MASS, SALT, AND HEAT TRANSPORT IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC Louis Sherfesee III NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California THESIS MASS, SALT, AND HEAT TRANSPORT IN THE SOUTH PACIFIC by Louis Sherfesee III September 1978 Thesis Advisor: G. H. Jung Approved for public release; distribution unlimited T185046 SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (Whan Data Bnfrud) REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE READ INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE COMPLETING FORM I. REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER 4. TITLE ( and Subtitle) Mass, Salt, and Heat Transport in the South Pacific S. TYPE OF REPORT a PERIOO COVERED Master's Thesis; September 1978 «. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER 7. AUTHORS Louis Sherfesee III >. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBERftj r 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME ANO AOORESS Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 9 3940 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT, TASK AREA a WORK UNIT NUMBERS II. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME ANO AOORESS Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 93940 12. REPORT DATE September 1973 13. NUMBER OF PAGES 13 5 I*. MONITORING AGENCY NAME a AOORESSff/ dllltrmnl /rem Controlling Olllcm) Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 9 3 940 IS. SECURITY CLASS, (ol thf« riport) Unclassified ISa. DECLASSIFI CATION/ DOWN GRADING SCHEDULE 16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (ol thl m Report) Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. 17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (ol Mia obmtrmcl onfrod In Block 30, II dlllmront from Report) IS. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IS. KEY WOROS (Contlmm on nwmrmo tidm II nocmmmmtr and Identity by block number) South Pacific Ocean, general circulation, heat transport, mass transport, salt transport, geostrophic ocean currents, level of no motion. L 20. ABSTRACT (Continue on rovoroo eld* II nocmmmary —4 Idmntltr by block number) Utilizing data from a four month period CSC0RPI0 Expedition, 1967), an analysis was made of the various characteristics of the South Pacific Ocean. This investigation was based on the primary assumption that the geostrophic approximation was valid. A level of no motion was established at 762m and 1203m for the latitudinal sections of 23 and 43° respectively, which satisfied mass and salt J do ,: FORM AN 73 1473 EDITION OF I NOV «§ IS OBSOLETE S/N 0102-O14-6601 I SECURITY CLAMIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (Whmn Dmtm Kntered) tucuwrv cl*»h*'Catiom or this »igtfw«i n,.« »»««>«<■ continuity requirements . Comprehensive temperature and salinity data extended from the western boundary to the eastern boundary of the South Pacific Ocean, and from the sea surface to the sea floor. Net meridional mass , salt and heat transport values were calculated dependent on a selected level of no motion for each of the latitudinal sections. These transport values were then attributed to specific water masses . ' The current circulation for the Upper Layer was determined to be anticyclonic while the Bottom Layer was cyclonic. The Upper Layer had a net northern transport at both latitudes , while the Intermediate Layer had a net southern transport at 2 8 S and a northern transport at 4 3 S. The Deep Layer had a net southern transport along both latitudes with the Bottom Layer having a net northward transport . Along both latitude lines , there was determined a net northward heat flow of 33 and 77 x lO-1-^ cal/sec for the 28°S and 43°S latitudinal sections. Given the initial assumptions made, this slight northward heat transport is probably within the range of error for this study. DD Form 1473 1 Jan 73 S/N 0102-014-6601 »CSU"lTV CLAill»lC»TION Of TMI« *»OCr"»>»" Omtm Bfltrmd) Approved for public release ; distribution unlimited Mass , Salt , and Heat Transport in the South Pacific by Louis Sherfesee III Lieutenant , United States Navy B.S. (Oceanography), Univ. of Washington; B.S. (Geology), Univ. of Washington, 1969 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN METEOROLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPHY from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL September 19 78 ABSTRACT Utilizing data from a four month period (SCORPIO Expedi- tion, 1967) an analysis was made of the various characteris- tics of the South Pacific Ocean. This investigation was based on the primary assumption that the geostrophic approximation was valid. A level of no motion was established at 762m and 1203m for the latitu- dinal sections of 28 S and 43 S respectively, which satisfied mass and salt continuity requirements. Comprehensive tempera- ture and salinity data extended from the western boundary to the eastern boundary of the South Pacific Ocean, and from the sea surface to the sea floor. Net meridional mass , salt and heat transport values were calculated dependent on a selected level of no motion for each of the latitudinal sections . These transport values were then attributed to specific water masses . The current circulation for the Upper Layer was determined to be anticyclonic while the Bottom Layer was cyclonic. The Upper Layer had a net northern transport at both latitudes , while the Intermediate Layer had a net southern transport at 23 S and a northern transport at 43°S. The Deep Layer had a net southern transport along both latitudes with the Bottom Layer having a net northward transport . Along both latitude lines , there was determined a net 12 northward heat flow of 33 and 77 x 10 cal/sec for the 28 S and 43 S latitudinal sections. Given the initial assumptions made, this slight northward heat transport is probably within the range of error for this study. TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ------------------10 II. BACKGROUND -------------------13 A. ENERGY TRANSPORT --------------13 B. THE LEVEL OF NO MOTION -----------14 III. