GIFT OF

A«ric. D?r»t.

SEP

Issued August 16, 1912.

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

BUREAU OF SOILS— CIRCULAR No. 69.

MILTON WHITNEY Chief of Bureau.

SOILS OF THE EASTERN DiNlTED STATES AND THEIR USE— XL

MARSH AND SWAMP.

BY

JAY A. BONSTEEL,

Scientist in Soil Survey.

WASHINGTON:

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1912.

BUREAU OF SOILS.

MILTON WHITNEY, Chief of Bureau.
ALBERT G. RICE, Chief Clerk.

SCIENTIFIC STAFF.

FRANK K. CAMERON, in charge of Physical and Chemical Investigations.
CURTIS F. MARBUT, in charge of Soil Survey.
OSWALD SCHREINEB, in charge of Fertility Investigations.
2

SOILS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES AND THEIR USE— XL.

MARSH AND SWAMP.

In the soil classification of the Bureau of Soils the term " Swamp "
is used to designate all areas which in their natural condition are
too wet for the production of any crop. Such areas are usually
covered with standing water for much or all of the time. Swamps
are covered with a great variety of native vegetation, consisting
chiefly of water-loving grasses, reeds, shrubs, and trees.

The word " Marsh " is used by contrast to designate low, wet, tree-
less areas, usually covered by standing water and supporting a growth
of coarse grass and rushes. The Marsh is subdivided into two classes.
The first of these is the Tidal marsh, where broad stretches of low-
lying and practically treeless land along the coast are subjected
to inundation by the rising tide. The other class consists of the
fresh-water areas in the uplands or near the heads of tidewater
estuaries where fresh water is backed up over the marshland by
each rising tide.

During the progress of the soil-survey work there have been
encountered 21,184 acres of Marsh, 588,544 acres of Tidal marsh, and
1,745,512 acres of Swamp. This constitutes a total acreage of 2,355,-
240 acres of all classes of swamp land. It is probable that a total area
of approximately 60 million acres of these undrained lands exist in
the eastern part of the United States in addition to approximately
15 million acres of Meadow, which occurs in swampy positions along
streams.

CONTRAST WITH OTHER TYPES.

The areas of Marsh and Swamp might possibly be confused with
Meadow. They differ from Meadow, however, in that they are
either permanently wet or are covered intermittently by the tide.
By contrast the areas of Meadow, which lie chiefly along alluvial
flood plains, are subject to inundation at indefinite intervals. The
meadowlands are usually overflowed with the annual rise of the
streams which they adjoin. The Marsh and Swamp, however, almost
always consist of areas where water accumulates either through the
more or less permanent obstruction of drainage channels or through

the seepage of water from higher lying areas.

3

50683°— 12

4 SOILS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES.

In view of these distinctions it is readily seen why Meadow is
frequently occupied even in its natural condition for some agricul-
tural uses, while, on the other hand, the Marsh and Swamp in their
natural condition may only be used for grazing of the natural grasses
which may grow upon them, while tilled crops may be grown only
when artificial drainage has been installed.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIL AND SUBSOIL.

The actual surface material comprising the soils of Marsh and
Swamp varies with the different areas and in the different portions
of the same area. In the case of the majority of areas of Marsh oc-
curring upon the uplands, the soil to a depth of 2 inches to several
feet is a mass of partly decayed organic matter, thoroughly satu-
rated with water. Underneath this is found a subsoil material con-
sisting frequently of compact claylike material in the deeper and
more centrally located portions of the area, or of sandy, gravelly, or
stony loam material near the borders, particularly in the glaciated
region. The subsoil material universally is somewhat similar to the
mineral matter of the upland soils. It is usually gray, ash colored,
or blue, through the lack of drainage and oxidation, which gives
characteristic color to well-drained upland soil. Even within nar-
row limits the surface soil or the subsoil may change rapidly in
characteristics in all areas of Marsh.

