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XIV. — Marine Alga of New Brunswick. By Gro, U. Hay. With an Appendix contain-
ing a List of the Marine Alge of the Maritime Provinces of the Dominion
of Canada, with Notes, By Gro. U. Hay, Ph. B., St. John, and A, H. Mac-
Kay, B.A., B. Se., F. 8. Sc., Principal of Pictou Academy, N.S.

>
>.
.

(Communicated by Mr. J. Fletcher, May 25, 1887.)

The following paper includes observations that have been made on the marine Algw
of New Brunswick during the past two years, together with some remarks on their
economic value, the occurrence of some rare species, etc. The localities visited haye been
various points on the southern shore of New Brunswick, including the Island of Grand
Manan, and the coasts of Caraquet and Tracadie, with the Islands of Shippegan and Miscou
on the Gulf of Si. Lawrence. To this is appended a preliminary list of the marine Algw
of the Maritime Provinces, which the writer, with the assistance of Mr. A. H. MacKay,
of Pictou, has recently compiled for the Natural History Society of New Brunswick. The
list includes some eighty species of marine Algz, which, with the exception of an Intro-
troductory List of New Brunswick Algze, published by the writer in 1886, is the first
attempt to arrange our Algic flora in such a form as shall lead to a closer investigation of
these interesting plants, and stimulate further study in this direction. No Diatomaceous
or other microscopic forms are included in the subjoined list, but only those which may
be easily detected by the eye, including chiefly the larger forms and those parasitic upon,
them. Of 130 species mentioned in Dr. Farlow’s “ Marine Alge of New England,” there
have been observed, up to this time, on the shores of the Maritime Provinces, over eighty
species.

The marine flora of the Maritime Provinces is essentially Arctic in character, as may
be inferred from their boreal position and their exposure to cold currents from the Arctic
seas. In the case of New Brunswick, the oe of the more delicate species of Algw
may be accounted for chiefly in two ways :—

(1.) The action of the tides on the southern shore, as they sweep in and out of the
Bay of Fundy, renders it impossible for any but the stronger forms to maintain
themselves, except in sheltered coves, and such favored positions are rare on this coast.
From one of these localities (Frye’s Island) in the neighborhood of Passamaquoddy Bay
over thirty species were collected in July, 1886.

(2.) The low sandy shores extending into the Gulf of St. Lawrence do not furnish a
a favorable habitat for Algw. A marked exception to this, however, was found on
the northern shores of Miscou and Shippegan, just within Bay Chaleurs, where, at
low-water mark, were detected several interesting species not observed on the southern
shores. These are referred to in another part of this paper.

The Fuci and Laminariw, which make up the great bulk of our Algm, are distributed
in abundance along the whole coast of New Brunswick. The Fuci occur between tide
marks, and are found in this position in greatest abundance on the southern coast, where

168 HAY ON MARINE ALG

the rocks for miles are clothed with them. On the sandy shores of the Gulf of St. Law-
rence, the Fuci miss the rocks which afford them a substantial foothold, and are of rarer
occurrence. The zone of the Laminariz extends from low-water mark to several fathoms
in depth. They occur in greatest profusion on the Gulfof St. Lawrence coast, where, after
a southerly gale, vast masses thrown up by the waves may be observed for miles along
the shore. On the southern coast their occurrence is somewhat rare for a considerable
distance east and west of St. John, probably owing to the strength of the tides which
sweep them from their resting-places. Towards the mouth of the bay, however, they
occur in greater abundance.

