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NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular 398

Marine Flora and Fauna of
the Northeastern United States
Higher Fungi: Ascomycetes,
Deuteromycetes, and
Basidiomycetes

A. R. Cavaliere

March 1977

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

National Marine Fisheries Service

NOAA TECHNICAL REPORTS
National Marine Fisheries Service, Circulars

The major responsibilities of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) are to monitor and assess the abundance and geographic
distribution of fishery resources, to understand and predict fluctuations in the quantity and distribution of these resources, and to establish levels
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grounds, development and enforcement of domestic fisheries regulations, surveillance of foreign fishing off United States coastal waters, and the
development and enforcement of international fishery agreements and policies. NMFS also assists the fishing industry through marketing service
and economic analysis programs, and mortgage insurance and vessel construction subsidies. It collects, analyzes, and publishes statistics on
various phases of the industry.

The NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular series continues a series that has been in existence since 1941. The Circulars are technical
publications of general interest intended to aid conservation and management. Publications that review in considerable detail and at a high
technical level certain broad areas of research appear in this series. Technical papers originating in economics studies and from management in-
vestigations appear in the Circular series.

NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circulars are available free in limited numbers to governmental agencies, both Federal and State. They are
also available in exchange for other scientific and technical publications in the marine sciences. Individual copies may be obtained (unless
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cent Circulars are:

365. Processing EASTROPAC STD data and the construction of ver-
tical temperature and salinity sections by computer. By Forrest R. Miller
and Kenneth A. Bliss. February 1972, iv + 17 p.. 8 figs.. 3 app. figs. For
sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of-
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366. Kev to field identification of anadromous juvenile salmonids in the
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January 1972. iv + 6 p.. 4 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of
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367. Engineering economic model for fish protein concentration
processes. By K. K. Almenas. L. C. Durilla. R. C. Ernst, J. W. Gentry, M.
B. Hale, and J. M. Marchello. October 1972, iii + 175 p., 6 figs., 6 tables.
For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
Office. Washington. D.C. 20402.

368. Cooperative Gulf of Mexico estuarine inventory and study,
Florida: Phase I. area description. By J. Kneeland McNulty, William N.
Lindall. Jr., and James E. Sykes. November 1972. vii + 126 p., 46 figs., 62
tables. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government
Printing Office. Washington, D.C. 20402.

369. Field guide to the anglefishes (Pomacanthidae) in the western
Atlantic. By Henry A Feddern. November 1972, iii + 10 p., 17 figs. For
sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of-
fice. Washington, D.C. 20402.

370. Collecting and processing data on fish eggs and larvae in the
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(i Stevens. James R. Thrailkill, and James R. Zweifel. November 1972,
iv + 38 p., 38 figs.. 2 tables. For sale by the Superintendent of
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371. Ocean fishery management: Discussion and research. By Adam A.
Sokoloski (editor). (17 papers, 24 authors.) April 1973, vi + 173 p., 38
figs.. 32 tables, 7 app. tables.

372. Fishery publications, calendar year 1971: Lists and indexes. By
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"i Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States.
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375. New Polvchaeta from Beaufort, with a key to all species recorded
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table. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government
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376 Bottom-water temperatures on the continental shelf, Nova Si Otis
ir, N>w Jersey By John B. Colton. Jr. and Ruth R. Stoddard. June 1973,
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377. Fishery publications, calendar year 1970: Lists and indexes. By
Mary Ellen Engett and Lee C. Thorson. December 1972. iv + 34 p., 1 fig.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
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378. Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States.
Protozoa: Ciliophora. By Arthur C. Borror. September 1973, iii + 62 p., 5
figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.

379. Fishery publications, calendar year 1969: Lists and indexes. By Lee
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by the Superintendent of Documents, LIS. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C. 20402.

380. Fishery publications, calendar year 1968: Lists and indexes. By
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sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of-
fice. Washington, D.C. 20402.

381 . Fishery publications, calendar year 1967: Lists and indexes. By Lee
C. Thorson and Mary Ellen Engett. July 1973, iv + 22 p., 1 fig. For sale
by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C. 20402.

382. Fishery publications, calendar year 1966: Lists and indexes. By
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sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of-
fice, Washington, D.C. 20402.

38.3. Fishery publications, calendar year 1965: Lists and indexes. By Lee
O. Thorson and Mary Ellen Engett. July 1973, iv + 12 p., 1 fig. For sale
bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,
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384. Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States. Higher
plants of the marine fringe. By Edwin T. Moul. September 1973, iii + 60
p., 109 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.

385. Fishery publications, calendar year 1972: Lists and indexes. By Lee
C. Thorson and Mary Ellen Engett. November 1973, iv + 23 p., 1 fig. For
sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Of-
fice, Washington. D.C. 20402.

386. Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States. Pyc-
nogonida. By Lawrence R. McCloskey. September 1973, iii -t- 12 p., 1 fig.
For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
Office. Washington, D.C. 20402.

387. Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States.
Crustacea: Stomatopoda. By Raymond B. Manning. February 1974, iii +
6 p.. 10 figs. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Govern-
ment Printing Office, Washington, D.C, 20402.

t 'nntinued on inside back cover

NOAA Technical Report NMFS Circular 398

.*P WMOSq^

r44fMT Of

Marine Flora and Fauna of
the Northeastern United States
Higher Fungi: Ascomycetes,
Deuteromycetes, and
Basidiomycetes

A. R. Cavaliere

March 1977

co.
a

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Robert M. White, Administrator

National Marine Fisheries Service

Robert W. Schoning, Director

For Sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington, D.C. 20402 Stock No. 003-020-001 26-2

FOREWORD

This issue oi the "Circulars" is part of a subseries entitled "Marine Flora and Fauna of the
Northeastern United States." This subseries will consist of original, illustrated, modern manuals on
the identification, classification, and general biology of the estuarine and coastal marine plants and
animals ^i the Northeastern United States. Manuals will be published at irregular intervals on as
many taxa of the region as there are specialists available to collaborate in their preparation.

The manuals are an outgrowth of the widely used "Keys to Marine Invertebrates of the Woods Hole
Region," edited by R. I. Smith, published in 1964, and produced under the auspices of the Sys-
tematics-Ecology Program, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass. Instead of revising the
"Woods Hole Keys," the staff of the Systematics-Ecology Program decided to expand the geographic
coverage and bathymetric range and produce the keys in an entirely new set of expanded
publications.

The "Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States" is being prepared in collabora-
tion with systematic specialists in the United States and abroad. Each manual will be based primari-
ly on recent and ongoing revisionary systematic research and a fresh examination of the plants and
animals. Each major taxon, treated in a separate manual, will include an introduction, illustrated
glossary, uniform originally illustrated keys, annotated check list with information when available on
distribution, habitat, life history, and related biology, references to the major literature of the group,
and a systematic index.

These manuals are intended for use by biology students, biologists, biological oceanographers, in-
formed laymen, and others wishing to identify coastal organisms for this region. In many instances
the manuals will serve as a guide to additional information about the species or the group.

Geographic coverage of the "Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States" is planned
to include organisms from the headwaters of estuaries seaward to approximately the 200 m depth on
the continental shelf from Maine to Virginia, but may vary somewhat with each major taxon and the
interests of collaborators. Whenever possible representative specimens dealt with in the manuals will
be deposited in the reference collections of major museums.

After a sufficient number of manuals of related taxonomic groups have been published, the
manuals will be revised, grouped, and issued as special volumes. These volumes will thus consist of
compilations of individual manuals within phyla such as the Coelenterata, Arthropoda, and
Mollusca, or of groups of phyla.

CONTENTS

Introduction 1

Methods of harvesting and studying 1

Glossary 2

Figures of reproductive structures and spore shapes 4

Key to major groups of fungi occurring in the marine environment 8

Key to spore groups of Ascomycetes 11

Key to genera and species of Scolecosporae 12

Key to species of Lindra 14

Key to genera and species of Amerosporae 14

Key to species of Haloguignardia 15

Key to genera and species of Dictyosporae (Pleospora) 15

Key to genera and species of Didymosporae 16

Key to species of Ceriosporopsis 21

Key to species of Corollospora 22

Key to species of Didymosphaeria 23

Key to species of Halosphaeria 23

Key to genera and species of Phragmosporae 27

Key to species of Haligena 29

Key to species of Leptosphaeria 29

Key to species of Sphaerulina 31

Key to genera and species of Deuteromycetes 32

Key to species of Dendryphiella 38

Key to species of Zalerion 39

Annotated list of species 39

Ascomycetes 39

Deuteromycetes 44

Basidiomycetes 46

Selected bibliography 46

Index to genera and species of marine fungi 48

Acknowledgments 49

Coordinating Editor's comments 49

in

Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2013

http://archive.org/details/marineflorafaunaOOcava

Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern

United States.
Higher Fungi: Ascomycetes, Deuteromycetes,

and Basidiomycetes

A. R. CAVALIERE1

ABSTRACT

This manual provides an illustrated key and alphabetical listing, with brief descriptions, of
common genera of higher marine fungi in the classes Ascomycetes, Deuteromycetes (Fungi Imperfec-
ta, and a single member of the Basidiomycetes. A glossary and selected bibliography complement the
key. Information on methods of harvesting, incubation, and studying these fungi is also included.

INTRODUCTION

This manual is a guide to the genera of higher marine
fungi that inhabit the intertidal zone of the Atlantic
waters extending from North Carolina to Nova Scotia.
Keys, descriptions, and illustrations are included for
genera of Ascomycetes, Deuteromycetes (Fungi
Imperfecti), and a single member of the Basidiomycetes.
Less conspicuous saline forms of zoosporic fungi, the so-
called marine Phycomycetes, as well as parasitic fungi,
amoeboid forms, and those inhabiting the intestinal
tract of arthropods, are not included in this account. In
addition, species of higher fungi are excluded which have
been reported only once or are rare or inconspicuous in
the mycological flora.

Fungi inhabiting the saline environment appear to be
cosmopolitan in distribution with only a few species hav-
ing been shown to be endemic to one particular region.
Some members of the marine mycoflora which are
tropical, however, tend to be associated only with
mangrove communities or other phanerogams which are
restricted to warmer waters.

METHODS OF HARVESTING
AND STUDYING

Marine Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, and Fungi
Imperfecti occur as saprophytes on driftwood, cordage,
and other cellulosic material, or as weak parasites in-
festing dying species of marine phanerogams or algae.
Various plant parts, grass culms, driftwood, and algae
are best collected along the shore at low tide and kept
submerged in a container of seawater until studied.
Fungi may also be induced to grow on substrates in-
troduced into the seawater. A '/4-inch hole is drilled
through the center of small, 4X6 inch panels of various

'Department of Biology, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg. PA 17325.

kinds of wood. These are then attached, in linear fashion,
to a knotted, polyethylene or nylon line and submerged
at or below the low tide limit for a 2-4 mo period. When
panels are harvested, they are scraped of all macroscopic
fouling organisms and rinsed in seawater. They are then
examined for fungal growth and/or incubated individual-
ly for an additional period of one to several months in
sterile, dry, air-tight aquaria or other glass containers.
Several methods of harvesting and incubating lignicolous
fungi are described in the literature.

