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BY ISABELLA GIFFORD. 2 *4?° This Gdition, GREATLY IMPROVED AND ENLARGED, WITH ILLUSTRATIONS PRINTED IN OIL COLOURS BY W. DICKES. BRIGHTON : R. FOLTHORP, 170 NORTH-STBEET; LONGMAN AND CO., LONDON. 1853. London : Printed by Stewart and MURRAY, “Old Bailey. “For love of nature dwells not in the heart Which seeks for things beyond our daily ken, To bid it glow. It is in common life, In objects most familiar, we find Exhaustless matter for our privilege, Our glorious privilege of reading God, Amid his bright creation.” L. A. TWaMLey. ADVERTISEMENT TO THE THIRD EDITION. In preparing this edition, I have taken every pains to make it a complete elementary guide to the study of our marine Alew. I believe, from the growing interest which is now manifested in the investigation of these beautiful plants, that the ad- ditional information supplied both in the Introduc- tion and in the descriptive portion of the work, will meet with general approval. Besides the de- scriptions of the common sea-weeds, concise notices of the distinguishing features of the rarer ones are now included, thus furnishing the student with the characters of all the kinds found on our shores, classified and named in accordance with the ar- rangement and nomenclature adopted by Dr. Har- vey in the last edition of his excellent work, the Vill ADVERTISEMENT. “Manual of British Alge,” to which it will be found, I trust, a useful introductory volume. The localities of the rare species (excepting in the in- stances where the finders’ names are mentioned) are extracted from the “ Phycologia Britannica,” another valuable work by Dr. Harvey, containmg coloured figures and descriptions of all the British sea-weeds. It is gratifying to me to find that my efforts to simplify this study have been approved of by those conversant with the subject, and that the credit has been awarded me “ of having first led attention i a simple, popular, as well as strictly scientific manner, to an interesting branch of botany pre- viously little studied.” This encouraging expres- sion of opinion induces me to suppose that the present improved edition will meet with a cordial reception from those intending to begin the study of our rich and varied Marine Flora. I. GIFFORD. Parks, Minehead, April, 1858. Coloured. Pop ee walle aah aah he oe LIST OF PLATES. ( Delesseria sanguinea (Frontispiece) 4 . . 2 Laminaria saccharina . Polysiphonia violacea . Plocamium coccineum . Bryopsis plumosa | Porphyra laciniata PLATE I. Cystoseira fibrosa . . ee Re ES Fucus serratus . , . ‘ : : Desmarestia aculeata (young, with filaments) Dictyota dichotoma (with fruit) . PLATE II. Punctaria plantaginea (with dot-like sori) . Cladostephus spongiosus . : Sphacelaria scoparia Taonia atomaria . . ‘ ; PLATE ITI. Tridea edulis. : : ; ; Nitophyllum laceratum (with tubercles) . Rhodymenia laciniata (with ciliated fruit) . Gracilaria confervoides (with tubercles) 85 223 167 177 184 pes eden le oe PoP p LIST OF PLATES. PLATE IV. Laurencia pinnatifida . : Chylocladia articulata . Corallina officinalis. ; Chondrus crispus : . : PLATE V. Hypnea purpurascens (with tubercles) Ptilota sericea . : : . Polysiphonia fastigiata Gmuiffthsia corallina PLATE VI. Ceramiumrubrum . Callithamnion tetragonum . Cladophora rupestris . Enteromorpha compressa . INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF MARINE BOTANY. THe marine Alow or Sea-weeds are flowerless plants, the growth of that “* Majestic main, A secret world of wonders in itself.” Their structure in many instances is exceedingly simple, consisting in some species of strings of cellules loosely adhering together; others present the appearance of branched threads, which in those kinds of a more perfect and intricate structure, are joined together and form the stem and branches. In the higher tribes many kinds possess distinct stems and leaf-like fronds, resulting from a mem- Xl INTRODUCTION. branaceous expansion of the stem, which continues its course through the frond, and assumes the cha- racter of a midrib or vein—presenting in this in- stance a manner of growth nearly analogous to that of the fronds of ferns. At a later period, what constituted originally the midrib of the frond be- comes a branch, as in Delesseria. Many alge are parasitical on the larger species; others have knob- like, flat, leather-like or fibrous roots, by which they adhere to rocks, stones, shells, and other substances. It is doubted whether they derive any nourishment from these roots, which seem to partake more of the character of clasping fibres or tendrils, than of a true root. Some few species are always found un- attached; of these the Sargassum bacciferum, or Gulf-weed, is by far the most extraordinary and well-known instance, occurring in extensive masses or lengthened ridges on the surface of the Atlantic in certain latitudes. Columbus and his companions, at the sight of this to them unwonted phenomenon, were struck with surprise and fear. “In this part,” he says, ‘‘the sea was covered with such a quantity INTRODUCTION. Xill of sea-weed, like little branches of the fir-trees which bear the pistachio nuts, that we believed the ships would run aground for want of water.” They supposed, as is usually the case, that the presence of vegetation denoted the existence of shallows— “For where the waves are shining red, And the russet sea-leaves glow, Mariners with prudent dread Shun the shelving rocks below.” Various opinions have been held respecting the origin of this floating vegetation. No species of Sargassum, exactly similar to it, has been found erowing on any coast, though numerous examples of the genus are common on the shores of tropical countries. According to the united testimony of botanists who have examined this plant, no roots have ever been detected, and as it but rarely pro- duces fruit, it would appear to be propagated by the accidental fracture of the old frond, which is very brittle—the detached portion shoots out afresh, and forms a new plant; affording a vegetable parallel to the fresh water Hydra amongst animals, several portions of which will, after the lapse of a short X1V INTRODUCTION. time, become perfect polypes. That the Sargassum should continue to exist in this manner, is not so surprising when we bear in mind that, excepting in the parasitical sea-weeds, the root does not appear to serve the purpose of nourishing the plant so much as of affording it a secure holdfast in its appropri- ate habitat, against the violence of the winds and _ waves. It is, however, surprismg that only one species of algve should be found among'st the mass : and this fact would seem to afford conclusive evi- dence against the supposition that there is any land now existing in its vicinity, or other species besides this particular kind would vegetate thereon. But according to the views of Professor Forbes, this Sargassum indicates land existing, or which did ex- ist before some great geological change; and Hugh Miller, in speaking of these changes, says,—“ It is not at all impossible that the long trails of sea-weed that undulate in mid-ocean to the influence of the Gulf-stream, and darken the water over an area of hundreds of miles in extent, are anchored beneath to what once formed the Rocky Mountains of this INTRODUCTION. XV submerged America.” The Sargassum bacciferum, and another species, Sargassum vulgare, are occa sionally drifted on our Atlantic coasts; but neither of them are natives of our seas, and therefore can- not justly be included in the British Flora. The Fucus Mackaii affords a British example of the rootless aleve ; it is found in several sea-water lochs in the North of Scotland, where it vegetates quite unattached, resting on the mud by its own weight. ~The variety 8 Balticus of Fucus vesiculosus also vegetates in like manner in salt-water marshes occa- sionally flooded by the tide. Several species of Melobesia, stone-encrusted algze, are found lying on the sandy bottom of quiet bays. The fresh-water species of the genera Cladophora and Conferva, mostly float in detached masses on the surface of our ponds and ditches, while their marine associates are often furnished with small scutate roots. Entero- morpha intestinalis is only attached when young, afterwards it floats free on the surface of water— growing indifferently in either salt, brackish, or quite fresh water. XV1 INTRODUCTION. The fructification of the alge consists of spores, either contained in conceptacles or immersed in the frond, and of tetraspores (spores when mature se- parating into four parts), which are imbedded or arranged in spots on the frond, and are very rarely contained in proper receptacles. Both these kinds of spores are too small to be seen with the naked eye; but the receptacles or other bodies (similar to the seed-vessels of flowering plants) which contain them are usually large enough to be detected with- out the assistance of a magnifying glass. Some plants produce both descriptions of fruits; when such is the case, the spores are described as the pri- mary, and the tetraspores as the secondary fruit. These terms are employed to give oveater clearness in the descriptions, and not to convey the idea that one form is of more importance than the other, as each are alike capable of producing a new plant. Many species of the Fucaceex are furnished with air- vessels, which buoy up their fronds in the water ; in the Fucus vesiculosus these vesicles are particu- larly abundant, arising within the substance of the INTRODUCTION. XVil frond on each side of the midrib. The Sargassum bacciferum derives its specific name bacciferum from the abundance and form of the air-vessels, which are currant-shaped and borne on short stalks; and takes its French popular appellation of Raisin des Tropiques from the same cause. None of the British species of the Laminariacez bear air-vessels, but exotic members of the order are often furnished with them of large size. The Nereocystis, a spe- cies vegetating on the shores of the North Pacific, with a slender stem upwards of 300 feet long, bears at its extremity a large air-vessel shaped like a barrel, six or seven feet in length, crowned with a tuft of upwards of fifty forked leaves, each thuty to forty feet long: upon this, Dr. Henry Mertens tells us, the sea-otter has its favourite lair—resting himself on the vesicle, or hiding among the leaves while he pursues his fishing. The geographical distribution of our marine Flora, has been separated into distinct zones or belts by writers on the subject. We have first the Fucal or LInttoral zone, comprising the space laid XVill INTRODUCTION. bare by the reflux of the tide, which is marked in its upper part by the growth of Fucus canalicu- latus, Catanella opuntia, Enteromorpha compressa and intestinalis, with other species that are not im- patient either of exposure to the atmosphere, or hurt by the streams of fresh water that take their course over the beach at this height. Lower down, the Fucus vesiculosus is the most frequent kind, and is again replaced by the Fucus serratus and nodosus. Below low-water the Fuci begin to disap- pear, and the Laminarian zone commences. In this we have species of the largest size known in our seas, with long stems and large ribbon-like fronds ; their stems are clothed with many beautiful parasitical alow, and among them live myriads of peculiar forms of animal life. In sandy places the Laminarize are replaced by Zostera marina, erass- wrack, the only example among our sub- marine vegetation of the phenogamous or flowering plants. The Laminarian zone extends to about fifteen fathoms; at this depth, in quiet water, the string-like Chorda extends its long slender fronds, INTRODUCTION. X1X reaching at times the enormous length of forty feet—but at this depth in general the large sea- weeds are comparatively few, and the prevailing plant is the curious coral-like Melobesia. The vege- table forms now become more rare, and the plant- like zoophytes assume their place when we enter upon the Coralline zone, a district im which the vegetable kingdom finds few representatives, but many counterfeits among the zoophytic forms of animal life. Before quitting the subject of the distribution of the alge, it may be well to remind the reader that wherever deep pools are left on the recess of the tide, in them species not usually growing at such a height will be found. A shore on which rock-pools are numerous, about mid-way on the beach, will generally be productive of a variety of species which otherwise might only be procured on the rocks laid bare during the lowest tides. Similarity of colour in marine plants is a charac- teristic feature that often accompanies plants of an allied structure. Thus the olive-green series (Me- XX INTRODUCTION. lanospermez) contains sea-weeds of the largest size, if not of the most complex structure ; some have the frond developed into a distinct stem with leaves and receptacles containing the spores. The red series are remarkable for the delicacy of their tissue, and for possessing a double system of fructification, that is, producing both spores and tetraspores, while the grass-green series (Chlorospermeze) possess the simplest structure, and their , seeds, at certain periods, are endowed with a singular power of loco- motion, whether voluntary or not is still a matter of dispute amongst botanists. Though the colour may often serve as an index whereby to determine the series, &c., to which a species belongs, the young student must be careful not to trust too implicitly to this guide, taking care to collect such plants as grow in a favourable situation for the development of their natural hues. Many of the red series, when growing in unfavourable situations, assume a yellowish-green, or whitish colour. “ Laurencia pinnatifida,” Dr. Harvey observes, “is particularly variable in this respect. When this species grows INTRODUCTION. XX1 near low water-mark, it is of a fine deep purple- red; a little higher up it is a dull purple-brown; higher still a pale brownish-red, and at last, near high water-mark, it is often yellowish or greenish. Chondrus crispus, too, when found in shallow water, is often of a bright herbaceous green; and Cera- mium rubrum passes through every shade of red and yellow, and at last degenerates into a dirty white before it ceases to grow. All these species vary in form and size as they do in colour, and the various anomalous shapes that they assume are almost sure to deceive a young botanist into the belief that the varieties are so many different spe- cies.” The Cystoseira ericoides, when seen growing under water, appears clothed in the most beautiful rainbow hues, but when removed from thence is found to be of a dark olive-green colour. A few others possess this remarkable property, which is termed iridescent. orm in the generality of the flat-fronded alge is a character of little value ; plants of the same species differ at times widely in this respect. Deep-water specimens will be found Xxil INTRODUCTION. to have the segments of their fronds split into many divisions: this is the case in the variety Sobo- lifera of Rhodymenia palmata, also in the varieties of Chondrus crispus, and Gracilaria miultipartita ; their fronds, when grown in similar situations, be- come narrow, and differ greatly in appearance from examples of the same species taken from shallow water. An attentive observation of the disposition and structure of the fruit is the surest means of as- certaining the order and genus to which the plant should be referred; for upon the structure, &e., of the fructification of the algze is based the classifica- tion of these plants. In default of fruit, the stu- dent must have recourse to the investigation of the structure of the plant itself: usually, however, each species has peculiar characters in its appearance and habit which, after a little experience, will soon ena- ble him to recognize it, and distinguish it from others. And it has been observed of the alez that they are more frequently separated from their place of growth, and cast ashore during the period of their fructification, than at any other time—this in INTRODUCTION. XXlil a great number oceurs through the summer months, while in others it takes place in winter and spring. In enumerating the different uses of sea-weed, its importance to the various animals inhabiting: the sea first claims attention. Innumerable animalcules, the principal food of the whale and of many species of fish eaten by man, derive their sustenance from the aleve, which is as necessary to them as the vegetation of the land is to the different living creatures upon it. Thus— * Huge Ocean shows, within his yellow strand, A habitation marvellously planned, For life to occupy.” The following observations, made by Capt. Grey* during the course of his homeward voyage from Australia, are interesting in connection with this subject, and also as relating to animals of whose habits and means of existence we have, from the nature of the element they inhabit, but little ac- quaintance. “In 26° N. lat., we entered a portion * See Capt. Grey’s “ Australia” (Voyage Homewards), Nat. Hist. p. 176. XXIV INTRODUCTION. of the sea covered with patches of sea-weed, around which swarmed numerous eel-like fish, crabs, shrimps, and little blue fish. These last swam under those floating islands, sometimes leaving them for a little distance—but they always ‘returned, or swam to another. The crabs crawled in and out amongst the sea-weed, and other fish of a large size came to these spots to deposit their spawn; so that we were in an archipelago of floating islands, teeming with busy inhabitants, and animal enjoy- ment. Aug. 30th, a pine-tree passed us, covered with barnacles and surrounded by fish which swam about this floating island, eating such things as fell from it. No portion of the globe is more thickly inhabited, or affords, in proportion to its size, a greater amount of animal enjoyment than did this wave-tossed isle. On it were innumerable barnacles, several species of teredo, one of which, having its head shaped like a screw divided into two equal portions, I believe to have been quite new. Many varieties of crabs, and minute insects shaped like a slug, fed on the sea-weed growing on the log.” INTRODUCTION. XXV A description which reminds one forcibly of that given by Milton in his account of the Creation, where he says— “ Forthwith the sounds and seas, each creek and bay, With fry innumerable swarm, and shoals Of fish, that with their fins and shining scales Glide under the green wave, in sculls that oft _ Bank the mid sea: part single, or with mate Graze, the sea-weed their pasture, and through groves of coral stray.” The different naturalists who have accompanied the various exploring expeditions which of late years have left our shores, have furnished us with many descriptions similar to Captain Grey’s, all tending to show that wherever vegetation occurs in the ocean there organic life abounds. Hosts of small marine animals live among the Sargassum found floating in the Southern branch of the Gulf Stream ; the late George Gardner, in his “ Journal of the Voyage Home from Brazil,” notices also the variety of zoophytes, crabs, &c., living amongst this weed—thus in mid ocean do we find a wonder- ful provision made for the sustenance of herbivorous b XXV1 INTRODUCTION. animals. ‘Our woods on shore,” Mr. Darwin says, “do not harbour so many animals as the woody regions of the ocean, where the sea-weed groves, rooted to the shallows, or the Fuci, detached by waves and currents, supported by air-cells, and swimming free, unfold their delicate arms and branches ;” and furthermore he affirms, “ that if the immense sea-weeds of the Southern Ocean were removed by any cause, the whole Fauna of these seas would be changed.” The fact of pilch- ards on the coasts of Cornwall having forsaken the shallow water within coves, where they were for- merly caught in great abundance, and are now but rarely seen, is fully proved by the investigations of the Messrs. Couch to be attributable entirely to the practice of the farmers, who cut the sea-weed from the rocks, for the purpose of manuring their lands. By this means they destroy all the small Crustace- ans inhabiting these immature marine forests, feed- ing on the alge, and as they constitute the principal food of the pilchards, these leave their old haunts’ for more favourable situations. It is supposed by INTRODUCTION. XXVil geologists that the alge were amongst the first vegetable productions which appeared during the ancient Silurian epoch, they, along with a few shells and crustacea, are the earliest organized substances met with in the fossiliferous rocks of that period. In the Silurian limestone of North America entire layers of rock are formed of a large digitate species of fucus, named Fucoides Alleghaniensis; and in Sweden, Russia, and the Lake districts of England, fucoids occur to the exclusion, so far as is yet known, of every other vegetable form; and such is their abundance, in some localities, that they render the argillaceous rocks, in which they le diffused, capable of being fired as an alum slate, and exist in others as seams of a compact anthracite, occasionally used as fuel. They also occur in those districts of Wales in which the place and sequence of tlie various Silurian formations were first determined, though apparently in a state of keeping from which little can be premised regarding their original forms. During the Red Sandstone period, from the abun- dance of their remains, Hugh Miller tells us the sea XXVIll INTRODUCTION. bottom must have sustained miniature forests of alowe, while its waters were darkened by immense shoals of fish. Again, Fuci abounded in the seas of the Cretaceous era; the fossil forms of the Conferva (Confervites) are occasionally met with in transparent quartz pebbles, and in chalk. We learn from the abundant distribution of the fucoidal re- mains throughout these deposits, that long ages ago, ere the earth was inhabited by man, the vege- tation of the ocean flourished in the same luxu- riant beauty, and formed, in like manner as it now does in our seas, the food and shelter of ani- mal life. The Fucus vesiculosus affords excellent winter provender for cattle. Turner says, “ In the islands of Jura and Skye they regularly feed upon it during winter.” Itis the Aue-tang of Norway, and cow- weed of the north-west of Scotland and the west of Ireland; in Gothland the people boil it with coarse flour, and feed their pigs upon it, whence they call it snine-tang. Dr. Drummond observes, that “ It is much used by the poorer classes about Larne INTRODUCTION. XXIX (near Belfast) for feeding pigs. Boiling water being poured upon it, which softens and renders it glutinous, it is then mixed with greens and potatoes, or even given by itself. Many persons have assured me that the pigs are not only very fond of it, but that they thrive upon it remarkably well.” And at Minehead, on the Somerset coast, I find that the poor occasionally gather it for their pigs, giving it to them partially boiled, along with oatmeal or bran. Fucus serratus is also used as winter proven- der, and in Norway is called bred-tang, being given to the cattle sprinkled with meal. During the severe winter of 1847, many of the poor along the western and north-west coasts of Ireland, subsisted almost entirely upon sea-weed, probably the dulse, Rhodymenia palmata, which is by far the most abun- dant edible species; it is the dulltosg of the Highland- ers, and dilisk of the Irish. After being soaked in fresh water it is eaten, either boiled or dried, and in the latter state it has something of a violet scent and flavour. In the Islands of the Archipelago it is a favourite ingredient to ragouts, imparting a red XXX INTRODUCTION. colour, as well as rendering them of a thicker and richer consistence. Sheep and goats are said, in Norway, to be exceedingly fond of it, frequenting the sea shore at ebb-tide, in order to obtain it— whence it is there known as sow-sdll or sheep’s- meet. Iridea edulis is sometimes eaten by the poor, either raw or cooked in the frying-pan. Alaria esculenta is said to be much eaten in Scotland, and frequently exposed for sale in the markets, along with the young fronds and stems of Laminaria digitata and saccharina. ‘The Chondrus crispus and Gigartina mamillosa constitute the Carrageen or Trish moss of the chemist’s shop, which when bleached white, and boiled into a jelly, forms a nutritious article of food for invalids and delicate persons. When properly prepared it is nearly as agreeable to the taste as calf’s-foot jelly or blanc- mange. The demand for this article has of late years decreased—at one time the price was as high as 2s. 6d. per pound. Dr. Harvey states that it has been tried as a size by the calico-printers, but he INTRODUCTION. XXxl believes has not been found to answer well for their purposes. Boiled into a jelly and mixed with milk, he says, it has been more successfully employed in fattening calves. Porphyra laciniata and vulgaris are sold under the name of laver in England, sloke or slokaun in Scotland and Ireland; it is eaten after being well boiled down to a pulp, to which is added a little lemon-juice or vinegar—thus prepared it forms an agreeable vegetable, with something of the taste of tomato sauce. In China, under the name of Agal-agal, various species of Gracilaria are collected in large quantities, and formed into jellies or mixed with acid fruits. Mr. Adams, in the Natural History account in “ Belcher’s Narrative,” speaks of it being thus used at Seychelles and Mau- ritius, and of its producing a very agreeable food for invalids. “It forms,” he writes, “a considera- ble article of trade with the Chinese, particularly in the northern provinces of Chin-chew, where it is manufactured into a bright, substantial, transparent, yellow jelly, and is sent in boxes of about ten pounds each, to Canton. The gum or paste made XXX INTRODUCTION. from it is supposed to possess the advantage of be-. ing unpalateable to insects or worms. It is from this gum that their fancy lanthorns are fabricated by spreading it over gauze skeletons—it thus resem- bles and is frequently taken for highly transparent horn. It is peculiarly brittle, even more so than | glass, cracking under very slight changes of tem- perature.” In describing the attire of a chief who — visited the vessel at the Korean Islands, the same writer says, “The hat, composed of the fine outer fibres of the bamboo, dyed black, and woven into 4 — eauze like our finest wire-work, is also furnished with a fine covering composed of very fibrous paper so well glazed, at the same time so flexible, that it was generally mistaken for oil-silk. This is prepared both by the people of Loo Choo as well as the Chinese, from a solution of the gelatinous sea- weed, Agal-agal.” According to this author, the edible swallow’s-nests, so much prized by Chinese epicures, the finest of which are said to sell for their weight in gold, are constructed of it, and not of an animal gelatine, as is now generally believed. “ The INTRODUCTION. XXxill Malays,” he says, “ frequently assert that the nests are formed from the bodies of certain sea-snakes, but there is no doubt that Agal-agal, a marine cel- lular plant, is the material employed.” * On every shore we find the natives acquainted with edible species of sea-weed: the New Zealanders make a palatable sweetmeat from some kind mixed with the juice obtained from the “Tutu” berries, and employ the pods (air-vessels) of another large species, for conveying whale-oil in, tying up the mouth with flax. Each pod, it is stated, holds upwards of a quart, and resembles in appearance a bottle of caoutchouc. Sarcophycus potarum is used as food by the natives of Australia, and portions of its great leaves, folded into the form of a pouch, have been observed to be employed by them for the purpose of keeping fresh water in. The stems of Lessonia, which grows abundantly on the shores of the Falkland Islands, are made into knife-handles by the Guachos ; in the Orkneys the stems of Laminaria digitata are made *See, for further account of these nests, &c., ‘ Belcher’s Narrative,” vol. 11., p. 485. XXXIV INTRODUCTION. use of for the same purpose—when dried and tipped with metal, they are said to be hardly distinguish- able from horn. The natives in the Sandwich Is- lands, and along the coasts of the Pacific, are said to gather many species of sea-weed for food. The cord-like stem of the Nereocystis is used as a fishing-line by the native tribes on the north-west- ern shores of America, and the large hollow stem of Kcklonia buccinalis, trumpet-weed, which grows at the Cape of Good Hope, is, we are told, often used as a siphon in that colony, and by the native herdsmen is formed into a trumpet for collecting the cattle at evening. As a manure, sea-weed is much valued by the dwellers along many of our sea-shores. On the west of Ireland the poor eagerly collect all that is thrown up after heavy storms, for manuring their potatoes with. The kinds they prefer for this pur- pose, Dr. Harvey says, are the large and succulent Laminarie, which rapidly melt into the ground, and when these are abundant, other kinds are ne- elected. But it is in the Channel Islands that the INTRODUCTION. XXXV vraic or sea-weed harvest is looked forward to with the greatest anxiety. ‘In Jersey,” writes the au- thor of a work descriptive of that island, “the time of gathering this manure is fixed by the legislature, and is restricted to twice in the year, except when boisterous weather may have detached portions from the surrounding rocks and driven it on the coast, and even the gathering of this is controlled by authority. The time of general vraicking is fixed to commence some time about the middle of March, and towards the end of July: it lasts about ten days. Itisa scene of great interest to the island- ers, and one of amusing bustle to the stranger. Parties of eight or ten persons usually associate and agree to assist each other. They provide them- selves with a short scythe, not unlike an English reap-hook, and a thick covering for the leg, to pro- tect it from accidents. The provender for the day usually consists of cakes made for the occasion, called “ vraicking cakes,” and a keg of cider. Thus -accoutred and provided, they proceed to the coasts with carts, and thence to the rocks which are ac- XXxvl INTRODUCTION. cessible; but as the tide flows, or when the scene of labour is among the more distant rocks, boats are ~ employed to bring the rich boon to the shore. It is not only a season of interest, but of great merri- ment—as is the harvesting in England, so is the vraicking in Jersey ; and if some of the noviciates get a few tumbles, occasioned by the slippery nature of their standing, it only adds to the merriment at the time, and serves for scibanSanent when the labours of the day are finished.” In Scotland it is known under the name of sea-ware, and is much used in enriching the coast lands. We are told by agriculturalists that it is an excellent manure, and has not only a wonderful effect in enriching light soils, but in making them produce more grain than even the appearance of the crop would warrant. It may be employed with advantage in all situations, excepting on clay soils in wet weather, or to land recently laid down with grass-seeds; neither should it be applied to young clover plants. No time should be lost in spreading it over the ground as quickly as possible, or the beneficial gases will INTRODUCTION. XXXVli evaporate; this is so well known in Scotland that we find an old adage current there respecting it, saying, ‘“ Better unled than unspread.” To leave it to ferment in heaps, as is often done, is allowing the most valuable qualities to escape, especially when exposed to heavy rains — the saline particles are washed away, and it be- comes nearly worthless. Both cattle and sheep are said not only to eat with avidity the grass on which it is spread, but thrive faster, and are sooner fattened, than on grounds to which it is not applied. Sea-weed is also found to be a very good manure for most garden vegetables; large crops of onions are raised on ground well sup- plied with it ; artichokes are said to thrive wonder- fully in the Orkney and Shetland Isles, where they are largely manured with sea-weed. When mixed with stable-litter and sand, asparagus succeed ex- cellently in it; and a lady resident on the Norfolk coast informs me that she has found it quite as good as stall-litter, for forcing sea-kale by Christmas, “the only care necessary is not to let it heat too XXXVIli INTRODUCTION. fast.” On the north of Scotland, and in some parts of England and Ireland, the collecting and cutting of the large Fucacez is carried on for the purpose of being made into kelp, which is an im- pure carbonate of soda, employed in the pro- cess of glass-making, and for the purpose of -soap-boiling. After being well dried, the sea- weed is then burned in pits or ovens lined with stones, till it becomes a solid mass, which is broken by the means of iron bars into large pieces, and sent to market in this state. Fucus vesiculosus or kelp-weed is by far the most pro- ductive kind—from five ounces of the ashes, it is affirmed, may be procured two ounces and a half of fixed alkaline salts. Iodine also, a— valuable medicine in diseases of the glands, is obained almost exclusively from the plants of the Fucacee. It was discovered in the year 1811, by the late M. Courtois of Paris. “ Without his ge- nius and labour,” writes M. Clandet, “the beautiful discoveries of the Daguerreotype and Talbotype processes would never have been made, for iodine INTRODUCTION. XXxXIx is their fundamental principle.” It is supposed to exist principally in the mucus of these plants—the mucilaginous receptacles of Fucus vesiculosus, after being soaked in brandy, I have seen used in France as an external remedy in cases of sore throat; probably the beneficial effects arise from _ the presence of iodine. Among the poor on the Somerset coast, they are frequently used in hot sea-water in cases of rheumatism and sprains. In the Channel Islands, the Fuci, and stems of the Laminarie, after being dried, are used as fuel, and for smoking bacon and fish, to which they impart a most peculiar flavour. Having noticed the most important uses of these plants, it would be a matter of little interest to the reader were I to detail the minor ones to which they are applied. Nor is it necessary for me to dilate upon their varied hues, and often singularly beau- tiful forms, which by the botanist and true lover of nature, can never be viewed without admiration and pleasure. The pages of the great Book of Nature lie open before our eyes, and he who attempts xl INTRODUCTION. with an earnest and persevering spirit, to read but a few lines from thence, will see the Almighty Power alike evident in the smallest as in the greatest of His works, will see in all things the beautiful order and regularity that rule alike o’er the immense planet, and the lowliest plant. SERIES L. MELANOSPERME. THE OLIVE-GREEN SERIES. Marine plants of an olive-green, or olive-brown colour. Fructification moncecious, or discious. Spores either external or contained, singly or in groups, in proper conceptacles. Antheridva (trans- parent cells), contain small active bodies moving by means of vibratile cilia. THE MARINE BOTANIST. ANALYSIS OF THE TRIBES. ( Sea-weeds of an olive-brown or blackish- oreen colour. Fucacez. Sea-weeds of an olive-green or yellowish- green colour L 9 ‘he membranaceous, inarticulate Fronds articulate Spores external borne on jointed filaments 8 | Sporochnacee. Spores on the surface of the frond Spores covering the whole of the frond, or in ill-defined patches. 4 | Laminariacee. Spores grouped together in well-defined spots or lines. Dictyotacez. Fronds composed of articulate filaments interlaced together. Spores immersed. 5 Chordariacee. Fronds filiform-jointed. Spores external. Ectocarpacee. or THE MARINE BOTANIST. 3 In this scries of the Algz are included the largest known examples of marine vegetation ; these grow in deep water, but the majority of the olivaceous kinds are found about half-tide level : when growing in deep water, they become either of a brown or nearly black colour; the olive hue is, however, generally observable in them, and it is only during the process of decay that they ever assume a grass-green tint; this is the case in the Sporochnacee, which soon change from a yellow-green to a verdigris-green, when exposed to the air. The Fucacez are characterised by tough and leathery fronds, often furnished with air-vessels; they are not remarkable for their delicacy or beauty, but their fructification is distinct and well developed, and affords an interesting field for microscopic observations. The Fuci may truly be termed the weeds of our shores, occurring as they do in such frequency, growing indifferently on all substances between tide marks. Fucus Mackaii is the only rare species, and this is confined to the north of Ireland and Scotland. Omitting 4 THE MARINE BOTANIST. Sargassum, no species of which are indigenous on our coast, we have four British genera included in the Fucus tribe. The Sporochnacese are remark- able for their delicate fronds speedily changing colour and becoming flaccid on exposure to the atmosphere. Six species comprised in four genera are known on our shores, of which the Desmarestize are alone frequent, and these, our three native kinds, are widely dispersed through the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In the next tribe of the Laminarias are found sea-weeds, attaining the greatest size of any vegetating in these seas, their stems and fronds together often measure eighteen feet in length, and the string-like Chorda frequently has fronds forty feet long; but it is on the shores of the Pacific, along the north coast of America, and for a greater distance, that an immense alga of this tribe grows to the astonishing dimensions of one thousand feet: large submerged meadows are formed by this Macroscystis, so dense, that it is with difficulty ships will answer to the rudder when steered through the mass; and during the THE MARINE BOTANIST. 5 prevalence of southerly gales, it is uprooted, and chokes up all the harbours and bays along the coast. On the Fuegian shores, species of the genus Lessonia are particularly abundant; they resemble in their growth submerged forest trees : among their branches harbours an infinite variety of animal life, and beautiful species of parasitical alee grow on their long woody stems. Nor are the humbler forms of our Zangles (Laminarias), without inhabitants; various kinds of Mollusce, Crustaceze, &c., harbour in their fibrous roots; and the stems of Laminaria digitata are generally adorned with a luxuriant growth of the smaller and more delicate species of parasitic sea-weeds. The tribe of the Dictyotacee are distinguished by the net-like appearance of the surface of their fronds when viewed through the miscroscope. Many of the more rare and beautiful among the flat-fronded species flourish along the southern shores of England and Ireland. Dictyota dichotoma is about the commonest species, and the curious Padina Pavonia is the 6 THE MARINE BOTANIST. rarest, if we except Zonaria collaris, a new addition to our Flora, which has only lately been found by Miss Turner, in Jersey. ‘Twelve genera are com- prehended in this tribe; the succeeding one, Chor- dariacee, contains but half that number : the fronds in these plants consist of articulated filaments more or less combined together: in Chordaria and Me- sogloia, the frond is cylindrical, and branched ; tuber-like, in Leathesia; orbicular, with a dense structure, in Ralfsia: the genera EHlachista and Myrionema consist of parasitical species ; the former composed of free articulated filaments, rising from a cartilaginous base: the members of this genus are mostly parasites on particular species of the Fucacee : the Myrionema are found on various alow, occurring in patches on their fronds, and composed of erect, simple filaments, springing from a thin expansion of filaments cohering to- gether; in structure these two genera show an approach to the LEctocarpacee; but their fruc- tification manifests a close resemblance with Leathesia, which will not allow of their being re- THE MARINE BOTANIST. 7 moved from the Chordariacee. Among the Ecto- carpus tribe are classed the simplest in organization of the olive-coloured sea-weeds ; they are arranged into two sub-orders; in the one are placed those genera whose fronds are rigid, and in which the articulation is composed of several cells, and in the other, those with flaccid fronds and single- celled articulations. FUCACEA.—THE FUCUS TRIBE. “‘ Olive-coloured, inarticulate sea-weeds, whose spores are contained in spherical cavities immersed in the surface of the frond.” In these plants the receptacles containing the seed cavities usually form distinct portions of the frond: in the Fuci, they are large, and placed a the tips of the fronds; their surface is pierced by minute pores which communicate with the con- ceptacles ; these contain either spores or antheridia, or both together; the former are supposed to be analogous with the seeds of more perfect plants, while the latter represent the stamens ; they consist 8 THE MARINE BOTANIST. of an oblong cell, borne on jointed threads termed paranemata ; each antheridium, or cell, is filled with minute orange-coloured bodies, closely re- sembline the zoospores of the lower alge, and, like the latter, are endowed with spontaneous move- ments. The organs of motion are the same— vibratory hairs or cilia, two of which are attached to each. These details the reader will observe cannot be verified without an appeal to the micro- scope. ‘The majority ‘“‘ Of ocean weeds heaped on the surf-beaten shore.” belong to this tribe, for all along our shores the Fuci grow associated together in dense masses, and constitute the prominent feature of sea-side vegetation. Kelp is largely manufactured from them, and this in turn yields several products, such as saltpetre, iodine, pearlash, &c.* The genus Lichina, which was formerly placed after this tribe, is now included among the true lichens with which the fructification of these plants accords. * Vide Appendix, for further account of the products of kelp. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 3) GENERA OF THE FUCUS TRIBE. Halidrys. Air-vessels stalked, long, pod-shaped. _Cystoseira. Air-vessels in the branches. Recep- tacles small. Pycnophycus. Root composed of branching fibres. Receptacles cellular. Fucus. Root a round or flattened disk. Recep- tacles large, filled with mucus traversed by jointed threads. EHimanthalia. Frond round, small, and cup- shaped. Receptacles resembling fronds, very long, and repeatedly forked. - HALIDRYS. Name signifying sea-oak. Frond compressed, coriaceous, linear, pinnated with distichous branches. Azr-vessels lanceolate, stalked, divided internally into several cells by transverse partitions. Leceptacles lanceolate, ter- minal, stalked, the surface pierced by pores which communicate with internal spore-cavities. 