<3 See 3 
sears hata eres 
gee eae eS 


ear 
SNA bet Bt Sak ee 


sinh gue) 


: 
: 


= 


: reat La 
erate nye o> Bom ren ae 
seraee cipre pater ahaa er : 
Betsl essai arnt Fore rR PP ect Le c Bete ele 
BBp eee ren or om nee ee teenager Re I tana en 
Bier rd hte asso: wm Reepen ses sel ep a how neh bya ei he ed een Pig nen at sens hae E 
patisrrtey Brome weren= ol ge re ER RR EAE Sx 
oraty = =; eye FA Pas ero Hal ak ee, eee ie naan ae ag ee Se more eee PP al ede hey 
Stee Eben ara a lt rap ret Se ah eats a neta ee E otic Soak en cine 
SaaS ws aan Be ats OS 9 Be, lea a a ake nee peat eee aaa On 6 Oe at gt ier aoe eee 
= Ft Se ect”: Fee SED es eae aoe ae on ere ae Peron ort sat re oat 
Besse Bees enn aes Fain ana enema ena Bee we ie peta aa eae ea 
PESKY Ppatre gee neha re Ran en are ee ap aot eT a Rohe 
2 4 mr nero r att pene Soe = Sat eh i Oho i <><. 5 
aes Brose rie ens : ae ere RR LR 
ete teste. pepe ae sal Ge Ba SL hgh TEES Pet oa es ty rah ~ 5 Se ewn ne rT ene etic nace nti trate e oa pa pe hak ak Malad a eed 
7 ere - 4 "1 Ser " 2 ou > ed er ee ae ea etl ee ae ae em er a 
the) c a . - : wig Fe. . Nae Oe a AO tek OE ag Og ee Oot Oe OE ie et el rw 
of 7 G ; * i _ oe oe me et we oe gta er ater sear = et ncn nw are a ra A es) 
amen z Se aT a PREIS a ESE arte oe Vejen pe Gn eer eee, 
: ~ Ale we ed aTe Steer Naat tee to tae nan ae ae nn ee ire 
€ os . pe eal en Pin eg 
ae ‘ 


it 


eo ores - = 

Sos A eater 

ee ete 
eee: ee fe lsc ee prem 


3 pt AL TORE Pie Bee EAL 

Se ahd SETS 

lat ae 

Rataee FS a area Men Benne Ke ey? 
oie tn 8, acy AO A Fg 
Steet Sree teresa 
SESS Rye soe neaiaree ie paeaeaes 

Drero aye eee ee 
ee 


+ 


HE iiss ness et ee 
iid aids Ba a 


4 ss eee ot 
: £ S 
ak a ae ea 
Rpleeact onsite te a 
pein rasioes Deen are 
Sit ae ate Le praeeeepeaeact et 
= a Be ess 
Biktgeaic great eon ee 
Saige kept erate tate rate e ret, 
featesa se Reet ages Breit bre gs ia 
poi i Roe ates ait 
Sere SiR See ar 
aS ER eee eee ote 
ne RS Rite tert et Dm oiey Se 
tastes eaten Rrnext ate gee 


ee 
ae ¥ 


met 


© 
ah 


hese 
Sa 


"Begs ape 
{ oa 


4 


Sten 


' any 
- 
Invert, Zoole 
From the ‘TRANSACTIONS OF THE SoutH AFRICAN PHILOSOPHICAL 
Society, Vol. XVII. 


MARINE INVESTIGATIONS 


IN 


SOUTH AFRICA. 


VOL UME ~V. 


WITH TWENTY PLATES. 


NoV 26 1910 
Ne ANS |S Neree 


Sia) Muse” 


Salva 
861 | o NWE 


CAPE TOWN: 
PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY. 


1908. 


CONTENTS. 


THE OPISTHOBRANCHIATA OF SoutH Arrica. By R. BEercu 


A New Species or Planocera (P. Gilchrist?) rrom SoutTH 
Arrica. By Lypia JAcupowa. ; 


New Forms or THE Hemichordata From SoutH AFRICA. 
By J. D. EF. Giucurist 


On A Parasitic Coprrop FRom Cephalodiscus. By W. T. 
CALMAN 


On tHE GENUS Botellina (Carpenter), with A DESCRIPTION 
oF A New Species. By F. Gorpon PEARCEY 


PAGE 


145 


151 


177 


185 


5) SBWTORIAL NOTE. 


y 
a 


Volume VI of the Marine Investigations will 7 
be published in the Annals of the South African 
“Museum. ane 


. oe 
ys - 
= al 
a ies 
+ 7 
: PP here 
igs > 
“ee NC mee. 
Y 4 
a q 
d * Fix R 
4 ’ Ps 


THE OPISTHOBRANCHIATA 


OF 


SOU TE ARP RIGA. 


BY 


R. BERGH, Coprnnacen. 


(Wire FourtEEN PuatEs.) 


The number of Opisthobranchiata hitherto known from the coast 
of South Africa is very small. Krause described a Plewrobranchus 
granulatus, Vayssiére a Plewrobranchea capensis, Rang a Melibe 
rosea, Stimpson a Tritonia pallida and a Triopa lucida. 

The investigations of late years of the Cape Government, carried 
out under the direction of Dr. Gilchrist, have considerably aug- 
mented the number, and have furnished the material for the 
following report. 


The East and South Coasts of South Africa are washed by a 
prolongation of the great equatorial current from the Indian Ocean ; 
the West, on the contrary, by the cold Antarctic current. Some- 
times, however, it happens that the warm Agulhas current passes up 
this side, while at other times the cold Antarctic current passes 
further to the Hast.* In general there is a marked difference 


* Gilchrist, ‘‘ Observations on the Temperature and Salinity of the Sea around 
the Cape Peninsula.” Mar. Inv. I., 1902, pp. 181-216. 
Gilchrist, ‘‘ Currents on the South African Coast, as Indicated by the Course of 
Drift Bottles,” part ii, 1904, pp. 155-166. 
iI 


2 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


between the fauna of the West side of the Cape of Good Hope 
Peninsula and that of the East. The latter has more of a tropical 
Indian character, the former a somewhat more Northern, although 
typically tropical forms of Nudibranchiata (e.g., the Melibe) are not 
wanting. 


TECTIBRANCHIATA. 
ANASPIDEA. 


APLYSIIDA. 
APLYSIIDZ PROPRIA, 


I. Apuysia, L. 
Linné, Syst. Nat., ed. xi., 1767, p. 1072. 
Cuvier, Tableau Elém. (1798) an v., p. 386, pl. ix., fig. 3. 
Lamarck, Syst. des Anim. s.v. 1801, p. 62. 
R. Bergh, Die Opisthobranchiata der Siboga Expedition, 1905, 
Duos 
1. Apu. GincHrRIsTI, B. n. sp. 


Animal colore brunneo albo-maculato. 
Pied igs. 1-37 ele shige 

A living specimen was procured in False Bay in February, 1905 
(Pl. X., fig. 1). It was brown in colour, the sides of the foot with 
many small white spots and white border, the outer border of the 
wings with larger white blotches, and many fine black perpendicular 
lines on their outer side. It swam dexterously and at a fair speed 
through the water. 

The animal, in a contracted condition (preserved in formalin), had 
a length of 6:5 cm. and, with raised parapodia, a height of 3 and a 
breadth of 2°5; the breadth of the head (with its 7 mm. long tenta- 
cles) 2 cm., the height of the rhinophores 6 mm., the length of the 
mantle-shield 2°5 cm., its breadth 2, the length of the sipho 1, the 
breadth of the foot proper (sole) 9 mm., the length of the tail 8, 
the length of the foot-wings 4 cm., with an inside height of 1-7.— 
The colour of the sole of the foot is blackish brown with a whitish 
margin, the animal otherwise of a dark brown colour, whitish rather 
elongate spots on the sides of the body, some also on the outside of 
the wings and a series of larger blots along the margin, the inside of 
the wings of the same brown colour with afew whitish spots towards 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 3 


the whitish margin, the mantle and the sipho of somewhat brighter 
brownish colour with spread roundish whitish spots. 

The animal has large, rather flattened tentacles, the sole of the 
foot not narrow, with distinct margins, the wings high, meeting 
behind and connecting with the tail; on the mantle no aperture 
could be detected, the somewhat grayish gill 22 mm. long by a 
height of 10 and a thickness of 6, nearly its half freely projecting, 
the number of groups of lamellee about 15. 

The shell 2°3 cm. in length with a breadth of 2 and a height of 
about 0:5; of quite usual form, with a thin calcified, very fragile 
layer and a rather large cuticular margin. 

The eyes of a diameter of about 1 mm. 

The length of the mouth tube 3 mm. The bulbus pharyngeus 
erayish, 9 mm. long, with a height and a breadth of 6. The mandi- 
bular plates larger, meeting above and beneath, 4:5 mm. high with a 
breadth of 2:25; their full anterior half black brownish, the rest 
yellowish ; their staff-formed elements up to at least 0-2 mm. high 
by a diameter at the slightly thickened upper end of 0-016. The 
gray palate as usual, its plates with the usual thin hooks of a height 
of up to at least 0°2 mm. The brownish yellow rasp of the broad 
tongue containing about 36 series of plates, in the short and thick 
sheath 10 series, the total number thus being 46; in the series up to 
33 plates. The plates in the thicker parts yellow ; the breadth of the 
median 0-28 mm.; the 4 outermost measured 0:08—0:12-0°18, and 
0-25 mm., the length then rising to 0°35 by a height of 0°24 mm. 
The median plate (Pl. I., fig. 1) not broad, with finely denticulated 
hook and two denticles at its root. The two outer plates (fig. 2a) 
without hook, the next with a small single one, the following with 
denticular hook (fig. 2). The plates otherwise of the usual form, 
with pointed finely denticulated hook and a stronger denticle towards 
its root or (on the outside) with 2-4 (fig. 3). 

The long thin white salivary glands as usual. 

The black cesophagus 10 mm. long by a breadth of 1:25. The first 
stomach nearly colourless, 14 mm. long by a diameter of 10, empty. 
The masticatory stomach, brownish gray, 8 mm. long by a diameter of 
6, two series of rather low thorns before the cardia, the facets of the 
stomach as usual, with 8 larger and about 6 smaller plates, the larger 
of about the same size, of a height of 3-5 mm., dirty yellow, the smaller 
paler, less regularly pyramidal. The third stomach 5 mm. long and 
broad, without facets, as it were. 

The brownish gray conical (aver 14 mm. long by other diameter 
of 9, the end of the long (about 4 mm.) gall-bladder freely projecting 
on the surface of the liver, 


4 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


The yellow hermaphrodite gland covering the end and the hinder 
upper side of the liver with a layer 4 mm. thick, 8 mm. long, and 
7 mm. broad, its duct long and strong. The yellowish white and 
grayish anterior genital mass as usual, the grayish globular spermato- 
theca 6 mm. in diameter. The brownish gray penis 11 mm. long 
by a diameter of 2°25, nearly cylindrical, the inside of the prasputium 
with strong blackish longitudinal folds ; the white glans 7 mm. long, 
very pointed, somewhat turned, with rather deep furrow. 


2. APL. ALLOCHROA, B. n. sp. 
Pl. I., figs. 4-10. 


Two individuals of nearly the same size were caught at Knysna at 
low tide on the shore between the jetty and the village. One of them 
gave off a good deal of red pigment. 

The length was 25 mm. with a breadth of 10 and a height of 11, 
the oval mantle 12 mm. long, its round hole of a diameter of 8, the 
sipho 4mm. long by a breadth of 3, the length of the somewhat 
flattened gill 5 with a breadth of 2 mm.; the foot 4 mm. broad, the 
wings 13 mm. long, their height (on the inside) 5, the length of the 
tail 4. They were one-coloured, yellow, merely the cleft of the 
rhinophores and the tentacles black and on the free inner margin 
of the foot-wings a series of small black spots, the gill slightly 
brownish. 

The skin quite smooth all over. The foot-wings coalescent 
behind. The under-side of the mantle brim brown, richly provided 
with small glands. The shell (fig. 4) very difficult to see and to 
loosen, 11 mm. long with a diameter of 9, very flattened, very thin 
cuticular, with small nucleus, without any trace of calcification, 
nearly colourless. 

The central nervous system as usual. 

The bulbus pharyngeus dirty yellowish, 5 mm. long with a breadth 
of 3°5 and a height of 3; two grayish, as it were, palate plates shone 
through the roof of the mouth cavity, but no trace of armature could 
be detected. The longish triangular mandibles brown, anteriorly 
nearly black, 1°75 mm. high by a breadth up to 1, their elements 
(fig. 5) up to 0:18 mm. in height by a diameter of 0:009. The rasp 
of the tongue yellowish brown, containing 22 rows of plates, in 
addition 15 in the sheath, the total number of the series thus being 
37; about 20 plates in the rows. These last with exception of the 
2-3 outer brownish yellow; the length of the 6 outer (fig. 8) was 
0-06—-0-08-0:1-0°12-0:'18-0°25, and seemed not to become higher, 
the breadth of the median plates 0:35 mm. These last (fig. 6) with 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 5 


finely denticulated hook and at the base of this two pointed denticles. 
The first lateral plates (fig. 7) with strong hook finely denticulated 
on the margins and at its base two strong denticles. On most of the 
lateral plates the margins of the hook were even, but at its base two 
pointed denticles on each side; the 4-5 outer (fig. 8) had no hook. 

The salivary glands as usual. 

The first stomach 8 mm. long by a diameter of 7, at its pylorus 
two series of irregularly roundish facets. The masticatory stomach 
brownish, of a diameter of 3 and a length of 2.5 mm., showing 9 
larger and 4 smaller plates, all yellow, the first up to 15 mm. high, 
of the usual pyramidal form, the later partly more conical (fig. 9). 
The third stomach 2 mm. long, around its cardiac opening a few 
rounded tubercles; but no thorns could be found. The liver brownish 
gray, sackformed, 10 mm. long by diameter of 6. 

The hermaphrodite gland in colour scarcely differmg from the 
liver, in the male and female lobules ripe genital elements. The 
somewhat compressed anterior genital mass about 5 mm. long, 
whitish and yellowish, the sperm-oviduct 6 mm. long. The penis 
(fig. 10) straightened out 6 mm. long, yellowish, the white glans in 
its hinder end 1 mm. long, to its posterior end a small prostata gland 
seemed affixed (fig. 10). 


This form represents perhaps a new species. 


3. APL. GARGANTUA, B. n. sp. 
RB higs ot Pl, he: at. 


One individual was taken on the beach at Simon’s Town (2.11.99). 

Preserved in formalin it had a length of 18 cm. by a breadth of 7°5 
and a height of 6:7 cm., the length of the side of the head from the 
mouth to the end of the tentacles 3 cm. (on each side) by a breadth 
of 1:8, the tentacles and the rhinophores 7 mm. long. The mantle 
7:5 em. long by a breadth of 4:5, its sipho 2°8 em. long with a breadth 
of 1:8. The gill is of a length of 4 cm. with a height of 2-2, and 
a breadth of 2, the number of tufts of lamelle on each side 
about 15. The foot-wings (parapodia) reaching from the region 
behind the rhinophores to the tail, the height of the wings on the 
inside up to 3°5 em.—The ground colour of the whole of the back 
with the wings and mantle clear brownish gray with very many 
irregular rather large white spots, the upper half of the inside of the 
wings coloured in the same way here as on the mantle, the spots 
often confluent in large patches, the lower part of the inside of the 
wings whitish, the sides of the body grayish, the foot dirty yellowish 
white. 


6 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


The form of the animal as usual, the fore end of the head rather 
large, the tentacles proper and the rhinophores rather small, the 
male genital opening at the root of the (right) head-wing (about 
9 mm. from the mouth). The seminal furrow very distinct, the 
vulva rather thick. The mantle a little convex, without hole (to 
the shell); the posterior third of the gill freely projecting, the anal 
aperture flat, the branchio-pericardial on usual place. The margin 
on the foot-wings finely crenulated, the foot rounded anteriorly, 
with pronounced marginal furrow. 

The shell measured (floating in water) 6 em. in length bya breadth 
of 4, the height was about 7 mm.; it was quite cuticular, somewhat 
yellowish, without trace of calcification, the nuclear part very small 
(fig. 11). 

The cavity of the body extends to the root of the tail. 

The central nervous system as usual. 

The mouth tube 8 mm. long, grayish, darker on the inside. The 
bulbus pharyngeus 17 mm. long with a breadth of 13 and a height 
of 12 mm., whitish with gray palate, the thick rasp-sheath forming 
a prominence on the under side. The mandibles 9 mm. high with a 
breadth of 4:5 and a thickness of about 0°3, the posterior margin 
convex, the anterior somewhat concave ; the colour brownish yellow, 
the anterior half darker; the elements high, rather straight, up to 
03mm. long (fig. 12) with diameter of 0:007 mm. The median part 
of the palate as usual, the thorns of the lateral parts thin, colourless, 
somewhat bent, of a height up to 0°20 mm. (fig. 13). The large 
tongue with brownish yellow rasp ; the whole organ was so hardened 
that a proper examination was impossible; the rasp contained per- 
haps about 30 and the sheath about 12 rows of plates. The median 
plates could not be seen; the length of the body of the six outer 
laterals was 0:04—-0-08—0°10—0:20-0:25 and 0°30 mm., and did not 
seem to be more ; that of the innermost scarcely exceeded 0°25 mm.; 
the colour of the plates yellow. The lateral plates (figs. 14-16) nearly 
of the usual form, with long pointed hook, whose inferior half bore 
denticles, larger on the outer margin, the upper half with some very 
fine denticles. The outer plates are much smaller, nearly or quite 
reduced to the basal plate (fig. 15a). 

The salivary glands a little depressed, yellowish white, about 
4 cm. long, with a breadth in the anterior part of 2 mm., their duct 
very short. 

The cesophagus (PI. II., fig. la) rather dark gray, 2 mm. long with 
a breadth of 5. It dilates suddenly in (fig. 1) the anterior stomach, 
which is somewhat bent, before smooth, and with some (8) strong 
circular bands. The length of this rather stiff, somewhat cylindrical 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 7 


stomach was 3°5 cm. with a diameter of 1:6 (the gray folds of the 
cesophagus continued through the foremost part of the stomach. 
Its cavity was filled with long, whitish, somewhat ramified threads of 
an alga of a diameter mostly of 0°6-0'75 mm.). The second, masti- 
catory stomach 1:3 cm. long by a diameter of 2 (fig. 1c); in the 
cardia a belt of smaller plates, set in 3-5 irregular quincunx-series 
(figs. 17, 18); behind these the two series of larger plates (fig. 175) ; 
these last of a dirty brown colour, mostly of the pyramidal form, 
sometimes (fig. 18) more hornlike, rising to a height of 8 mm.; the 
plates of the cardial belt smaller, less regular, sometimes pointed- 
conical rising to a height of 4 mm. The third stomach (fig. 1d) 
2 em. long by a diameter of 2°3, its wall thinner than that of the 
two other; it passes immediately in the intestine (fig. le), which 
has a diameter of 7:5 mm., and as usual runs in the surface of 
the liver. 

The liver blackish gray, black in section, 4°5 em. long by a height 
of 3 and a breadth of 3°5 cm. 

The hermaphrodite gland placed obliquely on the hinder end of 
the liver whitish, of a breadth of 3 cm., with a height of 2, and 
a thickness up to 12 cm., rather smooth on the free side; in the 
lobules ripe genital elements. The duct rather short, of a diameter 
of 4 mm., forming an ampulla with short windings, extending 
along the whole side of the anterior genital mass. The anterior 
genital mass large. The muco-albuminous mass oviform, of a 
length of 20 by a diameter of 11 mm., yellowish in the pos- 
terior two-thirds, with some (4) grayish spirally circular bands. 
The strong, nearly cylindrical spermoviduct nearly as long as the 
whole gland by a diameter of 8 mm., the under half brown, the 
upper yellowish. The spermatotheca globular, of a diameter of 
9 mm., its duct a little longer. The penis a little bent (Pl. L, 
fig. 19), 15 mm. long, at its hinder end a strong retractor. This 
hinder end globular, of 3 mm. diameter, whitish; the rest, the 
preputium, 12 mm. long, grayish. The inside of the praputium 
darker, with longitudinal folds, of which two stronger are continued 
in the furrow of the glans; from the bottom of the preputial 
cavity projected (fig. 20) the pointed head of the glans, show- 
ing a furrow, which is continued up into the small cavity of the 
rest of the glans (fig. 21); in retracted state of the penis situated 
behind the preputium (fig. 19a), it did not show any glandular 
structure. 


This form may represent a new species. 


8 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


4, APL. LOBATA, B. n. sp. 
Pl. IL., figs. 8-12. 


One specimen was procured from Woodstock beach (Table Bay) ; 
it was preserved in a rather contracted condition. 

It was 3 cm. long with a breadth of 2°65 and a height of 2; 
the length of the mantle shield 2:3 with a breadth of 1:7, the length 
of its hole 6 mm., the sipho about 8 mm. high with a breadth of 10, 
the height of the foot-wings (on the inside) 14 mm., the breadth 
of the foot 9mm. The animal was dirty yellowish white in colour. 

The foot-wings with grossly undulated margin. They both showed 
at about the middle of their length a perpendicular fissure with a 
smaller one before and behind. They coalesced posteriorly, and in 
front nearly covered the head with a prominent lobe 8 mm. long. 
The mantle very large and prominent; the gill bent, 13 mm. long, 
with a breadth of 7 and a thickness of 4. The whole body was 
quite smooth. 

The shell (fig. 8) of usual form, 2°2 cm. long with a breadth 
of 1:7, very thin, its calcareous layer broken in many small pieces. 

The foot-wings were of curious form, lobed and both so sym- 
metrical that it scarcely could be by mutilation. The gill with 
about twelve compound pairs of lamelle, the last third freely 
projecting, the anus and the renal pore very distinct. 

The bulbus pharyngeus 8 mm. long with a breadth and a height 
of 6; the mandibular plates 1:5 mm. broad, dirty yellow, their 
elements (fig. 9) somewhat bent, of a height up to 0°22 mm. 
with a diameter of 0:013, a little flattened at the point. The palate 
thorns erect, plump, of a height up to 0:06 mm. The brownish 
yellow rasp of the tongue contained 32 series of plates, in the 
sheath 18, the total number of plates being therefore 50, the 
number of plates in the series 15. The plates yellow, the median 
0:35 mm. broad, the length of the basal part of the four outer lateral 
plates 0-06-0°10-0:14-0:20 mm., and mounting up to 0°30, that 
of the first (inmost) 0°28 mm. ‘The median plates (fig. 10) with 
three denticles at the base of the finely denticulated hook ; the lateral 
plates (fig. 10) with finely denticulated hook, with one denticle at 
the inside of its root, with 2-3 on its outside ; the 3(—4) outer lateral 
plates (fig. 11) without hook. 

The masticatory stomach small, 4 mm. long with a diameter of 4 ; 
it showed about five clear yellowish white pyramids of a height 
of about 2°56 mm.; close at the cardiac end 2-3 series of small 
roundish tubercles. The liver yellow. 

The penis (fig. 12) 9 mm. long, no armature. 

This form seems to represent a definite species. 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 9 


5, APL. EUSIPHONATA, B. n. sp. 
BI. figs, 6-15, 


Of this form one specimen was procured in May, 1902, at Hast 
London. 

It hada length of 8°5 em. by a height of 5 and a breadth of 4:6 ; 
the height of the rhinophores and tentacles was 5 mm., the length 
of the foot-wings was 6:5, their height (on the inside) 2 cm.; the 
length of the mantle 3:3 cm., the breadth 2°4 ; the height of the large 
sipho 2-2 em., its breadth at the base 2°6, at the upper end 1:2 cm. ; 
the breadth of the foot 2 em.—The ground colour of the upper side, 
whitish, the head and the neck blackish, due to black partly con- 
fluent stripes; the outside and inside of the foot-wings with spread 
rather large irregular black spots; the mantle clear grayish with 
a few black spots and some black stripes radiating from the centre ; 
the foot clear dirty yellowish. 

The form as usual. The foot-wings large, reaching to the root 
of the very short tail, their margin very slightly undulated, the 
outside and the inside quite smooth. The mantle of oval circuit, 
the anterior end a little more pointed, on the centre of the somewhat 
convex upper side there may be a fine opening; the sipho (figs. 5, 6) 
very large, embracing a great part of the upper side, fixed to the 
hinder wall; the anus was seen in the upper part of the siphonal 
channel; the large mantle quite covered the gill with exception 
of its pointed end (fig. 6). In the mantle no trace of a shell could 
be found. The somewhat brownish gill strongly curved, the chorda 
measured 14 mm., its height 11, its thickness 6 mm., on the 
underside a broad furrow between the lamelle ; its last fourth freely 
projecting. 

The central nervous system as in other true Aplysiz ; the pleural 
ganglia not half as large as the pedal, lying next to these and 
before them. 

The length of the mouth tube 5 mm. The bulbus pharyngeus 
10 mm. long by a height and a breadth of 8. The hooks of the gray 
palate as usual, somewhat grayish, as much as 0°20 mm. high (fig. 8). 
The mandibular plates strong, brown, broader in the upper end, 
4 mm. high by a breadth of 2°5 and a thickness of 0°25 mm. ; their 
high elements (fig. 7) of a diameter of 0:009 mm. The tongue with 
brown rasp, containing 28 rows of plates, in the sheath 18, 
the total number of rows being thus 46; the number of lateral 
plates on each side of the median about 26. The plates were 
yellow, only the outer nearly colourless; the breadth of the median 
0:25 mm.; the length of the body of the first lateral 0°25, the length 


10 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


rising to 0°30 mm., the body of the four outer measuring 0:10- 
0:14-0-18-0-29 mm. in length. The median plates (fig. 9) some- 
what plump, their legs rather short, their hook strong, and den- 
ticulated along the margins; the lateral plates (figs. 10-12) of the 
usual form, the strong hook with 4-5 denticles at the root of the 
outer margin, the point with fine denticles, mostly somewhat stronger 
on one margin; the 4 outer smaller (fig. 13), two without any 
trace of a hook, and the next with a short one without denticles. 

The grayish cesophagus 6 mm. long. The yellowish first stomach 
somewhat curved, 17 mm. long by a diameter of 10. The mastica- 
tory stomach 6 mm. long by a diameter of 10:5 ; it showed arranged 
in usual way 10 larger plates and in front 8 smaller; the plates 
of usual form, pyramidal, of reddish brown colour, of a height up to 
4mm. The posterior stomach 8 mm. long by diameter of 7; in 
its cardiac part fine folds, on the pyloric margin a series of yellow 
conical and pyramidal plates, 1-1:5 mm. high, always with broken 
or worn point (fig. 14).—The gray contents of the stomachs formed 
of different alg, undeterminable detritus and very small sand- 
particles. The intestine as usual. 

The dirty dark-gray liver nearly globular, 2-4 cm. long by a breadth 
of 2-2 and a height of 2 cm. 

The yellowish white hermaphrodite gland about 14 mm. broad by 
height of 12 and a thickness of 4; its duct running with its short 
windings along the whole of the under-side of the anterior genital 
mass. This last, the albumino-mucous gland, 8 mm. long by a 
height of 5 and a breadth of 4, yellowish white with the usual spiral 
white band. The sperm-oviduct a little curved, 8 mm. long by 
diameter of 2, quite as usual; the short pyriform spermatotheca 
3 mm. Jong, the spermatocysta half as large. The yellowish 
preputium (fig. 15a) 8 mm. long, the retracted glans bent, 4 mm. 
long, more whitish, with transparent furrow, with strong retractor 
muscle. The inside of the preputium grayish, in front black, 
nowhere in the penis any trace of armature. 


6. APL. PorKILIA, B. n. sp. 
Pl. IL., figs. 20-21; Pl. IIL, figs. 1-4. 

A single specimen was found at Kalk Bay (in Simon’s Bay); it had 
coloured the preserving fluid brownish. 

It was 7 cm. long by a breadth of 3 and a height also of 3 cm. ; 
the length of the tentacles and of the rhinophoria 8 mm. ; the length 
of the foot-wings 4 cm., by a height on the inside of 1:3; the length 
of the mantle 3 cm. by a breadth of 2-2; the foot was 1 cm. broad.— 
The ground colour of the upper side was grayish white, but for the 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 11 


most part disappearing through large confluent or anastomosing 
irregular black spots; the mantle with strong spots and stripes 
radiating from about the centre; similar markings occurred on the 
upper part of the inside of the foot-lobes reaching to their margin, 
the rest being grayish white, as were also the side parts of the body 
adjoining the mantle; the foot grayish white. 

The form of the usual type, the foot-lobes free as far as their 
hinder end; the mantle without hole; the siphonal mantle-fold 
rather flat, 6 mm. long by a breadth of 2-2; the gill as in the 
former species. 

The shell 22 mm. long by a breadth of 20 and a height up to 
4 mm. (fig. 1); the cuticular margin rather broad, else the shell 
was yellow, rather solid, with a prominent nucleal part. 

The grayish bulbus pharyngeus short, pear-formed, 10 mm. long by 
a breadth and height of 9. The mahogany brown mandibles strong, 
5 mm. high by a breadth of 3; their elements (with a diameter of 
0:007 to 0:30 mm.) high, thin, their upper point bent (fig. 20). The 
palatal hooks nearly colourless, weak and thin, reaching to a height 
of 0:24 m., by a diameter at the base of 0-035 (fig. 21). The strong 
tongue contained in the yellow rasp 32 series of plates, in the 
sheath 22, the total number of the series being thus 54. The 6 
foremost series were very incomplete and the plates mostly damaged ; 
the 6 hindermost in the sheath not quite developed. The number 
of lateral plates on each side of the median was 25. The plates 
were yellow, the breadth of the median (between the legs) 0 28 mm., 
the length of the first lateral 0-26. The median plates (fig. 2) of 
usual form with serrulated hook, and on either side of it two denticles. 
The inner lateral plates (fig. 3) were also of the common form, 
with serrate hook and two denticles at its base (fig. 4). 

The cesophagus was developed posteriorly into a proventricle. 
The masticatory stomach nearly cylindrical, 9 mm. long, with the 
usual armature, the plates faint yellowish. The grayish-brown liver 
28 mm. long by a height and breadth of 17. 

The hermaphrodite gland yellowish white, 15 mm. broad by a 
length of 10 and a thickness of 4-5 mm. The anterior genital mass 
yellowish white, 15 mm. long by height of 7 and a thickness of 
4 mm.; the yellowish-white spermatotheca globular, of a diameter 
of 9 mm., the pear-formed spermatocysta 2°56 mm. long. The 
grayish penis somewhat bent, 15 mm. long; the more whitish 
glans conical, 4 mm. long (without armature). 


The colour of the animal, its mandibles, and perhaps the nature 
of the palatal hooks seem to indicate a definite species. 


12 Marine Investagations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


7. Apt. Woop, B. n. sp. 
Pi Th igs: 1319: 

Together with a specimen of Doridiwm capense, one individual of 
this Aplysia was procured on the shore, East London (23.5.1902).* 

The furrow of the rhinophores and tentacles was velvet-black, - 
otherwise the animal was whitish with scattered traces of gray. Its 
length was 3 cm. by a breadth of 1:7 and a height of 1:6; the 
length of oval mantle 12 mm., the length of its oval hole 5, the 
length of the sipho 5, the gill 14 mm. long by a breadth of 4; the 
length of the foot-wings 18 mm. by a height (on the inside) of 7. 

The end of the sole of the foot was developed in a strange way, 
perhaps pathologically. It formed, as it were, a roundish dise 
(fig. 13) of a diameter of 9 mm., a little elevated and limited to the 
rest of the foot on the sides and in front. The wings of the foot 
passed one into the other behind ; the strong sipho broadly gaping ; 
the large pallial gland with cells of uncommon size. 

The rather flattened shell (fig. 14), of a length of 13 by a breadth 
of 8 mm., very thin, cuticular with very slight and spread traces of 
calcination, with a small uncalcified nucleus, somewhat pointed in 
front. 

The central nervous system quite as in other true Aplysiz. 

The mouth tube on the outside and the inside dark gray. The 
bulbus pharyngeus 7 mm. long by a breadth of 4 and a height of 
3:0. The mandibles dirty yellow, 3 mm. high by a breadth of 
2; their elements (fig. 15) reaching a height of 0°25 by a diameter 
of 0:013. The rasp of the tongue yellow, perhaps containing 19 
and the sheath 18 rows of plates, on each side of the median plates 
probably about 30 lateral. The plates yellow; the breadth of the 
median 0:24 mm.; the length of the basal plate of the first lateral 
0:20, of the second 0-023; the length of the four outermost 0-05- 
0-08-0:08-0-13 mm. The median plates (fig. 16) broad, with short 
and broad hook, which is serrated as far as the pointed end; the 
three outermost lateral plates (fig. 19) small, without hook; the 
other plates are similar in form, have a very pointed hook with a 
strong denticle on each side; the innermost (fig. 17) had moreover 
some finer denticles on the outer margin of the hook, which were 
absent on the rest (figs. 18, 19). 

The white salivary glands quite as usual. 

The pharynx gray. The cesophagus whitish, 10 mm. long by a 
diameter of 4. The first stomach 4 mm. long and broad, at the pylorus 


* Tt is named after Mr. John Wood, Kast London, who has rendered valuable 
service in the discovery of this and other marine animals new to science. 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 18 


two series of (about 10) short cones. The masticatory stomach 4 mm. 
long by a diameter of 5; its armature as usual, but the pyramids 
were nearly all gone; these were of the usual form, clear yellowish, 
transparent. The third stomach 5 mm. long by a breadth of 3:5; 
at its cardiac end distinct round impressions left by cones, which 
were absent. 

The grayish brown liver irregularly globular, its greatest diameter 
being 10 mm. ; the gall-bladder whitish. 

The white hermaphrodite gland 4 mm. broad by a height of 3 
and a thickness of 2, somewhat meniscus formed; in its lobules 
ripe genital elements (zoosperms). The penis whitish, grayish in 
front. The conical white glans 1°5 mm. long. 


This form seems allied to the Apl. Siboge (i.c., 1905, p. 9, 
taf. vi., figs. 36-42; taf. vil., figs. 1-6). 


8. APL. MONOCHROA, B. n. sp. 
Pl. L., figs. 22-24; Pl. II., figs. 2-7. 

Three specimens were procured at Hermanus on January 15, 1897. 
Two individuals were dissected. 

They were of about the same size, and otherwise resembled each 
other, were uniformly white, except that the inside of the rhinophores 
and tentacles was blackish brown. 

The largest one was 4:5 cm. long by a breadth of 2 and a 
height of 2-5; the foot-wings reaching to the head, 2:5 c.m. long by 
a height (on the inside) of 1; the length of the oval mantle-hole 
7:5 mm. (fig. 22), the white foot 10 mm. broad. 

The form was as usual; the whole of the back quite even. The 
shell rather variable in form, thin, in one specimen quite cuticular, 
in another merely in the two posterior thirds slightly calcified, 18 mm. 
long by a breadth of 16, rather depressed (fig. 2). Near the 
hinder end of the mantle-hole, a little to the right, the mantle sends 
out a sort of siphonal (expiratory) fold separated from the free 
mantle margin protecting the gill (fig. 22). The curved whitish gil/ 
13 mm. long by a height up to 8 and a breadth to 4:5 mm., the 
rhachis rather strong, on each side about 18 tufts of lamelle ; 
the gill projecting freely by about a third. The foot rather narrow, 
somewhat broader in front. 

The mouth tube 4 mm. long. The whitish bulbus pharyngeus 
65-7 mm. long by a breadth and a height of 6; the yellowish 
mandible-plates not broad, their thin elements of a height up to 
0:12 mm. by a diameter of 0-007 (fig. 23). The palate in the middle 
with the usual network with glands; the palatal plates weak, with 


14 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


thin, colourless hooks (fig. 24) up to the height of 0:08 mm. by 
diameter of 0:007—0:016. 

The rasp of the strong éongue yellow, with 18-19 series of plates, 
in the sheath 17-18, the total number of series thus being 35-37. 
In the series 17-18 lateral plates on each side of the median. The 
plates yellow, the median 0:28 mm. broad; the length of the four 
outermost (:6—0:14—0:16-0:20. The median plates (fig. 4) of the 
usual form, with finely denticulated hook and 2-3 denticles at its 
base. The lateral plates of the usual form (figs. 5-7), the three 
outermost without any trace of hook, the next with a rudiment, the 
following of the usual form, but the hook without denticles, which 
begin on the sixth to eighth (figs. 6-7). 

The cesophagus in its posterior half developed into a proventriculus. 
The masticatory stomach nearly cylindrical, stiff, 3 mm. long by 
diameter of 4; in both individuals eight larger pyramids, bright 
yellowish up to 2 mm. high, and four smaller, more irregular, mostly 
bluntly conical. 

The lover yellowish white, on section yellow, 2 cm. long by a 
height of 1:5 and a breadth of 1:3-1:5; a small whitish gall- 
bladder was very distinct. 

A branchio-renal pore was very distinct deep under the root of the 
gill. The sub-branchial gland well developed. 

The hermaphrodite gland white. The proper albumino-mucous 
mass 9-10 mm. long by a height of 7-9 and a thickness of 4; the 
sperm-oviduct 10 mm. long; the globular spermatotheca of a 
diameter of 5mm. The penis long, whitish, at its hinder end a small, 
apparently glandular, appendix (fig. 3a). (No armature, neither of 
the small whitish glans nor of the preputium.) 


The form here examined seems to represent a new species. 


II. DotaBewua, Lam. 


Lamavck, Syst. des Anim. s. Vert., 1801, p. 62. 

Cuvier, Mém. sur la Dolabella &c., Ann. du Mus. v., 1804, p. 435. 

Rang, Hist. Nat. des Aplysiens, 1828, pp. 45-49, pl. i.-i., xxiv., 

fig. 1. 

Bergh, Die Opisthobranchiaten der Siboga Expedition, 1905, 

« pp. 13-20. 

Corpus postice latius oblique truncatum ; parapodiis brevioribus, 
apertura branchiali breviori angustiori. ‘esta pro majore parte 
nuda, fortior, nonnihil securiformis, margine sinistro crassiori, 
postice angustior, dextrorsum emarginata et parte nucleali deorsum 
incurvata carina postica prominenti instructa., 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Socrety. Vol. XVII. 15 


Systema nervosum ut in Aplysiis propriis. Radula (lingue) 
dentibus medianis elongatis, dentibus lateralibus numerosis non 
denticulatis.—Glandula hermaphrodisiaca hepati non connata. 


This animal, with its peculiar form, was first noticed by Rumph 
(D’Amboin. Rariteitkammer, 2 ed., 1741, N. x., N. 5), who figured 
the animal as well as its shell, but without any description. On the 
figure of the shell, given by Rumph, Lamarck established the 
genus Dolabella, which was adopted by Cuvier and afterwards by 
malacologists. 


The form of the animal is quite peculiar, differing from that of all 
other Aplysiide ; it is posteriorly broader, and terminates in a 
roundish oblique large disk, to the middle of which the rather 
narrow, longish branchial slt is continued. The somewhat dolabri- 
form shell well calcified, with thickened left margin; the hinder part 
narrower, its right margin is notched; the hind end thicker, bent 
downwards and to the right, with a sharp, prominent keel. 

The central nervous system as in the Aplysiz proper. 

The rasp (of the tongue) has longish median plate and long series 
of undenticulated lateral plates. 

The hermaphrodite gland not coalescent with the liver. 


The genus seems confined to the Red Sea, the Indian and Pacific 
Oceans. 

As the form called by Cuvier Dolabella Rumphit cannot now be 
determined, this name must be reserved for the form figured by 
Rang. This author has, moreover, drawn up a small series of 
species (D. Hasseltii, Terenudi, ecaudata* (truncata), and still others 
have been named by Ehrenberg, Qouy and Gaimard, Sowerby, 
Stearns (D. Hemprichu, tongana, elongata, californica +); some of 
them are merely established on the shell, which is rather variable in 
form, and some are very likely merely varieties of a very widely 
distributed species. 


Dou. Rumputt, (Cuv.) Rang, var. 
(D. Rumphu, Cuv., l.c., p. 487, pl. xxix., fig. 1.) 
D. Rumphi, Rang, l.c., p. 46, pl. 1. 
Aplysia tongana, Q. et G., Voy. de l’Astrolabe, i1., 1832, p. 305, 
pl. 23, figs. 6-7. 


o 


* V.d. Decken, ‘‘ Reisen in Ostafrica,’’ iii., 1869; v. Martens, ‘‘ Mollusken,’’ 
p- 65: Dolabella ecauda, Rang (Zanzibar). 
+ Tryon and Pilsbry, ‘‘ Man. of Conchology,”’ xvi., 1895-96, pp. 151-160, 


16 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


Dolabella Hasseltii, Fér. Eliot, Notes on Tectibr. and Naked Moll. 
from Samoa. Proc. Ac. Philadelphia, 1899, p. 515, pl. xix., 
fee co 

(Dolabella callosa, Lam. Syst. des Anim., s. v. 1801, p. 62.) 

Dolabella Rumphu, Cuv., Rang. Bgh., l.c., 1905, pp. 13-20; 
taf. vil., figs. 22-40; taf. vii., figs. 1-7 (9). 


Pl. XIV., figs. 10-20. 


One specimen was procured at Hast London and preserved in 
formalin. 

The length of the individual was 12 cm. by a breadth of 9 and a 
height up to 6:3; the length of the posterior disk was 7°5 cm. by a 
breadth of 8°5 (the breadth of its brim 1:2); the length of the 
branchial slit 7 em. by a breadth at both ends of 1; the height of 
the sipho 9 mm., that of the parapodia 13, of the (contracted) 
rhinophoria 6 mm. ; the length of the curved gill in a straight line 
3°5 cm. by a breadth of 2°3 and a thickness of 1°83 cm. The animal 
was one-coloured, yellowish white, the gill less bright. 

The shell of typical form (figs. 12, 13), 4°3 em. long by a breadth 
of 3:3; the crest on the hinder end not strong ; the calcareous layer 
on the under side of the strong yellowish cuticula broken in pieces in 
front, the upper as well as the under side of the shell chalk-white. 

The form of the animal was typical, the branchial fissure reaching 
to about the middle of the hinder disk. The back with rather 
numerous (fig. 11) small pointed cones of a height of 2-4 mm., as 
also the hinder disk, as well as its somewhat laciniated brim 
(fig. 10). The seminal furrow in its first part running in the 
depth between the parapodia for a length of 2 cm., then continued 
forwards to the male genital opening under the right tentacle. The 
mouth, the sipho, the anus, and the pallial gland as usual. Nearly 
the posterior half of the gill projects freely ; on either side it showed 
about ten strong compound chief lamellae; at the base of the 
frenulum of the gill the reno-branchial aperture. The common 
genital opening as usual. 

The central nervous system agrees with that of the true Aplysiz, 
and is quite different from that of the Notarchide, with which group 
the Dolabelle otherwise show affinities; the visceral ganglia thus 
situated far backwards (on the side of the spermatotheca). The 
nearly coalescent cerebral ganglia measure in breadth nearly 4 mm. ; 
the cerebro-pleuro-pedal connectives about 13 mm. long ; the pleuro- 
pedal ganglionic mass 8 mm. broad ; the pleural ganglia scarcely 
half as large as the pedal.* 


* Cf. Amaudrut, Bull. Soc. Philom., x., 1886, pp. 68-74, 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 17 


The very retracted and contracted mouth tube about 7 mm. long. 
The plump bulbus pharyngeus 15 mm. long and high by a breadth 
of 12, of usual form, with the end of the rasp-sheath somewhat 
prominent on the lower side posteriorly ; the strong inferior retractor 
muscles of the bulbus issuing from the region of the margin of the 
hinder disk of the body. The strong, somewhat brittle mandible 
plates of a length of 7 mm. by a breadth of 3°8 and a thickness of 
0-4 mm.; they were yellowish brown on the free side, on the breach 
yellowish white; their closely set angularly cylindrical elements of 
a diameter of 0:016 mm. (fig. 19). On each side of the palate a thin, 
dirty yellowish plate, 3 mm. broad, densely set with (fig. 18) horny, 
compressed hooks, of form as in other Aplysiide, of a length up to 
0-8 mm. by a breadth to 0:10. This spinous covering continued a 
little behind the roof of the pharynx. The large tongue with deep 
cleft; the rasp brownish yellow, containing 42 se ies of plates 
(counted at the margin of the rasp), in the sheath 44, of which 
the 5 hindermost are not fully developed; the total number of 
series about 86; the 6 foremost on the tongue very incomplete and 
partly damaged. The number of plates in the series seemed to be 
about 200. The plates were yellow; the length of the median was 
about 0:20 by a breadth up to 0:07 mm.; the height of the two 
outermost lateral plates was about 0:14-0:16 mm.; through the 
series the height of these plates rose to 037 mm. ‘The median 
plates in form very different from those of the proper Aplysie, 
longish, narrower in front, with a small denticulated hook at 
the anterior end (figs. 14, 15); the lateral plates of ordinary hook 
form (figs. 16-17). 

The yellowish white salivary glands long, reaching to the cardia, 
nearly cylindrical, of a diameter of 2 mm., thinner behind ; the 
efferent duct quite short. 

The length of the gray @sophagus with its dilatation (proven- 
triculus) 4 cm. by a diameter of 7-12 mm., its interior with fine 
longitudinal folds and plump villi. The (masticatory) stomach 
brownish gray, somewhat roundish, of a (transverse) diameter of 
2°5 em. by a length and height of 1-7; the usual nerves run along 
this stomach, anastomosing at the pylorus and forming a cirele around 
this, and then continued on the second stomach. The anterior part 
of this stomach had 8 somewhat depressed angular-roundish facets 
belonging to the stomach plates, and behind them 2-3 series of 
smaller and less regularly set facets. The 8 large very hard 
stomach plates were irregularly pyramidal; the broad basis convex, 
very smooth; the height and the breadth nearly the same, 7-9 mm. ; 
the base and the top brown; otherwise the base was chalk-white, 

2 


18 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


Behind these plates 10 somewhat smaller followed, mostly rather 
compressed, more irregular, yellow, of a height of 4-6 mm. Behind 
this stomach, in the mouth of the second, more thin-walled gray 
stomach, were seen about 5 series of rounded small papillae, each 
with a pointed, straight, yellow prickle of the height of 2-256 mm. 
(fig. 20); papille of the same kind, mostly without horn, were 
scantily distributed over the stomach. The abundant content of 
the stomachs was fine paunce mixed up with vegetable substance 
(different algae), parts of small worms, and some foraminifera and 
small Rissoa-like shells. The dirty gray intestine makes a large 
superficial curve in a furrow of the liver and ascends to the anus ; 
its diameter 7-9 mm., its wall thin, its abundant contents the same 
as in the stomachs. 

The large liver dirty and dark greenish gray, 5 cm. long by a 
breadth of 4 and a height of 3°8, superficially 3-lobed by the 
windings of the intestine ; its mass compact, with a small cavity. 
In front, immediately behind the second stomach, opens the bent, 
horn-shaped gall-bladder, contrasting by its milk-white colour with 
the liver, of a diameter of 4 mm., with about its half freely projecting 
on the under side of the liver. 

The bright yellowish white kidney 3°3 cm. long by a breadth 
of 2°3 cm. and a thickness of 5-6 mm. 

The yellow-white hermaphrodite gland at the hinder end of the 
liver convex-plain, 4°5 cm. long by a breadth of 2°5, and a thickness 
of 2; in its lobules ripe genital elements. The thick hermaphrodite 
duct in corkscrew windings running to the anterior genital mass; its 
diameter mostly 3°5 mm., anteriorly much thinner. The anterior 
genital mass large, 3°5 cm. long by a height of 3 and a thickness of 
1:5; chiefly formed by the large muco-albuminous gland. On the 
right side of this appeared a black central region of oval form, 
11 mm. long, encircled by alternately more whitish and more 
yellowish arcuate windings; the left side more simple with a 
large winding. The curved sperm-oviduct extended 5 cm. long by 
diameter of 8-4 mm.; on the cuts two tubes, separated by an 
incomplete septum, appear. The spermatotheca, situated immedi- 
ately before the pericardium, globular, of a diameter of 15 mm. The 
dark grayish pems (preputium) folded up extended 5 cm. long by 
diameter of 7-4 mm.; to its posterior end, which is yellowish, the 
strong retractor is attached, to its anterior end the digitations of 
the protractor. The inside with fine longitudinal folds and a thicker 
one, all with a number of black points. From the bottom of 
the cavity projects the flattened, blackish only at the point, else 
yellowish, somewhat strained glans, extended 15 mm. long by a 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 19 


breadth of 5; one margin is thick, compact, otherwise it is flat, 
leaflike. 


The colour of this specimen was different from those I also have 
seen *:; the form of the shell, too, somewhat particular, and the 
stomach-plates different. Still, it is very likely but a variety of 
the somewhat variable Dol. Rumphiw (Cuv., Rang). 


NOTARCHIDAi. 


R. Bergh, Die Opisthobranchiata der Siboga Expedition, 1905, 
pp. 20-27. 


This group contains the genera Notarchus (Cuv.), Aclesia (Rang), 
Aplysiella (P. Fischer), and Phyllaplysia (P. Fischer). 


AcussiA, Rang. 


Rang, Hist. Nat. des Aplysiens, 1828, p. 68, pl. xx.—xxii. 

R. Bergh, Malacolog. Untersuch. V. 1900, pp. 302—-00!.—The 
Danish Expedition to Siam, 1902, pp. 168-174.—Die Opistho- 
branchiata der Siboga Expedition, 1905, pp. 20-23, 


Notzum sicut rhinophoria et tentacula papillis majoribus simpli- 
cibus et compositis instructum ; fissura branchialis brevis. Scutum 
palliale sicut testa desunt; branchia, ren et pericardium in cavitate 
branchiali libera (scuto non tecta). Podarium non angustum. 

Ganglia visceralia antice, inter pleuralia sita. Penis conulis 
hamigeris armatus. 


The genus was established by Rang, and the plates xx.—xxii. 
have the name of Aclesia; in the text he has (p. 68) retracted the 
name, referring the species named in the plates to the genus 
Notarchus of Cuvier, to which, however, they do not belong. 
The genus has mostly been adopted by malacologists and con- 
chologists + for forms like those originally given by Rang, but a 
real knowledge of the genus dates from the later years (1900, 
1902, 1905). 

The <Aclesiz belong to the warmer seas, and especially to 


* R. Bergh, “‘ Die Opisthobranchiata der SibogaExpedition,” 1905, pp. 13-20, 
taf. vii., figs. 22-40; taf. viii., figs. 1-9; taf. lx., figs. 1-3. 

+ The genus Thallepus of Swainson (“ A Treatise of Malacology,” 1840, pp. 250,359) 
is often mentioned as being synonymous with Aclesia. The characters given by 
Swainson are partly incorrect and quite insufficient ; the characteristic tufts on 
the back of the Aclesie are not at all mentioned, 


20 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


those of the tropics. Somewhat better known are the following 
species : 
1. Acl. Plew, Rang. 
M. atlant. oceid. 
2. Acl. striata (Q. et. G.). 
M. africano-indic. 
(3. Acl. cirrhifera (Q. et G.). 
M. africano-indic. 
4, Acl. impexa, B. 
M. phillipin. 
| 5. Acl. ocellagera, B. 
M. Siamense. 
6. Acl. varicolor, B. 
M. indicum. 
7. Acl. pusilla, B. 
M. indicum, 


ACL. CIRRHIFERA, Q, et G. 


Aplysia cirrhifera, Q. et G. Voy. de l’Astrolabe, i1., 1832, p. 311, 
pl. 24, fig. 8. 

Aclesia cirrhifera, Q. et G. Ed. v. Martens, Beitr. Meeresfauna 
d. Insel Mauritius u. d. Seychellen., 1880, p. 308. 

Aclesia cirrhifera, (Q. et G.) Bgh., lc., 1900, pp. 351-860, 
taf. xxix., figs. 28-31. 


Pl. III., figs. 16-24; Pl. IV., figs. 1-7. 


Two individuals were procured from the lagoon at Port Alfred, 
five specimens caught at low-tide at Knysna along shore from jetty 
towards village, one was procured at the mouth of Nahoon on 
June 12, 1900, one more at East London in August, 1902. 