In the case of Tidal marsh there is usually not so great a variation
either in the surface or subsoil material. In the majority of cases
the surface soil consists of a matted, partly decayed mass of eel-
grass turf and roots, through which the living roots of growing eel-
grass penetrate. This material is usually filled with a gray or drab
silt or silty clay and constitutes a mingled mass of partly living and
partly dead organic matter, well filled with finely divided mineral
matter. This material grades downward into soft slimy mud or
clay, which constitutes the main part of the subsoil. In some in-
stances where the Tidal marsh lies to the leeward of sand dunes or
coastal beaches the wind has carried fine or medium sand out upon
the surface of the marsh to considerable distances, and in such cases
both the surface soil and the subsoil are usually a sandy loam. In
all instances the Tidal marsh is subject to inundation by brackish or
salt water with each rising tide.

Similarly there may be a considerable variation in the character
of the surface soil and subsoil of Swamp. In almost all cases the
surface soil is well filled with partially decayed organic matter, con-
sisting of the dead and decaying undergrowth, the leaves, branches,
and even trunks of trees which have grown upon the Swamp, and
other organic matter which has been formed from mosses and the
minor growth found in such wet and cool places. This material is

MARSH AND SWAMP. 5

mingled with different classes of mineral matter which may have
been washed in from adjacent uplands or carried in by inundations
of the streams which flow through the majority of such swampy
areas. There is usually a considerable variation in the character
and texture of the material found in different parts of the same
area of Swamp. Usually, however, Marsh, Tidal marsh, and Swamp
are all marked by considerable accumulation within the surface soil
of organic matter in a partially decayed state.

LIMITATIONS IN USE.

In all cases the drainage of Marsh or Swamp is fundamentally
necessary to the utilization of such lands for agriculture. In the
case of Swamp clearing is also necessary.

The drainage of any particular area of Swamp or Marsh constitutes
a separate engineering problem in itself. In the case of most of the
upland, fresh-water Marsh it is not difficult to find drainage ways
by which the surplus water may be removed. Frequently the mere
straightening of the channels of streams that flow sluggishly through
the area will serve to give a sufficient fall to remove the water from a
considerable proportion of the land. In other cases it is necessary to
remove barriers of earth or even of rock which have prevented the
cutting down of the stream channel and the accomplishment of
natural drainage. After the installation of the main drain, which
should follow approximately the natural drainage lines of the region,
it becomes necessary to drain still further the land through the
installation of open ditches and of tile underdrains. In many
instances it has been found necessary partially to accomplish the
drainage of the land by digging open ditches for the removal of the
surplus water before the installation of tile underdrains becomes
practicable. This arises from the fact that the removal of the water
from the surface soil and subsoil causes a considerable degree of
shrinkage of this material, and if the tile drain were installed before
a large part of this shrinkage had taken place, the tile lines would be
disturbed and the drainage would be interrupted.

Wherever it is possible, in the drainage of Marsh, to cut through
the surface mucky material into a harder underlying subsoil material,
this preliminary precaution is not so necessary.

In many instances the clearing of areas of Swamp costs from $20 to
$100 per acre in addition to the cost of drainage.

The reclamation of Tidal marsh involves difficulties in the way of
engineering management that make such reclamation almost im-
possible to the individual upon a small scale. In consequence, every
project for which reclamation plans are to be made should be placed
in the hands of a competent engineer. It is wise to make a study of
the probable agricultural value of the land when reclaimed. This

6 SOILS OF THE EASTEBN UNITED STATES.

value will vary greatly with the different areas; in the case of many
well located with respect to city markets, or to transportation to large
markets, intensive crops may be grown, and a greater expense in the
reclamation of such areas would be justified than in the case of others
more remotely situated. Again, the interval between high and low
tide constitutes a dominating factor in the reclamation of many tide
marshes. Unless there is a sufficient interval to permit of the drain-
ing away of the fresh water which flows into the marsh, it would be
difficult to reduce the water table low enough within the reclaimed
area to permit of the production of agricultural crops. The shore-
line configuration, which determines the amount of embankment nec-
essary to shut out tidewater, is also an important factor. The ex-
posure to storm winds and to the waves during heavy storms also
constitute factors which must be considered in estimating the strength
and size of embankment and the necessity for rock facing or for
other provision for additional security. It is therefore apparent
that when the reclamation of Tidal marsh is considered one of the
first requisites will be to study carefully the engineering features of
embankment, ditching, and the installation of underdrains.1

