BLACKALLI, H. BENNETTI, Brazier. Queensland, Australia. H. MURINA, Pfr. Admiralty Islands, N. Australia. H. ORPHANA, Heude. China. It is hard to determine whether this is one of the Zonitidce or an ungrown Dorcasia. Subsection X, SATSUMA. A. Ad. 1868. H. PAPILLIFORMIS, Kobelt. PL 51, fig. 47. Scarcely rimate, thin, irregularly striulate, glimmering, greyish yellow, with a peripheral chestnut line ; whorls 6, the last slightly descending at the suture; peristome simple, a little expanded, almost entirely covering the umbilicus. Diam. 23, alt. 27 mill. Ins. Nippon, Japan. 218 HELIX. H. LARGILLIERTI Phil. PL, 50, figs. 45, 46. Perforate, thin, smoothish, diaphanous, whitish, whorls 5s, the last with obsoletely angulated periphery; peristome simple, right margin shortly expanded, basal a little thickened, sometimes with a peripheral chestnut band, showing in the suture. Diam. 22 mill. Loo Choo Is. If. immaculata, Ads. and Reeve is a synonym. H. JAPONICA, Pfr. PL 51, figs. 48-51, 52. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, striate, corneous yellow, with a light-margined pale chestnut peripheral line; whorls 5 J, the last with carinated periphery, scarcely descending in front ; peristome thin, shortly expanded, callously thickened on the middle of the basal margin. Diam. 18 mill. Japan* H. vitracea, Fer. is possibly identical. H. ALBIDA, A. Adams. PL 51, fig. 53. Subcovered perforate, thin, lightly obliquely striate, and spirally, very thinly striulate, whitish ; whorls 6, subplanate, the last carin- ated, not descending in front, a little constricted behind the aper- ture; peristome thin, expanded, dextral margin flexuous. Diam. 14 mill. Taiivan, Formosa. H. CONOSPIRA, Pfr. PL 51, figs. 54, 55. Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, striulate, a little shining, light corneous; whorls 5 2-6, the last rounded, scarcely descending; peristome thin, whitish, a little expanded. Diam. 7 '5-8*5 mill. Japan. H. TABUENSIS, Ancey. PL 51, figs. 60-62. Narrowly umbilicated, obliquely striate, decussated by close, fine spiral strise, yellowish corneous, usually with a pale peripheral band; whorls 7, the last with obtusely angulated periphery, and flattened base; peristome expanded, reflected. Diam. 16 mill. Tabu-Sima, Japan. H. patruelis, H. Ad., (not Angas) is a synonym. H. SPHINCTOSTOMA, A. Adams. PL 51, figs. 64-67 v Narrowly perforate, obliquely striate, yellowish corneous, some- times with a peripheral band ; whorls 6, the last rounded, con- HELIX. 219 stricted at the aperture ; peristome white-lipped, expanded and re- flected. Diain. 12 mill. Tago, Japan. H. CARDIOSTOMA, Kobelt. PI. 51, figs. 56, 57. Imperforate, thin, obliquely striulate, with spiral lines, yellowish corneous ; whorls 5, the last a little flattened ; slightly descending, rounded at the periphery, -constricted at the aperture; peristome slightly thickened, scarcely expanded. Diam. 14*5 mill Kioto, Japan. H. HILGENDORFFI, Kobelt. PL 65, figs. 58, 59. Moderately umbilicated, thin, striulate, corneous, sometimes white zoned at the periphery ; whorls 6, ihe last a little descend- ing in front ; peristome subexpanded, shortly reflected. Diam. 15 mill. Japan. H. VERRUCOSA, Keinh. PL 51, figs. 69-71. Narrowly perforate, obliquely striate, granular, greyish brown ; whorls OL», the last obtusely angulated, base convex; peristome acute, margins joined by a thin callus. Diam. 5'5 mill. Near Yeddo, Japan. H. MACROCYCLOIDES, Kobelt. PL 51, figs. 72, 73. Rather widely umbilicated, thin, lightly striulate, corneous white, suture deep; whorls 6, narrow, slowly enlarging, the last subinflated, a little deflected in front ; peristome white-lipped, expanded. Diam. 17 mill. Japan. H. GOODWINI, Smith. PL 51, figs. 76, 77. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, light corneous, translucent, with thin incremental striae, and nearly obsolete, minute spiral striae; whorls 5 2-6, the last subangulated, a little descending in front;; peristome thin, slightly expanded, Diam. 11*5 mill. Japan. H. CONULINA. Mart. PL 51, figs. 74, 75. Perforate, brownish corneous, thin, striulate, yellowish white ; whorls 5, the last obtusely angulated and .deflected in front ; peris- tome thin, sublabiate below, scarcely reflected. Diam. 7 mill. Japan. 220 HELIX. H. LISCHKEANA, Kobelt. PI. 51, figs. 78, 79. Perforate, thin, subpellucid, thinly obliquely striulate, slightly, very minutely granular, horny white, with a chestnut band ; whorls 5, the last subcompressed but not angulated, descending in front ; peristome thin, slightly labiate within. Diam. 10 mill. Japan. H. CALLIZONA, Crosse. PI. 51, fig. 63. Narrowly umbilicated, subarcuately striate, irregularly subrugose, with numerous, close, decussating spiral lines, yellowish white, with a subbasal chestnut band, suture rather irregular, impressed; whorls 5£, the last scarcely descending, the periphery obsoletely angulated; aperture white, showing the basal zone, simple, a little thickened within. Diam. 22 mill. Japan. H. FULVICANS, H. Adams. PI. 51, fig. 68. Umbilicated, somewhat thin, lightly striate, decussated by very thin spiral line, shortly pilose, light fulvous; whorls 6J, the last rather acutely carinated, descending in front, base more convex; peristome thin, expanded, subsinuous below. Diam. 11 mill. Tamsui, Formosa. H. COREANICA, Ads. and Keeve. PL 52, figs. 83-85. Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, irregularly rugosely striate, reddish corneous, bifasciate with white above; whorls 5&, the last dilated and rounded, scarcely descending in front; aperture shining, peristome simple, acute, rosy lipped within. Diam. 19 mill. Corea. H. LEPROSULA, Heude. PL 51, figs. 80-82. Moderately umbilicated, solid, color? (denuded of epidermis), whorls 5, rather narrow, the last obscurely angulated, descending at the aperture, peristome expanded, acute, thickened within. Diam. 26 mill. China. H. IMPROVISA, Heude. PL 52, fig. 88. Narrowly umbijlicated, brownish, with three bands, the middle one dark, the others light, darker around the umbilicus; whorls 5, the last obsoletely angulated, rugulosely striate; peristome expanded, acute. Diam. 20 mill. Tchenkeou, China. HELIX. 221 H. LATRUNCULORUM, Heude. PI. 52, fig. 86. Narrowly umbilicated, rugulosely spirally striate, fulvous; whorls 5, the last obscurely angulated, inflated below. Diam. 20 mill. Tchenkeou, China. H. PLETHORICA, Crosse. PL 52, fig. 87. Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, diaphanous, striate-costulate, yellowish straw-color; whorls 5, the last with obsoletely angulated periphery ; aperture whitish, peristome simple, white. Diam. 14'5 mill. Hob. unknown. H. BREVIBARBIS, Pfr. PL 52, figs. 92, 93, 1. Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, diaphanous, corneous white, with a peripheral chestnut line, irregularly striate, subdecussated by close spiral lines ; whorls 62 , the last not descending, with carin- ated periphery bearing short bristles, base more convex ; lip white, expanded above, reflected below. Diam. 14 mill. Northern China. H. THORACICA, Heude. PL 52, figs. 94-96. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, fragile, with thin longitudinal series of minute scales, brownish fulvous ; whorls 7, subplanulate, slowly increasing, the last slightly descending in front, convex be- low ; peristome simple, slightly expanded, white. Diam. 16 mill. Kiuntcheou, China. H. SQUAMOSELLA, Heude. PL 52, figs. 98-100. Moderately umbilicated, thin, fragile, squamose in spiral lines ; whorls 6|, the last not descending, acutely angulated, angle vanish- ing towards the aperture; peristome scarcely thickened, slightly deflected. Diam. 11 mill. Nanking, China. H. MICACEA, Heude. PL 52, figs. 5-7. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, fragile, diaphanous, obliquely striu- late, whitish ; whorls 6, slowly increasing, the last obtusely angu- lated, subplane around the umbilicus, a little deflected in front ; peristome thin, slightly reflected. Diam. 11 mill. Nganking, China. H. PHYLLOPHAGA, Heude. PL 52, figs. 8-10. Perforate, striulate, with caducous short hairs, fulvous; whorls 5, with deep suture, and slowly increasing, the last obtusely angulated, 222 HELIX. not deflected in front, convex below; peristome simple, a little thickened. Diam. 6 mill. Nanking, China. H. DORMITANS, Heude. PL 52, figs. 11-13. Perforate, pellucid, striulate, with short, caducous hairs; whorls 5, narrow, slowly increasing, the last obtusely angulated, not des- cending at the aperture, base convex; peristome sub-simple. Diam. 6 mill. L. Hongtse, China. H. ARBUSTICOLA, Deshayes. PI. 50, figs. 42, 43. Moderately umbilicated, irregularly striate, striae stronger at the suture, light chestnut color, with obscure whitish strigre and macula- tions; whorls 6, narrow, the last a little deflected in front; aperture white, margin thin, slightly expanded above, more strongly below. Diam. 24 mill. Moupin, Eastern Thibet. *** H. BULIMIXOIDES, Heude. PL 52, figs. 18, 19. H. PSEUDOBULIMINUS, Heude. PL 52, figs. 16, 17. H. BULIMINUS, Heude. PL 52, fig. 20. H. TAIVANICA, Mollend. PL 52, fig. 21. Distinguished conchologists .have placed these Chinese species in the present group, but after having figured them, I concluded that they belonged, the first two, more probably to Turricula, the last two to CoGhlicella ; they will consequently be described in the next volume. Unfigured species H. PECULIARIS, H. GIBBOSA, and H. SEROTINA, A. Ad. .Japan. H. SPH^RULATA, Reinh. Japan. H. GRADATA, Mollend. Corea. H. EUMENES, Westerl. Japan. H. SCHOMBURGIANA, Moll. (~-H. trochulus, Moll, not Ads.) China. H. BIZONA, and H. SQUAMULINA, Gredler. China. Subsection XI, HISPIDELLA, Lowe. 1852. H. HORRIPILA, Morelet and Drouet, PL 52, figs. 22-24. Narrowly perforate, thin subdiaphanous, closely, very minutely striate, decussated by spiral lines, with short, erect, decurrent hairs, HELIX. 223 reddish brown, with a yellowish band; whorls 5£, the last obtusely angulated; lip simple, thin. Diam. 9 mill. Azores. H. ARMITAGEANA, Lowe. PL 52, fig. 25. Narrowly perforate, thin, rugulose, shortly pilose, pellucid, oliva- ceous corneous, with one or two obsolete darker bands; whorls 4£, the last not descending, periphery subangulated, base a little more convex ; peristome a little expanded, sublabiate within. Diam. 7*5 mill. Madeira. H. PAVIDA, Mousson. PI. 53, figs. 28, 29. Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, subpellucid, corneous to brownish black, maculated or punctulated with opaque yellow; "whorls 4 ; peristome simple," thin, acute. Diam. 5 mill. Ins. Teneriffe, Palma. H. nubigena, Lowe is a synonym. H. DEFLORATA, Lowe, Unfigured. Madeira. Subsection XII, CILIELLA, Mousson. 1872. H. LEPROSA, Shuttlew. PL 53, figs. 33-35. Sub-covered perforate, thin, obliquely costulate-striate, with min- ute granules or very fugacious membranaceous scales, reddish corn- eous ; whorls 5, the last a little descending, with obtusely angulated periphery ; peristome slightly expanded and reflected. Diam. 8 mill. Ins. Teneriffe. H. LANOSA, Mousson. PL 53, figs. 30-32. Very narrowly perforate, rather thin, obliquely plicate-striate, not granular or rugulose, closely pilose, pellucid, corneous brown ; whorls 5, the last slightly descending anteriorly, periphery rounded angular, base rounded, smoothish, without hairs ; peristome sim- ple, shortly expanded, white, basal portion reflected. Diam. 9'5 mill. Canary Is. Section II, XEROPHILA, Held. 1837. Subsection I, EUPARYPHA, Hartmann. 1840. H. SEETZENI, Koch. PL 53, figs. 26, 27. Very narrowly perforate, rather solid, striate, chalky white; 224 HELIX. whorls 5 J, the last ventricose, a little descending ; aperture white, peristome acute, lipped within. Diam. 19*5 mill. Syria. Occasionally banded. H. Sabcea, Boiss. is a synonym. H. PISANA, Mull. PI. 53, figs. 36-40 ; 41, 42. Narrowly perforate, thin, somewhat shining, striulate, very lightly spirally lineate, yellowish white, variously lineate and banded continuously or interruptedly with chestnut ; whorls 5, the last slightly descending in front, rounded ; peristome acute, rosy lipped within. Diam. 18 mill. Mediterranean Region, Canary Is., Madeira. The synonyms of this common, beautiful species are H. eingenda, Montf.; H. zonaria, Penn., H. rhodostoma, Drap., H. petholata, Ol., If. Damascena, Parr., H. albina, Ziegl., and H. lineolata, H. Silis, H. Eridana and H. Porrina, Chiereg. H. leucas, Linn., is believed to be a juvenile of this species, and H. Pisanopsis, Orb., said to be Cuban, but not found there, is probably another. Var. ALBORANENSIS, Webb and Berth. Figs. 41, 42. Smaller, more globose, perforation minute but distinct, unicol- ored or with numerous lines, or marbled. Canary Is. Var. ANONYMA, Westerl. Civita Vecchia. Var. SARDOA, Zglr. ' Smaller, umbilicus nearly closed, with continuous and interrupted bands. Diam. 12-13 mill. Sardinia. Var. GEMINATA, Mouss. Imperforate, or nearly so, somewhat solid, subcalcareous, not shining, with acute striae, crossed by distant spiral lines, whitish with continuous, or radiatingly interrupted or punctate spiral red- dish or violet-grey lines. Diam. 20 mill. Canary Is. H. MACANDREWIANA, Pfr. PL 53, fig. 43. Imperforate, rather solid, decussated by incremental, and closer spiral stride, light rosy, with dark spiral lines; whorls 4, the last inflated, scarcely descending in front, base rosy, unicolored ; aperture wine colored, columella purplish, peristome simple. Diam. 17 mill. Salvage Isl., near Madeira. H. ustulata, Lowe is a synonym. HELIX. 225 H. GRASSETI, Tarnier. PI. 53, figs. 44, 45. Subcovered perforate, striate, decussated, whitish with greyish brown continuous or interrupted lines; whorls 4?, the last not des- cending in front, periphery obtusely angulated, base more convex ; aperture greyish, peristome simple, acute, with a slight whitish interior callus. Diam. 16 mill. Ins. Grand Canary. H. planata, Webb and Berth, is a synonym. It is probably, like its predecessors, only a variety of H. Pisana, H. PISANOPSIS, Servain. PI. 53, figs. 49, 50. The work in which this species is described is not accessible to me ; the figures refer to the variety. Portugal. Var. AEGUSA, Kobelt. Very narrowly perforate, solid, chalky, white or variously con- tinuously or interruptedly banded with chestnut ; whorls 6, slowly increasing, the last inflated, scarcely descending in front ; aperture purplish, showing the bands, peristome reddish, with orange lip. Diam. 18 mill. Western Sicily. H. HIEROPHANTA, Mabille. PL 53, figs. 46, 47. Subimperforate, solid, opaque, dull striate, yellowish white, with dark chocolate lines in spiral and radiating series, and spiral bands, apex chocolate ; whorls 4 £—5, rapidly enlarging, the last large, rounded angular, not descending, convex below; peristome acute, remotely labiate within. Diam. 16 mill. Ins. Teneriffe. Belongs to the group of H. Pisana, but is more globose. H. DECORATA, Pfr. PI. 53, figs. 51, 52. Subperforate, thin, striulate, whitish, with interrupted chestnut lines, sometimes confluent ; whorls 4£, convex, the last descending ; aperture brownish, peristome scarcely lipped within, columellar margin membranaceous, dilated, strongly reflected. Diam. 18 mill. Hob. unknown. H. DEHNEI, Rossm. PI. 53, figs. 58-61. Imperforate, somewhat solid, slightly decussated, whitish, rosy or yellowish, generally with one or two, or several continuous yellow- 15 226 HELIX. ish brown bands, the upper one usually widest, sometimes the bands are obsolete ; whorls 5, the last descending anteriorly, the periph- ery obtusely angulated and base inflated ; aperture rosy, peristome simple, dilated, red-lipped within, columella dilated, reflected-ap- pressed. Diam. 18 mill. Western Morocco. H. epiglottidea, Beck is a synonym. Var. ERYTHRONIXIA, Bourg. Morocco. H. IMPUGNATA, Mousson. PL 53, figs. 53, 54. Subcovered perforate, rugulosely striate, decussated by slighter spiral lines, opaque, whitish, with numerous spiral, continuous or interrupted brownish grey or brownish lines and dots, suture super- ficial, thread-margined above; whorls 5, the last not descending, periphery somewhat serrulate-carinate ; pe-ristome simple, widely, thinly lipped within. Diam. 12 mill. Ins. Lanzarote, Canaries. H. festiva, Lowe, Mss. belongs here. Var. SUBGEMINATA, Mousson. Whorls rounded-angular, striae a little scabrous, with a few wide spiral sulci. H. PLANATA, Chemn. PL 54, figs, 62, 63 ; PL 53, figs. 55-57. Scarcely perforate, somewhat solid, closely undulately striate, lightly decussated, whitish, unicolored or variously banded with chestnut, bands sometimes interrupted ; whorls 4J, the last acutely carinated, not descending in front, base turgid ; aperture whitish, peristome acute, lipped within. Diam. 20 mill. North Africa, Spain, Canaries. H. helicella, Wood, H. calliostoma, Ad. and Keeve, and H. arie- tina, Rossm. are synonyms. Var. ERYTHROSTOMA, Phil. Figs. 55-57. Aperture flesh-red, carina not much compressed, lower. H. SUBDENTATA, Fer. PL 54, figs. 74-76. Covered perforate, solid, striulate, very minutely decussated, white, often with numerous brown spiral lines ; whorls 5, the last rounded, descending in front, base convex ; aperture rosy, parietal HELIX. 227 wall unidentate, peristome simple, expanded, strongly labiate with- in, margins joined by a brownish callus. Diam. 19 mill. Persia f H. subcarinata, Menke and If. Cince, Klett are synonyms ; the latter a juvenile. H. CALOPSIS, Bourg. PL 54, figs. 66-68. Moderately umbilicated, solid, subopaque, shining, striate, whitish, with 10 unequal chocolate bands, variegated with white, two superior and eight inferior ; whorls 6, subplanulate, carinate, carina following the suture, rapidly increasing, the last dilated, turgid below; peristome acute, white lipped within. Diam. 17 mill. Algiers. H. PISANIFORMIS, Bourg. PI. 54, figs. 64, 65. Subglobose, strongly striate ; whorls rounded, the last much de- flected at the aperture, with three chestuut bands, of which the lower one is narrow; aperture obliquely oval, peristome simple, thickened within. Diam. 19 mill. Pays Comalis, E. Africa. I am inclined to believe the following three species only forms of the above ; at least, the four reveal a common ancestry. H. COMALIANA, Bourg. PI. 54, figs. 69-71. Narrowly perforate, depressed above, convex below, subopaque, rather solid, striulate, and submalleate towards the aperture, white, with three chestnut zones; whorls 4, rapidly increasing, the last large ; peristome slightly expanded, labiate within. Diam. 17 mill. Pays Comalis, E. Africa. H. TIANI, (Revoil) Bourg. PI. 54, figs. 72, 73. Narrowly perforate, convex above, more convex below, subopaque, rather solid, strongly sharply striate and obscurely malleate ; whit- ish, or with 3 or 4 chestnut zones ; whorls 4i, the last large, rounded, descending in front ; peristome a little expanded, thickened within, aperture yellowish. Diam. 18 mill. Pays Comalis, E. Africa. H. TOHENICA, Bourg. PI. 54, figs. 77-79. Scarcely rimate, equally convex above and below, solid, opaque, ponderous, striulate, somewhat submalleate, white, with three chest- 228 HELIX. nut bands ; whorls 5, convex, rapidly enlarging, the last large, sub- ventricose, slightly descending, base angulated round the umbilicus, peristome thickened, obtuse, a little expanded. Diam. 21 mill. Pays Comalis, E. Africa. *** H. AREOLATA, Sowb. PI. 54, fig. 80. Perforate, striate, a little shining, whitish, variously ornamented with interrupted spiral lines ; whorls 5, the last scarcely descend- ing ; aperture light brownish, peristome acute, sublabiate with- in, columellar margin dentately thickened. Diam. 26 mill. Lower Califoania. H. PANDORA, Forbes. PI. 54, figs. 85, 86. Subcovered perforate, rather thin, ruguloss, very minutely con- centrically striated, violet brown above, sometimes with chestnut bands, whitish or ash color below ; whorls 5, the last inflated, scarce- ly descending in front ; peristome scarcely expanding, sublabiate within. Diam. 19 mill. Lower California. H. damaseenus, Gould is a synonym. H. LEVIS, Pfr. PL 54, figs. 81-83. Perforate, thin, smooth, obliquely striate, obsoletely granulated, whitish, with serial spots or bands of pellucid corneous ; whorls 5, the last inflated ; aperture whitish or fulvous, peristome acute, sub- labiate within, columellar margin dilated above, strongly reflected, often dentate. Diam. 16 mill. Lower California. Fig. 81 is a copy of a figure given by Mr. W. G. Binney as rep- resenting a variety of H. areolata ; it appears to me to be a form of H. levis. H. VEATCHII, Newcomb. PI. 54, fig. 84. Subcovered perforate, rather thin, obliquely striate, slightly spirally corrugated, yellowish white, with numerous, interrupted chestnut bands ; whorls 6, the last rather large, declining towards the aperture ; lip a little expanded, slightly thickened within, colu- mellar margin often subdentate. Diam. 23 mill. Lower Calif or nit HELIX. 229 H. TRYONI. Newcomb. PI. 54, fig. 87. Narrowly umbilicated, solid, thick, with incremental and spiral striae, violet-ash color above, yellowish white or brownish white below ; whorls 6, the last descending ; peristome scarcely expanded, callous within, columella callous, obsoletely unidentate. Diam. 1 in. Sta. Barbara, and San Nicolas Is. California. Unfigured species of Euparyplia. H. MENTONENSIS, Sidebotham. (Between H. Pisana and H. vir- gata.") Mentone. H. NAUDIERI, Bourg. France. H. EUSARCA, Ancey. So. Italy. H. EUSARCOM^EA, Ancey. Minorca. H. AMBUSTA, Ancey. Algiers. H. PISANELLA, Mabille. Canary Is. H. ANTONIANA, Rochebrune. St. Antoine, France. H. OERTZENI, H. HIERAPETRANA, Maltzan. Crete. H. DOUMETI, H. STEREOLENA, H. AoiSANA, Bourg. Tunis. H. OCCONELLA, H. CLOSSURA, H. ELITHIA, H. ARBANA, H. IONS- TOMA, H. IANTHINOSTOMA, H. AMETHYSTA, H. DjERBANICA, H. ZITANENSIS, H. SALEMENSIS, H. GERGISENSIS, H. CARPIEN- sis, H. HAMADANICA, H. ENICA, and H, IDIA, Letourn. et Bourg. Tunis. H. CHAMBARDI, Letourn. Italy, Istria, Egypt, Tunis. H. SUBPISANA, Bourg. Tunis, Spain, Istria. H. LENOLEUCA, Bourg. Egypt, Syria. H. AGAROI, H. OLIVARESI, Servain. Spain. H. DERMOI, Servain. Spain, Morocco, Tunis. H, BYRS^E, H. RADESIANA, Mare?. Tunis. H. LEVESQUEI, Berthier. Algiers, Tunis. H. COUTURIERI, Bourg. Algiers. H. THINOPHILA, Bourg. Egypt. H. DONATII, Berthier. Italy, Spain, Tunis, Syria. H. CUTTATI, Bourg. Spain, Provence, Istria. H. MOUROI, Servain. Spain, Provence. H. PISANELLA, Servain. Spain, Provence, Algiers, Tunif. Most of the above names appear to characterize individual rather than specific differences ; whether the minute subdivisions instituted by the "new French school" of Conchologists will eventually win their way to general acceptance, is very doubtful. 230 HELIX. Subsection II, HELIOMANES. Moquin-Tandon, 1855. H. VARIABILIS, Drap. PL 54, figs. 88-92; PL 55, figs. 93-95, 2. Moderately umbilicated, striate, smooth, whitish or yellowish, unicolored or variously ornamented with interrupted chestnut bands ; whorls 5-6, the last slightly descending in front ; aperture often brownish white, peristoine acute, brown lipped within. Diam. 12-19 mill. Europe. The synonyms are numerous: H. striata, Brard, H. zonaria, Don. H. subalbida, Poir. If. obsoleta, and If. maculosa, ZiegL, H. monili- fera, Merike, H. Burdigalensis, Grat., H. elegans, Brown?, H. dis- juneta, Turton ? H. Istriensis, Ziegl. H. virgata, Montg. (Fig. 2.), and var. subalbida, Poiret. Var. TURBINATA, Cafici. PI. 55, fig. 95. Shell with spire greatly elevated. Sicily. H. DANIELI, Bourg. PL 55, figs. 96-98. Narrowly umbilicated, chalky, opaque, whitish, regularly costu- late-striate ; whorls 7, convex, regularly increasing; peristome simple, acute, white-lipped within. Diam. 10 mill. Brittany. H. EUPHORCA, Bourg. PL 55, figs. 99-1 ; PL 57, figs. 18-20. Narrowly perforate, thin, white, chalky, irregularly substriate, obscurely malleate, apex black ; whorls 6, slightly convex above, rapidly increasing, the last ventricosely rounded ; peristome acute, white-lipped within. Diam. 19 mill. Algeria] Dep. Herault, France. H. JICKELII, Nevill. PL 55, figs. 3, 4. Perforate, rather thin, irregularly striate, strise, becoming rib- like about the suture ; whitish, with chestnut bands, suture linear impressed ; whorls 6, slowly enlarging, the last subinflated, oblique- ly dilated, slightly descending in front ; peristoine acute, with inte- rior callus. Diam. 16 mill. Abyssinic Is included by Ancey in his new group Lejeania. H. HYDRUNTINA, Blanc. PL 55, figs. 5, 6. Moderately umbilicated, thin, irregularly striate, chalky whil HELIX. 