They were all of a very similar exterior ; but the colour of the 
smaller was dark greenish gray, that of the larger blackish gray, 
with small black dots ; the foot always yellowish gray. The largest 
individuals were 8 cm. long, by a height and a breadth of 4; the 
height of the rhinophores and tentacles about 7 mm.; the length of 
the gill-slit 1-2 cm.; the breadth of the foot 3 em.; the length 
of the tail 15-2 em. The other individuals 5-7 cm. long. 

The four specimens anatomically examined had a length of 
4-6-7 cm. by a breadth of 2-6-4 and a height of 2-5-3; the height 
of the rhinophores and the tentacles 4-5 mm., of the papille of the 
back —5 mm.; the length of the gill-slit 6-10 mm.; the breadth of 
the foot 1:5-2°7 cm., the length of the tail 1-1-3 em.—The animals 
were very soft in consistence, 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 21 


The form of the animal as in other Aclesie, a little pointed 
behind, the back rather vaulted. The backside everywhere very 
uneven, covered with simple and compound papille, for very large 
part confluent to numerous undulating crests and tufts covered with 
smaller papille; on the sides of the back proper the crests some- 
times coalesced in a kind of ridge and behind on each side over the 
tail in a larger prominent knot. The rhinophores and the tentacles 
also covered with papilla. The border of the foot-wings convex, 
their inside even. The seminal furrow distinct. The foot a little 
broader in front, with a small median notch. 

On the floor of the gill-cavity no mantle plate, and the organs were 
uncovered (PI. IIL, fig. 16). On the left side the long white kidney 
with a pore on its hinder end (fig. 16). To the right of the kidney 
the strong curved gill, of dirty yellowish colour, with grayish or 
blackish rhachides (fig. 16). Stretched out, it had a length of about 
2 em. by a breadth and height of 4-5 mm., about its half not 
attached; it contained about 15-18 groups of lamelle (fig. 1). 
Behind the first part of the gill the thick upwards turned anal 
papilla with black striz and several (about eight) rather prominent 
knots around the opening (fig. 16c). Before the gill to the left the 
somewhat black dotted pericardium and to its left, under the brown 
part, the blood-gland ; the vulva as usual. 

The central nervous system as usual in the Notarchide. 

The mouth tube 3-4 mm. long. The bulbus pharyngeus short- 
pyriform with the thick radula-sheath projecting a little on the lower 
side behind; 7-5-9 mm. long by a breadth of 5-6°5 and a height 
of 4:5-6, whitish. The mandibles longish, broader upwards, 
25-3 mm. long by a breadth up to 0°75-1, dark red-brown 
(fig. 17); their elements nearly cylindrical, reaching to a height of 
0:2 by diameter of 0-020 mm. (fig. 18). The walls of the cavity 
of the mouth dark red-yellow, darker on the palate, whose side parts 
showed the usual covering of closely set compressed hooks of a 
height up to 0-1 mm. (fig. 19); this covering is continued to some 
extent up into the pharynx. The rasp of the short and broad tongue 
(fig. 20) dark brown or brownish yellow, of a length and a breadth 
of 3-4 mm., containing 20-28 series of teeth, in the sheath 15-18, 
the total number of series thus being 35-46. The number of lateral 
plates on each side of the median about 36-40. The plates reddish 
brown at the basal parts, elsewhere yellow, the breadth between the 
legs of the median plates nearly 0:20; the lateral reached a height 
of 0°30 mm.; that of the four outermost was mostly about 0-12- 
0:16-0:20-0:24. The median plates of the usual form (fig. 21), with 
3-4 denticles on each side of the pointed hook; the first lateral 


22 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


plate (fig. 21) with bilobate hook and some small denticles on the 
margin of the outer lobe; on the following plates (figs. 3, 4) the 
outer lobe had become a coarse denticle ; on the following one, two, 
or mostly three, rather blunt denticles on the hook (figs. 5, 6); 
sometimes the denticles failed on some plates, or four were seen 
(fig. 6); on the 3-5 outermost plates denticles were not seen 
(fig. 7). 

The long white salivary glands, 12-14 mm. in length by a breadth 
of 0° mm., as usual, and reaching backwards to the masticatory 
stomach. 

The cesophagus 8-10 mm. long, its hinder part sometimes dilated 
into a first stomach of a length of 4 by a breadth of 6 mm. The 
masticatory stomach 5-9 mm. long by a diameter of 9-10; it showed, 
arranged in the usual way, 8-10 larger pyramids, in the cardiac part 
moreover 6-4 smaller and more irregular, 8-7 more conical; or 10 
larger and 8 smaller, in all 22-21-18 stomachal teeth. The larger 
were up to 4 mm. high and their base also to 4 mm. broad; they 
were brownish yellow, cartilaginous, translucent, and showed the 
common finely iridescent axial or subaxial column. The third 
stomach 8-12 long. The intestine as usual—The liver dirty 
brownish yellow, 2°3-3 cm. long by a breadth of 1:5-1-:6, reaches 
a height of 14-15; it was short-sausage shaped, by the windings 
of the intestine superficially divided in several longer or shorter 
lobes united with each other. Anteriorly beside the intestine a 
little biliary cavity was found, with several openings in the pyloric 
part of the third stomach; no proper biliary bladder was seen. 

The pericardium was large. The ventricle of the heart 5 mm. 
long, the crista of the truncus aorte pellucid, 2 mm. long. 

The whitish small hermaphrodite gland 6-7 mm. broad by a 
length of 5-3 and a thickness of 2; in its lobes ripe genital 
elements; its duct in coils wound between the lobes of the liver 
to the inside of the anterior genital mass (fig. 2a). This latter 
whitish and yellowish white, in length measuring 10-15 mm. to the 
vulva by a height of 5-6 and a thickness of 2-3 mm. The proper 
(fig. 2b) muco-albuminous gland convex-plain, on its upper margin 
the pellucid pear-formed spermatocysta of a length of 3 mm. (fig. 2c), 
opening with its duct in the root of the sperm-oviduct. The gland 
is continued in a nearly cylindric tube, a little longer than the gland 
itself, the sperm-oviduct (fig. 2d), on sections it is seen divided into 
two parts of unequal size by a strong fold or partition-wall ; in the 
lower part the spermatotheca seems to open. This latter (fig. 2e) 
lies before the heart, on the hinder end of the stomach; it was 
globular, yellowish, of a diameter of 4 mm.; its duct a little longer 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 28 


than the bladder itself, opening near the vulva (fig. 2f)—The penis 
7-10 mm. long by diameter of 1-5-2, nearly cylindrical, a little 
tapering anteriorly (fig. 22); its anterior half blackish, the rest 
yellowish ; the inside is also dotted with black and shows fine longi- 
tudinal folds, between which one stronger than the others and con- 
tinued up to and on to the small, 2 mm. long, whitish conical glans. 
This last and the top of the preputium show small cones partly set 
in longitudinal series (fig. 23); most of the cones carry a horny 
thorn, a little curved and of a height up to 0-28 mm. (fig. 24). 


The form here examined probably represents a variety of the 
typical Acl. currhifera. 


CHPHALASPIDEA. 
PHILINIDA. 


PHILINE, Ascanius. 
Philine, Ascanius. Vetensk. Ak. Handl., 1772, p. 329. 
Lobaria, O. Fr. Muller. Zool. Dan. Prodr., 1776, pp. xxix., 226. 
—Zool. Dan., iii., 1788, pp. 80-31, tab. C, figs. 1-5. 
Bullea, Lam. Systém des An., s. v. 1801, p. 63. 
Philine, Asc. Bergh, Malacol. Unters. v. 1900, p. 275.— Die 
Opisthobranchiata der Siboga Exped., 1905, pp. 28-32. 

Animal sat applanatum (testa non recondendum); clypeus 
frontalis magnus, subquadratus, postice non lobatus, oculis externe 
conspicuis nullis; sub margine laterali clypei antice rhinophoria 
parva plicata; osphradium parvum simplex ante fissuram branchialem 
situm. Pallium testam omnino includens, postice paullum supra 
et infra prominens ; glandula spiralis nulla. Podarium breve, latum, 
epipodiis sat crassis lateribus interstitium inter pallium et clypeum 
implentibus. 

Testa interna tenuis, fragilis, pellucida, alba, sat applanata; spira 
minuta depressa ; apertura amplissima, postice angustior ; columella 
angusta callo levi. 

Mandibule nulle. Radula rhachide nuda, pleure dente laterali 
fortissimo uncinato et interdum dentibus externis (1-6) hamatis.— 
Glandulas salivales parve sacciformes. Ventriculus masticatorius 
(fere semper) laminis calcareis fortissimis subsimilibus oblongis tribus 
armatus, utrinque laterali et inferiore singula. 

Penis inermis, apparatu prostatico fortissimo preeditus. 


These animals are of very peculiar form; their thin shell quite 


24 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


inclosed in the mantle. They have no mandibles. The rhachis of 
the tongue is naked; the pleure wear a very strong, particularly 
formed lateral plate and sometimes also (1-6) outer plates. They 
have a particular masticatory stomach with three very strong calcified 
plates. Their unarmed, peculiarly formed penis is provided with a 
well-developed prostatic apparatus. 


1. PuHimine aperta (L.). 
Bulla aperta, L., Syst. Nat., ed. xii., 1767, p. 1183; ed. xiii. 
(Gmelin), t. 1., pars vi., 1791, p. 3424. 
Philine quadripartita, Asc. l.c., 1772, p. 329, tab. x., figs. a, b. 
Bulla Schroetert, Phil. En. moll. Sic., ii., 1844, p. 94, tab. xx., 
fig. 2. 
Bulla Schroetert, Ph. Krauss, Die stidafrikan. Moll., 1878, p. 70. 
Philine quadripartita, (Asc.) R. Bergh. Malac. Unters. v. 1900, 
pp. 276-285, taf. xxiii., figs. 15-35; taf. xxiv., figs. 2-6 ; 
taf. xxvi., figs. 1-9. 
Pl. V., figs. 5-10. 


More than twenty large specimens were procured by dredge off 
Elsie Peak (False Bay) from a depth of 10 fms. on sand and shell 
bottom ; several also near Roman Rock (False Bay) by shrimp-trawl 
on fine sand from a depth of 13-18 fms., and in False Bay, and off 
Cape Natal and Umvote River. 

The first-mentioned had a length of 5-5-6 cm. by a breadth of 
3°5-3°3 and 4, and a height of 1-1°5 and 2 cm.; the length of the 
piece behind the foot was 18-2 cm. The animals were coloured 
white. 

The shell was 2°8 em. long by a breadth of 2°5, and a height of 
1:5 cm.; white, rather solid. 

The form of the animal quite as usual. The tentacular (frontal) 
shield and the mantle shield nearly of the same length. The flat 
rounded-hexagonal tentacular shield with its slightly prominent 
margin mostly covering the neck, and sometimes also the anterior 
margin of the mantle shield. The anterior margin a little notched 
in the middle, and on each side of it a fine pore; next to the furrow 
between the shield and the foot the yellowish, slightly prominent 
rhinophore about 1 cm. long, with about fifteen low folds. The 
mantle shield somewhat convex, rather posteriorly and somewhat to 
the left sometimes (in the two larger individuals and three smaller), 
a fine opening leading to the shell. The hinder margin of the 
mantle prominent beyond the shell, notched medianly, and passing 
in the rather flat and broad covering of the left part of the shell and 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII, 25 


of its free margin. This under part of the mantle is separated from 
the foot by a rather deep furrow, and towards the right side cleft 
by the open longitudinal branchial fissure; behind the hinder end 
of the fissure a fine glandular opening. The branchial cavity, in 
accordance with the form of the shell, rather low; the curved, 
brownish gill about 10-12 mm. long by a height of 4-6 and a 
breadth of 3-5. Over the gill the small, sometimes black punc- 
tuated, osphradium ; above the root of the gill the prominent anus. 
Below the fore end of the gill the vulva, whose opening is continued 
in the seminal groove that runs along the low side of the body to 
the male aperture near the mouth. The broad /fooé a little narrower 
before, with a little median notch or slit, on each side of which there 
is a fine opening ; the sides of the foot through their whole length 
developed into a strong wing, on the sides filling the space between 
the two shields, thicker below, rising to a thin convex margin ; the 
posterior margin free, covering the groove before the under side of 
the mantle, oblique from the right side to the left and forwards, 
straight or convex in the middle, with posteriorly prominent edges 
belonging to the wings of the foot. 

The length of the whitish mouth tube 6-7 mm., its inside 
yellowish. The whitish bulbus pharyngeus of the usual form, 
5-6 mm. long. The strong tongue, with deep cleft, with yellowish 
or brownish yellow rasp, containing 15-20 series of plates, in the 
sheath 12-16, of which the two hindermost are not fully developed ; 
the total number of series being thus 27-36. The rhachis not 
narrow. The plates nearly colourless in their upper half; their 
length (in straight line) 1 mm.; their form was quite as formerly 
described (l.c., p. 279); still, the denticulation was finer than in the 
specimens from the Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea, and did not 
seem to extend so far out on the hook as in these specimens 
(figs. 6-8). 

The salivary glands small but somewhat longer than usual, 
4-6 mm. long, whitish, applanated (fig. 5). 

The cesophagus short, 3 mm. long. The first stomach 6 mm. long 
by a diameter of 6—7, its hinder end sunk in the cardia of the second 
stomach. This mastecatory stomach sometimes turned a little to the 
right, usually lying on the under plate, 2 em. long by a breadth of 
1-3 and a height of 1:2. The two lateral masticatory plates 20 mm. 
long by a breadth of 7-5-8 and a thickness of 2-3; the inferior of a 
length of 16 by a breadth of 9 and a thickness of 3 mm.; their 
outside yellowish or chalk-white; the inside showed the large flat 
central part white; this part was inclosed by a broad belt of fine 
yellow lines, the marginal part white; the two small holes on the 


26 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


outside and inside less pronounced than in the specimens from other 
localities, and even on the inside scarcely visible ; still, one or two of 
the three plates showed in two individuals three holes. The third 
stomach 10-11 mm. long by a diameter of 4-5, with very thin walls 
with fine folds. The intestine as usual, about 10 cm. long by a 
diameter of 2-4 mm.—The contents of the stomachs (sometimes, 
too, of the bulbus pharyngeus) chiefly very fine sand-particles, thin 
pieces of alg, fragments of small bivalves, some Polythalmia. 

The liver dirty brown, 2-2°5 cm. long by a breadth of 1-2-1-4 and 
a height of 1 cm. 

The white kidney 13 mm. long by a breadth of 3-4. 

The yellow hermaphrodite. gland covering the hinder end and 
a small part of the upper side of the liver with a layer about 4 mm. 
thick; the ampulla of its duct forming a coil of white windings. 
The anterior genital mass seemed to be essentially quite as before 
(l.c., p. 283) described, 12-14 mm. long. The grayish brown 
spermatotheca globular, of a diameter of 6 mm.; the strong 
yellowish duct 8 mm. long; the spermatocyst whitish, sack-formed, 
2mm.long. The seminal furrow terminating in the male aperture 
near the right side of the mouth. Into it also opens the penvs, 
which is pear-formed, 4°5-5 mm. long; on the base of the organ is 
fixed a strong retractor, and into its cavity opens the large prostata, a 
small globular gland, and a small cylindrical sack of the length of 
2 mm. (fig. 9c). The large coil of the prostata, 8-11 mm. long by a 
breadth of 8-9, lying under and behind the bulbus pharyngeus ; 
when disentangled the length of the organ was about 20-25 cm. ; 
the tube was yellowish, its last windings white. The small, mostly 
globular, glandular sack (fig. 9c) yellowish, 2-2-5 mm. long, its duct 
mostly 2-3 times as long; the sack was always intimately fixed to 
one of the windings of the prostata (fig. 9a). From the base of 
(fig. 9d) the penis sack (praputium) projects the glans, nearly as 
long as the sack, mostly very pronounced hammer-shaped (fig. 9c), 
along the stalk a distinctly visible furrow, issuing from the opening 
of the (fig. 10a) prostata and continued especially along one of the 
legs of the hammer; in one of the individuals the end of the 
hammer projected from the genital opening (fig. 9). 


In spite of some differences, this form seems to belong to the 
typical Ph. aperta, According to Hanley * the original specimen of 
Linnzeus was from the Cape, and there seems to be every reason for 
returning to the old specific name. 


* Hanley, ipsa Linnei conchylia, 1855, pp. 203-204. 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 27 


2. PHILINE CAPENSIS, Bgh. n. sp. 
Pl. V., figs. 11-15. 


Off Cape Point Lighthouse, SW. by W. 44 miles, one specimen 
was taken by shrimp-trawl from a depth of 29 fms. on bottom of 
fine sand. 

It was of whitish-yellow colour. Its length was 11 by a breadth 
of 7 and a height of 6 mm.; the frontal shield very inclined 
forwards, 6 mm. long; the mantle shield 9 mm. long by a breadth 
of 5; the wings of the foot 2°5 high. 

The thin mantle quite enveloping the shell except (by muti- 
lation of?) the middle. The shell as long and large as the 
mantle, chalk-white, not thin, but rather fragile, of usual (fig. 11) 
form. 

The bulbus pharyngeus 1 mm. long, with prominent rasp-sbeath, 
the lip disk with strong cuticula. In the yellow rasp of the tongue 
8 series of rows, in the sheath 14, the total number of rows being 
therefore 22; the radula formula was 2-1-0-1-2. The nearly 
colourless lateral plates (fig. 12) of about the usual form, (in direct 
line) measuring in length 0°30; the first external plate rather thin, 
about 0:20 mm. long (fig. 13); the other, the outermost, shorter and 
a little thicker, 0-14 mm. high (fig. 14). 

The whitish salivary glands long, strong, very nodular. 

The masticatory stomach 3°5 mm. long by a diameter of 3; of its 
plates, the median a little smaller than the others, which measured 
25 mm. in length by a breadth of 1 (fig. 15); they were greenish 
yellow, rather thin and flexible ; no holes could be detected either on 
the outer or on the inner side. 

The large liver, sausage-formed, 7 mm. long, 4 broad, gray on the 
outside, its substance brown-gray. 

The penis and the very large bundle of coils of the prostata 
seemed to agree with the arrangement in the typical species. 


This form belongs to the group of Philine, which has outer as 
well as lateral plates—one (Ph. scabra, M.; Ph. catena, Mtg. ; 
Ph. Lovént, Malm; Ph. sinuata, Stimps), or two (Ph. quadrata, 
Wood; Ph. lima, Brown; Ph. velutinoides, Sars), or several (6) 
(Ph. pruinosa, Clark).* 


* Cf. Sars, Moll. reg. arcticee Norvegie, 1878, pp. 293-303, tab. 18, xii. 


28 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


DORIDIID A. 


R. Bergh, Die Gruppe der Doridiiden. Mittheil. aus der zool. 
Station zu Neapel, xi. 1893, pp. 107-135, taf. 8—Die 
Opisthobranchien. Report on—Albatross, xii., 1894, pp. 205— 
222, taf. x.—xii—Malacol. Unters. v. 1901, pp. 177-181, 
303-307, taf. xxv. 

Eliot, On Doridiide. Proc. Malacolog. Soe., v., 1903, pp. 331-337, 
ple xt: 

R. Bergh, Die Opisthobranchiata der Siboga Expedition, 1905, 
pp. 42-46. 


This group of rather pregnant exterior contains two not very 
different genera. 


I. Doripium, Meckel. 
R. Bergh, l.c., 1893, p. 109.—1894, p. 209. 


1. Dorid. tricoloratum (Renier). 
M. Medtterr. 


2. D. depictum (Renier). 
M. mediterr. ? 
3. D. punctilucens, B. 
M. Antallense. 
4. D. purpureum, B. 
M. pacific. 
5. D. cylindricum (Cheeseman). 
M. pacific. 
6. D. ocelligerum, B. 
M. pacific. 
7. D. diomedeum, B. 
M. pacific. 
8. D. lineolatwm, (H. & A. Adams) B.* 


M. pactfic. 
9. D. cyanewm, v. Martens. 
M. africano-indic. 
10. D. pilsbryi, Eliot. 
M. pacific. 
11. D. capense, B. 
M. pacific. 


* R. Bergh, Gaster. opisthobranchiata, 1902. The Dan. Exped. to Siam, 
pp. 17-18, pl. ii., fig. 12. 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 29 


12. D. obscurum, B. 
M. pacific. 

13. D. albo-ventrale, B. 
M. pacific. 

14. D. Gardinert, Eliot. 
M. pacific. 

15. D. reticulatum, Eliot. 
M. africano-indic. 


II. Curetrponura, A. Adams. 


Chelidonura, Ad. R. Bergh, Die Opisthobranchier (Schauinsland, 
Ergebn. einer Reise). Zool. Jahrb., xiii., 1900, pp. 212-220. 
—R. Bergh, l.c., 1905, pp. 42-46. 

2 Navarchus, Cooper. R. Bergh, l.c. (Albatross), 1894, pp. 213-222. 
1. Chelid. hirundinina (Q. & G.), var. elegans, B. 

Bs - (Q. & G.), var. punctata, Eliot. 

M. pacific et africano-indic. 

. mernuis (Cooper). 

M. pacific. (Calif.). 

3. Ch. engmatica (B.). 
M. pacific. (Panama). 

4. Ch. plebera, B. 
M. pacific. 

5. Ch. varians, Eliot. 
M. africano-indie. 

6. Ch. velutina, B. (Siboga-Exped., 1905). 
M. indie. 

7. Ch. philinopsis, Eliot. 
M. africano-indie. 

8. Ch. amena, B. (1905). 
M., indice. 


bo 
Q 
= 


DorIDIUM CAPENSE, B, n. sp. 


One individual was captured on the shore at Hast London 
(23.5.02). Preserved in formalin it still had the largest part of a 
2-5 em. long Annelide hanging out of the retracted mouth. 

Tt measured to the end of the hinder wings 5 em. in length by a 
breadth (with raised foot-lobes) of 18 and a height of 1:9; the 
length of the anterior shield was 2°2 cm., its hinder end projected 
freely 6 mm.; the wings of the hinder shield 10 mm. long; the 
proper foot 13 mm. broad, its wings 8 mm. high, the tail 8 mm. long. 
The animal was nearly uniformly coloured grayish white (but had 


30 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


certainly been darker when alive) ; the under side of the free part of 
the anterior shield, the neck under it and the sides of the body 
blackish, the margins of the foot-lobes on the hinder wings blackish 
on their inside (fainter on their outside); the large gill white; the 
foot grayish, black at its anterior end. 

The form as usual; the fore shield rather long; the wing-like lobes 
of the hinder shield projecting downwards with the point turned 
somewhat inwards; the right wing seemed somewhat larger than 
the left; no flagellum. The whole of the upper side of the animal 
quite smooth. The large gill projects nearly quite free from the gill 
cavity; it is 8 mm. broad by a height of 6 mm., composed of 10 
large tufts of lamella, its end a little rolled up. 

The shell quite membranous with a faint touch of yellowish, only 
the indistinct rolled up small nuclear part a little calcified; the large 
winding did not seem to project towards the root of the right wing ; 
the length of the shell 13 by a breadth of 7 mm. 

The mouth tube 6 mm. long, black on the outside as well as on 
the inside. The bulbus pharyngeus 14 mm. long by a height of 9 
and a breadth of 8 mm., yellowish white on the outside and the 
inside, of the usual rounded prismatic form and of the usual 
structure; the walls of the arrow-formed cavity of a thickness 
of 2-5-3 mm. 

The liver yellowish gray. 

The penis yellowish, black in front. 


This form is perhaps specifically different from the other hitherto 
described. 


NOTASPIDEA. 
PLEUROBRANCHIDA. 
R. Bergh, Malacolog. Unters. v. 1897-98, pp. 1-158, 371-380, 


taf. 1.—x1i. 
PLEUROBRANCH ABA, Leue. 
R. Bergh, System, l.c., p. 4 ( -51).—l.c., II., 1905, pp. 47-49. 


1. PLEUROBRANCH#A CAPENSIS, Vayss. 

Vayssiére, Monogr. de la Fam. des Pleurobranchidés, 2 partie. 
Ann. des sc. nat., 8 8. t. xii, 1901, pp. 46-49, pl. iv. 
figs. 232-237. 

Pl. IV., figs. 6-11. 
A notice of the locality, where 19 individuals of this form had 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 31 


been caught, is wanting ; at Cape Point Lighthouse by shrimp-trawl 
on fine sand-bottom from a depth of 33 fms. 8 more were taken. 

They were very similar in size and colour, and were in a very 
contracted condition in the formalin in which they were preserved ; 
4 individuals were dissected. 

The length of the largest was 2°3-3°5 cm. by a breadth of 2-2°3 
and a height of 15-2; the gill 10-16 mm. long by a breadth of 4-6 ; 
the foot 15-16 mm. broad. The colour whitish or grayish whitish, 
the back with a faint olive-gray network of lines and patches partly 
bordering, partly covering the not very pronounced nodules. In 
nearly all individuals the black cesophagus was very distinctly 
visible through the surrounding tissues. 

The back covered all over with weak nodules. The rather 
flattened gill with about 15-17 tufts of lamelle on each side of the 
rhachis. The prebranchial papilla very distinct, somewhat cleft. 
A tail-gland not externally visible and a finger on the end of the 
tail always absent. 

The mouth tube 4mm. long, its inside blackish gray. The 
bulbus pharyngeus whitish, together with the prominent rasp-sheath 
7:d-8-10 mm. long by a breadth of 5-6 and a height of 4-4:°5 mm. 
The mandibular plates rather hard, grayish yellow; their elements 
(figs. 8, 9) as usual high, a little curved, columns of a height up to 
0-29 mm. by a diameter of 0:04. The palate, which was longitudinally 
and transversely wrinkled, was black, as were also the cheeks. The 
rasp of the tongue brownish yellow, containing 26-30-34 rows of 
plates, in the sheath 18-20-25, the total number of series being thus 
44-50-59. The number of plates in the rows seemed to amount to 
95. The plates pale yellow in the basal part, otherwise colourless ; 
the height of the outermost about 0-08 mm., that of the largest 0-4. 
On the narrow rhachis a fine longitudinal fold, sometimes broken in 
pieces, but no trace of false plates. The plates (figs. 10, 11) essen- 
tially as m the Pl. Meckelii, the outermost 4—8 without denticle. 

The ampulla of the duct of the glandula salivalis white or blackish, 
but the continuation of the duct towards the mouth black. The 
gl. ptyalina well developed, its tubes often covering the back of the 
bulbus pharyngeus. 

The cesophagus black, on the inside velvet-black, 45-5 mm. long, 
in the hinder part of a diameter of 3. The liver 12-16 mm. long by 
a height and a breadth of 9-10, dirty-yellowish, or grayish, on 
sections brownish. 

The anterior genital mass yellowish white, 8-10 mm. long by a 
height of 45-7 and a breadth of 4-7; the prostata short-reniform, 
its greatest diameter being 5 mm. ; the vas deferens as in the species 


32 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


described by Vayssiére, much shorter than in the typical species 
(cf. l.c., p. 49, fig. 232). 


Perhaps the form here examined is really the Pl. capensis of 
Vayssiere. 


PLEUROBRANCH#:A CAPENSIS, Vayssiére, var. 
Pl. XI., figs. 1-8. 


One specimen was found off Cape Hangklip; in its mouth an 
annelide, 11 mm. long, was sticking. The state of preservation was 
not good. 

It was uniformly coloured whitish. Its length about 18 mm. by a 
breadth of 10 and a height of 6; the breadth of the frontal veil (with 
the 3 mm. long tentacles) 10 mm.; the height of the rhinophoria 
2:5; the gill 5 mm. long by a breadth of 3; the penis projected 2°5, 
the prebranchial papilla 0°8 mm.; the breadth of the foot 10 mm., 
the tail 3 mm. long. 

The form as usual. On the margin of the frontal veil very slight 
traces of papillae ; the back quite even. On the somewhat prominent 
genital papilla were situated the rather projecting penis in front and 
the female opening behind; between the genital papilla and the gill 
the prominent prebranchial papilla. The gill with about 20 leaves 
on each side, its hindmost part (2 mm. long) free; at the base of this 
part the anal papilla; under the middle of the gill the fine renal 
aperture. The tail without finger-like papilla; its gland not 
pronounced, about 2 mm. long. 

The intestines were not visible through the walls of the body. 

The central nervous system as in other Pleurobranchee. The 
large eye of a diameter of 0°28 mm. 

The mouth tube 2mm. long, wide. The bulbus pharyngeus whitish, 
but its inside and the palate black; the length 6 by a breadth of 4:5, 
and a height of 3 mm.; the rasp-sheath 1:5 mm. projecting. The 
mandibular plates longish, 3 mm. long, clear yellow ; their elements 
as in other Pleurobranchee, of a height up to 0-20 mm. by diameter 
of 0:045; they were mostly hexagonal, the free facet in the anterior 
margin finely denticulated, the number of the denticles commonly 
8-10 (figs. 1-2). The broad tongue with very pale yellowish radula 
with about 25 series of plates, in the sheath 20, the number of series 
being thus 45; the number of plates on each side amounted to 50. 
The plates (figs. 3-6) colourless, of the usual form, the length of the 
largest 0:30, their height 0°20 mm.; the length of the outermost 
(fig. 6) 0-10 mm., the denticle of these last sometimes very short. 

The proper glandula salivalis white, transversely ovate, 15 mm, 


, 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 33 


broad, the two long efferent ducts in their last, about 2 mm. long, 
portion gray, as were also their pear-formed ampulla. The gl. 
ptyalina and its duct as in the typical species. 

The wsophagus violet-black. The liver grayish yellow, 9 mm. long 
by a breadth of 7. 

The prebranchial sack (fig. 7) rather bent, extended nearly 6 mm. 
in length. 

The hermaphrodite gland whitish, about 5 mm. broad by a thick- 
ness of 2. The anterior genital mass whitish, 5 mm. long by a 
height and breadth of 3; the prostata of a diameter of 2°5 mm. ; 
the coils of the continuation of the vas deferens extended 3 cm. in 
length, much longer than represented by Vayssiére (l/.c., p. 49; 
pl. 4, fig. 232cd), but absolutely different from the relations of the 
organ in Pl. Meckelii*; the internal sheath of the vas deferens 
projecting (fig. 8) 1:2 mm. (0:05 mm. broad) from the end of 
the penis. 


The forms here examined differ from the typical one by the 
absence of the caudal finger and the very different relations of 
the vas deferens. It may be that it is really the Pl. capensis of 
Vayssiére ; the individuals which have been examined by Vayssiére 
as well as by me, have been too insufficient to settle the question 
with certainty. 


2. PLEUROBRANCH#A MELANOPUS, B. n. sp. 
Pl. IV., figs. 12-15. 


Off Cape Point (NE. by E. 36 miles) one individual was caught 
by shrimp-trawl from a depth of 650 fms.; the bottom was green 
mud. 

The length was 2:4 by a breadth of 1:5, and a height of 1:3 cm. ; 
the height of the rhinophores 4, of the tentacles 3 mm.; the length 
of the gill 5 mm. by a breadth of 2:5; the breadth of the foot 
8 mm., the length of the caudal gland 3 mm. by a breadth of 1.— 
The animal very likely had been velvet-black all over, but on the 
back this colour only remained on the head and partly towards the 
margin ; elsewhere it seemed rubbed off; the dirty yellowish colour 
of the gill, with traces of black on the rhachides, of the cleft pra- 
branchial organ, and of the outer genitals as well as of the caudal 
gland, contrasted with the black of their surroundings. 

The anterior margin of the tentacular veil with 2-3 series of small 
nodules. The back quite even. The gill somewhat flattened, with 


* Cf. my Monogr. of the Pleurobranchide (/.c., v. 1897, p. 25-26; taf. iii., 
fig. 22; taf, iv,, figs. 3b, 4c, 5b). 
a 


34 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


about 20 lamellze on each side of the smooth rhachis. No caudal 
finger. 

The inside of the mouth tube black. The whitish bulbus 
pharyngeus T mm. long by a breadth of 6 and a height of 5; 
the pharynx black, as also were the walls of the mouth-cavity. 
The mandibles under the black coating wax-white ; their somewhat 
compressed elements of the usual form (figs. 12, 13) 0:20 mm. high, 
their upper facet of a length of 0:06. The rasp of the tongue, dirty- 
brown, seemed to contain about 22 rows of plates, in the sheath 17, 
the total number of rows being thus 39; in the series on each side 
of the narrow rhachis very likely about 60 plates. The basal part 
of the plates reddish brown, their height reaching to about 0-4 mm., 
that of the two outermost 0:14 and 0-16; their form (figs. 14, 15) the 
usual, the outermost mostly without the denticle. 

The whitish, roundish, flattened gl. salivalic of 5 mm. diameter; the 
gl. ptyalina very developed. 

The brownish gray liver 13 mm. long by a height of 7. The large 
whitish kidney 12 mm. long by a height of 7 and a thickness of 2, 
with many transverse furrows. 

The yellowish hermaphrodite gland lying on the hinder end of the 
liver and the kidney, and continued along the upper margin of 
the latter; in the male and female lobules ripe genital elements. 
The anterior genital mass somewhat compressed, 10 mm. long, 
and, as far as could be determined, as in the typical species. 


OSCANIOPSIS, Beh. 


R. Bergh, Die Pleurobranchiden, 1, 1897, p. 53. (Malacolog. 
Unters. V., p. 53 (-61).) 

Vayssiére, Monogr. de la Fam. des Pleurobranchidés, ii. Ann. 
des sc. nat. Zool., 8 8., xii, 1901, pp. 6-15. 

R. Bergh, Die Opisthobranchiata der Siboga Exped., 1908, 
pp. 49-52. 

Caput discretum nullum. Notaeum a velo (scuto) frontali 
(tentaculari) latissimo non discretum, applanatum, lve, testa 
nulla; tentacula sicut rhinophoria distantia, lateralia, canaliculata. 
Rhachis branchie serie nodulorum duplici instructa. Apertura 
genitalis simplex. Podarium magnum, infra massa glandulari 
caudali mediana preeditum. 

Connectiva cerebro- et pleuro-pedalia brevia sed distincta. 
Mandibule ex elementis applanatis composite. 


This group represents a passage from the Pleurobranchee to the 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 35 


Oseanii. The back is, as in the former, continued directly into 
the large semilunar tentacular shield; the tentacles as well as the 
rhinophores are thus very distant; no shell in the flat and even back. 
Oseaniopsis has the short form of Oscanius, and the rhachis of the 
branchia shows as in the last a double series of nodules. They have, 
moreover, a simple genital aperture, and the large foot shows on the 
under side of the tail a peculiar gland. The central nervous system 
and the elements of the mandibular plates are as in the Oscanius. 
Sometimes the glans penis is covered with small cones. 


On the form of the tentacular shield in the Plewrobranchus 
luniceps H. and A. Adams (in 1858) established the genus Neda ; 
this was adopted by Gray (Guide, 1, 1857, p. 203) as well as (still 
with some doubt) by P. Fischer (Man. de Conchyl., 1887, p. 573). 
The genus Oscaniopsis was formed and scientifically established 
much later. There is hardly any real reason for returning to the 
loosely sketched denomination Neda. 


The genus has contained hitherto merely some few forms from 
the Chinese and Indian Sea (Osc. Semperi, B.; O. compta, B. ; 
QO. Amboinei, Vayss.*), which perhaps are not even specifically 
different, but identical with O. luniceps (Cuv.), which has been 


known for a long time. 


OSCANIOVSIS PLEUROBRANCHAIANA, B. 
Pl. IV., figs. 16-21. 


One specimen was obtained off south head of Tugela River by 
shrimp-trawl from a muddy bottom at a depth of 12-14 fms. 

It had a length of the body of 3-5 em. by a breadth of 1:8 and 
a height of 1-2; the breadth of the tentacular shield was 2°2 cm., 
the height of the rhinophores 6 mm. ; the breadth of the brim of the 
back was, on the right side and over the tail, 8 mm.; on the left side 
the brim was narrower; the gill 15 mm. long by a breadth and 
height of 5; the length of the foot 3-5 cm. by a breadth at the 
anterior end of 1:5, the length of the tail 1-2 cm.—The animal was 
coloured white; through the foot and the side the intestines appeared 
brownish gray. 

The large semilunar tentacle shield gives the animal a very 
peculiar appearance. This shield is, in the middle of the margin, 
rather broadly notched ; it ends in tentacles in the usual way ; the 


* Vayssiére, ‘Monogr. de la Fam. der Pleurobranchidés,”’ 1, 1898, pl. 15, fig. 27 
(Pleurobranchea maculata, Q. et G.); ii., 1. lc., 1901, pp. 15-20, 1 pl. 1, 
figs. 190-204, 


36 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


margin with about 20 small prominences, of which 3-4 on each side 
have a knotted appearance (fig. 16). The shield as well as the 
whole of the back are otherwise rather flat, quite even. The 
distance between the base of the rhinophores 1 cm.; the brim of 
the back rather projecting over the tail, rounded behind. The 
prebranchial papilla strong, not cleft; before it the prominent 
vulva. The gill rather pointed behind, its half freely projecting, 
the number of lamellze about 40, the vesicles at their base small ; 
the renal and the anal pore as usual. The foot rounded in front 
with a fine marginal furrow, its brim rather broad (5 mm.) ; the tail 
rather long, on the outside scarcely any trace of a gland visible. 

Half of the bulbus pharyngeus projected freely in front. The 
bulbus of a length of 14 by a breadth of 10 and a height of 9°5 mm. 
of the usual form. The mandibular plates whitish, thin and very 
brittle ; their elements reaching a length of 0:06 mm. by a height of 
0-025, of the usual form, the denticulation very slight (fig. 17) or want- 
ing. The palate of the mouth-cavity black. The tongue with yellow 
rasp, which seemed to contain about 40 series of plates ; the number 
of the series in the sheath could not be determined on account of the 
hardened and brittle state of the whole of the tongue and especially 
of the sheath. The number of plates in the series could not be 
determined, but exceeded 100. The lower part of the plates 
brownish yellow, the rest nearly colourless ; their height was up 
to 0°63 (measured from the anterior end to the point), the length of 
the innermost 0°58, of the three outermost 0:10—-0°16-0:25 mm. 
The plates were different from those of other known Oscaniopsis, 
nearly quite as in the Pleurobranchea, provided with a long pointed 
denticle (figs. 18, 19), only the 4 outermost had no such denticle 
(fig. 20). 

The central nervous system as usual; the cells reaching a diameter 
of 0:2 mm. The eyes of a diameter of 0°30 mm., with large 
yellow lens. 

The white salivary glands (gl. salivales) roundish (fig. 21), button- 
like, with deep hilus, one touching the other in the midline; together 
they measured 4:5 mm. in diameter, the white ducts with the usual 
ampulla at some distance from their end. The supplementary 
salivary gland (gl. ptyalina) very developed, its duct whitish. 

The black cesophagus 6 mm. long by a diameter of 2-4; the inside 
also black, with fine longitudinal folds. 

The grayish stomach 7 mm. long by a diameter of 4. The 
intestine as usual. The contents of the stomach and of the intestine 
were indeterminable animal matter. 

The liver brown, 10 mm. long by a breadth of 4 and a height of 6; 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Socrety. Vol. XVII. 37 


on the right side partly covered by the kidney, on the upper side and 
on the posterior end partly by the hermaphrodite gland, in front by 
the gland. salivales. 

The kidney whitish gray, 7 mm. long by a breadth of 6. 

The hermaphrodite gland white, 9 mm. long by a breadth of 3 and 
a thickness of 1:4; in the predominant male follicles bundles of 
zoosperms, in the female less developed eggs. The white somewhat 
globular anterior genital mass of a maximum diameter of 2°25 mm. 
The hermaphrodite duct long, thin, forming many windings; on the 
mass in front the sperm duct makes a clew of windings ; the prostata 
somewhat applanated, roundish; the preputium of the penis thin ; 
no cones were detected on the glans. 


This is certainly specifically different from the typical form, and 
constitutes a connecting link between Oscaniopsis and Pleuro- 
brancheea. 


OsCANIELLA, Bgh. 


R. Bergh, Die Pleurobranchiden, J.c., v., 3, 1898, p. 94 (-115).—Die 
Opisthobranchiaten der Siboga Expedition, 1905, pp. 58-66. 


The Oscaniellze are intermediate between the genera Oscanius an 
Pleurobranchus. 

They belong to the warmer regions of the seas, especially to the 
Indian and Pacific Ocean. 


OSCANIELLA NIGROPUNCTATA, Bgh. n. sp. 
Pl. IV., figs. 22-26; Pl. XI., figs. 9-18. 


One specimen was procured off Cape Infanta by tow-net. It was 
rather contracted and bent together. 

In its present state the length is only 22 mm. by a breadth of 16 
and a height of 12. Hxamined more closely the breadth of the brim 
of the back was 6-8 mm.; the length of the rhinophores 5, of the 
tentacles 3 mm.; the length of the gill 8 mm. by a breadth in front 
of 4; the breadth of the foot 14 mm., of its brim 5; the length of the 
tail 9 and of its gland about 4 mm.—The general colour of the animal 
was yellowish; the back covered all over with somewhat darker 
scarcely prominent, sometimes nearly confluent, roundish or poly- 
gonal areas of a diameter up to 3°5 mm.; on the anterior and 
posterior ends of the back, as well as towards its sides and especially 
on the brim, the areas show a very pronounced black centre (fig. 9). 
On the under side of the brim the dark areas shone distinctly through. 
Black spots were scattered over the brim of the foot as well as on the 
tail. The intestines shone through the skin nowhere. 


38 Marie Investigations in South Afroca. Vol. V. 


Quite in front a small, perfectly transparent, colourless shell, 
2°5 mm. long, and without any trace of calcification, was seen 
(fig. 10). 

The form was as usual; the tentacles small; the back smooth 
with brim broad ; the gill with two very pronounced series of nodules 
(vesicles); in front of the gill a small prebranchial tube. The 
genital apertures without protecting folds. The foot well developed, 
the tail projecting behind the body proper. 

The central nervous system quite as in other Oscanielle. The 
ganglion opticum distinct with a short N. opticus, the diam. of the 
large eyes 0°30 mm.; in the skin of the back, as is usual in the 
Oscaniellz, there were peculiar filaments (fig. 11) of different 
length and bent in the most different way, often serpentine; their 
diameter 0:0035-0:005. 

The length of the buccal tube 3 mm.; that of the bulbus 
pharyngeus 4°5 mm. by a breadth of 5 and a height of 3:5; of 
the usual form, the rasp-sheath a little projecting behind. The 
yellowish mandibles quite as usual, as also their rather clumsy 
elements (figs. 12-14), whose length rose to 0:22 by a breadth of 
0-14 and a height of 0:08 mm.; on each side of the somewhat 
pointed hook 2-4 short denticles. The tongue as usual; in the 
yellowish rasp about 25 series of plates, in the sheath 20, the total 
number of rows being thus 45; in the series up to about 120 plates. 
The plates (figs. 15-18) were yellowish; the height of the inner- 
most 0-035 mm., rising to 0°12, further on up to 0:18, then decreasing, 
the tenth from the outer margin of the rasp measuring 0:08, the 
outermost 0:035 mm. The plates of the inner half of the series 
hook-formed (figs. 15, 16), those of the outer erect with shorter 
base (figs. 17, 18); the teeth had no trace of denticles. 

The stomachs as in other Oscanielle. The liver yellowish brown. 


This form seems different from the other hitherto known species. 


OSCANIELLA NIGROPUNCTATA, B. var. ? 
Pl. IV., figs. 22-26. 


Off Cape St. Blaize (N. 42, E. 11 miles) a single individual was 
taken by shrimp-trawl. 

It was very badly preserved, the colour mostly rubbed off and 
replaced by a dirty gray. The back all over had been covered by 
rather closely placed small polyangular scarcely prominent disks 
of a diameter of 2-3 mm., now grayish brown with a whitish centre 
(sometimes like a papula); somewhat smaller disks of the same kind 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 39 


were scattered over the head and the upper side of the brim of the 
foot; the upper lip of the marginal furrow of the anterior end of 
the foot brownish_—The length was 3 cm. by a breadth (of the back) 
of 2 and a height of 1°3; the frontal veil 14 mm. broad, the breadth 
of the mantle-brim 5; the length of the gill 16 mm. by a breadth of 
5 and a height of 4; the breadth of the foot 22 mm., that of the 
brim 4. 

The form as usual. The number of the lamelle in the gill about 
25, the vesicles along the rhachis very distinct; the external genital 
organs nearly without prominent folds; the caudal gland, very 
indistinct, seemed 7 mm. long. 

The nature of the shell could not be determined. 

The nervous system as usual. The skin contained a quantity of 
cells and groups of not calcified cells. 

The mouth tube 3 mm. long. The bulbus pharyngeus (with the 
prominent rasp-sheath) 9 mm. long by a breadth of 7 and a height 
of 4. The mandibles clear reddish yellow, 7 mm. long by a height of 
3°5, in a length of 2°5 mm. denudated. Their elements brownish 
yellow, 0:26 mm. long by a breadth of 0:14 and a height of 0-1; 
behind the pointed hook on each side 4 denticles, of which the upper 
the largest (fig. 22). The rasp of the tongue of a clear yellow colour, 
the number of series of plates was large, and so too the number in 
the rows. The plates with yellowish basal part, otherwise nearly 
colourless; the height of the 4 innermost (fig. 23) 0°035-0:04—0-06- 
and 0:08 mm., quickly mounting to 0-20, then gradually to 0°25, then 
decreasing; the height of the three outermost (fig. 26) was 0:035- 
0:06-0:10 mm. The inner half of the series, or thereabout, had the 
hook of the plates somewhat crooked (fig. 24); in the remainder it 
was straighter (fig. 25). 

The gland. ptyalina not much developed. The liver brownish gray, 
contrasting in colour to the yellowish white hermaphrodite gland. 

This form is distinctly different from the Oscamella granulata 
described by me (l.c., pp. 113-1165, tab. ix., figs. 17-22) as being the 
Pleurobranchus granulatus of Krauss, which seems to be a Berthella. 


It is possible that it represents a variety of Osc. mgropunctata. 


BERTHELLA, Blv. 


Berthella, Blainville. Man. de Malacol., 1825, pp. 469, 627, 
plexi, fig. 1. 

Cleanthus, Leach. Moll. Brit. syn., 1852, p. 28. 

Berthella, Blv. BR. Bergh, Die Opisthobr. d. Siboga Exp., 1905, 
pp. 68-73. 


40 Marine Investigations ir South Africa. Vol. V. 


BERTHELLA GRANULATA (Krauss) ? 


Pleurobranchus granulatus, Krauss. Die Siidafric. Moll., 1848, 


p. 61. 
2 Berthella granulata, Vayss. l.c., 1898, pp. 268-271, pl. 15, 
figs. 14-16. 


Pl. IV., figs. 27, 28; Pl. V., figs. 1-4. 


Two specimens were procured, October 23, 1897, at Somerset 
West (False Bay). They were very much hardened. 

They were similar in appearance, were 2°O-3 cm. long. The 
largest was 1:2 mm. broad, 1-4 mm. high; the breadth of the frontal 
veil was 10 mm., the length of the flattened gill 13 mm. by a breadth 
of 5, the breadth of the foot 15 mm. The animals were of one 
colour, yellowish gray. 

The form about the same as that of B. pluwmula; on the mantle, 
which was quite smooth, a very fine white punctuation. The genital 
papilla without stronger folds. The shell was not visible externally. 

The shell placed anteriorly and a little to the right, 6°5 mm. long, 
by a breadth in front of 3, very flattened, hard, yellow, with an 
anterior cuticular brim, the spire very small (fig. 27), white. 

The bulbus pharyngeus whitish, of usual form, 7 mm. long by 
a breadth of 4 and a height of 3mm. The mandibular plates yellow, 
thin ; their elements (fig. 28, 1, 2) of a length of 0:16 and a height 
of 0:08 ; the hook is very pointed, without denticles (sometimes the 
point was split in 2 to 3 short needles), the lateral knots only 
slightly prominent, the inferior margin forming an angle. The 
yellow rasp of the tongue contained about 40 series of plates, in 
the sheath were about 43, the total number of rows therefore being 
83; about 130 plates in the rows. The plates yellow at the base, 
otherwise nearly colourless, reaching a height of 0:25 mm., their 
form and relations (figs. 3, 4) being otherwise nearly as in the 
B. plunwila., 


Another specimen was procured at Kalk Bay, January 5, 1904. 
It had a length of 24 mm., the fine gill 11 mm. long; no trace of 
white punctuation of the mantle.—The shell 5 mm. long by a breadth 
of 2, rather hard, reddish yellow, the small spire white. 

The bulbus pharyngeus 5 mm, long by a breadth of 4 and a height 
of 3; the mandibles (as well as the rasp) brownish yellow. In the 
rasp of the tongue about 38, in the sheath about 33 series of plates. 
The plates as usual—tThe penis as usual. 


Vayssiére seems to have examined the original specimens of 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 41 


Krauss, and with respect to the shell, the elements of the mandibles 
and to the lingual plates, the form here examined agrees with the 
figures given by Vayssiére. On the other hand the « Pleurobranchus 
(Oscaniella) granulatus, Krauss,” in my Monograph,* founded on a 
specimen purchased as belonging to the form of Krauss, is quite 
different, and does not even belong to the Berthelli. 


BERTHELLA GRANULATA (Krauss), var. 


A specimen was procured from Hout Bay by dredge, December 
22, 1897, resembling the above. 

It had a length of 3 cm. by a breadth of 2 and a height of 1:5; 
the breadth of the frontal veil was 11 mm., the length of the some- 
what flattened gill 18 by a breadth of 4, and the breadth of the foot 
16 mm. The animal was of a uniform grayish colour, no white 
punctuation being visible on the back. 

The gill with about 25 pairs of lamelle. 

The mouth tube 3 mm. long. The bulbus pharyngeus 5 mm. long 
by a breadth of 2°5 and a height of 3°5; the elements of the yellow 
mandibles merely 0:14 mm. long by a breadth of 0:05 and a height 
of 0:05; otherwise quite as in the form above. The plates of the 
tongue as above, reaching a height up to 0:28 mm. 

Four smaller (15-17 mm. long) individuals were procured at 
Gordon’s Bay (in False Bay) at low tide. Their mandibles and rasp 
were quite similar to those of the other individuals, only that their 
elements were much smaller. 


NUDIBRANCHIATA. 


NUDIBRANCHIATA HOLOHEPATICA. 


DORIDIDH CRYPTOBRANCHIATA. 


ARCHIDORIDID. 


R. Bergh, System der nudibr. Gasteropoden. Malacolog. Unter- 
such., iii. (xviii. Heft). 1892, pp. 1092-1094. 


ARCHIDORIS, Bgh. 
R. Bergh, l.c., p. 1092 ;—1.c., 1905, p. 93. 


* L.c., pp. 112-115, taf. ix., figs. 17-22. 


49 Marine Twestigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


ARCHIDORIS CAPENSIS, Bgh. n. sp. 


One specimen, now very much hardened, was procured at Cape 
Point by large trawl ; it had been first treated with cocaine. 

The specimen was of a uniform white colour. Its length was 
40 mm. by a breadth of 22 and a height of 12 mm.; the height of 
the rhinophores was 3, the diameter of the gill-aperture 5, the height 
of the gill-leaves 5 mm., the breadth of the brim of the back 7; the 
tentacles 2 mm. long ; the breadth of the foot 11, of its brim 3 mm., 
the length of the tail 5. 

The form oyal, somewhat depressed. The back even, quite finely 
chagreened, with broad brim. The somewhat clumsy club of the 
rhinophores with numerous lamellee, stiffened by closely set long 
very hardened spicules. The number of gill-leaves 6. The ten- 
tacles finger-shaped. The foot strong, the anterior margin with 
deep furrow, the upper lip with median cleft. 

The cerebro-pleural ganglia somewhat long, the pedal short, pear- 
shaped. The eyes of a diameter of 0-22 mm., with large yellow 
lens ; the otocysts measuring 0:16 mm. in diameter packed full with 
otokonia. The skin full of very hard long spicules of a diameter up 
to 0025 mm., mostly lying in bundles sometimes irregular and star- 
shaped. In the interstitial connective tissue a mass of similar 
spicula. 

The mouth tube 5mm. long. The somewhat yellowish bulbus 
pharyngeus (inclosing the strong 3 mm. projecting rasp-sheath) 9 mm. 
long by a height of 5°5 and a breadth of 6 mm. ; the lip dise covered 
by a colourless and not thin cuticula. The broad tongue with yellow 
rasp, the rhachis narrow, the number of rows about 28, in the 
sheath 33, the total number being thus 61; about 90 plates in the 
series on each side ; the plates of the common hook form; the height 
of the outermost 0-14 mm., of the sixth 0:20, the height rising to 
0-25 mm. 