Only two forms of Fucus are common on the coast of New Brunswick, viz., Fucus
nodosus (Ascophyllum nodosum) and F. vesiculosus. These two species form nearly the whole
covering of tidal rocks in the vicinity of St. John, and westward to Passamaquoddy Bay.
Dr. Harvey, in his introduction to the “ Nereis Boreali- Americana,” remarks on the poverty
of species of Fucus on the north-east coast of America, compared with the northern coasts
of Europe. Of the four species found in abundance in Europe, two of these, F. serratus
and F. canaliculatus, had not been found in America at the time of Harvey’s visit in 1850.
The latter has not yet occurred here. The former is mentioned in the supplement to the
“Nereis ” as having been found at Newburyport, Mass., but has not since been detected
there or at any other point onthe New England coast. A specimen of this plant, collected
at Pictou by Rev. Prof. Fowler in 1869, is in the Natural History Society’s Herbarium in
St. John. It has not yet been reported from the New Brunswick coast. Two other spe-
cies of Fucus occur here, confined as yet to a single locality for each, although they may
be expected elsewhere, as Dr. Farlow describes them as common on the New England
coast, viz., F. evanescens ' found at Frye’s Island, and IF. furcatus just below low-water mark
on the flat shores on the north-west side of Miscou Island. These two species have not
yet been reported from Nova Scotia.

Although the Fuci are excellent fertilisers, very little use is made of them in that
respect in New Brunswick. Near the southern coast of the province they are used to a
limited extent on grass lands. I noticed some fine fields of grass on Grand Manan, last
August, where these plants had been used as a top-dressing. Applied fresh to the land
after the grass has been cut, and kept moist by the fogs which prevail there, they rapidly
decompose and melt into the ground. The experience of those who have used them for
fertilising purposes goes to prove that they yield the best results when used fresh. Their
value as fertilisers is diminished, if used for other than grass crops; or if carted for any
considerable distance from shore, owing to the expense of conveying so bulky a material.
In some countries (Ireland and Scotland), crops of potatoes are raised by their means, but
the crops thus yielded, though abundant, are of coarse and inferior quality. The ashes of
the Fuci contain a large quantity of carbonate of soda; and Dr. Harvey states that they
were once cultivated on the shores of Scotland, where rocks were deposited to attract them
to sandy or pebbly shores. The total amount of revenue, says the same author, derived by
the proprietors of these kelp shores on the coast of Scotland, during the eighty years from
A.D. 1720 to 1800, was £595,000. But this trade was long since destroyed by obtaining

1 Quite as common at Eastport as F. vesiculosus, for which it might be mistaken.” Farlow’s Marine Alge of
New England.

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.
. OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 169
‘ea bonate of soda more cheaply from other sources. As a source from which iodine is

ae. s obtained, however, it might be possible to utilise in future the enormous product of
Fucus vesiculosus on the shores of the Maritime Provinces.

Of the Laminariz there seem to be, so far as observed, only three species on the shores
of New Brunswick. Their great variety of form and size renders the identification of
Species a matter of some difficulty to the student. The most generally diffused form,
especially in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, is Laminaria longicruris. This, with species para-
sitical upon it, formed the great mass of marine vegetation observed in the long lines of
Seaweed cast up by the waves on the southern shores of Shippegan and Miscon. The
length of one specimen of this plant, measured from hold-fast to end of blade, was 28 feet ;
and the stipe of another, which was all that could be obtained from the mass of debris in
which it was imbedded, was 16 feet in length. Judging from the large size of this stipe, |
it must have belonged to a plant fully 30 feet long. Scattered in endless profusion along |
this shore, and thrown up from the deep water, were the beautiful forms of the bright
red Delesseria sinuosa and D. alata, var. angustissima, the latte
on the southern coast of the province.

The other species of Laminariw, Z. saccharina and L,. digitata with the related species,

Chorda filum, Agarum Turneri, Alaria esculenta, are found to a much more limited extent on

the shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence than L. longicruris. The size of the latter among

the islands at the mouth of the Bay of Fundy was much less than what was observed in

the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and here it was replaced to a great extent by the other species .
of Laminariz just mentioned.

The Laminariv are valuable as fertilisers, although I am not aware that farmers in

this province make any use of them. The stems of Laminaria digitata seem to be used for

a variety of purposes, amongst others, for the manufacture of sponge-tents.

The only sea-plant that has a commercial value with us is Rhodymenia palmata, or dualse.