231 without bands ; whorls nearly 6, slowly enlarging, the last a little inflated, descending in front ; peristome acute, labiate within. Diam. 17 mill. Otranto. H. EUXINA, Clessin. PI. 55, figs. 7-9. Narrowly umbilicated, rather solid, yellowish white, with inter- rupted chestnut bands, obsoletely, irregularly striulate ; whorls 6, slowly increasing, rounded; peristome acute, rosy-lipped within. Diam. 13 mill. Crimea. H. LUTEATA, Parr. PL 55, figs. 10-13. Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, closely striate, yellowish or white, unicolored, or with continuous or interrupted fulvous or chestnut bands; whorls 5J, the last descending in front, dilated peristome simple, fulvous, thickened within. Diam. 16 mill. Portugal. H. ACCOMPSIA, Bourg. PI. 55, figs. 16, 17. Narrowly umbilicated, solid, chalky, wrhite, shining, nearly smooth, apex fulvous ; whorls 7, a little convex, with impressed suture, last whorl dilated, rounded ; peristome simple, acute, slightly margined within. Diam. 22 mill. Algiers, Tunis. H. CHALCIDICA, Blanc. PI. 55, figs, 14, 15. Narrowly umbilicated, rugosely striat'e, chalky white, with a few black dots, apex brownish black; whorls 6£, the penultimate protrud- ing, the last descending in front, base somewhat flattened ; peristome simple, obtuse, slightly rosy-lipped within. Diam. 16 mill. Chalcis, Eubaza. H. SUBROSTRATA, Per. PL 55, figs. 18, 21. Rather narrowly umbilicated, solid, closely, sharply striate, white, unicolored or narrowly banded, apex shining, corneous; whorls 6-6 £, slowly increasing, the last not deflected anteriorly; peristome acute, labiate within. Diam. 18 mill. Spain, Algeria. H. CHORETA, Bourg. PL 55, figs. 22-26. Moderately umbilicated, solid, chalky, white, with two interrupted zones of chocolate color, strongly striate on the last whorl, apex^ black; whorls 6, convex, regularly increasing, the last rounded 232 HELIX. descending at the aperture; peristome simple, acute, white-lipped within, columellar and basal margins slightly patulous. Diam. 12 mill. Algiers. H. SIMULATA, Fer. PI. 55, figs. 27-29. Narrowly umbilicated, regularly costate-striate, whitish or greyish, with or without chestnut or chocolate, more or less interrupted bands ; whorls 5 ; peristome acute, labiate within. Diam. 13 mill. Syria, Egypt. ? H. striatula, Beck is a synonym. H. CAMERATA, Mousson. PL 56, figs. 30, 31. Perforate, rather thin, smoothish, lightly striate, whitish, marbled with yellowish brown or chestnut, with an interrupted dorsal band, and narrow indistinct ones on the base ; whorls 6, slowly increasing, the last declining, obsoletely angular, with rounded base ; peristome simple, widely but thinly labiate within. Diam. 15 mill. Mogador, Morocco. H. COLOMESIANA, Bourg. PI. 56, figs. 32-34. Rather narrowly umbilicated, solid, chalky, not shining, whitish, or with interrupted light chestnut zones, or with rare, obsolete variable maculations, costulate-striate, apex black ; whorls 6, a little convex, slowly regularly increasing, with impressed suture, last whorl narrow, rounded, slightly deflected above; peristome acute, white-or yellowish-lipped within. Diam. 18 mill. A Igiers. According to Morelet and others this is a synonym of H. caperata, var. Mogadorensis, Lowe, the latter having a carinated periphery which is supposed to indicate juvenility. I am not satisfied with this approximation. See Journ. de Conch. 35. 1880. H. PELLUCENS, Shuttlew. PL 56, figs. 35, 36, Perforate, thin, closely obliquely striate, diaphanous, fulvous, with darker more or less interrupted bands and lines; whorls 6, the last not descending, base ventricose ; peristome acute, sublabiate within. Diam. 12.7 mill. Corsica. H. PARVA, Parr. PL 56, figs. 37, 38. Very narrowly umbilicated, striulate, a little shining, brownish yellow, apex corneous; whorls 5*, the last with a white subangulated periphery; peristome acute, labiate within. Diam. 9'6 mill. Sardinia. HELIX. 233 H. RUFOLABRIS, Benoit. PI. 56, figs. 39, 40. Very narrowly umbilicated, solid, irregularly striate, a little shin- ing, white, apex blackish corneous; whorls 5, the last inflated, yellowish in front, not descending; peristome simple, strongly chestnut lipped within. Diam. 11 mill. Sicily. H. HAMILCARIS, Kobelt. PL 56, figs. 43-45. Moderately umbilicated, somewhat solid, striulate, yellowish white, with dark brown bands, interrupted and confluent above, apex corneous; whorls 6, slowly increasing, the last subdilated, rounded, scarcely descending in front, somewhat flattened below ; peristome acute, brown margined within, with a strong, bright orange callus. Diam. 14 mill. Mte. Pellegrino, Sicily. H. BENOITI, Cafici. PL 56, figs. 46-48. Rather widely umbilicated, striulate, white or light yellowish, with continuous or interrupted chestnut bands, apex chestnut colored; whorls 62, the last depressed above, dilated, descending in front; peristome simple, acute, white lipped within. Diam. 14-16 mill. Sicily. H. MOESTA, Parr. PL 56, figs. 49-51, 52-54. * Rather narrowly umbilicated, striulate, white, variously interrup- tedly fasciate with chocolate, apex corneous; whorls 6, slowly increasing, the last scarcely descending in front, base subplanate; peristome simple, acute, white-lipped within. Diam. 15 mill. Mt. Pellegrino, near Palermo, Sicily. Pfeiffer considered this a variety of H. variabilis', it appears to be sufficiently distinct. Var. LUCTUOSA, Cafici, Figs. 52-54. Shell more depressed, with less convex whorls, banding more interrupted, and narrower. H. ABADASII, Pirajno. PL 56, figs. 58-60; 55-57. Perforate, somewhat thin, striate, whitish or brownish, sometimes unicolored, mostly interruptedly and continuously multifasciate with chestnut ; whorls 6, the last large, narrow, scarcely descending; peristome simple, acute, white or chestnut lipped within. Diam. 10*5 mill. Sicily. H. filoyrana, Villa may be referred to this species. 234 HELIX. Var. SUBPROFUGA, Stabile. Figs. 55-57. Perforate, subglobose, or depressed globose, regularly striate, last whorl large, tumid, obsoletely angulated ; peristome thinly white- lipped. Diam. 9-9*5 mill. Piedmont, 'Naples. H. TURBINATA, Jan. PL 56, figs. 77, 78. Perforate, somewhat solid, minutely striate, white, variegated by clouds and bands of chestnut; whorls 5£, the last inflated; peristome simple, labiate within. Diam. 11/5 mill. iSyra, Crete. H. cyclostomoides, Porro and H. jrilula, Mouss. are synonyms. H. CANDIOTA, Frival. PI. 56, Figs. 73, 74. Narrowly perforate, thin, striulate, not shining, whitish, radiately .strigated with chestnut, sometimes with a median spiral band; whorls 6, rather convex, the last rounded, subinflated, descending in front; peristome simple, acute, with one or two interior lips, visible through the shell. Diam. 10 mill. Candia, Syra. H. AGREABILIS, Ziegler. PL 56, figs. 71, 72. Perforate, slightly striulate, almost smooth, shining, white, with narrow chestnut bands, apex black; whorls 6, slowly increasing, writh impressed suture, last whorl dilated, rounded, slightly descend- ing in front; peristome simple, white-lipped. Diam. 11 mill. Ins. Corfu. Often referred to the synonymy of H. variabilis. H. ARCUATA, Ziegler. PL 56, figs. 81, 82. Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, lightly striate, shining, white, with distinct dark chestnut bands ; whorls 5, the last sub- dilated, not descending in front; peristome simple, acute, strongly labiate within. Diam. 11 mill. Corfu. Is a very doubtful species : has been referred to H. maritima. H. CYRENAICA, Martens. PL 56, figs. 63-66. Perforate, rather thin, minutely rugosely striate, whitish, punctate or maculate with chestnut, rarely radiate, apex dark, last whorl more or less chestnut color with a few lighter strigations ; whorls 4£-5, convex, the last inflated; peristome thin, acute, chestnut color, white-lipped within. Diam. 9 mill. Bengazi, in Barka, N. Afric HELIX. 235 H. VAKIEGATA, Frivaldszky. PL 56, figs. 75, 76. Narrowly urnbilicated, thin, striulate, white, with brownish strigse and maculations, apex black; whorls 5£, scarcely convex, slowly increasing, the last a little dilated, subdepressed, not descending at the aperture ; peristome acute, distinctly labiate within. Diam. 11 mill. Epirus. Var. PUSTULOSA, Parr. Thicker, smoother, light yellowish, the strigse and maculations indistinct. Near Constantinople. H. MARITIMA, Drap. PL 56, figs. 67-70, 41, 42. Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, thinly striate, opaque, white, fasciate with chestnut or greyish, interrupted, maculated or punctate above, numerous and subcontinuous below; whorls 5 £-6, narrow, the last descending a little at the aperture, convex below ; peristome simple, acute, with a pink or chestnut interior callus. Diam. 8-16 mill. France, Italy, Canary Is. etc. Is H. lineata, Olivi., H. pseudenhalia, Bourg. (figs. 41, 42), H. Canariensis, Shuttl. (— simulata, Webb and Berth. ?), and H. herbicola, Shuttl. (figs. 13, 14); the three latter Canarian. H. LAUTA, Lowe. PL 56, figs. 61, 62. Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, white, with obsolete or obscure narrow, interrupted, chestnut bands, a little shining, very closely striate; whorls 5, the last rounded, scarcely descending; peristome acute, labiate within. Diam. 11-14 mill. France, Algiers, Greece. Erroneously referred by Lowe to Porto Sancto, Madeiran Archipelago. H. submaritima, Desm. is a synonym. H. MAURITANIA, Bourg. PL 57, figs. 85-89. Moderately umbilicated, solid, strongly striate, occasionally sub- lamellar, yellowish white, variously interruptedly zoned and maculated with chestnut; whorls 7, the last ventricose, rounded, a little descending in front ; aperture white, peristome simple, acute, remotely white-lipped within. Diam. 20-25 mill. Algeria. 236 HELIX. H. DURIEURI, Moquin Tandon. PI. 56, figs. 79. 80. Narrowly umbilicated, striulate, brownish white, faintly several banded, apex corneous; whorls 5, the last ventricose; aperture sub- labiate within. Diam. 12 mill. H. BERLIERI, Morelet. PI. 56, figs. 83, 84. Perforate, somewhat solid, rugosely striate, variegated whitish and corneous; whorls 5, the last ventricose; peristome simple, labiate within. Diam. 12 mill. Algeria. H. lacertarum, Bourg, is possibly identical. H. DJEBBARICA, Bourg. PI. 57, figs. 90-92. Perforate, solid, opaque, lightly but sharply costulate, chalky, whitish, with more or less fulvous radiating flames above, and four to six interrupted bands below ; whorls 5*, the last obtusely carin- ate, (evanescent towards the aperture,) slightly descending in front ; peristome simple, acute, red-lipped within. Diam. 10 mill. Near Or an, Algeria. H. MODICA, Morelet. PI. 57, fig. 93. Perforate, somewhat solid, obsoletely rugosely striate, whitish, unicolored or fasciate and rarely variegated with chestnut, apex blackish corneous; whorls 5-5 £, exserted planulate, the last obtuse- ly angulated and often thread-margined on the periphery ; per- istome acute, labiate within. Diam 7 mill. Algeria. H. COTTYI, Morelet. PL 57, figs. 96, 97. Moderately umbilicated, irregularly costulate, white, interrupt- edly fasciate and towards the apex variegated with corneous ; whorls 6, the last a little dilated ; peristome acute, scarcely la- biate within. Diam 11-15 mill. Morocco. H. CISTORUM, Morelet. PI. 57, figs. 94, 95. Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, closely plicately striate, ashy corneous, marbled with whitish, with an interrupted chestnut zone on the periphery and others, continuous, on the base ; whorls 6, somewhat flattened, turgid at the suture, the last depressed, not descending in front, periphery obsoletely angulated ; peristome simple, acute, scarcely labiate within. Diam 12 mill. Prov. Alemtejo, Portugc HELIX. 237 H. SEMENOWI, Martens. PL 57, figs. 99-1, 2. Narrowly umbilicated, solid, violaceous white, not banded; whorls 5, tumid, the last scarcely descending, narrow ; peristome simple, obtuse, thickened within. Diam. 105 mill. Thianschan Mts. Turkestan. Yar. DEPRESSA, Mousson, (fig. 2.) H. DENDROPHILA, Mabille. PL 57, figs. 5, 6. Narrowly umbilicated, rather solid, opaque, white or yellowish with chestnut bands, apex purple, surface very closely striated; whorls 6-6 J, somewhat convex, rapidly increasing, with distinct suture, the last larger, obsoletely angulated ; peristome acute, remotely lipped within. Diam. 10-14 mill. Grand Canary Is. H. AGLAOMETA, Mabille. PL 57, figs. 15-17. Perforate, solid, opaque, a little shining, irregularly densely .striate, greyish brown, with subinterrupted dark bands and cor- neous maculations, apex yellowish ; whorls 5-6, rapidly enlarging, the last dilated towards the aperture, not descending; peristome acute, slightly thickened within. Diam. 10 mill. Grand Canary I. H. LANCEROTTENSIS. Webb and Berth. PL 57, figs. 9-12. Subcovered perforate, rather solid, striulate, white, with inter- rupted chestnut bands, apex blackish ; whorls 6, the last inflated, scarcely descending anteriorly; peristome simple, labiate, sometimes bilabiate within. Diam. 7'75 mill. Ins. Lancerotte, Canaries. Vars. Webbii and Bertheloti are smaller, the former with nar- rower, the latter with wider umbilicus. Var. ADOPTATA, Mousson. PL 57, figs. 11, 12. Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat thin, striulate, distinctly striate, fasciate and maculate with light corneous and white ; whorls 4£, subtumid at the suture, the last not descending nor inflated, obso- letely angulated ; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 6'5 mill. Ins. Gomera, Canaries. H. ORBIGNYI, Webb and Berthelot. PL 57, fig. 98. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, irregularly more or less rugosely or plicosely striate, whitish, clouded, maculated or fasciate with cor- 238 HELIX. neons, epidermis fugacious, with oblique series of hairs in young specimens, suture deep, subincised ; whorls 4J-5, the last not de- scending ; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 8 mill. Canary Islands. Wollaston considers this a variety of the preceding species. H. Orotavana, Tarnier is a synonym. Var. MITIGATA, Mousson. A little more globose, thin, last whorl subinflated, thinly striate, subcorneous, with a few stride, and a whitish dorsal band, hairs distinct, peristome labiate within. Var. CALCAEEA, Mousson. Smaller, somewhat solid, strongly striate, with a few corneous striae above and spiral lines and zones beneath. Diam. 6-6*5 mill. Unfigured species of Heliomanes. H. SALENTINA, Blanc. (H. variabilis, Terver, H. 'lauta (pars) Lo- card.) France. H. SlTIFIENSIS, H. JUSIANA, H. GRANNONENSIS, H. ASTATA, Bourg. Algiers. H. MENDOZJS, H. OGIACA, H. BLASI, H. MENDRANOI, Servain. Tunis. H. AGNA, H. FCEDATA, H. ZERGUANA, Hagenmiiller. Tunis. H. DIDYMOPSIS, Fagot. France. H. PHILOXERA, Cafici. Sicily. H. COMBUSTA, H. PR>EVALENS, H. PETRJEA, H. BARIA, H. LAPI- DOSA, H. CALCARINA, H. ARDENs, Ancey. Algiers. H. UNGERI, Zelebor. Asia Minor, Cyprus. H. PHTHIOTA, H. PASTORELLA, H. MESOSTOMA, Westerl. Greece. H. ADEMATA, H. AVENioNENSis, Bourg. France. H. CASTROIANA, Servain. France. H. TASSYANA, H. MABIDA, Fagot. France. H. PROPRIA, Galland. France. H. KABYLIANA, Debeaux. Kabylcea. H. HELLENICA, Bourg. Egypt. H, ALIBRANDI, H. ANXURINA, Rigacci. Italy. HELIX. 239 H. PANURGA, H. AMOMA, H. MAHDURINA, H. MONEREA, H. CHI- OIDEA, H. SPILMEXTI, H. CATAROTA, H. CATAROTELLA, Bourg. Tunis. H. EUPHORCELLA, Pechaud. Tunis. H. ESNORCA, H. EUPHORCOPSIS, H. ET^MA, H. XYA, H. LATASTEI. H. METICULOSA, H. L/ATASTEOPSIS, H. PHCEBEIA, H. CAUDEFAC- TA, Letourn. et Bourg. Tunis. H. ASPILA, Bourg. Algiers. H. ACOMPSELLA, Ancey. Algiers. H. CORNARIA, Berthier. Rhodes. H. HERACLEANA, Bourg. Crete. H. ^ESTUOSA, Berthier. Tunis. H. CANA, H. LEUCESTHA, H. CERTA, H. LEUCOPHORA, H. INGENUA, H. ACELA, H. EULABA, H. SlTISIENSIS, H. ORETA, H. ANE- PBELA, H. PEDIANA, H. CASSERTANA, H. FERA, H. HOLA, H. MISARA, H. DEXIA, H. NsFTANA, Bourg. Tunis. H. FERIANICA, H. TACAPIACA, H. TABARKANA, H. UNA, H. TEBOUR^ANA, H. THERA, H. VAFELLA, H. PSAMM^ECELLA, H. PSAMMATH^EA, H. DiLORicATA, Letourn. et Bourg. Tunis. H. PEDIANOPSIS, H. VIVIDA, Hagenmiiller. Tunis. H. THERELLA, Berthier. Tunis. H. TRITONIDES, Jus. Tunis. H. PRIVATA, Galland. Tunis. H. MICROMPHALUS, Letourn. Tunis. The remarks made upon the unfigured species of the preceding group (p. 229) will apply equally well here. Besides the above, a number of species from other countries are incidentally referred to in Letourneux and Bourguignat's Prodr. Mai. Tunisie, the descrip- tions of many of which have not yet been published. Subsection III, HELICELLA, Moquin Tandon. 1855. H. CRETICA, Fer. PL 57, figs. 7, 8. Moderately umbilicated, obliquely striulate, dirty white, with various interrupted chestnut bands ; whorls 6, peristome acute, thinly labiate within. Diam, 16 mill. Candia, Rhodes. Var. LITTORALIS, Mousson. Smaller, less distinctly striate, variegated with gray, base a little more convex. Cyprus. 240 HELIX. H. CAUTA, Westerl. PL 57, figs. 3, 4. Moderately umbilicated, regularly striulate above, the last whorl rugose, dirty white, unicolored or black dotted, occasionally obso- letely, and very rarely distinctly chestnut banded ; whorls 6£, the last descending in front ; peristome acute, thinly white-lipped within. Diam. 16-20 mill. Athens, Greece. Very probably a variety of H. Cretica, Fer. H. PIRATARUM, Kobelt. PL 57, figs. 21-23, 24, 25. Rather narrowly umbilicated, solid, chalky, irregularly striulate, white, usually variously chestnut banded and strigate, apex black ; whorls 6, the last dilated, slightly deflected in front; peristome simple, with porcellanous inner lip. Diam. 1 in. Algiers. Var. MINOR. Shell smaller, more globose. H. DEVAUXII, Debeaux. PL 58, figs. 29-31. Narrowly umbilicated, stout, strongly striate, whitish, with five interrupted chestnut bands, spire maculated with chestnut; body whorl with obtusely angulated periphery; peristome with strong white internal lip. Diam. 12 mill. Kabylcea. Bourgingnat considers this identical with H. mcesta, Parreyss. H. VESTALIS, Parreyss. PL 57, figs. 26-28. Moderately umbilicated, solid, white, shining, sometimes chestnut banded; whorls 5-5 J, the last wide; peristome simple, a little lipped-within. Diam. 12 mill. Egypt, Syria. H. mirabilis, Parr, has been referred to this species, as well as H. palmarum and Alexandrina, Parr, and If. striata, Ehrenb. Var. RADIOLATA, Moiisson. H. TERVERII, Mich. PL 58, figs. 32-34. Moderately umbilicated, somewhat solid, regularly striate, a littl shining; whitish, chestnut color or greyish, variously punctate, maculated or banded with grey or dark chestnut, apex corneous; whorls 6, the last subaugulated above; peristome acute, labiate, sometimes bilabiate within. Diam. 13 mill. France, Ale, It is H. cisalpina, Jan. Mss. HELIX. 241 H. PHARI,, Fagot. PI. 58, figs. 37, 38. Rather narrowly umbilicated, with conical spire, strongly striate; yellowish, interruptedly banded with chestnut. Diam. 12 mill. Trieste. H. ADOLFI, Pfr. PI. 58, figs. 41-44. Moderately umbilicated, rather solid, closely costulate-striate, white, interruptedly or subcontintiously banded with chestnut or ferruginous ; whorls 6, the last narrow, not descending ; peristome simple, whitish-or chestnut-lipped within. Diam. 20-25 mill. Almeria, Spain. H. Terverii of Rossmassler, not Mich. H. STIPABUM, Rossm. PI. 58, figs. 45-48. Moderately umbilicated, solid, chalky, with close, sharp striae, rarely maculosely striate with chestnut ; whorls 6, slowly enlarging, the last turgid, subdescending in front, periphery subangulated ; peristome simple, acute, remotely white-lipped within. Diam. 20 mill. Almeria, Spain. H. PINITIMA, Morelet. PL 58, figs. 39, 40. Moderately umbilicated, chalky, costulate or occasionally striate, whitish or greyish fulvous, sometimes banded; whorls 6, convex, the last not descending, carinate, the carina often crenulated ; peris- tome simple, remotely labiate within. Diam. 19 mill. Morocco. H. ARIGONIS, Rossm. PL 58, figs. 51-54. Rather narrowly umbilicated, with thread-like costulse above, shining, yellowish, variegated and banded with chestnut; whorls 6, narrow, the last subdepressed at the suture ; peristome simple, white- lipped within. Diam. 22 mill. Spain. H. CESPITUM, Drap. PL 58, figs. 55-57; PL 59, figs. 58, 59. ' Moderately umbilicated, striate, white, usually numerously, more or less interruptedly banded with chestnut, sometimes unicolored ; whorls 6, the last large, narrow, scarcely descending in front; per- istome acute, white lipped within. Diam. 20-25 mill. France, Spain, Italy, Sicily etc. The synonymy includes H. varians and H. fasciata, Risso, -ET. carnina, Chiereg., ? H. fasciolata, Poir., If. Eurythmia, Hartm., and probably H. cespitoides, Fischer, said to come from New Caledonia. 16 242 HELIX. Var. INTRODUCTA, Ziegler. Fig. 59. Depressed, faintly banded, or yellowish without band, umbilicus wider. N. Italy; Grasse, France. Var. DISMASTHIA, Nevill. Depressed, rather solid, whorls 7, scarcely convex, last whorl com- pressed, scarcely descending, umbilicus narrower. Mentone, and near Genoa. "Var. ALTICOLA, Nevill. More elevated, thinner, widely umbilicated ; whorls 7, convex, the last globosely rounded, tumid at base. Diam. 27'5, alt. 18 mill. Mis. Mentone. Var. AMORICANA, Bourg. Fig. 57. Spire conical, composed of slowly increasing whorls, the last whorl more rapidly increasing, slowly descending, aperture more oblique, umbilicus narrower, peristome more strongly lipped. Depts. Morbihan and Alpes-Maritimes, France. H. INTERPRES, Westerl. PI. 58, figs. 35, 36. Rather widely umbilicated, solid, a little shining, yellowish white, unicolored or variously, interruptedly banded with chestnut, regu- larly, thinly striate above, last whorl closely spirally lineated ; whorls 6-61, the last a little dilated, descending in front ; peris- tome simple, acute, remotely white-lipped within. Diam. 17-21 mill. Eubcea, Greece. H. EREMOPHILA, Boissier. PL 58, figs. 49, 50 ; PI. 59, figs. 68-70. Moderately umbilicated. somewhat solid, irregularly striulate, chalky white, suture linear ; whorls 4J-5, flattened above, the last narrow, scarcely descending anteriorly, periphery subangular; aperture yellowish-brown, becoming white towards the margin, peristome simple, thinly lipped within. Diam. 1 inch. Syria, Desert of Sinai. H. cremnophila, Boiss. (err. typ.). Var. AMUNENSIS, Martens. Figs. 68-70. Somewhat smaller, with narrower umbilicus, orange-yellow. Desert of Egypt. HELIX. 