The salivary glands long, well developed, of a diameter up to 2mm., 
reaching backwards to the liver, the ducts very short. 

The stomach globular, 5 mm. in diameter, projecting from the 
cleft of the liver ; the intestine 24 mm. long by a diameter of 1:5. 
The liver on the outside yellowish, its substance yellow, of conical 
form, its fore-end obliquely truncate, 17 mm. long by a breadth 
anteriorly of 10. 

The oval pericardium 10 mm.; the pericardio-renal organ some- 
what flattened, 1:5 mm. long. 

The thin layer of the whitish hermaphrodite gland contained in its 
lobules ripe genital elements. The anterior genital mass of irregular 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 43 


meniscus-form, 14 mm. long by a height of 11 and a breadth of 5, 
yellowish white and white; the spermatotheca pear-shaped, 5 mm. 
long, the spermatocysta globular, of 3 mm. diameter; the efferent 
ducts without any trace of armature. 


This form seems to belong to the genus Archidoris. 


2. ARCHIDORIS GRANOSA, B. n. sp. 
PEW.) figs: 16=18: 


At Tongaati River mouth (NW. by N.4, N. 54 miles) an individual 
was procured by large dredge, from a depth of 36 fms. and hard 
ground (December 20, 1900). Two others were procured at Wood- 
stock beach (Table Bay). 

They were very hardened and quite stiff, 20-25 mm. long by a 
breadth of 13-19 and a height of 0-8-1:0, the breadth of the brim of 
the back 3-4, that of the foot 8-10, the tail 3-4 mm. long.—The 
colour of the living animal seems to have been yellowish, but is now 
a yellowish white. 

The form as usual: the back all over covered with more or less 
small nodules of a diameter up to 7:5 and a height to 0°75 mm. 
(fig. 16); along the middle of the back sometimes a series of 
somewhat larger nodules, which formed a sort of median crest ; 
the gill seemed formed of 8-leaves about 2 mm. high (when 
retracted). 

The eyes, which were nearly sessile, of a diameter of 0:08 mm. 
with large yellow lens; the otocysts of a diameter of 0-08, full of 
otokonia. The skin everywhere with masses of hard spicules, which 
ascended through the nodules of the back. 

The whitish bulbus pharyngeus with prominent rasp-sheath 4-6 
mm. long by a height of 4-5 anda breadth of 3-5-4; the lip dise 
covered with a strong colourless cuticula. The very slightly 
yellowish rasp of the tongue seemed to contain 265 series of plates, 
the rasp-sheath 20, the total number of rows thus being 45. The 
plates colourless ; the height of the outermost (fig. 18), about 
0:06 mm., rising to 0:22; of the common hook-shaped form 
(fig. 17). 

The large stomach 8 mm. long by a breadth of 3°5, very projecting ; 
the liver yellowish white. 


The form here examined seems to be an Archidoris, but could not, 
on account of its hardened state, be sufficiently examined. It would 
perhaps be preferable not to give a specific denomination. 


44 Marine Tnwestigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


2. ARCHIDORIS ?? scripTa, Bgh. n. sp. 


Color albidus, notezo punctis et striolis nigris interruptus; margine 
limbi dorsalis flavo. 
Pl. XI, figs. 19-25. 


Of this form three individuals were sent, procured off the Hongazi 
River by dredge, now unfortunately very hardened and stiff. 

The lengths of the specimens were 10, 15, and 21 mm. The 
largest had a breadth of 13 and a height of 7 mm.; the brim of the 
back 4; the height of the gill-leaves 2:5; that of the rhinophores 
2°5; the length of tentacles 1:5 mm.; the breadth of the foot 5:5, 
and the length of the tail 3°5 mm.—The colour was white ; the back 
showed, irregularly spread, very finely punctuated dots and stripes 
(fig. 19); the margin of the brim of the back yellow; the sole of the 
foot with clear, grayish shades. A white intestine shone through 
the middle of the back and of the foot. 

The circumference oval, the body somewhat depressed, the back 
smooth, its brim rather broad ; the rhinophores and the gill with 
its 6-leaves, both situated rather before and behind. The tentacles 
conical ; the foot rather broad, with prominent brim, its anterior 
margin with deep furrow and its upper lip medianly cleft; the tail 
projecting behind the body proper. 

The central nervous system as usual. The diameter of the eyes 
0-14 mm., the lens very yellow; the diameter of the otocysts 0:10 ; 
they were quite packed with otokonia; in the lamellee of the club 
of rhinophores some long, very calcified spicules of a diameter of 
0-007 mm.; no spicules in the tentacles; the skin of the back with 
numerous, very calcified spicules (fig. 20), mostly of a diameter 
of 0:013-0:016 mm. 

The buccal tube strong, 2 mm. long. The whitish bulbus 
pharyngeus 3 mm. long, with strong prominent rasp-sheath ; the 
lip dise with nearly colourless rather thin cuticula. The tongue 
broad ; in the clear-yellowish rasp 16 plates, in the rasp-sheath 15, 
of which the two hindermost are not fully developed, the total 
number of plates being thus 31. The plates nearly colourless ; the 
height of the innermost 0:08, of the outermost 0:04 mm., of the next 
0-08, rising to 0°20 mm. The number of plates in the rows up to 
42. They were of the common hook form (figs. 21-24), the outer- 
most somewhat different (fig. 24a), but missing (fig. 21). 

The white salivary glands flattened, lobate at the margin, 2 mm. 
long. 

The liver 10 mm. long, brownish, its sides covered by the rather 
thick layer of the yellowish white hermaphrodite gland, in the lobes 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 45 


of which there were no ripe genital elements. The whitish anterior 
genital mass 5:°5 mm. long; the long spermduct (fig. 25a) forms a 
coil of fine windings ; the penis (fig. 250) cylindrical, 5 mm. long, the 
glans moreover 2 mm., projecting in the thin przputium (fig. 25c), 
absolutely unarmed ; the spermatotheca 2 mm. in diameter, sperma- 
tocyst half as large. 


The generic position of this form in the system of the Doridida, 
as hitherto framed, seems very uncertain. The want of armature of 
the lip disc, the nature of the rasp and the unarmed penis would 
seem to denote an affinity to Archidoris, but the habitus is quite 
different and the back quite even. 


Srauroporis, Bgh. 

R. Bergh, System d. nudibranchiaten Gasteropoden, l.c., 1892, 
p- 1093. 

Eliot, Nudibranchiata. Fauna and Geography of the Maldive and 
Laccadive Archipelagoes, i., 1, 1903, pp. 557-558.—On some 
Nudibranchs from Hast Africa and Zanzibar. Proc. Zool. 
Soc. of London, 1903, ii., pp. 363-364. 


Corpus non durum, subdepressum, dorso tuberculato; fovex 
rhinophoriorum sicut fovea branchialis tuberculis marginalibus elevatis 
valviformibus defense; tentacula brevia crassa, sulco marginali 
externo ; branchia e foliis sat numerosis simpliciter pinnatis 
formata. 

Penis et vagina inermes. 


The genus belonging to the family of the Archidoridide has, like 
the other genera, the lip dise merely covered by a simple cuticula, 
the radula shows the narrow rhachis naked and the pleure with a 
series of hook-formed plates. It differs from the other genera by the 
protecting valves of the rhinophores and of the gill; the leaves of 
the last are, moreover, simply pinnate. 

To the genus belong : 

1. St. verrucosa (Cuyv.). 
St. pseudoverrucosa, Jher. 
St. Januaru, Beh. 
St. Bertheloti (d’Orb.). 
St. (guv. ?) bicolor, Bgh. 
St. ocelligera, Bgh. 
M. mediterr., atlant. or. et occ. 
2. St. @ Orbignyt (Gray). 
Hab. ? 


46 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


3. St. calva, Eliot. 
M. africano-indic. 
. St. ? pustulata (Abraham). 
M. Pacific. 
. St. ? depressa, EH. 
M. africano-indic. 
. St. ? pecten, H. 
M. africano-indic. 


ts 


On 


Oo 


St. vERRUCOSA (Cuy.). 
Pl. X1., figs. 26, 27 


The single specimen sent had been procured on the shore amongst 
rocks at St. James. It was unfortunately very hardened. 

The length of the animal was 8 by a breadth of 5 and a height of 
3 mm.; the breadth of the gill star 3, the height of the gill-leaves 0:5, 
the breadth of the brim of the back 1:3 mm.; the breadth of the foot 
3°5 mm.—The colour yellowish white. 

The form oval, somewhat depressed. The rhinophores protected 
on each side by a little valva. The back covered all over with small 
and quite small rounded tubercles of a diameter up to 0°5 mm.; the 
gill formed of about 20 (?) simple leaves the protecting valves 
rather small; the foot not narrow, the tail rather short. 

The cerebral and pleural ganglia quite distinct, smaller than the 
roundish pedal. The eyes of a diameter of about 0:12 mm. ; that of 
the otocysts 0-10, they were packed full of otokonia of a length up 
to 0:016 mm. The skin (of the back) full of very calcified long 
spicules of a diameter up to 0:025 mm.; spicules of the same kind 
in quantity in the valves. and in the lamelle of the rhinophores. 

The mouth tube 1:5 mm. long. The bulbus pharyngeus together 
with the very projecting rasp-sheath 3 mm. long; the lip dise 
covered by a yellowish cuticle. The tongue with yellowish rasp 
that contained 12 series of plates and in the sheath 15, the total 
number of rows thus being 27; in the series up to 39 plates.* The 
nearly colourless plates of the common hook form (figs. 26, 27); the 
height of the outermost 0-03, the height of the plates rising to 
0:12 mm. 


* The number of series of plates and the number of plates in the series seem 
to vary much in the St. verrucosa. In a small series of specimens of the typical 
form the number of series varied from 40 to 73, with a number of plates in the 
series from 41 to 95. In the St. bicolor these numbers were 28 to 33 and 33 to 
36; in the St. Januarii the number varied from 39 to 61 and 40 to 65, 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Socrety. Vol. XVII. 47 


The whitish salivary glands were nodular and seemed to be 
shorter than in the typical species. 
The liver yellowish, of conical form. 


The form here examined seemed to be the typical St. verrucosa 
(Cuy.) of the Mediterranean Sea and from both sides of the Atlantic. 


DISCODORIDIDA. 


R. Bergh, System d. nudibranchiaten Gasteropoden, 1892, p. 1095. 
—Die Opisthobranchiaten d. Siboga Exped., 1905, pp. 98-118. 


GeEITopoRIs, Bgh. 


R. Bergh, Die Opisthobranchiaten. Rep. on Alaska. Bull. of the 
Mus. of Compar. Zodlogy at Harvard College, xxv., 10, 
1894, p. 162 (-168). 


Corpus ovale, depressum, notzo minute granulato vel levi; 
tentacula digitiformia; branchia e foliolis tripinnatis formata. 

Armatura labialis e baculis minutis composita. Radula lata ; 
rhachide angusta nuda; pleuris multidentatis, dentibus internis 
fortibus hamatis, externis tenuissimis. 

Penis inermis. 


This genus differs from the other generic forms of Discodoridid 
especially in the dimorphism of the plates of the radula. 
The genus now contains :— 
1. G. complanata (Vervill). 
M, Atlant. occid. 
2. G. ummunda, B. 
M. Pacific. 
3. G. Capensis, B. n. sp. 
M. Capense. 


GEITODORIS CAPENSIS, Bgh. n. sp. 
Pl. XII, figs. 2-5. 


One specimen was sent, dredged off Glendower Beacon; it was 
very much hardened. 

When alive it was of yellow colour. In the preserved condition it 
was of a length of 18 mm. by a breadth of 11 and a height of 6; 
the rhinophores 2 mm. high, the brim of the back 3, the height of 
the gill-leaves 2°5; the breadth of the foot 7, of its brim 1°5 mm. 


48 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


The colour of the back yellowish, that of the gill a little darker; the 
body otherwise whitish; the white intestines were visible through 
the hind part of the back and of the sides. 

The form as usual. The rhinophores standing very far forwards, 
with prominent sheaths, the club with about 15 lamelle. The back 
nearly quite even with rather broad brim; the gill consisting of 
6 leaves, standing very far backwards. The tentacles short, finger- 
like ; the foot rather large, with prominent brim; the tail short. 

The central nervous system as usual. The eyes, with yellow lens, 
of a diameter of 0:16 mm.; the otocysts of a diameter of 0-09, nearly 
filled by a mass of otokonia mostly of a diameter of 0-008 mm. In 
the skin (of the back) a number of scattered spicules which were not 
long nor very much calcified; almost none in the lamelle of the 
club of the rhinophores. 

The yellowish bulbus pharyngeus about 3 mm. long, so hardened 
that a sufficient examination was quite impossible. The yellow lip 
plates (fig. 2) composed of closely packed rods of a height up to 
0-035 and a diameter of 0:°009 mm, The rasp seemed in its rows to 
contain about 30 more regular and 10-15 quite thin plates on each 
side of the naked rather narrow rhachis. The plates nearly colourless, 
transparent, hard, rising to a height of 0°33 mm. The plates erect, 
fixed to the cuticula only by their lower end; the plates of the 
larger inner part of the rows strong, of peculiar hook form (figs. 3, 4), 
with a strong outer border; the smaller outer part (fig. 5) showed, 
without any transition, merely very thin rather long plates. 

The liver yellowish-white. The whiter hermaphrodite gland 
covering the largest part of the liver; in its lobules were ripe 
genital elements. The anterior genital mass white; the penis 
seemed to be unarmed. 


The animal seems to belong to the genus Geitodoris. 


DIAULULID/A. 
R. Bergh, System. J.c., 1892, p. 1097 (—1100).—Die Opistho- 
branchiata d. Siboga Exped., 1905, pp. 118-136. 
Dravuuuta, Bgh. 
R. Bergh, System, 1892, p. 1097.—Die Opisthobranchiata, J.c., 
1905, pp. 118-121. 
1. DiaAvLULA CAPENSIS, B. n. sp. 
Pl. V., figs. 19-22. 


At Mossel Bay (Seal Island, 8. by W., 14 miles) one individual 
was dredged from a depth of 11 fms. with bottom of sand and shells. 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 49 


When alive it was “light-brown” in colour. In the preserved 
state it was very stiff and hardened, and of a yellowish white colour, 
the rhinophores only being brownish gray. 

The length of the body was 25 mm. by a breadth of 15 and a 
height of 8; the height of the (retracted) rhinophores 2 mm.; the 
diameter of the gill hole 5 mm.; the height of the gill-leaves 
(retracted) 4; the brim of the back 3 mm.; the foot 8 mm. broad, 
its brim 2, the tail short. 

The back was of a fine chagreen texture all over; the closely set 
(figs. 19, 20) small papilla of a height up to 0:16 mm. The region 
of the (retracted) rhinophores somewhat prominent. The (retracted) 
gill composed of 8 apparently tripinnate leaves; the projecting anus 
subcentral. 

The eyes of a diameter of 0:16 mm., with large clear-yellow lens. 
The lamelle of the club of the rhinophores stiffened with long 
spicula. Coarse long spicules in quantity in the skin of the back, 
also ascending through the papillule and often projecting on their 
top (fig. 20). 

The white mouth tube 2°5 mm. long. The white bulbus pharyngeus 
4 mm. long by a height of 3, the lip disc covered by a strong 
yellowish white cuticle, the rasp-sheath rather projecting behind 
on the under side. The rasp of the strong tongue faint yellowish, 
containing about 15 series of plates, in the sheath 25, the total 
number of rows thus being 40; the number of plates in the rows 
about 35. The plates were nearly colourless; the height of the 
outermost 0:14 mm., the height rising to 0:285. The plates were 
of the usual hook form (fig. 21), the outermost somewhat slender 
(fig. 22). 

The cesophagus 11 mm. long, the intestine appearing at the 
middle of the length of the liver, bending and passing backwards 
with a total length of 30 mm. by a diameter of 3. Its contents were 
animal matter and quantities of spicules pointed at both ends. The 
liver yellowish white, 12 mm. long by a breadth of 8 and a height 
of 7; with a deep median fissure through the anterior half of the 
upper side, divided by superficial furrows into several lobes, with a 
flattening of the under side towards the right. The gall-bladder on 
the left side of the cardia, 2 mm. high by a diameter at the summit 
of 0-4. 

The grayish blood glands as usual. 

The hermaphrodite gland with a whitish layer covering the 
upper side of the liver; the lobules contained ripe genital ele- 
ments. The anterior genital mass white and yellowish white, 
8 mm. long by a height of 6 and a thickness of 4:5; the large 

1 


50 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


prostata of a diameter of 4 mm., the globulous spermatotheca 
of 2 mm. diameter. 


This form seemed to be a Diaulula and very likely a new species. 


2. D1aAuLULA ? Morosa, B. n. sp. 
Pl. V., figs. 23-26. 

One specimen of this form was found on the shore at Mossel Bay. 

It had a length of 14 by a breadth of 6 and a height of 3 mm., the 
height of the rhinophores 1:5, the diameter of the gill-aperture 2:5, 
and the height of the branchial leaves 1:5; the breadth of the foot 
3°25 mm.—The back of this animal was of a uniform dark greenish 
gray colour, the foot white. 

The form was elongate-oval, rounded behind and in front with 
somewhat prominent brim of the villous back; the lamelle of the 
rhinophores not thin; the gill consisting of 10 simply pinnate 
leaves, protruding from the roundish gill-opening; the tentacles 
small; the foot shorter than the back, with prominent brim. 

The back densely covered with rather low villi of a height up to 
0:2 mm., stiffened with spicules in and often around them (fig. 23) ; 
the skin of the back containing masses of dark pigment and many 
spicules. 

The bulbus pharyngeus 2 mm. long, whitish; the lip dise with a 
strong, much folded, colourless cuticle (no armature). The rasp of 
the tongue nearly colourless, with many rows of plates and many 
plates in the series; the plates colourless, reaching a height mostly 
of 0:016 mm., of the common hook form (fig. 24), the outermost (6) 
very thin and slender, with short basal plate, reaching a height of 
0-14 mm. (figs. 25, 26). 

The liver longish, 6 mm. long, clear grayish yellow. 

The anterior genital mass whitish. The penis short, pear-shaped ; 
the glans short, conical, with yellowish cuticle. 

The generic position of this animal is quite uncertain; in many 
respects it would seem to belong to the Diaululide, but the leaves of 
the gill are simply pinnate. 


THORDISA, Beh. 


R. Bergh, System, l.c., 1892, p. 1098.—Die Opisthobranchiata d. 
Siboga Exped., 1905, pp. 121-124. 


THORDISA PUNCTULIFERA, B. n. sp. 
Pl. VI., figs. 1-4. 


In False Bay (Rockland Point bearing NW. 4, N. 24 miles) three 
specimens were taken by large dredge, together with a species of 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 51 


Chromodoris, from rocky bottom with many sponges in a depth of 
23 fms. 

The very hardened specimens varied in length from 11 to 16 mm. 
and resembled each other. The largest was 9 mm. broad by a 
height of 3-5; the height of the rhinophores nearly 2; the diameter 
of the gill aperture 1, the height of the gill-leaves 1:5, the breadth of 
the brim of the back 3, the breadth of the foot 3-5, and the length of 
the tail 1:6 mm.—The animal was of a uniform white colour, with 
small black roundish and more irregular spots spread over the back, 
sometimes too on the foot-brim; the brim of the back had perhaps 
been of another colour. 

The form longish oval, with the broad brim of the back somewhat 
undulating. The back appeared under the lens covered all over 
with very small closely set tubercles of a height and diameter of 
about 0-10 mm.; the black points much larger than the tubercles, 
measuring up to 0°3 mm. The rhinophores with about 20 lamellee 
and prominent end-papilla. The gill containing 5 tripinnate leaves. 
The tentacles appeared as very small prominences on the sides of 
the head. The brim of the foot not narrow, the tail short. 

The central nervous system as usual. The eyes of a diameter of 
0-12 mm.; the otocysts a little smaller, crowded with otokonia. 

The small tubercles of the skin (fig. 1) with many cellular glands 
and spicules (fig. 2). The skin as well as the interstitial tissue 
crowded with calcified cells and long spicules. 

The whitish bulbus pharyngeus about 3 mm. long, with prominent 
rasp-sheath; the lip disc clothed with a nearly colourless cuticle. 
The rasp of the tongue was nearly colourless and seemed to contain 
about 30 series of plates, the rasp-sheath about 30, the total number 
of rows thus being about 60. In the series on both sides of the 
rhachis (fig. 3) about 100 plates. The plates nearly colourless, the 
height of the 3 innermost 0:04—0:05-0:06, the height rising to 
0-3 mm.; in the outermost it was 0:06—0°10—0:12-0:14—0-16-0-20, 
0:25. They were of the usual hook form (figs. 3, 4); the 3 outer- 
most being always of another form, erect, with rounded, finely 
pectinated end (fig. 4). 

The salivary glands white, long, flattened. The posterior visceral 
mass (liver) 5°5 mm. long by a breadth of 3; flattened on the under 
side, yellowish. 

The anterior genital mass 3°5 mm. long, whitish; the penis as 
well as the vagina without armature. 


The tail of this animal is short, scarcely projecting behind the 
back, otherwise it resembles the D. punctulifera, B. (Neue 


52 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


Nacktschnecken der Siidsee II. Journ d. Mus. Godeffroy, Heft vi. 
1874, taf. 1, figs. 19, 20), only known by the coloured figure of 
Graeffe. 


GENUS (?). 


Doris (Gen. ?) pseudida, B. n. sp. 
Pl. VI, figs. 7-8. 


Near Table Bay (Lion’s Head bearing N. 63 E., 34 miles) four 
individuals were taken by shrimp-trawl from a depth of 154 fms. 
on a bottom with black specks. The three individuals sent were 
very hardened. 

Two were 15 and 23 mm. long. The third, which was dissected, 
had a length of 33 by a breadth of 20 and a height of 14 mm., the. 
rhinophores 1 mm. high; the brim of the back 5 mm. broad; the 
round gill-hole of a diameter of 3 mm., the height of the retracted 
gill-leaves 3 mm.; the tentacles | mm. long, the breadth of the foot 
6, the length of the tail2 mm. The animal was uniformly coloured 
whitish ; a fine white line along the margin of the back. 

The form longish-oval, the brim of the quite smooth back not 
narrow, overlapping the head and the tail, the rhinophores per- 
foliate; the gill formed of 6 tripinnate leaves, the subcentral anal 
papilla 3 mm. high. The tentacles short, finger-shaped; the brim 
of the foot rather narrow. 

Calcified groups of cells and spicules seldom occurred in the skin. 

The bulbus pharyngeus 7mm. long by a height and a breadth of 5, 
the rasp-sheath not prominent, the lip dise clothed with a thick 
white cuticle. The rasp of the tongue yellowish, containing 9 series 
of plates, in the rasp-sheath about 15, the total number of rows thus 
being 24; the rows seemed to have about 25 plates on each side of 
the very narrow rhachis. The plates nearly colourless, the height 
of the 4 outermost was 0:06-0:12-0:14-0°16, rising to 0°37 mm. 
The plates of the usual hook form (fig. 7), with hook quite even, the 
outermost small (fig. 8). 

The white salivary glands long, their last two-thirds flattened, 
1 mm. broad, the remaining hinder part very thin, the efferent 
duct not short. 

The large stomach very prominent, 8 mm. long by a breadth of 
6; its contents were animal matter with quantities of pointed hard 
spicules. The intestine 2°8 cm. long by a diameter of 05-1 mm. 
The yellowish white liver short, conical, 14 mm. long with a hollow 
base (for the stomach), of 11 mm. diameter. The gall-bladder 
4-5 mm. high by a diameter at its summit of 3°5. 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 53 


The genital system very little developed, the penis apparently 
unarmed. 


This form does not seem to belong to any of the hitherto estab- 
lished genera or even families of the cryptobranchiate Doridide. 


GENUS (?). 


Doris (Gen. ?) perplexa, B. n. sp. 
Pl. VI., figs. 5-6. 


Off Cape St. Blaize (N. by E. 84 miles) a specimen was taken by 
large trawl from a depth of 39 fms. on stony bottom, and in company 
with the Dorropsilla capensis. 

It was very hardened but soft, coloured uniformly whitish, the 
back anteriorly slightly grayish brown. It was 25 mm. long by a 
height and breadth of 7°5; the breadth of the foot 4 mm. 

The form longish, highest in the middle of the length, the quite 
smooth back separated from the sides by a narrow white margin ; 
the rhinophores well in front, 2 mm. high, with the club bent some- 
what backwards; the gill placed quite behind, 3 mm. from the end 
of the body, formed by 6 simply pinnate leaves about 1:5 mm. high ; 
the tentacles very small lobes; the foot rounded in front; the brim 
rather narrow, the tail very short, passing into the back without 
distinct demarcation. 

The central nervous system as usual. The diameter of the eyes 
0:12 mm. No spicules in the skin. 

The mouth tube 4 mm. long. The whitish bulbus pharyngeus 
5 mm. long by a height of 4°5 and a breadth of 3°5; the rasp-sheath 
large, projecting downwards; the lip disc with a rather strong, 
nearly colourless cuticle. The rasp of the large tongue nearly 
colourless ; the number of series of plates could not be determined. 
The series seemed to contain up to 46 plates on each side of the 
inconspicuous rhachis. The plates nearly colourless; the length of 
the basal plate of the innermost 0-10 mm.; that of the 4 outermost 
(fig. 6) was 0:08—0-12-0-18-0:22, rising to 0°37. They were of the 
common hook form, with wing of the basal plate (fig. 5). 

The white salivary glands very long. 

The stomach 5 mm. long by a breadth of 2. The intestine 
17 mm. long by a breadth of 0°5-0-75, filled with indeterminable 
animal matter with masses of needle-shaped pellucid spicules. The 
large yellowish white liver, conical, 15 mm. long by a breadth of 5. 


54 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


The genital system very little developed; no ripe genital elements 
were seen ; the penis seemed unarmed. 


This form could not be referred to any of the hitherto established 
genera. It had a smooth back with very narrow margin, simply 
pinnate gill-leaves. Moreover, no armature of the lip disc, and 
uniform hook-formed lingual plates. 


GENUS (?). 


Doris (Gen. ?) glabella, B. n. sp. 
Pl. VI., figs. 9-13. 


One specimen was procured off Buffalo Bay by shrimp-trawl from 
a depth of 30 fms. with sandy bottom, with stony Polyzoa. It was 
very contracted and hardened. 

The colour was yellowish white, the gill more yellow, and five 
club of the rhinophores brownish. The length was 4 cm. by a 
height of 2-2 and a breadth of 2; the length of the club of the per- 
foliated rhinophores 3 mm.; the diameter of the prominent gill 11, 
its leaves—7 mm. long, the strong anal papilla 2 mm. high; the 
breadth of the foot 6 mm., the length of the tail 6. 

The body somewhat compressed, the even back rounded, passing 
into the sides of the body. The 10 leaves of the gill mostly bifid or 
trifid, often branched, set in horseshoe form, simply pinnate 
(fig. 9). 

The nervous system and the eyes as usual. In the skin, besides 
the enormous quantity of glandular cells, calcified cells and cell- 
groups, long, irregular grumous calcified spicula. 

The mouth tube 6 mm. long. The bulbus pharyngeus 12 mm. 
long, 8 mm. broad, and 7 high; the thick rasp-sheath rather 
prominent; the lip dise with thick, yellowish cuticle, and a 
narrow armature of, as it were, chitinous cylinder-epithelium of a 
height of about 0°025 by a diameter of 0:007 mm. (fig. 10). 
The broad rasp of the tongue with about 60 series of plates, in 
the sheath moreover about 70; in the long rows on each side of 
the narrow naked rhachis about 200-300 plates. The plates clear 
yellow ; the innermost (fig. 11) of a height of 0-08 mm., the 
three outermost 0:025-0:04-0:08 mm. high, the height of the 
plates from both ends of the rows abruptly rising to 0:25 mm. 
The plates were of the common hook form (fig. 12), never denti- 
culated, the 1-2 outermost (fig. 11) small and somewhat irregular. 
A peculiar deformation was rather often seen in the different 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 58 


series, and often several times in the same series (fig. 13); the 
point of the plates sometimes bifid. 

The white salivary glands were long and thin. 

The cesophagus 1:2 em. long. The (liver-) stomachal cavity 
rather small; the intestine appearing at about the middle of the 
length of the liver, turning on the anterior genital mass and 
going backwards to the anal papilla. The length of the intestine 
2-5 cm. by a diameter generally of 3 mm. The liver clear yellowish 
gray, rather short and thick, 12 mm. long by a diameter of 9, with a 
depression for the anterior genital mass. 

The reno-pericardial organ rather roundish, of a diameter of 
1:5 mm, 

The anterior genital mass seemed of a rather complicated nature, 
but it could not be made out in the hardened specimen; it was 
about 15 mm. long by a diameter of 7-8. Its hinder part was 
formed by a sort of short pyramid, yellowish gray, of a height 
of 6 mm., by a base of 8, very likely opening in the vestibulum ; the 
rest of the mass whitish and yellowish; the spermatotheca globular, 
of a diameter of 3°5; the coil of the windings of the vas deferens 
very large, consisting of a longer prostatic and a shorter muscular 
part ; the penis 6 mm. long, without armature. 


This form cannot apparently be placed in any of the hitherto 
known genera of Dorididx ; it agrees with the Chromodoris and the 
Halla in the simply pinnate nature of the gill-leaves. 


CHROMODORIDIDAL. 


R. Bergh, System, l.c., pp. 1103-1112.—Die Opisthobranchiata 
d. Siboga Exped., 1905, pp. 142-168. 


CHROMODORIS, Ald. et Hane. 
R. Bergh, J.c., 1905, pp. 143-162. 


1. CHROMODORIS ALBOLIMBATA, B. n. sp. 
Pl. VI., figs. 18-24. 


Off Sebastian Bluff (W. by N., 2 N., 7 miles) one individual was 
taken by large dredge from a depth of 20 fms.; the bottom was cora| 
and stones. 

The animal was 15 mm. long by a breadth of 6 and a height 


56 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


of 4; the height of the rhinophores 1:5; the entirely everted gill 
projected 2 mm., the diameter of the gill-star 6 mm., the length 
of the leaves up to 3; the brim of the back 1:5, the breadth of 
the foot 4 and the length of the tail 3 mm.—The colour clear 
reddish white, the brim of the back chalk-white. 

The back quite even; the very fine gill with its 15 leaves 
(fig. 18) mostly extending out horizontally ; the anal papilla sub- 
median; the caudal and frontal veil about 1:5 mm. broad, the 
white brim finely punctuated; the tail projecting behind the 
back. 

The diameter of the eyes 0°10 mm., the lens very clear yellow. 
The diameter of the otocysts 0:08. The brim of the back filled 
with sacks of very different size, stuffed with vesicles mostly 
0:04 mm. in diameter. 

The length of the mouth tube 2 mm. The whitish bulbus 
pharyngeus with the (fig. 19) prominent rasp-sheath 3 mm. long by a 
breadth of 2. The very strong (fig. 19) lip plate reddish brown, 
the elements, which were variously bent (fig. 20), of a length up to 
0:06 by a diameter of nearly 0:005 mm. The rasp of the tongue 
yellowish, with many series of plates and a great number of 
plates in the series. The plates of usual form (fig. 23) and all with 
finely denticulated hook. On the very narrow rhachis small 
triangular pseudo-plates (fig. 21a) of a length short of 0:04 mm. 
The innermost plates denticulated as usual on both sides of the 
hook, 0:030 mm. high (fig. 21), the next 0-04 mm. high (fig. 22), the 
outermost about 8-10 plates only denticulated at the point (fig. 24). 

The liver on the outside gray, in section black, 8 mm. long by a 
breadth of 3 and a thickness of 2°5, sausage-shaped ; its fore-end 
and upper side covered by the whitish yellow hermaphrodite gland. 
The anterior genital mass whitish yellow, about 3-5 mm. long; the 
penis 1:5 mm. long. 


This form is different from the 13 species of Chromodoris 
described by Eliot (/.c., iv., 1904, pp. 386-399) from Zanzibar ; 
perhaps it is identical with one of the many species described from 
the Indo-Pacific Seas. 


2. CHROMODORIS EUELPIs,* B. n. sp. 
Pl VI. figs) 14-17. 
One specimen was procured off Umloti River mouth by large 


dredge from a depth of 45 fms. and a hard bottom of sand and shells 


on December 18, 1900. 
* Evedzmec, Good Hope. 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 57 


The specimen, killed with cocaine and expanded but somewhat 
hardened, had a total length of 18 mm. by a breadth of 4 and a 
height of 3 mm.; the frontal as well as the caudal veil projected 
25 mm., the first 5 mm. broad, broader than the caudal ; the 
height of the rhinophores 2, of the gill 2-5 mm.; the breadth of 
the foot 3, the length of the tail 7 mm.—The animal of a 
uniform yellowish colour, the back and the sides of the body very 
finely punctuated with black dots. 

The form as usual, the frontal and caudal veil very pronounced, 
the back quite even; the anterior part of the brim of the back and 
the caudal veil showed a series of slightly prominent bags (as seen 
in so many Chromodorides) with contents of roundish and pear- 
shaped elements; the gill, far back on the back, formed of eight 
leaves ; the brim of the back prominent; the tentacles short, finger- 
shaped, the tail rather long. 

The dirty whitish bulbus pharyngeus 3 mm. long. The slight 
yellowish armature of the lip dise 0°50 mm. high by a breadth of 
0:25, the elements (fig. 14) of a height up to 0-035 mm., with 
somewhat thicker bent end. The rasp of the tongue slightly 
yellowish with many rows of plates, and very many plates in the 
series. The plates nearly colourless, of a height up to 0-035 mm., 
the outermost measuring 0:016. They showed (figs. 15, 16) a 
plump bifid hook, the outermost of which (fig. 17) was more 
irregular. 

The long salivary glands white. The liver grayish, sausage- 
shaped, 8 mm. long by a diameter of 2. The anterior genital mass 
whitish. 


Perhaps this form represents a new species. No form of 
Chromodoris seems to have been hitherto described from the region 
of the Cape; this species does not agree with any of those from 
Zanzibar described by Eliot. 


3. CHROMODORIS, sp. 
Pl. VI., figs. 25-26. 


Three specimens were procured in False Bay (Rockland Point 
bearing N. + N., 24 miles) by large dredge from rocky bottom with 
many sponges in a depth of 23 fms., together with the Thordisa 
punctulifera. 

The specimens, which were much hardened, varied in length from 
13-17 mm. The largest was 13 mm. broad by a height of 4:5; the 
height of the rhinophores 2°5, the breadth of the brim of the back 


58 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


3°5, the height of the gill 2°56 mm., the breadth of the foot 4, 
the length of the tail 2 mm. The animal was of a uniform 
whitish colour, the tubercles of the back white, the gill grayish. 

The form was longish oval; the back covered all over with small 
rounded tubercles of a diameter of about 0°25 mm. These were also 
very distinct on the margin of the gill and of the rhinophore 
cavities ; the gill seemed formed of about 12 simply pinnate leaves. 
The tentacles appeared merely as small tubercles. 

The central nervous system, eyes and otocysts as usual. In 
the skin of the back calcified cells and spicules were in abundance. 

The mouth tube 25 mm. long. The whitish bulbus pharyngeus 
3°5 mm. long by a breadth and a height of 3, with rather prominent 
rasp-sheath : the lip plates large, nearly joining above and below, 
about 2 mm. high, 1 mm. broad, yellow; their elements (fig. 25) 
somewhat bent, 0°08 mm. high. The rasp yellow, with many series 
of plates. The number of plates in the series could not be deter- 
mined. The plates (fig. 26) nearly colourless, of a height up to 
0:08 mm., the hooks finely denticulated. 

The salivary glands long, white, flattened. 

The stomach large, 3 mm. broad, covering the anterior half of the 
liver. The posterior visceral mass (liver) yellowish white, short, 
conical, 7 mm. long by a breadth of 3:5. 


This form is very likely identical with one of the many hitherto 
described species of Chromodoris. 


APHELODORIS, B. 
R. Bergh, System, l.c., 1892, p. 1112. 


APHELODORIS ? ? BRUNNEA, Bgh. n. sp. 
Pl. XI., figs. 28-29; Pl. X11, fig. 1. 


One specimen was sent for examination. It had been captured at 
low tide on rocks at Kalk Bay. 

The length of the animal was 4°7 cm. by a breadth of 1:5 and a 
height of 0:9 cm.; the diameter of the gill aperture was 3 mm., the 
height of the retracted gill 3 mm.; the breadth of the brim of the 
back 2:5 mm. ; the foot 8 mm. broad, its brim measured 2.—The back 
was of a brown colour, the whole of the under side whitish, and on 
the sides of the body were some scattered grayish brown spots (the 
colour rubbed off ?); the club of the rhinophores brownish, so, too, 
the rhachides of the gill-leaves. 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVIT. 59 


The form of the animal longish, somewhat narrow and depressed, 
the body quite smooth. The rhinophore-sheaths, immediately behind 
the anterior end of the proper back, about 1:5 mm. projecting, their 
opening obliquely truncate ; the rhinophores about 2 mm. high, the 
club perfoliated, the lamelle rather numerous, thin. The gill rather 
contracted, composed of 8 tripinnate leaves, situated at the posterior 
end of the back. The tentacles short, as it were, refolded on the top. 
The foot rather narrow throughout its whole length, rounded before 
and behind ; the tail 3 mm. long, not extending beyond the back. 

The central nervous system quite as in allied forms. The nearly 
sessile eyes of a diameter of 0:12 mm., with yellowlens. The otocysts 
a little larger. In the lamella of the rhinophores no spicules, which 
are absent also in the skin of the body. 

The whitish mouth tube rather long (5 mm.). The bulbus 
pharyngeus short, clumsy, 4 mm. long, whitish; the labial disc 
covered over by a rather strong, bright yellowish cuticle; the rasp- 
sheath hardly prominent. The rasp bright yellowish, containing 
9 series of tooth plates, in the short and thick sheath 20 series, of 
which two are not fully developed; the total number of series 29. 
In the series about 40 plates. The plates nearly colourless; the 
height of the three outermost 0-07—0:10—0:16, rising to 0°25 mm. 
farther inwards. The outermost tooth (fig. 29a) more erect, all the 
others of the common hook form (fig. 29); the innermost (fig. 28) 
with low hook, 0:07 mm. in height. 

The yellow salivary glands about 10 mm. long, their posterior half 
very thin, folded in the middle. 

The cesophagus short, 2 mm. long. The stomach quite free, 
13 mm. long by a diameter of 8, filled with yellowish animal matter 
of undeterminable nature. The intestine (26 mm. in length) running 
from the anterior end of the stomach straight backwards to the 
white conical anal papilla. 

The posterior visceral mass (the liver) 20 mm. long by diameter of 
7, the anterior end obliquely truncate, the posterior a little attenuated, 
roundish; the colour of the surface yellowish white, with a number 
of groups of small white nodules (lobules of hermaphrodite gland) ; 
the liver substance more yellow. The pear-shaped gall-bladder 
4 mm. long. 

The reno-pericardial organ (renal syrinx) whitish, of a length of 
2 mm. 

In the lobules of the hermaphrodite gland oogenous cells and 
bundles of zoosperms. The anterior genital mass white, somewhat 
compressed, 10 mm. long by a height of 4 and a breadth of 3 mm., 
rather hard and difficult to examine (fig. 1). The hermaphrodite 


60 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


duct forms a little coil of windings (fig. 1a). From the anterior of 
the mucous gland (fig. 1b) there issues a long, rather bent and 
particular organ (fig. lec) that opens in the vestibulum genitale * 
(fig. ld); the walls of this milk-white organ are rather thick, the 
cavity narrow (the prostatic part of a kind of vas deferens?). The 
globular spermatotheea (fig. 1e) of a diameter of 3-25 mm., at its 
side the much smaller pear-shaped spermatocyst. The efferent ducts 
of the genital system absolutely unarmed. 


The systematic position of this form is very doubtful. It may, 
perhaps, be referred to the Chromodoridide and placed in the 
neighbourhood of Aphelodoris. 


POROSTOMATA. 


DORIOPSIDID Al. 
R. Bergh, l.c., 1892, pp. 1114-1122. 


I. DORIOPIS (Pease), Bgh. 


1, D. capensis, Bgh. n. sp. 


Limbus dorsalis serie macularum nigrarum ornatus. 
Pl. XIV., fig. 4. 


One specimen of this form had been taken off Umlanga River 
mouth by shrimp-trawl. 

It was rather contracted and somewhat bent, rather soft. The 
colour was yellowish white, but the brim of the back showed at the 
margin somewhat roundish black patches; the tip of the branchial 
leaves grayish. The length was about 18 mm. by a height of 6 and 
a total breadth of 11, of which 3 on each side belonged to the brim ; 
the breadth of the foot 7 mm., the brim 1:5 mm. broad, the length of 
the tail nearly 5 mm.; the diameter of the branchial star 7 mm., the 
length of the gill-leaves 3 mm. 

The form was as in other Doriopsides; the brim of the even back 
very undulating; the rhinophores situated far forward, the gill far 
backward, consisting of 5 leaves ; tentacles were not visible ; the tail 
of the foot not short, projecting behind the body proper. 

The central nervous system whitish, of usual relations, the buccal 
ganglia situated between the salivary glands (gl. salivales). The very 

* A small, roundish multicellular ganglion (genitale) was attached in the 
neighbourhood of the vestibulum. 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 61 


short-stalked eyes of a diameter of 0:10 mm. Hardened spicules 
were not found either in the lamellz of the club of the rhinophores 
or in the skin of the back. 

The yellowish pharyngeal cone nearly 2 mm. long; at its base the 
secondary salivary gland (gl. ptyalina), consisting of two halves 
adjoining each other. The bulbus pharyngeus, whose foremost end 
lies in the pharyngeal cone, as usual; at its hinder end the small 
oval salivary glands proper. The cesophagus thicker but shorter 
than the bulbus. The posterior visceral mass (liver) yellow, 8 mm. 
long by a breadth of 4, truncate in front, the slit (so characteristic in 
the Doriopsidee) in the hinder end, 3 mm. long. 

The pericardium as usual ; the blood gland yellowish white. 

The anterior genital mass somewhat compressed, 2-5 mm. long, 
whitish and white (the mucous gland). The glans penis provided in 
the usual way with the (quincuncial) series of hooks ; the slightly 
yellowish hooks (fig. 4) relatively strong, of a height up to 0-035 mm., 
the armature continued up in the vas deferens only for a short 
distance.” 


The Doriopsides vary very much in colouration; still, this form 
seems to represent a new species. 


2. Dor. caLLosa, Bgh. n. sp. 
Pl. VIII., figs. 1-4. 


Two specimens were procured by dredge at “ Rocky Bank”’ in 
False Bay on rocky bottom in a depth of 17-27 fms. 

One of them was 15 mm. long, the other 25 mm. by a breadth of 
15 and a height of 6; the height of the rhinophores 2, the brim 
of the back 4-5 mm. broad, the diameter of the gill-aperture 3, the 
breadth of the foot 8 (of its brim 2).—The colour was whitish, the 
border of the back proper blackish, as also the fore-part of the back ; 
there were besides a few black patches spread over the back. The 
back proper showed, all over, long spicules shining through, crossing 
each other irregularly in all directions ; on the brim the spicula were 
more scattered, whiter, and mostly running transversely towards the 
margin. On the under side of the brim the radiation was less 
pronounced. 

The form somewhat elongated; the white strongly foliated rhino- 


* In the vagina of an individual of Platydoris arrogans I found the (torn out) 
penis of another individual (cf., my ‘‘ Malacol. Unters.,” ii. (Heft xii.), 1877, 
p- 517). Sometimes individuals of Doriopsides and Pryllidiide are seen, in 
which the armature of the penis is wanting. 


62 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


phores standing quite anteriorly ; the back quite even, but with many 
small nodules at its junction with the margin. The gill-hole far 
behind, with prominent margin ; the number of leaves of the gill 6. 
The mouth a fine pore, no visible tentacles. The foot rounded in 
front, the tail short. 

The central nervous system as usual; the buccal ganglia (fig. 4) 
much smaller than the salivary glands. The eyes 0:14 mm. in 
diameter, with large yellow lens; the otocysts 0°10 mm. in diameter, 
filled with otokonia. The skin full of spicules of the most different 
sizes, form, and degree of calcification (fig. 3). The most of the long 
spicules of a diameter up to at least 0:05 mm., mostly smooth, some- 
times a little thorny, mostly clear, sometimes even blackish. In the 
interstitial tissue masses of spicules; as also in the axis of the rhino- 
phores, but almost none in the lamelle. 

The mouth tube about 4 mm. long, white. The glandula ptyalina 
about 1 mm. broad, rather thick. The transparent bulbus pharyn- 
geus (fig. 4a) unusually, nearly 17 mm., long by a general diameter of 
0:4 mm.; at its hinder end the salivary glands rather large (fig. 450). 
The cesophagus rather short and wide (fig. 4c) ; the intestine 6 mm. 
long. The liver a little flattened, in nearly its anterior half very 
compressed by the anterior genital mass, yellowish white, 10 mm. 
long by a breadth of 5, the cleft in the hinder end 1°5 mm. long. 

The hermaphrodite gland clothing the largest part of the liver, of 
a similar colour, and with ripe genital elements in its lobules. The 
large anterior genital mass yellow and white, 6 mm. long by a height 
and breadth of 4. The form and the armature of the penis as usual 
(figs. 1, 2). 


This form is specifically different from the D. spiculata.* 


3. Doriopsis cmstA, B. n. sp. 


An individual was taken by dredge near Roman Rock Lighthouse 
(SE. $S., 14 miles) from a bottom of sand and shells in a depth of 
10 fms. 

The living animal is noted to have been “ bluish.” Preserved, it 
was whitish with the margin of the back more grayish, the rhino- 
phores yellowish. The length was 14 mm. by a breadth of 7-5 and 
a height of 4:5; the height of the rhinophores 2, the diameter of the 
gill 4, the breadth of the brim of the back 3, the breadth of the foot 
3 mm. 


* R. Bergh, Die Nacktschnecken der Siidsee. Journal d. Mus. Godeffroy, 
Heft xiy., 1878, p. 37. taf. ii., figs. 13-15, 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 63 


The form of the body oval; the rhinophores rather large, the gill 
formed of 8 rather low (simply ?) pinnate leaves ; the back quite even 
with undulating broad brim, the frontal veil rather large. The 
animal did not at first sight look like a Doriopsis. 

The central nervous system as usual. 

The glandula ptyalina large, brownish. The bulbus pharyngeus 
with the gland. salivales (and the buccal ganglia) as usual, the more 
brownish cesophagus rather short. The liver dirty- yellowish, sausage- 
shaped, 6 mm. long by a breadth of 3, the cleft in the hinder end 
3 mm. long. 

In the lobes of the thin layer of the hermaphrodite gland ripe 
genital elements, the ampulla of its duct strong, yellowish white. 
The anterior genital mass 4 mm. long by a height of 3°5 and a thick- 
ness of 2:5. The penis whitish; the everted prominent glans of a 
diameter of 0°25 mm., covered with about 25 quincunx-series of 
hooks of a height up to 0°08; the armature continued for a short 
distance up into the vas deferens, where the number of series 
seemed to be smaller ; the hooks weaker, with larger basal part of a 
diameter of 0:04 mm.* 


4, Dortopsis, sp. 
Pl. VIII., figs. 5-6. 


At Swart Klip (NE. ¢ N. 1 mile) an individual was taken by 
dredge from a depth of ten fms. and from a bottom of broken 
shells (November 17, 1902). 

The contracted and very hardened specimen was 16 mm. long by 
a breadth of 6 and a height of 5, the breadth of the foot 5°5 and 
the length of the tail 5:5 mm.—The colour is now whitish, but had 
very likely been grayish, the back and the sides still retaining 
large patches of this colour ; the rhinophores and the gill whitish. 

The form as usual; the head rather large, the rhinophores with 
10-12 strong lamell, and a small papilla at the top; the back 
quite even ; the gill, standing nearly on the middle of the back, con- 
sisting of 6 pinnate leaves; the brim of the back as well as of the foot 
a little projecting ; the whitish penis (fig. 5) projected as a cylinder of 
a height of 1 mm., and from its top the armed end of the vas deferens, 
15 mm. long (figs. 5, 6): the tail prominent beyond the end of 
the back. 

The central nervous system as in other Doriopsides. 


* A dark-blue variety of the so varying D. nigra is known from the Southern 
Japanese Sea (R. Bergh, Beitr. zur Kenntniss d. Japan. Nudibranchien, I, Verh. 
d. k, k. Zool. Bot. Ges. in Wien, xxx., 1880, pp. 181-184). 


64 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


The bulbus pharyngeus, the cesophagus, and the gl. ptyalina 
as in other Doriopsides. The liver short-conical, truncate in front, 
the length 7 mm., the colour yellowish gray ; scarcely any fissure of 
the hinder end could be seen. 

The everted part of the vas deferens (fig. 5) 0:14 mm. broad, 
showing 10-12 irregular quincunx series of thorns; these last a 
little bent, clear, colourless, mostly 0°02 mm. high (fig. 6). 


DORIOPSILLA, B. 
R. Bergh, System, J.c., 1892, p. 1123 ;—l.c., 1905, pp. 178-180. 


DoRIOPSILLA CAPENSIS, B. n. sp. 
Plo VE, fie: 7. 


Along with Doris perplexa a specimen of this form was procured 
by large trawl at Cape St. Blaize. 

The rather stiff specimen measured 15 mm. in length bya breadth 
of 10 and a height of 7; the breadth of the nearly straight brim of 
the back was 2 mm., that of the foot 9. It was uniformly coloured 
whitish, the nodules of the back white. 

The form as usual; the back covered all over with small rounded 
nodules; the gill situated far behind, formed of six leaves of the 
height of 2 mm. 

The central nervous system as usual, the buccal ganglia seemed 
to be situated in its immediate neighbourhood. The eyes were 
somewhat flattened, of a diameter of about 0°25 mm. The back 
filled full of calcified cells, groups of cells, and spicules proper (of a 
diameter up to 0:06 mm.). 

The gl. ptyalina white, flattened, 3 mm. broad. The very thin 
bulbus pharyngeus nearly 4 mm. long, the gl. salivales as usual, 
the cesophagus very short. 

The large intestinal mass (liver) 10 mm. long by a breadth of 6; 
the length of the cleft in the hinder end 1:75 mm, The dirty-yellow 
liver on its sides for a breadth of 8 mm. covered by the transverse, 
yellowish white bands of the hermaphrodite gland, in its lobes ripe 
genital elements. The anterior genital mass meniscus-shaped, 
6 mm. long, whitish, and dirty yellowish. The penis as usual, the 
diameter of the glans (fig. 7) at its point 0°10 mm. ; the hooks small, 
reaching a height of 0-013 mm. 


At South Head (EH. by S. $58., 25 miles) nine individuals of 
probably the same animal were caught by shrimp-trawl from a depth 
of 190 fms. with a bottom of green sand and black specks, 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 65 


The (five) specimens sent, very hardened, varied in size from 17 to 
23 mm. The largest was 12 mm. broad by a height of 7, the brim of 
the back 4 mm. broad, the breadth of the foot 7, the 6 gill-leaves 
3 mm. high. The colour as above. Two individuals showed a few 
roundish small patches on the back. 

The skin of the back quite as above. So, too, the thin bulbus 
pharyngeus. The liver sausage-shaped, 8 mm. long by a breadth 
of 5, the cleft in the hinder end 2° mm. long. 


DORIDIDZ PHANEROBRANCHIATZ. 
R. Bergh, System, l.c., 1892, pp. 1129-1160. 


Dor. PHANEROBR. NON SUCTORIZ S. POLYCERID. 
R. Bergh, J.c., pp. 1133-1147. 


TRIOPA, Johnston. 


Johnston, Miscell. Zool. Ann. of Nat. H., 1, 1838, p. 123. 

R. Bergh, On the nudibr. gaster. Moll. of the North Pacific Oc., 
ii. (Dall, Sc. res. of the explor. of Alaska, ii.), 1880, pl. xiii. 
(v.), figs. 15-20; pl. xiv. (vi.), figs. 21-22; pl. xv. (vii), 
figs. 12-13.—System d. nudibranch. Gasteropoden., l.c., 1892, 
p. 1139; J.c., 1905, pp. 185-187. 