During the season of 1886, the export of this seaweed from the shores of the Bay of Fundy

was estimated, I am told, at upwards of 190 tons, of which about 50 tons were received

and shipped from St. John. The selling price per Ib. is from three to six cents delivered

in St. John. The revenue from dulse gathered on the
could not have fallen short of $10,000. The coast in the vicinity of Dark Harbor, and

other points on the north-west side of Grand Manan, are favourite grounds for the collec- |
tion of this seaweed. During the lull in the fishing season in August, many turn their |
attention to this industry. Much that is exported from St. John finds its way to the
manufacturing towns in the New England States, where it seems to be in demand among
the factory population.
Among the edible Algw, that which occupies the highe
(Irish moss). This when reduced to a jelly by boiling, and seasoned, is tolerably
palatable, and has very nourishing qualities. Porphyra laciniata and P. vulgaris, as articles
of food, are in considerable demand in China and on the west coast of Europe. These
edible seaweeds are found in great abundance on the rocky shores of New
but, either because no urgent necessity has arisen for their use, or because the attention
of our people has not yet been directed to them, their qualities haye so far been untested.
But a knowledge of their value as food, as well as where to look for them and how to

Sec. iv, 1887. 22,

r not having been yet observed

Bay of Fundy shores last year

st place is Chondrus crispus

Brunswick :

—

pice df

170 HAY ON MARINE ALGA |
recognise them, might, in the case of shipwrecked mariners, be of great value in sustai ning |
life for a considerable time. ©
Among the rarer forms of Algz that occur on our coast the following may be men-
tioned as worthy of notice :— =
Ulothrix collabens, a small green Alga, found occurring at intervals on the inner shores
of Miscou and Shippegan. This is a beautiful species, with tufted slender filaments of -
dark green, and does not occur on our southern shores, and but rarelyin New England.
Odonthalia dentata, though found at various points on the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and on
the southern shores of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, has not yet been detected on the
New England coast. It is a very attractive species, of a deep red color, and occurs on |
rocks and stones in deep water. '
Polysiphonia fibrillosa, found on the north side of the Island of Miscou in considerable —
abundance, has hitherto been detected only at one place north of Cape Cod, referred to by
Dr. Harvey in the “Nereis.” It is one of the most beautiful species of Polysiphonia, and
growing abundantly in tufts in shallow water, is a delicate and attractive form. Another
species that is collected for its beauty, although not a rare species, is Callithamnion Pylasai, sy
which I detected at Grand Manan, although I have not observed it at any point east of:
that station. Its occurrence, as well as that of forms common on the New England coast, 4
may be expected on further investigation.

List oF THE MARINE ALG OF THE MARITIME PROVINCES, WITH NOTES.
By G. U. Hay and A. H. MacKay.

Order I—CRYPTOPHYCE Ai.

1. CLATHROGCYSTIS ROSEO-PERSICINA, Cohn. On mud in brackish pond, Pictou harbour,
MacKay ; on decaying Alge along shore of Gulf of St. Lawrence, Hay.

2. OSCILLARIA SUBTORULOSA, Bréb. On floating balls of Polysiphonia, Pictou harbour
MacKay.
38 LyNnGBYA MAJuscULA, Harv. Pictou harbour, MacKay.

4. L. zsruari, Liebm. In brackish pond, Pictou harbour, MacKay.

Order I1.—ZOOSPORE Ai.

5. Unyva nacruca, (Linn.) Le Jolis. Pictou harbour, MacKay.
(a). Var. RIGIDA, (Ag.) Le Jolis and
(b.) Var. LActUGcA, Le Jolis, are common in tide pools along the southern coast of
New Brunswick, Hay.
(c.) Var. LATISstma, Le Jolis. Richibucto River, Fowler. Common in brackish waters
along the whole coast of New Brunswick, Hay.