10 THE MARINE BOTANIST. HALIDRYS SILIQUOSA. — POD-BEARING HALIDRYS. The fronds of this plant vary from one to four feet in length, the branches are narrow and set in the upper part with the long flattened pod-shaped air-vessels and receptacles. Colour dark olive; black when dried. Substance tough and leathery. Perennial. Winter and Spring. Common on rocks and stones in the sea, at and below half-tide level. The var. 3 minor smaller in every part, with fewer air-vessels, is found in shallow pools left by the tide. CYSTOSEIRA. Name meaning a chain of air- vessels, in allusion to the disposition of the vesicles in these plants. Frond much branched, occasionally leafy at base ; branches becoming more slender upwards, and containing strings of simple air-vessels within the substance. Receptacles small, terminal. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 11 CYSTOSEIRA ERICOIDES.— HEATH -LIKE CYSTOSEIRA. A rigid and very bushy sea-plant, thickly set with small spine-like ramuli, or leaves; the air- vessels are small, and mostly solitary, in the upper branches. Colour olive-green; but when seen growing under water, appears clothed in the most beautiful iridescent hues. The root is a very hard disk, and the fronds are from one to two feet in length. Perennial. Summer and Autumn. Grows on rocks between tide-marks; frequent along the shores of Devon and Cornwall, and the western and southern coasts of Ireland. Yarmouth Beach. Bill of Portland. Port Rush, north of Ireland. CYSTOSEIRA GRANULOSA. — GRANU- LATED CYSTOSEIRA. Stem seven or eight inches high; branches slender, and much divided, with hard knob-like substances at the base of each; this latter cha- 12 THE MARINE BOTANIST. racter sufficiently distinguishes it from all the other British species. Cystoseira barbata, a native of the Mediterranean, which has also knobs on the stem, is reported to have been gathered on the coast of Devon by Hudson, but it has never been noticed on that coast since, and probably is little entitled to be ranked as a British species. The air-vessels in Cystoseira granulata are placed two or three together in the upper branches. Colour a nearly transparent olive-green. Peren- nial. Summer. Grows in rocky pools left by the tide on the coasts of England and Ireland; not uncommon. Aberfraw. Anglesea. Jersey. CYSTOSEIRA FC:NICULACHA.—FENNEL- LIKE CYSTOSEIRA. Stem from four to six inches, bearing many long and nearly simple branches, mostly naked toward the base, but thickly set in the upper part with alternately pinnate, or partially forked branchlets. . aa , ee 5 ’ +7 ag i dik "a Lia tbe Plate 1. Litho. WDICHES, g 3. DESMARESTIA ACULEATA. 7 e f J. CYSTOSEIRA FIBROSA ‘i 10 ’ i ‘A DICHOTOMA é 4. DICTYO > FUCUS SERRATUS . cf ‘ THE MARINE BOTANIST. 13 When young, and growing in deep water, this species bears luxuriant leaves ; these, Mrs. Grifiiths, and other observers, have recorded, eventually elongate, and become the branches. Air-vessels small, one or two together, near the tips of the branches. Perennial. Summer. Grows on rocks in tide-pools on the south and south-west shores of England. Coast of Sussex. Isle of Wight, and Jersey. Weymouth. Sidmouth. Torquay. CYSTOSEIRA FIBROSA.— FIBROUS CYSTOSEIRA. Very bushy; branches densely clothed with narrow, flat leaves. Stem generally undivided ; frond three feet in length or upwards; the terminal ramuli are long, and bristle-like. Air-vessels mostly solitary, situated in the branches, and remote from the tips, larger than in other British species of Cystoseira. Colour dark olive-green. Perennial. Summer. Grows on rocks near low 14 THE MARINE BOTANIST. water-mark, and in tide-pools, also in deep water. Frequent on the shores of England and Ireland, but not found in Scotland. PYCNOPHYCUS. Name meaning thick sea-weed. Root branched. fronds cylindrical. Recep- tacles cellular, terminal, pierced by numerous pores. PYCNOPHYCUS TUBERCULATUS.—TU- BERCLED PYCNOPHYCUS. Fronds growing crowded together, from twelve to twenty inches in length, repeatedly forked ; the receptacles are produced at the ends of the branches, and the air-vessels are rarely seen, excepting when the plant grows in deep water. Colour a clear olive. Substance brittle when dry. Perennial. Summer and Autumn. ‘The roots are matted THE MARINE BOTANIST. 1 or together, and creep over the bottom of rock-pools left, at ebb tide, near low water mark. On the western shores of Ireland this plant is abundant, as far north as Galway. Rare on the English shores. Bill of Portland. Ilfracombe. Mount’s Bay, and other places on the Cornish coast. Jersey. FUCUS. Name signifying sea-weed. Root scutate. Fronds flat, compressed, or cylindrical; linear dichotomous (rarely pinnated), coriaceous. Air-vessels when present innate in the frond, simple, large. eceptucles terminal or lateral, pierced by many conspicuous pores. ee FUCUS VESICULOSUS—BLADDER FUCUS, OR BLADDER WORT. This is one of the very commonest sea-weeds, abundant on all rocky coasts. The fronds are 16 THE MARINE BOTANIST: tough, with a midrib; the air-vessels are round, large, and mostly in pairs. When in fruit, the tips of the fronds swell up and are filled with © mucus ; those containing spores are of a greenish- olive colour, while the receptacles with antheridea are of a more or less orange-yellow hue. A curious bladderless variety of this plant 6 Balticus, is found in salt marshes and places only occasionally flooded by the tide. The fronds are narrow, and not more than two inches high, crowded together, and of a yellowish colour. Fucus vesiculosus is much used in the manufacture of kelp, and furnishes excellent winter provender for the cattle in the western islands of Scotland. ——— ee FUCUS CERANOIDES.—WAXY FUCUS. A small and far more delicate species than the preceding, without air-vessels; the receptacles are borne by the side branches, not very large, forked and pointed at the ends. Colour a greenish or brownish olive: the substance is much thinner THE MARINE BOTANIST. Ny than in the Bladder Fucus, and more transparent. Perennial. Spring and Summer. Grows on rocks and stones between tide-marks; land-locked bays and estuaries, and where fresh water flows into the sea, are its favourite growing places, but it is not entirely restricted to such localities. Not very common, though found in many places, from Orkney to Cornwall. eer FUCUS SERRATUS.—SERRATED OR TOOTHED FUCUS. Frond with a distinct midrib, divided, the margin regularly toothed; without air-vessels. Receptacles flat, swelling up in the tips of the fronds, and either containing (on different. plants) roundish spores or antheridia; when the latter, a thickened, orange-coloured liquid exudes through the pores in drying; a drop of which, if placed under the microscope and wetted with salt water, will disclose countless numbers of zoospores, or C 18 THE MARINE BOTANIST. animated seeds, issuing forth with life-like activity, swimming in varied intricate circles, exactly re- rembling the movements of the smaller animalcules. Colour dark olive-green. Substance of the frond, leathery. Very common on rocky coasts. FUCUS NODUSUS.—KNOTTED FUCUS. “SEA WHISTLES.” Fronds long, narrow ; air-vessels large, swelling up in the main stem and branches. Receptacles stalked, lateral, springing from.the marginal teeth on each side the frond, and when ripe of a rich yellowish orange colour. Substance very tough and leathery. Colour olive-green. This species: grows from two to four or six feet in length; the breadth of the frond varies from a quarter to half an inch, or more. Perennial. Winter and Spring. Grows in dense masses on rocks and large stones between tide-marks. Very common. ——— $$ THE MARINE BOTANIST. 19 FUCUS MACKAIT.—MACKAY’S FUCUS. “Frond six to ten inches long, densely tufted ; branches crowded, spreading, compressed at. base, cylindrical upwards. Air-vessels wider than the frond. Substance leathery; when dry, somewhat horny.” Receptacles drooping, borne at the base of the branches. Colour dull olive-green. This species vegetates, unattached by any root, in land- locked bays, among boulders, and on muddy sea- shores. Perennial. April and May. West of Ireland, Cunnemara. North and west of Scotland ; Loch Seaforth, Arasaig, Loch Coul and Kyle, Sutherlandshire. East coast of Skye, and head of Loch Duich. FUCUS CANALICULATUS.—GROOVED, or CHANNELLED FUCUS. Without air-vessels. Receptacles swollen, ter- minal, divided into two, or in pairs. Smaller than the other species, from three to six inches in 90 THE MARINE BOTANIST. length; one side of the stem is convex, the other q grooved. Colour an olive-brown. Grows in thick tufts, on the surface of rocks near high-water mark. Perennial Summer and Autumn. Very common. © HIMANTHALIA. Name, a translation of the English name, “sea-thongs.” Frond top-shaped. Receptacles long, com- pressed, repeatedly forked, springig from the centre of the frond, pierced by pores. a eee HIMANTHALIA LOREA.—SEA THONGS. Fronds round, small, fixed to the rocks by a most tenacious gluten. The part called a re- ceptacle in this plant is long, narrow, and regularly forked; the cup-shaped frond, according to Dr. Harvey, is biennial, and takes a whole year to arrive at perfection ; the strap-shaped receptacle does not appear before the second year, when it THE MARINE BOTANIST. v8 | rapidly attains its full size, matures its fruit, and falls off at the end of the season. Winter and Spring. Common on rocky shores. The recep- tacles are from two to ten feet long, and of a dark olive-green colour. SPOROCHNACEA.—SPOROCHNUS TRIBE. _ Inarticulate sea-weeds, much branched, with slender filiform or flattened branches, which are mostly furnished at some period of their growth with deciduous conferva-like tufts of light green filaments. Fructification spores attached to ex- ternal jointed filaments, which are either free or compacted together into knob-like masses. The species of this tribe while growing are of a bright olive colour, but on exposure to the air, they soon become flaccid, and rapidly change to a verdigris ereen hue, when they manifest the peculiar property of quickly decomposing other delicate alge with which they may come in > THE MARINE BOTANIST. contact; another peculiar feature common to many of the species,.is that of the fresh specimens ren- dering the paper on which they are spread tran- sparent for the time, as if touched with oil. The antheridia in this tribe are unknown, owing to the: different arrangement of the spores in the genera of the Arthrocladia, it has been deemed requisite to divide the tribe into two families; in the first, the spores are borne on slender filaments springing from all parts of the branches; the species of Desmarestia while young are furnished with con- ferva-like filaments, but no fructification has ever been discovered on these plants. In the second family, the spores are produced in capitula, or knob-like receptacles; but of the twenty-four species known, only six are included in our Flora, and none of these are common except the Des- marestia. Desmarestia ligulata is an elegant plant when young, and Arthroclodia villosa is a beautiful plant, of a pale yellow-green, but not of frequent occurrence on our shores. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 93. GENERA OF THE SPOROCHNUS TRIBE. Famity 1 of the ARTHROCLADIA, With their spores attached to slender filaments. Desmarestia. Frond solid, either filiform or flat, - distichously branched. Arthrocladia. Frond cylindrical, furnished with whorls of small, slender, jointed filaments. Famity 2 of the Sporocunvs. With their spores produced in knob-like receptacles. Sporochnus. Receptacles lateral, on short stalks. Carpomitra. Receptacles terminal at the tips of the branches. DESMARESTIA. Named in honour of A. G. Desmarest, a celebrated French Naturalist. Frond linear, either filiform, flat, or compressed ; when young furnished with soft green filaments. Fructification unknown. 94 THE MARINE BOTANIST. DESMARESTIA LIGULATA. — STRAP- LEAVED DESMARESTIA. Fronds from two to six feet long, repeatedly pinnate. Pinnules lance-shaped, with spine-like. teeth. Main frond with an obscure midrib, variable in breadth, set all along its length with opposite branches, which are either branched in the same manner, or simple and leaf-like. 'The young plants, as remarked by Withering, look much like the feathered part of a large quill. Colour, while growing, olive-brown, fading in the air to a ver- digris green; yellowish when dry. Grows in pools between tide-marks, generally near low water mark. Annual. Summer. Frequent on the south- ern shores of England, and the south and west of Ireland. Jersey. Coast of Northumberland. Frith of Forth, about New Haven, and other places. Orkney Islands. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 95 DESMARESTIA ACULEATA.—SPINY DESMARESTIA. Fronds narrower than in the preceding species, from one to three feet long. The branches when young clothed with soft silky fibres, which have the appearance, at first sight, of a parasitical conferva. When the plant has done growing, these fibres fall off, and the branches bear short, spine-like ramuli. Substance rather rigid, not adhering to paper when old. Colour yellowish or dark green. Grows on rocks, stones, or alge between tide-marks; also in four or five fathom water. Perennial. Frequent on most shores. DESMARESTIA VIRIDIS.—GREEN DES- MARESTIA. Fronds filiform; main frond from two to three feet in length, much branched in a pinnate manner ; branches and ramuli exactly opposite, each series 26 THE MARINE BOTANIST. becoming more and more slender and attenuated, the whole plant having a strikingly feathery and delicate appearance. The colour while growing is a rich orange, tinted with brown; but as in others of the tribe, a few minutes’ exposure to the air suffices to turn it to a light verdigris green. Sub- stance at first rigid, but soon becoming flaccid. Grows on stones, and the larger alge between tide-marks. Annual. Summer. Not uncommon on the British shores. ARTHROCLADIA. Name meaning a joint and a branch, in allusion to the nodose, or joint-like knots of the fronds. Frond filiform, cylindrical, minutely nodose, with whorls of delicate, articulated filaments arising from the knobs. F'ructification. Jointed pods springing from the filaments. THE MARINE BOTANIST. oF ARTHROCLADIA VILLOSA.— FIBROUS - ARTHROCLADIA. Fronds very slender, from six inches to nearly three feet long; pinnated with opposite, very sel- dom alternate, simple or again pinnated branchlets, which are furnished at reeular intervals with small joint-like swellings, set round with delicate jointed conferva-like filaments of a pale green colour; the lanceolate spore-pods are borne on these fibres. Grows attached to various substances in four to five fathom water. Annual. Summer and Autumn. Rare. Coast of England ; several localities, chiefly on the southern shores. Yarmouth. Sidmouth. Torbay. . Minehead, Somerset, thrown up from deep water, but very rarely. I. G. Anglesea. Jersey. At Wicklow, Malahide, and Carrickfergus, in Ireland. Frith of Forth. Ardthur. 98 THE MARINE BOTANIST. SPOROCHNUS. Name a seed, and wool, because tufts of fais accompany the fructification. Frond filiform, solid. Fructification lateral, crested, stalked receptacles, terminated by a slender tuft of deciduous filaments. SPOROCHNUS PEDUNCULATUS. — SLEN- DER SPOROCHNUS. “Stem from six to eighteen inches long, filiform, quite simple, set throughout its length with long, slender patent, mostly alternate branches. Colour yellowish, and semi-transparent.” Grows in deep water, and near low mark. Annual. Summer. Eastern and southern shores of England; not uncommon. Falmouth, very rarely, Miss Warren. Anglesea. Jersey. Killiney, Dublin Bay. Belfast Bay. Malahide. Bantry Bay, and Roundstone Bay. Cunnemara, Ireland. At Preston Pans, Frith of Forth, Scotland. | THE MARINE BOTANIST. 29 CARPOMITRA. Name fruit, and a mitre, in allusion to the shape of the fruit. Frond filiform, or flat midribbed, sub-dicho- tomous. Jructification. Mitre-form receptacles, terminating the ends of the branches. CARPOMITRA CABREAs.— CABRERA’S CARPOMITRA. Fronds narrow, flat, irregularly forked, occa- sionally constricted destitute of nerve, except at the base, where there is an obscure midrib. The root is a small shapeless woolly tuber. In colour it resembles that of Desmarestia aculeata, and, according to Dr. Harvey, some very narrow varieties of Dictyota dichotoma are the only spacibs of British sea-weed that can at all be confounded with it ; but a slight examination is sufficient to show the difference. ‘This rare species has only hitherto been found at Youghal, on the south coast of 30 THE MARINE BOTANIST. Ireland, and in Plymouth Sound; it is likewise a native of the south of Spain and New Zealand ; but is of rare occurrence in all these widely sepa- rated localities. LAMINARIACEA.—LAMINARIA TRIBE. Sea plants of an olive-green or olive-brown colour, of a membranaceous or leathery texture. Fronds large, leaf-like, stalked, and cleft, or tubular and divided internally by partitions arising at equal distances. Fructification. Spores either form- ing indefinite patches on some part of the fronds, or covering the whole surface. The large species of Alaria and Laminaria which grow in deep water along our shores, are very different from all other sea-weeds; they may at once be known by their round woody stems and long flat fronds. In Alaria the stem is percurrent through the main frond, forming a distinct mid- rib. The fructification in this genus is confined THE MARINE BOTANIST. 3l to the narrow, veinless leaflets which arise from the stem, while in Laminaria it is generally dispersed over the fronds in cloud-like patches; the spores are very minute, taken in connection with the large size of these plants, and they can only be detected in old plants, full grown, consequently specimens in fruit cannot be entered in the Her- barium from their unwieldy size ; small portions of such it is, however, well to preserve when in fruit, for the sake of comparison. Young plants of the large growing kinds, as Laminaria digitata, may be found at an early stage, exhibiting the peculiarities of their growth, and well suited for collections. The perennial species are found to change their fronds yearly; the young frond arises at the base of the old frond, gradually en- larges, and by degrees pushes it off: this change is not confined to old plants, but takes place in those of all ages. Small specimens of L. sac- charina, and L. Phyllitis, when perfect, and well preserved, so as to exhibit the delicate foldings of their fronds, their soft, pale green colour, and 32 THE MARINE BOTANIST. elegant forms, make them well-deserved favourites with all who have an artist’s eye, and are admirers of nature’s works. Who would think “the rough, rude sea” contained such soft and spring-like leaves! In outward appearance, the -plants of the next genus (Chorda), have little in common with the others of this tribe; but the fruc- tification of Chorda filum agrees with that of the Laminariacee, and, accordingly, this genus has been removed from Dictyotacee, in which it was formerly included: in old plants, the whole frond becomes covered with spores, like the majority of the Laminarian tribe. Chorda filum flou- rishes most luxuriantly in deep water; and in the still water of quiet bays it forms extensive, sub- merged meadows, so dense as to be dangerous to the unwary swimmer who may venture among’ its slimy and tenacious cords. Such is the strength of these cords, that the Highlanders are said to employ them for fishing-lines, and give them the name of “ Lucky Minny’s Lines ;’ in England they are known as “ Sea-Traces,’ or “ Sea- THE MARINE BOTANIST. oo Laces.” The “ Tangles” (Laminarias) are highly prized for manuring their potatoes with by the poor on the western coast of Ireland. “ Every creel of that is a ridge of pweatties, with the blessing of God upon it,” was the remark of a poor Irish- man to an observant traveller. In the deep but clear water which surrounds that and other open rocky coasts, the Zangles can be descried far below the surface, forming miniature groves of luxuriant growth, ther long and _ leafy fronds waving to and fro in the transparent medium, ‘peopled by strange creatures of the deep, and invested with the feather-like tufts of the lesser and filiform alg, reveal to the observer their importance in the economy of animal and vege- table life inhabiting our shores. In the seas of the southern hemisphere, on the shores of Australia and New Zealand, the lesser forms of our Tepatte riacez are represented by gigantic species belonging to the allied genera of Lessonia, Durvilleze, Macro- cystis, and Nereocystis. Several species of the former are particularly abundant in the seas near D 34 THE MARINE BOTANIST. the Falkland Isles and Cape Horn. One gigantic species of Lessonia, described by Dr. J. W. Hooker, rises with a huge stem eight or ten feet in height ; the ends of the branches give out leaves two or three feet long and barely three inches broad, which, when in the water, hang down like the boughs of a willow. “ No person,” he says, “who has not actually seen it can form an idea of the amount of life which is nourished and housed by one of these tree-seaweeds.” In length, all other species of the tribe are surpassed by the Macrocystis, a species ranging along the American shores of the Pacific from the Arctic to the Antarctic ocean. The stem is said to attain the astonishing length of 1,500 feet: as it approaches the surface, the stem branches, and afterwards divides by repeated forkings, until there results a floating mass of foliage some hundreds of square yards in super- ficial extent. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 35 GENERA OF THE LAMINARIA TRIBE. Alaria. Leaf with a distinct midrib. Laminaria. Frond without a midrib. Chorda. Frond cylindrical, unbranched, hollow, and constricted at intervals. ALARIA. Name from Ala, a wing, in allusion to the winged leaflets at the base of the frond. “ Frond membranaceous, furnished with a per- current midrib, the stem pinnated with distinct ribless leaflets. ructification pear-shaped, spores vertically arranged in the thickened leaflets.”— Greville. ALARIA ESCULENTA—EDIBLE ALARIA. “ DABERLOCKS.” Stem thick, winged at the base with flat, sword- shaped, nerveless leaflets. Hrond very long, pene- trated throughout its whole length by the stem, which is visible on both its surfaces, the margin “wonderfully plaited and curled.” Dr. Greville 36 THE MARINE BOTANIST. says :—“ The midrib, stripped of the membrane, and sometimes the leaflets, are eaten in Ireland, Scotland, Iceland, Denmark, and the Faroe Islands. It is called in Scotland, Badderlocks, or Henware, and in the Orkney Islands, Honeyware. Dr. Drummond informs me that, m some parts of Ireland, it bears the name of Murlins.” Grows on precipitous rocks at low-water mark. Perennial. ‘Winter and Spring. Abundant on the shores of Scotland, at the Orkneys, the north of Ireland, and on the coasts of Northumberland, Durham, Cum- berland. Isle of Man. Anglesea. Dorset. North coast of Devon. ‘The Land’s End, and north coast of Cornwall. LAMINARIA. Name from lamina, a thin plate, in allusion to the flat fronds of the species. Frond stalked, coriaceous or membranaceous, flat, undivided, or irregularly cleft, ribless. Hructi- Jication cloudy, spots of spores imbedded in some part of the thickened surface of the frond. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 37 LAMINARIA DIGITATA— FINGER-CLEFT LAMINARIA, OR “SEA GIRDLES AND HANGERS.” ; Stem thick, solid, and woody. It tapers a little at top, then suddenly expands into a frond of a foot or more in breadth, which is again divided into a number of strap-shaped segments. Root large and fibrous, adheres to rocks and stones in deep water. This plant, when taken out of the water, and held by the stem, has been said to resemble a flag-staff and flag, the latter cut horizontally into strips. The colour is an olive-green, and the substance of the fronds is tough and leathery. The var. Stenophylla, pl. 338 Phyc. Brit., known under the name of “ Cuvy” in the Orkneys, appears a well- marked variety. “ Whole plant dark. brown; stipes slender, flaccid, glossy, becoming compressed or flattened upwards; lamina wedge-shaped and tapering at base, much longer than the stipe ; digitate, its segments few, and very narrow.” Under 38 THE MARINE BOTANIST. the rural name of “ Cows’ Tails,” L. digitata is often hung up im the cottages and poorer farm- houses in England, where it serves the purpose of a natural hygrometer. LAMINARIA BULBOSA— BULBOUS- ROOTED LAMINARIA, or GREAT FURBELOWED LAMINARIA. Frond long, narrow, undivided when young, but when full grown leathery, thick, and cleft into many narrow segments; the root is large, hollow, and tuberous, thickly set with protu- berances; from the base proceed strong’ fibres, which fix and secure the plant in its growing place. Young plants are at first unprovided with tuis support; it shows itself in the middle of th young stem like a small enlargement or collar, which enlarges gradually, becoming broader and quite flat, eventually forming a hollow-shaped tuber, as described above. The fronds are very LAMINARIA SACCHARINA W.DICKES DEL. GOLD FISH ST DOCTORS COMMONS. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 39 long, when full grown; in some plants fifteen feet in length. Colour olive green, with a glossy appearance, as if varnished ; substance of the frond more tender than in Laminaria digitata. Grows in deep water and on recks at low-water mark. Perennial. Autumn. LAMINARIA SACCHARINA—SWEET LA- MINARIA—SEA-BELT. Stem cylindrical, filiform, slender. Frond undi- vided. Margin waved. Substance variable; in young specimens thin and delicate, in others tough and leathery. Colour olive green, or yellow- ish green. The fronds are from two to twelve feet in length, and from four to sixteen inches wide. In the variety f latifolia, the fronds are very broad, and the substance is more membranaceous than in the ordinary form. This variety grows in deep water in sheltered bays. 40 THE MARINE BOTANIST. LAMINARIA LONGICRURIS. — LONG- STEMMED LAMINARIA. A species with a simple frond and very long stem, in many respects resembling L. saccharina, but easily distinguished by the stem becoming hollow and decreasing in diameter upwards. A battered plant was picked up by Dr. W. H. Harvey, at the Giant’s Causeway, and another has been found drifted ashore at Ardrossan, Ayrshire, by Dr. Landsborough. This species abounds throughout the Northern Ocean. Phy. Brit. Pl. 339. LAMINARIA PHYLLITIS.—HARTS’- TONGUE LAMINARIA. Not uncommon, and nearly resembles the last species, of which it is probably only a variety. Dr. Harvey remarks:—“ The more lanceolate form, delicate substance, and pale yellowish green colour, constitute the chief marks of distinction.” Grows THE MARINE BOTANIST. 4] on stones or on the stems of the larger alg, and in deep water. Summer. Portland Head. Sid- mouth. Yarmouth. Dover. Coasts of Sussex and Dorset. Torbay. Tenby. On the Irish coasts at Larne, near Belfast. Howth. Kingstown. Bal- briggan. Western Islands of Scotland. Staffa. Ardrossan. Frith of Forth. Orkney Islands. LAMINARIA FASCIA.—SMALL TUFTED LAMINARIA. Stem very short; fronds either broadly oblong, wedge-shaped, or lanceolate, from four to twelve inches long, of a delicate membranaceous substance and olive-yellow hue. Grows on sand-covered rocks and stones near low water-mark. Annual. Summer. North of Ireland. Larne. Antrim ~ Coast. Carrickfergus. Malahide. Western Islands of Scotland, and Saltcoats, Ayrshire. On the English shores at Sidmouth, Torbay, Plymouth, Falmouth, St. Michael’s Mount, plentiful. The 42 THE MARINE BOTANIST. broad-fronded form of this plant was formerly described as a distinct species, under the name of LL. debilis. CHORDA. Name chorda, a cord. Frond simple, filiform, cylindrical, internally hollow, and divided into separate compartments by transverse partitions. vot scutate. 'ructi- fication external, continuous masses of pear-shaped seeds attached at their base. CHORDA FILUM.—STRING-LIKE CHORDA. SEA-LACES.” Fronds from one to twenty feet long, horny, without external constrictions, dark olive-brown, shiny, covered with pellucid hair-like filaments, tapered at both ends. The fructification covers THE MARINE BOTANIST. 43 the surface of old plants, the spores are fixed to the outer stratum of cellular tissue by long pedicels. At ebb-tide this plant may be observed in great masses, the long cord-like fronds floating just below the surface of the water. In land- locked bays and harbours, such as Falmouth and Milford, this plant luxuriates and often grows to thirty or forty feet in length. The small variety B. tomentosa grows between tide-marks, and is generally characterized by a more dense covering of long olive or green-coloured hairs. By some authors it is reckoned a distinct species, but Dr. Harvey does not consider these characters sufficiently well- marked to allow of its being separated from the common form. Grows on rocks and stones in the sea, above the level of low water-mark, and in still water at the depth of ten or fifteen fathoms. Annual. Summer. 44 THE MARINE BOTANIST. CHORDA LOMENTARIA. —CONSTRICTED CHORDA. Fronds constricted at intervals, as if tied; sliehtly inflated in the part between each of the contractions. From three to sixteen inches in length, not half an inch in breadth; narrower at each end. Substance soft and flaccid. Colour brownish or yellowish olive. Grows on rocks and stones between high and low water-marks. Annual. Summer and Autumn. Not uncommon. DICTYOTACEA.—DICTYOTA TRIBE. Marine plants of an olive-green or olive-brown colour and membranaceous substance, rarely coria- ceous or cartilaginous, and scarcely at all juicy, with a highly reticulated structure. ’ronds va- rious in form, round or flat, simple or branched, without nerves or veins (excepting Haliseris), often divided in a fan-like shape. ructification. Spores THE MARINE BOTANIST. 4%) grouped together on the surface of the fronds into distinct spots or lines. The reticulated or net-like structure of the fronds, and peculiar disposition of the spores, readily dis- tinguish these plants from the foregoing tribe. Some of the species are of great beauty and rarity. Padina Pavonia is only found on the south coast of England, this is its northernmost limit ; throughout the tropics, and along the shores of Southern Europe, it is an abundant species. The shape of the frond, and the markings on the surface, causes the plant when dry to resemble very much the common fungus, Polyporus versicolor. When growing it is very beau- tiful, and the fronds are clothed, as are many others of the tribe, with very fine hairs, which often decompose the rays of light, reflecting prismatic colours. Haliseris Polypodiodes is the only species furnished with a midrib ; it is an elegant plant of a pale yellow colour, and when recent emitting a remarkable scent; after drying this is not ob- servable. Twelve genera are included in the 46 THE MARINE BOTANIST. Dictyota tribe; in the first six the root is coated with woolly fibres ; in the others it is a small naked disk. ae eee GENERA OF THE DICTYOTA TRIBE. Cutleria. Frond ribless, irregularly cleft. Sort dot-like, scattered. Haliseris. Frond forked, with a midrib. Padina. Frond fan-shaped. Sort linear. Zonaria. Frond lobed. Sod roundish. Taoma. Frond irregularly cleft ; somewhat fan- shaped. Sore linear. Dictyota. Frond linear, forked. Sort roundish. Stilophora. Fronds cylindrical. Spores forming a wart-like sora. Dictyosiphon. Fronds tubular. Spores irre- gularly scattered, solitary, or in dot-like sorv. Striaria. Spores in sori, arranged across the frond in lines. Punctaria. Frond flat leaf-like. Spores in small distinct dots. THE MARINE BOTANIST 47 Asperococcus. Frond tubular, cylindrical, or com- pressed. Spores in dot-like sort. Intosiphon. Frond cartilaginous, filiform. Spores scattered. CUTLERIA. Named in honour of Miss Cutler, a distinguished British algologist. Frond flat or compressed, irregularly cleft, some- what fan-shaped. ructification. Dotted tufts of spores scattered over the surface of both sides of the frond. CUTLERIA MULTIFIDA.—MANY-TIPPED CUTLERIA. Frond thickish, of an olivaceous or rusty hue, from two to eight inches long, divided in an irre- gular manner into rather narrow segments, which are again cleft in a similar way, and finally are elongated and repeatedly split at the extremities. 48 THE MARINE BOTANIST. The fructification appears scattered over the whole surface in small prominent dots; the young plants are often fringed with minute fibres. Substance at first crisp, but becomes flaccid, and adheres well to paper in drying. Grows on rocks and shells at a depth of from four to fifteen fathom water. Annual. Summer and Autumn. Yarmouth, Brighton, Seaton, Sidmouth, Torquay, and Plymouth, on the English coast. At Roundstone Bay, Cunnemara, Kilkee, Bantry Bay, Bally- cotton, Co. Cork, and Wicklow, on the Irish shores. Very rare in Scotland. Orkney. —_——$ HALISERIS. Name signifying sea endive. “ Root a mass of woolly filaments. Frond flat, linear, membranaceous, with a midrib. F'ructifica- tion. Oval spores, forming distinct sori or groups, mostly arranged in longitudinal lines.”— G'rev. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 49 HALISERIS POLYPODIOIDES.—ENTIRE- LEAVED HALISERIS. Fronds from four to twelve inches high, repeatedly forked and furnished with a strong midrib; the margin always entire. The spores occur in lines on each side the midrib, or dispersed in small spots over the face of the frond. Colour a brownish or yellowish olive. Substance delicate and membra- naceous, not adhering well to paper in drying. The smell of this is very pungent and disagreeable when first gathered. Grows on rocks and stones in tide- pools, and in from four to five fathom water. Biennial. Several stations on the south coast of England. PADINA. Name invented by Adanson, who has not explained its meaning. Root coated with woolly fibres. Frond flat, fan- shaped, marked at regular distances with concentric E 50 _ THE MARINE BOTANIST. lines, fringed with articulated filaments; the margin of the frond rolled back. Fructification. Linear concentric sori bursting through the upper surface of the frond. PADINA PAVONIA.—PEACOCK’S-TAIL PADINA. Fronds tufted two to five inches high, stalked or sessile, erect, broadly fan-shaped, either entire or repeatedly and deeply cleft, all the divisions being fan-shaped. The upper surface of the frond is marked with regular bands, along which the spores are placed in linear sori. The under part of the frond is frequently covered with a whitish powdery substance, and the texture of this portion of the plant is leathery and thickened, while the upper surface is delicately membranaceous and transparent. Grows on rocks in shallow tide-pools, at: half-tide level-race. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 51 Torquay and other places along the south and west of England. Dr. Harvey, in his interesting little work, the “ Seaside Book,’ says :—“ This charming plant is only known with us on the south coast of England, where it occurs in many places ; but it is one of the commonest shore plants of the ' tropical sea, and also fringes the margin of the Mediterranean. It is an annual, appearing with the early summer, and fading before the autumn sets in. When growing, its fan-shaped fronds are rolled up into cups, while the delicate fibres with which they are bordered, and which form concentric bands on their surface, decompose the rays of light, and reflect the most beautiful glaucous and prismatic tints.” ZONARIA. Named from a zone or girdle. Roots coated with woolly fibres. Frond flat, fan-shaped, entire or variously cleft, marked with 59 THE MARINE BOTANIST. concentric lines, the cells of the surface radiating. Fructification roundish or irregular, scattered sori bursting through both surfaces of the frond. ZONARIA PARVULA.—SMALL ZONARIA. Fronds procumbent, of an olivaceous green colour, one to several inches in diameter, spreading over the rocks in patches, and attached by whitish fibres, except at the margins, which are full and lobed; the lobes are rounded, smooth, entire, and often imbricated. Substance membranaceous, somewhat transparent, and highly reticulated ; the cells are four-sided. On British plants the fructification has not been observed, but it is described on Swedish specimens by Dr. Areschoug. Grows attached to rocks and corallines between tide- marks, and in four to fifteen fathom water. An- nual. Spring and Summer. Found all round the coast. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 53 ZONARIA COLLARIS.—CUP-SHAPED ZONARIA. Primary frond, when mature, leathery in colour and substance, widely spreading, furnished on its lower surface with a dense woolly coating, by which it adheres firmly to rocks; the upper sur- face is smooth, variously plaited; but by the action of the waves, &c., becomes very much torn and lobed. From this frond arise secondary cup- shaped ones, fixed by short stalks, delicately mem- branaceous in texture, and easily torn. Fruit un- known. The secondary fronds of this plant were found by Miss Turner, washed ashore, quite fresh, in Grouville Bay, Jersey, May, 1851. “ Very rare.” “The firmly attached primaries may pos- sibly be reached by dredging on the coast.” —Phye. Brit. Pl. 359. | TAONIA. Name meaning a peacock. Frond flat, imperfectly fan-shaped, irregularly 54 THE MARINE BOTANIST. cleft, highly reticulated, marked with concentric lines. ructification. Linear, wavy, concentric, superficial sori, on both surfaces of the frond. TAONIA ATOMARIA.—BANDED TAONIA. A beautiful plant of a brownish olive colour, the fronds of which are variously cleft, and marked with very conspicuous transverse bands of seeds. In length, the fronds are from three to twelve inches, the segments mostly wedge-shaped, and blunt at their tips. Grows on rocks between tide-marks. Annual. Summer. Rare. Hast and south of England. Cromer. Corton and Gunton, Norfolk. Coasts of Sussex and Devon. Occasionally cast ashore on the beach at Minehead, Somerset, I. G. Worm’s Head, Glamorganshire. Ballycotton, Co. Cork. Frith of Forth. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 55 DICTYOTA. Name signifying a net; from the reticulated structure of the frond. Frond flat, membranaceous, reticulate, dichoto- mous, or pinnatified. Fructification. Spores either scattered over both surfaces of the frond, or on distinct plants collected into dense spots. DICTYOTA DICHOTOMA.—CLEFT DICTYOTA. Fronds regularly cleft, tapering gradually to the end. Colour, a pale yellowish or olive green. Substance membranaceous, adhering to paper, which it often contracts in drying; this arises from the shrinking of the fronds, and can scarcely be avoided. When the paper is much drawn up, a narrow slip may be cut out, the edges of the paper drawn together and gummed. This will make the specimen lay flat, and allow of its being 56 THE MARINE BOTANIST. fixed in the herbarium. Grows on rocks and ale between tide-marks, and in a depth of from four to fifteen fathom water. The variety 6 intri- cata, with very narrow and curiously-twisted fronds, is equally common as the above form on our shores. Annual. Summer. STILOPHORA. Name from a dot and to bear in allusion to the dot-like fructification. Frond filiform, solid, or tubular, branched. Fructification. Convex, wart-like sori, scattered over the surface, composed of obovate spores. STILOPHORA RHIZODES.—ROUGH STILOPHORA. Fronds slender, filiform, from six to twelve inches long, repeatedly branched, and pretty regu- larly forked or branched in an alternate manner. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 57 The branches have a beaded appearance from the abundance of the wart-like fructification which clothes their surface. Colour, a yellow or olive brown. Substance cartilaginous, but dissolving into jelly if left in fresh water for any time. Grows on rocks and alge near low-water mark. Annual. Summer. Frequent on the shores of England and Ireland. Jersey. STILOPHORA LYNGBYEI.—LYNGBYE’S STILOPHORA. Fronds at first tubular, afterwards distended, from two to four feet in length; branches forked, spreading with rounded axils tapering towards the tips. Spots of spores arranged in transverse lines. When first taken out of the water, the sub- stance is crisp and fragile, but soon becomes soft, and then adheres firmly to paper in drying. Colour an olive brown or foxy hue, greenish olive when dry. Grows in four to ten fathom water. 58 THE MARINE BOTANIST. Annual. Summer. Land-locked bays on the coasts of Scotland and Ireland. Abundant in many places. Falmouth Harbour, Cornwall. DICTYOSIPHON. Name signifying a net and a tube, in allusion to the structure. Frond filiform, tubular, branched. Outer cells small, inner ones elongated, connected into filaments. Fructification. Spores scattered over the surface, either in groups or singly. a DICTYOSIPHON FdsNICULACEKA.— FENNEL-LIKE DICTYOSIPHON. Fronds slender, filiform, from one to many fee in length. Of a yellowish olive or brown colour, arising from the main stem in an alternate manner; from these again proceed a second and third series, each more slender than the last, and all at the THE MARINE BOTANIST. 59 extremity. Fructification rare. Grows between tide-marks, on stones, or parasitic on other alge. Annual. Spring and Summer. Found all round the coast. STRIARIA. Named from the transverse strig formed by the fructification. “ Frond filiform, tubular, continuous, membrana- ceous, branched. S'ructification. Groups of spores forming transparent lines.’”—Grev. STRIARIA ATTENUATA.—SLEN DER STRIARIA. Fronds tufted, from three to twelve inches high, set with many lengthened, spreading, simple, or nearly so, opposite branches, much narrowed off at their insertion, and at the tips. Sometimes a second series of such branches is produced; in the Devon plants they arise in whorls of three, 60 THE MARINE BOTANIST. four, or five together. When in fruit, the branches are marked across with bands composed of clusters of spores. The substance is delicately membrana- ceous. The colour pale olive. Grows between tide-marks, and in four to five fathom water on other alge. Annual. Summer. Rare. Devon- port. Falmouth. Penzance. Ilfracombe. Round- stone-bay, Connemara. PUNCTARIA. Name from punctum a dot, descriptive of the dotted fructifications. Frond simple, membranaceous, with a naked scutate root. ructification scattered over the whole frond in minute distinct spots. eee PUNCTARIA LATIFOLIA.—BROAD- LEAFED PUNCTARIA. Fronds of a pale olive-green colour, and delicate substance; oblong or obovate in shape, usually SL bate Zi CcKES, Litho. wD tay 3. SPHACELARIA SCOPARIA. Fig 1. PUNCTARIA PLANTACINEA . 4. TAONIA ATOMARIA. u" CLADOSTEPHUS SPONCIOSUS . 2 “w/e u” THE MARINE BOTANIST. 