Corpus vix depressum ; limbus frontalis angustior cirrhis granu- 
losis ornatus, margo dorsalis cirrhis subclavatis instructus ; rhino- 
phoria retractilia clavo perfoliato; branchia paucifoliata foliolis 
tripinnatis ; tentacula sat brevia obtusa canaliculata. 

Armatura labialis et malaris nulla. Radula sat angusta rhachide 
nuda; pleuris dentibus lateralibus duobus majoribus et serie 
dentium externorum quorum modo intimus hamo rudimentario 
preeditus. 

Glans penis armata. 


The rather narrow frontal brim is provided with somewhat 
granular appendages, and the margin of the back with more club- 
shaped ones; the gill is formed of a few (3-5) tripinnate leaves. 
The lip disc is clothed with a simple cuticle. The rasp of the tongue 
not broad; the rhachis naked; the pleure contain two large lateral 
plates and a series of smaller flattened plates. The glans of the 
penis armed with series of hooks. 

Some few species of the genus are known .— 

1. Tr. clavigera (O. Fr. Miller). 
M. Atlant., Mediterr. 
5 


66 Marine Inwestigations mm South Africa. Vol. V. 


2. Tr. lucida, Stimpson. 
M. capense. 

3. Tr. Cataline, Cooper. 
M. Pacvfic. 

4. Tr. Yatesi, Angas. 
M. Pacific. 

5. Tr. longicornis, B. 
M. Indie. 

6. Tr. (?) gracilis, Pease. 
M. Paczrfic. 

¢. Tr. (2) tristts, B. 
M. Indic. 


TRIOPA LUCIDA, Stimpson. 


Stimpson, Descr. of some new Marine Invertebrata. Proc. of the 
Ac. of Nat. Sc. of Philadelphia, vii., 1856, p. 388. 


Pl. XIL., figs. 6-7. 


One specimen was sent, procured near Tugela River mouth, along 
with Idaliella amenula. 

The animal is now of a uniform whitish colour.“ The length is 
9 mm., by a breadth of the body proper of 3:5 and a height of 3; 
the length of the papillee of the back reaching up to 3 mm., that of 
the leaves of the gill 2°5; the breadth of the foot 4 mm. 

The head with perpendicular mouth; the tentacles truncate, 
somewhat folded up. The frontal brim rather narrow with 
8 appendages of different sizes, the highest somewhat nodular in 
their upper half. The margin of the back otherwise not project- 
ing, but rising through its whole length in club-shaped appendages, 
on each side 15-17 (Stimpson mentions a number of about 40 in all). 
The clubs (fig. 6) mostly of about the same size, slightly nodular (in 
their upper half), the lower half stuffed with long strong spicules, 
and in the point of the club a roundish bag.| The back smooth ; 
the gill consisting of 3 strong, quite separate leaves, of which the 
lateral are bifid; the anal papilla as usual. The sides of the body 
rather high. The foot at least as broad as the body proper. 

The intestines shone dark-grayish through the foot.—The nervous 
system as in the typical species. The short-stalked eyes of a 


* According to Stimpson the ‘‘ colour is uniform transparent white, except 
that the tentacles, branchiz, and appendages are all of yellowish colour towards 
their extremities. Length 0°8 inch. Simon’s Bay, Cape.”’ 

+ Cf. Bergh, Polyceraden, J.c., ii., 1881, p. 642.—Bergh, Alaska (Dall), ii., 
1880, p. 264, pl. xiii., pp. (6-17. 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 67 


diameter of 0:075 mm.; the otocysts of a diameter of 0:08 mm., 
filled with otokonia of a diameter up to 0-009 mm. The skin of the 
back, the appendages of the back and the stalk of the rhinophores 
(but not the lamella) full of very long, very hardened spicules of a 
diameter up to 0:035 mm. The interstitial connective tissue filled 
with spicules. 

The bulbus pharyngeus scarcely 1 mm. in length; the hardened 
state of the organ did not permit a thorough examination. The lip 
dise only clothed with a thin cuticle. The number of rows of tooth- 
plates altogether perhaps about 55, on the outside of the lateral 
plates about 15 outer. The plates were nearly colourless; the 
length of the second lateral plate was 0:06 mm., that of the first of 
the outer plates 0-037, of the outermost 0:029 mm. The first and 
second lateral plates (fig. 7ab) as formerly described * in Tr. clavigera, 
so too the outer plates (fig. 7c). 

The posterior visceral mass grayish brown, the anterior genital 
mass whitish. The armature of the glans was not seen. 


The form here examined is no doubt the 7’. lucida of Stimpson, 
which hitherto was only known from his imperfect description. 


NEMBROTHA, Bgh. 


R. Bergh, System der nudibranchiaten Gasteropoden, J.c., 1892, 
pp. 1144-1145.—Die Opisthobranchiata d. Siboga Exped., 
1905, pp. 194-202. 


Corpus limaciforme, fere leve ; rhinophoria retractilia clavo per- 
foliato; branchia in medio fere dorsi sita, paucifoliata, foliolis bi- vel 
tripinnatis ; tentacula brevia lobiformia ; podarium angustius. 

Armatura labialis debilis vel nulla. Radula non lata; rhachis 
dente subquadrato applanato; pleure dente laterali (primo) falci- 
formi et dentibus externis compluribus depressis simplicibus. 

Glandula hermaphrodisiaca hepate connata; prostata nulla; glans 
penis aculeis vel hamis armata. 


Outwardly the Nembrothe are not always easily to be distin- 
guished from the Trevelyan ; the nwmber of their branchial leaves is 
smaller than in this genus, but the anatomy shows very important 
differences. The nature of the rasp is very different; and the her- 
maphrodite gland clothes (as common in other allied forms) the liver ; 
there exists no special prostata, and the (glans) pens is armed. 


* R. Bergh, Beitr. zu einer Monogr. d. Polyceraden, ii. Verh. d. k.k. zool. 
bot. Ges. in Wien, xxx., 1881, p. 643. taf. xiii., fig. Jab; taf. xiv., figs. 2-3. 


68 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


A small number of species is known hitherto, excepting the N. 
gratiosa of the Mexican Gulf,* only from the Philippine Seas (Cap) 
and the Pacific Ocean. 

1. N. negerrima, Bgh. 
2. N. Kubaryana, B. 
3. N. diaphana, B. 
4, N. gracilis, B. 
. N. morosa, B. 
. N. cristata, B. 
. N. gratiosa, B. 
. N. rubropapulosa, B. (Siboga). 
. N. lineolata, B. (Siboga). 
. N. Amitina, B. (Siboga). 
. N. capensis, Bgh. n. sp. 
12. N. sp. (Semper, B.). 
13. N. (?) rubro-ocellata, B. (Siboga). 
14. N. (?) Edwards: (Angas). 


Se 
eK OO MWS cr 


NEMBROTHA CAPENSIS, Bgh. n. sp. 
Pl. XIL., figs. 8-17. 


Of this form I had three specimens to examine, procured at rocks, 
Kalk Bay. 

The two larger were examined by dissection, more particularly the 
largest. When alive the colour was “ dark blue.” 

The length of the specimens was 3:8-4:2 and 6‘7cm. The latter, 
the largest, had a height of 2 cm. at the gill, which was about 8 mm. 
high ; the breadth 1-2 cm., that of the back proper 1:1; the breadth 
of the foot 7 mm., the height of the club of the rhinophores 4 mm. 

The colour was uniformly deep blackish blue; the sole of the foot 
somewhat yellowish white. 

The form of the animal, as usual in the Nembrothex, rather com- 
pressed. The short tentacles, as it were, refolded on the top; the 
sheath of the rhinophores somewhat prominent, the club of the 
conical rhinophores with about 30 lamelle and a black terminal 
papilla. The true back limited by a low brim; the gill situated 
before the middle of the back, the number of the gill-leaves 7, their 
form as usual. The anal papilla completing the gill ring 1:75 mm. 
high. The foot as usual in the Nembrothe. 


* R. Bergh, Rep. on the Nudibranchs (Blake Expedition). Bull. of the Mus. 
of Comparative Zodlogy of Harvard College xix., 3, 1890, pp. 172-175. taf. ii., 
figs. 1-5; taf. iii., figs. 1-4. 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil, Society. Vol. XVII. 69 


The central nervous system as usual. The diameter of the almost 
sessile eyes 0:10 mm.; neither in the rhinophorial lamelle nor in 
the skin were spicules seen. 

The short mouth tube with the inside black. The clumsy bulbus 
pharyngeus (fig. 8) oval in circumference, with a breadth and height 
of 4 mm., of a length of 6, the rasp-sheath moreover projected 2 mm. ; 
the labial dise yellowish white, the perpendicular mouth downwards, 
with strong grayish folds; the cheeks clothed with an especially 
downwards strong grayish cuticle. On the upper side of the bulbus 
the rather narrow palate shone blackish through, on each side 
accompanied by a strong yellowish or grayish white glandular mass 
(fig. 8). The rasp of the tongue yellow, containing (in the two speci- 
mens) 12 series of tooth-plates, in the sheath moreover 10-12 series, 
of which the two hindermost were not quite developed ; the total 
number of series being thus 22-24. The median and outer plates 
yellow; the large lateral ones colourless, transparent; the breadth 
of the median plates 0:56 mm., the length of the lateral about 1 mm. ; 
the plates, especially the lateral, were very hard. The median 
plates (fig. 9) of usual form, but scarcely with any thickening of the 
foremost edge; the lateral (figs. 10-12) very clumsy, broad, some- 
what bent, with short simple hook; the number of outer plates was 
5 (rather seldom 6), their form (figs. 13, 14) as usual. 

Salivary glands of the usual kind were wanting, being represented 
by the glandular masses on the upper side of the bulbus pharyngeus. 

The cesophagus rather short. The intestine rose to the surface of 
the hinder visceral mass (liver) at about the limit of its first and 
second third, made some large windings on the upper and right side 
of the genital mass, and ran on the right side of the liver to the 
black anal papilla; the whole length about 5 cm. by a nearly 
constant diameter of 2°25 mm. 

The posterior visceral mass yellowish gray, 15-17 mm. long by 
diameters of 10-9, with rounded anterior and posterior end; the 
cavity of the liver (stomach) rather large, its substance somewhat 
more grayish than the surface, which was nearly quite covered by 
the thin yellowish layer of the groups of lobules of the hermaphro- 
dite gland. The whole of the digestive tract was quite empty. 

The blood gland blue, of oval form, 3°5-5°5 mm. long, rather 
thick, composed of quite small lobules; fixed to the bend of the 
intestine. 

In the lobules of the hermaphrodite gland ripe sexual elements. 
The anterior genital mass pear-shaped, narrower towards the 
anterior end, 8 mm. long by a height and a breadth of 6-7; the 
connected efferent ducts projected moreover 3 mm., were black on 


70 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


the outside and inside. The whitish seminal duct making several 
windings, when unrolled 2:5 em. long, continued in the blackish 
penis sack (preeputium) of a length of 4 mm., the inside of this with 
fine longitudinal folds, at its base the small glans. This last has the 
usual armature of (quincuncial) series of slightly yellowish hooks 
(fig. 15) rising to a height of 0:02 mm., the armature continued for a 
short distance up in the seminal duct. The spermatotheca (fig. 16a) 
globular, of a diameter of 2-3 mm., greenish blue on account of its 
dark contents (of usual kind); the spermatocysta (fig. 16b) smaller, 
whitish, pear-shaped, containing zoosperms. The mucous and albu- 
minous gland whitish and white; into the anterior end opened a 
thin-walled bag (vestibular gland ?) (fig. 17) of the length of 4-5 mm. 
the inside of which showed closely set fine reticular folds. 

The whole of the intestines was wrapt up in a loose, somewhat 
felt-like, colourless connective tissue, and the different parts of the 
intestines were connected by a similar substance. 


The form here examined is certainly new ; it approaches perhaps 
nearest to the N.diaphana of the Pacific Ocean (Aibukit).* Regard- 
ing the salivary glands and the presence of a vestibular bag, it seems 
to differ from the hitherto known species of the genus. 


EKUPLOCAMUS, Phil. 


Huplocamus, Phil., Enum. moll. Sic., i. 1836, p. 103. 

Kaloplocamus, Bgh., Beitr. zu einer Monogr. d. Polyceraden, 1. 
Verh. d. k.k. zool. bot. Ges. in Wien, xxix., 1880, p. 623 (27).t+ 

EHuplocamus, Phil. R. Bergh, System d. nudibranch. Gasteropoden, 
1892, U.c., p. 1145. 


Corpus nonnihil elongatum, vix depressum ; margo frontalis sicut 
margo dorsalis appendicibus arborescentibus ornati; rhinophoria 
retractilia, clavo elongato perfoliato ; branchia paucifoliata, foliolis 
tripinnatis ; tentacula auriformia; podarium sat forte. 

Lamellze mandibulares valide, e baculis minutis dense confertis 
composite. Radula latiuscula; rhachis nuda; pleure dentibus 
lateralibus majoribus hamatis quasi cochleariformibus tribus vel 
duobus et serie dentium externorum minorum, applanatorum breviori 
vel longiori (5-35). 

Prostata magna, spermatothecam et spermatocystam amplectens ; 
glans penis armata. 


* Tc. Xi., 1877, pp. 454-457. taf. lv., figs. 15-16; taf. lvi., figs. 6-10. 
+ The generic name had been employed by Latreille (1809) for a Lepidopteron, 
somewhat later (1838) by Temminck for a fowl. 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 71 


The frontal margin as well as the dorsal is provided with fine 
arborescent tufts, in the former more numerous, in the latter fewer 
in number. The retractile rhinophores with very perfoliate club. 
The gill composed of a few (5) tripinnate leaves. The tentacles ear- 
shaped; the foot rather well developed. 

The strong mandibles formed of closely set fine staffs. The 
radula not narrow; the rhachis naked; the pleure with a few (3) 
strong hook-shaped lateral plates and a series of (5-35) rather 
flattened outer plates. The prostata large, embracing the two 
seminal bags; the glans armed. 

The Euplocami form a transition link between the Polycere and 
the Plocamopheri, being more closely allied to the latter. 

Only some few species are known, the validity of which even is 
not quite established :— 

1. HE. croceus, Phil. 
M. Mediterr. 
Var. Atlantica, Bgh. 
M. Atlantic. 
Var. capensis, Bgh. 
M. Capense. 
2. H. japomcus, Bgh. 
M. Japon. 
3. H. pacificus, Bgh. 
M. Paevfic. 


E. croceus, Phil., var. CAPENSIS. 
Pl. XII., figs. 18-24. 


Four specimens of this form were sent for examination, procured 
off Great Fish Lighthouse, off Cape Hangklip, and off Cape Point 
Lighthouse. , 

When alive they were of a “ greenish colour with small red spots.” 

They closely resembled each other, and had a length of 30-35 mm. 
They are now of a whitish colour, but the best preserved and the 
largest of them showed the gill reddish yellow, so too the arbores- 
cences of the frontal and lateral appendages; moreover, small 
reddish yellow spots were sparsely scattered over the back and on 
the sides of the body. In all the specimens fine white points, some- 
times a little prominent, appeared on the body, and, in all, the 
intestines shone blackish through the right side of the body. 

Two individuals were dissected. 

In the largest individual (835 mm. long) the diameter of the frontal 
yeil with its arborescences was 25 mm., the height of these last rose 


72 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


to 8 mm.; the breadth of the back between the lateral arbusculi was 
13 mm., the height of these rose to 11; the height of the body 
proper 13 mm.; the height of the rhinophores was 10, the length of 
the gill-leaves 7 mm.; the breadth of the head with the tentacles 
16 mm., of the tentacles themselves 5; the breadth of the foot in 
front 15, that of the brim 3, the tail 6 mm. long. 

The form of the animal as in other Euplocamis; the strongly 
developed, rather large, somewhat curved frontal veil had in all the 
specimens 8 arborescences, of which the outermost was a little 
larger. The head rather broad with ear-like tentacles (fig. 18); in 
the largest individual the mouth tube was inverted and the bulbus 
pharyngeus projected to a length of 6 mm. The sheath of the 
rhinophores low, in one specimen the organs were nearly quite 
retracted ; the stalk was a third of the height of the whole organ ; 
the club with about 40 lamelle and short end papilla. The back 
somewhat convex, smooth, sloping backwards; from the narrow 
brim projected, at somewhat equal intervals on either side, in all 
individuals, 4 strong arborescent appendages, the first near the 
rhinophore, the last at the root of the tail. They were of the usual 
form (fig. 19), mostly tripinnate, the branchlets mostly more or less 
pointed ; the mostly somewhat lower frontal arborescent tufts of the 
same nature as the dorsal. The gill formed of 5 sometimes bifid 
tripinnate leaves, situated at about the last third of the length of the 
animal. The truncate anal papilla 1-5 mm. high; at its root to the 
right the fine renal pore. The sides of the body smooth ; the genital 
papilla in one individual contracted, in the other the everted penis 
with its preeputium projected 7 mm. (fig. 20), and from its point also 
the armature of the seminal duct to a length of 0-5 mm. (with a 
diameter of 0:12). The foot not narrower than the back; the 
anterior margin straight with a simple furrow; the tail with a slight 
crest with small arborescent tufts. 

The nervous system nearly quite as formerly described * in the 
Hupl. croceus, Phil. The lamelle of the club of the rhinophores 
had no ealcified cells nor had their stalk, and in the skin of the back 
only few and small, never true spicules. 

The mouth tube 4 mm. long, wide. The whitish bulbus pharyngeus 
65-7 mm. long by a breadth of 5:°5-6°5 and a height of 5-75, its 
form and structure quite agreeing with that of the H. croceus.{| The 
yellow mandibular plates (fig. 21) 3 mm. long, somewhat longer 
than in the typical form, otherwise as in this, as also its structure ; 
the diameter of its elements 0:005 mm.t The rather broad, some- 

* Cf. L.c., i., 1880, pp. 628-629. taf. xii., figs. 10, 11; taf. xiii., fig. 3, 
+ Cf. Le., pp. 630-631, } Cf. l.c., p. 630, 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII, 173 


what depressed, whitish tongue with a deep cleft for the yellowish or 
yellow radula (as far as could be determined by the nearly cartilagi- 
nous state of hardening of the bulbus); the rasp contained about 
17 rows of plates, in the sheath moreover about 13, the total number 
of rows being thus about 30. On each side of the rather broad 
naked rhachis 3 strong lateral plates and a series of outer plates. 
The plates were yellowish ; the length of the first lateral plate was 
(in a straight line) 0-40 mm., that of the first of the outer plates 0-20, 
of the last mostly 0:10 mm. The three lateral plates (fig. 22) as in 
the typical species,* as also the outer ones (fig. 22a), whose number 
rose to at least 22. 

The salivary glands (12-13 mm.) long, rather thin, somewhat 
uneven, yellowish white, running along the cesophagus to the 
anterior end of the liver. 

The esophagus 5 mm. long. The stomach 8-9 mm. long by a 
diameter of 4-5, entering a little to the left in the cleft on the under 
side of the anterior end of the liver. The cntestone under the gill 
rising to the surface somewhat to the left in the deep furrow of the 
liver, running forwards along the left side of the liver, with its bend 
overlying the stomach and anterior genital mass, and running back- 
wards to the anal papilla; the length of the intestine 4—4°5 cm., the 
diameter 25-4 mm. The contents of the alimentary tract, especially 
of the intestine, blackish, consisting chiefly of pieces of different 
Bryozoa, fine sand particles and different spicula. 

The posterior visceral mass (liver) 16-18 mm. long by a height 
and breadth of 11, yellowish, rounded behind; with a rather deep 
cavity on the right side of the anterior end for the pylorus and the 
anterior genital mass, and an oblique transverse furrow on the upper 
side from the region of the gill. The substance of the liver yellow, 
contrasting with the enveloping whitish hermaphrodite gland; the 
cavity small. No gall-bladder could be seen. 

The pericardium, the blood gland, the kidney, and the pericardio- 
renal organ as formerly described. | 

The whitish hermaphrodite gland forms a rather (2—2°5 mm.) thick 
layer ; in its lobules ripe genital elements. The hermaphrodite duct 
with its ampulla as formerly described.| The anterior genital mass 
large, angularly rounded, of a diameter (in the two individuals) of 
9-12 mm., whitish. The largest part of this is formed by the large 
prostata (with the spermatotheca); this mass is short and pear- 
shaped, 8-9 mm. long by a diameter of 3°5 and 6; the gland quite 
envelops the spermatotheca, only leaving its neck free. The sper- 
matotheca pear-shaped, 7 and 7°5 mm. long by diameter of 3 and 6 ; 


* Cf. lc, p.632. + Cf, L.c., 1880, p. 634, t Cf, l.c., 1880, p. 635, 


74 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


the small spermatocysta also pear-shaped, of a length of 2°5-3 mm., 
in both individuals lying quite free at the neck of the spermato- 
theca. From the prostata issues the sperm duct, whose prostatic 
part forms a little bundle of windings and then passes into the 
strong muscular part; this last has a length of 2°75-3 em., and was 
continued as the somewhat thicker penis of a length of 2°25-3 mm. 
The glans was in the two individuals quite everted (fig. 20), in one 
drawn back in the sheath (praeputium) (fig. 23); the anterior part 
(about 2 mm.) of the seminal duct showed on its inside out to its 
mouth on the glans (fig. 23) a clothing with rows of hooks; the 
diameter of this clothed part was then 0:08 mm., and the end of it 
was (as often in the Polyceride) (fig. 23) everted. The hooks were 
colourless, of usual form, of a height up to 0:02 mm. (fig. 24). The 
albumino-mucous gland as usual. 


The differences in outer form and anatomical structure from the 
typical species does not seem to me to be of sufficient value to justify 
the establishment of a new species. I regard the form examined as 
a variety of the H. croceus of the Mediterranean (and perhaps of the 
Atlantic) Sea. 


An additional specimen captured off the Tugela River mouth 
showed some differences in its habitus, but certainly belonged to the 
same species. 

This specimen had a length of 20 mm. by a breadth of the back 
proper of 6 and a height of 7 mm. The frontal veil showed 6 arbor- 
escences, and the back on either side 5 arbuscular appendages ; the 
gill had the usual 5 leaves. 

The whitish bulbus pharyngeus 3-5 mm. long by a height and 
a breadth of 3; the yellow mandibular plates as above. On the 
tongue 13 series of tooth-plates; in the rasp-sheath 9, the total 
number of series being thus 22; the plates as above, the number of 
outer plates as much as 18. The length of the first lateral plate was 
nearly 0°40 mm., that of the third 0°35; that of the outermost of 
outer plates 0:075-0:10-0:12, that of the innermost 0:16 mm. 

The penis projected just as above. 


KALINGA, Ald. et Hane. 
Alder and Hancock, Notice of a Coll. of Nudibr. Moll. Trans. Zool. 
Soc., v., 3, 1864, pp. 134-136, pl. xxxii., figs. 7-10. 
R. Bergh, Malacolog. Unters., iii. (Heft xvii.). 1890, pp. 959-962. 
taf. Ixxxviii., figs. 19-20; taf. lxxxix., figs. 46-47. 


Corpus ovale, postice rotundatum, brevicaudatum ; limbus fron- 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 175 


talis sat angustus, digitatus, digitis papilligeris; margo dorsalis 
digitis similibus sed majoribus, parcis ornatus ; rhinophoria retrac- 
tilia, clavo perfoliato ; branchia paucifoliata, e foliis magnis, omnino 
discretis, in orbem dispositis, tri- vel quadripinnatis composita ; 
tentacula a lateribus disci oralis auriculatim soluta; podarium 
magnum, dorso latius. 

Armatura labialis nulla. Radula seriebus confertis numerosis e 
dentibus uniformibus minutissimis et numerosissimis formata. 

Prostata magna. Glans penis aculeis armata. 


Body rather clumsy, oval, subangular, rounded behind ; the back 
somewhat narrower than the foot, the frontal margin with a row of 
closely set papillated processes, the lateral with a few similar but 
larger appendages; the perfoliated rhinophores retractile within 
sheaths; the (oral) tentacles short, flattened; the branchia (non- 
retractile) formed of few (5) quadripinnate, large plumes, each 
standing separately (as in Hexabranchus) surrounding the vent. 
The foot very strong, larger than the back, and, like it, on the back 
covered with tubercles. 

The lip dise clothed by a simple cuticle, without particular arma- 
ture. The rasp shows many closely set series of tooth-plates, the 
number of plates in the series very great; the plates uniform, very 
small and with tricuspid hook.* 

A large prostatic gland exists. The glans penis armed with thorns. 


Only one species of the genus is hitherto known. 


KALINGA ORNATA, A. et H. 


Alder and Hancock, l.c., 1864. pl. xxxii., figs. 7-10. 
R. Bergh, l.c., 1890, pp. 959-962. 


Pl. XIII, figs. 1-5. 


Two large specimens were captured off Amatikulu Conical Hill by 
shrimp-trawl; both were dissected. When alive the colour of the 
animals was a ‘‘ light flesh or light brown.” 

The length of the individuals was 7°5 and 9-5 cm. by a breadth of 
4-5 and 6 and a height of 2°5 and 2‘7 cm.; the breadth of the back 
proper was 3-2 and 3°8 cm., its brim projected 7 mm., and the height 
of the (5) larger marginal papillae reached up to 15 and 17 mm. ; 
the length of the gillleaves was 15-20 mm., the anal papilla pro- 
jected 5 mm. ; the height of the rhinophores 7 mm. ; the breadth of 


* The specimen formerly examined by me had been taken by angling, and the 
anterior viscera were torn out. 


76 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


the head dise with the tentacles 3 and 2 cm. by a height of 1 
and 0-5. 

The ground colowr of the back seemed to be grayish white, but 
the tubercles and cones whiter with mostly crimson top ; the margin 
of the rhinophore sheaths crimson, the club of these organs reddish 
with crimson tip; the larger marginal and (2) posterior papille, as 
well as some of the smaller, crimson coloured, sometimes with 
yellowish tip ; the rhachides of the gill-leaves and their ends of the 
same colour; the margin of the anal papilla crimson. The whole of 
the under side of the body grayish white; but the sides of the body 
(foot) as well as the tail showed here and there the tips of the 
tubercles crimson coloured. The consistence of the animal some- 
what coriaceous, but still rather soft. 

The posterior part somewhat convex, covered all over with rather 
closely set, soft papillae or tubercles of roundish form and very 
different size, reaching a diameter of 4 mm. and sometimes of the 
same height, they very often rise in a central (contractile) pointed 
cone (fig. 1); the sides of the body (foot) and the tail are covered 
with similar tubercles, but the cones are less pronounced. The 
anterior convex margin of the back with about 12 whitish, unequal, 
somewhat branched and papillated appendages, between which 
there are here and there small cones; this row ends on either side 
with a somewhat larger papilla of crimson colour; the under side 
of this frontal brim even. The lateral brim of the back bears at 
irregular intervals 5 larger conical appendages covered all over with 
small papille ; behind the gill, at the end of the back proper, two 
similar appendages. The brim of the rhinophore-sheath carries a 
row of small papillated appendages; the strong club with about 
30 thin lamelle on either side. The diameter of the whole some- 
what flattened gill was greater than that of the back ; every one of 
the (5) gill trees consisting of (4—) 5 diverging tripinnate or quadri- 
pinnate leaves. In the middle of the interbranchial area the truncate 
anal papilla (standing about at the limit of the second and last third 
of the back), and at its base to the right the renal pore. The head 
dise rather broad, somewhat semilunar; the mouth perpendicular ; 
the free auricular parts of the tentacles short. In front at the base 
of the marginal brim of the back the genital papilla. The foot 
large, with a marginal transverse furrow in front, the border every- 
where with small arborescent appendices. 

The walls of the cavity of the body very thick. 

The central nervous system of a breadth of 4:5 mm., whitish, 
wrapt up in a covering of closely attached connective tissue ; the 
different ganglia could not easily be separated; the nerve-cells of a 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 77 


diameter up to 0:25 mm.; gastro-cesophageal ganglia were wanting 
as in the allied genera, (Nembrotha) Euplocamus and Plocamopherus. 

The nearly sessile eyes of a diameter of 0:12 mm.; the otocysts a 
little larger. In the lamelle of the club of the rhinophores no 
spicula, which were almost absent in the skin (as in allied genera). 

The whitish mouth tube 8 mm. long, its inside more grayish. 
The strong bulbus pharyngeus whitish, red or crimson on the out- 
side and inside of the palate, the pharyngeal region and the cheeks 
and roof of the rasp-sheath (tectum radule); the length 17 and 
22 mm. by a height of 13 and 26 and a breadth of 15 and 22 mm. ; 
the lip disc and partly the inner mouth clothed with a whitish, 
downwards grayish cuticle; on the hinder end of the bulb pro- 
jected the rounded head of the two lingual masses, and between 
and before them the short and not large rasp-sheath plunges. 
Against the white tongue contrasted the brownish gray rasp; that on 
the upper side (and quite in the same way in both specimens) 
appeared (fig. 2) as a rather broad wall; the length of this part was 
in the largest specimen 16 mm. by a breadth of 8, the anterior end 
was for a length of 10 mm. continued at the under side of the 
tongue ; the hindermost part of the rasp was sunk in a valley and 
then backwards and downwards continued in the rasp-sheath. This 
last (15 mm. long) was a gray, rather thick-walled, compressed, 
longitudinally wrinkled bag, whose cavity showed the close set 
series of tooth-plates. The rhachidial part of the rasp seemed not 
quite narrow. The number of series of plates in the radula more 
than 100, and that of plates in the series scarcely less than a couple 
of hundreds. The series were for a great part rubbed off. The 
tooth-plates (figs. 3, 4) yellowish, uniform, small, the length of the 
body about 0-08 mm., the height of the hook about 0-075; the hook 
with two larger and a smaller lateral denticle.* Some few of the 
hinder series in the rasp-sheath were not fully developed. The 
state of conservation did not permit a more detailed examination. 

The salivary glands about 3 cm. long, in their first fourth of a 
diameter of 2 mm., elsewhere thinner, 

The esophagus of crimson colour, contrasting against the grayish 
stomach, 15 and 17 mm. long by diameter of 10-15, marked off from 
the stomach by a slight constriction. The stomach broader in front, 
18 and 26 mm. long by diameter of 13 and 11, entering in the trans- 
verse furrow of the liver to the right. On the inside of the esophagus 
and the stomach fine longitudinal folds; the cavity empty. The 
intestine appears in the neighbourhood of the pylorus, runs to the 


* Alder and Hancock (/.c., p. 134) mention the tricuspid character of the tooth- 
plates. 


78 Marine Inwestigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


left through the transverse and link furrow of the liver, then for- 
wards, forming a bend on the upper side of the anterior genital 
mass, then runs backwards to the anal papilla; the length of the 
intestine 6 and 10 cm. by diameter of 7 and (3-) 5 mm.; the 
yellowish gray and blackish contents of the intestine were more or 
less crumbled animal substances filled with spicules, perhaps of 
Holothuriz. The posterior visceral mass (liver) on the surface 
yellowish white, 3 and 3:5 cm. long by a breadth of 1:7 and 2:3 
and a height of 1:3 and 2 cm.; the mass was rounded behind and 
before, the anterior half a little lower; a transverse furrow divides 
the mass on its upper side into two parts of nearly equal size; it is 
continued along the left side to the anterior end; the substance of 
the liver dirty yellow ; the cavity rather small. 

The pericardium large, 28 mm. broad by a length of 22; the 
ventricle of the heart 11 mm. long by a breadth of 9. The blood 
gland whitish, thin, of oval form, 17 mm. long by a breadth of 9, 
lying to the right within the genuflection of the intestine. The 
reno-pericardial organ whitish, flattened, 4 mm. broad; its duct 
20 mm. long. 

The hermaphrodite gland nearly clothing the whole liver with a 
whitish layer 2-4 mm. thick; in its lobules ripe sexual elements. 
The anterior genital mass (in the larger individual) 2°8 em. long by 
a height of 2-2 and a breadth of 1:5; the efferent ducts moreover 
projecting 1 em. The hermaphroditic duct forming a longish bunch 
of coils on the left side of the hindermost part of the genital mass. 
The spermatotheca is a long grayish pyriform bag of the length of 
2 cm. by a diameter of 1; the vaginal duct about 4 cm. long, the 
vagina somewhat wider; the uterine duct 16 mm. long; somewhat 
about its middle hangs the small pyriform spermatocyst of a length 
of 4 mm., its duct about twice as long as the organ itself. The 
muscular first part of the seminal duct short, passing into the white, 
compressed prostatic part, that projects in a stronger, short con- 
tinuation, ending in a strong, nearly globular ampulla of a length of 
10 mm. by a diameter of 8; the continuation forwards nearly 2 cm. 
long. In the last lies the glans penis ; its anterior end is somewhat 
leaf-like, it is entirely covered with yellow pointed thorns (fig. 5) of a 
length up to 0:12 mm.; irregular forms are rather often seen. The 
muco-albuminous gland very large, yellowish white and white. In 
the vestibulum opens a brownish, rounded gland 7 mm. in diameter.” 

* The state of conservation of the anterior genital mass was not good. 

The condition of the vas deferens was as formerly represented by me (Cf. l.c., 
taf. Ixxxiv., figs. 46-47). 

The smaller individual showed the whole genital apparatus less developed ; on 
the glans penis no armature could be detected. 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 79 


Dor. PHANEROBR. NON SUCTORIZ S. GONIODORIDIDZ. 
R. Bergh, System, J.c., 1892, pp. 1147-1157. 


IDALIA, F. S. Leuckart. 


F. S. Leuckart, Br. animal. quor. descript. 1828, p. 15, fig. 2ab. 

R. Bergh, Ub. die Gatt. Idalia, Leuck. Arch. f. Naturg. xlvii, 1, 1881, 
pp. 140-181 ; taf. vi-viii.System d. Nudibr. Gasterop., l.c., 1892, 
pp. 1155-1156. 

Forma corporis sat alta. Notzeum proprium sat applanatum 
cirrhis paucis seriatis vel omnino leve, margine prominente cirri- 
gero. Rhinophoria juxta-marginalia non retractilia. Branchia 
postica, e foliis simpliciter pinnatis, in arcum dispositis formata. 
Podarium sat latum, cauda applanata continuatum. 

Discus labialis annulo angusto hamulorum seriatim dispositorum 
armatus vel utrinque lamina mandibulari elementis similibus formata. 
Radula angusta; rhachide nuda, pleuris dente majori hamiformi et 
externo lamelliformi instructis—TIngluvies buccalis fortis, fere 
sessilis. 


Prostata magna; glans penis hamulis armata. 


The form of the Idalizw is somewhat distinctive, not depressed. 
The rather flat back proper shows some cirrhi set in series or is 
quite smooth; the margin projecting, somewhat turned up and 
furnished with a series of cirrhi. The rhinophores stand apart 
from each other anteriorly, not retractile, with perfoliated club. 
The gill standing rather backwards, consisting of simple pinnate 
leaves quite distinct from one another, set in the form of an arch. 
The foot is rather large, continued in a short tail_—The bulbus 
pharyngeus with a strong suctorial crop; the lip disc of the bulbus 
proper provided with an armature of densely set small hooks or with 
mandibular plates. The radula is narrow; the rhachis narrow, 
naked ; the pleure contain a very large compressed upright lateral 
plate with plain or finely denticulated hook, and an outer small 


lamelliform plate.-—The prostata is rather large; the glans penis 
armed with hooks. 


The genus is divided into two subgenera: 


1. Ipauta (proprie). 
Notzum medium cirrhigerum. Discus labialis annulo hamigero 
instructus. 
1. Id. elegans, Leuck. 
M. Atlantic., Mediterranewm. 


80 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


2. Id. Leach, Ald. et Hance. 

M. Atlantic., Mediterranewm. 
3. Id. Mediterranea, Jher. 

M. Mediterraneum. 
4. Id. tentaculata, Stimpson. 

M. Chinense. 


2. IDALIELLA, Bgh. 


R. Bergh, J.c., 1881, p. 145. 
Notzum medium leye. Discus labialis lamellis mandibularibus 
instructus. 
1. Id. aspersa, A. et H. 
M. Atlantic. 
2. Id. pulchella, A. et H. 
M. Atlantic. 
3. Id. mequalis, Forb. et Hanley. 
M, Atlant. 
4. Id. amenula, B. 
M. capense. 


IDALIELLA AMGNULA, Bgh. n. sp. 


Color generalis animalis lacteus, noteum (anterius) linea mediana 
et laterali coccinea ornatum, rhinophoria flavescentia, cirrhi apice e 
flavo rubri; branchia et area branchialis coccinee ; latera corporis 
superne linea coccinea ornata ; dorsum caude linea mediana coccinea. 


Pl. XIIL, figs. 6-11. 


Of this beautiful form 5 specimens were sent, procured at rocks, 
Gordon’s Bay. 

Two individuals were dissected. The colour of the living animal 
was ‘“ pink.”’ 

The length of the animals was 8-13 mm. In the largest the 
breadth of the back proper was 5, the height 4-5 mm.; the height 
of the rhinophores 2, of the cirrhi 3 mm., the diameter of the gill 4, 
the foot 4 mm. broad, the tail 1 mm. long—The ground colour was 
milk-white, on the anterior part of the back a rather thin median 
crimson line and another on each side of the back proper, somewhat 
broader and more irregular, all three lines uniting in front; the 
rhinophores yellowish; the upper third or sometimes half of the 
cirrhi reddish yellow; the area branchialis and the gill-leaves of 
crimson colour; along the upper part of the sides of the body a 
more or less interrupted line of similar colour, along the back of 
the tail a median line of the same nature. 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 81 


The form as in other Idalie (fig. 6). The tentacles rather large, 
lobe-like; the rhinophores strong, not retractile, situated on the 
sides of the neck proper. The back with weak median crest, other- 
wise quite even ; its prominent brim somewhat turned up, disappear- 
ing behind, and the back passing in the tail. The frontal brim 
carries 4, seldom 6 cirrhi, the lateral 8, but the hindermost always 
coalescent; the cirrhi pointed, finger-shaped, of nearly equal size, 
quite even; the brim quite even between the digitations. Behind 
the middle of the back stands the gill, consisting of 12, seldom 11, 
simple-pinnate, not large leaves, set in a wide arch (fig. 6), the 
hindermost somewhat smaller; the anal nipple a little behind the 
median leaf, at its base the renal pore. The sides of the body even. 
The foot nearly as broad as the back, its brim not narrow; the tail 
short. 

The intestines shone grayish through the sides and through 
the foot. 

The central nervous system seemed to be as in Jd. elegans formerly 
described by me (l.c., pp. 163-156).—The number of lamelle in the 
club of the rhinophores did not seem to be large. The skin (of the 
back) scantily provided with spicules, which were looser, hardened 
and crumbling, yellowish. 

The whitish bulbus pharyngeus small, 2-275 mm. long; more 
than the half of it belongs to the (suctorial) crop, that covers the 
whole of the bulb proper, is somewhat embedded in its upper wall, 
not connected with it by a short stalk, but opening in it through a 
slit. This crop (fig. 7) is of the usual structure. On the bulbus 
proper the rasp-sheath projects a little behind; the lip dise is pro- 
vided with mandibular plates of a breadth up to 0:25 mm., the 
height of their elements (fig. 8) reaching 0:013 mm.—The tongue 
rather well developed; the narrow rasp nearly colourless, with erect 
tooth-plates (fig. 9). These last colourless; the height of the lateral 
plates 0°25, of the outer ones 0°08 mm. The number of rows of 
plates on the tongue 22-24, in the sheath 10-11, the total number 
of rows being thus 32-35. The lateral plates (figs. 9, 10a) of the 
form as in other Idaliz, but the hook finely serrated. The outer 
plates (fig. 105) also of the ordinary form. 

The salivary glands (fig. 7aa) whitish, about as long as the bulbus 
pharyngeus. 

The posterior visceral mass 8 mm. long by a diameter of 4; its 
posterior end rounded, the anterior with long and deep impression 
on the right and under side by the anterior genital mass. The mass 
shows only the hinder end of the brownish gray or grayish brown 


liver naked; this is elsewhere, on the whole of the upper side, 
6 


82 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


covered by the very thick layer of the whitish hermaphrodite 
gland. 

The hermaphrodite gland showed ripe genital elements in its lobes. 
The anterior genital mass in one of the two individuals 3, in the other 
6 mm. long, rounded quadrangular in circumference, plano-convex, 
whitish and white. As far as could be determined by the hardened 
state of the organ, the relations of the prostata and the seminal bags 
were as in the typical species. The muscular part of the seminal 
duct not short, passing gradually into the somewhat thicker, whitish 
penis of a length of about 1 mm. The glans armed in the usual way 
with hooks, this armature for a short distance continued up into the 
seminal duct, and in one individual the anterior end of the armature 
freely projecting from the glans (fig. 11) for a length of 0-28 mm. 
and with a diameter of 0:06; the height of the small hooks hardly 
exceeding 0:0055 mm. 


NUDIBRANCHIATA KLADOHEPATICA., 


R. Bergh, System, /.c., 1892, pp. 999-1070. 


Fam. TRITONIIDA. 


R. Bergh, System der Nudibranchiaten Gasteropoden, 1892, 
pp. 1066-1070. 


The family contains the typical 'Tritonia of Cuvier and the 
Marioniz of Vayssiére, the Tritoniopsis of Eliot,“ moreover the 
Atthilide + with perfoliated rhinophores, which character otherwise 
is not seen in the Tritoniide, and now the Tritonidoxe, different 
from all other Tritoniide by the absence of gills on the sides of the 
back. 


* Eliot, ‘‘ The Nudibranchiata of the Antarctic Expedition.’’ Trans. of the 
Royal Soc. of Edinburgh., xli., 3, 1905. pp. 530-532, figs. 17-20. 

The description of the rhinophores is rather unintelligible. 

+ R. Bergh, ‘‘Nudibranchiate Gasteropoder. ii. Den Danske Ingolf-Expedi- 
tion,’’ ii., 8, 1899. pp. 21-24; tab. iii., figs. 10-26. 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 883 


TRITONIA, Cuyv. 
R. Bergh, System, l.c., p. 1068. 


1. TRITONIA PALLIDA, Stimpson. 


Stimpson, Deser. of some new Marine Invertebrata. Proc. of 
the Ac. of Nat. Sc. of Philadelphia, vii., 1856, p. 388. 

Eliot, the Nudibranchiata of the Antarctic Expedition. Trans. 
Roy. Soc. of Edinburgh, xli., 3, 1905. p. 528, figs. 11-54 


Pl. XIII., figs. 12-15; Taf. XIV., fig. 1. 


One specimen of this form was procured in False Bay (Buffalo 
Bay) by shrimp-trawl. It is now very hard and stiff, not very 
suitable for anatomical examination. 

The length of the animal is 5 cm. by a breadth of the back proper 
of 1:5 and a height of 1:2 cm. ; the breadth of the frontal veil 11 mm., 
the height of the rhinophore sheaths 3 mm., that of the gills 4 mm. ; 
the breadth of the foot in front 13 mm., its brim 3, the length of the 
tail7 mm. The animal is now uniformly coloured white.* 

The form is as usual, elongated, subquadrilateral ; the frontal veil 
somewhat bilobed, with 4 digitations on either lobe (as also remarked 
by Stimpson), the outermost one being the usual spoon-like tentacle ; 
the sheaths of the rhinophores erect, tubular, with digitate margin, 
the club as far as could be detected of the usual sword-knot form. 
The back all over somewhat nodular, flattened; the margin a little 
projecting, rising in about 12-14 gills of the usual kind and some- 
what varying size (according to Stimpson there are 16 gills and 
between those smaller ones). The genital opening as usual; the 
anus at about the middle of the body proper, under the sixth gill. 
The foot with a rather long slight marginal furrow, the brim not 
quite narrow; the tail rather long. 

The intestines were nowhere to be seen from without. 

The whitish central nervous system as usual; the nerve cells 
reaching a diameter up to 0°28 mm. 

The strong bulbus pharyngeus 14 mm. long by a breadth of 8 and 
a height of 7:5; its form and structure as usual. The yellow man- 
dibles rather elongated, 14 mm. long by a breadth of 4 and a 


* The specimen captured by Stimpson in False Bay, Cape, was when alive 
“1 inch long, of transparent white colour with a few flake-white spots on the back 
—the filaments around the truncated extremity of the sheaths of the tentacles of 
a dark brownish colour; a white line extends below and parallel to the branchize 
on the sides of the body.’’ 


84 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


convexity of 2:5; the length of the hinge 2 mm. (fig. 12); the 
masticatory edge not broad with some small and usually 4-5 series 
of clumsy denticles (fig. 13), reaching a height of 0°16 mm., the 
masticatory process rather short (fig. 12a). The tongue large, as 
usual, quite hardened, so that neither the number of rows of plates 
in the colourless radula nor in the sheath could be determined; the 
number of plates also in the rows could not be ascertained ; it seemed 
to be rather considerable. The median as well as the first lateral 
plates yellowish, the rest colourless; the median plates of a breadth 
of 0:28 mm., the length of the first lateral 0°26, the height of the 
lateral rising to 0°28 mm. The median plates (fig. 1) of the usual 
form, as well as the first lateral (fig. 1) and as the following (fig. 14) ; 
towards the margin of the rasp the plates were sometimes of different 
form (fig. 15). 

The salivary glands as usual. ‘The cesophagus posteriorly dilated 
into a kind of stomach of a length of 8 mm. by a diameter of 4; the 
intestine as usual. The alimentary tract quiteempty. The posterior 
visceral mass (ler) 2°5 cm. long by a diameter of 1, conical, the 
anterior end obliquely truncate (for the anterior genital mass) ; its 
substance grayish, covered nearly all over by the thick layer of 
yellow hermaphrodite lobes. 

In these last were ripe genital elements. The anterior genital mass 
somewhat globular, 10 mm. long by 7 in diameter; the very strong 
ampulla of the hermaphrodite duct with its two coils constituting at 
least a fourth part of the whole mass; the seminal vesicle longish 
(5°5 mm. long); the albumino-mucous gland yellowish and whitish. 


The form here examined is very probably the Tvrit. pallida of 
Stimpson. 


A smaller individual was procured by dredge at Cape Morgan, 
another by shrimp-trawl off Great Fish Point Lighthouse. 

They were 18-21 mm. long by a breadth and a height of the body 
proper of 5-6; the height of the gills reached 2-5-3 mm. The colour 
was (yellowish) white, along the side of the body (as mentioned by 
Stimpson) ran a thin white line. On the right side the intestine 
shone grayish through and behind the yellowish white hermaphro- 
dite gland. The frontal veil showed all in all 10 digitations, and the 
margin of body 10-15 on each side. 

The markedly whitish bulbus pharyngeus 5-9 mm. long. The 
yellow mandibles quite as above. ‘The radula colourless, containing 
33 series of plates, in the sheath 13, the total number of rows thus 
being 46. On each side of the median plates 32 lateral. The plates 
colourless, the breadth of the median 0:14 mm. 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 89 


At a later date two specimens were procured off Constable Hill 
(NNE. 64 miles) by large trawl ftom green mud and a depth 
of 33 fms. The living animal showed the “back of light 
flesh colour.” One specimen was small, only 2°3 em. long, but 
otherwise in respect to the frontal veil, the gills and even the everted 
glans penis entirely agreeing with the larger, which was more 
closely examined. 

This last was 4°5 cm. long by a breadth of 1:8 and a height, with 
the gills, of 1:1; the breadth of the frontal veil 11 mm., the height 
of the sheath of the rhinophores 2 and of the club 3 mm., the height 
of the gills reaching up to 6 mm.; the breadth of the foot 14 mm. 

The series of gills commenced with a small one, then followed 
12-13 larger and finally came 5 small. The frontal veil on each 
side with 4 small fingers. The back quite even. The pointed 
conical glans penis projected straight out 5 mm. 

The bulbus pharyngeus 13 mm. long by a height of 7 and a breadth 
of 8; the mandibles quite as above, the masticatory edge with some 
few (3-5) smaller and about 5 stronger series of flattened denticles. 
The cavity of the mouth colourless. The colourless rasp of the 
tongue seemed to contain 23 series of plates; the number of the 
lateral plates could not be determined. The plates as above; 
the breadth of the median 0°35 mm. 


2. TRITONIA INDECORA, Bgh. n. sp. 
Pi Xi hoe U6 Pl UxiV,, figs. 2-3: 


Two individuals were procured off Cape Point by a shrimp-trawl. 
They were rather hardened and in a fair state of preservation ; the 
largest was, as far as possible, examined anatomically. 

The specimens had a length of 30-35 mm. The breadth of the 
back was in the largest 11 and the height also 11. 

The colour was whitish all over. When alive, they were of a 
“pinkish colour.” 

The form was as usual; the narrow frontal veil with a slight 
median emargination, each side of which was provided with 11-12 
pointed finger-like processes, the outermost slightly spoon-shaped. 
The rhinophores seemed of the usual kind; their sheath somewhat 
crenulated with a stronger outer lobe. The back quite even, the 
margin slightly projecting, rising (in the two individuals) on each 
side in 5-8 rather low arborescences (of a height up to about 3 mm.) ; 
between these here and there were some much smaller ones. The 
foot as above. 

The intestines nowhere shining through, 


86 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


The central nervous system yellowish red; the cerebro-pleural 
ganglia roundish, a little larger than the rounded pedal ganglia ; 
the cerebro- and pleuro-pedal connectives’ short; the double chief 
commissure rather wide. The optic nerve long, the eye of 0:14 mm. 
diameter ; the otocyst measuring about 0:10 in diameter. 

The bulbus pharyngeus whitish, only the palate and the pharynx 
being black; the length was 10 by a breadth of 7 and a height 
of 6 mm_ The bright yellow mandibles 10 mm. long, together 
measuring in breadth 6 mm., and one only 3 mm.; the form 
about as in the other species, but the hinge a little larger, about 
2:25 mm. long; the masticatory edge a little broader, with 5 rows of 
projecting denticles of a height up to0-10 mm. The tongue whitish 
with yellow rasp, which behind at the tectum radulz had a breadth 
of 6 mm.; the rasp contained 26 series of teeth, the sheath 13, the 
total number being thus 39; the rows had, on each side of the 
median plate up to 60 lateral. The plates were yellow; the 
breadth of the median was 0°25 mm., the length of the first lateral 
0-18, the height of the lateral rising to 0°30 mm. The median plates 
(fig. 2) resembling those of the former species, but with the hook 
always rounded; the lateral plates (fig. 16, 5) as above. 

The long, white, rather thin salivary glands as usual. The 
stomach-like cesophagus 8 mm. long by a diameter of 5, whitish 
and contrasting with the black pharynx; the intestine making a 
large arch, 13 mm. long. The contents of the digestive tract were 
a red mass of sponge, full of red spicules of a length up to 9 mm. 

The posterior visceral mass, 16 mm. long by a diameter of 8, 
pointed behind, obliquely truncate before, with a large excavation 
for the cesophagus and anterior genital mass. The liver brownish 
gray, but nearly quite covered by the thick yellowish layer of the 
large lobes of the hermaphrodite gland. 

In the lobules of the hermaphrodite gland ripe genital elements. 
The anterior genital mass triangular-rounded of a diameter of 7 mm., 
white, the ampulla of the hermaphrodite duct grayish; the coils of 
the sperm duct measured when stretched out 2 cm.; the seminal 
vesicle globular, of a diameter of 2 mm. 

The nature of the frontal veil and of the gills, the colour of 
the palate and pharynx and the form of the median tooth-plates 
seem to justify the establishment of a new species. 


TRITONIDOXA, Bgh. nov. gen. 


Forma corporis ut in Tritoniis, ita quoque velum frontale mar- 
gine breve-digitato tentaculis cochleariformibus sicut rhinophoria. 
Notzum leve lmbo sat sato, sine branchiis, 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 87 


Bulbus pharyngeus ut in Tritoniis, ita mandibule cum processu 
masticatorio, et ita radula. 


This genus* differs from the other generic types chiefly in the 
total want of branchi@ on the sides of the back. Otherwise the 
group agrees almost entirely with the other Tritoniz in the form of 
the body, the frontal veil with its peculiar tentacles, and the sword- 
knot-rhinophores. It has, too, the same form of the bulbus 
pharyngeus with its mandibles and of the armature of the tongue. 


TRITONIDOXA CAPENSIS, B, n. sp. 
Pl. VIIL., figs. 8-13. 