243 H. ERKELII, Kobelt. PL 59, figs. 65-67. Rather narrowly umbilicated, striulate, solid, white, with more or less obsolete chestnut bands, apex corneous; whorls 5, somewhat rapidly enlarging, the last subdivided, flattened above, slightly de- scending in front; periphery simple, acute, white-lipped within, aperture brownish. Diam. 22-24 mill. Egypt. H. GLOBULOIDEA, Terver. PI. 59, figs. 71-73. Narrowly umbilicated, rather solid, irregularly striate, shining, unicolored to multifasciate with chestnut, apex corneous; whorls 6, the last large, not descending in front, base convex; peristome simple, sublabiate within. Diam. 20-25 mill. Algeria. H. cespitum, var. Algeriana, Grat. and H. arenarum, Bourg. (figured), are synonyms. H. ENHALIA, Bourg. PI. 59, figs. 76-78. Narrowly umbilicated, thinly, irregularly striate, white, often banded with chestnut ; whorls 5-6 slowly enlarging, convex, with deep suture, last whorl inflated, rounded; aperture circular, peristome acute, slightly margined within. Diam. 7-9 mill. St. Jean de Luz. H. ericetorum, Var. minor, Moquin-Tandon, and H. arenosa, Dupuy, not Ziegl. are synonyms. H. NEGLECTA, Drap. PL 59, figs. 60, 61. Moderately umbilicated, whitish, more or less banded with chest- nut ; whorls 5, convex, the last not deflected anteriorly ; peristome simple, brownish lipped within. Diam. 14 mill. France, Germany, Northern Italy, Spain. H. clivorum, Hartm. is a synonym. Var. FAGOTI, Westerl. Openly umbilicated, spire conical, last whorl obsoletely angulated, aperture oval, margins distant. Villafranca. Var. SUBNEGLECTA, Bourg. Spire more elate, shell more cretaceous, more solid, umbilicus narrower. So. France. H. ERICETELLA, Jouss. PL 59, figs. 62-64. Widely umbilicated, thinly, remotely irregularly striate, whitish or ash colored, often continuously or interruptedly banded ; whorls 244 HELIX. 6-7, a little convex, slowly increasing; peristome scarcely labiate within. Diam. 22 mill. France. It is H. ericetorum, Dupuy. H. JOPPENSIS, Both. PI. 59, figs. 89, 90. Rather narrowly umbilicated, solid, spire distinctly striate, body whorl smoother, whitish, sometimes chestnut rayed at the suture, or with dark spiral lines, apex corneous; whorls 5J-6, moderately increasing, the last not deflected; aperture fulvous, white-lipped within the peristome. Diam. 14 mill. Syria. Var. MULTINOTATA, MoUSS. More depressed, rugulosely striate, with spiral lines on the periph- ery and maculations at the suture, variously serially punctate. Diam. 17 mill. Var. SUBKRYNICKIANA, Mouss. Less convex above, striae slighter, sutural maculations pallid, spiral zones subcontinuous. H. CANDICANS, Ziegler. PL 59, figs. 74, 75, 81-85, 91, 92. Moderately umbilicated, striulate, shining, white, sometimes with light chestnut revolving lines, and apex ; whorls 5, convex, the last not descending; per.istome simple, slightly labiate within. Diam. 18 mill. Germany, Austria, Hungary, L. Como. The synonyms include H. Candida, Porro, H. arenosa, Zglr. H. .ericetorum, Stein, H. spirula, Parr. Var. HOMOLEUCA, Parr. Spire subplane. Var. DOBRUDSCH^E, Parr. Figs. 91, 92. White, without band, last whorl descending in front. Dobudscha. Var. PULLULA, Parr. Figs. 84, 85. Smaller, aperture more oblique. Roumania. Var. OBVIA, Ziegler. Figs 81-83. Rather widely umbilicated, subplane, striate, smoothish. Austria. Clessin has a Var. Kroli, with more elevated spire, shell smaller. Diam. 12 mill. HELIX. 245 H. AMMONIS, Schmidt, PI. 60, figs. 93-96 ; PI. 59, figs. 86-88. Moderately umbilicated, whitish, banded; last whorl slightly descending in front, aperture rounded, with chestnut or violaceous callus within the upper lip. Diam. 15-20 mill. Northern Italy, Dalmatia. H. candicans, De Betta and Mart, is a synonym. Marchioness Paulucci writes that it is almost impossible to separate this species from H. neglecta. The umbilicus is narrower than in the typical erieetorum, but I suspect that it will prove to be only a variety of that species. Var. DISCREPANS, Tiberi. Figs. 86-88. Widely umbilicated, smooth, scarcely striulate, shining, whitish, not banded; whorls 6, slowly increasing, the last narrow, de- scending in front, aperture oblique, chestnut within ; peristome simple, acute, remotely labiate. Diam. 24 mill. Abruzzi, Ancona, Italy. H. ERICETORUM, Miill. PI. 60, figs. 97-99. Widely umbilicated, striulate, scarcely shining, whitish or pale brownish, concolored or variously banded with corneous or chest- nut, apex chestnut colored ; whorls 5-6, somewhat flattened, deflected in front ; peristome simple, slightly labiate within. Diam. 15-18 mill. France, Germany, Sweden, etc. The synonymy includes H. trochlearis, and H. obvia, Andrz., H. Kusteri, Held, H. Itala, Linn.? H. media, Gmel.? H. dubia> Hartm. H. zonaria, Schranck. Var. DEVIANS, Westerl. Very widely umbilicated, depressed; whorls 6, the last dilated and deflected at the aperture. Agen, France; Saalfeld, Germany. H. erica, DaCosta, H. umbilicaris, OL, and H. obliterata, Hartm. are synonyms. Var. ALBELLA, Penn. H. VTJLGARISSIMA, Schlafli. PI. 59, figs. 79, 80. Perhaps a variety of H.9 erieetorum; sometimes yellowish, but mostly white, more or less interruptedly chestnut banded, last whorl not descending in front. Varna. 246 HELIX. H. ABERRANS, Mousson. PL 60, figs, 2-4. Widely umbilicated, solid, shining, scarcely striulate, opaque, white, rather indistinctly marbled, and rarely punctulate with grey; whorls 5, the last wider, not descending in front, rounded'; peristome strongly white-lipped within. Diam. 15 mill. Turkey, Asia Minor, Kurdistan, Merssina. H. GYROIDES, Parr. PL 60, figs. 5-7. Moderately umbilicated, solid, rugosely striate, chalky white, unicolored, suture rather deep ; whorls 6, slowly increasing, the last scarcely wider, rounded, base flattened; peristome simple, acute, labiate within. Diam. 10 mill. Croatia. H. HOMOLEUCA. Sabljar, is a variety. H. VUKOTINOVICI, Hire. PL 60, figs. 13, 14. Moderately umbilicated, somewhat solid, striulate, chalky white, unicolored, or here and there maculate and strigate with chestnut- corneous; whorls 5, apex black, last whorl scarcely dilated, narrow, slightly descending in front; peristome acute, simple, chestnut- margined, with a strong internal lip. Diam. 12 mill. Croatia. H. Liburnica, Stossich is a synonym. H. LEMOIKEI, Debeaux. PL 60, figs. 11, 12. Narrowly umbilicated, closely costulate striate, more distinctly towards the aperture, chalky white, with four or five broad chestnut bands ; whorls 6, the last narrow, a little deflected in front, costula- tions becoming more prominent and subtuberculated on the periphery; peristome simple, obtuse. Diam. 16 mill. Algeria. H. PAMPELONEXSIS, A. Schmidt. PL 60, figs. 8-10. Rather widely umbilicated, somewhat thin, smoothly striulate; fulvous white, usually with a chestnut band above, and obsolete narrower zones on the base, apex corneous; whorls 6i; peristome simple, acute, slightly white-lipped within. Diam. 21-22 mill. Pampelona, Spain. H. DEJECTA, Jan. PL 60, figs. 100, 1. Has usually been considered a variety of H. candicans or H. ericetorum. It is more elevated than the latter, smaller, chalky white, with or without a narrow bana, umbilicus narrower. Diam. 13 mill. Tauria. HELIX. 247 Ko belt makes it a distinct species, but Westerlund places it in the synonymy of H. candicans. H. DERBENTINA, Andrz. PL 60, figs. 24, 25, 15-17. Widely umbilicated, solid, lightly striulate, whitish, unicolored or with interrupted chestnut bands, apex corneous, suture impressed; whorls 6, convex, rather rapidly enlarging, the last slightly descend- ing in front ; aperture white, peristome white-lipped within. Diarn. 18 mill. Caucasus, Crimea, Asia Minor. Var. ISOMERIA, Friv. More depressed, whorls less inflated, umbilicus a little larger. Var. AEMENIACA, Bayer. More depressed and dilated, with scarcely prominent apex, with sutural maculations confluent in an irregular band, umbilicus wider. Var. SUPRAZONATA, Mouss. Smaller, somewhat depressed, with a dorsal and a sutural zone, and numerous inferior spiral lines. Var. SUBERRANS, Mouss. Smaller, a little more depressed, umbilicus deviately dilated, whitish; obscure yellowish maculations beneath the suture, base variously painted with fulvous spiral lines. Merssina. Var. CAUCASICA, Parr. Figs. 15-17. Spire variable, somewhat elevated or depressed, white, without bands. Caucasus. H. KRYNICKII, Andrz. PI. 60, figs. 18-21. Narrowly umbilicated, striulate, shining, white, variously orna- mented by interrupted or continuous chestnut bands, apex corneous; whorls 5 £-6, the last inflated, sub-deviating in front; peristome acute, white-lipped within. Diam. 16 mill. Crimea, and shores of the Caspian Sea. H. Babondubii, Parr, and H. Theodosice, Clessin are synonyms, and probably H. radiolata, Mousson is also identical; it was formerly referred to H. vestalis, Parr, as a variety. Var. CANDAHARICA, Pfr. PI. 60, figs. 22, 23. Moderately umbilicated, obliquely striulate, a little shining, brownish white, with narrow, maculosely interrupted chestnut and 248 HELIX. chocolate bands, apex corneous; whorls 5£, the last not descending in front ; peristome acute, subremotely labiate within. Diam. 16 mill. Candahar. H. DAUTEZI, Kobelt. PI. 60, figs. 26-28. Rather narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, irregularly striu- late, yellowish white to fulvous, with a median white band, and other chestnut bands, elegantly radiately maculated above, apex black; whorls 6, slowly enlarging, with a white sutural line, last whorl subinflated, slightly descending in front; aperture showing the exterior markings, peristome acute, chestnut margined, remotely white lipped within. Diam. 17*5 mill. Algesiras, Gibraltar. H. INSTABILIS, Ziegler. PL 60, figs. 29-35 ; PL 61, figs. 39-47, 55, 56. Moderately umbilicated, striate-rugose, solid, whitish, often radia- ted and obsoletely interruptedly fasciate with chestnut; whorls 5, convex, slowly increasing, the last narrow, scarcely descending in front ; peristome simple, acute, margins approaching. Diam. 11-14 mill. Galicia, Transylvania, Crimea. A very variable species. According to madame Paulucci, who has made a special study of the species, If. Leopolitana, Andrz. H. Spadce, Calc. (figs. 44-47). H. nubigena, Charp, (figs. 55, 56). H. bathyomphala, Charp. (figs. 39-43). H. destituta, Charp. (figs. 34, 35), H. ocellus, Villa, H. nubila, Charp., and H. discrepans, Tiberi are synonyms. Var. GRJECA, Martens. Depressed, white or yellowish white, unicolored or banded below, thinly striate, last whorl obsoletely angulated, not descending ; peris- tome scarcely labiate within. Greece. H. Iphigenice, Dubois, said to come from Tauria, may be a synonym. Var. BAKOWSKYANA, Clessin. Figs. 31-33. Smaller, rather depressed; strongly, irregularly striate, unicolored or fasciate; whorls 5-6, rounded; aperture rounded. Diam. 13 mill. Galicia* HELIX. Var. SPIRULA, Zelebor. Globosely depressed, spire conoidal, whitish with black dots, or a narrow light brown band and brown dots; last whorl narrowly convex, descending. Dobrudscha. H. DRAGORICHI, Zelebor. PL 60, figs. 36-38. Rather narrowly umbilicated, solid, striate, a little shining, white, apex corneous; whorls 5$, the last dilated, scarcely descending; peristome strongly wrhite-lipped within. Diam. 16 mill. Samsun, Asia Minor H. SPH^RITA, Hartm. PL 61, figs. 50, 51. Moderately umbilicated, striate, white, more or less interruptedly fasciate with chestnut, suture deep; whorls 6£; peristome acute, white-lipped within. Diam. 18-22 mill. • Near Or an, Algiers. H. ORANENSIS, Morelet. PL 61, figs. 57-59. Rather narrowly umbilicated, closely striate, whitish, with chest- nut bands, more or less maculosely interrupted; whorls 9, somewhat flattened, with superficial suture, the last whorl scarcely deflected in front, base convex; peristome simple, somewhat obtuse, labiate within. Diam. 14-16 mill. Or an, Algiers. PfeifJer suspected H. Colomesiana, Bourg. (p. 232) to be identical, and a synonym of this species. H. ILLIBATA, Parreyss. PL 61, figs. 60, 61. Rather narrowly umbilicated, striulate, whitish or fulvous, seriately variegated with chestnut ; whorls 5, somewrhat flattened, moderately increasing, last whorl scarcely descending anteriorly, carinated, base convex ; peristome acute, chestnut-lipped within. Diam. 14 mill. Algeria. H. PAPILLATA, Pfr. PL 61, fig. 68. Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, irregularly striate, opaque, whitish, nebulously strigate, maculate and banded with chestnut, apex papillary; whorls 5, the last slightly descending; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 23 mill. Hah. unknown. H. FEDTSCHENKOI, Martens. PL 61, figs. 52-54. Rather widely umbilicated, lightly striated, whitish ; whorls 4£, Ewr-rr ::: _:_- :• .£:_:- 1: : ? zi: :.i: rduL-ij .:s- •i •-•: ^ H-sranra :T B H j" v ,. ; Y: HELIX. --31 H. OPAESKXSIS, H. HERBATICA, H. MOXTGISCARDIANA, H. SALA- VMICA. H. LERBEANA, Fagot. France. H. HERU-KX-I-. EL SoLACTAOA, H. THUILLIERI, H. LOROGL. — ICOLA. Mabille. France. H. IXGOI, H. PALUMHOI. Catiei. Palermo. H. TREPIDULA, H. ALIA-VIOXUM, H. DA SiLv^E, Servahi. Ft H. DAXTEI, (H. Pantenelli, Bourg. a syn.) H. VELAVIAXA, H. TRI >^HERA? H. PlSAXORUM, H. LLXARA. II. XALONICA, H. LATH- V. H. MISARA. H. MARONIAXA. H. KNIIALIA, BoUFg. France. H. ARENIVAGA, H. XAUTIXICA, H. SUIU'LI VAli A. Mabillc. France. H. BATHYTERA, Blanc ^H. sph&riomphala, Bourg.) Greece. H. XERA. Ilajenmiiller. France. H. BoxAi.i'Ai. Adaini. Italy. H. CYZI- >alland. France. H. XAUTICA, H. IDAXICA. H. ACTIELLA, Locard. Fr H. ILICIS, Florence. France. H. SUBEKIS, II. EVEXOSI, Bourg. So. France. H. EUTHYMEAXA. Locanl. Mentone. H. MEGA:?T\>:MA. Bourg. Balearic Is. H. LIEURAXEXi>. Ancev. Zenica. H. FEDTSCHEXKOPSIS, H. REXEAXA, Ancev. Turk H. HEYXEMAXXI, Kobelt. Tetuan. H. DES.;«.»I»IXSI. Ancey. Thibet Subsection IV, JACOSTA. Moquin Tandon. 1855. H. FILIMARGO, Ziegler. PL 61, figs. 7:1.-;"). 7± Widely umbilicated, substriate, chalky white, rarely fasciate ; whorls 5, flattened above, rounded below, periphery with a thread- like carina, evanescent in the fully grown individual ; peristome simple, acute, remotely labiate within. Diam. 14-20 mill. Crimea. 252 HELIX. It is H. taurica, Partsch and H. chersonesica, Miihlf. The first figures represent the state of the shell as usually found in collec- tions ; it is only recently that Clessin (Mai. Blatt. N. S. VI. 46) has made known the fact that these are juveniles, and that in the adult (fig. 72) the carina has nearly vanished. H. KETOWSKII, Clessin. PL 61, figs. 76-78. More strongly striate, with higher spire and narrower umbilicus than the preceding species. Diain. 13 mill. Grimed. H. CRENIMARGO, Kryn. PI. 62, figs. 3, 4. Narrowly umbilicated, closely, sharply striate, white, with a superior corneous band, and several narrower ones below ; whorls 4J, the last subtumid above, convex below, periphery crenulately carinated; peristome acute, sublabiate within. Diam. 8 mill. Caucasus. H. Piatigorskiensis, Bayer is a synonym. Var. OBTUSIOR, Mousson. Carina less crenulated, no superior band, inferior lines grey- ish. H. CORRUGATA, Gmel. PI. 61, figs. 79-81. Rather widely umbilicated, costulate, whitish, with chestnut spiral lines below; whorls 4 £-5, tumid above, convex below, periphery with a crenulated carina; peristome acute, chestnut lipped within. Diam. 13'5 mill. Italy, Sicily. It is H. rugosa, Lam. H. Groyana, Fer., and H. Gargottoe, Phil. H. PR^CLARA, Cafici. PI. 62, figs. 86-88. Narrowly umbilicated, yellowish, with three or four chestnut bands, one of them above the periphery, costulate; whorls 5£, carinate at the suture, the last with a crenulated carina, becoming evanescent towards the aperture, flattened above, turgidly convex below ; aperture white-lipped within. Diam. 8 mill. Sicily. H. DORMIENS, Benoit. PI. 62, figs. 89-91. Moderately umbilicated, costulate-striate, whitish, with chestnut strigations above, multifasciate with chestnut below, spire subele- HELIX. 253 vated, pyramidal ; whorls 6, subplanulate above, convex below, periphery carinate ; peristome acute,- white-lipped within. Diam. 13 mill. Ins. Maretimo, Sicily. Var. UNICOLOR, Benoit. Whitish, sometimes the inferior bands obsolete. Var. RUGULOSA, Benoit. Chestnut white, with distant, serial, chestnut maculations above, without markings below ; costulately rugose. H. TINEANA, Benoit. PL 62, figs. 92-94. Rather narrowly umbilicated, closely, minutely costulate, dirty white, unicolored or chestnut banded ; whorls 5, subplane, the last a little tumid above, convex below ; scarcely descending in front, periphery carinate, carina vanishing towards the aperture, suture margined ; peristome acute, chestnut-lipped within. Diam. 12' 5 mill. Sicily. Var. KOBELTIANA, Westerl. Narrowly umbilicated, globosely depressed, spire conoidal, obtuse, reddish brown, umbilical region yellowish corneous, with a median white band, white at the suture ; aperture thinly white-lipped. H. TRISTRAMI, Pfr. PI. 62, figs. 95-97. Rather widely umbilicated, thin, obliquely plicate-striate, opaque, dirty white, obsoletely variegated with corneous ; whorls 5, flattened, convex below, periphery crenulately carinate ; peristome acute, sub- labiate within. Diam. 12 mill. Tunis. H. ARIANENSIS, Bourg. PI. 62, figs. 98-100. Rather narrowly umbilicated, carinate, convex above and below, solid, chalky, rugose, costate, greyish, somewhat obscurely interrup- tedly banded with chocolate; whorls 5J, slowly increasing, the last shortly descending at the aperture ; aperture deeply labiate. Diam. 8 mill. Tunis. H. SPRATTI, Pfr. PI. 61, figs. 82, 83. Rather widely umbilicated, closely costulate, dirty white or brownish, with darker bands; whorls 5, turgid above, base convex, 254 HELIX. periphery denticulately carinate; peristome acute, white-lipped within. Diam. 9 mill. Malta. H. Schembriana, Benoit is a synonym. Var. SIDERITES, Friv. Pyramidal, rugose, moderately umbilicated, convex below, white, sometimes with chestnut maculations above, bifasciate with chestnut below; whorls 4J, the last descending, with a dentate carina. Diam. 9 mill. Syr a. H. GROVESIANA, Paulucci. PL 61, figs. 84, 85. Rather widely umbilicated, solid, cretaceous white, closely costu- late-striate, suture slightly crenulated; whorls 5, a little turgid above, convex below, carina compressed, crenulated ; simple, white-lipped within. Diam. 9'5 mill. Abruzzi, Italy. With higher spire, finer stride and smaller umbilicus than in H. Spratti. H. ROZETI, Mich. PL 62, figs. 26-28. Narrowly umbilicated, costulate-striate, dirty white, marbled and interruptedly banded with chestnut; whorls 5, subplanulate, the last not descending, base convex, periphery carinate; peristome acute, white-lipped within. Diam. 12 mill. Majorca, Sicily, Morea, Algiers. It is H. amanda, Rossm., H. Boissyi, Terver, H. limbata, Phil., and ? H. striatula, Linn. H. USTICENSIS, Calcara. PL 62, figs. 29-31. Narrowly umbilicated, rather thin, obliquely costulate-striate, opaque, white, with interrupted chestnut bands, suture linear; whorls 5?, flattened above, base convex, almost cylindrically com- pressed around the umbilicus, periphery carinate; peristome acute, white-lipped within. Diam. 14*5 mill. Ins. Ustica, Sicily. H. HENONIANA, Bourg. PL 62, figs. 17-19. Narrowly umbilicated, subpellucid, costulate-striate, corneous, flamed with reddish or grey above, with four somewhat interrupted bands below ; whorls 6, carinate, flat above, a little convex below, periphery acutely carinated; peristome acute. Diam. 17 mill. Kabylcea. HELIX. 255 \Differs from H. Rozeti in size, closer and more regular striae, more acute carina, flatter whorls, the last not descending, peristome not labiate, umbilicus narrower. H. LACOSTEANA, Morlet. PI. 62, fig. 5. Widely umbilicated, discoidal, arcuately plicate-striate, whitish, with nebulous chestnut maculations; whorls 6 J, suture subcrenulated, margined, last whorl with a sharp carina, flattened above, more convex below, scarcely descending at the aperture ; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 22 mill. Chott-Djerid, Djebel-Aidoudi. H. BRONDELI, Bourg. PL 62, figs. 20-22. Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat fragile, diaphanous, costulate; whorls 5£, convex, with well-impressed suture, the last subtumid above, convex below, crenulately carinated, peristome acute, not labiate. Diam. 11 mill. Algeria. H. ROUVIERIANA, Bourg. PI. 62, figs. 14-16. Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat thin, subpellucid, corneous, sometimes subflammulate above, strongly striate; whorls 6, slowly increasing, scarcely convex above, convex below, descending a little at the aperture, periphery obtusely carinated, carina vanishing in front ; peristome simple, acute. Diam. 10 mill. Kabylcea. H. EXPLANATA, Mull, fl. 62, figs. 11-13. Rather widely umbilicated, lightly striate, yellowish white or fulvous, smoothish, subplane above; whorls 5, with compressed carina, convex below, slightly descending in front ; peristome acute, white-lipped within. Diam. 12-17 mill. France, Algiers. H. albella, Drap. is a synonym. H. maculata, Miill. is doubtfully identified as a juvenile. H. MORAGUESI, Kobelt. PL 62, figs. 9, 10. Widely umbilicated, plane above, somewhat solid, whitish or very obsoletely chestnut banded, strongly, obliquely costulate, with intervening stride; whorls 5J, carina crenulated, base convex, indis- tinctly cristate around the umbilicus ; peristome acute, white-lipped within. Diam. 12 mill. lys. Palma, Balearic Arcliip. 256 HELIX. Has recently been referred to H. explanata as a ribbed variety (Jour, de Conch. 104, 1887), but has a half whorl additional to that species, although smaller. H. IDIA, Bourg. et Letourn. PL 62, figs. 23-25. Widely umbilicated, irregularly, flexuously cos tulate; whorls 4, with carinated suture, last whorl very sharply carinated, cariiia blade-like, umbilical region defined by a sharp angle. Diam. 14 mill. Tunis. H. DEPRESSULA, Parreyss. PI. 62, figs. 6-8. Widely umbilicated, rugosely striate, yellowish white ; whorls 6, carinated, subplanate above, last whorl whith compressed, crenula- ted carina, scarcely descending in front, base convex; peristome acute, labiate within. Diam. 20 mill. Algeria. H. SIGENSIS, Kobelt. PL 62, figs. 1, 2. Widely umbilicated, plane above, somewhat solid, chalky white, or with inferior chestnut bands; whorls 5, striate-costulate, with irregularly carinate suture, last whorl slightly descending in front, the compressed peripheral carina white-crenulated, base inflated, with whitish ribs, more distinct than above ; peristome acute, labiate within. Diam. 17 mill. Or an, Algiers, near Nemours, at the old Portus Sigensis. H. Jolyana, Bourg., has been referred here. H. CATOCYPHIA, Bourg. PL 63, figs. 26-28. Eimately perforate, whitish, chalky, striate; whorls 4 £, rapidly increasing, planate above, the last acutely carinated, not descending, base convex ; peristome acute, labiate within, parietal wall with a tubercle. Diam. 10 mill. Chateau d'lf, near Marseilles, France. H. SETUBALENSIS, Pfr. PL 63, figs. 29. 30. Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, closely lamellarly costate, opaque, fulvous white; whorls 5£, planulate, exserted, serrulately marinated, the last not descending, base convex; peristome acute, labiate within. Diam. 9 mill. Near Setubal, Portugal; Alicante, Spain. H. serrula, Morel, is a synonym. HELIX. 257 H, BABCELOI, Hidalgo. PL 63, figs. 36-38. Widely umbilicated, with close rib-like striae, carinated at the suture and periphery, where the carina is minutely crenulated, whitish. Diam. 10 mill. Alicante. H. MONTSERRATENSIS, Hidalgo. PI. 63, figs. 31-33. Narrowly umbilicated, nearly opaque, not shining, somewhat solid, closely irregularly costulate-striate/ whitish, or yellowish grey, often with an interrupted chestnut band above the carina; whorls 5i, flattened, rather slowly increasing, the last deflected in front, carinate at the periphery, convex below ; peristome acute, widely white-lipped within. Diam. 13 mill. Montserrat, Spain. H. PRIETOI, Hidalgo. PI. 63, figs. 34. 