Ascocarps, dense mycelial growth as well as conidial
clusters, are located with a dissecting scope utilizing a
high intensity light source. Conidial heads may also be
located by placing thin strips of substrate in a drop of
seawater on a slide and observing the preparation direct-
ly under a compound microscope. Semipermanent
mounts are made by placing fruiting structures into a
drop of lactophenol (20 g phenol crystals; 20 g lactic acid;
40 g glycerol; 20 g distilled water; 0.01 g cotton blue or
acid fuchsin) or Hoyer's medium (made by soaking 30 g
of flake gum arabic in 50 ml of distilled water for 24 h,
dissolving 200 g of chloral hydrate into the mixture, and
then stirring in 20 ml of glycerol. Allow the mixture to
settle before using.) When examining ascocarps or pyc-
nidial structures, it is best to crush the fruiting bodies to
expose the centrum. This is best accomplished by lightly
tapping the cover slip with the handle end of a dissecting
needle or the eraser end of a pencil. Spores of several of
the marine species have gelatinous appendages which are
best observed in a seawater mount under reduced light
intensity or by phase contrast microscopy. Gelatinous
appendages are deliquescent in most cases, short-lived,
and, unfortunately, not retained satisfactorily in any
known mounting medium.

Pure cultures of marine Ascomycetes and Fungi
Imperfecti are initiated by introducing spores or centrum
cells from several ascocarps onto low nutrient level,
seawater agar media and incubating at room
temperature. Kirk (1969) offers the most useful account

of the isolation and culture of lignicolous marine fungi
(0.13 glucose; 0.01', yeast extract; 1.8% agar in aged
seawater adjusted to approximately 20% 0 ; 0.03%U.SJP.

streptomycin sulfate). White birch applicator sticks,
balsa strips, filter paper, or toweling paper added to the
culture tubes serve as an additional cellulosic substrate.
Methods of preparing specimens for embedding, serial
sectioning, and differential staining are outlined
elsewhere (Cavaliere 1966, 1973).

Several additional works covering various aspects of
the biology and taxonomy of marine Ascomycetes may be
useful to the student (Barghoorn and Linder 1944; John-
son and Sparrow 1961; Cavaliere and Johnson 1966;
Ki'hlmever and Kohlmever 1971).

GLOSSARY

The use of mycological terminology has been reduced
to a minimum. Several terms are defined as well as il-
lustrated. More complete definitions are found in Snell
and Dick (1957) and Ainsworth and Bisby (1971).

Acuminate Gradually narrowing to a point.

Amerospore One-celled spore; spore without partitions.

Amorphous Without definite shape or structure.

Anastomose To form a network of interconnecting hy-
phae.

Antepenultimate Refers to the third to the last cell in
any row of cells.

Apiculate Having one to many sharp points or denticles.

Appendage A process of any kind; a structure which ad-
heres.

Ascocarp A fructification in Ascomycetes bearing asci
and ascospores (see Figs. 1-3).

Ascospore A spore, typical of the sexual stage or cycle
in Ascomycetes, borne in an ascus.

Ascus A reproductive cell in Ascomycetes; a structure,
within which are produced, by meiosis, normally 4-8
haploid spores (see Figs. 6, 7).

Attenuate Gradually narrowing or thinning.

Au:l-shaped Gradually tapering from the base to a
sharp, flexible or semirigid point.

Bacilliform Refers to spores which are rod-shaped (see
Fig. 24).

Basidiocarp A fructification in Basidiomycetes produc-
ing basidia and basidiospores.

Basidiospore A sexual spore; produced by meiosis and
borne on a basidium.

Basidium A cell within which nuclei first undergo re-
duction division then pass onto extensions externally
forming basidiospores.

Bitunicate Refers to asci having two walls; double-
layered (see Fig. 7).

Biturbinate Refers to 2-celled spores having both ends
conical and slightly curved.

Catenulate Attached in chains.

Clavate Club-shaped or thickened at the apex (see Fig.
13).

Cleistothecium A more or less spherical covering en-

closing asci; a fruiting structure in the Ascomycetes
(Plectomycetes) produced as a result of sexual repro-
duction and opening at maturity by a rupture (see Fig.
1).

Concolorous Refers to the pigmentation being the same
color throughout.

Conidiophore A specialized hypha or cell bearing coni-
dia.

Conidium Spores produced by the Deuteromycetes; a
spore borne on or in a specialized hypha termed a coni-
diophore; asexually produced spores.

Deciduous Short-lived; falling away; not persistent.

Deliquescent Dissolving or liquifying.

Denticulate Having small teeth.

Dictyospore A spore with many transverse and longi-
tudinal septations; a muriform spore (see Fig. 23).

Didymospore Two-celled spores; spores with a single
partition.

Echinulate With minute spines.

Ellipsoidal Refers to spores having the shape of an el-
lipse; generally rounded at both ends and having curved
sides (see Fig. 19).

Elongate Longer than broad, having parallel sides (see
Fig. 18).

Endogenous Borne or developing within.

Epispore The outer layer of the spore wall.

Erumpent Breaking through the surface of the sub-
strate; refers to the position of the fruiting body with
relationship to the substrate.

Eucarpic Refers to a condition in which only part of the
somatic thallus is converted in the formation of fructi-
fications.

Filiform Refers to spores which are slender and thread-
like (see Fig. 22).

Fuscous Drab, gray or smokey in color.

Fusiform Spindle-shaped or tapering at both ends (see
Fig. 12).

Fusoid Somewhat fusiform.

Globose Refers to spores which are spherical (see Fig.
8).

Guttule Oily, spherical globule.

Helicospore A spiral or helicoid spore (see Fig. 20).

Holocarpic Refers to a condition in which the entire
somatic thallus is converted into a fructification.

Hyaline Transparent or translucent, colorless.

Inequilateral Having unequal sides.

Innate Occurring below the surface of the substrate.
Refers to the position of the fruiting body with rela-
tionship to the substrate.

Intercalary Borne or developed between the base and
apex of hyphae.

Involuted Rolled or enrolled.

Lenticular Refers to spores shaped like a double convex
lens (see Fig. 11).

Muriform Refers to spores having both transverse and
longitudinal septations (see Fig. 23).

Oblong Longer than broad with approximately parallel
sides (see Fig. 15).

Obpyriform Reverse pear-shaped (see Fig. 17).

Obtuse Blunt or rounded, not pointed.

Ovoid Egg-shaped (see Fig. 10).

Pedicellate Borne on a pedicel or stalk.

Penultimate Refers to the next to the last cell in any
row of cells.

Perithecium A more or less flask-shaped, papillate or
beaked covering enclosing asci; a fruiting structure in
the Ascomycetes (Pyrenomycetes) produced as a result
of sexual reproduction (see Fig. 2).

Peritrichous Having flagellumlike hairs surrounding
the structure.

Phialide Specialized conidiophore or cell within which
conidia are produced and released (see Fig. 5).

Phragmospore A spore having two or more transverse
septations.

Pleomorphic Having more than one form; polymorphic.

Polymorphic Occurring in several forms.

Pseudothecium A unilocular stroma. A cavity or locule
formed by the dissolution of stromatic tissue (see Fig.
3).

Pycnidium In Deuteromycetes, a more or less flask-
shaped structure bearing conidia on conidiophores in-
ternally (see Fig. 4).

Pyriform Pear-shaped (see Fig. 16).

Rhomboidal Refers to spores having oblique angles and
equal or unequal adjacent sides; more or less diamond-
shaped.

Scolecospore A long, thread-shaped, filiform or vermic-
ular spore (see Fig. 22).

Septate Having crosswalls or partitions.

Sessile Without a pedicel or stalk.

Seta Slender, bristle-shaped structure.

Sheath A covering or envelope.

Staurospore A spore which is more or less star-shaped
(see Fig. 21).

Stroma A more or less tightly interwoven mass of hy-
phae within or on which reproductive structures are
formed.

Subglobose Refers to spores or ascocarps which are
nearly spherical; sides slightly flattened or compressed
from the top (see Fig. 9).

Truncate Ending abruptly, squared off at the apex.

Undulant Wavy sheath or covering.

Unitunicate Refers to asci having a single wall (see Fig.
6).

Verrucose Covered with warts or marks.

Verruculose Covered with minute warts.

FIGURES OF REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES AND SPORE SHAPES

1. cleistothecium

2. perithecium

3. pseudothecium

Figures 1-3. — Reproductive structures in Ascomycetes.

4. pycnidium

5. phialide

6. unitunicate asci

7. bitunicate asci

Figures 4-7. — Reproductive structures in Ascomycetes and Deuteromycetes.

S. globose

9. subglobose

10. ovoid

11. lenticular

12. fusiform

13. clavate

14. cylindrical

15. oblong

16. pyriform

17. obpyriform

Figures 8-17.— Spore shapes in fungi.
6

18. elongate

19. ellipsoidal

20. helicoid

21. staurospore

22. filiform

23. muriform

24. bacilliform

Figures 18-24.— Spore shapes in fungi

7

KEY TO MAJOR GROUPS OF FUNGI OCCURRING IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT

The preliminary key separates the nine major groups
of fungi occurring in the marine environment:
Labyrinthulae. Chytridiomycetes. Hyphochytridiomy-
cetes. Plasmodiophoromycetes. Oomycetes. Trichomy-
cetes. Deuteromycetes. Ascomycetes. and Basidiomy-
cetes (Nia vibrissa, the only representative of the
Basidiomycetes included in this treatment, is keyed out
directly!. Both the classes Ascomycetes and Deuteromy-
cetes are separated into genera utilizing the Saccardo
sporological system. Morphology and color of the spores

and conidia are the essential features employed in the
Saccardo system. While the Deuteromycetes are keyed
directly to genera or species, the Ascomycetes are divided
into spore groups (Amerosporae, Dictyosporae,
Didymosporae, Phragmosporae, Scolecosporae). Each
spore group is then separated into the various genera.
Genera of Ascomycetes are finally delimited into species
based primarily on spore size and on the nature of spore
appendages in those species possessing them.

Vegetative phase or stage entirely amoe-
boid Labyrinthulae

1 Vegetative phase or stage one- to many-celled, holocarpic or eucarpic 2

2 (I) Flagellated cells present 3

2 (/i Flagellated cells lacking 6

3 (2) Motile cells uniflagellate 4

3 (2) Motile cells biflagellate 5

4 (3) Flagellum of the whiplash type, posteriorly inserted . .

Chytridiomycetes

4 (3) Flagellum of the tinsel type, anteriorly inserted Hyphochytridiomycetes

5 (3) Flagella heterokont, both of the whiplash type Plasmodiophoromycetes

5 (3) Flagella nearly isokont, one of the whiplash type,

the other tinsel Oomycetes •"'/'">

6 (2) Hyphae attached to the digestive tract or cuticle

of arthropods Trichomycetes

6 (2) Hyphae saprobic or parasitic on algae, phanerogams or other cellulosic materials 7

(6) Sexually formed spores lacking; conidia usually formed in pyc-

nidia (Fig. 4) or directly on vegetative hyphae . . . . Deuteromycetes (p. 32)

(6) Sexually formed spores present

(7) Sexual spores, usually 8 in number, produced endogenously

within asci Ascomycetes (p. 11)

10

(7) Sexual spores, usually 2-4 in number,
exogenously produced on basidia . .
Basidiomycetes (Ma vibrissa p. 46)

'J*v.'Hffrr£'

KEY TO SPORE GROUPS OF ASCOMYCETES

Ascospores filiform or slender; more than 10 times as

long as broad SCOLECOSPORAE (p. 12)

1 Ascospores not filiform or slender; never more than 10 times as long as broad 2

2 (7) Ascospores single-celled (nonseptate) AMEROSPORAE (p. 14)

2 (7) Ascospores two- or more-celled (septate) 3

11

3 [2) Ascospores with transverse septa only 4

3 (2) Ascospores with transverse and longitudinal septations; muriform .