One specimen of this form was taken by dredge off Glendower 
Beacon from a depth of 66 fms. ; the bottom was broken shells and 
stones, 

It was 3:2 cm. long by a breadth of 1:5 and a height up to 1 cm. ; 
the breadth of the frontal (tentacular) veil was 11 mm., the height of 
the rhinophores 6, the breadth of the brim of the back 6 mm. ; the 
breadth of the foot 11 mm., of its brim 3. It was of a uniform white 
colour. 

The form of the animal, as in other Tritoniide, somewhat pointed 
towards the hinder end. The frontal veil (fig. 8) not much projecting, 
quite even, at the margin with 2-3 short finger-shaped processes on 
each side besides the tentacular. The margin of the rhinophore 
cavities somewhat prominent, even; the stalk of the rhinophores as 
high as the swordknot-like club. The back entirely even, its brim 
rather broad, very undulating, also quite even on the under side. The 
sides of the body rather low ; from the genital opening the glans of the 
penis projected (very curved) for a length of 2°5 em.; the small anal 
papilla at the base of the brim of the back behind the middle of the 
length of the body. The foot rounded in front, with a shght marginal 
furrow; the brim not narrow. On the left side an intestine shone 
grayish through. 

The cavity of the body ending 14 mm. from its end. 

The central nervous system as in other Tritoniide, the cerebro- 
pleural ganglia not quite as large as the pedal. 

The white bulbus pharyngeus of typical form, 8 mm. long by 
a breadth of 6 and a height of 5 mm.; the muscular plate on the 
fore side of the mandibles was as usual. The mandibles measured 
in a straight line 6 mm.; they were yellowish, only the masticatory 
edge being brownish yellow; their form was as usual, but rather 


* Adéa, presumption, conjecture, 


88 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


narrow and the hinder end more pointed (fig. 9); the masticatory 
edge about 0:14 mm. high, showing about 5-6 series of cones, whose 
point projected about 0:025 mm. (fig. 10). The tongue as usual, 
strong, the rasp nearly colourless, tapering anteriorly, containing 
31 series of plates, in the sheath moreover 34, of which the three 
hindermost were not quite developed, the total number of series 
being thus 65. The number of lateral plates on each side of the 
median seemed to rise to 75. The median plates bright yellow, the 
lateral colourless ; the breadth of the median 0:16 mm., the height of 
the lateral up to 0-16, that of the outermost 0:12. The median 
plates of the form common in the Tritoniide, but rather broad, with 
a clumsy short median hook and two similar a little smaller (fig. 11). 
The first lateral plate also typical, different from the rest (fig. 11) ; 
these were of the common hook form, but slender (fig. 12), the 
innermost more clumsy (fig. 11). 

The whitish salivary glands as usual. 

The cesophagus short, about 3 mm. long. The stomach partly 
lying on the left side of the liver, somewhat constricted in the 
middle, 9 mm. long by a breadth up to 4:5, empty ; the longitudinal 
folds of the anterior part much stronger than those of the posterior. 
The intestine issuing from the stomach near its end, ending near the 
end of the liver. 

The liver brownish yellow, conical, 11 mm. long by a breadth in 
front of 5; the anterior part was partly isolated from the rest by a 
deep cleft entering from the right side and a smaller one interpolated 
between the pylorus and the intestine. 

The large lobes of the yellowish white hermaphrodite gland were 
spread over the upper side of the liver, and contained ripe genital 
elements. The rather thick yellowish coils of the hermaphrodite 
duct lay on the inside of the anterior genital mass. This last some- 
what pear-shaped, 7 mm. long, white. The seminal vesicle globular, 
of a diameter of 2 mm. ; the vaginal duct 2 cm. long. The preputiwm 
penis thin, reverted; the glans very long (3 cm.), its greater part 
(2°5 cm.) freely projecting, cylindrical, with pointed end (fig. 13); 
the seminal duct opened at its end. 


AAOLIDIIDA. 
R. Bergh, System, /.c., pp. 1002-1039. 


JANID. 
R. Bergh, System, l.c., pp. 1036-1037. 


Corpus nonnihil depressum, margo dorsalis papilligerus, bursa 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 89 


enidogene nulla; anus ut plurimum dorsalis, posticus medianus ; 
rhinophoria ut plurimum perfoliata, tentacula brevia; margo anterior 
podarii angulis vix prominentibus. 

Mandibule fortissime, margo masticatorius applanatus, aut 
edentulus aut denticulis crassioribus armatus. Radula ut plurimum 
lata et multiseriata ; dentes, mediani sicut laterales, elongati hamati 
non denticulati. 

Penis inermis. 


The Janide form a very distinct group. The anus lies mostly 
dorsal, far backwards and median. But their most essential 
character is the possession of colossal mandibles, the flat mastica- 
tory edge of which is even or bears very strong denticles. The 
lingual teeth, median as well as lateral, are elongate, never 
denticulate. 

The family contains a few genera, mostly very distinct. 


I. Janus, Verany. 
R. Bergh., Beitr., 1. J.c., xxili., 1874, pp. 597-605 ; vii., d.c., xxxii., 
1882, pp. 64-66. 
Vayssiére, l.c., 1888, pp. 29-382. 
Rhinophoria perfoliata, crista interrhinophorialis ; anus dorsalis. 
Margo masticatorius latus dentatus. Radula multiseriata. 


1. J. eristatus (delle Chiaje). 
M, Atlantic., Medtterr. 

2. J. ? sangwineus, Angas. 
M. Pacific. 


II. JaANouus, Bgh. 
R. Bergh, Rep. on the Nudibr., /.c., 1884, pp. 18-23.—Malacolog. 
Unters., vi., 1. 1904, p. 6. 


Rhinophoria perfoliata, crista interrhinophorialis ; anus dorsalis. 
Margo masticatorius latus non dentatus. Radula multiseriata. 


1. J. hyalinus (A. et H.), B. 
M. Atlantic. 
2. J. Australis, B. 
M. Pacificum. 
3. J. ceruleo-pictus, Cockerell et Eliot.* 
M. Californ. 
4. J. Capensis, B. n. sp. 
M. Capense. 


* « Notes on Californian Nudibranchs,”’ Journ. of Malacology, xii., 1905, p. 48. 
pl. viii., figs. 12-16, 


90 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


III. Proctonotus, A. et H. 
Alder et Hanc., Nudibr. moll., Part ii., 1845. Fam. 3, pl. 42. 


Rhinophoria_ simplicia, crista interrhinophorialis nulla; anus 
dorsalis. 


Margo masticatorius non dentatus. Radula multiseriata. 
1, Pr. mucroniferus, A. et H. 
M. Atlant. 


IV. Mapretza, A. et H. 
A. et Hanc., Notice, l.c., v., 3, 1864, pp. 141-142. 
Vayssiére, Rech.—sur les Opisthobranches, 1903, pp. 88-92. 
Rhinophoria papillata, crista interrhinophorialis nulla; anus 
lateralis. 
Margo masticatorius non dentatus. Radula triseriata. 


1. M. ferruginosa, A. et H. 
Eliot, Nudibranchs from Zanzibar, i. lc., 1902. p. 71. pl. vi., 
figs. 14-16. 
M. Indie. 
2. M. aurantiaca, Vayss. 
M. Mediterr. 


JANOLUS CAPENSIS, B. n. sp. 
Pl. VIL., figs. 6-21. 


One specimen was procured at ‘ Rocky Bank,” False Bay, by 
dredge (17-27 fms.) on rocky bottom, October 8, 1902; it was 
rather hardened. 

It was 3 cm. long by a breadth of 1:5 and a height of 1:3 em.; the 
height of the rhinophoria 5 mm., the length of the tentacles 3, the 
height of the dorsal papilla 4 and of the anus 3 mm.; the sides of 
the body at the middle 5 mm. high; the breadth of the foot 12 mm., of 
its brim 2 and the length of the tail 2 mm.—The animal was uniformly 
coloured whitish yellow ; the papillz and the anus nearly colourless, 
semi-pellucid. The liver shone brownish through the back and the 
intestine whitish. 

The form of the body as in other Janide. The mouth tube was 
turned up, the anterior of the bulbus pharyngeus somewhat promi- 
nent, the form of the head rather broad and its tentacles finger- 
shaped; the relations of the head to the foot quite as in other 
Janidee.* The inter-rhinophorial crest median on the neck, not 


* Cf. R. Bergh, “Beitr. zur Kenntn. d. A%olidiaden,”’ 1. 1874, l.c., p. 599. 
tab. vii., fig. 10. 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 91 


strong, somewhat compressed, the upper margin with several slight 
transverse furrows. Close to the crest the (scarcely retractile) not 
short-stalked rhinophoria; the club rather slender, with about 18-20 
rather stout lamellae and a rounded end papilla (fig. 7). The even 
back somewhat convex; the margin not very prominent, 1-3 mm. 
broad, densely set with perhaps 3-4 indistinct series of rather small 
papillee ; this margin in front reaching beyond the rhinophoria, only 
interrupted in the middle of the anterior and the hinder end of the 
back. The papilla (epinotidia) as in other Janidz placed without 
order, small; the outer quite small, the inner somewhat larger; here 
and there a solitary papilla was seen in the neighbourhood of the 
margin. The papille seemed nearly all present, and there was no 
trace of dropped larger ones. The papillz of usual form, sometimes 
a little nodular (fig. 6). Quite posteriorly on the back, 3 mm. from 
its end, and submedian, still nearer to the right margin, the anal 
papilla, directed forwards, gaping, with strong folds (fig. 8), at its 
base behind a fine renal pore. The sides rather high, the genital 
papilla with two openings. The foot scarcely narrower than the 
back, the margin prominent, the tail short. 

The central nervous system yellowish, nearly as in the Janolus 
australis, the large pedal ganglion lying on the outside of the 
cerebro-pleural. 

The narrow lip dise with strong cuticle. The (fig. 11) huge bulbus 
pharyngeus 11:5 mm. long by a breadth and a height of 7 mm., in 
shape as in other Janide, the blackish anterior end of the mandibles 
projecting in the inner mouth; its sides are quite covered by the 
mandibles; on the somewhat concave upper and on the convex 
under side the strong (faintly reddish) yellowish transverse muscles, 
the hinder end formed by the lingual musculature. The mandibles 
(figs. 9-16) very powerful, their thickness in front and in the middle 
3 mm.; the colour of the thicker parts mahogany brown, in the 
fore end and in the hinge blackish, the thinner parts reddish yellow ; 
their length and their height equals that of the bulbus. They consist 
of a little shorter but stronger anterior part, flattened in the fore end, 
and a longer slightly quadrangular posterior. The anterior convex 
part has on the owtside (figs. 10, 13) a deep somewhat curved 
perpendicular furrow for muscular insertion ; before this the mandible 
is thicker, more convex, behind the furrow the part is more flattened. 
The longer posterior part is by a deep longitudinal furrow and border 
(also for muscular insertion) divided in two lips, a thinner superior 
and thicker inferior, somewhat coneave beneath. The znszde of the 
mandible shows (figs. 9, 11) the anterior part convex, prominent, 
before passing into the smaller foremost part of the outside, above 


92 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


continued in a prominent black, even, connecting process. This 
anterior part is separated by a deep furrow from the posterior, that 
also through a longitudinal cleft and border is divided into two lips, 
a higher inferior and a lower and thicker superior, that is continued 
in the anterior part. The inferior edge of the mandible is quite even 
(figs. 9, 10). Above, the jaws are connected with a thick nearly black 
cuticle, consisting of longitudinal halves corresponding to the jaws. 
Below at the entrance into the mouth is a little yellow (black 
in front) lamina (fig. 11), 3 mm. broad, 2 long, with a crest in front 
(fig. 14) on the upper side. The thickness of the M. transversus 
mandibularum here 3°5 mm. Behind the M. transv. pass in two 
cartilaginous-looking strong plates (figs. 15, 16) of cellular structure 
with large clear round cells.—The narrow mouth cavity is filled by 
the short and keel-shaped tongue with broad reddish brown rasp. 
This last contained about 18 series of plates, in the sheath, more- 
over, at least 24 rows, the total number being thus probably 42. 
The rows seemed to contain about 50 lateral plates. The plates 
were all yellow at the basal part, otherwise nearly colourless; the 
length of the lateral plates rising to about 0-4 mm. The median 
plates narrow, with a weak pointed hook (fig. 17). The lateral plates 
quite as in other Janidew,* rather narrow and slender, the hook a 
little bent (figs. 18, 19). The whitish salivary glands reaching 
backwards to the liver. 

The cesophagus (fig. 20a) 10 mm. long, by a diameter of 2, with 
fine longitudinal folds. The presence of a stomach before the liver 
could not be determined. The large posterior intestinal mass, chiefly 
formed by the brown liver, somewhat flattened in front, rounded 
behind, 2 cm. long by a breadth of 1:3 and a height of 1-1 (fig. 20) ; 
distinct branches were not seen. In the liver anteriorly a roundish 
cavity (fig. 20). From this last issues the white intestene ; for a short 
distance it perforates the liver, and appears on its under side running 
submedian backwards (fig. 20), then making a bend, and, further on, 
running in a furrow of the liver, lies first to the left, then obliquely 
crossing the liver going backwards on the rzght side, turning upwards 
(fig. 8) and ending in the anal papilla (figs. 8a, 20); the total length 
of the intestine about 5 cm. by a breadth of 3—4°6 mm.—The contents 
of the cavity of the liver and of the intestine white, consisting of 
hard masses of calcareous Bryozoa. 

A ramification of the brownish black liver could not be ascertained 
or followed. The epinotzdia (fig. 6) on the margin of the back were 


* The number of series of plates was in Jan. hyalinus 16 (8+ 8), in 
J. australis 24 (16 + 8), the number of lateral plates in the rows in the former 
12-13, in the latter up to 54, 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 93 


slightly nodular, over the middle of their height a blackish gray mass 
shone through, up to this rose a thin-walled even tube; the point of 
the organs often flattened, and with a follicle.* 

The renal mass behind the liver ‘‘ being a network of tubes” + as 
in other Janide. 

The hermaphrodite gland yellowish, lying to the right, embraced 
by the transverse and descending part of the intestine (fig. 20), 
roundish in circumference with a diameter of 10 mm., 6 mm. thick ; 
the under side distinctly divided into some large lobes radiating 
from the centre ; the thin whitish efferent duct issues from this deep 
centre. In the whitish lobules ripe genital elements. The anterior 
genital mass yellowish and yellow brown, somewhat compressed, 
7 mm. long and high by a thickness of 5, on its inside a large coil of 
windings of the ampulla of the hermaphrodite duct; the white 
seminal vesicle, globular, 2 mm. in diameter. The yellowish pens 
(fig. 21) nearly cylindrical, its upper end recurved, 12 mm. long 
by a diameter of 2, consisting of the preputium, that shows many 
folds of the inside and at the bottom of its cavity a small whitish 
glans. 


This form is certainly specifically different from the other known 
Janoli, in the epinotidia and its distinctive mandibles. 


Off Cape Port Lighthouse (SW. by W., 44 miles) a specimen 
very likely of the same species was procured by shrimp-trawl 
(December 5, 1902) from a depth of 29 fms. on fine sand bottom. 
The epinotidia are said to have been “red tipped.” 

The specimen had a length of 3:5 cm. and resembled the former, 
only the epinotidia had fallen off (not being left in the bottle) with 
the exception of those of the outermost series, where they had a 
length of 0-5-1:25 mm. 

The bulbus pharyngeus 13 mm. long by a breadth of 11 and a 
height of 4:5. The mandibles not so high and the furrows on the 
outside and inside not so deep. The lingual plates longer than in 
the former specimen. The cesophagus, the intestine and the liver 
as described. 

The position and form of the hermaphrodite gland as well as the 
anterior genital mass as described. 


An additional specimen was procured off Buffalo Bay ‘‘ by shrimp- 


* According to Alder and Hancock (/.c., Part 5, 1851) a distinct external orifice 
was visible in the living state in Antiopa cristata. Cf., too, my ‘ Beitr. zur 
Kenntn. der A%olidiaden,”’ I., J.c., 1874, l.c., p. 604, note 3. 

+ Alder and Hancock, l.c., pl. 43, fig. 1, ii, hh. 


94 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


trawl from a depth of 30 fms. and from sandy bottom with stony 
Polyzoa,” it was very hardened; two others were taken in False 
Bay from rocky bottom with many sponges. 

The length of the two largest was 3-35 cm. by a height of 0:8; 
the height of the rhinophores 5 mm., of the tentacles 2, of the 
epinotidia 0:5-3; the back 1 cm. broad, the foot 1:2, the marginal 
furrow continued along the side of the foot for 8-9 mm., the 
length of the tail 4. 

The epinotidia in 2-4 series; the inter-rhinophorial crest very 
small; the anus submedian, 2 mm. high. 

The bulbus pharyngeus 14-16 mm. long by a breadth of 9-9-5, and 
a height of 7-7:5, the furrows of the posterior part of the mandibles 
replaced by a thick edge (fig. 13); in general the forms of these 
organs is rather variable in different specimens, the thickness of the 
mandibles in front and in the middle of their length 3-5 and 4 mm. 
The tongue 3 mm. high and long, the length of the rasp-sheath 
4-5 mm. (its long nearly horizontal pulpy end 2 mm. long). In the 
rasp about 18-20 rows of plates, and in the sheath 22-24; the 
number of plates in the series could not be determined. The 
plates as above. 


GLAUCIDAs. 
R. Bergh, System, 1892, pp. 1035-1036. 


GLAUCUS, Forster. 
GLAUCUS ATLANTICUS, Forster. 


R. Bergh, Malacolog. Unters. ii. (Heft xvii.), 1890, p. 876. 


One specimen was procured from rock pool, Muizenberg. Its 
length was with the tail 22 mm.; it agreed in all respects with 
the type. 


THTHYMELIBIDA. 


R. Bergh, System d. nudibranchiaten Gasteropoden., l.c., iii., 1892, 
pp. 1039-1043. 


Forma corporis quasi ut in Adolidiidis. Caput permagnum et 
cuculliforme ; rhinophoria vagina magna retractilia, clavo per- 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 95 


foliato; tentacula nulla. 


Epinotidia (papille dorsales) colossex 
sine bursis cnidogenis. 


Bulbus pharyngeus rudimentarius, lingua et interdum quoque 
mandibulis destitutus. Hepar solidum vel fortiter ramificatum, 
ramis papillaribus non validis.—Penis inermis. 


This family only contains two genera, Tethys and Melibe. 


MELIBE, Rang. 

Melibe, Rang, Man. des moll., 1829, p. 129. pl. iii., fig. 3. 

Melibe, R. R. Bergh, Malacolog. Unters. i. (Heft 9, 1875), pp. 382- 
386, taf. xlv.—xlvin.; ii. (Heft 17, 1890), pp. 881-883 

Melibe, R. R. Bergh, Beitr. z. Kenntn. d. Japan. Nudibr.,i. Verh. 
d. k. k. zool. bot. Ges. in Wien, xxx., 1880, pp. 160-165; 
taf. ii., figs. 1.-ii.; taf. 11., figs. 1-2. 

Melibe, R. R. Bergh, Beitr. z. Kenntn. d. Molidiaden., J.c., 
Xxxviil., 1883, pp. 688-693; taf. xvii., figs. 18-14; taf. xix., 
figs. 3-7. 

Melrbe, R. R. Bergh, Beitr. z. Kenntn. d. Gattung Melibe, Rang. 
Ztschr. f. wissensch. Zool., xli., 1884, pp. 142-152, taf. iii. 
Melibe, R. R. Bergh, Gasteropoda opisthobranchiata. Dan. exped. 
to Siam (Danske Vidensk. Selsk. Skr., xii., 2), 1902, pp. 42-45 

(205-209). pl. iii., figs. 6-10. 


Chiorera, Gould. Un. St. Explor. exped. Moll., 1852, p. 309, 
fig. 404. 


Corpus nonnihil compressum.  Branchie 
Podarium angustius. 


Bulbus pharyngeus solum lingua destitutus. 


(propriz) nulle. 


These animals, which in some parts of the seas very likely are to 
be found as frequent as Tethys in the Mediterranean, belong only 
to the warmer and tropic seas. Continued examination will likely 
reduce the number of the mentioned species, which are as follows:— 


1. M. rosea, Rang. 
Mare Capense. 
2. M. Rang, B. 
M. rubr. 
3. M. fimbriata, A. et H.* 
M. Indie. 
4. M. ocellata, B. 
M. Indic. 


* Eliot, On some Nudibranchs from Zanzibar, /.c., 1902, pp. 68-70, fig. 5. 


96 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


5. M. verillifera, B. 
M. Japon. 
6. M. papillosa (de Filippi). 
M. Japon. 
7. M. bucephala, B. 
M. Siamense. 
8. M. capucina, B. 
M. Philippin. 
9. M. pilosa, Pease. 
M. Pacvfic. 
10. M. leonina (Gould). 
M. Paerfic. 
11. M. australis, Angas. 
M. Pacrfic. 


MELIBE ROSEA, Rang. 
Rang, Man.—des moll., 1829, p. 129. pl. i., fig. 3. 
Pl. IX., figs. 1-12. 


At Woodstock Beach, Table Bay, 10 individuals of this form were 
procured, of which 2 were dissected. 

They varied in length from 15-38 cm. The largest was very 
hardened, the cowl-shaped head quite contracted, and all the papille 
of the back fallen off. Two other specimens were 3:2 cm. long by a 
breadth of the body proper of 0:8 and a height of 1:2; the head 
11 mm. broad and 11 mm. long on the upper side, beneath merely 
3 mm. long; the stalk of the rhinophores 2 mm. high, the epinotidia 
of the back up to 8 mm. in height; the breadth of the foot 4, the 
length of the tail 6 mm. The animals were uniformly whitish ; living 
they varied according to Prof. Gilchrist from white to yellowish red, 
usually the latter. 

In the form of the body the animal agrees with other Melibes. 
The large cowl-shaped head with a little thickened refolded edge 
provided with 2-4 close-set series of cirrhi (fig. 1), which are 
conical, somewhat constricted at the base, up to 0-6 mm. high, 
but often contracted, especially the innermost; the outside of the 
capuchin shows under a strong lens (fig. la) very fine nodules 
formed of small groups of glandular cells; the thickness of the 
cowl up to 1 mm.; it showed the muscular bands, circular, and 
especially longitudinal, very distinctly shining through; the inside 
of the cowl quite the same as the outside ; median in the bottom of 
its cavity somewhat beneath the centre, the roundish mouth with 
circular prominent lip, the diameter of the whole region 2°5 mm. ; 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 97 


the lip covered all over with small papille. Behind the middle of 
the length of the cowl the rhinophores, from the bottom of the 
chalices (with undulated margin), rise the beautiful strong club with 
about 12 lamellae and terminal papilla. The even back with minimal 
nodules as the cowl; on its rounded margin in these individuals 
8 epinotidia (papille) on each side, 4 large, 1 of middle size, and 
3 small. These organs (fig. 2) were a little compressed, narrower 
at the root, pointed towards the end, pronounced nodulous; they 
adhered rather firmly to their base.* The anal aperture before the 
second (right) organ more inwards. The sides of the body even as 
the back. The narrow foot projected 2 mm. beneath the cowl, of 
almost the same breadth throughout the whole of its length, the 
tapering tail rather short. 

The intestines were nowhere to be seen from without, which was, 
however, the case with thin muscular fibres running aiong the 
whole length of the sides of the body. The cavity of the body 
reaching to the region of the last of the larger papille. 

The central nervous system as in other species examined 
(M. capucina). 

The outer mouth (already mentioned) leading in the (about 1 mm.) 
long mouth tube (fig. 3a), on the inside, covered with small cones 
(fig. 4), of the same kind as on the outer lips. Both the buccal 
tube and the bulbus pharyngeus are wrapt in a rather closely 
adhering connective tissue. The length of the bulbus pharyngeus 
15 mm. by a breadth of 2, on its hinder end and beneath a little 
prominence; through the walls the outlines of the mandibles were 
very distinctly visible (fig. 3b). The cavity of the mouth with 
longitudinal folds, but no trace of lingual prominence. The clear- 
yellow mandibles (fig. 5) resembling those of p. ex. the Tritoniz 
or Pleurophyllidiz ; also partly covered by a muscular disc, about 
0°65 mm. broad, with a strong connective region and a very plump 
denticulated masticatory edge, the 10-12 denticles reaching a height 
fig. 5) up to 0:08 mm.+ 

The white salivary glands small, uneven. 

The cesophagus (figs. 6a, Ta) 6 mm. long, with rather strong 
longitudinal folds. The stomach (figs. 6b, 7b) of a diameter of 
3 mm., roundish ; through its anterior part shone indistinctly longi- 

* The figure of Rang represents 7 pairs of papille, the two hinder small. 

The smaller papille were often set not in pairs, but unpaired in the middle 
line. The smaller individuals had often only 5 papille, of which the 3 larger, 2 
paired or unpaired. 

+ The bulbus pharyngeus with its mandibles agrees very likely in the other 
species of Melibe in general with that of the typical species. Cf. l.c., taf. xlviii., 
figs. 10-12. 

7 


98 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


tudinal folds; in this part opened from each side the bile-duct 
(figs. 6c, 7ec) and a little more backwards the intestine (figs. 6, 7). 
Through the posterior part of the stomach shone the belt of the 
stomachal plates (figs. 6, 7). This belt was formed of 8 brownish 
yellow plates of usual form with 1-3 intermedian smaller. The short 
entestine stomach-like dilated in its first part, with several small 
pocket-like widenings arranged in a series (fig. 6d) on the anterior 
margin, with fine oblique folds on the inside; from this widened 
part issues a stronger fold, which with several thinner ones runs 
through the length of the intestine (fig. 6e). The total length of 
the intestine 9 mm.—The contents of the alimentary cavity were 
animal matter with remains of small Hydroids. 

The three principal liver-branches with their ramified hepatic 
ducts and the principal branchlets to the dorsal epinotidia as usual, 
but in these last clearer (not so yellow) ; the epinotidial hepatic trunks 
not reaching the point of the organs and their branchlets scarcely 
entering in the nodules; through the axis of the papilla: moreover 
two vessels and muscular fibres, which cause the often very notable 
contraction of the epinotidia. The nodules of these are again finely 
nodulous (fig. 8), and each of the minimal nodules possesses a few 
glandular cells. 

The net-work of the liver-branches is interwoven with the much 
branched renal tubes (figs. 9, 10), the branches reaching the root of 
the epinotidia, but did not seem to ascend into them. The renal cells 
reaching a diameter of 0-025 mm. (fig. 11). 

The large yellow lobules of the hermaphrodite gland filling a 
great part of the hinder cavity of the body, wrapped up and often 
concealed by connective tissue and by closely adhesive hepatic 
branches and lobules. They were chiefly globulous, of a diameter 
up to 3 mm., their number only about 20; their structure as 
usual. 

The anterior genital mass large, 8-5 mm. long by a breadth of 4 
and height of 5, white and yellowish. The yellow hermaphrodite 
duct long, twisted. The ovigerous duct did not seem to have a 
“fan-shaped ”’ organ (as in the M. capucina). The seminal vesicle 
small, pear-shaped, 2 mm. in its greatest diameter; the rather strong 
duct somewhat winding. The globular prostata has the anterior 
somewhat flattened, and the navel here is deep ; it is yellowish, of a 
diameter of 3:5 mm., finely granulated on the whole of the surface ; 
its duct rather strong, 4 mm. long. The preputium thin, 3 mm. 
long; the pointed glans (fig. 12) shone through throughout its whole 
length. The chiefly white mucous gland formed the Jargest part of 
the anterior genital mass. 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVH. 99 


Rang had the type of his genus Melibe from the Cape seas. The 
original specimens do not of course now exist, and since then no 
Melibe has been mentioned from this region. The figure of Rang 
(he gives no adequate description) does not prohibit an identification 
with the form here examined, that henceforth very likely will adopt 
the name of Rang, especially if it shall be found, when living, rosy. 
It seems different from the M. Rangii of the Red Sea, and can 
scarcely be identified with any of the other described species. 


PLEUROPHYLLIDIIDAL. 


R. Bergh, System, l.c., pp. 1060-1064. 


The family contains the genera Pleurophyllidia (proper) of Meckel, 
the Lingvella of Blainville, and Camarga of Bergh, 


PLEUROPHYULLIDIA, Meckel. 


R. Bergh, System, /.c., pp. 1063-1064.—Die Opisthobranchiata d. 
Siboga Expedition, 1905, /.c., pp. 213-215. 


A number of species is known, chiefly from the warm and from the 
tropical seas. 
1. Pu. CAPENSIS, B. n. sp. 


Pl. VIII., figs. 23-24. 


One individual was procured about 16 miles W. of Hast London by 
large trawl from a depth of 37-39 fms. 

The length of the rather contracted and hardened animal was 5 cm. 
by a breadth of 3°3 and a height up to 25; the breadth of the dorsal 
brim up to 1:4 cm.; the length of the gill 1, the height of its leaves 
4 mm., that of the lateral lamellae up to 3:5 mm., the breadth of the 
head (tentacular shield) 2 cm. ; the breadth of the foot 2-2 em., of its 
brim up to 7 mm., the length of the furrow of the tail 8 mm. by a 
breadth of 2°5.—The ground colowr of the back was black, but 
supplanted by the light yellowish longitudinal folds; the neck with 
the rhinophores black (with whitish point), the tentacular shield 
black; the gill bright-grayish, the lateral lamelle bright dirty 
yellowish, the sides of the body grayish black, the foot nearly black, 
the tail-furrow white. 

The form as a whole, the usual. No proper nuchal caruncula, the 
rhinophores 5 mm. high, as usual; the dorsal folds as usual, rather 
regularly alternating in thickness, their number at the middle of the 


100 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


length of the back about 30. The lamelle on the under side of 
the brim of the back numerous, especially at the thin and narrow 
margin ; the larger ones, in number about 30, descending obliquely 
from the narrow margin forwards; the margin proper of the back 
showed no openings of cnidophore sacs. The sides low; the 
genital and renal opening as usual, as also the rather prominent 
anal papilla. The margins of the rather strong caudal furrow 
prominent. 

The whitish bulbus pharyngeus 12 mm. long by a breadth and a 
height of 11. The yellowish mandibles united 10 mm. long and broad, 
the height of the convexity 4 mm.; their inner half much thicker 
than the outer; the mandibular process as also the whole of the 
masticatory edge straight and quite even. The rasp of the tongue 
yellow, containing about 25 series of teeth, in the sheath moreover 
about 33 series, the total number being thus 58. In the lateral series 
about 50 plates. The plates were yellow and yellowish; the breadth 
of the median plates 0°30 mm., the height of the first lateral 0-08, of 
the fifth 0-28, and this height was scarcely surpassed. The medzan 
plates broad (fig. 23), with short hook and on each side about 10 
denticles ; the lateral plates also of usual form, mostly with 4-6 very 
small denticles (fig. 24), the outermost mostly without these. 

The upper salivary glands (gl. salivales) as usual; the under 
(gl. ptyaline) very strong. 

The cesophagus and the stomach as usual; the intestine 3 cm. 
long by a diameter of 2-25 mm., in the rectum some dark animal 
matter. The liver ramifications in the lateral lamin as usual. No 
cnidocysts could be found; but in the narrow margin of the back 
fine gland-openings. 

The large hermaphrodite gland dirty brown, 18 mm. long by a 
breadth of 12 anda height of 10; the ampulla of the hermaphrodite 
duct brown. The large anterior genital mass white and whitish, 
15 mm. long by a height of 8 and a breadth of 7 mm.; the seminal 
vesicle large. 


This species seems different from others known from the coast 
of Africa, from the Pl. natalensis, B., Pl. Petersi, B., and perhaps 
from the Pl. Horati of Eliot.* The mandibles have a straight, 
even masticatory edge, the lateral plates of the rasp have mostly 


* Eliot, “On some Nudibranchs from East Africa and Zanzibar,” ii. 
Proc. Zool. Soc. of London, 1908, i., pp. 251-252. 

The description of this species (given by Crossland) is not at all clear; the 
assertion of Hliot that the gill is wanting is very doubtful; the median plates 
have a long cusp, and the cnidocysts are distinct. 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVIT. 101 


some few denticles, the nuchal region is even (and the margin of the 
back without cnidocysts). 


2. Pu. Grucuristi, B. n. sp. 
Pl. VIIL., figs. 14-18. 


Of this form one individual was procured off Sebastian Bluff 
(July 11, 1900) from a depth of 40 fms. by shrimp-trawl, two off 
Cape St. Blaize from muddy bottom and a depth of 35 fms. by large 
trawl, and one more off Cape Point Lighthouse. 

The three last had a length of 20 and 27 mm. The first, which 
was thoroughly examined, was 24 mm. long by a breadth of 15 and 
a height of 8 mm., the tentacular shield 9 mm. broad; the brim of 
the back mostly 4:5 mm. broad, the length of the gill 4:5; the breadth 
of the foot 12, the length of the (not very pronounced) furrow of the 
tail 4 mm.—The ground colour of the back grayish, more blackish in 
front, the folds whitish, otherwise the animal seemed to be uniformly 
white. 

The lateral lamelle as above, in number about 40, about half of 
which were larger; no cnidal pores or bags were seen. The neck 
without caruncle, folds, or papille. 

The anal papilla formed a prominence 5 mm. in height. 

The central nervous system as usual. The otocysts 0:06 mm. in 
diameter. 

The bulbus pharyngeus 3°5-4 mm. long by a breadth and a height 
of 25. The mandibles of a length of 3 mm. by a breadth of 2:8, 
their masticatory edge yellow, elsewhere nearly colourless; the 
masticatory margin (fig. 14) with (about 10) series of very small 
blunt cones of a height of about 0-025 mm. (in two individuals). 
The very bright yellowish rasp of the tongue contained, in the 
two individuals examined, 22 and 265 series of plates, in the sheath 
moreover were counted 23 and 21, the total number of series being 
thus 45-46. In the lateral series (of three individuals) 41, 33, and 35 
plates. The plates rather pale; the breadth of the median 0-17— 
0:18 mm., the height of the first lateral 0°12, of the next 0-16, 
rising to 0:18, that of the outermost about 0°10 mm. The median 
plates had 4 strong denticles on each side (fig. 15), the first lateral 
with (fig. 16) 6-8 not quite small denticles, the plates of about the 
inner third or eighth part of the rasp provided with a few very 
fine denticles (fig. 16), the rest without denticle (fig. 17). 


This form is different from the preceding and does not seem to 
agree with any one of the hitherto known species, 


102 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


3. Pu. EUCHROA, B. n. sp. 
Pl) VIL. figs. 4-5; Pl VILE, fe 225, 


Two specimens of the form were procured, both by shrimp-traw] ; 
one taken from a depth of 50 fms. (green mud) off Cape Hang Klip; 
the other from sandy bottom at a depth of 30 fms. in Buffalo Bay. 
A third individual was dredged off Cape Point Lighthouse, and two 
at Seal Island from a depth of 16 fms. and a sandy bottom with 
shells. 

The first two were about of the same size and appearance. Their 
length was 17 mm. by a breadth of 9-10 and a height of 6-7; the 
breadth of the frontal veil 5, of the brim of the back 4 mm., the 
length of the gill 2 by a breadth of 1-75 mm., the breadth of the foot 
7 mm., of the caudal furrow 3-4 mm. The two last-mentioned 
individuals were 3 cm. long (not dissected).—The ground colour of 
the back dark gray or blackish with whitish lines, the colour other- 
wise whitish or yellowish. 

Of the usual form, behind the frontal veil perhaps a small 
caruncle ; the margin of the back with a series of fine sometimes 
grayish cnidocysts, their contents sometimes projecting. The lateral 
lamella obliquely set, in number about 40. 

The bulbus pharyngeus in 4 individuals whitish, 3-3-5-4 mm. 
long by a breadth of 3-3-5 and a height of 3. The mandibles thin, 
yellowish, about as in Pl. Gilchristz, the height of the columns of 
the masticatory edge about 0:04 mm., of which the blunt end pro- 
jected 0-01 mm. high. The nearly colourless or dirty yellowish 
rasp of the tongue contained 18 rows of plates, in the sheath 27, 
the total number of series being thus 45; in the series on each side 
about 25 plates. The plates yellowish ; the breadth of the median 
0-14 mm.; the height of the two outermost lateral 0:06-0:08 mm., 
rising to 0-20. The median plate (fig. 25) had on each side 5 strong 
denticles and a small one on the short pointed hook ; the first lateral 
plate with a series of fine denticles (fig. 1), all the other (figs. 2, 3) 
without denticles (as in the Pl. natalensis). 

The cnidx as usual. The anterior genital mass dirty yellowish, 
of meniscus form. In three individuals the pointed penis (fig. 5) 
projected 5-5 mm. from the genital papilla or everted vestibulum 
(fig. 4). 


To the same species very probably belong a large individual 
procured by large shrimp-trawl about 20 miles W. of Hast London 
from a depth of 37 fms. 

It had a length of 4:5 cm. by a breadth of 18 and a height of 1; 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 108 


the tentacular veil 10 mm. broad; the breadth of the foot in front 
(with its angles) 20 mm.; the length and the breadth of the gill 
5 mm.—The ground colour of the back black, but the colour reduced 
by the white longitudinal ribs (in number at the foremost third about 
25); the colour otherwise whitish. 

The foremost lamelle horizontal, the rest obliquely set as usual : 
on the brim of the back very pronounced cnidocysts. The caudal 
furrow very pronounced, yellow, 13 mm. long by a breadth of 1:25. 

The bulbus pharyngeus (projecting freely 8 mm.) whitish, 9 mm. 
long by a height and a breadth of 6. The mandibles yellow, rather 
strong; the masticatory edge had about 15 series of scarcely 
prominent roundish quadrangular facets of a diameter up to 
0:025 mm., belonging to columns of a height up to 0:04. In the 
yellowish rasp of the tongue 22 series of plates, in the sheath 54, 
the total number of rows thus being 56; the number of plates in 
the series seemed to rise to 32. The median teeth 0:29 mm. broad, 
their hook with a little denticle on each side, more outwardly 6-7 
coarser denticles on each side. The lateral plates quite as above, 
reaching a height of 0°30 mm. 


This form seems specifically different from the foregoing. Of the 
hitherto known species of Pleurophyllidiide only Pl. natalensis, 
cygnea,* and Miller: +} show the margin of the lateral plates (with 
the exception of the first always finely denticulated) even (not 
denticulated), but from these species P/. ewchroa seems to differ 
by different character of the masticatory edge of the mandibles. 


4, Py. mMicroponta, B. n. sp. 
Pl. VIILI., figs. 17-22. 


Off Constable Hill (NNE. 64 miles) one specimen was taken by 
large trawl from a depth of 33 fms. and green mud bottom. It 
was in a very bad state of preservation, very hardened, somewhat 
contracted and bent. 

The length seemed to have been 3 cm. by a breadth of 1:5 and 
a height of 1. The ground colour of the back seemed to have been 
black, the whitish lines as usual. 

A caruncle before the rhinophores could not be detected. The 
gill, the lateral lamella, and the cnidocysts as usual. 

The length of the bulbus pharyngeus 4 mm. by a breadth of 3:5 

* R. Bergh, ‘‘Neue Beitr. zur Kenntn. d. Pleurophyllidien.’’ Malacozool. 
Bl., xxiil., 1876, pp. 9-13; taf. 1, figs. 1-7. 

+ H. vy. Jhering, ‘“ Zur Kenntniss d. Nudibranchien der brasilianischen kiiste,’ 
Malakol. Jahrb., xiii., 1883, pp. 223-228; taf. 9, fig. 1, 


’ 


104 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


and a height of 3. The yellow mandibles as in the Pl. euchroa. 
The rasp of the tongue, clear yellow, seemed to contain 20 series of 
plates, the sheath about a like number ; in the lateral series about 50 
plates. The plates yellowish; the breadth of the median 0:075 mm. 
by a height of 0-05, the height of the thin outermost lateral 0:055. 
The median plates (figs. 19, 20) with 8-10 denticles on each side of 
the pointed hook, which had a strong denticle at its root. The 
lateral plates of common form, with mostly 8-10 pointed denticles 
(fig. 22), the 10-15 outermost somewhat slender, without denticles. 


This form differs from the other, particularly in the very small 
size of the plates of the rasp. 


PECTINIBRANCHIATA. 


MARSENIID As. 


R. Bergh, Malacolog. Untersuch., iv. (Supplementheft iii., 1, 2), 
1886-1887, with 14 plates. 


MARSENIA, Leach. 
1. Mars. perspicua (L.). 
Pl. XIV., figs. 5-9. 


A specimen was sent, taken off Umhlanga River mouth by shrimp- 
trawl. It was somewhat contracted, nearly semiglobular. Later 
five specimens were fished at Cape Point (N. 50° E., 184 miles), 
among which was one male. The largest was 3:3 cm. long by a 
height of 1:5 and a breadth of 2:7 em. 

The length of the first mentioned, male, specimen was 12 mm. by 
a breadth of 8 and a height of 5. 

The colour of the smooth back was gray with rather numerous 
more or less large blackish spots; the rest of the body yellowish. 
The inside of the mantle spotted blackish. The shell of usual form, 
8 mm. long by a breadth of 6, thin and very fragile. 

The form of the body quite as in the typical Marsenia. The large 
penis projected forwards, 6 mm. long. 

The buccal tube 2mm. long. The bulbus pharyngeus 2 mm. long, 
its form quite as usual, the long rasp-sheath rolled up to the right 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 105 


side. The mandibles 1:5 mm. long, yellow in the anterior part, 
otherwise nearly colourless (fig. 5), the hinge very pronounced 
(figs. 5, 6). The tongue as usual; the yellow rasp of a breadth of 
0:37 mm., containing 12 series of plates ; in the sheath moreover 39, 
of which the 3 hindermost were not quite developed ; thus the total 
number of series 47. The plates very clear yellowish ; the breadth 
of the median plates behind 0:10 mm. ; the length of the lateral ones 
in a straight line 0:22. The median plates (fig. 7aa) of usual form ; 
the anterior refolded edge with 2 (-3) denticles on each side of the 
pointed hook, the legs not quite of the same length. The lateral 
plates (fig. 7) also of usual form; the pointed hook (fig. 8) showed 
at the upper edge 12-15 denticles, of which the hindermost 4-5 
were much stronger; the lower edge had 4-5 rather weak and 
blunter denticles. 

The esophagus as usual with a widening. The liver brown. 

The penis of about the common form, somewhat compressed ; from 
its end the very pointed continuation of the vas deferens projected 
(ies 9): 


The larve of the Marsenia, the Echinospira, &e., are found widely 
spread in plankton and carried far and wide by the currents. By 
far the most of the forms of Marsenia described as species, including 
this form, are probably only local varieties of the Mars. perspicua, 
which seems to be almost cosmopolitan; I have seen such forms 
collected by Plate on the western coast of South America (‘ Die 
Opisthobranchien der Sammlung Plate,’’ Zool. Jahrb., Supplement- 
heft iv., 3, 1898, pp. 564-569), and others collected by Mortensen 
near the coast of Siam (“The Danish Expedition to Siam,’ 1. Gas- 
teropoda opisthobranchiata, 1902, pp. 213 (55) -214 (56); pl. i., 
figs. 13-14). 


2. MARSENIA CAPENSIS, Bgh. n. sp. 
Pl. IX., figs. 13-16. 


Ten individuals of this form (four of which were male) were pro- 
cured at Cape Point with shrimp-trawl from green mud and a depth 
of 650-700 fms. ; one more at Cape Point by American trawl from a 
depth of 310 fms. with bottom of sand and black specks ; moreover 
from the same locality 13 specimens from a depth of 700-800 fms. 
with green mud bottom (6 of 8 examined were male). Three rather 
large (2°38 (9) and 3°5 (gf) and 4 (g) cm. long) were moreover 
caught off Lion’s Head from a depth of 131, 136, 195, 204 fms. 

They were all very contracted and stiff. 

The length of the dissected individuals varied from 14-18 mm, 


106 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


the two largest had a breadth of 16 and a height of 8 mm. They 
were uniformly coloured whitish ; on the’ back rather spread short 
0-5 mm. high conical prominences; the shell shone white through 
the mantle, but always (on account of the strong contraction) broken 
in pieces. The form of the animal as usual; so too, as far as could 
be determined, the thin shell. 

The bulbus pharyngeus of usual form, 6 mm. long ; the rasp-sheath 
in two of the three more closely examined (female) individuals rolled 
up to the right, in the third (male) to the left side. The mandibular 
plates, 2°55 mm. long, of about the usual form, but the brownish 
masticatory part not separated by an actual furrow from the 
yellowish remainder; the anterior narrower margin (in the three 
individuals) produced in a strong point (fig. 13). On the yellowish 
rasp 16-17-20 series of plates, in the sheath 25-40-42, the total 
number of rows being thus 41-57-62; the end of the sheath very 
little swollen, rounded behind. The thicker part of the lateral plates 
yellow ; the rest as well as the median plates nearly colourless. The 
breadth of the median plates 0-25 mm., the length of the lateral 0°52. 
The median plates with curved anterior margin with pointed hook 
and with about 10 fine denticles on its sides, the posterior margin 
straight (not bifid) (figs. 14, 15). The lateral plates of usual form, 
the upper margin of the hook with 8-20 fine denticles, the other 
with 6-8 coarser. 

The liver grayish brown. The large ovarium yellow. The penis 
(fig. 16) 7 mm. long, somewhat flattened, always (by 10 individuals) 
of quite the same form. 


The largest (male) individual 4 cm. long by a breadth of 3-3 and a 
height of 2; when living it was white; the back was somewhat 
nodulous; the penis quite as described. The shell very thin, 
broken. 

The bulbus pharyngeus 7 mm. long, the rasp-sheath rolled up to 
the right. The mandibles nearly as above. In the rasp 17 series of 
plates, in the sheath 49, the total number of rows being thus 66; the 
plates quite as above. 


3. MARSENIA LEPTOCONCHA, B. n. sp. 
Pl. EX., fies. 17-20; Pl. xe figs. 12: 

One male specimen was procured off Cape Point (E. 4, N. 
36 miles) from a depth of 700-800 fms. from green mud bottom by 
shrimp-trawl. 

The specimen resembled, preserved in formalin, a somewhat 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVI. 107 


transparent sphere, flattened on the under side. The length was 
6-8 cm. by a breadth of 5°5 and a height of 4; the submedian 
(inspiratory) cleft 1 em. long; the breadth of the mantle brim, that 
was bent downwards and touching the margin of the foot, 13 mm. ; 
the aperture of the gill cavity 9 mm. broad; the length of the ten- 
tacles 8 mm., that of the penis 2°6 cm. by a diameter of 0°5; the 
length of the foot 4 cm. by a breadth of 2:2; the length of the tail 
12 mm.—The upper side of the mantle uniformly coloured greenish 
white, the under side of the mantle (except the broad inspiratory 
furrow), the neck, and the upper side of the foot velvet black; the 
tentacles, the penis, and the sole of the foot white; the intestines 
did not shine through. 

The mantle was even all over; its under side densely transversely 
striated, no distinct expiratory furrow. The ophthalmophoria very 
small, and eyes not visible. The penis strong, nearly cylindrical. 
The foot as usual. 

The shell 3 em. long by a breadth of 2, as in the Mars. leptolemma 
quite thin, membranous, slightly yellowish, easily loosened from the 
intestines, and when spread in water assuming the ordinary form of 
the Marsenia shell (fig. 1). 

The situation of the intestines quite as usual. The olfactory organ 
(Spengel) 15 mm. long by a breadth of 9, dirty brown with whitish 
rhachis; the curved gill whitish, about 2°5 cm. long, its very thin 
and narrow leaves up to 8 mm. high. The ventricle of the heart 
5 mm. long; the kidney and the foliated gland exhibited the usual 
relations and structure. 

The bulbus pharyngeus of usual form, but small, 6 mm. long by a 
breadth of 6 and a height of 3:5, whitish. I did not succeed in 
determining the form of the mandibular plates. The tongue as 
usual ; in the faintly yellowish rasp 22 series of plates, in the sheath 
(that was bent directly forwards and median, reaching to the anterior 
of the bulbus) 46, the total number of the series thus being 68. The 
median plates quite colourless, the breadth between their legs 0:22 mm. 
The median plates narrower in front, with 4-6 sharp denticles on each 
side of the pointed hook (fig. 18); the lateral plates of the common 
form on one margin unusually finely denticulated, on the other with 
4-6 more clumsy (fig. 2) denticles. The end of the rasp-sheath 
smaller than usual (fig. 19). 

The cesophagus as usual and with a widening. On the anterior 
side of the psalteriwm (the foliated or glandular stomach) the trans- 
versely situated second stomach or crop. The psalterium itself 
semiglobular, somewhat of a cup-like shape, of a transverse diameter 
of 9 mm., yellowish. The proper (third) stomach as usual. The 


108 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


brownish liver for the most part covered by the yellowish testvs, 
whose large lobes contained ripe zoosperms. The vas deferens 
formed the usual twisted ball, and was continued forwards first in a 
straight course; it continued in winding through the penis, and 
projected a little from its end (fig. 20). 


Another, a female and somewhat smaller, specimen was procured 
off Cape Point (NE. by E. 36 miles), 660-700 fms., green mud. 

It was 3°5 cm. long by a breadth of 2:3 and a height of 2:8 em. 
The colour was quite as in the male individual, as were also the 
ophthalmophores. The exserted pharyngeal bulb was (only) 
examined, 

The bulbus pharyngeus 6 mm. long by a breadth of 5. The man- 
dibles 3 mm. long, dirty yellowish, in the anterior part dirty 
brownish, of about the usual form (fig. 17). The rasp of the tongue 
more yellow than in the male specimen, containing 23 series of 
plates ; the sheath bent upwards and forwards in the median line, 
but not reaching so far forwards, containing 26 series, of which the 
5 hindermost were not fully developed; the total number of series 
thus 49. The plates quite as in the other specimen. 


As regards the large size and the membranous condition of the 
shell this form quite agrees with M. leptolemma of the Atlantic.* 
The colour of the under side of the mantle is, however, quite 
different, as also the character of the lingual plates, especially that 
of the median. This form is a new species. 


NATICID At. 


SIGARETUS, Lmk. 


SIGARETUS PLANULATUS, Recluz. 


Segaretus planus, Philippi. Abb. u. Beschreib., i., 1842, p. 146; 


tab. i., fig. 7. 
Sigaretus planulatus, Recluz. Sigaretus, Chenu, illustr. conchyl., 
1843-1845. 


Sigaretus planus, Phil. Troschel, das Gebiss d. Schnecken, 1. 
(1856-) 1863, p. 184; tab. xv., fig. 16. 


* R. Bergh, ‘‘Nudibranches et Marsenia,’ Res. scientif., par Albert i. 
fasc. xiv., 1899, pp. 31-36; pl. i.; pl. ii., figs. 1-5, 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 109 


Sigaretus planulatus, Recluz. Sowerby, Thesaurus, v., 1887, p. 42. 
No. 14, tab. 442, figs. 29-30. 


Pl. X., figs. 4-16. 


Two specimens were dredged off Umvote River from a depth of 
27 fms. from sandy bottom with shells. They were of quite the 
same size, now very hardened and very difficult to examine; in the 
male individual the shell was well preserved, in the female broken 
in pieces. 

The colour was dirty yellowish gray. The length 4 cm., of which 
the propodium measured 1:7; the breadth of the propodium behind 
13 mm., at the anterior narrower. 

The milk-white fine shell on the middle of the animal 16 mm. long 
by a breadth of 11 and a height of 5, with a very thin yellowish 
cuticle. An operculum was not present. 

The propodium broader behind, sloping towards the rounded 
anterior end, flat and even; its straight hinder brim covering the 
head and the margin of the gill cavity ; the propodium is separated 
by a furrow from the sole; behind this furrow passes in the flatter 
furrow at the margin of the tail. The hinder foot, the tail is gradu- 
ally pointed backwards and sloping, rather convex, even, along the 
margin accompanied by a furrow ; its anterior end concave, thinner, 
and with a height up to 13 mm., reflected on the shell, whose hinder 
end partly covers its outer lip. 

The broad, short head (fig. 4) with rather (4 mm.) long tentacles ; 
the intestines shone blackish through the floor of the gill cavity. 
The nearly cylindrical penis (fig. 7) 15 mm. long by a diameter of 
1-1:5, with a hollow at the end, from the end of which the sperm- 
duct projected; along the side a superficial furrow. The clear 
yellow gill (fig. 5) 13 mm. long with a breadth up to 3:25; its fine 
leaves (fig. 6) free for about half their length. The olfactory organ 
(Spengel) dirty brownish, nearly as long as the gill by a breadth of 
1:25 mm., bent in its anterior end. 