61 obtuse at both ends. Fructification minute, looking like small grains of sand scattered over the fronds. Grows on rocks and alg between tide-marks. Annual. Spring and Summer. Sidmouth. Tor- quay. Falmouth, very rarely, Miss Warren, Minehead, Somerset, very rare, I. G. West of Ireland, frequent. Near Belfast. Isle of Islay. PUNCTARIA PLANTAGINEA.— PLANTAIN-LEAVED PUNCTARIA. Fronds of a dull olive-brown colour, and rather tough ; substance, obovate im shape, and much tapered at the base. “ Dots of fructification oblong, larger than in the preceding species, from which this character, with the thicker substance and darker colour, serve to distinguish it.” Not uncommon attached to rocks and some of the larger algze between the tidal levels. Annual. Summer. Various places on the coasts of England, Ireland, and Scotland. 62 THE MARINE BOTANIST. PUNCTARIA TERMISSIMA.—SLENDER PUNCTARIA. Fronds delicate, always tapering at the base, and the margin more or less toothed. Fruit un- known. Mrs. Griffiths considers this the young of P. latifolia. Grows on Zostera Marina, &c. Annual. Summer. Bute and Appin in Scotland, and near Dublin. ASPEROCOCCUS. Name signifying rough seed. Frond unbranched, tubular, cylindrical, or (rarely) compressed, continuous, membranaceous. Root minutely seutate, naked. Wructification. Small distinct spots (sori) composed of spores mixed with erect club-shaped filaments. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 63 ASPEROCOCCUS COMPRESSUS.— FLATTENED ASPEROCOCCUS. Fronds from six to eighteen inches long, of an olive or yellow-green colour, narrow, tapering near the base into a small stem. Fructification, large oblong dots, covering both surfaces of the frond. Thrown up from deep water. Rare. Annual. Summer. Southern coast of England. Sidmouth. Torquay. Falmouth Harbour, “very rarely,” Miss Warren. Long Rock, in Mount’s Bay, near Penzance. ASPEROCOCCUS TURNERI.—TURNER’S ASPEROCOCCUS. Fronds large, from eight inches to as much as six feet in length, and from half an inch to six inches in diameter, of a pale yellow-green colour, inflated at intervals and then contracted. Fructi- fication densely scattered over the frond in very 64 THE MARINE BOTANIST. small spots. Grows on stones and the larger alge between the tidal levels, and in four to fifteen fathom water in muddy bays. Annual. Summer. Found all round the coast. ASPEROCOCCUS ECHINATUS.—ROUGH ASPEROCOCCUS. Fronds many, growing from the same _ base, varying from two inches to twenty feet in length; seldom more than half an inch in diameter, gradually and very much attenuated at the base. Fructifica- tion appears in rough minute crowded dots on the — surface; young fronds are clothed with long, pel- lucid fibres. Colour olive-brown, greenish when young. Substance soft; adheres firmly to paper. The variety 8 vermicularis has very slender and much-twisted fronds; it usually grows on other small algw, whereas the wide variety occurs on stones, &c., between tide-marks. Annual. Summer and Autumn. Common on the British shores. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 65 LITOSIPHON. Name meaning a slender tube. Frond unbranched, cylindrical, filiform, cartila- ginous, sub-solid; at length tubular; composed of several rows of cells; the surface areolated. Fructification. Spores either singly, or four or more together, scattered irregularly over the suriace of the frond. LITOSIPHON PUSILLUS.—SILKY LITOSI- PHON. Fronds two or six inches high, parasitical on Chorda filum, often so closely set on the frond of that plant as to give it the appearance of a bottle brush. Spores round, prominent, scattered, or one or two together. Annual. Summer. ' 66 THE MARINE BOTANIST. LITOSIPHON LAMINARIA..—THE ALARIA LITOSIPHON. Grows on tufts of a quarter to half an inch in height upon the leafy portion of Alaria esculenta. Fronds marked by transverse bands placed near each other; spores four or more in each band. Colour, a dull olive brown. Annual. Summer. CHORDARIACEE.—-CHORDARIA TRIBE. Sea plants of an olive colour, with a gelatinous or (rarely) cartilaginous frond, composed of articulated filaments interlaced together. Spores attached to the filaments, concealed within the substance of the frond. In form the fronds of these plants differ widely from each other; the loosely gelatinous structure is clearly shown in Mesogloia, and is less apparent in Ralfsia than in any of the genera. Ralfsia deuster, the only species of this genus, is described THE MARINE BOTANIST. 67 by Dr. Harvey :—“ As a singular production, which, to the naked eye, more nearly resembles a crustaceous lichen than an alga, but its structure aud fructification prove it to be widely different to any lichen.” The Leathesie have tuber-shaped fronds, fleshy and hollow, in L. tuberiformis, while in L. Berkleyi they are soft and depressed. Often nearly of the colour of the rock on which it grows, _ this plant may be easily overlooked by the collector ; at present it is only known in the south of Eng- land and west of Ireland. The various species of Elachista, and especially the Myrionema, require to be submitted to the microscope for a proper dis- crimination of the species. M. Lechlancherii, which may be found in autumn on the decaying fronds of Rhodymenia palmata, appears a beautiful kind when viewed through the glass; to the naked eye it is only apparent in the form of very small round olive spots on the fronds of R. palmata and Ulva latissima. 68 THE MARINE BOTANIST. GENERA OF THE CHORDARIA TRIBE. Chordaria. Frond, the central part jirmly gela- tinous. Mesogloia. Frond, the centre of the frond loosely gelatinous. Leathesia. Frond tuber-shaped. Ralfsia. Frond crustaceous. Llachista. Filaments pencilled rising from a tubercular base. Myrionema. Filaments rising from a flat base. Minute. CHORDARIA. Name from chorda a cord. Frond filiform, much branched, cartilaginous; the central structure consists of densely packed longi- tudinal filaments; the outer portion of simple, club- shaped whorled filaments, and gelatinous fibres. Fructication spores placed among the outer fila- ments. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 69 CHORDARIA FLAGELLIFORMIS.—DROOP- ING CHORDARIA. Fronds from three inches to three feet in length. With a central stem, which is either simple or divided in its upper part, and bears numerous, irregularly inserted side-branches, generally un- divided. Colour, dark olive-green. Substance, firm and cartilaginous. “The whole frond, if viewed in water, appears fringed with exceedingly fine, colourless fibres, which give to the surface a slimy feel.” Grows on rocks and stones between tide-marks. Common. Annual. Summer. CHORDARIA DIVARICATA.—SPREADING CHORDARIA. Fronds from one to three feet long, forming tufts, branches spreading in all directions, very irregularly divided, and often furnished with forked ramuli. Colour olive. “The branching is suf- ficiently unlike that of C. flagelliformis, resembling - 70 THE MARINE BOTANIST. much more closely that of Stilophora rhizodes, to which outwardly this plant bears a very great resemblance. Besides the difference in habit, it is well distinguished from C. flagelliformis by the shape of the filaments of the periphery, which in that species are club-shaped, while in this they are slender, but terminated by a large globular cellule. In this respect there is a resemblanee to a Mesogloia, but the structure of the axis is exactly that of Chordaria.” Phyc. Brit. Annual. Autumn. Thrown up from deep water at Carrick- fergus, near Belfast. Mr. McCalla. October, 1848. Found floating in Falmouth Harbour, in June, 1850, by Mr. F. Pascoe. MESOGLOIA. Name meaning the middle and viscid, in allusion to the gelatinous centre. Frond filiform, much branched, gelatinous; the - central structure composed of interlacing, longi- THE MARINE BOTANIST. rae | tudinal fibres, invested with gelatine; the outer of spreading, forked, coloured filaments. F’ructifi- cation, spores attached to the forks of the outer filaments. MESOGLOIA VERMICULARIS. WORM-LIKE MESOGLOIA. Fronds from one to two feet high, thick, worm- like, flaccid, and gelatinous, ramuli long, and many resembling the branches. Colour pale olive-green or yellow. Spores common, ovate in form. Grows on rocks and stones between tide-marks, common. Annual. Summer. MESOGLOIA GRIFFITHSIANA. GRIFFITHS’ MESOGLOIA. Fronds eight to sixteen inches high. Stem nearly simple, set throughout its length with long, slender, simple, alternate or opposite branches, “The surface covered with long colourless fibres, Ve THE MARINE BOTANIST. similar to what occur in C. flagellifornis, which makes the plant, as it waves in the water, look of much greater diameter than it really is.” Spores pear-shaped. Grows between tide-marks. Rare. Annual. Summer. South of England and West of Ireland. Sidmouth. Torquay. “ Very rarely cast ashore in Falmouth Bay,” Miss Warren. Ban try Bay. MESOGLOIA VIRESCENS.—GREEN MESOGLOIA. Fronds eight to twelve inches high, gelatinous, with long simple or forked branches, bearing alter- nate or second spreading ramuli. Colour olive- green. The fronds are clothed with colourless fibres, the same as in the above species. Annual. Summer. Not uncommon. Sidmouth. Torquay. Falmouth. Penzance. Bantry Bay. Appin, Argryleshire. ) | THE MARINE BOTANIST. V0 LEATHESIA. Named in honour of the Rev. G. R. Leathes, a British Naturalist. Frond globose or lobed, fleshy and cartilaginous, composed. of jointed, colourless, forked filaments, their tips forming the fleshy coating of the frond, are coloured and tufted. Lructification. Spores attached to the coloured tips of the filaments. LEATHESIA TUBERIFORMIS. — TUBER- SHAPED LEATHESIA. Fronds fleshy, hollow tubers spreading over rocks, &c., between tide-marks abundantly ; olive- brown in colour, and somewhat resembling the root of Laminaria bulbosa. Annual. Summer. Seemnensmmianeeemimamnersmsemend LEATHESIA BERKELEYI.—BERKELEY’S LEATHESIA. Fronds dark brown, depressed, soft and fleshy, 74 THE MARINE BOTANIST: one to two inches in diameter. ‘ Resembling in its fleshy appearance the collapsed body of the common Actinie (Sea anemone.)’ On sub-marine rocks, between tide-marks. Annual. Summer. RALFSIA. Named in honour of John Ralfs, Esq., of Penzance, the author of an excellent work on the British Desmidiee, &ec. Frond leathery and crustaceous, adhering by its under-surface, spreading, zoned, composed of densely-packed filaments. S’ructification, sunken warts over the surface, containg spores fixed at the base of upright filaments. RALFSIA VERRUCOSA.—ROUGH RALFSIA. “On rocks between tide-marks, common. Peren- nial. Winter. ronds forming lichen-like patches on the surface of flat rocks, from one to six inches in diameter; when young, orbicular, but becoming THE MARINE BOTANIST. 79 very irregular in outline when old. In young specimens the surface is nearly flat and even; but in full-grown plants is exceedingly rough, with wart-like prominences. Structure very dense and opaque. wit rare, and difficult to find. Colour a dark-brown. Substance leathery, hard.”— HHarv. Man., p. 49. ELACHISTA. Name the least, from the small size of the plants. Frond parasitical, consisting of a dense tuft of free, simple, articulated, oliveaceous filaments, rising from a base composed of fibres, closely combined together. 'ructification, spores attached to the bases of the filaments forming the tubercle. 76 THE MARINE BOTANIST. ELACHISTA FUCIOLA.—FUCUS ELACHISTA, ~ Tufts an inch long or so, pencilled, of an olive or rusty-brown hue. A parasite on Fucus vesicu- losus, very common. Annual. Summer. O. S. E. flaccida. Parasitical on Cystoseira Jibrosa, common. Annual. Summer. Filament half-an-inch long, dull olive-brown. £. curta. On Fuci, filaments minute. A very little known plant, not found by any recent collector. £.. pulvinata. Parasitical on Cystoseria ericoides. Annual. Summer and autumn. South of England and West of Ireland. Zwfts dense, composed of innumerable minute filaments. ; Li. stellulata. Parasitical on the fronds of Dictyota dichotoma. Torquay. Mrs. Griffiths. Tufts very minute. Star-shaped. fi. scutulata. Parasitical on the thongs of Eimanthalia lorea. Annual. Summer. Tubereles THE MARINE BOTANIST. Ce! resembling long warts, half-an-inch to an inch or more in length. i. velutina. Parasitical on the thongs of H?- manthalia lorea; frequent also on Fucus serratus. Annual. Summer. Annual. Spreading in thin, indefinite, velvety patches, often accompanying the last species. MYRIONEMA. Name signifying numberless and a thread. “ Minute parasites, consisting of a mass of short, erect, simple-jointed filaments, which spring from a thin expansion formed of decumbent, cohering fila- ments, spreading in patches on the surface of other alge. Spores oblong, affixed either to the erect or to the decumbent filaments.” —AHarv. 78 THE MARINE BOTANIST. MYRIONEMA STRANGULANS.—RING- LIKE MYRIONEMA. “ Parasitical on Ulve and Enteromorphe. An- nual. Summer. Forming a small, dark-brown, dot-like patch on the flat frond of the Ulva, or a ring-like collar round the branches of ntero- morphe.” Patches convex, filaments club-shaped, spores on short stalks. O. 8. MZ. Leclancheru. On decaying fronds of R. palmata and Ulva latissima. Annual. Summer and Autumn. Probablycommon. Torquay and Down Coast. Forms larger and thinner spots than the preceding. Filaments cylindrical, spores on long stalks. M. punctiforme. Parasitical on Ceramium ru- brum, Chrysymenia clavellosa, &e. Patches very minute, at first flat, then globose. Spores very narrow. M. clavwatum. “Ona thin purplish crust (Hii/-_ denbrantia rubra?), which covers the pebbles at THE MARINE BOTANIST. 79 half-tide level. The parasite is so much the colour of the crust, that it requires a microscope to detect it.” Appin, Argyleshire.—“On stones covered with ff. rubra, at Falmouth, not uncommon.”—Mr. W. P. Cocks. ECTOCARPACEAL.—ECTOCARPUS TRIBE. Articulate dark or olive-green coloured sea- weeds; with filiform, slender fronds, cartilaginous or flaccid, not very juicy. ‘“ The spores are (generally) external, attached to the jointed ramuli.” From others of the olive sea-weeds, the plants of this tribe are easily known by their jointed fronds. Owing to the different structure of these articulations in the Sphacelaria and Ectocarpi each are arranged in two small sub-divisions, named respectively Sphacelariee and Ectocarpeze; in the former each articulation consists of several cells surrounding the central portion; in the latter they are composed of simple cells joined end to end; 80 THE MARINE BOTANIST. independently of these microscopic characters, the genera of each subdivision differ much in outward character ; in Cladostephus and Sphacelaria the texture is firm and rigid, adhering very imperfectly to paper, while in Ectocarpus and Myriotrichia the species are often smooth and soft as floss silk, and firmly adhere to paper. The Kctocarpi are a dif- ficult genus, and it is necessary for their dis- crimination to have recourse to the microscope, and even then they are not easily distinguished when without fruit. Myriotrichia comprises two small species, parasites; the one M. claveeformis on Chorda lomentaria; the other M. filiformis on the same plant, and occasionally on Asperococcus echinatus; this latter is much the most abundant kind, and grows on the Chorda, when growing in shallow pools, exposed to the light. The sup- posed new species of Ectocarpus ,figured under the name of KE. tessellatus in the first volume of the “ Naturalist,” has proved on further investigation only a variety of E. fasciculatus. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 81 GENERA OF THE ECTOCARPUS TRIBE. Cladostephus. Stem not articulated, the ramuli alone jointed and set in whorls. | Sphacelaria. Stem articulated, branched. Ramuli distichous pinnated. Ectocarpus. Stem jointed, very slender, hair-like, generally much branched and flaccid. Myriotrichia. Stem unbranched; ramuliin whorls, tipped with transparent fibres. a CLADOSTEPHUS. Name meaning a branch and a crown. Frond inarticulate, rigid; whorled with short- jomted ramulii “ #rwt elliptical pedicellate. Spores borne by accessory ramuli.” CLADOSTEPHUS VERTICILLATUS.— WHORLED CLADOSTEPHUS. From three to nine inches high, much branched, G 89 THE MARINE BOTANIST. recularly set with close whorls of fine short han- like fibres (or ramuli) which curve inwards. Colour a dull olive-green. “In winter,” according to Dr. Harvey, “ these whorled ramuli fall off, and the frond becomes clothed with irregularly disposed, slender (accessory) ramuli, which bear numerous lateral stalked spores.” And in summer Mrs. Grif- fiths finds dark-coloured grains imbedded in the withered tips of the ramuli; the same occurs in the next species, and in the Sphacelaria. Grows on rocks and corallines. Frequent. Summer and winter. Se CLADOSTEPHUS SPONGIOSUS.—SPONGY CLA DOSTEPHUS. The branches of this species are so thickly set with short bristle-like fibres as to make it appear, when first taken out of the water, like a piece of wet sponge. Colour dull brown or dirty olive- green. Substance rigid; both this and the pre- ceding will require to be gummed on the paper on which it is intended to preserve them. Grows THE MARINE BOTANIST. 83 on rocks, stones, and corallines. Common. Sum- mer and Winter. SPHACELARIA. Name referring to the withered tips of the fertile branches Filaments jointed, rigid, distichously branched, pinnated, rarely forked or simple. ‘Tips of the branches distended and containing a dark granular mass. Lructification. Oval spores borne on the ramuli. SPHACELARIA FILICINA.—FERN-LIKE SPHACELARIA. This beautiful and rare species I find occasionally thrown up on the beach at Minehead ; lower down the Bristol Channel, it is found at Ilfracombe and at St. Agnes, on the north coast of Cornwall. At the Long Rock, in Mount’s Bay, it grows, but very sparingly. Plymouth, Salcombe, in Devon. Jersey, Holyhead, and Youghal, are the other recorded localities. Mrs. Gulson has added a new one at Exmouth, and the specimens from thence are 84 THE MARINE BOTANIST. particularly well-grown. Stem shaggy at the base and rather thick, from three to four inches high, the branches slender, delicately pinnate, and resem- bling in aspect a miniature fern-leaf. Colour, when fresh, a brownish straw, changing, when dry, to a light and delicate olive-green. Grows on rocks and alee near low water mark. Peren- nial. Summer and Winter. [a coneeenennennEnE EEE SPHACELARIA SERTULARIA.—SERTULA- RIA-LIKE SPHACELARIA. This, Dr. Harvey thinks, ought, perhaps, ra- ther to be regarded as it used to be—viz., as only a slender and small variety of the former plant— than a distinct species. It differs from S. filicina in its very patent branching, and is found para- sitical on alew dredged up from a depth of from four to fifteen fathom water. Brighton, Isle of Wight, Jersey, Torbay, and other places on the south coast. Carrickfergus, Roundstone Bay, Cunnemara. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 85 SPHACELARIA SCOPARIA. — BUSHY SPHACELARIA. Stem at the base shaggy, in the upper part branched in a pinnate manner; “the pinne short and spine-like, or long and again pinnate.” From two to five inches high. Colour, dark olive-green. Substance, harsh and rigid. A much coarser and more bushy species than either of the former. Grows on rocks, stones, and corallines. Southern coasts of England frequent. Frith of Forth. Irish coasts, in several places, but not frequent. SPHACELARIA PLUMOSA.—FEATHERY SPHACELARIA. A beautiful and rare kind, resembling delicate black feathers. From two to six inches high, irre- gularly branched ; the pinne are very closely set on the branches, opposite and spreading out on each side the pinnule. Grows on rocks near low water mark. Perennial. South coasts of England. 86 THE MARINE BOTANIST. Beachy Head. Several places in South Devon. Land’s End. Ilfracombe. Near Caernarvon, North Wales. Wicklow. Balbriggan. Howth. Belfast Bay. Frithof Forth. Kilbride. Orkney. Alding- ham, Lancashire, and the Island of Walney, Miss EK. Hodgson. SPHACELARIA CIRRHOSA.—TUFTED SPHACELARIA. A very variable species, smaller than the last, tufted and branched. In the var. egagropila, the branches are thickly set with spine-like pinne, “ forming a dense round ball.” This form is com- mon at Falmouth, and is found on the west of Ireland. The var. patentissima has the ramuli irregular, and issuing at right angles, Found on the shores of Bute. A small and dwarf variety, not above half-an-inch long, grows on _ the stems of Desmarestia aculeata; of this I have received examples from Falmouth. In the usual form of the plant it grows in star-like tufts, or closely invests the stems of alg, and somewhat THE MARINE BOTANIST. 87 resembles small specimens of 8. plumosa, but the ramuli are far less close and regular, and the joints of the stem very evident. Colour, a dark brown. Substance rigid. Grows on other alge. O.S. 8S. fusca. Sidmouth. Exmouth, Mrs. Gul- son. St. Michael’s Mount. Anglesea. Newton Nottage, Worm’s Head, and other places in Gower. “ 'Tufts three to five inches long, varying in colour froma dull to a reddish brown.”—Diullw. Conf. t. 95. Filaments slender, with very few ramuli. S. radicans. “In the sea, on sand - covered rocks, in various parts of Great Britain and Ireland. Dunmore. Waterford. Appin, Argyleshire. Orkney. Torbay. Mount’s Bay. Land’s End. Ilfracombe. F%la- ments rising from a few decumbent fibres, forming small tufts from half an inch to an inch in height. Branches few, scattered, and mostly simple. Spores abundant, scattered over the branch. Colour, a dull greenish-olive. Substance rigid.” S. racemosa. Frith of Forth. “ Allied to he last, but larger, and chiefly distinguished by its racemose spores.” 88 THE MARINE BOTANIST. ECTOCARPUS. Name signifying external fruit. Filaments capillary, jointed, olivaceous, or brown, flaccid, without longitudinal stric (streaks). F’rwit. Hither external or imbedded spores ; or lanceolate, linear, or conical silicules (pod-like bodies); or granular masses, formed in consecutive cells of the branches.”’ ECTOCARPUS TOMENTOSUS.—SPONGY ECTOCARPUS. Filaments very fine, and twisted together into a more or less branching spongy frond of an olive green or dull brown colour. The stalked silicules, obtuse and linear-oblong in shape, distinguish this species (microscopically) from others of the genera. Grows on rocks, wood-work, and the larger alge. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 89 ECTOCARPUS LITTORALIS.—SHORE ECTOCARPUS. Filaments coarser than in the preceding kind, from six to twelve inches long ; when young forming small tufts of an olive-green colour, changing to brown at a more advanced period, and then frequently floated ashore in abundance. It is a very common plant, growing indifferently upon the larger alge and submerged substances within the tidal range, and is to be found throughout the year. Pructifi- cation. Imbedded in the substance of the branches in the form of oblong swellings. ECTOCARPUS MERTENSII—MERTENS’ ECTOCARPUS. A beautiful and rare species, with slender branches, not entangled, bearing spreading ramuli. Colour olive-green. In ramification this plant bears a considerable resemblance to the Sphacelaria genus, but differs from it in its flaccid substance. Grows on mud-covered rocks, near low water mark, and 90 THE MARINE BOTANIST. at a greater depth. Annual. April and May. Rare. Sea-coast of Durham. On the beach at Yarmouth. Sidmouth. Salcombe, very fine. Mount Edgecumbe. Marazion, beyond St. Michael’s Mount. Ilfracombe. Bantry Bay. Roundstone Bay, Cun- nemara. Cove of Cork. Malahide. Strangford Lough. Carrickfergus. Orkney. | O.S. E. amphibius. Filaments two to three inches high, forming small, indefinite tufts, growing on the mud or attached to various substances. Szl- cules usually sessile, very long and spine-like, inter- mediate in character between the stalked silicules of E. siliculosus and the immersed fruit of HE. littoralis. Discovered by Mr. Thwaites in tide ditches of the Avon, near Bristol. “ Not unfrequent in salt-water ditches on the Norfolk coast.” —C. HD. Ei. fenestratus. Grows in small slender tufts, an inch or two high. Stlzeules stalked at first, club- shaped, and then elliptic-oblong, obtuse, densely striate transversely, and cross-barred, dark-brown. The plant itself is a pale green, Salcombe, Devon, Mrs. Wyatt. May. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 9] . tessellatus. Filaments somewhat tufted, from two to four inches long, very light and feathery as they float in the sea; not much branched, as compared with other species of Hcto- carpus, but bearing a remarkable outward resem- blance to E. fasciculatus. Szlieules sessile, abun- dantly scattered on the upper surface of the penul- timate ramuli, varying in shape from oval to elliptical, and sometimes inclining to reniform, re- gularly tessellated with minute dark squares, which are clearly defined under a glass of moderate power by pellucid lines, that intersect each other at right angles. Discovered by the Rev. F. W. Hayden in July, 1851, at Filey Bridge, Yorkshire. Annual. Summer. Grows on rocks, shells, at low water, and completely clothes the fronds of HZ. lorea, in the above locality.” See for Fig. and description, vol. Ist, p. 149, of the “ Naturalist.” | Li. fasciculatus grows on the larger alge. An- nual, summer. Not uncommon on ZL. digitata, L. bulbosa, and H. lorea. Tufts from one to two inches high. Ramuli to the naked eye appear very 99 THE MARINE BOTANIST. dense and tufted; in reality they are secund on the branchlets. Silicules sessile, ovate, pointed, secund on the ramuli. Colour a dark olive-green. EH. Hincksie. Parasitical on L. bulbesa, probably not uncommon. Coasts of England, Ireland, and Scotland. First noticed at Ballycastle, Giant’s Causeway, by Miss Hincks. In Mount’s Bay, Corn- wall, plentiful on the stems of L. bulbosa. Ply- mouth. Torbay. Exmouth, Mrs. Gulson. Aberdeen. Dark olive-green, tufted, branches furnished with secund ramuli, pectinated on their upper side. Silicules conical, sessile, lining the inner face of the ramuli. Ei. crinitus. Spreads over mud in extensive fleeces of a bright bay colour. Spores globose, scattered, sessile. Appin, Argyleshire. Water- mouth in North Devon. EF. pusillus. Parasitical on Polysiphoma m- grescens, and other alge. “Like a tuft of pale brown wool.” Mrs. Griffiths. Spores sessile, roundish oblong, plentiful, often two or three to- gether, or whorled. Torquay and Land’s End. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 93 E. distortus. Growing on Zostera at Appin, Argyleshire. Tufts four to eight inches long, dense, matted, deep chestnut-brown, filaments angularly bent. Spores obovate, sessile, or nearly so. E. Landsburggii. This has the habit of the above species, but is of a much more rigid, tena- cious substance, remaining undecayed after long steeping in fresh-water. Dredged in deep water. Annual. Summer. Lamlash, Dr. Landsborough. Roundstone Bay, Galway. Dr. W. H. Harvey. Ei. longifructus. “Habit of £. littorals, and very nearly related to that species, but the fruit is more luxuriant, and the branching more regularly opposite. Tufts six inches long.” Discovered at Skail, Orkney, by Mrs. Moffat. E. granulosus. Tufts, greenish or yellowish, four to eight inches long, upper branches and ramuli opposite. Spores large, solitary, elliptical, sessile born on the upper side of the ramuli. Pa- rasitical on the smaller algw between tide-marks Annual. Summer. Shores of England and Ive- 94 THE MARINE BOTANIST. land. Frequent on the south coast of the former, Bantry Bay. Shores of Cork. i. Spherophorus. Grows in fine tufts, mostly on Ptilota sericea, between tide-marks. Colour, olive or yellowish brown. Tufts from one to three inches high, upper branches spreading. Spores globose, sessile, either opposite to each other or to a branchlet. Annual. Summer. Rather rare. Sidmouth. Torquay. Mount’s Bay, Mousehole, Sennen Cove, and the Land’s End, in Cornwall. Milford. Menai Bridge on Conferva rupestris. In a narrow darkened chasm, on the east side of Hda, Orkney on P. sericea and C. rupestris. Appin, Argyleshire, on C. rupestris. Bantry Bay. E. brachiatus. Grows parasitical on Rhodymenia palmata. From two to four inches high, very feathery and much branched. Spores imbedded in the branchlets. Annual. Summer. Rare. Torquay, Mrs. Griffiths. Mount Edgecumbe, Rev. W. S. Hore. Cley, Norfolk Coast. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 95 MYRIOTRICHIA. Name, nunberless and a hair. Filaments hair-like, flaccid, jomted, beset on all sides with simple spine-like ramuli, clothed with long colourless fibres. Fructification. Elliptical spores. MYRIOTRICHIA CLAVAZFORMIS. — CLUB SHAPED MYRIOTRICHIA. Fronds, half an inch long, tufted, flaccid. “Stem densely beset with quadrifarious ramuli, which gradually increase from the base upwards, giving the frond a club-shaped figure.” Parasitical on Chorda lomentaria. .Annual. Summer. Dis- covered by Miss Hutchins forty years since, at Bantry Bay. Cable Island, near Youghal. Bal- briggan. Howth. Ballantrae, Ayrshire. Torquay. Falmouth Bay. Mousehole, near Penzance. Jersey. 96 THE MARINE BOTANIST. MYRIOTRICHIA FILIFORMIS.—SLENDER MYRIOTRICHIA. Fronds an inch or more in length, very slender, straight or often twisted into bundles; the stem at intervals set with dark-coloured knobs, which, under the microscope, are found to consist of very minute ramuli. This is described in the “ Manual” as a much taller and slenderer plant than the for- mer, and easily known from it by the enterrupted ramuli, which are much shorter in this, and do not increase in length towards the upper part of the stem. Parasitical on C. lomentaria and Asperococcus echinatus at times accompanying the former species. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 97 SERIES IL. RHODOSPERME. ' THE RED SERIES. Seaweeds of a rose-red, purple, or red-brown colour, leafy, cylindrical, or filamentous. Fructifi- cation of two kinds, formed on distinct plants. 1. Spores, contained either in external or immersed conceptacles, or densely aggregated together, and dispersed in masses through the substance of the frond. 2. Spores (called tetruspores), either external or immersed in the frond, rarely contained in proper conceptacles, each spore, when mature, separating into four sporules. Antheridia (not observed in all), filled with small yellow bodies. H 98 THE MARINE BOTANIST. ANALYSIS OF THE TRIBES. Frond with a calcareous coating. Corallinaceve. Frond cellular or filiform, not encrusted . externally or internally, or composed of articulated fibres, combined together by gelatine | Fronds (usually) filiform, and jointed either Fronds continuous . receptacles (ceramidia). Rhodomelacez. Spores not in ceramidia . a Spores contained in external urn-shaped Spores contained in naked berry-like re- ‘ ceptacles, termed favelle. Ceramiacez. external. Cryptonemiacee. Tetraspores scattered Tetraspores in defined spate. = immersed in the frond or sub- : Delesseriacex. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 99 Tetraspores immersed in the branches and ramuli. Laurenciacee. 6 ( Tetraspores either spread over the frond, or in cloud-like spots. Rhodymeniacez. The sea-plants forming the red series thrive and assume their richest hues in deep water; in shallow pools exposed to the sunlight, they never attain their full and natural colour, but degenerate to a greenish or yellowish white ; this is particularly remarkable in Laurencia pinnatifida, Chondrus crispus, and Ceramium rubrum. The double system of frucu- fication, delicately membranaceous, leaf-like, or often filamentous fronds of a red or pinky hue, soon changing colour and decomposing in fresh water, form the main characteristics of this series. In _ the Coralline tribe, there is in the outward struc- ture and appearance of the species a remarkable dissimilarity from the other red sea-weeds, arising from the presence of carbonate of lime in their _fissues, which gives them a stony hardness, and im . THE MARINE BOTANIST. completely conceals from view the internal character of the frond, to obtain a knowledge of which it is first necessary to dissolve the lime by means of an acid, when the structure and affinity of these plants with other members of this series will at once become apparent. RHODOMELACEA.—RHODOMELA TRIBE. Sea-weeds of a red or brown-red colour, with leafy or thread-like, areolated or articulated fronds, composed of many-sided cells. Fructifications of two kinds :—1. Ovate or urn-shaped bodies, called ceramidia, containing a tuft of pear-shaped spores. 2. Tetraspores in swollen ramuli, or in lanceolate receptacles, termed stichidia. All the British genera of this tribe, with the exception of Odonthalia, are slender filiform species, with more or less distinctly articulate fronds ; in the Polysiphonie this structure is clearly visible, while in Dasya the ramuli alone show the joints, and in the three genera, Rhodomela, Bostrychia, , THE MARINE BOTANIST. 101 and Rytiphlea, they are internal, and almost en- tirely hidden by a coating of cells of greater or less thickness. One of the most easily-recognized sea- weeds of the Rhodomela tribe, is the 'Toothed Odonthalia, our only representative of the leafy- fronded Rhodomelacee. In warmer seas many beautiful species are found belonging to the different genera included under this section. In Amansia the cells of the delicate leaf-like fronds are all regularly twelve-sided, and of exactly the same length; this structure is what is meant by areolated, and resembles mosaic work. Of the filiform kinds, Polysiphonia fastigiata is an abundant species, erowing in thick tufts of a dark-brown colour, upon the Fucus nodosus. The Polysiphonia are a difficult genus for the learner ; for this reason, only a few of the species are described at length in the following pages. The Scarlet Dasya is a very common species often used in ornamental work ; it is the only kind of Dasya common on our shores. The other British genera in this tribe include but seven species; in habit they resemble some of the 102 THE MARINE BOTANIST. Polysiphonia, and are not easily distinguished from them. Rhodomela, with filiform inarticulate fronds, contains two species: R. lycopodiodes, with fronds from four to eighteen inches long, grows on the stems of Laminaria digitata, and is common on the northern coasts of England, Scotland and Ireland ; R. subfusca is a much branched kind, with rather flaccid ramuli, which adhere to paper; these drop off during the winter, and the plant then appears with rigid broken branches; it is a frequent species, growing either on rocks or alge: colour, in this a reddish-brown, in the former a_purplish-brown ; becoming’ in both species almost black when dry; the name Rhodomela, meaning red black, is given in allusion to this change of colour. Many, or almost all, of the plants of this tribe become much darker in drying. ‘The next genus, Bostrychia, includes but one British species, B. scorpioides, _ which grows either sin the sea or in salt-water ditches at the roots of flowering plants, whence it was formerly known as Fucus amphibius. It is of © a pale purplish, brownish, or greenish colour, © THE MARINE BOTANIST. 103 varying in different localities, and changing to a blacker hue in drying: the extreme tips of the slender and entangled branches of this plant are rolled inwards like a ram’s horn. When viewed through the microscope, the surface-cells of the frond look like a delicate and regular piece of mosaic-work. In Rytiphlea, the frond is trans- versely striate and reticulated, four British species are included in this genus: R. pinastroides is remarkable for its secund and usually hooked © pinne. R. complanata, the only species with flattened fronds, is of rare occurrence. R. thuyoides, a much commoner plant, “may always be known from it,” says Dr. Harvey, “by its darker colour, cylindrical stems, and generally by a narrower frond. In ramification and general habit there is much similarity. The two may sometimes be found growing in close proximity, and even mixed together; but I have generally noticed that R. thuyoides, which is the stiffest in substance, usually grows in shallow parts of the tide-pool, sometimes standing out of the water, while R. com- 104 THE MARINE BOTANIST. planata never dies during the recess of the tide.” The fourth species, R. fruticulosa, by its diffuse and spreading habit, may easily be distinguished from the foregoing, which are all erect in their growth. GENERA OF THE RHODOMELA TRIBE. Odonthalia. Frond flat, serrated with a faint mid- rib. Colour very dark red. ~Rhodomela. Frond cylindrical, inarticulate, opaque. Bostrychia. Frond cylindrical, inarticulate, dotted. Rytiphlea. Frond cylindrical, inarticulate, trans- versely striate. Polysiphoma. Fronds thread-like, articulate, longi- tudinally striate. Dasya. Fronds cylindrical, with inarticulate stems and spreading jointed ramuli. ODONTHALIA. Name, a tooth and a branch, in allusion to the toothed frond, Frond plane, between membranaceous and carti- THE MARINE BOTANIST. 105 laginous, dark vinous red, with an imperfect or obsolete midrib, and alternately toothed margin. Fructification. 1. Ceramidia, containing spores ; 2. Lanceolate pods (stichidia), containing tetraspores. ODONTHALIA DENTATA.—TOOTHED ODONTHALIA. Fronds tufted, from three to twelve inches in length, much branched in an irregular pinnate man- ner, with a slight and imperfect midrib at the base ; branches narrow toothed or pinnatified. Fructifica- tion borne on little slender hair-like stalks along the margin of the frond. Substance between cartila- ginous and membranaceous. Colour a deep red, becoming darker in drying. Grows on rocks in the sea, in fruit, from January to March. Frequent on the shores of Scotland, and the north of England and Ireland. 106 THE MARINE BOTANIST. RHODOMELA. Name meaning red black, in allusion to the change of colour in these plants when dry. Frond filiform, solid, much branched, inarticu- late, reticulated ; outer surface of the frond consist- ing of minute, irregular, coloured cellules. ’ructi- fication twofold, on distinct plants. 1. Ceramidia, containing pear-shaped spores. 2. Tetraspores, con- tained in lanceolate pods, stechidia, or in swollen branchlets. RHODOMELA LYCOPODIODES. — WOLF'’S- CLAW RHODOMELA. Fronds in summer densely set with slender ra- muli. In the winter state of the plant these are short, rigid, half-an-inch to an inch in length. The fructification is produced in summer on the ramuli. Substance cartilaginous, colour purplish, changing to black in drying. Grows on the stems of L. digi- THE MARINE BOTANIST. 107 tata. Perennial, Summer. Common on the Scotch shores, and on the north of England and Ireland. Remarkably fine at Bangor, Co. Down. RHODOMELA SUBFUSCA.—PURPLISH- BROWN RHODOMELA. Fronds as in the preceding species, clothed with numerous ramuli during summer ; set with alternate branchlets, often crowded towards the end of the branches. Stem, four to ten inches high; branches virgate very variable in ramification. Colour, a red- dish brown, not unlike that of Hypnea purpurascens when recent, but becoming much darker in drying. Grows on rocks and alge. Perennial. Summer. Frequent. BOSTRYCHIA. Name from a ringlet or curl of hair. Frond dull, purple, filiform, much branched, in- articulate, dotted. Cells of the outer surface of the 108 THE MARINE BOTANIST. frond cubical. F'ructification. 1. Ceramidia; 2. Tetraspores, contained in terminal, lanceolate pods. BOSTRYCHIA SCORPIOIDES. —TANGLED BOSTRYCHIA. Fronds entangled, very much branched, spreading very slender, furnished with small tufts of forked patent ramuli; the uppermost ones curled inwards. Colour, pale purplish, becoming blackish in drying. Substance somewhat cartilaginous, tender. This genus is anomalous among the Rhodomela tribe, the species growing indifferently in situations where fresh water flows into the sea, or in ditches of brackish water at some distance from the coast. Our native species varies in hue according to the locality ; it is sometimes of a brownish or greenish colour. Grows on muddy sea-shores near high water-mark, at the estuaries of rivers, in salt water ditches and marshes, adhering to the roots of flowering plants; also on sub-marine rocks within tide-marks. Annual. Selsey Marshes. North Wales. Shoreham on Atriplex portulacoides. Mouth of THE MARINE BOTANIST. 109 the River Dart. Mouth of the River Otter, at Budleigh Salterton, Miss Cutler. Tydd Marsh, Cambridgeshire. Shore of Blackwater, near Mal- don. Plymouth. Barmouth. Pool near Dolgelly, and at the Menai Bridge. Port Stewart, Ulster. Baldoyle, River Shannon, at Tarbert. RYTIPHL/AAA. Name from a wrinkle and the bark, in allusion to the appearance of the surface when dry. Frond filiform or compressed, pinnate, trans- _ versely striate, reticulated ; outer surface composed of several rows of minute, irregular, coloured cel- lules. ructification. 1. Ceramidia, containing pear-shaped spores. 2. Zetraspores, contained in stichidia, or in the swollen ramuli. ——————— S$ RYTIPHLAA PINASTROIDES. — HOOKED RYTIPHLAA. Frond from four to eight inches high, round, almost devoid of branches at the base; much 110 THE MARINE BOTANIST. branched above the branches, alternate or secund, spreading in a fan-like manner, the branchlets bear- ing’ secund, erect ramuli; sometimes straight, but more frequently with their tips hooked imwards. “The whole plant marked, at short intervals, with transverse strie, which give it a jointed appear- ance.” Substance, cartilaginous. Colour, a dull red, becoming black in dying. Grows on rocks near low water-mark. Perennial. Fruiting in Winter. Southern shores of England, frequent. O. 8. &. complanata. Very rare. Grows on the rocky beds of shallow tide-pools, exposed at low water-mark to full sunshine. Perennial. Summer. Dredged in Plymouth Sound. Land’s End. Bantry Bay. Caarush Point, Miltown; abundant in one or two tide-pools, but very local.—Dr. Harvey. Fronds compressed, two or three inches high; branches with acute axils. Colour, a dark brownish red. R. thuyoides. Grows on rocks in tide-pools. Perennial. Summer and Autumn. Not uncommon. Very abundant on the West of Ireland. Fronds THE MARINE BOTANIST. TT three or four inches high. Cylindrical, branches with rounded axils. Colour, a dull brown, or brownish- yellow. R. fruticulosa. Grows between tide-marks on sand-covered rocks. Perennial. Summer. Com- mon. Fronds three to six inches high, much branched from the base; axils of the branches very patent. Articulations very obvious in the ramuli, and marked with transverse strie. Antheridia in this and the preceding kind constantly occur in summer, and give a yellowish tinge to the plants. ——$—$ POLYSIPHONTA. Name signifying many-tubed, in allusion to the structure of the frond. Frond filamentous, partially or generally arti- culate, joints longitudinally striate, composed inter- nally of parallel tubes ranged round a central cavity. Fructification double on distinct plants. 1. Cera- midia containing pear-shaped spores. 2. Tetra- spores imbedded in swollen branchlets. 112 THE MARINE BOTANIST, POLYSIPHONIA URCEOLATA.