35. Moderately umbilicated, somewhat solid, closely costulate, riblets somewhat obtuse, irregular, obliquely curved above, subflexuous below, here and there shorter or bifurcate, opaque, fulvous white, or ferruginous, sometimes with one to four interrupted bands ; whorls 5-5J, a little convex, the last descending in front, cren- ulately carinated, base convex ; peristome acute, white-lipped within. Diam. 10 mill. Malorca, Balearic Is. It is H. Setubalensis, Dohrn and Heynemann, not Pfr. H. PONSII, Hidalgo. PI. 63, figs. 41, 42. Moderately umbilicated, obliquely costulate, bifurcate on the base, yellowish, maculated and banded with chestnut ; whorls 6, slightly convex, suture carinate, the last whorl slightly dilated, carina compressed, with white crenulations, base convex, obtusely cristate around the umbilicus ; peristome acute, white-lipped within. Diam. 11 mill. Minorca and Cabrera, Balearic Is. H. POLLENZENSIS, Hidalgo. PL 63, figs. 43, 44. Moderately umbilicated, rather thin, pellucid, closely costulate, here and there shorter and bifurcate below, fulvous corneous, with obscure bands below, opaque-whitish at the umbilicus ; whorls 6, flattened above, the last not descending, convex below, obtusely angulated round the umbilicus ; peristome acute, scarcely thickened within. Diam. 12 mill. Majorca. Pollenza, Balearic Is. 17 258 HELIX. H. HOMEYERI, Dohrn and Heynemann. PL 63, figs. 39, 40. Widely umbilicated, striate, bluish white, banded and macu- lated with chestnut ; whorls 5, flattened above, the last descending in front, peripheral carina crenulated, base flatly convex, angu- lated round the umbilicus ; peristome simple, labiate within. Diam. 12 mill. Ins. Malorca, Balearic Archip. H. FRATER, Dohrn and Heynemann. PL 63, figs. 54, 55. Differs from the preceding in being narrowly umbilicated, base convex, without umbilical angle. Balearic Isles. H. NYELII, Mittre. PL 63, figs. 45, 46. Rather narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, closely, lightly costulate, whitish or yellowish corneous, seriately maculated with chestnut above, usually banded below; whorls 5, the last subde- flected in front, periphery subcrenulately carinated, base convex ; peristome labiate within. Diam. 11*5 mill. Minorca. H. CAROLI, Dohrn and Heynemann. PL 63, figs. 47-50. Very narrowly umbilicated, rugosely costulate above, smoother below, corneous white, banded with chestnut; whorls 5J, slightly convex, slowly increasing, the last scarcely descending in front, periphery obsoletely angulated ; peristome simple, white lipped within. Diam. 9 mill. Balearic Is. H. MAJORICENSIS, Dohrn and Heynemann. PL 63, figs. 56-58. Moderately umbilicated, costulate, greyish yellow, maculated and bandad with chestnut; whorls 5£, the last descending ante- riorly, periphery carinated, base convex ; peristome simple above, thickened and shortly reflected below. Diam. 10 mill. Palma and Malorca, Balearic Is. H. CARDOM, Hidalgo. PL 63, figs. 51-53. Moderately umbilicated, thin, striate, shortly ciliated ; brownish corneous, with a few chestnut maculations, sometimes alternately disposed at the suture; whorls 51, flattened, the last descending anteriorly, periphery crenately carinated, convex below, umbili- cus whitish ; peristome simple, white, sublabiate below. Diam. 10 mill. Mahon, Ins. Minorca. HELIX. 259 H. LEDERERI, Pfr. PI. 63, figs. 61-63. Narrowly umbilicated, closely obliquely costulate, opaque, cal- careous white; whorls 5, rather narrow, flat, exserted, all cren- ulately carinated, the last not descending, base convex ; peristome simple, scarcely labiate within. Diam. 10'5 mill. Cyprus, Syria, Egypt, Tripoli. H. Syrensis, Bourg. is a synonym. Var. REGULARIS, Roth. Spire depressed, not gradate, regular, less convex below. Palestine. H. CISTERNASI, Hidalgo. PI. 63, figs. 59, 60. Narrowly umbilicated, somewhat solid, subopaque, very closely costulate-striate above, smoother below ; whorls 6i, slowly in- creasing, the last deflected in front, periphery obtusely angulated, base colivex ; peristome white, slightly expanded, strongly-lipped within. Diam. 15 mill. Ins. Sta. Eulalia ( Ivice"), and Bosca. H. CAVANN.E, Paulucci. PL 63, figs. 64, 65. Narrowly umbilicated, rather solid, chalky, striate, whitish grey, with greyish fulvous punctations, apex corneous ; whorls 5-6, slightly convex, the last with a thread-like carina, descending at the aperture, and with rounded base ; aperture white-lipped within. Diam. 7 mill. Mts. Central Italy. Yar. SCISSA, Paulucci. Flatter, umbilicus wider, carina obsolete. Unfigured species of Jacosta. H. SYROSINA, Bourg. Isl Syra. H. CALLOSA, Anton. Hob. unknown. H. CONOPSIS, Morelet. Morocco. H. ADELAIDE, Pfeifler. Australia. H. AMPHICONUS, H. EUPHJSODES, H. SPHAKIOTA, H. SlDERENSIS, all of Maltzan. Crete. H. SIPHNICA, Libya. H. MICROMPHALUS, H. SEMANNi, Letourii. Algiers. H. HARIOTIANA, Bourg. Balearic Is. H. GRAJA, Westerl. Greece. H. NUMMULIFORMIS, Retowski. Crimea. 260 HELIX. H. HYPERCONICA, Bourg. Kabylcea. H. TELLICA, Bourg. Cape Caxine, Mitidjah. H. PONSONBYI, Kobelt. Oran, Algeria. H. HAMUDJE, Kobelt. Tunis. H. HIERICA, Bourg. Ins. Maritimo, Sicily. H. MULTIFARIA, Ziegler. Cyprus. H. MELOSINA, Bourg. Milo, Grecian Archipelago. H. SOLIELLETI, Bourg. Sahara. H. MILASCHEWITSCHI, Retowski. Crimea. H. PLEURISCHURA, H. CHONOMPHALA, Bourg. Sicily. H. HYPERPLAT^A, Servain. Tunis. H. C^LESTIS, H. BARRATTEI, H. SLONGINA, H. ARTARA, H. BTJREL- LA, H. KHANGETINA, H. CONICULA, H. CALLISTODERMA, H. ENFIDANA, H. ZEUGITANA, H. TINIFORMIS, H. MENZELENSIS, H. SALIVOSA, H. ROZETOPSIS, H. AMMEDERANA, H. HAID- RANA, H. BIRTA, H. FRATISIANA, H. TAFERMICA, H. MEZES- SARIA, H. ZlTANICA, H. LOTOPHAGORUM, H. MENINXICA, H. MESEMBRICA, H. BONDRIESA, all of Letourn. and Bourg. Tunis. H. TAUCHONIANA, H. MORINI, H. CHTHAMATOLENA, H. Tisso- TIANA, H. SAGETI, H. PLEURABDOTA, H. CACISTA, H. SYNTELA, H. NOCTUELLA, H. AXIOTHEATA, H. BARDOENSIS, all of Bourg. Tunis. H. PARTHENIA, H. VAGANENSIS, H. PERLTJTOSA, H. ARTONILLA, H. ASTON ARA, Hageumtiller. Tunis. H. MEMBRONICA, H. HALiA, H. IRRITA, Berthier. Tunis. APPENDIX. A paper has come into my hands entitled "Collections for a Monograph of Tasmanian Land Shells, by W. Legrand, Hobartown, Tasmania, 1871." It contains a number of descriptions of Helices, mostly by Dr. Cox, and is illustrated by two lithographic plates. The printing is very roughly done, on one side of the leaf only, like proof-sheets. Pfeiffer did not cite this paper, in any of the volumes of his "Monog. Heliceorum," nor is it quoted in any European publication, to my knowledge. I do not know whether the paper was put into circulation or not, in any case its distribution must have been very limited ; hence I'quote and figure its species with some hesitation. HELIX. 261 CHAKOPA (Vol. II, p. 208). H. CCESUS, Cox, PL 37, figs. 42, 43. Deeply, narrowly umbilicated, thin, light reddish brown; whorls 5, convex, the last slightly depressed in front, base convex, umbili- cal region excavated, surface with slightly irregular growth-lines; peristome simple, margins approximating. Diam. 4 mill. Tasmania. H. HELICE, Cox. (Unfigured). Tasmania. MICROCYSTIS, (Vol. II, p. 112). H. TRANQUILA, Cox. PL 37, figs. 44, 45. Deeply, narrowly umbilicated, thin, transparent, pale olivaceous brown, coarsely striated; whorls 5 ?, gradually increasing, the last slightly descending anteriorly; aperture diagonal, peristome simple, margins approximating. Diam. 9 mill. Tasmania. H. (RHYSSOTA), MIXTA, Cox. PL 37, figs. 58, 59. Deeply, narrowly umbilicated, thin, transparent, shining, coarsely striated, yellowish brown, or light olivaceous brown; whorls 5, gradually increasing, flatly slanting towards the suture; peristome simple, thin, margins very slightly approaching. Diam. 6 mill. Tasmania. Unfigured Species. H. (VIDENA) DuCANi, H. (PARYPHANTA?) VITRIN^FORMIS, H. (VIDENA) QU^ESTIOSA, of Cox. Tasmania. CONULUS (Vol. II, p. 172). H. PARVISSIMA, Cox. PL 37, figs. 48, 49. Narrowly umbilicated, transparent, thin, pale yellowish brown, smooth, shining, whorls 5J, convex, gradually enlarging, the last not descending in front; peristome simple, thin. Diam. T25 mill. Tasmania. LEUCOCHROA (p. 10). H. B^ETICA, Rossm. p. 11. Var. TUNETANA, Letourn. et Bourg. Shell finely striate above, not shagreened, peristome not thickened, carinal thread not well defined. Tunit. 262 HELIX. H. SAHARICA, Debeaux. (unfigured). Or an, Algiers. H. BOSSIERI, Charp. H. FILIA, Mousson. Mr.Ancey has just published a new group SPHINCTEROCHILA for these species ; his name will not stand, being a synonym of Mima, Westerl. 1886. Discus, (p. 19). H. RUDERATA, Studer (p. 20). Var. ANGULOSA, Mousson. PI. 63, fig. 69. Periphery obtusely angulated. Amour Basin. H. STOKESI, E. A. Smith. PL 22, figs. 48-50. Closely resembles H. coma, Gray (p. 22), but is more narrowly umbilicated, just a trifle more finely lirate, and has the body whorl roundly angulated above the middle, New Zealand. H. GANODA, Mabille. (unfigured). Canary Is. H. HELVA, Cox. New Hebrides. H. STEPHENSI, Cox. PI. 37, figs. 74-76. Deeply, narrowly umbilicated, thin, transparent, dull brownish yellow; whorls 5, the last rather inflated, not descending, coarsely widely costulate, the interstices finely striate. Diam. 7'5 mill. Tasmania. See p. 46. H. PLEXUS, Cox. PL 37, figs. 77, 78. Deeply, narrowly umbilicated, thin, dull pale horny brown, irregularly widely costulate, the interstices finely transversely striate ; whorls 5, the last deflected in front, base smoother; margins of peristome joined by a rather thick callus. Diam. 6 mill. Tasmania. See p. 46. H. POSITURA, Cox. PL 37, figs. 79, 80. Very narrowly umbilicated, thin, dull chestnut brown color, with strong, widely separated costaB, less marked below ; whorls 4, grad- ually increasing, the last expanded, subcarinated, not depressed in front. Diam. 6 mill. Tasmania. HELIX. 263 H. COEPTA, Cox. PI. 37, figs. 64, 65. Rather widely umbilicated, thin, coarsely costulate, the ribs dis- tant, running into the umbilicus below ; whorls 4, the last rapidly increasing, not descending in front, suture impressed. Diam. 3'3 mill. Tasmania. See p. 46. H. DUBITANS, Cox. PI. 37, figs. 81, 82. Broadly umbilicated, thin, dark chestnut colored, coarsely costu- late above, more closely and finely striate and shining below, faintly decussated about the umbilicus ; whorls 4£ rapidly increasing, sub- angular. Diam. 12 mill. Tasmania. H. AGNEWI, Cox. PL 37, figs. 83, 84. Widely, deeply umbilicated, very finely striated, horny brown color; whorls 4£, convex, slanting towards the deeply impressed suture, gradually increasing, the last not depressed in front. Diam. 4*5 mill. Tasmania. H. VIGENS, Cox. PL 37, figs. 60, 61. With broad, shallow umbilicus, closely, sharply costulate, pale yellowish horn color; whorls 4i, gradually increasing, rounded, with deep suture, the last not descending in front. Diam. 3'5 mill. Tasmania. Said to be badly figured. H. JULIFORMIS, Cox. PL 37, figs. 85, 86. With open, funnel-like umbilicus, yellowish, with regular broad chestnut rays, with close, hair-like riblets; whorls 5, flatly slanting, the periphery appearing as if crenated, last whorl not descending. Diam. 3'5 mill. Tasmania. First given in the same work under the preoccupied name of H. Gouldiana. ?PUNCTUM (p. 28). H. ALLPORTI, Legrand. PL 3,7. figs. 52, 53. Narrowly perforate, thin, dark chestnut color , whorls 5, slightly convex, the last relatively larger and subangular above the middle, scarcely descending in front, base inflated, suture impressed ; aper- 264 HELIX. ture oblique, irregularly ovate, inclined to be contracted, peristome simple, margins converging, columellar margin almost covering the umbilicus. Diam. 8 mill. Tasmania. H. (CAM^NA) MEDIANUS, Cox. PL 37, figs. 46, 47. Perforate, thin, transparent, reddish brown, with rather fine growth-lines; whorls 5J, the last conspicuously keeled and inflated, base excavated around the umbilicus. . Diam. 10 mill. Tasmania. H. AUSTRINUS, Cox. PI. 37, figs. 56, 57. Narrowly umbilicated, light olive green, coarsely striated; whorls 5 2-, the last much inflated, descending in front, base convex. Diam. 9 mill. Tasmania. H. OCCULTUS, Cox. PL 37, figs. 50, 51. Kather widely umbilicated, smooth, thin, shining, horn color; whorls 4, gradually increasing, rounded, laterally flattened, suture excavated, last whorl not descending in front. Diam. 2'5 inch. Tasmania. H. (VIDENA) RUGA, Cox. PL 37, figs. 93-95. Widely, perspectively umbilicated, rather thin, yellowish corneous or dark olive, shining below ; whorls 4J, rapidly increasing, with coarse rib-like strise above, smooth below, last whorl much dilated and slightly depressed in front. Diam. 9 mill. Tasmania. Closely related to H. bombycina and H. Sinclairi, but smaller? rounder, and destitute of band. H. (KHYSSOTA) HALLI, Cox. PL 37, figs. 54, 55. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, very finely striated, pale yellowish brown ; whorls 4J-5, regularly increasing, rounded, with deep suture. Diam. 1'5 mill. Tasmania. H. (KHYSSOTA) TRAJECTURA, Cox. PL 37, figs. 68, 69. Narrowly umbilicated, thin, transparent, not shining, pale brown, with irregular coarse gr owth -strise ; whorls 5J, the last dispropor-" tionally large and subcarinated ; columellar lip widely dilated and reflected, half covering the umbilicus. Diam. 8 mill. Tasmania. HELIX. 265 H. MARCHIAN^E, Cox. PL 37, figs. 66, 67. Broadly, perspectively umbilicated, thin, translucent, glossy, pale horny yellow, irregularly finely striated throughout and with irregular transverse horny streaks ; whorls 4£-5, convex, very slowly increasing, suture wide and rather deep, last whorl .scarcely descending in front. Diam. 5 mill. Tasmania. H. KAMSGATENSIS, Cox. PL 37, figs. 72, 73. Narrowly umbilicated, finely regularly costulate, reddish horn color ; whorls 5, gradually increasing, rather flatly compressed laterally, rounded above, suture deeply impressed. Diam. 6'5 mill. Tasmania H. (PARYPHANTA) FULGETRUM, Cox. PL 37, figs. 70, 71. Very widely umbilicated, thin, translucent, irregularly finely striated, pale horny yellow; whorls 3 £-4, flatly slanting, rapidly increasing, last whorl proportionally much distended, not descend- ing iii front, suture deeply impressed and finely margined. Diam. 2*5 mill. Tasmania. Allied to the Australian H. splendidula, Pfr. H. FUSCORADIATA, Cox. PL 37, figs. 62, 63. Widely umbilicated, thin, smooth, shining, pale horny yellow, ornamented with irregular broad light-brown rays, with growth striae; whorls 4, gradually increasing, rounded, suture deeply excavated, umbilicus with steep walls. Diam. 3'3 mill. Tasmania. GONIODISCUS (p. 43). i H. DAVEYENSIS, Cox. PL 37, figs. 87, 88. Broadly, deeply umbilicated, thin, opaque, light brown, with regular, widely separated costse, the interstices finely transversely .striated ; whorls 6, flat above, base more convex, the umbilical region defined by an angle, into which the sculpture enters. Diam. 10 mill. Tasmania. See p. 24. 266 HELIX. H. ATKINSONI, Cox. PI. 37, figs. 89, 90. Broadly, perspectively umbilicated, thin, dull brown, with broad rays, less marked below, with coarse, widely separated riblets,, and finely striated interstices; whorls 5J, very slowly increasing, rather flat above, convex below, umbilical periphery angulated. Diam. 8 mill. Tasmania, See p. 24. H. KINGSTONENSIS, Cox. PL 37, figs. 91, 92. Broadly, deeply umbilicated, pale horny yellow, with fine raised striae ; whorls 5, gradually increasing, suture deep, last whorl not depresssed in front ; peristome margins joined by a rather thick parietal callus. Diam. 2*7 mill. Tasmania. H. COSTULATA, Mollendorff. PL 63, figs. 66-68. Widely umbilicated, discoidal, with close, arcuate riblets, horny fulvous ; whorls 4, somewhat convex, with deep suture, the last whorl with acute carina, and angulate round the umbilicus. Diam. 4 mill. Corea. H. SEMIPLICATA, Pfr. (p. 44). Mr. Ancey cites this species as the type of a new group ATLAN- TICA. Unfigured species of Patula. H. MARGATENSIS, H. SPECTRA, H. OFFICERI, H. VEXANDA, all of Cox. Tasmania* H. IRREGULARIS, Mousson (unfigured). Viti Is. ANGUISPIRA, (p. 55). Mr. W. G. Binney, in his Second Supplement to the fifth volume of the "Terrestrial Mollusks" etc. (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. XIII. Dec. 1886), has treated H. Idahoensis, Cooperi, Hemphilli and Haydeni as varieties of H. strigosa. (See also this work, pp. 55-57). Mr. Binney has described and figured varieties Binneyi, NewwmMi, multieostata, Gouldi, albofasciata and castanea of Hem ph ill, connect- ing Idahoensis with strigosa', var. Utahensis,. Hemphill, of the Cooperi form, and varieties Oquirrhensis, Gabbiana and Wasatchensis, Hemphill, of the Haydeni-Hemphilli-strigosa series. In the strict use of the term these are not varieties but merely selected specimens HELIX. 267 from a continuous series; but they serve admirably to illustrate one of the most remakable instances of the specific variability of mollusks> known to science. ? TROCHOMORPHA, (p. 72). H. SWETTENHAMI, H. THIEROTI, H. HARDOUINI, H. LAHATENSIS, De Morgan. (Unfigured). Perak. H. PLANOCONUS, Mousson. (Unfigured). Viti Is* H. THEMIS, H. KANTAVUENSIS, Garrett. (Unfigured). Viti Is. H. CORALLINA, Mousson, (p. 93). Mr. Garrett considers this a distinct species from H. Ludersi, Pfr. VlDENA, (p. 82). H. SPLENDENS, Semper, (p. 86). Philippine Is- Figured in Journ. de Conch. 94. 1887. H. SIBUYANICA, Hidalgo. Philippine Is. H. LOOCENSIS, Hidalgo. Philippine Is* H. ACUTIMARGO, Pfr. (p. 85). Philippine Is. Hidalgo makes H. radula and H. albodncta, Pfr. and H. curvila- brum, Ads. and Keeve synonyms of this species. PCECILOZONITES, (p. 95). For this group Mr. Ancey has recently proposed a new name,, BERMUDIA, the type being H. Bermudensis, Pfr. PELLA, (p. 104). Mr. C. F. Ancey has established a new group LEJEANIA, for such species as H. Darnaudi> Pfr. H. Isseliana, H. Jickeli, Nevill, H. Lejeaniana, Bourg. etc. (p. 104), inhabiting the Mountains of Abyssinia and Sennaar. SHELDONIA, Ancey. 1887. Has been proposed for a South African group including JET. Trotteriana, H. Natalensis, H. cotyledonis. TRIGONOSTOMA, (p. 117). H. BICONCAVA, Heude. On account of the previously published H. bieoncava, Pfr.. (Manual, I, 130), Crosse has changed this name to H. Outangensis; but as Pfeiffer's species is an Elsea and not a Helix, Heude's name can be retained. 268 HELIX. CARACOLINA, (p. 117). H. BERTHELOTI, Fer. (p. 122). Add Plate 24, figs. 49-51. H. REYREI, Souverb. (p. 127). Ancey has made this the type of a new group, ENTODINA. POLYGYRATIA, (p. 124). H. MACGREGORI, Cox. (p. 127). This species has been made the type of a new genus (CoxiA) by Mr. C. F. Ancey. TRICHIA, (p. 172). H. BOURNIANA, Bourg. PI. 38, figs. 48-50. Moderately umbilicated, fragile, glabrous, diaphanous, shining, sharply striate, subcostulate towards the suture, fulvous; whorls 6, convex, regularly slowly increasing, suture impressed; peristome acute, not thickened. Diam. 9 mill. Grande Chartreuse. H. PORTERI, Cox, (p. 183). Add PL 40, figs. 35, 36. DORCASIA, (p. 205). H. ALEXANDRA Gray, (p. 213). Refer to PI. 49, fig. 3, instead of fig. 6. INDEX TO GENERA Etc. CONTAINED IN THIS VOLUME. The Index and Synonymy of the species of Helix will be pub- lished on the completion of the monograph. Acanthinula, 16, 53. Actinaria=Laoma, 17, 68. Adelodonta=Polygyrella, 112. Ammonitella— Drepanostoma, 110. Amphidoxa, 16, 46. Anceyia, 102. Anchistoma, 110, 114. Anguispira, 17, 55, 266. Aplodon=Mesodon, 113. Atlantica, 266. Atopa, 113, 156. Bermudia, 267. Bradyboena— Fruticicola, 167. Bradyboena=Trichia, 167. Calcarina=Leucochroa, 10. Camsena, 264. Caracolina, 111, 117, 268. Carthaea^Punctuni, 15, 37. Carthusiana, 167, 191. Charopa, 261. Ciliella, 168, 223. Conulus, 261. Corilla= Atopa, 114. Coxia, 268. Crenea=Jacosta, 169. Daedalochila, 112, 130. Delomphalus—Patula, 15. Dibothrion— Petasia,, 167. Discus, 15, 19, 262. Dorcasia, 168, 205, 268. Drepanostoma, 110, 114. Endodonta, 17, 59. Entodina, 268. Epistyla=Sagda, 5. Eulota, 168, 200. Euparypha, 168, 223. Euphemia=Trigonostoma, 111. Euryomphala=Patula, 15. Fruticicola, 167, 170. Fruticotrochus— Satsuma, 168. Galaxias=Dorcasia, 168. Ganesella— Trochomorpha, 18, 74. Glyptostoma, 109, 110. Goniodiscus, 16, 43, 265. Gonostoma, 110, 114. Helicella, 169, 170, 239. Helicodonta=:Isognomonostoma, 113. Helicodonta— Trigonostoma, 111. Heliomanes, 169, 230. Hispidella, 168, 222. Hyalosagda, 5. Hygromanes— Fruticicola, 167. Hygromia— Frutlcicola, 167. Iberus=Leucochroa, 10. Isognomonostoma, 113, 146. Jacosta, 169, 251. Laoma, 17, 68. Lejeania, 230, 267. Leucochroa, 10, 261. Libera, 17, 69. Liocystis=Trochomorpha, 18, 75. Macrocyclis, 109. Macrocycloides, 16, 48. Mesodon, 113, 150. Metodontia, 113, 149. Microconus=Pyramidula, 16, 53. Microcystis, 261. Microphysa, 19, 96. Microphyura=Polygyratia, 111> Mima, 10. Monacha, 167, 187. Nigritella, 18, 72. (269) 270 INDEX TO GENERA. Nummulina, 168, 199. Ophiogyra=Polygyratia, 111 Pararhytida, 18, 95. Paryphanta, 261, 265. Patera— Mesodon, 113. Patula, 15, 19, 266. Patulastra— Punctum, 15. Pelia, 19, 102. Pella, 19, 103, 267. Petasia, 167, 170. Phasis=Pella, 19. Phryxgnathus— Punctum, 15, Pitys=Endodonta, 17. Planogyra, 15, 28. Plectopylis, 114, 159. Poecilozonites, 19, 95, 267. Polygyra, 111, 124, 128. Polygyratia, 111, 124, 268. Polygyrella, 111, 129. Pristina— Anceyia, 102. Punctum, 15, 28, 263. Pyramidula, 16, 51. Khyssota, 261, 264. Sagda, 5. Satsuma, 168, 217. Sculptaria, 112, 138. Sheldonia, 267, Spelseodiscus— Punctum, 30. Sphincterochila, 262. Stenostoma=Stenotrema, 112. Stenotrema, 112, 139. Stephanoda^Amphidoxa, 16, 47. Strobila, 112, 138. Systrophia— Polygyratia, 111, Tetrodontina— Metodontia, 149. Theba, 168. Thera=Thysanota, 18, 95. Thysanophora, 16, 50. Thysanota, 18, 93. 37.Trichia, 167, 172,268. Trichodiscus, 16, 49. Trigonostoma, 110, 115, 267. Triodopsis, 112, 143. Trochiscus, 167, 171. Trochomorpha, 18, 72, 267. Trochomorphoides— Trochomor- pha, 18. Ulostoma, 113, 155. Vallonia, 166, 169. Videna, 18, 82, 264, 267. Vortex^Trigonostoma, 111. Xerophila, 168, 223. Xolotrema, 113, 147. Zenobia, 167, 186. Zoogenites=Acanthinula, 17, 54. REFERENCE TO PLATES, HELICID/E, Vol. I. PLATE 1. FIGURE. PAGE. 1. Sagda epistylium, Pfr. (= alligans, Ads.) Reeve, Icon. f. 314, .... 6 .2, 3. Sagda epistylium, Pfr. (= alligans, Ads.) Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 100, f. 38, 40, 6 4. Sagda epistylioides, Fer. Ibid. t. 100, f. 43, . . .6 5. Sagda connectens, Adams. Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 312, . 6 6. Sagda Cookiana, Pfr. (= Jayana, Ads). Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 100, f. 37, 6 7. Sagda alligans, Rve. (== Jayana, Ads.) Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 311, b. 6 8. Sagda Foremaniana, Pfr. (= australis, Chemn.) Ibid. f. 310, 6 9. Sagda alveare, Pfr. Novit. Conch, iii, t. 108, f. 32, 33, . 7 10. Sagda Foremaniana, Ads. Specimen 7 11. Sagda triptycha, Shuttl. " . . „ . .7 12. Sagda spiculosa, Shuttl. 7 13. Sagda torrefacta, Adams. Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 309, . 7 14. Sagda pila, Ads. Ibid. f. 322, 8 15. Sagda lamellifera, Ads. Ibid. f. 318 8 16. 17. Sagda Blandii, Weinl. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. vii, t. 12, f. 23, . . . . 8 18, 19. Hyalosagda osculans, Ads. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 154, f. 12, . . 8 20-22. Hyalosagda Haldemaniana, Ads. Ibid, i, t. 28, f. 14, 15, 17, . .8 23, 24. Hyalosagda similis, Ads. Ibid, ii, t. 127. f. 31, 33, . 9 25, 26. Hyalosagda Hollandi, Ads. Ibid, ii, t. 127, f. 29, 30, 9 27, 28. Hyalosagda ambigua, Ads. Ibid, ii, t. 166, f. 6, 7, . 9 29. Hyalosagda brevis, Ads. Reeve, conch. Icon. f. 341, . 9 -30. Hyalosagda circumfirmata, Redfield. Ibid. f. 1319, . 9 PLATE 2. -31, 32. Leucochroa candidissima, Drap. Rossmassler, Iconog. iii, f. 814, 10 33. Leucochroa cadidissima, Drap. Ibid, ii, f. 560, . . 10 34. Leucochroa cadidissima, Var. rimosa, Jan. Ibid, i, f. 367, 10 •35. Leucochroa cadidissima, Var. hierochuntina, Boiss. 