DICTYOSPORAE (p. 15)

4 [3) Ascospores 2-celled (one septation only) DIDYMOSPORAE (p. 16)

4 (3) Ascospores three- or more-celled (multiseptations)

PHRAGMOSPORAE (p. 27)

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES OF SCOLECOSPORAE

Ascospores single-celled (nonseptate) 2

Ascospores three- to many-celled (multiseptate) 3

2 (1) Ascospores 50-750 /j; provided with a conoid

cell or appendage at each end Lulworthia medusa

12

2 (1) Ascospores usually shorter than 30^; without append-
ages . . . (see also Amerosporae) Halonectria milfordensis

3 (1) Ascospores with a caplike, bulbous or threadlike appendage at each end

3 (1) Ascospores without appendages 5

4 (3) Appendages bulbous, subspherical Lindra (p. 14)

4 (3) Appendages caplike or threadlike ... (see also Phragmosporae) Ha ligena (p. 29)

5 (3) Ascospores to 100 /i long, 3- to 4-celled, tapering at

one end Trailia asc

5 (3) Ascospores to 400 n long, filiform, cylindrical or tapering at both ends

13

Lindra (p. 14)

Key to Species ofLindra

1 Ascospores 15- to 19-celled, tips slightly inflated L. thalassiae

Ascospores 28- to 52-celled, tips provided with a globose

appendage L. inflata

,°^r:-|.^:--.--l.-.:*v/J/-ni

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES OF AMEROSPORAE

Ascospores with several rigid, awl-shaped appendages
arising from several positions along the spore wall
Amylocarpus encephaloides

Ascospores not provided with appendages 2

2 (1) Ascospores many times longer than broad, fusiform
or cylindrical, straight or curved . . . (see also Sco-
lecosporae Halonectria milfordensis

M

2 (7) Ascospores more or less ellipsoidal, not many times longer than broad Haloguignardia (p. 15)

Key to Species of Haloguignardia

Ascospores 30 n or shorter, ends rounded H. oceanica

1 Ascospores 30 /i or longer, ends tapered H. tumefaciens

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES OF DICTYOSPORAE (PLEOSPORA)

Ascospores more than 35 yu long, 7-9 trans-
verse septa Pleospora pelagica

1 Ascospores less than 35 /u long, 3-7 transverse

septa Pleospora peluetiae

lf»

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES OF DIDYMOSPORAE

1 Ascospores surrounded by a gelatinous sheath and/or provided with appendages 11

1 Ascospores with neither a gelatinous sheath nor appendages of any kind 2

2 (7) Ascospores hyaline 3

2 (7) Ascospores yellow, yellow-brown, brown, or dark brown 6

3 (2) Ascocarp a pseudothecium containing bitunicate asci 4

3 (2) Ascocarp a perithecium containing unitunicate asci 5

4 (3) Ascospores ellipsoidal, inequilateral Didymella fucicola

4 (3) Ascospores fusiform to oblong, equilateral

Mycosphaerella ascophylli

5 (3) Ascospores fusiform to ellipsoidal, never more than 10 fj.

in diameter Lignincola laeuis

16

5 (3) Ascospores broadly ellipsoidal or ovoid; 10-15 n in dia-
meter Aral's inornata

6 (2) Ascospores exclusively 2-celled 7

6 (2) Ascospores 2- to 4-celled ... (see also Phragmosporae) Leptosphaeria (p. 29)

7 (6) Ascospore wall verruculose Didymosphaeria (p. 23)

7 (6) Ascospore wall smooth

8 (7) Ascospores predominantly larger than 33 p 9

8 (7) Ascospores usually smaller than 33 ju 10

9 (8) Ascospore cells unequal in size and shape; lower half cylindrical; upper half pointed

Didymosphaeria (p. 23)

9 (8) Ascospore cells equal in size and shape, straight or slightly curved Leptosphaeria (p. 29)

10 (8) Ascospore 2-celled, usually unequal in size, occasion-
ally biturbinate Microthelia linderi

10 (8) Ascospore more than 2-celled, equal in size Leptosphaeria (p. 29)

17

(7) Ascospores surrounded by a thin or thick gelatinous sheath but without protruding appendages

of any kind 12

11 (J) Ascospores may lack a gelatinous sheath but possessing apical and/or equatorial appendages 13

12 (77) Ascospores to 15 p long, pigmented, surrounded by a

thin gelatinous sheath Massariella maritime

12 (77) Ascospores to 35 n long, hyaline, surrounded by an undu-

lant. gelatinous sheath Didymosamarospora euryhalina

13 (77) Ascospores provided with appendages or processes in both apical and equatorial positions 23

13 (77) Ascospores provided with appendages or processes at either one or both apices but without

such structures around the equator or midseptum 14

14 (7.3) Spore appendages usually at one end only

18

14 (13) Spore appendages always occurring at both ends 15

15 (14) Spores with a single appendage at each end

20

15 {14) Spores with 2-7 appendages at each end

16

16 (15) Ascospores with 2 (or a pair of) appendages at each end Halosphaeria{p.23)

16 (15) Ascospores with 3-7 appendages at each end 17

18

17 (16) Appendages usually 3 at each end (sometimes 4-7), terminal or subterminal, stiff, thin, taper-
ing, sometimes curved, to 40 /u long Corollospora (p. 22)

17 (16) Appendages 4-6 at each end, bulbous at base, radiating, attenuate, semirigid, mostly to 30 n

long Halosphaeria (p. 23)

18 (14) Appendages radiating, stiff or bristlelike

Keissleriella blepharospora

18 (14) Appendages gelatinous, short, caplike, subspherical or long 19

19 (18) Spores cylindrical, to 70 ju long Halosphaeria (p. 23)

19 (18) Spores elipsoidal, thick-walled, to 35 /i long ... (see also Phragmosporae) Lentescospora submarina

20 (15) Ascospores with a short, gelatinous appendage at each end (see

also Phragmosporae) Lentescospora submarina

20 (15) Ascospore appendages variously shaped 21

21 (20) Ascospores with a gelatinous sheath; appendages tapering or filiform Ceriosporopsis (p. 21)

21 (20) Ascospores without a gelatinous sheath; appendages subspherical or caplike, blunt or atten-
uate, stiff or hamate

22

19

22 {21) Ascospores ellipsoidal, never elongate, under jAVlS? •v%"

30 p in length; with a caplike or globose,

thick, polymorphic appendage at each end; ^-"0-:'?&."', JP

ascocarp stromatic Phxcomclaina laminariac *r .-'<-V>'i£:-' / -£%&■,

22 (27) Ascospores ellipsoidal to elongate, to 70 /j in length; with a subspherical, tapering or blunt,

straight or curved appendage at each end; ascocarp nonstromatic Halosphaeria (p. 23)

23 [13) Equatorial appendages setae or flagellalike, arising peritrichously Corollospora (p. 22)

23 (23) Equatorial appendages not flagellalike, not arising peritrichously 24

%
I .•*$&

V . -ffi

'&. ...«««>

24 (23) Equatorial and apical appendages pro- >^ •td\$»:;?*#!'
vided with a small involuted cap or tip . / jVSss&sVS*
Marinospora calyptrata (.(J/,>.# ^

/ \

24 (2?) Equatorial and apical appendages not provided with small involuted caps or tips 25

25 (24) Ascospores totally surrounded by a gelatinous sheath; apical appendages broad, cylindrical

or hollow Ceriosporopsis (p. 21)

25 (24) Ascospores not surrounded by a gelatinous sheath; apical appendages thin, tapering, atten-
uate or blunt and subspherical Halosphaeria (p. 23)

i
20

Key to Species of Ceriosporopsis

.<$**
GV.V&

Ascospores provided with both a tapering,
gelatinous appendage at each end, and a
thick, collarlike or several wedge-shaped pro-
cesses around the septum C. tubulifera

W^

w

Ascospores provided with only a tapering, gelatinous appendage at each end 2

2 (i) Appendages broadly filiform, tapering, to 8 n

thick at base C. halima

,.4&g&3

.sift..., . •:»•/• vtV.tW*'fr»?Srer'

2 (7) Appendages thin, filiform, tapering, deli-
quescent, to 45 /j long C. cambrensis

%

^

21

Key to Species of Corollospora

Ascospores 2-celled 2

Ascospores 4- to 6-celled 3

/

2 (7) Spores with 3 (sometimes more) terminal or

subterminal appendages at each end C. trifurcata

V

•>*.

%**.

•••'*:-:i:-v.vtt:

^

j*

'^frJiy

'«••>«»

.#

°*B!*m,M»M«W*Wh.

^

jr

2 tit Spores with one slender appendage at each

end and several hairlike ones equatorially . . C. maritima

3 (1) Apical appendages single, cylindrical, horn-
like, thick; equatorial ones hairlike

C. lacera

3 (/) Apical and equatorial appendages hairlike 4

22

4 (3) Spores predominantly 4-celled C. cristata

4 (3) Spores predominantly 6-celled C. comata

Key to Species of Didymosphaeria

1 Ascospores dark brown, verruculose D. enalia

1 Ascospores hyaline to light yellow, smooth D. danica

Key to Species of Halosphaeria

1 Ascospores with appendages or processes in both apical and equatorial positions 2

1 Ascospores with appendages or processes in apical positions only

23

2 (1^ Apical appendages short, caplike or cup-shaped; equatorial
ones 3 or 4 in number, crescent-shaped, and more or less
riuid H. mediosetigera

2 (2) Apical appendages long, narrow, flexible; equatorial ones similar, or a collarlike annulus 3

3 (2) Equatorial appendages 3 or 4, narrow

and flexible H. appendiculata

3 (2) Equatorial appendage a collarlike annulus . . . . H. torquata

****.'<«

,.^^»^

4 (/) Ascospores with a single appendage at one or both apices; these caplike or subspherical, ter-
minal or subterminal, blunt, tapering or scooplike 5

4 (1 ) Ascospores with two to several appendages at each apex; these fingerlike, stellate, mustache-
shaped, hooked, or pleomorphic

24

5 (4) Appendage short, subspherical, usually only at one end; spores to

69 p long H. cucullata

ife

5 (4) Appendages blunt, attenuate, hooked or tapering; spores to 35 n long 6

(5) Appendages blunt, scooplike, occasionally subspherical, to 10 /i

wide H. trullifera

(5) Appendages terminal or subterminal, hooked, curved or
straight, may be subspherical at first, then becoming
tapered H. hamata

7 (4) Ascospores rhomboidal or diamond-shaped; thick-walled

H. pilleata

*+':ikivJ?Art{$jit

7 (4) Ascospores more or less ellipsoidal; not thick-walled

25

8 (7) Appendages paired; these being either gelatinous or rigid 9

8 ( 7) Appendages 3-6 at each end; these being gelatinous or semirigid

.10

9 st Appendages rigid, acuminate, directed parallel or at right

angles to each other H. quadricornuta

9 (8) Appendages gelatinous, stout or tapered, mustache-shaped

H. maritima

■■:•:•:*

10 (8) Spores provided with 3-5 terminal or subterminal, straight
or curved, tapering, bulbous appendages to 20 pi long; these
being individually attached

. H. salina

'<*-.
'>,.