—HAIR- LIKE POLYSIPHONIA. Loosely entangled in large tufts, of from three to nine inches in length, the thickness of horse-hair at the base; very stiff on removal from water, and not adhering well to paper. Colour a dark red. Grows generally on rocks. £6 patens, a variety with re- curved ramuli and fewer branches, is found clothing the stems of Laminaria digitata. Summer. os POLYSIPHONIA FORMOSA.—BEAUTIFUL. POLYSIPHONTA., Filaments much branched, very slender, flaccid, from six to ten inches high. Colour reddish- brown. This plant has, from the wavy outline of its branchings, a peculiarly graceful appearance when spread on paper. It is usually a much more slender species than the preceding. Grows on rocks, &o., between tide-marks, mostly in bays and estuaries. Annual. Summer. Not uncommon, THE MARINE BOTANIST. 113 POLYSIPHONIA FIBRATA.—FIBROUS- BRANCHED POLYSIPHONIA. With many slender branches, densely tufted, of a " reddish-brown colour ; very soon decomposing in fresh water, and extremely soft and tender in sub- stance. The ramuli produce delicate fibres at their tips, to which are attached the antheridia in tufts ofa golden-yellow colour. Grows on rocks, stones, and alge, between tide-marks. Not uncommon. _ Annual. Summer and Autumn. _ POLYSIPHONIA ELONGATA.—“ LOBSTER- HORN” POLYSIPHONIA. _ Stems cartilaginous, irregularly branched; during the summer clothed with slender many-tipped _ crimson ramuli; these fall off at the approach of winter, when the branches appear bare and broken at the tips. Colour brownish-red:; the ramuli crimson. Substance in the stem rigid, in the ramuli soft, and adhering well to paper. Grows on stones, shells, corallines, &c. Biennial. Spring. 114 THE MARINE BOTANIST. POLYSIPHONIA FASTIGIATA.—TUFTED POLYSIPHONIA. Filaments rigid, bristly, all nearly of the same length; forming round tufts, repeatedly forked. Grows abundantly on the fronds of Fucus nodosus, and on the old stems of Fucus vesiculosus. Colour brownish; black when dry.~ Substance rather rigid. ee POLYSIPHONIA BYSSOIDES.—FEATHERY POLYSIPHONIA. From four to twelve inches long, the main stem undivided, and set throughout its length with alternate or opposite branches, which are more or less densely clothed with slender fibres which give a peculiar soft and feathery appearance to this species, and make it resemble a Dasya rather than a Poly- siphonia. Substance generally soft and flaccid. Colour a pinkish red, which soon exchanges to CO a ee ee ae. a ee ee | ee THE MARINE BOTANIST. 115 brown on exposure to the air or in drying. Grows on rocks, &c. Annual. Summer. Abundant on the eastern and southern shores of England and Ireland. Rare in Scotland and the west of Ireland. Frith of Forth. Ayrshire. Bantry, Malbay. O.8. P. stricta. “ An ill-defined, confused species.” Grows on sand-covered rocks. P. pulvinata, “resembles P. urceolata in minia- ture, but has the soft substance of the P. fibrata, and is a much more slender plant.” Grows on rocks and alge between tide-marks. Annual. Summer. Not uncommon. P. spinulosa. An extremely rare species, of which only one specimen was found by the late Captain Carmichael, at Appin, Argyle. P. fichardsoni. Colvend, Dumfries; only a single example of this plant is preserved in the Hookerian Herbarium, from which the plate in the Phycologia Britannica, t. x. was taken. P. Griffithsiana. Parasitical on Polyides ro- tundus at Torquay. Isle of Portland. Annual. Summer. Very rare. “ Chiefly remarkable for t16 THE MARINE BOTANIST. the equality of its short joints, and for its property of resisting fresh water.” P. elongella. “This closely resembles small specimens of P. elongata, but it is easily and clearly distinguished by the distinctly jointed branches, and the parallel (not reticulated) veins which they contain.” Grows on rocks, &c., between tide- marks. Biennial. Spring. Rather rare; but ge- nerally distributed round our shores. P. Grevillii. Shores of Bute, on the larger aloe, only a variety of the following :— P.violacea. A species not very unlike P. fibrata, but differing from it in its inarticulate stem and finer and larger growth. P. Carmichaeliana. Parasitical on Desmaresti¢ aculeata at Appin. The single specimen of this plant, found by Captain Carmichael, is preserved in Sir W. J. Hooker’s Herbarium. P. fibrillosa. Grows on rocks and stones and on alee between tide-marks. Annual. Summer. Common. Substance very tender, and soon de- composing. ‘ Colour a pale starw, or some- VYVIOLACEA POLY S/IPHONA THE MARINE BOTANIST. 117 what rosy when recent, becoming purplish in drying.” P. Brodiei. Grows on rocks and the larger aloz near low water-mark. Annual. Summer. Common on the rocky shores of Scotland and the south and west of England and Ireland. Channel Islands. A large species of a dark brown colour, and soon decomposing and giving out a disagreeable smell in fresh water. “The inarticulate stem, and long, simple, robust branches, clothed with pencils of delicate filaments, strongly mark the species.” P. variegata. Grows on mud-covered rocks in bays and estuaries; also on Zostera, Chorda, &c. Annual. Summer and Autumn. Very local. St. German’s River, Beggar’s Island, Trevol, Tor- point, and various other places near Plymouth. A beautiful species resembling P. elongella in habit, but easily distinguishable from it by its bright purple colour; hitherto it has only been found in the vicinity of Plymouth, where it was first noticed by the Rev. W. 8. Hore. On the shores of France and Spain, in the Adriatic, and 118 THE MARINE BOTANIST. on the east coast of North America in several places, Dr. Harvey says it is an abundant species. P. obscura. Spreads over marine rocks at half- tide level; also parasitical on Fuci and on some of the small alge. Jersey. Sidmouth. “ Tufts of small size densely matted together. Articulations visible in all parts of the frond. Colour a dark brown-red.” P. simulans. Grows on rocks, &c., in tide- pools, near low water-mark. Annual. Summer. Rare. Bathing Cove and Tor-Abbey Rocks, Tor- quay. Bovisand, near Plymouth. Falmouth. Jersey, Valentia, Kerry. Skaill, Orkney. This species was for some time confounded with P. spinulosa, and described as such; in microscopic character it differs from that in having twelve siphons or tubes surrounding the central cavity; in the true P. spinulosa there are but four. In outward aspect it is exceedingly variable, sometimes resembling P. subulifera, and at others P. nigrescens; in allu- sion to these deceptive appearances it received the specific name of simulans. Mrs. Griffiths de- THE MARINE BOTANIST. 119 scribes it as follows :—“ Substance stiff and little. Colour reddish. Stems set with spines which hold the plant together so that it is difficult to dis- entangle.” P. ngrescens. A very common species on rocks and stones between tide-marks ; it dries of a black colour, and scarcely adheres to paper excepting in specimens collected in the summer, when the ramuli are tender and then adhere better. In autumn and winter this species looks coarse and bushy, from the loss of the more slender branchlets, which disappear at the end of the season. It is a vari- able species, putting on many different aspects ; microscopically it may be known from other species by the very large number of tubes in the stem. P. affinis. On rocks, &., in the sea. Carn- lough, near Glenarm. Cushendall. Not unlike the preceding, but more flaccid, and with an ovate outline. P. subulifera. Usually grows in deep water, very local. Annual. Summer. Torquay. Wey- 120 THE MARINE BOTANIST. mouth, “parisitical on Rytiphlea pinastroides and Polyides rotundus, between tide-marks.” Carrickfergus. Roundstone, Cunnemara, very abundant. § Templetoni, a slender variety of this plant found in Belfast Bay. Dr. Harvey says of the present species that “ its peculiar thorny habit, well expressed by the specific name, is so unlike that of any other British species of equal size, that it cannot well be confounded with any. To the naked eye it bears a greater resemblance to young specimens of Rytiphlea fruticulosa than any- thing else, but is more slender and flaccid, and readily known at all times by the distinctly articu- late stem end branches, which have both externally and internally a very different structure.” P. atro-rubescens. Grows on rocks in the sea; not uncommon. Perennial. Summer and Autumn. “Stems densely tufted, or covering the rocks in wide patches, from two to six inches high, thicker than horse-hair, subsimple, more or less furnished with long, alternate, erect, simple branches, which sometimes bear a second series, clothed in more ee —_——ae THE MARINE BOTANIST. 121 or less abundance with short, awl or spindle-shaped, erect ramuli.” Colour, deep red or brownish, becoming blackish in drying. Substance rigid, adhering slightly to paper. P. furcellata. Very rare. Floating in the sea at Sidmouth. Dredged in Torbay. Carrick- fergus. Roundstone, Cunnemara. Five or six inches long, much entangled, and excessively branched, the divisions dichotomous, very close towards the extremities. Tubes about eight. Colour, a bright brick-red, changing to a deep amber colour. Substance, at first firm, but becom- ing flaccid immediately. P. parasitica. Grows on the larger alge, and more frequently on nullipores at the extreme limit of low water-mark, not uncommon, but nowhere very abundant. Stems somewhat compressed, rigid, simple, distichously branched. Articulations about as long as broad, three-tubed. Colour, rose- red, brownish when dried. Cartilaginous, and adhering imperfectly to paper. Remarkably fine on the Ayrshire coast, and at Arran. Mrs. Gulson {29 THE MARINE BOTANIST. finds on the beach at Exmouth a variety of this plant, which bears much resemblance to Rytiphlea complanata, and is identical with the so-called Mediterranean species P. pennata. DASYA. Name hairy, in allusion to the slender hair-like ramuli. Frond filamentous; the stem and _ branches mostly opaque, composed internally of numerous parallel tubes, surrounding a central cavity ; the ramuli jointed; single tubed. ructification two- fold, on distinct plants; 1, ceramidia, containing a tuft of pear-shaped spores; 2, lanceolate pods (stichidia) containing tetraspores. DASYA COCCINEA.—SCARLET DASYA. Stems rather rigid and firm, minutely hairy ; set with alternate or opposite twice-pinnated branches, bearing tufts of many-tipped ramuli. Substances rather cartilaginous, and not adhering very firmly to paper. Colour dark red, becoming THE MARINE BOTANIST. 128 bright scarlet on exposure to the atmosphere. Grows on rocks and alge near low water-mark. The var. sqguarrosa more slender in its branching, and without hair-like fibres, grows in from four to fifteen fathoms water. Annual Summer— being frequent on all our shores. O. 8S. WD. ocellata. Grows on mud-covered rocks near low water-mark, rare, very fine at Exmouth, Mrs. Gulson. Abundant on the pier at Torquay. Trevol, near Plymouth. Whitsand Bay, ditto. St. Michael’s Mount, and Mousehole, near Penzance. Wicklow. Balbriggan. Smer- wick Harbour, Orkney. A much smaller species than the foregoing, from one to two inches in height, tufted, and thickly set with upright, spreading, forked ramuli, which are particularly dense towards the tips of the branches. The colour is a brownish or bright purple. D. arbuscula. Grows on rocks at the verge of low water-mark. Rare in England; not uncom- mon on the shores of Ireland and Scotland. Salcombe, Devon. Mewstone, Plymouth. Fal- 124 THE MARINE BOTANIST. mouth Bay, “local, but not scarce,” Miss Warren. Very fine at Bantry, Ireland. Annual. Summer. A delicate species, from two to four inches high, branched irregularly, set with fine, short, spreading ramuli. Colour a pale pinky brown, at times deep red. Substance flaccid, adhering closely to paper. D. venusta. A beautiful species, discovered by Miss White and Miss Turner on the shores of Jersey in 1846. Annual? Summer and autumn. Very rare. ‘Colour a fine crimson-like substance, very flaccid and tender, closely adhering to paper.” According to Dr. Harvey this new species re- sembles in habit Polysiphonia byssoides or Seiros- pora Griffithsiana more than any British species of Dasya— being intermediate in aspect between the two. ee GENERA OF THE LAURENCIA TRIBE. Bonnemaisonia. Frond filiform, solid, much branched ; the branches, with opposite awl-shaped cilia. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 125 Laurencia. Frond cylindrical or compressed, pin- natified ; the ramuli blunt. Chrysymenia. Frond filled with watery gelatine, not constricted or chambered. Chylocladia. Frond contracted at intervals, filled with watery gelatine. LAURENCIACEA—LAURENCIA TRIBE. Sea-weeds of a rose-red or purple-colour, usu- ally with cylindrical, rarely compressed, and still more rarely flattened fronds, destitute of midrib; linear inarticulate, though occasionally as in Chylo- cladia, constricted at regular distances in a joint- like manner. Fructification of two kinds. 1. cera- midia external, ovate in form, containing a tuft of pear-shaped spores. 2. tetraspores immersed in the branches and ramuli, scattered without order through the surface cells. The succulent, inarticulate fronds of these plants, having their tetraspores dispersed without order through the ramuli, form the principal difference between them and those of the foregoing tribe. 126 THF MARINE BOTANIST. Four genera alone are comprised in our Flora; in Chylocladia the species resemble in form the jointed Saltwort (Salicornia), of our marshes, C. kaliformis, and C. articulata, are the commonest species of the genera; C. parvula, a small species, not un'ike the former, may be known from it by the joints being always much shorter and of uniform length; the form of the capsular fruit is also different; the cap- sules are much larger in size in ©. kaliformis, and distinctly conical in form. The rare species, C. re- flexa, may at once be recognized by its creeping habit, which well distinguishes it from others of the genus; indeed, it is more likely to be con- founded with Catenella opuntia at first, than with any of the Chylocladias. Bonnemaisonia aspara- goides is a beautiful species, resembling in its feathery aspect the common asparagus plant when going to seed, but infinitely more delicate in its branching, and of much smaller size. Chry- symenia clavellosa is likewise an elegant species of a pink hue, with opposite or alternate branches, bearing ramuli, in shape resembling those of the THE MARINE BOTANIST. OF stone-crop (Sedum) ; the whole plant, with the root and stem, when entire, forms a perfect little tree in miniature. Laurencia pinnatifida is exceedingly common on our shores; the fronds are usually re- gularly pinnate, of a dull purple colour; we are told it is of equally common occurrence in the Pacific and Atlantic basins in both temperate and tropical climates; and that all our Laurenciacee are also natives of the 8. ocean. OC. rosea has been lately added to our Flora; from C. clavellosa it is at once known by the very much greater propor- tional width of the frond: in a specimen which Mrs. Hayden has had the kindness to send me, not more than half an inch in height, the frond is broader than in any variety of C. clavellosa that I am ac- quainted with. Algologists in their excursions should not forget to search for it, and C. reflexa. BONNEMAISONIA. Named in honour of M. Bonnemaison, a French Naturalist. Frond filiform, inarticulate, compressed or plane ; solid; much branched; the branches margined 128 THE MARINE BOTANIST. with distichous, awl-shaped, alternate cilia. Fruec- tification. Ceramidia, containing a tuft of pear- shaped spores. Zetraspores unknown. BONNEMAISONIA ASPARAGOIDES. — AS- PARAGUS-LIKE BONNEMAISONIA. From four to twelve inches high, with slender main stem and opposite or alternate branches, regu- larly set throughout with two rows of alternate hair-like cilia; these in var. 8 teres are much lengthened, and the branches are rounded. The capsules are borne on short stalks opposite to the cilia; they are small roundish bodies, about the size of a pin’s point; but though small are clearly visible to the naked eye. “Colour a fine trans- parent crimson, darker in those from the west of Ireland, and in them becoming darker in drying, while in those from the east of Ireland and south of England the colour fades considerably in drying.” Substance soft and flaccid. Grows on rocks near py rt teak } _ y 5 ce une 4 et ND * Cie ee — a WDICKES, Litho. Fig 3. CORALLINA OFFICINALIS. Fig J. LAURENCIA PINNATIFIDA Ps RUS . , 4. CHONDRUS CRIS CHYLOCLADIA ARTICULATA. ba Ww THE MARINE BOTANIST. 129 low water-mark, and at a greater depth. Annual. June to September. Sunderland. Yarmouth Beach. Cromer. Torquay, Torpoint, Falmouth, Scilly Islands, Jersey. Kilkee, Malbay, Bantry Bay, - Donaghadee, Belfast Bay, Howth, Malahide, Carrickfergus, Saltcoats, Ardrossan, var. 6 teres. At Wicklow and Kingstown Harbour, Dublin. LAURENCIA. Named in honour of M. dela Laurencie, a French Naturalist. Frond cylindrical or compressed, linear pinnately branched; the apices obtuse; structure cellular, solid. ructification of two kinds, on distinct individuals : 1. Ceramidia, containing a tuft of pear- shaped spores; 2. Zriparted tetraspores imbedded in the ramuli. LAURENCIA PINNATIFIDA.—PINNA- TIFID LAURENCIA. A variable plant with tufted fronds from one K 130 THE MARINE BOTANIST. to twelve inches high, with pinnatifid or twice pinnatifid branches. In avery common variety, 6 osmunda, the frond is undivided, flat, and with short, many-tipped ramuli; in the variety found in Devon and Cornwall, y tenwissima, the frond is also flat, but the ramuli are very thin, and much branched, branches widely spreading. Sub- stance cartilaginous, but soon decomposing on exposure to the air, and then the smell of this plant is often peculiarly offensive. Colour vary- ing from a yellowish green to a dull dark purple, fading in the air to a pale lilac. Cera- midia broadly ovate, placed on the smaller branches. Zetraspores imbedded in the ramuli. Grows on rocks, &c., between tide-marks. Annual. June to December. Very common. It has been called the “Pepper Dulse,” in Scotland, owing to its biting and aromatic flavour. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 13] | LAURENCIA CG:SPITOSA.—TUFTED LAURENCIA. The characters of this species, which was formerly considered only a variety of the former kind, I copy from the description given in Harvey’s “Manual of the British Alege,” p. 98. “On stones, &c., within tide-marks. Annual. Summer. Common. Fronds two to eight inches high, as thick as small twine, cylindrical, or the main divisions slightly compressed, somewhat bare below, much branched above with a pyramidal outline. Branches once or twice pinnate, erect or erecto- patent, irregularly set. Ramuli very irregular, often much crowded, simple or multifid, terete, tapering to the base, and truncate. Colour either a very dark lurid purple, or (under the effects of sunlight) greenish yellow. Almost intermediate between the preceding and following: more cylin- drical and narrower than L. pinnatifida ; and very different in general habit from L. obtusa.” 132 THE MARINE BOTANIST. LAURENCIA OBTUSA.—BLUNTED LAU- RENCIA. “From three to six inches high; the stem as thick as pack-thread, of the colour of isinglass, but the outer coats of the branches and their segments have a beautiful pink colour.” The ramuli are mostly opposite, short, wedge-shaped, and blunt. Ceramidia ovate on the smaller branches; tetraspores immersed in the ramuli. Substance tender and flaccid, but soon decomposing. Colour a fine but fleeting pink. This plant is said to smell like violets. Grows on the larger alge. Annual. Summer and Autumn. Shores of England and Ireland frequent, but rare in Scotland. Frith of Forth, Ayrshire, Ardrossan, Arran. LAURENCIA DASYHYPLLA.—SEDUM- LEAVED LAURENCIA. “Fronds from four to twelve inches high, the THE MARINE BOTANIST. 1388 stem often undivided, and set with opposite or alter- nate branches, the lower ones being the longest, and frequently bearing a second series; all having nu- merous linear, club-shaped, obtuse ramuli, one or two lines in length, and very much attenuate at base, resembling the leaves of a Sedum ; the whole frond marked, at short distances, with more or less distinct transverse strie. Substance somewhat gelatinous, quickly decomposing. Fructification as in the above. Colour a pale fugitive pink or yellowish. Readily distinguished from the preceding by the ramuli tapering towards the base, and from the following by their being obtuse. “ Var. 8 squar- rosa: tufts intricate, fronds irregularly branched ; the branches arched, and more or less recurved ; ramuli frequently attenuated at the apex. May, perhaps, be mistaken for ZL. tenuissima, but it rarely, if ever, happens that all the ramuli are drawn into long points, or all the branches arched and recurved; but the majority are in these con- ditions.”—Harv. Grows on shells, &., in pools near low water-mark, generally where the surface 184 THE MARINE BOTANIST. is covered with sand or mud. Frequent on the shores of Great Britain, Ireland, and the Channel Islands. 6 squarrosa dredged in four to five fathoms water. Plymouth Sound, Rev. W.S. Hore. LAURENCIA TENUISSIMA.—SLENDER LAURENCIA. Branches set with slender bristle-like ramuli, narrowed at their insertion, and more or less taper- ing at the tips. Fronds tufted, from six to eight inches. Substance very tender, between gelatinous and cartilaginous. Colour, a pale purplish, or pinky red, becoming yellowish. Grows on rocks and other algze between tide-marks. Very rare. Annual. Summer and Autumn. ee CHRYSYMENTA. Name meaning golden membrane, because the species assume golden hues if steeped for some time in fresh water. frond tubular, continuous, neither constricted nor jointed, filled with a watery juice, traversed THE MARINE BOTANIST. 135 by a few longitudinal threads. 'ructification. 1. Ceramidia, containing a very dense tuft of angular spores; 2. Triparted tetraspores immersed in the ramuli. CHRYSYMENIA CLAVELLOSA.—STONE- CROP CHRYSYMENIA. Branches either alternate or opposite, spreading and bearing small narrow ramuli. From three to twelve inches high, and much branched in a pin- nate manner. Colour, pale pink; sometimes, in ill- coloured specimens, of a brownish hue. Substance, soft and slippery, adhering very closely to paper. Var. (3 sedifolius has the ramuli between oblong: and oval in shape, much crowded and undivided. Grows on stones and algv between tide-marks. Annual. May to September. Found at various places on the coasts of England, Scotland, and Ireland, but nowhere very common. sedifolius at Lossiemouth. Falmouth Harbour, Miss Warren. 1386 THE MARINE BOTANIST. CHRYSYMENIA ROSEA.—WIDE- FRONDED CHRYSYMENIA. Frond in proportion very much broader than in the above, with opposite, obtuse, elliptical ramuli, tapered off at the insertion. Tetraspores not dispersed through the branches, as in (. clavel- losa, but collected into distinct sorz. The variety orcadensis is about an inch high; each frond elliptic oblong, fully a quarter of an inch broad, bearing three or four distant pairs of pinne of similar form but smaller dimensions. Colour a clear pinky red. Discovered at Skaill, Orkney, by Miss Watt, and described in the “ Manual,” p. 100, as a distinct species; subsequently Mrs. Gatty and Mrs. Hayden gathered more perfect specimens at Filey, on the Yorkshire coast, “ which,” writes Dr. Harvey, “ seem to connect the Orkney plant with an American species gathered at Newport, Rhode Island, to which I had previously given the name of ‘ rosea.’ Mrs. Gatty’s largest speci- THE MARINE BOTANIST. bis y men so nearly resembles one of the American specimens, that it might have been supposed to be from the same locality, while Mrs. Hayden’s in its rather broader form approaches the Orkney.” CHYLOCLADIA. Name signifying juicy branch, in allusion to the succulent frond. Frond (at least in the branches tubular) con- stricted at regular intervals, and divided internally by partitions ; each division is filled with a watery fluid, and traversed by a few longitudinal filaments. Fructification. 1. Spherical, ovate, or conical cera- midia, containing a tuft of wedge-shaped spores ; 2. Tripartite tetraspores, immersed in the smaller branches and ramuli. CHYLOCLADIA OVALIS. —OVAL-LEAFED CHYLOCLADIA. Fronds two to ten inches high, naked below, 138 _ THE MARINE BOTANIST. cylindrical, branched in an irregular forked manner with elliptical and usually simple ramuli, either lanceolate or oval, clustered or scattered on the branches, filled with a jelly-like fluid, which causes them to adhere well to paper, while the stems are hard and rigid, adhering but slightly. Darker in colour than others of the genus. Grows on rocks and other algz. Annual. June to August. Fre- quent on the shores of England and Ireland. CHYLOCLADIA KALIFORMIS.—SALT- WORT CHYLOCLADIA. Fronds tufted, from four to twelve, or even eighteen inches in length. Stem contracted at distant intervals, as if jointed; branches springing from the contractions in whorls, as do the ramuli ; these are closely contracted, which gives them a beaded appearance. Colour, dull purplish-red, stainmg the paper on which it is dried a bright red. Substance tender, and adhering well to THE MARINE BOTANIST. 139 paper. Grows on rocks and other aleve. Annual. June to September. Frequent on the coasts of England, Scotland, and Ireland. CHYLOCLADIA REFLEXA.—ARCHED CHYLOCLADIA. From two to three inches high, distinguished from all other species by the small root-lke pro- cesses which arise from the curved lower branches ; these are furnished at the tips with disks, by which they adhere to surrounding objects. The secondary branches mostly secund, simple, arising from the upper side of the arched ones; ramuli few, scat- tered, regularly constricted into joints in the upper branches, scarcely constricted in the lower ones. Colour, a dull purple. Substance membranaceous, adhering to paper. Grows on rocks near low- water mark. Annual. Summer and Autumn. Very rare. Discovered at Hagington, near Ilfra- combe, by Miss Amelia Griffiths. “ The Irish station given in Phye. Brit. is incorrect.” In a 140 THE MARINE BOTANIST. letter from Mrs. Griffiths, she informs me that, in March, 1850, she had received young plants of C. reflexa from Plymouth. I am also enabled to add another station on the authority of W. P. Cocks, Esq., of Falmouth, who has found it there, “attached to rock, extreme low water-mark, due south of the Rev. Mr. Coope’s house.” From Exmouth, Mrs. Gulson has sent me specimens, with both kinds of fruit. The examples from this locality, Dr. Harvey says, are the finest he has seen in Britain. (a CHYLOCLADIA PARVULA.—SMALLER, SALTWORT CHYLOCLADIA. From two to three inches, densely tufted, and much branched in a straggling manner, con- stricted at intervals of equal length and breadth. May be known from C. kaliformis by its uniformly shorter joints and smaller size, as well as in its branching and in the shape of the capsules ; in the former they are spherical, in this ovate. Substance THE MARINE BOTANIST. 14] soft. Colour, a pinky red. Parasitical on the smaller alge, on most parts of our coasts, growing in tide-pools near low water-mark. ee CHYLOCLADIA ARTICULATA.—JOINTED CORALLINE-LIKE CHYLOCLADIA. Fronds arising from a mass of fibres, tufted from one to six, and sometimes twelve inches long. The contractions strongly marked throughout ; branches springing in a forked manner; ramuli either opposite or whorled. Colour, pale red purple, transparent. Substance membranaceous. Grows between tide-marks, on rocks, and the larger alge. Annual. Summer. Frequent. en CORALLINACEA.—CORALLINE TRIBE. “Rigid, articulated, or crustaceous, mostly cal- careous sea-weeds, purple when recent, fading on exposure to milk-white, composed of closely packed, elongated cells or filaments, in which carbonate of 142 THE MARINE BOTANIST. lime is deposited in an organized form. Tetra- spores tufted, contained in ovate or spherical con- ceptacles (ceramidia), furnished with a terminal pore.” Until lately these stone-encrusted sea-weeds were associated with the Zoophytes and Corals, produc- tions to which they show a remarkable resemblance in outward form; but when the coating of lime is removed from their fronds by means of acid, their vegetable nature at once becomes apparent; and in structure they will be seen to resemble, as well as in their fructification, other plants of the red series. On the shores of tropical countries we learn they are among the most beautiful of marine plants; the shores of Australia are peculiarly rich in them, some forming fans like our Padina, but rose-coloured; others triply pinnate, like Calli- thamnion; others with whorled ramuli, like the Chare of our ditches. On our coasts this species are not remarkable for their beauty ; the very com- monest kind of the articulated species is the Coral- lina officinalis, which grows abundantly in pools on THE MARINE BOTANIST. 148 the shore; when fresh it is of a reddish purple, or salmon coloured; the root—if so it may be termed —is a wide, flattened crust, from which spring the articulated pinnate fronds. In the sub-order of the Nullipore, the fronds form lichen-like crusts on rocks, stones, &c., and on the stems of alowe ; and the fruit appears in little protuberances on the surface. The different species, or, perhaps more correctly, varieties of form in this genus it is not easy to separate from one another. Ac- cording to Dr. Harvey, most of the thick, nulli- porous crust found between tide-marks should be referred to Melobesia polymorpha; and Dr. John- ston considers all the species as only ill-developed forms of Corallina officinalis. “It appears first,” he says, ‘in the guise of a thin, circular, calcareous patch of a purplish colour, and in this state is eommon on almost every object that grows be- tween tide-marks. When developing on the leaves of Zostera, or in other unfavourable sites, these patches are usually pulvurulent and ill-coloured, green or white, and never becoming large; but 144 THE MARINE BOTANIST. in suitable situations, they continue enlarging: in concentric circles, each marked with a pale zone, until they ultimately cover a space of several inches in diameter. ‘The resemblance, in this condition, which the crust has to some crustaceous fungi, more especially to Polyporus versicolor, is remarkably exact; and neither is it less variable than the fungus in its growth, the variations depending on the nature of the site from which it grows. If this is smooth and even, the foliaceous coralline is entirely adnate and also even; but if the surface of the site is uneven or knotted, the coralline assumes the same character. If it grows from the edge of a rock, or on the frond of a narrow sea-weed, or from a branch of the perfect coralline, the basal lamin spread beyond in over- lapping imbrications of considerable neatness and beauty. They are semicircular, wavy, either smooth or studded with scattered granules, and these granules (ceramidia) may be either solid or per- forated on the top. Such states of the coralline have been described as MMillepora lichenoides ; THE MARINE BOTANIST. 145 while its earlier states constitute Lamouroux’s various species of Melobesia.” To observe the internal structure of the Corallines, it is necessary to macerate a portion in weak acid until the cal- careous matter be removed. In drying they re- quire but very little pressure. The plant figured under the name of Lithocystis Allmanni in the Phyc. Brit., is now ascertained to be identical with the Hapalidium Phyllactidium of Kutzing. GENERA OF THE CORALLINE TRIBE. Sub-order of the Corallinee. Frond filiform, articulated. Coralline. Frond pinnated. Ceramidia terminal, simple. Jania. Frond dichotomous. Ceramidia tipped with two horn-like ramuli. Sub-order. Nulliporeze. Frond crustaceous or folia- ceous, opaque, not articulated. Melobesia. Frond stony, forming either a crusta- ceous expansion, or a foliaceous or shrub-like body. L 146 ; THE MARINE BOTANIST. ffildenbrandtia. Frond cartilaginous, not stony, forming a crustaceous expansion. Hapalidium. Frond plane, transparent, composed of cells radiating from a centre. CORALLINA. Named from Coralium, coral, which these plants resemble. Frond filiform, articulated, branched (mostly pinnate) coated with a calcareous deposit. ructi- fication, turbinate or obovate, mostly terminal ; cera- midia, pierced at the apex by a minute pore, and containing a tuft of erect, pear-shaped, or club- shaped, transversely parted tetraspores. CORALLINA OFFICINALIS.—_COMMON CORALLINE. This is an exceedingly abundant species, growing in rocky pools; the colour, when fresh, is a dull purple, soon becoming white on exposure to the atmosphere. From two to six inches high, arising THE MARINE BOTANIST. 147 in tufts from the crustaceous root, when luxuriant the branches are variously pinnate. The ceramidia are either urn-shaped, and terminating the branches and ramuli, or occasionally lateral ovate ceramidia of smaller size are produced on various parts of the articulations, and so densely crowded, as to cover the whole articulation. Perennial. Winter and Spring. 0.8. C. elongata. Coast of Cornwall, Ellis. Jersey, Mr. Hassall. Attached by a crustaceous base, three or four inches high, ultimate branches almost hair-like, with cylindrical articulations, C. squamata. Grows on submarine rocks at low water-mark. Perennial. Summer. South coast of England. Abundant at Miltown Malbay, West of Ireland. Youghal. Jersey. “This has the habit of C. officinalis, but differs in the form of the upper articulations, which are here much com- pressed, with the angles sharp and prominent.” 148 THE MARINE BOTANIST. JANIA. Named from Janira, one of the Nereides. Frond filiform, articulated, dichotomous, branched, coated with a calcareous deposit. Fruetification, urn-shaped ; ceramidia, {med of the axillary arti- culation of the uppermost branches (mostly two- horned), containing tetraspores. JANIA RUBENS.—RED JANIA. Grows in tufts of half-an-inch to two inches in height, on the smaller alge between tide-marks. Branches slender, repeatedly forked. “ Articula- tions cylindrical in all parts of the frond, without prominent angles; those near the base very short, the upper ones gradually longer.” Ceramidia urn- shaped with long horns. The colour is a pale red, with purplish shades when quite fresh. Perennial. Summer. Common. O. S. G. corniculata. Grows on the smaller THE MARINE BOTANIST. 149 alow between tide-marks. Southern shores of England and Ireland. Jersey. Differs from the foregoing in the shape of the articulations of the principal branches, which are compressed, with their upper angles sharp and prominent. The colour is a pale red. _— eee Se MELOBESIA. Named from one of the sea-nymphs of Hesiod. Frond attached or free, either flattened, orbicular, pinnated or irregularly lobed, or cylindrical and branched (never articulated), coated with a calca- reous deposit. Fructification, conical, sessile ; ceramidia, scattered over the surface of the frond. MESOGLOIA POLYMORPHA. Frond attached to rocks, stones, shells, &c., be- tween tide-marks; thick, stony, encrusting, or rising into short clumsy branches, which are seldom much divided, and often merely rudimentary. Pe- rennial. Common. 150 THE MARINE BOTANIST. MELOBESIA CALCAREA.—CHALKY MELOBESIA. When recent, it is a deep blood-red, soon pass- img into brick-dust colour, and finally to a snowy whiteness. The branches are slender, divaricating, spreading in all directions, anastomosing below, free above, and tapering to a blunt point. The ultimate ramuli are either simple or forked. On many parts of our coast this plant forms vast beds, extending for miles in submarine strata; and is advanta- geously used on soils requiring the addition of lime.” Harv. Man. ed. Qnd, p- 108. In four to ten fathoms water. Common on the south of Eng- land, and west of Scotland and Ireland. O.S. IM. fasciculata. In four to five fathoms water, lying at the sandy bottom of the sea. Found on several parts of the coast. Colour when recent a livid purple, soon fading to a dirty white ; one to three inches in diameter, roundish or irregu- larly lobed, stony, with short, thick, solid branches. THE MARINE BOTANIST. lol M. agariciformis. Lying on the. sandy bottom of quiet bays, in two to three fathoms water. Roundstone Bay, Cunnemara. Globular, hollow, foliations delicate. “The colour when recent 1s more or less tinged with a rosy pink; when dry it fades to a yellowish white, and when exposed to the sun becomes perfectly white and rapidly crumbles to powder.” | M. lichenoides. On rocks in tide-pools, near low water-mark. Not uncommon. Perennial. Detached. at the margins of the lobes, spreading over rocks, and resembling the leafy lichens. Some varieties of this plant are at times so much like small exam- ples of the former species, that, according to Dr. Harvey, the difference in habit may be caused by the different depths at which these . plants vegetate. M. membranacea. Common on the leaves of Zostera, the fronds of Chondrus crispus, &c. An- nual. Summer. Minute, dot-like, very thin, and almost membranaceous. Ceramidia, one or two, depressed. - Pale purple. 152 THE MARINE BOTANIST. M. farinosa. “On various alow. Rather larger and thicker than the preceding, with more promi- nent fruit, but to me it appears merely a stronger- grown variety.” Harv. M. verrucata. ‘Grows on the fronds of Phyllo- _ phora rubens, &e. Dotted over innumerable small, pimply ceramidia. Looks like a still more advanced state of J. membranacea.” M. pustululata. Grows on Phyll. rubens, Chon. crispus, &c. “This is the largest and most developed of this parasitic section, and, perhaps, without much violence, the preceding species might be considered as merely younger and imperfect forms.” Harv. Thick, dull purple or green. Ceramidia numerous, large, rather prominent, conical. HILDENBRANDTIA. Frond cartilagineo-membranaceous (not stuny), crustaceous; sub-orbicular, adhering by its lower THE MARINE BOTANIST. 1538 surface; composed of very slender, closely-packed vertical filaments. Conceptacles immersed in the frond, orbicular, depressed, containing tetraspores. HILDENBRANDTIA RUBRA.—RED HIL- DENBRANDTIA. “On smooth stones and pebbles between tide- marks, and in deep water. Common. Forms a thin, membranous crust; at first orbicular, and spreading concentrically ; at last irregular in form, following the sinuosities of any body to which it may be attached. A small portion, viewed verti- cally under the microscope, shows minute cells lying in a clear jelly. When in fruit the surface is pitted with disk-like depressions, pierced by a hole which communicates with a chamber in which the spores lie. Colour variable; now a bright, now a dull red.” Harv. Man. 2nd Kd. p, 110. 154 THE MARINE BOTANIST. HAPALIDIUM. “ Plant calcareous, consisting of a single plane of cellules, which are disposed in radiating dichotomous series, forming an oppressed, flabelliform frond.” Allman. HAPALIDIUM PHYLLACTIDIUM.—WHITE HAPALIDIUM. Forms minute, dot-like patches of a whitish colour on alge. Common. “ Each dot consists of one or several fan-shaped fronds, composed of quadrate cells, disposed in dichotomous series. The plant is brittle, colourless, and effervesces in acid.” Described, in the Phycologia Britannica, under the name of Lithocystis Allmanni, and the figure of it in that work represents the young plant, which at a later period becomes much more more lobed and expanded. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 155 DELESSERIACEAA.—DELESSERIA TRIBE. Rosy, purplish-red or blood-red sea-weeds, with a leafy, or rarely filiform, areolated, inarticulate frond, composed of polygonal cells. Leaves deli- cately membranaceous. ructification double ; 1. Conceptacles (coceidie), external, or partly immersed, containing spores; 2. Zetraspores, in distinctly defined sor, either scattered through the frond or placed in proper fruit-leaflets or sporophylla. | This, though a small, is a strikingly beautiful tribe; containing the Delesseria, with perfect leaf- like fronds of a rose-red colour, and the paler and more delicate Nitophylla, *¢ How their blushes speak Of rosy hues that bright o'er ocean break, | When cloudy morn is calm, yet fain to weep, Because the beautiful is still the frail.” Fortunately for the botanist, though they soon lose their. colour when exposed to the sun and air, 156 THE MARINE BOTANIST. when once dried they preserve their rich tints unaltered for a length of time. The genus Nito- phyllum is distinguished from Delesseria by its being without a midrib, which is usually very dis- tinct in the latter. Plocamium coccineum, a well known feathery plant, common on our shores, and found in all cool waters extending, according to Dr. Harvey, within some 384° of the line in both hemispheres, is the only British filiform species of the tribe ; other species of the genus Plocamium are natives chiefly of the shores of South Africa, and New Holland. GENERA OF THE DELESSERIA TRIBE. Delesseria. Frond leaf-like of definite form, with a midrib running through it. Nitophyllum. Frond without a midrib, delicate, expanded ; sometimes marked with vague veins. Plocamium. Frond linear, or filiform; much branched ; distichous. Ramuli secund. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 157 DELESSERIA. Named in honour of M. Benj. Delessert, a distinguished French Naturalist and patron of Botany. Frond rose-red, flat, membranaceous, with a per- current midrib. F'ructification of two kinds, on distinct individuals:—1. Hemispherical tubercles (coccidia), mostly on the midrib, containing a tuft of filaments bearing the spores. 2. Zetraspores forming definite spots in the frond, or in distinct leaf-like processes. DELESSERIA SANGUINEA.—RED DOCK- LEAVED DELESSERIA. Stem cartilaginous, bearing beautiful, large, rich rose-red fronds, in shape and colour like the leaves of the Red Dock (Rumex sanguineus), and veined like those of the Spanish chestnut. In the summer the fronds are large, and with a waved margin, smaller leaves often springing from the midrib as the season advances. The winter state presents a remarkable contrast, the membranaceous 158 THE MARINE BOTANIST. ’ part of the fronds decays, and there remains alone the naked stem, which then bears the fructification, either in tubercles on little stalks, or tetraspores produced in little leaf-like bodies. A variety of this plant is sometimes found with lobed leaves; the midrib divides near the tip, in the specimens I have seen at Minehead, on the Somerset coast, and the leaf, in consequence, becomes bifid at the extremity. The lobed variety gathered by Dr. Landsborough on the Ayrshire coast, is a very curious form; according to Dr. Harvey, showing a tendency towards D. sinuosa in form, from which, in colour and other characters, it widely differs. Substance, delicate; adhering firmly to paper. Grows in deep rock-pools, between tide-marks, generally at the shady side of the pool, under pro- jecting ledges of rock. Common on the British coasts from Orkney to Cornwall. Biennial. Very large in the Scilly Isles, and at Falmouth. In a specimen which I procured from Gwyllyn Vase Bay, near there, the fionds are nearly ten inches in length. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 159 DELESSERIA SINUOSA.—OAK-LEAVED DELESSERIA. Fronds irregular in their outline, jagged, with a clear, well-defined midrib. Colour, claret-red ; not so bright as the preceding, nor does it adhere to paper so firmly. The tubercles are embedded in the midrib of the leafy lobes; tetraspores in minute slender processes fringing the margin. Grows frequently on the stems of L. digitata, likewise attached to various substances in deep water, and vegetates at a depth varying from six to ten fathoms. Perennial. Summer and autumn. Common on the British shores. DELESSERIA ALATA.—WINGED DELESSERIA. Stem somewhat forked, and much _ branched. Fronds not in a leaf-like form, but continuing along each side of the branches. Zubercles attached to 160 THE MARINE BOTANIST. the midrib, usually near the ends of the branches. Tetraspores either in proliferous leaflets, or in the tips of the fronds. Colour, a dark red. Substance in the stems and old plants firm, more tender in summer than in winter. Grows on rocks and the larger alge between tide-marks, and in four to ten fathoms water. Biennial. DELESSERIA ANGUSTISSIMA.— NARROW DELESSERIA. Frond compressed, very narrow, without any membrane; very nearly approaching to the above, and not considered distinct from it by Dr. Harvey, but admitted by him into his works in deference to the opinion of Mrs. Griffiths, who reckons it a separate species. The extreme narrowness of frond and entire suppression of the winged membrane constitute the chief distinctions between this plant and D. alata. Grows on the stems of Laminaria digitata. Perennial. Winter and spring. Scar- THE MARINE BOTANIST. 161 borough. Coast of Cornwall. Aberdeen. Lossie- mouth, Morayshire. Orkney. Galway. Kings- town. DELESSERIA HYPOGLOSSUM.—PROLI- FEROUS DELESSERIA. Fronds lance-shaped with a midrib, from which arises a second series, resembling the first, and bear- ing in the same manner another set of leaves. Tufted, four to six inches high; sometimes the first leaf is very narrow, not more than a line in breadth, and seldom more than two. In specimens gathered at Bantry Bay by Miss Hutchins, of very large size, the primary leaf is six to eight inches long, and half an inch wide. Twubercles globose, on the midrib, about the centre of the leaflet; tetraspores in linear lines or spots at each side the midrib, often near its end. Substance thin and delicate, adhering well to paper. Colour, a pinky-red, soon given out to fresh water. Grows on rocks and other alge. M 162 THE MARINE BOTANIST. Annual. Summer. Not uncommon on the shores of England and Ireland ; rare in Scotland. DELESSERIA RUSCIFOLIA.—BOX- LEAVED DELESSERIA. Not unlike the last species, but smaller, with rounder, wider, and shorter fronds. The colour is deeper, and the substance rather firmer; tetraspores forming an oblong line on each side the midrib. Grows on rocks, algw, &. Annual. Summer and Autumn. Rather rare. Shores of England and Ireland. Yarmouth. Coasts of Devon and Corn- wall. ooo NITOPHYLLUM. Name meaning a shining leaf. Frond reticulated, delicately membranaceous, generally rose-coloured, wholly without veins, or with slight vague ones towards the base. Fructifica- THE MARINE BOTANIST. 1638 tion: 1. raised tubercles (coccidia), sessile on the frond containing spores; 2. tetraspores forming distinct scattered spots. NITOPHYLLUM PUNCTATUM.—DOTTED NITOPHYLLUM. Substance of the frond in this species exceed ingly thin and delicate, entirely without veins. At first the frond is broadly wedge-shaped, after- wards it is regularly divided into forked segments, which still preserve their wedge-shaped outline; in the variety 8 ocellatum the frond is cleft nearly to the base with narrow, and many and regularly divided segments. The spots of tetraspores form either round, oblong, or linear dots of large size scattered over the whole frond, or confined to its divisions; tubercles globose, and thickly. distri- buted over the surface. Grows attached to various aloe between and beyond tide-marks. Annual. Summer. “ The usual size of this plant is from four to twelve inches long, and about as broad, 164 THE MARINE BOTANIST. but in favourable situations much larger; and in some gigantic specimens gathered by Mr. D. Moore, at Cushendall Bay, North of Ireland, five feet long and three feet wide.” Roundstone Bay, Galway, abundant. Bantry Bay. Larne. Torquay. Sidmouth. Mount’s Bay, Cornwall. Swansea. £ ocellatwm, Coast of Moray. + crispa- tum, Kilkee and Roundstone, West of Ireland. Mount Batten, Plymouth. 6 Pollexfenii, Orkney. ¢ fimbriatum, Roundstone Bay, Galway. NITOPHYLLUM HILLIA.—HILL’S NITOPHYLLUM. Frond from four to eight inches long, of a fine rose-red colour, faintly veined at the base, rising from a short stem, usually of a broad fan-shaped figure slightly cleft or lobed, the veining some- times extends over the greater portion of the frond ; the substance is thickish, but tender, resembling, says Mrs. Griffiths, “ soft kid leather.” Tubercles scattered over the surface, very evident. Spots THE MARINE BOTANIST. 165 of tetraspores minute, abundantly distributed over the fronds. The smell, when fresh, is said to be extremely disagreeable and peculiar. Grows on rocks, &c. near low water-mark; rare. Annual. July to October. First found by the late Miss Hill at Plymouth. Torquay. Falmouth, Mr. W. P. Cocks. Mount’s Bay. Whitsand Bay. Scilly Isles. Jersey. Bantry Bay. Valentia, West of Ireland. Coast of Moray. ee NITOPHYLLUM BONNEMAISONI— BONNEMAISON’S NITOPHYLLUM. Frond from two to four inches long, with a short stem, either fan-shaped or palmate, divided into wedge-shaped segments, marked at the base with faint veins. In substance thin and delicate, adhering firmly to paper. Colour a rose-red. “ Tubercles scattered over the frond; spots of tetraspores smaller than in NV. punctatum, larger than in N. Hillie, scattered over the surface and segments.” Grows on the stems of 166 THE MARINE BOTANIST. Laminaria digitata. Rare. Annual. Summer and Autumn. Torquay. Falmouth Bay, Miss Warren, “very rarely.” Ilfracombe. Minehead, Somerset, occasionally cast ashore, I. G. Larne. Youghal, Tramore. Miltown Malbay. Bute. Orkney. a NITOPHYLLUM GMELINI.—GMELIN’S NITOPHYLLUM. Frond two to four inches in breadth, with a short stem, more or less fan-shaped, with a roundish outline marked by veins, very evident in some speci- mens, and less so in others; ‘‘ the margin smooth and even,” the plants which I find on the Mine- head beach are very much jagged at the margin, and the divisions lengthened out into narrow- pointed segments. Colour, a purplish red. Sub- stance membranaceous, rather crisp when first gathered. TZ'ubercles scattered over the surface: spots of tetraspores confined to the margin of the frond, long and linear. Grows on rocks and Laminarie, &c. Rare. Annual. Summer. Coast THE MARINE BOTANIST. 167 of Devon. Whitsand Bay, near Plymouth. Fal- mouth Bay, “very rarely.” Ilfracombe. Mine- head, Somerset: not unfrequently cast ashore there; I. G. Bantry Bay. Kilkee. Several stations on the north-east coast of Ireland. NITOPHYLLUM LACERATUM.—TORN NITOPHYLLUM. Fronds from two to ten inches long, very much divided, forked into variously cleft segments often ciliated at the margin, and marked with veins running through the frond. When in the water it appears of a silvery hue. When dry the colour is nearly the same as that of V. Gmelint. Tubercles scattered; tetraspores in oblong spots along the margin, or in distinct leafy processes. In the variety 8 uncinatum the fronds are very narrow, with the tips hooked into the form of a sickle. Grows on various alge, common. Annual. Summer. 168 THE MARINE BOTANIST. NITOPHYLLUM VERSICOLOR.—PINK AND ORANGE NITOPHYLLUM. Stem stiff, twig-like, half an inch to an inch high; either branched or simple, bearing broadly fan-shaped, regularly cleft fronds; whole plant with a rounded outline, margin entire, excepting in old plants, when the tips of the segments be- come greatly thickened, and eventually fringed with colourless, hair-like cilia; these hardened substances, on dissection, Mrs. Griffiths finds to be full of minute grains. In the base of the frond at its juncture with the stem a similar thickening is often perceptible. The fructification in this species is unknown. I have examined many dozens of specimens in every stage of growth, in the hope of detecting it, but without success. When fully grown, in August, the callous tips form a very peculiar feature in this plant; and in its younger state, it may always be known from JV. Bonne- maisont, which it nearly resembles, by its rapidly changing from rose-red to a beautiful orange, THE MARINE BOTANIST. 169 when placed in fresh water. I have remarked that when the water first comes in contact with the frond it immediately loses its crispness, hissing and crackling like slackened lime, giving out at the time a peculiar strong and pungent odour, which makes the eyes smart. Not noticed on any other shores than those of England and Ireland, neither has it ever been procured in a growing state: its place of growth is probably in deep water. June to August. Ilfracombe. Minehead, Somerset; I. G. Not un- common during the above months, and frequently cast ashore in a fresh state. Youghal. PLOCAMIUM. Name meaning intertwined hair, in allusion to the finely branched fronds. Frond pinky-red, linear, compressed or flat, rib- less, or faintly-nerved, cellular, distichously much branched; the ramuli alternate or secund, acute. Fructification: 1. Spherical tubercles (coccidia ), 170 THE MARINE BOTANIST. sessile or stalked, marginal or axillary, containing spores. 2. Lateral or axillary, simple or branched pods (stichidia ), containing transversely parted tetraspores. PLOCAMIUM COCCINEUM.— SCARLET PLOCAMIUM. A beautiful and very common sea-plant, with much branched and feathery fronds, the lesser ramuli furnished on their inner side with comb-like divisions. Zubercles sessile on the edge of the upper branches, each one about the size and colour of a poppy-seed; tetraspores contained in small cross-like receptacles borne on the ramuli. Colour a fine pinky red. Substance not at all flaccid, and though so delicate in its branchings, it is a very easy species to spread out, only requiring to be laid in a plate with sufficient water to float the branches, which, with the help of a camel-hair pencil, will soon fall in their natural and therefore most elegant position. Frequent on rocks and alge. Perennial. Summer and autumn. hea YW! SS ip Ves tae Y a ki COCC/INEUM THE MARINE BOTANIST. 171 RHODYMENIACEZA.— RHODYMENIA TRIBE. Sea-weeds of a brown-red, purplish or blood-red colour, with flat or filiform inarticulate fronds, sur- face cells minute, rarely disposed in filaments, Fructification of two kinds. 1. Conceptacles (coe- culia) external or partly immersed, containing a mass of spores. 2. Tetraspores dispersed through the whole frond, or collected in indefinite cloudy patches. The leafy plants of this tribe are thicker in texture than those of the preceding. Rhodymenia bifida, however, is nearly as delicate as a Nito- phyllum, and in the absence of fruit, may possibly be mistaken for N. Gmelini; when viewed through the microscope, the structure appears much closer and denser than in that genus. In the Stenogramme in- terrupta the tetraspores form round, clearly defined sori: these [ first noticed on Minehead plants in 1848, but it is not until recently that specimens have 172 THE MARINE BOTANIST. been found with this kind of fructification in any other locality. I am informed by Mr. Hore that he has in his possession “ a portion of a single plant dredged in Cork Harbour in advanced tetrasporic fruit, in 1851. A similar specimen from Lisbon. Two magnificent specimens from New Zealand : one tetrasporic, six inches in length, the other with tubercles filling a piece of paper 83 inches by 7!” At the time that Dr. Harvey included the genus Stenogramme in this tribe, the secondary fruit was unknown, and as one of the distinctions between the Delesseria and Rhodymenia tribes consists in the tetraspores in the latter never being collected into well-defined sori, it would appear that Steno- eramme should now be removed from hence.* The structure of the outer stratum of cells in Gracilaria shows an approach to Crytonemiacez, in which the cells are connected together into fibres, and form a * Since writing the above, I have been informed by Dr. Harvey that he removes this genus, though not without doubt, to the neighbourhood of Phyllophora, while Pro- fessor Agardh leaves it doubtfully (knowing the tetrasporic fruit) in the Rhodymeniacee. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 173 frond of a greater or less degree of thickness. In the Hast several species of this genus are made into jelly, and Mrs. Griffiths once prepared from G. com- pressa a pickle and preserve which proved, we are told, “ excellent in flavour as well as ornamental ;”’ it is, unfortunately, one of our rarest species; and M. Soyer will never be able to employ his culinary skill in its favour, as he has done with the well- known Dulse R. palmata of this tribe. ee GENERA OF THE RHODYMENIA TRIBE. Stenogramme. ‘ Conceptacles linear, rib-like. ” Tetraspores collected into dense, oval, well-defined sort. Rhodymema. Tubercles convex, scattered. Frond flat. Spherococcus. Frond linear, compressed, distich- ously branched. Gracilaria. “ Frond filiform, compressed or flat, irregularly branched; the central cells very large. ” 174 THE MARINE BOTANIST. Hypnea. “ Frond filiform, irregularly branched, traversed by a fibro-cellular axis.” STENOGRAMME. Name meaning a narrow line, in allusion to the linear fructification. “ Frond rose-red, leaf-like, nerveless, laciniate, cellular; the central cells large, transparent, in several rows; those next the surface, minute, coloured, closely packed. ructification: 1. linear, convex, longitudinal (nervelike), concep- tacles, containing a dense mass of minute spores.” Harv.; 2. tetraspores very minute, densely packed together, tripartite (?), contained in oval, opaque dark-coloured spots (sor) scattered over the frond. se. STENOGRAMME INTERRUPTA.—RIB- FRUITED STENOGRAMME. Root a small round disk, not larger than a pin’s THE MARINE BOTANIST. 175 head. Frond from two to six inches high, narrow at the base, then widening, and soon dividing in a palmate manner, regularly forked, the tips of the segments notched and rounded. When producing spores, the centre of each division becomes thick- ened into a raised line resembling a midrib, but not continuous through the frond, generally break- ing off opposite a forking ; the tetraspores which I discovered on Min:head specimens in 1848, form round, conspicuous, well-defined spots (sort) scat- tered over the frond nearly of the same size and shape as the spots of tetraspores in Chondrus crispus. The colour in Minehead plants is very like that of Rhodymenia laciniata, while the sub- stance and feel of the frond more nearly resembles young plants of R. palmata. It adheres but im- perfectly to paper. Plymouth specimens which I have seen are more fan-shaped than mine, and the texture appears thinner, and colour a lighter red. On this beach I find it floated ashore from June to the end of December, and even as late as March I have collected specimens. From August to 176 THE MARINE BOTANIST. December, plants with both kinds of fruit are thrown up. Specimens with tetraspores have not been collected at Plymouth. Grows in deep water on shells, &., in muddy harbours and estuaries. Discovered in 1847 by Dr. John Cocks at Bovisand, near Plymouth, and : at Mount Edgecombe a few days later by the Rev. W.S8. Hore. Minehead, Somerset, August, 1848, noticed the tetraspores on October plants; I.G. A single plant with tetrasporic fruit dredged in Cork Harbour by Mr. Carroll, 1851. RHODYMENTA. Name signifying red membrane. Frond flat, membranaceous or slightly leathery, quite ribless and veinless, cellular. ructifica- tion: 1, convex tubercles (coccidia) containing minute spores; 2, tetraspores either scattered or forming cloudy patches. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 177 RHODYMENIA BIFIDA.—THIN-CLEFT RHODYMENTA. Fronds tufted one or two inches high, irregu- larly cleft, thin and transparent. Colour a pink or brownish red. ‘Tubercles usually confined to the margin. Tetraspores forming cloudy spots on the upper part of the frond. “ Var. 6 ciliata: frond somewhat thicker than usual, opaque, brownish red, narrow, much divided; the margins fringed with leafy cilia.””—Harv. Grows attached to rocks and alee. Annual. Summer. Frequent on the southern shores of England and Ireland. Rare in Scotland. Ardrossan. Saltcoats. Kilbride, Whit- burn and Tynemouth. Jersey. £6 ciliata, Belfast Bay. Carrickfergus. RHODYMENIA LACINIATA.—THICK- CLEFT RHODYMENIA. Frond rather thick cleft in more or less of a palmate or fan-shaped form, the segments N 178 THE MARINE BOTANIST. slightly forked. Substance firm, opaque, but ad- hering well to paper. Colour a bright red. This plant is often fringed along the margin with minute processes (cilza), in which the tubercles are con- tained. Tetraspores form cloudy spots close to the margin. Grows commonly on rocks and stones in deep water. Biennial. Fruiting from January to July. RHODYMENIA PALMETTA.—PADLM-LIKE RHODYMENIA. This species has fan-shaped fronds, more or less divided and forked, with a cylindrical stem. The var. Viceensis rises from creeping fibres and bears a narrow forked frond, very much resembling Phyllophora Palmettoides. Colour a pinky red, when young, dull in old plants. Substance firm, not adhering to paper. Tubercles usually near the tips of the frond. Tetraspores in cloudy spots on the expanded tips of the segments. Not unfre- » WHE MARINE BOTANIST. 179 quent on rocks and the stems of L. digitata. An- nual. Summer and autumn. aaaennREEinmesiemmememmennt RHODYMENIA CRISTATA.—TUFTED RHODYMENIA. “ Frond semicircular, membranaceous, sub-dicho- tomous, the segments somewhat dilated upwards, repeatedly subdivided, the divisions alternate, de- current, laciniate at the ends; tubercles spherical, imbedded in the margin of the frond. Colour a rose-red, nearly similar to that of Delesseria Alata.” —Grev. Alg. A northern species rarely found on our shores. Parasitical on L. digitata. Annual. July. Wick, Caithness. Frith of Forth. Berwick. Shetland. Orkney. anne RHODYMENIA CILIATA.—FRINGED RHODYMENIA. Frond shaped like a leaf, oblong, or lanceolate, from two to four inches long, serrate or jagged at 180 THE MARINE BOTANIST. ., the margin, eventually the cilia become lengthened nto various-shaped lobes, which are again ciliate at their margins; the tubercles are placed on these cilia, and the tetraspores are in cloudy spots over the surface. Root creeping, composed of fibres. Substance thick and rigid. This species requires to be soaked for some little time in water before sub- mitting to pressure, or the paper on which it is preserved will be stained of a dark brown hue. Colour a brownish red. Attached to rocks and stones near low water mark,.and at a greater depth. Annual. Bears fruit in winter. RHODYMENIA JUBATA.—JAGGED RHODYMENIA. A variable plant very like the preceding, but may be known from it by its brighter colour, softer and more flaccid substance, also in the different position of the tetraspores, which, in this, are con- fined to the cilia. Sometimes the fronds are very THE MARINE BOTANIST. 181 narrow, and the cilia much drawn out, cylindrical and branched. Several fronds arise from the fibrous root. Annual. Fruits in summer, while R. ciliata produces its fruit in winter. Grows on rocky or gravelly shores in tide pools. Frequent. os RHODYMENIA PALMATA.—HAND- SHAPED RHODYMENIA. Fronds from two to twenty inches long, broadly wedge-shaped, divided in a palmate manner, or nar- row and forked, in some forms cleft into very narrow finely-divided segments. Tetraspores in cloud-like spots, spread over the whole surface of the frond. Substance tender when young, but afterwards thick and leathery. The following well-marked varieties are enumerated in the Phycologia Britannica:— B marginifera ; frond oblong, sub-simple, prolife- rous at the margin. y stmplex; frond undivided, wedge-shaped. These two forms grow on the stems of L. digitata. 6 Sarniensis; frond laciniated, the segments narrow and sub-linear. e sobolifera; 182 THE MARINE BOTANIST. frond stipitate, membranaceous, the branches very narrow below, much divided, expanding upwards into wedge-shaped and laciniate lobes. Grows on Fucus serratus. R. palmata is the Dulse of Northumberland and Scotland, and Dzllisk of the Irish. In Scotland and Ireland it is much eaten by the poor, usually raw, more rarely boiled or fried ; the smaller varieties growing on rocks are preferred, as being less leathery in texture and sweeter in taste. In M. Soyer’s “St. Patrick’s ? Soup,” one of the soups invented by him for the starving Irish, it forms the principal ingredient; and it is often used in the Mediterranean for colour- ing and flavouring made dishes. When the dried frond is steeped in water it exhales a violet scent. Very common on rocks, and stems of the Lami- narie. SPH ASROCOCCUS. Name signifying sphere-shaped fruit. Frond cartilaginous, compressed, two-edged, linear, distichously branched. ructification ; THE MARINE BOTANIST. 183 spherical tubercles (coccidia) containing a mass of minute spores. —_—_— SPHAEROCOCCUS CORONOPIFOLIUS.— FRINGED SPHZROCOCCUS. Fronds much branched, from six to twelve inches high, spreading, feathery, upper branches forked, often fringed with small processes in which the tubercles are placed. Colour scarlet, darker in the main stem. Substance rather stiff, horny, when dried, and not adhering well to paper. On rocky shores near low water-mark and beyond. Biennial. Summer and autumn. Not uncommon on southern shores of England, and western and southern coasts of Ireland. Belfast. Very rare in Scotland, Bute. GRACILARIA.* Named after gracilis, slender. Frond filiform, or rarely flat, carnoso-cartilagi- * It is to be regretted that this name is also applied to a genera of insects. 184 THE MARINE BOTANIST. nous, continuous, cellular; the central cells large, those of the surface minute. Fructification ; 1. convex tubercles (coccidia) containing minute spores; 2. tetraspores imbedded in the surface cells. aE EEEEE ee GRACILARIA CONFERVOIDES.— FILIFORM GRACILARIA. Fronds from three to twenty inches high, cylin- drical, cartilaginous, forked, more or less set with slender ramuli, tapering upwards. The tubercles are large and very common, forming one of the most conspicuous characters in this species. Colour | a deep red. Rigid in substance, and not adhering to paper. Tetraspores minute, imbedded in the branches. Grows in sandy tide-pools, not unfre- quent. Perennial. Produces fruit in summer and autumn. There are three varieties of this plant: viz.—f procerrima, with long, generally simple and naked branches; + albida, frond compressed, mostly dichotomous, ramuli awl-shaped; 6 genicu- THE MARINE BOTANIST. 185 lata, the frond distorted and bent, as if broken at the tubercles. O. S. G. multipartita. Grows on rocks or stones in muddy places, chiefly estuaries ; near low water, and at a greater depth. Very rare. An- nual. August and September. Coast of Devon ; dredged in Salcombe Bay. Shore under Tait’s Hill, Plymouth. In the Sound and Whitsand Bay, near Plymouth. “Frond flat, tender, semi-transparent, brittle, dull purplish-red, deeply cleft in an irregularly dichotomous or palmate manner; the branches linear, wedge-shaped ; apices acute ; tubercles coni- cal, very prominent, scattered over the segments.” —Phyc. Brit. The frond in this is flat, variable in breadth, and from four to twelve inches long ; in aspect it very much resembles some of the Rho- dymenia, but may be known by its very prominent tubercles. G. compressa. Thrown up from deep water. Very rare. Sidmouth, Mrs. Griffiths. Exmouth, Mrs. Gulson. Jersey, Miss Turner. Annual. August. 186 THE MARINE BOTANIST. “This plant,” says Dr. Harvey, “ has something the aspect of G. confervoides, but may always be known by its more succulent frond and very dif- ferent substance. It is as soft and brittle as G. confervoides is hard and tenacious. It also bears some resemblance to the narrow variety of G'. multi- partita, but is more cylindrical, and of a different and much brighter colour.” G. erecta. Grows in sandy rock-pools. Very rare. Perennial. Bearing fruit in winter. Tor- quay. Sidmouth. Gwyllyn Vase Bay, Falmouth, near low water-mark, Mr. W. P. Cocks. Belfast Bay. Port Ballantrae, North of Ireland. Round- stone Bay, Galway. Orkney. Fronds numerous, erect, one or two inches high, simple or once or twice forked without ramuli. Colour and substance about the same as in G. confervoides. Tubercles globose, placed near the tips of the branches ; tetraspores in lanceolate receptacles. it ara) Plate 3. * +9 $ + ALiWe nA ainsi SB 2 ey Bs IL F i cy Sore ion ae ry Ny «3% 1 vi ? fe: N77. $ a) W-DICKES, Litho. hig /. HYFPNEA PURPURASCENS . Fy 3. POLYSIPHONIA FASTICIATA. 2. PTILOTA SERICEA. , 4. CRIFFITHSIA CORALLINA. THE MARINE BOTANIST: 187 HYPNEA, Name an alteration of Hypnum, the name of a genus of mosses, in allusion to the mossy character of some of the original species. Frond filiform, cartilaginous, continuous, much branched, cellular; axis composed of minute cells, surrounded by large ones, which gradually diminish in size towards the outer surface. Fructification: 1. Spherical tubercles (coccidia) either sessile or immersed in the ramuli. Tetra- spores imbedded in the surface cells. HYPNEA PURPURASCENS.—PURPLE HYPNEA. Root composed of fibres. Stem naked at base for a short space, then set with alternate spreading, cylindrical, and filiform branches, which are often again branched, giving the plant a bushy appear- ance. Grows from six inches to two feet high. Substance firm, scarcely adhering to paper. Colour 188 THE MARINE BOTANIST. purplish, nearly black when dry. Var. B cirrhosa, “irregularly branched and variously distorted ; here and there swollen; the tips lengthened into tendrils, which coil round the stems of neighbouring plants.” This variety shows an approach in habit to the foreign species of the genus, most of which produce similar tendrils. The tubercles form roundish swellings in the ramuli, commonly produced and discernible by the naked eye. ‘Tetraspores dis- persed through the branchlets. Grows on rocks, stones, and alge, within tide-marks. Very common on all the British shores. Annual. Summer. CRYPTONEMIACE.—CRYPTONEMIA TRIBE. Sea-weeds of a purple or rose-red colour, with filiform, rarely flat fronds; in texture gelatinous or cartilaginous; composed wholly or in part of cylin- drical cells connected together into fibres. The centre of the frond is composed of fibres placed lengthways, the outer surface of radiating fibres. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 189 Fructification: 1. Conceptacles (favellidia) glo- bose masses of spores immersed in the frond, or in swellings of the branches. 2. Zetraspores variously dispersed. This, the largest tribe of the red series, includes twenty-one British genera. In outward appearance and habit the species differ greatly from one another ; but the structure in all is similar, consisting of arti- culated threads more or less firmly combined toge- ther. In Dudresnaia, when viewed through the microscope, the frond will be seen to consist of little bundles of filaments radiating from the centre; but in the plants of denser substance this structure can-— not be seen, unless a portion of the frond be soaked for some time in fresh, or plunged for an instant into boiling water. Dr. Harvey says: “A piece of Gigartina acicularis thus treated will be changed into a body having the appearance, under the micro- scope, of a Dudresnaia or Nemaleon.” Wart-like prominences, called Memathecia, are common to many of the genera: these are described as consist- ing at first wholly of vertical filaments; but, after 190 THE MARINE BOTANIST. a while, each thread is changed into a string of bead-like tetraspores, which structure, we are told, forms in Grymnogongius Griffithsia a most beauti- ful object for the microscope. All the species of Gigartina, with the exception of G. mamillosa, are very rare on our shores, being confined to those of Devon and Cornwall. G. Teedii has never been seen with tubercles at Torquay, its only British station. In the south of Europe, it-is stated to be a common plant, producing fruit abundantly, and with much broader fronds than seen in our speci- mens. Gigartina mamillosa and Chondrus crispus are gathered by the poor, chiefly in Ireland, and sold under the name of Carrigeen or Irish Moss in the chemists’ shops. In years of great scarcity, the peasantry on the western coast of Ireland are known to have subsisted entirely on these species, which are particularly abundant on that coast.* * See “Two Months at Kilkee.” THE MARINE BOTANIST. 191 GENERA OF THE CRYPTONEMIA TRIBE. Grateloupia. Frond pinnated, flat, narrow, between membranaceous and cartilaginous. Structure _ very dense. Favellidia in the branches. Tetra- spores scattered. Gelidium. Frond pinnated, compressed, narrow, horny. Favellidia in swollen ramuli. Gigartina. Frond cartilaginous, cylindrical, or compressed. Favellidia in external tubercles. Tetraspores sunk in the frond. Chondrus. Frond fan-shaped, dichotomously cleft, cartilaginous. Tetraspores in sor immersed in the frond. Phyllophora. Frond stalked, rigid, membra- naceous, proliferous from the disk. Tetraspores in sora or in proper leaflets. Peyssonelia. Frond depressed, expanded, rooting by the under surface. 192 THE MARINE BOTANIST. Gymnogongrus. Frond filiform, dichotomous, horny. ‘Tetraspores strung together, contained in wart-like sora. Polyides. Root scutate. Frond cylindrical, car- tilaginous, forked. Favelle in spongy external warts. ‘Tetraspores scattered through the outer stratum of the frond. Furcellaria. Root branching. Frond cylindrical, dichotomous, cartilaginous. Favelle unknown. Tetraspores contained in the swollen pod-like upper branches of the frond. Dumontia. Frond cylindrical, tubular, membra- naceous, of a dull red colour. Halymenia. Frond either compressed or flat, of a gelatinous membranaceous structure, and pinky- red colour. Ginannia. Frond cylindrical, dichotomous, tra- versed by a fibrous axis. Kallymenia. Frond expanded, leaf-like, fleshy- membranous, solid, of dense structure. Iridea. Frond expanded, leaf-like, thick, leathery and fleshy. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 193 °° Catenella. Frond filiform, branched, constricted into oblong articulations. Cruoria. Frond crustaceous, skin-like. Nacearia. Frond filiform, solid, cellular, the _ ramuli only composed of radiating free filaments. Glovosiphonia. Frond tubular, hollow; the walls of the tube composed of radiating filaments. Nemaleon. Frond filiform, solid, elastic, filamen- tous; composed (externally) of free filaments, and, internally, of closely packed filaments. Dudresnaa. Frond filiform, solid, gelatinous, fila- mentous; composed (internally) of interlacing filaments, forming a lax net-work; outer fila- ments free. Crouama. Frond filiform, consisting of a jointed filament, whorled at the joints with minute gela- tinous ramelli. GRATELOUPIA. Named in honour of Dr. Grateloup, a French algologist. Frond flat, pinnate, membranaceous, solid, and O 194 THE MARINE BOTANIST very dense in structure. Fructification : 1. Masses of spores (favellidia) immersed beneath the outer stratum. 2. Tetraspores in sub-defined sori. (ae GRATELOUPIA FILICINA._SLENDER GRATELOUPIA. Root a minute disk; fronds tufted, linear; stem tapering to the base, and tip more or less set with once or twice pinnated branches, drawn out at the tips and contracted at the base, as are likewise the ramuli. British specimens of this plant rarely ex- ceed two inches in height: foreign ones are stated to be frequently eight to ten inches high. The substance is membranaceous, scarcely adhering to paper, but softer than in Gelideum corneum, some varieties of which it is not always easy to distin- guish it from. “ Coloura dull dark purple, some times greenish, very like that of Dumontia filiformis. Favellidia minute, immersed in the branches, with a pore; cruciate tetraspores in the smaller pinnules.’—Harv. Grows attached to THE MARINE BOTANIST. 195 rocks and stones at half-tide level, frequently where a small streamlet runs into the sea. Very rare. Perennial. October to December. Sidmouth. Exmouth “very fine,’ Mrs. Gulson. Torbay. Gwyllyn-vase Bay, Falmouth “rare,” Mr. W. P. Cocks. St. Michael’s Mount plentiful, and Long Rock in Mount’s Bay more sparingly. Whitsand Bay, near the Land’s End. Aberystwith. Ilfra- combe. Lynmouth, Rev. W.8S. Hore. Mineheaa, Somerset local, but not scarce, I. G. GELIDIUM. “Name, from gelu, frost; whence also gelatine.” None of the species of the genus as itis now constituted are gelatinous. Frond between cartilaginous and horny; com- pressed, linear, more or less regularly pinnated. Fructification: 1. Tubercles (favellidia) contair- ing a mass of spores immersed in swollen ramul:. 2. Tetraspores in the ramuli. 196 THE MARINE BOTANIST. GELIDIUM CORNEUM.—HORNY GELIDIUM. Frond pinnate; branches linear, attenuated at each end. Pinnules mostly opposite, spreading, bearing within their tips elliptic tubercles. Colour a dark red. Substance cartilaginous, firm, and does not adhere to paper. Perennial. Summer. Of common occurrence on rocky shores. This is an extremely variable plant. ‘Twelve varieties are described by Dr. Greville in his “ Alex Britan- nice ;” viz. :— b. sesquipedale. Frond four to eight inches high, between compressed and flat, linear, tripinnate, pinne, attenuated at their base; ramuli linear- oblong, short obtuse. Sidmouth. c. pnnatum. Frond two to six inches high, narrow, tripinnate; the pinne patent, nearly linear, bluntish. Coasts of Devon and Cornwall, &c. Bute. d. uniforme. All the pimne patent, attenuated at the base, obtuse at the poimts, and scattered. Ilfracombe. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 197 e. capillaceum. — Frond five or six inches high, narrow; pinne clustered towards its summits, nearly setaceous, and somewhat erect. Sidmouth. King’s Cove, Cornwall. SJ. latifolium. Frond two or three inches long, one or two lines broad, nearly flat ; pinne linear-lanceo- late, mostly simple, set with numerous short setaceous pinnule. Torbay. Trevone Bay, Cornwall. Fal- mouth, Miss Warren. St. Mawes, Cornwall, I. G. Sidmouth. Malbay, west of Ireland. This is a very pretty variety, often of a light-red hue. g. confertum. Frond two or three inches high, compressed, repeatedly pinnated, pinne and pin- nule long, very thin, acute, and irregularly divided. Devonshire. Bute. Falmouth, Miss Warren. h. aculeatum. Frond one or two inches high, compressed very thin, pinnated very irregularly, pinne divaricated, irregularly divided, and set with minute, divaricate, awl-shaped ramuli crowded towards the summit of the frond. Mount’s Bay, Mrs. Griffiths. 2. abnorme. Frond two inches high, compressed, 198 THE MARINE BOTANIST. regularly branched, branches and pinne producing t their extremities little tufts of partly deflexed ramuli. North of Cornwall, Mrs. Griffiths. j. pulchellum. Frond capillary, compressed, tri- pinnate, pinnee between linear and clavate obtuse. Bantry Bay. 7 k. claviferum. Frond sub-cylindrical, capillary, irregularly divided, the ultimate ramuli or pin- nule obovate-edged with minute scattered teeth. Bantry Bay. Gwyllyn-vase Bay, Falmouth, I. G. l. clavatum. Frond capillary, between cartila- ginous and membranaceous, decumbent, creeping, ramuli in the form of inversely-lanceolate or ovate leaves, much attenuated at their insertion. South of England, frequent. Very common on rocks at Clevedon growing along with Catenella Opuntia, and at Minehead, Somerset, on woodwork, I. G. Frith of Forth. m. crmale. Frond setaceous, sub-cylindrical, somewhat dichotomously branched, sometimes three-forked at the top, and bearing a few ellipti- THE MARINE BOTANIST. 199 cal-oblong ramuli attenuated at their insertion. Kast and South of England. Belfast Lough. eae GELIDIUM CARTILAGINEUM.—CARTI- LAGINOUS GELIDIUM. Frond twelve to eighteen inches long, rising from a mass of fibres; the stems naked at base, in the upper part twice or thrice pinnate, the pinne and pinnule alternate, gradually diminishing in size. Tubercles terminating the smaller pinnule, pointed. Colour a fine, dark purple, becoming scarlet, orange, yellow, and finally greenish on exposure. Sub- stance cartilaginous, horny when dry. Grows on rocks in the sea. Probably not a native of our seas. Once found many years since by Dr. Withering at Freshwater Bay, Isle of Wight. In 1849 several specimens picked up after a gale on the shore near Ryde, were given to my friend Mr. E. H. Shep- pard; one of these he presented me with, and it is from this specimen that Dr. Harvey has taken his beautiful and accurate figure in the “ Phycologia 200 THE MARINE BOTANIST. Britannica,” Pl. 387. It is a large and elegant plant not likely to be overlooked even by the most inexperienced collector. Spherococcus coronopi- folius resembles it a good deal in miniature, and the tubercles are very similar in shape, but the pinne in G. cartilagineum are regularly alternate, which gives the plant a beautiful fern-like appear- ance. Dr. Harvey informs me in a letter, “That this plant is common at the Cape of Good Hope and on the Pacific coast of North America, but we have no certain knowledge of any station nearer to England than the Cape. Old writers mention several places in the Mediterranean and even in the North sea, but these stations are omitted by moderns; I fear it has no just claim on the British Flora.” GIGARTINA. Name meaning a grape-shot, which the tubereles resemble. Frond cartilaginous (filiform, compressed or flat), irregularly divided, purple or dark red. Hructifica- THE MARINE BOTANIST. 90] tion: 1, external tubercles, containing dense clusters of spores (favellidia); 2, tetraspores scattered through the surface of the frond. Se eneennn GIGARTINA MAMILLOSA—WARTY GIGARTINA. Fronds from three to six inches high, forked, the segments wedge-shaped, stem channelled. Tuber- cles borne on small processes, in great numbers, on the surface of the upper segments, giving them the appearance of being covered with small warts. Colour a dark purple. Substance tough and carti- laginous. Grows on rocks, stones, in pools near low water-mark. Common. Perennial. Autumn and Winter. O.8. G. pistillata. Grow on rocks, near low water-mark. Very rare. Perennial. Spring. Coast of Cornwall, in several places. Whitsand Bay, near Plymouth. Mount Bay. Padstow. Jersey. Fronds from three to six inches long, narrow, compressed, forked ; when in fruit the upper 202 THE MARINE BOTANIST. branches are set with short ramuli, which bear the tubercles either at their tips or on the sides. Colour a dull purple, not unlike that of Polydes rotundus when dry. Substance cartilaginous. When with- out fruit, this species nearly resembles some of the narrow forms of C. crispus. G. acicularis. Grows on rocks near low water- mark. Rare. Annual? Winter. Several places on the coasts of Devon and Cornwall. Sidmouth. Torquay in December, with tubercles very fine; Mrs. Griffiths. Ilfracombe. Belfast Bay. Kilkee, West of Ireland, very rare. Valentia, abundant. Jersey. Frond cylindrical, filiform, irregularly branched. Stem arched, branches curved, ramuli few. Colour a dull purple, be- coming darker in drying. ‘Two to four inches in height. | G. Teedu. Grows on rocks at the extreme limit of low water-mark. Very rare. Perennial. Elbury Cove and Tor-Abbey Rocks; Mrs. Grif- fiths. “ Frond membranaceous, flaccid (horny when dry), flat, linear, acuminate, repeatedly THE MARINE BOTANIST. 903 pinnated with slender, horizontal, distichous, subulate ramuli;” Harv. This plant is not unlike the var. latifolium of G. Corneum, but the substance when fresh is said to be much softer, and the colour is a dull-brown red, be- coming brighter in fresh water. CHONDRUS. Name signifying cartilage, in allusion to the substance of the frond. Frond cartilaginous, nerveless, ‘compressed, or flat, fan-shaped, dichotomously cleft. '’ructifica- tion: 1, prominent tubercles (nemathecia), con- taining spores; 2, tetraspores in sori, immersed in the frond; 38, favellidia immersed in the frond, and scattered over its segments, containing minute spores. CHONDRUS CRISPUS.—CRISP CHONDRUS. Fronds forked, curled, or flat; the segments 904 THE MARINE BOTANIST. varying greatly in breadth; when growing in the shallow water, the frond is mostly broadly fan- shaped with broad segments an inch and a half or more wide, while in deep water plants the stem is five inches in length, and the divisions of the frond exceedingly narrow, and repeatedly forked. Mrs. Griffiths, in describing it in Turner’s History of Sea-weeds, says, “ Every pool upon the Devonshire coast produces a dissimilar sort, and where there is any mixture of fresh water, the varieties are monstrous as well as endless.” Chondrus crispus is frequently iridescent, reflecting beautiful pearly hues, especially when growing in shaded pools ; its true colour is a dark purple, but it is often yellowish or greenish according to the shallowness of the pool in which it grows—substance tough, horny when dry. Very common. Perennial. Spring. This, and G. mamillosa are sold in the shops under the name of Carrigeen or Irish Moss, which, when well boiled, forms a pleasant and nutritious jelly. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 9205 CHONDRUS NORVEGICUS.—RED CHONDRUS. ? From two to three inches high, flat and forked, the tips of the segments rounded. Nemathecia, wart-like fruit, common, large, and very conspicuous on the segments. Colour a deep red—substance stiff and thickish. The specific of this plant ap- pears to be very inapplicable to it, for there is a doubt whether it be known at all on the coasts of Norway, and it is chiefly confined on our shores to the south of England and Ireland, where it is not common. Grows on the rocks near low water-mark. September to March. Dover. Coast of Sussex. Exmouth. Plymouth. Falmouth Bay, “local, and but seldom met with.” Miss Warren. Mount’s Bay. Swansea. Minehead, Somerset, cast ashore occasionally, I.G. Saltcoats, Ayrshire ; Dr. Landsborough, Antrim. Wicklow. Youghal. Bantry. Miltown Malbay. TT 206 THE MARINE BOTANIST. PHYLLOPHORA. Name leaf-bearing, so called from the proliferous fronds of the species. Frond stalked, rigid-membranaceous, proliferous, nerveless or with a vanishing nerve, cellular, cells minute. ructification: 1, tubercles scattered over the frond, containing spores; 2, warts (nema- thecia) seated on the frond, at length containing spores; 3, tetraspores, collected into sori, either towards the tip of the frond or in proper leaflets. PHYLLOPHORA RUBENS.