It has been found from the study of many instances that the cost of
reclamation of Tidal marsh will range from a few dollars to as high
as $50 or $60 per acre in case of the construction of extensive works.
This expenditure, however, is amply justified even when only general
farm crops like corn, the small grains, and grass are produced, since
the marshlands when once drained and free from any excess of saline
matter, are unusually productive. Acreage returns amounting to
$150 or even $250 may be secured from the production of market
garden vegetables and small fruits upon reclaimed Tidal marsh.

There are thousands of acres of unclaimed Tidal marsh along the
coast line of the eastern portion of the United States which remain
unoccupied for any agricultural purpose and which still constitute
a menace to the health of the communities to which they are adjacent.
From both the standpoint of agricultural utilization and of sani-
tation a study should be made of the possibility of the reclamation
of these marshes.

Even with the high cost of drainage and clearing it is frequently
desirable to reclaim considerable areas of Swamp. The improvement
in sanitary conditions of the neighborhood should be taken into con-
sideration in taking up such work, but usually the agricultural
returns to be obtained from the drained land must be depended upon
to justify reclamation. The soils classed as Swamp vary considerably
in their characteristics, as has been already pointed out, and conse-
quently they show a considerable variation in the class of crops to

1 For further discussion of tidal marshes and their reclamation consult Bulletin 240 of
the Office of Experiment Stations, U. S. Dept. Agr.

MARSH AND SWAMP. 7

which they are best suited. It is therefore necessary to make a care-
ful determination of the character of soil and subsoil material in
each area, and of the possibility of raising intensively farmed or ex-
tensively farmed crops upon the lands when freed from surplus
water. The position of the Swamp with respect to climate, and par-
ticularly with regard to transportation facilities to market, will
control to a large degree the amount of profit per acre which may be
anticipated from the land. Upon peaty or mucky swamp soils, where
such intensively farmed crops as cabbage, onions, celery, pepper-
mint, or cranberries may be produced a considerable outlay in the
drainage and clearing of the Swamp may be profitably assumed. In
other cases where corn or small grains may be grown, an inter-
mediate amount of expenditure is justified, but in many cases the
swamp land when drained and cleared will only be competent to
produce grass for the cutting of hay or for grazing purposes. Under
such circumstances a smaller expenditure per acre is justified than
in either of the former cases. Even with a large expenditure the
great fertility of the drained land and its high producing capacity
for grass have given rise to fair profits from the reclamation of the
lands. For the purpose of grazing or of hay cutting the returns per
acre are usually sufficient to pay a good interest upon a total valuation
of $75 to $100 per acre upon well managed areas.

It is thus apparent that with all classes of Marsh, Tidal marsh,
and Swamp there are several factors which must be determined before
the reclamation of any particular area is decided upon. The first
of these will be the character of the soil over the reclaimed area and
its adaptation to special and general farm crops. The second is the
proximity to market or the transportation facilities, since the profits
to be derived from the reclamation of the land will depend largely
upon the sale price of the crops grown. The third point to be con-
sidered is that of the engineering feasibility of the drainage of the
Swamp and the probable cost per acre of such drainage when com-
pleted. It is also necessary to consider the first cost of the land,
and in this connection the probable rise in the land value, as a result
of drainage, to be reckoned with the annual profit per acre in esti-
mating the total profits to be derived from the drainage operation.
It is also desirable to consider the sanitary relationship of drainage
with respect to the general health of the community.

It has been found, in many cases, that the newly drained areas of
Swamp are not, capable of producing the best crops the first year or
two after they have been drained and cleared. In those areas where
the surface soil contains a large amount of partly decayed vegetable
matter the application of considerable quantities of coarse stable
manure has proven highly beneficial. It has also been found, both
in the low-lying and swampy soils of the Atlantic seaboard and in

8 SOILS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES.

those of the glacial lake region of the north-central States, that the
application of potash salts, particularly the muriate and kainit,
has given profitable results with all crops except potatoes. With
potatoes, it is usually considered best to use the sulphate of potash
upon these and other soils.