10 Specimen. . . . . . , . . .10 (271) 272 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 36, 37. Leucochroa bsetica, Rossm. Rossmassler, Iconog. iii, f. 812, 80, 11 38. Leucochroa Thayaca, Bourg. Bourg. Moll. Litig. ii, t. 38, f. 15, . 11 39, 40. Leucochroa Otthiana, Forbes. Rossmassler, Iconog. v. f. 1277, . . 11 41, 42. Leucochroa Jeannotiana, Terver. Ibid, ii, f. 564, . 11 43, 44. Leucochroa chionodiscus, Pfr. Ibid, v, f. 1278, . 11 45, 46. Leucochroa argia, Bourg. Ibid, v, f. 1280, . . 12 47, 48. Leucochroa fimbriata, Bourg. Ibid, v, f. 1288, . 12 49, 50. Leucochroa prophetarum, Bourg. Ibid, v, f. 1284. 12 51, 52. Leucochroa cafiosula, Mich. Ibid, i, f. 368, . . 13 53, 54. Lencochroa Mayrani, Gassies. Moll. Algerie. i, t. 6. f. 19, . . . . . . . . . . 13 55. Leucochroa Mayrani, Var. subcariosula, Bourg. Ibid, i, t. 6, f. 22, 13 56, 57. Leucochroa cariosa, Oliv. Rossmassler, Iconog. v, f. 1285, 13 58, 59. Leucochroa amphicyrta, Bourg, (— cariosa, Var.) Ibid, v, f. 1286, 14 60-62. Leucochroa ultima, Mousson. Novit. Conch, iv, t. 119, f. 34-36, ........ 14 63-65. Leucochroa pressa, Mousson. Ibid, iv, 1. 119, f. 37-39, 14 66, 67. Leucochroa accola, Mousson. Ibid, iv, t. 119, f. 40, 41, . . , .14 68, 69. Leucochroa Boissieri, Charp. Rossmassler, Iconog. v, f. 1281, 14 70, 71, Leucochroa filia, Mousson. Ibid, v, f. 1283, . . 15 PLATE 3. 72, 73. Patula rotundata, Mull. Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll, t. 119, f. 6, 7 19 74. Patula rotundata, Mull. Ibid. t. GGG. f. 2. . . . 19 75, 76, Patula rotundata, Var. albina Fer. Hist. Moll, iv, t. 79, f. 3 19 77-79. Patula perspectiva, Say. Binney, Terr. Moll. iii. t. 30, f. 1 . . .20 80, 81. Patula ruderata, Studer. Rossmassler, Iconog. ii, f. 455, 20 82-84. Patula striatella, Anth. Binney, Terr. Moll, iii, t. 30, f. 2, . 20 85, 86, Patula pauper, Gould. Binney, Manual, f. 187, . 20 87, 88. Patula Cronkheitei, Newcomb. Ibid. f. 30, . 21 89, 90. Patula Hornii, Gabb. Ibid. f. 159, . . . .21 91-93. Patula Frivaldskyana, Rossm. Iconog. ii, f. 691, . 21 94-96. Patula concinna, Lowe. Novit. Conch, iv, t. 129, f. 45-47,. . 21 97-99. Patula calathoides, Paiva. Moll. Mader. t. 2, f. 4, . 44 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 273 FIGURE. PAGE. 100-1. Patula Hermann!, Pfr. Crosse & Fischer, Mexico. t. 10, f. 4, . . 22 2, 3. Patula Amacaensis, Hidalgo. Journ. de Conch, t. 6, f. 3, 1870 . . . . .22 4-6, Patula humilis, Huttori. Conch. Ind. t. 61, f. 4-6, . 22 7-9, Patula coma, Pfr. not Gray (=lucetta, Hutton). Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 155, f. 37-39, 22 10. Patula varicosa, Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 824, ... 23 11. Patula buccinella, Rve. (=gamma, Pfr.). Ibid. f. 821, . 23 12. Patula corniculum, Rve. (--=eta, Pfr.). Ibid. f. 826, . 24 13. Patula anguicula, Reeve. Ibid. f. 22, . . . .23 14. Patula infecta, Rve. (=zeta, Pfr.). Ibid. f. 808, . . 23 15. Patula egesta, Gray. Ibid. f. 798, . . . .23 16. Patula Diemenensis, Cox. Austr. Land Shells, t. 7, f. 6a. 24 17. 18. Patula Wellingtonensis, Cox. Ibid, t, 7, f, 5, . 24 19, 20. Patula Ramsayi, Cox. Ibid. t. 18, f. lla, . . .110 21, 22. Patula cuprea, Cox. Ibid. t. 12, f. 9, . . .24 23. Patula Batumi, Cox. Ibid. t. 6, f. 11, . . . . 24 PLATE 4. 24, 25. Patula Brazieri, Cox. Austr. Land Shells, t. 11, f. 18, 24 26, 27. Patula lirata, Cox. Ibid. t. 11, f. 3, . . .25 28, 29. Patula Stroudensis, Cox. Ibid. t. 11, f. 1, . 25 30, 31. Patula pexa, Cox. Ibid. t. 8, f. 2, . . . . 25 32, 33. Patula cochlidium, Cox. Ibid. t. 8, f. 1, . . . 25 34, 35. Patula decreta, Gassies. Jour, de Conch, t. 2, f. 3, 1873, .... 26. 36. Patula Belli, Cox. Austr. Land Shells, t. 6 f. 3, . .25 37, 38. Patula Lamberti, Gassies. Jour, de Conch, t. 2, f. 1, 1873, . . ^ . . ^ . . , . . .26 39, 41. Patula Demani, Canefri. Ann. Mus. Civ. Genoa, xix, t. 2, f. 13-15, 26 42, 44. Patula Paulus, Morel (=Caldwelli). Ser. Conch, ii, t. 4, f, 7, 27 45, 47. Patula Abietana, Bourg. Moll. Algerie, i, 1. 19, f. 17- 20, 21 48, 49. Patula subcoacta, Gassies. Conch. Nouv. Caled. ii, t. 1, f. 10, 26 50. Patula melaleucarum, Gassies. Jour, de Conch, t. 14, f. 7, 1873,^ . . . . ... . . .26 51. Patula inculta, Gassies. • Conch. Nouv. Caled. iii, t. 1, f. 7, 26 52. Patula astericus, Morse. Binney, Terr. Moll, iv, t. 77, f. 9, . ,f . . . " . . . ^ . .28 53. 55. Patula solaria, Menke. Rossmassler, Icon, ii, f. 453, 43 56, 57, 58. Patula Arrouxi, Bourg. Moll. Litig. i, t. 7, f. 4-6, . . .21 18 274 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 59-61. Patula engonata, Shuttl. Novit. Conch, iv, t. 120, f. 1-4, 43 62, 63. Patula semiplicata, Pfr. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii, t. 159 f. 25, 26, 64-66 Patula retexta, Shuttl. Novit. Conch, iv. 1. 120, f. 6-8 67, 68. Patula Bertholdiana, Pfr. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii, t 161, f. 9, 11, 69, 70. Patula Bryanti, Harper. Binney, Manual, f. 277, 44 44 102 43 PLATE 5. 71, 72. Patula corticicola, Cox. Monog. Austr. Land Sh. t. 7,f. 7, 44 73, 74. Patula mucosa, Cox. Ibid. t. 11, f. 14, ... 44 75, 76. Patula mucoides, Stephens. Proc. Linn. Soc. K S. Wales, iii, t. 12, f. 5, 44 77, 78. Patula Opaoana, Gassies. Conch. Nouv. Caled. ii, t. 1, f. 6, 45 79, 80. Patula minima, Cox. (— Collisi), Austr. Land Shells. t. 12, f. 8; 25 81, 82. Patula fabrefacta, Pease. Novit. Conch, iii, t. 108, f. 30, 31. 45 83. Patula Hookeri, Re.eve. Conch. Icon. f. 1474, . . 48 83a. Patula Princei, Liardet. Zool. Proc. t. 5, f. 4, 1876, . 27 84. Patula arcuata, Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 169, ... 46 85. Patula arctispira, Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 653, . . .47 86. Patula tessellata, Miihlf. Ibid. f. 651, . . . .47 87. Patula Selkirk!, Smith. Zool. Proc. t. 23, f. 19, b. 1884, 47 88. Patula quadrata, Fer. Conch. Icon. f. 619, . . .47 89. Patula ceroides, Pfr. Ibid. f. 1035, .... 47 .-90. Patula dissimilis, Orb. Ibid. f. 629, . . . .48 91. Patula Binneyana, Pfr. Ibid. f. 1230, . . . .48 :92-94. Patula Arthurii, Pfr. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii, t. 143, f. 23-25, 48 95-97. Patula lutea, Martens. Preuss. Exped. t. 12, f. 16, . 48 98. Patula Veronica, Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 1028, ... 49 :99-l. Patula Cordovana, Pfr. Expl. Sci. Mex. t. 12, f. 4, . 49 2. Patula coactiliata, Fer. Conch. Icon. f. 595, . . .49 3. Patula suturalis, Pfr. Ibid. f. 301, . . . .49 -4, 5. Patula pressula, Morelet. Expl. Sci. Mex. t. 12, f. 5, 50 v6, 7. Patula Oajacensis, Koch. Kiister. Conch. Cab. ii. t. 132, f. 3, 4, . . 50 8-10. Patula impura, Pfr. Mex. Land conch. Pt. iv, t. 4, £2, 50 11-13. Patula paleosa, Strebel. Ibid. Pt. iv, t. 4, f. 3, . . 50 14-16. Patula conspurcatula, Morelet. Expl. Sci. Mex. t. 12, • f. 3, 50 17-18. Patula turbinella, Morelet. Ibid. t. 12, f. 2, . . 51 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 275 PLATE 6. FIGURE. PAGE. 19-21. Patula micropleuras, Paget. Guerin's Mag. t. 18, f. 9-11, 1863, , .28 22-24. Patula elachia, Bourg. Ibid. t. 18, f. 14-17, 1863, . 28 25-27. Patula Massoti, Bourg. Moll. Litig. i. t. 5, f. 5, 7, 8, . 29 28-30. Patula pygmsea, Drap. Moll. Alger. i. t. 19, f. 9, 11, 12, 29 31-33. Patula Debeauxiana, Bourg. Ibid. t. 19, f. 13-16, . 28 34-36. Patula Aucapitainiana, Bourg. Guerin's Mag. i. t. 6, f. 6-8. 1863, 29 . 37-39. Patula Sudensis, Pfr. Rossmassler, Iconog. iii, f. 901, 30 40-42. Patula Poupillieri, Bourg. Moll. Alger. i. t. 19, f. 5-8, . . . _ . . , . .... 29 43-45. Patula Schwerzenbachi, Calcara. Benoit. Test. Sicil. t. 4, f. 8, 30 46-47. Patula sororcula, Benoit. Ibid. t. 4, f. 16. . . 29 48-50. Patula flavida, Zglr. (=Balmei). Rossmassler, Iconog. ii.f. 610, 30 51, 52. Patula Erdeli, Roth. Inaug. Dissert, t. 1, f. 4, 5, . 30 53-55. Patula putrescens, Lowe. Novit. Conch, iv, t. 119, f. 48-50, 31 56-58. Patula pusilla, Lowe. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii, t. 89, f. 29-31, 31 59, 60. Patula Luseana, Paiva. Jour, de Conch, t. 11, f. 9, 1866, 31 61, 63. Patula textilis, Shuttl. Novit. Conch, iv. t. 119, f. 42-44 31 64-66. Patula servilis, Shuttl. Ibid. iv. t. 120, f. 14-16. . 31 PLATE 7. 65. Patula Bascauda, Benson. Conch. Ind. t. 16, f. 1, . 52 66. Patula polypleuros, Blanford. Ibid. t. 16, f. 7, . . 52 67-70. Patula cryophila, Mart. Actes Acad. Curios, xxxvii, t. 4, f. 17, . . , 52 71-74. Patula Abyssinica, Jickeli. Ibid, xxxvii. t. 4, f. 20, . 32 75-77. Patula euomphalus, Blanf. Conch. Ind. t. 129, f. 1-3, 32 78, 79. Patula Bianconii, Desh. Nouv. Arch. Mus. Bull. ix. t. 2, f. 25, 26, 32 80, 81. Patula Neherensis, Benson. Conch. Ind. t. 32, f. 5, 6, 33 82. Patula artificiosa, Benson. Ibid. t. 55, f. 3, . .33 83-85. Patula quadrispira, Mart. Preuss. Exped. t. 13, f. 9, 33 86. Patula auloscospira, Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 975, . . 35 87, 88. Patula Morti, Cox. ' Austr. Land Shells t. 11, f. 13, . 34 89, 90. Patula Hobarti, Cox. Ibid. t. 12, f. 11, . . . 34 91, 92. Patula Tasmania, Cox. Ibid. t. 12, f. 4, . . .34 276 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 93, 94. Patula stellata, Brazier. Ibid. t. 12, f. 12, . . 34 95, 96. Patula retipora, Cox. Ibid, t, 7, f. 8, . . . 34 97-99. Patula Melbournensis, Cox. Ibid. t. 12, f. 10, . . 34 100-1. Patula vorticella, H. Ads. Zool. Proc. t. 4, f. 2, 1868, . 35 2-4. Patula textrix, Pfr. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 162, f. 14, 16, 17, 35 5, 6. Patula subtersa, Gassies. Moll. Nouv. Caled. iii, t. 1, f. 14, . . ....... 35 7, 8. Patula confinis, Gassies. Ibid, iii, t. 1, f. 13, . . 35 9, 10. Patula Calliope, Crosse. Jour, de Conch, t. 2, f. 1, 1874, . . . . . . . ; .36 11, 12. Patula vetula, Gassies. Conch. Nouv. Caled. i, t. 1, f. 13, 36 13-15. Patula Taslei, Crosse. Journ de Conch, t. 4, f. 2, 1874, ...... ... 36 16, 17. Patula rhizoporarum, Gassies. Conch. Nouv. Caled. ii, t. 1, f. 11, 36 PLATE 8. 18. Patula radiella, Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 643, ... 38 19-21. Patula filiola, Fer. Hist. Moll, iv, t. 86, f. 1, . . 38 22-24. Patula gradata, Gld. Moll. Wilkes Expl. Exped. t. 3, f. 48, 38 25-27. Patula tiara, Mighels. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii, 1. 125, f. 9-11, 38 28-30. Patula modieella, Fer. Hist. Moll, iv, t. 86, f. 3, . 38 31, 32. Patula vicaria, Mouss. Jour, de Conch, t. 3, f. 2, 1871, 38 33, 34. Patula lamellicosta, Garrett. Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. ix, t. 2, f. 11, 39 35-37. Patula tenuicostata, Garrett. Am. Jour. Conch, viii, t 19 f 23 39 38-40. Patula canalis, Garrett. Ibid, vii, t. 19, f. 17, . . 39 41-43. Patula proxima, Garrett. Ibid, vii, t. 19, f. 24, . . 39 44_46. Patula rudis, Garrett. Ibid, vii, t. 19, f. 18, . . 39 47-49. Patula decorticata, Garrett1. Ibid. vii. t. 19, f. 19, . 40 50. Patula Otarese, Garrett. (= decorticata), Ibid, vii, t. 19, f. 21, 40 51-53. Patula Harvey ensis, Garrett Ibid, vii, t. 19, f. 20, . 40 54-66. Patula Youngi, Garrett. Ibid, vii, t. 19, f. 22, . . 40 57, Patula complementaria, Mousson. Jour, de Conch. 1. 14, f. 5, 1865, 40 58, 59. Patula adposita, Mousson. Ibid. t. 7, f. 8, 1870, . 41 60, 61. Patula inermis, Mousson. Ibid. t. 7, f. 7, 1870, . 41 62-64. Patula Oualanensis, Pease. Am. Jour. Conch, ii, t. 21, f. 7, 41 65. Patula euclasta, Shuttl. Conch. Icon. f. 1323, . . 97 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 277 FIGURE. PAGE. 66. Patula musicola, Shuttl. Ibid. f. 1330, .... 97 67, 68. Patula Inaguensis, Weinl. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. vii, t. 12,f.22, . . . 41 69, Patula costellata, d'Orb. Conch, Icon. f. 638. . . 41 70^ 71. Patula Coppingeri, Smith. Zool. Proc. t. 4, f. 14, 1881, 42 PLATE 9. 72-74. Patula lirata, Couthouy. Moll. Wilkes Exped. t. 3, f. 34, 42 75-77. Patula Magellanica, Smith. Zool. Proc. t. 4, f. 15, 1881, 42 78. Patula excisa, Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 1260, ... 42 79-80. Patula bryophila, Phil. Hidalgo, Voy. Pacific, t. 2, f. 14, 15, 42 81-83. Patula Chiliensis, Miihlf. Kuster, Conch. Cab. ii, t. 85. f. 17-19, 42 84-86. Patula epidermia, Anton. Ibid. t. 89, f. 20-23, . 42 87-89. Patula rupestris, Drap. Rossmassler, Iconog. ii, f. 534, 51 90. Patula trochoides, Fer. Hist. Moll. t. 80, f. 3, . . 51 91, 92. Patula Jaenensis, Clessin. Mai. Blatt. N. S. v. t. 4, f. 3, .51 93. Patula assariensis, Calcara. Benoit. 111. Moll. Sicil. t. 4, £14, 51 94. Patula placida, Shuttl. Conch. Icon. f. 917, . . 51 95. Patula Hierosolymitana, Bourg. Specimen. . . 52 96-98. Patula amblygona, Reinh. Jahrb. Mai. Gessell. iv, t. 11, f. 3, 52 99-1. Patula Brocchii, Jickeli. Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. xxxvii, t. 4, f. 18, . . . . . . . 52 2-4. Patula Brucei, Jickeli. Ibid, xxxvii, t. 4, f. 19, . . 52 5-6. Patula Wilhelmi, Pfr. Crosse and Fischer, Mexico, t. 10, f. 5, 53 7. Patula punctum, Morelet. Ibid. t. 12, f. 1, . . .53 8-9. Patula pleurophora, Moricand. Mem. Genev. 3d. suppl. t. 5, f. 6, 8, . '. 53 10-12. Patula aculeata, Mull. Rossmassler, Iconog. ii, f. 536, 53 13, 14. Patula harpa, Say. Binney, Manual, f. 183, 184, . 54 15-17. Patula spinifera, Mousson. Novit. Conch, iv. t. 120, f. 17-20, .54 18-19. Patula lamellata, Jeffreys. Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll. 1. 117, f. 8, 9, .... 54 20, 21. Patula monas, Morelet. Moll. Azores, t. 3, f. 5, . 54 '22. Patula csecoides, Tate. Am. Jour. Conch, v. t. 16, f. 2, 55 278 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 23. Patula cseca, Guppy. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 163, f. 28, . 55 24. Patula lerensis, Guppy. Am. Jour. Conch, vi, t. 17, f. 4, 55 25. Patula bactricola, Guppy. Ibid, vii, t. 17, f. 5, . . 55 26-28. Patula granum, Strebel. Mex. Land Conch. Pt. 4, t. 4, f. 13, • .55 PLATE 10. 29-31. Patula Idahoensis, Newc. Am. Jour. Conch, ii, t. 1, f. 1-3, . 55 32-34. Patula strigosa, Gould. Binney, Terr. Moll. iii. t. 2, 60, . . . . 56 35, 36. Patula Cooperi, Binney. Binney Manual, f. 152, 153, . . .56 37-39. Patula Hemphilli, Newc. Am. Jour. Conch, v. t. 17, f. 4, 56 40. Patula Haydeni, Gabb. Am. Jour. Conch, v. t. 8, f. 1, . 57 41. Patula Haydeni, Gabb. Binney, Manual, f. 155, . . 57 42. Patula Strigosa, Gld. Ibid. f. 156 56 43-45, Patula alternata, Say. Binney,- Terr. Moll, iii, t. 25, 57 42. Patula alternata, Say. Binney, Manual, f. 270, . . 57 47, 48. Patula alternata, Var. mordax. Binney, Manual, f. 271, 57 49-54. Patula Cumberlandiana, Lea. Binney, Terr. Moll. iii, t. 26, . . . . . . .58 52-54. Patula solitaria, Say. Ibid, iii, t. 24, . . .58 55. Patula Kochi, Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 1120, ... 58 56. Patula subrudis, Pfr. Ibid. f. 1398, . . . .58 57-59. Patula Arecibensis, Pfr. Novit. Conch, i, t. 28, f. 22-24, 58 PLATE 11. 60, 61. Patula acuticosta, Mousson. Jour Phila. Acad. ix, t. 2, f. 13, .60 62, 63. Patula Berlieri, Crosse. Moll. Nouv. Caled. iii, t. 1, f. 18, 59 64. Patula Vincentina, Crosse. Ibid, ii, t. 8, f. 13, . 59 65-67. Patula jugosa, Mighels. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 166, f. 19-21, . . . .59 68-70. Patula rubiginosa, Gld. Moll. Wilkes Expl. Exped. t. 4, f. 49, . . 59 71-73. Patula hystrix, Mighels. Ibid. t. 4, f. 52* . 59 74r-76. Patula unilamellata, Garrett. Proc. Philad. Acad. t. 3, f. 67, 1873, 60 77-79. Patula obolus, Gould. Moll. Wilkes Expl. Exped. t. 4, f. 50, ..... .61 80, 81. Patula consimilis, Pease. Jour. Philad. Acad. ix, t. 2. f. 12, . 60' REFERENCE TO PLATES. 279 FIGURE. PAGE, 82, 83. Patula rotellina, Pease. Specimen 60 84-86. Patula stellula, Gould. Moll. Wilkes Exped. t. 4, f. 52, 61 87, 88. Patula binaria, Pfr. Specimen 61 89-91. Patula velata, Jacq. Voy. Astrol. et Zel. t. 6, f. 29-31, 61 92-94. Patula Huaheinensis, Pfr. Jour. Philad. Acad. ix, t. 2, f. 26 61 95-97. Patula Tanese, Garrett. Proc. Philad. Acad. t. 3, f. 65, 1873, 62; 98-100. Patula cretacea, Garrett. Jour. Philad. Acad. ix, t. 2, f. 27, 6ft 1. Patula Helenensis, Forbes. Conch. Icon. f. 801, . . 62: 2-4. Patula Derbesiana, Crosse Jour, de Conch, t. 2, f. 2. ^1879, . 63 PLATE 12. 5-7. Patula ficta, Pease. Jour. Philad. Acad. ix, t. 2, f. 25, 62 8-10. Patula contorta, Fer. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii, t. 100, f. 2, 4 65 11-13. Patula sexlamillata, Pfr. Ibid, ii, t. 100, f. 45 47, . 65 14-16. Patula multilamellata, Garrett. Am. Jour. Conch. vii. t. 19, f. 25, 63 17-19. Patula zebrina, Garrett. Proc. Philad. Acad. t. 3, f. 66, 1873, 64 20-22. Patula parvidens, Pease. Jour. Philad. Acad. ix. t. 2, f. 14, . . . . . . . .64 23-25. Patula diedalea, Gould. Moll. Wilkes Exped. t. 4, f. 51, .. 64 26. Patula subdsedalea, Mousson. Jour, de Conch, t. 7, f. 6, 1870, 64 27-29. Patula Maupiensis, Garrett. Proc. Philad. Acad. t. 3, f. 64, 1873, 65 30. Patula hystricelloides, Mousson. Jour, de Conch, t. 14, f. 6, 1865, . 65 31. Patula Graffei, Mousson. Ibid. t. 14, f. 3, 1869, . . 65 32-24. Patula lamellosa, Fer. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii, t. 100, f. 6-8, 67 35, 36. Patula Frickii, Pfr. Zool. Proc. t. 40, f. 3, 1858, . 67 37-39. Patula Oparica, Anton. Kiister, Conch. Cab ii, t. 100, f. 17-19, 67 40-42. Patula rotula, Jacquinot. Voy. Astrol. et. Zel. L 11, f. 1-4, 67 43-45. Patula consobrina, Garrett. Jour. Philad. Acad. ix. t. 2, f. 17, 66 46-48. Patula subtilis, Garrett. Ibid, ix, t. 2, f. 15, . . 66 49-51, Patula punctiperforata, Garrett. Ibid, ix, t. 2, f. 16, 66 52-54. Patula Boraborensis, Garrett. Ibid, ix, t. 2, f. 18, 66 280 REFERENCE TO PLATES. PLATE. 13. FIGURE. PAGE. 55. Patula Leimonias, Gray, Conch. Icon. f. 820, . . 68 56. Patula pcecilosticta, Pfr. Ibid. f. 815, . . . .68 57. Patula bilamellata, Pfr. Ibid. f. 646, .... 68 58. Patula Pirrieana, Pfr. Ibid. f. 1341, .... 68 59. Patula bidenticulata, Benson. Ibid. f. 1184, . . 69 60. Patula dhagoba, Blanford. Conch. Ind. t. 150, f. 10, . 69 61. Patula diplodon, Benson. Ibid. t. 60, f. 8, . .69 62. 63. Patula Ingrami, Blanford, Ibid. t. 60, f. 9, 10, . 69 64—66. Palula fratercula, Pease. Specimen. . . .70 67-69. Patula cavernula, Garrett. (=Subcavernula, Tryon). Am. Jour. Conch, vii, t. 19, f. 10, .... 69 70, 71. Patula tumuloides, Garrett. Ibid, vii, t. 19, f. 15, . 70 72-74. Patula excavata, Jacq. (=Jacquinoti, Pfr.) Voy. As- trol. et. Zel. t. 6, f. 10-12, 71 75-77. Patula cavernula, Jacquinot. Ibid. t. 6, f. 33-36. . 69 78. Patula streptaxon, Rve. (—coarctata, Pfr.) Conch. Icon. f. 78, 71 79, 80. Patula turricula, Jacq. (= coarctata, Pfr.) Voy. Astrol. et Zel. t. 6, f. 21, 23, 71 81. Patula retunsa, Pease. Jour. Philad. Acad. ix, t. 2, f. 8, 71 82. Patula Heynemanni, Pfr. Ibid, ix, t. 2, f. 9, . . . 72 83. 84, Patula gregaria, Garrett. Ibid, ix, t. 2, f. 6, . . 72 85. Patula recedens, Garrett. Ibid, ix, t. 2, f. 7, . . .72 86. Patula bursatella, Gould. Conch. Icon. f. 635, . . 71 PLATE 14. 87. Patula conus, Phil. Reeve, Conch. Icon. f. 490, . . 72 88. Patula conus, Phil. Kiister, Conch. Cab. i, t. 28, f. 7, . 72 89. Patula Campbell!, Gray. Conch. Icon. f. 438, . . 72 90. Patula Stoddarti, Gray. Ibid. f. 1451, . . . .73 91. Patula alta, Pease. Am. Jour. Conch, iv, t. 12, f. 1, . 73 92. 93., Patula rectangula, Pfr. Kiister, Concli. Cab. t. 28, f. 8, 9, 73 94. Patula rectangula, Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 616, ... 73 95. PatuJa pagodula, Pfr. Ibid. f. 1359a, . . . .73 96. Patula Lalannei, Gassies. Conch. Nouv. Caled. ii, t. 2, f. 6, 73 97. 98. Patula chloroplax, Benson. Conch. Ind. t. 32, f. 1, 4, 74 99. Patula Capitium, Benson. Conch. Ind. t. 14, f. 5, . . 74 100. Patula hariola, Benson. Ibid. t. 14, f. 6, . . .74 1. Patula acris. Benson. Ibid. t. 54, f. 6, . . . . 74 2, 3. Patula galerus, Benson. Ibid. t. 83, f. 5, 6, . . 75 4. Patula galea, Benson. Ibid. t. 54, f. 7, . . . . 75 5. Patula Paivei. Morlet. Jour, de Conch, t. 11, f. 1, 1884. 82 6. Patula Brunii, Morch. Preuss. Exped. t. 13, f. 15, . 74 7. Patula Gysseriana, Pfr. Novit. Conch, ii, t. 67, f. 5, . 75 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 281 FIGURE. PAGE. 8—10. Patula angulata, Issel. Ann. Mus. Genoa, vi, t. 5, f. 5-8, 75 11. Patula Batohianensis, Pfr. Zool. Proc. t. 2, f. 5, 1861, . 76 12-14. Patula Ternatana, Guillou. Preuss. Exped. 1. 13, f. 1, 76 15. Patula membranicosta, Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 1318, . 76 16. Patula Belmorei, Cox, Zool. Proc. t. 52, f. 12, 1871. . 76 17. 18. Patula fatigata, Cox. Zool. Proc. t. 16, f. 4, 1873, 76 19. Patula exaltata, Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 1026, . . .76 20. Patula scytodes, Pfr. Ibid. f. 1310, .... 77 21-23. Patula oleacina, Semper. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 163, f. 13-15, 77 24. Patula Gouldii, Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 163, ... 77 25-27. Patula Bertiniana, Canefri. Ann. Mus. Genova, xix. t. 2, f. 24-26, 78 28. Patula Pacifica, Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 64a, . . 78 29. Patula solarium, Quoy. Ibid. f. 778, . . . .80 PLATE 15. 30. Patula Juanita, Angas. Zool. Proc. t. 20, f. 3, 1873, . 77 31. Patula securiformis. Desh. Hist. Moll. t. 64a, f. 5, . 78 32. Patula tentoriolum, Gld. Moll. Wilkes Exped. t. 4, f. 54, . . . 79 33. Patula solarium, Quoy. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii. t. 87, f. 24, 80 34. Patula goniomphala, Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 1362, . . 78 35-37. Patula nigritella, Pfr. Kiister. Conch. Cab. ii. t. 94, f. 1-4, .78 38, 39. Patula congrua, Pse. (=contigua, Pse.) Am. Journ. Conch, iv. t. 12, f. 3, 4, 78 40. Patula Fessonia, Angas. Zuol. Proc. t. 48, f. 7, 1869, . 79 41. Patula transarata, Mousson. Jour, de Conch, t. 7, f. 1, 1870, , . . 79 42. Patula trochiformis, Fer. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 13, f. 8, 79 43-45. Patula entomostoma, Jacq. Voy. Astrol. et Zel. t. 7, f. 22-24, 79 46, 47. Patula subtrochiformis, Mousson. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 167, f. 24, 25, 79 48, 49. Patula Kiisteri, Pfr. Ibid, ii, t. 92, f. 14, 15, . . 80 50-52. Patula Lomonti, Brazier. Ann. Mus. Genova. xix. f. 5-7, .80 53, 54. Patula infrastriata, Smith. Zool. Proc, t. 22, f. 4, 1884, 80 55, Patula accurata, Mousson. Jour, de Conch, t. 7, f. 2, 1870, 80 56-58. Patula sculpticarina, Martens. Conch. Mittheil. ii. t. 25, f. 13-15, 80 59. Patula Yorkensis, Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 1372, . . 81 282 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. 60, 61. Patula partunga, Angas. Zool. Proc. t. 43, f. 13, 15, • 1867, 81 62. Patula meleagris, Pfr. Ibid. t. 32, f. 8, 1855, . . 81 63. Patula tuber, Mousson. Jour, de Conch, t. 14, f. 5, 1869, 81 64-66. Patula Samoa, Jacquinot. Voy. Astrol. et Zel. t. 4, f. 28-30, . 81 67, 68. Patula Causia, Benson. Conch. Ind. t. 90, f. 2, 3, . 102 PLATE 16. 69, 70. Patula Hamilton!, Cox. Austr. Land Shells, t. 7, f. 2, 87 71, 72. Patula rusticula, Gassies. Nouv. Caled. i. t. f. 11, . 26 73, 74. Patula dispersa, Gassies. Ibid, i, t. i, f. 12, . . 45 75, 76. Patula Melitse, Gassies. Nouv. Caled. ii, t. 1, f. 9, . 45 77. Patula trichoma, Crosse. Ibid, ii, t. 2, f. 11, . . . 45 78, 79. Patula planorbis, Lesson. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii, t. 129, f. 16, 17, 82 80, 82. Patula appropinquata, Mart. Preuss. Exped. t. 13, f. 8, . 82 83-85. Patula bicolor, Martens. Ibid, t, 13, f. 2, . . .82 86. Patula Zollingeri, Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 605, ... 82 87-89. Patula Cantoriana, Benson. Jour. Asiat. Soc. xiii, t. 1, f. 13, ... 83 90-92. Patula tricolor, Mart. Moll. Preuss. Exped. 1. 13, f. 3, 83 93-95. Patula lardea, Mart. Ibid. t. 13, f. 5, . . .83 96-98. Patula Gorontalensis, Mart. Novit. Conch, iv, t. 128, f. 7, 83 99-1. Patula Timorensis, Mart, Preuss. Exped. t. 13, f. 6, . 83 2. Patula Hartmanni, Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 489, . . 83 3, 4. Patula sanis, Benson. Conch. Ind. t. 83, f. 4, 7, . 