—RED PHYLLOPHORA. Fronds tufted, three to eight inches high. Stem small, expanding into a simple or more often forked frond; from the surface of the segments, another similar-shaped frond arises, which again bears a new frond in like manner. Z'wbercles sessile, small, scattered over the frond, warts (nemathecia), common, concealed under little leafy processes, THE MARINE BOTANIST. 207 ~ borne on the surface of the frond, substance stiff and rigid, not adhering to paper. Colour a fine red. This plant is always more or less covered with the smaller zoophytes. Grows on rocks near low water-mark. Perennial. Not uncommon on the English and Irish shores, but more rare in Scotland and chiefly on the western coast. PHYLLOPHORA MEMBRANIFOLIUS.— LILAC PHYLLOPHORA. Fronds three to twelve inches high. Stem cylin- drical, irregularly divided, bearing wedge-shaped or fan-shaped cleft frondlets. The stem is stiff and cartilaginous, the frondlets are membranaceous and adhere to paper. Colour a lilac-purple. Tubercles on short stalks seated on the stem. Nemathecia frequent on the frondlets, in the form of long deep red spots. Grows frequently on rocky shores between tide marks. Perennial. October to March. 9208 THE MARINE BOTANIST. PHYLLOPHORA BRODLEI.—BRODIE'’S PHYLLOPHORA. In this species the root is a small disk, the stems cylindrical, expanding into simple or forked flat membranceous frondlets, often producing a young frond at the extremity, which springs from a short stalk. In appearance, the present species is not very unlike P. rubens, but smaller and much more delicate in substance, and readily known by its being proliferous from the tips of the frond, instead of from the surface, as in P. rubens. “ Nemathecia large, globose, dark red, sessile on the tips of frond, at length converted into strings of tetraspores.” Grows on rocks. Rare. Perennial. Spring. Eastern coast of Scotland, frequent. Mouth of the Bann, County Derry. Belfast Bay. Plymouth, Rev. W. 8. Hore. —— THE MARINE BOTANIST. 209 PHYLLOPHORA PALMETTOIDES.—SMALL PHYLLOPHORA. Root a widely-expanded disk, from which a large number of stems issue. Stem short, simple or branched, expanding into a mostly undivided or once forked frond, one or two inches long, which sometimes bears small leaflets from its tip or sur- face. “Towards the apex of the leaf, in fertile specimens, is a large transverse elliptical sorus, immersed in the substance, composed of a multi- tude of minute tetraspores. No other fructification has been observed.” Harv. Known from P. Bro- diet by its bright rose-colour, large root and dif- ferent position of the sori. Grows on rocks near low water-mark. Perennial. Winter and Spring. Rare. Shores of Devon and Cornwall. PEYSSONELIA. Named in honour of J. A. Peyssonel, an early and merito- Erious observer of marine plants. Frond brownish-red, depressed, rooting by the Pp 210 THE MARINE BOTANIST. under surface, concentrically joined. F'ructifica- tion: warts scattered over the upper surface of the frond containing tetraspores. eee PEYSSONELIA DUBYI.—DUBY’S PEYSSO- NELIA. “Frond one or two inches across; at first, orbi- cular; afterwards, irregularly lobed ; membrana- ceous, thin, adhering closely by its under surface, which is clothed with short radicles to the surface on which it grows. Colour dull-brown red. On old shells, stones, &c.; on scallop banks in ten to fifteen fathoms water. Shores of the British Islands not uncommon.’’—Harv. GYMNOGONGRUS. Name signifying naked wart-like swellings, in allusion to the appearance of the fruit in this genus. Frond cylindrical or compressed, horny, much branched. Structure very dense. Lructification : THE MARINE BOTANIST. 211 naked warts containing strings of bead-like tetra- spores. ~GYMNOGONGRUS GRIFFITHSLZ.—GRIF- FITHS’ GYMNOGONGRUS. Fronds from two to four inches high; tufted and repeatedly forked. Substance and colour not unlike Gracilaria confervoides. Fructification : small warts surrounding the stem containing tetra- spores. ‘These are described by Dr. Harvey, in the “ Phycologia Britannica,” as most beautiful: when seen under the microscope, each appears marked, with a white cross enclosed in a covering, and bril- liant as a ruby. Perenmal. Autumn and winter. Grows on rocks, mostly within tide-marks. Coast of Devon. Torbay. Long Rock in Mount’s Bay, Cornwall. Balbriggan. Bantry Bay. Malahide. Odius’ Bay,. Stronsa. | O12 THE MARINE BOTANIST. GYMNOGONGRUS PLICATUS.—MATTED GYMNOGONGRUS. Fronds from four to ten inches high, wiry, very rigid and much entangled, branched, irregularly forked, cylindrical throughout, the ramuli often secund. Colour a very dark purple, whitish in decay. Substance stiff and horny. Fructification is supposed to exist in the warts which arise on the stems of this plant; but Dr. Harvey states he has never succeeded in finding either spores or te ra spores in them. Common on rocky sea-shores. Perennial. oe POLYIDES. Name signifying many forms, but not well applied to this genus, ftoot an expanded disk. Frond cylindrical, forked, cartilaginous, solid. Fructification: 1. Naked irregular-shaped, spongy warts, composed of forked filaments, through which are scattered clus- THE MARINE BOTANIST. 213 ters of spores. 2. Cruciate tetraspores immersed in the outer surface of the frond. POLYIDES ROTUNDUS.—ROUND POLYIDES. Fronds from four to six inches high, repeatedly forked, with a rounded outline, many stems spring- ing from the same root. All the axils of the branches rounded. In winter pale warts encircle the upper branches, these of white articulate fila- ments, among which are imbedded clusters of spores ( favelle). The secondary fruit Mrs. Griffiths has found in specimens from Sidmouth: these have the upper ramuli slightly swollen, and contain im- bedded tetraspores. This plant, when without fruit, is known from the following by the rounded axils of its branches and different root. Colour a dark reddish-brown. Substance rigid when dry. Grows on stones in sandy pools near low-water mark. Perennial. Autumn and winter. Southern 914 THE MARINE BOTANIST. and eastern shores of England and Ireland. Rather rare in Scotland. FURCELLARIA. . Name meaning a little fork, in allusion to the forked frond. fioot branching. Frond cylindrical, forked, cartilaginous, solid. Fructifieation: tetraspores imbedded in the swollen tips of the fronds. FURCELLARIA FASTIGIATA.—TUFTED FURCELLARIA. Fronds six to twelve inches high, undivided at the base, but afterwards repeatedly forked; all the axils of the branches acute. Root composed of creeping fibres. Substance between fleshy and cartilaginous. Colour brownish purple, darker when dry, The tips of the branches, when in fruit, become much swollen, elongated, and pod- like, and contain pear-shaped tetraspores divided THE MARINE BOTANIST. O15 into four joints or sporules. These receptacles or swollen tips fall off when ripe; the plant then appears with blunted branches. The spores have not been observed in this species. Grows on rocks and stones between tide-marks. Frequent. Peren- nial. Bearing fruit in winter. ——-——__—_ DUMONTITA. Named in honour of M. Dumont, a French Naturalist. Frond tubular, composed internally of a network of interlacing filaments, externally of a membrane consisting of a single layer of small cells. F'ruc- tification: 1. Clusters of spores ( favelle) formed on the internal fibres. 2. Cruciate tetraspores dis- persed beneath the outer membrane of the frond. DUMONTIA FILIFORMIS.—STRING-LIKE DUMONTIA. Frond varying from twelve to three inches in height; bears alternate branches, usually simple, 216 THE MARINE BOTANIST. and tapered at the base and tips; tender and gelatinous in substance. Colour a dull purple, sometimes greenish or yellowish when growing: in shallow pools. The favelle are at times abun- dantly scattered over the frond ; and Dr. Harvey has recently contradicted the statement which he formerly made in the “ Phycologia,” and in his last edition of the “ Manual of British Algz,” to the effect that the tetraspores of this plant were rare—subsequent observation having assured him that they are of very common occurrence. In the variety 6 crispata, the fronds are flattened, curiously curled and twisted, arising from the base ; in other forms the branches proceed from a main stem, and are not above two or three inches high. Grows on rocks and stones in pools between tide- marks; f crispata in places exposed to tidal streams or currents. Common. Annual. Summer. 4 THE MARINE BOTANIST. 217 HALYMENTA. Name meaning sea-membrane. “ Frond compressed or flat, gelatinoso-membra- naceous, consisting of a double membrane, separated by a very lax network of articulated filaments ; cells of the membrane minute, coloured.” F'ruc- tification: masses of spores (favellidia) immersed in the frond. HALYMENIA LIGULATA.—STRAP- LEAVED HALYMENIA. A soft, membranaceous, pinky-red coloured plant, very variable in the shape and branchings of its fronds as well as in a but resolvable, according to Dr. Harvey, into the three following _ varieties :—“ 1. dichotoma. Frond six to eight inches long, half a line to one or. two lines broad, compressed, very gelatinous, many times in an irre- gularly dichotomous manner; the divisions nearly of equal breadth, becoming gradually narrower 918 THE MARINE BOTANIST. towards the extremities, which are tapering and pointed. 2. ramentacea. Frond twelve to four- teen inches long, compressed, divided into three or four principal lobes or branches, from half an inch to an inch in breadth, and from one to four inches long, attenuated at base, thence cylindrical till near the tip, when they again slightly taper. In sub- stance this closely resembles the first variety, con- taining a great quantity of gelatine, the external membrane being very thin and of a pale rose-colour. 3. latifolia. Frond twelve to twenty inches long, twenty-four inches wide in the widest part, rising from a minute stem, wedge-form, either simple or forked, or once or twice regularly cleft in a palmate manner; the segments one or two inches broad, destitute of ramuli; of a dark-red colour and soft, but not very gelatinous substance (very similar in feel to Kallymenia reniformis) ; perfectly flat, the stratum of gelatine interposed between the mem- branes being very thin. The fructification is abundantly scattered over every part of the frond, and to the naked eye resembles minute dark-red THE MARINE BOTANIST. 919 dots.” Grows on rocks and stones in the sea. Chiefly found along the southern shores of England and Ireland. Annual. Summer. GINANNIA. Named in honour of Count G. Ginanni, author of an early work on the productions of the Adriatic. Frond round, forked, membranaceo-gelatinous, with a fibrous axis; cells of the surface-membrane, hexagonal. ructification: masses of spores im- mersed in the frond. GINANNIA FURCELLATA.—FORKED GINANNIA. From two to six inches high, tender, cylindrical, very regularly forked, either firmly or loosely gelatinous in substance, and of a pinky-red colour. Trish specimens, Dr. Harvey says, are much larger than English ones. Some are remarkable for pos- sessing a distinct midrib, and the branches of the 920 THE MARINE BOTANIST. broader specimens are frequently constricted as if tied, when the frond assumes a jointed appearance. The fructification appears scattered over the frond like minute grains of sand. Grows on rocks and stones in the sea. Rare. astern and southern shores of England. Sherringham, Norfolk. South- ampton. Budleigh Salterton. Exmouth. Tor- quay. Mount’s Bay, Cornwall. All round the Irish coast, but nowhere common. Howth. Strang- ford Lough. JBelfast Bay. Glenarm. Bantry Bay. Miltown Malbay. Roundstone Bay. KALLYMENIA. Name meaning beautiful membrane. Frond blood-red, ribless, expanded, of a thickish membranaceous substance; structure consisting of three distinct strata, the inner of filaments, the middle of large round cells, and the outer of minute ones. ’ructification: 1. masses of spores ( favellidia), partly immersed in the frond; 2. scattered tetraspores. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 991 KALLYMENIA RENIFORMIS.—KIDNEY- SHAPED KALLYMENIA. “ Stem minute, cylindrical, suddenly expanding into a roundish or reniform, undivided (or accident- ally cleft) frond, of a soft, thickish, membranaceous substance, becoming thinner in drying, of a fine blood-red colour, and either simple, or bearing along its margin lobes of a shape similar to the frond. The fronds vary in diameter from one inch to six, eight, and even fourteen inches. Favellidia of small size, thickly scattered over the frond; tetraspores very minute, imbedded in the frond, over which they are dispersed.” — Harv. Man., 2nd ed., p. 150. Grows on rocks, &c., in deep pools, near low water-mark. Mather rare. Perennial. Summer and autumn. WNiton, Isle of Wight. Torbay and Ilfracombe, very fine, Mrs. Griffiths. Whitesand Bay, near the Land’s End, Cornwall. Scilly Isles. Jersey. Glenarm. Antrim. Bangor, County Down. Mouth of the Bann. Bantry Bay. Coast of Kerry. Malbay and Kilkee, Orkney. ph THE MARINE BOTANIST. KALLYMENIA DUBYI.—DUBY’S KALLY- MENIA. Fronds from six to twelve inches long, with scarcely any stem, tapering to the base, either — wedge-shaped or obovate, at first quite simple, afterwards. often torn. In one specimen, which I received from my friend, Miss Warren, of Fal- mouth, a young frond arises from the margin of the old one in the same way as often occurs in K. reniformis. Colour a dull brown red, becoming pale and yellow in old age. Substance like that of K. reniformis. Favellidia very minute, densely scattered over the surface. Grows on rocks and stones within tide-marks in land-locked bays. Annual. Spring and early summer. Discovered by Miss Warren, in Falmouth Harbour, in 1844. Plymouth, Rev. W. 8. Hore. Carnlough Bay. Belfast Bay. a ? aaa Ne ; ’¥% heh att A ie 4d wee k ff aes J fl ‘ , 4 iP ae | i a¥ 5, Lithe. WDICKE: 3. CRACILARIA CONFERVOIMDES. fs IRIDAA EDULIS. f. Fy RHODYMENIA LACINIATA. 4 2. NITOPHYLLUM LACERATUM THE MARINE BOTANIST. O28 IRIDAA. Named from the iridescent hues of some of the species when recent. Frond flat, expanded, dull red, fleshy or carti- laginous; internal substance consisting of densely interwoven fibres, outer of closely-packed beaded filaments. Fructification: 1. masses of spores ( favellidia) immersed in the frond; 2. tetra- spores placed beneath the outer surface of the frond. ee IRID/A EDULIS.—EDIBLE IRID/AA. Fronds from four to eighteen inches long, and two to eight inches wide, many springing from the same disk-like root; simple, rounded at the tip, narrow- ing at the base into a short stem, occasionally cleft by the action of the waves. Colour a fine deep red, becoming much darker, frequently blackish, when dried. Substance thick and rather leathery. Favellidia in wide. patches, frequently spreading 994 THE MARINE BOTANIST. over a large portion of the frond, containing minute spores. etraspores forming dense band-like sori, beneath the outer substance of the frond. Common on rocks and stones in the sea. Perennial. Autumn and winter. The fronds of this species are stated to be eaten by the poor, either raw or after being pinched with hot irons, when the taste is said to resemble roasted oysters. oe CATENELLA. Name meaning a little chain. Frond dull purple, membranaceous, filiform, con- stricted at intervals; composed internally of a lax network of interlacing filaments. ’ructification : 1. Masses of spores (favellidia) contained in ex- ternal capsular bodies. 2. Zetraspores immersed. CATENELLA OPUNTIA.—OPUNTIA-LIKE CATENELLA. Fronds from half an inch to an inch high; con- THE MARINE BOTANIST. 995 tracted as if jointed, rising from creeping’ fibres densely matted together. Colour a very dark purple, almost black when dry. Substance tender, but not adhering to paper. Not uncommon. Creeps over rock, in the crevices of large boulders, and on woodwork near high-water mark. CRUORIA. Name meaning blood, because the plant looks like a blood stain. Frond between gelatine and leathery, forming a skin on the surface of rocks; the structure consists of simple-jointed filaments set in a firm gelatine ; one of the joints of each filament is larger than the rest. ructification: tetraspores lying at the base of the filaments. —_—_—_———— CRUORIA PELLITA.—SKIN-LIKE CRUORIA. “ Fronds forming smooth glossy patches of from _ two to three or more inches in diameter, at first Q 296 THE MARINE BOTANIST. circular, afterwards irregularly shaped; between gelatinous and leathery; wholly composed of ver- tical filaments set in a colourless jelly.”—Harv. Common on smooth exposed rocks and stones between tide-marks. Perennial. Fruiting in Feb- ruary. West of Ireland very abundant. ee NACCARIA. Named in honour of F. L. Naccari, an Italian Algologist. “ Frond cylindrical or compressed, filiform, rose- red ; central cells large, empty ; those of the surface minute. amuli composed of jointed, dichotomous, whorled filaments, surrounded by free gelatine. Fructification: spores attached to the whorled filaments of the swollen ramuli.” — Harv. ————— NACCARIA WIGGHII.—WIGG’S NACCARIA. Frond from six to twelve inches high, filiform, cylindrical; main stem set with alternate branches, THE MARINE BOTANIST. 997 spreading on each side, and thickly set with minute slender ramuli. The structure of the stem and branches is cellular, while the ramuli are composed of minute gelatinous filaments, to which the spores are attached: when these are present, the ramuli become much swollen. Substance tender and gela- tinous, adhering very well to paper. Colour a fine rose-red, given out to fresh water. Very rare Usually cast ashore from deep water. Annual. Summer. Yarmouth. Folkestone. Brighton. Ex- mouth, Mrs. Gulson. Sidmouth. Torquay. Jer- sey, Miss Turner. Belfast Bay. Wicklow. Bantry Bay. Kilkee, co. Clare. GLOIOSIPHONTA. Name meaning viscid tube, in allusion to the gelatinous- tubed frond. Frond cylindrical, filiform, tubular, somewhat gelatinous ; outward surface consisting of very minute jointed filaments. ructification: globules of spores ( favellidia) imbedded and attached to | the filaments of the surface. 298 THE MARINE BOTANIST. GLOIOSIPHONIA CAPILLARIS.—SLENDER GLOIOSIPHONIA. — “ Fronds three to twelve inches high, fine rose- red, of a lanceolate outline; much branched in a repeatedly pinnate manner, the main branches often a line in diameter; ramuli very slender; the branches and ramuli generally opposite; much attenuated at the base and apex.”—Harv. Grows in tide-pools near low-water mark. Very rare. Annual. Summer. Scarborough. Sheerness. Sidmouth and Meadfoot, Devon. Falmouth, Miss Warren. Mount’s Bay, Cornwall. Anglesea. Howth. Balbriggan. Glenarm. Bantry Bay. Roundstone Bay, Galway. Appin, Argyleshire. Saltcoats, on shale. Arran. Se ee NEMALEON. Name meaning a crop of threads. Frond cylindrical, gelatinoso-cartilaginous, elas- THE MARINE BOTANIST. 299 tic, solid; the axis dense, composed of closely- packed longitudinal filaments; the periphery of dichetemous filaments, whose ultimate ramuli are moniliform and coloured. Sructificatton: masses of spores (favellidia) attached to the outer filaments. NEMALEON MULTIFIDUM.—FORKED NEMALEON. Fronds three to six inches high, slightly branched, forked, and very elastic. Colour a dull purple. Grows on shells and stones near low water- mark. Not unfrequent. All round the coast. NEMALEON PURPUREUM.—PURPLE NEMALEON. Frond from eight inches to two feet or more in length, two or three lines broad in the middle of the stem ; set with many elongated simple branches, | : 280 THE MARINE BOTANIST. from which often arise another series of similar branches; all the extremities of the frond drawn out and pointed. This species, in outward aspect, somewhat resembles Dumontia filiformis; but seen under a lens of low power, the branches appear, it is said, like tubes of glass, densely covered with brilliant purple studs. Substance tender, soft, and slippery, but not very elastic. Colour varying from a fine deep purple-red to a dull pmk, rapidly given out in fresh water, and becoming browner in drying. Grows on stones, and im sandy places among Zostera, near low-water mark. Annual. Summer. Rare. Sidmouth. Exmouth, Mrs. Gulson ; remarkably broad in the frond. | One specimen this lady informs me she found, in the autumn of 1849, “in height not more than seven and a half inches; but the breadth of the fronds is most remarkable, in some parts measuring more than an inch across, and in many places three- quarters and an inch! It is so different from the usual examples found at Torbay or Sidmouth, that only a microscopic examination would convince the THE MARINE BOTANIST. 931 observer of its identity with the common plants of NV. purpureum.” Whitsand Bay, near Plymouth ; once found growing in this locality by the Rev. W. S. Hore, in tolerable plenty. “I have visited the spot,” he writes, “nay, the very rock, several times since, at the exact time, but not a vestige of it could I perceive.” Kilkee. Miltown, Malbay. Ballriggan. DUDRESNATA. Name in honour of M. Dudresnay, a French Naturalist. Frond cylindrical, gelatinous, elastic ; the axis formed of a lax network of filaments, coated with longitudinal fibres; the periphery composed of forked moniliform filaments. 'ructification: 1. globular masses of spores attached to the filaments of the periphery ; 2. external tetraspores, borne by the filaments of the periphery. 932 THE MARINE BOTANIST. DUDRESNAIA COCCINEA.—ROSE-RED DUDRESNATA. Frond four to eight inches high, irregularly branched, tender and soft, of a beautiful red-pink colour; under a lower power lens the fronds look not unlike pieces of chenille. The fruit consists of masses of minute spores and of tetraspores borne abundantly on the ramuli. Southern shores of England and Ireland. Very rare. Summer. Brighton. Sidmouth. Torquay. Plymouth. Fal- mouth Harbour, Miss Warren, “ occasionally plen- tiful.” Jersey. Exmouth, Mrs. Gulson. See DUDRESNATA HUDSONI.—HUDSON’S DUDRESNAIA. “Frond much branched, filiform, pale reddish ; branches mostly opposite, horizontal ; once or twice pinnate ; ramuli numerous, irregular, obtuse. Sub- stance tender and gelatinous.”—/Zarv. On stones THE MARINE BOTANIST. 9383 and shells between tide-marks, not uncommon. Summer. CROUANIA. Name in honour of the brothers Crouan, of Brest, celebrated among French Algologists. Frond gelatinous, filiform consisting of a jointed, simple-tubed filament, whose joints are clothed with dense whorls of minute, multifid ramelli. Fructi- fication: 1. favellidia containing a mass of minute spores, situated near the tip of the ramuli; 2. tetraspores affixed to the bases of ramuli. SS eeeeenensmeaee ae CROUANIA ATTENUATA.—SLENDER CROUANIA. From one to two inches high, of a purplish red colour, very slender and gelatinous ; much branched. the branches resembling strings of minute beads. “The joints of the main thread are sometimes short, sometimes of considerable length: in the 934 THE MARINE BOTANIST. former case the globular whorls (or beads) conceal the main thread altogether; in the latter they are widely separated, and then the plant, under a low power of the microscope, something resembles Ce- ramium diaphanum.” Fructification, tetraspores of large size, resembling those of Callithamnion: the favellidia were not known on English plants until Miss Warren discovered them in 1850. Parasitical on Cladostephus spongiosus. Very rare. Salcombe, Devon. Mrs. Wyatt. Plymouth, on Corallina officinalis, Mr. Boswarva. Falmouth with favel- lidia, Miss Warren, 1850. Mousehole, near Pen- zance, Mr. Ralfs. one CERAMIACEA.—CERAMIUM TRIBE. “ Rose-red or purple sea-weeds, with a filiform frond, consisting of an articulated, branching fila- ment, composed of a single string of cells, some- times coated with a stratum of small cells. 'ruc- tification: 1. favelle, berry-like receptacles, con- taining numerous angular spores; 2. tetraspores THE MARINE BOTANIST. 935 attached to the ramuli or more or less immersed in the substance of the branches, scattered.” Harv. The greater proportion of the plants in this tribe are remarkable for the delicate beauty of their fila- ments. In Ceramium the fronds are all more or less clearly articulate, in some species the whole of the articulation is coated with coloured cells, in others it is transparent, and the partitions alone are opaque, giving a very pretty chequered appearance to the frond. C. diaphanum belongs to this latter section, and C. rubrum to the former; the third section, Cilata, includes species with both coloured and un- coloured articulations, but whose fronds are armed either with microscopic hairs or spines; C. ciliatum is an example of this section, all the species of which form interesting objects for the microscope, nor can their specific characters be determined without its aid. Griffithsia setacea is one of the commonest species of Griffithsia; it is remarkable for the bursting and crackling of the membrane when first placed in fresh water ; all the species are 236 THE MARINE BOTANIST. liable to stain the paper on which they are dried, of a pink colour, but G. setacea parts with its colouring matter directly on coming in contact with fresh-water. Two new species have been discovered by the Rev. W. 8. Hore, at Ply- mouth, and the beautiful and rare G’. barbata has been found growing on alge, at Jersey, by Miss Turner. Wrangelia chiefly differs from Griffithsia in having scattered tetraspores. In Seirospora the tetraspores are in bead-like strings, a character which separates the genus from Callithamnion ; this latter is an extensive genus containing thirty-one species; many of them are most beautiful and ex- quisite little plants of a rosy or pink colour, with finely divided feather-like branchlets. The follow- ing poetic description, by Bishop Mant, though applied by him to a different class of plants, equally well portrays this delicate and no less lovely growth of the ocean :— “ Soft as the cygnet’s downy plume, Or produce of the silk-worm’s loom ; Survey them by the unaided eye, And if the seeds within you lie THE MARINE BOTANIST. 937 Of love for natural beauty true, They'll shoot enlivened at the view Of hair or feather-mantled stem, The waving stalk, the fringed gem, Enveloping its chaliced fruit, So fair, so perfect, so minute, That bursting forth, the seeds may seem A floating cloud of vapoury steam. These by the microscopic glass Surveyed, you'll see how far surpass The works of nature, in design And texture delicately fine, And perfectness of every part, Each effort of mimetic art.” The largest and most luxuriant specimens of the Callithamnii are found in the neighbourhood of Plymouth, growing often in muddy situations, which appear particularly favourable to the growth of some delicate species, such as C. Borreri, C. roseum, and C. gracillimum. In the following pages, the reader will find a complete summary of all the British Callithamnii and their habitats, accompanied by the characters which chiefly dis- tinguish each species from the one most nearly resembling it. Trentepohlia pulchella, a freshwater aloa inhabiting mountain streams, belongs to this 238 THE MARINE BOTANIST. tribe: with the exception of Bostrychia scorpioides, it is the only member of the Rhodosperms which grows in fresh water and in its aspect it very nearly resembles Callithamnion Daviesii. GENERA OF THE CERAMIUM TRIBE. Ptilota. Frond compressed, inarticulate, distich- ous, pectinato-pinnate. Favelle stalked, invo- lucrate. Microcladia. Frond filiform, inarticulate, dichoto- - mous. Favelle sessile. Ceramium. Frond filiform, articulate, dichoto- mous. ‘Tetraspores mostly immersed. Spyridia. Frond filiform, inarticulate, the branches clothed with minute bristle-like, articulated ra- muli. Tetraspores sessile on the ramuli. Griffithsia. Frond articulated, dichotomous, or clothed with whorled, dichotomous ramuli, rose- red. Favelle involucrated, sessile, or stalked. Tetraspores sessile, on whorled ramuli. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 939 Wrangelia. Frond articulated, pinnate. Tetra- spores scattered in the ramuli. Seirospora. Frond articulated. Tetraspores in bead-like strings. Callithamnion. Frond, at least the branches and ramuli articulated, mostly pimnated. Favelle sessile. Tetraspores sessile or stalked, scat- tered. PTILOTA. Name meaning pinnated, in allusion to the finely pinnate frond. Frond inarticulate, linear, compressed or flat, distichous, pectinato-pinnate; the pinnules some- times articulate. Fructification: 1. roundish, clustered favelle surrounded by an involucre of short ramuli; 2. tetraspores attached to or. im- mersed in the ultimate pinnules.”’ 240 THE MARINE BOTANIST. PTILOTA PLUMOSA.—FEATHERY PTILOTA. Fronds from three to fourteen inches high, much and irregularly branched, the branches set with slender opposite ramuli, fine, delicate, and feather- like. The colour a dark red. Substance cartilagi- nous. Grows on the stems of Laminaria digitata. Perennial. Summer and Autumn. Common on the shores of Scotland, and the northern and western coasts of Ireland. Rare on the English shores. Scarborough. Holyhead. Gwyllyn-vase Bay, Falmouth, “ Several fine specimens in the Autumn of 1844, after rough weather;” Mr. W. P. Cocks. PTILOTA SERICEA.—SILKY PTILOTA. Fronds tufted from two to six inches; this is a slender and more flaccid plant than the preceding, with the extreme ramuli jointed. Colour a very dark or brownish red. Substance soft. Grows on THE MARINE BOTANIST. 241 | rocks between tide-marks, common; rarely on the stems of Fucus serratus. Frequently on the south- west of England where P. plumosa is not known. Perennial. Summer and Autumn. eee MICROCLADIA. Name meaning a small branch. Frond filiform, compressed, distichously branched. Fructification: 1. roundish favelle with an invo- lucre; 2. tetraspores immersed in the ramuli. MICROCLADIA GLANDULOSA.—PINK MICROCLADIA. Fronds narrow, compressed, one or two inches high, much branched, and irregularly forked throughout. Colour a fine rose-red. Substance between membranaceous and cartilaginous. This species looks not unlike poor specimens of Ploca- mium coccineum without the comb-like ramuli, but R 249: THE MARINE BOTANIST. the structure of the frond when examined under the microscope appears very similar to Ceramium. Grows on other algw. Very rare. Annual. Pro- ducing fruit in September and October. South of England and east coast of Ireland. Budleigh Salterton. Exmouth, “thrown up from deep water in December, with tetraspores, very luxu- riant and robust, also much darker than in the summer state,” Mrs. Gulson. © Torquay, Mrs. Grif- fiths. Teignmouth. Mount Edgecumbe. Ply- mouth, Rev. W. S. Hore. Gwyllyn-vase Bay, Falmouth, “local, but at times plentiful,” Miss Warren. Bray, Co. Wicklow. Kingstown. CERAMIUM. Name meaning a pitcher. Frond filiform, one-tubed, articulated. “ The dis- sepiments coated with a stratum of coloured cellules which sometimes extend over the surface of the articulation.” ructification: 1. roundish favelle, . Ae Ge 7 A ie bis ae } Nee + 4 Plate 6. Litho. . WDICHES, . Fug 3. CLADOPHORA RUPES TRIS. hig 1 CERAMIUM RUBRUM . ENTEROMORPHA COMPRESSA — 4. CALLITHAMNION TETRACONUM. , Tee THE MARINE BOTANIST. 943 containing minute spores; 2. tetraspores either immersed in the ramuli, or more or less external. Section 1.—Rubra. Smooth; the whole surface of the articulation covered with coloured cells. CERAMIUM RUBRUM.—RED CERAMIUM. Frond from two to twelve inches high, very variable in its branching, irregularly forked, with many or few side ramuli which are either secund or forked. Favelle mostly on the side branchlets, set round with three or four ramuli. Tetraspores immersed in the articulations. This is one of the most puzzling plants to the young botanist, varying as it does so greatly in ramification and colour ; its natural hue is a clear red, but in shallow pools near high water-mark it is often brownish or yellowish. Very frequent on our shores, growing on stones and algve in tide-pools, and in four to five fathoms water. Annual. Summer and Autumn. 944 THE MARINE BOTANIST. CERAMIUM BOTRYOCARPUM.—GRAPE- FRUITED CERAMIUM. Filaments curved at the base, ramuli numerous, mostly simple or once-forked. Favelle in clusters, - without surrounding ramuli, colour a purplish red, often fading to green and yellow. “This is known from C. rubrum by its remarkable fruit, consisting of a great number of favelle, without involucre, heaped together like bunches of grapes. The colour is generally darker and more purple than C. rubrum, and the tips of the branchlets are straight.” These, according to Dr. Harvey, are the principal characters on which it is proposed to | establish the species. Grows on rocks and alge between tide-marks. Discovered by Miss Amelia K. Griffiths in 1844, in great plenty on Preston rocks near Torquay ; every subsequent season it has been met with in equal abundance. Annual, in : perfection in June and July. Ardrossan, Ayrshire. — THE MARINE BOTANIST. | O45 Section 2.—Diaphana. Smooth, the surface of the articulation usually bare, or but partially covered with coloured cellules, leaving a colour- less space in the centre. CERAMIUM DECURRENS.—PARTIALLY TRANSPARENT CERAMIUM. “‘ Frond robust, gradually attenuated upwards, dichotomous, with few lateral branchlets, the apices hooked inwards, articulations partially coated with coloured cellules, which extend from the dissepi- ments at each end, but leave a colourless, pellucid space in the centre of the articulation; lowermost articulations twice as long as broad, upper very short.” Harv. Man., Ed. 2, p. 162. This species differs from C. rubrum in having the centre of. the joint transparent, but the cells are continued part way down the joint, a character which separates it from C. diaphanum. Mrs. Griffiths does not con- sider this a very satisfactory species. Grows on 246 THE MARINE BOTANIST. rocks, in tide-pools. Annual. August. Torquay, on the Harbrick. CERAMIUM DESLONGCHAMPII.—DES- LONGCHAMP’S CERAMIUM. Tufted, from three to four inches high, much branched, more or less forked throughout; tips of the ramuli spreading. Dissepiments dark purple ; articulations transparent ; in the main stems about thrice as long as broad, much shorter in the ramuli. The colour of this species to the naked eye is a very dark purple, and the articulations are scarcely visible excepting in the stems. “ Favellze without any in- volucral ramuli, very irregular in form and size ; tetraspores large and very prominent, seated in the joints, often of the same plant which bears ‘favelle.”—Harv. Grows on other algz between tide-marks. Perennial. Not uncommon in many places. Pier, Torquay. Blue Anchor, Minehead, and Bossington, Somerset, frequent; I. G. Ulverstone, Lancashire, Miss E. Hodgson. Swansea. Belfast THE MARINE BOTANIST. 247 Bay. Dublin Bay. At Balbriggan, &., “very abundant.”—Dr. W. H. Harvey. Frith of Forth. Ardrossan. CERAMIUM DIAPHANUM.— LARGE, TRANSPARENT-JOINTED CERAMIUM. From two to six inches high, irregularly forked, branches set with lateral small forked ramuli; arti- culations pellucid, very evident, three or four times as long as broad in the main stem, much closer in the ramuli, dissepiments dark-coloured, swollen. Tips of the ramuli hooked inwards. Favelle near the tips of the branches, with involucral ramuli; tetraspores immersed, in whorls round the joints. Dr. Harvey, in his remarks on this plant in the Phycologia Britannica, says :—“ From the British species of this section, except one, our C. diaphanum may be at once known by its larger size and more robust filaments ; it is also well characterized by the lateral dichotomous ramuli given off all along the principal divisions of the frond, and by the gradu- 248 THE MARINE BOTANIST. ally attenuated filaments. These last characters distinguish it from C. nodosum and C. fastigiatum. Though existing on all our coasts, from north to south, it does not appear to be very abundant any- where, seldom growing in society; the tufts being thinly scattered here and there though the rock- pools. When growing, few algze are more delicately beautiful ; and even in a dry state it forms a very handsome object, the brilliancy and regularity of the dot-like joints, connected by hyaline, glistering spaces, having: the effect of a piece of fine tracery.” Grows on the smaller algze in tide-pools, some- times on rocks. Annual. Summer. Found on the British coasts from Orkney to Cornwall. ——— CERAMIUM GRACILLIMUM.—GRACEFUL SLENDER-BRANCHED CERAMIUM. “Frond excessively slender, of nearly equal dia- meter throughout, very flaccid and gelatinous, dichotomous ; the branches set with minute, flabel- liform, dichotomous ramuli; articulations colourless, THE MARINE BOTANIST. 949 those of the branches five or six times as long as broad, those of the ramuli very short; dissepiments opaque, purple; favelle borne on the lateral ramuli with a spreading many-rayed involucre. C. gracillimum has a softer and more gelatinous substance than any British Ceramium,. and this character, with its extreme tenuity, and the minute, fastigiate lateral branchlets, readily distinguish it from any of the section to which it belongs. So slender are its threads, so flaccid, and so densely crowded together, that it is almost impossible to display them properly on paper. They almost invariably become entangled together, and it is in vain to attempt their disentanglement. Harv. Phyc. Brit. Grows on Corallina officinalis, and other algze. Sometimes attached to mussel-shells near extreme low water-mark. Annual. Septem- ber. Kilkee, “covering a very large surface of rock, growing on the stunted fronds of C. offici- nalis.’”—Dr. W. H. Harvey. Plymouth. Pen- zance. ‘“ Probably common.” 250 THE MARINE BOTANIST. CERAMIUM STRICTUM. — CLOSE-FORKED TRANSPARENT-JOINTED CERAMIUM. “Frond capillary, nearly equal, membranaceous, irregularly dichotomous, the lower forkings distant, the upper, closer; all the divisions erect and straight, with narrow, acute angles; the apices straight, or slightly hooked inwards; articulations colourless, those of the stem and branches three to four times as long as broad, of the ramuli short; dissepiments opaque, purple; favelle near the tips of the branches involucrate; tetraspores, bursting from the dissepiments of the larger branches. The frond is more slender than in C. diaphanum, and much more robust than in C. gracillimum.” This species grows in dense tufts, the filaments all spreading out very straightly, and dividing into pencilled tufts near the tips; the colour of the tuft is either a dark livid purple, or yellowish purple when growing exposed to the sunshine. Attached to mussell-shells, &c., in tide-pools. Annual. Sum- THE MARINE BOTANIST. 951 mer. Dingle and Roundstone Bay, West of Ire- land. Torquay. Plymouth, Mr. Boswarva. CERAMIUM NODOSUM.—WIDE-FORKED TRANSPARENT-JOINTED CERAMIUM. Fronds three to six inches long, as fine as human hair, or more slender, forming globular, fastigiate tufts, repeatedly dichotomous, with very patent axils, of nearly equal diameter throughout. Dis- sepiments swollen, dark-coloured ; articulations colourless. Substance rigid and harsh to the touch when recent. In drying it adheres but imperfectly to paper. The wide-spread forkings of the branches and harsher substance distinguish this species from the following. Grows on sandy shores, often at the roots of Zostera. Annual. Sum- mer. Dublin Bay. Ireland’s Eye. Bangor and Newcastle, Co. Down. Howth. Rathmullar. Roundstone Bay, Cunnemara. Isle of Wight. Meadfoot, near Torquay. Plymouth. Falmouth. 252 THE MARINE BOTANIST. CERAMIUM FASTIGIATUM.—SOFT- TUFTED CERAMIUM. “ Filaments four or five inches high, very slender, nearly of equal diameter throughout, regularly dichotomous from the base; the lower axils distant, the upper very close, many times forked; the apices fastigiate and hooked inwards. Lower articulations generally three or four times as long as broad, colourless; upper very short, rosy; dis- sepiments opaque, swollen, purple. Substance tender and flaccid. Colour of the tuft pinky purple. Grows on rocks, &c., in tide-pools, rare.’—Harv. Torquay, &c. Plymouth. Frith of Forth. Section 8.—Ciliata: frond armed at the dissepi- ments, with one or more prickles, or bristle-like hairs. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 953 CERAMIUM FLABELLIGERUM.—FAN- LIKE BRANCHED CERAMIUM. _ To the naked eye the minute prickle which springs from the outer edge of each joint is not ap- parent, and without microscopic examination of this species, it is not very easy to distinguish it from Ceramium rubrum, which it nearly resembles in many respects. The colour in this is more of a dark purple than a red, and exactly similar to that of Polysiphonia fastigiata. 'The upper branches in C. flabelligerum in well-grown plants are much divided, and spread out in somewhat of a fan-shaped manner; the filaments are finer than in C. rubrum, and the size of the full-grown tuft is never above three or four inches in height. In old or imper- fectly-developed plants the spines are often’ de- ficient ; still a few may be always detected on the ramuli near their tips; the articulations are entirely covered with coloured cells as in C. rubrum, but they are rather larger in this species, and the articu- 254 THE MARINE BOTANIST. lations are slightly different in shape. Grows on the smaller algw, between tide-marks. Probably frequent. Annual. Summer and autumn. Mrs. Griffiths, in a letter addressed to me, writes :—“I have no doubt but C. flabelligerum is a very common species, but has been overlooked as a bad state of C. rubrum, for which I have myself often thrown away fine plants in former days. Few specimens have the spines so plentiful as ours on this coast, where the tufts reach the height of four or five inches.” On the Somerset coast, I find it growing on algw in tide-pools at Blue Anchor, and frequent on wood-work on the beach at Minehead. Pentire, North coast of Cornwall, Miss Warren. Dover, Mrs. Sillery. Whitehaven, Lancashire, Miss Parker. Ulverstone, Miss E. Hodgson. Down- shire coast. Jersey. CERAMIUM ECHIONOTUM.—IRREGU- LARLY-SPINED CERAMIUM. Forms rather rigid, tufts of a dark red or purple THE MARINE BOTANIST. 956 hue ; the joints are transparent, but in young plants the upper ones are filled with a purplish fluid, which prevents the pellucid nature of the articula- tion being seen until the plant is dried. The irregu- — larly scattered, slender, needle-shaped prickles which surround the dissepiments form the distinguishing mark in this species. Grows attached to rocks and stones between, or parasitic on, various alew in tide-pools. Annual. Summer and autumn. Common in several places. Torbay. Plymouth. Falmouth. Minehead, Somerset, a few plants drifted ashore during the summer of 1850, I. G. Youghal. North and west of Ireland. CERAMIUM ACANTHONOTUM.