Department of Natural History 
Royal Scottish Museum 
Chambers Street 
EDINBURGH EH1 1JF 


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THE MARINE MAMMALS 


IN THE 


ANATOMICAL MUSEUM 


OF THE 


UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH 


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efyNaeIDy Me, | 


PEPER! 


PR PVP ee, 


| Catalogue 


of Cetacea. 


[Frontt spiece. 


Balena mysticetus. 


Hyperoodon. 


kev ‘THE MARINE MAMMALS 


ANATOMICAL MUSEUM 


UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH 


Peer t= eErAch” 
Part I1.—SIRENIA 
Parr Liv—PINNIPEDIEA 


BY 


Sir WM. TURNER, K.C.B., 
DGuiee ln D.5 Disa: Ml. Be, 
F.R.S.L. & P.R.S.Ep. 


EMERITUS PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY, 
PRINCIPAL OF THE UNIVERSITY 


With 17 Plates and more than 100 Figures 
in the Text 


MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED 
ST MARTIN’S STREET, LONDON 
oe 


PREFACE. 


THis descriptive Catalogue of the Marine Mammals in the 
Anatomical Museum of the University has been compiled 
with the view of enabling a public, wider than that which 
can visit the Museum, to have the means of knowing the 
extent of the collection, and the opportunities which it affords 
for the study of the anatomy of these mammals. In the 
number and variety of species it ranks after the British 
Museum and the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons 
of England, and is, I believe, third in the United Kingdom 
in the number of specimens of Cetacea and Pinnipedia 
which it contains; whilst, in species of Cetacea frequenting 
Scottish waters, it is larger and more complete than either 
of those important collections. 


The Museum has acquired its examples of Cetacea mainly 
from the proximity of Edinburgh to the Firth of Forth and 
the North Sea, and the not infrequent opportunities occurring 
for the examination and preservation of specimens of whales 
stranded on the adjoining coast. Since the end of the seven- 
teenth century, when Sir Robert Sibbald and Sir Andrew 
Balfour formed in Edinburgh their joint Museum, naturalists 
living in that city have availed themselves of these oppor- 
tunities, and in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the 
capture of many specimens was recorded. Early in the 
nineteenth century Professor Robert Jameson, Dr John 
Barclay, and Dr Robert Knox preserved in their Museums 
the skulls and skeletons of various species which they had 


Vv 


al PREFACE. 


examined. Since that time the Professors of Anatomy in the 
University, and other naturalists trained in the Edinburgh 
School, of whom I may especially name Sir John Struthers, 
have published descriptions and have made collections which 
have contributed to the growth of the Anatomical Museum. 


The Museum is also much indebted to the late Professor 
Sir Wyville Thomson and to Sir John Murray for a collection 
of skulls and skeletons of Cetacea and Pinnipedia brought 
home by H.M.S. Challenger, which have been described in 
the Zoological Reports of the Expedition. More recently 
Dr Wm. 8. Bruce has generously presented skeletons of the 
Pinnipedia which he had collected during the voyage of the 
Scotia in the Antarctic Ocean, examples of which had not 
previously been in the Museum. Students and young medical 
graduates of the University who have from time to time 
taken part in whaling voyages to the Arctic Ocean, more 
especially Dr Robert Gray, have also contributed specimens 
of Cetacea and Pinnipedia from that region. 

Preliminary to writing the description of the osteological 
section I consulted Professor Robinson, the Conservator of 
the Museum, and with his approval I arranged with Dr 
T. B. Johnston, one of the Demonstrators of Anatomy on 
his staff, to draw up a card list, in which the nature of 
the specimen and the species and genus to which it belonged 
were to be noted. I desire to express my indebtedness to 
Dr Johnston for the assiduity and care which he gave to the 
execution of this part of the work. In the description of the 
bones I have availed myself, so far as seemed necessary, of 
the details recorded in my published papers, and it may be 
stated that the account of the skeleton of Balenoptera sibbaldi 
has been drawn up from notes made during my dissection of 
this animal more than forty years ago, and not previously 
published. 

As regards the specimens illustrative of the soft parts, 
which with few exceptions are preserved wet, the descriptions 


PREFACE. vil 


of the preparations made by Professor John Goodsir have 
been taken from a manuscript catalogue written under his 
supervision. In drawing up the description of those added 
by myself I have, as with the bones, made use of my printed 
papers and of notes not previously published. 


In selecting from the extensive literature of the subject 
generic and specific names for the Cetacea, Sir Wm. H. 
Flower’s Catalogue of the specimens in the British Museum, 
1885, has been taken as the guide. His classification of all 
the Baleen Whales in a single family Balznide has not, 
however, been adopted, as the structural characters which 
collectively distinguish the Right Whales from the Rorquals 
are so numerous and important as to justify a division into 
the two families Baleenidee and Baleenopteride. 

In the classification of the Pinnipedia the generic and 
specitic divisions adopted in my Challenger Report, 1887, on 
these mammals have been followed in the Catalogue. 

The description of the specimens in each part, for each 
family, genus, and species respectively, has been preceded 
by a brief statement of the distinguishing characters, so 
that the Catalogue can be used by the student as a hand- 
book or guide in discriminating the families, genera, and 
species to which they belong. 

The illustrations are in some cases from the blocks em- 
ployed in my published memoirs referred to in the text, but 
the majority have been specially prepared for the Catalogue, 
either from photographs or from original drawings of the 
objects. I wish particularly to thank Mr Ernest J. Henderson, 
the Assistant Conservator, for many photographs, especially 
those of the skeletons suspended in the Museum reproduced 
in Plates I., V., VI., and for the help which he has given in 
making the measurements detailed in the Catalogue. To Mr 
James T. Murray I am indebted for many careful drawings, 
more especially of the series of tympanic bones, which will 
be of service in the study of their modifications in form in the 


Vill PREFACE. 


several species, and in determining their value as furnishing 
specific characters. The drawings have been reproduced as 
process blocks by David Stevenson & Co. I wish also to 
express my thanks to the authorities of the Public Museum, 
Dundee, of the Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, of the 
Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons, England, for 
permitting me to obtain drawings of three tympanic bones, 
examples of which are not in the Anatomical Museum; also 
to the authorities of the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh, 
and of the Smith Institute, Stirling, for permission to examine 
specimens in their collections. 

I refer also with pleasure to the grant of money, by the 
Executive Committee of the Carnegie Trust, towards the 
cataloguing of the Museum, which has made it possible to 
produce this illustrated volume. 

WM. TURNER. 


University, EprinpurGu, 1912. 


CONTENTS. 


PART I. Orper CETACEA. (CeErTE., C.) 


Introduction 


Suborder J. Mystacoceti. (M.C.) 


Family I. Balenide . 

I. Balena. (B.). ‘ ‘ 
(1) Balzena mysticetus. (B. m.) 
(2) » australis. (B. au.) 
(3) »  biscayensis. (B. bi.) 

II. Neobalena. (N.b.) . : : 
(1) Neobaleena marginata. (N.B. m.) 

III. Rachianectes. (R.h.) 


Family II. Baleenopterid 


I. Baleenoptera. (Bpt.). : : 
(1) Baleenoptera musculus. (Bpt. m.) 


(2) x sibbaldi. (Bpt. s.) 
(3) 55 borealis. (Bpt. b.) 
(4) o rostrata. (Bpt. r.) 


II. Megaptera. (M.) : : 
(1) Megaptera boops. (M. b.) 


Baleen whales, fossil and subfossil 


Suborder II. Oponroceti. (0.C.) 
Family I. Physeteridee 
Subfamily Physeterinze 3 
I, Physeter. (Ph.) ; : : 
(1) Physeter macrocephalus. (Ph. m.) 
II. Kogia. (K.) . 
Subfamily Ziphiine 
III. Ziphius. (Z.) : : 
(1) Ziphius cavirostris. (Z. c.) 
(2) 5,  Mmedilineatus. (Z. m.). 
(3) » Species uncertain 


1X 


32 


x 


CONTENTS. 


Suborder II. Oponroceti—continued. 
Family I. Physeteridee—continuwed. 


IV. 


Me 


ME 


Hyperoodon. (H.) 4 
(1) Hyperoodon rostratus. (H. r.) 
Mesoplodon. (Me.) 5 
(1) Mesoplodon bidens. (Me. s.) 
(2) 5 layardi. (Me.1.) . 
Berardius. (Br.) 


Family II. Platanistidee 


Ie 


BI 
III. 


Platanista. (P1.) : : 
(1) Platanista gangetica. (Pl. g.) . 
Inia. (In.) 

Pontoporia. (Po.) 


Family III. Delphinide 


i 


ile 


DT. 


VE. 


We 
Vi 


VEL 


x. 


XIII. 


Monodon. (Mo.) ; : 

(1) Monodon monoceros. (Mo. m.) 
Delphinapterus. (Dpt.) : 5 

(1) Delphinapterus leucas. (Dpt. 1.) 
Phocena. (Ph.) : : 

(1) Phoczena communis. (Ph. c.) . 
Cephalorhynchus. (Crh.) : : 

(1) Cephalorhynchus albifrons. (Crh. a.) . 
Neomeris. (N.) 
Orcella. (Oc.) : : : 

(1) Orcella brevirostris. (Oc. br.) . 
Orca e(OD an : 5 

(1) Orca gladiator. (O. g.). 


. Pseudorea. (Pso.) 
. Globicephalus. (G1). 


(1) Globicephalus melas. (GI. m.). : 
(2) . macrorhynchus. (Gl. mac.) 


. Grampus. (Gr.) 


(1) Grampus griseus. (Gr. g.) 


. Lagenorhynchus. (Lrh.) 


(1) Lagenorhynchus albirostris. (Lrh. al.) 
(2) a acutus, (Lrh. ac.) 


Delphinus. (D.) : : 
(1) Delphinus delphis. (D. d.) 
Tursiops. (T.) é : 
(1) Tursiops tursio. (T. t.) 
(2) “4 catalania. (T. ¢.) 


PAGE 


80 
80 


86 
87 
92 
93 
94 


94 
94 


95 
96 


96. 

96 

96 
102 
102 
104 
104 
107 
107 
108: 
108: 
109 


109 
109 


113. 


113 
114 
119 


120: 
121 


125 
125 
128 


131 
131 
134 
135 
136 


CONTENTS 


Suborder II. Oponrocer1—continued. 
Family III. Delphinidee—continued. 
XIV. Prodelphinus. (PD.). 
(1) Prodelphinus, species not differentiated 
XV. Steno. (St.) . 
(1) Steno rostratus. (St. r.) 
XVI. Sotalia. (So.) 
XVII. Feresa. (Fe.). 
XVIII. Species undetermined 


PART II. Orper SIRENIA. (SIR.) 


Introduction 
Family I. Halicoride 
I. Halicore. (Hal.) : ; 
(1) Halicore Dugong. (Hal. D.) 
Family II. Manatide 
T. Manatus. (Man.) i : 
(1) Manatus senegalensis. (Man. s.). 
Family III. Rhytinide . 
I. Rhytina. (Rh.) 


PART III. SusorpeR PINNIPEDIA. 
Introduction 


Family I. Trichecide 
I. Trichechus. (Tr.) ‘ 
(1) Trichechus rosmarus. (TT. 1.) 


Family II. Otariide 
i Otaria, (Ot.)) : : 
(1) Otaria jubata. (Ot. j.) 


II. Eumetopias. (Eu.) : 
(1) Eumetopias stelleri. (En. st.) 
(2) e ealifornianus. (Eu. ee 
(3) = cinerea. (Eu. cin.) 
(4) a hookeri. (Eu. h.) 
III. Arctocephalus. (Arc.) 
Arctocephalus ursinus. (Are. ur.) 


is australis. (Are. au.) . 
si pusillus. (Are. pu.) 

73 gazella, (Are. ga.) . 
is philippi. (Are. ph.) . 


- species uncertain 


(PIN.) 


x1 


PAGE 


137 
137 
138 
139 
139 
139 
140 


143 


145 
145 
145 


155 
155 
155 


158 
158 


161 


163 


163 
163 


168 
168 
168 


169 
170 
170 
ig 
172 
173 
173 
174 
176 
NOG 
178 
178 


xil CONTENTS. 


Suborder Pinnipep1A—continued. 
Family IL]. Phocide 
Subfamily I. Phocinze 
I (Phoca:s.=(Pha,) a; ‘ : 
(1) Phoca vitulina. (Pho, v.) 
(2) ,,  groenlandica. (Pho. gr.) 
(8) 7.47) ) Mispidasy (Pho; hs) 
(4) ,,  barbata. (Pho. b.). 
II. Halichcerus. (Hal.) ; 
(1) Halicheerus grypus. (Hal. gr.) 
Subfamily II. Cystophorine . 
I. Cystophora. (Cy.) ; 
(1) Cystophora cristata. (Cy. er.) 
II. Macrorhinus, (Mac.) 


(1) Macrorhinus leoninus. (Mace. 1.). 


Subfamily ITI, Ogmorhinine 
I. Ogmorhinus. (Og.) 


(1) Ogmorhinus leptonyx. (Og.1.) . 
(2) of carcinophagus. (Og. c.) 


II. Leptonychotes. (Lep.) 


(1) Leptonychotes weddelli. (Lep. w.) 


III. Ommatophoca, (Om.) . 3 
(1) Ommatophoca rossi. (Om. r.) 


IV. Monachus. (Mon.) 


(1) Monachus albiventer. (Mon. al.) 


ADDENDA. (Add.) 


Plate 


99 


” 


ILLUSTRATIONS, 


I. Baleena mysticetus; Hyperoodon female, skeletons. 


It. 
LE. 


TVi 
N; 


VI. 
VIl. 
VILL. 
IX. 


Baleenoptera sibbaldi, cervical vertebrae 
7 sibbaldi, cervical and 1st dorsal 
vertebre . ; ‘ 
Bs sibbaldi, bones of pectoral Fy +s 
* sibbaldi; Hyperoodon young 
male, skeletons. ; As 
<3 oneness skeleton. Se 
5 rostrata, animal from sien “¢ 
mesial surface, right hemisphere * 
open Whale, maxillary feet ‘ : . 
. Hyperoodon, manus ; Platanista, manus . Pr 
. Platanista gangetica, manus , F BS 
” oP) ” 2 ”? 
. Monodon monoceros, base of pear : 8 
~ outer surface, left hemisphere ,, 
. Lagenorhynchus acutus, animal from photographs, 


profile and ventral surface i : 5. 
. Halicore Dugong, adult, front of face : 3 
. Manatus senegalensis, face and pectoral region __,, 


FIGURES IN TEXT. 


Airthrey Carse Whale, back of skull, Baleenoptera 
Scapula, Carse Whale, Megaptera ; 3 
Mandible of Carse Whale, Orca gladiator 

Baleena mysticetus, face of foetus 


99 


” 


teeth pulps, foetus . : 
tympanic bone, adult, outer Sr eumtace! left . 
hairs on lip, feine. 


” 


PP 


” 


Bakena biscayensis, tympanic bone, left, inner surface 
Baleenoptera musculus, skull 


i tympanic bone, left, outer surface 


Palencpters sibbaldi, Longniddry specimen, from drawing 


“99 


. 


“ dorsum of head, fcetus 


bh) 


section, foetus 
Xili 


suspensory peiaeen of mandible in Penal 


Frontispiece 
opposite page 45 


46 
48 


51 
57 
60 
65 
74 


X1V : ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Balenoptera sibbaldi, tympanic bone, left, outer and inner surfaces 
hyoid bone 

terminal caudal vertebra 

sternum and Ist rib, adult 


” ” 


- - # - foetus : é 

rg rs manus, foetus 3 

- 5 pelvic bone, adult ; : : : 

a BS x. Peete tins 

a ee tympanic bone, left, outer cine fr aequned and 
repaired ; 

os ‘ vertebral disc, cavity in : : 


larynx and hyoid, foetus 
intestine and moniliform tube 
7" - tendon of tail muscle ; 
Balzenoptera borealis, tympanic bone, left, outer surface 
Balenoptera rostrata, head of animal from photograph 
skull 
tympanic bone, left, Gite: buries 
baleen, injected 
7 a Snel , 

Megaptera boops, tympanic bone, left, outer made inner seantaces 
Two-headed Ist rib, Carse Whale, Balzenoptera sibbaldi ‘ 
Tympanic bone, left outer surface, Carse Whale, Baleenoptera musculus 
Implement of deer’s horn found with Carse Whale 
Sperm Whale (Physeter), animal from drawing 
sternum, ventral surface ; 5 3 : 
“ rs A dorsal surface . ‘ 
tympanic, left, outer and inferior surface 

¥ periotic, left, outer surface ‘ 
Kogia, tympanic bone, left, inferior surface 
Ziphius, skull, profile 

~ » dorsum 
tympanic bone, right, outer surface 

periotic bone, Sel tympanic surface 
Hyperoodon rostratus, head from photograph . 
skull, profile 


9 ” 


oy} ” 


” ” 


Ci) ” 


rf mi teeth pulps j : : 
> x tympanic bone, left, tla surface , 
stomach . 


” ” 


as 5 tympanic bone, lning “acanharae of cavity . 
Mesoplodon bidens, head, profile from cious sean : : ; 
an 5 »5 submandibular region 
skull, dorsum, injured : 


” OF) 


s. » tympanic bone, left, inferior surface : : 

i » forearm and manus, bones of 

& »  Imanus, radiogram of ; : ; , 
stomach . : 3 ‘ 


” oP) 


Platanista gangetica, tympanic bone, left, inferior puirface , ; 


PAGE 


62 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Monodon monoceros, pulps of teeth, magnified 


- x tympanic bone, left, inferior surface 
BS = manus, radiogram , : 
5 ns stomach . 


Delphinapterus leucas, tympanic bone, left, inferior surface 
Phocena communis, animal from photograph : 
33 - teeth, upper and lower, x 2 
i tympanic bone, left, inferior surface 
Cephalorhynchus albifrons, tympanic bone, left, inferior surface 
Orca gladiator, tympanic tone left, inferior surface 


+5 i periotic bone, left, outer surface 
55 5 chorion, stellate non-villous area opposite Bert os uteri 
- “6 uterus, gravid, mucous membrane of. 
Globicephalus melas, tympanic bone, left, inferior surface 
5 » carpus, right and left, bones of . 
rn » aorta, pulmonary artery, primary branches 
Grampus griseus, tympanic bone, left, inferior surface 
3 , stomach 
a » manus, bones of : 
Lagenorhynchus albirostris, animal from photograph 
a * tympanic bone, left, inferior surface 
i Bs manus, bones of 
Lagenorhynchus acutus, skull, doraum « 
9 * tympanic bone, left, ‘attics sae 
5 ss pectoral limb, radiogram ; : : 
Delphinus delphis, animal from photograph _. 
7s a tympanic bone, left, inferior surface : : 
5 st manus, bones of 
. snare 


Tursiops tursio, tympanic bone, left, inferior surface : 
Halicore Dugong, foetus 


3 - right tympano- pecionie co with Sammie ossicles 
a 3 placenta and foetus 

Es ‘ foetus, heads of ; 

3 ss face and pectoral region : 


Manatus senegalensis, right tympano-periotic bone 
Trichechus rosmarus, cerebrum, cranial surface 
PA * mesial surface 
Eumetopias californianus, skull 
Arctocephalus pusillus, hard palate 
Phoca hispida, recent and fossil mandibles 
c - mandible, fossil . 
Phoca, species ? humerus 
Macrorhinus leoninus, base of brain 
- a mesial surface 
Leptonychotes weddelli, foetus in utero 
Ommatophoca rossi, dorsum of skull 


PART I. 

ORDER CETACEA. 
CO Ded a ee Or) 

WHALES AND DOLPHINS. 


INTRODUCTION. 


Scornanp, from its position between the North Sea and the Atlantic, 
and through the great firths or estuaries which penetrate inland for 
many miles, is favourably situated for the study of the Ceracka. The 
Orkney and Shetland groups of islands to the north, and the Hebridean 
islands to the west of the mainland, with their bays and intervening 
straits and channels, add largely to the coast-line. The Cetacea, in 
their migrations at some seasons to the north, at others to the south, 
not infrequently become stranded, and their capture gives opportunities 
to Naturalists to determine the Species and to become acquainted with 
their Anatomy. 

Ample evidence exists that, in Prehistoric times, before the land 
and the sea had assumed their present level, whales, sometimes of 
great dimensions, had been stranded both on the east and west 
coasts. 

As portions of the skeletons of some of these animals are in the 
Anatomical Museum, it may be of interest to relate the conditions 
under which bones of the prehistoric whales have been found. 

From time to time specimens have been exposed in the banks of 
the Irvine river, Ayrshire, not far from the town of Irvine. The 
Rey. D. Landsborough stated that in 1790 some bones were found 
in the bank of the river where a new channel had been formed. In 
1863 a further discovery of a portion of the skeleton of a whale was 
made in the river bank about a mile from the town, and the same 
distance from the sea. The bed of the river at the spot was said to 
be about 25 feet above sea-level. Some of the bones were removed 
and presented to the Glasgow University Hunterian Museum. In 
1892 another series of bones was exposed, about 250 paces from the 
spot where the skeleton was found in 1863. One of large size was 
a part of the skull, and it was said to have rested on a bed of shingle 
stones and gravel, immediately below which was a thin layer of 
peaty-looking substance from half an inch to 2 inches in thickness. 
The skull bone is preserved in a museum in Kilmarnock. From its 
size and character the skull was probably that of a Balenoptera. Mr 
John Smith, in a description of the geological position of the Irvine 
Whale Bed, stated that he saw the specimen in setu lying in a darkish 
sand about 3 feet above the water of the river, and perhaps 10 feet 


4 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


above the level of high water. The skull appeared to be in the same 
bed as that in which the bones were found in 1863, and the bed 
belonged to his group of forty-feet Beach Beds, in which layers of peat 
occur, and numerous organic remains, including those of horses and 
whales, have been found (Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. x., 1896). 

In 1823 Sir G. S. Mackenzie of Coul communicated to the Royal 
Society of Edinburgh (Yransactions, vol. x.) an account of the 
vertebra of a whale exposed in a bed of bluish clay near Dingwall, 
in Ross-shire, in a raised beach about three miles from the sea 
-and about 12 feet above high-water mark. No attempt apparently 
was made to discriminate the species of whale to which the vertebra 
belonged. 

The part of Scotland which has given the most abundant evidence 
of the presence of skeletons of whales in raised sea-beaches is the 
valley of the Forth, more especially in the precincts of Stirling. 
The recorded examples have been summarised from time to time by 
the Rev. Charles Rogers in his guide-book to the Bridge of Allan, by 
Mr David Milne Home in his Ancient Water-Lines in Scotland 
(1882), and recently and more fully by Mr David B. Morris, in The 
Raised Beaches of the Forth Valley (1892, reprinted 1901). Mr Morris 
has collected not fewer than fourteen records of bones of whales 
exposed in the fifty-feet raised beach bordering the river Forth and 
the upper end of the Estuary. They were imbedded in the Carse blue 
clay subjacent to the soil now worked in agriculture, and were met 
with either in making roads or drains, or in digging the clay for the 
manufacture of bricks. The clay frequently contains shells of various 
species of molluscs, foraminifera, etc., now inhabiting the adjoining 
sea, and the whales’ bones usually occur from 20 to 30 feet above the 
present high-water level. 

The earliest and most complete discovery was at Airthrey, near 
Stirling, in July 1819, of the skeleton of a whale, the length of 
which was roughly estimated at about 72 feet. The bones were 
lying in blue silt at a depth of between 4 and 5 feet from the 
surface of the ground, and 24 feet above high-water level of the 
river Forth. An account of the discovery was given in the Edin- 
buryh Philosophical Journal, vol. i., by Mr Robert Bald. In a 
letter in my possession, written on 20th August 1819 by Mr Bald 
to the Rev. Dr Baird, the Principal of the University, it is stated 
that on the previous day the bones were dispatched by steamer 
to be deposited in the University as most interesting specimens of 
natural history. The letter contained an inventory of the bones, 
as fallows: head bone, jaw bones, forty vertebre, thirteen ribs, one 
shoulder-blade, swimming paws, various broken bones, an ear bone, 
deer horns, one of which was stated in Mr Bald’s paper in the 
Philosophical Journal to have been perforated. The bones were 
placed in the Natural History Museum, then under the charge of 
Professor Rt. Jameson, which was transferred in 1856 to the Science 
and Art Deparment, and formed the nucleus of the Natural History 
Collection in the Museum, now known as the Royal Scottish Museum. 


INTRODUCTION. 5 


In the catalogue of a museum formed in Stirling during the first 
half of the last century by the late Mr John Macfarlane, after- 
wards transferred to the Smith Institute, is an entry, “Part of a 
whale’s skeleton found at Airthrey,” which leads one to think that 
some of the bones had been received there, though they cannot now 
be identified. 

In 1823 the workmen employed in deepening a drain in Dunmore 
Park exposed in the stiff clay subsoil a number of large bones of a 
whale. Mr Blackadder and Mr Keddoch stated in the Hdin- 
burgh New Philosophical Journal, vol. xi., 1824, that they were 
about 2 feet from the surface, and from 23 to 24 feet higher than 
tidal high-water mark. The bones were chiefly vertebree, and were 
presented to Professor Jameson for his Museum. It would appear 
from the New Statistical Account of Scotland, vol. viii., 1842, that 
whales’ bones had been also found in 1817 to the north of the 
mansion-house of Dunmore, upwards of a quarter of a mile from the 
river bank. 

In October 1824 bones of a whale were exposed in Burnbank, on 
the Blair Drummond estate, seven miles west from Airthrey, and 
twelve miles from Dunmore. They were imbedded at a depth of 
4 feet in the Carse clay, nearly a mile from the river Forth, and 
within 400 yards of the boundary where the clay ends (Mr Home 
Drummond and Mr Blackadder in Mem. Wernerian Soc., v., 1826). 
The bones recognised were a large portion of the cranium, comprising 
the occipital, frontal, and a part of the superior maxilla, also a scapula 
and several vertebre in a mutilated state. A part of a stag’s horn, 
perforated like that found with the Airthrey whale, accompanied 
the bones, and the objects were presented to the Museum of the 
University. 

Distinct records therefore exist that portions of the skeletons of 
whales from three localities in the Carse of Stirling were presented 
to the Natural History Museum between the years 1819 and 1824. 
No catalogue of the fossilised bones seems to have been in existence 
at the time when the University Collection was transferred to the 
Museum of the Science and Art Department. 

It is, however, fortunate that the head bone specified in the 
inventory in Mr Bald’s letter preserves a label, “ Airthrey Fossil 
Whale,” which identifies it as from that animal, and from it we can 
form an idea of the magnitude of this whale. The specimen consisted 
of the occipital bone, with its condyls and the foramen magnum, 
together with the adjoining portions of the temporals. The large 
supra-occipital sloped upwards and forwards. Its posterior surface 
was slightly concave ; it had in the mesial line a low ridge, and it is 
ridged also on each side (figure, p. 6). 

At each side of the occipital a massive squamoso - zygomatic 
temporal projected outwards for 2 feet 2 inches, and added materially 
to the breadth in the temporo-occipital region. I have compared 
the diameters with the corresponding bones of the Longniddry 
B. sibbaldi and of B. musculus :— 


6 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


Longniddry | 
Airthrey Whale. B, sibbaldi. pei ts 

| Bpt.s. 3a, | aia Ni. 

| 
Foramen magnum to vertex Ft. Ins. Ft. Ins. | Ft. Ins. 

of occipital. é é 3 «54 3 il ial 

Greatest breadth of occipital 5 84 60 Dima 
Temporo-occipital breadth . o 6 Hi al 4 8% 
Breadth of condyl : 0 7 ares 
Antero-posterior of condyl . yay toe | igs Sl 


The Airthrey and Longniddry whales corresponded closely in these 
dimensions, and as the latter was nearly 79 feet long, Mr Bald’s 
estimate of 72 feet scarcely perhaps gives the full length of the 
Airthrey specimen. Both animals much exceeded the dimensions of 
B. musculus. 

The condyls of the Airthrey skull were separated in front by a 
groove 2 inches wide, whilst behind they were 44 inches asunder. 
The foramen magnum was almost a circle, and measured 53 by 
52 inches, The vertex border of the bone was not pointed, but had 
a convex curve 184 inches long. 

One lumbar vertebra had been retained in the Royal Scottish Museum, 
a massive bone, 3 ft. high and 3 ft. 5 in. between the tips of the trans- 
verse processes ; the spine was | ft. 10 in. long, the body 15 in. by 12 
in. It resembled the lumbar vertebre of the Longniddry B. sibbaldi. 
Eight ribs were still preserved in the Museum. One, a second rib 
with a distinct capitular process, measured 8 feet 4 inches along the 
curve from the articular tubercle to the opposite end, whilst the 
chord of the are was 6 feet. Another was 9 feet 55 inches along the 
curve ; the chord was 7 feet 64 inches. Another, though somewhat 
broken at one end, was 9 feet 7 inches along the curve; it had been 
fractured near one end during life, as Mr Bald had noted, but had 
become repaired, and was thickened at the place of fracture. The 
shortest rib, evidently one of, if not the hindmost, was 5 feet 
54 inches along the curve, and the chord was 4 feet 1 inch, From 


INTRODUCTION. 7 


the magnitude of the bones and from the close correspondence of 
the occipital region with that of the Longniddry whale, I believe 
that the Airthrey specimen should also be regarded as Balenoptera 
stbbaldi. 

In addition to the bones now described, but not having a label or 
other mark of identification, is a right scapula which in general appear- 
ance and texture resembles the bones found in the Carse clay. Its 
length between the two angles was 5 feet 2 inches, and the glenoido- 
vertebral diameter was 3 feet 5 inches. It was an unusually thick 
plate for a scapula, 23 inches at the superior angle, 2} inches at the 
inferior angle; the vertebral border, forming a continuous convex 
curve, was 14 inch thick. The long diameter of the glenoid fossa was 
15 inches. The coracoid process was represented by a rough tubercle 
with a base of 2 inches; no acromion was present ; the dorsal 


spine was only faintly indicated. The scapula (figure above) differed 
materially from that of B. sibbaldi, in which, as can be seen in 
Plate IV., the bone is triangular, the vertebral border is moderately 
convex, the spine is distinctly marked, the acromion and coracoid are 
large processes, and the blade is relatively thin. The Carse scapula 
corresponds, in its general form and in the absence of processes, with 
the description and figures given of this bone in Megaptera boops. 
The longest Megaptera yet recorded was 514 feet (True, Whale- 
bone Whales of the North Atlantic, 1904), but the customary 
length is between 40 and 50 feet. In the Tay specimen described 
by Sir John Struthers, the ossification of which was not completed, 
the length was 40 feet. 

In the absence of any history of this scapula, one can only speculate 
on its origin. There is no evidence that it was found at Airthrey, 
and there is reason to regard the skeleton from that locality as a 


8 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


B. sibbaldi, a whale which far exceeds the dimensions of Megaptera. 
But two other localities in the Carse also contributed bones to the 
old Natural History Museum, and amongst those sent from Blair 
Drummond a scapula is definitely named. Granting, as its appear- 
ance indicates, that the bone had been a part of the skeleton of a 
Carse whale, the interest centres on this rather than on the 
particular skeleton of which it had been a part, for it proves that 
in prehistoric times the Hump-backed Whale had frequented the 
great estuary of the Forth, a fact which had not previously been 
recognised, 

Mr Milne Home stated in his work, U’he Estuary of the Forth, that 
in 1859 bones of a whale were found in Christie’s brickfield, Stirling, 
but no details were given. In 1863, in the same field, called 
Cow Park, which lies in a loop of the river Forth, about 200 yards 
from the new bridge at Stirling, a large part of a skeleton was 
exposed. I was told by Provost Christie that the bones were 
imbedded in the blue clay, 13 to 14 feet below the surface of the 
ground, and from 3 to 4 feet above the level of high water. They 
were given to the Corporation of Stirling, who some years afterwards 
presented them to the Anatomical Museum of the University. They 
were much broken, but I have succeeded in piecing together 
fragments of the skull and of the mandible, to permit some measure- 
ments to be made and to partially restore their form (Catalogue, 
p- 68). Several ribs were obtained, usually broken, one of which, 
with its two-headed vertebral end, is described and figured, p. 69 ; 
also a number of vertebre, much injured, which belonged to the 
several groups. In the Smith Institute, Stirling, is a rib 5 feet 
long in the are and 45 inches in the chord, marked as found in this 
brickwork, 1863; and not unlikely some other ribs, one of which is 
6 feet 54 inches long in the arc, 5 feet 14 inch in the chord, though 
not marked, are from the same animal. The Catalogue of this 
Institution also contains an entry: ‘‘ Vertebre of skeleton of a whale 
found in Christie’s brickfield, Cow Park.” 

In 1864 a portion of the skeleton of a whale was exposed in a 
brickfield at Cornton, situated between Stirling and the Bridge of 
Allan. It was about 9 feet from the surface, in clay, in which 
Mr Haswell determined the presence of shells of oyster, mussel, 
cockle, and whelk, also a Trophon and a Balanus, with fragments 
of bark, hazel nuts, and the fibres of marsh plants. The bones were 
lying about 30 feet above the present sea-level, and the skull, in a 
fragmentary state, along with the ear bones, was given to a museum 
in Glasgow. ‘The tympanic was 43 inches long, 24 inches broad, 
2? inches high. The periotic was fused with it, also an elongated 
mastoid. Its characters were those of Baleenoptera, and it was 
apparently a young B. musculus, 

In April 1877, whilst a drain was being dug at Woodyet, Meikle- 
wood, Gargunnock, about six miles west of Stirling, some vertebrae 
of a whale were seen in the clay subsoil. The excavations were 
resumed in September, and a skull, more vertebrae with the plates 


INTRODUCTION. 9 


not fused with the bodies, and some ribs were brought into view. 
They were about 100 yards from the river Forth, which bounded one 
side of the field, and they were estimated to be about 30 feet above 
high-water level. I visited the place when the excavations were in 
progress; the vertebrae were not in serial order, but were lying 
irregularly in the clay, turned over on their sides, and the skull was 
at the west of the spine. The bones were removed to the lawn at 
the mansion-house, where I again saw them and counted two dorsal, 
seven lumbar and one cervical vertebra, the pair of Ist ribs, a part 
of another rib, and the hinder part of the skull. The right side of 
the occipital bone was injured, but the left side and the condyls 
were present; the basi-occipital was jointed but not fused with 
the post-sphenoid, with which the base of the vomer was articu- 
lated ; parts of the temporal bones were present, and on one side 
the periotic was im situ. I measured the largest, most perfect 
lumbar vertebra, 26 inches from the ventral surface to the tip of 
the spine and 30 inches between the transverse processes; the body 
was 10} inches in dorsi-ventral and 124 inches in transverse 
diameter. The left Ist rib was almost entire, but the right one was 
broken. The body of a cervical, that of a lumbar, and the tympanic 
bones are described on p. 69 of the Catalogue of the Anatomical 
Museum. 

The bones were retained for a time at Meiklewood, and were sub- 
sequently presented by Mrs Dalrymple to the Smith Institute. The 
collection consists of the occipito-temporal region of the skull; the Ist 
dorsal vertebra, 234 inches between tips of transverse processes, with 
the body 74 inches transversely and 53 inches dorsi-ventrally ; a 1st 
left rib 56 inches long on the arc and 234 inches in the chord, some 
broken vertebra, and plates and portions of ribs. An atlas vertebra, 
the anterior articular surface of which measures 14 by 7? inches, may 
also belong to this animal. 

The implement of deer’s horn lying beside the skull was obviously 
similar to those found along with the skeleton of the Airthrey 
Whale and with that subsequently exposed at Blair Drummond. It 
was at one time customary to call them harpoons or lances, but 
their shape, without a point, and the position of a hole for a handle 
in the middle and not at one end of the implement, unfit them 
for the purpose of a harpoon or lance. The chisel-shaped end, 
again, adapts them for dividing the blubber, and it is probable 
that the neolithic people descended from the adjoining heights 
and used them to remove the blubber from the carcase of the 
stranded whale (figure, p. 70). 

In the Smith Institute is a scapula, which unfortunately bears 
no mark of locality, though there can be no doubt, from its appear- 
ance, that it was from the Carse clay. Possibly it may have been in 
the Macfarlane Collection already referred to. Its diameters were : 
between anterior and posterior angles, 344 inches ; glenoido-vertebral, 
331 inches. The vertebral border was convex and thick ; both the 
coracoid and acromion processes were absent. The scapula therefore 


10 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


had the characters of a Megaptera, and it provides another example, 
though smaller in size, to that already described on page 7. 

Notices of the Carse whales above described are included in Mr 
Morris’s narrative, but in addition he refers to the remains of one 
found at Woodlane, Blair Drummond ; to another at West Carse, on 
the Touch estate ; to a third in a brickfield near Falkirk, about three 
miles from the sea; to two whales found at Dunmore in 1846 and 
1857 ; also to a vertebra in the neighbourhood of Grangemouth, in a 
bed of clay 9 feet from the surface and 12 feet above high-water 
mark, in which Mr John Burns recognised shells of Cardium, 
Littorina, Ostrea, Buccinum, also a few of Tellina proxima and 
Trophon scalariforme. 

In the reprint of The Raised Beaches of the Forth Valley, 1901,. 
Mr Morris related the discovery in 1897 of portions of ribs of a 
whale whilst digging a drain from the village of Causewayhead, 
Stirling, to the river Forth. They were lying in the clay close to 
where it joined the old coast-line of the fifty-feet raised beach. Mr 
Morris asked me to examine the remains, and I observed that the end 
of one rib was cleft into the cancellated tissue, and its sides were 
formed by the outer and inner surfaces of the bone. The condition 
was not natural, and seemed as if it had been artificially shaped 
by the hand of man. A short distance from the ribs a part of the 
beam, with one of the tines, of the antler of a red deer was found, 
The surface of the beam and tine was not roughened, but smooth 
as if from use; and as the tine was pointed, it had the appearance 
of having been employed as an implement for boring. 

In the process of excavating in 1903 for a new dock at Grange- 
mouth, near the point where the river Carron debouches on the 
estuary of the Forth, numerous bones were found about 30 feet below 
the present surface, in the same horizon. Mr Donald D. Arbuthnott, 
the engineer in charge, wrote: ‘“‘The superjacent material consisted 
of 5 to 6 feet of sand, a considerable thickness of mud (watery clay), 


then a bed of gravel, on which the bones were lying, 2 to 3 feet thick, 
composed of roundish boulders, some of considerable size, bedded in 
clay. The gravel bed covered a large area and dipped to the Forth.” 
Specimens were preserved, and were presented through Mr Morris 
to the Smith Institute. I have had the opportunity of examining 
them. The specimen which is of most interest in the present 


INTRODUCTION. ILil 


inquiry is the left mandible of a whale with sockets for large teeth. 
From a comparison of the mandible with the jaws of the Odontoceti 
in the Anatomical Museum, it is from an Orca gladiator, Though 
injured at the tip of the symphysis and at the condylar end, its 
length was 32 inches, and the empty sockets for eleven teeth were 
at the symphysial end. As the outer wall of the sockets was broken 
away, their cavities were exposed. The largest socket was 34 inches 
deep, and 1} inch in antero-posterior diameter. The symphysis was 
rough, 73 inches long and 2% inches broad. The mandible behind 
the last socket was 11 inches in vertical diameter (figure, p. 10). 
This is the first locality from which fossilised remains of the Killer 
Whale (Orca) have been recognised in Scotland. 

Professor Cossar Ewart has carefully examined the other mammalian 
remains from the same spot and has named them—two skulls of 
broad-browed ponies of the forest type; skull of a ram of the peat 
or turf type (Ovis palustris); skull of a dog in size resembling a 
greyhound ; and an imperfect antler like that of a reindeer, 


The first naturalist to write a detailed account of the large whales 
which frequent the Scottish seas in modern times was Sir Robert 
Sibbald, one of the founders of the Royal College of Physicians, 
Edinburgh, and author of works on local history, geography, and 
natural objects. He published in 1692, with illustrations, a volume 
entitled Phalainologia Nova sive Observationes de Balenis in Scotiz 
littus nuper ejectis, In it he gave an excellent account of a Rorqual, 
78 feet long, a male, stranded in September 1692, near the castle of 
Abercorn, on the Firth of Forth. The configuration and dimensions 
of the head and body and the black colour of the baleen plates and 
bristles were so precisely described that one readily recognises it as 
a typical specimen of the great whale which is now appropriately 
named Sibbald’s Whale, Balxnoptera sibbaldt. 

Another Rorqual, a male, 46 feet long, was stranded in November 
1690 to the west of Burntisland. Its length was proportioned to 
its girth, and its form was more slender than the Abercorn specimen. 
The head was slightly oblong, and the snout was midway between 
the acute and the obtuse. The baleen plates were not described. 
Its length exceeded B. rostrata and B. borealis, The upright dorsal 
fin and the short pectoral limb proved that it was not Megaptera ; 
its more slender form and the shape of the beak showed it not to 
be B. sibbaldi, so that it was probably an immature B. musculus. A 
character was given by Sibbald which he regarded as peculiar, 
that the nares were not situated on the head, but in the beak 6 feet 
8 inches from the extremity of the superior maxilla. 

Sibbald recorded the stranding of a male Sperm Whale about 52 
feet long, in February 1689, at Limekilns, on the Firth of Forth. 
Also a female on one of the Orkney Islands in 1687, the head’ of 
which was 8 or 9 feet high. Its length was not given. From the 
form of the head, the position of the blowhole, the arrangement of 
the teeth, and the spermaceti obtained from the head, this animal was 


12 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


obviously also a Sperm Whale. In a manuscript addition to the copy 
of the Phalainologia Nova in the Library of the Royal College of 
Physicians, Edinburgh, are two figures of a Sperm Whale taken at 
Monifieth, February 23, 1703; they are believed to have been 
prepared for a new edition of the Phalainologia which was not 
published. Sibbald also gave an account of small whales, with teeth 
in both jaws, captured in 1690 and 1691 at Culross, Blackness, and 
Kirkcaldy. Some were 20 to 25 feet long, and he styled them Orce. 
He also speaks of twenty-five small whales, which ranged from 10 
to 12 feet in length, being cast ashore in 1690 on Cramond Island. 
Some may possibly have been of the genus which we now call Orca, 
others Globicephalus. Sibbald published in 1697, with the title 
Auctarium Musei Balfouriant e Musxo Sibbaldiano, a catalogue of 
the specimens collected by Sir Andrew Balfour and himself. Fifteen 
of these were derived from the Whalebone Whales, the Sperm Whale, 
and the Orcas described in the Phalainologia Nova; they probably 
constituted the first cetological collection made in Scotland, 

During the eighteenth century and the early years of the nineteenth 
the stranding and capture of occasional isolated specimens were 
recorded. Mr James Paterson, the keeper of the Balfourian Museum, 
stated that in 1701 a male Sperm Whale nearly 52 feet long ‘‘came 
in at Crawmond.” In 1769 Mr James Robertson described a male 
Sperm Whale, 54 feet long, also stranded on Cramond Island. In 
1756 another was said to have come ashore on the west coast of 
Ross-shire. 

Professor John Walker examined a Rorqual cast ashore at Burnt- 
island in June 1761, the sex of which was not determined. It was 
46 feet long; the pectoral limb was 5 feet long and 9 inches in 
greatest breadth ; the tail was 114 feet in transverse diameter; the 
distance from the dorsal fin to the insertion of the tail was 10 feet 
10 inches ; the height of the falciform dorsal fin was 2 feet 10 inches, 
whilst at the root it measured 2 feet 7 inches; the longest baleen 
plates were 2 feet, their breadth was 6 inches, and they were said 
to be “nigra splendentes” (Proc. Soc. for Investigating Natural 
History, Edinburgh, 1782, No. 13, p. 91). From the colour of the 
baleen, it was probably an immature B. sibbaldi. 

Two White Whales were recorded as cast ashore in 1793, east 
of Thurso. One was killed in 1815 on the Forth near Stirling, 
and was described by Dr Barclay and Mr Patrick Neill. More 
recently, in 1845, one was stranded at Auskerry, one of the Orkneys. 
The discovery of the skull in 1800 near Brodie House, Moray Firth, 
by Mr Sowerby, gave us the first specimen of Mesoplodon bidens, or 
Sowerby’s Whale. The Rev. Dr Fleming described in 1808 a 
Narwhal obtained at the Sound of Weesdale in Shetland; but 
Tulpius had recorded, so far back as 1648, the capture of a specimen 
near the Isle of May, at the entrance to the Forth. Dr Traill 
established in 1809 the frequent occurrence of the Pilot Whale, 
Globicephalus melas, in the Orkneys. In a volume of Essays on 
natural history, published in 1808, Professor Walker included 


INTRODUCTION. is 


the Cetacea in his synopsis of the Mammalia Scotica, and in 1828 
Dr John Fleming, in his History of British Animals, brought the 
classification and characters of the Mammalia up to the knowledge 
of that day. 

A great step in advance was made when Dr Robert Knox and 
Mr Frederick J. Knox undertook the dissection of a Great Whale 
stranded at North Berwick in October 1831. The whale, a male, 
was 78 feet long, and was named by them the Balena maximus 
borealis or Great Northern Rorqual with integumentary folds. 
It was fortunate that it came into the possession of so able a 
practical and scientific anatomist as Robert Knox, by whom the 
skeleton and many preparations in illustration of the anatomy of 
the soft parts were preserved, and a description of the animal was 
published. Specimens in illustration of the anatomy of other 
whales he also obtained: for example, the Piked Whale or 
Balenoptera acuto-rostrata, the Greenland or Right Whale, a Dolphin 
named Delphinus tursio, the Common Porpoise, and the Gangetic 
Dolphin. To these were added the skeleton and soft parts of the 
Dugong. The collection was arranged and exhibited as a Museum in 
Edinburgh, and a descriptive catalogue of the specimens was published 
by Mr Frederick J. Knox in 1838. It was unfortunate that, after 
being on view for some years, the collection had to be dispersed ; but 
Professor John Goodsir, who was then actively engaged in developing 
the Anatomical Museum of the University, acquired a number of the 
specimens which are recorded in the present Catalogue. The skeleton 
of the Great Rorqual became the property of the City of Edinburgh, 
and after being exhibited for a number of years in a building in the 
now extinct Zoological Gardens, has found a permanent resting-place 
in the Royal Scottish Museum. Professor Goodsir added to the 
Anatomical Museum, from his own dissections, the skeleton and 
many soft parts of a Hyperoodon stranded in 1845 at Alloa (Catalogue, 
p. 81). He also prepared a number of dissections, many of which 
illustrated the growth of the baleen plates, from a Rorqual, about 
35 feet long, probably B. musculus; and he procured from whaling 
captains the skull of a well-grown B. mysticetus, also the skeleton 
of a younger animal, which, as well as the skeleton of Hyperoodon, 
was not articulated until the collection was arranged by me in 1885 
in the present Anatomical Museum of the University. 