^;tt

mm

AV '••sw.-AWSRw1**

10 <8) Spores provided with 4-6 terminal, attenuate, tapering,
semirigid, radiating appendages to 35 pi long; these forming
a common palmlike base at the spore apices

1

H. quadriremis

,1%. »,#/;;*£

Wm

2(\

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES OF PHRAGMOSPORAE

Ascospores provided with appendages 2

Ascospores without appendages; with or without a gelatinous sheath 6

2 (1) Ascospores provided with apical or equatorial appendages, but not both 3

2 (1) Ascospores provided with apical as well as equatorial appendages Corollospora (p. 22)

3 (2) Appendages positioned around the equatorial septum

Chaetosphaeria chaetosa

3 (2) Appendages positioned at one or both spore apices 4

"^^4

•Rifey1

4 (3) Ascospores provided with 3 or 4 slender, radiating append-
ages at one end Torpedospora radiata

4 (3) Ascospores provided with a single appendage at one or both apices

27

"^

5 (4) Appendages long, slender, attenuate, may be inflated at tips Haligena (p. 29)

5 (4) Appendages short, blunt, at one or both ends . . . (see

also Didymosporae) Lentescospora submarina

6 (7) Spores 2- to 4-celled 7

6 (I) Spores 4- to 8-celled 9

(6) Ascospores provided with an amorphous, gelatinous sheath gener-
ally surrounding the midportion of, and usually as thick as, the
spore Carbosphaerella leptosphaerioides

(6) Ascospores either without a sheath, or if one is present, not amorphous, but thin and surround-
ing the entire spore 8

(7) All cells hyaline and more or less equal in size Sphaerulina (p. 31)

(7) All or some cells yellow to yellow-brown, or brown to dark brown; if all hyaline, penultimate

cell largest Leptosphaeria (p. 29)

9 (6) Ascospores hyaline, end cells attenuate and curved Sphaerulina (p. 31)

9 (6) Ascospores hyaline or yellow-brown, end cells not attenuate and curved

28

Leptosphaeria (p. 29)

Key to Species of Haligena

Ascospores 4- or 5-celled H. elaterophora

•••trf.*>.:.rjv:»»

Ascospores 6- to 12-celled H. viscidula

Key to Species of Leptosphaeria

Ascospores 2- to 4-celled 2

Ascospores more than 4-celled 6

2 (7) Ascospores surrounded by a gelatinous sheath L. halima

.:'''•'•'■ ■>

•.•.•A----

*X* '•'.*•".'?"*'

2 (7) Ascospores without a gelatinous sheath 3

29

3 u'1 Spores concolorous throughout 4

(2) Spares with hyaline end-cells and yellow-brown to
brown midcells

.L. discors

4 (3) Mature spores longer than 35 p L. marina

4 (.31 Mature spores shorter than 35 p 5

5 (4) Ascospores 2- to 4-celled, brown or dark brown L. oraemaris

5 (4) Ascospores 4-celled, hyaline, penultimate cell usually largest

L. australiensis

6 (1) Spores surrounded by a gelatinous sheath 7

30

6 (2) Spores without a sheath L. albopunctata

7 (6) Ascospores 4- or 5-celled, hyaline, penultimate cell

usually largest; sheath thick, to 11 /j. L. contecta

7 (6) Ascospores 4- to 6-celled, yellow to yellow-brown,

midcells largest, sheath thin L. maritima

Key to Species of Sphaerulina

Ascospores 4-celled, to 36 n long, fusoid, both ends rounded

S. oraemaris

Ascospores 4- to 6-celled, to 54 jj long, elongate-pyriform,

one end-cell rounded, the other attenuate and curved . . . S. pedicellata

31

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES OF DEUTEROMYCETES
1 Conidia produced in pycnidia or directly from vegetative hyphae 2

1 Conidia not produced; vegetative hyphae only

.Papulaspora halima

2 {1) Conidia produced in pycnidia 3

2 (1) Conidia produced directly from vegetative hyphae 7

3 (2) Conidia muriform, fuscous or yellow-brown

Camarosporium metableticum

3 (2) Conidia 1- or 2-celled, hyaline to yellow-brown

4 (3) Conidia produced endogenously within bottle-shaped

phialides Phialophorophoma litoralis

32

4 (3) Conidia produced exogenously on conidiophores 5

5 (4) Conidia 2-celled, rarely 3-celled Diplodia oraemaris /vS&r wj&t

5 (4) Conidia single-celled 6

6 (5) Conidia ellipsoidal to bacilliform under 7.5 n Phoma (p. 46)

6 (5) Conidia ovate to elongate, over 15 /u long Macrophoma (p. 45) .-,■ ...,.

§*

7 (2) Conidia 1- or 2-celled 8

7 (2) Conidia 2- to 12-celled, or muriform 15

8 (7) Conidia catenulate or clustered 9

8 (7) Conidia produced individually on conidiophores or in phialides 14

9 (8) Conidia clustered on common basal cells 10

9 (8) Conidia catenulate or clustered on individual conidiophores 12

33

10 (9) Conidia small, under 5 n Botryophialophora marina

10 (9) Conidia large. 9-23 jj long 11

'■■■' 'x '..,<-

11 1 10 1 Conidia hyaline, 2-celled, rarely single-celled, borne on peg-

like teeth of conidiophores Arthrobotrys super ba

;• JtB^B &-

11 (/0) Conidia fuscous, single-celled, rarely 2-celled, borne on ba- /^S<i^iiiJ\ Y-'-W& A^''-"'''
sidiumlike conidiophores Asteromyces cruciatus v-;^>'^9s»^nvv * '■""*'

12 (9) Conidia clustered or in long chains, spherical 13

12 (.9/ Conidia in short chains, subglobose or ellipsoidal

Cladosporium algarum ^J$$

34

13 (12) Conidial cells all uniform in diameter; conidiophores

long, distinct Periconia prolifica

13 (12) Conidial cells increasing in diameter from base to

apex; conidiophores short, indistinct .... Cremasteria cymatilis

14 (8) Conidia staurosporous, single-celled, borne in phialides

with collarlike rim Clavatospora stellatacula

14 (18) Conidia obpyriform, 1- or 2-celled, produced on conidiophores . .

Humicola alopallonella

15 (7) Conidia staurosporous or muriform

16

15 (7) Conidia ellipsoidal, elongate, curved or helicoid

22

35

16 [15) Conidia staurosporous 17

16 (75) Conidia muriform

19

IT (16) Conidial cells hyaline throughout ....

Varicosporina ramulosa

IT (16) Conidial cells not hyaline throughout

18

18 (17) Basal conidial cell spherical, dark brown
to black, 20 /j in diameter or larger . . .
Orbimyces spectabilis

18 (17) Basal conidial cell ellipsoidal, light brown, 20 /i in dia-
meter or smaller Clavariopsis bulbosa

36

19 (16) Conidia pyriform, apical cell often attenuate, to

80 /j long Alternaria maritima

19 (16) Conidia variously shaped, apical cell not attenuate, under 50 pi long

20

20 (19) Conidia globose to ellipsoidal, 19-32 /u long; conidiophores ab-
sent or reduced to simple pedicels Stemphylium maritimum

20 (79) Conidia clavate, pyriform; conidiophores distinct 21

21 (20) Conidia fuscous or dark brown, cells more or less

parallel arising from a single basal cell

Dictyosporium pelagicum

21 (20) Conidia dark brown to black, cells irregular; 1 to 3 light

basal cells may occur Monodictys pelagica

37

22 (15) Conidia curved, bent or straight

23

(15) Conidia coiled one to several times Zalerion (p. 39)

23 (22) Conidia cylindrical to ellipsoidal, straight or slightly curved, smooth or slightly echinulate:

apical tip may be slightly thickened Dendryphiella (p. 38)

23 (22) Conidia clavate, curved or straight; cells increasing in size from base to apex

24

24 (23) Conidia 3- to 9- celled, curved Cirrenalia macrocephala

24 (2.3) Conidia 3- to 6-celled, straight

Trichocladium achrasporum

Key to Species of Dendryphiella

Conidia 2- to4-celled, to 20/jlong D. arenaria

:w

1 Conidia 2- to 12-celled, to 75 y long .

D. salina

Key to Species of Zalerion

Conidial filament forming a more or less perfect 1- to

3-coiled spiral Z. maritimum

Conidial filament forming a variable, irregular
spiral in 3 planes

Z. varium

ANNOTATED LIST OF SPECIES

The following list of descriptions is arranged
alphabetically. The name of each species is followed by
the authority and the journal in which the original de-
scription or current valid name of the organism was first
published. Lists of synonyms have been restricted to
those which have come into existence since 1970. For a
recent, thorough treatment of the systematics and tax-
onomic positions of higher marine fungi see Kohlmeyer
(1972) and Hughes (1975).

Phylum EUMYCOPHYTA

Class ASCOMYCETES

Amylocarpus encephaloides Currey
Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 9:119. 1857-1859.
Ascospores hyaline, globose to subglobose, single-celled,
guttulate, 8-16 n in diameter, with 10-15 rigid, awl-

shaped appendages arising from various positions

along the wall, 5-10 n long.
Ascocarp a cleistothecium 160-500 X 200-670 n .
In driftwood and other cellulosic material.

Carbosphaerella leptosphaerioides Schmidt

Nat. Nat. Mecklenburg 7:9-10. 1969.

Ascospores 4-celled, 25-40 X 16-20 p, broadly ellipsoidal;
the two central cells large, dark brown; apical cells
small, hyaline; constricted at septa; provided with a
gelatinous, hyaline amorphous sheath.

In driftwood and other cellulosic material.

Ceriosporopsis cambrensis Wilson

Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 37:276. 1954.

Ascospores hyaline, ellipsoidal to subcylindrical, ends
obtuse, 2-celled, one large guttule per cell, may or may
not be constricted at the septum, 22-33 X 5-14.5 /j;
provided at each end with a single, filiform, deliques-

39

cent appendage to 45 m in length; wholly or partially
surrounded by a gelatinous sheath.
In driftwood, reeds, and other cellulosic material.

Ceriosporopsis halima Linder

Farlowia 1:409. 1944.

Ascospores hyaline, ellipsoidal, oblong-ellipsoidal or fusi-
form. 2-celled, 1-2 guttules per cell, may be con-
structed at septum, 17-40 X 6-14 ^; provided at each
end with a single, broadly filiform, tapering appendage
5-8 n; in diameter, wholly or partially surrounded by a
gelatinous sheath.

In driftwood, reeds, and other cellulosic material.

Ceriosporopsis tubulifera (Kohlm.) Kirk in Kohlm.

Can. J. Bot. 50:1953. 1972.

Syn. Halosphaeria tubulifera Kohlm.
Nova Hedwigia 2:312. 1960.

Ascospores hyaline, ellipsoidal, 2-celled, slightly con-
stricted at septum, 1 or 2 guttules per cell, 14.5-
23 X 8.5-11 fu\ provided at each end with a broad,
flared, tapering, tubular appendage, 9-15 X 5-8.5 fi
long, in addition, with a 4.5-8.5 /u thick equatorial
collar which eventually splits into several wedge-
shaped fragments.

In driftwood, reeds, and other cellulosic material.

Chaetosphaeria chaetosa Kohlm.

Nova Hedwigia 6:307-308. 1963.

Ascospores hyaline, fusiform, or elongate to ellipsoidal,
4-celled, each cell guttulate, constricted at septa, 25.5-
36.5 X 7.5-11.5 ^; provided around the midseptum
with numerous, stiff setae, 6-7.5 p long.

Ascus provided with a disc-shaped, perforated apparatus.

In driftwood and other cellulosic material.

Corollospora comata (Kohlm.) Kohlm.

Ber. Dtsch. Bot. Ges. 75:126. 1962.