Probably the best practice in the subjugation of such lands is to
plow the surface vegetable mold in the fall, allow it to become well
rotted during the fall and winter months and then, after a thorough
harrowing, to prepare for a general farm crop like corn, cotton,
cowpeas, or oats in more northern climates. After the production
of such crops for a period of one or two years it is possible to make
a more intensive use of the land for potatoes, cabbage, lettuce, celery,
or other special crop.

In the more southern farm practice it has been found that the
application of lime, either the burned lime at a rate of about 1 ton
per acre or the ground limestone at the rate of 3 tons per acre, will
give increases in crop yields which are decidedly profitable. In the
case of the leguminous crops it is almost absolutely essential that «*aw
swamp soils, high in organic matter, should be limed and that stable
manure should be applied before any large crops may be expected.

THE USES OF SWAMP LAND.

In many places along the Atlantic seacoast considerable areas of
Swamp have been ditched and reclaimed for agricultural use. Usu-
ally these lands are found in the Middle Atlantic section or in more
southern localities. Several notable instances exist in the eastern
part of North Carolina. These lands are nearly level. Their surface
is broken only by low ridges which rise from 2 to 5 feet above the
surrounding levels. The flat surface is frequently covered with water
for the greater part of the year. The elevation of these pocoson*
ranges from 10 to 50 feet above sea level and there is usually oppor-
tunity for the drainage of the area by gravity. Large main ditches
or canals are constructed from the center of the area to some large
outlet stream. These ditches serve as the outlet for a large number
of smaller open ditches. In some areas tile underdrainage is also
installed between the smaller lateral ditches. The pocosons are usu-
ally timbered and the heavily timbered areas are those which are
considered to have the greatest agricultural value. The surface soil
usually consists of a black or brownish spongy mass of vegetable
matter in various stages of decomposition. With this there is
mingled different proportions of fine earth, usually silt or clay.
The soil in its natural condition is filled with water, although during
particularly dry seasons it may become so dried out at the surface as
to burn. The subsoil is usually a clay or sandy clay not very differ-

MAESH AND SWAMP. 9

ent from the surrounding upland soil types. This class of soil is
usually considered more fertile and more lasting under cultivation
than similar surface soils underlain by gray or whitish sand.

Wherever the timber has been cleared from these pocoson areas
and the soil properly drained, aerated, and limed, yields of 35 to 75
bushels of corn are obtained in a fair season. The use of lime is con-
sidered absolutely essential to sweeten these soils before any crops
may be grown upon them. In addition to corn, which is the staple
crop upon these drained areas, cotton, hay, and late truck crops are
produced in the Middle Atlantic States. In some parts of the coun-
try such soils are known to be well adapted to the production of
celery, cabbage, onions, and lettuce. It has been discovered through
experience that it is not well to plant lettuce or onions upon these
soils when recently drained. The land should be cultivated to corn
or cotton or some other crop for one or two years before an attempt
is made at more intensive forms of farming. In all cases the heavy
liming of the soil is essential to the best crop production.

In the more southern group of the Atlantic seaboard States con-
siderable areas of Swamp have been drained and diked and prepared
for flooding, so that rice may be grown. Usually a dike is thrown up
around the outer margin of the area, particularly in case it is adjacent
to tidewater or to a tidewater estuary. In the construction of this
dike a ditch is usually dug on the side toward the fields. This con-
stitutes a main ditch into which other lateral drains, from 50 to 100
feet apart, are led. At different intervals a gate is placed in the dike
to permit the water to pass out at low tide and to hold the fresh water
back for flooding purposes.

The finest quality of rice is being produced upon this alluvial
Swamp of the South Atlantic coast. The yields range from 40 to 65
bushels per acre. Many thousands of acres of Swamp in former
years cleared, diked, drained, and used for rice cultivation have
been permitted to fall into disuse during the last 25 or 30 years.
With increase in the price of rice and with the demand for it as a
great American cereal crop, it is probable that hundreds of thousands
of acres of excellent rice land, along the coast of the Carolinas and
of Georgia, might be utilized again for the growing of this crop.