My studies of the Cetacea began in 1867 with the dissection 
of the Pilot Whale, Globicephalus melas, one of a school which 
visited the Firth of Forth in that year. My imterest was in- 
tensified when in 1869 a Great Rorqual, Balenoptera sibbaldi, was 
stranded at Longniddry ; the study of its anatomy occupied many 
months of my time, and enabled me to identify it as the same 
species as Knox’s North Berwick Whale and Sibbald’s Great 
Rorqual stranded near Abercorn in 1692. Since then I have enjoyed 
the opportunity of examining Bpt. musculus, borealis, and rostrata, 
Physeter, Ziphius, Hyperoodon, Mesoplodon bidens and layardi, 
Platanista, Monodon, Delphinapterus, Phocena, Cephalorhynchus, 


14 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


Orcella, Orea, Globicephalus, Grampus, Lagenorhynchus albirostris and 
acutus, Delphinus, Tursiops. 

I have consequently been enabled, as will be seen in the Catalogue, 
to add a large number of specimens to the Museum, and I am 
indebted to many pupils and kind friends for help in procuring them. 
I may especially refer to the late Mr John Anderson of Hillswick, 
Shetland, and to his three sons, two of whom were my students and 
are now graduates of the University. In my studies on the Cetacea 
I have derived great assistance from the memoirs and systematic 
writings of Cuvier, Eschricht, Reinhardt, Sir Richard Owen, J. E. 
Gray, Van Beneden, Gervais, James Murie, Sir Wm, Flower, and 
more recently F. W. True. 

Concurrently with my work on the Cetacea in Edinburgh, the 
late Sir John Struthers was conducting, during his occupancy of the 
anatomical chair in Aberdeen, important investigations into their 
anatomy. He published a series of detailed descriptions on the limbs 
and other parts of the Greenland Right Whale, on Balxnoptera 
musculus, on a White Whale (Beluga) killed at Wick in 1884,! on 
Monodon, Globicephalus, and a valuable monograph on Megaptera 
boops. The University Museum is deeply indebted to him for a 
number of specimens which illustrate their anatomy, reference to 
which is made in the Catalogue. 

The establishment, during the last few years, of whaling stations in 
Shetland, and at Harris in the Long Island, has led to the capture in 
Scottish and adjoining waters, in addition to Bpt. sibbaldi and musculus, 
of large whales which had previously been regarded as only occasional 
visitors. I would refer especially to a number of Sperm Whales, 
to Balenoptera borealis, and even to Balena biscayensis, a species 
which for many years past was thought to be extinct, though now 
the trend of opinion is to regard it as the northern form of Balena 
australis. 


The Anatomical Museum contains examples of 22 genera and of 
33 species of Cetacea, and of the species 21 were stranded on the coast, 
or otherwise captured in Scottish waters. Including the soft parts, 
the Collection consists of about five hundred specimens. 

From the dimensions of the principal building of the Museum, it has 
been possible to suspend a number of articulated skeletons, even of the 
largest species. In the construction of the roof provision was made 
for the insertion of strong steel bars, from which skeletons have been 
suspended, As ‘is customary in collections, many of the species are 
represented only by their skulls, on the differences in which naturalists 
are in the habit of relying in the study of specific and generic 
distinctions. In preparing the Catalogue I have paid special 
attention to the characters displayed by the following regions as 


1 Sir Wm. Flower recorded (Proc. Zool. Soc., 1879) the capture of a Beluga near 
Dunrobin, Sutherland ; and Professor Alex. Meek the capture, in June 1908, of a 
male, 14 feet 2 inches long, at the mouth of the river Tyne (Zvans. Nat. Hist. 
Soc. Northumberland, New Series, vol. 1.). 


INTRODUCTION. L5 


useful in classification: the fronto-naso-premaxillary ; the macxillo- 
premaxillary rostrum, or beak; the hard palate and the pterygoids ; 
the teeth, their absence, or presence, size, form, and numbers; and 
the tympano-periotic bones. 

The Fronto-naso-premaxillary Region.—In the Baleen Whales this 
region is symmetrical. In the genus Balena the nasals occupy the 
interval between the upper ends of the right and left premaxille, and 
are flattened and horizontal on the dorsal surface. In Balenoptera 
musculus the inner border is raised into a crest, the dorsum is grooved, 
and slopes gently downwards and forwards ; in b. s¢bbaldz the nasals 
are large, dorsum convex slopes rapidly downwards and forwards, 
outer border is raised into a crest ; in B. borealis the nasals are short, 
with a low mesial ridge, dorsum faintly concave from side to side, 
convex from behind forwards, sloping down in front; in B. rostrata 
the nasals are small, convex on dorsum, have no crest mesially or 
laterally, and dip rapidly down in front. In Megaptera the nasals 
are narrow, pointed, ridged mesially, concave laterally ; an internasal 
fissure receives the nasal spine of the frontal, which appears on the 
surface between the two nasal bones. The nasal ends of the pre- 
maxille incline inwards and are bent with an inward convexity. 

In Physeter the region shows an extreme degree of asymmetry. 
The upper end of the right premaxilla spreads upwards and to the 
left, and occupies the place of the right nasal; the left premaxilla does 
not reach the left nasal; the anterior nares are displaced, the right 
somewhat anterior to the left. The maxille and frontal are raised into 
a high crest which bounds the bowl-shaped chamber for the spermaceti. 

In Ziphius the conjoined nasals and the premaxille are expanded 
and raised as asymmetrical eminences, which overhang like the eaves 
of a house the anterior nares ; the right nasal and premaxilla are more 
expanded than the left. 

In Hyperoodon the nasals are concave forward, the premaxille 
are expanded asymmetrically, and the anterior surface overhangs 
the nares; the striking specific character is the development of 
the maxillary crests, which are separated from the nasals by a 
deep cleft. 

In Mesoplodon the nasals are vertical and locked in between the 
overhanging borders of the premaxille, which form rough ridges. 

In Platanista the marked specific character is the pair of plate-like 
maxillary crests which curve inwards and almost meet above the 
middle of the face. 

In the Delphinidz the nasals do not form a roof for the narial 
opening, but are short nodular bones which lie behind the opening, and 
their long axes are almost vertical. The premaxille are at the sides 
of the nares and not quite symmetrical, for the left, as a rule, is 
shorter than the right. In Monodon, Phocena, Grampus, Lagenorhyn- 
chus, and Cephalorhynchus the nasal end of the premaxilla is generally 
convex, or marked by a longitudinal ridge. In Delphinapterus, 
Orcella, Orca, Globicephalus, Delphinus, Prodelphinus, and Tursiops 
the nasal end of this bone is either flat or slightly concave. 


16 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


Masxillo-premaxillary Region, Rostrum, or Beak.—In Balena the beak 
is distinguished by its high antero-posterior arch and narrow palate, 
from the relatively flattened dorsum and wide palate in Baleenoptera 
and Megaptera. In Balena the tip of the beak is pointed and formed 
by the premaxille ; the length of the beak is five times greater than 
the breadth at the base: in B. musculus the side of the beak is not 
quite straight, and the length is nearly twice the breadth at the base : 
in B, sibbaldi the side of the beak is more convex, the superior and 
the premaxillz turn inwards at the tip, and the length is about 14 
more than the breadth. In B. borealis the side of the beak is 
straight, the superior and premaxille extend directly forwards to the 
tip; but at its base the superior maxilla curves gently outwards ; 
the length of the beak is rather more than twice the breadth. 
In B. rostrata the tip is pointed, the sides are straight, the interval 
between the premaxille widens out to an ellipse in front of and 
opposite the base, and the length is about 13 more than the breadth. 

In the above measurements, as well as in those which are to 
follow, I have not, as is the practice with some anatomists, compared 
the length of the beak with that of the entire skull. I have pre- 
ferred to take the length of the beak from the tip to the notch in 
the superior maxilla which marks the line of the base, whilst the 
base is measured in a straight line between the opposite maxillary 
notches. By these measurements a better idea can be formed of the 
range in outline of the beak, from a broad triangle such as exists 
in Orea and Globicephalus, to the long, narrow, rod-like beak in 
Platanista. 

In Ziphius the character which at once arrests attention is the 
dense medio-rostral bone which occupies and is fused with the 
spout-like vomer in the interval between the two premaxille, and 
the length of the beak is about 14 times more than the breadth. 
In Hyperoodon the medio-rostral cartilage is little if at all ossified, 
and the length is about 23 times more than the basal breadth. 
In Mesoplodon the medio-rostral is ossified in the adult; the beak 
is more slender than in Ziphius, and its length is about 23 times 
more than the breadth at the base. In Platanista the beak is com- 
pressed laterally so that the length varies in different specimens from 
8 to 12 times more than its breadth at the base. 

In the Delphinide the surface of the premaxille in the beak itself 
is not uniform. In a number of species, as Beluga, Globicephalus, 
Grampus, L. albirostris, D. delphis, Prodelphinus, and Tursiops, it is 
convex, a character which extends as far as or near to the tip; in 
Phoczena and Orcella the convexity is faintly marked ; in Monodon, 
Cephalorhynchus, Orca, and Z. acutus the premaxilla is smooth, 
flattened, or at times faintly concave ; and in Globicephalus the pre- 
maxilla is so broad as largely to conceal the superior maxilla. The 
proportion of the length of the beak to the breadth at the base 
varies with the species. In D. delphis the length is 3 times more 
than the breadth ; in Tursio, Z. acutus, Cephalorhynchus, and Beluga 
the length is about twice greater; in Phocena and Orca, about 13; 


INTRODUCTION. i574 


in Monodon, Orcella, Grampus, L. albirostris, about 14; and in Globi- 
cephalus the length is about 14 more than the breadth at the base. 

The Pterygoids and Hard Palate.—In the Baleen Whales the 
pterygoids are small and separated mesially by a wide cleft; the 
palate plates of the palate bones are large. In Physeter, Hyperoodon, 
Ziphius, and Mesoplodon the pterygoids are large and meet mesially. 

In an important memoir Sir Wm. Flower pointed out (Proc. Zool. 
Soc., 1883) the characters of the pterygo-palatal region in the classi- 
fication of the Delphinide, and subsequently Mr F. W. True, in his 
Review of the Delphinide, has gone over the same ground. It may 
be sufficient, therefore, if I confine myself to a brief statement of 
the characters observed in the skulls in the Anatomical Museum. 

The hinder end of the hard palate is formed by the pair of 
pterygoids situated immediately behind the palate plates of the 
palate bones; each is hollowed into a sinus opening backwards. 
They lie in the same transverse plane, but their relations to the 
middle line vary with the species. Thus, in Beluga, Cephalorhynchus, 
Phocena, Orcella, and in some skulls of Orca they are separated by 
a wide cleft; in Globicephalus, and sometimes in Orca, the interval 
is a narrow fissure; in Monodon, Grampus, L. albirostris and acutus, 
Delphinus, Tursiops, they meet mesially and complete the hard 
palate behind. The palatal plate of the palate bones in Globi- 
cephalus, Phoceena, Delphinus sends a process backwards which 
intervenes between the more anterior half of the inner borders of 
the two pterygoids, 

The hard palate is chiefly formed by the pair of superior maxille 
which usually articulate in the middle line. Sometimes, as in 
Physeter, Hyperoodon, Ziphius, Mesoplodon, Tursiops, Lagenorhyn- 
chus, Prodelphinus, they do not meet mesially in their whole length, 
and allow the lower edge of the vomer to appear. The premaxille 
are only visible in the palate near the tip. In the Baleen Whales the 
palate is perforated by large foramina for the blood-vessels and nerves 
which supply the folds and papillz on the mucous membrane, from 
which the baleen plates are developed and grow. In Balena the 
palate has a strong keel in the middle line, which is not so marked 
in Balenoptera. 

Delphinus, as the genus is now limited, is distinguished from 
other Delphinidze by a mesial palatal ridge and a wide, deep longi- 
tudinal groove on each side of the ridge. 

Teeth.—It is now recognised that in the Cetacea generally 
rudiments of teeth are formed in the gums of the foetus. In the 
Mystacoceti they disappear at an early stage, never cut the gum nor 
possess functional value. In the Odontoceti, again, the teeth 
develop and acquire functional importance. As a rule, the teeth 
are small, conical in shape, and have the same form in whatever 
part of the jaw they are situated, though sometimes they assume 
specific characters. In Layard’s Mesoplodon, for example, a pair of 
mandibular teeth grow to form broad, strap-like fangs of great size 
which enclose the beak of the upper jaw. In Sowerby’s Whale a 

9 


_ 


18 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


pair of mandibular teeth are triangular in shape and laterally com- 
pressed, In the Narwhal the single developed maxillary tooth 
forms a spirally twisted horn, or tusk, 8 to 10 feet long. In the 
Porpoise the numerous small teeth are spade-like in form, some of 
which show indications of cusp-like projections. 

In the descriptive part of the Catalogue the skulls of several 
species are described, eg. Platanista, Phoceena, Cephalorhynchus, 
Lagenorhynchus, Delphinus, Tursiops, Steno, where the teeth are 
numerous in both upper and lower jaws; in others, as Orca, 
Globicephalus, the teeth are greatly diminished in number, and 
are situated at the anterior ends of both jaws; in Physeter 
numerous functional teeth are found in the mandible; in Grampus 
only three or four teeth are present on each side of the symphysis 
of the mandible; in Ziphius and Hyperoodon the fully developed 
teeth are reduced to a pair at the free end of the mandible, but as 
they are almost buried in their sockets they can have but little 
functional value. 

The Tympano-Periotie Bones.—In Balena the height of the 
Tympanic, though not equal to the length, is materially greater 
than the breadth; the keel on the lower aspect is very prominent ; 
the outer surface is divided by a long, wide, oblique groove into two 
unequal convexities, of which the posterior is much the larger ; the 
inner surface is convex and striated, and its upper border, where it 
turns into the tympanic cavity, is nearly horizontal, and at its 
anterior or Eustachian end is notched, and well above the keel. 
In B. mysticetus this border is thicker than in B. australis and 
biscayensis, though not so thick and rounded as in Balenoptera and 
Megaptera. 

In Balenoptera the height is almost the same as the breadth, 
and each of these is much less than the length. The inferior 
keel is not so prominent as in Balena, and the adjoining surfaces 
are not so laterally compressed. The groove which separates 
the outer surface into two unequal convex divisions is short and 
comparatively narrow. The inner surface is convex, and where it 
turns round into the cavity is striated, much thicker, and more 
rounded at the upper nearly horizontal border than in Balena ; 
anteriorly it is notched for the Eustachian tube. B. sibbaldi and 
B. musculus can be distinguished from B. borealis and B. rostrata 
by their larger dimensions. In B. musculus the inner surface is 
more convex, the keel is not so sharp, and the adjoining surfaces 
are not so laterally compressed as in B, sibbaldi. B. borealis has 
+he outer surface less convex, the anterior border is not so well 
defined by a groove, the keel is a narrow ridge, the inner surface 
is more flattened than in B. musculus. In B. rostrata the height is 
‘more than the breadth; the two divisions of the outer surface are 
almost equal in antero-posterior diameter. 

In Megaptera the height and breadth are almost equal, the two 
divisions of the outer surface are prominently convex, the inner 
surface is also distinctly convex; the anterior end is blunt and 


INTRODUCTION. 19 


continued into the keel; the posterior end shows a differentiated 
ridge. Entrance to the cavity has a thick, rounded, striated border, 
with somewhat depressed notch at Eustachian end. The keel is not 
prominent, and blends with the roughened adjoining inner and outer 
surfaces. 

The Tympanic in the Odontoceti is readily distinguishable from 
this bone in the Baleeu Whales; on the inner surface the lower 
border of the entrance to the tympanic cavity is not horizontal or 
nearly so, but slopes downwards and forwards, so that the EKustachian 
end is immediately above the anterior end of the inferior surface. In 
Physeter, a toothed whale of gigantic proportions, the bone is smaller 
even than in B. rostrata, which has scarcely half the bulk of the 
Sperm Whale. Even in an adult male Cachalot its length was only 
22 inches. Its outer surface in the posterior part is raised into a 
strong, curved ridge, continuous with the mallear or lip-like process 
on the upper border, and prolonged downwards to the inferior surface. 
The inferior surface is grooved and bilobed behind ; the outer is larger 
than the inner lobe, roughened in front, above the anterior end 
of which the Eustachian mouth of the cavity opens by an arch- 
shaped orifice. In Kogia the tympanic is not raised on the outer 
surface into a prominent ridge as in Physeter. The bone is bilobed 
posteriorly, the outer being the larger; the inferior surface is smooth ; 
the inner surface is bounded above by the rounded border of the 
opening into the cavity, which is divided by a shallow depression 
into an anterior and a posterior part; the Eustachian end of the 
cavity opens by an arched border. 

In the Ziphiine the tympanic varies in its characters. In 
Hyperoodon it is almost as large as in the sperm whale; the upper 
border of the outer surface gives rise to a curved lip-like process, but 
its extension down the surface is feeble. A well-marked outer lobe 
is behind, but the inner is a rudimentary tubercle; a narrow rough 
ridge, forming a low keel, projects from the inferior surface, close to 
the Eustachian opening at its anterior end. In Ziphius the lip-like 
process is limited to the upper border of the outer surface; the 
inferior surface has a low keel which ends behind in. the projection 
or outer lobe, though the inner lobe is represented by only a minute 
tubercle ; the Eustachian opening is close to the anterior end of the 
inferior surface. In Mesoplodon, again, the tympanic is definitely 
two-lobed behind—the outer, the larger, smooth and rounded; the 
inner well marked, separated from the outer by a shallow cleft ; the 
inferior surface, relatively broad, is not keeled but grooved, and the 
Eustachian opening is close to its anterior end. 

In Platanista the tympanic is 2 inches long, bilobed posteriorly, 
the outer being the larger lobe ; inferior surface is grooved and is 
prolonged into a pointed process, immediately above which is the 
Eustachian opening of the tympanic cavity. The lip-like process 
projects feebly from about the middle of the upper border. 

In the Delphinide the tympanic is bilobed posteriorly, and the 
outer is larger than the inner lobe. The lobes are best seen on the 


20 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


inferior surface, where they are separated by a cleft, varying in width 
and depth in different species, which is usually limited to the region 
of the lobes, though sometimes, as in Tursiops and Monodon, it is 
prolonged forward on the inferior surface as a median groove. The 
outer lobe is smooth and rounded, the inner is usually roughened and 
pointed, though in L. acutus, Tursiops, and Cephalorhynchus it is more 
truncated. The outer surface has about its middle a low raised 
process, which is continued into the lip-hke mallear process on the 
sharp upper border of this surface, but is not prolonged to the inferior 
surface. 

The Periotic proper is a dense, hard bone, which is fused with the 
tympanic in the adult. Its cerebral surface is pierced by one or two 
large canals for the auditory nerve; its tympanic surface, next the 
cavity, has two fenestra, the ovalis and rotunda, to the former of 
which the stapes sometimes remains attached, though the incus may 
have been lost and the malleus fused with the lip-like process of the 
upper border of the outer surface of the tympanic. In the Baleen 
Whales the periotic proper, which encloses the internal ear, is much 
smaller than the tympanic, and is smooth and convex on its inferior 
surface ; but continuous with it a mass of cancellated bone, by which 
it is attached to the squamosal, is sometimes regarded as a mastoid 
process. 

In the Toothed Whales the periotic is not so strongly anchored to 
the squamosal as in the Baleen Whales, and is more easily lost. In 
many species it is not so long and broad as the tympanic, but 
Hyperoodon and Orca form exceptions. A plate-like surface at the 
posterior end of the periotic articulates with a corresponding surface 
of the tympanic. In Hyperoodon, Mesoplodon, Ziphius, and Phocena, 
they are plane surfaces, and the articulation is one of apposition. 
In Physeter and many Dolphins, as Globicephalus, Orca, Grampus, 
they are concave and striated, and the articulation is feebly denticu- 
lated. A rounded, bullet-shaped prominence, immediately below 
and on the tympanic side of the internal auditory meatus, marks the 
position of the labyrinth. 


For purposes of Classification the Cetacea are arranged in two sub- 
orders, Mystacoceti and Odontoceti. 

The Mystacoceti (M.C.) (Whalebone Whales) consist of the families 
Baleenidee (Right Whales) and Baleenopteridee (Rorquals). 

The Odontoceti (O.C.) (Toothed Whales) consist of the families 
Physeteride (Sperm and Beaked Whales), Platanistidz (Fresh-water 
Cetacea), and Delphinidez (Dolphins). : 


teeters TINS 


OF 


Case at, 


suborder 1. MYSTACOCETI. (M.C.) 


(Whalebone, Baleen, or True Whales.) 


Family I. BALAINIDA.. 
(Right Whales.) 

Head large relatively to body; skull almost symmetrical, 
strongly arched; mouth capacious, baleen narrow ; 
skin of throat and chest not plicated; cervical 
vertebrze fused, distinct lachrymal bone, mandible 
without proper coronoid process ; ribs articulate with 
transverse processes and not with bodies of vertebre. 


I. BALAANA. (B.) 
Baleena, Linneeus, Syst. Nat., 1766. 


No dorsal fin; length 50 to 60 feet; pentadactylous. 
Scapula high, with distinct coracoid and acromion. 


(1) BALZNA MYSTICETUS. (B. M.) 
(Greenland or Arctic Right Whale, Bowhead. ) 


Baleena mysticetus, Linneus. 


Colour black, white throat; thirteen pairs of ribs; 
baleen narrow, 11 feet or more in length. 


1. Skeleton, articulated, young; length, 24 feet 5 inches. 
Length of skull in straight line, 7 feet 10 inches. 
Vertebral formula C,D,,LCd,,=56. See Plate I. 

Greenland Seas. Goodsir Collection. 


2. Skull of an older specimen without mandible; length over 
curve of head, 13 feet 4 inches; length in straight 
21 


2 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


line, 11 feet 34 inches; breadth 5 feet 7 inches; length } 
of maxillary beak from notch, over curve 9 feet 8} 
inches, in straight line 8 feet 8 inches; breadth at 
base across maxillary notches 1 foot 94 inches. Nasals 
flattened on dorsum, | foot long, 24 inches in greatest 
breadth. 

Greenland Seas. Goodsir Collection. 


[ Nos. 1 and 2 were obtained by Professor John Goodsir 
through captains of whaling ships. | 

3. Fetus, young, of B. mysticetus, stuffed and dried. It 
was removed ab utero in the Arctic seas, and when 

fresh was 2 feet 44 inches long from the snout to the 

end of the tail. It was dissected by Dr Robert Knox 

and was in the Museum formed by him and Mr F. J. 

Knox. Descriptions were published in the Catalogue 


of their Museum, Edinburgh, 1838, and in Proce. 
Iinn. Soc.: Zool., 1857. An interesting feature is 
the presence of a horizontal flap or fold of skin on 
each side, 4} inches long and 1 inch wide, continuous 
with the edge of the lower lip, and extending from the 
angle of the mouth to 1 inch from the anterior end 


BALANA. 23 


of its opening. Knox considered that in the growth 
of the whalebone this flap covered and prevented its 
extrusion through the side of the mouth. Figure, 
p: 22. Knox Collection, No. 54. 
4. Skeleton of the same fwtus, which, though dried and 
somewhat shrivelled, forms a natural skeleton. The 
length of the cranium is 8 inches, that of the spinal 
column 18 inches, together 26 inches. The summit 
of the cranium is imperfect, but ossification of the 
base, side walls, and jaws has materially advanced. 
The curvature of fie: spine has been preserved by 
introducing a wooden rod, modelled, into the spinal 
canal. The bodies and neural arches of the vertebre 
show centres of ossification in the dried cartilage. 
Knox gives the vertebral formula C,D,,LCd,,=48. 
A partial ossification of the pectoral limbs has taken 
place. The pair of pelvic bones are also partially 
ossitied. Knox Collection, No. 55. 
[Nos. 5 to 7, from the above foetus, preserved in spirit, 
were in the Knox Museum, in the Catalogue of 
which, pp. 22 and 23, it is stated that from sixty to 
seventy dentar pulps were dissected in each jaw 
on each side. Knox, in succession to G. St Hilaire 
and Cuvier, described the rudimentary teeth in 
5. mysticetus and recognised that the dentar pulps 
disappeared. He regarded the baleen as a modified 
form of hair and cuticle belonging to the integu- 
mentary system. | 
5. Teeth, rudimentary. Sixteen dentar pulps with gum 
from the alveolar border of the upper jaw. 


Teeth, rudimentary. Seven dentar pulps dissected out of 
the gum of the same fcetus and fixed upon a tablet. A 
white calcareous incrustation may be seen on the pulps. 


—- OF 9,0,000.8.48. 16 
ee 


[The upper figure shows eleven dentar pulps and the 
gum, the lower four pulps dissected out of the gum.] 


7. Teeth, rudimentary. Twelve dentar pulps together with 
gum from the border of the jaw. 


24 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


8. Tympanic bone, right; length 53 inches, 3 inches in 
greatest breadth and 44 inches in vertical height. 
The outer surface presents two convex divisions, 
separated by a long, wide, deep groove; the posterior, 
much the larger, has on it a shallow groove which 
limits the lip-like process behind; lower down the outer 
surface is concave. The inner surface is convex, and 
striated with vertical grooves. The lower aspect 
presents a strong keel-like ridge which extends along 
its whole length. At the upper, moderately thick, 
horizontal border of the inner surface the tympanic 
cavity opens, the anterior or Eustachian end being 


shghtly notched. Knox Collection. 
9. Tympanic bone, right. Nos. 9, 10, 11 similar to No. 8 in 
their characters. Knox Collection. 

10. Tympanic bone, right. 
September 1888. Donor—Mr John M‘Donald, 


s.s. “ Maud,” Dundee. 
Turner Collection. 


11. Tympanic bone, right. 


12. Tympano-periotic bones, adult, left, fused together. 
Tympanic 6 inches long, 33 inches in greatest 


breadth; height 44 inches; surfaces and keel-like 
ridge strongly marked; lip-like process bounded 


18. 
19: 


24. 


BALENA. 25 


behind by a deep notch in upper border ; cavity opens 
along inner surface by a moderately thick horizontal 
border 34 inches above keel; Eustachian end slightly 
notched. Periotic relatively small, massive mastoid. 
Auditory nerve canal distinct; tympanic ossicles 
present. Figure, p. 24, outer surface of tympanic. 


. Tympano-periotic bones, fused, left, similar in character 


to No, 12. 


. Tympanic bone, left. Dr Debue’s Collection. 
. Tympanic bone, right, half of ; the great thickness of the 


wall of the bulla is shown in the section. 


. Tympanic bone, right, probably from a young Bb. mysti- 


cetus. 


. Tympanic bone, left, probably B. mysticetus. 


Dr R. Broom’s Collection. 
Tympanic bone, right, probably B. mysticetus. 
Baleen plate, 47 inches long, 5 inches in greatest width at 
base, bristles slender. Colour slate grey, striped. 
1888. Donor—Mr John M‘Donald, s.s. ‘‘ Maud.” 
Turner Collection. 


. Baleen. Nine small plates from the foetus of B. mysticetus, 


34 inches long and ? inch wide. Colour greyish white. 
Wet preparation. Donor—Prof. P. J. van Beneden. 


. Cast of cranial cavity; greatest width 18 inches. 


Cerebrum, cerebellum, rhinencephalon, medulla in- 
dicated. From a skull in the Museum of the Royal 
College of Surgeons, England. Purchased. 


. Vertebral plates, four, of caudal vertebre. 


[Nos. 23 to 30 are from the Collection made by 
Professor Sir John Struthers, and were presented 
by him. He has described the sternum in Jowrn. of 
Anat. and Phys., vol. xxix. p. 598, 1895; the carpus 
in the same volume, p. 145; the rudimentary hind 
limbs in vol. xv., 1881. The tibia in vol. xv. p. 160, 
whale marked No. 11.] 


. Sternum of Right Whale, an expanded oval plate, length 


27 inches, breadth 20 inches, articulating with the 
first pair of ribs. 
From Cumberland Sound, Davis Straits. 
Fore limb, articulated skeleton of right, young male; 
carpal region modelled in wood. Length of humerus 
153 inches, of radius 18 inches, of ulna 20 inches. 


bo 
=>) 


bo 
~I 


28. 


29 


30. 


32. 


34. 


SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


5. Carpus, dried section of palmar half of right, showing three 


ossicles in the cartilage, the cartilaginous epiphyses of 
radius and ulna, also of the carpal ends of metacarpals. 
From a male Greenland Right Whale 35 feet long. 


Carpus. Dried section of dorsal half of the same carpus, 
with the three ossicles. 


. Carpus, dried section of left, from female Right Whale 


48 feet long. Two large ossified carpals, also two 
unossified. Radial and ulnar carpal epiphyses. Dried 
cartilaginous ends of metacarpals. 


Right pelvic bone and rudimentary femur ankylosed to 
each other; the corresponding left bones and the 
cartilaginous tibize are modelled in wood. 


. Left pelvic bone and femur; the corresponding right 


bones and both cartilaginous tibiz are modelled in 
wood. 


Tibia, longitudinal section through the cartilaginous, of 
a Mysticete. The cartilage is invested by a thick 
perichondrium, and shows vacuities which probably 
contained blood-vessels. The surface of articulation 
for the femur is at the upper end. 


. Tongue, the anterior end, from the foetal B. mysticetus 


(No. 3), showing the fixing of the tip to the floor of 
the mouth by a relatively thick frenum. Mucous 
membrane of dorsum smooth, whilst the sides are 
furrowed. The tongue weighed 9 oz., the foetus itself 
7H Ib. Knox Collection, No. 70. 


Tongue. Transverse section through the middle of the 
tongue of the same foetus. The mucous surface of 
dorsum is smooth; that of the sides is raised in folds. 

Knox Collection ? 


. Stomach of fcetal B. mysticetus, showing three distinct 


compartments, cesophageal, intermediate, and pyloric. 
The last communicates with the duodenum, into which 
the biliary and pancreatic ducts open. 

Knox Collection, No. 61. 


Heart of fetal B. mysticetws, with pulmonary artery, its 
two branches, and the aorta. The ventricles have been 
opened into, and the auriculo-ventricular valves are 
displayed. The ductus arteriosus, the brachio-cephalic 
and left carotid arteries are exposed. The heart is 
short, broad, flattened, and without a distinct apex. 

Knox Collection, No. 64. 


BALENA. OIF 


35. Rete mirabile lining the inner surface of the dura mater 
of a Whale; the vessels are injected with wax. The 
specimen may possibly have been from a B. mysticetws 
in the Knox Museum. 


36. Skin. Section of skin of adult B. mysticetus. The 
cuticle, 1 inch thick, has been partially reflected 
from the cutis, and the long papille of the latter 
have been drawn out of the deep part of the cuticle, 
the striated appearance of which shows where the 
papille had been lodged and the extent of their 
penetration into the cuticle. 

Knox Collection, No. 73. 


37. Skin. Thick cuticle of the Greenland Whale. The attached 
surface, mottled with black pigment, shows the minute 
holes and grooves for the passage of the papille of 
the cutis; the sides of the section through the cuticle 
show the striated appearance produced by the spaces 
in which the papillee are lodged. 

Knox Collection, No. 74. 

38. Hair. Lip of a fetal Mysticete; two delicate hairs 
project from it and form a rudimentary moustache ; 
a groove for other hairs is present. See figure below. 


39. Brain of B. mysticetus, without membranes, removed 
from the skull by Dr Robert Gray. Weight 4 lb. 
8 oz. Donor—Sir John Batty Tuke, M.P. 


40. Eyeball, antero-posterior section of adult B. mysticetus 
45 feet long, showing the external coats and the 
vascular rete surrounding the optic nerve. The 
diameter of the eyeball is 3 inches transversely, 
12 inch antero-posteriorly. | Knox Collection, No. 78. 


41. Eyeball, transverse section of Mysticete, showing on 
one aspect the optic nerve, with the vascular rete 
mirabile which surrounds it before it pierces the 
sclerotic; on the other aspect the nerve is seen after 


42. 


43. 


44,, 


45, 


46. 


47. 


48. 


49, 


50. 


ol. 


SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


it has pierced the sclerotic, also the openings for the 
ciliary arteries. Knox Collection, No. 79. 
[The preparations of the eyeball No. 42 to No. 53 were 
part of the Goodsir Collection. | 
Eyeball, anterior segment, showing section through 
sclerotic, choroid, retina, iris, and ciliary processes, 
also a linear pupil. On the front of the globe are 
the cornea and the conjunctiva. 


Eyeball, anterior segment from a Mysticete. The 
cornea covered by the conjunctiva in front; a coronal 
section has been made through the coats to show 
the vitreous body occupying the space in front of 
the retina. 


Eyeball, posterior segment of the choroid of Mysticete, 
showing the vasa vorticosa; the retina is. partially 
separated from the anterior surface of the choroid. 


Eyeball, posterior segment of the globe of Mysticete, 
showing sclerotic, choroid, retina partially detached, 
and the remains of the vitreous body. 

Eyeball of the Mysticete in transverse section, showing 
the fibrous sclerotic, and the tubes for the trans- 
mission of the optic nerve and the long and short 
ciliary arteries. 

Eyeball. Antero-posterior section through the coats, 
showing the retina detached from the choroid and 
connected with the optic nerve. The cornea and iris 
form the anterior part of the section. 


Eyeball. Antero-posterior section through the globe of 
a Mysticete, showing the coats, the lens, the vitreous 
body, and the optic nerve. 


Eyeball, the greater part of the, of B. mysticetus. Cornea 
removed, showing front of iris and pupil; sclerotic 
cleaned of its muscles. 

Eyeball. Coronal section with the cornea removed, show- 
ing the iris, the ciliary processes, and the anterior 
part of the retina. 

Eyeball. Antero-posterior section, showing optic nerve, 
the large rete mirabile which encloses it, the choroid 
with its pigment, tapetum, and iris. 


. Eyeball. Antero-posterior section of optic nerve, rete 


mirabile, and sclerotic; the iris, lens, and choroid 
have been retained, and the outer surface of the 
choroid shows the vasa vorticosa. 


BALANA. 29 


53. Eyeball. Annular section through the equator of the 
sclerotic of B. mysticetus, showing the apertures of 
the vasa vorticosa. 


54, Ear. Three blocks of the integument surrounding the 
meatus auditorius externus of a B. mysticetus, show- 
ing the differences in size of the meatus at its deep 
end and as it approaches the surface. The whale was 
a male 40 feet 6 inches long, and the meatus opened 
16 inches behind the posterior canthus of the eye. 
See Dr Robert Gray, Jowrn. Anat. and Phys., vol. 
xxiil., 1889. 


(2) BALENA AUSTRALIS. (B. AU.) 
(Southern Right Whale.) 


Balzena australis, Desmowlins, Dict. Class d@ Hist. Nat.. 
iW) Oy IN Ke Pare 


Body smaller than B. mysticetws, head relatively 
smaller, baleen shorter, ribs fifteen pairs. 


1. Vertebre, cervical and Ist dorsal, fused into one mass. 
The inferior transverse processes are present in the 
2nd, 5rd, and 4th cervicals, but not in the 5th, 6th, 
and 7th. The block was marked “Right Whale of 
New Zealand,’ captured at Kaipara. See Turner, 
Challenger Reports, vol. i., 1880. 

“Challenger” Collection. 


2. Tympano-periotic bones, right, fused, with long mastoid 
process; length 5 inches, breadth 3 inches, height 
4 inches; wide cleft behind lip-like process. Outer 
and inner surfaces closely correspond with B. biscay- 
ensis; upper border of inner surface relatively thin, 
3 inches above keel; Eustachian end deeply notched. 
Keel strongly projecting, adjoining surfaces laterally 
compressed. -Periotic, length 22 inches, breadth 
13 inch. Auditory canals wide and long. Tympanic 
ossicles absent. 

From Te-Awite, New Zealand, September 1888. 
Purchased—Turner Collection. 


3. Tympano-periotic bones, left, fused, with long mastoid; 
length, breadth, height, and other characters as 
above. 

From Te-Awite, New Zealand, September 1888. 
Purchased—Turner Coliection. 


30 


SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


(3) BALANA BISCAYENSIS. (B. BI.) 
(North Atlantic Right Whale.) 


Baleine des Basques, Fischer, Ann. des Sc. Nat., 1871. 
Balena biscayensis, H'schricht, Van Beneden and Gervais. 
Nord Caper of Lacépede and Eschricht. 


Much smaller than B. mysticetus. Baleen narrow, 
about half as long as in mysticetus. So similar is 
it in characters to B. australis that many systematic 
writers regard B. biscayensis as only the North 
Atlantic form of B. australis. 


1. Tympano-periotic bones, fused, left; apparently adult. 


Tympanic, length 5 inches, breadth 33 inches, height 
42 inches. Outer surface separated into two unequal 
convex divisions by long, deep, wide groove ; posterior 
34 inches, anterior 13 inch. Lip-like process from 
upper border limited behind by deep notch. Inner 
surface moderately convex and striated, upper border 
relatively thin 3} inches above keel, terminating at 
Kustachian end in deep notch (figure below). Lower 
aspect strongly keeled, the adjoining surfaces laterall 

compressed. Periotic, 28 inches long, 1? inch broad ; 
inferior surface smooth and convex. Auditory canal 


NEOBALANA—RACHIANECTES. 31 


divided into two; tympanic ossicles absent. A large 

mastoid for articulation with temporal. Whale about 

40 feet long. Captured, 1910, west of St Kilda. 
Donor—W. Eagle Clark, Esq. 


2. Skull and Earbones. Sve Addenda. 


II. NEOBALANA. (N.B) 
Neobaleena, Gray, Suppl. Cat. Whales and Seals, 1871. 


About 20 feet long, small falcate dorsal fin; tetra- 
dactylous. Scapula with coracoid and acromion. 


(1) NEOBALENA MARGINATA. (N.B. M.) 


Neobalena marginata, Gray, ut swpru. 
Balena marginata, Gray, op. cit.; Hector, Trans. N. Zealand 
Inst., 1869. 
Seventeen pairs of broad, flattened ribs. Vertebral 
formula C,D,,L,Cd,, = 43. 


1. Baleen, two plates, 27} inches long; greatest width at 

base, 2% inches; bristles very fine; colour, black band 

on outer straight border, elsewhere white. Sir J. 
Hector in Proc. N. Zealand Inst., 1869. 

Island of Kawau; from Colonial Museum, New Zealand. 

Donor—NSir James Hector, K.C.M.G. 


III. RACHIANECTES. (R.H.) 
Rachianectes, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Philadelphia, 1869. 


No proper dorsal fin, only two folds on skin of throat: 
pectoral fin narrow. 


(1) RACHIANECTES GLAUCUS. (R.H. G.) 
(Pacific Grey Whale.) 
Agaphelus glaucus, Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc. Philadelphia, 
1868. 
Colour mottled grey to black; head small; length 40 
2a ele ise shee 

to 45 feet; baleen light-coloured, approaching white, 
less than 2 feet long; ribs fourteen pairs; sternum 

cruciform. The only species. 

No specimen in Museum. 


32 


SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


Family H. BALANOPTERIDA. 
(Rorquals.) 


Compared with Balzna, head not so large relatively to 


body, skull feebly arched, baleen shorter and wider ; 
skin of throat and chest plicated; dorsal fin; wide 
foramen at root of cervical transverse processes ; 
mandible with a coronoid process. 


I. BALENOPTERA. (Bpt.) 


Baleenoptera, Lacépede, Hist. Nat. des Cétacées, p. Xxxvi, 


1804. 
Fin Whales, Finbacks, Rorquals; dorsal fin distinct, 


cervical vertebre not fused; tetradactylous; ribs 
articulated with transverse processes and not with 
bodies of vertebre. Scapula low, broad; coracoid 
and acromion large. 


(1) BALHNOPTERA MUSCULUS. (BPT. M.) 
(Common Rorqual, Fin Whale, or Razorback.) 


Baleena musculus, Linn., Syst. Nat., 1766. 
Balena tripinnis que rostrum acutum habet et plicas in 


ventre, R. Sibbald, Phalainologia nova, Edinburgh, 
1692. 


Baleenoptera musculus, Van Beneden and Gervais, Ostéo- 


raphie des Cétacées; Flower, Turner, and others. 
I ; 


Balenoptera physalus, True, Smithsonian Contributions. 


vol. xxxui., 1904. 
Colour greyish slate on back and sides, belly white ; 


not exceeding 70 feet; fifteen pairs of ribs; dorsal 
fin relatively low ; pectoral limb about 7 feet, margins 
almost straight. Baleen mottled; outer border of 
upper jaw almost straight. C,D,,L,;Cd,,= 63. 


1. Skull, with mandible; right baleen wreath im situ. 


Length 9 feet 2 inches; greatest breadth 4 feet 10 
inches; length of maxillary beak 5 feet 9% inches, 
breadth at base 3 feet 2 inches. Nasals 73 inches 
long in middle line, 8} inches at the outer border, 
greatest breadth 28 inches; length of mandible on 
outer convex surface 9 feet 6 inches, in straight 
line 8 feet 114 inches; girth in front of coronoid 


i) 


BALA NOPTERA. 33 


1 foot 10 inches. The maxillary borders of the jaw 
show a faint convex outline. See figure below. 

Whale, nearly 50 feet long, stranded at the Old Bar: 

Aberdeen, 1889. Turner Collection. 


Tympanic bones, pair of broken, from the Aberdeen skull 
of B. musculus, No. 1. Turner Collection. 
Tympanic bone, left, from B. musculus, 60 feet long, 
adult, stranded at Sandvoe, Nouhhmary en, Shetland. 
Length 54 inches, breadth 3 inches; vertical height 
34 Inches. Outer surface, more convex than in 
sibbaldi, consists of a ees larger and an anterior 
smaller division separated by a short vertical groove ; 
the distance from the groove to the posterior border 1S 
3+ inches, and to the daierion border 24 inches. The 
lip-hke process ascends from the posterior division 
and is bounded behind by a narrow groove. The 
anterior border is differentiated into a ridge bya deep 
groove immediately behind it. The inner surface is 
more convex than in sibbaldi: the keel-like inferior 


2) 
3) 


34 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


border is not so sharp as in sibbaldi, and the bone 
on each side is not so much compressed laterally as 
in Sibbald’s Whale. The tympanic cavity opens hori- 


zontally at the thick, rounded upper border of the 
inner surface 24 inches from the keel; Eustachian end 

slightly notched. Figure of outer surface above. 
November 1887. Donor—Dr Chas. Anderson. 
Turner Collection. 


4. Tympano-periotic bones, the left fused; with tympanic 
ossicles; probably 5. musculus. Length 43 inches, 
breadth 23 inches. Monro Collection. 


44. Tympanic bone, left ; length 5 inches, breadth 2,/, inches, 

vertical height 3 inches; outer surface very convex, 

a short wide groove separates it into a longer posterior 

and shorter anterior division; inner surface convex, 

striated and rounded at the upper curved border 

where it turns into the cavity ; inferior surface keeled, 

not very prominently, but continued behind into a 
border much stronger than the anterior border. 

Donor—Dr A. Logan Turner, 1912. 


5. Vertebra, portion of; the plates are ossified to the body ; 
possibly B. musculus. 
The Camps, Wick. 
Found in 1893, during drainage operations, and believed 
to belong to a whale stranded there in 1782. 
Donor—Bailie Chas. Bruce, Wick. 


10. 


Ee 


13. 


14. 


BALANOPTERA. 35, 


[Nos. 6 to 9 were presented by Sir John Struthers, and 
were described by him in Jowrn. of Anat. and Phys., 
vol. vii., 1872; vol. xxix., 1895, pp. 147, 593.] 
Vertebre, seven cervical and Ist dorsal; bones not fused 
together. 
Animal stranded near Wick, June 1869. 


. Vertebre, axis and four succeeding cervicals, neural 


arches ossified, transverse processes incomplete ; 
probably a young B. musculus. 


. Sternum, tlattened cruciform bone; transverse diameter 


2 feet, antero-posterior | foot 53 inches. 
From a Fin Whale caught in Davis Strait. 


. Fore limb, articulated skeleton of right, adult male; 


length of humerus 21! inches, of radius 3 feet, of 
ulna 3 feet 2 inches. 


[Nos. 10 to 15 are from the collection formed by 
Professor Sir Wm. Turner. | 
Baleen plate from Rorqual, 60 feet long, stranded at 
Sandvoe, Northmaven, Shetland, November 1887. 
In colour, form, and dimensions characteristic of 
B. musculus. See No. 3. 
Donor—Dr Chas. Anderson. 


Baleen plate from Finner, 64 feet long, stranded at 
Whale Rock, Kingask, St Andrews Bay, in January 
1848. Colour mottled, yellow, slate-coloured, brown 
and black, striped; bristles stiff, white grey. Length 
26 inches; greatest width 7? inches. 

Donor—R. Jameson, Esq., of Kingask. 


2. Baleen plates from a specimen captured at Harris, in the 


Hebrides, November 1905. Average length 27 inches, 
greatest width 11 inches. Most of the plates have 
the customary mottled, striped appearance of B. mas- 
culus; but one is yellowish white, striped with 
grey ; in all the bristles are white. 

Donor—Dr Duncan Fletcher. 


Baleen plate of Rorqual, stranded at Quendale, Shetland, 
November 1879. Length 25} inches, width 13} inches; 
colour mottled as in this species, though somewhat 
darker than usual. Donor—G. H. Wildert, Esq. 


Baleen plates, two in number, from specimen from 
Stornoway, November 1871. Colour, form, and 
dimensions characteristic of B. musculus. 


36 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


15. Baleen. One of the small plates of a Finner, 66 feet 
long, probably B. musculus, stranded in the Severn, 
January 1885. The plate is mottled brown, greyish 
yellow, and the bristles are greyish white. 

Donor—Dr G. Washington Isaac. 

[The series of specimens from No. 16 to No. 56 were 

prepared by Professor John Goodsir from a Rorqual 

about 35 feet long, which, from the character of the 

baleen, was B. musculus. They were added by him 
to the Museum. | 

16. Baleen. ‘Transverse section across the upper lip and one 
half of the palatal mucous membrane of a Rorqual. 
Six broad plates are at the outer edge, and internal 
to these are a number of small, band-like plates. 
From the mottled, striped appearance of the plates 
they are evidently from Bb. musculus. 

17. Baleen. Eight plates froin the same Rorqual, with corre- 
sponding part of palatal mucous membrane and of 
the intermediate substance in which the plates are 
imbedded. The plates are mottled brown, grey, and 
striped; the bristles are whitish. 

18. Baleen. A similar section from the same part of the 
palatal region, showing in addition to the eight plates 
a number of the smaller plates situated nearer to the 
mid line of the palate. From the lower border of each 
plate the bristles project downwards into the cavity 
of the mouth. 

19. Baleen. Section through another part of the palate of 
the same Rorqual, near the middle line. The plates 
are narrow bands; the lower ends are truncated and 
give origin to bristles, which, as well as the plates, 
are white. 

20. Baleen. A similar preparation to the last. The relation 
of the intermediate substance to the plates is well seen. 


21. Baleen. Section through the palatal mucous membrane 
of the same Rorqual. The plates and intermediate 
substance have been taken away, and the folds and 
papillze by which they are produced are shown. 