—UNI- LATERAL SPINED CERAMIUM. Grows in tufts of a very dark purple colour, from two to six inches in height, much matted together, tips of the ramuli rolled inwards ; articu- lations pellucid, dissepiments coloured, with broadly 956 THE MARINE BOTANIST. awl-shaped prickle, springing from the outer edge. This last character separates it from C. echionotum, in which the spines are scattered all rownd the joint, “ pointing in various directions, like the spines of a sea-urchin;” likewise C. ciliatum, the spines form a regular whorl round the joint, and from C. flabelligerum, the only other species with unilateral spines, it may at once be known by its transparent articulations, and its very different growth. Grows on exposed rocks near low water-mark, and on the smaller alee. Annual. Summer and autumn. Not uncommon. Torbay. Plymouth. West of Ireland, common. Youghal. Appin, Argyleshire. Aberdeen. os CERAMIUM CILIATUM.—REGULARLY- WHORLED CERAMIUM. Grows in dense bundled tufts, of a paler purple than the preceding plant, and known from C. echionotum by its regular whorl of prickles, all pointing upwards, and not irregular, inserted and THE MARINE BOTANIST. 2507 pointing in all directions as in that species. Grows attached to rocks and stones, and parasitic on the smaller alg in tide-pools. Annual. Summer. Not uncommon. ee SPYRIDIA. Name signifying a basket, in allusion to the form of the receptacles. Frond filiform, cylindrical, much branched, ramuli bristle-like, simple, jointed. F'ructafication : 1. stalked, lobed, favelle surrounded by short ramuli; 2. external tetraspores, attached to the ramuli. SPYRIDIA FILAMENTOSA.—FILAMENTOUS SPYRIDIA. “Stems tufted, many rising from a_ broadly expanded disk; thick, two to eight inches high; irregularly branched, cartilaginous, densely cellular, Ss 258 THE MARINE BOTANIST. with an obscure appearance of articulation ; branches beset with short, hair-like, simple or subdivided, scattered ramuli. Colour a dull red, fading to brownish.”—Harv. Man. Grows attached to rocks between tide-marks. Southern shores of England. Jersey. Holyhead. Aberfraw, Anglesea ; plentiful. GRIFFITHSIA. Named in honour of Mrs. Griffiths, of Torquay, Devon, whose many discoveries in and intimate knowledge of the marine alge are so well known to all Algologists. Frond rose-red, filamentous ; filaments articulated throughout, mostly dichotomous; ramuli single- tubed, often whorled ; dissepiments hyaline. F’ruc- tification: 1. roundish gelatinous, receptacles (fa- velle), containing minute spores; 2. tetraspores afixed to whorled: ramuli. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 259 GRIFFITHSIA EQUISETIFOLIA.—EQUISE- TUM-LIKE GRIFFITHSIA. _ From three to eight inches high, thickly set with short incurved bristle-like ramuli, not unlike Cla- dostephus verticillatus, but the colour is different, and it is either of a red or brownish hue, often staining the paper on which it is dried, a beautiful pink. Perennial. Summer. On the shores of England, the west of Ireland, and Channel Islands. Frequent. Rare in Scotland. Frith of Forth, very rare. GRIFFITHSIA CORALLINA.—CORAL- LINE-LIKE GRIFFITHSIA. From two to four inches high, very unlike the former species in aspect; the joints are very dis- tinct, swollen upwards like those of a Coralline, and filled with a red liquid, staining the paper on which the plant is preserved, a fine red colour. Tetra- 960 THE MARINE BOTANIST. spores minute, whorled round the joint near the tips of the branches; favella, roundish on the sides of the ramuli. Substance tender and gelatinous. The filaments are repeatedly and regularly forked with wide-spreading axils. Brighton. Weymouth. The Channel Islands. Falmouth Harbour, plentiful, I. G. Hartly, Northumberland. Dublin Bay. Portrush. Cork Harbour. Belfast Lough. GRIFFITHSIA SETACEA.—BRISTLE-LIKE GRIFFITHSIA. From three to six inches high, filaments finer and with much smaller jomts than in G. corallina. Slender, irregularly forked, with acute axils. Ra- ther rigid, of a beautiful crimson when recent, but immediately on its being immersed in fresh water, the membrane bursts with a cracking noise, and. the colouring is lost; like several others of the menus, it stains paper of a bright carmine, which will remain unaltered for years. Zetraspores borne on involucre-like ramuli. avelle also attached to THE MARINE BOTANIST. O61 involucral ramuli. Grows on rocks &c., between tide-marks, not uncommon near low water-mark. Perennial. O. S. G. simplicifilum. On rocks near Black Castle, and among rejectamenta at Ardinairy Point, Co. Wicklow. “ Obtained plentifully at Freshwater Bay, Isle of Wight, in August, 1841, by Messrs. R. Ball and W. Thompson.”— Report of British As- soc. for 1846. Coast of Norfolk, Rev. W. 8. Hore. Very rare. Differs from G. equisetifolia in its more attenuated branches and much brighter, pinky-red colour. The ramuli are only once-forked in this, while in G. equisetifolia they are many times dicho- tomous. G. barbata. Thrown up by the sea, extremely rare. Brighton Beach. Growing on alge in rock-pools at Jersey, Miss Turner. A beautiful and slender species, furnished at the upper joints with whorls of very slender ramuli, “ resembling the byssoid fibres of a Polysiphonia ;” on these the te- traspores are borne. G. Devonmensis. Muddy sea shores in deep 962 THE MARINE BOTANIST. water. Rare. Plymouth, Rev. W.S. Hore. Sal- combe, Devon, Mrs. Wyatt. “Involucres of tetra- spores whorled round the dissepiments of the branches. This is an exceedingly slender plant, densely tufted, and of a fine rosy red colour. The small size of the filaments distinguish it from o corallina, and the different arrangement of the fruit from G. barbata and G. setacea.” G. secundiflora. “On rocks at extreme low- water-mark. Very rare. Discovered at Bovisand near Plymouth, by the Rev. W. 8. Hore, 1846. Filaments tufted, four to eight inches in height, thicker than hog’s bristles, not sensibly attenuated upwards. From G. setacea this plant may at once be known by its large size, its comparatively shorter joints and more lubricous substance, but especially by the very obtuse, cylindrical upper ramuli, which do not taper to a point, but are of a very equal diameter throughout. From G. corallina, which in many respects it resembles, its cylindrical articula- tions and different inflorescence distinguish it.” —~ Harv. Phyc. Brit. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 2638 WRANGELIA. Name in honour of Baron von Wrangell, a Swedish Naturalist. Frond purplish or rose-red, filamentous, jointed ; filaments single tubed. Fructification : 1, gelati- nous receptacles ( favelle) terminating the branches, surrounded by an involucre, and containing spores compacted together. 2. tetraspores, affixed to the ramuli, scattered. WRANGELIA MULTIFIDA.—WHORLED WRANGELIA. From four to six inches high, articulated, oppo- site multified or whorled ramuli spring from each joint; in the variety 6 pilifera these are much lengthened, half an inch long, and either simple or pinnate. The joints of the stem are much longer than broad, but vary much in length in different specimens. Tetraspores on the ramuli either oppo- 964 THE MARINE BOTANIST. site or secund, minute. Favelle stalked, roundish, with whorled ramuli. Colour rose-red, soon given out in fresh water. Substance soft, adhering closely to paper. Grows on perpendicular rocks near low water-mark. Annual. Summer. frequent on the south coasts of England. Var. pilifera, at Tor- quay. West of Ireland. Belfast Bay. Rare in Scotland. Saltcoats, Ayrshire, Miss M. Lands- borough. | SEIROSPORA. Name meaning a chain and a seed. “ Frond rosy, filamentous; stem articulated, one- tubed; the articulations traversed by jointed fila- ments ; branches jointed. Mructification: 1. favelle (unknown); 2. oval tetraspores, disposed in termi- nal, moniliform strings.” —Harv. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 965 SEIROSPORA GRIFFITHSIANA.— GRIFFITHS’ SETROSPORA. Stem two to six inches high, setaceous, generally — undivided, more or less opaque and veiny, set with numerous sub-distichous, long, simple, alternate patent branches, the lowest of which are longest, giving the plant, when displayed, a broadly ovate outline ; the largest frequently bearing a second set of similar branches. This beautiful plant has the aspect, and many of the microscopic characters of strong specimens of Cal. corymbosum, but is at once distinguished by the fructification; the tetra- spores in Seirospora being formed out of the terminal ramuli themselves, the whole ramulus becoming converted into a string of bead-like tetraspores.”—Harv., Man., Ed. 2nd, p. 171. Grows on rocks and alga, in from four to five fathom water. Very rare. Torquay. Salcombe. Torpoint, Plymouth. Roundstone Bay, Galway. Portaferry. 266 THE MARINE BOTANIST. CALLITHAMNION. Name meaning a beautiful shrub or plant. “ Frond rosy or brownish red, filamentous; stem either opaque and cellular, or translucent or jointed ; branches jointed, one-tubed, mostly pinnate (rarely dichotomous or irregular); dissepiments hyaline. Fructification: 1. roundish or. lobed, berry-like receptacles ( favelle) seated on the main branches, and containing numerous, angular spores; 2. ex- ternal tetraspores, scattered along the ultimate branchlets or borne on little stalks.” —Harv. CALLITHAMNION PLUMULA.—FEA- THERY CALLITHAMNION. From two to five inches high, articulated throughout: at each joint arise a pair of small opposite ramuli; these when examined by the help of a pocket lens will appear pectinated along their inner margins with pinnules, which in fine grown THE MARINE BOTANIST. 267 plants are often again pectinated in a similar manner. Branches either alternate or irregular, upper ones usually longest; the appearance of the plant when in water is beautifully delicate and feathery. Colour a rich red. Substance soft and flaccid. Found all along our coasts from Orkney to the Land’s End. is a variety smaller in every part. CALLITHAMNION TETRAGONUM.— SQUARE-BRANCHED CALLITHAMNION. Fronds three to six inches high, stem obscurely jointed and nearly opaque; “repeatedly branched alternately, the branches irregularly quadrifarious, the lowest longest, and set with one or more series of lesser branches, the upper gradually shorter and more simple; the general outline of the frond being ovate, with its principal divisions tapering to the apex.” Substance much firmer than in the pre- ceding species. Colour, pink or reddish brown. Favelle either placed singly or in pairs, large. 568 THE MARINE BOTANIST. Tetraspores very minute, secund on the upper ramuli. Grows on the larger algz near low water- mark, frequent. Annual. Summer. Sate CALLITHAMNION BRACHIATUM.—SLEN- DER SQUARE-BRANCHED CALLITHAM- NION. This plant very much resembles C. tetragonum, but differs from it in outward character in its more slender habit and lanceolate outline; microscopically it is distinguished by the ramuli gradually tapering to a fine point, and not as in that species suddenly acuminate. It is found in the same situations as the C. tetragonum, and is equally common. ~CALLITHAMNION BORRERI.—BORRER’S CALLITHAMNION. From less than half an inch to four or five in height, tufted, much branched; branches set with plumules which are without ramuli along their THE MARINE BOTANIST. 269 lower half; this forms the distinguishing mark of the species. Colour a rose-red when well coloured, but often brownish red. Grows on mud-covered rocks near low water-mark. Annual. Summer. Rather rare. Yarmouth. Sidmouth. Torquay. Very fine at Plymouth. Falmouth. Land’s End. Swansea. Ilfracombe. Coast of Somerset, Cleve- don, Blue Anchor Bay ; and common on wood-work at Minehead, I.G. It is the only species of the genus besides C. Rothii that I find in a growing state on the shores of the Somerset portion of the Severn Sea. East coast of Ireland. Clontarf. Howth. CALLITHAMNION CORYMBOSUM.—CO- RYMBOSE CALLITHAMNION. From one to three inches high; though small, this plant may be distinguished by the naked eye from other species, by the corymbose or level-topped. appearance of the branchlets. Colour rose-red. Very slender and capillary ; flaccid, adhering closely 970 THE MARINE BOTANIST. to paper. Not uncommon on alow near low water- mark and on rocks. CALLITHAMNION FLORIDULUM.— TUFTED CALLITHAMNION. Filaments slender, forked, without ramuli, form- ing dense tufts. Tvtraspores on short stalks arranged in a secund manner along the upper branches. Grows on sand-covered rocks, near low water-mark, at all seasons. Perennial? March and April. Abundant on the Galway coast, east of Ireland, on the coasts of Clare and Kerry. Antrim. Orkney. Falmouth, I. G. lLand’s End. The tufts of this species, washed ashore on the west coast of Ireland, are, we are told, called figs by the country people, and collected as manure. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 971 SUMMARY OF THE SPECIES OF THE CALLITHAMNION GENUS. Section 1.—Cruciata. Ramuli opposite. C. plumula. Grows on rocks and alge near low water-mark, and to the depth of four to fifteen fathom water. Annual. Summer and autumn. Not uncommon. From each joint arises a pair of small opposite ramuli, recurved and pectinated on their inner sides. C. cruciatum. Grows on mud-covered rocks near low water-mark. Rare. Abundant on the pier at Torquay. Salcombe. Plymouth. Milford Haven. Cork Harbour. Ferriter’s Cove, Kerry. Coast of Down. £8 pumilum, Miltown Malbay. Two opposite or four cruciate slender erect pinnated ramuli arise from each joimt; ramuli in very dense tufts at the tips of the branches. 6 pumilum is a much smaller form, with shorter joints and more dense ramuli. C. floccosum. Grows on submarine rocks near low water-mark. Annual. Spring. Very rare. O70 THE MARINE BOTANIST. Orkney Islands. Aberdeen. Densely tufted, one to five inches in height, slender, and flaccid ; every jomt produces a pair of opposite and simple awl- shaped minute spreading ramuli. C. Turnert. Parasitical on several marine algz. Grows in tufts of an inch to an inch and a half in height; simple or slightly branched, pinnated, with opposite spreading simple ramuli. C. barbatum. Grows on mud-covered rocks within tide-marks. Very rare. Dredged at Wey- mouth. Quay, at Penzance. Ilfracombe. Fila- ments densely tufted, one to two inches high; branches simple or pinnulated for half their length, with minute opposite ramuli. Tetraspores elliptic- oblong. C. pluma. Grows on other alge, usually on the stems of Laminaria digitata. Rare. Bantry Bay. Malbay, west of Ireland. Appin, Argyle- shire. From a quarter to half an inch in height ; branches usually alternate, naked below, the upper half pinnated, with short erect close-set opposite ramuli, 'Tetraspores globose. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 273 SECTION 2.—Fruticosa. Ramuli alternate. Main stems robust, opaque, or nearly so. C. Arbuscula. Grows on exposed rocks, and on stones and shells between tide-marks. Perennial. Common on the northern and western shores of Scotland and Ireland. Very rare. On the eastern shores of Scotland. Frith of Forth. Aberdeen. Not known on the English shores. From three to eight inches high; destitute of branches in the lower part of the stem; main branches set with shorter ones, which are densely clothed with finely divided ramuli. Colour a dark or brownish vinous red colour. C. Brodiai. Grows on other marine ale. Rare. Forres, coast of Northumberland. Torquay. Mouse-hole, near Penzance. Miltown Malbay, west of Ireland. Annual. Spring. From one to three inches high ; set throughout the whole length of the stem with long, simple, quadrifarious branches, the lower ones being the longest, the higher becoming gradually shorter ; pinnules erecto- patent. Colour a brownish red. O74 THE MARINE BOTANIST. C. testragonum. See description. C. brachiatum. Ditto. C. tetricum. Grows in tide-pools on other alg, or more frequently on perpendicular faces of rock, at half-tide level. Perennial.. Common on the rocky coasts of England, and the west and south of England. Abundant at Swansea. Some- times cast ashore at Minehead, Somerset, I. G. Falmouth, “not very frequent,” Miss Warren. Channel Islands. Lambay. Fronds two to eight inches long, rigid, with straight pinnated ramuli. Colour a dull dark-brown red. Substance harsh, scarcely adhering to paper. C. Hookert. Grows on rocks and alee between tide-marks, and at a greater depth. Dispersed along the British shores from Orkney to Cornwall, and in Ireland. Not uncommon. Annual. Spring and summer. From one to three inches high; stem — opaque, bristle-like, simple; branches flexuous, with — patent or divaricated ramuli. Colour a brownish — orrosy-red. “Specimens from North Devon and the : south of Ireland are much more robust and deep THE MARINE BOTANIST. 975 coloured, and of a less delicate substance than those from Torbay and the east of Ireland. and at first strikingly resemble C. Brodigi, while the latter come nearer C. roseum.” SEcTIon 3.—Rosea. Main stems slender, evidently articulated. C. roseum. Grows on mud-covered rocks and alge near low water-mark. Annual. Summer. Not uncommon. Yarmouth. Torquay. Plymouth, very fine. Falmouth. Bantry Bay. Arran, co. Clare. Three to four inches high, much branched ; pinnules long, spreading, nearly simple, curved. Colour, when young, a fine purplish red, brownish when old. C. byssoidewm. Grows on other alge near low water-mark. Not very uncommon. Devonshire. South coast of Cornwall. Portaferry, Strangford Lough. Dublin Bay. Cork Harbour. Very flaccid, much divided, branches often entangled together. This has the habit and substance of C. corymbosum, but in ramification it nearly agrees 276 THE MARINE BOTANIST. with C. rosewm; the filaments are, however, much finer and more delicate than in that species. C. polyspermum. Grows on rocks and the larger fuci. Not uncommon. Annual. Spring and sum- mer. Sussex coast. Torquay. Plymouth. Mouse- hole, near Penzance. North of Ireland. Dunree, Donegal, Youghal. Appin, Argyle. Tufts glo- bose; stems nearly simple below, much branched in a fan-like manner above. “ Plumules linear- oblong in outline; pinne short, simple, patent, acute, spine-like.” Colour a dull rose-red or purplish. C. purpurascens. “Gathered on the Brighton beach by Mr. W. Borrer. Purplish-red, repeatedly branched, very slender and tufted.”—Smith, E. Bot. t. 2465. C. fasciculatum. At Yarmouth. “ Tufted, branches erect, flexuous, level-topped ; plumules elongate, erect, linear-obovate, truncate. Colour a fine purple red.” This Dr. Harvey now considers : a very doubtful species, probably one of the varie- — ties of C. Borreri. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 977 OC. Borrerit. See description. C. affine. Shores of Bute, on fuci. Much branched; two or three inches high; plumules short, very narrow. Colour a deep red. This is a doubt- ful species. C. tripinnatum. Grows on rocks at extreme low water-mark. Annual. April and May. Very rare. Roundstone Bay, Galway. Plymouth. Frond capillary, in habit resembling C. gracilli- mum, but resembling, in its microscopic characters, C. Borreri, from which it is known by the minute ramulus which springs from the first joint of the pinne. Colour a fine crimson. Substance closely adhering to paper. C. gracillimum. Grows on mud-covered rocks near low water-mark. Exmouth, Mrs. Gulson. Pier, Torquay. Falmouth Bay. Plymouth abundantly. Milford Haven. From one to four inches high, very slender, distichously branched; upper plumules long, narrow-ovate or lanceolate-patent, twice or three times pinnate. Colour a beautiful rose-red. C. thuyoideum. Grows on rocks near low water- 9278 THE MARINE BOTANIST. mark. Rare. Pier, Torquay. Plymouth. Falmouth. Whitsand Bay, near the Land’sEnd. Ilfracombe. Swansea. Yarmouth. Portaferry, near Belfast. Wicklow. Roundstone Bay, Galway. From one to two inches high. Plumules twice-pinnate patent, narrow linear-oblong in outline, Colour a fine rose-red. Section 4.—Corymbosa. Stems articulated ; ramuli dichotomous. O. corymbosum. See description. C. spongiosum. Grows on rocks in the sea, generally such as are perpendicular, and on other alow. South of England, and coasts of Ireland and Scotland. Torquay. Salcombe. Plymouth. Land’s End. Ilfracombe. Jersey. Kingstown harbour and Killiney. Dunleary. Larne. Saltcoats. Largo. Kilbride, Ayrshire. F'yfe. “Fronds two to four inches high, flaccid, soft, holding water like a sponge; stems shrubby ; branches long, spreading in every direction, thickly clothed with short secondary branchlets about half THE MARINE BOTANIST. 979 an inch in length, which are again covered with a third set which are dichotomously divided, and, spreading on all sides, give the plant a rounded bushy character. To the naked eye this plant has something the habit of C. arbuscula, while, in its microscopic characters, it comes nearer C. corym- bosum. It is, however, a much coarser plant than the latter, void of gloss when dry, and of duller colour.” —Harv. Man., p. 182. C. pedicellatum. Grows on rocks, &c., near low water-mark. Not uncommon. ‘Two to eight inches high; stems bristle-like; branches naked, or set with short, alternate, somewhat tufted, sparingly-forked branchlets. Colour a fine red, quickly given out in fresh water, and becoming a dull brown when dry. SECTION 5.—Pulvinata. Filaments short, densely tufted, forming cushion-like tufts, or spreading in velvety patches. C. Rothii. Spreads over the surface of rocks about half-tide level, and also grows on woodwork 280 THE MARINE BOTANIST. in the same situations. Perennial, bears fruit in winter. Filaments slender, short, erect, much smaller than in C. floridulum, and distinguished from it by the clustered arrangement of the tetra- spores, which in that species are borne singly, and in a secund manner along the branches. Colour a dull red. Height of the filaments never above half an inch. C. floridulum. See description. C. mesocarpum. Rocks at the extremity of low water-mark. Appin, Argyleshire.—“Tufts con- tiguous, forming a broad shaggy purple crust.” Filaments minute; branches virgate. Tetraspores crowded about the middle of the filaments on forked peduncles, secund or opposite. Section 6.—Parasitica. Minute parasites. C. sparsum. On old stems of Laminaria sac-— charina at Appin, Argyle. On Conferva rupestris at Miltown, Malbay. Scarcely a line high. ‘‘Tetraspores obovate, sessile, mostly axillary.” It is better distinguished, Dr. Harvey says, from THE MARINE BOTANIST. 981 C. Rothu by its minute and scattered habit, than by any peculiarity of branching; the fruit is, however, very different. C. Daviesu. Parasitical on the smaller alge, generally on Ceramium rubrum. Filaments two or three lines high, forming elegant pencilled tufts. 989 THE MARINE BOTANIST. SERIES If. CHLOROSPERMEZ. THE GRASS-GREEN SERIES. Plants of a erass-ereen, rarely purple colour ; growing in the sea, in fresh water, or in damp situations. ructification: “1. spores green or purple, formed within the cells, often at maturity vivacious, moving’ by means of vibratile cilia ; 2. comocyste, or external vesicles, contaiming a dense, dark coloured mass, and finally separating — from the frond.” THE MARINE BOTANIST. 2983 ANALYSIS OF THE TRIBES. Fronds filamentous, articulate 1 Confervacez. Praia not artiowate. . ks eee Fronds composed of one continuous cell, either filamentous, simple, or densely interwoven together, or filiform and 2{ branched. Siphonacez. Fronds flattened, or tubular, consisting of many-sided cells, cohering together. Ulvacee. Many of the species comprised in this division of the algz are not marine plants, but inhabitants of our fresh-water pools and ditches; others are found in moist situations, on damp ground, rotten wood, and among mosses. The remarkable voluntary action manifested by the spores of the Confervez, and of other plants belong- ing to this series, has excited much attention abroad, 984 THE MARINE BOTANIST. where the opinion generally prevails that the spores on their liberation from the main filament, become animalcules. M. Agardh,* in his account of Con- ferveerea, describes the sporules as being furnished with a little beak, or anterior process, distinguish- able from the body of the seed by its paler colour, and he considered that it was on the vibrations of this beak that the motion depended. More recently, M. Thuret+ has discovered that the spores of many among the fresh-water species are furnished with cilia which vibrate in the same manner as do the cilia of the Infusorial animalcules. The spores of the Con- fervee possess two cilia; on those of Cheetophora they form a circle, and the spores of Vaucheria are completely covered with them. The spores of the majority of grass-green aleve, when examined with high magnifying powers, are now found to be clothed with cilia, and to manifest these seemingly voluntary movements, which cease as soon as the spore reaches a substance on which it can rest * See *“ Manual of British Alge.” Introduction, p. 31. + See “ Botanique,” par M. Adrien de Jussieu, p. 461. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 985 and attach itself. Thus we find plants that are termed of a simple structure and low organization, presenting phenomena which baffle the researches of the scientific inquirer, and leave the naturalist in doubt whether he be observing the motions of an animalcule or those of a plant; but which cannot fail to impress him with the wonderful care and provision shown for the continuance of these humble weeds, evincing, as they do so clearly and forcibly, that they have been cared for by a good and bene- ficent Creator, whose eye is over all His works. re ee SIPHONACE.—SYPHON TRIBE. Green, marine or fresh-water alge, composed of continuous, tubular, simple, or branched filaments, free or variously combined in cylindrical or ex- panded fronds.—Harv. The filaments of these alge are remarkable for consisting of a single tube, or lengthened cell, filled with colouring matter, without any internal par- 986 THE MARINE BOTANIST. titions. “Thus if a whole frond of Bryopsis plumosa be placed on a piece of glass, under water, and the tip of one of its branches be wounded, the contents of the frond may be-pressed out through the lacerated part, leaving nothing but an empty skin, and showig that there is no internal dia- phragm in any part of the tube.” In Codium the filaments are woven together into fronds of spongy substance and various forms. Bryopsis, though of simpler structure, appears more perfect, from the regularity and beauty of its pinnate fronds, resembling tufts of miniature green feathers. The filaments in Vaucheria are densely tufted, and often intertwined together, forming cushion-like tufts. Many of the species are found in ponds, ditches, and on damp earth; the marine kinds alone are described in this work. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 987 MARINE GENERA OF THE SIPHONACEAE TRIBE. Codium. Filaments closely combined into a sponge- like frond. Bryopsis. Filaments free, pinnately branched. Vaucheria. Filaments free, irregularly branched. (tem CODIUM. Name meaning the skin of an animal, from the soft shaggy substance. Frond spongy, dark-green (crustaceous, globular, cylindrical, or flat), composed of an interwoven mass of tubular, continuous filaments. ’ructifica- tion: opaque vesicles attached to the filaments near the surface of the frond.— Grev. Se CODIUM TOMENTOSUM.—FORKED- SPONGY CODIUM. Frond six to twelve inches long, spongy, cylin- drical, and more or less regularly forked. Structure 988 THE MARINE BOTANIST. filamentous, composed internally of colourless in- terlaced fibres, outwardly of minute, club-shaped, deep green filaments. Fructification, ovate vesicles seated on the outer filaments. Perennial. Summer. Grows on rocks in the sea. Frequent. O.S. C. Bursa. Grows on rocks in the sea. Very rare. Perennial. Summer. According to Pallas, growing plentifully on the Sussex coast, but has not been obtained of late years from thence, except by Mr. Pyke, collector and vendor of alge specimens at Brighton. Penzance Bay, near Fal- mouth, Mr. W. P. Cocks, rare. Shores of Cornwall. Near Torquay. Belfast. Frond a globular hollow ball, one to eight inches in diameter. Structure the same as that of C. tomentosum. C. adherens. Grows on rocks, near low-water. Very rare. Annual. Torquay. Falmouth Bay, “sparingly,” Miss Warren. Falmouth Harbour, “ searce,” and Penzance Bay, “ not uncommon, ” Mr. W. P. Cocks. Sennen Cove, Land’s End. Gorran Haven, and Gerran’s Bay, Cornwall. Rath- lin Island, Antrim. Tory Island. This species THE MARINE BOTANIST. 989 spreads over the rock in patches of two feet or more in extent, “ resembling,” says Mrs. Griffiths, fragments of beautiful green velvet. C. amphibium. On turf banks, near high water, but exposed to every tide, at Roundstone, and at the head of Birtirbui Bay, Galway ; discovered there by the late Mr. William M‘Calla. “ Fronds minute, erect cylindrical, aggregated in widely- spreading strata. Colour a brilliant green, sub- stance soft.”—Harv., Man., 2nd edition, p. 194. BRYOPSIS. Name meaning moss-like. Frond membranaceous, filiform, tubular, cylin- - drical, glistening, branched; the branches imbri- cated or distichous and pinnated, filled with a fine green minutely granuliferous fluid.— G'rev. 290 THE MARINE BOTANIST. BRYOPSIS PLUMOSA.—FEATHERY BRYOPSIS. Frond from one to four inches high, with scat- tered branches, which are naked at base and closely set in the upper part, with slender pinnated ramuli. Substance slippery, adhering well to paper. Colour a fine green, A very elegant and beautiful species, not uncommon on rocks, &c. in tide-pools. Annual. Summer and autumn. BRYOPSIS HYPNOIDES.—HYPNUM-LIKE BRYOPSIS. Fronds densely tufted from two to six inches long or more, very much branched; set with irregularly scat- tered ramuli. Colour, “ when growing, a peculiarly rich green,” pale and a yellowish green when dry, and the stems then look as if glazed, but the ramuli do not. ‘This is a more slender and irregular | THE MARINE BOTANIST. 991 branched plant than the preceding, not uncommon in many places from Orkney to Cornwall. Annual. Summer. Grows on rocks or on the larger alow in tide-pools in shaded situations. On the west of Ireland, where, according to Dr. Harvey, it is most abundant, and reaches a size much greater than it attains on the English coast; it is often seen in sheltered bays, growing in thick bunches of extraordinary size and luxuriance on the broad- leaved variety of Laminaria saccharina. “ These are never exposed at low water, and can only be reached in a boat; but in shady channels and pools between tide-marks, even at some distance above the low water limit, specimens of nearly equal size, attached to smaller alge, are frequently met with.” VAUCHERIA. Named in honour of M. Vaucher, a distinguished writer on fresh water Conferve. Fronds aggregated, tubular, continuous, capillary, 292 THE MARINE BOTANIST. coloured by an internal green pulvurulent mass. Fruetification : dark green coniocyste attached to the frond.— G'rev. VAUCHERIA MARINA.—MARINE VAUCHERIA. “ Fronds tufted, or somewhat spreading, erect, very slender, and flaccid, irregularly branched, somewhat forked; the branches erect. Vesicles few, scattered, broadly obovate, and very obtuse, by which character it is easily distinguished from V. submarina. Colour a bright green, becoming rather brownish, but retaining a gloss in drying.” An- nual. Summer. Parasitical on Furcellaria fastigiata at; Appin, Argyleshire. On mud at Torquay and Salcombe, Devon. O. S. V. submarina. On the muddy sea- shore. Rare. Weymouth. “Tufts two or three inches high, not diffused, fastigiate. Vesicles numerous.” THE MARINE BOTANIST. 993 V. velutina. On muddy sea-shores. Annual. Spring and summer. Appin, Argyleshire. Mil- town Malbay, west of Ireland. “ Filaments inter- woven into a dense, velvety, green stratum, pel- lucid below, and creeping over the mud; branches near the extremity erect.” CONFERVACEA.—CONFERVA TRIBE. Green, marine or fresh water algze, composed of articulated threads or filaments, simple or branched, free or surrounded by gelatine. Cells cylindrical, truncated.— Harv. The greater number of the plants of this tribe are found in fresh water: three genera alone con- tain strictly marine species. In the first, Clado- phora, a few examples only, inhabit streams ; while the majority of the Conferva grow indifferently in running or stagnant water. Cladophora contains upwards of a score of species indigenous to the shores of Britain: they require to be examined in a 994 THE MARINE BOTANIST. recent state ; for, when dry, it is not at all easy to discriminate them. To the learner, they are a puzzling genus; and very little knowledge can be gained of them without the constant employment of the microscope. In the comparative length of the joints and manner of branching, as well as in the size and substance of the filaments, are deduced some of the specific characters. In the summary of the species, the reader will find indicated all their most striking specific distinctions. MARINE GENERA OF THE CONFERVA TRIBE. Cladophora. Filaments tufted, much branched. Rhizoclonium. Filaments decumbent, with root- like branches. Conferva. Filaments unbranched. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 295 CLADOPHORA. Name, signifying branch-bearing. Filaments green, attached, uniform, branched ; composed of a single series of cells or articulations. Fruit aggregated : granules or zoospores, contained in the articulations, having at some period a proper ciliary motion.— Harv. CLADOPHORA RUPESTRIS. — DARK- GREEN ROCK CLADOPHORA. Tufted, from three to six inches high; very much and closely branched ; rigid, very dark green, with erect close-pressed ramuli. Grows abundantly on rocks between tide-marks. CLADOPHORA L/ETE-VIRENS. — LIGHT- GREEN BUSHY CLADOPHORA. Tufts four to eight inches long, much branched, of a fine transparent yellow-green colour when 296 THE MARINE BOTANIST. growing ; without gloss, and grayish when dry ; branches erect, spreading; uppermost ramuli secund. Annual. Summer. Frequent on rocks, stones, and algee in tide-pools. ee SUMMARY OF THE BRITISH MARINE SPECIES OF CLADOPHORA. C. Brownu. Grows in situations exposed to the dripping of fresh water, and the occasional over- flow of the tide. In a cave near Dunree, North of Ireland ; and in one near Black Castle, Wicklow. Cornwall coast, near the Land’s End. Forms cushion-like tufts; erect, rigid, of a black-green colour when growing; “but, on having the water expressed and held to the light, exhibits a beautiful yellow-green colour.” Dr. Harvey describes it as a very curious and distinct species; to the naked eye, having a good deal the appearance of Vau- cheria terestris, but totally different in structure, and perhaps allied to C. a@gagropila, a curious plant found in fresh-water lakes. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 997 C. repens. Thrown on shore after a gale. Jer- sey. Very rare. Miss Turner. Annual? Summer. “Tufts an inch or two in diameter, and about half an inch thick ; composed of slender filaments densely matted together. The habit is very similar to C. Brownii, but the articulations are of much greater length, and different in form.” C. pellucida. Grows on rocks near low water- mark, South of England. Yarmouth. Falmouth and Mount’s Bay, Cornwall. Several places in Ireland. Very fine in Belfast Lough. Filaments four to six inches high; rigid, erect, forked, and furnished with tufted ramuli. Articulations many times longer than broad. Colour a fine glossy green, which fades in drying. It adheres but im- perfectly to paper. ©. rectangularis. Thrown up from deep water. Very rare. Summer. Torquay. Dredged in Roundstone Bay. Cunnemara, in four to six fathoms water, very abundant. Isle of Great Arran, in Galway Bay. Filaments as thick as horse-hair; eight to twelve inches long; rigid, 298 THE MARINE BOTANIST. irregularly branched, branches spreading, with hori- zontal opposite ramuli. Colour a full green, fading in the herbarium. Articulations uniform through- out, usually twice or thrice as long as broad. “One of the most beautiful and distinct, as it is the rarest, of the genus.” | C. Macallana. On the sandy bottom of the sea, in four to ten fathoms water. Annual. Summer. Dredged in Roundstone Bay, abun- dantly. “This has much the outer habit of C. rectangularis, mixed with which it often occurs at Roundstone, but may at once be known by the secund or alternate ramuli. It is named in honour of its discoverer, the late Mr. William M‘Calla, a most successful and acute explorer of Roundstone and the neighbouring bays, who added many new species to the Fauna and Flora of Ireland, and whose early death is much to be regretted. Mr. M‘Calla fell a victim to the cholera, in May, 1849.” —Harv., Man., p. 200. C. Hutchinsie. Grows on rocks, &c., near low water-mark. Rather rare. Bantry Bay. Belfast THE MARINE BOTANIST. 999 Bay. Larne. Ardrossan and Saltcoats, Ayrshire. Tor Abbey and Salcombe, south coast of Devon. Falmouth Bay. | Colour deep glaucous green, “with changeable tints when fresh, and under water appearing almost white’ (Miss Hutchins). “Closely allied to C. diffusa ; but the filaments are of greater diameter, the ramuli more abundant and shorter, and they are also shorter and generally contracted at the dissepiments.” C. diffusa. Grows on rocks, &c. Not uncom- mon. Sidmouth. Torbay. Falmouth. Near Swansea. Aberfraw. Malbay. West of Ireland. Port Rush. “ Filaments six to ten inches long, as thick as horse-hair ; loosely tufted, generally so rigid as to bristle out when removed from the water, but occasionally flaccid, very flexuous, dis- tinctly branched, branches alternate, usually fur- nished near the top with a few patent secund ramuli. Colour either grass green or dark green. C. nuda. Grows on basalt rocks in the sea. Port Stewart. Filaments tufted two to three inches 300 THE MARINE BOTANIST. high, slender, very straight, dull green, olivaceous when dry. In the straight filaments and erect ramuli, “ it resembles,” says Dr. Harvey, ‘C. ru- pestris, but differs in colour, and in the great length of the joints.” A doubtful species, which may per- haps prove only a variety of C. rupestris. CC. Magdalene. — Phyc. Brit., Pl. 355., A. Found at Jersey, by Miss Magdalen Turner. “Filaments, in the only specimen examined, about an inch long, matted together but not tufted, ap- parently growing either prostrate or entangled among the bases of other algw, not much branched. Colour a dark dingy green. Unlike as it is in general aspect and ramification to C. rupestris, the cells under the microscope strongly resemble those of that species; yet I can hardly think it next of kin to that straight growing plant, and perhaps C. fracta is more nearly related.” —Harv. in Phye. Brit. C. rupestris. See description. C. letevirens. Ditto. C. flecuosa. In salt-water ditches, near Yar- THE MARINE BOTANIST. 301 mouth. In the sea, not uncommon. Torquay. Falmouth, Miss Warren. Ballycastle, and several places on the east coast of Ireland. “ Filaments four to eight inches long, remarkably flexuous, rather harsh to the feel.” Dull green, rigid, and slightly branched. C. gracilis. In deep water, and on rocks and alee. Torquay. Falmouth, Miss Warren. Youghal. Belfast Bay. Ballantrae, Ayrshire. Tufts from six to twelve inches long. “The only species which can be confounded with it are C. flexuosa, than which it is more luxuriant, more glossy, and more branching ; and C. Macallana, which is softer, more flaccid, and much more slender and delicate.” C. Rudolphiana. Parasitical on Zostera, Lami- nariz, and other alge, in two to six fathoms, very abundant in Roundstone Bay, Cunnemara. On Flushing Quay, in Falmouth Harbour, “but only once,” Miss Warren. Annual. Summer. “ Fila- ments six to twenty inches long, exceedingly slender and soft, forming beautifully silky, bright green, sub-gelatinous tufts. A much more slender plant 302 THE MARINE BOTANIST. than C. gracilis, with longer joints and more attenuated ramuli.” ) C. refracta. Grows in rocky pools left by the tide. Torbay. Falmouth. Mount’s Bay. Ilfracombe. Jersey. Giant's Causeway. Howth. Balbriggan. Mangan’s Bay, co. Cork. Dunlecky Castle, Kil- kee. Filaments capillary, three to five inches long, very much branched, bright green. “ This beautiful plant is nearly allied to C. albida, but the filaments are coarser, and far more rigid, standing out from each other when the tuft is removed from the water; the colour isa brighter and fuller green; the ultimate branches are shorter and more patent, often strongly reflexed, and the general habit is by no means spongy. It appears to prefer the clearest and purest water, growing on the bare rock or among corallines in deep cold pools left by the tide, near the extreme of low water-mark.” C. Balliana. Phyc. Brit., Pl. 356. Sea shores, at Clontarf. Filaments finer than the human hair, from six to eight or ten inches long, tufted and much branched, the branching repeatedly alternate, THE MARINE BOTANIST. 308 but irregular and difficult to trace, with a more or less evident leading stem. The length of the cells in the principal division is from eight to ten times their diameter, or perhaps more; in the ramuli the cells are shorter. ‘“C. Balliana is readily known from all its British congeners but one, by the tenuity and lubricity of the filament, in conjunction with the great length of the cells. The only one with which it can be confounded is C. Rudolphiana, but the ramification is so different in that plant, that notwithstanding its near agreement in the length of the articulations and the general aspect of the tufts, there can be little difficulty in distinguishing one from the other.”— Harv. C. albida. Grows on rocks and the larger alge, below half-tide level. Frequent. Filaments very slender, flaccid, two to six inches long, pale green, fading greatly in drying, and without gloss.. The soft and slender filaments, and uniformly short joints, distinguish it from the common species. C. lanosa. Grows on rocks, or more frequently - on the larger Fuci. “ Filaments forming small, 304 THE MARINE BOTANIST. entangled, woolly tufts, an inch long, pale green. Very closely related to C. arcta and C. uncialis, from the former of which it differs chiefly by its smaller size and less branching filaments, and from the latter more by habit than by any very decided character.” | C. uncialis. Grows on rocks near low water- mark. Torquay. St. Michael’s Mount, Cornwall. Aberystwith. Newcastle, coast of Down. Rathlin, Antrim. Common at Balbriggan. Rocks beyond Kingstown. Malahide. Malbay, west of Ireland. Jersey. Orkney. Tufts an inch high, dark green, spongy. “This,” Dr. Harvey remarks, “ more nearly resembles C. lanosa than any other of our native species, and sometimes cannot be readily distinguished without a close examination; but it forms much more dense and spongy tufts, which finally become more intricately woven together; and the apices are seldom so distinctly fastigiate as in that species. The habitat in which C. uncialis occurs affords an additional clue. It usually fre- quents rocky places, growing on the rock itself, or $e THE MARINE BOTANIST. 