Very few areas of Swamp of any large extent have been cleared
and cultivated in the Northeastern States or in the North Central
States. In some instances where such lands occur adjacent to
the larger manufacturing cities small areas have been cleared and
cultivated to market garden crops. These crops have usually been
cabbage, celery, onions, and potatoes. Sufficient progress has been
made in this line to prove conclusively that there are, near the
densely populated sections surrounding the manufacturing cities of
the Northeastern States, thousands of acres capable of complete

10 SOILS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES.

reclamation by drainage which can be utilized for the production of
a considerable proportion of the daily supply of vegetables required
in these cities. When it is also considered that the sanitary sur-
roundings of these cities and towns would be considerably improved
through the drainage of these swamps, it is a matter of wonder that
larger areas have not already been cleared and utilized.

The greater proportion of the swampy lands of the North Central
States consists of marshes which were treeless, grass-grown prairies
in the early days of the settlement of this portion of the country.
Practically all of the large areas of such land have already been
drained and utilized for agriculture. It is well to mention, however,
in the consideration of swamp land, that thousands of miles of tile
drain have been laid through these marshes of the North Central
States, converting them into solid tillable soil of the highest fertility,
capable of producing from 60 to 80 bushels of corn per acre, from
40 to 60 bushels of oats per acre, and from 1£ to 3 tons of hay. In
fact, many areas which are shown upon the old county maps of these
States as swamp-land areas now constitute some of the best and most
productive farms of the region. These swamps, which existed in the
past and are now tilled lands, constitute an excellent example of
what might be done with the remaining marshes of the North Cen-
tral and Northern States. There is no known instance of any drain-
age project for the reclamation of these lands, that was well planned
and the estimate carefully made, showing any loss to those who un-
dertook the work. In the majority of cases the profits derived have
been considerable.

The Tidal marsh along the Atlantic and Gulf coast still remains
largely undrained and unutilized for agricultural production. The
tidal meadows in southwestern New Jersey and their reclamation
were described in the circular on " Meadow." There are many
other areas of Tidal marsh of considerable extent, from the New
England coast southward, which are utilized to a small extent for
agricultural purposes. This utilization is accomplished without
diking or drainage. The coarse grasses which grow upon the Tidal
marsh have a considerable value for the pasturing of cattle and are
even cut for hay. Within the New England States and in some
portions along the coast in New York, New Jersey, and Maryland
the salt-grass hay. commonly known as " bent hay," is worth about
$5 a ton, delivered at shipping points.

Thousands of acres of the Tidal marsh along the Atlantic and
Gulf coast may be reclaimed for intensive farming when the de-
mand for land is sufficiently great to justify the expense involved.
Before it is possible to use them for the more intensive forms of
agriculture, it will be necessary, after the embankment and drainage

MAESH AND SWAMP. 11

have been completed, to permit the annual rainfall thoroughly to
wash the excessive salts from the soil.

It is apparent from this discussion of Marsh, Tidal marsh, and
Swamp that millions of acres of extremely valuable and fertile soil
are in such a condition of excessive moisture that they are at the
present time of little or of no use for agriculture. It is also appar-
ent from the reclamation work which has already been undertaken
with these different classes of wet land, that a considerable profit is
derived from every well-ordered attempt at drainage and reclama-
tion. It is a matter of considerable importance not only to the in-
dividual but to the community within which these different swampy
soils occur that careful consideration be given to their drainage.
In the first place, it is desirable to add a large acreage of extremely
fertile soil to the land area of the United States. In the second
place, it is usually very desirable that the wet areas should be drained
for sanitary reasons.

It is probable that until cheaper and more easily drained upland
soils are much more thoroughly occupied than they have yet been in
many parts of the United States, many areas of Marsh and Swamp
•will remain undrained and unutilized. This arises from the fact
that the most easily subdued soil will first be utilized. It is well to
call attention, however, to the fact that these more difficultly man-
aged soils are frequently of higher acreage value when reclaimed
than the more easily subdued upland soils, and that their cultivation
under intensive methods of agriculture produces greater profits per
acre.