22. Baleen. A fold of the palatal mucous membrane showing 
three narrow whalebone folds with their characteristic 
papille. . | 

23. Tympanic bulla, section of. It has been decalcified and 


the earthy matter removed. Possibly from a_ Bb. 
musculus, 


24. 


bo 
Or 


WN 
oD 


iw) 
~I 


29 


30. 


34. 


BALANOPTERA. oT 


Muscle. Section through the dorsal muscle of the tail of 
a Rorqual, B. musculus, showing the intermingling 
of muscular and tendinous Bande 


. Tendon. A transverse section through another specimen 


from the same animal. The sheath, remarkable for its 
thickness, has been dissected from the tendon. 


Tendon. A larger example from the tail of the same 
animal. The sheath can be seen on a part of the 
surface, but on another part it has been removed, and 
the subdivision of the tendon into its constituent 
parallel bundles is displayed. 


. Tendon. One of the great tendons from near the end of 


the tail of a Rorqual, B. musculus. 


. Lip. Transverse section through the lip of a Rorqual, 


c=} 
probably B. musculus, showing the folds of mucous 


membrane adjoining the free edge. 


. Hair. Section through skin of the lower lip of a Rorqual, 


probably B. musculus, showing a number of short, 
coarse hairs projecting from the surface and forming 
a beard 


(sophagus, transverse section from a Rorqual 35 feet 
long, B. musculus, showing longitudinal folding of 
the mucous lining. 


. Heart. Section of auricle of same Rorqual, exhibiting 


the powerful muscular trabeculae which project into 
the cavity, which in places form a reticulated 
arrangement. 


. Heart. Another section through wall of auricle of the 


same Rorqual. 


. Heart. Transverse section of a ventricle of the same 


Rorqual, showing the reticulated arrangement of the 
muscular bands. 


Heart. The long fibrous moderator band, connected at 
its ends with opposite walls of the left ventricle, of a 
large Rorqual. 


Heart. One half of a semilunar valve of Rorqual, show- 
ing the arrangement of the strong fibrous bundles 
which, springing from its attachment, radiate into 
the substance of the valve. 


. Heart. Cusp of right auriculo-ventricular valve of 


Rorqual, B. musculus, showing two column carne 


and the attachment of the chord tendine. 


38 


37. 


40. 


41. 


42. 


49, 


50. 


SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


Aorta. Transverse section of the abdominal aorta of the 
Rorqual 35 feet long; the diameter of the lumen is 
4 inches. 


. Lymphatic trunks, three in number, converging to join 


the thoracic duct. They are inverted to show the 
lining membrane and the semilunar valves. 


. Lymphatic trunk, inverted, from the lower part of the 


abdomen of the same Rorqual; the lumen is more 
than half an inch in diameter. 


Skin. Section from the skin of the back of the same, 
showing the subjacent blubber. 


Skin. Section of cutis vera of the same Rorqual. The 
cuticle has been removed and the closely set papille 
of the cutis are exposed. The papille rest upon the 
dense fibrous structure of the cutis. 


Skin. Horizontal section of dorsal fin of Rorqual. In 
the middle of the section is the cutis vera, from which 
the papillz project into the thick cuticle. 


. Skin. Perpendicular transverse section showing a similar 


structure. 


. Skin. Transverse horizontal section of the anterior 


margin of the dorsal fin of the same animal, showing 
similar structure. 


5. Skin. Section through the caudal fin of a Rorqual, B. 


musculus, showing the dense fibrous structure of the 
cutis vera. 


3. Skin. Cuticle of a Rorqual, probably B. musculus, show- 


ing the rich black colour of the deep surface. 


. Skin. Cuticle of the abdomen of the same Rorqual, 


showing its grey colour mottled with brown spots. 


. Skin. Superficial part of the cuticle of the same Rorqual, 


feebly pigmented. 


Skin. Portion of cuticle of a Whale, species not named. 
It consists of two layers not strongly pigmented, and 
extending through it 1s a white band, probably a 
cicatrix. 

Eyeball of a large Rorqual in antero-posterior section 
through the optic nerve and the vascular connective 
tissue which surrounds it. The retina is seen lning 
the chamber for the vitreous humour. The great 
thickness of the sclerotic behind and its decrease in 
front are exhibited. 


53. 


Di. 


BALANOPTERA. 39 


. Eyeball, anterior segment of a transverse section of a 


large Rorqual, showing the great thickness of the 
sclerotic and the sections of two tubes through which 
the long ciliary arteries pass. 


. Eyeball, posterior segment of the same Rorqual, showing 


the foramina of transmission of the short ciliary 
arteries and nerves, and a transverse section through 
the optic nerve. 

Kyeball of the Rorqual, B. musculus. An antero-posterior 
section has been made through the axis of the optic 
nerve; the great thickness of the posterior part of the 
sclerotic coat is shown. 


. Eyeball. Antero - posterior section through sclerotic, 


cornea, iris, and choroid. The pigment layer has been 
removed from the choroid to show its fibro-vascular 
layer. 


. Eyelids of a small Rorqual with the palpebral fissure. 
. Penis. Transverse section through the penis of a large 


Rorqual, probably B. musculus; transverse diameter 
91 inches, dorso-ventral diameter 8 inches. The 
corpora cavernosa are blended: the fibrous coat is 
24 inches thick; the erectile cavernous part is 7 inches 
in transverse diameter. The corpus spongiosum 
projects on the ventral surface, and the transverse 
diameter of the urethra is 1} inch. 

Pennella balenoptere, a crustacean parasitic on b. mus- 
culus, obtained September 1903. Described by Sir 
Wm. Turner, Trans. Roy. Soc. Hdin., vol. xli., 1905. 
See Pathological Catalogue of the University Museum, 
section on parasites, p. 397. 

Donor—Mr Christopher Castberg. 


(2) BALHZNOPTERA SIBBALDI. (BPT. S.) 
(Sibbald’s Rorqual, Blue Whale.) 


Balena tripinnis que maxillam inferiorem rotundam et 


superiore multo latiorem habuit, R. Sibbald, Phalaino- 
logia nova, Edinburgh, 1692. 


Baleena maximus borealis, Anow, Cat. Mus., 1838. 
Physalus sibbaldii, Gray, P.Z.S., 1847. 
Baleenoptera sibbaldii, Flower, Van Beneden, Turner, and 


others. 


Balenoptera musculus, sulphur bottom, Zrue, Smithsonian 


Contributions, vol. xxxiil., 1904. 


40 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


Colour on dorsum of head and body dark steel-grey 
or bluish black, sides mottled with white, ventral 
surface with large patches of silver-grey and white. 
Length from 70 to 80 feet or upwards; dorsal fin 
at three-fourths of length of animal, falcate; baleen 
black ; outer border of upper jaw with a convex 
curve, rapidly curving inwards at the tip. 


1. Cranial cavity, cast of, from a male, 78 feet long, stranded 
at North Berwick in October 1831: prepared by 
Robert and Frederick Knox, and at one time in their 
Museum. The cavity measured in vertical depth 93 
inches, antero-posteriorly 11 inches, and the breadth 
was 20 inches. The cast gives the general form of 
the Cetacean brain, the hemispheres, the rhinen- 
cephalon, cerebellum, the medulla oblongata, and on 
each side an irregular-shaped mass which occupied 
the cranial cavity in the region of the meatus 
auditorius internus. The skeleton of this whale is 
suspended in the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh. 

Knox Collection, No. 23. 


2. Baleen plate, somewhat injured, from the Rorqual stranded 
at North Berwick, 1831. It shows the characteristic 
black colour of the whalebone in B. sibbaldi, and the 
coarse black bristles which project from the inner 
border. Knox Collection. 

[ No. 83 and the other bones to No. 8 in this Catalogue 
are from the Great Fin Whale, a gravid female, 78 
feet 9 inches long, stranded at Gosford Bay, Long- 
niddry, Firth of Forth, November 1869. It was 
purchased by an oil merchant, and towed across the 


BALZNOPTERA. 41 


Firth to Kirkealdy, where it was flensed. The 
animal was described by Professor Sir Wm. Turner, 
Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., December 1869, and more 
fully in the Transactions, vol. xxvi., 1870. The 
bones of the skeleton in the Museum were presented 
by the Science and Art Department. 

The fetus, a male, was 19 feet 6 inches long; the 
girth behind the dorsal fin was 3 feet 6 inches, the 
height of that fin was 64 inches, and the length of 
the pectoral limb was 3 feet 7 inches. Figure 
below shows the dorsum of the beak, its curved 
convex outline, the dorsal mesial ridge, and the 
form and direction of the blowholes. | 


3. Mandible of Sibbald’s Rorqual, Longniddry; the halves 
are not fused at the symphysis. Length along the 
convexity is 21 feet 2 inches, and in a straight line 
19 feet 5 inches. Coronoid process pointed ; girth in 
front of coronoid 4 feet 24 inches. The condyl did 
not articulate directly with the temporal, but was 
attached to it through a cylindriform column about 
3 feet in vertical and 2 feet 3 inches in transverse 
diameter, which was milk-white in colour, and had a 
reticulated fibrous structure. 

In the fwtus a similar cylindriform fibrous mass, 
but only 5 inches in vertical and 5 inches in trans- 
verse diameter, was present; by its ends it was con- 
tinuous with the periosteum enclosing the condy] of 


2 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


the mandible and with that of the temporal bone 
above. On vertical section no trace of synovial cavity 
or articular cartilage was noticed between it and the 
bones to which it belonged. It formed a suspensory 
column for the lower jaw, which could be supported 
by it without the aid of muscles, when the whale was 
feeding with the mouth open. Figure below. 


3a. Skull, much injured. Beak characteristic in form, 
length 12 feet 6 inches, breadth 7 feet; from foramen 
magnum over vertex to tip of beak 20 feet 3 inches; 
breadth at tip of beak 7 inches; between the orbits 
9 feet 3 inches; measures of occiput, see Introduction, 
p. 6. Longniddry whale, figure, p. 40. 

4. Nasal bones of the same animal, showing long spur-lke 
process from outer border; faint ridge on inner 
border; upper surface convex from behind forwards, 
sloping rapidly downwards and forwards; long 
diameter of each bone 18} inches, greatest trans- 
verse diameter 64 inches. 

5. Tympano-periotic bones, left, of the same, fused together ; 
the tympanic ossicles are present. Length of tym- 
panic 54 inches, breadth 2? inches, height 3 inches. 
The outer surface, strongly convex from above down- 
wards and from before backwards, consists of two 
divisions separated by a_ short, moderately wide 
groove; the posterior extends 3 inches from the 
groove, and the anterior 2$ inches. The lip-like 
process projects upwards, and is separated from the 
rest of the posterior lobe by a much narrower groove. 


BALANOPTERA. 43 


The inner surface, moderately convex, is marked with 
strie, which deepen as they turn into the cavity. 
The lower aspect has a strong keel, which is defined 
externally by a shallow depression extending parallel 
to it. The cavity opens at the thick, rounded, hori- 
zontal upper border of the inner surface 2} inches 
above keel; Eustachian end faintly notched. 

Periotic, smooth on its lower surface, is 3 inches long 
by 2 inches broad; internally are the auditory and 
other foramina; externally it forms the inner wall of 
the tympanic cavity. The malleus is attached to the 
base of the lip-like process. Outer and inner surfaces 
of the tympanic bone figured below. 


44 


a 


10. 


ae 


12. 


13. 


14. 


15. 


SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


. Tympano-periotic bones, right, separate, from the same 


Whale. They correspond in characters with the left 
bones. 


Tympano-periotic bones, fused together, from the right 
and left sides of the fetus of the Longniddry B. 
sibbaldi, each with the malleus and stapes. Tym- 
panic length 4} inches, breadth 2} inches, height 
22 inches. They resemble the adult in form, but are 
smoother, especially in and near the keel-like ridge. 


Incus detached from the left tympanic of fwtus of the 

Longniddry Rorqual. 

[Nos. 9 to 14 are baleen plates from the Longniddry 
specimens, and their characters and structure are 
described a Turner in Trans. Roy. Soc. Hdin., 
vole xxviz 1870; 


Baleen. Two aes 48 inches long and 17 inches wide. 
Colour black, with coarse black bristles. 

Baleen. A block of “intermediate substance ” with narrow 
blades of baleen stripped off the palate of the Long- 
niddry sibbaldi. The blades are dark brown in 
colour, and the bristles are of a somewhat lghter 
shade. By the action of spirit, in which the prepara- 
tion is mounted, and of the light, a partial bleaching 
of the original black has taken. place. 


Baleen. A similar preparation of seven plates with 
intermediate substance from the same animal. 


Baleen. Another portion of the same wreath from about 
its middle. 


Baleen. The pharyngeal end of the left baleen wreath of 
the fwtus of the Longniddry sibbaldi. Colour slate- 
erey ; bristles very fine, cream-coloured. 

Baleen. A portion of the mucous membrane of the palate 
of the fetus of the Longniddry sibbaldi. Rows of 
folds of mucous membrane of different sizes, adapted 
to the origin of both broad and narrow plates, are 
shown. 


[Nos. 15 to 24 are portions of the skeleton of the 
Loneniddry B. sibbaldz.| 


Hyoid bone of female; body and cornua fused together, 
convex forwards, concave backwards; cornu swollen 
about the middle; diameter in straight line between 
tips of cornua 4 feet 7 inches, antero-posterior of body 


PLATE | 1.) | Catalogue of Cetacea. 


Balenoptera sibbaldi. 


a, front, and b, back of atlas; c, axis vertebra. 
[To face p. 45. 


BALANOPTERA. 45 


17} inches; stylohyoid separate, in straight line, 264 
inches, flattened on surface. See figure below. 


16. Vertebre, cervical, seven, not fused, plates not ossified 
to bodies. Vertebral formula C,D,,L,,Cd,,= 68. 
Plates II., III]. The fvtus had the same ioral. 

The atlas of the female is 3 feet 2 inches in trans- 
verse diameter. The anterior surface has two smooth 
concave areas for the occipital condyls, separated in 
part by rough bone and in part by a deep notch con- 
tinuous with the neural canal, but occupied by a strong 
ligament which is connected with the stunted odontoid. 
The upper part of the canal for the cord is 43 inches 
wide, and only 2! inches in vertical diameter. The 
posterior surface has a large crescentic articular 
area for the axis. The neural spine is stunted; the 
lamin are strong and flattened, and pierced by a 
foramen for the sub- occipital nerve. On each ae 
is a strong transverse process, triangular, and with a 
pointed end, but not perforated by a lateral foramen. 
The axis is 3 feet 8 inches in transverse diameter. 
The anterior surface has a large crescentic articular 
area for the atlas, and the concavity of the crescent 
is roughened for the stunted odontoid. The neural 
spine is massive; the transverse process, broad and 
flattened, consists of a parapophysis and a_ dia- 
pophysis united at their outer ends and enclosing a 
large lateral foramen. The 3rd to the 6th ver tebrie 
have flattened bodies, with a moderate neural arch and 
spine and a triangular neural canal. The transverse 
processes are long and slender; the two divisions 
unite externally ‘and enclose a very large lateral 


46 


SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


foramen which contained a great rete mirabile. The 
7th cervical differed from the 6th in the transverse 
process being formed only of the diapophysis or that 
which springs from the neural arch, the parapophysis 
being represented by a stunted tubercle on the side of 
the body. See Plates IT., IT]. 

In the fetus the atlas had cartilaginous neural 
arch, body, and transverse processes, though an 
ossitic centre had formed in the ring between the two 
anterior articular areas. The diameter was 12 inches 
between the tips of the transverse processes. The 

cartilaginous body of the axis contained a_ thick 
osseous nodule which corresponded with the future 
odontoid and with the attachments of the check 
ligaments. Each half of the neural arch had its 
ossific nodule. The transverse processes were cartila- 
ginous, and the diameter between their tips was 143 
inches. In the 3rd to the 6th cervical the centre of each 
cartilaginous body contained an osseous nodule about 
34 by 3, inches. ‘The neural arches were cartilaginous, 
and in each half a plate-like bar of bone had formed. 
The large lateral foramina associated with the trans- 
verse processes were complete, and their boundaries 
were formed of cartilage. Between the axis and body 
of the 3rd vertebra, and between the bodies of the other 
cervicals, large cavities containing synovia were found, 


similar to Paaees in the interver eal dises of the adult. 


7. Vertebre, twenty of the more posterior caudals, with 
nine chevron bones, from the same Finner, mounted 
in serial order. The ten terminal caudals are shown 
in the figure below. 


Prate IIL. j [ Catalogue of Cetacea. 


Balenoptera sihbbaldi. 


d, 4th cervical ; ¢, 7th cervical ; 7, 1st dorsal. 
[To face p. 46. 


BALASNOPTERA. 47 


18. Chevrons, six of the anterior, from the same Finner. 

In the fwtws twenty-one chevrons were counted: 
one was almost exclusively cartilage; four were 
mostly cartilage; sixteen had a larger proportion 
of bone. They were attached to the ventral surface 
of the intervertebral discs. The chevron cartilage 
was enclosed in its own perichondrium, and was not 
continuous with the cartilage of the spine. A centre 
of ossification had formed in the cartilage plate on 
each side and extended into the mesial plate to form 
the ventral spine, except that in the last six the lateral 
plates lay in distinct perichondrial sheaths and did 
not meet mesially. The chevrons extended as far as 
the fourth vertebra in front of the tip of the tail, and 
the last was only 4 inch by } inch in diameter. The 
Ist was smaller than the 2nd, each plate of which was 
2 inches long by 14 inch wide at its attachment 
to the intervertebral disc. Behind the 2nd the 
chevrons for some distance increased in size, and 
then diminished at the hinder end of the series. 


19. Rib, last left, and vertebral end of last right rib; left 3 feet 
3 inches long, slightly curved; chord of are 3 feet 
1} inch. 

20. Thoracic inlet bounded by the Sternum, a cruciform 
flattened bone with a short posterior limb; transverse 
diameter 264 inches, antero-posterior diameter 173 
inches; articulates with Ist pair of Ribs, which also 
articulate with transverse processes of Ist dorsal 


48 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


Vertebra; the transverse diameter of the inlet. is 
4 feet 9 inches, the sterno-vertebral is 3 feet 4 inches. 


21. Sternum of B. sibbaldi from the fetus of the Longniddry 
specimen. At this stage the sternum consists of two 
cartilaginous segments, an anterior three-lobed, 5°8 
inches in transverse, 34 inches in antero-posterior 
diameter, and an almond-shaped segment 1:1 inch in 
antero-posterior, and 0°6 inch in transverse diameter. 
Each segment is enclosed by its perichondrial envelope. 
Described by Turner in Journ. Anat. and Phys., 
May 1870, vol. iv. See figure below. 


22. Pectoral Limb, articulated skeleton of right, with scapula. 
Length of scapula between angles 5 feet 7 inches; 
glenoido-vertebral breadth 3 feet 3 inches; length 
of acromion 1 foot 5 inches, breadth 10 inches; length 
of coracoid 9 inches. From head of humerus to tip of 
third or longest digit 13 feet 1 inch, length of humerus 
26 inches, of radius 3 feet 104 inches, of ulna with 
olecranon 4 feet 3 inches. See Plate IV. 

In the fwtus much of the scapula was cartilaginous : 
a plate 6 by 44 inches surrounded the posterior 
angle, and from it a narrow strip was prolonged 
on the vertebral border to the anterior angle. The 
acromion was tipped with a plate 24 inches long. 


PLATE IV.] (Catalogue of Cetacea. 


Balenoptera sibbaldi. 


Scapula, bones of shaft, adult ; shoulder and elbow, fcetus. 


(To face p. 48. 


BALZNOPTERA. 49 


The cartilaginous surface of the glenoid was _pro- 
longed into a pointed coracoid. The humerus was 
64 inches long; its head was formed by a thick 
cartilaginous epiphysis which represented also the 
tuberosities. The synovial membrane lining the 
capsule was reflected on to the free surface of the 
cartilage. The lower end of the humerus also had an 
epiphysial cartilage with no trace of ossification. 
The radius with its epiphysis was 154 inches long, 
the ulna 144. The ulnar upper epiphysis was con- 
tinued into a cartilaginous plate 5 inches by 2 inches 
which formed the olecranon. See Plate IV. 

At the carpal end the cartilaginous epiphysis of the 
radius was distinct, that of the ulna was fused with two 
of the carpal cartilages. The cartilaginous mass of the 
carpus was subdivided by furrows which lodged bands 
of fibrous tissue that marked off its segments. In the 
proximal row were radiale, intermedium, and ulnare ; 
the radiale was large, and perhaps included a non- 
differentiated distal carpale; the ulnare was only 
partially differentiated by a furrow, and entered into 
the large cartilage continuous with the ulnar epiphysis 
and the pisiform, the latter of which formed a band 
parallel with the inner border of the lower end of the 
ulna. In the distal row a long cartilage was opposite 
the carpal ends of metacarpals iii. and iv., and doubt- 
less represented C,,,; in the absence of the pollex 
there was no C,, and no carpalia were differentiated 
for Mii.and Mv. The four digits were i. tov. Each 
had an ossified metacarpal with carpal epiphysis 


50 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


unossified. D ii. consisted of M and Ph,; Di. of M and 
Ph,; Div. of Mand Ph,; Dv. of M and Ph, In each 
digit the osseous phalanges were united by intervening 
cartilage divided into a distal epiphysis for one bone 
and a proximal epiphysis for the other. Each digit 
ended in a terminal rod of cartilage in which possibly 
one or more additional phalangeal ossifications might 
have formed. See Plate IV. and figure, p. 49. 


23. Carpal and metacarpal bones and phalanges, not articu- 
lated, from the older Longniddry Finner. 


24. Pelvic bones, pair from female; there was no appearance of 
a rudimentary femur. Each bone consists of a short 
process and of two long processes, and is 17 inches 
between the tips of the long processes. Figure below. 


In the fwtus the pelvis was cartilaginous, 3°9 
inches between the tips of its long processes. The 
crus penis and erector muscle were attached to the 
posterior process. Described by Turner in Jowrn. of 
Anat. and Phys., May 1870, vol. iv. Figure below. 


[Nos. 25 to 47 are from the Turner Collection. ] 


25. Skeleton, articulated, B. sibbaldi, Wick ; caudal vertebrae 
absent. Baleen plates in situ. The whale, a female, 


PLATE 


Vie J 


(Catalogue of Cetacea 


[To face p. 51 


Balenoptera sibbaldi. 


Hyperoodon. 


BALANOPTERA. ak 


was 56 feet long; the pectoral limb was about 7 feet 
long and 22 inches in greatest breadth; the baleen was 
rich black; the back and sides were black; the belly 
was furrowed, mottled black and white, grey, or slate- 
coloured. The blubber on the back was 1 foot thick. 
Skull 11 feet long in straight line; greatest breadth 
5 feet 7 inches; length of beak 7 feet 5 inches; 
breadth of base of beak 5 feet 3 inches; length of 
premaxilla 8 feet 7 inches; interval between nasal 
ends of premaxilla | foot; from foramen magnum to 
upper edge of occipital 2 feet 53 inches; mandible 
along outer curve 11 feet 9 inches, chord of are 
10 feet 72 inches. The whale was taken at Wick in 
September 1871. See Plate V. 


26. Tympanic bones, pair of, one broken; length 43 inches, 
breadth 2% inches; height 2 inches; from the Wick 
B. sibbaldi. 

27. Baleen. Three plates from the Wick specimen. Length 
154 inches, breadth at base 5 inches. Plates black, 
bristles brown-black. 

28. Baleen. Palatal mucous membrane showing the folds 
from which the plates of baleen grow, and the long 
papille which penetrate the plates. From the Wick 
sibbaldi. Spirit preparation. 

29. Maxilla, left, superior; length 11 feet 5 inches, greatest 
breadth 2 feet 5 inches; the outer border has the 
characteristic contour of Sibbald’s Whale. From a 
whale stranded at Burghead, Moray Firth. The head 
had been imbedded in a bank of sand. 

Donor—Provost Jenkins, through 
Mr William Taylor, Lhanbryde. 


30. Nasal bones, from B. sibbaldi 45 feet 2 inches long stranded 
at Aberdour. Spur-like process rudimentary; long 
diameter of upper surface of each bone 11 inches, 
greatest transverse diameter 2? inches. The whale’s 
throat was plicated ; a faleate dorsal fin was present ; 
the back was bluish black in colour; the sides and 
venter silvery white; the baleen black, the longest 
blades 24 feet ; length of pectoral limb 5 feet 8 inches ; 
breadth of caudal fin 10 feet 8 inches. See also Nos. 
32 and 43. 

Aberdour, Fife, July 1858. Donor—Dr J. M‘Bain, R.N. 


31. Nasal bone, left; the antero-posterior convexity of the 
upper surface is 7 inches. Donor—Mr Jos. Downs. 


SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


. Tympanic bone, left, from the Aberdour Finner, July 


1858. Length 43 inches, breadth 23 inches, height 
3 inches. See Nos. 30 and 43. 
Donor—Dr Joseph Bell. 


33. Tympano-periotic bones, fused together, right and left, 


34 


35 


from Harris. Each periotic is continued into a spur- 
like mastoid process for attachment 18} inches long; 
tympanic ossicles present. One incus detached. 
Length of Tympanic 5} inches, breadth 23 inches, 
height 3} inches. Periotic elongated to 34 inches; 
inferior surface smooth; meatus large. See No. 37. 


November 1905. Donor—Dr Duncan Fletcher, Harris. 
. Tympanic bones, pair of. Length of bone 5 inches, 


breadth 23 inches, height 3 inches. 


Bergen, 1891. Purchased. 
. Tympanic, left, obtained from a whaling seaman who 


brought it from the Falkland Islands; said to be from 
the “ Blue Whale,” probably B. sibbaldi. Length 54 
inches. The tympanic had sustained during life an 
extensive comminuted fracture of the outer surface 
of the bone which had been partially repaired. See 
figure below. Donor—Sir Wm. Turner, 1911. 


[The specimens marked “Hamna Voe” were obtained 
through Messrs John and Thomas Anderson, of 
Hillswick, Shetland. ] 


36. Baleen, two plates of B. sibbaldi from the Hamna Voe 


Finner, 1869; length 35 inches, width 12 inches. 
Colour black, with strong black bristles. 


BALANOPTERA. 53 


37. Baleen plate of B. sibbaldi; length 39 inches, width 16 
inches ; from Harris, Long Island, 1905. Colour, form, 

and texture as in the other specimens. See No. 33. 
Donor—Dr Duncan Fletcher. 


38. Baleen plate from B. sibbaldi from Eide, in the Faroe 
Islands; length 46 inches, width 184 inches. Colour, 


form, and texture as in the other specimens. 
Donor—J. A. Harold Brown, Esq. 
39. Baleen, two plates taken from a calf of the Steypireythr 
(B. sibbaldi) by Captain Bottemann, May 1871. The 
plates are 7 inches long and 2} inches wide at. base. 
Colour of plates and bristles greyish white. 
Donor—Captain Bottemann. 
40. Vertebre, seven Cervical and first Dorsal, with inter- 
vertebral discs dried and shrunken; natural skeleton. 
The plates are partially ossified to the bodies. The 
length of the cervical part is 3 feet 2 inches; the 
greatest transverse diameter at the axis is 4 feet 
6 inches. The range of rotation of the atlas on 
the axis was 17°. The odontoid is stunted, and was 
imbedded in a thick, strong ligament occupying 
a part of the ring of the atlas, which acted as a 
check to prevent over-rotation in either direction. 
A shght rocking movement of the atlas on the axis 
was also permitted. The cervicals in this animal 
closely resembled those in the Longniddry whale, 
except the 6th cervical, in which the diapophysis 
was complete, whilst the parapophysis was only 10 
inches long, ended in a point, and did not complete 
the boundary of the lateral foramen. The first dorsal 
resembled the seventh in its parapophysis being repre- 
sented by a stunted tubercle. The specimen is from 
a gravid female, said to have been about 90 feet long, 
but not measured, stranded in October 1869, near 
Hamna Voe, Shetland. Referred to by Turner in 
Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xxvi., 1870. 
41. Vertebre, eight dorsal, the plates not fused with the 
bodies, from the same whale. 


42. Vertebra, lower dorsal, the plates not fused with body 
of vertebra; mounted to show the great central 
cavity in the inter-vertebral disc, 11 by 74 inches, 
lined by a floceulent synovial membrane, which 
during life is filled with a yellow synovial fluid. 
The presence of so many synovial joints in the spine, 
conjoined with the small articular processes, facilitated 


54, SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


the movements of the spine. From the Hamna Voe 
specimen. See figure below. 


43. Vertebra, lumbar, from a B. sibbaldi stranded at Aber- 
dour, Fife, July 1858. See Nos. 30 and 32. 

44, Larynx and Hyoid. Pouch from fwtus of Longniddry 
B. sibbaldi, opened to show the mucous lining and 
follicles. It is at the front of the larynx and extends 
from the thyroid cartilage to within 2 inches from 
the bifurcation of the trachea; it communicates with 
the larynx between the thyroid and cricoid cartilages. 
Its outer wall is muscular. Turner in 7rans. Roy. 
Soc. Hdin., vol. xxvi., 1870. See figure below. 


BALASNOPTERA. 55) 


45. Bronchi dissected out of the lung of the fwtus of the 
Longniddry B. sibbaldi. The method of branching, 
the cartilaginous rings, and the large bronchial nerves 
which ramify on the wall of the tube and its branches 
are shown. 


46. Moniliform tube. A portion of the intestine of the Long- 
niddry B. sibbaldi; parallel and next to the mesenteric 
border is the moniliform tube, external to which is 
the superior mesenteric vein. The thickness of the 
wall of the tube and the constrictions on the surface 
are shown in the figure. See Turner’s description in 
Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xxvi., 1870, for probable 
relations to mesenteric arterial system. See figure 
below. 


47. Omentum, portion of, from the Longniddry B. sibbaldi, 
showing its beautiful reticulated character. 


48. Aorta. Transverse section through the thoracic aorta of 
the North Berwick B. sibbaldi 78 feet long. The 
transverse diameter of the lumen is 9? inches; the wall 
in the fresh state was 13 inch thick. The section was 
taken about 3 feet from the origin of the aorta. 

Knox Collection, No. 18. 


49, Pulmonary artery showing a much thinner coat than the 
aorta. A single semilunar segment of the valve. 

From a large Rorqual, the North Berwick B. sibbaldz. 

Knox Collection, No. 21. 


56 


50. 


ol. 


52. 


53. 


5A. 


55. 


57. 


58. 


59. 


60. 


SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


[ Nos. 50 to 54 are from the Turner Collection. | 


Rete mirabile. A portion of the rete from the Longniddry 
foetus. The arteries have been dishevelled to show 
the convoluted and plexiform arrangement. 


Vein, portal, of Longniddry fcetus; the lumen is 2} inches 
in diameter; two subordinate veins are continuous 
with it. 


Skin. Portion of cuticle peeled off the lp of the Long- 
niddry sibbaldi which displays its black colour. 


Skin. Portion of skin of the ventral aspect of the Long- 
niddry fwtus, showing the characteristic ridge and 
furrowed plications in the Rorquals. 


Skin. Vertical section through one of the folds of skin 
of the venter, showing cuticle and cutis. 


BEyeball, left, entire, of the Great Rorqual, B. sibbaldi, 
showing the dissected sclerotic, the attachment of the 
recti muscles, one half of the cornea, and a portion of 
the ocular conjunctiva; transverse diameter 5} inches, 
antero-posterior 34 inches. Optic nerve from brain 
to eyeball said to be 5 feet long; the nerve is 
surrounded by a vascular rete mirabile. 

Knox Collection, No. 24. 


[ Nos. 56 to 61 are from the Turner series of Placentze. | 


. Placenta. A portion of the chorion of the Longniddry 


sibbaldi, showing the villous surface and one of the 
great longitudinal ridges, not injected. See Trans. 
Roy. Soc. Edin., 1870. 


Placenta. A portion of the same chorion, showing a 
flattened triangular fold, not injected. 


Placenta. <A portion of the same chorion, showing villous 
surface, portions of two longitudinal ridges, and a 
non-villous area which was probably in relation with 
the os uteri internum. 


Mamma. Transverse section through the chief duct of 
the gravid Longniddry sibbaldi; the coat averages 
1 inch in thickness, and the lumen is about 4 inches 
in diameter. See Trans. Roy. Soc. Hdin., 1870. 


Mamma. One of the large ducts from the same, opened 
to show the longitudinal folds of the mucous 
membrane and the openings of some of the smaller 
ducts. 


PLATE VI 2] [Catalogue of Cetacea. 


Bala noptera horealis. 


[V'o face p. 57 


BALANOPTERA. 57 


61. Vagina, portion of, from the Longniddry sibbaldi, to show 
the transverse folds of the mucous coat. 


[Tendon, drawing of, from one of the great muscles of 
the tail of B. sibbuldi. The tendon consisted of thick 
fibrous laminz, arranged obliquely around a core 
situated near one side of the tendon. Between the 
lamine was a looser fibrous tissue, and in the 
working of the muscle the laminz would seem to 
move around the core as an axis, which would 
impart a screw-like movement to the tail.] 


(3) BALANOPTERA BOREALIS. (BPT. B.) 
(Rudolphi’s Rorqual.) 


Baleenoptera borealis, Lesson, Hist. Nat. des Cétacées, 1828. 
B. laticeps, Gray, Zool. Hrebus and Terror, 1846. 
Sejhval of the Norwegian Whalers. 


Colour bluish black on back, belly white with a shade 
of yellow; length 38 to 45 feet, rarely 50 feet; 
fourteen pairs of ribs, dorsal fin high. Baleen mostly 
black, but striped grey and white ; bristles white, very 
fine to the touch. Outer border of superior maxilla 
and premaxilla proceeding almost straight to tip. 


1. Skeleton, articulated, hyoid in position; first rib not 
bicipital. Length of animal 38 feet, of skeleton 35 
feet 2} inches, of skull 8 feet 14 inch; breadth of 
skull 3 feet 104 inches; length of beak 5 feet 9 inches, 
breadth at base 2 feet 6 inches; mandible length 
along outer convex surface 8 feet 8 inches. Vertebral 
plates not ossified to bodies; formula C,D,,L,,Cd,, =56; 
humerus 11 inches long, radius 204 inches, ulna 203 
inches. Length of shaft and manus 4 feet 7} inches. 
From Kinneil, Bo’ness, Firth of Forth, September 
1875. The first specimen to be recognised as a British 
species. Described by Sir Wm. Turner, Proc. Roy. Soc. 
Kdin., vol. xi., 1882, and Journ. Anat. and Phys., 
April 1882. See Plate VI. 


58 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


2. Tympanic bones, pair of, from the whale stranded at 
Kinneil, Bo'ness, September 1872. Length of tympanic 
4-8 inches, breadth 22 inches, height 2? inches. Outer 
surface, anterior division 2} inches, posterior division 
27 inches; cavity opening horizontally along upper 
margin of inner surface 2 inches from keel, Kustachian 
end strongly notched. Figure of outer surface below. 

In the description of the whale in Proc. Roy. Soe. 
Edin., vol. xi., the characters and dimensions of the 
tympanic are compared with those of B. rostrata and 
B. sibbaldi. It ditters from B. musculus in the outer 
surface not being so tumid, its anterior border is not 
defined by a distinct groove,'and the imner surface is 
more flattened. The keel is a narrow ridge, and the 
adjoining surfaces are laterally compressed. 

Turner Collection. 


3. Tympanic bone, left, with tympanic ossicles, from the 
Skoré Whaling Station, Norway, 1894. Length 43 
inches, breadth 2} inches, height 23 inches. Malleus 
fused with lip-like process. 

Donor—Sir Dyce Duckworth, Bart. 

4. Tympanic bone, left, from a male, 36 feet long, killed at 
Widewall Bay, Orkney, 1884. Length 43 inches, 
breadth 23 inches, height 23 inches. Sir John 
Struthers in Reports of British Association, Aber- 
deen, 1885, p. 1053. Donor—Sir John Struthers. 

5. Tympanic bones, pair of, one with ossicles, from New 
Island, Falklands, South Atlantic; purchased from a 


BALANOPTERA. 59 


whaling seaman, 1911, who took them from the Sye 
Whale (Saaiwahl, Sejhval). The bones closely corre- 
spond with those of B. borealis. Length 4% inches, 
breadth 24 inches. Donor—Sir Wm. Turner. 


6. Tympanic bone, left ; length 4,5 inches, breadth 274 inches, 
height 2,5, inches. Outer surface convex, separated 
by short wide groove into longer posterior and shorter 
anterior divisions; inner surface relatively flattened, 
and with thick upper striated border almost straight ; 
inferior aspect definitely keeled, with its sides laterally 
compressed, prolonged into a strong posterior border, 
whilst the anterior end is relatively flat; malleus 
fused with lip-like process. 

Donor—Dr A. Logan Turner, 1912. 


7. Baleen, two blades; purchased. From a Sye Whale 
brought into New Island, Falklands, in 1910. Colour 
mostly black, but striped grey, and with white band 
at inner border; bristles whitish, slender and delicate. 
Presumably B. borealis. 

Donor—Sir Wm. Turner, 1911. 


8. Baleen, small blades, from the anterior end of wreath of 
B. borealis, stranded at Kinneil, Bo'ness, September 
1872, No.1. Colour dark grey, striped greyish white, 

with whitish, slender, delicate bristles. 
Turner Collection. 


(4) BALAZNOPTERA ROSTRATA. (BPT. R.) 
(Lesser Rorqual or Pike Whale.) 
Baleena rostrata, Fabricius, Fauna Grenlandica, 1780. 
Balenoptera acuto-rostrata, Lucépede, op. cit. 
Balzena minimus borealis, Knox, Catalogue of Musewm, 1838. 


Colour rich black on back, white and slaty grey on 
belly, white band where flipper joins side of body. 
The smallest species of Rorqual, not exceeding 35 
feet; eleven pairs of ribs, dorsal fin high. Baleen 
short, whitish yellow; head flattened, dorsum tapering 
to a pointed beak. Outer border of superior and 
premaxille straight, not curving inwards at tip. 


1. Skeleton, natural, of young B. rostrata, 9 feet 8 inches 
long; skull 2 feet 11 inches. Baleen plates about 
24 inches long; dull white. Vertebral formula 
C,D,,LCd,,=49. Described in Catalogue of Knox 


60 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


Museum and in Accownt of the Dissection of a Young 
Rorqual, by R. Knox, who saw eight distinct hairs at: 
the end of snout in each jaw. He proved it to be 
specifically distinct from the Great Rorqual (B. 
sibbaldi), Proc. Roy. Soc. Hdin., April 1834. 
Queensferry, Firth of Forth, February 1834. 
Knox Collection, No. 28. 
2. Skeleton, adult, female, articulated, with dorsal and caudal 
fins, pelvic bones, hyoid and baleen wreath in situ. 
Dorsal fin 7 feet from mid end of tail. Length of 
whale in straight line 28 feet 4 inches; length of 
skull in straight line 5 feet 10 inches; length of 
humerus 114 inches, of radius 184 inches, of ulna 
18 inches; length of mandible on convex surface 6 
feet 44 inches; vertebral formula C,D,,L,,Cd,,= 50. 
Granton, Firth of Forth, January 1888. 
Donor—Sir John Murray, K.C.B. 


[The Granton specimen (No. 2) was an adult female, 
and the vertebral plates were ossitied to the bodies 
of their respective vertebra. It is described by 
Sir Wm. Turner in Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., February 
1892, vol. xix. Figure above, and Plate VII. In the 
Same memoir measurements are given of its skull and 
of those of Bpt. R., Nos. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 in the Museum. 
Nos. 2 to 22 are from the Turner Collection. ] 

3. Skull of a young female 18 feet long, with mandible. 
Length of skull 3 feet 8 inches; length of maxilla 
from notch 2 feet 3 inches, breadth at base of beak 
1 foot 24 inches. 

Burntisland, Firth of Forth, September 1870. 
Donor—George Prentice, Esq. 


[Catalogue of Cetacea. 


‘DYDASOL DLaqQdouUun) vg 


[To face p. 60. 


BALASNOPTERA. 61 


4, Skull of a young male 18 feet long, with left half of 


mandible. Length of skull 3 feet 6 inches; length 


of maxilla from notch 2 feet 2 inches, breadth at base 
of beak 1 foot 3 ins. Ele, Firth of Forth, July 1879. 


5. Skull of an adult about 30 feet long, with mandible. 


Length of skull in straight line 5 feet 91 inches; 
length of maxilla from noteh 3 feet 8 ins., breadth at 
base 2 feet. Nasals 63 inches long, gr Best breadth of 
each 2 ins. Figure below. Dunbar, September 1871. 


6. Skull, young, 3 feet 4 inches long, with mandible and baleen 


wreaths: in sitw; length of cage from notch 2 feet 
1 inch, breadth 1 foot 1 inch. Alloa, October 1888. 


7. Tympanic bones, pair of, from skull No. 4. Length Ge 


bone 3) inches, breadth 1:8 inch, vertical depth 2 24 
inches; outer surface convex, clon and shallow, 
groove separating it into two divisions, anterior 
division 12 inch long from groove, posterior aes 
1{ inch, anterior border ridged and defined by ¢ 


shallow depression. Keel- like inferior ridge eee 


62 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


cavity opens horizontally at upper border of inner 
surface 14 inch above keel, Eustachian end well 
notched. Figure of outer surface below. 

Elie, Fife, July 1879. 


8. Tympanic bone, broken, right, with incus. Left bone on 
the skull, No. 6. Length 3} inches, breadth 14 inch, 
height 24 inches. 

Alloa, 1888. 

9. Tympanic, right; length 31 inches, breadth 13 inch, 

height 2} inches. Characters resemble No. 7. 


10. Baleen, two specimens from B. rostrata, one with four 
plates, the other with eight plates, having the 
characters of the species. From the Dunbar example, 
Nom: ; 


11. Baleen wreath of B. rostrata, 38 inches in length; the 
plates and bristles have the characteristic yellow- 
white colour and the form and dimensions of the 
species. From a specimen caught at Stornoway. 

Donor—John Methuen, Esq. 


12. Baleen, end of wreath, from the B. rostrata stranded at 
Burntisland, September 1870 (No. 3). When fresh 
the plates were dull white with pink or rose tint. 


13. Baleen. Longitudinal section through plates of the baleen 
of B. rostrata, No. 3. The palatal mucous membrane 
was injected red to show the blood-vessels in the folds 
and in the papillae: which extend into the plates of 
baleen. The pink tint seen in the white plates in 


BALA NOPTERA. 63 


their fresh condition is due to the blood in the vascular 
papilla. Described by Turner in Trans. Roy. Soc. 
Edin., vol. xxvi., 1870. See figure below. 


14. Baleen. ‘Transverse section through plates of baleen and 

“the intermediate substance in which they are im- 

bedded : blood-vessels of the papillz in the plates were 
injected red. From Burntisland specimen. 

15. Baleen. Pharyngeal end of wreath of the specimen from 
Burntisland, B. rostrata. The baleen plates and the 
intermediate substance, or “gum” of the whaling 
seamen, have been stripped off the palatal mucous 
membrane to show the folds and papille, also the 
recesses in the wreath in which the folds and papillee 
are lodged. Spirit preparation. 

16. Hyoid bone of adult, body and cornua fused together ; 
greatest breadth 1 foot 9 inches, concave on superior, 
convex on inferior surface, cornua swollen ; stylo- 
hyoids flattened on surfaces, separate. 

Dunbar, Firth of Forth, 1871. 

17. Vertebre, Ist and 2nd dorsal, left Ist rib, and sternum, 
articulated ; sterno-vertebral diameter of thoracic inlet 
1G inches. Sternum a Latin cross with long posterior 
limb; length of bone 20 inches, breadth 13} inches. 
From No. 5. 

Dunbar, 1871. 

18. Vertebre, atlas, axis, and five other cervicals ; plates 
ossified to bodies; the bodies of axis and 3rd cervical 
fused; neural arch of 3rd imperfectly ossified, also 


64 


SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


transverse processes from the 3rd to the end. From 
No. 5. , Dunbar, 1871. 


. Vertebre, five caudal, from the middle of the region, B. 


rostrata, No. 5. Dunbar, 1871. 


. Sternum, young, form of Latin cross, length 74 inches, 


right limb broken. From No. 4. 
Elie, Fife, 1879. 


. Scapule, right and left, adult, from No. 5. 


Dunbar, 1871. 


Scapula, right, young, from No. 4. 
Elie, Fife, 187y. 
Larynx and trachea of B. rostrata, dried. It shows the 
pouch on the inferior surface inflated and opening 
into the interior of the larynx. The preparation was 


described by Knox in the Catalogue of his Museum. 
Knox Collection, No. 36. 


Stomach of B. rostrata, dried and inflated. It consists 
of a paunch-like compartment (1) into which the 
cesophagus, Oe, opens, of a large cardiac compartment, 
(2), of a small 3rd compartment, a much larger 4th, 
and a globe-shaped 5th compartment which opens into 


Puatr VIII] [Catalogue of Cetacea. 


(zg 


aj 


DD 


Wy (fe 


Balenoptera rostrata. 


OT, optic thalamus ; Q, quadrilateral space ; V, Sylvian fossa ; o/f and in, olfactory peduncle 
and inner root; H, lobus hippocampi; sp, splenial, ssp, supra-splenial fissures ; 
ce, callosal, he, hippocampal, i, marginal, sspe, supra-splenial convolutions. 


> 


[T'o face p. 65. 


BALENOPTERA—MEGAPTERA. 65 


the cylindriform duodenum, D. Spleen, 8S. Turner in 
Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xix., 1892. Figure, p. 64. 


25. Brain, two hemispheres of cerebrum, of B. rostrata, 
without membranes. The mesial surface of the 
right hemisphere is described and figured in Sir 
Wm. Turner’s memoir “On the Convolutions of the 
Brain,” 1890. Journ. Anat. and Phys., vol. xxv., 
1891; also in Plate VIII. of Catalogue. 


26. Brain of B. rostrata, partially dissected. 


II. MEGAPTERA. (M.) 
Megaptera, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, p. 16, 1846. 


Low, hump-like dorsal fin; skin of throat and chest 
plicated; tetradactylous. Scapula with coracoid 
rudimentary and acromion absent. Head moderate. 
Length 40 to 50 feet. 


(1) MEGAPTERA BOopPS. (M. B.) 
(Hump-back or Long-armed Whale.) 


Balzena boops, Linn., Syst. Nat., 1766. 
Balzena longimana, Rudolphi, Mem. Acad. Berlin, 1829. 
Megaptera boops, Van Beneden and Gervais, Osteogr. Cet. 


Colour black ; under surface of caudal and pectoral fins 
white. Pectoral fin narrow, very long, tuberculated 
on anterior border; dermal tubercles on_ head. 
Cervical vertebrie free or partially fused. Vertebral 
formula C,D,,L,,C,, = 53. 