305 among the thin coating of sand which covers it, or places close to the edge of low water-mark. C. lanosa, on the contrary, is almost always found a parasite on other alge; or else attached to pieces ef wood, and to the leaves of Zostera.” The fila- ments are much slenderer than those of the follow- ing kind, which it a good deal resembles, and it is likewise a much smaller growing plant. C. arcta. Grows on exposed rocks, generally aoove half-tide level. Frequent. Filaments form- ing broad somewhat starry tufts, of a full green colour; much branched. Substance soft and re- taining water. In the dry state young specimens have a glistening appearance; old ones, on the contrary, are without gloss, except the young shoots toward the summit; woolly, and considerably faded. C. glaucescens. Grows on rocks and _ tones between tide-marks. Annual. Summer. Not uncommon. Torquay. Falmouth Bay. Mount’s Bay, Cornwall. Mangan’s Bay, co. Cork, Port- marnock. Rocks beyond Kingstown harbour, X 306 THE MARINE BOTANIST. abundant in May. Filaments densely tufted, very slender, two to four inches long. When dry, the colour is sometimes a pale green, sometimes darker, and the filaments preserve a slight gloss. Its peculiarly glaucous colour, when fresh, joined to the slenderness of the filaments, and the uniform length of the articulations in all parts of the stem, are characters by which it may be easily known. C. falcata. Grows at the bottoms of clear rock-pools, near low water-mark. Annual. Sum- mer. Rocks outside Dingle harbour, Kerry. Jersey. “Filaments densely tufted, three to four inches long, thicker than human hair, nearly equal throughout, much branched ; the branches curved and twisted; the lesser divisions and ramuli fre- quently incurved, arching, or strongly hooked inwards; the whole plant crisp and _ squarrose. Colour a peculiarly rich glossy green. Substance rigid, adhering to paper in drying.” C. Gattye. Growing probably on rocks near low water, but the locality is uncertain.—Phye. Brit., Pl. 355 B. This is a doubtful species found THE MARINE BOTANIST. 307 by Mrs. Gatty, and described in the Phycologia as resembling externally somewhat C. uncialis and Ectocarpus littoralis; but the threads are very much more robust than in the former, and dif- ferently branched from the latter, as well as more robust. ——— al RHIZOCLONIUM. Name, meaning a rooted branch. Filaments green, jointed, uniform, decumbent ; simple or spuriously branched; branches short and root-like. Fruit granules contained in the cells.— Harv. RHIZOCLONIUM RIPARIA.—TWISTED RHIZOCLONIUM. Filaments very slender, entangled, and flaccid ; slichtly branched above, and with a few root-like branches below. This forms wide dense strata, of a pale green colour, spreading over sand-covered rocks near high water-mark. Not uncommon. 308 THE MARINE BOTANIST. O. 8S. C. Casparyi. Phyc. Brit., Pl. 354 B. Falmouth. Penzance. Forms a thin web, of a livht green colour. Filaments more slender than in the above; gracefully curved rather than twisted. (ee ne eee CONFERVA. Name, from conferruminare, to consolidate, because some of the species were used by the ancients for binding up fractured limbs. Filaments green, attached or floating, un- branched ; composed of a single series of cells or articulations. fruit: aggregated granules or zoospores, contained in the articulations, having at some period a proper ciliary motion.— Harv. CONFERVA MELAGONIUM. — STIFF UP- RIGHT CONFERVA. Filaments five or eight inches high ; seldom more than three or four springing from the same root, thick and wiry. Colour a dark green. Grows on THE MARINE BOTANIST. 309 rocks at the extreme verge of low water-mark. Annual. Summer. Generally distributed, but not very frequent anywhere. eee CONFERVA AIREA.—BRITTLE CON- FERVA. Filaments three to twelve inches long, tufted ; of much less diameter than in C. Melagonium, and of a yellow-green colour. It differs also from the foregoing, in breaking easily at the joints; the colour fades considerably when dried. Grows on sand-covered rocks and in sandy pools. Annual. Summer. Frequent. O. 8. C. arenosa. On the flat sandy shore about half-tide level. Appin, Argyleshire. Bantry Bay. “This species occurs in places a yard or more in extent, and of a peculiar structure. They consist of several exceedingly thin layers placed over each other, but so slightly connected that they may be separated like folds of gauze, to the extent of many inches, without the least laceration.” d10 THE MARINE BOTANIST. C’. tortuosa. Grows on rocks and alge. Com- mon. Filaments rigid, slender, much curled and twisted; forms closely interwoven strata, several feet in diameter, of a pale or full green colour. Articulations two or three times longer than broad. C. implexa. Grows on rocks and alge. Tor- quay, Gwyllyn-vase Bay, Falmouth, Mr. W. P. Cocks. Mount’s Bay, Cornwall. Berwick. Frith of Forth. Miltown Malbay. Filaments very slender, flaccid, half as thick as C. tortuosa, with stouter joints; forms densely interwoven strata, or little tufts on the branches of other algz. C. collabens. At Yarmouth, on a floating piece of deal. “ Filaments three or four inches long ; twice as thick as those of C. erea; of a splendid verdi- gris-green colour, which is fully preserved in drying; very gelatinous, adhering most closely to paper.” This species is believed to have been only . once found by Sir W. J. Hooker. C. bangioides. Grows on submarine rocks, &c. Torquay. Breakwater, Plymouth. Port Ballan- THE MARINE BOTANIST. OL trae, north of Ireland. Tufts three to six inches long ; soft and lubricous; of a dark green colour. C. Youngana. Grows on rocks, &c., near high water-mark ; first discovered by Mr. W. W. Young, near Dunraven Castle, Glamorganshire. Filaments an inch long, tufted straight, of a bright green colour. “ Articulations variable in length, at first cylindrical, afterwards becoming contracted in a bead-like manner.” ULVACEA.—ULVA TRIBE. Green or purple, marine or fresh water alge, composed of small polygonal cells, forming ex- panded membranes, or membranous tubes; very rarely arranged in filaments.—arv. The marine plants comprised in this tribe have thin membranous, often expanded fronds, of a flat irregular form, or sometimes hollow and tubular. When examined under the microscope, the cells of the surface appear arranged in regular squares, like 312 THE MARINE BOTANIST. mosaic work; the spores are formed one or four in each cell, from the endochrome or colouring matter contained therein. The colour of the “green sea-shore” is chiefly owing to the abundance of such common species as Ulva latissima and Entero- morpha compressa; they, as well as the Porphyre, are equally frequent on the shores of the Arctic and Antarctic oceans. ‘The latter genus differs in its purple colour from others of this series, but resembles the grass-green sea-weeds in respect of fructification and structure. Their fronds are gathered on our coasts, and boiled down into “aver,” which forms a wholesome and agreeable vegetable. In its prepared state it may be pre- served for an indefinite time in closed tin vessels ; and in the absence of other vegetables, Dr. Harvey believes it would become a valuable article of diet to the crews of our whaling vessels cruising in high latitudes, where every marine rock at half-tide level abundantly produces it. Bangia, a genus which contains two or three marine species, with fila- mentous fronds, of a dull purple colour, consisting THE MARINE BOTANIST. 313 of one or several rows of cells, appears doubtfully to belong to this tribe, therefore it is not included in the following pages. a MARINE GENERA OF THE ULVA TRIBE. Einteromorpha. Frond tubular, simple or branched ; green. Ulva. Frond leafy; green. Porphyra. Frond leafy; purple. ENTEROMORPHA. Name meaning entrail-like, in allusion to the form of the fronds. Frond tubular, hollow membranaceous, of a green colour, and reticulated structure. ructification : three or four roundish granules, aggregated in the reticulations.— G'rev. 314 THE MARINE BOTANIST. ENTEROMORPHA CORNUCOPIA. —COR- NUCOPIA-LIKE ENTEROMORPHA. “Fronds gregarious, about an inch long, funnel- shaped, from a short, tubular base, expanding into a plaited, laciniated membrane, torn and jagged at the extremity. Granules in fours, all over the frond. Colour dark green below, pale above.”— Carmichael. Grows on corallines, &., in rocky pools left by the tide. Annual. | Spring and summer. ENTEROMORPHA INTESTINALIS.—INTES- TINE-LIKE ENTEROMORPHA. Fronds at first attached by a small root, after- wards detached and floating, curiously curled and inflated, long and tapering at the base, never in the least degree branched. Colour a fine green, soon fading when dry. Grows indifferently in the sea, brackish or fresh-water ditches. Very common. Annual. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 315 ENTEROMORPHA COMPRESSA.—COM- PRESSED ENTEROMORPHA. Fronds from six to twelve inches long, vary- ing greatly in breadth. In the variety 8 pro- lifera, the frond is narrow, with many slender branches ; much contracted below, gradually widen- ing upwards, and obtuse at the tips, by which character, it is stated, this variable plant may be known from the four next species; the broad varieties which very nearly resemble some forms of E. intestinalis, are distinguished from that species by being always branched, though often very slightly, whereas the latter is invariably simple. Colour a pale or full green. Grows on rocks and stones between tide-marks, very frequent, especially where fresh-water streams run over the beach. Annual. Spring and summer. O. S. #. Linkiana. In the sea at Appin, Argyleshire. Annual. Summer. “ Frond cylin- 316 THE MARINE BOTANIST. drical, six to twelve inches in length, tubular, filiform, reticulated, pellucid, of a very pale green colour, membranaceous (rigid when dry), much branched, branches attenuated.” E. erecta. Grows on rocks in the sea, about half-tide level. Annual. Spring and summer. Not uncommon. “ Frond cylindrical, four to eight inches high, filiform, slender, highly reticulated, branches erect, opposite or alternate, set with capil- lary ramuli, all attenuated to a fine point.” A very variable plant, not always easy to distinguish from the next species. Ei. clathrata. Grows between tide-marks. An- nual. Spring and summer. Not uncommon. Brighton. Torquay. Falmouth. Belfast Bay. Appin, Argyleshire. Frond four to twelve inches high, cylindrical, filiform, slender, highly reticu- lated ; branches spreading, much divided, set with divaricated or recurved ramuli.” E. ramulosa. Grows on rocks between tide- marks. Annual. Spring.. Not uncommon. Fronds five or six inches to one or two feet long, com- THE MARINE BOTANIST. 314 pressed, curled or twisted, much and repeatedly branched and interwoven into a (more or less) thick and inextricable mat, everywhere covered with spine-like branchlets, which makes this species rather harsh to the touch, and distinguishes it from H. clathrata, which has a soft and silky feel. E.. Hopkirku. Dredged in four to ten fathom water. Annual. Summer and autumn. Good- rington, Torbay. Carrickfergus. “ Fronds six to twelve inches long or more; of exceeding fineness and delicacy. It rivals, in the tenuity and beauty of its frond, and in their bushy branching, the most delicate Cladophore ; having, to the naked eye, an aspect not very unlike that of C. Rudolphiana, and being more slender than C. gracilis. Under the microscope, it is known by the very large size of its nearly empty cells, in the centre of which a small spherical grain of emerald green endochrome is found. The ramuli are so slender that they con- sist of a single row of such cells, and thus have something the character of the threads of a Con- ferva.” The late Mr. M‘Calla named this species 318 THE MARINE BOTANIST. in honour of Mr. T. Hopkirk, author of the “ Flora Glottiana.” Specimens of it were first discovered by Mrs. Griffiths in Torbay, in 1838; and it was not till 1845 that Mr. M‘Calla found the plant at Carrickfergus. fH. falfsi. Discovered at Bangor, North Wales, by Mr. Ralfs. Larne. “ Frond capillary, simple, or having a few short, spine-like ramuli ; nearly solid; laxly reticulated; the cells large, hyaline (two to four in the breadth of the frond), each cell containing a brilliant grain of colouring matter.’—Harv. Man. 2nd ed., p. 215; the de- scription under the head of KE. percursa given therein belongs to this species. £. percursa. On the oozy sea-shore, above half- tide level, spreading widely. Annual. Spring and summer. Common at Appin, Argyleshire. “Frond very slender; capillary compressed, marked with spurious reticulations, and a central longitudinal line.” —Harv. Man. Ist ed., p. 176. THE MARINE BOTANIST. 319 ULVA. Name supposed to be from the Celtic word Ul, water. Frond membranaceous ; of a green colour, plane, in some cases saccate and inflated in the young state. Fructification: minute granules mostly arranged in fours.— Harv. SS eee ULVA LATISSIMA.—WIDE ULVA.— “GREEN SLOKE.” Frond six to eighteen inches long, and several inches wide; broadly egg-shaped or oblong ; variously cleft and waved; of a full green colour. Fructification distributed over the whole frond. Grows on rock and stones between tide-marks. Very frequent. Annual, but found at all seasons. It is said to be sometimes eaten when cooked in the same manner as laver. 320 THE MARINE BOTANIST. ULVA LACTUCA. —LETTUCE ULVA.— “OYSTER GREEN.” Fronds three to six inches in length; when young, like a round bag’, then bursting .and tearing into many irregularly-shaped segments. A smaller and far more tender plant than the preceding ; of a pale yellow-green colour, and adheres closely to paper. Grows on rocks, stones, corallines, &c. Annual. May and June. Generally distributed round the British coasts, but less common than L. latissima. ULVA LINZA.—ENTEROMORPHA-LIKE ULVA. Fronds clustered, six inches to two feet in length, half an inch to an inch and a half wide, linear lanceolate, tapermg to each extremity, much curled, of a fine grass-green colour. The frond in this species is composed of two membranes closely applied, a structure showing an affinity with Entero- THE MARINE BOTANIST. 321 morpha. The wide flattened variety of EH. intes- tinalis may perhaps be at times mistaken for this species; but the former may be known from it'by its obtuse tips, which in U. Linza are tapered, and the colour is a finer and more delicate green. Grows on rocks and stones in the sea. Annual. Summer. PORPHYRA. Name, meaning , pubedoolaned. Frond plane, exceedingly thin, and, owing to the fructification, of a purple colour. ructification 1. scattered sori of oval ‘seeds; 2. roundisl: granules mostly arranged’ ina’ quaternate manner. — (rev. PORPHYRA LACINIATA.—CLEFT POR- PHY RAg!" Frond very imegular, cleft, four to eight inches long, or thin and delicate, often fixed by the centie to its place of growth.’ Colour a fine ‘purple. ¥ 893 THE MARINE BOTANIST. Grows on rocks, stones, &c., between tide-marks. Very common. Annual. Spring to Autumn. This and the next species are known under the name of Laver in England; Sloke, or Slokaun, in Scotland and Ireland. After being well boiled, it is eaten with roast meat, and is much liked. by many people. In Wales it is fried with oatmeal, and brought to table under the name of “ Laver bread.” ‘This, I am informed, is very palatable, and is a dish much relished by those accustomed to eat it. PORPHYRA VULGARIS.—UNDIVIDED | . PORPHYRA. This is known from the preceding by being’ per- fectly simple at all ages, instaed of cloven; and the frond is much longer in proportion to its breadth ; it is likewise of a brighter colour, but its brilliancy varies in both according to the forwardness of the fructification. PP. linearis, of Greville, Dr. Harvey considers only a narrow variety of this species, not PORPHYRA LACINIATA THE MARINE BOTANIST. ES distinguished by any constant character. Grows in the same situations as P. laciniata. Annual. O.S. P. miniata. Only once found floating in the sea by the late Capt. Carmichael at Appin, Argyleshire. “ Frond solitary, plane, oblong, gela- tinous, rose-red. From its texture and fructifica- tion, it evidently does not belong to this genus.”— Carmichael. OO CAT OS GARY. Tur Frond is a term which when applied to a sea- weed signifies every part of the plant excepting the root ; and occasionally the stem, if well developed and distinct from the other portions of the plant, is not included under this term. In form it may be either— Capillary, slender and hairlike. Compressed, when flattened laterally. Constricted, when drawn together, as if tied. Continuous, without interruption—prolonged. Cylindrical, round and elongated. Dichotomous, or forked, when regularly branched or cleft in two. Filamentous, slender, and thread-like. t GLOSSARY. Sie Filiform, string-like—the size of common twine. Flabelliform, fan-shaped. Lanceolate, shaped like a lance, narrow, tapering at each end. Linear, narrow, the same width all along. Orbicular, circular,—round. Palmate, shaped like the hand; with the fingers expanded. | Pinnatifid, cut transversely into several oblong seoments, Plane, flat, level. Proliferous, when a second frond arises from the first, nearly similar to it. Saccate, double and hollow, in the form of a bag. Simple, undivided, consisting of one—unbranched. Terete, round, in opposition to flat. Tubular, hollow, round like a tube. Virgate, long and straight, like a wand. In substance the Frond is— Cartilaginous, stiff and gristly. Coriaceous, when leathery and tough. 326 GLOSSARY. Crustaceous, hard and like a crust. Flaccid, soft when collapsing on removal from. the water. Gelatinous, jelly-like, consisting of gelatine. Rigid, harsh, not collapsing on removal from the water. The structure is termed— Areolated, when the cells are marked out into regular spaces, and resemble mosaic-work. Cellular, consisting of cells placed laterally as in a honeycomb. ~ Filamentous, when formed of a string of simple cells placed end to end. Fibro-cellular, when the cells are firm and elongated, and strung together into threads or filaments. Reticulate, when marked like net-work, or formed of large, flat, many-sided cells. GLOSSARY. S24 The lesser divisions of a filiform frond are called ramuli. These are often spine-like, hair-like, and bristle- like: sometimes— Articulate, when jointed throughout. Accessory, when differing from the ordinary ramuli borne by the plant, and adapted for a special purpose. Byssoid, arising in dense, slender cobwebby tufts. Corymbose, or level-topped, when the ramuliare of different lengths, but do not overtop each other. Distichous, arising in two opposite rows. Imbricated, tiled, lapping over each other. Inarticulate, not jointed. Incurved, bent inwards. Involute, rolled inwards. Involucre, ramuli ranged soni a conceptacle, form- ing a more or less perfect whorl. Multifid, many-tipped. Pectinate, pointing one way, like the divisions of a comb. 328 GLOSSARY. Pinnate, when placed in a distichous manner, and resembling the plumes of a feather. Pencilled, rayed, like the finer strokes made by a pencil. | Quadrifarious, spreading: on four sides. Secund, unilateral, arising on one side only. Verticillate, whorled, when set in a circle round the stem or frond. Tirms employed in describing the fruetification of the alge, the seeds of which consist of either simple spores, or of others termed tetraspores. The former, for distinction’s sake, are termed primary, and are generally included in conceptacles ; the tetraspores, or secondary fruit, usually divide at maturity, into four parts or sporules, and are gene- rally placed in sori on the fronds, very rarely in proper receptacles. Capsule, a case containing spores. GLOSSARY. 329 Conceptacle, a case containing’ spores. Ceramidium, a conceptacle of an ovate form, con- taining tufts of spores, as in Polysiphenia. Coccidium, a sphere-shaped coneeptacle, contaiming tufts of spores, as seen in WVitophyllum. Favelle, berry-like receptacles containing spores, as in Callithamnion. Favellidia, round masses of spores immersed, or partly so, in the substance of the frond, as seen in Iridea. Nemathecia, wart-like protuberances, composed of vertical filaments closely packed together. Silicules, little pod-like bodies, containing spores. Sorus, sori—elusters of spores. Stichidia, pod-hke receptacles containing tetraspores, —found on Ehodomela. Tubercle, the same as coccidium. Antheridia, small cells, filled with very minute viva~ cious granules, supposed to be the representatives in the alge of the anthers of flowering plants. Dizcious, having antheridia and spores on distinct roots. 330 GLOSSARY. Monecious, having antheridia. and spores on the same root, but not in the same conceptacle. Cilium, cilia—very minute, hair-like processes which are found on the spores of many of the lower alg, and on the vivacious bodies contained in the antheridia. Explanation of various Technical Terms not com- prised in the. foregoing. Acuminate, lengthened out into a thorn-like point. Adnate, adhering by the whole of the under siaees: of the frond. Agereeate, collected or grouped together. Axil, the angle formed by the insertion of a branch, or a division of a frond. Axis, the central portion of a cylindrical frond. Anastomosing (filaments), engrafting into each other. Cellule, a small cell. Deciduous, falling off. Disk, surface of a frond within the margin. GLOSSARY. 301 Disk, the small base by which many of the alg adhere to rocks and other substances. Dissepiments, the partitions separating the cells of the articulate filiform aleve. Endochrome, the colouring matter contained in the cells of the alge. Flexuous, wavy, bending from side to side. Free, separate and distinct, also unattached. -Frondlet, a small frond. Globule, a small round body. Hyaline, clear, glassy, colourless, the reverse of opaque. Laciniated, when the divisions of a frond are nar- row, and appear as if cut or torn. Lateral, at the sides. Midrib, a large vein, which is termed ~jper- current when continuing through the whole length of the frond, wnperfect when only partly occurring, and obsolete when wearing away. Moniliform, like a string of beads. Mucronate, having a small projecting point. 332 GLOSSARY. Nerve, a faint vein. Opaque, not transparent. Ovate, egg-shaped, broad at one end and narrower at the other. Ob, prefixed to a word, means the reverse form, as ob-ovate. Patent, spreading apart from each other. Periphery, the outer layer of cells in a cylindrical frond. : Pedicel, a small stalk—usually applied to the fruit- stalks. Pinne, small branchlets of an alternate or distich- ously branched frond. Pinnule, a smaller branchlet springing from the above. Plumule, a feathered branchlet. Process, any prominence or projecting part, or small lobe. Pulvinate, shaped like a cushion or pillow. ) Punctiform, dot-like marks. Pyriform, pear-shaped. Radicles, small rootlets. GLOSSARY. 333 Ramelli, small portions of a ramulus or branch, usually differing in structure from it. Scutate, shaped like a shield. Septa, bands, partitions. Segments, divisions of the ‘fronds. Subulate, awl-shaped. Strie, streaks, narrow markings. Stipes, the stem of a leafy frond. Terminal, at the end. Triparted, divided into three parts. Quarternate, arranged in fours. Zoned, marked by rings. Intermediate characters are expressed by the’ di- minutive swb, prefixed to a word; as sub-spheérical, not quite sphere-shaped —or ‘by combining’ ‘two adjectives together; as gelatinoso-cartilaginous, of a partly gelatinous and cartilaginous substance.’ DIRECTIONS FOR COLLECTING, LAYING DOWN, AND PRESERVING SHA-WEEDS. et oa In collecting sea-weeds, be careful to select those either growing in the pools left by the tide, or that have been recently thrown up by the sea; for after exposure to the sun and air they soon become de- composed, and lose their colour. ‘The best time for procuring: sea-weeds is at the very low tides, when many of the rarer species. may be found in their several growing-places. Those that grow in deep water, beyond the verge of spring-tides, may be obtained by means of the Drag or. Naturalist’s Dredge.* For carrying sea-weeds in, use either a * The following descriptions of these instruments, ex- tracted from Dr. Harvey’s useful little volume, The Seaside DIRECTIONS FOR COLLECTING, ETC. 335 basket lined with oil-skin, or a bag of that or any other water-proof material. Many red sea-weeds require the greatest care, and must be laid out as soon as possible ; first ascertaining, by the aid of a pocket lens or a microscope (if the plant be minute in its proportions), whether it be in fruit, and if so, of which description, spores or tetraspores. The Book, will probably prove acceptable to the reader. “ The Drag consists of a series of barbed hooks attached to a trans- verse bar, and connected with a rope. It ought to weigh at least five or six pounds. This is to be dragged along among the leaves of the large sea-weeds, care being taken when the ground is very foul not to allow it to fall into holes among the rocks, in which it would be liable to be caught. By suf- fering it to drag among the sea-weeds, some of these will be detached, and being caught by the hooks will readily be hauled up; and such leaves often afford a rich harvest The Naturalists Dredge is an iron rectangular frame, made with a scraper at each side, and having a bag attached to it in the usual manner. Its handles are moveable, being connected by eyelet-holes with the bars of the frame below, and united where they join above, by aring and screw, which when wished can be unscrewed, and the whole falls into a small space. The great value of this dredge is that it cannot be overset, each side being the same, and this, when dredging in deep water, is a quality of the greatest value.” 336 DIRECTIONS FOR COLLECTING, ETC. laying down process is done in this’ manner : First wash the sea-weed in fresh water; then take a plate or dish, cut your paper to the size’ required, place it in the plate with fresh water, and spread out. the plant with a good-sized camel-hair pencil in a natural form—a porcupine’s quill will be found useful in disentangling the branches (picking out with a pin gives the sea-weed an unnatural appear- ance, and destroys the characteristic fall of the branches, which should be carefully avoided)—then gently raise the paper with the specimen out of the water, placing it in a slanting position for a few moments, soas to allow the superabundant water to run off; after which place it in the press. The press is made with either three pieces of board or thick pasteboard. — Lay on the fir st board two sheets of blotting paper ; on that lay your specimens ; place straight and smooth over them a piece of old mus- lin, fine cambric or linen; then some more blotting paper, and place another board on the top of that, and continue in the same way. The blotting paper and muslin should be carefully removed and dried DIRECTIONS FOR COLLECTING, ETC. 887° every day, and then replaced ;* at the same time those specimens that are sufficiently dried may be taken away. Nothing now remains but to write on each their name, date, and locality. You can either gum the specimens in a scrap book, or fix them in, as drawings are often fastened, by making four slits in the page and inserting each corner. This is by far the best plan to adopt in a scientifically arranged collection, as it admits of their removal without in- jury to the page, at any future period, should it be required either to insert better specimens or inter- mediate species. Some of the larger alge when dry will not adhere to paper, and consequently require gumming. The following wash, to be applied to them when perfectly dry, has been communicated to me by a botanical friend. “After well cleaning and pressing, brush the coarser kinds of alge over with oil of turpentine, in which two or three lumps * An expeditious mode of drying sea-weeds is by means of a heavy, heated flat-iron, pressed over the folds of blotting- paper which rapidly dries away the moisture and, if carefully managed, is said to impair the hue of the specimen but little. 338 DIRECTIONS FOR COLLECTING, ETC. of gum mastic have been dissolved, by shaking ina warm place—two-thirds of a small phial is the proper proportion, and this will make the specimen retain a fresh appearance.” It will be seen from the foregoing directions that a collection of sea-weeds may be formed with very little trouble. Unlike flowers, whose beauty entirely disappears when dried, sea-weeds retain their varied and tender hues unaltered for a length of time. Many of the finer species, from the extreme thinness and delicacy of their substance, present an evenness of surface and a glossy appearance which often lead persons viewing them for the first time to suppose they are paintings— “ But who can paint Like Nature? Can imagination boast, Amidst its gay creation, hues like hers? Or can it mix them with that matchless skill, And lose them in each other, as appears * i * * In each attractive plant that sucks and swells The juicy tide, a twining mass of tubes?” APPENDIX. Nore 1, Introduction, page 15. The following observations on the Sargassum will, I believe, interest the reader :— “ During the five or six days that we sailed through this Gulf-weed, I hooked on board more than a thou- sand pieces, and every one of them presented the same appearance; the lower end of the stem had always a whitish decayed appearance, just like a piece of tangle which has been some time cast ashore, while the ex- tremities of the branches were universally of a very fresh and healthy appearance; such being the case, we can scarcely help believing that these remarkable plants have existed since the time of their first creation to the present period as we now find them—floating always in this revolving Gulf-stream, and undergoing a perpetual mutation, from the decay at one extremity and growth at the other. There is nothing unreasonable in this opinion, as sea-weeds are not like land plants, which de- rive nourishment from the spot to which they are at- tached. I found among the weed a great variety of 340 APPENDIX. zoophytes and other minute marine animals; a crab, from an inch to an inch and a half across, was frequent, —and I observed the nest of one, formed by the small branches woven together by a strong kind of thread, not unlike that of which spiders make their webs; it contained a number of young ones.”—Gardiner’s Travels im Brazils, p. 556. Dr. Johnston, in his Introduction to Conchology, says, ‘‘Of the Gasteropods, some appear to have been created expressly to dwell among the fields of floating gulf-weed ; for the foot has been lengthened and narrowed, and channelled down its middle, so that it may receive the slender frond of the weed in the fur- row, and give a firmer grasp and security to the crea- ture. Of this beautiful adaptation the Scyllea affords a good example. The habitsof the Litiopa are not less worthy of notice. This is a small snail, born amid the gulf-weed, where it is destined to pass the whole of its life. The foot, though rather narrow and short, is of the usual character, and, having no extra hold, the snail is apt to be swept off its weed ; but the accident is provided against, for the creature, like a spider, spins a thread of the viscous fluid that exudes from the foot to check its downward fall, and enable it to regain its pristine site. But suppose the shock has severed their connection, or that the Litiopa finds it necessary to remove, from a de- ficiency of food, to a richer pasture, the thread is still made available to recovery or removal. In its fall, accidental or purposed, an air-bubble is emitted, prob- ably from the bronchial cavity, which rises slowly through the water, and as the snail has enveloped it APPENDIX. 34] with its slime, this is drawn out into threads as the bub- ble ascends; and now, having a buoy, and a ladder whereon to climb to the surface, it waits suspended until that bubble comes into contact with the weeds that float around !”—p. 134. Norte 2, page 8. Kelp products, copied from the Inverness Courier, April 1850 :— ** Mr. Paterson of Glasgow has sent to us the following samples of various products obtained by him from kelp. They are described as follows in a note from that gen- tleman: No. 1 sample, crude saltpetre, produced in my laboratory from nitrate of soda, and from muriate of potash, obtained from my own iodine works, in the con- sumption of kelp. No. 2, the same produce as No. 1, being a portion of the same experiment submitted to the refining process. No. 3, sample of refined saltpetre, pro- duced from nitrate of soda, and kelp muriate of potash, manufactured on a large scale for commercial purposes, by A. D. & G. Morton, Glasgow. No. 4, sample of pot- ash, produced from the salts of kelp, exclusively, and possessing all the properties of American potash. No. 5, sample of pearlash produced from the salts of kelp, exclusively, and possessing all the properties of Ameri- can pearlash. No. 6, sample of iodine from kelp by me. No. 7, sample of hydriodate of potash, from iodine 342 APPENDIX. by me. These samples comprehend all the most valu- able products of kelp; the common salt and sulphate of soda I do not trouble you with, they being of — tively little value.” AGARIA .. ne wi esculenta Ja Anthrocladia a si villosa .. Asperococcus es of —— compressus ——————— echinatus .,. ——— ——_—_—. Turneri ., Bangia .. < 34 Bonnemaisonia - ee asparagoides Bostrychia_ .. ae —-- scorpioides Bryopsis ee ae hypnoides ve plumosa ae Callithamnion a ey —— affine arbuscula .. eee barbatum oe brachiatum .. aaa Borreri.. -— Brodivi fay ee oe 312 104, 107 287, 289 ss 290 124, 127 128 108 ee 290 .. 239, 266 on 8 a 273 eo 272 268 -. 268 es 273 344 INDEX. Callithamnion byssoideum ——————- corymbosum. —_———- cruciatum —— Daviesii . — fasciculatum ——_——_—— flocosum floridulum ———__—_—— gracillimum.. —— Hooker mesocarpum pedicellatum —-——_——- pluma ee —— plumula —— polyspermum ——-—_——. purpurascens —— roseum ——————— Rothii .. ————— sparsum_.. ——__————- spongiosum tetragonum .. tetricum ee ee —— thuyoideum .. —— tripinnatum —— Turneri oP Carpomitra —— Cabrere ae Catenella 4 ots —— opuntia.. s Ceramiacee .. af Ceramium acanthonotum ———— botryocarpum ee oe 269 oo 276 oe 214 ee 276 oo 219 278 23, 29 ne 29 193, 224 = 224 98, 234 .. 238, 242 Pe 5 244 Ceramium ciliatum decurrens diaphanum echionotum .. fastigiatum flabelligerum eracilimum nodosum rubrum .. strictum Chlorospermeze Chondrus -erispus .. Norvegicus = Chorda filum.. lomentaria Chordariacez Chrysimenia a rosea.. Chylocladia .. — articulata ——————— kaliformis.. —— ———— ovalis reflexa albida —\_——— arcta —_—_—_-—— Balliana Deslongchampsii — clavellosa.. INDEX. oe 248 282 191, 203 208 a» 205 85, 42 82, 43 44 2, 66 .» 125, 184 ae bal 136 125, 137 in 141 .. 138 137 5 139 294, 295 308 »» 805 ry 302 346 INDEX. / _ PAGES. Cladophora Brownii .- os ~ ee ~- 296 —_—— diffusa. as “4 a 299 i ——— falcata a. ae oe -. 306 ——-——— flexuosa ve +s “ 300 a——w-—— Gattye .. cd os .. 306 : ~——~rr glaucescens .- ds ™ 305 : joo a precilis «s we ite .- 301 Ie eee EIUCMINSINE 7 os ot tg 298 ~——~~-—— letevirens.. oe bi wo OOD ——_—_——— lanosa +e 3 ‘a 303 ————— maccallana ca er s. 298 ———-——— nuda... ce Dy os 299 ——__—_—— pellucida .. va: eta -», 297 —_—_-——— rectangularis .. J 297 hie — TEMACIA ce ‘8 pw -- 302 —_———— repens ae os ee 297 —__—-———. Rudolphiana ‘s ae win OL —_—_-——— rupesitris fy - se 295 bps —— UNCIAUS .. ie 5 .- 304 Cladostephus . oe Bf ae 81 verticillatus ai as peer ——— SpongiOSUS »- ee “ 82 Codium are AS bee - an aoy adherens »- ae uh aa 288 amphibium .- pe = ane Bursa _ es oi ea 288 - tomentosum .- + os oa. Conferva ve “s .- 294, 808 serea sé ae we -» 309 arenosa. « ae 4? bois 309 ———— bangioides .. oe - -- 310 ——. collabens ye aie mh 310 INDEX. Conferva implexa.. melagonium.. tortuosa ee Youngana .. da oe Confervaceze ae ae a Corallina aie elongata és me officinalis .. >: ae Ssquamata ee Corallinacee .. aD bs - Corallinese iis wa Crouania ids Mr ae es attenuata ee Cruoria pellitg .. Cryptonemiaceze Cutleria.. ne multifida Cystoseira ie re ot barbata ericoides’ “a ae foeniculacea .. va “ fibrosa.. granulata .. ia ee Daya — arbuscula 24 es “i — coccinea — ocellata iki a She venusta oe Delesseria .. és ee *y ——— alata .. Pe a angustissima oe a hypoglossum .. ‘ 347 PAGES. 310 .. 808 310 »» 811 . + 283, 298 193, 233 156, 157 ee 145, 146 147 .. 146 147 98, 141 145 233 193, 225 225 98, 188 46, 47 onsiisill 9, 10 .. 12 11 4 12 13 siecle . 104, 122 ee 123 122 -- 123 124 159 -- 160 161 348 INDEX. Delesseria ruscifolia sanguinea oo sinuosa 3 Delesseriacez a es Desmarestia -.. $s aculeata ar EE ———ae ligulata viridis Dictyosiphon .. foeniculaceus.. Dictyota sis ae dichotoma aa Dictyotacee .. Dudresnaia a eis coccinea —— Hudsoni s Dumontia .. aM filiformis Ectocarpacese os Ectocarpes a ee Ectocarpus .. oe amphibius —_————. brachiatus ———_———- crinitus ——_—-———. distortus .. fasciculatus .. granulosus Hincksie ————-——- Landsburgii.. (eres, littoralis Ade longifructus Mertensii ee ' PAGES. 162 ; 157 .. 159 .. 98, 155 . 28 ; 25 . 24 & 25 46, 58 K 58 46, 55 : 55 se . 198, 231 .. 232 232 192, 215 s 215 2,79 (i. 79 81, 88 ¥ 90 94 ; 92 25998 91 #8 df 92 re, 89 1. 98 89 INDEX. 349 PAGES. Ectocarpus pusillus .. oe aa 2°02 —— siliculosus Ee we oe 359 —————— spheerophorus is os va 04 ———_-——. tessellatus ay *t we BOS OT —— tomentosus as de oe SB Elachista a ve hs so GOP75 ———- curta ae ass i! far ene flaccida .. a A - 76 fuciola pe 33 Pi fa7 80 pulvinata he oe as 76 scutilata .. ae a ve 46 stellulata “ re ae 76 velutina Sa “a ae tas 4 Enteromorpha'. .. oe wa oe 313 ¢lathrata aa he -- 316 —_————— compressa .. ea me 315 —_—_————- cornucopiz éa Pe ov One ——_——— erecta die ai oF 316 —_— ——- Hopkirku a es -< ORF ———_—_—_——- intestinalis .. BS ve 314 —_—_— ——— Linkiana as ae os OO ——--——— percursa.. we 3f 318 —_—_——- Ralfsia .. Ey a ss OLG ramulosa.. x ve 316 Fucacez ee sis ite a wees Fucus .. die ae Af ve ae canaliculatus .. ae os ao ae ——- ceranoides ss aa sé 16 —— Mackaii me ihe S se Fa —— nodosus .. i ne te 18 —— serratus as oe ie ee —— vesiculosus a¢ id “' 15 350 INDEX. Furcellaria .. i moe fastigiata Gelidium sie ic cartilagineum corneum Gigartina oe acicularis .. mamillosa pistillata .. Teedii .. Ginannia aN furcellata Gloiosiphonia capillaris Gracilaria = e. oe compressa —_—— confervoides. . ———- erecta ——~ multipartita.. Grateloupia ae filicina « Griffithsia aa ———— barbata oe —— corallina ————- Devoniensis.. ——-—— equisetifolia ——— secundiflora.. setacea .. simplicifilum Gymnogongrus .. Griffithsize plicatus . 192, PAGES. 192, 191, 121 214 195 199 .. 196 .. 191, 200 . 202 192, 193, 173, 201 201 202 219 219 227 228 183 185 .» 185 .» 201, 108 me .. 238, 258 ee 261 259 261 259 262 260 261 210 211 INDEX. Haliseris oe ob és —-—— polypoides oe Halydris oe ee ae a siliquosa - Halymenia .. - oe ligulata oe Hapalidium .. a os phylactidium Hildenbrandtia as Pie rubra de Himanthalia .. ae —— lorea P Hypnea - “pe purpurascens Iridea si va edulis ‘ Jania we CF — corniculata .. —— rubens.. Kalymenia ie — Dubyi — reniformis Laminaria .. Ay ae bulbosa.. digitata 2s ———- fascia .. ———— longicruris .. ——— Phyllitis —-—— saccharina Laminariacez Laurencia .. ———— cespitosa 174, 187 145, 148 10 192, 217 217 145, 146 154 146, 152 153 9, 20 20 187 192, 223 223 148 - 148 . 192, 220 . 221 222 35, 36 38 37 4] 40 40 ee 2, 30 125, 129 131 352 INDEX. Laurencia dasyphylla .. —— obtusa.. ——-—— pinnatifida .. tenuissima Laurenciacez Leathesia ate Berkeleyi — tuberiformis Lithocystis .. oe Allmannii oe Melanospermese Melobesia agariciformis calcarea a farinesa fasciculata —-—— lichenoides .. ——_——— membranacea polymorpha .. ——— pustulata ——— verrucata .. Mesogloia Griffithsiana —- vermicularis “4 virescens Microcladia s * —— glandulosa Myrionema — clavatum .. ——_——. Lechlancherii .. ——__-———- punctiforme emer strangulans 68, 73 ine 73 145, 146 154 - eel . 145, 149 ee «- 151 150 - 152 150 - 151 151 -- 149 152 o- LOZ ply 238, 241 .. 241 68, 77 78 78 .. 98 78 INDEX. Myriotrichia .. ns oa orscet Nacecaria .. Nemaleon ee a ne een ee ee eee re eee Se ere Nulliporeze Odonthalia Padina Peyssonelia Phyllophora . Cen ES eo Plocamium === Polyides .. claveeformis filiformis . . ee ee 6 * plumosa .. “PAGES, -- 119 238, 239 120 323 240 INDEX. Ptilota sericea Se ag Punctaria Sh as si latifolia is a plantaginea is tenuissima .. of Pycnophycus oe : tuberculatus Ralfsia .. di deusta de i verrucosa .. Rhizoclonium 7 — Casparyi ot — riparia... Rhodomela ai Hi —— lycopodioides — subfusca Rhodomelacez we Rhodospermee .. on Rhodymenia .. — bifida. . ————- ciliata ee ———— cristata —_——._ jubata —-—_— laciniata ——_—— palmata one Palmetta Rhodymeniacez ie Rytiphlea we —_—— complanata at fruticulosa i pinastroides thuyoides a - 309 PAGES. .. 240 46, 60 23°00 61 a 9, 14 suite 68, 74 66, 74 66, 74 294, 307 308 .. 807 104, 106 .. 106 107 98, 100 97 173, 176 177 - 178 99, 171 . 104, 109 - 110 lll .- 109 110 356 Sargassum .. oe — bacciferum vulgare Seirospora ste Griffithsiana Siphonacez ee Sphacelaria .. —— cirrhosa —_—_——_— filicina —_—_-——_—— fusca.. ——_—_——- plumosa .. —_———— racemosa —_—_—_——- radicans . —_————- scoparia ———-—. sertularia .. Sphacelariese Spheerococcus a's Sporochnacesze 4 Sporochnus Spyridia .. filamentosa .. Stenogramme ——_——__-—— interrupta Stilophora: oe ut Lyngbyei .. —— rhizodes Striarra AA oe attenuata .. Taonia Ss we atomaria -- pedunculatus IN DEX. coronopifolius ‘oe ee co .. 239, 264 2 265 .. 283, 285 io 81, 83 86 83 87 fe 87 85 ee te 79 173, 182 183 2,2) 2 28528 i ri .. 288, 257 ii 2 257 18; re orate 46, 56 ee } a Ulva lactuca — latissima linza Ulvacese Vaucheria - marina submarina velutina Wrangelia : multifida Zonaria.. collaris parvula .. INDEX. ood : PAGES. 313, 319 320 -« 919 320 283, 311 . 287, 291 2 292 292 .. 293 « 289, 268 - .. 263 46, 51 6, 538 52 apr Sis ae ae ee ye ‘ . eo aaa he md: Phi, A wiiyy Me ae ey (pe 3 | ? ot i Saget ti 8 ti aee went. seo at MSA» | i Hiateees PEM a a ean 64 , «atest ras sah Ft i ie ee ba Het ie i vere’ tan larantes Daye nant phe 4 \ . pAidtinnimuie,s TV Ip ele T re Pin Pea oc: 4 4 P re 6 ” ae ay Wall eh \ ah: : Pi UC a er A L . a Pe “ WA) v4 * " vi “Sean iy ry me ’ Ten AS ate epee: a i val Nac ¥ * c r ‘ ERRATA ET CORRIGENDA. Page — 11, for “ granulosa” read “ granulata.” 62, for “ termissima” read ‘ tenuissima.” 132, for “ dasyhyplla” read “ dasyphylla.” 145, for “ Coralline ” read ‘“ Corallina.” 149, for “ Mesogloia” read “ Melobesia.” 190, for “ Grymnogongrius” read “ Gymnogongrus.” 211, for “ Odius’ Bay” read “ Odin’s Bay.” 284, for ‘“‘ Confervezerea”’ read “ Conferva erea.” 255, at line 8, after “ between” insert the word “ tide-marks.”’ O. S. is an abbreviation of the words “ Other Species.” Omitted at page 90, the description of Ectocarpus Siliculosus. A com- mon species, resembling in its outward aspect E. littoralis, but rather softer in substance and more feathery in its branching. Microscopically it ma always be known by the pod-like fruit, borne on little stalks and narrowe toa sharp point. Annual. Summer. Qn alge between tide-marks, and in three to four fathom water. London : Printed by Stewart and MuBRAY, Old Bailey. 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