One of the chief reasons why swamp-land areas have not been
more generally drained arises from the fact of the high acreage cost
of their embankment and drainage. This frequently places the
reclamation of such land out of the power of the individual owner
who is possessed of but small capital. In consequence, it has fre-
quently been found necessary in those States which have adopted a
policy leading to ihe reclamation of swamp land, to draw special
laws enabling the citizens of the State to form drainage districts
or companies, which may act in a cooperative way to secure the
drainage and reclamation of the land. In this way a high initial
expense is distributed over a large number of acres of land, and the
capital required is raised through subscription or the assessment of
the individual owners in proportion to the amount of land bene-
fited by the drainage reclamation.

SUMMARY.

It is probable that there exists within the eastern United States
more than 60 million acres of the different classes of undrained land
which are permanently wet.

12 SOILS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES.

These lands are classed as Marsh, i. e., fresh water, treeless
swamps; Tidal marsh, or treeless swamp, inundated by brackish or
saline tidewater; and Swamp, the term used in the soil survey to
designate timbered, fresh-water swamps.

The first necessity in the agricultural utilization of such areas
consists in the drainage of the land. In the case of the Marsh and
Swamp this is usually accomplished by the digging of main-line
ditches and laterals, supplemented by the tile underdrainage of the
intervening fields. In the case of Tidal marsh it is also necessary
to construct embankments against the encroachment of the tide and
to establish automatic gates that permit of the outflow of fresh
water and prevent the inflow of the rising tide water.

The character of the surface soil and subsoil in the different classes
of these permanently wet lands and in the different areas of each
class varies considerably. In general, however, it is well charged
with organic matter and may be even mucky or peaty. The subsoil
may range from a coarse gray sand to a sandy loam, silt loam, or
silty clay. Usually subsoil colors are drab, gray, or blue through
lack of drainage, and the absence of aeration and oxidation of the
iron salts of the mineral portion of subsoil.

In the reclamation of these soils it is necessary to consider, first,
their possible agricultural uses when reclaimed; second, the feasi-
bility of the drainage operations involved; third, the probable acre-
age value of the land when reclaimed. It is then necessary to con-
sider each particular drainage project as an engineering problem by
itself, since the different factors which control the cost of drainage
are those which will largely control the value of the land and the
profit to be derived from its reclamation.

Only small areas of Marsh or Swamp have been reclaimed in the
majority of the Eastern States. It has been found, however, par-
ticularly in the Middle Atlantic States, that such reclaimed land
constitutes excellent soil for the production of corn, cotton, and hay,
while a few areas of Tidal marsh along the low^er portions of the
chief rivers emptying into the Atlantic Ocean are also embanked
and drained for the production of a high quality of rice.

Extensive areas of Marsh and Swamp in the central prairie States
have long been drained and utilized for agriculture. They consti-
tute some of the most fertile and productive of the corn, oat, wheat,
and grass soils of that section.

Approved.

JAMES WILSON,

Secretary of Agriculture.

WASHINGTON, D. C., May 25,

APPENDIX.

The following table shows the extent of the Marsh and Swamp in the areas
which have been surveyed to this time. In the first column is stated the par-
ticular soil survey in which the areas were encountered, in the second column
the extent in acres, and in the third column the A'Olume of the Field Opera-
tions of the Bureau of Soils in which the report upon the area may be found.
Those desiring a detailed description of the soils and of the general conditions
which surround them in any particular area may consult these volumes in
almost any public library.

AREAS OF MARSH ENCOUNTERED IN THE SOIL SURVEY.

Survey

Area of

SOU.

Date.i

Survey

Area of
soil.

Date.*

Florida:
Kscambia County

Acres.

448

1906

New York:
Monroe County

Acres
3,648

1910

Jefferson Countv

5, 504

1907

Washington County

2,880

1909

Louisiana' Tangipahoa Parish..