1. Baleen plates, two, of a Megaptera towed into Wick Bay, 
March 1871. Colour black, bristles stiff; length of 
plate 25 inches, breadth at base 8 inches. Skeleton 
not preserved. The animal, a male, was 48 feet long 
and about the same in girth; the caudal fin was 
15 feet from tip to tip; the pectoral limbs were said 
to be 14 feet long. The specimen was described by 
Mr W. Reid in Land and Water, lst April 1871. See 
Alston’s Fauna of Scotland, Glasgow, 1880. 

Turner Collection. 


2. Baleen plate, 21 inches long and 9} inches in greatest 
width. Colour black, bristles stiff. From a Megaptera 
a 


66 


SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


caught in the Mersey, near Spoke, in July 1863. The 
skeleton is in the Liverpool Museum. 
Turner Collection. 


3. Vertebre, atlas, axis, 3rd and 4th cervical. Atlas distinct, 


Or 


transverse diameter 2 feet 24 inches; axis, 3rd and 
4th, are partially fused together; transverse diameter 
of axis 2 feet 9 inches. The specimen was brought 
from New Zealand by the Challenger Expedition, 
and was described by Sir Wm. Turner in the Reports, 
vol. i., 1880, as Megaptera lalandi (Fischer). It is 
doubtful if it should be regarded as a distinct 
species. The atlas vertebra presents no appreciable 
difference from that in the specimens from the Cape 
of Good Hope. 

[Nos. 4, 5, and 6 were obtained in a cargo of whales’ 
bones collected at Saldanha Bay, and imported from 
the Cape of Good Hope into Leith in 1870 by 
Messrs J. & J. Cunningham, by whom they were 
presented. Turner Collection. |} 


. Vertebre, atlas and axis, not fused. Atlas, transverse 


diameter 2 feet 5 inches; vertical, 1 foot 44 inches. 


. Vertebra, atlas, a massive bone. Transverse diameter 


2 feet 11 inches; vertical, 1 foot 8 inches. 


. Radius and ulna, right. Radius 3 feet 3 inches long, 


ulna 2 feet 10 inches long; olecranon short. 


. Mammary pouch and two nipples of a male J/. boops. 


The opening of the milk-duct is shown on each 
nipple. Between the nipples is a mesial projection 
which lies opposite the mouth of the pouch and can 
close it. From the Megaptera designated the Tay 
Whale, described by Sir John Struthers in Journ. 
Anat. and Phys., 1887, vol. xxi. 

Donor—Sir John Struthers. 


[Tympanic, left, of the Tay Megaptera in the Public 
Museum, Dundee. Length 43 inches, breadth 2°6 
inches, height the same. Outer surface separated 
by short, wide, moderately deep groove into two 
prominently convex divisions, of which the posterior 
is the larger. Anterior end blunt, rough, continued 
into rough inferior keel; posterior end a sharp ridge 
defined by a furrow. Inner surface less convex 
than outer, thick, rounded, and striated at the border 
of the cavity, which is 2 inches above the keel, 


MEGAPTERA. 67 


mostly horizontal, but depressed at Eustachian end. 
Keel not prominent, blends gently with adjoining 
inner and outer surfaces. See figures below. 

The Periotie with large auditory foramina on the 
cerebral aspect, and on the tympanic surface a 
fenestra ovalis with stapes attached. Inferior surface 
smooth, convex, formed of dense bone, continuous 
with a mass of more cancellated bone for attachment 
to the skull.] 


68 


= 


bo 


3. 


SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


BALEEN WHALES. 


Fossil and subfossil specimens. 


. Tympanic bone, marked Baleena, strongly mineralised. 
From the Red Crag. Purchased. 


Tympanic bones, two, of uncertain species, smooth, 


polished, and strongly mineralised. 


From the Suffolk Crag, Felixstowe. 


Donor—H. R. Pyatt, Esq. 


Tympanic bone marked Balena emarginata, strongly 


mineralised. 


From the Red Crag. Purchased. 


[Nos. 4 to 9 are from skeletons exposed in the clay 
subsoil in the raised beach of the Carse of Stirling, 
from the Collection formed by Sir Wm. Turner. ] 


Skull of a Balwnoptera subfossil, much injured ; approxi- 


mate length 9 feet 2 inches, greatest breadth 4 feet 
6 inches; outer edge of maxilla almost straight ; 
greatest breadth of back of skull 4 feet 4 inches, 
foramen magnum 44 inches by 5; length of vomer 
8 feet 3 inches. Portion of the skeleton found in 
Christie’s Brickfield, Cow Park, Stirling, in blue clay, 
in 1863 (see Introduction). The skull approaches in 
size and proportions that of B. musculus, No. 1, in 
the ie and may be regarded as that species. 
Donor-—Cor poration of Stirling. 


5. Mandible of the same specimen, not united at symphysis, 


coronoid distinct ; length along convex surface 9 feet 

64 inches; length of chord of are 9 feet 14 inch; girth 

in front of coronoid process 253 inches. 
Donor—Corporation of Stirling. 


6. Rib, 1st left, from the same skeleton, No. 4; length 3 feet 


5 inches on the curve, 2 feet on the chord of the are. 
The vertebral end has two distinct heads separated by 
a cleft 61 inches deep, which is prolonged as a groove 
on to the body of the rib; the anterior head has a 
definite articular surface, which is less strongly 
marked on the posterior head. The bicipital end of 
the Ist rib is a character which has been seen in 
several specimens of B. borealis, though not present 
in the skeleton of this whale in the Anatomical 
Museum. See figure, p. 69. 


FOSSIL BALEEN WHALES. 69 


7. Tympanic bones, pair of; length 43 inches, breadth 23 
inches. The surfaces are more convex than in B. 
borealis, the anterior border is more strongly defined 
by a groove, and the posterior half of the inferior keel 
is broader. In these characters the bone corresponds 
with B. musculus. From the skeleton of a whale 
exposed in draining a field at Woodyett, Meiklewood, 
Gargunnock, Carse of Stirling, in 1877. See Intro- 
duction, p. 9, and figure below. 


8. Vertebre, two, from the skeleton of the Meiklewood 
whale; processes broken. The body of the cervical 
is 11 inches in transverse by 7 inches in supero- 
inferior diameter, that of the lumbar 11 by 8 inches. 
The vertebral plates not fused with the bodies. 


70 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


9. Implement made out of the beam of the antler of the Red 
Deer (Cervus elephas) found beside the skull of the 
Meiklewood whale, No. 6; it lay vertically in the blue 
silt. It is 11 inches long by 63 inches in greatest 
eirth. A hole had been bored 4 inches from one end 
of the implement and 7 inches from the other, and 
the hole was occupied by a piece of wood 1? inch 
long, obviously the remains of a handle; the short 
end was truncated or hammer-shaped, the long end 
was bevelled or chisel-shaped. Described by Sir Wm. 
Turner in Reports of Brit. Assoc., 1889, p. 790; in 
“Early Man in Scotland,” Proc. Royal Institution, 
March 1897; and figured by Dr R. Munro in 
Prehistoric Scotland, 1899. See Introduction, p. 9. 


Suborder 2. ODONTOCETI. (O.C.) 


(Toothed Whales. No Baleen.) 


Family I. PHYSETERIDA. 


Maxille raised into large crests; symphysis of mandible 
long and laterally compressed; functional teeth in 
lower but not in upper jaw; throat with two or more 
furrows; costal cartilages not ossitied; pentadactylous. 


Subfamily PHYSETERIN #. 


Numerous teeth in mandible set in a long groove; 
narial region very asymmetrical. Lachrymals dis- 
tinct. Pterygoids meeting mesially. 


I. PHYSETER. (Ph.) 
Physeter, Linneus, Syst. Nat., 1766. 


(1) PHYSETER MACROCEPHALUS. (PH. M.) 
(Sperm Whale or Cachalot.) 


Physeter macrocephalus, Linnwus, supra cit. 


Head massive, truncated, blowhole single at upper part 
of front of head, pair of high maxillary crests 
separated by a deep hollow for lodgment of sperma- 
ceti; rostrum and mandible long, tapering to a point, 
the latter with twenty to twenty-five functional 

71 


12 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


teeth on each side; right premaxilla much larger 
than left; right naris smaller and not in same trans- 
verse plane as left. Vomer distinct in middle of hard 
palate. Colour black on dorsum, venter grey. Length 
of male 50-60 feet; dorsal fin a low hump, pectoral 
fin short; vertebral formula C,D,,L,Cd,, = 50. 


1. Mandible of adult male, probably about 60 feet long. 
Length of mandible 15 feet 10 inches; length of 
symphysis 9 feet 8 inches. Teeth removed. Stranded 
in Loch Seavaig, Isle of Skye, July 1871. Described 
by Sir Wm. Turner in Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. vii. 
p. 632, 1872. 

| Nos. 1 to 8 are from the Sperm Whale stranded in 
Loch Scavaig, 1871. Turner Collection. ] 

2. Tooth, mandibular, extracted from jaw, also vertical 

section through another tooth of the same Cachalot. 
Donor—Mr J. Mackinnon. 

3. Teeth. Series of aborted maxillary teeth of the same 

Cachalot. Donor—Mr J. Mackinnon. 


4. Ribs, three. Right first, width of sternal end 18 inches, 
6 feet 24 inches on convex border, chord of are 3 feet 
2 inches. Pair of the longest ribs, each 9 feet 5 inches 
along curve of arc; chord of the are 5 feet 6 inches. 

. Sternum of the same whale, fully ossitied—a massive bone, 
triangular in form, 50 inches long, 40 inches wide at 


on 


marten 


i 


Ki it 

CoUNN SUE 

WNT Hl HFA NVEN DD 

Wi) a H » 
\ 


Ua (ty MH fi i 
HAT 
i 


Mh 


PHYSETER. ie 


mmanubrium, four pairs of costal facets; two mesial 
foramina; a transverse fissure on the upper surface 
marks the plane of separation between the second 
and third segments. Turner in Jowrn. Anat. and 
Phys., 1872, vol. vi. Figures, pp. 72, 73. 


6. Vertebre, two lumbar, plates ossified to bodies; also four 
chevron bones, the longest of which measured 2 feet. 
7.4Radius and ulna, fused together at each end. Length 
of radius 16 inches, greatest breadth 9 inches; ulna, 
length of, 13 inches, carpal breadth 9 inches; olecranon 
strong. 
8. Metacarpal bone, proximal epiphysis ossitied, but not 
fused with shaft. Donor—Mr J. Mackinnon. 
[Nos. 9 to 12 were obtained from Thos. Anderson, Esq.. 
Hillswick, Shetland. | 
9, Mandible of an adult male Sperm Whale, said to be about 
61 feet long, towed into Roeness Voe, Shetland, in 
August 1901. The mandible is 16 feet 3 inches 
long, and the length of the symphysis is 10 feet 


3 inches; the teeth are present, 33 23) Described 
by Turner in Proc. Roy. Soc, Hdin., 1903, vol. xxiv. 


10. Harpoon, head of a pointed explosive massive iron, found 
in the head of the same whale. It had penetrated 


bo 


SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


the great cavity in the skull in which the spermaceti 
had been contained. 


. Teeth, maxillary, fifteen in number. They vary in length 
from 69 to 80 mm.; some curved, others pointed at 
both ends; some have a pulp cavity, others none, 
others roughened by odontomatous growths. They 
are obviously rudimentary and functionless. From 
the Shetland Cachalot, No. 9. Plate IX. 


. Tympano-periotic bones, pair of, from No. 9; the bones 
on each side are not fused together. The Tympanic 
bone is 24 inches long, 16 inch broad, 12 inch 
high; the inferior surface bilobed posteriorly, lobes 
separated by oblique groove, outer lobe the larger ; 
outer surface convex and smooth, giving origin to lip- 
like process which reaches mouth of cavity; inner 


(Catalogue of Cetacea 


PLATE IX.] 


Maxillary teeth. 


Sperm Whale. 


[To face p. 74. 


13. 


14. 


ig: 


20. 


PHYSETER—KOGIA. 75 


surface continued thick round border of mouth, and 
divided by deep depression into anterior and posterior 
convexities, almost equal; arched Eustachian end of 
cavity opens close to the inferior surface. Petrosal, 
22 inches by 13 inch broad, articulates with tympanic 
by a broad process, surface of which is striated and 
concavo-convex. Described by Turner, Proc. Roy. 
Soc. Hdin., 1903. Figures, p. 74. 
Mandible of a young Cachalot, not fused at the symphysis ; 
length 6 feet 9 inches, length of symphysis 3 feet 
4 inches. Caught in the lat. of Azores, North 
Atlantic Ocean. Donor—Dr F. B. Archer, Barbados. 
Teeth, forty-four in number, from the mandible of No. 13. 
The pulp cavity is proportionally large. 
Barbados, 1871. Donor—Dr F. B. Archer. 


5. Teeth, three mandibular. 


N. Harris, 1905. Donor—Dr Dunean Fletcher, 
through Professor Chiene. 


}. Tooth from a Sperm Whale captured at Dunstafthage 


Bay, Oban, in May 1829. See Turner in Proc. Roy. 
Soc. Hdin., vol. vii. p 365, 1872. 
Donor—Dr John Alex. Smith. 


. Teeth, two mandibular; the longer is 8} inches, the 


shorter is 7 inches. 
Purchased from Woodcock Collection, Anstruther, October 
Lo L837. Turner Collection. 


. Teeth, two mandibular, brought from St Helena, 


November 1900. Donor—Professor Chiene. 

Tooth, mandibular, 8 inches long, from an adult Sperm 
Whale. 

Teeth, two mandibular, from a relatively young Cachalot. 
In one the crown is only slightly worn and the pulp 
cavity is smooth. In the other, one side of the fang 
is cleft and the pulp cavity is lined by irregular 
nodules, due to morbid changes. 


Il. KOGIA. (K) 
(Pigmy Sperm Whale.) 


Kogia, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, 1846. 
Euphysetes, Wall, New Sperm Whale, Sydney, 1851. 


Head small, snout short, blowhole on forehead, dorsal 
fin faleate. Length of animal 9 to 15 feet. Ap- 


76 


SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


parently more than one species, Indian Ocean, Pacific, 
Australasian Seas. 


No specimen in Museum. 


[Tympanic, drawing of Kogia, from bone in Museum of 


Zoology, University, Cambridge. Tympanic, length 
1,2, inch, breadth # inch; two- lobed, outer the 
longer, separated by a shallow groove; inferior 
surface smooth; anterior end opened by a sharp- 
arched border immediately above the inferior sur- 
face; posteriorly the tympanic was united by a 
constricted neck to an irregular piece of bone, 
formed of light cancellated tissue, which probably 
represented a “mastoid.” Periotic 1,4; inch long, 
# inch broad; internal meatus with a cribriform 
wall for transmission of auditory nerve; tympanic 
aspect with fenestra ovalis and f. rotunda. | 


Subfamily ZIPHIIN A. 
(Beaked Whales. ) 


Beak in the head bounded behind by rounded 


eminence in front of nares. Blowhole single, 
mesial, crescentic. One or rarely two pairs of 
functional mandibular teeth. Numerous unde- 
veloped teeth in gums. Caudal fin convex in 
middle of posterior border. 


= 


ZIPHIUS. at 


III. ZIPHIUS. (Z.) 
Ziphius, Cuvier, Ossemens fossiles, 1823. 


Colour purple-black on back, white on ventral surface ; 
one developed tooth on each side of symphysis 
of mandible; premaxillee expanded and raised as 
asymmetrical eminences, bounding bowl-shaped pre- 
nasal cavity; medio-rostral bone strong; conjoined 
nasals concave forwards, forming summit of cranium ; 
dorsal fin; vertebral formula C,D, or ,,L,,Cd,, = 49. 
Length not exceeding 26 feet. 


(1) ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS, Cuvier. (Z. C.) 
(Cuvier’s Ziphius.) 


Epiodon chathamensis, Hector, Trans. New Zealand Inst., 
1873. 


Medio-rostral bone swollen in middle to a thick, dense 
bar, attenuated at its anterior end. 


1. Skull, adult, with mandible. Length 364 inches, breadth 
20 inches, height 18 inches. Medio-rostral bone, 
length 13 inches, 2} inches in greatest width, 
attenuated anteriorly; length of beak 214 inches, 
breadth at base 12 inches; length of ankylosed 
symphysis 7 inches. The naso-premaxillary and 
rostral regions very characteristic. Mandible 32} 
inches long, teeth absent, sockets occupied by coarse 
bone. The whale was caught in 1870 off Hamna 
Voe, Shetland, and the skull was described by Turner 


78 


SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


in Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xxvi., 1872. The first 
example of the species to be recognised as British. 
Profile figured, p. 77; dorsum, p. 78. 

From John Anderson, Esq., Hillswick, Shetland. 


2. Tympano-periotic bones, right, not fused. Stapes im 


situ. From No. 1. Tympanic 22 inches long, 1{ inch 
broad. Outer surface divided into small posterior 
and large anterior parts by narrow, sharp fissure 
in front. of lip-like process, which is continued for 
a short distance on this surface. Inner surface 
striated, divided by a fissure into a deeper posterior 
and a shallow, thinner anterior part. The inferior 
surface is not definitely bilobed, 14 inch high, but 
is marked by a longitudinal ridge which ends behind 


ZIPHIUS. 79 


in a smooth projection representing the outer lobe 
in Mesoplodon; a minute tubercle separated from 
the projection by a faint groove may represent the 
inner lobe; the cavity opens by a wide Eustachian 
orifice close to the anterior end of the inferior 
surface. Periotic 274 mches long, 144, inch broad. 
The stapes is attached to wall of tympanic cavity. 
Figured in Trans. Roy Soc. Edin., vol. xxvi.,'1872, also 
on p. 78 and below. Turner Collection. 


3. Skull, adult, with mandible, presented by Sir James 
Hector and labelled Epiodon chathamensis ; occipital, 
pterygoid, and palatal regions imperfect; length of 
beak 21 inches, breadth at base 103 inches; medio- 
rostral bone, length 153 inches, peed 21 inches, 
attenuated anteriorly. Mandible, length 2 feet 93 
inches, teeth absent, sockets filled with bone, length 
of symphysis 8 inches. See Turner, Challeng ger 
Reports, part iv., 1880, for description. When 
compared with the Shetland Ziphiws, No. 1, no 
specitic difference appeared to exist between them. 

Chatham Islands. Challenger Collection. 


(2) ZIPHIUS MEDILINEATUS, Owen. (Z. M.) 


1. Rostrum, cast of mineralised beak, from the Suftolk Red 
Crag. Purchased from Mr Edward Charlesworth. 


(3) ZIPHIUS, SPECIES UNCERTAIN. 
1. Rostrum, two vertical transverse sections of the mineralised 
beak of a fossil Ziphius. 
From the Suffolk Red Crag, Woodbridge. 
Purchased from Mr Edward Charlesworth. 


SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


IV. HYPEROODON. (H.) 
Hyperoodon, Lacépéde, Hist. Nat. des Cétacées, 1804. 


Skull with massive maxillary crests in adult male, 
relatively slender in female and in young male; 
premaxille elevated behind nares and expanded 
asymmetrically so that anterior surface overhangs 
nares. Nasal bones between premaxille concave 
forward; mesethmoid imperfectly ossified; a single 
tooth near tip of each half of mandible, many un- 
developed teeth in gum; sternum composed of three 
segments ; cervical vertebrae mostly fused together ; 
caudal fin with posterior border concavo-convex ; 
blowhole transverse, crescentic. 


(1) HyPEROODON ROSTRATUS. (H. R.) 
(Bottlenose Whale.) 
Baleena rostrata, O. H. Wiiller, Zool. Dan. Prod., 1776. 
Hyperoodon butskopf, Lacépede, supra cit. 
Hyperoodon bidens, Fleming, British Animals, 1828. 


Colour black or greyish black on back and _ sides, 
yellowish grey on ventral surface; pair of lateral 
furrows on under part of throat; head with boss- 
like frontal protuberance, below which an attenuated 
beak constitutes “the neck of the bottle”; dorsal 
fin high behind the middle of the back; pectoral fin 
relatively small; length from 20 to 30 feet. 


Prats X.1 (Catalogue of Cetacea. 


Hyperoodon. Manus, 


r, 1, UW, proximal carpals ; p, pisifurm ; ¢, to cs, distal carpals ; 


“2? 


I to V, metacarpals ; P, pollex. 


Platanista gangetica. Manus. 


{To face p. 81. 


HYPEROODON. 81 


. Skeleton, young male, articulated, maxillary crests rela- 
tively slender. Referred to by Wm. Thompson in 
Ann. Natural Hist., vol. xvii., 1846. See Plate V. 
Manus figured in Plate X. 

Alloa, October 1845. Goodsir Collection. 


[ No. 2 to No. 19 are from the Turner Collection. ] 


. Skeleton, young female, articulated, with dorsal fin im 
situ, pelvic bones present, maxillary crests relatively 
slender. Vertebral formula C,D,LCd,,=45. The 
animal is described by Turner in Proc. Roy. Physical 
Soc., Edinburgh, vol. 1x., 1886. See Plate I. 

Dunbar, November 1885. 


. Skull, aged male, with broad, high, massive maxillary 
crests; beak and mandible wanting. See Turner, 
Proc. Roy. Physical. Soc., Edinburgh, 1889, vol. x. 

Hole of Scraada, Shetland, March 1883. 
Donor—John Anderson, Esq. 


. Skull, aged male, with broad, high, massive maxillary 
crests, also mandible. Length of skull 6 feet 2 inches, 
breadth 3 feet 5 inches; length of beak 3 feet 9 inches, 
breadth 1 foot 61 inches; crests much higher than 
the vertex cranii, breadth 84 inches, length 3 feet, 
narrowest diameter of intermediate cleft $~ inch; 
pterygoids large, 21 inches long, conjoined breadth 
88 inches, articulating mesially ; length of mandible 
5 feet; length of symphysis 20 inches. See figure 
below. J. E. Gray, in Zoology of Voyage, Erebus and 
Terror, 1846, regarded skulls with massive crests as a 
distinct species, Hyperoodon latifrons. 

North Atlantic, 1889. 
Donor—Dr Robert Gray, Peterhead. 


6 


82 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


5. Skull, with right half of mandible; maxillary crests 
moderate, interval 7 inches broad; length of skull 

4 feet 94 inches, breadth 2 feet 64 inches; length of 

beak 3 feet, breadth 1 foot 23 inches; length of 
mandible 3 feet 113 inches; length of symphysis 15 
inches; an unprotruded tooth at tip of right mandible. 
Referred to in Proc. Roy. Physical Soc., vol. 1x., 1886. 

Hamna Voe, Shetland, August 1871. 

Donor—J. Anderson, Esq. 


6. Skull, young male, with relatively slender maxillary 
crests; beak broken at free end; length of crest 134 
inches, breadth 24 inches ; breadth of interval 64 inches. 
Referred to in same Proceedizigs, vol. 1x.,in which the 
measurements of four of these skulls are given. 

Loch Ranza, Arran, October 1883. 
Donor—Dr Neil Fullarton. 


. Teeth, pair of well-grown mandibular. 

Hillswick, Shetland. Donor—Dr John Anderson. 

[The specimens Nos. 8 to 11, preserved in spirit, from 

the Dunbar Hyperoodon, No. 2. See Turner, Proc. 
Roy. Physical Soc., vol. ix., 1886.] 

8. Teeth, rudimentary, with pulps in dental groove in gum 
of upper jaw; two calcified teeth protrude through 
the gum, also rudiments in tooth sac. D, dental 
groove; L, lip. 

9. Teeth, rudimentary, with dental pulps and gum from 

mandible, very immature. 


~I 


: as eal 
re iG 


= , 
Hi, : ae 


HYPEROODON. 83 


10. Teeth, rudimentary, projecting through gum _ from 
mandible, calcified and with acute points. 


11. Hard palate, mucous membrane of, rough, with numerous 
short, blunt papillee. 


12. Tympano-periotic bones, pair of. Length of Tympanic 
2+ inches, greatest breadth 11 inch, height 1} inch. 
Outer surface convex, divided by an oblique groove 
into two bulgings; from the groove to the anterior 
border is 1} inch, to the posterior border 1 inch; the 
lip-like process ascends for ~ inch from the upper 
border of the posterior bulging, and is prolonged 


down the outer surface. Tine sane surface is striated, 
and divided into a thick posterior part { inch high, 
and an anterior longer part only } inch high. The 
inferior aspect is 1} inch broad, and may be called 
a surface ; posteriorly it presents a distinct outer lobe, 
but the inner is a rudimentary tubercle; a shallow 
groove separates them, in which is a narrow ridge, 
which extends to the anterior end of this surface; 
the cavity has a wide opening close to the Eustachian 
end of the inferior surface. Corresponding characters 
exist in the tympanics of the other crania of Hyper- 
oodon. See figure of inferior surface below. Periotic, 
length 24 inches, breadth 14 inch. 
September 1888. 
Donor—Capt. Phillips, “ Nova Zembla,” Dundee. 


13. Tympano-periotic bones, imperfect. 
Shetland, 1872. 


14. Tympano-periotic bones from No. 2. Tympanic, length 
24 inches, breadth 14 inch, height 14 inch. Periotic, 
length 24 inches. 

Dunbar, 1885. 


84 


15. 


16. 
es 


L9: 


SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


Tympano-periotic bone, left. Length of tympanic 2} 
inches, breadth 12 inch, height 14 inch.  Periotic, 
length 23 inches. 


Periotic bone, right (old male). Donor—Dr R. Gray. 
Hyoid bone from No. 6. The body and cornua have not 


fused, the stylo-hyoids are distinct. 
Loch Ranza, Arran. Donor—Dr N. Fullarton. 


. Vertebre, cervical and upper eight dorsal, from No. 5. 


Hamna Voe, Shetland, 1871. 


Vertebre, nine lumbar, from No. 5. 
Hamna Voe, Shetland, 1871. 


[No. 20 to No. 22 are from the Collection formed by 
Professor Goodsir. ] 


. Radius, longitudinal section of. One end of the radius 


of No. 1, showing the cartilaginous epiphysis and the 
Haversian canals in its substance. 


. Tongue of Hyperoodon, showing the papille on the 


dorsum, especially at the base, and the fringes 
of mucous membrane on the borders and at 
the tip. 


. Gsophagus, transverse section through, inverted, showing 


longitudinal folds of the mucous lining. 


. Stomach of the Hyperoodon, No. 1, inflated and dried. 


It consisted of a large cardiac or proximal division 
into which the cesophagus opened, an intermediate 
division consisting of five subglobular compartments 
varying in size, and a large distal or pyloric division, 
which opened into the funnel-shaped dilated duo- 
denum. See Turner in Jowrn. Anat. and Phys., vol. 
xx. p. 470, 1885. 


[To illustrate the appearance of the ventral surface 
of the stomach in Hyperoodon, a figure from the 
description by Sir Wm. Turner of the Dunbar 
specimen, No, 2, in the Journ. Anat. and Phys., 
vol. xxiii, 1889, is reproduced. The numerals 1 
to 7 indicate the gastric compartments. D, duo- 
denum ; (EH, cesophagus. See page 85.] 


HYPEROODON. 85 


Stomach. Beaks of cuttle-fish, being contents of the 


stomach and duodenum of the Hyperoodon taken at 
Dunbar in 1885, No. 2. Turner Collection. 


_ Intestine, small, of the Bottle-nosed Whale, inverted, 


showing valvule conniventes, the blood-vessels of 
which have been injected. Goodsir Collection. 


[The brains No. 26 to No. 30 were removed from the 
cranial cavity by Dr Robert Gray, Peterhead, and 
were presented by Sir John Batty Tuke, M.P.] 


Brain of Hyperoodon without the membranes. Weight 
6 lb. 6 oz. 


. Brain of Hyperoodon. Weight when fresh 6 Ib. 7 oz.; 


the membranes have been taken off. 


Brain of Hyperoodon with its membranes. Weight 7 lb. 


. Brain of Hyperoodon without membranes. Weight 6 lb. 
. Brain of Hyperoodon cut into a number of sections. 


Weight 6 lb. 2 oz. 


86 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


31. Eyeball, in the orbit, antero-posterior section with the 
eyelids, the palpebral fissure, and the two grooves in 
the lids; the retractor muscle, two of the recti, and 
the orbicularis are seen in the section, as well as the 
lens, the vitreous body, the coats of the eyeball, and 
the optic nerve. Goodsir Collection. 


32. Eyelids with palpebral fissures. In each lid is a groove 
parallel to the fissure, which apparently facilitates 
the movement of the lids. The opposite surface of 
the preparation shows in section the anterior segment 
of the eyeball. Goodsir Collection. 


33. Ear. Integument of Hyperoodon from the auditory 
region, showing the minute orifice of the external 
auditory meatus on the surface. Turner Collection. 


34. Tympanum. Fibro-mucous membrane, pouch-like lining 
of the tympanic cavity of Hyperoodon. Figure below. 
Turner Collection. 


35. Skin of Hyperoodon. A portion of the superficial thin 
pigmented layer of cuticle has been reflected to show 
the deeper layer attached to the cutis vera. 

Goodsir Collection. 


V. MESOPLODON. (Me.) 
Mesoplodon, Gervais, Ann. Sc. Nat., 1850. 


Skull with mesethmoid ossified in adult into a medio- 
rostral bone. Beak long and narrow. No maxillary 
crests; nasals narrow, concave forwards, lodged 
between the upper ends of premaxille. Pair of 
large teeth in mandible at some distance from the 
tip. Sternum consists of four or five pieces. Skull 
asymmetrical. 


MESOPLODON. 87 


(1) MESOPLODON BIDENS. (ME. 8.) 
(Sowerby’s Whale.) 


Physeter bidens, Sowerby, British Miscellany, 1806. 

Delphinus Sowerbiensis, De Blainville, Nouv. Dict. d Hist. 
Nii. Vou. 

Delphinarynchus micropterus, F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. des 
Cétacés, 1836. 

Micropteron bidens, Hschricht, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1852. 


Colour bluish slate on dorsum, light slate or grey on 
ventral surface, mottled with white scattered spots. 
Length 15 to 16 feet. Mandibular teeth triangular, 
compressed laterally, opposite posterior end of sym- 
physis; two grooves in submandibular region. 


SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


. Skull. Cast of the type skull, imperfect, described by 
James Sowerby in 1806 from the specimen stranded 
in 1800 near Brodie House, Moray Firth. The animal 
was a male, and the beak, the anterior part of 
the cranium, and the mandible are preserved in the 
Museum of the University of Oxford. 

Donor—Sir H. W. Acland, Bart. 


[Nos. 2 to 17 are from the Turner Collection. ] 


2. Skeleton, articulated, with caudal fin, pelvic bones, 
mandible, and hyoid. Whale caught in Voxter Voe, 
Shetland, June 1885: an adult male, 15 feet 8 inches 
long. Skull 30 inches long, beak 204 inches long; 
medio-rostral ossified. Vertebral formula C,D,,L,,Cd,, 
=47. Described by Sir Wm. Turner, Jowrn. Anat. 
and Phys., vol. xx., 1885. Donor—Dr C. A. Anderson. 


3. Skeleton, articulated, with dorsal and caudal fins, mandible, 
and hyoid. Caught in Dalgety Bay, Firth of Forth, 
October 1888: male, 15 feet 1 inch long; weight 18 
ewt. See Turner in Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Hdin., 
vol. x., 1889, and Journ. Anat. and Phys., vol. xxiii, 
1889. Donor—The Earl of Moray. 

. Skull, with mandible. The whale, 14 feet long, an adult 
male, was stranded at Urafirth Voe, Shetland, in 
April 1881. Breadth of skull 11} inches; breadth of 
beak 7} inches. Tip of slender beak broken, medio- 
rostral ossified. See Turner, Jowrn. Anat.and Phys., 
vol. xvi., April 1882. Donor—Thos. Anderson, Esq. 

5. Skull, with mandible; approximate length 2 feet 7 inches, 

breadth 113 inches. Beak 19 inches long, breadth at 
base 73 inches, slightly curved at tip, medio-rostral 
ossified for 8 inches; right side, back of skull, and 
mandible broken. 

Morrison’s Haven, Firth of Forth, 1895. 


MESOPLODON. 89 


6. Tympano-periotic bones, right, from the Shetland skull, 


-~J 


(o) 


9 


i0 


11 


June 1885, No. 2. Length 1? inch, breadth 1 inch, 
height 1 inch. Stapes not ankylosed. The Tympanic 
has the outer surface moderately convex, marked by 
a vertical groove into a large anterior and smaller 
posterior divisions, the anterior being 1 inch in 
length. Lip-like process extending down outer 
surface. Inner surface, # inch deep, is faintly 
striated and not sharply divided into an anterior and 
a posterior part, but gradually diminishes in thick- 
ness from behind forwards. The inferior aspect is 
bilobed at posterior end, the outer being larger than 
the distinct inner lobe; the groove of separation 
expands anteriorly into a shallow roughened fossa ; 
from its breadth this aspect forms an inferior surface ; 
the cavity opens close to the anterior end of this 
surface. See figure of inferior surface. The Periotic 
is 13 inch long and { inch broad. See Turner, Jowrn. 


e 


Anat. and Phys., vol. xx., 1886. 


. Tympano - periotic bones, right, detached from the 


Morrison’s Haven skull, No. 5. The stapes is not 
ankylosed to the periotic bone. 


. Periotic bone, left, from No. 4. Stapes in situ but not 


ankylosed. 


Shetland, 1881. 
. Tympano-periotic bones, left, from No. 3. Stapes not 


ankylosed to periotic. 


Firth of Forth, Dalgety Bay. 
. Tooth extracted from mandible and vertically cut to 


obtain slices for microscopic examination. Described 
and figured by Turner in the Challenger Reports, 
vol. i., 1880. Challenger Collection. 


. Teeth, casts of two mandibular, of Sowerby’s Whale, 


probably adult. 


90, SPECIMENS OF CETACEA, 


12. Vertebre, seven cervical, atlas and axis fused; ten dorsal 
vertebra; only five pairs of ribs present. Sternum 
with five segments and four intersegmental foramina. 
From No. 4. 

Shetland, 1881. Turner Collection. 

. Pectoral Limb, articulated bones of left. The manus is a 
natural skeleton. The carpus consists of radiale, 
intermedium, ulnare, with three disto-carpalia which 
represent C,, C,,,,C,,,. The digit formula is MPh, 
for pollex, MPh,, MPh,, MPh,, MPh, for the other 
digits. From No. 5. 

Morrison’s Haven, 1895. Turner Collection. 


I 


se) 


14. Pectoral Limb, left, inner surface dissected. The carpo- 
metacarpal region is described and figured in Turner’s 


MESOPLODON. 91 


memoir on Sowerby’s Whale, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., 
1909, vol. xxix. p. 719, where by an error it is ascribed 
to the specimen from Morrison’s Haven. Figure on 
p. 90. 
Nairn, Moray Firth, September 1899. 
Donor—Wm. Taylor, Esq., Lhanbryde. 
15. Trachea and bronchi of Sowerby’s Whale dried and 
spread out to show the divisions and subdivisions of 
the bronchi. Dissected by Dr Charles A. Anderson. 
From the Shetland specimen, 1885. 
Turner Collection. 
16. Stomach of Sowerby’s Whale, Dalgety Bay, 1888, dried 
and inflated, No. 3. The first compartment (1) is not 
a paunch, and, though receiving the cesophagus, Oe, 
corresponds with the cardiac compartment (2) in the 
dolphins; succeeding it are twelve subglobular com- 
partments (2-13) which are arranged to form a 
A-shaped figure; the separation between them is 
marked on the surface by constrictions, whilst inter- 
nally broad folds of mucous membrane with valve-like 
openings project into the lumen. The last (15) opens 
into the distal or pyloric compartment (14), and it again 


92 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


opens into the Duodenum, which receives the conjoined 
Pancreatico-hepatic duct. See Turner in Jowrn. Anat. 
and Phys., vol. xxiii., 1889, and figure on p. 91. 

17. Stomach. Section through the junction of the ceso- 
phagus with the Ist compartment of the stomach. 
The mucous membrane of the cesophagus is raised in 
fine longitudinal folds, and is covered by squamous 
epithelium: that of the stomach is raised into broad 
convoluted folds covered by columnar epithelium ; it 
contains tubular branched glands with peptic and 
axial cells, and is a true digestive stomach. The 
cesophagus again is not glandular. See Turner, 
Journ. Anat. and Phys., vol. xx., 1886. 


(2) MESOPLODON LAYARDI. (ME. 1.) 
(Layard’s Mesoplodon. ) 


Aiphius layardi, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1865; Cat. Seals and 
Whales, p. 353. 


The most prominent specific character is the pair of 
strap-like mandibular teeth, which in the adult 
curve upwards and inwards around the sides to 
above the beak and restrict the opening of the 
mouth. 


1. Skeleton, immature, vertebral plates not fused, mandibular 
teeth not erupted, medio-rostral not ossified. Length 
of skeleton about 12 feet; length of skull 25 inches, 
breadth 11 inches; length of beak 144 inches, breadth 
4 inches. The whale was said to be 14 feet long; 
black above, greyish white below. Vertebral formula 
C_D,L,,Cd,,=44. Bones of limbs absent. See Turner 
in Challenger Reports, vol. i., 1880. 

Port Sussex, East Falkland Island, 1875. 
Challenger Collection. 

2. Mandible, with Maxillary Beak, Cast of; medio-rostral 
ossified. Strap-like mandibular teeth characteristic- 
ally curved at the sides and above the beak. Original 
in Museum of University of Oxford. See Turner in 
Challenger Reports, vol. i., 1880. 

Walwick Bay, South Africa, 1869. 
Donor—Oxford Museum. 

3. Tooth, Cast of mandibular, removed from socket. The 
broad strap-like fang and the body of the tooth with 
the minute triangular crown are well seen. Original 


MESOPLODON—BERARDIUS. 93 


in Museuin of University of Oxford. See Turner in 
Challenger Reports, vol. i., 1880. 
Donor—Oxford Museum. 


4. Tooth, right mandibular, removed from the mandible of 
the young skull from East Falkland Island. A section 
was made, from which slides for microscopic examina- 
tion were obtained. See Turner in Challenger 
Reports, vol. 1., 1880. Challenger Collection. 


5. Tympano-periotic bones, right, from the young skull 
from East Falkland Island, No. 1; stapes in place. 
Tympanic, length 13 inch, breadth 1} inch, height 
§ inch. Outer surface flattened behind, moderately 
convex in front, unequally divided by an almost 
vertical groove, from which to the anterior border 
is 1§ inch, to posterior border { inch; lip-like process 
prolonged down outer surface. Inner surface moder- 
ately striated, vertical diameter 2 inch behind 
diminishing towards Eustachian end. Inferior aspect 
bilobed posteriorly, outer lobe smooth and rounded, 
larger than the rough and laterally compressed inner ; 
the lobes are separated by a groove which widens out 
anteriorly to 3 inch as a shallow roughened fossa, 
so that this aspect deserves the name of inferior 
surface; the cavity opens by a wide mouth at its 
anterior end. 

Compared with the tympanic of Sowerby’s Whale, 
the outer lobe is smoother and more rounded, and the 
groove separating it from the inner is wider, but it 
does not extend so far forwards, and the inner surface 
turns more abruptly from the inferior surface. 

The Periotic is 1%, inch long, 1,8, inch broad; 
the meatus internus is a single canal. See Turner 
in Challenger Reports, vol. i., 1880. 

Challenger Collection. 


VI. BERARDIUS. (Br.) 


Length about 30 feet. Two compressed pointed teeth 
on each side of mandibular symphysis. Beak long 
and narrow, medio-rostral partially ossified. Only 
one species from the New Zealand seas is recognised. 

Berardius arnuxi, Duvernoy, Ann. Sci. Nat., 1851. 


No specimen in Museum. 


94 


— 


bo 


SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


Family Il. PLATANISTIDA. 
(Fresh-water Cetacea.) 
Jaws long, laterally compressed, with numerous teeth 


and long symphysis. Pectoral limbs broad, truncated 
at free end, pentadactylous. 


I. PLATANISTA. (Pl) 

Platanista, Wagler, Nat. Syst. Amph., etc., 1830. 

Skull with large plate-like maxillary crests; beak 
slender, with numerous teeth. No dorsal fin, but a 
low dorsal ridge. Palatines not entering into hard 
palate. 


(1) PLATANISTA GANGETICA. (PL. G.) 

(Gangetic Dolphin or Soosoo.) 
30 30 
30 30’ 
beak very narrow. Vertebral formula C_,D,,L,Cd,, 
=52. Sternum consists of three transverse segments. 
Frequents Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Indus rivers. 


Length about 8 feet. Eyes diminutive; teeth about 


. Skeleton, articulated, male, length 6 feet; length of beak 


124 inches, breadth at base 14 inch. An elaborate 
description of the anatomy of the Dolphin of the 
Ganges has been given by Dr John Anderson in his 
Anatomical and Zoological Researches, 1878. Carpus 
figured in Plate XI. Donor—Dr John Anderson, F.R.S. 


. Skeleton, articulated, female; length of beak 18} inches, 


breadth at base 14 inch. Spine injured and_ bent 
laterally at junction of lumbo-caudal region. 
Donor——Dr John Anderson, F.R.S. 


. Skull, incomplete; length 124 inches; length of beak 


8 inches; breadth at base 1 inch. Mandible 104 inches 
long; symphysis 63 inches. The skull is that of a 
young animal. Knox Collection, No. 105. 


. Skull, with mandible. The beak and fronto-maxillary 


region are invested by the dried skin, Teeth longer 
in front than behind, equal in number in each jaw. 
Maxillary crests meeting mesially on vertex. Length 
of skull 184 inches. Length of beak from maxillary 
fold of skin 94 inches. Caught at Cawnpore, 1880. 
Donor—Major G. Logan, H.M. Indian Army. 


PLATE X1.] [Catalogue of Cetacea. 


Pr »~ S& yy), j 
Mh ih 


" Mie 


Platanista ganyetica, Manus. 


{To face p. 94. 


PrarE XII.) 


Platanista gangetica. 


[Catalogue of Cetacea. 


Manus. 


| To face p. 95. 


a 


~ 


PLATANISTA—INIA. 95 


5. Tympanic bones, pair of, also a single right bone. Length 
2 inches, breadth 1} inch, height 1} inch Outer sur- 
face with narrow groove for division into two flattened 
prominences, almost equal in length; lip-shaped pro- 
cess thickened, prolonged down outer surface. Inner 
surface 2 inch in its posterior two-thirds, then rapidly 
diminishing to pointed end. Bilobed; a groove ex- 
tends forward along the greater part of the inferior 
surface and contains a rough ridge ¢ inch long; the 
surface ends in a pointed process, above which is the 
Eustachian opening. See figure below. 


6. Head, sagittal section of a young male, showing the brain 
in situ. The beak has been removed. 
Donor—Dr Nelson Annandale. 


7. Caudal fin of a young male, showing the mesial notch in 
the posterior border. Donor —Dr N. Annandale. 


8. Pectoral limbs, pair of, young male, showing the form and 
the truncated free end. The proximal row of the 
carpus consists of radiale (7), which may be separate 
or fused with carpale 1., of intermedium (77), the ulnare 
being absent; the distal row has Carpale,, C,, C3, C,,;; 
a centrale is also present; the digits are as follows: 
MPh, for pollex, then MPh,;, MPh,, MPh, and MPh, 
for minimus. X-ray photos figured by Turner in Proc. 
Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xxx., 1900, along with other 
varieties of the manus in Platanista. See Plates 


Gee. Gli Donor—Dr N. Annandale. 


II. INIA. (In.) 
Inia, D’Orbigny, N. Ann. Mus. Paris, 1i1., 1834. 


Only three lumbar vertebre. Sternum a_ single 
segment. Maxillary crests small, dorsal fin rudi- 
mentary, palatines separated by vomer, very long 


96 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


mandibular symphysis. Only one species, Inia 
geoffrensis; frequents the Amazon river. 
No specimen in Museum. 


III. PONTOPORIA. (Po.) 
Pontoporia, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, 1846. 


Teeth most numerous, palatines separated by vomer, 
sternum in two segments. Dorsal fin falcate. Only 
one species, Pontoporia blainvilli; frequents the Rio 
Grande and the La Plata river. 


No specimen in Museum. 


Family II. DELPHINIDA. 
(Dolphins. ) 

Usually small, seldom exceeding 20 feet. Teeth usually 
in both jaws, frequently numerous; sternal ribs 
ossified; lachrymal conjoined with malar bone; 
pentadactylous. Skull not quite symmetrical. 


I. MONODON. (Mo.) 
Monodon, Linneus, Syst. Nat., 1766. 

One tooth in superior maxilla of maie, forming a 
spirally twisted tusk, rarely two protruded teeth. 
No dorsal fin. Manus short, narrow. Premaxille 
convex in front of nares, broad and flattened in 
beak. 


(1) MonopoN MONOCEROS. (Mo. M.) 
(Narwhal, Sea Unicorn.) 
Monodon monoceros, Linnews, swpra cit. 

Colour dark grey above, white below, marbled with 
grey spots; horn-like tusk several feet long, 
spirally twisted. Head rounded, without distinct 
beak. Length less than 16 feet. Vertebral formula 
C,D,L,Cd.,= 59. 


1. Skull, adult, 234 inches long, greatest breadth 16 inches. 
Beak 134 inches long, 10} inches broad at base. Pre- 


MONODON. 97 


maxilla convex and thick at nasal end, in the beak 
smooth, flattened, 22 inches at the broadest, but broad 
almost to tip. Superior maxilla rougher, distinct 
external to premaxille. Vertex cranii in same plane 
as top of nasals. Pterygoids relatively small, meeting 
mesially. No tusks protrude, and the sockets are 
filled with bone. 2} inches behind the right socket is 
seen the tip of a rudiment of a second maxillary tooth 
lying at the bottom of its socket. A similar socket 
in the left maxilla has no rudimentary tooth in it. 
Mandible absent. Goodsir Collection. 


2. Skull, with left tusk, which protrudes 3 feet. Right 
maxilla removed. No mandible. 
Goodsir Collection. 


3. Skull, young female, 13} inches long, 9 inches broad ; 
beak 6 inches long, 44 inches broad at base. Naso- 
premaxillary region similar to though less strongly 
marked than in No. 1.  Pterygoids separated by a 
wide cleft mesially. Tympano-periotics retained in 
skull. Mandible 10 inches long, symphysis 1 inch 
The right and left tusks have each reached the 
mouth of the alveolus, but have not protruded. 
One inch behind the right alveolus is a smaller 
socket in which the end of an aborted tooth is 
seen; a similar left socket does not contain an 
aborted tooth. 

Davis Strait. Donor—Sir John Struthers, 1895. 


4. Skull, male, adolescent, 18} inches long, 12 inches 
broad; beak 9 inches long, 7 inches broad ; naso-pre- 
maxillaries assuming adult characters ; pterygoids 
partially united mesially ; tympano-periotics i situ. 
Mandible 14 inches long, symphysis 13 inch. Left 
tusk projects for 1$ inch, right is concealed. Behind 
each alveolus is a depression which may have lodged 
a rudimentary tooth. 