The brownish gray bulbus pharyngeus of oval form, nearly 2 mm. 
long. The mandibles nearly reaching each other above and below; 
brownish yellow, 0°75 mm. long by a breadth of 0:5; their elements 
as in other Sigareti, 0-10 mm. long (fig. 8). The very faint yellowish 
rasp of the tongue containing about 30-36 series of plates ; the long 
sheath (fig. 16) of a breadth of 0:20 mm., bent several times, affixed 
to the asophagus and the salivary glands, contained a much larger 
number ; the number of rows seemed in the two individuals to be all 
in all 131 and 145(g). The plates nearly colourless; the breadth 
of the median 0:13 mm., the height of the lateral plate 0-11, of the 


110 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


two outer plates 0-115 mm. The median plate (figs. 9a, 10-12) 
broad, in front a little concave and narrower, behind a little convex 
and with the angles prominent and pointed ; the cutting edge with 
a small median tooth with a stronger one on each side, from the 
under side a short pointed hook moreover projected (figs. 10-12). 
The lateral plate upwards bifurcate, the anterior part longer than 
the posterior (figs. 9b, 13).* The outer plates (figs. 14, 15) hook- 
shaped, the interior a little stronger than the exterior, both a little 
blunt at the point, the interior (fig. 14a) with 3 small teeth, the 
exterior with but one (fig. 140). 

The state of preservation did not admit of an examination of the 
other organs. 


* The figure by Troschel (J.c., p. 185 ; taf. xv., fig. 16) of the lateral plate seems 
rather different, but is very likely but incorrectly drawn. It is not quite easy to 
get the different plates arranged in a convenient position. 

Troschel saw in his two individuals 126 and 134 series of plates, and the median 
plates of a breadth of 0°15 mm. 


(111) 


INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES. 
A I 
PAGE PAGE 
Aclesia cirrhifera, Q. et G., var. DOM |Pidailrellaramosnulaa see eeeccernecnscese 80 
Aphelodoris (?) brunnea, IBooocagepqo0 58 
Aly Siar allochroa, By) vsrcsccteesssesee 1 J 
of eusiphonata, Be ree erences 9 Janolus capensis, iBess 90 
op fegznaepaNibey 1635 Gaocanaconpouaceec 5 
ay AG alll ameneiibl, IBS, Susaccockob0seede 2 K 
Ey eee Ace gay | Ralinpalorniata, Ar eb es, Lucien 15 
‘5 WOOGIE TBE, © seadaccnenesyessh acts + iby 
poikilia, Betas soceuarc vesweesie 10 M 
Archidoris GAPENSIS; los eer ee eceescsacl 42) | Wielibetrosea, Range seemscseeecc acne. 96 
5 STANOSay Dy coseossses eee 43 
a (Q)EScriptan eb snencseseeenc 44 N 
= Nembrotha capensis, B. ............... 68 
Berthella granulata, Krauss ......... 40 O 
Oscaniella nigropunctata, B. ......... 37 
(} Oscaniopsis pleurobrancheana, B. 35 
Chromodoris albolimbata, B. ......... 55 P 
an sue Bre He Philmeraperta, le secesessscatescats sce 24 
ey Bi ecomcerscrueng: venencates son) CUPCNSIShy supers meee rn cee ses ae « 27 
Pleurobrancheea capensis, Vayss. ... 30 
D melanopus, B. ...... 33 
Dyanlilarcapensis, B. ....ccmsesser sees 48 Pleurophyllidia capensis, B. ......... 99 
(Q)immorosa, Bo .22-2--.2-- 50 ” euchroa, B. seeeeeee 102 
Dolabella Rumphii, Rang. var. ...... 15 » Gilchristi, B. ...... 101 
Doridvam capense, B. .........<2--s-00 29 ” microdonta, B....... 103 
Doriopsilla capensis, B. ............... 64. 
IDGRIOPSISICDOSIay I. s.c2.sse-2-eeo senso 62 s) 
” callosa, B.........0.....eee 61 | §taurodoris verrucosa (Culv..)) vcs. 2 46 
6 CAPCMSISH IDS. jssssease scenes 60 
EDs ~cooaagr. agoancodosconqbocoDo FA 63 T 
Doris ae ?) glabella, B. <.-......... 54 ; F 
e i(alsperplexa, Bu. .4.-2-.oe-: 53 | Thordisa punctulifera, B. ............ 50 
pide) pseudida, B.)....ses.ac. 52 | Triopa lucida, Stimpson ............... 66 
MribontaIMdecoras We secccccceeeescee 85 
E », _ pallida, Stimpson ............ 83 
Tritonidoxa capensis, B. ............... 87 
Euplocamus croceus, Phil. var. 
CRPCUSIB Meese ria deoeeeosnea-csesenecese 71 
G Marsenia capensis, B. ...............06 105 
Ae leptoconcha, B................ 106 
Geitodoris capensis, B.................0. 47 » Tosasyoreww kn (1) Goscaponaeonoee 104. 
Glaucus atlanticus, F................... 94 | Sigaretus planulatus, Recluz ......... 108 


(112) 


After the printing of a large part of this memoir I received the 
‘Norges oN soME British Nupiprancus’’ (Journ. of the Marine 
Biological Association, vii., 3, 1906, pp. 333-382, with 2 pl.), 
by Sir Charles Eliot, 


and 


‘‘ OPISTHOBRANCHIATE Mon“utusca FROM MonrTEREY Bay, CALIFORNIA, 
AND Vicrnity”’ (Bull. of the Bureau of Fisheries, xxv., 1905, 
pp. 111-151, with 14 pl.), by Prof. MacFarland. 


I therefore have not been able here to use the general and special 
notices contained in these papers. 


(113) 


SYNOPSIS OF GENERA AND SPECIES. 


Tectibranchiata. 
Anaspidea. 
Aplysiide propric. 

tle Gilchristi, B. 
,  allochroa, B. 
»  gargantua, B. 
», lobata, B. 
,,  eusiphonata, B. 
.,  poikilia, B. 
,,  Woodii, B. 

monochroa, B. 
Dolabella, Lam. 


40 Rumphii, (Cuv.) Rang. var. 
Notarchide. 
Aclesia cirrhifera, Q. et G. var. 
Cephalaspidea. 
Philinide. 


Philine aperta, L. 
», capensis, B. 
Doridiide, 
Doridium capense, B. 
Notaspidea. 
Pleurobranchide. 
Pleurobranchexa, Leue. 
Pleurobranchiea capensis, Vayss. 
i melanopus, B. 
Oscaniopsis, Bgh. 
Oscaniopsis pleurobrancheana, b. 
Oseaniella, B. 
Oseaniella nigropunctata, B. 
Berthella, Blv. 
Berthella granulata (Krauss). 
Nudibranchiata holohepatica. 
Doridide cryptobranchiate. 
Archidoris, B. 
Archidoris capensis, B. 
granosa, B, 
? seripta, B. 
8 


? 


9? 


114 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


Staurodoris, B. 
verrucosa (Cuy.). 
Geitodoris, B. 
G. capensis, B. 
Diaulula, B. 
D. capensis, B. 
D. ? morosa, B. 
Thordisa, B. 
Th. punctilifera, B. 
Genus ? 
Doris pseudida, B. 
Genus ? 
Doris perplexa, B. 
Genus ? 
Doris glabella, B. 
Chromodoris, A. et H. 
Chrom. albolimbata, B. 
Chrom., euelpis, B. 
Chrom., sp. 
Aphelodoris, B. 
Aph. ? brunnea, B. 
Porostomata. 
Doriopsidide. 
Doriopsis (Pease), Beh. 
Dor. capensis, B 
Dor. ecallosa, B. 
Dor. cesia, B. 
Dor Sp: 
Doriopsilla, B. 
Dor, capensis, B. 
Dorididz phanerobranchiatze. 
Polyceridee, 
Triopa, Johnst. 
Tr. lucida, Stimpson. 
Nembrotha, B. 
N. capensis, B. 
Kuplocamus, Phil. 
I. croceus, Ph., var. capensis. 
Kalinga, Ald. et Hance. 
K. ornata, A. et H. 
Goniodoridide. 
Idalia, Leuck. 
Idaliella amcenula, B. 
Nudibranchiata kladohepatica. 


Tritoniidee, 
Tritonia, Cuy. 
Tr, pallida, Stimpson, 
Tr. indecora, B. 
Tritonidoxa, B. 
Tr. capensis, B. 
Aeolidiidee, 


Glaucus atlanticus, F. 
Janolus capensis, B. 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 


Tethymelibide. 


Melibe rosea, Rane. 
Pleurophyllidiide. 
Pleurophyllidia, Meckel. 
Pl. capensis, B. 
Pl. Gilchristi, B. 
Pl. euchroa, B. 
Pl. microdonta, B. 


Pectimbranchiata. 
Marsenia, Leach. 
M. perspicua (L.). 
M. capensis, B. 
M. leptoconcha, B. 
Sigaretus planulatus, Recluz. 


115 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 


(118 ) 


Prats I. 


APLYSIA GILCHRISTI, B. 


FIG. 
1. Median plate. 
2. Outer end of two series of plates. aa, outermost plate. 


(Figs. 1-2 drawn by Cam. luc. 200 x.) 
3. A lateral plate. 350 x. 


APLYSIA ALLOCHROA, b. 


. The shell, from above. 3/1. 

. Elements of mandible plate. 350 x. 

. Median plates. 

. First lateral plate. 

. Outer end of two series. aa, outermost plate. 
(Figs. 6-8 drawn by Cam. 200 x.) 

9. One of the smaller stomachal plates. 

10. Penis. a, prostata. 


aT D oe 


APLYSIA GARGANTUA, B. 


11. The shell, from beneath. 3/1. 

12. Elements of mandibular piate. 

13. Hooks of the palate. 

14. A lateral plate. 

15. Outer end of a series of plates. a, outermost plate. 
(Figs. 12-15 drawn by Cam. 200 x.) 

16. One of the inner lateral plates. 350 x. 

17. a, Before the cardia region of the masticatory stomach; b, facets for 
masticatory plates. 

18. A thorn from the region a@ in Fig. 17. 

19. Penis. a, region of the glans; b, preeputium. 

20. Hinder end of the preputium opened, the glans exposed. 

21. Transverse section of the head of the glans. 


APLYSIA MONOCHROA, b. 
. The mantle shield. 
. Elements of the mandibles. 350 x. 
. Hooks of the palate. 


b bo tw 
Go bo 


sg 


. ie “MarIwSA Opisthobranchiata. P11. 


FIG 


1. a, Gsophagus; 0, first stomach; c, masticatory stomach; d, third 


10 Oo F- oo 


10. 
ale 


(120 ) 


PLATE 


1, 


APLYSIA GARGANTUA, B. 


stomach ; e, intestine. 


APLYSIA MONOCHROA, b. 


. The shell from beneath. 2/1. 

. The penis with a, the prostata (?). 
. Median plates. 

. First lateral plate. 

. Outer end of a series. a, outermost plate. 
. Outer end of two series. aa, outermost plate. 


(Figs. 4-7 drawn by Cam. 200 x.) 


APLYSIA LOBATA, L. 


. The shell, from beneath. 2/1. 
. Elements of the mandible. 


Median and first lateral plate. 


Outer end of a series. a, outermost plate. 


(Figs. 10-12 drawn by Cam. 


. The penis. 


200 x.) 


ApnystA Woopil, B 


(Figs. 15-19 drawn by Cam. 


. The hinder end of the sole of the foot. 
. The shell from beneath. 3/1. 
. Elements of mandible. 

. Median plate. 

. A lateral plate. 

. The ninth plate from the outer end of a series. 
. Outer end of a series. a, outermost plate. 


350 x.) 


APLYSIA POIKILIA, B. 


. Elements of mandible. 
21. Hooks of the palate. 


(Figs. 20-21 drawn by Cam. 


350 x.) 


fort 


} 
ur 


2M, Lith 


Werner & Winter, Fran 


16. 


a 
ow 


Lk 
esse) 


b b bo bo 
H Go bo 


. The shell from bene 
. Median plate. 


(122) 


Prate III. 


APLYSIA POIKILIA, LB. 


ath. 2 


1. 


. Fifth lateral plate, from within. 


. A lateral plate. 


APLYSIA BUSIPHONATA, B. 


. The mantle shield, from above, with sipho. 
. The same, from the right side. 
. Elements from the mandible. 


. Hooks of the palate. 


. Median plates of two series. 


. One of the interior lateral plates. 

and 12. Largest lateral plates. 

- Outer end of a series of plates. a, outermost. 
(Figs. 2-13 drawn by Cam. 200 x.) 


. Stomachal plates. 
. Penis. 


dO xX. 


ACLESIA CIRRHIFERA, Q. et G. 


. Piece of the palate plate. 


. Anterior end of the bulbus pharyngeus with the rasp. 


Mantle region. a, rudiment of mantle; 6, branchia ; c, anus. 
. Mandible. 


. Elements of mandible. 350 x. 


300: xX. 


. Median and first lateral plates. 350 x. 


. The penis. 
. The glans. 


. Hook of the penis. 


300 x. 


Opisthobranchiata. Pl. Il 


eee 


ith 


m™i., 1 


Werner &Winter, Frankfort 


R.Bergh 


(124) 


Puate IV. 


ACLESIA CIRRHIFERA, Q. et G. 


1. Upper margin of the gill (rhachis). 
2. a, Hermaphrodite duct; 6, anterior genital mass; c, spermatocysta ; 
d, sperm-oviduct ; e, spermatotheca ; f, vulva. 
3. From the interior part of the rasp. 
4, One of the plates. 
(Figs. 3-4 with Cam. 200 x.) 
. Lateral plate. 
. Lateral plate. 
7. Three outermost plates. 
(Figs. 5-7 drawn by Cam. 350 x.) 


Oo or 


PLEUROBRANCH2%A CAPENSIS, B. 


8. Piece of the mandible, from the side. 
9. Piece from the surface. 
(Figs. 8-9 with Cam. 350 x.) 
10 and 11. Plates of the rasp in different positions. 200 x. 


PLEUROBRANCHA MELANOPUS, B. 


12. Elements of the mandible, from the side. 200 x. 

13. Piece of the mandible, from the surface. 

14 and 15. Plates of the rasp, in different positions. 
(Figs. 13-15 by Cam. 350 x.) 


OSCANIOPSIS PLEUROBRANCHAANA, B. 


16. Part of the frontal margin. 

17. Part of the mandibles. 350 x. 

18 and 19. Largest plates of the rasp. 

20. Outer end of a series of plates. a, outermost. 
(Figs. 18-20 with Cam. 200 x.) 

21. Salivary glands with ducts. 


OSCANIELLA NIGROPUNCTATA, B. var. 


22. Klement of the mandible. 

23. Innermost plates. 

24, Plates from the inner half of the rasp. 

25. Plates from the outer half of the rasp. 

26. Outer part of a series of plates. a, outermost. 
(Figs. 22-26 drawn by Cam. 350 x.) 


BERTHELLA GRANULATA, Krauss. 


27. Shell from the upper side. 5/1. 
28. Piece of mandible. 350 x. 


ie 
nd 


ay Mar Inv.S.A. B25 * Opisthobranchiata. PL.IV. 


: an a) | 
a ae 


. Tats i) t} 


' 
Lp ea 


mnt ent sal 
Lit nf 
my 
: nm) 3) 
7), a ee ee 
i) be att fy i i 
f a 7 
: Lag il 1 i Phy ayy 7 
a , 4 _ TA somae oe j 
_ + ran CT ar ot he 
— : 7 J 7) lear e rt oe - 
een |) Me tie iy ni uP it Tr yl oe 7 
7 ; ir ame Vij 7 vt py A Fs . - 
i. nm eas ab mit i 


4 


24. 
25. 
26. 


me Ch He 


( 126 ) 


PuatTe VY. 


BERTHELLA GRANULATA (Krauss). 


. Point of elements of mandible. 
. Element from the side. 

. Plate of the rasp. 

. One of the largest plates. 


(Figs. 1-4 by Cam. 350 x.) 


PHILINE APERTA (1). 


. Salivary gland. 
. A plate of the rasp. 
. Upper half of a plate. 


(Figs. 6-7 by Cam. 200 x.) 


. Piece of the denticulation of the hook. 350 x.) 
. The penis apparatus. a, a prostatic gland; b, globular sac with duct ; 


c, cylindrical sac; d, preeputium; e, hammer-shaped glans. 
The freely projecting hammer-shaped glans. a, end of prostatic gland. 


PHILINE CAPENSIS, B. 


. The shell. 
12. 
. The innermost of the two outermost plates. 
. The outermost. 


A lateral plate of the rasp. 


(Figs. 12-14 drawn by Cam. 350 x.) 


. Astomachal plate from the inside. 20/1. 


ARCHIDORIS GRANOSA, B. 


. Nodules of the back. 
. A plate of the rasp. 
. Outer end of a series of plates. a, outermost. 


DIAULULA CAPENSIS, B. 


. A piece of the skin of the back. 55 x. 
. Tubercles of the same. 

21. 
22. 


A plate of the rasp. 
Outer end of a series of plates. a, outermost. 
(Figs. 21-22 by Cam. 200 x.) 


DIAULULA ?? MoRosa, B. 


A tubercle of the back. 
A plate of the rasp. 
Outer end of a series of plates. a, outermost. 
One of the outer plates. 
(Figs. 24-26 with Cam. 350 x.) 


t 


er & Win’ 


Wern 


( 128 ) 


Puate VI. 


THORDISA PUNCTULIFERA, B. 


. Piece of the skin of the back. 

. A tubercle of the same. 

. Of the rhachidian part of the rasp. 

. Outer part of two series of plates. aa, outermost. 
(Figs. 2-4 by Cam. 350 x.) 


a2! 


mm CO Me 
co bo a 


Doris PERPLEXA, B. 


5. A plate of the rasp. 200 x. 
6. Outer end of a series of plates. a, outermost. 350 x. 


DoRIS PSEUDIDA, B. 


7. A plate of the rasp. 200 x. 
8. Outer end of a series of plates. a, outermost. 350 x. 


DorIs GLABELLA, B. 
9. Part of the gill. 
10. Part of the armature of the lip-disc. 
11. Inner part of a series of plates. a, innermost. 
12. A plate of the rasp. 
13. Part of two series of plates, each with a deformed plate. 
(Figs. 10-13 by Cam. 350 x.) 


CHROMODORIS EUELPIS, B. 


14. Elements of the lip-disc. 750 x. 
15. Plates of the rasp. 350 x. 
16. One of the largest plates. 
17. An outermost plate. 
(Figs. 16-17 with Cam. 350 x.) 


CHROMODORIS ALBOLIMBATA, B. 


18. A gill-leaf. 55 x. 

19. The bulbus pharyngeus, from the under side, with lip plates. 
20. Elements of the lip disc. 

21. Part of the middle of the rasp. aa, pseudo-plates. 

22. Innermost plates of the rasp. 

23, One of the largest plates. 

24, Outer end of a series of plates. a, outermost. 


CHROMODORIS, sp. 


25. Elements of the lip disc. 
26. Plates of the rasp. 
(Figs. 19-26 by Cam. 350 x.) 


Opisthobranchiata. PL VI 


a5 ‘Mar Inv. SA. 


meee yr aniow pps rere apegic man ase OE 


ESR SS eto. weet Ry ns Meth 


be 


c mI 
w b ain 


(130 ) 


Puate VII. 


PLEUROPHYLLIDIA EUCHROA, B. 


. First lateral plate. 
. A plate from the middle of a series. 
. Outer end of series of plates. a, outermost. 


(Figs. 1-3 by Cam. 350 x.) 


. Everted vestibulum with vulva and glans penis. 
. Glans penis. 55 x. 


JANOLUS CAPENSIS, B. 


. An epinotidium. 

. Upper end of rhinophore. 

. Anal papilla with a rectum. 

. Left mandible from the inside, 4/1. 

. The same from the outside. 

. The bulbus pharyngeus, from the under side. 

2. Left mandible of another individual, from the inside. 4/1. 
3. The same from the outside. 


. Crest anteriorly on the upper side of the lamina between the fore-end of 


the mandibles. 


. Cartilaginous plates between the hinder end of the mandibles, from the 


side. 


. The same, from beneath. 

. A median plate of the rasp, from beneath. 
. A lateral plate. 

. One of the largest lateral plates. 


(Figs. 17-19 with Cam. 350 x.) 


. The posterior intestinal mass (liver, &c.), from beneath. «a, cesophagus. 
. The penis. 


_ lith 


ff 


Ay 


LSIOIt 


4 


n 


va 


Werner &Winier, Fra 


7" i x 


POA ay Ane we 


Ao) VFM ackorry iia", | 
: es | | . 
oa “ae seialt HH sits 


wr- 7 ; > 


HH 
ww bo 5 


. End of glans. 


(132) 


Puate VIII. 


DORIOPSIS CALLOSA, B. 


. End of the everted glans. 
. Armature in the vas deferens. 
. Spicula of the skin. 


(Figs. 1-3 by Cam. 350 x.) 


Hinder end of the bulbus pharyngeus. 6b, salivary glands, between 
them the buccal ganglia; c, cesophagus. 


Doriopsis, sp. 


. Penis with everted vas deferens. 15/1. 
. Armature of the glans. 


DORIOPSILLA CAPENSIS, B. 


(Figs. 6-7 drawn by Cam. 350 x.) 


TRITONIDOXA CAPENSIS, B 


. Fore-end of the animal, from beneath. 

. Mandible, from the inside. 6/1. 

. Masticatory edge, from the inside. 

. Median and first lateral plate. 

. Lateral plates, from the inside and from the outside. 


(Figs. 10-12 drawn by Cam. 350 x.) 


. End of the penis. 100 x. 


PLEUROPHYLLIDIA GILCHRISTI, B. 


. Piece of masticatory edge. 

. Median plates. 

. First and second lateral plates. 

. Outer end of two series of plates. 

. Plate of the inner third of the radula. 


PLEUROPH. MICRODONTA, B. 


. Median plates. 

. Denticles of the same. 

. First lateral plate of two series. 

. Hook of lateral plate from the middle of a series. 


(Figs. 14-22 by Cam. 350 x.) 


PLEUROPH. CAPENSIS, B. 


. Median plate. 200 x. 
. Lateral plate. 350 x. 


PLEUROPH. EUCHROA, B. 


. Median plate. 350 x. 


Opisthobranchiata. PI.VIIL 


(- Vt — 


R Bergh. 


(134 ) 


Prater. IX. 
MELIBE ROSEA, Rang. 
FIG. ; P 2 4 : 
1. From the upper side of the cowl with the outer series of cirrhi. 


a, nodules. 
2. Epinotidium. 
3. Bulbus pharyngeus with—a, mouth-tube; 6, region of the mandibles ; 
c, cesophagus. 
4. From the inside of mouth-tube. 350 x. 
5. The mandibles, from the fore-side, the left overlapping the right. 35 x. 
6. a, Gisophagus; 6, stomach with the -plates shining through; c, left 
biliary duct; d, pocket-like widenings near the pyloric part of e, 
the intestine. 
7. a, Gisophagus ; 6, stomach; cc, biliary ducts. 
8, Surface of one of the nodules of an epinotidium. 
9. Ramificated renal tube. 
10. End of a renal tube. 
11. Cells of a renal tube. 
(Figs. 10-11 by Cam. 350 x.) 
12. Last half of the glans penis. 55 x. 


MARSENIA CAPENSIS, B: 


13. From the anterior margin of the mandible. 55 x. 
14. Median plate. 
15 Median plate from a larger individual. 
(Figs. 14-15 by Cam. 200 x.) 
16, The penis. 


MARSENIA LEPTOCONCHA, B. 
17. Mandible. 9/1. 
18. Median plate. 200 x. 
19. End of the rasp-sheath. 
20, The penis. 


hth 


oM., 


rankfort? 


Winter, F 


rer & 


» 
= 
— 


= « ' * 
. 
‘ 
ii) 
4 
A n 
as = 
‘ t 
. . ‘ a7 - 
ji : 7 
a j ; 
1 ‘ - t : 
ar.» a f 7 
é , —— 
7 - A im 
me ~ len s = 
- rT 4 . - ae ie . - - - a) - - - ~ 
» 7 
i ~<@ +s = ~ 
- * a 
* a 7 
7 ; 
+ - 
=a ah = i 7 
= = ii = 
. ie . i 
- wt . > 7 
i =} < 7 
~ 
7 2 
1 
my x. - 
— < = -y W . 
4 : -” = 
. - — 
re _ = a 
ri . 
_ Ren - = 0 - er : : Sa e 
< : ; F 
s a - — i 
oa st \ a _ 7 7 7 T 
7 j . of 7 - : é - 
S - = = : 
- aa) ; , - i ot 
7 = n- a 7 
* 7 ry 7 - 5 - - _ 4) 
i coal = = - 
5 : _ i) =p 7 7 a 
= 7 
— Se. 7 
% = ee | a . 
P oa 1 . 
= — 7 
<a 4 = 7 
> é oT ° ‘ ? = 
& : 7 
¥ 
= vs ~_ 
- n ‘ 
- 7 © 
a 7 s 7 
Fa ‘ a - - wm j 
' 
i = = s 
cc Q 
— a“, a al ' 


> 


I 
| 
Q 


(136 ) 


PLATE X. 


MARSENIA LEPTOCONCHA, B. 


. The shell, from beneath. 1/1. 
. End of the hook of a lateral plate. 200 x. 


APLYSIA GILCHRISTI, B. 


. The animal, when living, natural size and colours, 


SIGARETUS PLANULATUS, Recluz. 


. The head with tentacles. 
. A gill leaf. 
. From the structure of the gill leaf. 100 x. 


The penis. 


. A piece of the mandible. 350 x. 
. Apiece of the rasp. a, median plate; 6b, lateral plate; c, outer plates. 


200 x. 


. Median plates, from the upper side. 


. The same, from the under side. 


. The same, obliquely from above. 
. The lateral plates. 


. Outer plates, from the backside. a, interior; b, exterior. 


. Outer plates, from the side. 


(Figs. 10-15 by Cam. 350 x.) 


. The rasp-sheath. 


i 
| & 
| 
| | 
: « 
; § 
B. \ 

iv) 

< > 
J2-N 
ej N 
0 pl ASISAILINS [KP N 


ay ayy! 
im” i “aa a if’ 
my ey the (aay: 


Ty vUP aly ‘ain i} 


rien bin oir ite at 


1M DPA Ge Of ie 


f . it hy, i Jn Pea i) ar 


ayy 1 ’ 70, y 
- A) yi m4 hay, vii an 


yy 
4 
Q 


(138 ) 


Puate XI, 


PLEUROBRANCH®A CAPENSIS, Vayss. 


. Piece of the mandibular plates, from the side. 

. A piece of the mandibular plate, from the upper end. 

. One of the largest plates of the rasp, from the margin. 
. A similar one from the fore-side. 

. A plate from the middle of a series. 

. Outermost end of a series. 


(Figs. 1-6 drawn by Cam. luc. 350 x.) 


. The preebranchial sac. 
. End of the internal sheath of the vas deferens. 


OSCANIELLA NIGROPUNCTATA, B. 


. Squares of the back, partly withiblack centre. 

. The shell from the upper side. 9/1. 

. Serpent-like filaments of the skin of the back. 

. Element of the mandibular plate, from the upper side. 

. Similar, from the side. 

. Similar, from the under side. 

. Inmost plate of the rasp. 

. Plates of the inner part of the rasp. 

. Largest plate from the middle of the rasp. 

. Outer end of a series of plates. a, outermost of 7 plates. 


(Figs. 11-18 drawn by Cam. 350 x.) 


ARCHIDORIS SCRIPTA, B. 


. The animal, from the back side. 2/1. 

20. Spikel of the skin of the back. 

1. Plates of the outer part of the rasp. a, outermost. 
. Plate from the median part of a series. 

. Largest plate. 

. Outer end of a series of plates. a, outermost plate. 


(Figs. 20-24 drawn by Cam. 350 x.) 


25. a, Spermduct; 6, penis; c, preputium with glans. 


STAURODORIS VERRUCOSA (Cuv.). 


. Plates of the middle of the rasp. 
. Outer end of a series of plates. a, outermost plate. 


APHELODORIS BRUNNEA, B. 


. Innermost plate of a series of the rasp. 
. Outer end of a series of plates. a, outermost. 


(Figs. 26-29 drawn by Cam. 350 x.) 


Qpisthobranchiata. PI. XI. 


Peis Inv. S.A. 


ae La fat 


(140) 


PratEe XII. 


APHELODORIS BRUNNEA, B, 
FIG. 
1. Anterior genital mass. a, hermaphrodite duct; 6, muco-albuminous 


mass; cc, prostata, vas deferens; d, vestibulum genitale ; e, sper- 
matotheca and spermatocysta. 


GEITODORIS CAPENSIS, B. 


. Piece of the lip-plate. 

. From the inner part of the rasp. a, innermost plate. 200 x. 
. Plate herefrom. 

5. Outer end of series of plates. a, outermost plate. 

(Figs. 4-5 drawn by Cam. 350 x.) 


H CO bO 


TRIOPA LUCIDA, Stimpson. 


6. Club-shaped appendix of the back. 
7. a, First; b, second lateral plate; c, outer plate. 


NEMBROTHA CAPENSIS, B. 


8. Bulbus pharyngeus, from the upper side. 4/1. 
9. Median plates. 
10, 11, and 12. Lateral plates in different positions. 
13. The outer plates. a, outermost. 
14. Innermost (first) of the outer plates. 
(Figs. 9-14 drawn by Cam. 100 x. 
15. Hooks of the penis. 
16. a, Spermatotheca; b, spermatocysta. 
17. Vestibular gland. 


EUPLOCAMUS CROCEUS, Phil., var. CAPENSIS. 


18. Head with tentacles and fore end of the foot. 

19. Arbuscule of the back. 

20. Genital papilla with vulva and end of the penis with prominent 
armature. 

21. Mandibular plate. 12/1. 

22. Inner part of the rasp with the three lateral plates; and a, the inner- 
most plates of the outer series. 

23. End of the glans. 
(Figs. 22-23 drawn by Cam. 200 x. 

24, Hooks of the glans, 350 x. 


Aa 
- ot ie 


= - MarInv.SA. Qpisthobranchiata. PLXIL 


R.Bergh Wemer & Winter Frankfort 2M, lit 


z 


FIG 
alg 


oe w bo 


16. 


(142) 


Prate XIII. 


KALINGA ORNATA, A. et H. 


‘Papilla of the back. 

. Tongue with rasp. 

. Plates from above. 

. A plate from the side. 

. Hooks of the glans penis. 


(Figs. 3-5 drawn by Cam. 350 x.) 


IDALIELLA AMGNULA, B. 


. The animal, from above. 

. The crop of the bulbus pharyngeus, from above. 
. Elements of the mandibular plates. 

. From the rhachis of the rasp (lateral plates). 

. a, Lateral plates ; 6, outer plates. 


(Figs. 9-10 drawn by Cam. 350 x.) 


. Glans penis with projecting armature. 200 x. 


TRITONIA PALLIDA, Stimpson. 


TRITONIA INDECORA, B. 


One of the inner plates. 
(Figs. 13-16 drawn by Cam. 200 x.) 


ad, glandule salivales. 


. Left mandible, from the back side a, masticatory process. 3/1. 
. Piece of the masticatory edge. 
. One of the largest plates. 

. One of the outer plates. 


pa 


- 


~ Mar Inv. SA 


R. Bergh. 


Mt 
1) 
i 


wy 


Opisthobranchiata. Pl.XII. 


a ee eee 


(144) 


Prats XIV. 


TRITONIA PALLIDA, Stimpson. 
FIG. 
1. Median and five innermost plates. 


TRITONIA INDECORA, B. 


2. Median and first lateral plate. 
3. Two plates of the outer part of a series. 


DoRIOPSIS CAPENSIS, B. 


4. Hooks of the armature of the penis. 
(Figs. 1-4 drawn by Cam. luc.) 


MARSENIA PERSPICUA (L.). 


. Mandibular plate. 55 x. 
. Hinge part of the same. 200 x. 
. Piece of the rasp. 
. Point of a lateral plate. 
(Figs. 7-8 drawn by Cam. 350 x.) 
9. Penis. 


DTI 


DonLABELLA Rumpuit, (Cuv.) Rang. 


10. Part of the margin of the hinder disc. 
11. A papilla of the back. 
12. The shell, from the upper side. 1/1. 
13. The nucleus, from the under side. 
14. Median plate. 200 x. 
15. Median plate. 350 x. 
16. Lateral plates, from the middle of a series. 
17. The two outermost plates. 
18. Thorns from the palate. 
(Figs. 16-18 drawn by Cam. 200 x.) 
19. Elements of the mandibular plates. 350 x. 
20. Prickles of the cardia of the second stomach. 


( 145 ) 


A NEW SPECIES OF PLANOCERA (P. GILCHEISTI) 
FROM SOUTH AFRICA. 


(Pl, XV. figs: 1-7): 
By Lypia Jacusowa, Archangel. 


Among the material at my disposal occurred the above Polyclad 
which had been found by Dr. Gilchrist near the Marine Laboratory 
at Cape Town. A single specimen only was available. Although 
considerably contracted, it was on the whole very well preserved 
both with regard to external features and histological structure. 

The length of the animal is 40 mm., the breadth 28 mm., and the 
thickness varies from 1 mm. at the sides to 14-2 mm. in the central 
region. The form of the body is broadly oval, both ends being 
similarly rounded ; the margin of the body is strongly folded. It is 
of a fairly firm consistency and very little transparent. 

The ground colour of the back of the specimen (preserved in 
alcohol) is yellowish white. On this are to be seen black spots 
of irregular shape, and these are grouped together in small heaps 
equally distributed over the surface of the back. They form a con- 
tinuous black line only in the dorsal middle line, in the region of the 
reproductive organs. On the other hand, the region of the brain 
area is almost devoid of spots and forms a clear unpigmented area. 
The small spots are also found on the tentacles in very diminished 
numbers. They are formed of the pigment which lies in the dorsal 
epithelium of the body in the form of black particles. 

On the dorsal side of the animal two high pointed neck-tentacles 
can be distinguished, situated 9 mm. from the anterior end, that is, 
at the end of the first fourth of the body. The distance between them 
is 2mm. It is seen by microscopical examination that each tentacle 
has, at its base, from about fifteen to twenty large, well-developed 
eyes (fig. 2). The eyes of the brain area, which are not much 
smaller, are arranged in two rather elongate groups, which lie on 
the lateral margin of the brain, over which they extend in front and 

10 


146 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


behind. Each group consists of about twenty to twenty-five eye 
spots. The brain is well developed and surrounded by a strong 
capsule somewhat flattened dorso-ventrally. It is far removed from 
the anterior end and is situated near the pharyngeal sac. The 
anterior nerve cords and the nerves of the tentacles are remarkably 
well developed. 

On the under side, which is of a dirty white colour, may be seen, 
even with the naked eye, the mouth and the genital openings, the 
female opening being surrounded by a fairly well-developed raised 
wall. 

The pharyngeal apparatus is broad and short; it is less than a 
third of the length of the body and ends close to the male genital 
apparatus. The pharyngeal sac, which is provided with deep lateral 
sacs, conceals a strongly folded pharynx, the folds of which are not 
of any great thickness. The outer mouth lies somewhat in front of 
the middle of the body and at the commencement of the posterior 
half of the pharyngeal sac. The gut-mouth is placed somewhat in 
front of the outer. It leads into a spacious main gut which does 
not project beyond the pharyngeal sac either in front or behind. 
It gives off on each side six intestinal branches. The anterior 
middle branch is rather narrow at that part which les over the 
brain, and beyond this it gradually becomes wider. The tree-like 
branched intestinal canals are exceptionally wide, and are, like the 
main intestine and pharyngeal cavity, quite filled with food material, 
the origin of which cannot be determined. 

The reproductive organs occupy a relatively large space. They 
are altogether about 74-8 mm. in length, or one-fifth of the total 
length of the body. The female sexual aperture is situated 8 mm. 
from the hinder end of the body, that is, between its fourth and its 
last fifth. The male sexual aperture is situated 5 mm. in front of 
the female, that is, at the commencement of the last third of the 
body. The penis and the granule-gland (figs. 3 and 7) of the male 
and the bursa copulatrix (fig. 7) of the female sexual apparatus 
appear very peculiarly formed. The penis is a large barrel-shaped 
muscular organ directed backwards. It passes obliquely from in 
front and ventrally, to the posterior and upwards. On its dorsal 
wall is a fairly deep fold. The ductus ejaculatorius, which pene- 
trates the organ, occupies a corresponding position — passing 
obliquely from in front and ventrally to the posterior and upwards, 
so that its free end is directed against the dorsal body wall. This 
position appears to me to be an artificial product, probably brought 
about by the strongly contracted condition and the consequent 
folding mentioned above, for the expansion of these parts would 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 147 


bring about a more normal and horizontal position in the body. 
The penis consists of a delicate outer muscular tissue and an inner 
alongside of the ductus ejaculatorius. The musculature is specially 
well developed at the base of the penis where the inner joins the 
outer. The arrangement of the muscle fibres is so complicated that 
I was unable to determine it with certainty. Radially arranged 
muscular fibres pass from the inner to the outer musculature, the 
remaining space between which is filled with connective tissue and 
parenchyma cells. The free surface of the penis bears chitinous 
spines and is surrounded by the very spacious antrum masculinum 
produced by a folding in of the ventral wall of the body. The spines 
(fig. 5) are small, closely set, and with their points slightly bent 
forwards. In the neighbourhood of the free end of the ductus 
ejaculatorius the spines are modified in such a way that they appear 
in the form of small irregular processes which are twice as long as 
the spine (fig. 4). 

The ductus ejaculatorius, which is lined with a cubical ciliated 
epithelium, extends to the fixed end of the copulatory organ and 
here divides into a dorsal branch leading to the granule-gland and a 
ventral branch leading to the seminal vesicle. The granule-gland is 
rather peculiarly shaped, as shown in fig. 3. It has a central canal 
with smaller branching canals, which run approximately in the radii 
of the granule-gland and open at various places in the central canal ; 
this last leads into the ductus ejaculatorius, into which its distal end 
opens. The radial canals are surrounded by numerous small 
glandular cells, the small elongate nuclei of which are situated at 
their bases. The number of glandular canals is considerable ; ten 
to eleven are to be seen in median longitudinal section, and they 
may altogether be present in considerably larger numbers. The 
thin musculature of the granule-gland consists of longitudinal muscle 
fibres provided with nuclei. The numerous nuclei of the parenchyma 
lie on the outside of these. Extracapsular glands are not present. 
Below and somewhat in front of the granule-gland lies a small oval 
seminal vesicle provided with a low flat epithelium. Its musculature 
is constituted of felt-like somewhat loose fibres. Both the vasa 
differentia open separately into its blind end. Behind the pharynx 
they turn round and pass into the large seminal ducts. They are 
short, somewhat coiled canals with a collection of parenchyma nuclei 
round their epithelium. Anteriorly they extend to the posterior end 
of the pharynx and posteriorly to the neighbourhood of the female 
genital opening without however joining here. 

We have to do with an animal not quite sexually mature, and 
whose sexual apparatus is not yet quite functionally perfect. The 


148 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


testes are not well developed, the seminal ducts not broad and con- 
taining no spermatozoa. The immaturity of the female sexual 
apparatus is recognised by the limited number and size of the ovaries, 
as also by the poorly developed uteri and shell gland. 

The bursa copulatrix of the female copulatory apparatus is in the 
form of a large strong muscular egg-shaped organ, the pointed end of 
which is directed backwards. The inner surface of the bursa copu- 
latrix is provided with rather large closely set papille. The largest lie 
in the centre of the organ, and they gradually diminish in size towards 
the anterior and posterior regions. They are provided with a broad 
basis and are partly drawn out into points and partly more or less 
rounded off. The papilla are covered with an epithelium which is 
a continuation of the ventral epithelium of the body, and this varies 
in different parts of the bursa copulatrix; at its distal end it is 
extremely flat and its cells are only to be distinguished by their 
nuclei. Nearer, on the larger papille, it loses its nuclei, becomes 
thickened and assumes the appearance of a strongly refractive chiti- 
noid membrane, coloured an intense yellow with picric acid. In its 
further course it again assumes the characteristics of a flat epithelium, 
which becomes glandular in character at its anterior end. The 
papillz in the bursa copulatrix probably serve in some sort of way 
ag accessory organs of copulation. The anterior end of the bursa 
copulatrix, which is provided with glandular epithelium, may be 
regarded as the beginning of the duct of the shell gland, which runs 
further forward. The shell glands occur in fewer numbers in the 
epithelium of the duct; in its neighbourhood, 7.e., in the parenchyma, 
there are however none present. The duct is continued forward to 
the region of the male genital apparatus, here bending round in a 
backward direction and passing into the oviduct. This is clothed 
with a cubical epithelium; at its commencement it includes a 
common part of both uteri and is continued to a point over the 
middle of the bursa copulatrix. The accessory vesicle is absent. 
The uteri consist of narrow canals which do not contain any eggs 
I was unable to follow them throughout their whole course. 

This animal belongs to the family of the Planoceride, in which it 
agrees most closely with the genus Planocera, group A, but it differs 
considerably from other species of Planocera. The male copu- 
latory apparatus is characterised by the abnormal structure of the 
penis and the granule-gland. The difference of the female apparatus 
from that in other species of this group consists in the peculiar 
structure of the bursa copulatrix, which is provided with papille, and 
in the absence of the accessory vesicle. I have named this animal 
Planocera Gilchristi in honour of its discoverer. 


( 149 ) 


EXPLANATION OF FIGURES. 


(For all figures.) 


aeb = anterior enteric branch. 


b = brain. 

be = bursa copulatrix. 

be = brain eyes. 

cc = central canal of the granule-gland. 
cht p = chitinous processes of the male copulatory organ. 
con = connective tissue. 

dsh = duct of shell gland. 

eb = enteric branch. 

em = enteric mouth. 

fl = flattened epithelium. 

¢ = granule-gland. 

glcl = canals of the granule-gland. 

glc = glandular cells of the granule-gland. 
mi = main intestine. 

mo = outer mouth. 

msc = musculature. 

ov = oviduct. 

oy d = opening of the vasa deferentia into the seminal vesicle. 
p be = papille of bursa copulatrix. 

phs = pharyngeal sac. 

pn = parenchyma nuclei. 

ps = penis. 

sd = seminal duct. 

sp = spines of penis. 

sv = seminal vesicle. 

t = testes. 

te = tentacular eyes. 

ut = opening of uterus to oviduct. 

yd = vasa deferentia. 

= male genital opening. 
? = female genital opening. 
Prats XV. 

FIG 


1. Longitudinal section. Enlarged ca. 5. 

. Sketch of anatomy. 

. Granule-gland, median longitudinal section. Obj. 3, Oc. 3. 

. Chitinous processes round the ductus ejaculatorius. Obj. 5, Oc. 0. 

. Spine of penis from a longitudinal section through the copulatory organ. 
Obj. 7, Oc. 3. 

6. Longitudinal section through the bursa copulatrix. Obj. 2, Oc. 0. 

7. Schematic representation of the copulatory apparatus. 


or He CO bo 


Trans. S. Afr Phil. Soc.Vol. XVII. 


Plate XV. 


pili 


ays 


1 
' 
‘ 
? 
1 
t 


rw? 


# 


oe: 
Ait Poe 
eS ~ 


West, Newman chromo. 


(151) 


NEW FORMS OF THE HEMICHORDATA FROM SOUTH 
AFRICA, 


I. PHORONOPSIS ALBOMACULATA, g. et Sp. n. 
II. PHORONIS CAPENSIS, sp. 0. 
III. PrycHoDERA CAPENSIS, sp. 0. 


By J: De if. (Grmcurisr, NEAL Y D.Sc. Ph.D... C.M-ZA:S., 
Government Biologist to the Colony of the Cape of Good Hope. 


(With Plates XVI., XVII.) 
(Read June 26, 1907.) 
INTRODUCTION. 


The three orders of the Hemichordata* prove to be represented 
in South Africa: the Enteropneusta by the form here described ; 
the Pterobranchia by a new species of Cephalodiscus |; and the 
Phoronidea by the two forms mentioned above. 

A species of Phoronis is not uncommon in South African seas, 
and individual specimens are readily obtained in limestone and 
amongst incrustations of Polyzoa and worm tubes dredged from 
shallow water (15 to 30 fathoms). 

A number of the animals were, however, obtained in a much 
simpler way. About the beginning of May, 1906, numerous 
specimens were observed in a tank at the Government Marine 
Laboratory, and there is evidence that they had been brought in 
with the supply water as larval forms. They were first seen in a 
small piece of limestone which had been procured from a depth of 
about 20 fathoms in False Bay some time previously, and it was 
thought that they had been brought in with the stone. Further 
search, however, in the tank resulted in the discovery of other 


* Adopting for the present purpose Harmer’s subdivisions of this group (vide 
‘“Cambridge Natural History,” vol. vii.). 
+ Vide ‘‘ Marine Investigations in South Africa,” vol. iv., pp. 173-192. 


152 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


individuals, one in a large limestone rock which had been for some 
months out of water before being used to form part of the rock-work 
in the tank, three in a small piece of stone at the further end of the 
same tank introduced later, and a solitary specimen in another tank. 
Further evidence was afforded by the fact that a dried piece of lime- 
stone put into the tank for the purpose of confirmation had at least 
one Phoronis on it about eight months afterwards. 

During the examination of the specimens in the limestone a single 
specimen (A) was observed which appeared to be a different species, 
being larger, of a somewhat: different form, and pigmented. This 
was the only one of its kind then found, and special care was taken 
to observe its habits and behaviour in the living condition before 
preserving it for more detailed examination. It appeared to be 
thriving and specially active, and it was disappointing to find, on 
proceeding to examine it again, that this unique specimen had 
entirely disappeared, leaving only the end of the tube visible. 
After a time, however, the headless trunk of the animal was slowly 
protruded, and a month later the head region had apparently grown 
to its former dimensions. Fig. 2 is from a photograph of the animal 
at this time. 

Only two other specimens (B and C) of this species have as yet 
been procured, but it will probably be found that the animal is not 
so rare as would seem to be indicated. 

With regard to the first species (Phoronis capensis, sp. n.), there is 
little of special interest; but as the specimens, on account of their 
hardiness and their thriving so well in captivity in spite of somewhat 
severe handling, afforded excellent material for observation of their 
habits and certain features of the living animal, an opportunity was 
taken to add a few details to the little that is known on these points. 
Fig. 1 represents one of this species carrying eggs, and is from the 
living animal. 

The second species is of more interest structurally. It shows 
an apparent advance on species hitherto described in the circum- 
cesophageal nerve ring being partially sunk in an involution of the 
epithelium of the body, the single nerve chord being well developed, 
the nephridia somewhat modified, the longitudinal muscles of the 
body increased in number, and ova deposited in gelatinous mass 
in the tube instead of in the tentacles. 

These distinctive features, especially the first, seemed to neces- 
sitate the separation of this form from others as a new genus— 
Phoronopsis. 

The following description of this animal is necessarily somewhat 
incomplete on account of the limited material available, but I hope 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 153 


to procure additional specimens to check and supplement it. 
Transverse sections were made of specimen A and longitudinal 
sections of B. 


I.—PHORONOPSIS ALBOMACULATA. 
(Plate XVI., fig. 2.) 
PHORONOPSIS, g. n. 


The body is asymmetrical, muscles of body being numerous and 
more developed on left side, one nerve chord well developed, and 
nerve ring in an involution of the epidermis, ova deposited in 
gelatinous mass in the tube. 

In all the species of Phoronis hitherto described the body is 
symmetrical or asymmetrical, as indicated by the development of 
the muscles and nerve of the left side; the muscles of the body are 
markedly less in number than in Phoronopsis, and there is no trace 
of any involution of the epidermis at the nerve ring; the ova and 
larvee are lodged in the coils of the lophophore.* 

There seems little doubt of the necessity of separating this form 
from those hitherto described. 


PHORONOPSIS ALBOMACULATA, sp. n. 


Size.—The length of the animal removed from its tube was 18 mm., 
the diameter of the body 1 mm. immediately below the lophophore 
and 2 mm. at a distance of 4 mm. from the opposite extremity. 
The diameter of the lophophore from tip to tip of tentacles, when the 
animal was alive and completely expanded, was 7°5 mm. 

Tube.—The tube is larger than that of P. capensis, being 1-2 mm. 
in diameter. It is not embedded—i.e., it does not penetrate the 
substratum, but rather lies on it, being firmly attached by one side. 
The substance of the tube spreads over the substratum on the 
attached side, so that in sections it does not appear circular, but is 
flattened on one side. 

The tube is about 30 mm. long, and, in the specimens, was irregu- 
larly curved, so that the two ends lay near each other. Its substance 
was apparently of the same nature as that of P. capensis, but firmer 
and of a much tougher consistency. It was covered by grains of 
sand and pieces of shell arranged in no definite manner. 


* Longchamps (8) observed the eggs of Phoronis Miilleri being discharged 
directly into the water, and suggests that this may be normal. 


154 Marine Investigations iw South Africa. Vol. V. 


Colour.—A pure white pigment of finely branching chromatophores 
occurs in spots irregularly placed on the tentacles. These spots were 
somewhat elongate in the direction of the length of the tentacles. 
To the naked eye each appears as a solid spot, but when examined 
with a lens is seen to be more or less divided longitudinally, and to 
consist in reality of two patches, one on each side of the tentacle. 
At the base of the tentacle they are more numerous, and form a 
continuous line along the lophophore near the oral region so as 
to form an incomplete circle. At the median point (that is, the 
mouth region) a strip of pigment passes backwards towards the 
anus (or along the dorsal aspect of the animal), and ends in a 
slightly enlarged circular patch. Whether or not this spot coincides 
with the anus, as it appears to do, could not with certainty be made 
out as the pigment was not visible in sections. The white pigment 
extends on to the body in few and irregular streaks below the 
lophophore. 

Apart from this pigment the tentacle and lophophore were clear, 
transparent, and apparently colourless. The body, however, was of 
a faint yellowish colour. 

Nervous System.—The single nerve along the left side of the 
body is well developed. The nerve cells are numerous and well 
developed, and are arranged so as to form asolid rod (cf. Caldwell (8), 
Cori (4), Longchamps (8). A transverse section showed that this nerve 
is not hollow, the centre being occupied by a clear, refractile, non- 
staining substance. The nerve was thus, as a whole, partly 
differentiated from the epithelium, but not sinking away from it. 

In following the sections upwards however it is seen that as they 
approach the duct of the nephridia the nerve gradually leaves the 
epithelium of the body, and when the duct (double, as it is here in 
the form of a loop) is cut the nerve is seen internal to it. Succeed- 
ing sections show that, after the nerve has thus passed over the duct 
on the inside, it again passes out between the two limbs of the duct 
before joining the circum-cesophageal ring of nerve tissue ; in other 
words, on coming to the nephridial duct it passes over it on the 
inside in place of continuing on the outside, where the epidermis of 
the body is. This twisting of the lateral nerve may be associated 
with the marked distortion of the body. The anus, at one time 
terminal, has come to lie near and behind the mouth. The 
nephridial opening, at one time probably ventral and below the 
lateral nerve chord, has been carried upwards, necessarily passing ~ 
over the lateral nerve chord, and finally attains a position near 
the anus. 

The passing of the opening of the nephridial duct over the nerve 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 155 


may also be associated with its separation from the epidermis at 
this point. 

The most striking feature of the nervous system, however, is to be 
found in the character and position of the nerve ring. It is sunk 
in a comparatively deep involution of the epidermis, which is so 
intimately connected with the nervous system that it is most con- 
veniently dealt with here. This involution or fold of the epidermis 
passes from the oral side of the animal round on each side, follow- 
ing the course of the nerve ring, till, on reaching the lophophoral 
Opening, in or near which are situated the anal and nephridial 
apertures, it is continued round the body, passing outside these 
organs. 

The fold can readily be seen with a low magnifying glass. It 
varies greatly in depth ; outside the anus it is a mere ridge; it 
is deepest at the sides of the body, being about one-fourth of its 
diameter. Anteriorly, z.e., in the oral region, it becomes somewhat 
shallower. 