.*
s OF NEW BRUNSWICK, 171
‘ vu ENTEROMORPHA, Le Jolis, also

(a) Var. Lancronata, Le Jolis, and
- (6). Var. compressa, Le Jolis. Pictou harbour, MacKay ; Frye’s Island, St. J ohn, Hay.
} (c). Var. 1nrEsTINALIS, Le Jolis. Very common, Richibucto River, Fowler; St. John, Hay.

U. crarurata, Ag. On Zostera marina, Pictou, MacKay ; Miscou Island, Hay.

U. Hopsirku, (MeCalla) Harv. Pictou Harbour, MacKay.

ULOTHRIX COLLABENS, (Ag.) Thur.? Grand Manan, Hay.

CH ATOMORPHA MELAGONIUM, (Web. §: Mohr.) Kutz. Halifax harbour, MacKay.

C. Prcq voTIANA, (Mont.) Kutz. Halifax, Harvey in “ Nereis Boreali-Americana.”
RHIZOCLONIUM TORTUOSUM, Au/z. Halifax, Harvey in N.B.-Am.; Shippegan Island, Hay.

CLADOPHORA ARCTA, (Dillw.) P.E. Island, Dr. Jeans ; Halifax, Harvey ; Grand Manan
and Frye’s Island, Hay.

C. nanosa, (Roth) Kutz, var. UNCIALIS, Thuret. P. E. Island, Jeans; Halifax, Harvey.
C. RUPESTRIS, (Linn.) Kufz. Shippegan Island, Hay.

C. rErracta, (Roth.) Areschoug. Frye’s Island, Hay.

C. GLAUCESCENS, (Grif) Harv. Halifax, Harvey; North Miscou, Hay.

C. FLExvosa, (Grif/.) Harv. Miscou Island, Hay.

. C. GRactus, (Grif) Kutz. Frye’s Island, Hay.

Paynums FASCIA, Kutz. Halifax, Harvey.

ScYTOSIPHON LOMENTARIUS, Ag. Halifax, MucKay; Frye’s Island, Caraquet, Grand
Manan, Hay.

PUNCTARIA LATIFOLIA, Grev. Halifax, Harvey. Var. zoster®, Le Jolis. Mouth of
Pictou harbour, MacKay.

P. PLaANTAGINEA, (Roth) Grev. P. E. Island, Jeans.
DESMARESTIA ACULEATA, Lume. Pictou, MacKay ; Kouchibouguac Bay, Fowler.
D. viripis, Lamx. Halifax, Harvey; Frye’s Island, Grand Manan, Miscou, Hay.

DICTYOSIPHON FCENICULACEUS, Grev. Pictou, MacKay. This species has been found
growing as regular branches from a stem formed of the filiform frond of Chordaria
flagelliformis, at Pictou, in such a manner that the whole appeared to be but one
plant. The conundrum was: How can the microscopic section of the branch
shew the structure of Dictyosiphon, while that of the stem shews with equal
distinctness the structure of Chordaria? Further examination, of course, demon-
strated the character of the interesting union. Frye’s Island, Grand Manan,
Miscou, Hay ; Kouchibouguac Bay, Fowler.

Ecrocarpus ToMENTOsUS, (Huds.) Lyngh. YP. E. Island, Jeans.

172 HAY ON MARINE ALGA | #3 a

28. H. CONFERVOIDES, (Roth.) Le Jolis. P.E. Island, Jeans. Var. SILICULOSUS, Kjeltman,
Pictou, MacKay ; Frye’s Island, Caraquet, Miscou, Hay. “4

29. &. LITTORALIS, Lyngb. Pictou, MacKay; Grand Manan, Miscou, Shippegan, Hay.