Davis Strait. Donor—Sir John Struthers, 1895. 
5. Skull, 20 inches long, 18} inches broad; beak 10} inches 


Ly fat 


long, 7} inches broad. Right tympano- periotics im 
situ. Mandible 16} inches long, symphysis 2 inches. 
The left tusk protrudes 114 inches. The rudimentary 
right tusk is entirely concealed. 

Donor—T. Graham Kerr, Esq. 


6. Skull, bones of foetal, disarticulated; the foetus was re- 
moved in December 1875 from a gravid uterus, No. 22. 


- 


/ 


98 


4) 


10). 


ale 


SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


In this specimen the superior maxilla is 84 inches 
long; each contains a non-protruded tusk, behind 
which is an aborted tooth $ inch long and 32; inch 
wide enclosed in a distinct sac. Described by Turner, 
Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. ix. p.110. Also in vol. vi. 
p- 760, a description is given of a foetus 74 inches 
long, with two dental papillae: imbedded in the gum, 
one in front of the other. The figure below, of a 
longitudinal section through the gum, magnified, 
shows their relative position. 


. Skull of foetus, disarticulated; the socket of each superior 


maxilla contains a concealed tusk; a little further 
back is a second socket, in which a corresponding 
tooth is not present. Turner Collection. 


Vomer, spout-like, with mesethmoid cartilage occupying 
the interval between the two lateral halves and 
extending for 3 inches in front of the tip of the bone ; 
from the foetal skull No. 6. Turner Collection. 


Mandible without skull. No teeth or aiveoi. 
Goodsir Collection. 
Tusk, 6 feet 10 inches long; spiral surface pronounced. 
Donor—Sir Douglas Maclagan. 
Tusk, 6 feet 93 inches long; spiral arrangement pro- 
nounced. Donor—Sir Douglas Maclagan. 


Tusk, 5 feet 64 inches long; spiral arrangement of surface 
very strong. Goodsir Collection. 


MONODON. 99 


13. Non-protruded tooth of the Narwhal, 7} inches long; 
spiral arrangement not developed, free end pointed, 
opposite end 1 inch wide, hollowed as if it had lodged 
a large dentar papilla. 


Donor—Prof. W. C. M‘Intosh, F.RB.S. 


14. Tympano-periotic bones, left, articulated, of an adult; 
length of tympanic bulla 2} inches, breadth 1 inch, 
height 7 inch; outer and inner surfaces with deep 
indentation; inferior surface two-lobed posteriorly, 
separated by a wide deep cleft; outer lobe smooth, 
rounded, much more prominent than inner, blends 
with outer surface; inner lobe continuous with strong 
ridge which separates inner from inferior surface ; 
cavity opens by wide mouth close to anterior end 
of this surface. Surface in front of cleft rough. 
(Figure of inferior surface below.) Periotic 2} inches 
long, 14 inch broad; meatus wide. 

Turner Collection. 


15. Tympano-periotic bones, left, of a foetus, fused; tympanic 
bone 1% inch long; chain of tympanic ossicles im 
situ. Turner Collection. 


16. Sternum of an adult, length 12 inches, breadth of manu- 
brium 11 inches. A round mesial foramen lies between 
the second and third segments; articulations for five 
pairs of ribs. Deep presternal notch. 

Goodsir Collection. 


17. Pectoral Limb of Narwhal, right; humerus 5{ inches long, 
radius 43 inches, ulna 5} inches; epiphyses fused. 
Carpus with radiale, 7, intermedium, 2, ulnare, w ; the 
intermedium has fused with it a nodule which may 
be an os centrale; C,, C,,, and C,,, are distinct 
bones. The digits are MPh, for pollex, p, MPh,, 
MPh,, MPh,, MPh,, minimus, V. Radiogram on page 
100. Struthers Collection. 


100 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


18. Pectoral Limbs, pair of ; humerus 54 inches long ; radius, R, 
43 inches long, 17 inches broad ; ulna, U, 5} inches long, 
1§ inch broad; epiphyses fused. Carpus with radiale, 
vr, itermedium, ulnare; in one the distal carpalia are 
C,, Cy, and C,.,; -im the other C, is not) visible 
Metacarpals i. tov. P, pollex. Phalanges imperfect. 


19. Brain of Narwhal, the basal surface, LH, lobus hippo- 
campi, the area desert Q, the absence of olfactory 
peduncles and bulbs, and the origin of the nerves 
shown in Plate XIII. The convoluted cranial surface 
of the left hemisphere is figured in Plate XIV.; also 
by Turner in “The Convolutions of the Brain,” in 
Journ. Anat. and Phys., vol. xxv., 1891. 

Donor—Dr H. Season Wilson. 


20. Brain, a female about 17 feet long; weighed 3 lb. 15 oz. 
before being placed in spirit. 
Donor—Sir John Struthers, 1895. 


PLATE XIII. ] | Catalogue of Cetacea. 


Monodon monoceros. 


To face p. 100, 


IDEN) GIDE, Catalogue of Cetacea. 
9g 


Monodon monoceros. 


S, Sylvian fossa and fissure ; sc, Sylvian convolution ; ss, supra-Sylvian ; 
ml, medi-lateral convolution ; m, marginal convolution. 


{To face p. 100. 


MONODON. 101 


. Brain, without the membranes, divided into three 


portions, removed from skull by Dr Robert Gray. 
Weight 3 lb. 12 oz. 
Donor—Sir John Batty Tuke, M.P. 


2. Placenta. A portion of the wall of the pregnant uterus 


of the Narwhal, showing the crypts in which the 
villi of the chorion, injected red, are lodged. This and 
the other preparations of the placenta are from the 
specimen described by Sir Wm. Turner in Proc. Roy. 
Soc. Hdin., vol. ix., 1876. 


. Placenta. A portion of the pregnant uterus of the 


Narwhal, showing the relationship of the villous 
surface of the chorion, injected blue, to the uterine 
mucosa (red); a part of the chorion has been reflected 
from the mucous membrane. 


. Placenta. Pole of the chorion of the fecundated cornu, 


showing the diffuse arrangement of the villi, the 
vessels of which are not injected. 


. Placenta. Pole of the chorion of the Narwhal, from the 


cornu opposite to that occupied by the foetus; villi 
minutely injected red. 


}. Placenta. A portion of the chorion of the same animal, 


showing the non-villous area opposite the os uteri 
internum surrounded by villi injected red. 


. Placenta. A portion of the umbilical cord of the Narwhal, 


showing the amniotic corpuscles. 


. Placenta. A portion of the cervical end of the pregnant 


uterus, the os uteri externum and the vagina ot the 
< : 

Narwhal, showing the folds of the mucous membrane. 

Not injected. 


. Stomach, figure of foetal, from a specimen 5 feet 1 inch 


long. The cesophagus, Oe, communicated with the 
paunch, 1, which opened close to the cesophagus into a 
large compartment 2, succeeding which was a small 
compartment 3, then a larger 4, that opened into the 
pyloric compartment 5, from which the duodenum D 
proceeded. See Turner's description in Journ. Anat. 
and Phys., vol. xxiii., 1889. Figure on page 102. 


102 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


II. DELPHINAPTERUS. (Dpt.) 


Delphinapterus, Lacépede, Hist. Nat. Cétacées, 1804. 
Beluga, Gray, Spic. Zool., 1828. 

Teeth, eight to ten in the anterior part of each jaw, 
truncated when worn; premaxille flat or faintly 
concave in front of nares. Forearm and manus 
short, broad; no dorsal fin. 


(1) DELPHINAPTERUS LEUCAS. (DPT. L.) 
(Beluga or White Whale.) 
Physeter catodon, Linnewus, supra cit. 
Delphinus leucas, Pallas, Reise, 1776. 
Baleena albicans, Miiller, Zool. Dan. Prodr., 1776. 
Beluga catodon, Gray, Zool. Hrebus and Terror, 1846. 
Colour white; 16 to 20 feet long; cervical vertebre 
not fused, formula C,D,, or ,,L,Cd,,= 50 or 51; neck 
distinct on surface. 

1. Skull, adult, length 20 inches, breadth 11 inches; beak, 
length 103 inches, breadth 7 inches. Nasal end of 
premaxillaries almost flat, comparatively thin; 1/ 
inch broad in line with base of beak, convex, and 
retaining convexity until near tip. Superior maxillee 


DELPHINAPTERUS. 103 


form outer part of beak. Vertex cranii somewhat 
higher than nasals. Pterygoids separated by a wide 


cleft. Teeth oblique and truncated, = = =38. Man- 


dible 154 inches long, symphysis 2} inches long. 
Tympano-periotics absent. Monro Collection. 
2. Skull, adult, 28 inches long, breadth 13 inches; beak, 
length 14 inches, breadth 74 inches. Premaxille faintly 
concave at nasal end; breadth opposite base of beak 
21 inches, then convex almost to tip, which has a 
blunt, rounded end. Superior maxille distinct. 
Vertex and upper ends of nasals in same plane. 
Pterygoids as in No. 1. Teeth oblique, truncated, 


- y= 36. Mandible 192 inches, symphysis 34 inches 
long. 'Tympano-periotics absent. Spitzbergen. 
Lamont Expedition. Donor—Dr A. M. Bentley. 


3. Pectoral Limb, left. Humerus 6 inches long; radius 43 
inches long, 2 inches broad; ulna 43 inches long, 
2} inches broad; epiphyses fused. Carpus with 
radiale, intermedium, and a cartilaginous ulnare ; the 
distal carpalia are C, for pollex, C, mainly for M,,, 
C, very small for M,,, and C, equally for M,, and 
M,,.; no independent C,. Phalangeal formula: pollex, 
Phot, dict um, Ph) distin Eh, s digit iy. Phy; 
doit vas Phy. Struthers Collection. 

(Tympano-periotic, from specimen in Museum, Royal 
College of Surgeons, England. Tympanic length 
1,8, inch, breadth 1 inch, height j8, inch. Outer 
surface saddle-shaped, lip-like process extending 
vertically down it; inferior surface bilobed, outer 
larger, smooth, rounded; inner ridged, rough; cleft 
deep, extendmg forward towards anterior end, above 
which is Eustachian opening. (Figure of inferior 
surface below.) Periotic 1} inch long, | inch broad ; 
dense labyrinthine part almond-shaped. ] 


104 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


III. PHOCAENA. (Ph.) 
(The Porpoise.) 
Phoceena, Cuvier, Regne Animal, 1817. 

Dorsal fin about middle of back, falcate, triangular, 
anterior border with low tubercles; pectoral limb 
ovate, second and third digits nearly equal in length ; 
premaxillee thickened and convex in front of nares; 
vertex cranii elevated behind the nasals. Head not 
beaked ; cervical vertebrae mostly fused. 


(1) PHOCHNA COMMUNIS. (PH. ©.) 
(Common Porpoise.) 


Colour nearly black above, white ventrally. Length 
from 5 to 6 feet; teeth in both jaws numerous, small, 
crowns laterally compressed, spade-like, slightly 

. = = 26 2 \ 
lobed ; \ ertebr al formula C,D,, to ,,L,, to ,,Cdg, to 3s 
= 64 to 66. 
1.48keleton, natural, 3 feet 5 inches long. The teeth are in 
good order and show the characteristic spade-like 
form. See figure, magnified, of six teeth in maxilla 
and in mandible. Goodsir Collection. 


2: 


PHOCANA. 105 


. Skeleton, young, apparently a few days old, 11? inches 


long, showing the condition of ossification at the 
- period. 
Firth of Forth. Knox Collection, No. 103. 


[Nos. 8 to 13 are from the Collection formed by Sir 
Win. Turner. | 


. Skeleton, axial, of adult, disarticulated. Skull, hyoid, 


vertebre, ribs, sternum. Skull 103 inches long, 
breadth 53 inches; beak 4? inches long, 3 inches 
broad at base. Premaxille ridged in front of nares 
and as far as base of beak; breadth in beak 2 inch, 
faintly convex. Pterygoids small, far asunder. Tym- 
panics in situ. Mandible 84 inches long, symphysis 
1 inch. 

Skeleton, disarticulated. Length of skull 10 inches, 
breadth 5 inches; length of beak 4} inches, breadth 
at base 24 inches. 


Skull, with mandible; skull cap removed. 
1ST: 


Skull, bisected, no mandible. 


Tympano-periotic bones, right and left, from No. 3. 
Tympanic bone 14 inch long, # inch broad, 3 inch 
high; bilobed posteriorly. Periotic 14 inch long. 

Tympano-periotic bones, left; outer surface with deep 
notch behind lip-like process for malleus, inner 
surface with upper border sloping downwards and 
forwards; bilobed, outer lobe smooth, rounded, inner 
smaller, flattened laterally, separated by a relatively 
wide and deep cleft. Inferior surface broad, roughened 
with definite inner ridge, whilst on the outer side it 
blends with the outer surface ; tympanic cavity opens 
by a moderate orifice close to the anterior end of 
this surface. Tympanic 14 inch long, 3 inch broad, 
4 inch high. (Figure of inferior surface below.) 
Periotic 14 inch long; stapes attached; meatus 
large; articular surface for tympanic flat, smooth. 


Vertebre, cervical, fused together. 


106 


16. 


ie 


SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


. Dorsal fin, dried, faleate; the anterior border is roughened 


through the presence of low tubercles. From No. 3. 


- Dorsal fin of young Porpoise, base 64 inches, height 2? 


inches; anterior border 5} inches, rough, with about 
twenty low tubercles projecting from the free border. 


. Caudal fin, dried, showing the mesial notch and the con- 


cave border to the tip on each side. From No. 3. 


. Heart of a well-grown Porpoise, showing well-marked 


inter-ventricular grooves ending in a definite notch 
near the apex. 


. Heart of a small Porpoise; the cavities and great vessels 


have been opened into to show the valves. 
Goodsir Collection. 


. Rete mirabile with heart of Porpoise and the adjacent 


wall of thorax. The aorta gives origin to a branch 

which ends in the rete mirabile on the superior wall 

of the thoracic cavity. Goodsir Collection. 

Larynx of Porpoise, showing the relation of the windpipe 

to the nasal chamber. On the inferior surface the 
hyoid apparatus has been dissected. 

Turner Collection. 

Larynx of Porpoise, showing the pyramidal projection of 

the windpipe, which projects into the nasal chamber ; 

its neck is surrounded by a marked sphincter muscle. 


Prepared by Dr T. Spencer Cobbold. 


. Stomach of Porpoise, inflated and dried. It consists of a 


paunch-lke cesophageal compartment ; a cardiac com- 
partment in which are numerous folds of mucous 
membrane running mostly longitudinally; a small 
intermediate compartment and a long tubular pylorie 
compartment, which opens into the dilated commence- 
ment of the duodenum. See for microscopic structure 
Turner’s memoir in Journ. Anat. and Phys., vol. xxiii., 
1889. 


. Intestine, small, of Porpoise inverted and injected. The 


valvulee conniventes are arranged longitudinally. 
Goodsir Collection. 


. Kidney of Porpoise, vessels minutely injected. The 


numerous small lobules are displayed; the capsule has 
been removed. 


Kidney, a similar preparation. Goodsir Collection. 
Brain of Common Porpoise exposed in the skull. 
Brain of Common Porpoise cut into sections. 


PHOCAIN A—CEPHALORHYNCHUS. 107 


24. Mamma of a gravid Porpoise, dissected by Dr David 
Hepburn; see Jowrn. Anat. and Phys., vol. xxviii, 
1894. 


25. Foetus, male, 9 inches long, in spirit. Removed from 
uterus in December 1892. 


IV. CEPHALORHYNCHUS. (CRH.) 
Cephalorhynchus, Gray, Cat. Cetacea, 1850. 


In size and general form approximating to the 
Porpoise. Skull small, rostrum relatively broad ; 
premaxille tuberculated in front of nares and con- 
cave on upper surface; teeth small, acute; summit 
of skull higher than nasals. 


(1) CEPHALORHYNCHUS ALBIFRONS. (CRH. A.) 


Electra clancula, Gray, Syn. Whales and Dolphins; Hector, 
Trans. New Zealand Inst., 1873. 

Cephalorhynchus albifrons, 7. W. True, Bull. United States 
Nat. Mus., No. 36, 1889. 


Colour, upper part of body light grey, nose and fore- 
head white, ventral surface white crossed with dark 
grey stripe. Total length about 5 feet. Skull 
about 14 inches long, rostrum one-half length of 
skull; dorsal fin low, ovate ; pectoral fin falcate. 


1. Skeleton, articulated, 3 feet 9 inches long, not adult; 
pelvic bones and hyoid absent, manus imperfect. 
Skull 11} mches long, 5} inches broad; beak 5} 
inches long, 2? inches “broad. Premaxille marked at 
nasal end near the outer border by a longitudinal ridge, 
internal to which the anterior surface is concave; in 
the beak this surface is flattened, relatively broad, 
2 inch in greatest breadth. The maxille form the 
borders of the beak and are visible as far as the tip. 
Nasals } inch broad at upper end, project upwards 
for } inch. Vertex cranii higher than nasals. Ptery- 
goids separated by a wide cleft. Mandible 8? inches 
long, symphysis ~ inch. Teeth, = - acute; costal 
cartilages ossified, upper four pairs articulate with 
sternum. Vertebral formula C, Di glyg@Cd5, = 64: 

New Zealand. Donor—Sir Jas. Hector, K.C.MG., 1872. 


108 


SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


2. Tympano-periotic bones, pair of, articulated. Tympanic, 
P ymy 


length 14 inch, breadth ? inch. Bilobed on inferior 
surface posteriorly; outer lobe large, somewhat 
elongated; inner short and narrow: groove of 
separation prolonged forward on surface, which is 
defined by a ridge at inner border, whilst at the outer 
border the inferior surface blends with the external ; 
the cavity opens close to the anterior end of the inferior 
surface. (Figure of inferior surface below.) Periotic, 
length 14 inch; meatus large. 


New Zealand. Donor—Sir Jas. Hector, K.C.M.G. 


V. NEOMERIS. (N.) 


Neomeris, Gray, Zool. Hrebus and Terror, 1846. 


No dorsal fin. Cranium closely resembles Phocena. 


(1) NEOMERIS PHOCANOIDES. 


Delphinus phoceenoides, Cuvier, Regne Animal, 1829. 
Colour black, but with purplish-red patch on the lip 


and on the throat. Length about 4 feet. Habitat 


India and Japan seas, the Cape. Teeth, = rc 


No specimen in Museum. 


VI. ORCELLA. (0c.) 
Orcella, J. Anderson, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1871. 


Colour pale slate above, whitish below; head blunt, 
rounded; dorsal fin small, faleate; beak short. Teeth 
small, acute. Vertebral formula C,D,,L,,Cd,, = 62. 
Length of animal 6 to 74 feet. One or possibly 
two species: O. brevirostris from the Ganges, Bay 
of Bengal; O. fuwminalis from the Irawady river. 
See detailed description of the latter in Dr John 
Anderson’s Anat. and Zoolog. Researches. London, 
1878. 


ORCELLA—ORCA. 109 


(1) ORCELLA BREVIROSTRIS. (OC. BR.) 
Phoceena brevirostris, Owen, Trans. Zool. Soc., vol. vi. 


1. Skull, adult; length 114 inches, breadth 7? inches; beak 
length 5 inches, breadth at base 4,2; inches; mandible, 
length 8? inches, height at condylar end 3 inches, 
length of symphysis 174, inch. Cranium globose; 
vertex cranil on same plane as top of nasals, which 
are small, ;6; inch wide and free for only ; inch; 
occipital region arches backwards and downwards. 
Beak short, wide at base in relation to length. Pre- 
inaxillaries smooth and concave in prenarial region, 
then shghtly convex and 58, inch broad; mesethmoid 
visible as far as the end of the concave surface. 
Maxille roughened and forming outer margin of 
beak, though concealed at the tip. Pterygoids 
separated mesially by a wide cleft. Palate bones 
arched from mesial suture outwards and backwards, 
only 4%, inch in antero-posterior diameter. Teeth, 
only one present in each maxilla, but anterior to it 
are six empty sockets; indications of sockets much 
further back, as if the more posterior sockets and 
teeth disappeared early in life; in the anterior end of 
each mandible twelve short teeth, conical and worn 
at the tips. The tympano-periotic bones are absent. 

Donor—Dr Nelson Annandale. 


VII. ORCA. (0.) 
Orca, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, 1846. 


Colour glossy black on head and back, venter white 
prolonged into the side, white spot near eye; teeth 
large; pectoral limb ovate, large. Head broad, de- 
pressed ; dorsal fin at middle of back, high. 


(1) Orca GLADIATOR. (O. G.) 
(Killer Whale or Grampus.) 
Delphinus orca, Linieus, Syst. Nat., 1766. 
Orca gladiator, Gray, Zool. Hrebus and Terror, 1846. 
Colour black on dorsum and sides, white on venter, 


with a broad white band indenting the black side; 
dorsal fin at middle of back, very high, falcate, 


110 


SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


pointed ; pectoral fin ovate, nearly as broad as long. 
Length 20 to 30 feet, bulky, rapacious; teeth 
strong, with fangs expanded laterally. Vertebral 


formula C,D,, or ,,,,Cd,,=51 or 52. 


1. Skull, adult; length 3 feet 14 inch, breadth 22? inches; 


beak 1 foot 9 inches long, 13 inches broad at base. 
Mandible 2 feet 8 inches long, symphysis 63 inches. 
Teeth 5 = 

i 
of premaxilla in front of nares broad and concave, 
the concavity extending half length of beak, when 
the bone flattens, widens out towards tip to 22 inches. 
Pterygoids separated by a moderately wide cleft. 
Summit of nasals slightly higher than ridge on vertex 
cranil. 


inassive, conical, points blunted; surface 


Newfoundland, 1877. Donor—Dr A. J. Harvey. 


2. Skull of Orca of a herd of nineteen captured in Bressay 


Sound, Shetland, in February 1871. They varied in 
length from 17 to 24 feet. Skull 2 feet 8 inches 
long, 163 inches broad ; beak 17 inches long, 10 inches 
broad at base. Mandible 26 inches long, breadth at 
condylar end 71 inches, symphysis 4% inches. Teeth 
11 
ie al 
Summit of nasals about 1 inch higher than ridge on 
vertex craniil. Specimens of placenta, Nos. 8 to 14, 
were from a gravid female of this herd. 

Donor—John Gatherer, Esq. 


conical, not so much worn as in No. l. 


3. Skull of Killer Whale found in a field at Orchard farm, 


near Tullibody House. The skull was exposed about 
20 inches from the surface and about 20 yards from 
an embankment which protected the field from the 
channel of the Forth. The skull is 204 inches broad ; 
the snout is broken. Probably stranded and buried 
in the field. Turner Collection. 


4. Tympano-periotic bones, left, not articulated. Tympanic, 


length 23 inches, breadth 14 inch, height 14 inch; 
outer surface convex, lip-like process confined to 
upper border; inner surface concavo-convex, striated, 
gradually diminishing in height at anterior end; 
inferior surface bilobed; outer massive, rounded, pro- 
jecting for ,8, inch; inner flattened, much smaller, pro- 
jecting only #5 inch; cleft wide, deep: inferior surface 
rough, ridged at inner border, outer border blends with 
outer surface; cavity slopes to end in a wide mouth 


ORCA. delet 


close to Eustachian orifice. Periotic, length 2% inches, 
breadth 2 inches, massive, stapes attached, meatus 
wide, articular surface for tympanic large, concave, 
striated. (Figures of tympanic and periotic below.) 
Professor Cunningham’s Collection, December 1907. 


5. Teeth, fifteen in number, apices much worn, extracted 
from sockets. Cunningham Collection, 1907. 


6. Vertebree, block of four upper cervical, fused together : 
breadth of atlas 13 inches. From the specimen No. 3, 
found at Tullibody, 1880. Turner Collection. 


7. Heart of Killer Whale with the great vessels connected 
with its chambers. The fibrous remains of the ductus 
arteriosus pass from the pulmonary artery to the 
aorta. The animal, a male, was 21 feet long; the 
dorsal fin was 3 feet 8 inches high; breadth of caudal 
fin 5 feet 10 inches. Ribs, 12 pairs. The skeleton is 
in the Royal Scottish Museum. 


Granton, Firth of Forth, March 1876. 
Turner Collection. 


ah, SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


[Nos. 8 to 14 are from the gravid uterus the placen- 
tation of which is described by Sir Wm. Turner in 
Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xxvi., 1891.] 

8. Placenta. A portion of the chorion of Orca gladiator, 
from the left uterine cornu which contained the foetus, 
injected red. The villi are distributed over the sur- 
face of the chorion. Amniotic corpuscles are present. 

9, Placenta. Portion of the same chorion in which the 
umbilical artery was injected red; the ramifications of 
the vessel are seen, and the diffusion of the villi on 
the free surface. 


10. Placenta. A portion of the same chorion displaying the 
stellate non-villous area which lies opposite the os 


Nl ly mq 
» » 


MI Hi 
i ' Ny J 
te aes 
| } th i Mi | 
Ne ait n, 


: J : | Z ; | ° i 
) a | 


as = on 


ORCA—PSEUDORCA 


GLOBICEPHALUS. alte. 


uteri internum. It is surrounded by vascular villi. 
The umbilical artery was injected with gelatine and 
carmine. See upper figure opposite. 

The lower figure opposite shows the surface of the 
mucous membrane of the gravid uterus. The surface 
is reticulated and contains numerous crypt-like recesses 
in which the villi of the chorion are lodged. 


11. Placenta. The chorion from the right uterine cornu of the 
same whale, injected from a branch of the umbilical 
artery with gelatine and Prussian blue. The villous 
surface is displayed. No foetus was present in this 
cornu, but the chorion was richly villous and vascular. 

2. Placenta. A portion of the umbilical cord of the same, 
showing pigmented amniotic corpuscles. 

3. Ovary. The pavilion of the left Fallopian tube, into 
which a quill has been inserted. The ovary of Orca, 
showing the large corpus luteum. The vascular plexus 
in the hilum of the ovary has been injected from the 
ovarian artery and vein. 

14. Ovary. Another section of the corpus luteum in the 

same ovary, with the vessels injected, showing the 

vascularity of the corpus luteum. 


VIII. PSEUDORCA. (Pso.) 
Pseudorea, Reinhardt, Overs. Dan. Selsk. Forh., 1862. 


Colour black; length about 14 feet; dorsal fin about 
middle of back, moderate height, falcate; pectoral 
fin narrow, faleate; cranial and dental characters not 
unlike Orca, except that fangs of teeth are cylindrical; 
vertebral formula C,D,,L,Cd,,= 50. Only one species 
apparently, Pseudorca crassidens (Owen). Habitat, 
Danish coast, Tasmanian seas. 


No specimen in Museum. 


IX. GLOBICEPHALUS. (Gl.) 


Globicephala, Lesson, N. Tab. du Regne Animal, 1842. 
Globiocephalus, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, 1846. 
Globicephalus, Van Beneden and Gervais, Ostéogr. Cétacés. 
Head rounded in front, skull elevated behind blow- 
hole; summit of nasals about the height of the 


transverse ridge on vertex; premaxillz very broad 
8 


114 


SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


and markedly concave in front of nares; beak broad, 
flat; pterygoids large, almost meeting mesially ; 
dorsal fin at middle of back, moderately high, 
with long base; pectoral limb faleate. 


(1) GLOBICEPHALUS MELAS. (GL. M.) 
(Pilot Whale, Ca’ing Whale, Round-headed Whale.) 


Delphinus melas, Trail, Nicholson's Jowrnal, xxii., 1809. 
Globiocephalus svineval, Gray, Zool. Hrebus and Terror, 1846. 


— 


-2) 


Colour black, white band on ventral surface; length 
about 20 feet; gregarious; teeth small, conical 
in anterior part of jaws; V. formula C,D,,L,, to,, 
Cd,, to 95=57 to 60. Feeds on cuttle-fish. 


. Skeleton, articulated, with caudal fin. Length 10 feet 


3 inches. Vertebral formula C,D,)LCd. 
Donor—Dr F. B. Archer, Barbados, 1871. 


2. Skull of a fcetus 5 feet 8 inches long; length of skull 


14 inches, breadth 74 inches; beak 64 inches long, 


34 inches broad; teeth small, acute, Be Ww 


Aberdeenshire Coast, 1871. 


Donor—Sir John Struthers, 1895. 


3. Skull, adult, with mandible; length 27} inches, breadth 


19} inches; beak, length of, 15 inches, breadth 11 
inches; teeth absent. Premaxilla broadest at the 
middle, 4 inches, not completely covering superior 
maxilla; prenasal surface markedly concave, mid 
surface convex ; ossification of mesethmoid extending 
5 inches between premaxille. Monro Collection. 


4. Skull, without mandible; length 27 inches, breadth 19} 


inches; beak 15 inches long, breadth 11 inches; teeth 


i ; : 99 : 
in anterior part of jaw, small, acute, —-—. Premaxilla 
as in No. 3. 


Granton, Firth of Forth. 


Donor—Sir John Murray, K.C.B. 


5. Skull, adult, without mandible; length 25} inches, breadth 


172 inches; beak, length 143 inches, breadth 10} 
inches; teeth absent. Premaxilla broadest at the 
middle (34 inches), not completely covering superior 
maxilla; prenasal surface concave, mid surface con- 
vex; ossification of mesethmoid extending for 5 
inches between premaxille. 


GLOBICEPHALUS. LDS) 


6. Skull, without mandible; length 234 inches, breadth 16} 
inches; beak, length 13 inches, breadth 8? inches ; 
teeth absent. Premaxille as in No. 3. 


- Skull, without mandible, probably female; length 24 
inches, breadth 154 inches; beak 13 inches long, 
breadth 94 inches; teeth absent; premaxille smaller 
than in No. 3, but similarly formed. Pterygoids 
separated by a cleft 1 inch wide. 


8. Skull, bisected, right half of. 


9. Skull, disarticulated, with mandible, one of a school which 
visited the Firth of Forth, captured at Granton in 
1867. The specimen, a young female, about 8 feet 
long, was dissected by Turner, Journ. Anat. and 
Phys., vol. ii., 1868. See Nos. 18, 22, 24 to 32. 


10. Skull of fcetus, disarticulated, from a “Black Fish” 
(Globiceps), from the Gulf of Mexico. 
Donor—Dr F. B. Archer. 


10a. Cranium, rostrum wanting, of a foetal G. melas; ossifica- 
tion incomplete. The frontal and interparietal form 
the vertex cranii in the region between the nasals and 
the occipital. The supra-occipital is not fused with 
the exoccipitals, nor is the basi-occipital with the 
basisphenoid. 


11. Mandible of G. melas, fused at the symphysis; length 
173 inches, of symphysis 12 inch; teeth moderate, 
acute, 9 9° 


Speight’s Town, Barbados, May 1869. 
Donor—Dr Archer. 


12. Teeth of G. melas, extracted from the jaws of a young 
animal; crowns acute and small. 
Barbados, 1869. Donor—Dr Archer. 


13. Tympano-periotic bones, right, not fused. Tympanic, 
length 1{ inch, breadth 3 inch. Bilobed; right lobe 
prominent, rounded, large; left small, pointed; cleft 


116 


14. 


ie 


18. 


1S). 


20. 


SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


deep; inferior surface narrow, bounded on inner side 
by ridge, externally it blends with outer surface ; 
anterior end somewhat pointed, bounds the wide 
mouth of the cavity. (Figure, p. 115.) Periotic, length 
1? inch, breadth 1 inch, meatus wide, anterior surface 
for tympanic deeply striated, pointed posteriorly. 
Klagsvig, Faroe Islands. 
Donor—Dr Nelson Annandale. 
Tympano-periotic bones, left, of foetus, fused, from No. 2. 
Tympanic 1? inch long, 1 inch broad. Periotic 13 inch 
long, 1 inch broad. 


. Tympano-periotic bones, right, articulated, of G. melas. 


Tympanic, length 13 inch, breadth { inch, height 
inch. Periotic, length 1{ inch, breadth 14 inch. 


. Sternum of adult G. melas, upper two segments, each of 


which had a mesial foramen. Goodsir Collection. 


Sternum, from a fcetal G. melas, No. 2, with three distinct 
bony segments, the manubrium being almost com- 
pletely divided into two lateral halves; five pairs of 
ossified costal cartilages articulate with sternum and 
the xiphi-sternal cartilage. The right 6th apparently 
does not reach it. Donor—Sir John Struthers, 1895. 


Hyoid bone, dried specimen, from the foetus of G. melas, 
No. 2, complete with stylo-hyoids. 
Donor—Sir John Struthers, 1895. 


Vertebre, cervical, and upper three dorsal vertebre 
bisected, left half. The upper three left ribs are 
articulated to their vertebra. Atlas and axis partially 
fused, other vertebree distinct. From the young 
female of the school captured at Granton, 1867. The 
skull is No. 9, and a number of the other bones of 
the skeleton remain disarticulated. 


Caudal Fin, dried, showing the mesial notch, from a 
Black Fish (Globicephalus). 
Barbados. Donor—Dr F. B. Archer. 


. Pectoral Limbs, pair of, articulated, bones of. The manus 


is described and figured by Turner in Proc. Roy. 
Soc. Edin., vol. xxix., 1909. Right manus contains 
radiale, intermedium, ulnare, distal carpalia C,,C,, C,, 
and a centrale; the left has no centrale; each has a 
pisiform cartilage; the digits have MPh,, pollex, 
MPh,,, MPh,, MPh,, MPh,. See figure, page 117. 

: Goodsir Collection. 


GLOBICEPHALUS. li bre 


22. Pectoral Limbs, pair of adult, articulated. The manus 
contains the proximal carpalia, radiale, intermedium, 
ulnare, and the distal carpalia C,, C,i,,C, The 
phalangeal formula is: pollex, MPh, ; index, MPh,,; 
medius, MPh,; annulus, MPh,; minimus, MPh,. 

Turner Collection. 


23. Pectoral Limb, cast of right, of No. 20. 
Goodsir Collection. 


24. Pectoral Limbs, articulated, skeleton of pair of fecetal, 
apparently of G. melas. 


25. Stomach of adult Pilot Whale, inflated and dried. The 
cesophageal compartment or paunch is 2 feet 7 
inches long; the cardiac or 2nd compartment, sub- 
globular in shape, is 14 by 94 inches; the 3rd and 
dth intermediate compartments are small, the 3rd 
seemed as if only a tubular passage ; the 4th is 
globular, 5 by 43 ‘inches; the 5th tubular or pyloric 
compartment i is 17 inches long, and communicates with 
the dilated duodenum. The stomach of No. 9, a 
young animal, is described and figured in Journ. 
Anat. and Phys., vol. i1., 1868. 


26. Heart and great arteries of G. melas, dried specimen. 
Described and figured by Turner in Journ. Anat. 
and Phys., vol. ii., 1868. See figure of great vessels 
on page 118. 


118 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


A, aorta; P, pulmonary artery; D, ductus arteriosus; @, carotis cerebralis ; 
6, carotis facialis; c, subclavica; d, cervico-occipitalis; ¢, thoracica 
posterior dextra ; 7, transversalis colli ; g, mammaria interna ; h, thoracic 
posterior sinistra. 


[Nos. 27 to 35 are from the young specimen, No. 9. 
See Turner in Journ. Anat. and Phys., vol. i, 
1868. ] 


27. Lymphatic chyle-filled vessels in the mesentery of G. 


melas. The branches of the mesenteric artery have 
been injected red. 


28. Lymphatics. A similar preparation. 


29. Lymphatic gland from the root of the mesentery of the 
same animal, showing the chyle-filled vessels entering 
the hilum. 


30. Lymphatics filled with chyle in the mesentery of the | 
same specimen. Both mesenteric arteries and veins 
have been injected. 


31. Spleen of G. melas, showing its multilobulated character, 
minutely injected. 


32. 


GLOBICEPHALUS. 119 


Kidney, longitudinal section; renal artery injected red, 
renal vein blue. The ureter with a part of the calyx 
is exposed. 


. Kidney. Another portion of the same kidney. 
. Kidney. Section through opposite kidney. Artery in- 


jected red, ureter and calyces blue. 


. Kidney. Another portion of the same kidney. 


. Brain of G. melas, from one of the school taken at 


Granton in 1867, obtained by Dr James Struthers of 
Leith, and presented by Sir John Struthers in 1895. 


. Brain, from another specimen of the same school, along 


with a portion of the spinal cord. Also presented by 
Sir John Struthers. 


. Brain. The specimen is figured in Professor Calderwood’s 


Mind and Brain, p. 181, 1879. 


. Uterus, two-horned, and vagina. Cervix and vagina 


opened to show the folds of mucous membrane. On 
the opposite aspect the pyriform bladder has been 
opened into, and the ureters and urethra have had 
quills passed into their orifices. Turner Collection. 


(2) GLOBICEPHALUS MACRORHYNCHUS. (GL. MAC.) 


Globiocephalus macrorhynchus, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, 


p. 83, 1846. ; 


Globiocephalus macrorhynchus, Hector, Trans. Welling. Phil. 


Soc , Sept. 1869. 


Described by Dr J. G. Gray as the Large-headed Pilot 
Whale, G. macrorhynchus, from a specimen in the 
Museum, Royal College of Surgeons, London, and 
localised as inhabiting the South Seas. Sir James 
Hector adopts the specific name and calls it the “Black 
Fish of the South Seas.” Flower, in his Catalogwe 
of Cetacea, states that the British Museum contains 
a stuffed specimen with its skull, from the Cape of 
Good Hope. The skull, he says, is distinguished from 
(7. melas by the premaxilla in the anterior half of 
the rostrum completely covering the superior maxilla. 
In the following specimens, presented by Sir J. Hector 
to the University Museum in 1872, the premaxilla 
does not in this respect differ materially from G. 
melus. It is doubtful if this species should be 
continued. 


120 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


1. Skeleton, articulated, with pelvic bones and hyoid; length 
14 feet 1 inch; vertebral formula C_,D,,L,,Cd,, =57. 
Premaxilla definitely concave in front of nar es, broad 
on rostrum but not obscuring superior maxilla. 

New Zealand, 1878. 


. Skull, without mandible, 251 inches long, 18 inches broad ; 
gan 14 inches long, 10 inches broad ; teeth aeeutl 
but ten sockets on each side. Premaxille broadest 
at the foramen, 3} inches, not completely covering 
superior maxillze; prenasal surface concave, mid 
surface convex; ossification of mesethmoid extend- 
ing 53 inches between premaxille. Pterygoids 
broken. 

New Zealand. 


3. Skull, aged, with mandible, 24 inches long, 153 inches 
broad; beak 13 inches long, 8} inches broad; teeth 
absent, with ten sockets in lower jaw. Premaxill 
with greatest width, 2% inches, at middle; in other 
respects as in No. 2. Pterygoids separated by narrow 
fissure. Mandible 19} inches long, symphysis 2} 
inches. 

Chatham Islands. 


4. Tympano-periotic bones, right; stapes present, but not 
fused. Tympanic 1? inch, breadth } inch ; periotic, 
length 1} inch. Characters resemble G. melas. 

New Zealand. . 


5. Mandible, detached, with = 77 teeth at anterior end, crowns 
acute; probably G. macrorhynchus. 

6. Mandible. Length 19? inches, greatest height 6} inches ; 
symphysis : 21 inches. Teeth, 10 on each side of the 
anterior end of the mandible, moderate in size, 
conical. 

New Zealand. Sir James Hector. 


X. GRAMPUS. (Gr.) 
Grampus, Gray, Zool. Hrebus and Terror, p. 30, 1846. 
Colour variable, slaty grey, mottled, irregularly 
streaked. No teeth in upper jaw, a few in mandible 
at symphysial end. Head globose, no beak; dorsal 
fin faleate, high ; pectoral limb narrow, falcate. 


GRAMPUS. i ball 


(1) GRAMPUS GRISEUS. (GR. G.) 
(Risso’s Dolphin.) 
Delphinus griseus, G. Cuvier, Ann. Mus., xix., 1812. 
Grampus griseus, Gray, Spicil. Zoologica, 1828. 
Delphinus rissoanus, Gray, Zool. Hrebus and Terror, 1846. 


Apparently the only species; may reach 13 feet in 
length. Skull massive; beak wide at base, obtuse 
at apex, one-half length of skull; premaxilla some- 
what convex; pterygoids prominent, in contact in 
the median line. The Museum contains two 
skeletons and three separate skulls from a_ school 
of nine, six of which were captured off Hillswick, 
Shetland, in September 1889. The specimens were 
obtained through Dr Charles Anderson of Hillswick. 
They varied in length from 8 feet 7 inches to 10 feet 
5 inches. In the mandibular dentition, two skulls 
were : _ four were : - See Sir Wm. Turner in Proc. 
Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., vol. xi., 1892. 

1. Skeleton, male, articulated, with dorsal and caudal fins 
and pelvic bones; length 9 feet 10 inches. Vertebral 
formula C,D,,LCd,,=68. This and the other specimens 
of Risso’s Dolphin were in the Turner Collection. 

Shetland, 1889. 


2. Skeleton, female, articulated, with dorsal and caudal fins, 
pelvic bones and hyoid; length 9 feet 9 inches. 
Vertebral formula C,D,,LCd. 

Shetland, 1889. 


3. Skull, with mandible; length 19 inches, breadth 13 
inches; length of beak from maxillary notch 104 
inches, breadth at base 7} inches; nasals a little 
higher than ridge of vertex cranii; premaxilla convex 
in front of nares, its width being 23 inches, not quite 
concealing superior maxilla at end of rostrum; teeth 


00 ; : 
acute, moderate, = 33 pterygoids large, almost in con- 


3 
tact mesially. Mandible 15$ inches long, symphysis 
21 inches. 

Shetland. 


4. Skull, with mandible; length 19 inches, breadth 12} 
inches: length of beak from maxillary notch 97 
inches, breadth at base 7 inches; characters as in 


Le SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


No: 3. ) Teeth ae Mandible, length of, 151 inches, 


symphysis 1? inch. 
Shetland. 
5. Skull, with mandible; length 19 inches, breadth 124 
inches. Length of beak from maxillary notch 10 
inches; breadth at base 7} inches; characters resemble 


No. 3. Teeth == Mandible 15{ inches, symphysis 
22 inches. 
Shetland. 


6. Tympano-periotic bones, pair of, fused (A and B). 
Tympanic length 13 inch, breadth } inch, height 2 
inch; outer surface with two convexities separated 
by a shallow depression, the posterior being longer 
than the anterior; lip-like process very short on outer 
surface. Inner surface } inch in height for three- 
quarters of length, then rapidly sloping to Eustachian 
orifice. Bilobed; outer lobe smooth, rounded, promi- 
nent; inner small, flattened, pointed, cleft deep; inner 
lobe continuous with ridge bounding inferior surface 
internally, whilst externally this surface blends with 
outer surface; cavity opens by wide mouth close to 
anterior end of inferior surface. Periotic length 1} 
inch, breadth 3 inch; meatus large ; tympanic surface 
of articulation concave, deeply striated. The series 
of bones, A to L, were from the six Shetland skulls; 
ossicles present. 'Tympanic figured below. 


a 


7. Tympano-periotic bones, pair of, fused (C and D). 
Tympanic length 12 inch, breadth { inch; periotic 
length 13 inch. ) 

8. Tympano-periotic bones, articulated (KE and F). Tympanic 
length 1} inch, breadth ? inch; periotic length 13 
inch ; tympanic ossicles present. 


GRAMPUS. ie 


9. Tympano-periotic bones, pair of, articulated (G and H). 


Tympanic length 13 inch, breadth } inch; periotic 
length 14 inch; stapes attached. 

10. Tympano-periotic bones, right, and the left periotic (I and 
K). Tympanic length 1? inch, breadth #3 inch; 
periotic length 14 inch. 

11. Tympano-periotic bones, right, fused (L). Tympanic 
length 13 inch, breadth # inch; periotic length 13 
inch. 

12. Stomach of Risso’s Dolphin, inflated and dried. It con- 
sists of five compartments: a large cesophageal paunch 
2 feet long; a globular cardiac compartment 10 ‘by 


Gi, Hsophagus ; 1 to 5, compartments of stomach ; D, duodenum ; H, hepatic 
duct ; P, pancreas ; Sp, spleen. 


124 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


9 inches; two intermediate compartments, of which 
the one next the cardiac is very small; a tubular 
pyloric compartment 12 inches long which opens into 
the dilated commencement of the duodenum. See 
Turner in J. A. and P., vol. xxvi. 1892. Figure, 
page 123. 


13. Stomach. Remains of Cuttle-fish, Gonatus fabricia 
(Lichtenstein), from the stomach of Risso’s Grampus. 


14. Heart and Great Vessels. See Addenda. 


15. Manus, figure of, dorsal surface of left. U, ulna; R, radius; 
yr, radiale; 7, intermedium; w, ulnare; p, pisiform 
cartilage ; C, and C,, distal carpals 1 and 2; C,+C,, 
conjoined carpalia; I to V, metacarpals of five digits. 
P, pollex. Fifth digit rudimentary. Manus described 
by Turner in Pr. R. S. Hdin., vol. xxix., 1909. 


LAGENORHYNCHUS. 125 


XI. LAGENORHYNCHUS. (Lrh.) 
Lagenorhynchus, Gray, Zool. Hrebus and Terror, p. 34, 1846. 


Dr Gray gives the characters which distinguish this 
genus from Delphinus as follows: forehead low; 
beak short, depressed: dorsal fin further back, 
body attenuated behind; end of skull broad, flat, 
expanded. 


(1) LAGENORHYNCHUS ALBIROSTRIS. (LRH. AL.) 
(White-beaked Doiphin.) 
Delphinus albirostris, Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1846. 
Lagenorhynchus albirostris, Gray, Zool. Hrebus and Terror. 


Colour, top of head and back black; venter white, 
mottled grey, sides dark grey; tip of short beak, 
upper lip, and skin of mandible white; tip of beak 
differentiated by a groove. Length 8 to 10 feet. 
Dorsal fin black, faleate, high; pectoral limb black, 
short, falcate; pterygoids short, broad, meeting 
mesially. Vertebral formula C_D,,or,,L,,or,,Cd,,to ,, 
=88 to 92. Teeth numerous, acute. Beak half 
length of skull. 


1. Skeleton, female, articulated, with dorsal and caudal fins, 
pelvic bones and hyoid. Length 7 feet 10 inches; 
vertebral formula C,D,,LCd. Length of animal about 
81 feet. Accompanied by a calf 3 feet 11 inches long. 
See Turner in Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., 1889, 
vol.) x. 

Stonehaven, July 1888. Turner Collection. 


2. Skull, adult, with broken mandible; length 174 inches, 
breadth 9% inches. Length of beak 8} inches, breadth 


126 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


at base 5 inches. Summit of nasals, ridge and 
suture on vertex almost on same plane; premaxille 
convex and tumid in front of nares, grooved for some 
distance beyond the foramen, then again slightly 
convex. Superior maxillze form borders of beak. 
6 26 


9 
Teeth moderate, acute, oA ve Pterygoids large, 


slightly in contact mesially. 
Kilbrennan Sound, September 1879. 
Donor—J. Y. Buchanan, Esq., F.R.S. 