The general character of the histological elements of this fold is 
indicated in fig. 4. The external part is identical in structure with 
the general epithelium of the body—a layer of deep epithelium cells, 
including glandular cells. Towards the tip of the fold, however, 
these cells become smaller and lower, and at the tip somewhat 
abruptly change in character and become low, square, with com- 
paratively large, round nuclei, and without distinct cell demarcations. 
These are continued down to the bottom of the fold, where they 
once more abruptly change into deep elongate cells, with punctated 
nerve substance. The nervous epithelium of the nerve ring does 
not, therefore, participate in the folding. 

In some sections of the fold a few cells occur between the 
cubical epithelium and the epidermis, and apparently a space which 
is not coelomic. The existence of a space is doubtful, however, and 
may be an artifact. 

In life, the small cubical epithelium of the fold is applied to the 
nervous epithelium, the lip of the folding not standing out as shown 
in the figure, which is from a specimen (B) killed and fixed in 
sublimate. In the other specimen (A), which was treated in practi- 
cally the same way (fixed in sublimate with 1 per cent. acetic acid) 
before removal from the tube, the lip of the fold was closely applied 
to the body, 

The epithelium of the nerve ring is not entirely covered by the 
fold, even when closely applied to it. In the region of the organs, 
which for want of a better name I have called “ olfactory organs,” it 
extends beyond the fold and is freely exposed. The nerve ring is 


156 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol.. V. 


therefore elongated, or broadened upwards towards the tentacles 
here, and, in the same region, elongated downwards in the lateral 
folds. This downward elongation comes in close approximation 
to the nephridia, as shown in fig. 5, which is a transverse section 
of specimen A. 

With regard to the interpretation of this organ, the most obvious 
suggestion is that it is of the nature of an introvert, such as occurs in 
the Polyzoa and Sipunculoidea, and, if so, it might form another link 
between the Phoronidea and these groups. It seems probable from 
its size, structure, apparent absence of retractor muscles, and intimate 
relation with nerve ring, that it does not however act, to any great 
extent at least, as an organ for the withdrawal of the body, or any 
part of it—a function which is most efficiently performed by the 
numerous and powerful muscles of the body. 

In specimen A we are dealing with a regenerated head, not 
mpossibly in B also, and it might be suggested that the fold is a 
stage in the complete separation of the nerve ring from the epi- 
dermis—a condition which might occur in a completely developed 
specimen, though the nature of the folding does not seem to sup- 
port such a view. 

If any phylogenetic significance is to be attached to the form 
of this organ, which is possible, it may be that it is the remnant 
of an ancestral introvert which has been retained with the new 
function of protection of the nerve ring. 

Muscles.—The longitudinal muscles of the body were numerous 
and well developed, especially on the left side. In the region just 
below the nephridia there were 32 in the left oral chamber, 30 in the 
right, 18 in the left anal chamber, and 14 in the right, or, according 

9 
Ist 

Lophophoral Organ.—In specimen A this organ was not present 
but in specimen B it was very marked, being a deeply staining 
mass of glandular cells. 

Tentacles—The tentacles were numerous—126 in specimen A. 
They were a little over 3 mm. in length, and ‘08 mm. in diameter. 

Septa.—The septa seemed to be of the usual number and 
disposition. The transverse septum was in part without basement 
tissue. In median longitudinal sections there appeared an off- 
shoot towards the epistome—a condition which requires further 
examination and confirmation on other specimens. 

Nephridia.—The two nephridial tubes are well developed, and in 
preserved material were bent on themselves, forming a loop, the 
limbs of which appeared of about equal length. As described above, 
the nephridial tube of the left side passes between the nerve and the 


to Longchamps’ formula, 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII, 10% 


external epithelial layer of the body. Internally the nephridia opened 
in the lateral mesenteries, there being two very marked and wide 
openings to each. These openings were composed of deeply staining 
masses of cells, which extended up on to the transverse septum. 
They were not, as in other species, continued down on the lateral 
mesenteries. 

Ova.—Specimen C was in all respects like in general form and 
colour to A and B, so far as could be ascertained by microscopic 
examination of the living animal protruding from its tube. There 
were no eggs or embryos in the tentacles, but, on one occasion, when 
the animal was retracted, a large number of ova were seen lining 
the mouth of the tube, and these were held together by a gela- 
tinous substance. The eggs were slightly yellow in colour and 
‘1mm. in diameter. They were all in a very early stage of de- 
velopment. Both the animal and eggs were torn off, probably 
by a fish or other animal in the tank, only a part of the animal 
and tube being left, so that later stages of the eggs were not 
observed. 


II.—_PHORONIS CAPENSIS, sp. n. 
(Plate XVI., fig. 1.) 


There are no satisfactory features by which the various forms, which 
are here included under the genus Phoronis, to which this species 
belongs, may be separated from each other, and the description of 
a supposed new species cannot be drawn up on very definite lines, 
but rather with a view to affording details, some of which may 
subsequently be found to be of systematic value. Such particulars 
are size, form, colour, number of tentacles, tube, number and 
development of longitudinal muscles, nerve chord, &c. 

Size, dc.—The body of this species is neither particularly large 
nor small. The largest specimen was not more than | mm. in 
diameter at the end of the body immediately below the lophophore. 
This might be reduced to about half this diameter when the 
animal was fully extended from its tube. The total length of a 
specimen removed from its tube was 21 mm., the smallest diameter 
of its body 1 mm., and the greatest 1:3 mm. (near the basal end), 

The living animal is clear, colourless, almost transparent. The 
tube in which it lives is circular and of a brown, horny-like sub- 
stance, not easily ruptured, and is not confined to any special 
substratum, but may occur embedded in limestone or between any 


158 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


calcareous tubes of other animals, even among calcareous alge. 
(See below for further details.) 

Nervous System.—This is essentially as described in some other 
species. There are two very fine tracts of punctated nervous 
tissue running along each side of the body where it is joined by 
the lateral septa. 

Beneath these, on or in the basement membrane, could be 
detected a very fine tube, such as has been described. No 
nervous tissue was found anywhere separated from the epidermis. 
The specially developed patches of nerve tissue at the base of the 
lophophore were present as described by Benham (2) for P. australis, 
and, for reasons stated further on, are perhaps to be considered 
as olfactory organs. 

Another patch of nervous tissue, apparently representing a sen- 
sory organ, was found at the base of the epithelium of the floor 
of the mouth where it joins the transverse septum. The tissue is 
less developed and definite than in the previous case, but, taken 
in conjunction with the observations below, it would seem to be 
an organ of taste, or at least of discrimination of food particles, o 
which there is a very definite selection and rejection (fig. 6 ne’). 

Musculature.—The longitudinal muscles of the body are fairly 
well developed. Near the nephridial region they are symmetrical, 
that is, an equal number on the right and left of the median septum. 
According to the convenient formula of Longchamps they would be 
12/12 


qq, that is, 12 in the right and left anterior chamber, and 4 in 


the right and left posterior. This, however, was not constant, and 


12/11 ee AC 
vies and other combinations were observed. 


Lophophoral Organ—This organ in P. capensis appears to be 
essentially similar to that in other described species. 

In view of the observations on this organ in the living animal, two 
parts are to be distinguished. First, the glandular epithelium at the 
base of the lophophore below the tentacles forming the lower part of 
the brood chamber. This glandular epithelium extends up on the 
inner side of one or two of the tentacles, that is, into the region 
where the more developed embryos lie. It is readily seen in 
sections that the mucus from the epithelium envelops the eggs, 
and the mucus with which the mass of developing eggs and embryos 
are held together is very apparently from this source. Secondly, 
a free continuation of the epithelium out from the lophophore. 
The cells here assume rather the characteristic of ordinary 
epithelium (ciliated). Though in sections little more than a slight 
projection or fold, this part in the living animal is broad and leaf- 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 159 


like, and functions as an organ for conveying the eggs from the 
nephridial opening to the brood chamber as described below. 

Tentacles.—The number of tentacles in specimens with eggs, and 
therefore probably full grown, is about 90, though much fewer 
were observed in others with rejuvenating (?) heads and in small 
specimens. 

The number of coils of the lophophore when contracted (in 
sections) was at most one and a half on each side, and, when 
fully extended, one, that is, in the circle of tentacles, the course 
from a point in front of the middle of the mouth to a corresponding 
point behind, was about circular with a slight re-entering curve in 
which the eggs were lodged (vide fig. 1). The coils were flat, that 
is, not in a turreted form as described in P. australis (2) and P. 
buskw (7). 

Septa.—A transverse septum exists in P. capensis, but it is not of 
the same character as in P. australis (2). In the latter it is com- 
posed of a homogeneous dense matrix with embedded cells and 
spaces lined by cells. This condition, which I have also found in 
section of P. hippocrepra, may have been brought about by the 
invasion of the septum by the gelatinous basement membrane of the 
body wall. In P. capensis only a part on each side and behind 
is so invaded, the rest of the septum being composed of the closely 
applied coelomic epithelium of the supra- and infra-septal cavities, 
so that in longitudinal section near the right or left body wall the 
septum appears of the character found in P. australis, while in a 
median longitudinal section the septum is in the form of cells with- 
out basement tissue. The characteristics of the septum in this 
respect would probably be of value in specific determination, but it 
has not been described for most species. 

The mesenteries of the cavity below the transverse septum are of 
the same character. Gaps, however, occur in them, and the two 
layers are not always evident. In the nephridial region of the 
lateral septa the basement tissue, however, appears. 

Nephridia.—There are two nephridia. In addition to the large 
opening into the rectal chamber, there is a smaller into the lateral 
chamber. The rectal opening is continued down the mesentery for 
a considerable distance, as described in P. australis, and other 
species. 

Circulatory System.—Some of the details of the course of circula- 
tion were made out by examination of sections, but chiefly by 
observations on the living animal. They showed that the circulation 
was apparently different from that of P. australis (2). 
~ In sections, the afferent vessel was seen to be divided into two 


160 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


branches, but these do not pass into ‘ circular’ vessels only, but 
lead by a large vessel (often swollen up into a large cavity full of 
blood corpuscles) directly into the two branches of the efferent 
vessel, so as to effect a direct communication between afferent and 
efferent vessels. 

This was confirmed by observation on the circulation in the 
living animal as given below, where the circulation is more fully 
discussed. 

Affinities of P. capensis.—The species seem nearest to P. 
hippocrepia. It differs from specimens of this species which I have 
examined in the structure of the transverse septa, as already 
indicated, and in the number of tentacles. The latter characteristic 
is, however, very variable, and the value of the former as a specific 
characteristic is not yet proved, and it is by no means certain that 
the forms are distinct. . 

The wide geographical separation of the species can reasonably 
be accounted for by the habits and modes of occurrence of the 
animals as here described. If they can be conveyed through a 
pump, along pipe, with a fall of about a foot into a tank of water, 
and become affixed to a stone, it is more than probable that they 
will lodge in the material which accumulates on ships’ bottoms, or 
floating pieces of wood, and be carried great distances in this way. 


OBSERVATIONS ON BEHAVIOUR AND HABiTs OF PHORONIS CAPENSIS. 


There is still some considerable doubt on many points connected 
with the general habits and certain physiological phenomena of 
Phoronis. Its formation of what might be called ‘‘ pseudo-colonies,”’ 
in which there is apparently no co-operation or advantage to its 
individual members ; how the animal apparently penetrates solid 
limestone ; how the tube is formed ; how food is ingested ; function 
of the ‘‘lophophoral organ’’ and of epistome; nature of sense 
organs, if any ; whether the movement of the blood is real circula- 
tion or merely oscillation—these and other points still remain 
somewhat obscure. 

The following notes are based on observations for a year on a 
“colony,” and on specimens occasionally procured by dredging, and 
also on repeated observations made under the microscope on speci- 
mens living in as normal conditions as possible. For convenience, 
T have arranged these under the following heads :— 

(a) Mode of occurrence, formation of tube, boring (?), colony 
formation. 

(b) Tentacles, muscular and ciliary movements. 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 161 


(c) Eggs, larvee, oviposition, breeding season. 

(d) Lophophoral organ, lophophoral gap, epistome. 

(e) Sensory organs. 

(f) Circulation. 

(a) Mode of Occurrence, Formation of Tube, &c.—Most of the 
animals examined were found in a limestone of recent origin which 
occurs on the shore and on the sea-bottom in False Bay. It con- 
tains a large quantity of rounded sand-grains embedded in a 
calcareous matrix, which is made up of recent shells. It is bored 
through by worms, lamellibranchs, and sponges. It seemed at 
first pretty conclusive that the Phoronis had bored into this lime- 
stone, as, in most of the cases, where they were chiselled out or 
the limestone broken, they were found to fit closely the cavities 
in which they lay, and as the tubes were coated on their out- 
side with a layer of sand-grains apparently pushed aside when 
the limestone itself was dissolved. The presence, however, of 
numerous sponge spicules in this coating of the tube seemed to 
indicate that the cavity had originally been made by a sponge. 
Further, the fact that other specimens were found in the interstices 
of Polyzoa and worm tubes, in one case in the tube of a Serpula 
which had left or been ejected, and in another case in the loculi of 
the base of a barnacle shell, is evidence in the same direction. I 
may add also that no acid reaction was obtained from living 
specimens. On the whole, the balance of evidence seemed to 
indicate that this Phoronis is not a limestone-boring animal, and 
that colony formation, which, however, is not a very characteristic 
feature of this species, is merely due to local conditions favouring 
srowth at a particular point. 

The part of the tube projecting from the material in which the 
animal occurred varies much in length, being usually about 4 to 
6 mm., but sometimes much longer, or entirely absent. This part 
of the tube was very flexible, and covered with a substance similar 
to that of its surroundings. The stone was found to be covered with 
a greyish coating of débris, held together by a sticky substance. On 
one or two occasions large starfish, which were in the tank, were 
observed to remain for some time in the stone and clear off this 
coating without, however, injuring the Phoronis. It would appear 
that this coating may be produced by the action of the Phoronis 
themselves. Sections of the projecting part of the tube showed that 
the débris was not only adherent to the outside of the tube, but was 
included in the substance of the tube itself. For the probable origin 
of this mucous substance and particles, see below. In some species 
the foreign substance adhering to the tube has been described as the 

‘ 11 


162 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


excreta of the animal. In this species the excreta were observed to 
be ejected in long, solid, cylindrical masses, falling clear of the 
animal and tube. Growing on the tube were often to be observed 
solitary stalked Protozoa with horseshoe-shaped nucleus. 

The exposed part of the tube was readily injured, and occasionally 
individuals were seen protruding through an aperture in the injured 
tube. 

The substance of the tube was semi-transparent, brownish, and of 
a tough consistency where embedded; in this region there were 
no inclusions in the substance of the tube. There was evidence 
that the tube is secreted by glandular epithelium of the body gene- 
rally. Thus, if the animal is removed from the tube, there is an 
active secretion of mucus, which soon causes the body to be covered 
with any loose particles that may be in the neighbourhood. In one 
case a fairly large active copepod was observed to become entangled 
in the viscid secretion, and was soon rendered quite helpless. The 
mucus is at first clear and transparent, but soon becomes whitish 
and opaque. 

None of the tubes were straight, but had a more or less irregular 
curve, sometimes even forming a loop. When tubes were removed 
from the limestone by decalcifying, they were found to be densely 
coated with firmly adherent quartz grains, not arranged in any 
definite manner. These sometimes deeply indented the substance 
of the tube and the body of the animal. The posterior end of 
the animal apparently exercises some penetrating though not boring 
function. 

The body of the animal varied much in diameter according to the 
extent to which it was protruded. Under certain conditions, which 
could not exactly be determined, the animals were greatly extended 
from the tube. The body and tentacles were then mostly rigidly 
extended. They sometimes slowly rotated in themselves—both 
lophophore and body—but did not, as described for some species, 
bend or wave from side to side. This latter movement was some- 
times observed, however, when the animals were under observation 
in small vessels, especially when being examined by transmitted 
light. 

Tentacles, Muscular and Ciliary Movement, dc.—The method at 
first adopted in microscopic examination of the living animals was 
to remove it from its tube by cutting away the limestone, or to 
suddenly cut off a protruded head, when after a time it often again 
expanded fully. The tentacles were then observed to be well pro- 
vided with long cilia (about one-fourth the diameter of the tentacles). 
In these cases, however, the cilia were never observed to be in motion 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVIT. 163 


(cf. van Beneden’s observations (2), in which he describes the cilia as 
non-motile). 

Other observations were then made on animals projecting over 
the edge of the stone so that transmitted light could be used, In 
this case the cilia were observed to be very active, though, if the 
animal were disturbed, they suddenly ceased before the animal 
withdrew into the tube. On one or two occasions the cilia were 
observed to remain at rest when the undisturbed animal was fully 
extended. Expansion of the lophophore was not as described in 
some species, viz., after the extension of the body, but the tentacles 
began to spread out at the very commencement of the protrusion. 

The currents of water were best observed under the microscope. 
It was found that what might be called the inset current, as is to be 
expected, was into the space between the outer and inner circle. 
Particles in suspension in the water were carried into this region 
even from a distance equal to the length of the outstretched tentacles. 
The particles, especially the larger, were carried to the mouth on the 
tentacles, evidently by the active cilia. It was surprising, however, 
to find that in many cases, after reaching the base of the tentacles 
or margin of the mouth region, the same particles were returned on 
the same tentacles, and travelled as rapidly in the opposite direction 
to the distal end of the tentacle. The tip of the tentacle was then 
slowly bent backwards, and the particle dropped off on to the stone, 
the cilia at this part of the tentacle during the process ceasing all 
movement. In such cases- the particle was observed to have a 
coating of mucus, by a thread of which it often hung on to the 
tentacle for a time. In a few cases the particles were dropped off 
in the same way without first travellmg to the mouth. This was 
observed to occur not only in the outer circle of tentacles, but also in 
the inner, in which case they were dropped into the centre of the 
inner circle when there was a constant and very strong current 
passing upwards and away from the animal. The disposal of par- 
ticles in this way seemed as much a function of the cilia as the 
conveying of them to the mouth. I at first supposed that it was 
effected by a reversal of the movement of the cilia, but this was never 
observed. It was afterwards observed, however, that if a tentacle 
be carefully examined, looking towards it from the direction of the 
mouth region, the cilia on each side showed the ciliary movement in 
opposite directions.* This occurred on all the tentacles, both those 
of the inner and outer row. The apparent movement may best be 
described as upwards on the left side and downwards on the right of 


* I do not know whether such ciliary motion has been recorded in any of the 
Polyzoa, but I have observed it in some. 


164 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


each tentacle when it is viewed from the oral side of the animal and 
with the lophophore fully expanded. The result would be, of course, 
that particles, in contact with the one side only, would be carried in a 
direction outwards or inwards, and opposite to that of the apparent 
motion of the cilia (due, of course, to the slower stroke in that 
direction). The cilia on either side could be brought into contact 
with the particles by rotation of the tentacle, which was observed in 
a few cases to occur, but this point was not conclusively established, 
as exact observations are not here easily made. It is certain, how- 
ever, that the propulsive action of the cilia is not only towards the 
mouth, as has been supposed, but is largely concerned in carrying 
away any rejected particles. Particles of a diameter about equal to 
a sixth of that of the tentacle, and larger, are carried off in this way, 
as are also irregular masses of débris that may be caught up in the 
inhalent current. Smaller particles are got rid of in another way. 
If an actively feeding animal be viewed laterally, so that the outer 
and basal part of the tentacles is seen, a large number of particles is 
observed to be escaping between the bases of the tentacles over the 
edge of the ‘‘membrane’”’ connecting them, and then to fall in a con- 
tinuous shower on to the edge of the tube, to which some were 
observed to adhere (probably the origin of the inclusion seen in the 
substance of the protruding part of the tube). 

Another and different action of the tentacles was observed when 
the animal was feeding actively. This was a sudden bending in 
towards the mouth of the distal free end of the tentacle both of the 
inner and outer row (cf. fig. 1, in which one tentacle of the outer 
row shows the nature of this bending). Single tentacles, indepen- 
dently of the others immediately next them, showed this movement, 
which was sharp and definite both in the action and recovery to the 
normal position. At times this movement was repeated by different 
tentacles at very short intervals, and in the case of Phoronopsis, in 
which this movement was more marked, on several occasions it 
appeared as a quite continuous jaculatory movement all round the 
lophophore. It might be suggested that the result of this movement 
is to throw or sweep particles of food towards the mouth, but only 
in a few instances was this actually seen, and the possibility is not 
excluded that these cases were accidental. This movement might 
be compared to the reaction on stimulus of the tentacles of some sea 
anemones and polyzoa. 

The inhalent current, which sets in towards the mouth region, 
passes off in two directions, viz., between the outstretched tentacles 
of the outer row and downwards, and between the tentacles of the 
inner row and inwards, where there is formed a very strong current 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 165 


upwards, stronger than the inhalent current (being more confined). 
It might be expected that a part or all of this current would also flow 
out over the anus and nephridial openings by the large space which 
forms the open part of the horseshoe-shaped lophophore, and, indeed, 
Masterman (6), who, however, had not the living animal, describes and 
figures such a current as existing. If the living animal is carefully 
observed, however, it can be seen that not only does no such current 
exist, but that there is a current leading inwards not outwards at 
this aperture, so that it passes first over the two pillar-like sides 
of the lophophore which are characterised by the special develop- 
ment of nervous tissue at this place, then over the nephridial open- 
ings and the anus, and joins the strong exhalent current of the inner 
circle of the lophophore. Benham (2) has accurately described this 
patch of nervous tissue, and regarded it as structurally the only 
approach to an appearance of a sensory organ in Phoronis, but 
expresses his doubts on account of its proximity to the excretory 
openings. The existence of such a current of water however, pass- 
ing in turn over the nervous epithelium, the renal openings and the 
anus, removes this objection, and renders the case quite similar to 
that of the current, for instance, in the palleal chamber of some 
Mollusca, which passes first over the osphradium, then the renal 
aperture, and finally the anus. It has been repeatedly observed 
that the animal seems very sensitive to the condition of the water in 
which it lives, and I cannot but think that the two special patches 
of nerve tissue represent a sensory organ similar in function to the 
osphradium of molluses, and it may be called for want of a better 
name the olfactory organ. 

Still another movement may be observed, but with greater diffi- 
culty. It occurs on the upper part of the body just below the 
insertion of the lophophore. No current of water was observed, but 
merely a movement of particles apparently entangled in mucus and 
in contact with the body. These were slowly carried upwards away 
from the mouth of the tube. Very small cilia were on occasions 
observed. This action may account for the fact that no foreign 
particles, such as might fall into the tube, were found included in 
its substance where embedded in the stone. 

Eggs, Larve, Oviposition, Breeding Season, dc.—The eggs and 
embryos are very conspicuous, and could be readily observed mostly 
within the lateral bends of the inner circle of tentacles though 
occasionally projecting outside these bends. Those nearest the 
body were apparently held together ky the mucus which is secreted 
by the glandular part of the lophophoral organ; those near the free 
ends of the tentacle were further developed, some attached to the 


166 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


tentacles and still in the delicate egg capsule; others, however, 
were in some cases observed to have hatched out, and to have 
reached the stage at which the pre-oral hood and the body formed 
two approximately equal portions. Some embryos at this stage were 
observed to exhibit a fairly active opening and closing motion of the 
two limbs thus forming (pre-oral hood and the body), suggesting 
that the relatively large development of the hood at this stage may 
have an important physiological function (respiration? attachment ? 
nutrition ?). 

The discharge of the ova from the body and lodgment in the 
brood chamber can readily be observed. Throughout the whole 
breeding season of about 11 months eggs could be seen in the 
particular group under observation at any time, in one or other 
of the specimens, passing up the body cavity singly or in rows of 
usually about 6 or 8. If a specimen projecting over the edge of the 
stone (so as to allow of microscopic examination by transmitted 
light) be examined, the movement of the eggs upwards in the body 
can readily be observed. At each expansion of the blood vessel 
from below upwards the eggs or row of eggs was shifted a little 
further towards the nephridial opening, and on the contraction and 
emptying of the blood-vessel they were carried back again, though 
not so far. No evidence of any slow forward movement, such as 
might be caused by cilia, was apparent. In a typical case the eggs 
were observed to pass in this manner from the point in the body 
where it projected from the tube upwards to the nephridial duct in 
about 10 minutes. Here they became grouped together, remaining 
thus for 6 minutes. One of the eggs was then seen assuming an 
elongate slightly bent form (apparently entering the nephridial 
tube). It was then observed to travel upwards slowly and at a 
uniform rate inside the nephridial tube which was closely applied 
to the base of the lophophore. The nephridial tube was then 
apparently elongated, its opening being covered by the leaf-like part 
of the lophophoral organ so that on its escape from the opening of 
the duct the egg was safely carried upwards to the base of the brood 
pouch and took its place along with the others. It here again 
assumed a circular form, 0:22 mm. in diameter. Almost immediately 
after the discharge of the ovum by one nephridial duct the same 
process took place by the other duct, and so on alternately till all of 
the group of ova were discharged (in about 15 minutes). 

At the upper end of the mass of developing eggs the larva were 
well advanced. In a larva which was observed escaping no trace of 
tentacles was seen (cf. Longchamps’ observations (8)). In one or 
two cases the larve were observed swimming about freely, but 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 167 


retained by a bending in of the tips of the tentacles of the inner 
circle. 

In the particular group of animals under observation nearly all 
the individuals carried eggs and larve when first found in the 
beginning of May. A few had them up to the end of June. On 
November 10th one specimen was observed to have an egg in the 
body, and by the 20th of the same month more than 90 per cent. 
had conspicuous clusters of eggs and larve in the tentacles. The 
comparatively sudden and simultaneous appearance of these was 
somewhat striking. 

Soon all of the specimens bore eggs and larve, and this continued 
up to about the beginning of March of the following year, when a 
few were seen without them. By May 12th none of the group under 
observation had eggs. In some of the individuals which were more 
carefully watched a peculiar occurrence, for which I cannot suggest 
an explanation, was observed. The animal which had remained with 
body and lophophore with its egg mass fully extended for months, 
totally disappeared, leaving only the projecting tube. This seemed 
a confirmation of the suggestion of the annual dying off of the 
Phoronis. A few days (8-10) afterwards, however, the same animal 
was observed projecting (to a less extent) from the tube, but the 
lophophore was much smaller, the tentacles being only about two- 
thirds their former length and without eggs. 

Lophophoral Organ, Lophophoral Gap, Epistome.-—From the 
observations just described on the method of discharge of ova, it 
is apparent that the projecting leaf-like fold of the lophophoral organ 
acts in such a way as to form a closed passage from the aperture of 
the nephridial duct to the brood cavity, the glandular part supplying 
the mucus in which the eggs are enveloped and bound together. 
The whole organ might be described, therefore, as a glandular 
oviducal furrow. 

Contrary to what has been observed in other species, I have not 
found this organ absent in any specimen with eggs, though sections 
of a large number of individuals might show that this is true of 
P. capensis also, 

The lophophoral gap between mouth and anus has received a good 
deal of attention, and there has been some speculation as to its 
function. It is a very striking opening in the circle of tentacles 
as seen in sections, but it does not exist as such in the expanded 
living animal, in which the gap is no larger than the spaces 
between the tentacles. This will be made clear from fig. 1, 
which is from the living animal. It seems quite out of the 
question that the inhalent current of water directed by the 


168 Marine Investigations im South Africa. Vol. V. 


epistome escapes by this ‘‘gap”’ into the inner circle as has been 
suggested (Masterman (6) ). 

It is merely the point of origin of the tentacles, which in this 
region are of all sizes; two sometimes scarcely projecting have been 
seen at each side touching each other across the ‘‘ gap,’ and follow- 
ing these 5 or 6 on each side rapidly increasing in length till they 
join the fully developed tentacles of the inner circle. These smaller 
tentacles on each side often overlap at their tips, preventing any 
wide opening between the regions of the inhalent and exhalent 
currents. 

The contraction of these small tentacles and of the tissue in the 
neighbourhood of the gap, along with the approximation of the 
tentacles in preserved material, doubtless bring about the appearance 
of a large gap in sections of this region. 

The epistome could be readily observed in the living animal in 
certain positions. In contrast to the other organs of the body it 
showed a constant and active movement. This occurred at its 
free edge. Observations were, of course, only possible when the 
lophophore was fully extended. In this condition the epistome 
was usually held back against the inner circle of tentacles, the 
mouth being widely open. Occasionally, however, the epistome 
descended over the mouth, closing or partly closing it. Various 
suggestions have been made as to its action, directing the currents of 
water (Masterman (6) ), preventing a direct passage between mouth 
and anus through the lophophoral gap (Benham (2) ). These, though 
quite justifiable deductions from a study of sections, do not seem 
probable in view of what has been noted above with regard to the 
behaviour of the animal in the living condition. So far as observa- 
tions went, the function appeared to be the obvious one of closing 
the mouth, and its lateral extension on each side; it is doubtless also 
partly sensory. 

Circulation.—Though the closed vascular system with red blood of 
Phoronis is one of its most striking characteristics, there is still some 
doubt as to whether there is actual circulation or merely oscillation 
of the blood. This is probably to be accounted for by the difficulty 
in obtaining accurate observation of the course of the blood. Ina 
recent paper Enriques (5) describes a unique type of circula- 
tion which he has observed in Phoronis psanimophila. Ue was 
enabled to examine the circulation microscopically by removing the 
animal from its tube by a method which he considers would not 
injure the animal to such an extent as to upset its normal circula- 
tion. Briefly, his conclusions are that there is an_ oscillatory 
movement of the blood plasma, and that, during this process, the 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 169 


corpuscles accumulate in the distal or lophophoral region, from 
which they are finally expelled by a strong contraction of the 
median vessel into the general vascular system, there being thus 
a circulation of blood corpuscles but not of plasma. I have also 
observed something similar to this in specimens of P. capensis 
which have been removed from their tubes, and also similar move- 
ments in the vascular system of individuals which have thrown off 
the lophophoral region, with the exception in this case, of course, 
that the blood corpuscles, while accumulating at the distal or 
regenerating end, cannot pass off again by a circulatory movement 
into the system. 

I cannot but suspect that these interesting phenomena observed 
by Enriques, are mainly due to injury or irritation produced in 
removing the animal from its tube, and might be compared from 
their mechanical aspect at least to clot formation. 

The method adopted in making the following observations was to 
select for microscopic examination specimens projecting over the 
edge of a piece of stone so that they can be examined by transmitted 
light. The animals sooner or later began to expand, often to a very 
considerable extent, and an account of their habit of occasionally 
rotating slowly in the tube, first in one direction then in another, 
presented different aspects of the vascular system. The method is 
rather tedious, but probably ensures normal results. | 

On the first protrusion of the tentacles, the movement of the blood 
was readily observed in a few, and, in full expansion, blood was seen 
to course up and down in all the tentacles. The intervals between 
such pulsation varied much (4—10 seconds). The inflow of the blood 
into the blood-vessels of the tentacles was slow, and apparently 
caused by pressure from behind; the outflow was more rapid and 
apparently caused by contraction of the vessels. 

The inflow and outflow of blood was never synchronous in all the 
tentacles, but was irregular, though occasionally a few neighbouring 
tentacles showed pulsation at the same time. Hach of the blind 
tentacular vessels opened into a common circular vessel in which 
the course of the blood was sometimes in one direction, some- 
times in another. 

Two such circular vessels were seen lying not far from each other. 
These were, however, not recipient and distributing vessels such as 
oceur in P. australis (2), but were merely the single connecting or 
circular vessels of the inner and outer circle of tentacles. In both, 
the movement of the blood was to and fro without any regularity. 
The outer circular vessel was continued round on the oral side, but 


the inner circle was interrupted at this point thus (). 


170 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


The blood flowed away from each side of the lophophore, from the 
right by a vessel which passed round by the oral region and joined 
that from the left to form the large vessel on the left side of the 
descending limb of the alimentary canal. In all these there was 
observed to be an almost continuous stream of blood downwards 
away from the lophophoral region. 

As in some other species, the efferent vessel at a little distance 
from the lophophoral region gives off a number of blind vessels into 
the body cavity. These were occasionally very distinctly seen in the 
living animal, and were then observed to be contractile, recelving 
blood from the main vessel and expelling it exactly as in the case of 
the tentacular vessels. 

The tentacular vessels apparently expelled the blood by con- 
traction. It would be difficult to say if the circular vessels were 
contractile. The vessels by which the blood leaves the lophophoral 
region were not contractile (7.e., the vessel on the left side of the 
alimentary canal and its two branches). 

The centrally placed vessel between the ascending and descending 
limbs of the alimentary tract showed, however, a very marked con- 
traction from below upwards. This was observed to occur, always 
in the same direction, through the entire course of so much of the 
vessel as could be seen (sometimes 10 mm.) under normal conditions, 
without removing the animal from its tube, in which case the move- 
ment was abnormal. A large volume of blood (corpuscles and 
plasma) was seen to be thus conveyed to the lophophoral region 
and to pass to either side by two short branches of the main vessel. 
Each of these branches opened directly into a vessel which seems 
capable of great expansion, and is lodged in a cavity of the lopho- 
phore very apparent in section. The blood passed into the tentacles 
in its immediate neighbourhood, and to the tentacles further removed 
by the circular vessels. There was no evidence of any true. circula- 
tion through the tentacles nor of circular distributing and recipient 
vessels, the whole of the blood-vessels of the lophophoral region 
being merely a complex form of the simple blind vascular diverticula 
seen on the large vessel within the body. The greater part of the 
stream of blood thus never entered the tentacles, but passed on 
directly to the two branches of the efferent vessel which joined 
each other to form the single vessel situated in the left side of the 
descending limb of the alimentary canal. There was thus a true 
circulation, the blood being driven forward by a vessel lying over 
what in Phoronis corresponds to the dorsal aspect of the alimentary 
canal. On reaching the anterior end it passes by two vessels round 
the alimentary canal (cf. the ‘“hearts’’ of annelids) which join to. 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 171 


gether on the left side (ventral ?) of the alimentary canal to form the 
efferent vessel. This passes downwards and joins the contractile 
afferent vessel, by which the blood is again driven through the same 
circle. Blind diverticula occur in the course of this vascular system, 
viz., the tentacular vessels, a group of vessels floating freely in the 
body cavity some distance below these, and finally a number of 
vessels penetrating the gonads at the other end of the body. 

The intervals between the contraction of the dorsal vessel were 
very uniform in any one individual under observation, but varied 
much in different individuals. In some they were three seconds, in 
others as much as ten. They appeared also to differ in the same 
individual at different times. 

If the movement of the blood be carefully observed in a 
favourable position of the animal it is found that after each con- 
traction of the dorsal vessel is completed there is a very slight 
return of the blood in its upper part, the quantity returned 
however being infinitesimal as compared to the large volume passed 
upwards, and it is only in the upper part of the afferent vessel 
and carried forward again in the next flow. The same thing happens 
in the commencement of the efferent vessels. This may be 
expressed more definitely in the time observations in a particular 
case. Thus in one case the interval between the contraction of the 
dorsal vessel was ten seconds. In the afferent vessel the flow of 
blood continued from the first to the sixth second, in the seventh 
and eighth there was complete contraction and emptying of the 
vessel (both of corpuscles and plasma), in the ninth and tenth there 
was a slight return of blood in the upper part of the vessel. The 
efferent vessel was never without blood corpuscles. A more decided 
flow began in the second second and lasted till the eighth, and 
between such intervals there was a slight return. 

The lumen of the afferent vessel is less than that of the 
efferent, but the proportions of blood corpuscles to plasma in each 
seemed the same. The peristaltic contractions of the dorsal vessel 
were always towards the free or lophophoral end of the animal in 
normal conditions. 

In injured or regenerating animals there is an oscillatory or to- 
and-fro movement of the blood in the afferent and efferent vessels, 
and often a crowding together of blood corpuscles into patches 
which remain stationary for a time in the free or distal region of 


the body. 


172 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


III._PTYCHODERA CAPENSIS, sp. n. 


I have from time to time, in shore collecting found specimens of 
this Hnteropneust chiefly at or near low water, and generally in 
coarse sand or gravel. It appears to belong to a species not 
hitherto described, and, in recording its occurrence in this region, 
I add a brief description of its external features, which I hope to 
supplement at a later date by anatomical details and a figure of the 
animal. 

The length of the specimens procured varied from about 80 to 
130 mm. in the normal expanded condition. Individual specimens, 
of course, varied much at times when disturbed, but when left in 
fresh sea-water and coarse sand seemed to assume about the same 
proportion. The relative size of the various regions of the body 
did not vary much. Even the caudal region, which in other 
species has been found to vary so greatly, was in these specimens 
about the same proportionate length, probably owing to the fact 
that this species does not show the tendency to break up so 
markedly as in other species. Some imperfect specimens were 
procured, but they seem to have been injured in the securing of the 
animals. None of the specimens kept alive or preserved were 
observed to break up. 

Proboscis.—The proboscis is of the usual size and shape. It was 
mostly somewhat longer than broad, egg-shaped, slightly tapering to 
the anterior end. When prying among the sand and shells, it was 
somewhat longer and often bent in various directions. A slight 
notch occasionally appeared on its posterior dorsal surface. In some 
conditions the longitudinal muscles of the proboscis were seen in 
distinct bundles. 

The colour of the proboscis was pale chrome-yellow, uniform, 
except when this organ was expanded so that the longitudinal 
muscles appeared as distinct stripes. 

Collar.—The dimensions of the collar were also normally fairly 
constant, its length being usually equal to that of the proboscis. 
Its breadth was slightly less than its length, being narrow in the 
middle. The free anterior margin was always somewhat folded. 
This region, which occupied nearly a half of the total length of the 
collar, was of a paler yellow than'the succeeding part, which was in 
the form of a narrow ring. This was followed by a thin band of 
white pigment in the form of a circular streak, a little further back 
another thin band or yellow streak, and somewhat behind this, where 
the collar joined the body, another. 

The collar often showed longitudinal corrugations thicker in the 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 173 


middle, but none occurred between the two last-mentioned yellow 
streaks. No distinct circular furrow was seen in this region in the 
living animal. . 

In one living specimen, which happened to have the lip of the 
collar widely expanded, the two legs of the skeleton were seen lying 
at an angle of about 50° to each other. In the apex of the angle was 
observed what appeared to be a small opening—apparently that of 
the ‘‘ notochord.” 

Genital Wings.—These were well developed both in length and 
breadth. Their greatest breadth was at the posterior end of the 
gills. It was, when spread out, a little over twice the length of the 
proboscis. The posterior extremity could not be exactly determined, 
as from this point they gradually diminish in size and lie alongside 
the hepatic coeca as mere ridges. The place of transition from 
distinct folds to ridges is about the middle of the hepatic coeca. 
Here also the brilliantly coloured gonads ended in most specimens. 
There was, however, no abrupt transition, as in some other species. 
The free edge of the genital wings are always in contact with each 
other where they join the collar. They are transparent throughout, 
in marked contrast to the gonads. Towards the body they meet 
each other above the intestine behind the gills, and this region is 
also clear and transparent. A fine genital streak (apertures of the 
gonads) occurs along the centre of each, and is of a dark reddish 
colour, the colour of the gonads themselves being a bright yellow. 
The genital folds usually met each other dorsally over the body, 
though often folded outwards, so as to expose the gills; their point of 
origin is the dorso-lateral region of the body. 

Gulls.—The gill region is comparatively small, being equal to the 
combined length of the proboscis and collar. This length did not 
vary in any of the specimens examined. In breadth it was fairly 
uniform till near the posterior end, when it abruptly tapered off to a 
point and was often observed to pass under the joined bases of the 
genital pleure, about one-seventh of its total length being thus 
hidden. At its widest anterior part it was about half the length of 
the proboscis. About fifty gill-slits or pores were counted in the 
deep furrow at each side of the gill. In the living animal the 
anterior of these were slit-like, being more than twice as long as 
broad. Towards the posterior part of the gill they became more 
circular, and the most posterior were almost circular, sometimes 
square. In preserved specimens all the openings were decidedly 
elongate. 

Hepatic Coeca.—These are about sixty in number, and are arranged 
in pairs. Anteriorly they are less definite and more widely set 


174 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


apart, about twelve of them being between the genital folds, by 
which a few of the anterior of the twelve may be hidden. 
Further back they are normally in pairs, one on each side of the 
body opposite each other, but in extensions of the body they were 
often seen to interdigitate, thus alternating on each side. Posteriorly 
they gradually diminished, the whole length of the hepatic tract 
being about half the length of the genital ridge, or one-third of the 
tail region. 

In colour the hepatic coeca varied considerably, being, however, 
always dark brown in the central region. Anteriorly and posteriorly 
they were more or less light in colour, sometimes pinkish. 

Tal Region.—The tail region was a little over half the total 
length, and did not vary much in thickness, being about equal to 
that of the middle of the hepatic region, which was a little over half 
the diameter of the collar. The most prominent feature was the 
presence of three lines running along nearly the whole length of the 
upper surface, the central one of these being the dorsal nerve chord, 
and one on each side being a thin yellowish streak, which com- 
menced about the middle of the hepatic region and continued to near 
the extremity of the tail. In other species in which such streaks 
are described they are situated in a groove which passes through the 
‘‘islet’’ like cross-bands of glandular tissue. Here, however, these 
bands pass over them so that epidermal furrows were absent on the 
dorsal surface, one of the most distinctive external characteristics of 
this species. 

On the ventral side the yellowish ventral nerve chord occurs, and 
interrupts the glandular patch throughout its whole course from the 
collar to the anus; in contrast to the dorsal nerve it thus lies 
in an epidermal groove. 

On the dorsal side of the tail these glandular patches of the 
epidermis are of no great length transversely to the body, but on 
the ventral side they appear almost like annulations. 


SUMMARY. 


(1) Phronopsis, a new genus of the Phoronidea, differing from 
Phoronis chiefly in having an involution of the epidermis with 
definitely differentiated (cubical) cells. The involution occurs below 
the nerve ring, which it partly covers ; it passes round the body, 
encircling the mouth, anus, and nephridial apertures. 

(2) Phoronis capensis, a new species, closely related to P. 
hippocrepia. 

(3) In Phoronis capensis the following observations, some of 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 175 


which are probably applicable to other species of Phoronis, have 
been made :— 

a. Currents of water with food and other particles pass in between 
the outer and inner circle of tentacles towards the mouth. They 
pass out between the expanded tentacles, downwards between those 
of the outer row, and inwards and upwards between those of the inner. 

b. Another current of water passes in succession over two special 
patches of nervous epithelium, the nephridial openings and the anal 
opening, and joins the last-mentioned current. 

c. Most of the particles in the first current come in contact with 
the tentacles, and are carried on them to the mouth region ; some of 
these are then carried back on the same tentacles on which they 
came and dropped off. 

d. The two special patches of nerve tissue on the nerve ring are 
in a position with regard to currents of water similar to the palleal 
olfactory organ of Mollusca and probably exercise a similar function. 

e. The nervous tissue at the commencement of the digestive tract 
appears from the definite rejection of particles after reaching this 
region to be an organ for the discrimination of food particles, and 
may be called an organ of taste. 

f. The lophophoral gap between mouth and anus is in the living 
and expanded animal no wider than the spaces between the tentacles, 
and plays no special part in the passage of currents of water. 

g. The projecting free part of the lophophoral organ is relatively 
large and leaf-like in life, and in discharge of ova overlaps the 
nephridial opening conveying the ovum to the brood cavity in the 
tentacles. The more glandular part probably supplies the mucus in 
which ova and embryo are enveloped. The whole organ may be 
called a glandular oviducal furrow. 

h. The blood (corpuscles and plasma) in the normal condition of 
the animal passes successively through a median (dorsal?) vessel, 
two circumcesophageal dilatable vessels, a lateral (ventral ?) vessel, 
and on again to the median vessel. That is, in these vessels there is 
a true circulation which, however, becomes oscillatory or partly so 
under abnormal conditions. 

i. The movement of the blood is oscillatory (to and fro) in the 
vascular diverticula of the tentacles, the body cavity and the gonads. 
It is also oscillatory in the small circular vessel at the base of the 
tentacles. 

j. Reproduction may take place throughout the year, but is much 
more marked in the summer months. 

k, This species does not die off annually. 

(4) Ptychodera capensis, a new species of the Enteropneusta. 


(176) 


REFERENCES. 


1) BenepeN, P. T. Van. Note sur un Annélide céphalobranche sans soies, 
désigné sous le nom de Crepina. Ann. Sc. Nat. (Zool.) 4¢ série, vol. x., 
1858. 

(2) Bennam, W. B. The Anatomy of Thoronis Australis. Quart. Journ. Micr. 
Sc., N.S., vol. xxx., 1889. 

(3) CanpwELL, W. H. Preliminary Note on the Structure, Development, and 
Affinities of Thoronis. Proc. Roy. Soc., No. 222, 1882. 

(4) Cort, I. Inaugural Dissertation. Prague, 1889. 

(5) EnriquEs, P. Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Roma, xiv., 1905. 

(6) Mastprman, H. On the Diplochorda. Quart. Journ. Mier. Sc., vol. xliii., 
Part 2, N.S. 

(7) McIyrosH, W. C. Report on Phoronis Buskii. Challenger Reports, vol. 
XXVil., 1888. 

(8) Setys Lonecuamps, M. Ueber Phoronis und Actinotrocha bei Helgoland, 
Wiss. Meeresunt. Neue folge. Sechster Band. Abteilung Helgoland, 
Heft 1, 


EXPLANATION OF PLATES XVI., XVIE. 


Fic. 1.—Phoronis capensis in nearly complete expansion. The eggs are 
indicated in the inner circle of tentacles, the jaculatory movement of tentacles 
by a bent tentacle on the left, the nerve ring by white lines, and the digestive 
tract by a longitudinal white band. 

Fia, 2.—Phoronopsis albomaculata, viewed from above (from a photograph of 
the living animal in complete expansion). 

Fic. 3.—Longitudinal section of Phoronopsis albomaculata (specimen B), 
showing fold of epidermis and nerve ring. bl. Blood-vessel. bt. Basement tissue. 
ep. Epidermis of body. ep’. Modified epidermis of fold. eps. Epistome. it. 
Tangential section of wall of intestine. do, Lophophoral organ. n. Neryous 
tissue. meph. Section of duct of nephridium. 

Fic. 4.—Enlarged view of nerve ring with epidermal fold shown in fig. 3. 
bt. Basement tissue. coe. Coelomic epithelium. ep, EKpidermis of body. ep’. 
Modified epidermis of fold. m. Nervous tissue. mneph. Section of duct of 
nephridium. ts. Transverse septum. 

Fic. 5.—Transverse section of Phoronopsis albomaculata (specimen A). The 
section is in reality oblique, as the organs of the left side were at a lower level 
than those of the right. Figuring as in Fig. 4 with the addition of a. Anus. 
m. Mouth. mnep’. Cells of internal opening of nephridium. 

Fic. 6.—Median longitudinal section of Phoronis capensis. 6.t. Basement 
tissue. eps. Kpistome. m. Mouth. .e. Sub-epidermal nerve tissue of nerve 
ring. n.e’. Nerve tissue near mouth (organ of taste?). oe. Cisophagus. 
t. Tentacle. : 


Mar. lian, 8 JA. Wolk Wale ) 
Trans. S. Afr. Phil. Soe. Vol. XVII.) 


, 7 — 6 
1‘ 
i 
Lp 
i - = 
ts 
i - 
a! 
{ 7 
es 
. =) 7 i 
' 
i 
1 
. Lary) ' 
: e, : i 
i : 
- t ij 
, > a , - j 
‘ : A - bs 
7 x a Lf a ¢ 
’ oe * S y - z 1 ui a a} i 
n i i : : ; : f a « i =} 
mee - < = 
- = - ; IH 1s y - : 
. t et - - 
' 7 i ® 
7 x ~ 7 ‘ 
7 : ¥ ; >: a. , 
‘ 2 " : - 
i a 
. »* 7 - | 
a) 
. - ~e =: - 
P : y ’ 
= | ~ = = 
q é ' i 
' 7 Ul = - 
: ai - a . - 
: ‘ pS J ; 
ac ve — 7 , i 
— - 7 D - 
i ‘ i Ps 
od - — — 
(Pa i a 
. ' f = 
a - : : 4 = . 
' 1 7 i 7 ¥ - 
i ‘ = ae 
~ i - - —_ 
1 - = 
7, : 2 
os ' ‘ i a a - I 
=" = { U : : “ 
ie a 7 
= Sy es = . 7 o 
' i 7 7 
1 a ee : : - i 
‘ pas 7 Y 5 ‘ = 
ma | iy 7 A 1 wt at - ; m 
= ae A ‘ 
“ = \ _ 
co iS 7: r® i a : = = fl 
j af - 2 7 a 
~ — , ys 
- bd ' ' - ‘ - 
_ t - Li s 
> 1 1 4. 
1 . 7 Le ; 
= * 5 * = > ; 
‘ 7 i; ' id - 
pat =a) bs = 7 
; = = T= xs 
, wt ie 7 i 2 7. : L 
fi : 2 : a ' y 
= 4 5 bs 7 = 
‘ ' z 
- = — 5 : = 
Tu 7 1 1 ' - 5 
fi a : os , 
; he 5 
id i = rn - oa Y . 
i b _ 5 a al - 
> | i a 
' =a pa i Aa i _ 
= = , : ‘ 6 
1 q 
_ ? ren 7 : “ 
i" ' os ‘ a 
= : } 7 ‘ - 
i : = “+ 
en : 7 ' = 
7 = : 7 a oe = 
fi ‘ 
’ = ‘ = i < ' 
3 ‘ 7 “ a - 
Nig = e 7 a ar is 
7 = : _ ¥ 7 - i ' 
¥ - 7 t a 7 ‘ 
. ‘ - = 
: ~<y > ik 1 : : - 
: é ‘ a - 
i 4 
= ; - - 
/ 7 7 r - 
Z 7 TT 4 { s 
‘ 4 : - - 
: ? 7 et] : | iy 7 1 7 
~ 1 ft 7 ——s 
i - — 
' H 7 - 
: i = < ; - = 
i nn ‘ : - t 
t n 4 
S re ei £ 7 - f : 7 J : a) . 
. : a - ie i ‘ a 
7 ‘ ¥ hol = ’ 
T eo i = : 
7 u io 7 : _ od — 
5 | + ay = - ‘ - 
- t 
a a x 4 * : 
° i - 4 
d 7 ite — i 
ies ' nl 
i ‘ 
UJ i - Las 
; = 1 ; = i : 17 1 ~* la ey 
= < ; P : i 7 - : 1 


tS . 
. - + a 
a A : 7 
“ hes % , 
, ae y 2 7 : 
* . 
= ‘ 7 = ' 
« * N 7 ; c ; : 
aU F i a a g : o 
P 9g i = = ‘, 
-, - o 
; ; s , - 7 ‘ 
* * = 1 f a 7 7 
4, * ; , id r ‘ 


Mar Inv. S.A. 


Plate XVII. 


West,Newman lith. 


lar) 


ON A PARASITIC COPEPOD FROM CEHEPHALODISCUS. 


By W. T. Catman, D.Sc. 
British Museum (Natural History). 


(Plates XVIII., XIX.) 


The parasite dealt with in this paper was discovered by 
Dr. W. G. Ridewood in the course of his investigation of Cephalo- 
discus gilchristt from the Cape Seas, and is briefly referred to in his 
memoir on that species (Mar. Invest. S. Africa, iv., p. 181). At his 
request I made a preliminary examination of the specimens, and sup- 
plied him with a few notes, which are incorporated in the paper 
referred to. In view of the special interest of the host it seemed 
desirable to attempt a more complete examination of the material, 
and I gladly avail myself of the opportunity kindly given me by 
Dr. J. D. F. Gilchrist of publishing a fuller account. 

Most of the specimens which I have examined were found by 
Dr. Ridewood in the course of his dissection of the Cephalodiscus, 
and I am indebted to him for notes on the circumstances of their 
occurrence. The other specimens were obtained by searching 
through some pieces of Cephalodiscus-colony which Dr. Ridewood 
kindly handed over to me for the purpose. 

The parasite belongs to the family Ascidicolidee, of which most 
of the members are parasitic in the alimentary canal of Tunicata. 
The fact, however, that the form to which it is most nearly allied, 
Enterognathus comatule of Giesbrecht, infests, not a Tunicate, but 
the Echinoderm Antedon, shows that the nature of the parasite 
in the present case has not necessarily any bearing on the chordate 
affinities of its host. 