30. E. rascicuLatus, Harv. Caraquet Bay, Hay.

31. H. BRacuiatus, Harv. P. E. Island, Jeans.

32. EctTocarpus, sp. A still undefined species. Shippegan Island, Hay.

33. HELACHISTEA FUCICOLA, Fries. Pictou, MacKay; Halifax, Harvey; Frye’s Island,
Miscou, Grand Manan, Hay.

34. LEATHESIA DIFFORMIS, (Linn.) Areschoug. Halifax, Harvey.

35. CHORDARIA FLAGELLIFORMIS, Ag. Pictou, MacKay; Halifax, Harvey; Frye’s Island,
Caraquet, Hay.

86. Mxsocnora pivaricaTa, Kutz. Pictou, MacKay; Frye’s Island, Hay.

37. M. VERMIcULARIS, Ag. Halifax, Harvey. |

38. CASTAGNEA ZOSTER, (Mohr.) Thuret. Halifax, Harvey.

39. CHORDA FILUM, Linn. Pictou, MacKay ; Frye’s Island, Gulf Shore, Fowler, Hay.

40. LAMINARIA LONGICRURIS, De la Pyl. Halifax, MacKay and Harvey. Stipes three or
four yards long have been observed. Prof. Lawson, of Dalhousie College, says that
on taking charge of chemistry on his arrival at Halifax he could get no rubber
tubing in the city. While his order was coming, he used the hollow stipes of this
seaweed, which is always cast up in abundance on the Halifax coast, and found
it to answer splendidly for the conduction of gas, MacKay. Around Grand
Manan and the southern coast of New Brunswick the forms of Laminariz are
variable and confusing, the two following species (Z. saccharina and L. digitata)

- being most abundant, Hay.

41. L. SACCHARINA, (Linn.) Lamz.? Pictou, MacKay ; Halifax, Prof. Lawson ; Frye’s Island,
Grand Manan, Hay; Gulf of St. Lawrence, Fowler.

42. L. piairata, Lamx. Pictou, MacKay; Halifax, Harvey, Lawson; Grand Manan, Hay.
43, SACCORHIZA DERMATODEA, De la Pyl. Halifax, Hurvey ; Grand Manan, Hay.

44, AGarum TURNERI, Post. and Rupr. Halifax, MacKay, Harvey, Lawson ; Grand Manan
and Frye’s Island, Hay.

45. ALARIA ESCULENTA, Grev. Halifax, MacKay, Harvey, Lawson ; Grand Manan, Hay. This
species is used as food in Scotland and Ireland, where it is called badder-locks,
henware, murlins, and also in Iceland, but it is not eaten with us, Dr. Farlow.

= OF NEW BRUNSWICK. 173
Order UL.—OOSPORE 2.

AscopHYyLLUM NoposuM, Le Jolis. Pictou, MacKay ; Halifax, MacKay and Harvey ;
very common on southern coast of New Brunswick, Hay, Fowler.

Fucus vesicunosus, Z. Pictou and Halifax, MacKay; Halifax, Harvey. The varieties
of this species are very abundent between tide marks on the southern shores of
New Brunswick, Hay ; Gulf shore, Fowler.

F. serRATuS, LZ. Pictou, Fowler ; Pictou and Pictou Island, MacKay. Not found else-
where in N. E. America.

F. EVANESCENS, Ag. Frye’s Island, Grand Manan, Hay.

F. FURCATUS, Ag. Growing on the low, flat shores north-west side of Miscou Island,
beyond low-water mark, Hay.

VAUCHERIA (?) Pictou, MacKay.

Order IV.—FLORIDE#.

PORPHYRA LACINIATA, Ag. Pictou, MacKay; Halifax, Harvey; Frye’s Island and
Grand Manan, Hay.

BANGIA FUSCO-PURPUREA, Lyngb. Halifax, Harvey.
CALLITHAMNION Rorutt, Lyngb. Halifax, Harvey.

C. Pynais1, Mont. Southern Head, Grand Manan, washed ashore in great abund-
ance at the base of the cliffs, Hay.

C. AmericaNnuM, Harv. P. E. Island, Jeans; Halifax, Harvey.

C. conyMBosuM, Lyngb. Halifax, Harvey.

PTILOTA ELEGANS, Bonnem. P. E. Island, Jeans.