3. Skull, adult, with mandible; length 18 inches, breadth 
10 inches. Length of beak 9 inches, breadth at base 


; . 24 24, : 
5 inches. ‘Teeth moderate, acute, 24 94" Mandible 
length 143 inches, symphysis 13 inch. 
Berwick, July 1881. Donor—Mr Brotherston. 


Turner Collection. 


4. Skull, adult female, with mandible; length 17 inches, 
breadth 93} inches. Length of beak 84 inches, 
24 24 
26 26% 
Mandible 141 inches long, symphysis 1? inch. The 
animal was gravid, and was found beached on the 
sands at Kintradwell, Sutherland, May 1882. 
Donor—Rey. Dr Joass, Golspie. Turner Collection. 


5. Skull, adult, without mandible; length 184 inches, 
breadth 10 inches. Length of beak 9 inches, breadth 
26 26 
at base 54 inches. Tooth sockets ebak 
St Ninian’s Bay, Bute, November 1899. 

Donor—H. B. Watt, Esq. 
6. Skull, with mandible, from a young female ZL. albirostris. 
Length of skull 12 inches, breadth 5? inches. Length 
of beak 53 inches, breadth 3} inches. Teeth moderate, 


24 24 ; ; 
acute, —~ 55. Length of mandible 94 inches, of sym- 


breadth at base 54 inches. Teeth sockets 


physis 14 inch. Length of animal 4 feet 2 inches. 
Right tympano-periotics im situ. Described by 
Professor Cunningham, F.R.S., in Proc. Zool. Soc. 
Lond., June 1876. 
Great Grimsby, September 1875. 
Professor Cunningham’s Collection. 


7. Tympano-periotic bones, left, fused, also with temporal, 
from the young skull, No. 6. Tympanic length 1} 


LAGENORHYNCHUS. 127 
inches, breadth { inch, height 3 inch; outer surface 
flattened behind, slightly convex in front, lip-like 
process relatively large and prolonged slightly on 
outer surface; inner surface convex, and its upper 
border inclines rapidly to Eustachian opening ; bilobed 
behind, outer smooth, larger, rounded; inner smaller, 
laterally compressed, pointed ; cleft deep, wide, short ; 
inferior surface smooth, broad, slightly concave ; 
lateral borders faintly marked, not ridged; cavity 
opens by narrow mouth at anterior end of inferior sur- 
face. (Figure below.) Periotic length 14 inch, breadth 
? inch; meatus large. Cunningham Collection. 


8. Tympanic bone, right, of LZ. albrirostris from No. 4, 
the skull presented by the Rev. Dr Joass. Length 
13 inch, breadth { inch, height ? inch. 

9. Vertebre, seven cervical ; atlas and axis fused ; from young 
L. albirostris, No. 6. Cunningham Collection. 

10.°Stomach of adult White - beaked Dolphin, inflated and 
dried. The cesophageal compartment or paunch is 
19 inches long; the cardiac or 2nd compartment is 
subglobular in form; the 3rd or intermediate com- 
partment has the size of a small pear and opens 
into the 4th or pyloric compartment, 12 inches long, 
tubular in shape, which opens into the funnel-shaped 
duodenum. From No.1. See Turner in Jowrn. Anat. 
and Phys., vol. xxiii., 1889. 

Stonehaven, July 1888. 


11. Stomach of calf of White-beaked Dolphin, inflated and 
dried. The compartments correspond in number and 
arrangement with the adult, but are necessarily much 
less in their dimensions. Turner Collection. 


12. Hair. Beak of young L. albirostris, showing the white 
integument of the upper lip with several delicate hairs 
and the mouths of follicles from which hairs had at 
one time extruded. A V-shaped furrow marks off the 
lip from the front of the head. See Turner in Proc. 
Roy. Phys. Soc., vol. x., 1881-89. 


128 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


13. Manus, dorsal surface of left (figure below.) R, radius; U, 
ulna; 7, radiale; 7, intermedium; wu, ulnare; C,+C,, 
second and third distal carpalia; C,, fourth distal car- 
pale. Ito V, the five digits; P, pollex. See Turner in 
Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xxix., 1909, for description. 


(2) LAGENORHYNCHUS acuUTUS. (LRH. AC.) 
(White-sided Dolphin.) 
Delphinus acutus, Gray, Spic. Zool., vol. i., 1828. 
Delphinus leucopleurus, Rasch, Nova Spec. Descript., 1843. 


Leucopleurus arcticus, Gray, Synops. Whales and Dolphins, 
868. 


Colour, top of head, back, and adjoining sides, dorsal 
fin, pectoral limbs, dorsum of tail, black; light 
yellowish-brown and white band on side of body; 
venter white and greyish-white. Length 6 to 84 feet. 
Beak pointed, half length of skull, a breadth at 
base about half the length of beak; dorsal fin high, 
faleate ; pectoral limb short, tip pointed ; pterygoids 
meeting mesially. Vertebral formula C,D,,LCd,,= 80. 
Teeth numerous, acute. See Plate xe 


1. Skeleton, female, articulated, with dorsal and caudal 
fins, pelvic bones, and hyoid. Length of animal 
6 feet. Length of skeleton 5 feet 9 inches. Vertebral 


PLATE XV.] 


he 


[ Catalogue of Cetacea. 


Pe 


[To face p. 128. 


Lagenorhynehus acutus, 


| 


LAGENORHYNCHUS. 129 


36 36 
Pi Bye 
Length of skull 15 inches, breadth of skull 7:6 inches ; 

length of beak 7:5 inches, breadth at base of beak 

3°8 inches. Length of mandible 12 inches, of symphysis 

14 inch. Premaxille at first flattened then concave 

in front of nares, almost flat in the beak itself. 

Superior maxilla distinct on each side of premaxilla. 

Nasals thickened at summit and on same plane as 

vertex cranii. Pterygoids relatively large, meeting 

mesially. Palate bone narrow in front of pterygoid ; 
vomer distinct in middle and anterior part of hard 
palate; no lateral longitudinal groove on palate. 

Described by Sir Wm. Turner in Proc. Roy. Soe. 

Edin., vol. xxvi., 1906. See figure below. 

Coast of Sutherland. 


formula C,D,,LCd,,=80. Teeth small, acute 


Donor—The Duke of Sutherland, 
through the Rev. Dr Joass, Golspie. 


2. Skull, with mandible, top imperfect, not adult. Length 
15 inches, breadth 8 inches; beak, length 7? inches, 
breadth at base 3? inches. Premaxille flattened in 
front of nares, then slightly concave, and further 
forward slightly convex. Pterygoids relatively large, 
meeting mesially. The characters closely correspond 
with the skull of No. 1, so that it is regarded as 
L. acutus. Mandible, length 124 inches, height 24 


inches; symphysis, length 14 inch. Teeth small, 
29 29 ition Ve ee 
— —. Left tympano-periotic in situ. No 
51 51 
9 


acute, 


130 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


history is attached to the specimen, but it may have 
been in the Knox Collection. 


3. Skull, with mandible broken. Length of skull 134 inches, 
breadth 74 inches; beak 7 inches long, 4 inches broad 
at base; nasals and frontal in same plane; premaxille 
in front of nares a little concave, then flattened and 
slightly convex towards pointed tip; pterygoids 
moderate, meeting mesially. Teeth small, acute, 
25 25 

4. Tympa. periotic bones, articulated left; tympanic 1} 
inch long, ? inch broad, height } inch; outer surface 
convex anter iorly, flattened posteriorly, lip- like process 
with the groove in front scarcely marked on this 
surface; inner surface } inch in height, rapidly 
sloping to Eustachian orifice; bilobed, outer lobe the 
larger, smooth, rounded, inner laterally compressed ; 
cleft deep, short, inferior surface broad, almost flat ; 
inner border marked by ridge, outer not so distinct 
and blends with outer surface; cavity opens by 
moderate mouth close to anterior end of inferior 
surface. See figure below. Periotic 14 inch long, } 


Symphysis, length 14 inch. Purchased 1879. 


. . . 4 
inch broad ; meatus wide; right bone retained in skull. 
From No. 1. Donor—Rey. Dr Joass, Golspie. 


5. Pectoral Limb of No. 1, ee of, showing the bones 
and the centres of ossification, v, 5th digit. 


DELPHINUS. Bul 


XII. DELPHINUS. (D.) 
(The True Dolphins. ) 
Delphinus, Linnews, Syst. Nat., 1776. 


Beak long and marked out by V-shaped groove. 
Teeth numerous in both jaws; palate ridged mesially, 
deep groove on each side; pterygoids meeting 
mesially ; dorsal tin moderate, falcate. 


(1) DELPHINUS DELPHIS. (D. D.) 
(Common Dolphin. ) 


Delphinus delphis, Linnews, swpru cit. 


Colour black on top of head, back, dorsal fin, tail : 
yellowish grey on pectoral limb, belly white, grey- 
tinted fawn colour high on side of body, lighter 
band from angle of mouth almost to tail. Length 
7 to 8 feet; dorsal fin narrow. Beak more than half 
the length of skull. Form graceful. 


1. Skeleton, female, articulated, immature, with dorsal and 
caudal fins, pelvic bones and hyoid. Length of animal 
5 feet 5} inches; length of skeleton 5 feet 1 inch. 
Vertebral formula C,D,,UCd,,=75. Plates not ossified 
to vertebre. See Turner's description in the Proc. 
Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., 1887. Teeth numerous. 
Dalmeny, Firth of Forth, February 1887. 


[No. 1 and the succeeding specimens of D. delphis are 
from the Turner Collection. ] 


2. Skeleton, male, articulated, with dorsal and caudal fins, 
pelvic bones and hyoid ; plates not ossified to vertebral 
bodies. Length,of skeleton 5 feet 9 inches; length of 
skull 16? inches. Nasals on same plane as vertex 


12 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


cranii; premaxille concave in front of nares, then 
50 50 
5 ae 
small, acute. Vertebral formula C,D,,LCd,,= 75. 
Northmaven, Shetland, 1895. 
Donor—Thos. Anderson, Esq. 


3. Skull, with mandible. Length 17? inches, breadth 
71 inches. Beak, length 11 inches, breadth at base 
38 inches, breadth at middle 2 inches. Nasals and 
transverse ridge on vertex on same plane; _pre- 
maxillaries concave in front of nares, then narrow 
and convex nearly to the pointed tip; pterygoids 
moderate, meeting mesially ; hard palate with a strong 
mesial ridge, on each side of which is a deep, broad 
groove. Symphysis of mandible 2% inches. Teeth 

46 46 

’ 2 42° 

4. Rostrum with broken mandible. Beak 10} inches long, 
33 inches broad at base. Symphysis 2 inches long. 
Palate with broad mesial ridge, on each side of which 
is a groove, deep behind, shallow in front. Teeth 

AT AT 

"AT AT 

5. Mandible, length 16} inches, height 23 inches; symphy- 
sis, length 22 inches. Teeth in each half 49, small, 
acute. 

6. Tympano-periotic bones, pair of, articulated. Tympanic, 
length 14 inch, breadth 3 inch, height 3 inch. Bilobed, 
inner flattened laterally, small, rough, and pointed; 
outer larger, rounded, and smooth. Periotic, length 
14 inch, breadth } inch. Tympanic ossicles present. 
From No. 1. See figure of tympanic below. 

Dalmeny. 


convex almost as far as pointed tip. Teeth 


small, acute 


simple, conical 


7. Tympano-periotic bones, pair of: articulated. Tympanic, 
length 12 inch, breadth # inch, height 3 inch. Periotic, 


DELPHINUS. 133 


length 1} inch, breadth 4 inch. Outer surface of 
tympanic convex, anteriorly flattened behind the lip- 
like process; inner surface, 2 inch in height, sloping 
rapidly to Kustachian end; bilobed as in No. 6. 
Tympanic ossicles present. From the Shetland speci- 
men, No. 2. 


8. Tympano-periotic bones, right, from No. 3; the left bones 
are attached to the skull. Tympanic, length 12 inch, 
breadth } inch; periotic, length 11 inch, breadth 
4 inch. Tympanic ossicles loose. 


9. Manus, right, dorsal surface; R, radius; U, Ulna; 7, 
radiale; 7, intermedium; wu, ulnare; distal carpale i, 
carpale ii, and a carpale representing Cui+Civ; p, 
pisiform cartilage; P, pollex ; I to V, five metacarpals. 


10. Stomach of Common Dolphin, inflated and dried. From 
the Dalmeny specimen, No. 1. The Ist cesophageal 
compartment or paunch is 5} inches long; the 2nd 
or cardiac compartment is subglobular, 34 by 23 
inches; the 3rd and 4th compartments are inter- 
mediate, the 3rd not as large as a walnut, the 4th 
the size of a walnut; the 5th pyloric is tubular, 
10 inches long, joins the subglobular dilatation of 
the duodenum. (Figure on page 134.) The stomach 
in the fresh state is described by Turner in Jowrn. 
Anat. and Phys., vol. xxiii., 1889. 


134 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


Oe, esophagus ; D, duodenum ; 1 to 5, compartments of stomach ; H, hepatic duct ; Sp, spleen. 


11. Kidney of same, capsule removed, numerous small lobules 
exposed, artery injected red. From No. 1. 


XIII. TURSIOPS. (T.) 
Tursiops, Gervais, Hist. Nat. Mamm., iii. 1855. 


Beak pointed, moderate, bounded by a definite line; 
pterygoids in contact mesially; colour dark grey on 


TURSIOPS. as 


dorsum; venter greyish white and white. Palate 
not raised mesially into a ridge nor grooved laterally. 
Vomer visible in middle line of palate. 


(1) Tursiops TursIo. (T. T.) 
(Common Tursio.) 


Delphinus tursio, Fabricius, Fauna Grenl., 1780. 
Tursio truncatus, Gray, Cat. Seals and Whales, 1866. 


Colour leaden grey generally, white ventrally ; length 
up to 10 feet; dorsal fin high, falcate, about middle 
of length; pectoral limb slightly faleate; vertebral 
formula C,D,,L,,Cd,, = 64. Teeth fewer and stronger 
than in D. delphis. 


1. Skull, adult, with mandible; length 21} inches; breadth 
102 inches. Beak, length 12} inches; breadth at 
base 53 inches, about middle 3} inches. Nasals, 
frontal and transverse ridge on vertex on same 
plane; premaxille concave in front of nares, then 
convex to the somewhat pointed tip; pterygoids 
moderate, meeting mesially. Length of mandible 18} 
inches. Length of symphysis 3} inches. Teeth 

24 24 


moderate, worn, 


Loch Long, 1879. Donor—Dr D. Noel Paton. 


2. Skull, with mandible, from a younger animal; length 18 
inches, breadth 94 inches. Beak, length 10 inches; 
breadth at base 43 inches. General characters as in 

22 22 
No. 1. Teeth moderate, sharp, a0 — 
Delny, Ross-shire, 1898. 
Donor—Wm. Taylor, Esq., Lhanbryde. 


3. Mandible, length 16 inches, greatest height 3% inches, 
symphysis 12 inch. Teeth absent, but twenty sockets 
in each half. 

Barbados. Donor—Dr F. B. Archer. 


4. Tympano-periotic bones, pair of ; tympanic, length 14 inch, 
breadth 1 inch; periotic, length 13 inch; breadth { 
inch. Tympanic bilobed, with wide notch intervening; 
outer lobe rounded and smooth, inner lobe flattened, 
rough, and continued into a rough ridge which 
separates the internal from the inferior surfaces. 
Outer surface convex anteriorly, flattened behind the 


136 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


lip-like process. Ossicles present. From No.1. See 
figure below. 
Loch Long, 1879. 


5. Sternum, manubrium, with first pair of ribs fused with 
sternum. From No. 1. 


6. Rib, second right, costal cartilage broad and _ossified. 
From No. 1. 


7. Scapula, left; posterior angle, coracoid and acromion 
injured. From No. 1. 


(2) TURSIOPS CATALANIA. (T. C.) 
Tursiops catalania, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1862. 


Beak relatively longer than in twsio, more than half 
the length of the skull. Colour as in twrsio, but 
with darker patches on the under surface of the 
body. Habitat, north-east coast Australia. Not so 
large as Tursiops tursio. 

1. Skull, with mandible; length 174 inches, breadth 8 inches. 
Beak, length 10 inches; breadth at base 3? inches, 
about middle 22 inches. Nasals, frontal and trans- 
verse ridge on vertex in same plane; premaxille 
coneave in front of nares, then convex down to 
pointed tip. Teeth moderate in size, pointed, but 

26 26 

22 22° 

2. Skull, adult, with mandible. Length 17} inches, breadth 
8 inches; beak, length 10} inches, breadth at base 44 
inches. Nasals, frontal and vertex cranii on same 
plane; premaxillz: concave in front of nares as far as 
their foramina, then convex in beak, the bone being 
# inch broad in middle of beak, pterygoids moderate 
in size, meeting mesially; palate not grooved, vomer 


somewhat worn, Turner Collection. 


TURSIOPS—PRODELPHINUS. eye 


appearing in palate between the two superior 
maxille. Symphysis of mandible 22 inches long. 
35 35 
34 34 
Purchased— Woodcock Collection. 


Teeth moderate, acute, 


XIV. PRODELPHINUS. (PD.) 
Prodelphinus, Gervais, Ostéogr. des Cétacés. 


Allied to Delphinus, from which it is distinguished by 
the absence of deep lateral palatine grooves; also 
allied to Tursiops, though with smaller and more 
numerous teeth and generally more numerous 
vertebree (True). Several species from North 
Atlantic to Cape Horn and the Cape of Good 


Hope. 


(1) PRODELPHINUS. Species undetermined. 


1, Skull, without mandible. Length 15 inches, breadth 68 
inches; beak, length 9 inches, breadth at base 31 
inches; nasals in plane of vertex; premaxille faintly 
coneave in front of nares, extending towards middle 
of beak, then convex and smooth to about the tip. 
Superior maxille do not unite in anterior two-thirds 
of hard palate, and vomer appears in interval. The 
pterygoids are broken. Teeth small, acute, 20 go 


Locality not specified. Dr R. Broom’s Collection. 


2. Skull, with mandible. Length 16 inches, breadth 63 
inches; beak 9} inches long, breadth at base 34 
inches. Nasals in same plane as vertex cranii. Pre- 
maxille concave in front of nares, then convex in 
beak and 1 inch broad in its middle; pterygoids 
large, meeting mesially; symphysis of mandible 2} 


: Saas : 

inches long. Teeth small, acute, 33 55° Said to have 
e 

been brought from Madagascar. Purchased. 


3. Skull, with mandible. Length 16 inches, breadth 64 inches; 
beak, length 10 inches, breadth at base 31 inches. 
Nasals in plane of vertex cranii; premaxille shghtly 
concave in front of nares as far as its foramina, 
convex in beak, becoming attenuated at tip; ptery- 


138 SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


goids united mesially; symphysis 2? inches long. 
40 40 
37 37 
4, Skull, adult, with mandible. Length 14} inches, breadth 
6? inches; beak, length 8 inches, breadth at base 31 
inches. Nasals in plane of vertex cranii; premaxille 
with shallow concavity to about middle of beak, then 
flattened ; hard palate showing vomer in middle line, 
pterygoids broken; symphysis of mandible 14 inch 


Teeth small, acute, Locality not specified. 


ay ; 31 31 : 
long. Teeth small, acute, 34 34; Locality not 
specified. Donor—Mr Brotherston, Kelso. 


[Many species have been included in the genus Pro- 
delphinus: F. W. True names twenty-three, several 
of which are founded on single skulls and without 
doubt will need revision. I have placed four skulls 
in the Museum in this genus, and I have examined 
one in Mr W. Taylor’s Collection which he regards 
as belonging to it. These skulls have the character 
of Prodelphinus, but differ in some features from 
each other, and may be arranged in two groups; in 
the one the skull is longer and wider, the beak is 
somewhat broader in relation to its length, and 
the premaxillaries are more convex and distinctly 
broader in the beak than in the other. These 
characters might be regarded as specific, but with 
the paucity of material for comparison at my disposal 
I am not prepared to apply to these skulls specific 
names. | 


5. Mandible. Length 13} inches, greatest height 22 inches ; 
symphysis, length of, 1{ inch. Teeth 35 in each 
half, small, acute. 

Barbados, 1869. Donor—Dr F. B. Archer. 


XV. STENO. (St.) 
Steno, Gray, Zool. Erebus and Terror, 1846. 


Colour black on dorsum, white on venter. Dorsal fin 
falcate. Beak long, compressed, marked off from 
forehead. Symphysis of mandible long. Teeth 
moderate, crowns faintly ridged, 20 to 27 in each 
half of jaws. 


STENO—SOTALIA—FERESA. 139 


(1) STENO ROSTRATUS. (NST. R.) 


Delphinus rostratus, G. Cuvier, Desmarest, and F. Cuvier. 
Steno frontatus, Gray, Cat. Seals and Whales. 
Steno rostratus, Gervais, Ostéogr. Cét., 1880. 


Mandible gradually attenuated from behind forwards, 
not keeled at symphysis. Length of animal about 
9 feet; length of skeleton about 8 feet; of skull 
20 inches. Vertebral formula C,D,,L,,Cd.) = 65. 


1. Mandible, tip broken, length 16 inches. Length of 
symphysis 5} inches, one-third length of mandible; 
symphysis, transverse diameter } inch at free end, at 
posterior end 1 inch. Posterior end with condyl, 
coronoid and sharp angle; height from coronoid to 
angle 34 inches; between outer edge of condyls 


5 23 93° Mandible 


expresses a skull with long, narrow, pointed beak. 
Purchased, Woodcock Collection, 1887. 


75 inches. Teeth moderate, pointed 
8 


XVI. SOTALIA. (So.) 
Sotalia, Gray, Cat. Seals and Whales, 1860. 


Allied to Steno and Tursiops, in it the pterygoids are 
separate, the caudal vertebre are less numerous and 
the teeth are more numerous (True); symphysis of 
mandible is usually long. Several species have been 
described. Habitat: some in rivers in China, West 
Africa, the Amazon, others in the South Atlantic, 
and the coast of Malabar. 

No specimen in Museum. 


XVII. FERESA. (Fe.) 


Feresa, Gray, Swppl. Cat. Seals and Whales, 1871. 
Ferezia, Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1883 ; Catalogue of Cetacea, 
1885. 


Defined by Dr Gray as with a flat beak, gradually 
tapering in front; width at maxillary notch two- 
thirds of entire length of beak; lower jaw slender, 
narrow and thinin front. Teeth not reaching notch, 
10 to 12 in each half of each jaw. Known by only 
two skulls. South Seas. 

No specimen in Museum. 


140 


SPECIMENS OF CETACEA. 


SPECIES UNDETERMINED. 


. Occipital bone, probably of a young Baleenoptera. Diameter 


from anterior lip of foramen magnum to vertex border 
22} inches, greatest transverse diameter 29 inches; 
foramen magnum 4 inches in sagittal, 3} inches in 
transverse diameter ; basi-occipital joint open. 


. Vertebre, Cervical, and five anterior Dorsal. The 


cervicals from Ist to 6th fused into one block, 7th 
free, with costal articular facet on side of body, but 
not on transverse process. Dorsals free, with articular 
facet on side of body and tip of transverse process. 
Atlas, transverse diameter 12} inches, supero-inferior 
54 inches. From New Zealand, 1872 ; also the succeed- 
ing specimens, Nos. 3, 4. | Donor—Sir James Hector. 


Vertebre, Cervical, and two anterior Dorsal, similar in 
character to above. 


Vertebre, Cervical, and two anterior Dorsal, similar in 
character to above. 


Brain of a large Cetacean, membranes removed and the 
system of small convolutions exposed. The optic 
commissure with its nerves. and the nerves which 
arise from the pons and medulla, have been dissected. 
The brain shows the characteristic compression ; the 
sagittal diameter of a hemisphere is 5} inches, and the 
breadth of the two hemispheres is 8} inches. 


Brain of a Cetacean; the arachnoid and pia have not been 
removed. The sagittal diameter of a hemisphere is 
5? inches, and the greatest transverse diameter of 
the two hemispheres is 7? inches. 


Penis. Dried specimen 4 feet 10 inches long, bulbous 
and 83 inches in girth at the deep end, gradually 
tapering to a point at the free end. The specimen 
was originally in the University Museum of Natural 
History, and is probably that described in the 
Auctarvum Museri Balfouriani, e Museo Sibbaldi- 
ano, Edinburgh, 1697, as “ Penis Balenze Orcadensis. 
The Pisle of a Whale which came in at Orknay.” 


Foetus, male, of a Cetacean, species undetermined; length 
4; inches. Dorsal fin about midway between the 
head and the end of the tail. 


Pat 


OR DE 5 Th NTA, Gah.) 


SEA COWS. 


INTRODUCTION. 


Tue Srrenta, owing to their aquatic life and fish-like shape, were 
regarded by the Cuviers and their immediate successors as belonging 
to the order Cetacea, and were named Herbivorous Cetacea. Further 
observations into their habits and structure have shown that they 
differ materially from the Cetacea, and they have had to be removed 
therefore from that order. As they also differ much from other 
orders of Mammals, and cannot be classified with any one of them, 
these animals have to be placed in an Order apart, and the name 
Sirenia, proposed by Illiger, has been adopted by zoologists. 

As regards their habits, they live in the brackish water of large 
rivers, estuaries, bays, lagoons, and do not frequent the open sea. 
They feed on the seaweeds and other aquatic plants which grow in 
these waters. They are deliberate and inactive in their movements. 
They frequent the east and west coasts of Africa, the Red Sea, the 
Bay of Bengal, the Malay Archipelago, the north coast of Australia, 
the West Indies, some of the great rivers of South America, and up 
to the latter half of the eighteenth century one species lived in the 
Behring Sea. 

In their external characters, the skin is not smooth and shining 
as in the Cetacea, but is rough, wrinkled and sparingly studded with 
hairs; the muzzle is truncated, and on its summit the nose opens 
by two orifices; the lips are provided with short, stiff bristles ; the 
body is fusiform; the palpebral fissure and eye are very small; the 
ear has no pinna; there is no dorsal fin; the caudal fin is horizontal, 
laterally expanded, and in Halicore has a notch on the posterior 
border ; the pectoral limbs are pentadactylous, enclosed in a common 
envelope of skin, paddle-shaped; the pelvic bones are present, but 
rudimentary ; there are no hind limbs. The head is not large in 
relation to the size of the body. 

In their internal structure, the brain is smaller than in the active- 
moving Cetacea of corresponding size, and the cerebrum is not so 
minutely convoluted. The heart is cleft at the apex. The epiglottis 
is not intranarial, The stomach consists of two large compartments, 
cesophageal and pyloric, and of two intermediate accessory cavities ; 
a special glandular pouch opens into the cesophageal compartment. 
An ileo-colic valve marks the separation of the small from the large 

143 


144, SPECIMENS OF SIRENIA. 


intestine ; two cecal appendages open into the commencement of the 
colon in Manatus, but in Halicore the cecum is simple. The 
kidneys are simple and not multilobate as in the Cetacea. The 
placenta in the Dugong is arranged as a zone, and the villi are not 
ditfused over the surface of the chorion as in the Cetacea. In the 
shape and arrangement of the teeth and in their order of succession 
the Sirenia contrast strongly with the Cetacea. The incisor and 
molar teeth are separated from each other by a wide interval. The 
bones are dense and heavy; the anterior nares are large and set 
back. The vertebre are not fused together to form a sacrum; in 
their ossification they do not form plate-like epiphyses. Chevron 
bones are developed in the anterior caudal region. In Manatus there 
are only six cervical vertebre. As in the Cetacea, the clavicles are 
not developed. The carpus is short, but has some breadth. 


Three families are recognised in the order Sirenia: Halicoride, 
Manatide, Rhytinide. The Museum contains twenty-two specimens. 


SPECIMENS 


OF 


5 lila INE 


++—_—_—_—_ 


Family L. HALICORID&. 


(Represented by a single genus.) 


I. HALICORE. (Hal.) 
Illiger, Prod. Syst. Mamm. et Aviwm, 1811. 


Skull with rostrum or beak formed by a pair of pre- 
maxille which are bent greatly downwards; sym- 
physial end of lower jaw also bent downwards, rough 
surface supports horny plate. No nails on pectoral 
limbs. Tail horizontal, flanged. No dorsal fin. 


(1) Hattcore Ducone. (HAL. D.) 
(Dugong, Indian Dugong.) 


Halicore Dugong, I/liger, op. cit. 


Length 8 to 10 feet. Colour bluish black on dorsum, 
venter greyish white; muzzle with thick lips. 
Vertebral formula C,D,,L,Cd,, = 59. 

The figure below represents a male foetus 5 feet 4 
inches long, measured along the dorsal curve. The 
skin was smooth, dull yellowish grey colour, lighter 


146 


SPECIMENS OF SIRENIA. 


on the belly. Scattered delicate silky hairs were 
more numerous on head and body than on limbs and 
tail; a short, stiff white moustache grew from the 
muzzle. No dorsal fin nor hind limbs; pectoral 
limb 7 inches long, 3} broad. Tail lobed. 


1. Skeleton, adult, male; length 8 feet 6} inches. Skull in 


straight line 164 inches, over curve of vertex 223 
inches. Spine, length 7 feet 2 inches; 19 pairs of 
ribs; 15 chevron bones, in the last five of which the 
lateral halves are not fused mesially; 5 lumbar 
vertebrae intervene between Ist chevron and last rib. 
Vertebral formula C,D,,L,Cd,,=59. Anterior nares 
3 inches in transverse, 4% in sagittal diameter. Beak 
formed by two large premaxillaries which lodge the 
tusks ; these bones slope downwards from the anterior 
nares for 8{ inches. Mandible massive, 11 inches 
long; condyl flattened, relatively small; coronoid 
pointed, projects 24 inches, angle large, from it to 
condyl 7 inches; anterior end of bone broad, sloping 
downwards in symphysial region for 5 inches and 
showing four tooth sockets on right side and five on 
left. | Humerus without supra-condyloid foramen. 
Pair of pelvic bones, slightly curved ; length 8} inches, 
attenuated at vertebral end, broader below. The 
skeleton was received roughly cleaned; it was care- 
fully macerated and articulated so as to preserve the 
bones and their relative positions. Front of face in 


Plate XVI. 


Queensland. Donor—Sir Wyville Thomson. 


2. Skeleton, immature; ex-occipitals partially fused with 


basi - occipital, supra-occipital lost. Length 6 feet 
6% inches. Skull, length in straight line 124 inches, 
over vertex 20} inches. Spine, length 5 feet 64 
inches; 19 pairs of ribs; only 7 chevrons present ; 5 
lumbar vertebra. Vertebral formula C yD Cd 
Compared with No. 1, the spine is more complete. 
Anterior nares 2} inches in transverse and 44 in 
sagittal diameter ; premaxillze slope down from anterior 
nares for 63 inches. Mandible not so large as No. 1, 
with four se of tooth sockets at symphysis. Right 
pelvic bone 5} inches long, consisting of an upper 
vertebral basen and a lower ventral segment fused 
about the middle of the bone, but with the original 
plane of separation distinct. 


East Indian Seas. Knox Collection, No. 107. 


HALICORE. 147 


3. Skull, bisected, 12 inches long in straight line, over 
vertex 20 inches. Anterior nares 2} inches in 
transverse, 4} in sagittal diameter; premaxillz slope 
down 64 inches from anterior nares to tip, and con- 
tain left tusk; for right, see No. 6. Mandible not so 
large as in No. 1, and with four pairs of tooth sockets 
in symphysis. Knox Collection, No. 108. 


4. Skull, immature. The supra-, ex-, and basi-occipital not 
fused with each other, and the last-named separate 
from the sphenoid. Length of skull in straight line 
124 inches, 18} inches over vertex. Anterior nares 
24 inches in transverse and 3? in sagittal diameter ; 
premaxillary beak from anterior nares to tip 53 
inches. Mandible not so massive, length 8 inches, 
height from condyl to angle 5 inches, length of 
symphysis 32 inches, four pairs of tooth sockets. 

(Queensland. Donor—Sir Wyville Thomson. 


5. Skull, Cast of; right premaxillary beak cut to display 
a large tusk in its socket. Anterior nares 3 inches 
transverse diameter, 4} in sagittal. 


6. Tusk, outer half of right, from No. 3; 64 inches long. 
It had been bisected and the pulp cavity, 2} inches 
long, exposed. A mesial line extends through the sub- 
stance of the tooth from the apex of the pulp cavity 
to the free end of the tooth. 

Knox Collection, No. 109. 


As the skulls were of different ages, an opportunity 
to study different stages of dentition was given. In 
the youngest skull, No. 4, the symphysial part of 
the Mandible had four wide, shallow sockets in which 
there were no teeth. In the skull No. 3, the 
corresponding sockets were wider and deeper ; each of 
the third pair contained a rudimentary styloid tooth 
thickened at its deep end, the others were empty. 
In the skull of No. 2 the sockets were moderately 
wide, deep, and empty. In No. 1, the oldest skull, 
the sockets were empty, four large on the right side, 
but on the left a small socket was interposed between 
the large second and third, making five in all. The 
molar teeth in the mandible were worn and flattened 
on the surface of the crown. In the youngest skull, 
No. 4, were six sockets with four teeth with flattened 
crowns on each side. The anterior tooth was lost; the 
most posterior contained an unerupted tooth with a 


148 


SPECIMENS OF SIRENIA. 


tuberculated crown. In No. 3 were three pairs of 
molar teeth, of which the posterior, inch in sagittal 
and 3 inch in transverse diameter, was the largest. 
In No. 2 five pairs of sockets were present, in which 
only two teeth had been preserved. In No. 1 only 
three sockets were on each side; the tooth in the 
middle socket measured 1} by 2 inch; the hindmost 
tooth had been lost. 

In the Upper Jaw the premaxillary or incisor teeth 
assumed in the older skulls the form of tusks. The 
youngest skull, No. 4, had two sockets in each pre- 
maxilla, separated by a transverse septum, each of 
which contained an unerupted tooth ; the anterior was 
styliform, and the posterior about three times thicker. 
In No. 3 each premaxilla had only a single large 
socket for a tusk, of which the left was preserved ; 
the socket was 42 inches deep, 1} inch wide. In 
No. 1 the tusk was present in each premaxilla; 
it projected 24 inches, and its circumference at the 
mouth of the socket was 3} inches. In No. 4 the 
maxillary or molar teeth had six sockets on each side ; 
in the most anterior the tooth was cylindriform and 
only + inch in diameter; the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th were 
flattened on the crown; the 5th had recently erupted 
and was tuberculated, the 6th was concealed in the 
socket. In No. 3 were three pairs of sockets, and the 
posterior on one side contained a worn tooth $ by 
+ inch in diameter. In No. 2 were five sockets on 
each side, but only three teeth with worn crowns had 
been preserved. In the oldest skull, No. 1, were only 
two sockets and two pairs of teeth. 

From these observations it would appear that in 
early life two incisor teeth arise in each premaxilla, but 
that one disappears, whilst the other increases greatly 
in size and forms the tusk. At the stage in which 
the four incisors were seen in the youngest skull, the 
more posterior in each bone was the larger, from 
which it would seem as if it developed into the tusk 
and caused the absorption of the anterior tooth. As 
regards the molar teeth, six is the number developed 
on each side, but they are not all erupted at the same 
time, for when the Ist is in place the 6th is still 
concealed, and before it appears the Ist and perhaps 
the 2nd may be shed, so that in the course of time 
four, three, or only two molars, and these the most 
posterior, may be all that remain on each side. The 


HALICORE. 149 


succession of teeth in this animal is not therefore a 
vertical succession, but in the horizontal direction, as 
is the case with the true molars in man, or as is seen 
on a large scale in the molar region in the elephant. 


7. Sternum, Ist and 2nd pairs of Ribs, cervical Vertebrae, 
Ist and 2nd dorsal. Sternum 8 inches long, divided 
into two segments, the anterior 45 inches, the posterior, 
34 inches, is not bifurcated at its free end; greatest 
breadth about the middle 22 inches. Three pairs of 
costal cartilages articulate with the sternum near its 
middle, one and a half to the anterior segment, one 
and a half to the posterior. Seven Cervical Vertebrez, 
the anterior part of the head of the Ist rib articulates 
with the side of the body of the 7th, the posterior 
part with the body of the Ist dorsal. The tubercle of 
the Ist rib articulates with the transverse process of 
the Ist dorsal and not with that of the 7th cervical. 

In the immature skeleton, No. 2, the sternum, in its 
size, form, and costal articulations, closely resembles 
that in No. 7, and the articulations of the vertebral 
end of the Ist rib are similar. In the adult skeleton, 
No. 1, the sternum is bifurcated at its posterior end 
and notched anteriorly ; its mesial length is 10 inches, 
whilst laterally it is 11} inches; the greatest breadth 
is 33 inches. The vertebral articulations of the 1st 
rib correspond with Nos. 2 and 7. The spines of the 
atlas and axis, 3rd and 4th vertebre are ossified, but 
in the 5th, 6th, and 7th the two halves are still 
asunder. In the immature skeleton the atlas and 
axis only are completely ossified. 


8. Pectoral Limbs, pair of. Scapula falciform, vertebral 
and anterior borders convex, anterior angle feeble, 
posterior distinct, coracoid and spines present, acro- 
mion short, pre-spinous larger than post-spinous fossa. 
Humerus from head to outer condyl 53 inches, 
upper epiphysis for head and tuberosities not fused 
with shaft, lower fused, upper half of shaft broad 
and deeply grooved. Radius and ulna each with 
upper epiphysis fused, lower not yet united; ole- 
cranon well marked, epiphysis on its tip not fused. 
Radius 4% inches long, ulna 54 inches. Carpus with 
proximal and distal rows; the proximal contains 
radiale and ulnare but no intermedium, the distal 
consists of a single bone stretching across the carpus 
and articulating with five metacarpals; between the 


150 


SPECIMENS OF SIRENIA. 


2nd and 3rd metacarpals it shows evidence on the 
surface of fusion of two originally separate bones. 
The pollex consists of M, and no phalanx; M,, had 
two phalanges, M,,, three phalanges, M,, three pha- 
langes, M,, minimus, two phalanges. 

In the adult skeleton, No. 1, the scapula is 123 inches 
in long diameter, 54 inches in glenoido-vertebral ; the 
coracoid projects 14 inch, the acromion 1} inch from 
the spine. The humerus is 7} inches long, radius 5 
inches, ulna 7 inches, epiphyses all fused; the carpus 
has the same number and arrangement of bones as 
the above specimen; the metacarpals and phalanges 
also correspond, except that the pollex has a minute 
phalanx and the index has three phalanges. 

The skeleton No. 2 closely resembles No. 8, but 
the carpal radiale has been lost. 


9. Tympano-periotic bones, right, of the Dugong, No. 4 in 


Catalogue. The tympanic is an imperfect ring, the 
broad end of which is directed downwards, forwards, 
and inwards, and is swollen on its posterior surface. 
The two cornua of the ring are fused with the periotie, 
and the longest diameter is 1,4, inch; in form the 
tympanic is like the cartilaginous pinna of the human 
ear, but without a tubular meatus. Continuous with 
the periotic is an ovoid projection which occupies a con- 
cave surface in the squamous temporal. The periotic, 
consisting of dense bone, is 2 inches in its longest 
diameter. The chain of ossicles has been removed from 
the tympanic cavity and is figured to the right of 
the outer surface of the tympano-periotie. 


HALICORE. L5l 


10. Heart of a Dugong, showing the separation of the two 
ventricles at the apex by a deep cleft. The cavities 
have been opened into and the valves exposed. 

Knox Collection, No. 116. 


11. Kidney of Dugong, not lobulated, bisected longitudinally ; 
the pelvis is opened into and the apices of the pyramids 
are exposed; bristles have been placed in the opening 
of the ureter. 


12. Kidney of Dugong, not lobulated, bisected ; the relation of 
the calyces to the mammillary apices of the pyramids 
is shown. Knox Collection, No. 121. 


[The drawings Nos. 13 to 18 are described and repro- 


Ss SSssss 
== 
=—— 
= = 
= 
5 


\ 


if 
H 
Mil 


52 SPECIMENS OF SIRENIA. 


duced from Sir Wm. Turner’s memoir on the foetus 
of Halicore and Manatus in Jowrn. Anat. and Phys., 
xxvil., 1894. They show the changes in the form 
of the head and face of the Dugong which take 
place during Gey Toemeny, from a foetus 54 inches 
long to one 5 feet 4 inches, and subsequently to 
adult growth. | 


13. Dugong, feetal, male, diagram of, enclosed in its membranes. 
Ch., chorion, with PL, the zonary placenta, excentric in 
position and more in “proximity to the left tuba than 
to the corpus uteri. Al, the sac of the allantois; 
Al.’, endochorionic layer of allantois; Al.”, layer of 
wlantois next the amnion represented by a dotted 
line; Am. is in the sac of the amnion. The foetus is 
also. figured on p. 145. The gravid uterus and 
placenta are described and figured by W. Turner, 
in his memoir on the Placentation of the Dugong, 
Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xxxv., part 2, 1889. See 
figure on page 151. 


14. Dugong, profile view of the above young male foetus, size 
of nature, 5} inches from the muzzle along the dor sum 
of the head and spine to the mid- _point of the tail. 
The head, tail, penis, and pectoral limb with the 
pentadactylous manus are shown. 

Donor—C. W. de Vis, M.A., of the Queensland 
Museum, Brisbane. 


15. Dugong, front of the face of the same fcetus, x2. The 
muzzle, mouth, lips, nostrils, and eyes can be recognised. 
See upper figure on page 153. 


16. Dugong, head of a larger foetus, size of nature; length 
in a straight line 44 inches, Bi goats breadth 3 
inches, from nostril to mouth 1? inch. See lower 
figure on page 153. 

Queensland. Donor—Sir Wyville Thomson. 


17. Dugong, front view of head and pectoral region, reduced 
one-half, of the foetus figured on p. 145. The 
characters of the face from the nostrils to the chin, 
with the scattered hairs, are shown, and the origin of 
the pectoral limbs. See figure on page 154 

Donor—C. W. de Vis, M.A., Queensland. 


HALICORE. Ls 


154 SPECIMENS OF SIRENIA. 


18. Dugong, front of face of the adult male, reduced about 
one-half, skeleton No. 1. See Plate XVI. The 
nostrils are not shown. <A pair of strong, tusk-like 
incisor teeth, flattened from use, measured 1 inch in 
breadth at the worn end. The development of the 
premaxillze and incisors had elongated the muzzle 
and raised the anterior nares to the dorsal aspect 
of the fore part of the head. 

(Jueensland. Donor—Sir Wyville Thomson. 


Prare XVI.) [Catalogue of Sirenia. 


Adult Dugong. 


(To face p. 154. 


MANATUS. 5S 


Family HI. MANATIDAL. 


(Represented by a single genus.) 


I. MANATUS. (Man.) 


(Manatee, Lamantin.) 
Manatus, Storr, Prodromus, Meth. Mamm., 1780. 


Skull with rostrum almost in the line of the axis of 
the base of the cranium; premaxillze and symphysis 
short, only slightly bent downwards; rough sur- 
face supports horny plate. Rudimentary nails on 
pectoral limbs; six cervical vertebrae, the formula 
C{D i Cd,.-..—01 or 69) Colour oveyish. Tail 
horizontal, not flanged but shovel-shaped. Pectoral 
limbs Fiver omoide like paddles; no dorsal fin ; 
nostrils at end of muzzle; upper lip mesially divided 
into two lobes. Length about 8 feet. Three species are 
recognised: Manatus senegalensis from West Africa ; 
M. americanus or australis from South America, 
West Indies, Surinam; J/. inunguwis from the 
Amazon and Orinoco rivers. 


(1) MANATUS SENEGALENSIS. (MAN. 8.) 
Adamson, Hist. nat. dw Sénégal, p. 143. 


Zygomatic process deep, jugal deep, upper margin of 
anterior nares smooth and rounded, beak and sym- 
physis of mandible short and shallow. 


1. Skull, occipital bone lost; bony ring of orbital aperture 
not quite complete behind, long diameter 22 inches, 
vertical 1? inch; anterior nares ‘large, lozenge-shaped, 
sagittal diameter 5 inches, transverse 3% inches, 
upper half of lateral border of, smooth, rounded ; septal 
cartilage extends from frontal to symphysis, ossified 
and prolonged above into the mesethmoid, and com- 
pletely separating the nasal chambers from each 
other, its surface and upper border have a honeycomb 
appearance. The premaxillary beak with a moderate 
slope downwards, width at base 1,% inch, length of 
symphysis 2} inches ; dorsal surface of frontal narrow 
and extends ania d between the parietals, marked 
on the surface by a longitudinal groove. The squa- 
moso-zygomatic process is massive, 54 inches long by 
2+ high; the outer surface is somewhat concave, 


156 


SPECIMENS OF SIRENIA. 


the upper border relatively narrow. Jugal process 
2? inches deep, outer surface faintly concave. Palatal 
length of premaxille 2} inches, with a rough surface ; 
no incisor teeth, but apparently two sockets near the 
tip; large anterior palatine foramen. Hard palate 
34 inches in length from most anterior molar socket 
to tip of beak; condyl of mandible small, convex ; 
symphysis with rough upper surface and no teeth. 
Mandible massive, length 94 inches, angle rectangular, 
coronoid not pointed, broad, projecting almost hori- 
zontally forwards. Sockets for ten molars in each 
superior maxilla; Ist socket empty, 2nd to 7th 
occupied by three-fanged teeth, the crowns of which 
are divided by a transverse groove into an anterior 
and a posterior segment; the 8th to 10th are not 
erupted, the 9th and 10th being deep in their bony 
sockets. The molars in the mandible resemble those 
in upper jaw. The teeth are little worn. 


From Old Calabar River. Donor— Rev. Archibald Hewan. 


2. Skull. Length in straight line 143 inches, over vertex 


18 inches. Occipital bone ossified, basi- fused with 
sphenoid; temporals detachable. Orbital aperture 
2 inches by 12 inch in diameters, bony ring im- 
perfect; anterior nares 5 inches by 3} in diameter, 
margins sharp, somewhat rough ; septal cartilage not 
present; premaxillary beak not hollowed for tusks, 
only slightly bent downwards; no incisors, a pair of 
circular socket-like depressions 1 inch in diameter 
near free end; dorsal surface of frontal grooved 
anteriorly, flattened and expanded posteriorly, width 
12 inch; squamoso-zygmotic, length 43 inches by 23 
high; outer surface smooth, convex ; ape border 
relatively broad anteriorly; jugal process 22 inches 
deep, outer surface faintly concave. Palatal part of 
premaxilla 2} inches long, surface rough; length of 
hard palate in front of socket of Ist molar 44 inches. 
Mandible 93 inches long, massive; condyl small, 
shghtly convex ; coronoid ‘broad, not pointed, directed 
obliquely forward; angle rectangular, inverted ; sym- 
physis 2+ inches ; no teeth, bone rough. Upper molars, 
ten pairs of sockets, anterior empty and partially 
absorbed, 2nd to 7th occupied by teeth with crowns 
only slightly worn, 9th and 10th pairs not yet erupted 
and concealed in their bony sockets. Lower molars 
corresponded with upper; the bony sae which contained 


[Catalogue of Sirenia. 