In the following account Dr. Giesbrecht’s lucid and detailed 
description of Hnterognathus* has been taken as a guide. The 


* Giesbrecht, W., ‘‘ Mitth. ii. Copepoden. 14. Hnterognathus comatule, ein 
neuer Darmparasit.’’ Mitth. zool. Stat. Neapel, xiv., pp. 61-79, pl. 5, 1900. Dr. 


12 


178 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


characters and affinities of the new genus which I have found it 
necessary to establish will be discussed later. 


Faminy ASCIDICOLIDA. 


ZANCLOPUS* CEPHALODISCI, gen. et. sp. nov. 


ADULT FEMALE. 
(Plate XVIII., figs. 1-8.) 

Total length, 55-62 mm. 

The body is stout and maggot-shaped, about 34 times as long as 
wide. The integument is thin and membranous, and the segmenta- 
tion, especially in the abdominal region, is very obscure. The five 
thoracic somites are defined by deep constrictions and overlap a 
little at the sides, but do not form collar-like folds on the dorsal 
surface as in Hnterognathus. The thoracic limbs, with the exception 
of the fifth pair, are articulated on the ventral surface of the body, 
and are almost invisible when the animal is viewed from above. 
The head is slightly narrowed in front, and there is a blunt, deflexed 
rostrum, only visible from beneath (fig. 4). Posteriorly the body 
tapers gradually, without any marked constriction. The genital 
somite is very short and is obscurely defined from the somites 
in front and behind. The openings of the oviducts are lateral in 
position (fig. 6). The copulatory pore was not observed. The 
following four somites are rather obscurely separated. The 
furea (fig. 6) is short, the rami not much longer than wide, each 
terminating in four short spiniform points directed outwards. 

The antennules and antenne (fig. 4) are short, thick, and not 
distinctly segmented. The former have each a single terminal seta 
and a minute seta on the posterior edge. 

The mouth-cone (fig. 5) is not very prominent. The lower lip has 
large lateral lobes. The mandibles each end in a scythe-shaped 
blade projecting between the upper and lower lips. No trace of 
a mandibular palp could be detected. 

Immediately behind the mouth-cone on each side is a rounded 


Giesbrecht has overlooked the fact that Hnterognathus was figured (but not 
named) many years ago by Prof. W. C. McIntosh (‘‘ Observations on the Marine 
Zoology of North Uist,” Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, v., p. 611, fig. 5, 1866. The 
figure is reproduced in the same author's ‘‘ Marine Invertebrates and Fishes of 
St. Andrews,” 1875, p. 140). 

- * From fayk\or, a sickle, and zovce, a foot, in allusion to the sickle-shaped 
claws on the thoracic feet of the female. 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol, XVII. 179 


prominence bearing a single terminal seta (fig. 4, ma’’). A com- 
parison with Hnterognathus suggests that these prominences probably 
represent the second maxille. No other mouth-parts appear to be 
present. 

The first four pairs of thoracic feet (figs. 7 and 8) are similar in 
form. The protopodite is more or less distinctly divided into two 
segments, of which the distal bears externally, in the first three 
pairs, a fine seta. The basal part of the exopodite is not distinctly 
defined from the protopodite; it has, on the inner edge, a minute 
seta which is largest in the third pair and seems to be absent from 
the fourth. Distally, the exopodite ends in a sickle-shaped claw, 
at the base of which a small segment can in some cases be detected. 
The endopodite is apparently unsegmented, and forms a broadly 
ovate or nearly circular leaflet, bearing four small blunt papille on 
its distal edge. 

The feet of the fifth pair (fig. 6) are large ovate plates attached 
to the side of the body and pointing backwards. ‘[wo very minute 
setze were observed on the distal margin of each. 


Mane In FietH Copepopip STAGE. 


(Plate XIX.) 

Total length, ‘6 mm. 

The general shape is Cyclops-like, rather elongated, the greatest 
breadth being about + of the length. The fifth thoracic somite 
is distinctly narrower than the fourth. The head is about + of the 
total length, bluntly pointed in front, with a deflexed rostrum 
as in the female. The pleura of the head-region are not bent 
inwards as they are in the adult male of Hnterognathus. The first 
three somites of the abdomen (fig. 14) diminish successively in 
length; the fourth is as long as the first, and beneath the cuticle 
can be seen the division between the fourth and fifth somites of the 
adult. On the ventral surface of the genital segment are the genital 
valves (fig. 14, g.v.), each truncate posteriorly and bearing two sete. 
The fureal rami are longer than in the female and each bears six 
spines ; the inner spine is set on the dorsal surface, the outer one 
is minute, and the terminal four, of which the second is the largest, 
are stout and strongly curved outwards. 

The antennules (fig. 12, a’) have a very delicate external cuticle 
which does not seem to show any segmentation proper to this stage, 
but within which can be seen, in the specimen examined, the seven 
segments of the succeeding (adult) stage. They are beset with 
fairly numerous simple hairs but no westhetascs were observed. The 


180 Marie Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


antenne (fig. 13) are composed of three segments and have two, 
perhaps three, terminal claws. 

The mouth-cone (fig. 12) with the mandibles (md) and the 
maxillary prominences ('’) are exactly as in the female, except 
that the last-named structures seem to have no terminal sete. 

The first four pairs of feet (figs. 15-17) have the protopodite 
indistinctly divided into two segments, the distal one bearing, in the 
first three pairs, a seta on its outer edge. The rami of the first four 
pairs are each composed of three segments. The distribution of 
their sete is shown by the following table, drawn up after the plan 
followed by Dr. Giesbrecht :— 


Re 1. Re 2. Re 3. | 
| 
es | oh : 
Ist Foot...) 1Se OSi 0 | 2S8e 18t 3Si 0 OSe 1Si | 1Se 3Si 
2nd Foot 1Se OSi | 1Se 18i | 2Se 1St 4Si | 0 OSe 28i | 1Se 48i 
3rd Foot... 1Se OSi | 1Se 1Si | 2Se 1St 5Si 0 | OSe 28i | 1Se 58i 
4th Foot... | 0 | Se OSi | 2Se 1St 58i OSe ISi | OSe 28i | 1Se 4Si 


The feet of the fifth pair (fig. 14, p®) consist each of two small 
papillee, of which the inner is the larger, each bearing a single seta. 


YOUNGER STAGES. 


Specimens of younger stages were occasionally found, but on 
account of the very indistinct segmentation of the body and limbs 
ib was not possible to refer them to the various larval stages 
recognised in the Copepoda. The youngest stage observed is repre- 
sented on Plate XVIII., fig. 9. The total length is about -36 mm. 
The fourth pair of feet are present as bilobed prominences, and the 
abdomen is divided into two segments. The first three pairs of feet 
(fig. 10) have both rami in the form of ovate leaflets, the exopodite 
with four spiniform points on its distal margin ; the second of these 
points, from the outer side, is larger than the others, and probably 
represents the single curved claw of the adult female. 


Mopr oF OccuRRENCE AND PROBABLE LIFE-HISTORY. 


All the specimens were found in the stomach of adult zooids or 
nearly full-grown buds. The degree of infection varies in different 
colonies, or perhaps in different branches of the same colony. In 
some of the pieces of Cephalodiscus-colony which I examined nearly 
every adult zooid contained one or more parasites, but in other 
pieces they were much less abundant. The position generally 
occupied by the parasite in the stomach of its host is shown in 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVIT, 181 


Plate XVIII., fig. 1, but it appears to be a matter of indifference 
whether the head or the tail is directed towards the anterior end 
of the stomach. 

The adult females are most common, and in every case only 
a single one of these occurs in one host. The eggs were never 
observed attached to the body, but isolated eggs, or packets of eggs, 
were sometimes found free in the host’s stomach. The number 
of eggs deposited at one time appears to vary somewhat. Two 
packets of two each, two packets of three, and from three to five 
isolated eggs were observed on different occasions. The diameter 
of an egg is about 12mm. Of the larval stages, two, three, or four 
specimens occurred together in one stomach, accompanied or not 
by an adult female. No adult male was found, and from the 
analogy of Hnterognathus we may assume that this stage is free- 
swimming. 

In several cases it was observed that zooids containing specimens 
of the parasite had well developed and apparently ripe gonads, 
so that there would appear to be no “parasitic castration’’ of 
the host. 

It is not altogether easy to reconstruct from our observations the 
probable life-history of the parasite. From the relatively large size 
of the eggs it may be assumed that hatching takes place at a late 
stage of development. On two occasions specimens in a stage 
corresponding to that shown on Plate XVIIL., fig. 9, were found in 
the act of escaping from a membranous investment which appeared 
to present no trace of appendages, and was at first regarded as the 
egg-membrane. The fact that from two to four of these young 
individuals always occur together seemed also to suggest that they 
were hatched a situ and had to pass through a free-swimming stage 
before entering each a separate zooid of the host to become adult 
females. Further search, however, afforded no evidence of any 
break in the series of forms, all of them plainly incapable of 
locomotion, connecting these young stages with the adult. As 
it seems necessary to assume the existence of a free-swimming 
stage at some period of the female’s life-history (the male is 
probably, as already stated, free-swimming when adult) there can 
be little doubt that the earliest stages observed are preceded, as 
in Enterognathus, by a free-swimming stage in which the larve 
pass from one host to another. As in Hnterognathus also, the 
females probably emerge temporarily from their hosts when sexual 
maturity is reached in order to be fertilised by the free-swimming 
males. On again becoming endoparasitic they each select a host 
which does not already harbour a parasite. 


182 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


SystTEMATIC PosITION. 


Although it has not been possible to ascertain some important 
characters, such as the condition of the copulatory pore in the 
female, the parasite described above agrees sufficiently well with 
the definition of the family Ascidicolide as given by Canu,* and 
resembles with sufficient closeness several types included therein, 
to leave no doubt that it must be referred to that family. It 
appears hopeless, in the present state of our knowledge of the 
parasitic Copepoda, to look for an exact diagnosis either of 
the family or of its constituent genera. At the same time the 
new species is so distinct from any of those hitherto described 
that it appears impossible to avoid the establishment of a new genus 
for its reception. In the vermiform, or maggot-shaped, body and 
non-natatory thoracic feet of the female and in the absence of 
a brood-sac and of maxillipeds it approaches the genera Hnterocola, 
Aplostoma, Enteropsis, and Hnterognathus. From all of these 
except the last it is distinguished (in the female sex) by the strongly- 
hooked exopodites of the first four pairs of thoracic feet. From 
Enterognathus it differs in the less strongly-marked segmentation 
of the thoracic region, of which the somites do not overlap dorsally, 
in the indistinctly segmented appendages, the reduced and palpless 
mandibles, the vestigial non-prehensile second maxille, and in the 
absence of the first maxille. In the last-named character it agrees 
with Aplostoma and Enteropsis, differing from both, however, in the 
structure of the mandible, second maxilla, and thoracic feet, and 
in many other details. 


* Canu, E., ‘“‘ Les Copépodes du Boulonnais.” Trav. Stat. Zool. Wimereux, 
vi., p. 186, 1892. 


ae n 


a 7 | 


- 
lal saat ie 
LAS? 2 at 


FIG 
ate, 


ovosn 


Jk. 
12. 


13. 
14. 
15. 


16. 
IN fe 


(184 ) 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. 


Puate XVIII. 


Polypide of Cephalodiscus gilchristi, partly dissected to show the position of 


the parasite Zanclopus cephalodisci in the stomach. One of the gonads 
of the host is seen immediately above the stomach, 


. Adult female of Zanclopus cephalodisci, from above. 
. The same, from the side. The abdomen is generally bent dorsally in the 


position shown here. 


. Head of adult female, seen from below. a’, antennule, a’, antenna, ma’’, 


second maxilla. Between the bases of the antennules is the deflexed 
rostrum. 


. The mouth-cone, more highly magnified. L, labrum or upper lip, /, lateral 


lobe of lower lip, md, mandible. 


. Abdominal region of adult female, from below; p’, fifth pair of thoracic feet, 


0, opening of oviduct. 


. Thoracic foot of second pair; en, endopodite, ex, exopodite. 
. Thoracic foot of fourth pair. 

. Larva of the earliest stage observed. 

. Third thoracic foot of same; en, endopodite, ex, exopodite. 


PLATE XIX. 


Male in fifth Copepodid stage, from above. Appendages omitted. 

Head of same, from below; a’, antennule, showing through the thin cuticle 
the segmentation of the adult stage, a’’, antenna, md, mandible, ma’’, 
second maxilla. 

Antenna of same. 

Abdominal region of same, from below ; p°, thoracic foot of fifth pair, g.v., 
genital valve. 

First thoracic foot of same; en, endopodite, ex, exopodite. 

Third thoracic foot. 

Fourth thoracic foot, 


Mar. Inv. S.A., Vol. V. \ Plate XVIII. 


Trans. S. Afr. Phil; Soc., Vol. XVII. 


Wh ene kee 


An cen, 


W. T. Calman, del. 


ZANCLOPUS CEPHALODISCI. 


(Female and young), 


ae _ 7 o. 4 bg "“S 
Fo ae pbs 


Mar. Inv. S.A., Vol. V. Bre 
Pree Ss. Ain Phil Soc, Volt XVIL. DEMS ae 


W. T. Calman, del. 


ZANCLOPUS CEPHALODISCI. 
(Male). 


(185 ) 


ON THE GENUS BOTELLINA (Carpenter), WITH A 
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES. 


By F. Gorpon PEARCEY, 


Bristol Museum. 
(Plate XX.) 


INTRODUCTION. 


In the year 1869 the late Professor H. P. Carpenter first described 
what was at that time considered the most interesting and largest 
known recent arenaceous Rhizopod, measuring | inch (25 mm.) in 
length, with the diameter of + inch (3 mm.), judging from 
broken specimens, to which he gave the generic name Botellina, no 
mention being made of a specific name. 

Since that time, however, a number of new arenaceous Rhizopods 
have been discovered fully 14 inches, or more; 7.e., Syringammina 
fragillissima,* from the Faroe Channel, in a depth of 555 fathoms ; 
Hyperamnuna palmifornus,+ also from the Farée Channel, in 516 
fathoms ; Reophax nodulosa,+ from the Antarctic and Pacific Oceans, 
in depths from 1,300 to 2,900 fathoms; Pelosina variabilis,§ and 
others. 

In 1881 Dr. H. B. Brady redescribed the genus Botellina (from 
the same fragmentary specimens with which Professor H. P. 
Carpenter had made his description in 1869), and to which he gave the 
specific name labyrinthica,|| reproduced and figured in the Challenger 
Reports, Foraminifera.4’ Botellina labyrinthica, Brady, was first 
obtained in some abundance at a single station (No. 51) on the third 
cruise of H.M.S. Porcupine, in 1869, at a point lying on the border- 
line, between the warm and cold areas of the Farde Channel, at a 
depth of 440 fathoms, lat. 60° 6’ N., long. 8° 14’ W., bottom tempera- 


* H. B. Brady, Proc. Roy. Soc., 1883, vol. xxxv., p. 155, pls. 2-3. 

+ F. G. Pearcey, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc., Glasgow, vol. ii., pt. 2, new series, pl. 3, 
1887-8. 

t H. B. Brady, Chal. Reports Foraminifera, vol. ix., p. 294, pl. 31, figs. 1-9. 

§ Ibid. pp. 235-236, pl. 26, figs. 7-9. 

|| Ibid., Quart. Journ. Mier. Sci., vol. xxi., new series, p. 48, 

*| Ibid, Chal, Reports, Foraminifera, vol. ix, 


186 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


ture 42° F., and the surface water 51:°6° F. It was again met with 
by the Naturalists of the Anight EHrrant and Triton Expeditions in 
1880 and 1882, but always in a fragmentary condition in the same 
areas, at a depth of 516 fathoms in the warm area, and in 580 
fathoms in the cold area, with a bottom temperature 46°5 and 31° F. 
respectively. It would thus appear to be more common in the 
cold area, where it was taken in the greatest abundance, strongly 
indicating that it favours a low temperature. 

In 1886 Mr. Joseph Wright, F.G.S.,* again records B. labyrinthica 
as having been obtained in considerable abundance in a dredging 
taken about midway between Belfast Lough and Portpatrick, at a 
depth of 100 fathoms, and again in September, 1902, from washings 
of dredged material from Rathlin Sound, Church Bay, in 17 to 24 
fathoms, but he makes no mention of the temperature of the water. 
So far as I am aware, B. labyrinthica has not since been taken or 
recorded from any other locality. 

Ten years later (in 1879), after its first discovery, I had the 
pleasure of examining some of the specimens of B. labyrinthica 
obtained by the Porcupine Expedition, which I considered at that 
time were merely fragments of an incomplete species, and mentioned 
the fact to the late Dr. H. B. Brady, who quite agreed with me. At 
that time he was preparing the Challenger Report; we also held 
similar views with regard to other arenaceous forms described and 
figured in that publication, viz., Rhabdamnuna discreta, Hyperam- 
mina friabilis, and others, as was proved by the discovery of a new 
and perfect species of Hyperamnuna (H. palnuformis), figured 
and described by me from the Farde Channel. } 

In December, 1904, while occupied, under the direction of Sir 
John Murray, examining a series of marine deposits collected 
on board the Cape Government Zoological investigation vessel, 
ss. Pieter Faure (the late Captain Turbyne), off the N.E. and 
S.W. coasts of Africa, and in the vicinity of the Agulhas Bank, I 
observed several fragments of a large arenaceous Foraminifera, which 
I considered to be closely allied to Professor H. P. Carpenter’s 
genus Botellina. These samples of deposit had been sent to Sir 
John Murray direct from the Cape of Good Hope, as they were 
obtained by dredge, or trawl, and placed in canvas or strong cotton- 
cloth bags, so that the general character of the samples as a whole 

* J. Wright, Foraminifera from Rathlin Island, Irish Naturalist, vol. xi., 
pp. 211-213. 

+ Ibid., second dredging cruise of the ss. Protector. Belfast Nat. Field 
Club, 1886. 


t F. G. Pearcey, on the Foraminifera of the Farde Channel, Trans. Nat. Hist. 
Soc., Glasgow, new series, 1887-8, pp. 163-79, vol. ii., pt. 2, pl. 3. 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVT. 257 


could not at the time be made out. On closer examination, later, it 
was found that several of these samples were made up almost wholly 
of a beautiful arenaceous Foraminifera of large dimensions, with an 
erect robust test, and pinnate in form, measuring from 3 inch to 
2 inches or more in height, 2 inch to } inch in circumference, 
varying in colour from a brick-red to light and dark brown, or burnt- 
sienna, of which in previous samples I had examined I had obtained 
only small fragments. At two stations, Nos. 593 and 594, lat. 33° 
50' S., long. 25° 54’ 30” E. in 26 fathoms, the samples from both 
of these stations were found to consist of a mass of this gigantic 
Rhizopod, sufficient to more than fill a half-gallon measure—enough, 
surely, to gladden the heart of the most ardent Rhizopodist. 

Here, then, was sufficient material to work out the true character 
and position of the genus Botellina, of which hitherto fragments 
only had been discovered. I therefore decided to examine all the 
samples carefully with that purpose in view. The results of my 
study are depicted in the following pages. 

Notwithstanding the large amount of material on hand, there were 
still serious doubts as to whether all or any of the specimens were 
really perfect. 

In the great number afterwards examined, I found that the basal 
portion of each individual specimen (with three exceptions) showed 
a true and more or less ciean fracture (see figs. 1, a—b, pl. 1), as 
if they had been broken sharply off from a basal attachment, 
showing clearly that they must have been, when living in their 
natural condition, attached ta some foreign body on the sea-floor, 
or had possessed a large primordial chamber embedded in the 
deposit to support such a large test; although diligent search was 
made nothing of the kind was found, till a sample of deposit 
obtained off Cape Natal was examined, viz., Station No. 11,074, 
Cape Natal, N. } W., distant 4} miles, at a depth of 55 fathoms. In 
this deposit, composed of a siliceous sand, containing a considerable 
percentage of shell and coral fragments, amongst which a number 
of the large Botellina were found, seven large oval, sublenticular, 
and subangular arenaceous chambers were obtained, showing a 
prominent elongation or tubular neck at one point, similar in 
composition, character, and colour to the large fractured, robust 
pinnate form previously discovered, which at once connected them 
with the incomplete arenaceous tests or Botellina, mentioned above, 
as taken in mass at Stations Nos. 593 and 594; indeed, with two or 
three of these chambers it was found possible, with scarce a doubt, 
to fit the fracture of the neck-like prolongations of these chambers 
to the fractures at the basal ends of the large pinnate branching 


188 Marine Investigations in South Africa, Vol. V. 


form, thus providing it with a primordial chamber (see Pl. XX., 
figs. 2-3). And although I have not found a complete or perfect 
specimen, viz., ‘‘the large pinnate test with a primordial chamber 
intact,”’ there can be no doubt that these few large cells or 
chambers, taken in the same haul with the branching tests, of the 
same characteristic form and composition, their fractured tubular 
necks fitting as they do, in two or three instances, exactly the broken 
basal portions of the larger erect branching tests, ave the primordial 
cells with which they were fixed on the sea-floor, and from which 
these beautiful erect pinnate structures were produced, as will be 
seen by the following detailed description, with figures showing 
fractured and restored specimens (Pl. XX., figs. 1, 2, and 3). 


Famiry ASTRORHIZIDA. 


Sup-Famity RHABDAMMININ AL. 


Genus BOTELLINA, Carpenter. 
BotEuina, Carpenter (1869). Burscuui, Brady. 


GENERIC CHARACTERS. 


TypicaL Form. 
(Botellina pinnata, Pearcey.) 


Test free, arenaceous, erect, pinnate, rising from a primordial 
chamber, oval, subglobular, subangular, or compressed in form, 
with pseudopodial openings situated at the extremity of pinnate 
outgrowths; walls thick, of very firm consistence, subdivided into 
chambers which communicate freely into a main tubular chamber, 
running through the whole test, compactly cemented and generally 
smooth externally, in colour ferric brown of various shades. It is 
conspicuous amongst all other known AsTRORHIZIDE by its robust 
form and size. 


PRIMITIVE Form. 
(Botellina labyrinthica, Brady.) 


Test arenaceous, cylindrical, straight or slightly curved, some- 
what irregular in outline, one end rounded and more or less swollen 
(the natural condition of the other end not certainly known); walls 
of the test of firm consistence, rough, without external fine cement, 
subdivided irregularly by a labyrinth of sand-grains cemented 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Socvety. Vol. XVII. 189 


together at various angles forming rude chamberlets which open out 
into a main tube (or chamber), which runs through nearly the whole 
test. 

Incomplete specimens only known. 


DEFINITION OF NEW SPECIES. 
Botellina pinnata, sp. nov 


Test free, erect, arenaceous, comparatively smooth externally, 
tubular, in the form of a slightly compressed or rounded robust 
pinnate structure ; the pinnate outgrowths rounded and slightly 
swollen, compressed or lobulated at their distal ends, with a series 
of pseudopodial apertures at the apex,—these are covered with a 
very fine, pale-coloured cement, from which (in the fresh state) 
numerous delicate transparent spicules project irregularly. Size, 
1 to 24 inches (25 to 62 mm.) in height, with a diameter of ,%; to 
3 inch (3°5 to 6 mm.) rising from a basal or primordial more or less 
inflated chamber £ to about 4 inch broad (9 to 12 mm.); oval, 
subglobular, subangular, or more or less compressed, from which 
arises a short cone-shaped neck before becoming divided into 
regular alternate pinnate outgrowths, which at times again divide 
into radiating branches or offshoots, but always retaining the 
pinnate character. Walls thick, of very firm consistence, finely 
cemented externally, and with minute chambers, which communicate 
into a main tubular passage running through the whole structure 
opening out freely, vestibular-like, into the pinnate outgrowths. 
Colour in various shades of red and brown, or ferric-brown. 


The specimens on which the genus Botellina has been founded 
differ from all other known AsTRorHIzIDa&, not only on account of 
its size, but in the general structure of its test, the walls of which 
are chambered, and therefore represents one of the highest types of 
structural development among the recent arenaceous Foraminifera. 

In Botellina pinnata we have a well-defined method of building 
up the test; the main body of the test is composed of coarse 
materials. The walls are of firm consistence, ;'5 to 8; of an inch 
(35 to 10°5 mm.) in thickness, composed of siliceous grains, with a 
mean diameter of 0°5 mm., made up chiefly of Quartz, Kircon, and 
a sprinkling of Glawconitic particles, with an occasional Garnet or 
two, the whole incorporated by a siliceous and ferruginous cement. 
A thin layer on the exterior is more or less solid and imperforate, 
giving the whole structure a smooth and solid appearance. The 


190 Marine Investigations iu South Africa. Vol. V. 


siliceous grains are so arranged in building up the wall that they 
form a network of minute chambers communicating freely with each 
other, and perforated with tubular-like passages opening out freely 
into a main central chamber, supplemented and strengthened at 
intervals by the extension of a portion of the walls into the interior ; 
in the form of septa, constructed, like the remainder of the test, of 
cemented sand-grains (Pl. XX., figs. 8, 9). 

These chambers, having free communication with each other, are 
generally quite filled with green sarcode, containing nuclear (?) 
corpuscles. Diameter of the central chamber variable (m. di. .4, inch 
= 1:26 mm.), internal chitinous lining absent. The pseudopodial 
apertures are situated at the extreme or peripheral ends of the 
pinnate outgrowths (see woodcut), formed sometimes of three or 


Front view of a peripheral end of one of the pinnate outgrowths of Botellina 
pinata, sp. nov., after it has been treated with dilute hydrochloric acid. 
Magnified 12 diameters; a, a, pseudopcodial apertures. 


four transverse slits, or more generally of irregular spaces between 
the agglutinated sand-grains. These apertures are almost closed in 
with a light brown cement made up of carbonate of lime and ferru- 
ginous material, from which extend minute transparent spicules also 
formed of carbonate of lime, produced to all appearance by the 
organism itself as a protective agent. These portions are of a 
much paler colour than any other part of the test, due to a higher 
percentage of lime at these points than elsewhere, giving a bright 
and life-like effect to the whole structure. 

On the test being laid open longitudinally, the main central 
chamber is seen to start from a large primordial cell, from whence a 
main passage runs through the whole structure, branching off into 


Being Transactions of the 8. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII. 191 


vestibular-like passages to the pinnate outgrowths; the septa from 
the inner walls are exposed, as also the foramina, or tubular com- 
munications to the wall chambers which open out into it, shown in 
POX shes 8:90 and Wd, a,b) \e. 

The same figures show the wall chambers, by means of micro- 
photography, of the actual specimens, which are not accidental 
lacunze, but in a measure regularly constructed ; the sand-grains 
which form their walls are fixed to each other by a siliceous com- 
pound, and are arranged in a more or less orderly fashion, so as to 
form a labyrinth of minute chambers. 

A transverse section across one of the pinnate outgrowths (Pl. XX., 
fig. 9) magnified twelve diameters shows the wall chambers more 
clearly. In this figure the thickness of the walls indicated; also 
the fine thin layer of siliceo-ferruginous cement, d, which contains 
about 2 per cent. of carbonate of lime, and forms the final outer 
coating of the walls. 

The wall of the primordial cell is chambered in a similar manner 
to that of the remainder of the test (PI. I., fig. 8b). It possesses one 
large, or from two to five small pseudopodial (?) openings (figs. 1-3 
and 7e); oval, or slightly projecting outwards along the edge of its 
basal portion, which, when living, is most probably buried in the 
deposit on the sea-floor, and by which means it is enabled to 
support or anchor the large, erect, robust test. 

The junction, or neck, connecting the distal portion of the test 
with the primordial chamber, being the weakest point of the whole 
structure, will doubtless account for so many imperfect specimens 
being taken by means of the trawl and dredge, minus the primordial 
chamber. 


CONCLUDING REMARKS. 


Dr. H. B. Brady, in his description of Botellina labyrinthica, gives 
its specific name evidently on account, as he states, of the interior 
of the tube being subdivided irregularly by a labyrinth of coarse 
sandy particles, except at the rounded terminal cavity (?) which 
forms an undivided chamber. And, later on, he states that the test 
has the appearance of a cylindrical tube of a somewhat irregular 
diameter, one end rather swollen and rounded, the other end always 
imperfect, apparently broken. At the broad end, the investment is 
thin and incomplete, and there are many orifices (chambers) * left 
between the sand-grains; and this fact, together with the broken 
condition of the specimens, gives rise to the supposition that when 


* The italics are my own. 


192 Marine Investigations in South Africa. Vol. V. 


living the test is erect and sessile, growing attached or rooted by its 
narrow extremity to some fixed base, and that the interstitial 
orifice of the terminal chamber serves as the general aperture. 

It would appear quite evident from the above that the late Dr. 
Brady was cognisant of the true character of this interesting 
rhizopod when in its perfect living condition, although no definite 
mention is made of the chamber walls; it must be borne in mind 
that he had but incomplete fragmentary specimens to deal with ; the 
fact that he mentions the many orifices left between the sand-grains, 
and the interior of the tube (or central chamber)* in parts being sub- 
divided, is, I take it, an admittance that he saw the primitive 
arrangement of chambers in the walls of the test. 

Again, the iate Dr. H. C. Carpenter (loc. cit.) states that the 
cavity of the tube is not divided into chambers by interposed septa, 
as in the genus Reophax ; but it is continuous throughout, though 
traversed in every part of its length by irregular processes, which 
goes to prove its close affinity to the structure of the chambered 
walls of Botellina pinnata. 

Neither Dr. Carpenter nor Dr. Brady mentions any special 
formation of chambers by the sand-grains in the building up of the 
walls of the test (except the irregular processes traversing the whole 
length of the tube (?)), from which it would be inferred that they 
both saw, at least in some of the fragments examined by them, a 
central continuous tube, or main chamber in direct communication 
with the interstices, cellular, or chambered wall structure. I have 
examined some of the actual specimens or fragments from which 
Messrs. Carpenter and Brady made their descriptions, and these 
show definite indications of chambers in the walls of the test, with 
inter-communications with the main chamber, resembling that of 
B. pinnata, but the fine material which forms the outer coating and 
gives the smooth and solid finish to the outer surface of the whole 
test of Botellina pinnata is altogether wanting in B. labyrinthica ; 
still, I consider there is sufficient generic similarity to retain the 
new species under the genus Botellina founded by the late Dr. H. P. 
Carpenter, although on first acquaintance there is a strong desire 
to form a new genus, which, however, is lost sight of on structural 
examination of the tests of each species. 


I wish here to thank my friend Mr. J. W. Tutcher, of Bristol, 
for the energetic manner in which he undertook the difficult task of 
producing by micro-photography figs. 8-11 on the Plate. 


* The italics are my own. 


Being Transactions of the S. Afr. Phil. Society. Vol. XVII, 193 


List of Srations, witH LOCALITIES, &c., FROM WHICH Botellina 
pinnata HAVE BEEN OBTAINED. 


> - 
ne Ag 
3 
23 Latitude. Longitude. 3 & General Remarks. 

2 os 

7, Am 

el 33° 54’ 13!’ S. | 250 53’ 30’ EB. B. pinnata, moderately common. 

an 

548 

580 | 34°1' 30'S. | 25° 45’ 00" E. Two large specimens and fragments. 

593 | 33050’ 00’ S. | 259 54’ 30’ E. | B.pinnata,in mass. These two samples 

and | fully filled a half-gallon measure of B. 

594 pinnata alone. In this sample were also 

obtained a few irregular perforated slabs 
of agglutinated shelly sand, overgrown 
with Serpula, Polyzoa, Coral, Hydrozoa, 
and Foraminifera, Gasteropod, and 
Lamellibranch shells, shell fragments, 
and siliceous sand. 

781 | 33°53’ 00''S. | 28°12'00" BH. | 45 Quite 2 lbs. in weight of B. pinnata, 
(Off East | Beacon, with a few Gasteropods, Polyzoa, and a 
about 17 | miles E. | mass of a large Hydroid (Sestularia ?), 

of East | London.) sand and shell fragments. The B. pin- 
nata taken in this haul are of a bright 
red colour. 

805 | 3303/00’ S. | 27°57'00'' BK. | 32 A good many B. pinnata, brown and 

and bright red in colour. 

806 

826 | 3606’ 45 S. | 27055’ 45" H. | 43 About 6 lbs. in weight of material, 

and composed of sandy mud and shells, with 

827 hardened lumps of homogeneous mud. 

B. pinnata moderately common. 
1,108 Bird Island | Passage, 10 A few specimens and fragments of B. 
and Algoa | Bay. to | pinnata, and a number of a smaller 
1,109 16 | species, nov. 
1,882 Cape St. | Blaize, 125 Several fragments. 
N. by E., | distant 
73 | miles. ; 
10,778 Cape | Natal, 85 A few fragments of B. pinnata, with 
W. 2N., | distant a number of specimens of a smaller 
123 | miles. species. Bottom deposit, a coarse sandy 
mud. 
11,074 | Cape Natal, | N. 4 W., 59 This deposit, composed of a dead 
44 miles | distant. coarse shelly sand and coral fragments 
containing a number of ferric-brown 
phosphatic concretions, among which 
was found a good number of B. pinnata, 
and seven large primordial chambers 
belonging to them, together with many 
other large foraminifera, as Polytrema 
rubra, Rupertia sp. nov., Astrorhizasp. ? 
Cristellaria, &c. 
. 10,834 Umblote | River 40 A number of highly coloured B. pin- 
mouth, | N. by | nata, and some fragments of a smaller 
W. 4 W., | distance species, nov. 
84 | miles. : 
11,188 § Mouth | of the B. pinnata, in mass. Nearly a quart 
Umkomaas | River, measure full, many with incrusting 
N.W. by | W. 4 W., Polyzoa, with a great quantity of a large 
distant | 5} miles. Hydrozoa (Tubularia? sp. ?), worm 
tubes, free Polyzoa, Gasteropods, and 
Lamellibranchs, with a quantity of shelly 
sand, shingle, and coral fragments. 


13 


(194 ) 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE XxX. 


Botellina pinnata, sp. nov. 


Fig. 


1 


. a, Branching form, showing three offshoots from one primordial chamber ; 
b, primordial chamber detached from the main test by the trawl when 
captured ; slightly enlarged. 

The fractured parts, c c, shown in this figure were found to fit each 
other exactly ; e, pseudopodial (?) apertures. Station 11,074; off Cape 
Natal; depth, 55 fathoms. 


2-3. Typical forms of B. pinata, with primordial chambers restored; the 


“4 


10. 


abt: 


pseudopodial apertures are shown armed with delicate spicules; ¢ e, 
pseudopodial (?) apertures. Station 11,074. 


. A somewhat compressed form, with double branching of pinnate outgrowths ; 
primordial chamber broken off from distal portion of test; slightly 
enlarged. Station 593-594. 


. A double branching form minus the primordial chamber ; slightly enlarged ; 
this form of test was found comparatively common. Station 781 ; 
depth, 45 fathoms. 


. Specimen from Station 805-806, showing new offshoot from an old fracture 
of the test ; natural size. 


. Detached primordial chamber before being ground down to show the interior 
and wall chambers; natural size ; e, pseudopodial (?) apertures. 


. Detached primordial chamber (fig. 7), after a portion of one side has been 
ground away longitudinally; (microphoto) magnified 4 diameters; a, 
interior of main chamber; b, wall chambers; c, elongated neck showing 
tubular passage communicating to the upper portion of the main test 
and pinnate outgrowths ; d, external covering of cement. 


. Micro-photograph of a transverse section across one of the pinnate out- 
growths; magnified 12 diameters; a, main passage which forms the 
direct communication to the primordial chamber; 6 6, septa; c, wall 
chambers; d, thin layer of cement which forms the outer coating of 
the test. 


Micro-photograph of a part longitudinal section of a portion of the test, 
magnified 4 diameters; a, main passage; b, tubular openings from 
the wall chambers into main passage; c, wall chambers exposed after 
external coating of cement has been removed. 


Micro-photograph of a longitudinal section of two of the pinnate out- 
growths showing numerous openings from wall chambers; a a, 
pseudopodial apertures. (See also woodcut, p. 190.) 


Plate ix. 


cgi 


= ahs 


x 


tmans. 5. AfrEhil.Soc.Vol. 


Mar. Inv. S.A.Vol.V. 


West, Newman lith 


Ov EeipknaNPAY eNN ACMA Sp mor 


NITE: 


albomaculata (Phoronopsis), 151 | capensis (Doridium), 28, 29 
amoenula (Idaliella), 66, 80 | o (Doriopsilla), 64 
Antedon, 177 | % (Doriopsis), 60 
Anaspidea, 2 5 (Geitodoris), 47 
aperta (Philine), 24, 26 | 7 (Janolus), go 
Aplostoma, 182 | 5 (Janus), 89 


Aplysia, 2 y (Marsenia), 105 
Aplysia allochroa, 4 4 (Nembrotha), 68 
5  cirrhifera, 20 | (Philine), 27 
»  eusiphonata, 9 | a (Ptychodera), 151--172 
»  gargantua, 5 | ef (Pleurobrancheae), I, 31,-32 
>  gilehristi, 2 of (Pleurophyllidia), 99 
»  lobata, 8 ; (Phoronis), 151, 152 
5  monochroa., 13 | (Tritonidoxa), 87 
»  poikilia, to | capucina (Melibe), 96 
»  sibogae, 13 | catena (Philine), 27 
»  tongana. 15 | cephalodisci (Zanclopus), 178 
»  woodi, 12 | Cephalaspidea, 23 
Aplvsiella, 19 Cephalodiscus, 151, 177 
Aplysiidae, 2 "5 gilchristi, 177 
Aplysiidae propriae, 2 | Chelidonura, 29 
Archidorididae, 41 Chelidonura aenigmatica, 29 
Archidoris capensis, 42 | . amoena, 29 
6 granosa, 43 | % hirundinina, 29 
scripta, 44 | 6 inermis 29 
arrogans (Platydoris), 61 ” philinopsis, 29 
Ascidicolidae, 177, 178 | ” plebeia, 29 
aspersa (Idaliella), 80 a varians, 29 
Astrorhizidae, 188, 189 a velutina, 29 
atlanticus (Glaucus) 94 | Chioraera, 95 
Atthilidae, 82 | Chromodorididae, 55 
aurantiaca (Madrella), go | | Chromodoris, 55, 57 
australis (Phoronis), 158, 169 | Chromodoris albolimbata, 55 
ms (lanolus) 89 si euelpis, 56 
‘ (Melibe), 96 | comatulae (Enterognathus), 177 
Berthella, 39 cirrhifera (Aclesia), 20, 23 
Berthella granulata, 40, 41 | 4; (Aplysia), 20 
5 bicolor, 45, 46 clavigera (Triopa), 65 
bertheloti (Staurodoris), 45, 46 Cleanthus, 39 
Botellina, 188-189, 185 coeruleo-pictus (Janus), 89 
Botellina labyrinthica, 185, 186, 188, complanata (Geitodoris), 47 
IOI compta (Oscaniopsis), 35 
Botellina pinnata, 188, 189 cristata (Nembrotha), 71 
brunnea (Aphelodoris), 58 | cyaneum (Doridium), 28 
bucephala (Melibe), 96 cylindricum (Doridium), 28 
Bulla schroeteri, 24 depictum (Doridium, 28 
Bullaea, 23 depressa (Staurodoris), 46 
buskii (Phoronis), 159 diaphana (Nembrotha), 68 
caesia (Doriopsis), 62 Diaulula capensis, 45 
californica (Dolabella), 15 5 morosa, 50 
callosa (Dolabella), 16 Diaululidae, 48 
3 (Doriopsis), 61 diomedeum (Doridium), 28 
calva (Staurodoris), 46 Discodorididae, 47 
capense (Doridium), 28, 29 discreta (Rhabdammina), 186 
capensis (Archidoris), 42 Dolabella, 14 


(Diaulula), 48 Dolabella californica, 15 


” 


196 


Dolabella callosa, 16 Geitodoris, 47 


43 elongata, 15 Geitodoris capensis, 47 

= ecaudata, 15 ~ complanata, 47 

= hasselti, 15, 16 immunda, 47 

* hemprichii, 15 gilchristi (Aplysia), 2 

a rumphii, 14, 15, 16, 19 4 (Cephalodiscus), 177 

=) teremidi, 15 a (Pleurophyllidia), 101, 102 
ne tongana, 15 (Planocera), 145 


truncata, 15 
d’ Orbignyi (Staurodoris), 45 
Dorididae er yptobranchiatae, 41 


glabella (Doris Gen?), 54 
Glaucidae, 94 
Glaucus, 04 


aS phanerobranchiatae, 65 Glaucus atlanticus, 94 

" 28 |  Goniodorididae, 79 
Doridium, 28 | gracilis (Membrotha), 68 

Fa albo-ventrale, 2 | He  Glstopa))s.oo 

.; capense, 28, 29 |  granosa (Archidoris), 43 

a cyaneum, 28 granulata (Berthella), 40, 41 

a cylindricum, 28 9 (Oscaniella), 39 

depictum, 28 |  granulatus (Pleurobranchus), 1, 37 

5 diomedeum, 28 | 40, 41 

. gardineri, 2 gratiosa (Nembrotha), 68 

55 lineolatum, 28 hasselti (Dolabella), 15, 16 

es obscurum, 29 Hemichordata, 151 

x ocelligerum, 28 hemprichii (Dolabella), 15 

‘. pilsbryi, 28 hirundinina (Chelidonura), 2 

3 punctilucens, 28 | hippocrepia (Phoronis), 159 

-f purpureum, 28 | horatii (Pleurophyllidia), 100 

reticulatum, 29 hyalinus (lanolus), 89 

a tricoloratum, 28 Hyperammina friabilis, 186 


Doriopsides, 61 
Doriopsididae, 60 
Doriopsilla, 64 


Ms palmiformis, 185, 186 
Idalia, 79 
Idalia elegans, 79 


Doriopsilla capensis, 64 
Doriopsis, 60 
Doriopsis, sp, 63 
a caesia, 62 
3 callosa, 61 
capensis, 60 
Doris (Gen.?) glabella, 54 
” ” per plexa, 53 
i pseudida, 52 
ecaudata (Dolabella), 15 
Echinospira, 105 
edwardsi (Nembrotha), 68 
elegans (Idalia). 79 
elongata (Dolabella), 15 
Enterocola, 182 


Enterognathus, 178, 179, I81, 182 
Enterognathus comatulae, 177 


Enteropsis, 182 


» leachii, 80 
», mediterranea, 80 
5,  tentaculata. 80 
Idaliella, 80 
Idaliella amoenula, 66, 80 
5  aspersa, 80 
., inaequalis, 80 
5, pulchella, 80 
immunda (Geitodoris), 47 
impexa (Aclesia), 20 
inaequalis (Idaliella), 80 
indecora (Tritonia), 85 
inermis (Chelidonura), 29 
Ianidae, 88 
Ianolus, 89 
Ianolus australis, 89 
» capensis, go 


»  hyalinus, 89 
januarii (Staurodoris), 45, 46 
Janus capensis, 89 
» coeruleo-pictus, 89 
5  cristatus, 89 
»  sanguineus, 89 


Enteropneusta, 151 

euchroa (Pleurophyllidia), to2 

euelpis (Chromodoris ‘, 56 

Euplocamus, 70 

Euplocamus croceus, 71 | 


A croceus var. Capensis, 71 | japonicus (Euplocamus), 71 
¥r japonicus, 71 | Kalinga, 74 
; pacificus, 71 | Kalinga ornata, 75 


eusiphonata (Aplysia), 9 
ferruginosa (Madrella), go kubaryana (Nembrotha), 68 
fimbriata (Melibe), 96 | labyrinthica (Bottelina), 185, 188, 191: 
fragillissima (Syringammina), 185 | leachii (Idalia), 80 

friabilis (Hyperamina), 186 | leonina (Melibe), 96 

gardineri (Doridium), 2 |  leptoconcha (Marsenia), 106 
gargantua (Aplysia), 5 | lima (Philine), 27 


Kaloplocamus, 70 


lineolata (Nembrotha), 68 
lineolatum (Doridium), 28 
Lobaria, 23 
lobata (Aplysia), 8 
longicornis (Triopa), 66 
loveni (Philine), 27 
lucida (Triopa), 66 
fe Clinitonia) 1 
luniceps (Oscaniopsis), 35 
5 (Pleurobranchus), 35 
maculata (Pleurobranchaea), 35 
Madrella, go 
Madrella aurantiaca, 90 
ij ferruginosa, 90 
Marioniae. 82 
Marsenia, 104 
Marsenia capensis, 105 
i leptoconcha, 106 
y perspicua, 104 
Marseniidae, 104 
meckelii (Pleurobranchaea), 33 
mediterranea (Idalia), 80 
melanopus (Pleurobranchaea), 31 
Melibe, 95 
Melibe australis, 95 
5, bucephala, 96 
» Capucina, 96 
» fimbriata, 95 
» leonina, 96 
»  ocellata, 95 
»  papillosa, 96 
», pilosa, 96 
»  Tangli, 95 
5» Tosea, 195, 96 
vexillifera, 96 
microdonta (Pleur aphyllidia), 103 
monochroa (Aplysia), 13 
morosa (Diaulula), 50 
5, (Nembrotha), 68 
mucroniferus (Proctonotus), 90, 
miilleri (Phoronis), 153 
natalensis (Pleurophyllidia), 100, 102 
Naticidae, 108 
Navarchus, 29 
Nembrotha, 67 
Nembrotha amitina, 68 


” capensis, 68 

_ cristata, 68 

BA diaphana, 68 

edwardsi. 68 

5 gracilis, 68 

5 gratiosa, 68 

i kubaryana, 68 

-t lineolata, 68 

is morosa, 68 

i, nigerrima, 68 

Bs rubro-ocellata, 68 
; rubropapulosa, 68 


semperi, 68 
Nembrothae, 67 
niger rima (Nembrotha), 68 


nigropunctata (Oscaniella), 37, 38, 39 


nodulosa (Reophax), 85 
Notarchidae, 19 
Notarchus, 19 


Notaspidea, 30 
Nudibranchiata, 41 
Nudibranchiata holohepatica, 82 
re kladohepatica, 82 

obscurum (Doridium), 29 
ocellata (Melibe), 96 
ocelligera (Aclesia), 20 
ocelligera (Staurodoris), 45 
ocelligerum (Doridium), 28 
ornata (Kalinga), 75 
Oscaniella, 37, 41 
Oscaniellae, 37, 38 
Oscaniella granulata, 39 

*; nigropunctata, 37, 38, 36 
Oscaniopsis, 34, 35 
Oscaniopsis amboineli, 35 


+ compta, 35 
A luniceps, 35 
s pleurobranchaeana. 35 
i semperi, 35 


Oscanius, 37 


“‘pacificus (Euplocamus), 71 


pallida (Tritonia), 1, 83, 84 
palmiformis (Hyperammina), 18 
186 
papillosa (Melibe), 96 
pecten (Staurodoris), 46 
Pectinibranchiata, 104 
Pelosina variabilis, 185 
perplexa (Doris (Gen. ?)), 53 
perspicua (Marsenia), 104 
petersi (Pleurophyllidia), toe 
pilsbryi (Doridium), 28 
Philine, 23 
Philine aperta, 24, 26 
We (Capensiss27 
in) .catena,.27, 
linia, 
ry LONGED? 
3)  PFWinosa, 27 
»  quadrata, 27 
»  Quadripartita, 2 
a sCabray ai 
»  sinuata, 27 
velutinoides, 27 
philinopsis {Chelidonura), 29 
Philinidae, 2: 
Phorenidea, 151 
Phoronis capensis, 151, 152, etc. 
- hippocrepia, 159 
49 buskii, 159 
a australis, 158, 169 
nt miilleri, 153 
Phoronopsis, 152, 153 
Phonoropsis albomaculata, 151, 153 
pilosa (Melibe), 96 
pinnata (Bottelina), 186, 189 
Planocera, 145 
Planoceridae, 148 
planulatus (Sigaretus), 108, 109 
planus (Sigaretus), 108 
Platydoris arrogans, 61 
plebeia (Chelidonura), 29 
pleii (Aclesia), 20 
Pleurobranchaea, 30 


Pleurobranchaea capensis, I, 31, 32 
_ melanopus, 31 
‘ meckelii, 33 
maculata, 35 
pleurobranchaeana (Oscaniopsis), 35 
Pleurobranchidae, 30 
Pleurobranchus, 37 
Pleurobranchus luniceps, 35 
* granulatus, I, 39, 40, 
41 
Pleurophyllidia, 99 
PleurophyHidia capensis, 99 


+ euchroa, 102 

7 gilchristi, Tor, 102 
35 horatii, roo 

s microdonta, 103 

: natalensis, 100, 102 


petersi, 100 
Pleurophyllidiidae, 99 
poikilia (Aplysia), ro 
Porostomata, 60: 

Proctonotus, 90 
Proctonotus mucroniferus, 90 
propriae (Aplysiidae), 2 
pruinosa (Philine), 27 
Pseudida (Doris Gen ?). 52 
Ptychodera capensis, 151, 172 
Pterobranchia, 151 
pulchella (Idaliella), 80 
punctifera (Thordisa), 57 
punctilucens (Doridium), 28 
punctulifera (Thordisa), 50, 54 
purpureum (Doridium), 28 
pusilla, (Aclesia), 20 
pustulata (Staurodoris), 46 
quadrata (Philine), 27 
quadripartita (Philine), 24 
rangii (Melibe), 96 
reticulatum (Doridium), 29 
Reophax, 192 
Reophax nodulosa, 185 
Rhabdammina discreta 186 
Rhabdammininae, 188 
Rhizopod, 185 
rosea (Melibe), 1, 96 
rubro-ocellata (Nembrotha), 68 
Frubropapulosa (Nembrotha), 68 
Fumphii (Dolabella), 14, 15, 16, 19 
sanguineus (Janus), 89 
scabra (Philine), 27 
schroeteri (Bullia), 2 
scripta (Archidoris), 44 
semperi (Nembrotha), 68 

y (Oscaniopsis), 35 


198 | 


sibogae (Aplysia), 13 
Sigaretus planulatus, 108, 16@ 
A planus, 108 
sinuata (Philine), 27 
Staurodoris, 45 
Staurodoris bertheloti, 45 
7 calva, 46 
= depressa, 46 
” d’orbignyi. 45 
4 januarii, 45, 46 
7 pecten, 46 
pustulata, 46 
verrucosa, 45, 46 
striata (Aclesia), 20 
Syringammina fragillissima 185 
tentaculata (Idalia), 8o 
teremidi (Dolabella), 15 
Tethymelibidae, 94 
Thallepus, 19 
| Thordisa, 50 
|  Thordisa punctifera, 50, 51, 57 
| tongana (Aplysia), 15 
7 (Dolabella), 15 
Trevelyanae, 67 
tricoloratum (Doridium), 
Triopa, 65 
Triopa catalinae, 66 
»  €lavigera. 65 
» gracilis, 66 
» longicornis, 66 
», lucida, 66 
Tritonia, 83 
Tritonia indecora, 85 
4) | lucidat a 
», pallida, 1,83, 84 
+i tristis, 66 
M yatesi, 66 
tristis (Triopa), 66 
Tritoniae, 82 
Tritonidoxa, 82, 86 
Tritonidoxa capensis, 87 
Tritoniidae, 82 
Tritoniopsis, 82 
truncata (Dolabella), 15 
variabilis (Pelosina), 185 
varians (Chelidonura), 2 
| varicolor (Aclesia), 20 
| velutina (Chelidonura), 29 
velutinoides ¢Philine), 27 
verrucosa (Staurodoris), 45, 46 
vexillifera (Melibe), 96 
woodi (Aplysia), 12 : 
Zanclopus cephalodisci, 17 
yatesi (Tritonia), 66 


28 


oa 
god 


os 


te*s 


Naae os aS 
eae 


y ee ee 
Sipe tot a em 


AY Pomel Ro 


spar hay? 
es di." 


Gente ou 


ed 
oop lr A 


hi vei 


Ii ash 


PSOE 3) 


Sa 
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES 


nda Paes 


- Stes 


bs Shes 


| 
7 


{| 
I 


| 
| 


| 
| 


| 


eS 
a a r 
7 } Fit eae: 
at x * 
Seopa hes i ESP ee 


| 


| 
| 


Spat any 4. 
‘oO 


| 


Ke) 
Ke) 
© 
oO 
© 
00 
00 
© 
OD 
90) 


es 
alee” 


See, 
at Sa 
pate 


ehh erate 


Sereontiaet 


ma 
F . iene. Z 
ents ated ate. 


Re 


Gay 
er 
xan