Ascospores predominately 6-celled, fuscous to gray around
midseptum, end cells hyaline, fusoid, multiguttulate,
constricted at septa, 31-54 X 12-17 p; provided with a
tuft of up to 15 hairs at each end and additionally with
hairlike tufts at the midseptum; apical hairs to 15 p
long, equatorial ones to 20 \x long.

In driftwood and other cellulosic material.

Corollospora cristata (Kohlm.) Kohlm.

Ber. Dtsch. Bot. Ges. 75:126. 1962.

Ascospores predominately 4-celled, ellipsoidal, fuscous
to gray around midseptum, end cells hyaline, mul-
tiguttulate, constricted at septa, 24-41 X 8.5-16.5 p;
provided with a tuft of hairs at each end and ad-
ditionally with hairlike tufts at the midseptum; apical
hairs to 8jj long, equatorial ones to 9 /j long.

In driftwood and other cellulosic material.

Corollospora lacera (Linder) Kohlm.
Ber. Dtsch. Bot. Ges. 75:126. 1962.
Ascospores 4- to 6-celled (predominately 5-celled) fusoid

or oblong-ellipsoidal, fuscous to brownish around mid-
septum, end cells hyaline, constricted at septa, 1 large
guttule per cell, 39-63 X 10-15 n; provided at each end
with a slender, subcylindrical, slightly curved append-
age, approximately hornlike in general shape, to 20 u
long; in addition, the midseptum is provided with
several flexible setae arising peritrichously.
In driftwood, reeds, calcareous substrates associated
with sandy beaches. Rare.

Corollospora maritima Werdermann

Notizbl. Bot. Gart. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem 8:248. 1922.

Ascospores 2-celled, hyaline to pale yellow around sep-
tum, fusoid to ellipsoidal, 1 or 2 guttules per cell, con-
spicously constricted at septum, 20-53 X 6.5- 14 /j; each
end provided with a slender, tapering, rigid or
semirigid appendage to 20 ju long; in addition, the sep-
tum is provided with several flexible setae arising
peritrichously.

In driftwood, cellulosic materials, and calcareous frag-
ments.

Corollospora trufurcata (Hohnk) Kohlm.

Ber. Dtsch. Bot. Ges. 75:126. 1962.

Ascospores 2-celled, 26-38.5 X 9-16.5 ju, hyaline, fusoid
to ellipsoidal, constricted at septum, 1-4 guttules in
each cell; provided at each end with 3 (sometimes 4-7)
terminal or subterminal, tapering, curved, deciduous
appendages to 39 u long.

In driftwood, cellulosic materials, and calcareous frag-
ments.

Didymella fucicola (Suth.) Kohlm.

Phytopathol. Z. 63:342. 1968.

Ascospores 2-celled, 16-23 X 6-8 fi, hyaline, ovoid to el-
lipsoidal, constricted at septum, one cell slightly larger
than the other.

Ascocarp a pseudothecium; asci bitunicate, 55-115 X

10-15 (i.

Reported only in Fucus.

Didymosamarospora euryhalina Johnson & Gold

J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 73:104. 1957.

Ascospores 2-celled, 25-34 X 12-17 n, hyaline, broadly
ovoid or broadly fusoid, ends rounded or slightly
tapered, 1 guttule per cell, may be slightly constricted
at septum, surrounded by a gelatinous, undulant
sheath.

In Juncus and other culms.

Didymosphaeria danica (Berlese) Wilson & Knoyle

Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 44:57. 1961.

Ascospores 2-celled, 33-44 X 5-8 u, hyaline to slightly

yellow, broadly ellipsoidal or fusiform-ellipsoidal,

lower half of spore shorter and cylindrical, the upper

half slightly larger and pointed.
Ascocarp a pseudothecium; asci bitunicate, 83-94 X 12-

14/i.
Reported only in Chondrus.

40

Didymosphaena enalia Kohlm.

Ber. Dtsch. Bot. Ges. 79:28. 1966.

Ascospores 2-celled, 15.5-23 X 6.5-11 y, dark brown, el-
lipsoidal to broadly ellipsoidal, constricted at septum,
verruculose.

Ascocarp a pseudothecium; asci bitunicate 117-135 X
12.5-15.5 ix.

In driftwood. Uncommon in colder waters.

Haligena elaterophora Kohlm.

Nova Hedwigia 3:87-88. 1961.

Ascospores 4- or 5-celled, ellipsoidal to oblong, 24-54.5
X 10-19.5 n, hyaline, ends rounded; provided at each
end with a single, long, curved, grooved, terminally in-
flated appendage.

In wood and other cellulosic material.

Haligena viscidula J. & E. Kohlm.

Nova Hedwigia 9:92. 1965.

Ascospores 6- to 12-celled, 37.5-89 X 4-6.5 n, hyaline,
fusiform to fusiform -cylindrical, each cell with a single
guttule, may be slightly constricted at septa; provided
at each end with a short, caplike or threadlike append-
age 6-10 p long.

In driftwood and other cellulosic material.

Haloguignardia oceanica (Ferd. & Winge) Kohlm.

Mar. Bio. 8:344. 1971.

Syn. Phyllachorella oceanica Ferd. & Winge
Mycologia 12:102-103. 1920.

Ascospores single-celled, 20-31.5 X 9-14 /j, hyaline, el-
lipsoidal to fusiform, ends rounded; provided at each
end with a small, gelatinous, deciduous appendage.

Ascocarp a stromatic structure with unitunicate asci.

In Sargassum.

Haloguignardia tumefaciens (Cribb & Herbert) Cribb &
Cribb

Pap. Univ. Queensland Dep. Bot. 3:98. 1956.

Ascospores single-celled, 30-59 X 10-21.5 p, hyaline,
broadly ellipsoidal or fusiform-ellipsoidal, ends
tapered, may be densely granular around the equator;
provided at each end with an acute, nipplelike ap-
pendage surrounding the peglike apical tip of the
spore.

In Sargassum.

Halonectria milfordensis Jones

Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 48:287. 1965.

Ascospores single-celled, 16.5-29 X 2-3.5 p, hyaline, fusi-
form to fusiform -cylindrical, straight or curved,
equatorial area of spore sometimes broader than ends;
multiguttulate.

In driftwood and other cellulosic material. Rare.

Halosphaeria appendiculata Linder

Farlowia 1:412. 1944.

Ascospores 2-celled, 16-30 X 6-14 p, hyaline, ellipsoidal
to ellipsoidal-cylindrical, each cell with one or more
guttules, constricted at septum; provided at each end

with a single, narrow, flexible, gelatinous, deliquescing
appendage, and 3 or 4 similar ones equatorially, to 18p
in length.
In reeds, driftwood, and other cellulosic material.

Halosphaeria cucullata (Kohlm.) Kohlm.

Can. J. Bot. 50:1956. 1972.

Syn. Remispora cucullata Kohlm.
Mycologia 56:770. 1964.

Ascospores 2-celled, 21-69 X 6-12 p, hyaline, ellipsoidal
or cylindrical, one to several guttules per cell, may be
slightly constricted at septum; provided with a
gelatinous, caplike or subspherical, deciduous append-
age 5-10 n in diameter at one end of the spore.

In driftwood.

Halosphaeria hamata (Hohnk) Kohlm.

Can. J. Bot. 50:1956. 1972.

Syn. Remispora hamata (Hohnk) Kohlm.
Ber. Dtsch. Bot. Ges. 74:305. 1961.

Ascospores 2-celled, 16-31 X 6.5-11 p, hyaline, ellipsoidal
to fusiform-ellipsoidal, 1 or 2 guttules per cell, may be
constricted at septum; provided at each end with a ter-
minal or subterminal, gelatinous, hooked, curved, or
straight appendage; appendage may be caplike or
rounded at first, later becoming tapered.

In Typha, reeds, driftwood, and other cellulosic material.

Halosphaeria maritima (Linder) Kohlm.

Can. J. Bot. 50:1956. 1972.

Syn. Remispora maritima Linder.
Farlowia 1:410. 1944.

Ascospores 2-celled, 16-35 X 8.5-15 n, hyaline, ovoid, el-
lipsoidal or elongate, 1 large guttule per cell, may be
constricted at septum; provided at each end with a
mustache-shaped, or pair of stout, tapering, gelati-
nous appendages.

In driftwood and other cellulosic material.

Halosphaeria mediosetigera Cribb & Cribb

Pap. Univ. Queensland Dep. Bot. 3:100. 1956.

Ascospores 2-celled, 24-44.5 X 8-20 /U, hyaline, fusiform-
ellipsoidal or ellipsoidal, ends rounded, may be slight-
ly constricted at septum, one or more guttules per cell;
provided at each end with a small cap-shaped or cup-
shaped gelatinous appendage which may become free;
in addition, with 3 or 4 crescent-shaped, rigid,
equatorial appendages attached laterally along the
septum.

In driftwood and other cellulosic material.

Halosphaeria pilleata (Kohlm.) Kohlm.

Can. J. Bot. 50:1957. 1972.

Syn. Remispora pilleata Kohlm.
Nova Hedwigia 6:319. 1963.

Ascospores 2-celled, 24-36.5 X 12.5-19 p, hyaline, rhom-
boidal or diamond-shaped, thick-walled, usually 1 gut-
tule per cell; provided at each end with a gelatinous,
pleomorphic, veillike or sheathlike appendage.

In driftwood.

11

Halos i quadricornuta Cribb & Cribb

Pan Univ. Queensland Dep. Bot. 3:99. 1956.

Ascospores 2-celled. 20-36 X 6-11.5 /u. hyaline, ellipsoi-
dal, fusiform -ellipsoidal or elongate, one to several gut-
tules per cell, may be constricted at septum, oc-
casionally covered by a gelatinous sheath; provided at
each end with a pair of acuminate, rigid, occasionally
subterminal appendages directed either parallel or at
right angles to each other, to 37 ju long.

In driftwood and other cellulosic material. Uncommon in
colder waters.

Halosphacria quadriremis (Hohnk) Kohlm.

Can. -I. Bot. 50:1957. 1972.

Syn. Remispora quadri-remis (Hohnk) Kohlm.
Nova Hedwigia 2:332. 1960.

Ascospores 2-celled. 18-34 X 8-15.5 ai, hyaline, ellipsoidal
to ovoid, ends rounded. 1 or 2 large guttules per cell,
may be constricted at septum; provided at each end
with 4-6 gelatinous, attenuate, semirigid, tapering
appendages, to 35 n long.

In driftwood and other cellulosic material.

Halosphaeria salina (Meyers) Kohlm.

Can. J. Bot. 50:1957. 1972.

Syn. Remispora salina (Meyers) Kohlm.
Mycologia 60:262. 1968.

Ascospores 2-celled, 19-28 X 8-13.5 n, hyaline, ellipsoidal
to oblong-ellipsoidal, ends rounded, may be slightly
constricted at septum, usually 1 large guttule per cell;
provided at each end with 3 or 4 (occasionally 5), ter-
minal or subterminal, radiating, curved or straight,
tapering, more or less bulbous appendages to 20 n
long.

In driftwood and other cellulosic material. Less common
in colder waters.

Halosphaeria torquata Kohlm.

Nova Hedwigia 2:311. 1960.

• pores 2-celled. 20-30.5 X 10-16//, hyaline, broadly

ellipsoidal. 1 large guttule per cell, may be constricted
at septum; provided at each end with a gelatinous,
tapering, semirigid appendage to 15 /j long; in addi-
tion, with an equatorial cylindrical annulus around the
septum.