PLATE XVII.] 


African Manatee. 


[To face p. 157. 


— 


MANATUS. iL S57; 


the posterior was seen on the inner surface of the man- 
dible immediately above the dental foramen. Locality 
of origin not known, but probably from West Africa. 


Tympano-periotic bones, right, of Manatee, No. 2 in 
Catalogue. The tympanic is an imperfect ring, 
similar in form and connection to that of the Dugong, 
and with its broad end directed downwards, forwards, 
and inwards. The long diameter is 2 inches. The 
periotic is 2,2, inches in its longest diameter, and 
gives rise to an ovoid prominence which fits into 
the concave surface of the squamous temporal. <A 
columnar stapes projects from the periotic into the 
tympanic cavity. The bones are represented in the 
subjoining figure, as seen on the outer surface. 


4. Foetus of I. senegalensis. Length 2 feet 10 inches from 
muzzle to end of tail; breadth of tail 74 inches; 
length of pectoral limb 6,6, inches. Silky hairs 
scattered over body, tail, and flippers. Muzzle de- 
fined above and at the sides by a crescentic fissure ; 
¢ mch below it are the two nostrils. Lip consists 
of a mid and two lateral portions. Tip of tongue 
mowable, with a distinct frenum. Crowns of several 
molars have cut the gums. Lower lip thick, flexible 
and truncated. Nails on dorsum of four fingers, but 
not on pollex. Described by Turner in Journ. Anat. 
and Phys., vol. xxviii., 1894. See Plate X VIL, muzzle 


and pectoral limbs. 


158 SPECIMENS OF SIRENIA. 


Family II. RHYTINIDA. 
(A single genus.) 
I. RHYTINA. (Rh) 
(1) RHYTINA STELLERI. (RH. ST.) 
Illiger, Prodromus, 1811. 
No teeth. 


This species, the Northern Sea Cow, was discovered 
by Behring in the North Pacific on the shores of 
Behring Island. It became extinct in the eighteenth 
century. 


No specimen in Museum. 


PART IIL. 
SUBORDER PINNIPEDIA. (PIN.) 


WALRUS AND SEALS. 


INTRODUCTION. 


THe PINNIPEDIA are aquatic mammals, with few exceptions marine, 
living in the water, in which they obtain their food, either fish, 
molluscs, or crustacea, but resorting to the land for breeding and 
bringing forth their young, and at times basking on the rocks or on 
the ice. From their aquatic habits, the limbs are modified in shape 
and to some extent in structure so as to be adapted for swimming 
and diving They have an extensive distribution in the great oceans, 
Atlantic and Pacific, and in the smaller communicating seas. Many 
species are found in the Arctic, and others again in the Antarctic 
region. 

The Pinnipedia are a suborder of the Carnivora. They are 
appropriately classed in three well-marked families: the Trichecidee 
(Odobeenide), the Walruses ; the Otariide, Arctocephalide, the Eared 
Seals ; the Phocidee, the Hair Seals, without a pinna to the ear. 

I may refer to my Report on the Seals collected during the voyage 
of the Challenger (Report, part Ixviil., 1887) for a more detailed 
description of the anatomical characters of the skeletons and skulls, 
not only of the specimens collected by the naturalists on the 
Challenger, but of the Pinnipedia which frequent the North Atlantic, 
Arctic and Antarctic Oceans, examples of which are in the Museum. 

The TricHEcIDZ amongst existing mammals consist of only a 
single genus, Trichecus (Odobenus). Authorities generally con- 
sider that the genus contains only the species T’richechus rosmarus. 
Mr J. A. Allen, however, contends that the Walrus of the North 
Pacific differs from that of the North Atlantic, and he applies to the 
former the specific name 7. obesws. It seems doubtful if the 
anatomical differences which he has noted in the comparison of 
skulls from the North Pacific and North Atlantic should be regarded 
as having specific distinction. I have found, in the study of the 
crania in the Museum from the North Atlantic, differences not 
unlike those to which Allen has attached specific importance, 
obviously due to the stage of development of the canine tusks, 
their length, thickness, and curvature, which modify the projection 
and breadth of the face, and are sexual or individual variations, and 
not of specific importance. The Walrus is an Arctic animal, but 
stragglers have been captured in Orkney and the Hebrides. 


161 ne 


162 SPECIMENS OF PINNIPEDIA. 


Tue Orarip#.—So many diversities are to be found in the 
writings of naturalists regarding this family that it is difficult to 
construct a classification which can be regarded as conclusive. 
Dr J. E. Gray made nine genera and eighteen species of Eared Seals, 
Dr Peters three genera and thirteen species. Mr Allen, founding upon 
differences in the character of the pelage, proposed two subfamilies, 
Tricophocaceze and Ouliphocacze, which correspond with the older 
division Hair Seals or Sea Lions, and Fur Seals or Sea Bears. Sir 
Wm. Flower, again, included all the Kared Seals in the single genus 
Otaria, and regarded the Sea Lions and Sea Bears as merely species 
of that genus. It is indeed questionable if a sharp line of demarca- 
tion separates the pelage of the Sea Lions from that of the Sea Bears, 
though in the latter a thick coat of under-fur constitutes the 
important structural character which gives to these seals their special 
economic value. Differences undoubtedly exist in the cranial 
characters in different species of Eared Seals, which justify a certain 
amount of subdivision of the old genus Otaria. Along with Peters 
and Allen, I restrict the name Otaria to the Sea Lion of the South 
Atlantic and South Pacific. The species of Sea Bears, again, may be 
arranged, as was done by Peters, in two genera, Arctocephalus and 
Eumetopias, though it should be admitted that Peters gave too brief 
a specification of their generic difference, and some zoologists prefer 
to regard this division as unnecessary, and combine all the species 
in the genus Arctocephalus. 

Tue Puocipm.—The Phocide or True Seals are distinguished by 
the absence of the pinna of the ear, by the hind limbs not being 
used for support and progression, but being directed backwards at 
the sides of the tail, by the palms and soles being hairy, and by the 
body being covered by short, stiff hairs without under-fur, They are 
the Hair Seals proper. They have a wide distribution. Several 
species frequent the North Atlantic as far north as the Arctic Ocean ; 
others are found in the Southern and Antarctic Oceans, and one 
species, Monachus, seems to be restricted to the Mediterranean ; 
others occur in the Caspian and Aral Seas and in Lake Baikal. Two 
species frequent the coast of Scotland, Phoca vitulina and Halichwrus 
grypus, and occasionally a specimen of an Arctic seal is met with. 
Isolated examples of the Hooded Seal, Cystophora cristata, have been 
seen in the Orkneys, and in 1872 one was caught in St Andrews 
Bay. The Harp Seal, Phoca grenlundica, has been seen in Shetland, 
and in 1875 I recorded the capture in the preceding year of a specimen 
in Morecambe Bay. ‘The Arctic seals are very gregarious, and in the 
spring are slaughtered in enormous numbers for the oil and skins. 


The family Phocid is divided into three subfamilies: Phocine, 
Ogmorhinine, and Cystophorinz. The Museum contains upwards of 
one hundred and forty specimens. 


DSPHCIMENS 


OF 


lege IN ae a ee 


Family I. TRICHECIDAL. 


No external ear; no scrotum; upper canines grow into 
long, powerful tusks; the other teeth with single 
roots relatively small and simple. Skull with an 
alisphenoid canal. Hind feet, toes can be turned 
forwards. Inner wall of orbit complete, that of 
zygomatic fossa defective. Anterior nares terminal ; 
astragalus without calcanear process. 


I, TRICHECHUS. (Tr.) 
Trichechus, Linnwus, Syst. Nature, 1735. 


A bulky animal, the adult male being about 10 feet 
long; skin with short hairs, yellowish brown, darker 
on venter; soles of manus and pes bare and rough; 
head rounded, muzzle short, broad, with stiff whiskers; 
eyes small; tail short; dorsum of digits with nails ; 
mamme four. 


(1) TRICHECHUS ROSMARUS. (TR. R.) (Auctorum.) 
(Walrus, Morse, Sea Horse.) 


Hard palate truncated, reaching hamular pterygoids 
and in line with anterior border of glenoid fossa; 
zygomatic arch not bulging; orbits relatively small. 
Tympanics not swollen, rough on inferior surface. 

ae gen Cael ala 
Permanent dentition: in. 6 0 Gay 

338 Ae, Fae Pom re yaa i 

3 37 18. Milk dentition: in. 39 C. iV 

pe 72 =34. Vertebral formula C,D,,L,5,Cd,,.=43. 


post - canine 


or molars 


163 


SPECIMENS OF PINNIPEDIA. 


Scapula, preespimous larger than postspinous fossa. 
Humerus without a supracondyloid foramen; crest 
of ilium in front of base of sacrum; femur with 
rudimentary small trochanter. The last and the 
penultimate upper molars and the last lower molar 
sometimes absent. North Atlantic and North Pacific. 


1. Skeleton, adult, articulated. Length 9 feet 4 inches. 


Skull, length in straight line 15 inches, over vertex 
20 inches. Spine, length 8 feet 1 inch, formula 
C,D,,L,$,Cd, =37; the terminal vertebre have not 
been preserved. Ribs, 14 pairs, the last of which, 
12 inches long, is apparently a floating rib. Sternum 
is 2 feet 4 inches long, and 22 inches broad about the 
middle; it consists of 9 segments, the last of which 
is tipped with cartilage. The Ist pair of costal carti- 
lages articulate near anterior end, the 2nd to 9th at 
the junction of segments, the 10th to 14th do not reach 
the sternum. Mandible 104 inches long. Tusk, length 
of protruded part 16 inches, girth at alveolus 6 inches. 
Scapula, glenoido-vertebral diameter 143? inches; spine 
low, acromion short, coracoid feeble, preespinous fossa 
much larger than postspinous. Humerus 13? inches 
long; radius 103 inches; ulna with long olecranon 
134 inches. Carpus; radiale and intermedium fused 
together, ulnare, pisiform, four distal carpalia. Digits 
ae pollex MPh,, the others each MPh,, Os inno- 
minatum from iliae crest to ischial tuber 154 inches. 
Femur, head to inner condyl 10 inches; tibia, length 
133 inches; fibula 13} inches. Tarsus the customary 
seven bones; digits five, hallux MPh,, the others 
MPh,, 


2. Skeleton, length 8 feet 5 inches. Skull, length in straight 


line 13 inches, over vertex 17 inches. Spine 7 feet 
34 inches, formula C,D,,L,5,Cd,=39. Two or perhaps 
three caudal vertebrze missing; the fifteenth rib on 
each side is only 2# inches long, free and floating; its 
presence increases the number of dorsal vertebr and 
diminishes that of the lumbar. Sternum consists of 
nine segments and articulates with the cartilages of 
nine pairs of ribs. Manus and pes imperfect. 


3. Skull, with tusks and mandible; length 15 inches, over 


vertex 19} inches. Tusk, left, length 114 inches, right 
92 inches, girth 64 inches left. Mandible, length 104 
338 


; et 
inches. Dentition: ec. 00 Pe 44 


2. 


10; 


eh: 


TRICHECHUS. 165 


. Skull, with mandible; length, condylo-premaxillary, in 


straight line 15 inches, over curve 20 inches. Tusk, 
length of, 12 inches, girth 64 ae Length of 
4 4 
OOPS ER 
Monro Collection. 


mandible 10? inches. Dentition: e¢. 


. Skull, with mandible; length, condyls absent, in straight 


line 14 inches, approximately. Tusk 8? inches 
long, girth 54 inches. Mandible, length 8 inches. 


Bas i 
Dentition: ——, p.c. 55° 


. Skull, with mandible; length in straight line 13} inches, 


over vertex 19 inches. Tusk, length 10 inches, girth 
KS 


at socket Ss ae Mandible, length 83 inches, 


4, 4, 
Dentition: c. : 7 p-¢: oe 


. Skull, with mandible; length in straight line 12} inches, 


over vertex 18 inches. Tusk 15} inches, girth 53 


ib 
0’ 


Olen 


inches. Mandible 9} inches long. Dentition: ce. 


es 
PO 4 


. Skull, with mandible; length in straight line 16 inches, 


over vertex 22 inches. Tusk, length 13 inches, girth 
6 inches, laterally compressed. Mandible, length 12 


inches. Dentition: e. ; 0 Pe. at 


Skull, without mandible, adult male. 
Donor—Sir Wm. Turner. 
Skull, much broken, with mandible, immature. Occipital 
bone wanting. Tusk, length 7? inches, girth 43 
inches, laterally compressed. Mandible 93 inches. 
arate renga 
entition: ¢. 9 9» Peg 4 
Skull, fore part of, with tusks and broken mandible, imma- 
ture. Tusk, length 2 inches, girth 2} inches. Dentition : 
OOF ated 4 4 
in. 0 0 Cc. 0 0? p.©. 4 4 


. Skull, immature, with mandible; length 12} inches, over 


vertex 18 inches. Tusk, length: vi inches, girth 33 
inches, laterally compressed. Mandible. lenoth 83 


44 
inches. Dentition: c. 00° PO Z 


166 SPECIMENS OF PINNIPEDIA. 


13. Maxille, premaxille, and tusks, young. Tusk, length 43 
inches, girth 2? inches, laterally compressed. On 
each side two simple post-canines, but on the left 
side a styliform tooth, # inch long, protruded on the 
inner side of the canine alveolus. In the left 
maxilla.is an empty socket, but not in the right. 


14. Skull of a foetus, artificially articulated. Dentition: 
1 Uh Feo EL 393 


OO O00 Re 


15. Tusk, length 11 inches. 
Purchased— W oodeock Collection. 


16. Cranial cavity, cast of, from a skull in the Museum of the 
Royal College of Surgeons, England, showing the 
general form of the brain. Purchased. 


17. Brain of Walrus, dissected. A specimen presented by Dr 
Charles Moon. The figure below is of the cranial 
surface of the left hemisphere. 


3, olfactory bulb; s, Sylvian fissure ; ps, pre-Sylvian fissure ; ssp, back of supra- 
Sylvian, cr, crucial, co, coronal, m/Z, medilateral fissures; m/c, medi- 
lateral, ssc, supra-Sylvian, sye, Sylvian, sge, sigmoid, m, marginal 
convolutions. 


TRICHECHUS. 167 


18. Brain of Walrus. A specimen presented by Mr C. Edward 
Smith. The figure shows the mesial surface of the 
left hemisphere. The brain of this species has been 
described and figured by Turner in Challenger Report 
and in Journ. Anat. and Phys., vol. xxv., 1891. 


H, lobus hippocampi; S, Sylvian fissure; sp, splenial, ph, postero-horizontai, 
h, hippocampal, cr, crucial fissures ; m, marginal, cc, callosal, he, hippo- 
campal convolutions. 


19. Hyoid apparatus, body, antero-posterior diameter 2} inches, 
transverse 23 inches. Thyro-hyal, length 3} inches; 
4 yal, 4 
stylo-hyal 4} inches. 


20, Os Penis, 214 inches long; girth at base 84 inches. 
Monro Collection. 


21. Os Penis, four specimens mounted on stand. 
Donor—Capt. Adams, s.s. “ Maude,” Dundee. 


22. Os Penis which had been broken during life and then 
repaired. 
September 1869. Donor—Captain Adams, Dundee. 


23. Whisker. Thick horn-like bristle 2} inches long, from 
the muzzle of a Walrus, dissected to show the root 
in its follicle. 


168 SPECIMENS OF PINNIPEDIA. 


Family I]. OTARIIDZ. 


Ear with a small pointed pinna; testes in a scrotum. 
Canines large but not developed into tusks. Hind 
feet supporting the body, with toes turned forwards, 
can be used in terrestrial locomotion; palms and 
soles not hairy; nails on dorsum of toes. Skull 
with orbital processes and an alisphenoid canal: 
inner wall of orbit defective; anterior nares not 
quite terminal; astragalus without a caleanear pro- 
cess. The specimens are described in the Challenger 
Reports, part |xviii. 


I. OTARIA. (Ot.) 

Otaria, Péron, Voyage aux terres wustr., i. 1816. 

Hair stiff and without under fur. Hard palate trun- 
cated, elongated, almost reaching the hamular ptery- 
goids, and in transverse line with anterior border of 
glenoid fossa; borders of palate raised, its surface 
deeply concave. Premaxilla articulates with outer 
border of nasal. Posterior nares contracted. 


(1) OraRia JUBATA. (OT. J.) 
(Southern Sea Lion.) 
Phoca jubata, Forster, Descript. anim., 1775. 
Otaria leonina, Gray, British Mus. Cat., 1866. 


Length about 7 feet. Colour of hair dark brown 
when skin is wet, lighter brown when dry. Last 
upper molar immediately behind posterior border of 
zygomatic root of maxilla. Mandible with massive 
subcondyloid process inflected inwards ; lower border 
of body everted. Vertebral formula C,D,,L.S,Cd, 
=39. South Atlantic and South Pacific. 


1. Skull, with mandible, adult male. Length in straight line 
143 inches, over vertex 20 inches; breadth 94 inches. 
Hard palate 9} inches long, surface very deep. Pre- 
inmaxilla fused with superior maxilla. Mandible 11 


, ee Oe acio ibe 6 6 
inches long. Dentition: in. 39 Cc. iL post-e. 5B: 
West Falkland Islands. Challenger Collection. 


2. Skull, adult male, no mandible. Premaxilla not fused 
with superior maxilla. Length 144, over vertex 19 


OTARIA—EUMETOPIAS. 169 


inches; breadth 82 inches. Surface of hard palate 
: a Gee 
deeply concave, length 9 inches. Dentition: in. —, 


Jigelk 6 6 
C= pics = —- 
Straits of Magellan, Laredo Bay. 
Donor—Dr R. O. Cunningham. 


3. Skull, adult female, no mandible. Length in straight line 
91 inches, over vertex 13} inches; breadth 6 inches. 
Surface of hard palate concave, length 5} inches. 
eee one it 6 6 

entition: im. — —, ¢ — —, pc. - -. 


d ‘ b) 


Maldinado, River Plate. Donor—Dr R. O. Cunningham. 


4. Skull, with mandible, very young. Length 6} inches, 
breadth 3? inches; length of palate 3 inches; length 


‘ ; we : 6 6 
of mandible 4 inches. Dentition: post-canines > z 


5 5 
erupted in lower jaw, about to pierce gum in upper. 
Stanley, Falkland Islands. Challenger Collection. 


5. Skull, much broken, female. Length 10 inches, over 
vertex 12 inches. Hard palate, length 5} inches; 
no mandible. Dentition: in. oe ea =2 sa: : 


Chincha Islands. M‘Bain Collection. 


6. Vertebra, atlas, and a digit from No. 1. Atlas, trans- 
verse diameter 64 inches. Single digit with three 
phalanges. 

West Falkland Islands. Challenger Collection. 


II. EUMETOPIAS. (Eu.) 
Eumetopias, Gill, Proc. Essex Institute, v., 1866. 


This genus was suggested by Gill, and distinguished 
from Otaria by the hard palate ending well in front 
of the pterygoid processes, the hinder border being 
usually scooped or emarginate, and the surface being 


5B 5 
5 5 
flat or nearly so. The molars are 55 Gill 


regarded the Alaskan Sea Lion described by Steller 
as the only species of Eumetopias, whilst others 
associate with this genus the Californian Sea Lion, 
the Grey Sea Lion, and Hooker’s Sea Lion. It 
should be stated that, if Eumetopias is limited to 


170 SPECIMENS OF PINNIPEDIA. 


Steller’s Sea Lion, a more precise definition of the 
characters of the genus can be given than if the 
other species are included. 


(1) EUMETOPIAS STELLERI. (KU. ST.) 
(The Northern or Steller’s Sea Lion.) 
Otaria stelleri, Lesson, Dict. Class. Hist. Nat., xiii., 1828. 


Length 10 to 13 feet in the males, 8 to 9 feet in the 
females. Colour varies with age, light brown or 
ochre in adult, chestnut brown in young. Deeper 
than the outer coat of coarse hair is a finer coat, 
so short as to be easily overlooked. Fifth pair of 
molars separated by a considerable interval from the 
fourth pair. North Pacific, from Behring Strait to 
California and Japan. 


1. Skull, adult male. Length 144 inches in straight line, 
over vertex 19 inches; breadth 8} inches. Palate 
truncated, moderately concave, 7} inches, but not 
reaching the pterygoids. Mandible 114 inches long. 

Be pel Das) ae : ‘ 

gq % 71 Pos 5> im the upper jaw is 

a big gap between the fourth and fifth post-canine 
teeth. 

St Paul’s Island, Alaska. 

Donor—Smithsonian Institute. 


Dentition : in 


(2) EUMETOPIAS CALIFORNIANUS. (KU. CA.) 
(Californian Sea Lion, Gillespie’s Seal.) 
Otaria californianus, Lesson, Dict Class. Hist. Nat., xii., 1828. 
Otaria gillespii, M‘Bain, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin, i., 1858. 
Zalophus gillespi, Gill, Proc. Essex Inst., v., 1866. 
Zalophus californianus, Allen, North American Pinnipeds, 
1880. 

Length of male 7 to 8 feet, of female 5 to 6 feet; 
hair short, stiff; colour varies from brownish yellow 
to reddish or blackish brown; high and long sagittal 
crest. Frequents the coast of California. Type 
skull described by Dr M‘Bain is in the University 
Anatomical Museum. Gill founded the genus Zal- 
ophus on M‘Bain’s description. 


1. Skull, adult male; prominent sagittal crest on dorsum 
eranii; facial part more slender, narrower and 
elongated, and anterior nares more oblique than in 


EUMETOPIAS. tg 


Arctocephalus. Length 11 inches, over vertex 144; 
interzygomatic breadth 64 mches; cranial 43 inches. 
Hard palate almost flat, posterior border crescentic, 
well in front of the pterygoids. Mandible 84 inches 
5 5. 
5 5’ 
between the last two teeth. Type specimen from 
M‘Bain Collection figured below. 


long. Dentition, post-canine not a big gap 


(3) EUMETOPIAS CINEREA. (EU. CIN.) 
(Grey Sea Lion of New Zealand and Australia.) 
Otaria cinerea, Péron, op. cit.; also Peters. 

Zalophus lobatus, Gill, ut supra. 


Length about 6 feet. Colour, males blackish grey, 
females silvery grey. Pelage soft with under fur. 
Toes almost equal in length; toe flaps project con- 

6 6 


1. Skeleton of adult male. Length of spine along curve 
6 feet 14 inch, of skull in straight line 113 “inches 
total length of skeleton 7 feet ie inch, Vertebral 
formula C.D 15459,Cd, = 38 ; the last caudal is probably 
missing. Ribs, fifteen pairs. Sternum, nine segments. 
Scapula faleate, length between angles 12 inches, 
glenoido-vertebral diameter 104 inches; prespinous 
fossa about three times larger than postspinous, acro- 
mion rudimentary, no coracoid. Humerus 94 inches 
long, no supracondyloid foramen. Radius 8 inches 


siderably beyond the nail. Molars 


172 SPECIMENS OF PINNIPEDIA. 


long; ulna 10 inches, with large olecranon. Manus 
pentadactylous, digits diminish in length from hallux 
to minimus; carpus with radiale and intermedium 
fused, ulnare, four distal carpalia. Pelvic bone 10 
inches long, erest directed forwards and outwards; 
femur 5 inches long; tibia and fibula fused together 
at upper end, tibia 10 inches long, fibula 95 inches. 
Pes, five digits almost equal in length, tarsalia eight 
bones, the eighth being an entoscaphoid situated at 
inner border and articulating with scaphoid and 
ento-cuneiform. The entoseaphoid represents the 
tubercle of the human scaphoid, which sometimes 
persists as a separate bone. The hyoid apparatus 
consists of basi-hyoid, a pair of cerato-hyoids, a pair 
of thyro-hyoids, epi-hyoids, and stylo-hyoids; the ele- 
ments of the hyoid proper are united by movable 
joints, the others by intermediate cartilages. Skull, 
zygomatic breadth 7 inches, cranial 4 inches; sagittal 
and occipital crests moderate; face elongated in front 
of the cranium, constricted between cranium and the 
post-orbital process, being pinched in laterally ; nasals 
more elongated than in Gillespie’s Seal; hard palate 5 
inches long, anterior part concave, posterior flattened, 
lateral borders almost parallel; posterior border 
scooped out, well in front of the hamular pterygoids ; 
tympanics roughened. Mandible 84 inches long, with 


i 6 
a broad coronoid process. Dentition, post-canine BB? 
with cingulum, large central cusp, small anterior and 


posterior cusps, teeth set obliquely in sockets. Skull 
described by Turner in Challenger Reports, part lxviii., 

1887. 
Victoria, Australia. Purchased. 
2. Skull of a young female. Length 8 inches, over vertex 
103 inches; breadth 43 inches; palate 3} inches long, 
a little concave, not reaching pterygoids. Mandible 


54 inches long. Dentition, post-canine BB: 


Victoria. Purchased. 


(4) EUMETOPIAS HOOKERI. (KU. H.) 

(Hooker’s or Auckland Island Hair Seal.) 
Arctocephalus hookeri, Gray, Voyage Erebus and Terror, 1844. 
Otaria hookeri, Peters, Monatsh. Preuss. Akad. d. Wissen., 

Berlin, 1867. 


EUMETOPIAS—ARCTOCEPHALUS. Le 


The presence of a large species of Eared Hair Seal on 
the Auckland Islands was established by Mr J. W. 
Clark (P. Z. S., 1873), who identified it with the 
skulls collected by Sir J. C. Ross in his voyage to the 
Antarctic, which were named Arctocephalws hookeri 
by Dr Gray. The skull is distinguished by its great 
length in relation to both the zygomatic and cranial 
breadth. The hard palate is almost truncated, but 
ends behind about opposite the middle of the zygo- 
matic arch and well in front of the hamular pterygoids. 

No specimen in Museum. 


III. ARCTOCEPHALUS. (Arc.) 


Arctocephalus, F. Cuvier, Mém. du Museum, xi., 1824; and 
Dict. d. Sc. Nat., xxxix., 1827. 


Thick under-fur; ears relatively long; facial part of 
skull short, broad, with nares almost vertical in one 
species, in others elongated and pointed, with nares 
oblique; hard palate ends well in front of the 
hamular pterygoids, posterior border deeply concave ; 
post-canines BB’ large central cusp, small anterior 
and posterior cusp not always present. External 
characters, skeletons, and skulls of several species 
of Fur Seals were described by Sir W. Turner in 
Challenger Reports, part Ixvii., 1887. 


(1) ARCTOCEPHALUS URSINUS. (ARC. UR.) 
(Fur Seal of North Pacific, the Alaskan Fur Seal.) 


Ursus marinus, Steller, Nov. Comm. Acad. Petrop., i1., 1751. 

Phoea ursina, Linneus, Syst. Nat., 1., 1758. 

Callorhinus ursinus, Gray, Proc Zool. Soc. London, 1859; and 
Allen, North American Pinnipeds, 1880. 


Anterior nares almost terminal, nearly vertical; front 
of face short, truncated, relatively broad; short 
nasals sloping downwards. These appearances are 
peculiar, and induced Dr Gray to make this species 
a new genus, CALLORHINUS, with which Mr Allen 


> 


cae 6 6 
coincides. Teeth: molars BE small, one large cusp ; 


lower molars in addition a small anterior cusp, no 
diastema; 5th upper molar in line with posterior 


174 


SPECIMENS OF PINNIPEDIA. 


edge of zygoma. Hard palate narrowed behind, 
hinder border concave; mandible with inverted sub- 
condyloid process. Length, old males 7 to 8 feet, 
females about 4 feet. Manus long, narrow, naked : 
nails rudimentary. Pes with toe-flaps very long; 
nails rudimentary in outer toes, strong in middle toes. 


Skeleton of well-grown animal, not’ articulated, vertebral 


plates not ossitied to bodies; epiphyses of long bones not 
fused with shafts. Vertebral formula, C, Dale S;Cd, to 49 
=38 to 40. Ribs, fifteen pairs. Sternum, nine seg- 
ments, 23 inches long ; upper segment 3¢ inches; xiphi- 
sternum with cartilaginous tip 5 inches ; nine pairs 
of costal cartilages articulated at junction of segments, 
two pairs between 8th and 9th segments. Scapula 
broad, prespinous much larger than postspinous fossa, 
acromion rudimentary, coracoid a tubercle, lower 
border falciform. Humerus without supracondyloid 
foramen. Pelvic bones, iliac crest not inverted nor 
everted; ilium articulates with Ist and 2nd sacral 
vertebre. Skull, length 9 inches, over vertex 12 
inches; zygomatic breadth 5} inches; cranial breadth 
33 inches; pair of occipital crests. Hard palate 
scooped out behind, from middle of posterior border 
to hamular pterygoid 12 inch, from incisors to posterior 
border 32 inches; surface shallow. Mandible 6} inches 
long. Dentition: e = c. Lk ap: 8 a no diastema:;: 
2 2 TSE 5 5 

each post-canine tooth with large cusp, lower molars 
also with small supplementary cusps. 


St Paul’s Island, Alaska. 


Donor—The Smithsonian Institute, Washington. 
fo) 


(2) ARCTOCEPHALUS AUSTRALIS. (ARC. AU.) 
(South American Fur Seal.) 


Phoca australis, Zimmermann, Geog. Geschichte, 1i1., 1783. 


Facial part narrow, slender, elongated; nasal bones 
horizontal; sagittal crest moderate; post-canines 
with large cusp, small anterior cusp and cingulum, 
the last two with small posterior cusp; mandible. 


1. Skeleton, imperfect, of a male A. australis, No. 3 in 


Challenger Report, from Messier Channel. Seven 
cervical vertebre, atlas greatest width 43 inches. 


Ribs and sternum absent. Scapula, length between 


ARCTOCEPHALUS. 175 


angles 10 inches, glenoido-vertebral 8 inches, moderate] y 
falcate, prespinous more than twice as large as_post- 
spinous fossa, acromion rudimentary, no coracoid. 
Humerus, length 7} inches; no supracondyloid foramen; 
radius 74 inches; ulna 82 inches, with large olecranon. 
Manus with seven carpalia, pollex longest, minimus 
shortest. Pelvis, length 84 inches; iliac crest 14 inch 
in front of base of sacrum; femur 44 inches long, 
tibia 8% inches, fibula 84 inches. Tarsalia, eight bones, 
the eighth being an entoscaphoid articulating with 
the inner sides of the scaphoid and ento-cuneiform 
bones. Digits almost equal in length. Skull, length 
91 inches, face much broken; breadth, zygomatic 53 
inches, cranial 3 inches. Hard palate deeply scooped 
behind; length 4 inches; alveolar borders almost 
parallel. Mandible 6% inches long. 

Challenger Collection. 


2. Skull, adult, no mandible, probably female. Length 
8 inches, over vertex 102 inches; zygomatic breadth 
s Inches. Palate moderately concave on surface ; 
length from truncated border to pterygoid 1 inch: 
length of palate 32 inches. Dentition: ae Le oes 


. 


teeth in place, large cusp with small supplementary 
cusps, no diastema. 
Messier Channel. Challenger Collection. 


3. Skull, male, aged, left zygoma wanting, no mandible. 
Length, 9} inches, over vertex 123 inches. Palate 
shallow, scooped out, from mid-posterior border suture 
to pterygoid 1 inch; length of palate 42 inches. 

33 eet 6 

= ——, p.c. — —}; post-canines 


Dentition: in. c. 


without diastema; teeth broken or lost. 
Tuesday Bay, Desolation Island, Straits of Magellan. 
Donor—Dr R. O. Cunningham. 


4, Skull, male, much damaged, aged, no mandible. Length 93 
inches ; zygomatic breadth 5? inches. Palate shallow, 
scooped out behind; distance to pterygoid 1 inch: 
length 44 inches. Dentition: tee Baers = p.¢. oe 


. 


teeth broken or lost; no diastema. Described by 
Turner in Challenger Report, 1887. 
Tuesday Bay, Desolation Island, Straits of Magellan. 
Donor—Dr R. O. Cunningham. 


SPECIMENS OF PINNIPEDIA. 


(3) ARCTOCEPHALUS PUSILLUS. (ARC. PU.) 
(Fur Seal of Cape of Good Hope and of Crozet Islands.) 


Phoca pusilla, Schreber, Die Sdugethiere, 111., 1778. 

Arctocephalus schisthyperoes, Turner, Journ. Anat. and 
Phys, Wis mS Go: 

Arctocephalus delalandu, Gray, Brit. Musewm Cat., 1866. 


Facial part of skull short, forehead flattened; hard 
palate moderately concave, scooped behind; zygo- 
matic breadth exceeds that of cranium; mandible 
with faint angle and vertically flattened sub- 
condyloid process. In 1868 I described the adult 
skull No. 1, and, from the cleft state of the hinder 
border of the palate, named it A. schisthyperoes. It 
is probably the adult female A. pusillus. 


1. Skull, adult, probably female; length 84 inches, over 


vertex 11} inches; zygomatic breadth 5 inches; 
cranial breadth 3? inches. Hard palate, surface 
moderately concave, palate bones separated by a 
wide cleft. Length of maxillary palate 2% inches. 


: “! ojo. | oe, 
Mandible length 6 inches. Dentition: in. 30° TT 
p.c. : 5 Large cusp with small supplementary, no 


diastema. Described by Turner, in Jowrn. Anat. and 
Phys., vol. iii., 1868, as A. schisthyperoes. Palatal 
aspect figured below. 

Cape of Good Hope. Turner Collection. 


ARCTOCEPHALUS. ilar 


2. Stomach of a Seal, dried, probably from A. pusillus. 
It contains a number of smooth pebbles, flattened 
at the sides, from the size of a coffee bean to a diameter 
of 14 inch. It was sent from the Cape of Good 
Hope and labelled “Seal’s Ballast Bag.” 

Challenger Collection. 


(4) ARCTOCEPHALUS GAZELLA. (ARC. GA.) 
(Ikerguelen Island Fur Seal.) 


Otaria (Arctophora) gazella, Peters, Monatsbericht, preuss. 
Akad. d. Wiss., 1875, 1876. 


Sagittal crest absent; tympanic almost flattened ; 
mastoid moderate; upper and lower post-canines 
with one large cusp and no secondary cusp; 6th 
post-canine much smaller than the others. 


1. Skeleton, not adult, vertebral plates and epiphyses not 
fused. Length of spine along curve 3 feet 7} inches, 
of skull 8} inches ; total length of skeleton 4 feet 33 
inches. Vertebral formula C,D,,L,S,Cd,,=39. Ribs, 
fifteen pairs. Sternum, nine segments. Scapula 
falcate, diameter between angles 7} inches, glenoido- 
vertebral 54 inches, preespinous about three times 
larger than postspinous fossa, acromion rudimentary, 
no coracoid, Humerus 6 inches long, no supracon- 
dyloid foramen; radius 52 inches; ulna 64 inches, 
with large olecranon. Manus pentadactylous, digits 
diminish in length from pollex to minimus. Pelvic 
bone 52 inches long: iliac crest directed forwards and 
outwards; femur 32 inches; tibia and fibula gumeaill 
fused at upper end, tibia 6) inches, fibula 5% inches. 
Pes digits almost equal i in length; tarsalia, eight bones 
with an entoscaphoid. Length over vertex 11 inches ; 
zygomatic breadth 4% mches. Palate slightly concave 
on surface, 34 tule long; posterior border concave 
from mid suture to pterygoid | inch. Mandible length 


54 inches. Dentition: p.e. not closely set, small 


G05? 
diastema between upper 5 and 6. Peters examined 
this skull and considered it to be an example of 
A. gazella. 

The characters of the skeleton in A. australis and 
A. gazella are compared with each other by Turner 
in Challenger Report on Seals. Kerguelen Island, 
Fuller’s Harbour. Challenger Collection. 
12 


178 SPECIMENS OF PINNIPEDIA. 


2. Skull of young animal. Length 62 inches, over vertex 
91 inches; cranial breadth 4 inches; right zygoma 
broken. Hard palate, length 22 inches, faintly 
concave; posterior border crescentic, ~ inch from 
hamulars. Mandible length 4 inches, subcondylar 
process incurved, horizontally flattened; upper post- 
canines partially erupted; lower milk dentition. 

Betsy Cove, Kerguelen. Challenger Collection. 


(5) ARCTOCEPHALUS PHILIPPI. (ARC. PH.) 
(Fur Seal of Juan Fernandez.) 


Otaria philippii, Peters, Mon. d. k. preuss. Akad. Wass. 
Berlin, 1866. 

Peters has described this seal as a distinct species with 

the above name. Allen regards it as A. australis. 

Peters figures only five upper post-canines in his 

specimen. The specimen is too young to furnish 

distinctive characters. It was from a pup given 

alive to Sir Wyville Thomson, and caught at Juan 
Fernandez. 

1. Skull with mandible. Length of animal 1 foot 74 inches. 
Length of skull 4% inches; zygomatic breadth 2% 
inches; cranial breadth 84 inches. Hard palate 
with posterior border concave, not reaching hamular 

‘ . ike : Ii ) 
pterygoids. Milk dentition: in. : C7 7 Pe : a 
Mandible, length 3 inches. See Turner in Report on 
Seals. 

Juan Fernandez. Challenger Collection. 


ARCTOCEPHALUS, sp. uncertain. 


1. Skeleton and skull of young animal. Imperfect dentition ; 
milk canines in place, post-canines in course of 
eruption. 

Imbedded in guano from Chincha Islands, 1860. 
Turner Collection. 


Family II. PHOCIDA. 
(Earless Seals.) 


No external ear; no scrotum; no alisphenoid canal; 
inner wall of orbit complete or almost complete. 
Hard palate with posterior border either truncated 


PHOCA. 179 


or scooped, widest part almost in line with last pair 
of upper post-canines; anterior nares not terminal. 
Hind linbs directed backwards; pelage hairy, no 
fur; palms and soles hairy; astragalus with long 
calcanear process. 


Subfamily I. PHOCIN 2. 


Anterior nares oblique, in front of infra-orbital foramen ; 
beak a little prolonged in front of anterior nares; 
no post-orbital process; inner wall of orbit entire or 
almost entire ; interorbital part of frontal compressed 
laterally ; widest part of hard palate behind molars ; 
zygomatic process of maxilla slightly prolonged below 
malar ; premaxilla articulating with nasal; pterygoids 
vertical; tympanic bulle swollen. Mandible with 
angle and subcondyloid process. Nails strong; toes 
of hind foot almost equally long. Humerus with 
supracondyloid foramen. Females smaller than 

Hest 5 5 


males. Dentition : in. 99°77 POs 534. 


I. PHOCA. (Pho.) 
Phoca, Linneus, Syst. Nat. 


Anterior nares not high; infra-orbital foramen opens 
into floor of orbit. Tympanic swollen, smooth, with 
oblique ridge. Dentition: post-canines with more 
than one;cusp, fangs two-rooted, except in first post- 
canine. 


(1) PHocA VITULINA. (PHO. V.) 
(Common Harbour Seal, North Sea and North Atlantic.) 


Phoea vitulina, Linneus, Syst. Nat., 1758. 

Callocephalus vitulinus, F. Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat., xxxix., 
1826; Gray, Cat. Osteol. Brit. Musewm, 1847; Seals, 
1850; Seals and Whales, 1874. 


Selch, Scottish local name, 


Colour variable; above, yellowish grey with dark 
brown or black spots, streaks, or patches; beneath, 
yellowish white with small dark brown spots. 
Young, at birth, whitish or yellowish white. 
Length of male 5 to 6 feet. Vertebral formula 


180 


SPECIMENS OF PINNIPEDIA. 


C,D,,L,S,Cd,,=41. Post-canines or molars set 
obliquely, cuspidate, no- diastema. Skull relatively 
large, nose broad, body short, limbs short. Sub- 
condyloid process of mandible short, inverted, distinct 
from tubercle at angle. Hard palate scooped at 
posterior border. Basi-occipital with mesial hole. 
Interorbital compression well marked. 


1. Specimen, stuffed, caught in the Firth of Forth, 1886. 


bo 


Colour grey on back and sides, thickly studded with 
black and dark brown spots; belly greyish yellow 
with the dark spots much more scattered; bristles 
whitish ; manus, pes, and tail with dark spots diffused. 
Length to tip of tail 5 feet 2 inches, to tip of pes 
5 feet 64 inches. Length of pectoral limb from axilla 
to tip 5% inches, of hind limb 8 inches, of tail 34 
inches. Girth behind pectoral limbs 3 feet 8 inches. 
Muzzle 44 inches broad. <A few bristles above upper 
eyelid. 


. Skeleton, young, with milk dentition. Length to tip 


of tail 2 feet 5 inches. Vertebrae forty-one in number. 
Fifteen pairs of ribs. Sternum with ten segments. 


. Skeleton, young, bones of, not articulated; ossification 


very incomplete. Skull, length 6 inches, over vertex 
8} inches; zygomatic breadth 33 inches; cranial 
32 inches. Hard palate scooped out, not reaching 
hamulars, shallow. Tympanic bulla large; post- 

oo OO 
canines = 5, 
cusps. Mandible 3? inches long. Turner Collection. 


usually three cusps, occasionally four 


4. Skeleton, young, bones of, not articulated: ossification 


incomplete. Skull, length 6 inches, over vertex 82 
inches; zygomatic breadth 34 inches, cranial 32 
inches. Length of mandible 32 inches. 


5. Skull, aged. Length 8} inches, over vertex 104 inches; 


zygomatic breadth 5 inches, cranial 33 inches. Hard 
palate deeply scooped, not reaching hamulars, slightly 
concave. Tympanic bulle large. Orbital border in- 
complete. ‘Teeth cuspidate and worn. Mandible 5} 
inches; subcondylar process a vertical ridge. 
Donor—Dr A. Fleming. 


6. Skeleton, adult, not articulated. Skull, length 72 inches, 


over vertex 104 inches; zygomatic breadth 42 inches ; 


CO 


og; 


10. 


Ii. 


13. 


14. 


PHOCA. 181 


cranial 3 inches. Hard palate deeply scooped, not 
reaching hamulars, slightly concave; post-canines 
with sometimes four cusps. Mandible 5 inches; sub- 
. condylar process as in No. 5. 


. Skull of adult, wanting right malar. Teeth worn. 


Skull, length 8 inches, over vertex, 93 inches; 
breadth, zygomatic, 42 inches, cranial 32 inches. 
Mandible, length 5} inches. 


. Ligamentum Conjugale Costarum exposed on the back of 


the intervertebral disc of Phoca vitulina and extend- 
ing transversely between the heads of opposite ribs. 
The hgament was invested by a synovial membrane 
continuous with that of the costo-vertebral joints. 
Described by Dr John Cleland in Edinburgh New 
Philosophical Jowrnal, ix., 1859. 


Forearm and Manus, Phoca vitulina. Carpus consists 
of radiale, intermedium, ulnare, pisiform ; four distal 
carpalia. 


Manus of Phoca vitulina, Ist and 2nd digits of, to show 
the epiphyses of the metacarpals and phalanges. The 
Ist metacarpal and all the phalanges have only 
proximal epiphyses; the four other metacarpals 
have only distal epiphyses. Prepared by Mr A. B. 
Stirling, 1869. 

Hip Joint of Phoca vitulina. The capsule has been opened 


and the head of the femur exposed to show the 
absence of the ligamentum teres. 


. Pes of Phocu vitulina, Ist and 2nd digits of, to show the 


epiphyses of the metatarsals and phalanges. The 
Ist metatarsal has both a proximal and a distal epi- 
physis, as also the phalanges, except the terminal 
phalanx, which has only a proximal epiphysis. In 
the four other metatarsals only a distal epiphysis is 
present. Prepared by Mr A. B. Stirling, 1869. 


Placenta, portion of the detached, of Phoca vitulina. The 
lobules have been partially separated from each other. 


Brain of Phoca vitulina. Membranes removed; convo- 
lutions displayed. Described by Turner in Jowrn. 
Anat. and Phys., vol. xxii, 1888, and Challenger 
Report, part Ixviii., 1887. 


5. Brain of Phoca vitulina cut into sections. 


SPECIMENS OF PINNIPEDIA. 


(2) PHOCA GRENLANDICA. (PHO. GR.) 


(Harp Seal, Saddleback, North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans.) 


Phoca greenlandica, Fabriciws in Miiller’s Zool. Dan. Prod., 


1776, and in Fawna Grenland., 1780. 


Colour tawny grey, nose and front of head black, 


saddle-shaped black mark on sides extending from 
shoulders to tail. In the young animal the mark 
has not formed, but the grey colour is interspersed 
with large dark spots. Length from 5 to 6 feet. 
Vertebral formula C,D,,L,S,Cd,,=43. Post-canines 
55 
5 5’ 
or two supplementary cusps in upper and three 
supplementary cusps in the lower. Tympanic bulla 
prolonged into wall of external meatus, the aperture 
of which looks forwards. Large triangular area on 
top of cranium, bounded on each side by a marked 
ridge. Hard palate truncated, shallow, reaching 
hamulars. Mandible with triangular, inverted, sub- 
condylar process distinct from tubercle at angle; 
coronoid long, pointed, the two halves parallel and 
close together for almost their anterior half, and then 
diverging. Interorbital compression not so marked 
as in vitulina. 


not closely set, not oblique; large cusp with one 


1. Skull, adult. Length 83 inches, over vertex 104 inches; 


breadth, zygomatic 4% inches, cranial 4 inches. 
Mandible, length 52 inches. 
North Atlantic. Donor—Dr A. Fleming. 


2. Skull, adult. Length 8 inches, over vertex 104 inches; 


breadth, zygomatic 41 inches, cranial 3£ inches. 
Mandible 52 inches. 
Donor—Dr James Foulis, Lamont Expedition. 


3. Skull, adult. Length 84 inches, over vertex 10 inches; 


breadth, zygomatic 44 inches, cranial 33 inches. 
Mandible 5 inches. 


North Atlantie. 


Donor—Dr A. J. M. Bentley, Lamont Expedition. 


4, Skull, adult. Length 82 inches, over vertex 103 inches; 


breadth, zygomatic 5 inches, cranial 4 inches. No 
mandible. 


North Atlantic. 


PHOCA. 183 


5. Skull, damaged. Length 8} inches, over vertex 10 
inches. Breadth, zygomatic 4} inches; cranial 3{ 
inches. Mandible, length 54 inches. 

Collected by Dr Robert Brown, 1861. 
Purchased from Dr M‘Bain’s Collection. 


6. Skull, occipito-sphenoid joint not ankylosed. Length 8% 
inches, over vertex 10} inches; breadth, zygomatic 
51 inches; cranial 4 inches. Mandible, length 53 
inches. 
North Atlantic. 
Donor—Mr Chas. Edward Smith, s. “ Diana” of Hull, 1869. 


7. Skull, occipito-sphenoid joint not ossified. Length 8% 
inches, over vertex 10 inches; breadth, zygomatic 

43 inches; cranial 3? inches. Mandible 5{ inches. 
Donor—Dr James Foulis, Lamont Expedition. 