84 5-7. Patula Castra, Benson. Ibid. t. 83, f, 1-3, . .84 8-10. Patula percompressa, Blanf. Jour. Asiat. Soc. 1. t. 5, f. 22, 84 11, 12. Patula benigna, Pfr. Zool. Proc. t. 36, f. 11, 12, 1862, 84 PLATE 17. 13, 14. Patula Saigonensis, Crosse. Jour, de Conch, t. 6, f. 3, 1867, . .' 84 15. Patula Shermani, Pfr. Zool. Proc. t. 46, f. 5, 1865, . 84 16. Patula conomphala, Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 1019, . . 84 17-19. Patula Metcalfei, Pfr. Kuster, Conch. Cab. ii, t. 97, f. 11-12, . .85 20, 21. Patula Metcalfei, Var. minor. Ibid, ii, t. 97, f. 13, 14, 85 22, 23. Patula Metcalfei, Var. unicolor. Ibid, ii, t. 97, f. 15, 16 85 24. Patula exclusa, Fer. Conch. Icon. f. 1229, . .. .85 25-27. Patula acutirnargo, Pfr. Kuster, Conch. Cab. ii, t. 97, f. 1-3, . 85 KEFERENCE TO PLATES. 283 FIGURE. PAGE. 58-30. Patula radula, Pfr. Ibid, ii, t. 97, f. 4-6, . . 85 31, 32. Patula strigilis, Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 160, . . 85 33, 34. Patula Beckiana, Pfr. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii, t. 93, f. 7, 8, .86 35. Patula Beckiana, (= Kierulfi, Morch.) Icon. f. 145, . 86 36. Patula planorbis, Var. (= albocincta.) Ibid. f. 153a. . 86 37. Patula curvilabrum, Ad. & Reeve. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii, t, 147, f. 18, 86 38. 39. Patula Lizardensis, Pfr. Austr. Land Shells, t. 4, f. 1, . . : 86 40. Patula Moretonensis, Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 1313, . . 87 41, 42. Patula bisulcata, Pfr. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii. t. 161, f. 3, 4, . . . .87 43, 44. Patula serrata, H. Adams. Zool. Proc. t. 28, f. 6, 1868, 87 45, 46. Patula apia, Jacq. Conch. Icon. f. 1402, . .88 47, 48. Patula Eudora, Angas. Zool. Proc. t. 2, f. 8, 1869, . 88 49. Patula semiconvexa, Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 1316, . . 88 50. Patula matura, Pfr. Zool. Proc. t. 31, f. 10, 1856, . 88 51. 52. Patula rhoda, Angas. Ibid. t. 20, f. 10, 11, 1876, . 88 53, 54. Patula deiopeia, Angas. Ibid. t. 2, f. 4, 1869, . 89 PLATE 18. 55. Patula Merziana, Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 971, . . . . 89 56-58. Patula Sancta-Anmse, Smith. Zool. Proc. t. 36, f. 7, 1885, 89 59-61. Patula xiphias, Pfr. Novit, Conch, ii, t. 38, f. 6-8, . 89 62. Patula Navigatorum, Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 1303, . . 90 63. Patula luteocornea, Pfr. Ibid. f. 1287. ... 90 64. 65. Patula approximata, Guillou. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii, t. 125, f. 5, 6, .90 66, 67. Patula approximata, var. marmorosa, Jacq. Ibid. t. 125, f. 7, 8, 90 68-70. Patula Eurydice, Old. Moll. Wilkes Exped. t. 4, f. 57, 90 71-73. Patula tumulus, Old. Ibid. t. 4, f. 53, ... 91 74-75. Patula abrochroa, Crosse. Jour, de Conch, t. 1, f. 2, 1870, 91 76-78. Patula Cressida, Gould. Moll. Wilkes Exped. t. 4, f. 56, . 91 79. Patula pallens, Pease. Jour. Philad. Acad. ix, t. 3, f. 43, 91 80. Patula Swainsoni, Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 607, ... 91 81-83. Patula latimarginata, Smith. Zool. Proc. t. 23, f. 14, 1884, 92 84. Patula assimilis, Garrett. Jour. Philad. Acad. ix, t. 3, f. 44, . .... 92 284 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 85. Patula Tavinniensis, Garrett. Am. Jour. Conch, vii, t. 19, f. 10, . . 92 86. Patula rudiuscula, Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 1331, . . 93 87. 88. Patula Hidalgoiana, Crosse. Jour, de Conch. 3 ser. vi. t. 1, f. 2, 93 39, 90. Patula Troilus, Gould. Moll. Wilkes Exped. t. 4, f. 55, 93 91, 92. Patula hyba, Benson. Conch. Ind. t. 30, f. 2, 3, . 93 93. Patula crinigera, Benson. Ibid. t. 60, f. 7, . .94 94. Patula crinigera, Benson. Conch. Icon. f. 746, ' . 94 95. 96. Patula Guerini, Pfr. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii. t. 87, f. 15, 16, 93 PLATE 19. 97, 98. Patula tabida, Pfr. Novit. Conch, i, t. 12, f. 11, 12, 94 99. Patula maeropleuris, Benson. Conch. Ind. t. 87, f. 10, . 94 100. Patula mera, Reeve. Conch. Icon. f. 1428, . . 94 1. Patula stipulata, Eve. (== alpha, Pfr.) Ibid. f. 813, . 94 2. Patula beta, Pfr. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii, t. 155, f. 56, . 95 3. Patula dictyodes, Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 423, . . .95 4-6. Patula Mouensis, Crosse, Jour, de Conch, t. 8, f. 5, 1868, 95 7, 8. Patula Bermudensis, Pfr. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii, t. 87, f. 9, 10, 95 9, 10, Patula Bermudensis, Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 275, . 95 11, 12. Patula Porto ricensis, Pfr. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii, t. 120, f. 7, 8, 96 13. Patula desiderata, Pfr. Msel. Blatt. v. t. 3, f. 9, . . 96 14. Patula turbiniformis, Pfr. Kiister, Conch. Cat. ii, t. 99, f. 31, 96 15. Patula Anthonyana, Ads. Conch. Icon. f. 316a. . . 96 16. Patula Boothiana, Pfr. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii, t. 85, f. 15, 97 17-19. Patula Montetaurina, Pfr. Mai. Blatt. viii, t, 1, f. 17-20, 97 20-22. Patula elatior, Weinl. & Mart. Ibid, viii, 1. 1, f. 14-16, 97 23. Patula angustispira, Ads. Conch. Icon. f. 343a. . . 97 24. Patula fuscula, Ads. Ibid. f. 348, 98 25-27. Patula vortex, Pfr. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii, t. 85, f. 7-9, . .98 28. Patula bracteola, Fer. (= vortex, Pfr.) Hist. Moll, iv, 86, f. 2, . 98 29. Patula alveus, Ads, Conch. Icon. f. 1466, ... 98 30. Patula peraffmis, Ads. Ibid. f. 325, . . . .98 31. Patula subaquila, Shuttl. Ibid. f. 1257, ... 98 32. Patula spreta, Ads. Ibid. f. 332, 98 33. Patula inconspicua, Ads. Ibid. f. 330, . . . .99 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 285 FIGURE. PAGE. 34. Patula brevior, Ads. Ibid. f. 338, 99 35. Patula sincera, Ads. Ibid. f. 340, 99 36. Patula umbratilis, Guppy. Am. Jour. Conch, vi, t. 17, f. 3, 99 37. 38. Patula immunda, Ads. Conch. Icon. f. 302, . . 99 39. Patula rufula, Pfr. Ibid. f. 1404, 99 40, 41. Patula dirainuta, Ads. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii, 1. 129, f. 54, 55, 99 42. Patula perdepressa, Ads. Conch Icon. f. 344, . . 100 43, 44. Patula cyclostomoides, Pfr. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii, t. 85, f. 25, 26, 100 45. Patula ptychodes, Pfr. Reeve, Icon. f. 326, . . .100 46. Patula tichostoma, Pfr. Ibid. f. 331, . . . .100 PLATE 20. 47. 48. Patula Ingersolli, Bland. Binney, Manual, f. 160, . 101 49, 50. Patula Lansingi, Bland. Ibid. f. 55, ... 102 51, 52. Patula Stearnsii, Bland. Ibid. f. 57, ... 102 53. Patula caput-spinulse, Reeve. Conch. Icon. f. 818, . 102 54. Patula marmorella, Pfr. Ibid. f. 649, . . . .46 55. Patula helicophantoides, Pfr. Ibid. f. 650, ... 46 56. Patula spirulata, Pfr. Ibid. f. 617, . . . .102 57. Patula Trotteriana, Benson. Ibid. f. 745, . . .103 58. Patula Natalensis, Pfr. Ibid. f. 1227, . . . .103 59. Patula cotyledonis, Benson. Ibid. f. 740, . . .103 60. Patula pinguis, Krauss. Ibid. f. 200, . . . .103 61. Patula Capensis, Pfr. Ibid. f. 202, . . . .103 62. Patula australis, Menke. Ibid. f. 803, . . . .103 63. Patula Uitenhagensis, Krauss. Ibid. f. 1461, . . 104 64. Patula paludicola, Benson. Ibid. f. 1179, . . .104 65. 66. Patula Darnaudi, Pfr. Nov. Act. Acad. Curios. xxxvii. t. 4, f. 25, 104 67, 68. Patula d'Hericourtiana, Bourg. Voy. Choa. f. 8, . 104 69, 70. Patula Isseli, Morelet. Ann. Mus. Genoa, iii. t. 9, f. 3, 105 71. Patula senea, Krauss. Conch. Icon. f. 1320, . . .105 72. Patula bisculpta, Benson. Ibid. f. 1171, . . .105 73. Patula Planti, Pfr. Ibid. f. 1325, . . . .105 74. Patula Loveni, Krauss. Ibid. f. 195, . . .106 75. Patula Knysnaensis, Pfr. Ibid. f. 403, . . .106 76. Patula perplicata, Benson. Ibid. f. 1173, . . .106 77. 78. Patula microscopica, Krauss. Sudafr. Moll. t. 4, f.20, 106 79. Patula dumeticola, Benson. Conch. Icon. f. 1172, . . 106 80. Patula cosmia, Pfr. Ibid. f. 1174, . . . .106 81. Patula petrobia, Benson. Ibid. f. 1169, . . .107 82. Patula rariplicata, Benson. Ibid. f. 1183, . . .107 83. Patula sabuletorum, Benson. Ibid. f. 1180, . . .107 286 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 84. Patula vorticialis, Benson. Ibid. f. 1181, . . .107 85, 87. Patula rivularis, Krauss. Sudafr. Moll. t. 4. f. 25, . 107 88. Patula aprica, Krausss. Conch. Icon. f. 201, . . . 107 89-91. Patula Hartwigiana, Pfr. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 178, f. 10-12, .107 PLATE 21. 92-94. Patula. Tollini, Albers. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 178, f. 13-15, 108 95-97. Patula cyclaria, Morelet. Ibid. t. 178, f. 7-9, . . 108 98. Patula Menkeana, Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 591, . . .108 99. Patula symmetrica, Craven. Zool. Proc. t. 57, f. 2, 1880, 108 100. Macrocyclis laxata, Fer. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 93, f. 11, 109 1, 2. Macrocyclis Banksii, Cuming. Ibid. t. 93. f. 9, 10, . 109 3. Macrocyclis Franklandiensis, Forbes. Austr. Land Shells t. 3, f. 7, 109 4, 5. Macrocyclis Harrietts, Cox. Ibid. t. 18, f. 9, . 109 6, 7. Macrocyclis Newberryana, Binney. Manual, f. 135, .. 110 8. Patula Kivi, Gray. Conch. Icon. f. 794, . . .37 9, 10. Patula irradiata, Gld. (=Kivi). Moll. Wilkes, Exped. t. 5, f. 65, , . . . .37 11. Patula Marine, Gray. Conch. Icon. f. 804, . . .37 12. Patula regularis, Pfr. Ibid. f. 1259, . . . .37 13. Patula Erigone, Gray. Ibid. f. 8l7 37 14. Patula glabriuscula, Pfr. Ibid. f. 822, . . . .37 PLATE 22 15. 16. Patula Hauffeni, Schmidt. Jour, de Conch, xi, 1. 13, f. 4, 1863, . . . 30 17-19. Patula fritillata, Benson. Conch. Ind. t. 86, f. 8-10, 33 20-22. Patula Kaffrayi, Canefri. Ann. Nat. 6 ser. xv, t. 7, f. 21-23, 54 :23. Patula virgulata, Sowb. Eeeve, Conch. Icon. f. 1440, . 77 24-26. Patula stigmatica, Pfr. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii, t. 95, f. 20-22, . . 100 27-29. Patula raripila, Morelet. Specimen. . . . 100 30-32. Patula velutina, Lam. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 122, f. 7-10, . . . . t 100 33-35. Patula suavis, Gundl. Specimen. .... 101 36-38. Patula fragilis, Pfr. (== debilis, Pfr.) Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 85, f. 10-12, 101 39-41. Patula Darnaudi, Pfr. (= Heuglini). Mai. Blatt. xiii, t. 3, f. 1-4, 104 42, 43. Patula Darnaudi, Jick. (=Lejeaniana.). Nov. Act. Acad. Leop. xxxvii, t. 4, f. 25, b. .... 104 44-46. Patula Achilli, Bourg. Ann. Sc. Nat. 6 ser. xv, t. 8, f. 38-40, ......... 105 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 287 FIGURE. PAGE. 48-50. Patula Stokesii, Smith. Zool. Proc. t. 23, f. 17, 1884, 51-53. Patula virescens, Pfr. Specimen, . . . .96 54-56. Patula translucens, Gundl. Specimen. . . .96 57-59. Patula sigmoides, Morelet. Crosse & Fischer, Moll. Hex. t. 12, f. 6, . 101 60-62. Patula Zanguebarica, Craven. Zool. Proc. t. 22, f. 4, 1880, . 105 PLATE 23. 63-65. Anchistoma Nautiliformis, Porro. Rossmassler, Iconog. ii. f. 613, 114 66—68. Anchistoma Yatesii, Cooper. Specimen. . .115 t>9-71. Anchistoma angygyra, Ziegler. Kiister, Conch. Cab. i, t. 64, f. 16-18, .... ... 115 72-74. Anchistoma obvoluta, Mull. Forbes and Hanley, Brit, Moll. t. 117, f. 1-3, . . . • . . .115 75—77. Anchistoma holoserica, Studer. Rossmassler, Incog. i. f. 20, 116 78, 79. Anchistoma triaria, Friv. Ibid. ii. f. 611, . . 116 $0. Anchistoma trinodis, Remak. Specimen. . . .116 81-83. Anchistoma diodonta, Muhlf. Rossmassler, Iconog. i, f. 19, ... 116 84—87. Anchistoma Quadrasii, Hidalgo. Jour, de Conch, t, 9, f. 6, 1885, . . 116 88-90. Anchistoma Lusitanica, Pfr. Hidalgo, Cat. Icon. t. 18, f. 178-180, 117 91-93. Anchistoma gyria, Roth. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii. t. 124, f. 31-33, ' 117 94-96. Anchistoma contorta, Zlgr. (=Corcyrensis). Rossmass- ler, Iconog. ii, f. 538, . . \ . . .117 '97-99. Anchistoma barbata, Fer Hist. Moll. iii. t. 67, f. 63, 118 100-2. Anchistoma Tarnieri, Morelet. Hidalgo, Cat. Icon. t. 18, f. 181-183, 118 3-5. Anchistoma Boscse, Hidalgo. Ibid. t. 18, f. 184-186, . 118 6-8. Anchistoma lenticula, Fer. Hist. Moll, iii, t. 66, f. 1, 119 9-11. Anchistoma biconcava, Heude. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin. t 15, f. 6, . . .117 PLATE 24. 12-14. Anchistoma lens, Fer. Rossmassler. Iconog. ii, £ 450, 119 15-17. Anchistoma, lenticularis, Morelet. Ibid. v. f. 1409, . 120 18-20. Anchistoma barbula, Charp. Ibid, ii, f. 451, . 120 21-23. Anchistoma Calpeana, Morelet. Jour, de Conch, t. 3, f. 5, 1880, . . ... . . . . .120 24-26. Anchistoma, Maroccana, Morelet. Ibid, t. 2, f. 3, 1880, 120 * 288 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 27, 28. Anchistoma collaris, Pfr. Novit. Conch, iii, t. 117, f. 8, 9, _ . . 138 29-31. Anchistoma turriplana, Morelet. Rossmassler, Iconog. iii. f. 828, .120 32-34. Anchistoma Rangiana, Fer. Ibid, ii, f. 537, . .121 35-37. Anchistoma Tlemcensis, Bourg. Moll. Litig. ii, t. 39. . f. 9, 11,13, . . . . 121 38-40. Anchistoma constricta, Boubee. Hidalgo, Cat. Icon. t. 16, f. 152-154, 121 41, 42. Anchistoma discobolus, Shuttl. Novit. Conch, iv, t. 123, f. 1, 2, 123 43-45. Anchistoma Asturica, Pfr. Hidalgo, Cat. Icon. t. 16, f. 158-160, 121 46-48. Anchistoma Gougeti, Terver. Rossmassler, Icon, v, f. 14, 15, 121 49-51. Anchistoma Bertheloti, d'Orb. Moll. Canaries, t. 2, f. 4-6, 122 52-54. Anchistoma afficta, Fer. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii, t. 95, f. 8-10, 122 55-57. Anchistoma Fortunata, Shuttl. Moll. Canaries, t. 2, f. 7-9, 123 58-60. Anchistoma planaria, Mousson. Delessert, Iconog. t. 26, f. 12, . . 122 PLATE 25. 61-63. Anchistoma diplomphala, Moll. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. xiii.t. 6, f. 3, 124 64-66. Anchistoma binodata, Moll. Ibid, xiii, t. 6, f. 4, . 124 67, 68. Anchistoma Damarensis, Ads. Zool. Proc. t. 27. f. 14, 1870, ' .138 69. Anchistoma sculpturata, Gray. Conch. Icon. f. 147, . 138 70. Anchistoma hispidula, Lam. Ibid. f. 926, . .138 71. Anchistoma acanthinula, Crosse. Jour, de Conch, t. 1, f. 6, 1868, .124 72-74. Anchistoma polygyrata, Born. Conch. Cab. ii, t. 90, f. 1-3, .124 75-77. Anchistoma stenogyra, Pfr. Novit. Conch, i, t. 25, f. 20-22, ...*.... . 124 78-80. Anchistoma helicycloides, Pfr. Conch. Cab. ii, 1. 144, f. 11-13, 125 81-83. Anchistoma heligmoidea, Orb. Voy. Am. merid, t. 23, f. 1-3, 125 84-86. Anchistoma calculina, Pfr. Novit. Conch, i, t. 4, f. 3-5, 125 87-89. Anchistoma polycycla, Morelet. Ser. Conch, iii, t. 7, f. 1, . 125 90-92. Anchistoma tortilis, Morelet. Ibid, iii, t. 7, f. 2, . 125 93-95. Anchistoma decagyra, Phil. Novit. Conch, iii, 1. 107, f. 18-20 125 96-98. Anchistoma sryrella, Morelet. Ser. Conch, iii, t. 7, f. 8. 126 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 289 PLATE 26. FIGURE. PAGE. 99-100. Anchistoma Kaffrayi, Canefri. Ann. Mus. Genova. xix, t. 5, f. 19, 20, . .... 128 1-3. Anchistoma pseudoplanorbis, Lubom. Zool. Proc. t. 55, f. 1-3, 1879, 126 4—6. Anchistoma pollodonta, Orb. Voy. Am. merid. t. 23, f. 9-11, 127 7, 8. Anchistoma Macgregori, Cox. Zool. Proc. t. 16, f. 4, 1870, . . 127 9. Anchistoma entodonta, Pfr. Ibid. t. .43, f. 2, 1859, . . 127 10-12. Anchistoma helicycloides, Orb. Voy. Amer. merid. t. 28, f. 1-3, .127 13. Anchistoma Reyrei, Souverbie. Jour, de Conch, vii, t. 8, f. 8 127 14, 15. Anchistoma Ortoni, Crosse. Ibid. t. 13, f. 2, 1871, . 127 16-18. Anchistoma multispirata, Jacq. Yoy. Astrol. et Zel. t. 11, f. 9-11, 127 19-21. Anchistoma Wallisiana, Mousson. Novit. Conch, iv, t. 133, f. 1-3, 126 22-24. Anchistoma systropha, Albers. Ibid, i, t. 7, f. 9-11, 127 25, 26. Anchistoma microphis, Crosse. Jour, de Conch, t. 1, f. 3, 1868, 128 27-29. Anchistoma septemvolva, Say. Binney, Terr. Moll. iii, t. 38, . . . • . " 128 30. Anchistoma cereolus, Miihlf. Binney's Manual, p. 370, 128 31. Anchistoma cereolus, Miihlf. Binney, Terr. Moll, iv, t. 77, f. 23, . . . 128 32-34. Anchistoma cheilostropha, Orb. Voy. Amer. merid t. 23, f. 5-7, 128 PLATE 27. 35. Anchistoma volvoxis, Parreyss. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv. t. 78, f. 17, 128 36-38. Anchistoma microdonta, Desh. Kiister, Conch. Cab. i, t. 66, f. 10-12, .128 39, 40. Anchistoma Carpenteri, Bland. Binney, Manual, p. 380, . . . . . . " . . 128 41, 42. Anchistoma Febigeri, Bland. Ibid. p. 381, . . 128 43-45. Anchistoma paludosa, Pfr. Kiister, Conch. Cab. i, t. 66, f. 7-9, 129 46-48. Anchistoma polygyrella, Bid. & Cooper. Specimen. 129 49. Anchistoma polygyrella, Bid. & Cooper. Binney, Man- , ual, p. 172, 129 50, 51. Anchistoma anilis, Gabb. Am. Jour. Conch, i, t. 19, f. 1, 2, 130 52-54. Anchistoma helictomphala, Pfr. Crosse & Fischer, Mexico, t. 12, f. 10, 130 19 290 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 55-57. Anchistoma Harfordiana, Cooper. Am. Jour. Conch. v, t. 17, f. 8, 130 58-61. Anchistoma notata, Poey. Novit. Conch, ii, t. 49, f. 6-9, 130 62-65. Anchistoma fastigans, Say. Binney, Terr. Moll, iii, t. 39, f. 4, . . • . . . . . . . 130 66-68. Anchistoma Tryoniana, Lea. Ibid. t. 39, f. 2, . .131 69-71. Anchistoma Hazardi, Bland. "Am. Jour. Conch, iii, t. 5, f. 27. 28, 131 72-74. Anchistoma leporina. Old. Binney, iii, t. 400, f. 1, Manual, p. 266, .131 75. Anchistoma pustula, Fer. Binney, Manual, 382, . . 131 76-78. Anchistoma pustuloides, Bland. Binney, t. 39, f. 3, Manual, p. 383, .... ... 132 79-81. Anchistoma Ariadne, Pfr. Crosse & Fischer, Mexico, t. 12, f. 8, . . . , 132 82, 83. Anchistoma unguifera, Mousson. Jour, de Conch, t. 9, f. 1, 1883, 132 84, 85. Anchistoma oppilata, Morel. Crosse & Fischer, Mexico, t. 12, f. 11, 133 -86, 87. Anchistoma Dorfeuilleana, Lea. Binney, iv, t. 7, f. 14; Manual, p. 374, .133 PLATE 28. 88. Anchistoma Troostiana, Lea. Binney, Manual, 269, . 132 89-91. Anchistoma Dysoni, Shuttl. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 65, f. 25-28, 132 92—94. Anchistoma implicata, Beck. Crosse & Fischer, Mexico, t. 12, f. 12, 133 95-97 Anchistoma plagioglossa, Pfr. Ibid. t. 12, f. 9, . . 133 98. Anchistoma Couloni, Shuttl. Strebel, Mex. Land Conch. iv, t. 3, f. 4, 134 &9-1. Anchistoma acutedentata, Binney. Am. Jour. Conch. iii, t. 10, f. 11-13, 134 2-4. Anchistoma Loisa, Binney. Ibid, iii, t. 10, f. 12-14, . 134 5-7. Anchistoma Behrii, Gabb. Ibid, i, t. 19, f. 5-7, . . 134 8-11. Anchistoma Jacksoni, Bland. Ibid, ii, t. 21, f. 8, . 134 12, 13. Anchistoma hippocrepis, Pfr. Binney, Manual, 372, 134 14, 15. Anchistoma tholus, Binney. Tryon, Terr. Moll. t. 10, f. 7, 9, . . . . . ' . . . . 135 16. Anchistoma Mooreana, Binney. Tryon, Terr. Moll. 1. 10, f. 8, 135 17-19 Anchistoma Texasiana, Moric. Binney, Terr. Moll, iii, t. 45, f. 1, . . . . . . . . 135 20 Anchistoma triodontoides, Bland. Binney, Manual, 370, 135 21-23 Anchistoma bicruris, Pfr. Crosse & Fischer, Mexico, t. 12, f. 13, . 136 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 291 FIGURE. PAGE. 24-26. Anchistoma Hindsii, Pfr. Binney, Terr. Moll, iv, t. 18, f.- 5-8, 136 27. Anchistoma ventrosula, Pfr. Ibid, iv, t. 77, f. 14, . . 136 28-30 Anchistoma avara, Say. Tryon, Terr. Moll. t. 11, f. 4-6 136 31-33. Anchistoma espiloca, Ravenel. Ibid. t. 11, f. 7-9, . 136 PLATE 29. 34-36 Anchistoma Postelliana, Bland. Tryon, Terr. Moll. t. 11, f. 10-12 137 37-39 Anchistoma auriformis, Bland. Ibid. t. 11, f. 1-3, . 137 40, 41. Anchistoma uvulifera, Shuttl. Ibid. t. 11, f. 15, 16, 137 42, 43, Anchistoma auriculata, Say. Ibid. t. 11, f. 13, 14, . 137 44-46. Anchistoma labyrinthica, Say. Binney, Terr. Moll. iii, t. 17, f. 3, . . 138 47. Anchistoma labyrinthica, Say. Binney, Manual, f. 282, 138 48. Anchistoma Strebeli, Pfr. Crosse & Fischer, Mexico, t. 12, f. 7, . 139 49. 50. Anchistomg, Hubbardi, Brown, Binney, Manual, p. 359, . . . . . . . " . . .139 51, 52. Anchistoma Vendryesiana, Gloyne. Jour, de Conch. t. 2, f. 7, 1872, . 139 53-55. Anchistoma hirsuta, Say. Binney, Terr. Moll, iii, t. 42, f. 3, . . .140 56-58. Anchistoma stenotrema, Fer. Ibid, iii, t. 42, f. 4, . 140 59-61. Anchistoma maxillata, Gld. Ibid. t. 40a, f. 2, Man- ual, f 296, . . 141 62. Anchistoma Edvardsi, Bland. Specimen. . . 141 63-65. Anchistoma labrosa, Bland. Tryon, Terr. Moll. t. 9, f. 25; Binney, Man. f. 290, 141 <>(), 67. Anchistoma Edgariana, Lea. Binney, Terr. Moll, iii, t. 44, f. 2, 141 08-70. Anchistoma spinosa, Lea. Ibid, iii, t. 44, f. 1, . . 141 71-73. Anchistoma barbigera, Redfield. Specimen. . . 142 74-76. Anchistoma monodon, Rackett. Binney, Terr. Moll. iii, t. 41, 142 77. Anchistoma monodon, var. fraterna, Say. Ibid, iii, t. 41, . 142 78. Anchistoma monodon, var. Leai, Ward. Specimen. . 142 79-81. Anchistoma germana, Gld. Tryon. Terr. Moll. t. 9, f. 22 ; Binney, Man. f. 82, 143 82-84. Anchistoma tridentata, Say. Binney, Terr. Moll, iii, t. 27, 143 «5-87. Anchistoma fallax, Say. Ibid, iii, t. 28, . . . 143 88, 89. Anchistoma Levettei, Bland. Binney, Manual, p. 385, 143 PLATE 30. 91 92. Anchistoma vultuosa, Gould. Binney, Terr. Moll, iii, t. 40a, f. 4, 144 292 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 93. Anchistoma Henrietta?, Mazyck. Binney, Manual, p. 387, . . . 144 94, 95. Anchistoma Hopetonensis, Shuttl. Ibid. p. 384, . 144 96-98. Anchistoma introferens, Bland. Specimen. . . 145 99. Anchistoma Van Nostrandi, Bland. Binney, Manual p. 294, 145 100, 1. Anchistoma Cragini, Call. Bull. Washburn Univ. Lab. i, 202, . . 144 2-4. Anchistoma Copei, Wetherby. Specimen. . . .144 5-8. Anchistoma loricata, Gould. Specimen. . . . 145 9-12. Anchistoma Mullani, Bid. & Cooper. Binney, Manual, p. 119, . . . 145 13. Anchistoma Yucatanea, Morelet. Crosse & FiscKer, Mex- ico, t. 12, f. 14, . . 146 14-16. Anchistoma inflecta, Say. Binney, Terr. Moll, iii, t. 45, f. 3, . . . -..;..- • • • 146 16, a, b. Anchistoma inftecta, Say. Ibid, iii, t. 45, f. 2, . 146 17-19. Anchistoma subpersonata, Middend., Keise. t. 30. f. 27-29, ... . 147 20. Anchistoma Rugeli, Shuttl. Binney, Terr. Moll, iv, t, 78, f. 15, . . . 147 21. Anchistoma Rugeli, Shuttl. Specimen. . . . . 147 22-24. Anchistoma palliata, (=obstricta). Binney, Terr. Moll, iii, t. 15, ... .... 148 25-27. Anchistoma p'ersonata, Lam. Moquin Tandon, Moll. " France, t. 10, f. 34-36, .... .147 28, 29. Anchistoma appressa, Say. Binney. Terr. Moll, iii, t. 13, ' , . .148 30-32. Anchistoma palliata, Say. Ibid, iii, t. 14, . 147 33, 34. Anchistoma hemipleuris, Moll. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. xiii, t. 6, f. 5, .149 35, 36. Anchistoma Yangtaiensis, Crosse & Deb. Jour, de Conch, t. 12, f. 2, 1864, . . . . . .149 37-39. Anchistoma obstructa, Heude, (=Houaiensis, Crosse). Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, t. 17, f. 4, . . 149 40, 41. Anchistoma tetrodon, Mollend. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. viii, t. 1, f. 8, . . 149 PLATE 31. 42. Anchistoma major, Binney. Binney, Terr. Moll, iii, t. 1, 150 43-45. Anchistoma Andrewsi, 'Binney. Binney, Manual, p. 301, 302, . . . . . . " . . .150 46-48. Anchistoma albolabris, Say. Binney, Terr. Moll, iii, t. 2, 150 49. Anchistoma multilineata, Say. Specimen. . . .150 50, 51. Anchistoma multilineata, Say. Binney, Terr. Moll. iii, t. 3, ....'. . .150 52-54. Anchistoma Pennsylvanica, Green. Ibid, iii, t. 7, . 151 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 293 FIGURE. PAGE. 55, 56. Anchistonia Mitchelliana, Lea. Try on, Terr. Moll. t. 8, f. 10, ..... ... 151 57-59. Anchistoma elevata, Say. Binney, Terr. Moll. t. 9, 148 60-62. Anchistoma Clarkii. Lea. Specimen. . . . 149 63, 64. Anchistoma Christyi, Bland. Binney, Manual, p. 308, 151 PLATE 32. 65-67. Anchistoma exoleta, Binney. Terr. Moll, iii, t. 10, .151 68, 69. Anchistoma Wheatleyi, Bland. Tryon, Terr. Moll. t. 7, f. 10, 151 70-72. Anchistoma dentifera, Binney. Terr. Moll, iii, t. 12, 152 73, 74. Anchistoma Wetherbyi, Bland. Binney, Manual, 313, . 152 75. Anchistoma Koemeri, Pfr. Tryou, Terr. Moll. t. 8, f. 4, 152 76, 77. Anchistoma divesta, Gould. Ibid. t. 8, f. 11, . . 152 78. Anchistoma bucculenta, Gould. Binney, Terr. Moll. t. lla, . . .153 79, 80. Anchistoma bucculenta, Gould. Binney, Manual, p. 315, , . .153 81-83. Auchistoma clausa, Say. Binney, Terr, Moll, iii, t. 4, 153 84, 85. Anchistoma Downieana, Bland. Tryon, Terr. Moll. t. 8, f. 15, . . . . - . . . . 