In driftwood and other cellulosic material.

Hnhisphaeria trullifera (Kohlm.) Kohlm.

Can. J. Bot. 50:1957. 1972.

Syn. Remispora trullifera Kohlm.
Nova Hedwigia 6:321. 1963.
-pores 2-celled, 23-35 X 14-20 n, hyaline, ellipsoidal
to oblong-ellipsoidal, ends rounded, 1 large guttule per
cell, may be constricted at septum; provided at each
end with a gelatinous slightly tapering or blunt, scoop-
like or caplike appendage, to 10 p wide.

In driftwood.

Ascospores 2-celled, 12-21 X 6-S u, hyaline, ellipsoidal,
ends rounded, one to several guttules per cell, may be
constricted at septum; provided at one end with 4-7
terminal, radiating, stiff or bristlelike appendages to
13 p long.

Known only from bark of Rhizophora. Collected on drift
floating northward.

Lentescospora submarina Linder

Farlowia 1:411. 1944.

Ascospores 2-celled (may become 3-celled prior to ger-
mination), thick-walled, 15.5-35 X 6-15 n, hyaline,
ellipsoidal or elongate-ellipsoidal, occasionally each
cell with a large guttule, may be slightly constricted at
septum; provided at each end, only rarely at a single
end, with a short, gelatinous appendage, to 7 n in dia-
meter.

In driftwood and other cellulosic material.

Leptosphaeria albopunctata (West.) Sacc.

Sylloge Fungorum 2:72. 1883.

Ascospores 6- to 8-celled, antepenultimate cell largest,
26-55 X 10-15 /u, light yellow to yellow-brown,
fusiform, to broadly fusiform, ends rounded, slightly
constricted at septa, curved or straight.

Ascocarp a pseudothecium; asci bitunicate.

In Juncus, Spartina, reeds, driftwood, and other cellu-
losic material.

Leptosphaeria australiensis (Cribb & Cribb) Hughes

Syesis 2:132. 1968.

Ascospores 4-celled, penultimate cell usually largest, 19-

27 X 5.5-9 /j, hyaline, fusiform to ellipsoidal, 1 guttule

per cell, constricted at septa.
Ascocarp a pseudothecium; asci bitunicate.
In floating drift of Rhizophora, Avicennia, driftwood, and

other cellulosic material. Less common in colder waters.

Leptosphaeria contecta Kohlm.

Nova Hedwigia 6:314. 1963.

Ascospores 4- to 5-celled, penultimate cell usually largest,
32.5-44 X 8.5-11.5 n, hyaline, fusiform to fusiform-
ellipsoidal, straight or curved, cells guttulate, con-
stricted at septa, covered by a gelatinous, hyaline
sheath 9-11 /u thick.

Ascocarp a pseudothecium; asci bitunicate.

In driftwood, reeds, and other cellulosic material.

Leptosphaeria discors Saccardo & Ellis in Saccardo

Michelia 2:567. 1882.

Ascospores 4-celled, 28-36 X 8-14 n, broadly fusoid or
broadly ellipsoidal, straight or curved, end cells round-
ed and hyaline, midcells yellow-brown or brown and
each containing a large guttule, constricted at septa.

Ascocarp a pseudothecium; asci bitunicate.

In Juncus, Spartina, floating culms, reeds, driftwood,
and other cellulosic material.

Keissleriella blepharospora J. & E. Kohlm.
Nova Hedwigia 9:97. 1965.

Leptosphaeria halima Johnson
Mycologia 48:502. 1956.

42

Ascospores 4-celled, penultimate cell largest, 12-18 X 5-
8 u, yellow-brown, straight or curved, fusiform or cylin-
drical, constricted at septa, enclosed in a hyaline,
gelatinous sheath 11-17 n thick.

Ascocarp a pseudothecium; asci bitunicate.

In Spartina, reeds, driftwood, and other cellulosic mater-
ial.

Leptosphaeria marina Ellis & Ever.

J. Mycol. 1:43. 1885.

Ascospores 2- to 4-celled, 48-72 X 10-14 n, yellow to yel-
low-brown, fusiform or elongate-ellipsoidal, ends
rounded, straight or curved, constricted at septa.

Ascocarp a pseudothecium; asci bitunicate.

In Juncus, Spartina, reeds, driftwood, and other cellu-
losic material.

Lulworthia medusa (Ell. & Ever.) Cribb & Cribb emend.
Cavaliere & Johnson

Nova Hedwigia 10:434-435. 1966.

Ascospores single-celled, 60-760 yt, hyaline, filiform, ta-
pering, curved, s-shaped, u-shaped or cy -shaped;
provided at each end with a hyaline, tapering, conoid
end chamber or appendage of variable length.

Lulworthia medusa — small spore variety "fucieola-type"
60-150 ii.

Lulworthia medusa — medium spore variety "medusa-
type" 230-500 n,

Lulworthia medusa — large spore variety "grandispora-
type" 500-760 /j.

In Spartina, Typha, Zostera, Fucus, stems of various
phanerogams, driftwood, reeds, and other cellulosic
material.

Leptosphaeria maritima (Cooke & Plow.) Sacc.

Sylloge Fungorum 2:73. 1883.

Ascospores 4- to 6-celled, 30-45 X 6-14 m, yellow to yel-
low-brown, fusiform or ellipsoidal, straight or slightly
curved, constricted at septa, conspicuously at mid-
septum; midcells of unequal size; covered by a thin
gelatinous sheath.

Ascocarp a pseudothecium; asci bitunicate.

In Juncus, Spartina, reeds, driftwood, and other cellu-
losic material.

Leptosphaeria oraemaris Linder

Farlowia 1:413. 1944.

Ascospores 2- to 4-celled, 17-32 X 4-8 /u, brown or dark
brown, fusoid or ellipsoidal, straight or curved, con-
stricted at septa.

Ascocarp a pseudothecium; asci bitunicate.

In Spartina, reeds, floating culms, driftwood, and other
cellulosic material.

Lignincola laevis Hohnk

Veroff. Inst. Meeresforsch. Bremerhaven 3:216. 1955.

Ascospores 2-celled, 14-24 X 5.5-9 /j, hyaline, fusiform or

ellipsoidal-oblong, straight or slightly curved, 1 large

guttule per cell, constricted at septum.
In driftwood and other cellulosic material.

Lindra inflata Wilson

Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 39:411. 1956.

Ascospores multiseptate, 28- to 52-celled, septa nar-
. rowly spaced, 210-415 X 4-6 fx, filiform, hyaline,
diameter uniform throughout, multiguttulate; provid-
ed at each end with a short, clavate or subglobose,
hyaline, gelatinous appendage.

In reeds, driftwood, and other cellulosic material.

Lindra thalassiae Orpurt, Meyers, Boral, & Sims
Bull. Mar. Sci. Gulf Caribb. 14:406. 1964.
Ascospores multiseptate, 15- to 19-celled, 230-390 X 3-

6 n, filiform, curved, s-shaped or u-shaped, hyaline,

attenuate, tips slightly inflated.
In Thalassia and Sargassum.

Marinospora calyptrata (Kohlm.) Cavaliere

Nova Hedwigia 11:548. 1966.

Ascospores 2-celled, 22-35 X 9-11 /u, hyaline, ellipsoidal,
ends rounded, 1 large guttule per cell, constricted at
septum; provided with an appendage at each end, and
3 or 4 of them around the septum, each up to 30 jlx in
length, hyaline, gelatinous, straight or curved, and ter-
minated with a small involuted cap or tip.

Ascocarp a stromatic structure with unitunicate asci.

In driftwood, reeds, and other cellulosic material.

Massariella maritima Johnson

Mycologia 48:846. 1956.

Ascospores 2-celled, 10-15 X 5-10 n, yellow-brown, ellip-
soidal or oblong-ellipsoidal, 1 large guttule per cell,
constricted at septum, surrounded by a relatively thin
gelatinous sheath.

In driftwood. Rare.

Microthelia linderi Kohlm.

Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 57:483-484. 1971.

Syn. Microthelia maritima (Linder) Kohlm.
Nova Hedwigia 2:322. 1960.

Ascospores 2-celled, 13.5-21 X 5-7.5 n, brown or light
brown, ellipsoidal, clavate or fusiform-ellipsoidal, oc-
casionally curved, one cell usually larger than the
other, cells may be minutely guttulate, constricted at
septum.

Ascocarp a pseudothecium with bitunicate asci.

In driftwood, culms, and other cellulosic material.

Mycosphaerella ascophylli Cotton

Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 3:96. 1908.

Ascospores 2-celled, 15-25 X 4-6.5 n, hyaline, fusiform to
oblong, ends tapering, guttulate, may be slightly con-
stricted at septum.

Ascocarp a pseudothecium with bitunicate asci.

In Ascophyllum.

Nais inornata Kohlm.
Nova Hedwigia 4:409. 1962.

Ascospores 2-celled, 22-30 X 11.5-15.5 n, hyaline, broadly
ellipsoidal or broadly oval, ends rounded, one large

43

and several small guttules per cell, may be slightly
constricted at septum.
In driftwood.

Phycomelaina laminariae (Rost.) Kohlm.

Phytopathol. Z. 63:350-356. 1968.

Ascospores 2-celled. 17.5-27.5 X 5.5-8 n, hyaline, fusi-
form-ellipsoidal or ellipsoidal-cylindrical, straight or
slightly curved, usually 1 large guttule per cell, con-
stricted at septum; provided at each end with a cap-
like or globose, elongate or attenuate, gelatinous, more
or less polymorphic appendage to 30 /j long.

Ascocarp a stromatic structure with unitunicate asci.

In Laminaria.

Pleospora pelagica Johnson

Mycologia 48:504. 1956.

Ascospores muriform, 7-9 transverse septa, 0-8 longi-
tudinal septa. 35-52 X 9-15 n, yellow-brown, fusiform,
ellipsoidal or clavate-ellipsoidal, usually inequilateral,
ends broadly rounded, constricted at midseptum as
well as at most others.

Ascocarp a pseudothecium with bitunicate asci.

In Spartina, driftwood, and other cellulosic material.

Pleospora pelvetiae Sutherland

New Phytol. 14:41. 1915.

Ascospores muriform, 3-7 (predominantly 7) transverse
septations, several longitudinal ones, 20-35 X 7-12 fi,
yellow-brown, ellipsoidal or elongate, ends rounded,
constricted at septa.

In various floating culms, reeds, and algae. Uncommon.

Sphaerulina oraemaris Linder

Farlowia 1:413. 1944.

Ascospores 4-celled, 26-36 X 5-7 /j, hyaline, fusoid, ends
broadly rounded, may be slightly constricted at septa.

In Spartina, various culms, driftwood, and other cellu-
losic material.

Sphaerulina pedicellata Johnson

Mycologia 48:846. 1956.

Ascospores 4- to 6-celled, 36-54 X 6-15 /u, hyaline, elon-
gate-ovoid to elongate-pyriform, one end cell attenuate
and curved; may be slightly constricted at septa,
usually densely guttulate.

In Spartina, various culms, driftwood, and other cellu-
losic material.

Torpedospora radiata Meyers

Mycologia 49:496. 1957.

Ascospores 4- or 5-celled, 30-52 X 4-9 fi, hyaline, oblong
or elongate-clavate or cylindrical, usually 2 guttules
per cell, slightly constricted at septa; provided at one
end with 3 or 4 slender, acuminate, semirigid,
radiating appendages to 40 p long.

In driftwood.

Trailia ascophylli Sutherland
Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 5:149-151.

191.",.