8. Skull, much broken. Breadth, zygomatic 4% inches, 
cranial 4 inches. Mandible 5} inches. 
Donor—Dr James Foulis. 


9. Skull, young, no mandible. Length 7{ inches, over 
vertex 9 inches; breadth, zygomatic 4 inches, 
cranial 3% inches. 

North Atlantic. 


10. Skull, young. Length 7 inches, over vertex 9 inches; 
breadth, zygomatic 33 inches, cranial 33 inches. 
Mandible, length 4} inches. 

North Atlantic. 


11. Skull, young. Length 6} inches, over vertex 83 inches; 
breadth, zygomatic 3% inches, cranial 33 inches. 
Mandible, length 4 inches. 

North Atlantic. 


12. Skull, young. Length 6} inches, over vertex 84 inches; 
breadth, zygomatic 3} inches, cranial 3} inches. 
North Atlantic. 


13. Skull, young. Length 6 inches, over vertex 8} inches ; 
breadth, zygomatic 3} inches, cranial 3,°; inches. 
Mandible 3} inches. 

North Atlantie. 


14. Skull, young, probably Phoca grwnlandica. Length 5% 
inches, over vertex 74 inches; breadth, zygomatic 
31 inches, cranial 3{ inches. Mandible 3 inches. 
Independent ossification in bregma. 


184 SPECIMENS OF PINNIPEDIA. 


15. Skull, young, Phoca granlandica. Zygomatic arches 
broken. Length 64 inches, over vertex 8} inches. 
Breadth 33 inches. Mandible, length 32 inches. 


16. Scapula and Humerus, right, articulated. Post-sphenoid 
fossa slightly larger than pre-spinous; coracoid 
stunted, no acromion. Humerus, length 43 inches, 
with supracondyloid foramen. 


17. Whiskers, three large bristles of the Harp Seal, nearly 
6 inches long. 


18. Foetus of Phoca grenlandica, 74 inches long; the brain 
is figured in Challenger Report on Seals, pl. viii. 
fig. 4 
g. 4, 


(3) PHOCA HISPIDA. (PHO. H.) 
(Ringed Seal or Floe Rat, North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans.) 


Phoca hispida, Schreber, Die Sciugethiere, 1778. 
Phoea foetida, Fabricius, Fawna grenlandica, 1780. 
Phoca annellata, Nilsson, Skand. Fawna, 1820. 


Blackish on back, sides ighter with white spots, belly 
yellowish white. Length 4 to 5 feet; the smallest 
species of Phoca. Vertebral formula C_D,,L,S,Cd,,= 
45. Interorbital part of cranium greatly attenuated; 
inner wall of orbit complete. Post-canines neither 
crowded nor oblique, bi- or tricuspidate in upper 
jaw, frequently quadricuspidate in lower jaw, the 
second cusp being the largest. Hard palate concave 
at posterior border. Mandible with subcondylar 
process forming a vertical ridge, inverted, distinct 
from tubercle at angle; coronoid pointed. Basi- 
occipital defective laterally and mesially. Tympanic 
smooth, with strong ridge anteriorly. 


1. Skull, male, nearly adult. Length 5% inches, over vertex 
8 inches. Breadth, zygomatic 323 inches, cranial 33 
inches. Mandible, length 32 inches. 

Lat. 73° 22’ N., long. 13° 28’ W. 
Donor—Dr Robert Gray, Peterhead. 

2. Skull. Length 5¢ inches, over vertex 74 inches; breadth, 
zygomatic 33 inches, cranial 3} inches. Mandible, 
length 33 inches. 

Lat. 74° 43’ N., long. 11° 30’ W. 
Donor—Dr Robert Gray, Peterhead. 


. Skull, adult. Length 68 inches, over vertex 83 inches; 


Oo 


PHOCA. 185 


breadth, zygomatic 44 inches, cranial 34 inches. 
Mandible, length 4} inches. Collected by Dr Robert 
Brown, Lamont Expedition, 1869. 

North Atlantie. M‘Bain Collection. 


4. Skeleton, disarticulated, of young Phoca hispida. Skull, 
length 5} inches, over vertex 7} inches; breadth, 
zygomatic 3} inches, cranial 3} inches. Mandible 
32 inches. Humerus with supracondyloid foramen. 
Scapula, post-spinous larger than pre-spinous fossa ; 
coracoid and acromion rudimentary. Ilium with an 
everted crest. 1882. 


5. Skull, not adult, of Phoca hispida, broken. Length 63 
inches, over vertex 8} inches; breadth, zygomatic 
3£ inches. Mandible 44 inches. 

Donor—Mr W. Stewart Campbell, Dundee, October 1881. 


6. Skull of young Phoca hispida, very imperfect. Cranial 


breadth 3 inches. From Spitzbergen, 1869. 
7. Skull, much broken, probably Phoca hispida. Length of 
mandible 3{ inches. Donor—Dr James Foulis. 


ee) 


. Skeleton, adult, imperfect, disarticulated, regarded as 
Phoca hispida, found in brick-clay at Puggiston, 
Montrose. Humerus, length 3°5 inches, with supra- 
condyloid foramen. Radius, length 3°95 inches; ulna, 
length 5 inches. Described by Turner in Journ. 
Anat. and Phys. vol. iv, 1870. The cuspidation of 


186 


SPECIMENS OF PINNIPEDIA. 


the post-canine teeth and their mode of implantation 
in the jaws, together with the form of the mandible, 
gave characters which showed that the fossil closely 
resembled Phoca hispida and distinguished it from 
both vitulina and grenlandica. In the figure on 
p- 185 the bone with broken coronoid is the fossil, 
and the jaw below it is Phoca hispida, 


Montrose. Donor—Dr Jas. C. Howden. 


9. Vertebree, and portions of Ribs, of a Seal regarded as 


Phoca hispida Found in brick-clay near Errol. See 
memoir by the Rev. Thos. Brown in Trans. Roy. Soc. 
Edin., vol. xxiv. Donor—Rev. Thos. Brown. 


10. Skeleton, portions of, from a young Seal regarded as 


Phoca hispida, found in 1869 near Grangemouth, 
in a stratum of clay, whilst sinking the shaft of a 
coal pit. Described by Turner in Journ. Anat. and 
Phys., vol. iv., 1870. The figure below shows the 
inner surface of the jaw; the most anterior post- 
canine is lost, and the separate tooth is from the 
upper jaw. Donor—Dr Wn. Stirling. 


11. Humerus, Radius, Ulna, adult, found in brick-clay, Dunbar, 


in 1878. The humerus, 41 inches long, does not have 
a supracondyloid foramen. Radius 4°15 inches, ulna 
5:2 inches. Described by D'Arcy W. Thompson in 
Journ. Anat. and Phys. vol. xiii, 1879. These 
bones are not from Phoca hispida, nor indeed from 
any species of the Phocinz. The supracondyloid fora- 
men is absent, although present in both Phoca and 
Halichcerus, but not in the Eared Seals. Figure on 
page 187. Donor—Dr D’Arcy Thompson. 


PHOCA. 187 


(4) PHOCA BARBATA. (PHO. B.) 
(Bearded Seal, North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans.) 


Phoca barbata, Fabricius, Fauna grenland., 1780. 
Erignathus barbatus, Gill, Proc. Essex Inst., v., 1866; Allen, 
N. Amer. Pinn., 1880. 


Back grey or brown, darker on the middle, sides 
greyish white, belly white. Length 7 to 8 feet. 
Vertebral formula C,D,,L;S,Cd,,=44. Post-canines 
with distinct intervals, 
not strongly implanted. 
Teeth feeble. Tympanic 
bulla swollen, rougher 
than in other species 
of Phoea. Hard palate 
truncated behind, al- 
most reaching hamulars. 
Skull broad, orbits small, 
interorbital region only 
slightly | compressed ; 
nasal passages large ; 
mandible weak, its sub- 
condylar process large, 
inverted, triangular, 
continued by a ridge 
into angle; basi-occipital 
not perforated. The 
characters of the cran- 
ium, especially those of 
the lower jaw, the 
flattening of the zygo- 
mata, so that the cranial 
breadth is almost the 
same as the zygomatic, 
the ridge along the 
sagittal suture, the 
broad muzzle, the long 
narrow scapula, with- q 
out an acromion, the WA 
middle digit in the —/ 
manus being the longest, 
the absence of an abrupt eversion of the iliac crests, 
and the presence of four mamme instead of two, 
have led Messrs Gill and Allen to separate barbata 


uiilllii\) 


188 SPECIMENS OF PINNIPEDIA. 


from the other species of Phoca, and to regard it 
as a distinct genus, ERIGNATHUS. 


1. Skull, aged. Length 9} inches, over vertex 124 inches; 
breadth, zygomatic 5} inches, cranial 41 inches. 
Mandible 6 inches. Crowns of teeth worn away. 

Donor—Mr Jas. Simpson. 


2. Skull, adult. Length 8? inches, over vertex 113 inches; 
breadth, zygomatic 5 inches, cranial 42 inches. 
Mandible 5$ inches. Teeth much worn; occipital and 
squamous ridges. 

North Atlantic. Donor—Dr James Foulis. 


3. Skull, aged. Length 94 inches, over vertex 121 inches; 
breadth, zygomatic 5 inches, cranial 42 inches. 
Occipital and squamous ridges. No mandible. Teeth 
feeble, many sockets absorbed. 

North Atlantic. 
Purchased from Dr M‘Bain’s Collection. 


[Nos. 4 to 8 are from the Turner Collection. ] 


4. Skull, aged. Length 9 inches, over vertex 121 inches; 
breadth, zygomatic 5 inches; cranial 42 inches. 
Mandible 6 inches. Teeth worn, marked interval 
between 4th and 5th upper post-canines. Cranium 
with occipital and squamous ridges. 

North Atlantic. 


5. Skull, aged. Length 84 inches, over vertex 12 inches. 
breadth, zygomatic 5 inches, cranial 42 inches. 
Mandible 5? inches. Occipital and squamous ridges. 
Alveoli absorbed. 

North Atlantic. 


6. Skull, aged, premaxille lost. Breadth, zygomatic 5 inches, 
cranial 4; inches. Occipital and squamous ridges. 
Teeth lost. No mandible. 

North Atlantic. 


Skull, basi-cranial joint not closed. Length 7{ inches, 
over vertex 114 inches; breadth, zygomatic 43 
inches, cranial 4} inches. Tympanic bulla smooth 
in inner half, rough in outer. Mandible 54 inches 
long. 


North Atlantic. Donor—Mr C. E. Smith, 1869. 


at 


2 


8. Skull, young, imperfect. Length 52 inches, over vertex 


PHOCA—HALICH(ERUS. 189 


71 inches; breadth, cranial 3 imches. No mandible. 
Teeth, post-canines with secondary cusps. 'Tympanic 
bulla smooth. 

North Atlantic. 


9, Skull, adult, much broken. Length 9} inches, over vertex 
124 inches; breadth, zygomatic 5 inches, cranial 43 
inches. Mandible, length 6 inches. Teeth worn. 

Donor—Mr Jas. Simpson. 


10. Skull, disarticulated, of young Bearded Seal. 


11. Os penis, 6} inches long; girth at base 3} inches; prob- 


ably from Phoca barbata. 


II. HALICHGRUS. (Hal.) 
Halicheerus, Nilsson, Fauna Skand., 1., 1820. 


Cranium only about one-third the length ofthe skull ; 
facial part proportionally large and broad, orbits 
large, interorbital region thick ; molars conical, length 
and breadth about equal, mostly single-rooted. Pre- 
maxille articulate with nasal. 


(1) HaticHa@rus GRypus. (HAL. GR.) 
(Grey Seal, North Sea, North Atlantic.) 
Phoca grypus, Fabricius, Skr. Nat. Selsk., 1., 1790. 
Bry pus, 


Halicheerus grypus, Nilsson, Kongl. Vet. Akad. Hand. 
Stockholm, 1837. 


Phoca gryphus, Fischer, Syn. Mamm., 1829. 


Colour, silvery grey to yellowish white, with dusky or 
blackish spots; in the very young, yellowish white 
with grey stripes; when some months old the tint 
is slate-grey with black spots. Length about 8 feet 
in male, from 6 to 7 feet in female. Manus with 
first and second toes longest; pes, outer toes with 
long lappets, nails well developed. Interorbital 
constriction swollen about the middle; occipital and 
sagittal crests distinct; tympanic bulle swollen, 
generally smooth but with an external ridge pro- 
longed into wall of meatus ; basi-occipital usually not 
perforated mesially. Anterior nares high, capacious. 
Hard palate crescentic at posterior border in front of 
hamular pterygoids. Mandible with small vertical 


190 


SPECIMENS OF PINNIPEDIA. 


subcondylar process distinct from angle, coronoid 
broadly triangular. Teeth with large, conical cusp, 
without supplementary cusps, except in young 
skulls. 


1. Skeleton, male, not fully adult, articulated, with hyoid 


bo 


su) 


apparatus. Length 6 feet 4 inches. Vertebral 
formula C,D,,L;S,Cd,,=43. Sternum, including ter- 
minal cartilages, 23 inches long, nine bony segments. 
Skull, length in straight line 10} inches; breadth, 
zygomatic 6 inches, cranial 4 inches. Humerus 7 
inches, supracondyloid foramen; radius 5% inches, 
ulna 73 inches, olecranon broad, long. Carpus 
radiale-intermedium, ulnare, pisiform, four distal 
carpalia. Pelvic bone, length 104 inches, iliac crest 
much everted. Femur, length 44 inches; tibia 104 
inches; fibula 10 inches, fused at upper end. Hallux 
and 5th toe the longest, seven tarsalia. 


Golspie, Sutherland. Donor—Rev. Dr Joass. 
. Skeleton, female, disarticulated, imperfect, face much 


injured. Skull, length 10 inches; breadth, zygomatic 
6 inches, cranial 4} inches. Mandible 62 inches; sub- 
condyloid process not inverted nor continuous with 
angle. Caught at Tents Muir, St Andrews Bay, 
1870. Turner Collection. 


. Skull, adult. Length 11} inches, over vertex 144 inches; 


breadth, zygomatic 72 inches, cranial 42 inches. 
Mandible, length 8 inches; sagittal, occipital, and 
squamous ridges. Anterior nares, greatest width 23 
inches, sagittal diameter 44 inches. 


Shetland. Donor—Dr Chas. Anderson. 


4. Skull, adult. Length 10 inches, over vertex 13} inches ; 


On 


breadth, zygomatic 64 inches, cranial 41 inches. 
Mandible 6{ inches; cranial ridges present. Teeth 
large and much worn. Anterior nares, width 2 inches, 
sagittal diameter 3 inches. 


Golspie. Donor—Reyv. Dr Joass. 


. Skull, adult. Length 11 inches, over vertex 14) inches; 


breadth, zygomatic 74 inches, cranial 44 inches. 
Mandible 7? inches; sagittal and occipital ridges, 
squamous not marked. Teeth loose, fangs bulbous; 
crowns of canines pointed, post-canines minutely 
cuspidated, laterally compressed. Anterior nares, 
greatest width 2} inches, sagittal diameter 42 inches. 


From Harris, 1862. Donor—Mr Sharban. 


-~J 


10. 


le 


13. 


14. 


HALICHGRUS. 191 


. Skull, young. Length 10) inches, over vertex 13 inches. 


Breadth, zygomatic 6% inches, cranial 4 inches. 
Mandible 63 inches. Teeth little worn, the hindmost 
showing two supplementary cusps, crowns faintly 
striated vertically. Occipital ridges strong. Mesial 
foramen in basi-occipital 
West Coast of Scotland. 
Donor—Capt. Macdonald, F.C. “ Vigilant,” 1872. 


_ Skull, imperfect,edentulous except the pair of upper canines. 


Length 8 inches; breadth, cranial 4 inches. Right 

mandible 43 inches. Basi-cranial joint not closed. 

See Turner in Journ. Anat. and Phys., vol. vii., 1883. 
Montrose. 


_ Skull, young, basi-cranial not closed, with atlas vertebra. 


Crowns of teeth marked with delicate vertical stri. 
Length 8 inches, over vertex 10 inches. Breadth, 
zygomatic 44 inches, cranial 3% inches. Mandible, 
length 5 inches. Atlas, transverse diameter 3 inches. 


. Maxille, mandible, and loose teeth of a young Grey Seal, 


caught at Montrose, 1869. Turner Collection. 


Mandible, adult, and left half of a smaller mandible, from 
Burrian, N. Ronaldshay. Donor—Dr Wm. Trail. 


Mandible, right half of, found in a kitchen midden, 
Inchkeith, 1881. Turner Collection. 


_ Skeleton, imperfect. Scapula with bones of shaft of fore 


limb, humerus with supracondyloid foramen. Pelvis 
with bones of shaft of hind limb. From specimen 
shot on the West Coast of Scotland. 

Donor—Capt. Macdonald, F.C, “ Vigilant.” 


Lymphatic glands, group of, from the root of the 
mesentery of the Grey Seal. Prepared in 1870. 
Turner Collection. 


Placenta, zonary, a large portion of, along with the wall 
of the uterus, from the Grey Seal, showing the con- 
voluted surface, covered by the allantois and with 
branches of the umbilical vessels entering its sub- 
stance. These vessels have been injected. At its 
margin the placenta has been dishevelled and the 
injected villi of the chorion exposed. The mother 
was shot at Sule Skerry, Cape Wrath, in 1872, by 
Capt. Macdonald. For Placentation of the Grey 
Seal, see Turner’s memoir in Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin.., 
xxvil., 1875. 


192 SPECIMENS OF PINNIPEDIA. 


15. Placenta of the same Seal partially separated from the 
wall of the uterus, the mucous lining of which has 
been exposed. 


16. Placenta of the same Seal, chorion and adjacent wall of 
uterus. The placental margin has the mucous coat 
of the uterus reflected for a short distance on to its 
surface. 

7. Placenta of the same Seal, portion of the chorion beyond 
the margin of the placenta. The blood-vessels, in- 
jected blue, are sparingly distributed. 


— 


18. Generative organs of a non-gravid female Grey Seal, 
with the vessels injected. The left ovary contains 
a corpus luteum. The animal was captured at the 
mouth of the Tay in 1870. 


19. Ovary of the Grey Seal, with the pavilion-like arrange- 
ment of the Fallopian tube. The ovary has been 
bisected to show the corpus luteum. 


Subfamily II. CYSTOPHORIN A. 


Anterior nares, upper part in vertical or almost vertical 
plane, beak much prolonged in front of opening, 
premaxilla not articulating with nasal; greatest 
width of palate immediateiy behind last molar; 
zygomata very bulging, width much more than 
cranial breadth; inner wall of orbit somewhat 
defective; pterygoids almost vertical. Basi-occipital 
usually not perforated mesially. 


I. CYSTOPHORA. (Cy.) 
Cystophora, Nilsson, Skand. Fawna, 1., 1820. 


Anterior nares in upper third or. half bounded by 
superior maxilla; tympanic bulla very swollen, 
outer third rough and continuous with short external 
meatus, which opens outwards ; infra-orbital foramen 
opens on lower part of slope of anterior floor of 
orbit; mastoid temporal prominent; posterior edge 
of vomer articulating with palate in plane of 

posterior nares. Dentition: in. 2 2 ro 11 p.c 5 ee 

Lv Ale 

30. Crowns of post-canines small, laterally com- 

pressed, faintly cuspidated. 


CYSTOPHORA. 193 


(1) CYSTOPHORA CRISTATA. (CY. CR.) 
(Crested, Hooded, or Bladder-nosed Seal, North Atlantic, Arctic Ocean.) 


Phoca cristata, Hraleben, Syst. Reg. Anim., 1777. 
Cystophora cristata, Gray, Zool. Voy. Erebus and Terror, 
1844. 


Colour bluish black above, lighter on sides and belly 
with irregular spots, head and limbs black. Adult 
males with inflated narial sac. First and fifth toes 
of pes longer than intermediate toes, nails rudi- 
mentary or absent. Anterior nares capacious, 
widest in upper third. Hard palate truncated at 
posterior border, reaching close to hamulars. Man- 
dible with longitudinal incurved subcondyloid ridge 
not reaching angle; coronoid elongated. Length of 
male 7 to 8 feet, of female about 7 feet. Vertebral 
formula C,D,,L,8,Cd,, = 41. 


. Skull, adult. Length 11 inches, over vertex 15} inches; 
breadth, zygomatic 8} inches, cranial 5} inches. 
Mandible 7} inches; pair of sagittal ridges separated 
by triangular interspace. Teeth a little worn. 
Anterior nares, sagittal diameter 3? inches, transverse 
22 inches. 

North Atlantic. Donor—Dr James Foulis. 


. Skull, adult. Length 10? inches, over vertex 14} inches; 
breadth, zygomatic 8? inches, cranial 5} inches. No 
mandible. Anterior nares, sagittal 3} inches, trans- 
verse diameter 24 inches. Teeth absent; pair of 
sagittal ridges. 

North Atlantic. Turner Collection. 

3. Skull, adult. Length 10 inches, over vertex 144 inches; 

breadth, zygomatic 8 inches, cranial 51 inches. 

Mandible 7} inches. Teeth only a little worn; pair 

of sagittal ridges Turner Collection. 


4. Skull, adult. Right tympanic wanting. Length 10% 

inches, over vertex 142 inches. Breadth, zygomatic 

7? inches, cranial 5 inches. Mandible 71 inches. 
Teeth worn; pair of sagittal ridges. 

North Atlantic. Turner Collection. 


5. Skull, young adult, male. Length 9} inches, over vertex 
11? inches. Breadth, zygomatic 6} inches, cranial 
42 inches. Mandible 6 inches. Teeth a little worn. 
Greenland Sea, north of Jan Mayen Island. 
Donor— Dr Rt. Brown, 1861. 
13 


—* 


bo 


194 SPECIMENS OF PINNIPEDIA. 


6. Skull, with atlas and axis, young. Length 8 inches, over 
vertex 104 inches. Breadth, zygomatic 5} inches, 
cranial 42 inches. Mandible 5 inches. Teeth not 
worn; no sagittal ridges. Hole in basi-occipital. 

North Atlantic. Donor—Dr James Foulis. 


7. Skull, not adult. Length 9} inches, over vertex 13 
inches. Breadth, zygomatic 63 inches, cranial 43 
inches. Mandible 63 inches. Teeth not worn; 
sagittal ridges feeble. Hole in basi-occipital. 

North Atlantic. Donor—Dr James Foulis. 


8. Skull, young. Length 7? inches, over vertex 104 inches ; 
breadth, zygomatic 52 inches, cranial 4 inches. 
Mandible 4? inches. Teeth not worn. Hole in basi- 
cranial. No sagittal ridges. 

North Atlantic. Donor—Dr James Foulis. 

9, Mandible, right half of. Length 6inches. Teeth absent. 

Donor—Dr Rt. Brown. 
10. Skull, disarticulated, of a young Crested Seal. 


11. Generative Organs of a female Crested Seal which died 
in the Zoological Gardens, London, about three 
months after parturition. The left uterine cornu 
has been opened to show the folds of mucous 
membrane; the vessels were injected by Mr A B. 
Stirling. Turner Collection. 


12. Vagina of the same Crested Seal, the anterior wall of 
which has been divided to show the folds of the 
mucous membrane. A bristle has been inserted into 
a duct which traverses the vaginal wall in an upward 
direction. The rectum has been opened to show the 
vascularity of the mucous membrane. 

Turner Collection. 


II. MACRORHINUS. (Mac.) 
Macrorhine, F. Cuvier, Mém. Hist. Nat., xi., 1824. 


Premaxille with horizontal part only present, sides of 
anterior nares formed only of superior maxille ; 
tympanic bulla not much swollen, relatively flattened, 
outer part prolonged into an expanded tympanic 
plate, which becomes an elongated external meatus ; 
infra-orbital foramen opens below the slope of 
anterior floor of orbit; mastoid process scarcely dis- 
tinguishable; posterior edge of vomer articulating 
in front of truncated border of hard palate; inter- 


MACRORHINUS. 195 


orbital region much swollen. Dentition: in. 


; 5) 8) 4 ; : 
C p.c. either = = or 5 —; canines large, with 


te 55° 44 

conical fluted crowns, fangs simple. Vertebral 
formula C,D,,L;8,Cd,,=40. Body bulky; males 15 
to 20 feet long, much larger than females; males 
with a tubular proboscis. 


(1) MACRORHINUS LEONINUS. (MAC. L.) 
(Elephant Seal, Southern and Antarctic Oceans.) 
(The only species.) 


Phoea leonina, Linnews, Syst. Nat., 1758. 
Phoca elephantina, Molina, Saggio sul. Stor. Nat. del Chili, 
1782. 


External Characters, Skeletons, and Skulls of the 
Elephant Seal were described and figured by Turner 
in his Challenger Report, Zoology, part |xviii., 1887. 
1. Skull, male (1). Length from end of premaxilla to occipital 
condyl 194 inches, over vertex 25} inches; breadth, 
zygomatic 133 inches, of cranium at squamous sutures 
81 inches; length of hard palate 9? inches; greatest 
width of anterior nares 3,5, inches, lateral boundaries 
steep and almost in the plane of the front of the ZY ZO- 
matic arch. Mandible,length 133 inches ; subcondyloid 
process not inverted and not continuous with the angle. 
Basi-occipito-sphenoid joint not ossified, no foramen 
in basi-occipital; large occipital crest, sagittal crest 
55 
5a. 
Heard Island. Challenger Collection. 


2. Skeleton, well-grown male (¢), from Betsy Cove, Kerguelen. 
Basi-cranial joint open, plates not fused with vertebral 
bodies, nor epiphyses with long bones. Spine 8 feet 
5 inches long, skull 15 inches, ‘skeleton 10 feet long, 
greatest width of atlas 7? inches. Vertebral formula 
oe Dig lisS3Cdyo = 40. Ribs, fifteen pairs, of which nine 
articulated with sternum, which consisted of nine 
segments. Scapula between angles 11{ inches, 
elenoido- vertebral 8 inches, not strongly faleiform, 
prespinous somewhat larger than postspinous fossa. 
Humerus 10} inches long, no supracondyloid foramen, 
radius 94 chee. ulna 11 inches long. Manus, radiale 


feeble and bifurcated. Dentition: p.c. 


196 


SPECIMENS OF PINNIPEDIA. 


and intermedium fused, ulnare, pisiform, four distal 
carpalia; pentadactylous, diminishing in length from 
pollex to minimus. Pelvic bone 12} inches long, 
iliac crest in almost same plane as base of sacrum. 
Femur 6} inches long, tibia 13,3, inches, fibula 
fused at upper end, 13} inches. Pes pentadactylous, 
hallux and minimus the longest; the customary seven 
tarsal bones. Skull 15 inches long, over vertex 214 
inches ; zygomatic breadth 11 inches, cranial between 
squamous sutures 7} inches; width of anterior nares 
34 inches, sagittal length 42 inches; hard palate 7 
inches long, 4,8, inches wide; mandible 10} inches 
long. Teeth with relatively small crowns, no 
an 
secondary cusps; p.c. >= Challenger Collection. 


3. Skull and five Cervical Vertebre of a large female (/) 


from Betsy Cove, Kerguelen. Basi-cranial joint 
nearly closed. Skull, length 11? inches, over vertex 
16} inches; breadth, zygomatic 8? inches, cranial 7 
inches; width of anterior nares 2 inches, sagittal 
diameter 33 inches; hard palate, length 5 inches, 
greatest width 32 inches. Mandible, length 74 inches. 


5 
Crowns of teeth small, no secondary cusps; p.c. 5 


5. 
Vertebre, atlas, axis, 3rd, 4th, and 5th, plates not 
fused with bodies, Challenger Collection. 


4. Skull, adult, male. Length 191 inches, over vertex 25 


inches; breadth, zygomatic 13% inches, cranial at 
squamous sutures 82 inches; length of hard palate 
9¢ inches; greatest width of anterior nares 4 inches. 
Mandible, length 133 inches. Dentition: p.c. : ; 
Cranial crests as in No. 1. See Challenger Report, 
in which, in error, the skull is said to have been 
obtained in Heard Island. 


Macquarrie Island. 


Donor—Dr J. Halliday Scott, Dunedin, N.Z. 


5, Skull of young female from which the brain had been 


removed (din Challenger Report). Length in straight 
line 11 inches, over vertex 143 inches. Breadth, 
zygomatic 7 inches, cranial 62 inches. Mandible 
length 6% inches, of symphysis 2} inches. Anterior 
nares, sagittal diameter 2% inches, transverse 1? inch. 


Christmas Harbour, Kerguelen, January 1874. 


Challenger Collection. 


aes 


The base of the brain is shown in the upper figure. The numerals indicate the 
cranial nerves. CI, the 1st cervical ; P, pituitary body ; H, lobus hippo- 
campi; S, Sylvian fissure ; B, olfactory bulb; the small letters the con- 
volutions of the orbital lobe. 

The mesial surface of the left hemisphere in the lower figure. S, the Sylvian 
fissure; H, lobus hippocampi; /, hippocampal fissure; ph, postero- 
horizontal fissure ; sp, splenial fissure ; cc, convolution of corpus callosum ; 
sspe, supra-splenial convolution ; m, marginal convolution ; spe, splenial 
convolution ; he, hippocampal convolution. 


198 SPECIMENS OF PINNIPEDIA. 


6. Brain of young female Elephant Seal, No. 5, from 
Christmas Harbour. Membranes removed. Its dimen- 
sions and anatomical characters are described by 
Turner in Challenger Report, \xviii., 1888, plates 
vill., ix. Figures on page 197. 


Subfamily OGMORHININ &. 


Anterior nares in front of infra-orbital foramina, which 
open into floor of orbit; beak moderately prolonged 
in front of nares. Inner wall of orbit defective. 
Pterygoids almost horizontal, separated from base of 


skull by a slit or foramen. Dentition: in. 


c. ' ; fy ONES : 2 =32; post-canines two-rooted, except 
the first. First and fifth toes of pes longer than the 
others. 


I. OGMORHINUS. (0g.) 


Ogmorhinus, Peters, Monatsh. d. k. preuss. Akad. d. Wiss., 
Berlin, 1875. 
Sténorhinque, F. Cuvier, Mém. du Muséum, xi., 1824. 


Premaxille not quite reaching the nasals; cranial 
breadth may or may not be wider than inter- 
zygomatic; anterior nares oblique; inter-orbital 
part of frontal constricted behind, expanded 
anteriorly; hard palate scooped out at posterior 
border, vomer distinct in mid-palatal cleft; basi- 
occipital not perforated ; par-occipital process present. 
Wall of auditory meatus short; groove between 
tympanic and mastoid temporal. The name Steno- 
rhynchus was originally given to this genus, but as 
it had been previously applied to a Crustacean, 
Ogmorhinus has been substituted. 


(1) OGMORHINUS LEPTONYX. (OG. L.) 
(Leopard Seal, Southern Ocean.) 
Phoca leptonyx, De Blainville, Journ. de Phys., xci., 1820. 
Stenorhynchus leptonyx, F. Cuvier, Dict. Sc. Nat., xxxix.; 
Gray, Zool. Voy. Erebus and Terror, 1875. 


Tympanic bulla triangular, with pointed antero-internal 
apex, not much swollen, with ridge running from 


OGMORHINUS. 199 


base to apex. Post-canines with three pointed cusps ; 
the middle the largest and recurved at the tip, the 
smaller inclined towards” the middle. Superior 
maxilla with extensive articulation with nasal. 


1. Skull. Length 123 inches, over vertex 15} inches; breadth, 
zygomatic 61 inches, cranial 5} inches. Mandible, 
length 94 inches; characters as in No. 1. See Turner 
in Challenger Report on Seals. 

Wellington Harbour, New Zealand. 
Donor—Sir James Hector, K.C.M.G. 


2. Skeleton, disarticulated, adult male. Length something 
more than 8 feet. Vertebral formula C,D,,L,S8.Cd,g, 
imperfect. Fifteen pairs of ribs. Scapula plate-like ; 
post-spinous a third larger than pre-spinous; axillary 
border faleate, acromion rudimentary, coracoid a 
tubercle; length between angles 10} inches, glenoido- 
vertebral 8 inches. Humerus 62 inches; no supra- 
condyloid foramen. Length of ulna 7} inches, radius 
62 inches. Pelvic bone 8} inches long, iliac crest 
scarcely everted; femur 5} inches long; tibia and 
fibula fused at upper end, length of each 10 inches; 
sternum incomplete. Skull, length 154 inches, over 
vertex 184 inches; breadth, zygomatic 82 inches, 
cranial 5} inches. Mandible 12 inches long, thick, 
elongated, not everted, no angle. 

From Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. 
Donor—Dr W. S. Bruce. 


(2) OGMORHINUS CARCINOPHAGUS. (OG. ©.) 
(Crab-eating or Saw-toothed Seal, Southern and Antarctic Qceans.) 


Phoca carcinophaga, Hombron and Jacquinet, Voy. Pole 
Sud, Atlas, Mam., 1842, 18583. 

Lobodon carcinophaga, Gray, Zool. Voy. Hrebus and Terror, 
1844. 

Stenorhynchus serridens, Owen, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1848. 


Superior’ maxilla with limited articulation to nasal. 
Post-canines much longer than in leptonyx, one cusp 
recurved, elongated, somewhat bulbous at apex, with 
a small cusp in front, and one, two, or three behind. 
Mandible with distinct angle and rudimentary sub- 
condyloid process, symphysis greatly elongated. 
Skull not so elongated as in leptonya. 


200 SPECIMENS OF PINNIPEDIA. 


1. Skull, with mandible, adult. Length in straight line 
12 inches, over vertex 14} inches. Breadth, zygo- 
matic 6,1, inches, cranial 5;', inches. Anterior nares, 
greatest width 1? inch, sagittal diameter 344 inches. 
Nasals fused mesially into a triangular plate with 
base in front; premaxillz reach nasals. Hard palate 
with markedly concave posterior border, mesial length 
54 inches. Mandible 7} inches long, angle distinct, 
symphysis 2% inches long. Teeth characteristically 
cusped. 

From the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. 
Donor—Dr W. S. Bruce. 


II. LEPTONYCHOTES. (Lep.) 


Leptonychotes, Gill, Proc. Hssex Inst., x., 1866. 

Premaxille articulating with nasals; cranial breadth 
more than interzygomatic; anterior nares oblique ; 
inter-orbital part of frontal long, constricted behind, 
broader anteriorly ; superior maxillee with moderate 
articulation with nasals. Hard palate scooped out at 
posterior border. No post-orbital process; hamular and 
pterygoid horizontal, everted; tympanic bulla swollen, 
not ridged, its anterior border truncated. Humerus 
without supracondyloid foramen. Dentition: in. 
22 it 5 5 
DOOR a. Seale eet aan: 
except the most anterior, crowns with one large cusp. 


Post-eanines two-fanged 


(1) LEPTONYCHOTES WEDDELLI. (LEP. W.) 
(Weddell’s Seal, Southern Ocean.) 
(The only species. ) 
Otaria weddelli, Lesson, Ferussac, Bull. Sci. Nat., vii., 1826. 
Leptonyx weddelli, Gray, Zool. Voy. Hrebus and Terror, 1844. 
Leptonychotes weddelli, Gill, op. cit. 
The skull and other bones of the skeleton of Weddell’s 
Seal were described and figured by Turner in the 
Challenger Report, Zoology, part Ixviii., 1887, and 
the characters of the skull were compared with those 
of Stenorhynchus (Ogmorhinus) leptonyx. Subse- 
quently Dr David Hepburn has described in Trans. 
Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xlvii., 1909-1912, the viscera 
of Weddell’s Seal, from a young male 51 inches 
long, obtained by the Scottish National Antarctic 
Expedition. 


LEPTONYCHOTES. 201 


1. Skeleton of a Weddell’s Seal from Betsy Cove, Kerguelen, 
in 1874. The vertebral plates and the epiphyses of 
the long bones not fused. Length of skeleton 5 feet 
9 inches. Vertebral formula C,D,,L,S,Cd,, = 40. 
Ribs, fifteen pairs, of which ten articulated with side 
of sternum, which was 18} inches long and consisted 
of ten segments. Scapula 4} inches between angles, 
glenoido- ‘vertebral 42 inches, with pre- and post- 
spinous fosse almost: equal; coracoid and acromion 
feeble. Humerus without supracondyloid foramen 44 
inches long; radius 5 inches; ulna 5,3, inches. Manus 
pentadactylous, radiale are intermedium fused, 
ulnare, pisiform, four distal carpalia. Pelvic bone 
7$ inches long, ilium with upper end in almost the 
same plane as base of sacrum; femur 3% inches long ; 
tibia 8 inches; fibula about the same; pes penta- 
dactylous, hallux and minimus the longest toes, 
tarsus, with astragalus, calcis, scaphoid, cuboid, three 
cuneiform. Skull 9,3, inches long, over vertex 12 


10 
inches ; interzygomatic width 5 inches, cranial 
breadth 43 inches; greatest width of anterior nares 
1} inch; hard palate 34 inches long by 2} wide; 


mandible 5? inches long. Challenger @allecton 


Skeleton of a ote collected by the Scottish National 
Antarctic Expedition, not adult, as the epiphyses were 
imperfectly fused with their bones. Length about 
10 feet. Vertebral formula C,D,,L.S,Cd,, = 39. 
Fifteen pairs of ribs. Sternum with eight segments 
present. Scapula plate-like; diameter between angles 
72 inches, glenoido-vertebral 6} inches; pre- and 
post-spinous fossz almost equal; acromion  rudi- 
mentary ; coracoid a tubercle ; axillary border falcate. 
Humerus imperfect; radius and ulna with lower 
epiphyses not united. Pelvic bone 10} inches long; 
iliac crest a little everted. Femur 5 inches long; 
upper and lower epiphyses almost fused. Tibia and 
fibula fused at upper end ; lower epiphyses not fused 
with shafts. Tarsalia, seven bones. Skull, length 10? 
inches, over vertex 13} inches; breadth, zygomatic 
63 inches, cranial 43 inches. Mandible, length 6? 
inches; subcondylar process a small tubercle, slightly 
inverted, no angle. Donor—Dr W.S. Bruce. 


3. Uterus, two-horned. Corpus uteri 43? inches long; the 
cornua curve forwards and outwards for between 7 
and 8 inches, the girth of each cornu where it 


SPECIMENS OF PINNIPEDIA. 


springs from the corpus is between 4 and 5 inches. 
A section was made through the wall of the left 
cornu; the muscular coat-is thick and tough and 
contained numerous vessels; the mucous lining is 
distinct with strong folds, the cavity is occupied with 
inspissated mucus. The Fallopian tube is much con- 
voluted, and in the peritoneal fold immediately below 
it the ovary, the size of a large walnut, is situated. 
A section was made through the substance of the 
ovary, and many Graafian follicles were exposed. 
The vagina had been cut across close to the uterus, 
and the cervix and os uteri externum are displayed. 
From the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. 
Donor—Dr W. 8S. Bruce. 


4, Uterus, gravid, with a foetus in the left cornu, which had 


heen detached from the corpus uteri; the cornu is 
45 inches long. <A portion of the wall had been 
removed and the cavity and contents exposed. The 
cavity is 33 inches long and 14 inch in greatest 
width. It communicated at one end with the canal 
in the body of the uterus, and by the other with the 
Fallopian tube. <A foetus was exposed enveloped by 
the amnion; it is 3 inches long and extended; the 
head points to the opening into the body of the 
uterus, the tail is close to the Fallopian tube. The 
chorion occupies the cavity close to the uterine wall 
and stretches between the two openings; a limited 
extent of the free surface at the poles of the chorion 
near these openings is free, smooth, and non-villous ; 
the intermediate part is thickened, fused with the 
uterine mucous membrane, and forms a zonary 


LEPTONYCHOTES—OMMATOPHOGCA. 203 


placenta 2} inches broad. As the chorion had been 
divided in making the section through the wall of 
the cornu, the umbilical vessels can be seen entering 
the free surface of the placenta, which has a con- 
voluted surface, such as I have described in the 
placenta of Halicherus grypus. The uterine wall, 
especially in the placental region, is very vascular, 
and the mucous membrane with which the non- 
villous chorion is in contact, is not absolutely smooth, 
but marked by very faint ridges, possibly due to the 
hardening action of the formalin in which the uterus 
had been preserved. The dissection was made by 
Dr David Waterston, and the figure is reproduced 
with his permission. 
From the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. 
Donor—Dr W.S. Bruce. 


5. Penis from another specimen, showing the part in relation 
to the investing integument 8} inches long, as well 
as the deeper end of the organ, 5 inches long. The 
glans is 5} inches long, measured along the curve. 
The meatus is distinct at the free end of the glans. 
From the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. 

Donor—Dr W. S. Bruce. 


III. OMMATOPHOCA. (0Om.) 


Ommatophoca rossi, Gray, Zool. Voy. Erebus and Terror, 
1844. 


Premaxille do not reach nasals. Anterior nares almost 
in vertical plane. Nasals long, ankylosed. Orbits 
very large; inter-orbital part of frontal bone broad, 
not constricted behind. Malars greatly elongated ; 
marked protuberance on squamous immediately 
behind zygoma. Hard palate slightly scooped, 
length and greatest breadth equal or almost equal. 
Tympanic bulla not much swollen, triangular, 
roughened, prolonged outwards into a strong process 
which forms the floor of external meatus extending 
beyond its opening. Basi-occipital not perforated. 
Pterygoids everted, oblique. Mandible with rough, 
inverted subcondyloid process, distinct from the 

ee. per ome bel 5 5. 

moderate angle. Dentition: in. FQ 7 ye PGg sz: 
crowns of post-canines relatively small, one large cusp 
with two subordinate cusps, two-fanged except first. 


204 


SPECIMENS OF PINNIPEDIA. 


(1) OMMATOPHOCA ROSSI. (OM. R.) 
(Ross’s Seal, Antarctic Ocean. ) 


(The only species.) 


Ommatophoca rossi, Gray, Zool. Voy. Erebus and Terror, 


1844. 


1. Skeleton of adult male, No. 43 in the collection of the 


Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. It is de- 
scribed by Dr Rt. B. Thomson in Trans. Roy. Soc. 
Hdin ,. vol. xlvii., part 1, 1909. The animal was 
captured in February 1904. Thomson gives the 
following dimensions:—Length 2 feet 114 inches, 
girth 1 foot 104 inches, weight 400 Ibs. Vertebral 
formula C,D,,L;S,Cd,,=40. Skull short and broad ; 
length 9% inches, over vertex 12 inches; breadth, 
zygomatic 7% inches, cranial 44 inches. A persistent 
hole in region of anterior fontanelle, see figure below 
and figure 1 in Thomson’s Memoir. Hard palate 3 
inches long by 3 in greatest width. Mandible 7 inches 
long. Teeth feeble. Dr E. A. Wilson states that 
the food consists mainly of cephalopods (Nat. Hist. of 
Antarctic Hapedition). Donor—Dr W. 8. Bruce. 


2. Skull of adult female, No. 2 of Scottish National Antarctic 


Expedition. Animal captured February 1903. See 
Thomson’s memoir. Length 2 feet 114 inches, girth 
1 foot 9$ inches, weight between 450 and 500 lbs. 


OMMATOPHOCA—MONACHUS. 205 


Cranium much injured. Hard palate, length 31 
inches; greatest breadth, behind last post-canine, 27 
inches. Mandible, length 63 inches. 

Donor—-Dr W. S. Bruce. 


IV. MONACHUS. (Mon.) 


Phoca monachus, Hermann, Abth. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1779. 
Monachus, Fleming, Philosophy of Zoology, 1822. 
Pelagius monachus, F. Cuvier, Dict. Sci. Nat., 1829. 


Anterior nares oblique. Hard palate slightly emar- 
ginate, posterior border behind maxillary root of 
zygomata and in front of glenoid fossa. Tympanic 
bulla swollen, scarcely ridged, apex truncated ; 
basi-occipital perforated mesially, occipital condyls 

2D lei ® boa 
ee bres 

Crowns of post-canines strong, conical, compressed, 

with faint accessory cusps. Vertebral formula 

C,D,;L,S,Cd,,=40. Nails of manus and pes small 

and rudimentary. 


confluent. Dentition: in 


(1) MONACHUS ALBIVENTER. (MON. AL.) 
(Monk Seal, Mediterranean.) 
(The only species.) 


No specimen in Museum. 


ADDENDA. (Ada.) 


1. Skull of an adult Balena biscayensis with the upper 
jaw highly arched. Length, condylo-premaxillary, in 
straight line 13 feet 9 inches, over vertex 16 feet. 
Greatest transverse diameter 9 feet 4 inches. Occipital 
bone from foramen magnum to upper border 3 feet 
9 inches, transverse diameter 3 feet 11 inches. Width 
of hard palate from mesial ridge to lateral border 
15 inches on each side. Foramen magnum 6 inches 
in sagittal, and 5} inches in transverse diameter : 
width across condyls 17 inches. Mandible without 
coronoid process, length along outer curve 13 feet 
6 inches; girth in front of condyl 3 feet 7 inches. 
Male, length of animal 51 feet, girth 32 feet. Caught 
29th June 1912, 20 miles N.E. of St Kilda, by the 
whaler “Sir Samuel Scott.” 

Donor, 1912—Mr Carl F. Herlofson, Tarbert, Harris. 


2. Tympano-periotic bones from the above skull. Right 
tympanic 53 inches long, 34 broad, 43 inches high ; 
characters of tympanic and periotic as in No. 1, 


page 30. Malleus and incus im situ. 


3. Heart and Great Vessels of Grampus griseus. The heart, 
as is customary in the Cetacea, is wide, 72 inches, in 
relation to its vertical diameter, which is only 4} 
inches; the width greatly preponderates over the 
height, and the apex is rounded. The trunk of the 
pulmonary artery passes almost horizontally to the 
left, and divides into right and left branches; the 
ductus arteriosus joins the descending part of the 
arch of the aorta. The aorta arches to the left and 
gives origin, close to the junction of the ascending 
and transverse parts, to a right and a left innominate 
artery. 


4. Tympanic Bulla. Fibro-mucous membrane which formed 
the pouch-like lining of the bulla of a whale. The 
206 


Or 


(oe) 


SPECIMENS OF PINNIPEDIA. 207 


species is uncertain, but from its resemblance in form 
to the pouch figured on page 86, it was probably 
Hyperoodon rostratus. 


. Umbilical Cord, portion of, from a Fin Whale, Balenoptera, 


sp.? dried. It is 2 feet long, and shows the spiral 
twisting of the umbilical arteries and veins. The 
whale was caught at New Island, Falkland Isles, 
May 1911. Donor—Mr G. Millen Coughtrey, 1912. 


_ Lance, at one time used in the Whale fishery, 9 feet long, 
the iron terminal part being 6 feet. 
Donor—Wm. Boyd, Esq., Peterhead. 


. Hand Harpoon, at one time used in the Whale fishery, 
9 feet long, the iron part being 2 feet 3 inches in 
length. Donor—Wm. Boyd, Esq. 


. Gun Harpoon 3 feet 2 inches long. 
; Donor—Wnm. Boyd, Esq. 


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