153 86, 87. Auchistoma Lawi, Lewis. Binney, Manual, 317, . 153 88-90. Anchistoma Mobiliana, Lea, (—jejuna, Say). Binney, Terr. Moll, iii, t. 43, f. 2, .154 91-93. Anchistoma Columbians, Lea. Ibid. t. 5, . . 154 94, 95. Anchistoma Columbians, Lea. Tryon. Terr. Moll. t. 8, f. 12, 13, . . 154 96. Anchistoma devia, Gould. Binney, Terr. Moll. iv. t. 79, f. 13, 154 97-99. Anchistoma thyroides, Say. Ibid, iii, t. 11, . .154 100-2. Anchistoma Usambarica, Craven. Zool. Proc. t. 22, f. 6, 1880 155 PLATE 33. 3, 4. Anchistoma profunda, Say. Binney, Terr. Moll, iii, t, 22, . . . . , 155 5. Anchistoma Chilhoweensis, Lewis. Binney, Man\ial, 320, 155 6-8. Anchistoma Sayi, Binney. Binney, Terr. Moll, iii, t. 23, 155 9. Anchistoma Charpentieri, Pfr. Conch. Ind. t. 14, f. 1, . 156 10. Anchistoma Charpentieri, Pfr. Jour, de Conch, t. 2, f. 11, 1864, . .156 11, 12. Anchistoma Rivolii, Desh. Kiister, Conch. Cab. t. 160, f. 12, 13, 156 13-15. Anchistoma murata, Heude. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, t. 30, f. 1, 159 16-18. Anchistoma Anax, Benson. Conch. Ind. t. 57, f. 1-3, 157 19-21. Anchistoma erronea, Albers. Jour, de Conch, t. 2, f. , 294 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 7-9, 1864, . . . ' 157 22, 23. Anchistoma Humbert!, Brot. Ibid.t. 2, f. 5, 6, 1864, 156 24-26. Anchistoma odontophora, Benson. Conch. Ind. t. 57," f. 4-6, 157 27, 28. Anchistoma multispira, Moll. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. x. t. 12, f. 10, . 158 29-31. Anchistoma pulvinaris, Gould. Preuss. Exped. t. 14, f. 9, 157 PLATE 34. 32-35 Anchistoma fimbriosa, Mart. Var. emoriens. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin. t. 15, f. 5, . . 158 36-38. Anchistoma pettos, Martens. Novit. Conch, iii, 1. 101, f. 7-9, 136 39, 40. Anchistoma cutisculpta, Moll. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. x, t. 12, f. 12, . . 158 41-43. Anchistoma fimbriosa, Mart. Ibid, x, t. 12, f. 11, . 158 44, 45. Anchistoma murata. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin, t, 30, f. 1, 159 46-48. Anchistoma diptychia, Moll. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. xi, t. 10, f. 17, . ... . 158 49, 50. Anchistoma serica, Austen. Conch. Ind. t. 132a f. 8, 9, 159 51, 52. Anchistoma serica, Austen. Proc. Zool. Soc. t. 73, f. 5, 1.874 . 159 53-55. Anchistoma Pinacris, Benson. Conch. Ind. 1. 13, f. 5, t. 84, f. 1, 4, .... . 159 56-58. Anchistoma Munipurensis, Austen, Zool. Proc. t. 73, f. 6, 1874 160 59. Anchistoma plectostoma, Benson, Conch. Icon. f. 782, . 160 60-62. Anchistoma Laomontana, Pfr. Novit. Conch, ii, t. 57, f. 7-9, 160 63, 64. Anchistoma retifera, Pfr. Conch. Ind. t. 87, f. 8, 9, 161 65-67. Anchistoma macromphalus, Blanf. Ibid. t. 83, f. 8-10, 160 68. Anchistoma macromphalus, Blanf. Proc. Zool. Soc. t. 73, f. 1, 1874, 160 69, 70. Anchistoma plectostoma, Benson. Ibid. t. 73, f. 2, 1874, 160 71. Anchistoma Andersoni, Blanford. Ibid. t. 74, f. 9, 1874, 161 72, 73. Anchistoma clathratula, Pfr. Conch. Ind. t. 132, f. 1, 4, . . 161 PLATE 35. 74, 75. Anchistoma Andersoni, Blanford. Conch. Ind. 1. 112, f. 8, 9, 161 76, 77. Anchistoma brachyplecta, Benson. Zool. Proc. t. 74, f. 8, 1874, . 163 78. 79. Anchistoma Nagaensis, Austen. Ibid. t. 73, f. 4, 1874, 161 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 295 FIGURE. PAGE. 80, 81. Anchistoma pseudophis, Blanford. Ibid. t. 74, f. 3, 1874, 162 82, 83. Anchistoma brachyplecta, Benson. Conch. Ind. t. 57, f. 7, 10, 163 84. Anchistoma Feddeni, Blanford. Zool. Proc. t. 74, f. 7, 1874, 163 85-87. Anchistoma Feddeni, Blanford. Conch. Ind. t. 131, f. 1-3, . 163 88. Anchistoma leiophis, Benson. Zool. Proc. t. 74, f. 2, 1874, 163 89. Anchistoma leiophis, Benson. Conch, Ind. t. 13, f. 8. .163 90. Anchistoma Shiroiensis, Austen. Conch, Ind. t. 159, f. 7, 163 91. 92. Anchistoma perarcta, Blanf. Zool. Proc. t. 74, f. 4, 1874, 162 93-95. Anchistoma perarcta, Blanf. . Novit. Conch, iii, 1. 108, f. 13-15, 162 96, 97. Anchistoma Karenorum, Austen. Zool. Proc. t. 74, f. 5, 1871, 164 98-100. Anchistoma Karenorum, Austen. Novit. Conch, iii, t. 108, f. 16-18, 164 1. Anchistoma refuga, Gld. Conch. Icon. f. 436, b. «. . 164 2. Anchistoma refuga,,Var. dextrosa. Conch. Ind. 1. 13, f. 9, 164 3-5. Anchistoma achatina, Gray. Ibid. t. 13, f. 1 ; t. 57, f. 8, 9 165 6. Anchistoma anguina, Gould. Ibid. t. 13, f, 7, . . 165 7, 8. Anchistoma achatina, Gray. Zool. Proc. t. 74, f. 6, 1874, ... 165 9. Anchistoma cyclaspis, Benson. Conch. Ind. t. 13, f. 10, 165 PLATE 36. 10, 11. Anchistoma Shanensis, Stol. Conch. Ind. t. 149, f. 8, 9, ..... . . 162 12-16. Anchistoma biforis, Heude. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin. t. 30, f. 2, 166 17-20. Anchistoma invia, Heude. Ibid. t. 30, f. 4, . . 165 21, 22. Anchistoma schizoptychia, Mollend. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell, xiii, t, 6, f. 2, 165 23, 24. Anchistoma laminifera, Mollend. Ibid, xiii, t. 6, f. 1, 165 25-28. Anchistoma Schlumbergii, Morlet. Jour, de Conch. t. 12, f. 2, 1886, 166 29-31. Anchistoma Oglei, Austen. Jour. As. Soc. xlviii, t. 1, f. 2 159 32-34. Anchistoma brachydiscus, Austen. Ibid, xlviii, t. 1, f. 1, 162 35-37. Anchistoma Brahma, Austen. Ibid, xlviii, t. 1, f. 3, . . 164 38-41. Anchistoma reserata, Heude. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin. t. 30, f. 3, 166 PLATE 37. 42, 43. Charopa coesus, Cox. Legrand's, Monog. Tasm. Land Shells, t. 1, f. 4, 261 296 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 44, 45. Microcystis tranquila, Cox. Ibid. t. 2, f. 3, . . 261 46, 47. Punctum medianus, Cox. Ibid. t. 1, f. 1, . . 264 48, 49. Conulus parvissima, Cox. Ibid. t. 2, f. 1, . . 261 50, 51. Punctum occultus, Cox. Ibid. t. 1, f. 6, . . . 264 52, 53. Punctum Allporti, Legrand. Ibid. t. 1, f. 2, . . 263 54, 55. Punctum Halli, Cox; Ibid. t. 2, f. 9, . . . 264 56, 57. Punctum austrinus, Cox. Ibid. t. 1, f. 3, . . . 264 58, 59. Microcystis mixta, Cox. Ibid. t. 2, f. 11, . . 261 60, 61. Discus vigens, Cox. Ibid. t. 1, f. 12, ... 263 62, 63. Punctum fuscoradiata, Cox. Ibid. t. 2, f. 2, . . 265 64, 65. Discus coepta, Cox. Ibid. t. 2, f. 13, . . . 263 66, 67. Punctum Marchianse, Cox. Ibid. f. 7, . . . 265 68, 69. Punctum trajectura, Cox. Ibid. t. 2, f. 6, . . 264 70, 71. Punctum fulgetrum, Cox. Ibid. t. 1, f. 11, . .265 72, 73. Punctum Ramsgatensis, Cox. Ibid. t. 1, f. 13, . 265 74-76. Discus Stephens!, Cox. Ibid. t. 2, f. 8, . . . 262 77, 78. Discus plexus, Cox. Ibid. t. 1, f. 10, ... 262 79, 80. Discus positura, Cox. Ibid. t. 2, f. 10, ... 262 81, 82. Discus dubitans, Cox. Ibid. t. 2, f. 7, . . . 263 83, 84. Discus Agnewi, Cox. Ibid. t. 1, f. 8, . . . 263 85, 86. Discus juliformis, Cox. Ibid. t. 1, f. 14, . . . 263 87, 88. Goniodiscus Daveyensis, Cox. Ibid. t. 2, f. 4, . . 265 89, 90. Goniodiscus Atkinson!, Cox. Ibid. t. 2, f. 12, . . 266 91, 92. Goniodiscus Kingstonensis, Cox. Ibid. t. 2, f. 5, . 266 93-95. Punctum ruga, Cox. Ibid. t. 1, f. 5, . . .264 PLATE 38. 96, 97. Anchistoma Harfordiana (=Salmonensis). Binney, Ball. Mus. Comp. Zool. xiii, t. 1, f. 6, 7, ... 146 98, 99. Anchistoma Hemphilli, (— binominata, Tryon). Ibid. t. 1, f. 17, . . 146 100, 1. Anchistoma Sanburni. Ibid. t. 1, f. 9, . . . 145 2, 3. Anchistoma ptychophora, A. D. Brown. Ibid. t. 1, f. 3, 16, . . 154 4-6. Anchistoma everia, Mabille. Nouv. Archives Mus. vii, t. 17, f. 13, . . . 123 7-9. Anchistoma pthonera, Mabille. Ibid, vii, t. 17, f. 16, . 123 10, 11. Vallonia pulchella, Mull. Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll. t. 119, f. 9, 10, ...'.... 169 12. Vallonia Alexandra, Cox. Monog. Austr. Land Sh. t. 6, f. 1, . .169 13. Vallonia minuta, Say. Tryon's, Terr. Moll. t. 7, f. 2, . 169 14. 15. Vallonia costata, Miiller. Moquin Tandon, Moll. France, t. 11, f. 32, 33, 169 16, 17. Vallonia Adela, West. (=tenuilabris, Braun). Wes- terl. Mai. Blatt. xxii, t. 2, f. 3, 4, .... 170 18-20. Vallonia pulchellula, Heude. Hist. Moll. Emp. Chin. Pt. 2, 1. 13, f. 17, . , . . . . .170 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 297 FIGURE. PAGE. 21-23. Helicella bidens, Chemn. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii, t. 99, f. 4-6. ... 170 24. Helicella bicallosa, Friv. Conch. Icon. f. 1217, . . 171 25. Helicella Cobresiana, Alten. Rossmassler, Icon, ii, f. 432, 171 26. Helicella Cobresiana, Alten. Mai. Blatt, xxv, t. 3, f. 13, 171 27-29. Helicella diodon, Parr, (—bidens, Var.). Rossmassler, Icon, ii, f. 431, 171 30. Helicella alpestris, Clessin. (— Cobresiana, Var.). Mai. . Blatt. xxv, t. 3, f. 12, ..... . 171 31-33. Helicella edentula, Drap. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii, t. 99, f. 13-15, ... .... 171 34, 35, Helicella, leucozona, Ziegler. Rossmassler, Icon, ii, f. 434, 436, ...... .171 34. (lower fig.), Helicella, concinna, Jeffreys. Forbes & Han- ley, Brit. Moll. 1. 118, f. 3, . . . . . .173 36-38. Helicella Bouryi, de Morgan. Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. t. 6, f. 3, 1885, ... . . 172 39, 40. Helicella hispida, Linn. Rossmassler, Iconog. ii, f. 426, . 172 41, 42. Helicella hispida, Linn. Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll. t. 118, f. 1,2, ... . .172 44. Helicella anodonta, Tschapak. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. vii, t. 6, f. 4, . ... 171 45-47. Helicella Villersi, Malzine. Moll. Belg. t. 3, f. 1-3, 173 48-50. Helicella Bourniana, Bourg. Moll. Grande Chartr. t. 7, f. 15-17, 51-53. Helicella porochaetica, Bourg. Ibid. t. 6, f. 10-12, . 177 PLATE 39. 54-56. Helicella depilata, Pfeiffer. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii, t. 98, f. 22-24, .174 57. Helicella globus, Lessona. .Atti. Acad. Torino, xv. 296, t. 7, f. 25, - . 174 58-60. Helicella muscicola, Bourg. Amenites Malacol. i, t. 9, f. 10-12, 174 61-63. Helicella ovularis, Bourg. Ibid, i, t. 9, f. 7-9, . . 174 64, 65. Helicella plebeia, Drap. Moquin Tandon, Moll. Fr. t. 17, f. 18, 19, 174 66-68. Helicella rufescens, Pennant. Rossmassler, Iconog. ii, f. 422, 175 69. Helicella montana, Studer. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. i, t. 8, f. 2, . . . .175 70. Helicella rufescens, Pennant. Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll. t. 118, f. 7, . . . . , . . . 175 71. Helicella clandestina (=Gratianopolitana). Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. i, t. 8, f. 3, . .'. . . . .175 72. Helicella Segusina, Lessona. Atti Acad. Torino, xv, t. 7, f. 31, 179 298 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 73, 74. Helicella coelata, Studer Rossmassler, Iconog, ii, f. 423, . . .175 75, 76. Helicella umbrosa, Partsch. Ibid, ii, f. 425, . .176 77, 78. Helicella umbrosa, Partsch. Ibid, ii, f. 424, . . 176 79, 80. Helicella becasis, Kambur. Jour, de Conch, t. 9, f. 3, 1869, 176 81, 82. Helicella cedretorum, Debeaux. Ibid. t. 2, f. 3, 1863, 176 83, 84. Helicella filicina, Schmidt. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii, t, 98, f. 31, 32, 176 85, 86. Helicella Pietruskyana, Parreyss. Ibid, ii, t. 148, f. 11, 12, . . 176 87-89. Helicella villosa, Drap. Rossmassler, Icon, ii, f. 421, 177 90, 91. Helicella Arpatchaiana, Mousson. Jour, de Conch. t. 6, f. 4, 1873, . 177 92-94. Helicella Sewanica, Mart. (= pisiformis, Pfr.) Mart Mittheil. Pt. 1, t. 3, f. 11-13, 177 95-97. Helicella Dussertiana, Bourg. Moll. Litig. ii, t. 38, f. 12-14, 177 98-100. Helicella alsia, Bourg. Moll. Alger. i, 1. 16, f. 21-23, 177 1, 2. Helicella sordulenta, Morel. Jour, de Conch, ii, t. 9. f. 9, 10, 177 3. 4. Helicella granulata, Alder. Gray's Turton. t. 3, f. 29, 178 5. Helicella rubiginosa, Schmidt. Rossmassler, Iconog. ii, f. 428, . 178 7, 8. Helicella sericea, Drap. Ibid, ii, f. 429, . . .178 9, 10. Helicella submissa, Desh. Nouv. Arch. Mus. ix, t. 2, f. 31, 32, 182 11, 12. Helicella subechinata, Desh. Ibid, ix, t. 2, f. 19, 20, 182 PLATE 40. 13, 14. Helicella Munieriana, Cr. et Deb. Jour, de Conch. 3, ser. iv, t. 12, f. 5, 182 15-17. Helicella leucocheilus, Cox. Austr. Land Shells, t. 8, f. 7, 183 18-20. Helicella puberula, Heude. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin. Pt. 3, t. 29, f. 12. . . 183 21-23. Helicella horripilosella, Heude. Ibid. Pt. 3, t. 29 £ 13, 183 24-26. Helicella rebellis, Heude. Ibid. Pt. 3, t. 29, f. 15, . 183 27, 28. Helicella Hungerfbrdiana, Nevill. Jahrb. xi, t. 7, f. 7, 182 29-31. Helicella mutica, Morelet. Jour, de Conch. 1. 10, f. 1, 1881, 184 32. Helicella pubescens, Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 328, . . 184 33, 34. Helicella radiolata, Morel. Jour, de Conch. 1. 10, f. 3, 1882, . 184 35, 36. Helicella Porteri, Cox. Monog. Austr. Land Sh. t. 3, f. 6, . 183 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 299 FIGURE. PAGE. 37, 38. Helicella Sumichrasti, Cr. et Fisher. Jour, de Conch. t. 9, f. 4, 1873, 184 39, 40. Helicella parlatoris, Bivona. Rossm. Iconog. ii, f. 688, 179 41-43. Helicella Martorelli, Bourg. Guerin's, Mag. t, 15, f. 14-16, 1870, ... .... 179 44—46. Helicella Smiruensis, Mousson. Moll. Java. t. 2, f. 10, 184 47-49. Helicella lasia, Bourg. Moll. Alg. i, t. 18, f. 27-29, 179 50-51. Helicella lanuginosa, Boissy. Rossm. Iconog.- ii, f. 571, 180 52. Helicella consona. Ibid, ii, f. 572, .... 180 53-55. Helicella chnoodia, Bourg. Moll. Alg. i. t. 18, f. 31-33. . . . . 179 56-58. Helicella Tenietensis, Bourg. Guerin's Mag. t. 15, f. 9-11, 1870, ' . ' . .180 59, 60. Helicella Malaspina?, Bourg. Mai. Reg. Tunis, f. 10, 14, . 180 61. Helicella Corsica,' Shuttl. Moq. Tandon. Moll. Fr. t. 16, f. 37, 180 62. Helicella glabella, Drap. Hist. Moll. t. 7, f. 6, , . . 186 63-65. Helicella Telonensis, Mittre. Dupuy, Moll. France, t. 9. f. 1, 186 PLATE 41. 66-68. Helicella lavendulae, Bourg. Moll. Litig. i, t. 8, f. 1, 3, 4, 186 69, 70. Helicella fusca, Mtg. Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll. t. 119, f. 4, 5, 186 71, 72. Helicella Moquiniana, Raym. Jour, de Conch, iv. t. 3, f. 2, . 181 73-75, Helicella Moutonii, Mittre. Dupuy, Moll. France, t. 9, f. 2, . . 186 76-78. Helicella acleochroa, Bourg. Moll. Alger. i, t. 16, f. 17, 19, 20. ... 181 79. Helicella ptylota, Bourg. Moll. Bretagne. t. 1. f. 8, . 181 80-82. Helicella revelata, Fer. Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll. t. 119, f. 1-3, . 180 83-85. Helicella revelata, (=Salmurina, Servain). Michand, Hist. Complem., t. 15, f. 6-8, 181 86-88. Helicella pruinosa, Pfr. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii, 1. 158, f. 19-21, 186 89-91. Helicella occidentals, Recluz. Rossm. Iconog. iii, f. 827, 180 92-94. Helicella Corsica, Shuttl. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. viii, t. 3, f. 5, 180 95-97. Helicella pallidula, Pfr. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii, t. 98. f. 13-15, ; 186 98-100. Helicella Fradiniana, Bourg. Moll. Alger. i, t. 17, f. 22-25, . . .181 300 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 1-3, Helicella psaturochoeta, Bourg. Moll. Bretagne, t. 1, f. 1,2,4, 182 4-6. Helicella perlevis, Shuttl. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. viii, t. 3, f. 5, 181 7-9. Helicella ciliata, Venetz. Kossm. ii, f. 430, . . .187 10-12. Helicella Juriniana, Bourg. Mai. Aix-les-Bains, t. 1, f. 3-5, 188 13-15. Helicella Reinse, Benoit. Mai. Blatt. iii, t. 2, f. 14-17, 187 16, 17. Helicella incarnata, Mull. Moq. Tandon. Moll. Fr. t. 16, f. 6, 7, 187 18, 19. Helicella hiberna, Benoit. Benoit, Moll. Sicil. t. 3, f. 23, 188 20, 21. Helicella cinctella, Drap. Rossm. Iconog. i, f. 363, . 186 PLATE 42. 22, 23. Helicella bidinensis, Cafici. Nat. Sicil. ii, t. 1, f. 2, . 189 24-26. Helicella Faidherbiana, Bourg. Moll. Litig. ii, t. 39, f. 1-3, 189 27, 28. Helicella vicina, Rossmassler. Rossm. Iconog. ii. f. 689, 188 29, 30. Helicella consona, Ziegler. Ibid, ii, f. 572, 573, . 188 31, 32. Helicella Nicosiana, Mousson. Ibid, v, f. 1213, . 189 33, 34. Helicella limbaia, Drap. Ibid, i, f. 362, . . .189 35, 36. Helicella Redtenbacheri, Zelebor. Ibid, i, t. 5, f. 52, 189 37-39. Helicella Ferretiana, Bourg. Ann. Sci. Nat. xv, f. 34-37, 190 40-42. Helicella Beccarii, Jickeli. Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. xxxvii, t. 4, f. 24, 189 43-45. Helicella pilifera, Martens. Ann. Mus. Genoa, iii, t. 9, f. 11, , .190 4(5-48. Helicella pilifera, (— Combesiana). Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. xxxvii, t. 4, f. 22, 190 49-51. Helicella Herbinii, Bourg, Ann. Sci. Nat. xv, t. 7, f. 25-27 190 52—54. Helicella Gallinieriana, Bourg. Ibid, xv, t. 7, f. 30-33, .190 55-57. Helicella pulvisculum, Issel. Ann. Mus. Genoa, vi, t. 5, f. 24-27, . . . . . . . .191 58. Helicella vilis, Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 1441, . . 190 59, 60. Helicella Olivieri, Fer. Rossm. Iconog. i, f. 365, . 196 61. Helicella Olivieri, forma major. Paulucci, Faune Cala- bria, t. 1, f. 6, . , . . . . . .191 62. Helicella Olivieri, forma nana. Ibid. t. 1, f. 7, . , 191 63. Helicella Olivieri, Var. ocellata. Novit. Conch, v, t. 159, f. 2, . . , 191 64. Helicella Olivieri, Var. bicincta Benoit. Illust. Sicil. t. 3, f. 16, 192 65. 66. Helicella Pirajnea, Benoit. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1205, 192 67-69. Helicella cantiana, Mtg. Ibid, v, f. 1201-1202, . 192 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 301 PLATE 43. FIGURE. PAGE. 70, 71. Helicella Dirphica, Blanc. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1206, 192 72-74. Helicella cantiana, Var. Campanica. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. vii, t. 2, bis. f. 1. , 192 75-77. Helicella Hausknechti. Bottger. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. xiii, t. 2, f. 4, . .193 78-80. Helicella Carthusiana, (=Sarriensis). Hidalgo. Cab. Icon. f. 249-251, ... . . , . _ . 193 81, 82. Helicella cliurna, Bourg. Locard, Etude Var. i, t. 3, f. 11, 12, . . . . . . ... . 193 83-85. Helicella carascaloides, Bourg. Amen, i, 1. 13, f. 1-3, 193 86, 87. Helicella frequens, Mouss. Rossm. Icon-, v. f. 1204, 193 88. Helicella carthusiana, (=Galloprovincialis.) Ibid, i, f. 364, b, . . '. 193 89, 90. Helicella fruticola, (=Cliersonesica). Ibid, v, f. 1195, 193 91, 92. Helicella Galloprovincialis, Var. Cemenelea, Dupuy, Moll. France, t. 9, f. 5, 193 93, 94. Helicella Putoniana, Mabille, Locard, Etude Var. i, t. 3, f. 13, IV .. . . . t . . ^ . 194 95, 96. Helicella simplicita, Parreyss. Rossm. Icon, vi, f. 1637, '. .194 97, 98. Helicella Berytensis, Fer. Ibid, v, f. 1208, . . 194 99. Helicella granulata, Roth. (=rachiodia). Roth. Coq. Or. t. 1, f. 3, 194 100-2. Helicella Fourousii, Bourg. Moll. Litig. i, t. 6, f. 6-8. 194 3, 4. Helicella Schuberthi, Roth. .Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1209, 195 5. Helicella Rissoana, Pfr. (—Schuberthi, Var.) Conch. Icon. f. 1073, . . .195 6, 7. Helicella Apennina, Var. (— Euboeica.) Rossm. Icon. v. f. 1207, . . . 203 PLATE 44. 8, 9. Helicella Circafesica, Charp. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1386, 195 10, 11. Helicella Talischana, Martens. Ibid, N. S. i, f. 46, . 195 12, 13. Helicella carthusiana, Miiller. Ibid, i, f. 366, . . 195 14, 15. Helicella pseudosericea, Benoit. Benoit. Illust. Conch. Sicil. t. 3, f. 22, 196 16-18. Helicella obstructa, Fer. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii, t. 98, f. 1-3, . . , ...... . . . .196 19-21. Helicella subobstructa, Bourg. Amen. Conch, i, t. 9, f. 4-6, .196 22, 23. Helicella onychina, Rossm. (=gregaria, Zieglr.) Rossm. Icon, iij f. 569, .196 24-26. Helicella onychina, Rossm. (— Syriaca, Ehr.) Ibid, ii, f. 568, .... 197 27, 28. Helicella Rothi, Pfr. Ibid. N. S. i, f. 1633, . . 197 29, 30. Helicella Rothi, Var. Draxleri, Zelebor. Ibid. N. S. i. f. 1635, . . ... 197 302 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 31-33. Helicella Arpatchiana, Mart. (=pisiformis, Pfr.) Mart. Mittheil, t. 3, f, 11-14, 197 34-36. Helicella globula, Kryn. Ibid. t. 3, f. 18-20, . . 197 37, 38. Helicella pseudoglobula, Mouss. Jour, de Conch, t. 7, f. 5, 1873, . .197 39-41. Helicella Cruzyi, Bourg. Amenites, Conch, i, t. 13. f. 4-6, 198 42, 43. Helicella Rokniaca, Bourg. Moll. Litig. ii, t. 38, f. 5, 6, . . . , 198 44. Helicella Villa?, Desh. Fer. Hist. Moll, iv, t. 90, f. 9, . 198 45, 46. Helicella nummus, Ehrenb. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1214, 199 47-49. Helicella Prometheus, Bottger. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. x, t. 4, f. 6, 199 50, 51. Helicella spiroxia, Bourg. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1215, . 199 52, 53. Helicella Genezarethana, Mousson. Ibid, vi, t. 15, f. 1530, . 199 PLATE 45. 54, 55. Helicella Jasonis, Dubois. Rossm. Icon, vi, f. 1529, 199 56. Helicella inchoata, Morelet. Ibid, v, f. 1197, . . 200 57, 58. Helicella fruticum, Muiler. Ibid, v, f. 1194, . . 200 59. Helicella Anderson!, Clessin, (—fruticum). Mai. Blatt. xxv, t. 3, f. 2, . . . . . . . . 200 60, 61. Helicella fruticola, Kryn. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1195, . 200 62, 63. Helicella Schrencki, Midd. Ibid, v, f. 1196, . . 200 64, 65. Helicella aristata, Kryn. Ibid, vi, f. 1625, . . 201 66-68. Helicella euages, Bottger. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. x, t. 4,f. 2; t. 6, f. 1, . . . . , . . 201 69. Helicella septemgyrata, Mousson. Rossm. Icon. N. S. i, f. 48, 201 70-72. Helicella flavolimbata, Bottger. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. x, t. 5, f. 6, 201 73-75. Helicella helvola, Friv. Martens, Mittheil, i, t. 4, f. 7-9, 202 76-78. Helicella Nordenskioldi, Westerl. Ibid, i, t. 4, f. 14-16, .201 79, 80. Helicella strigella, Drap. Rossm. Icon, ii, f. 438, . 202 81-83. Helicella Colliniaua, Bourg. Moll. Litig. i, t, 7, f. 1-3, 202 84-87. Helicella Apennina, Muhlf. Novit. Conch, v, t. 154, f. 1-4, . . .202 88, 89. Helicella Martensiana, Tiber!. Rossm. Icon, vi, f. 1198, 203 PLATE 46. 90-92. Helicella strigella, Hid. (=Ruscinica.) Hidalgo, Cat. Icon. Esp. f. 237-239 202 93-95. Helicella suborbicularis, Martens. Novit, Conch, v, t. 154, f. 6-8, 203 96-98. Helicella Orsinii, Porro. Rossm, Icon, vi, f. 1631, . 203 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 303 FIGURE. PAGE. 99-1. Helicella Orsinii, Var. Majellse, Kobelt. Ibid, vi, f. 1627-1628, .203 2, 3. Helicella Orsinii Var. Picaena, Tiberi. Ibid, vi, f. 1630, 203 4-6. Helicella Parreyssi, Pfr. Ibid, v, f. 1211, 1212, . 203 7-9. Helicella alphabucelliana, Paulucci. Bull. Soc. Mai. Ital. vii, t. 2, bis. f. 2, 204 10-13. Helicella rufispira, Martens. Fedschenko's Reise. t. l,f. 7, . . . . 204 14-16. Helicella rufispira, Var, albidorsalis, Mouss. Martens, Mittheil. i, t. 4, f. 18-20, 204 17, 18. Helicella brigantina, Mengo. Rossm. Icon, vi, f. 1626, . 204 19, 20. Helicella rubens, Martens. Fedschenko's Reise. t. 1, f. 6, 205 21. Helicella rubens, Var. concolor, Martens. Mittheil. i, t. 4, f. 4, . . 205 22. Helicella rubens, Var. Finschiana, Martens. Ibid, i, t. 4, f. 2, . 205 23. Helicella rubens, Var. Zeiliana. Martens. Ibid, i, t. 4, f. 5, .205 24. Helicella rubens, Var. Regeliana, Martens. Ibid, i, t. 4, f. 6, 205 25. 26. Helicella phaeozona, Martens. Fedschenko's Reise. t. 1, f. 8, 205 27, 28. Helicella similaris, Fer. Kiister, Conch. Cab. i, t. 60, f. 15, 16, ' 205 29. Helicella similaris, Fer. Conch. Ind. t. 53, f. 2, . 205 30. Helicella epixantha, Pfr. (—similaris). Conch. Icon. f. 454, b. . ... 206 PLATE 47. 31. 32. Helicella cestus, Benson. Kiister, Conch. Cab. i, t. 60, f. 19, 20,- 206 33. Helicella Stimpsoni, Pfr. (=similaris, Var.). Conch. Icon. f. 1370, 206 34, 35. Helicella Borbonica, Desh. (=similaris, Var.). Moll. Reunion, t. 10, f. 9, 10, , . . ' . . . 206 36, 37. Helicella Arcasiana, Crosse, Deb. (—similaris, Var.). Jour, de Conch. 3 ser. iv, t. 12, f. 4, . . . 206 38, 39. Helicella Hongkongiensis, Desh. Nouv. Arch. Mus. ix, Bull. t. 3, f. 8, 9, 206 40, 41. Helicella obscura, Desh. Ibid. t. 3, f. 11, 12, . . 