Ascospores long, filamentous and tapering, 90-100 X 4
at the widest diameter, to 1/i at the narrowest por-
tion, 2- to 4-celled; septations restricted to broad area
of spore, narrow area nonseptate, long and attenuate,
occasionally bent or coiled.

In Ascophyllum and Fucus.

Phylum EUMYCOPHYTA

Class DEUTEROMYCETES

Alternaria maritima Sutherland

New Phytol. 15:46. 1916.

Conidia muriform, pyriform; apical cell often attenuate,

14-80 X 8-18 p, dark brown except for hyaline or pale,

attenuate apical cell, constricted at septa, catenulate

or simple, smooth or verrucose
Conidiophores simple, erect, short.
In Laminaria, Juncus, Spartina, driftwood, and other

cellulosic material.

Arthrobotrys superba Corda

Pracht-Flora Euro. Schimmel. p. 43. 1839.

Conidia 2-celled, broadly ellipsoidal, ovoid, or slightly
pyriform, upper cell usually larger than lower one, 16-
23 X 7-9.5 n; hyaline, slightly constricted at septum.

Conidiophores scattered, bearing 4-10 conidia on slightly
expanded tips or short, peglike teeth or denticles.

In driftwood.

Asteromyces cruciatus F. and Mme. Moreau ex Henne-
bert

Can. J. Bot. 40:1213. 1962.

Conidia single-celled, rarely 2-celled, ellipsoidal, ovoid or
broadly pyriform, 9-20 X 4-9 n fuscous.

Conidiophores basidialike, hyphae radiate from a bul-
bous base, bearing 1-13 conidia.

Spores collected in foam.

Botryophialophora marina Linder

Farlowia 1:404. 1944.

Conidia single-celled, globose or subglobose, 2-3 p in dia-
meter, hyaline or light, in dense, cottonlike clusters.

Conidiophores (phialides) arising from a subglobose,
basal cell, 3-20 in number, 3.5-8.5 X 1.5-2.5 //.simple
or vase-shaped.

In driftwood and other cellulosic material.

Camarosporium metableticum Trail

Scott. Nat. 8:267. 1886.

Conidia muriform, broadly ellipsoidal, ends tapering or
round, 27-40 X 11-16 /u, fuscous or yellow-brown, 3-9
transverse septa, constricted at septa, apical cells
lighter; provided at each end with a gelatinous, cap-
like or subglobose appendage.

Conidiophores cylindrical, simple, 5-10 n long, bearing
single conidia.

Pycnidia 150-216 X 210-330 u, subglobose, solitary, black,
innate.

In Ammophila.

44

Cirrenalia macrocephala (Kohlm.) Meyers & Moore

Am. J. Bot. 47:346. 1960.

Conidia 3- to 9-celled, recurved, bent, rarely straight, 10-
41 X 18-28 /u; basal cells smaller and hyaline or light,
terminal cells larger and fuscous to brown; con-
spicuously constricted at septa; terminal cell largest,
5-15 n in diameter.

Conidiophores simple, short, to 3 septate, hyaline or pale
yellow, bearing single conidia.

In driftwood and other cellulosic material.

Cladosporium algarum Sutherland

New Phytol. 15:37. 1916.

Conidia 1- or 2-celled, subglobose, oblong or slightly el-
lipsoidal, smooth, 5-15 X 5-10 n, pale olive to brown,
constricted at septum.

Conidiophores erect, branched, ends truncate or rounded,
septate, olive to brown.

In Laminaria, driftwood, and other cellulosic mater-
ial.

Clavariopsis bulbosa Anastasiou

Mycologia 53:11. 1961.

Conidia staurosporous, irregular, 3- or 4-armed, septate,

20-70 X 6-8.5 n; basal cell brownish; ellipsoidal or

ovoid; central cell slightly branched, arms divergent,

cylindrical.
Conidiophores long, cylindrical, hyaline, septate, simple

or branched.
In driftwood and other cellulosic material.

Clavatospora stellatacula Kirk

Mycologia 61:178-181. 1969.

Conidia single-celled, staurosporous, triangular, 5-7 X

6-7 ju; 4 or 5 subapical projections to 2.5 m long;

hyaline.
Conidiophores simple, may be slightly branched; phia-

lides with a collarlike rim.
In driftwood and other cellulosic material.

Cremasteria cymatilis Meyers & Moore

Am. J. Bot. 47:348. 1960.

Conidia single-celled, subglobose to ellipsoidal, 7.5-27
X 7.5-16 (i, rusty brown to light brown, forming chains
(catenulate) 2-20 conidia in length; chain strongly con-
stricted at each cell; cells increasing in diameter from
base to apex.

Conidiophores short, lateral, single or branched.

In driftwood and other cellulosic materials.

Dendryphiella arenaria Nicot

Rev. Mycol. 23:93. 1958.

Conidia 2- to 4-celled, ovoid to ellipsoidal, oblong, or
slightly cylindrical, 9-20 X 3.5-6 p, brown, smooth or
slightly echinulate, may be slightly constricted at sep-
ta; conidial epispore thickened and forms a con-
spicuous annulus or knot at its point of attachment to
the conidiophore.

Conidiophores simple or branched, septate, apical cell
slightly inflated, light brown to subhyaline, 15-90 n
long.

In Sargassum, floating Thalassia, Ammophila, drift-
wood, and other cellulosic material.

Dendryphiella salina (Suth.) Pugh & Nicot

Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 47:226. 1944.

Conidia 2- to 12-celled (predominantly 4- to 6-celled),
elongate, cylindrical or fusiform-ellipsoidal, straight or
curved, ends rounded or tapered, 14.5-75 X 5.5-10.5 n,
light brown or olive, may be slightly constricted at sep-
ta; solitary or catenulate; epispore of conidia thicken-
ed at point of attachment to the conidiophore.

Conidiophores simple or branched, septate, apical cell
slightly inflated, light brown to yellowish.

In Chondrus, Laminaria, Spartina.

Dictyosporium pelagicum (Linder) G. C. Hughes ex
Johnson & Sparrow

Fungi in Oceans and Estuaries, p. 391-392. 1961.

Conidia muriform; form variable, ovoid, clavate,
branched (boxing-glovelike), irregular; several
branches may arise from a single basal cell; 12-
66 X 10-35 n, dark brown, occasionally black; con-
spicuously constricted at septa.

Conidiophores simple, pale brown or dark brown, septate,
15-35 X 1-2.5 //•

In driftwood and other cellulosic material.

Diplodia oraemaris Linder

Farlowia 1:403. 1944.

Conidia 2-celled (rarely single-celled), ovoid or ellipsoi-
dal 6-11 X 3.5-7.5 /u, yellow-brown, may be slightly
constricted at septum.

Conidiophores simple, single-celled, hyaline.

Pycnidia 135-365 X 140-470 n, flattened, black above,
cream to hyaline below.

In driftwood and other cellulosic material.

Humieola alopallonella Meyers & Moore.

Am. J. Bot. 47:346. 1960.

Conidia 1- or 2-celled (occasionally 3-celled), obpyriform
to clavate, 8-17.5 X 15-37.5 n apical cell largest and
brownish, basal cell small and yellow to hyaline, con-
stricted at septum.

Conidiophores one to several celled, simple, hyaline to
light fuscous.

In driftwood and other cellulosic material.

Macrophoma (Saccardo) Berlese & Voglio

Sylloge Fungorum 1-4:306. 1886.

Conidia single-celled, ovate to elongate, over 15 p long,

hyaline or subhyaline.
Conidiophores simple, short, filiform.
Pycnidia innate, erumpent, lenticular or subglobose.
In driftwood and other cellulosic material.

Monodictys pelagica (Johnson) Jones

Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 46:138. 1963.

Conidia muriform, ovoid or spherical, more commonly
obpyriform, symmetrical or asymmetrical, 15-
44 X 12.5-37 n; 1-3 brown or yellowish basal cells,

45

brownish or blackish terminal cells, or concolorous
black throughout; may be conspicuously constricted at
septa. Conidiophores dark fuscous, septate. 1- to 3-
celled. simple.
In driftwood and other cellulosic material.

Orbimyces spectabilis Linder

Farlowia 1:404. 1944.

Conidia staurosporous, multicellular: basal cell globose
to subglobose. shining black, 22-42 ^ in diameter;
provided with one or two sets of radiating, fingerlike,
septate filaments to 6 ju wide and to 50 ju long; each
set of radiating filaments join a common dark basal
cell: radiating cells may lighten in color from base to
apex.

In driftwood and other cellulosic material.

Papulospora halima Anastasiou

Nova Hedwigia 6:266. 1963.

Hyphae septate, hyaline or brown, anastomosing, to 4.8 p
in diameter, with hyphal thickenings, chainlike; large
masses of hyphae or bulbils formed, subglobose, com-
pact, to 870 n in diameter, dark brown or black.

No spores formed.

In driftwood and other cellulosic material.

Periconia prolifica Anastasiou

Nova Hedwigia 6:260. 1963.

Conidia single-celled, globose to subglobose, 6-20 /i in
diameter, light brown to brown, light red to rust, thick-
walled, smooth, catenulate.

Conidiophores hyaline, septate, simple or branched, to
200 v long.

In driftwood and other cellulosic material.

Phialophorophoma litoralis Linder

Farlowia 1:403. 1944.

Conidia single-celled, hyaline, ellipsoidal or pyriform,

2.5-4.5 X 1.5-2 h, endogenous.
Conidiophores (phialides) simple or branched, nonseptate,

hyaline, bottle-shaped, with a collarlike, flaring

neck.
Pycnidia innate, ovoid or ellipsoidal, 110-175 y..
In driftwood and other cellulosic material.

Phoma Saccardo

Michelia 2:4. 1880.

Conidia single-celled, ellopsoidal or bacilliform, hya-
line, 1.5-7.5 n.

Pycnidia innate, ellipsoidal or subglobose.

In Laminaria, Spartina, Juncus, various reeds, drift-
wood, and other cellulosic material.

Stemphylium marltimum Johnson

Mycologia 48:844. 1956.

Conidia muriform, ellipsoidal, globose, pyrimidal, or ir-
regular, 19-32 X 17-29 n, dark brown, smooth or
verrucose, constricted at septa.

Conidiophores simple, apiculate.

In driftwood and other cellulosic material.

Trichocladium achrasporum (Meyers & Moore) Dixon

Mycologia 63:237. 1971.

Syn. Culcitalna achraspora Meyers & Moore

Am. J. Bot. 47:349. 1960.
Conidia 3- to 6-celled, clavate, ovate, or broadly obpyri-

form, 15-45 X 8-24 /j; cells increase in size and darken

from base to apex, terminal cells dark brown; dark

cells guttulate; constricted at septa.
Conidiophores simple, short or long, septate, hyaline,

pale yellor or brownish, straight or curved.
In driftwood and other cellulosic material.

Varicosporina ramulosa Meyers & Kohlm.

Can. J. Bot. 43:916. 1965.

Conidia staurosporous, cylindrical, multiseptate, several
radiating arms usually at right angles to each other,
hyaline; most commonly seen as 3 radiating, multicel-
lular, cylindrical hyphal strands to 45 n long.

In Sargassum, Thalassia, and Typha. Absent in colder
waters north of New Jersey.

Zalerion maritimum (Linder) Anastasiou

Can. J. Bot. 41:1136. 1963.

Conidia helicosporous, 1-3 times coiled, multiseptate, all
cells approximately similar in size, to 14 cells long, oc-
casionally longer, deeply constricted at septa, to 12 n in
diameter, fuscous to black.