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ------------19 IV. PROCEDURE -------------------22 A. DATA SOURCES ----------------22 B. COMPUTATION OF VELOCITIES, TRANSPORT OF MASS, SALT CONTENT AND HEAT -------25 C. IDENTIFICATION OF WATER MASSES ------- 29 D. THE CIRCULATION OF THE SOUTH PACIFIC - - - - 38 E. DETERMINATION OF UPPER, INTERMEDIATE AND DEEP/BOTTOM WATER CIRCULATION ----- 44 V. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS ------------- 47 A. THE LEVEL OF NO MOTION -----------47 B. MASS AND SALT TRANSPORT ----------47 C. HEAT TRANSPORT ---------------52 D. OCEANIC EDDY CIRCULATION ----------59 E. CALCULATED CIRCULATION PATTERN -------61 1. Upper Circulation -_-__-__-__ 61 2. Intermediate Circulation --------67 3. Deep Circulation ------------67 4. Bottom Circulation -----------70 VI. CONCLUSIONS ------------------73 APPENDIX A APPENDIX B APPENDIX C Oceanographic Stations Geostrophic Data - - • Geostrophic Point Depth Current Velocities - - 75 79 116 APPENDIX D: End Point Data ------------- 127 BIBLIOGRAPHY --------------------- 130 INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST -------------- 134 LIST OF TABLES I. Muromtsev Water Mass Parameters --------34 II. Level of No Motion 28°S ------------ 1+8 III. Level of No Motion *+3°S ------------1+9 IV. Level of No Motion Use % 28°S ---------50 V. Level of No Motion Use % 43°S ---------51 VI. Total Net Transport 2 8°S -----------53 VII. Total Net Transport 43°S ----------- 54 VIII. Net Heat Transport 28°S and 43°S -------56 IX. Layer Heat Transports -------------58 LIST OF FIGURES 1. SCORPIO Transits along 28°S and 43°S ------ 23 2. USNS ELTANIN ------------------24 3. Muromtsev's Surface Water Mass Location ----- 31 4. Muromtsev's Subsurface Water Mass Location - - - 32 5. Muromtsev's Intermediate/Deep Water Mass Location ------------------33 6. Temperature/Salinity Diagram for Muromtsev Water Mass Classification ------------35 7. Temperature /Salinity Diagram for Modified Muromtsev Water Mass Classification -------36 8. Cross Sectional Area along 2 8°S ---------39 9. Cross Sectional Area along 43°S --------- 40 10. Bottom Water Circulation Theory ---------43 11. New Zealand Surface Circulation with Eddy - - - - 60 12. Mass Transport 28°S (West Section) -------62 13. Mass Transport 28°S (East Section) -------63 14. Mass Transport 43°S (West Section) -------64 15. Mass Transport 43°S (East Section) -------65 16. Upper Layer Mass Transport _-___-__--_ 66 17. Intermediate Layer Mass Transport --------68 18. Deep Layer Mass Transport ------------69 19. Bottom Layer Mass Transport -----------71 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to thank Dr. Glenn H. Jung for his acceptance , patience and guidance in the preparation of this thesis and Dr. Joseph J. Von Schwind for his construc- tive review of the text. The author also wishes to thank Lt . James R. Mason, USN for his time, assistance and objective appraisals and also Capt. Earle McCormick, USAF for his computer exper- tise . Finally, the author wishes to thank his wife, Carol E. Sherf esee , without whose assistance, understanding, patience and faith this thesis project could not have been accomplished. I. INTRODUCTION The heat budget of the earth is the result of a net sur- plus of solar radiation received in the tropics , together with a net loss of heat in the polar regions. Since the temperatures of the tropics and the polar regions do not progressively get warmer and colder respectively, it was assumed that there was a poleward transport of heat from the equatorial area ( Newmann and Pierson, 1966). This heat transport was a method of energy transfer. It was assumed that the bedrock structure of the earth accounted for negli- gible heat transfer through conduction (Sverdrup et_ al. , 1942). The earth's atmosphere and world ocean were then assumed to be the primary energy transfer agents. Coker (1947) wrote that the chief sources of heat for the sea were heat from the atmosphere by contact, absorption of radiation and condensation of water vapor. He also men- tioned conduction through the ocean bottom, heat due to frictional currents and heat released through chemical and biological processes as negligible sources. Neumann and Pierson (1966) in quoting Maury (1856) wrote: "The aqueous portion of our planet preserves its beautiful system of circulation. By it heat and warmth are dispersed to the extratropical regions ; clouds and rains are sent to refresh the dry land; and by it cooling streams are brought from polar seas to temper the heat of the 10 torrid zone. To distribute moisture over the surface of the earth, and to temper the climate of different latitudes, it would seem, are the two great offices assigned by