P. seRRATA, Kutz. Halifax, Harvey ; Grand Manan, Frye’s Island, Shippegan, Hay.

CERAMIUM RUBRUM, Ag. Very abundant. Pictou and Halifax, MacKay; Frye’s
Island, Shippegan, Hay; Kouchibouguac Bay, Fowler. Var. PROLIFERUM, Ag.
Little Shippegan Bay, Hay.

C. circinnatuM, Kutz. Little Shippegan Bay, Hay.

C. TENUISSIMUM, (Lyngb.) Ag. Pictou, MacKay.

HALOSACCION RAMENTACEUM, (L.) Ag. Halifax, MacKay ; Frye’s Island, Hay.
PHYLLOPHORA Bropi#®!, Ag. Halifax, Hurvey.

AHNFELDTIA PLICATA, Fries. Pictou and Halifax, MacKay; Caraquet, Frye’s Island,
Hay; Gulf of St. Lawrence, Fowler.

CYSTOCLONIUM PURPURASCENS, Aufz. Halifax, MacKay ; Miscou Island, Hay.

74.

75.

83.
84.

CHONDRUS CRISPUS, (Linn.) Stack. Pictou and Halifax, Me
Frye’s Island, Hay ; Gulf of St. Lawrence, Fowler.

on the Gulf shore eae souiheen cee of New Beatle Bs Hoy, 1
Chondrus crispus are the only seaweeds on our coasts collected for edible pur-
poses. "

RHODOPHYLLIS VEPRECULA, J. Ag. Halifax, Harvey; Grand Manan, Hay.
EuTHORA CRISTATA, J. Ag. Halifax, Harvey ; Grand Manan, Hay.
POLYIDES ROTUNDUS, Grey. Pictou and Halifax, MacKay.

DELESSERIA SINUOSA, Lama. Halifax, Harvey ; Frye’s Island, Miscou, Hay.

D. aLAvTAa, Lama., var. ANGUSTISSIMA, Harv. Very abundant on south side of Miscou —
and Shippegan Islands, where it is cast ashore with the larger seaweeds, Hay.

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GRACILLARIA MULTIPARTITA, J. Ag. Pictou, MacKay ; Kouchibouguac Bay, Fowler.

ODONTHALIA DENTATA, Lyngb. Halifax, Harvey ; Pictou, MacKay ; Kouchibouguac Bay, ,
Fowler; Shippegan and Miscou, Hay. Not reported south of the Maritime —
Provinces.

RHODOMELA SUBFUSCA, Ag. Halifax, MacKay; Frye’s Island, Grand Manan, Miscou,
Hay. Var. GRAcILIOR, J. Ag. Kouchibouguac Bay, Fowler.

POLYSIPHONIA URCEOLATA, (Dillw.) Grev. Halifax, Harvey; P. E. Island, Jeans ;
Pictou, MacKay ; Miscou and Shippegan, Hay. Var. Formosa, Ag. P. E. Island,
Jeans.

P. OLNEYI, Harv. Pictou and Halifax, MacKay.
P. Harveyi, Bailey (2). Pictou, MacKay.
P. FIBRILLOSA, Grev. North Miscou, Hay.

P. VIOLACEA, Grev. Halifax, Harvey; P. E. Island, Jeans ; Pictou, MacKay ; Kouchi-
bouguac Bay, Fowler. Common along the whole coast of New Brunswick, Hay.

P. NIGRESCENS, Grev. Halifax, Harvey; P. EH. Island, Jeans; Pictou, MacKay. Var.
FUCOIDES, Ag. Caraquet beach, Miscou gully, Hay.

P. FASTIGIATA, Grev. Pictou and Halifax, MacKay ; Frye’s Island, Hay.

CORALLINA OFFICINALIS, Z. Halifax, Harvey. Common on southern and eastern
coasts of New Brunswick, and usually found on shells thrown ashore by the —
waves, Fowler, Hay; Minas Basin, MacKay.

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