3,072

1905

Wisconsin: Bayfield area

4,928

1910

Michigan : Munising area

704

1904

AREAS OF TIDAL MARSH ENCOUNTERED IN THE SOIL SURVEY.

Alabama:
Baldwin County

6,656

1909

Mississippi: Scran ton area

34,240
/ 16, 448

1909

Mobile County

9,024

1909

\ 36, 352

| 1903

Delaware' Dover area 2 ...

30,784

1903

North Carolina: New Hanover

Florida' Jacksonville area

1,600

1910

County2

5,888

1906

Georsia:

Rhode Island: State*

4,224

1904

Chatham County

79,296

1911

South Carolina:

G lynn County ........

67, 776

1911

Charleston area 2 .

77 312

1904

Louisiana:

Georgetown County ........

20, 544

1911

New Orleans area 2

5,504

1903

Texas : Brazoria area 2

31, 168

1902

Iberia Parish

99,968

1911

Virginia: Yorktown area * .

21 568

1905

Maryland:
Anne Arundel County
Easton area

640

15, 616

1909
1907

Worcester County 2

23,936

1903

AREAS OF SWAMP ENCOUNTERED IN THE SOIL SURVEY.

Alabama:
Autauga Countv

3,840

1908

Georgia:
Bulloch County

93,504

1910

Baldwin County

31,680

1909

Chatham County .. ..

25 472

1911

Dallas County

8,192

1905

1 664

1911

Henrv Countv

30, 720

1908

Glvnn Countv ......

18,112

1911

Mobile Countv

102,016

1911

Pike County '

19 328

1909

Tuscaloosa Countv

384

1911

Sumter County ........

13 056

1910

Arkansas: Miller County

2,240

1903

Thomas County

3,328

1908

Connecticut: Connecticut Val-

Tift Countv

6,976

1909

ley area * .

39,686

1903

Waycross area

26 944

1906

Delaware: Dover area

3,712

1903

Indiana: Newton County

3,648

1905

Florida:

16,000

1910

Louisiana:
Acadia Parish

1,728

1903

Jefferson County

54,400

1907

Caddo Parish

11,200

1906

Marianna area

54,208

1909

De Soto Parish

2 048

1904

Leon County...

2,816

1905

Iberia Parish...

19,776

1911

1 Year of publication, Field Operations.

1 Mapped as Galveston clay.

• Mapped as Galveston sandy loam and Galveston clay.

'Mapped as Connecticut swamp.

13

14 SOILS OF THE EASTERN UNITED STATES.

AREAS OF SWAMP ENCOUNTERED IN THE SOIL SURVEY— Continued.

Survey.

Area of
soil.

Date.i

Survey.

Area of
soil.

Date.'

Maryland:
Calvert County

Acres.
3,600

1901

North Carolina— Continued.
Raleigh to Newbern area *. .

Acres.
12.410

1900

St Marys County

2,200

190)

Richmond County

15 296

1911

26 048

1903

Robeson County

108 800

1908

Scotland County

28 480

1909

704

1903

Pennsylvania: Center County. . .

2 176

1908

1,344

1904

Rhode" Island: State

27 008

190i

Mississippi:

3,072

1905

South Carolina:
Clarendon County

120 576

1910

37,056

1909

Conwav area

88 000

1909

Darlington area .

14 144

1902

B^ghamton area

1,024

1905

Georgetown County

28 736

1911

Livingston County

1,920

1908

Lee County

27,904

1907

12,480

1903

Orangeburg area

40 448

1904

North Carolina*

Sumter County

35 136

1907

Chowan County

15,104

1906

Virginia:

Craven area

188, 288

1903

Chesterfield County

2,432

1906

Duplin County

109,824

1905

Hanover County

6,208

1905

Edgecombe County .

23,424

1907

Norfolk area .

12 928

1903

New Hanover County

14,464

1906

Yorktown area

26 368

1905

Pasquotank and Perqui-

Texas: Bastrop County

320

1907

mans Counties

57,536

1905

Vermont and New York: Ver-

Pitt County

51,328

1909

gfinnp.q area

2 048

1904

i Year of publication, Field Operations.

* Mapped as Pocoson and Savanna.

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