206 42, 43. Helicella striatissima, Desh. Ibid, x, t. 1, f. 2, 4, . 207 44. Helicella nucleus, Desh. Ibid, ix, t. 3, f. 5, . . . 207 45, 46. Helicella arundinetorum, Heude. Hist. Nat. Einp. Chin, ii, t. 14, f. 7, 207 47. Helicella graminum, Heude. Ibid, ii, t. 14, f. 8. . . 207 48, 49. Helicella straminea, Heude. Ibid, ii, t. 16, f. 5, . 207 304 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 50. Helicella fortune!, Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 458, . . .208 51. Helicella meridionalis, Moll. (=Fortunei, Var.). Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. xi, t. 7, f. 5, 208 52. 53. Helicella cremata, Heude. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin, ii, t. 20, f. 15, 207 54, 55. Helicella lutosa, Desh. Arch. Mus. Bull, ix, t. 3, f. 19, 20, . . . . . 208 56. Helicella uncopila, Heude. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin. t. 16, f. 6, . .208 57-59. Helicella fasciola, Drap. Fer. Hist. Moll, iii, t. 69a. f. 1, 208 60, 61. Helicella Maackii, Gerstf. Mem. Acad. St. Peters. Sav. Etr. ix, t. 27, 27a. ... .... 209 62. Helicella Conrauxiana, Heude. (—Maackii). Hist. Emp. Chin, iii, t. 27, f. 18, . . . . . . . 209 63, 64. Helicella dichroa, Pfr. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii, 1. 109, f. 16, 17, .. . 208 PLATE 48. 65, 66. Helicella Maackii, Gerstf. Var. depressa, Pfr. Novit. Conch, iii, t. 107, f. 3, 4, 209 67. Helicella Kiangsinensis, Mart. (—Maackii, Var.) Ibid. iv, t. 134, f. 15, 209 68, 70. Helicella Billeana. Heude. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin. ii, t. 14, f. 3, 209 71, 72. Helicella Weyrichi, Schrenck. Reise. Amurl. t. 26, f. 11, 13, ' 209 73, 74. Helicella Tourannensis, Soul. Kiister, Conch. Cab. i, t. 17, f. 3, 4, 209 75, 76. Helicella Ruppelli, Desh. Arch. Mus. Bull, ix, t. 2, f. 1, 2, . . 210 77. Helicella bolus, Benson. (=Tourannensis). Conch. Ind. t. 53, f. 7, 209 78, 79. Helicella argillacea, Fer. Kiister, Conch. Cab. i, t. 58, f. 4, 5, . . . 210 80, 81. Helicella transversalis, Mouss. Jour, de Conch. 2d. Ser. ii, t. 6, f. 5, 6, 210 82-84. Helicella Smiruensis. Moll. Java. t. 2, f. 10, . . 184 85. Helicella radicicola, Benson. Conch. Ind. t, 62, f. 10, . 210 86. Helicella despecta, Gray. Moll. Beechey's, Voy. t. 38, f. 5, . . . 211 87-89. Helicella cryptopila, Mouss. Novit. Conch, iv. t. 117, f. 10-12, 211 90-92. Helicella crassula, Phil. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii, t. 114, f. 14-16, . .211 93. Helicella Zoroaster, Theob. Conch. Ind. t. 86, f. 3, . 211 94. Helicella scalpturita, Benson. Ibid. t. 53, f. 9, . .211 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 305 PLATE 49. FIGURE. PAGE. 95. Helicella Everettii, H. Adams. Zool. Proc. t. 23, f. 11, 1873, 211 96. Helicella tomentosa, Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 1403, . . 212 97-99. Helicella mendax, Martens. Preuss. Exped. t. 13, f. 14, 212 100. Helicella rosacea, Miiller. Kiister, Conch. Cab. i, t. 55, f. 7, 213 1. Helicella globulus, Miiller. Conch. Icon. f. 186, b. . 213 2. Helicella lucana, Miiller. Ibid. f. 187, b. 213 3. Helicella Alexandri, Gray. Ibid. f. 1470, . . . 21S 4. 5. Helicella votiva, Crosse. Jour, de Conch, t. 1, f. 1, 1871, 214 6, 7. Helicella Mighelsiana, Pfr. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii, t. 152, f. 19, 20, 8, 9. Helicella fodiens, Pfr. Ibid, i, t. 17, f. 1, 2, . . 212 10-12. Helicella bulbus, Menke. Ibid, ii, t. 122, f. 4-6, . 213 13, 14. Helicella Bactriana, Hutton. Conch. Ind. t. 130, f. 1, 4, 212 15. Helicella laesa, Keeve. Conch. Icon. f. 1490, . . . 214 16. Helicella funiculata, Pfr. Monog. Austr. L. Shells, 1. 11, f. 15, . .214 17. Helicella paleata, Reeve (=plectilis). Conch. Icon. f. 1399 215 18. Helicella plectilis, Benson. Ibid. f. 1162, . . . 215 19. Helicella expeditionis, Cox. Monog. Austr. L. Sh. t. 18, f. 12, . . .... 214 PLATE 50. 20 21. Helicella Duralensis, Cox. Austr. Land Sh. t. 8, f. 8,. 215 22. Helicella Dunkiensis, Forbes. Voy. Rattlesnake, ii, t. 2, f. 7, 215 23. Helicella Dunkiensis, Forbes. Austr. Land Sh. t. 8, f. 9, 215 24. Helicella Dunkiensis, Forbes. Conch. Icon. f. 756, . 215 25. 26. Helicella prunum, Fer. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii, t. 74, f. 11-13, 215 27, 28. Helicella Cailleti, Crosse. Jour, de Conch, t. 1, f. 5, 1866, 216 29. Helicella Mabillei, Crosse. Ibid. t. 1, f. 6, 1866, . . 216 30. Helicella Coxeni, Cox. Zool. Proc. t. 3, f. 2, 1871, . . 216 31. Helicella pliculosa, Pfr. Austr. Land Sh. t. 9, f. 12, . 21fr 32. 33. Helicella lutacea, Pfr. Novit. Conch, i. t. 34, f. 203, . 217 34, 35. Helicella aridorum, Cox. Austr. Land Sh. t. 11, f. 16, 217 36. Helicella brevipila, Pfr. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii. t. 124, f. 28, . 217 37, 38. Helicella brevipila, Pfr. Austr. Land Sh. t. 5, f. 2, 217 20 306 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 39, 40. Helicella canescens, Ad. & Reeve. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii, t. 142, f. 3, 4, . 214 41. Helicella canescens, Ad. & Reeve. Conch. Icon. f. 5#7, . 222 42, 43. Helicella arbusticola, Desh. Nouv. Ann. Mus. ix, Bulb. t. 2, f. 6, 7, 218 44. Helicella immaculata, Ad. & Reeve (= Largillierti). Conch. Icon. f. 420, 218 45, 46. Helicella Largillierti, Phil. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii, t. 144, f. 20, 21, . . 218 PLATE 51. 47. Helicella papilliformis, Kobelt. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. iii, ' t. 1, f. 1, . . .217 48-51. Helicella Japonica, Pfr. Preuss. Exped. t. 14, f. 11, . 217 52. Helicella Japonica, Pfr. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii, t. 119, f. 17, .217 53. Helicella albida, A. Ad. Zool. Proc. t. 27, f. 9, 1870, . 218 54. 55. Helicella conospira, Pfr. Abhandl. Senkenb. xi, t. 7, f. 13, • . . 218 -56, 57. Helicella cardiostoma, Kobelt, Ibid, xi, t. 2, f. 14, . 219 58, 59. Helicella Hilgendorffi, Kobelt. Ibid, xi, t. 2, f. 9, . 219 60-62. Helicella patruelis, H. Ad. (= Tabuensis, Ancey). Ibid, xi, t. 2, f. 6, 218 63. Helicella callizona, Crosse. Jour, de Conch, t. 13, f. 3, 1871, . 220 64-67. Helicella sphinctostoma, A. Ad. Abhandl. Senkenb. xi, t. 2, f. 7, 11, 15, 218 68. Helicella fulvicans, H. Ad. Zool. Proc. t. 13, f. 2, 1866, 220 69-71. Helicella verrucosa, Reinh. Abhandl. Senkenb. xi, t. 1, f. 15, . 219 72, 73. Helicella macrocycloides, Kobelt. Ibid, xi, t. 2, f. 10, 219 74, 75. Helicella conulina, Mart. Ibid, xi, t. 7, f. 18, . . 219 76, 77. Helicella Goodwini, Smith. Ibid, xi, t. 7, f. 17, . 219 78, 79. Helicella Lischkeana, Kobelt. Ibid, xi, t. 7, f. 16, . 220 80-82. Helicella leprosula, Heude. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin. iii, t. 27, f. 15, 220 PLATE 52 83. Helicella Coreanica, Ad. & Reeve. Conch. Icon. f. 447, . 220 -84, 85. Helicella Coreanica, Ad. & Reeve. Kiister, Conch. Cab. ii, t. 143, f. 19, 20, 220 86. Helicella latrunculorum, Heude. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin. iii, t. 27, f. 17, . . 221 87. Helicella plethorica, Crosse. Jour, de Conch, t. 12, f. 2, 1869, .... . ... 221 88. Helicella improvisa, Heude. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin, iii, t. 27,f.l6, 220 89-91. Helicella nautiloides, Val. Fer. Hist. Moll. t. 37a, f. 4, . 212 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 307 FIGURE. PAGE. 92, 93. Helicella brevibarbis, Pfr. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin, ii, t. 14, f. 2, 221 94-96. Helicella thoracica, Heude. Ibid, ii, t. 16, f. 11, . 221 97. Helicella Brardiana, Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 604, . . 210 98-100. Helicella squamosella, Heude. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin, ii, t. 15, f. 9, 221 1. Helicella brevibarbis, Pfr. Zool. Proc. t. 43, f. 4, 1859, 221 2-4. Helicella nautarum, Heude. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin, ii, t. 15, f. 10, 183 5-7. Helicella micacea, Heude. Ibid. ii. t. 16, f. 2, . . 221 8-10. Helicella phyllophaga, Heude. Ibid, ii, t. 17, f. 2, . 221 11, 13. Helicella dormitans, Heude. Ibid, ii, t. 17, f. 3, . 222 14, 15. Helicella elatior, Mart. Novit. Conch, iii, t. 101, f. 4-6, . . .... .;:•-. . .210 16, 17. Turricula pseudobuliminus, Heude. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chin, ii, 1. 17, f. 29, 222 18, 19. Turricula buliminoides, Heude. Ibid, ii, t. 17, f. 6, 30, 222 20. Cochlicella buliminus, Heude. Ibid, ii, t. 20, f. 20, . 222 21. Cochlicella incertus, Pfr. (— Taivanica, Moll). Zool. Proc. t. 46, f. 1, 1865, : .222 22-24. Helicella horripila, Morel. Drouet. Moll. Acores. t. 3, f. 4, , . . 222 25. Helicella Armitageana, Lowe. Conch. Icon. f. 898, . 223 PLATE 53. 26,27. Xerophila Seetzeni, Koch. Rossm. Icon, iv, f. 1132, 223 28,29. Helicella nubigena, Lowe (= pavida). Novit. Conch. iv t 122 f 22 23 223 30-32. Helicella lanosa/Mouss. Ibid, iv, t. 122, f. 34-36, . 223 33-35. Helicella leprosa, Shuttl. Ibid, iv, t. 122, f. 31-33, . 223 36, 37. Xerophila Pisana, Mull. Kiister, Conch. Cab. i, t. 22, f. 416, 224 38, 39. Xerophila Pisana, Mull. Ibid, i, t. 37, f. 9-11, . . 224 40. Xerophila Pisana, Mull. Conch. Icon. f. 987a, . . 224 41, 42. Xerophila Pisana, var. Alboranensis. Kiister, Conch. Cab. i, t. 37, f. 1, 2, 224 43. Xerophila Macandrewiana, Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 1030, b., 224 44, 45. Xerophila Grasseti, Tarnier. Novit. Conch, iv. 1. 120, f. 33, 34, . . . . . . .225 46, 47. Xerophila hierophanta, Mabille. Nouv. Arch. Mus. 2 ser. vii, t. 15, f. 16, 17, 225 48. Xerophila decorata, Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 1128, . . 225 49, 50. Xerophila Pisanopsis, Servain. Rossm. Icon. N. S. i, t. 18, f. 143, 225 51, 52. Xerophila decorata, Pfr. Kiister, Conch. Cab. i, t. 36, f. 14, 15, 225 53, 54. Xerophila impugnata, Mousson. Novit. Conch, iv, t. 120, f. 35, 36, 226 308 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 55-57. Xerophila planata, Chemn. Var. Rossm. Icon, iv, f. 1136, 1137, 226 58-61. Xerophila Dehnii, Rossm. Ibid, iv, f. 1138-1140, . 225 PLATE 54. 62, 63. Xerophila planata, Chemn. Rossm. Icon, iv, f. 1135, 226 64, 65. Xerophila Pisaniformis, Bourg. Revoil's Pays Com- • alis. t. 4, f. 72, 73, 227 66-68. Xerophila calopsis, Bourg. Moll. Alger. i, t. 32, f. 1-3, 227 69-71. Xerophila Comaliana, Bourg. Revoil's Pays Com- alis. t. 4, f. 67-69 .227 72, 73. Xerophila Tiani, Revoil. Ibid. t. 4, f. 70, 71, . . 227 74-76. Xerophila subdentata, Fer. Rossm. Iconog. vii, f. 1979, . 226 77—79. Xerophila Tohenica, Bourg. Revoil's Pays Comalis t. 4, f. 74-76, 227 80. Xerophila areolata, Sowb. Tryon's Terr. Moll. t. 6, f. 5, 228 81. Xerophila areolata (= levis?). Binney, L. & F. W. Shells, f. 311, 228 82. Xerophila levis, Pfr. Tryon's Terr. Moll. t. 5, f. 21, . 228 83. Xerophila levis, Pfr. Binney, L. & F. W. Shells, f. 316, 228 84. Xerophila Veatchii, jN"ewcomb. Tryon's Terr. Moll. t. 6, f. 6, 228 85. Xerophila Pandone, Forbes. Binney, L. & F. W. Shells, f. 315, 228 86. Xerophila Pandone, Forbes. Tryon's Terr. Moll. t. 6, f. 8, 228 87. Xerophila Tryoni, Newcomb. Ibid. t. 6, f. 3, . . . 229 88-92. Xerophila variabilis, Drap. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1295, 1296, 1298, . . 230 PLATE 55. 93, 94. Xerophila variabilis, Drap. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1297, 1299, .230 95. Xerophila variabilis, Var. turbinata, Cafici. Nat. Sicil. ii, t. 1, f. 5, 230 96-98. Xerophila Danieli, Bourg. Moll. Bretagne, t. 1, f. 9- 11, 230 99-1. Xerophila euphorca, Bourg. Mai. Alger. i, t. 25, f. 21- 24, 230 2. Xerophila variabilis, var. virgata, Mtg. Forbes & Han- ley, t. 117, f. 10, 230 3, 4. Xerophila Jickeli, Nevill. Rossm. Icon. N. S. i, f. 136, 230 5, 6. Xerophila hydruntina, Blanc. Ibid. N. S. i, f. 133, . 230 7-9. Xerophila Euxina, Clessin. Mai. Blatt. N. S. vi, t. 3, f. 12, 231 10-13. Xerophila luteata, Parr. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1303- 1305, 231 14, 15. Xerophila Chalcidica, Blanc. Ibid, vi, f. 1558, . 231 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 309 FIGURE. PAGE. 16, 17. Xerophila accompsia, Bourg. Ibid, v, f. 1312, . . 231 18, 19. Xerophila subrostrata, Fer. Kiister, Conch. Cab. i, t, 37, f. 15, 16, 231 20, 21. Xerophila subrostrata, Fer. Kossm. Icon, vi, f. 1537, 231 22-26. Xerophila choreta, Bourg. Mai. Alger. i, t. 27, f. 25- 29, 231 27-29. Xerophila simulata, Fer. Rossm. Icon, vi, f. 1539, 1540, . . .... 232 PLATE 56. 30, 31. Xerophila camerata, Mousson. Jahrb. Mai. Gessel. i, t, 4, f. 1, 232 32-34. Xerophila colomesiana, Bourg. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1456, 232 35, 36. Xerophila pellucens, Shuttl. Ibid, vi, f. 1543, . . 232 37, 38. Xerophila parva, Parr. Ibid, vi, f. 1548, . . .232 39, 40. Xerophila rufolabris, Benoit. Ibid, v, f. .1458, . . 233 41, 42. Xerophila pseudenhalia, Bourg. Moll. Chateau d'lf, t. 1, f. 20, 21, , . . 235 43-45. Xerophila Hamilcaris, Kobelt. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1449, 233 46-48. Xerophila Benoiti, Cafici. Ibid. N. 8. i, f. 137, 138, . 233 49-51. Xerophila moesta, Parr. Ibid, v, f. 1446, . . . 233 52-54. Xerophila moesta, var. luctuosa, Cafici. Nat. Sicil. ii, t. 1, f. 3, 233 55-57. Xerophila subprofuga, Stabile. Paulucci, Faune Ca- lab. t. 6, f. 1, . 234 58-60. Xerophila Aradasii, Pirajno. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1460, 1461, . 233 61, 62. Xerophila submaritima, Desm. Ibid, ii, f. 575, . 235 63-66. Xerophila Cyrenaica, Martens. Conch. Mittheil. ii, t. 31, f. 4-7, . 234 67-70. Xerophila maritima, Drap. Rossm. Icon, ii, f. 612, . 235 71, 72. Xerophila agreabilis, Ziegl. Ibid, vi, f. 1564, . . 234 73, 74. Xerophila Candiota, Frival. Ibid, vi, f. 1547, . . 234 75, 76. Xerophila variegata, Friv. Rossm. Icon, vi, f. 1552, 235 77, 78. Xerophila turbinata, Jan. Ibid, v, f. 1459, . . 234 79, 80. Xerophila Durieuri, Moquin-Tandon. Ibid, vi, f. 1544, 236 81, 82. Xerophila arcuata, Ziegl. Ibid, vi, f. 1553, . . 234 83, 84. Xerophila Berlieri, Morelet. Ibid, vi, f. 1545, . . 236 PLATE 57. 85-89. Xerophila Mauritania, Bourg. Rossm. N.S.i,f. 116, 119, 121, . . . 235 90-92. Xerophila Djebbarica, Bourg. Moll. Litig. ii, t. 39, f. 5, 6, 8, 236 93. Xerophila modica, Morel. Rossm. Icon, vi, f. 1550, . 236 310 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 94, 95. Xerophila cistorum, Morel. Ibid, vi, f. 1549, . . 236 96, 97. Xerophila Cottyi, Morel. Jour, de Conch, t. 3, f. 4, 1880, 236 98. Xerophila Orbignyi, W. B. Orb. Moll. Canaries, t. 2, f. 33, 237 99-1. Xerophila Semenowi, Martens. Conch. Mittheil. i, t. 4, f. 10-12, '. 237 2. Xerophila Semenowi, var. depressa, Mouss. Ibid, i, t. 4, f. 13, 237 3, 4. Xerophila cauta, Westerl. Kossm. Icon. N. S. i, f. 134, 240 5, 6. Xerophila dendrophila, Mabille. Nouv. Arch. Mus. vii, t. 16, f. 4, 5, 237 7, 8. Xerophila Cretica, Fer. Kiister, Conch. Cab. i, t. 37, f. 21, 22, . . 239 9, 10, Xerophila Lancerottensis, W. B. Orb. Moll. Canar. t. 1, f. 24, 25, 237 11,12. Xerophila Lancerottensis, var. adoptata, Mousson. No- vit. Conch, iv, t. 120, f. 40, 41, 237 13, 14. Xerophila herbicola, Shuttlew. Ibid. iv.t. 120, f. 37, 38, 235 15-17. Xerophila aglaometa, Mabille. Nouv. Arch. Mus. vii, t. 16, f. 11, 237 18-20. Xerophila euphorca, Bourg. Rossm. Icon. N. S. i, t. 16, f. 123, 124, 230 21-23. Xerophila piratarum, Kobelt. Ibid. N. S. i, t. 16, f. 125, 126, 240 24, 25. Xerophila piratarum, var. minor. Nat. Sicil. ii, t. 1, f. 6, 240 26-28. Xerophila vestalis, Parr. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1442, 1443, 240 PLATE 58. 29-31. Xerophila Devauxi, Deb. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1448, . 240 32-34. Xerophila Terveri, Mich. Ibid, ii, f. 565, 566, . . 240 35, 36. Xerophila interpres, Westerl. Ibid. N. S. i, f. 127, . 242 37, 38. Xerophila Phari, Fagot. Ibid, i, f. 354b, . . .241 39, 40. Xerophila finitima, Morelet. Ibid, vii, f. 1978, . . 241 41-44. Xerophila Terveri, Rossm. (= Adolfi). Ibid iii, f. 816, 817, 819, 241 45-48. Xerophila stiparum, Rossm. Ibid. iii. f. 820, 821, . 241 49, 50. Xerophila eremophila, Boiss. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1293, 242 51-54. Xerophila Arigonis, Rossm. Ibid, iii, f. 823, 824, . 241 55, 56. Xerophila cespitum, Drap. Ibid, v, f. 1289, . . 241 57. Xerophila cespitum, var. Amoricana. Ibid, v, f. 1290, . 242 PLATE 59. 58. Xerophila cespitum, Drap. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1291, . 241 59. Xerophila cespitum, var. introducta. Ibid, v, f. 1292, . 242 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 311 FIGURE. PAGE. 60, 61. Xerophila neglecta, Drap. Ibid, i, f. 355, . . 243 62-64. Xerophila ericetorum, Dupuy (= ericetella). Hist. Moll. France, t. 13, f. 7, . . . ' . . 243 65-67. Xerophila Erkeli, Kobelt. Kossm. Icon, vi, f. 1541, 1542, 243 68-70. Xerophila eremophila, Drap. var. Amunensis. Mart. Conch. Mittheil. ii, t. 35, f. 6, 7, 10, . . . . 242 71-73. Xerophila arenarum, Bourg. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1306, 1307, .... - . 243 74, 75. Xerophila candicans, Ziegl. Ibid, ii, f. 519, . . 244 76-78. Xerophila arenosa, Dupuy (= enhalia). Dupuy, Moll. France, t. 13, f. 9, .243 79, 80. Xerophila candicans, var. (= vulgarissima). Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1430, 245 81-83. Xerophila candicans, var. obvia, Zglr. Ibid, v, f. 1427, 1428, 244 84, 85. Xerophila pullula, Parr. (== candicans, var.). Ibid. v, f. 1444, .... ... 244 86-88. Xerophila discrepans, Tiber! (= Ammonis, var.). Ann. Soc. Mai. Belg. xiii, t. 2, f. 2, . . . . 245 89, 90. Xerophila Joppensis, Roth. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1439, 244 91, 92. Xerophila Dobrudschse, Parr. (— candicans, var.). Ibid, v, f. 1441, . . . . . .244 PLATE 60. 93-96. Xerophila Ammonis, Schmidt. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1423-1425, 245 97-99. Xerophila ericetorum, Mull. Ibid, v, f. 1431, 1432, . 245 100, 1. Xerophila dejecta, Jan. Ibid, ii, f. 520, . . 246 2-4. Xerophila aberrans/Mousson. Ibid, v, f. 1440, . . 246 5-7. Xerophila gyroides, Parr. Novit. Conch, iv, t. 117, f. 16, 18, 246 8-10. Xerophila Pampelunensis, Schmidt. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1421, 1422, ..., 246 11, 12. Xerophila Lemoinei, Debeaux. Ibid. N. S. i, f. 129, 246 13, 14. Xerophila Vukotinovici, Hire. Ibid. N. S. i, f. 135, 246 15-17. Xerophila Derbentina, var. Caucasica. Ibid, v, f. 1433, 1434, . . .247 18-21. Xerophila Kryuicki, Andrz. Ibid. N. S. i, f. 139, 140, 247 22, 23. Xerophila Candaharica, Pfr. ( == Krynicki, var.). Conch. Ind. t. 131, f. 5, 6, 247 24, 25. Xerophila Derbentina, Andrz. Rossm: Icon, v, f. 1435, . . . . . . . . ,247 26-28. Xerophila Dautezi, Kobelt. Ibid. N. S. i. f. 141, 142 248 29, 30. Xerophila instabilis, Ziegler. Eossm. Iconog. ii, f. 518, .......... 248 31-33. Xerophila instabilis, var. Bakowskyana. Mai. Blatt. N. S. i, f. 6, 248 312 REFERENCE TO PLATES. FIGURE. PAGE. 34-35. Xerophila destituta, Charp. (= instabilis). Kossm. Icon, v, f. 1445, ........ 248 36-38. Xerophila Dragorichi, Zelebor. Novit. Conch, iii, t. 108, f. 25, 27, 249 PLATE 61. 39-43. Xerophila bathyomphala, Charp. (== instabilis). No- vit. Conch, v, t. 155, f. 1-5, 248 44-47. Xerophila Spadse, Calc. (—instabilis). Ibid, v, 1. 155, f. 6, . 248 48, 49. Xerophila Ebtisitana, Hidalgo. Jour, de Conch, t. 2, f. 2, 1869, 250 50, 51. Xerophila sphaerita, Hartm. Rossm.Icon. vi,f. 1535, 249 52-54. Xerophila Fedtschenkoi, Martens. Fedtschenkoi, Reise. t. 1, f. 9, 249 55, 56. Xerophila nubigena, Charp. (— instabilis). Rossm. Icon, vi, f. 1565, 248 57-59. Xerophila Oranensis, Morelet. Ibi'd.vi, f. 1533-1534, 249 60, 61. Xerophila illibata, Parr. Ibid, ii, f. 567, . . .249 62-64. Xerophila Stoliczkana, Nevill. Yarkand Exped. f. 10-12, 250 65-67. Xerophila Hamacenica, RafFray. Ann. Sci. Nat. 6 ser. xv, t. 8, f. 41-43, 250 68. Xerophila papillata, Pfr. Conch. Icon. f. 441, . . 249 69-71. Xerophila subnivelliana, Bourg. Ann. Sci. Nat. 6 ser. xv, t. 8, f. 44-46, 250 72. Xerophila filimargo, Ziegl. Mai. Blatt. N. S. vi, t. 3, f. 13, 252 73-75. Xerophila Tanrica, Partsch. (= filimargo). Rossm. Icon, i, f. 358, 251 76-78. Xerophila Retowskyi, Clessin. Mai. Blatt. N. S. vi, t. 3, f. 1, 252 79-81. Xerophila Gargottse, Phil. (= corrugata). Rossm. Icon, i, f. 357, 252 82, 83. Xerophila Spratti, Pfr. Ibid, v, f. 1473, . . .253 84, 85. Xerophila Grovesiana, Paulucci. Ibid.N.S. i,f. 148, 254 PLATE 62. 86-88. Xerophila prseclara, Cafici. Nat. Sicil. ii, t, 1, f. 7, 252 89-91. Xerophila dormiens, Benoit. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1450, 252 92-94. Xerophila Tineana, Benoit. Ibid, v, f. 1452, . . 253 95-97. Xerophila Tristrami, Pfr. Mai. Reg. Tunis, f. 28-31, 253 98-100. Xerophila Arianensis, Bourg. Ibid. f. 22, 24, . . 253 1, 2. Xerophila Sigensis, Kobelt. Rossm. Icon. N. S. i, t. 17, f. 131, t. 256 3, 4. Xerophila crenimargo, Kryn. Kiister, Conch. Cab. i, t. 36, f. 8, 9, . . .252 REFERENCE TO PLATES. 313 FIGURE. PAGE. 5. Xerophila Lacosteana, Morlet. Jour, de Conch, t. 12, f. 5, 1881, .255 6-8, Xeraphila depressula, Parr. Rossm. Icon, ii, f. 562, . 256 9, 10. Xerophila Moraguesi, Kobelt. Rossm. K S. i, f. 132, 255 11-13. Xerophila explanata, Mull. Ibid, ii, f. 539, . . 255 14-16. Xerophila Rouvieriana, Bourg. Moll. Litig. ii, t. 43, f. 4, 5, 7, 255 17-19. Xerophila Henoniana, Bourg. Rossm. Icon, v, f. 1454, . ....... 254 20-22. Xerophila Brondeli, Bourg. Anienites Conch, i, 1. 13, f. 7. 9 255 3-25. Xerophila Idia, Bourg. et Letourn. Ann. Mus. Gen- ova, xxii, p. 8, . . . . . . . 256 26-28. Xerophila amanda, Rossm. (— Rozeti). Rossm. Icon. ii, f. 449, 254 29-31. Xerophila Usticensis, Calcara. Ibid, v, f. 1451, . 254 PLATE 63. 26-28. Xerophila catocyphia, Bourg. Moll. Chateau d'lf, t. 1, f. 1-3, .256 29, 30. Xerophila Setubalensis, Pfr. Rossm. Icon. N. S. i, f. 156, 256 31-33. Xerophila Montserateusis, Hidalgo. Ibid, v, f. 1453, 257 34, 35. Xerophila Prietoi, Hidalgo. Ibid. N. S. i, f. 150, . 257 36-38. Xerophila Barceloi, Hidalgo. Ibid, iii, f. 829, . . 257 39, 40. Xerophila Homeyeri, Dohrn & Heyn. Ibid. N. S. i, f. 149 258 41, 42. Xerophila Ponsii, Hidalgo. Ibid. N. S. i, f. 152, . 257 43, 44. Xerophila Pollenzensis, Hidalgo. Ibid. N. S.i,f. 151, 257 45, 46. Xerophila Nyelli, Mittre. Ibid. N. S. i, f. 154, . . 258 47-50. Xerophila Caroli, Dohrn & Heyn. Hidalgo, Cat. Icon. f. 161, 165, 258 51-53. Xerophila Cardonse, Hidalgo. Jour, de Conch, t. 12, f. 2, 1867, 258 54, 55. Xerophila frater, Dohrn & Heyn. Rossm. Icon. N. S. i, f. 153, ... 258 56-58. Xerophila Majoricensis, Dohrn & Heyn. Hidalgo, Cat. Icon. f. 276-278 258 59, 60. Xerophila Cisternasi, Hidalgo. Jour, de Conch, t. 2, f. 4, 1883, 259 61-63. Xerophila Ledereri, Pfr. Rossm. Icon, v, f. Iy455, • . 259 64, 65. Xerophila Cavannse, Paulucci. Rossm. Icon. N. S. i, f. 147, .259 66-68. Goniodiscus costulata, Moll. Jahrb. Mai. Gesell. xiv, t. 2, f. 2, 266 69. Discus angulosa, Mousson. Jour, de Conch, t. 1, f. 1, 1887, 262 70. Helicella Dieckmanni, Mousson. Ibid. t. 1, f. 2, 1887, . 179 PLATE 49 17 HELICID^E. PLATE 5O HELICIDve. 57 , PLATE 51 4-7 59 62 68 63 70 7] 72 74- 75 0 76 77 73 78 79 80 B2 HELICID>E. PLATE 52 11 15 16 17 18 13 20 21 22 24- HELICIDvE. PLATE 53 28 29 33 35 58 HELICID^E. PLATE 54 PLATE 55 27 29 21 HELICIDvG. PLATE 56 33 30 31 39 ~ 40 38 35 4-1 61 44r 58 45 4-7 46 63 64 bl 65 66 5V 4k . • • A ^k 67 "ST ;?^ ^^IP 71 72 36 60 52 56 53 54 73 74 77 78 .•••'/tj^ft*v 79 80 81 82 83 84 HELICID^E PLATE 57 25 PLATE 58 55 HELICIDyE. PLATE 59 88 PLATE 6O HELICID>G. PLATE 61 38 44 45 46 50 55 56 62 63 65 66 4-2 47 43 52 54 58 64- 67 60 5,9 61 76 68 70 71 73 74- 75 72 77 78 79 80 **»v -JSfV HELICID>E. PLATE 62 87 86 88 90 100 33 27 28 r-^Sfts. 96 30 23 11 12 9 -^srr 3 10 15 16 18 13 23 24 25 HELJCID^E. PLATE 63 30 m 35 26 27 28 31 32 33 36 37 38 39 40 4,5 4:7 4 8 51 52 59 53 55 56 60 61 S2 0 63 GS S6 67