Conidiophores simple or once-branched, hyaline, yellow,
or pale fuscous, septate.

In driftwood and other cellulosic material.

Zalerion varium Anastasiou

Can. J. Bot. 41:1136. 1963.

Conidia helicosporous, coiled in 3 planes, single or
branched; cells 5.5-13 X 4.5-10.5 n, dark brown to
black; clusters to 65 fx in diameter, occasionally grape-
like clusters.

Conidia simple, fuscous to black.

In driftwood and other cellulosic material.

Phylum EUMYCOPHYTA
Class BASIDIOMYCETES

Ma vibrissa Moore & Meyers

Mycologia 51:874. 1959.

Basidiospores single-celled, ovoid to ellipsoidal, or
broadly ellipsoidal, 7.5-15 X 6.5-15 iu, hyaline; provid-
ed at one end with a single, gelatinous, filiform append-
age to 50 (i long, and 3-5 additional ones similar in
shape but slightly shorter at the opposite end.

Basidiocarp orange to orange-brown.

In Spartina, driftwood, and other cellulosic material.

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

AINSWORTH, G. C.

1971. Ainsworth & Bisby's dictionary of the fungi. 6th ed.
monw. Mycol. Inst., Kew, Surrey, Engl., 663 p.

Com-

16

BARGHOORN, E. S., and D. H. UNDER.

1944. Marine fungi: Their taxonomy and biology. Farlowia
1:395-467.
CAVALIERE, A. R.

1966. Marine Ascomycetes: Ascocarp morphology and its applica-
tion to taxonomy. I. Nova Hedwigia 10:387-398.
1973. Ascomycetes. In Peter Gray (editor), Encyclopedia of mi-
croscopy and microtechnique, 638 p. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.
CAVALIERE, A. R., and T. W. JOHNSON, JR.

1966. Marine Ascomycetes: Ascocarp morphology and its applica-
tion to taxonomy. II- V. Nova Hedwigia 10:399-461.
HUGHES, G. C.

1975. Studies of fungi in oceans and estuaries since 1961. I. Lig-
nicolous, caulicolous and foliicolous species. Oceanogr. Mar.
Biol. Ann. Rev. 13:69-180.

JOHNSON, T. W., JR., and F. K. SPARROW, JR.

1961. Fungi in oceans and estuaries. J. Cramer Weinheim, 668

P-
KIRK, P. W., Jr.

1969. Isolation and culture of lignicolous marine fungi. Mycolo-
gia 61:174-177.
KOHLMEYER, J.

1972. A revision of Halosphaeriacaea. Can. J. Bot. 50:1951-
1963.
KOHLMEYER, J., and E. KOHLMEYER.

1971. Synoptic plates of higher marine fungi. 3rd ed. Lehre
Cramer, 87 p.
SNELL, W. H., and E. A. DICK.

1957. A glossary of mycology. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge,
Mass., 171 p.

47

INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES OF MARINE FUNGI

Alternaria maritime

Amylocarpus encephaloides

Arthrobotiys superba

Asteromyces cruciatus

Botr\ophialophora marina

Camarosporium metableticum

Carbospaerella leptosphaerioides

Ceriosporopsis 19,

cambrensis

halima

tubulifera

Chaetosphaeria chaetosa

Cirrenalia macrocephala

Cladosporium algarum

Clavariopsis bulbosa

Clavatospora stellatacula

Corollospora 19, 20,

comata

cristata

lacera

maritima

trifurcata

Cremasteria cymatilis

Culcitalna

Dendryphiella

arenaria

salina

Dictyosporium pelagicum

Didymella fucicola

Didymosamarospora euryhalina

Didxmosphaeria

danica

enalia

Diplodia oraemaris

Haligena 13,

elaterophora

viscidula

Haloguignardia

oceanica

tumefaciens

Halonectria milfordensis 13,

Halosphaeria 18, 19,

appendiculata

cucullata

hamata

maritima

mediosetigera

pilleata

quadricornuta

quadriremis

37, 44
14, 39
34, 44
34, 44
34, 44
32, 44
28, 39

20, 21

21, 39
21, 40

21, 40
27, 40

38, 45

34, 45
36, 45

35, 45

22, 27

23, 40
23, 40
22, 40
22, 40
22, 40
35, 45

. .46
. . 38
45
45
45
40
40
23
40
41
45
L>9
41
41
15
41
41
41
23
41
II
41
41
11
41
42
41

salina 26, 42

torquata 24, 42

trullifera 25, 42

Humicola alopallonella 35, 45

Keissleriella blepharospora 42

Lentescospora submarina 19, 28, 42

Leptosphaeria 17, 28, 29

albopunctata 31, 42

australiensis 30, 42

contecta 31, 42

discors 30, 42

halima 29, 42

marina 30, 43

maritima 31, 43

oraemaris 30, 43

Lignincola laevis 16, 43

Lindra 13, 14

inflata 14, 43

thalassiae 14, 43

Lulworthia medusa 12, 43

Macrophoma 33, 45

Marinospora calyptrata 20, 43

Massariella maritima 18, 43

Microthelia linderi 17, 43

Monodictys pelagica 37, 45

Mycosphaerella ascophylli 16, 43

Nais inornata 17, 43

Ma uibrissa 11, 46

Orbimyces spectabilis 36, 46

Papulospora halima 32, 46

Periconia prolifica 35, 46

Phialophorophoma litoralis 32, 46

Phoma 33, 46

Phycomelaina laminariae 20, 44

Phyllachorella 41

Pleospora 15

pelagica 15, 44

pelvetiae 15, 44

Remispora 41, 42

Sphaerulina 28, 31

oraemaris 31, 44

pedicellata 31, 44

Stemphylium maritimum 37, 46

Torpedospora radiata 27, 44

Trailia ascophylli 13, 44

Trichocladium achrasporum 38, 46

Varicosporina ramulosa 36, 46

Zalerion 38, 39

maritimum 39, 46

varium 39, 46

18

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Preparation of the "Marine Flora and Fauna of the North-
eastern United States" is being coordinated by the following
Board:

Coordinating Editor:

Melbourne R. Carriker, College of Marine Studies, Marine
Studies Center, University of Delaware, Lewes, DE

19958.

Editorial Advisers:

Marie B. Abbott, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods
Hole, Mass.

Arthur G. Humes, Boston University Marine Program,
Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass.

Wesley N. Tiffney, Department of Biology, Boston Univer-
sity, Boston, Mass.

Ruth D. Turner, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Har-
vard University, Cambridge, Mass.

Roland L. Wigley, National Marine Fisheries Service,
Northeast Fishery Center, Woods Hole, Mass.

Robert T. Wilce, Department of Botany, University of
Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass.

The Board, established the format for the "Marine Flora and
Fauna of the Northeastern United States," invites systematists

to collaborate in the preparation of manuals, reviews
manuscripts, and advises the Scientific Editor of the National
Marine Fisheries Service.

Acknowledgment is made to Gettysburg College for generous-
ly awarding two Faculty Fellowship Grants in support of this
study. In addition, I express appreciation to the staff of the
Biological Marine Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass., and es-
pecially the Duke University Marine Laboratory, Beaufort,
N.C., where most of this work was accomplished. I am grateful
to Jan Kohlmeyer, Institute of Marine Sciences, University of
North Carolina, for critically reviewing the manuscript.
Acknowledgment is made to my students who spend numerous
hours modifying the keys and locating the conspicuous rough
spots so common in works of this kind. Finally, I am indebted to
my wife, Shirlee, for her many suggestions, her help in or-
ganizing several parts of the work, and for typing the
manuscript.

Preparation of this manual was supported in part by a gr*>.nt
from the Environmental Protection Agency to the Editorial
Board of the "Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern
United States." Work on the "Marine Flora and Fauna of the
Northeastern United States" by the Coordinating Editor is sup-
ported by the College of Marine Studies, University of
Delaware.

COORDINATING EDITOR'S COMMENTS

Publication of the "Marine Flora and Fauna of the North-
eastern United States" is most timely in view of the growing un-
iversal emphasis on environmental work and the urgent need for
more precise and complete identification of coastal organisms
than has been available. It is mandatory, wherever possible,
that organisms be identified accurately to species. Accurate
scientific names unlock the great quantities of biological infor-
mation stored in libraries, obviate duplication of research al-
ready done, and make possible prediction of attributes of
organisms that have been inadequately studied.

A. R. Cavaliere began his studies on the taxonomy and mor-
phology of marine Ascomycetes in 1961 as a graduate student at
Duke University. Since that time his work has expanded to in-
clude the occurrence and systematics of marine fungi along
selected areas of the Pacific and Atlantic coasts of the United
States, as well as Nova Scotia and Iceland.

Manuals are available for purchase from the Superintendent
of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C. 20402. The manuals so far published on the series are listed
below.

COOK, DAVID G., and RALPH O. BRINKHURST. Marine flora and fauna of the Northeastern United States. Annelida:

Oligochaeta.
BORROR, ARTHUR C. Marine flora and fauna of the Northeastern United States. Protozoa: Ciliophora.
MOUL, EDWIN T. Marine flora and fauna of the Northeastern United States. Higher plants of the marine fringe.
McCLOSKEY, LAWRENCE R. Marine flora and fauna of the Northeastern United States. Pycnogonida.
MANNING, RAYMOND B. Marine flora and fauna of the Northeastern United States. Crustacea: Stomatopoda.
WILLIAMS, AUSTIN B. Marine flora and fauna of the Northeastern United States. Crustacea: Decapoda.
POLLOCK, LELAND W. Marine flora and fauna of the Northeastern United States. Tardigrada.
LARSON, RONALD J. Marine flora and fauna of the Northeastern United States. Cnidaria: Scyphozoa.
CAVALIERE, A. R. Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States. Higher Fungi: Ascomycetes, Deuteromycetes,

and Basidiomvcetes.

49

<r U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1977—797-074 / 9 REGION 10

388. Proceedings of the first U.S. -Japan meeting on aquaculture at
Tokyo. Japan, October 18-19, 1971. William N. Shaw (editor). (18
papers, 14 authors.) February 1974, iii + 133 p. For sale by the
Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office.
Washington, D.C. 20402.

389. Marine flora and fauna of the northeastern United States.
Crustacea: Decapoda. By Austin B. Williams. April 1974, iii + 50 p., Ill
figs. For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government
Printing Office," Washington, D.C. 20402.

390. Fishery publications, calendar year 1973: Lists and indexes. By
Mary Ellen Engett and Lee C. Thorson. September 1974, iv + 14 p., 1 fig.
For sale bv the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.

391. Calanoid copepods of the genera Spinocaianus and Mimocalanus
from the central Arctic Ocean, with a review of the Spinocalanidae. By
David M. Damkaer. June 1975, x + 88 p., 225 figs., 4 tables. For sale

by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C. 20402.

392. Fishery publications, calendar year 1974: Lists and indexes. By
Lee C. Thorson and Mary Ellen Engett. June 1975, iv + 27 p., 1 fig.

393. Cooperative Gulf of Mexico estuarine inventory and study — Texas:
Area description. By Richard A. Diener. September 1975, vi + 129 p.,
55 figs., 26 tables.

394. Marine Flora and Fauna of the Northeastern United States. Tar-
digrada. By Leland W. Pollock. May 1976, iii + 25 p., figs. For sale
by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D.C. 20402.

395. Report of a colloquium on larval fish mortality studies and their
relation to fishery research, January 1975. By John R. Hunter. May
1976, iii + 5 p. For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.

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