their Creator to the ocean and the air." Dietrich (1963) stated that the external processes of heat transfer between ocean and atmosphere, as well as the internal processes of heat conduction in the ocean, are known only in rough outline . At one time, the ocean had been thought of as the primary method of transfer. For over a century, there has been con- troversy over which system, air or sea, is the predominant mechanism for energy transport . Maury (1856) and Ferrel (1890) emphasized the sea as the primary agent. Angstrom (192 5) roughly equated the oceanic and atmospheric heat transport. Bjerknes et_ al . (19 33) and Sverdrup et a_l. (1942) considered oceanic transport negli- gible as compared to that of the atmosphere. Jung (19 52) questioned this and then stressed (Jung, 1955) that while oceanic transport of sensible heat is less than the atmos- pheric sensible and latent heat, it should not be considered as negligible. It was proposed by Jung (1952) that the oceans with their accompanying current systems might be of more impor- tance in the transfer of heat energy than thought at the time. He suggested that earlier studies such as Sverdrup et al . C1942) had considered only the standing horizontal eddy, that is the Gulf Stream system with its associated 11 return currents, in their calculations. Jung proposed that closed vertical circulations in meridional planes could con- ceivably transport large quantities of energy, even when the velocities involved were minor. Jung followed this in 19 5 5 with a detailed study in the North Atlantic Ocean which determined the heat transported by geostrophic ocean currents . Several studies (Budyko, 19 56; Sverdrup , 1957; Bryan, 1962; Sellers, 1965; Vander Haar and Oort , 197 3; Baker, 1973) with oceanic contribution to meridional transfer have followed, but with the exception of Baker, these studies have not utilized synoptic or nearly synoptic data for an entire ocean. This study utilized a computer program developed by Greeson in his 1974 master's thesis. Two coast to coast South Pacific Ocean latitude sections obtained by the SCORPIO Expedition (1967) were used to determine a general geostrophic circulation and net heat flux measurements . The geostrophic method provided a means for computing the field of relative (geostrophic) motion in a fluid from a knowledge of the internal distribution of pressure (Von Arx, 1962) . 12 II. BACKGROUND A. ENERGY TRANSPORT The discussion of energy transport within either an at- mospheric or oceanic medium starts with a general equation applicable to all fluid motion, (a) (b) (c) (d) T" = / CpU + pC2/2 + pcf> + P) V dS , (1) s where T represents the total meridional energy trans- ferred normal to a vertical wall encircling the earth at a particular latitude, p is density, U is the internal energy per unit mass , C is the magnitude of the fluid velocity, is the potential energy per unit mass, P is the pressure, V is the component of the fluid velocity normal to the latitude wall at a given level in either air or ocean and dS is the differential area of the wall. The total amount of energy transported across a com- plete latitudinal circle is composed of the transport due to (a) the advection of thermal energy, (b) the transport of kinetic energy, (c) the transport of potential energy and (d) the rate of work done by pressure forces. As compared to the other terms , the transport of kinetic energy (b) is negligible (Jung, 1952). 13 The transfer of energy in the ocean is carried out by the water currents. Geostrophic equilibrium is assumed as one method to determine the magnitude of these currents . In addition the assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium in the vertical eliminates term Cc) and (d) from equation (1) This then reduces equation CD to the following form: T = / p U V dO . (2) o / s s ns The subscript "s" stands for seawater, and "o" is that part of our latitude wall, "S", slicing through the ocean. Now neglecting compressibility effects in water, U = C T where C is the specific heat at constant pressure of sea ps r c water, and T is the temperature of sea water. Equation (2) may now be written as ■■/ T ' = / p C T V dO . . (3) o / s ps s ns B. THE LEVEL OF MO MOTION The dynamic method of utilizing oceanographic data in- cludes the problem of locating a reference level of no motion. This reference level is necessary in order to deter- mine absolute current velocities. Defant (1961), in discuss- ing the difficulty of the problem, reported that the required data necessary to determine a zero level was largely lacking. 14 There have been several attempts to determine this level of no motion as listed in Defant C1961) and Baker (1978). One early method was to assume this level was at a great depth in the ocean. The logic for this approach was the as- sumption that deep ocean waters were uniform with nearly horizontal isopycnal (equal density) and isobaric (equal pressure) surfaces. Absolute current velocities could be determined if the level was placed at a constant great depth. Another method, offered by Jacobsen (1916), utilized the location of an oxygen minimum in the ocean as an identifier of the level of minimum horizontal motion. The reasoning behind this method was that the use of oxygen due to oxidation of organic matter takes place at all levels ; therefore a min- imum oxygen content would represent an area of minimum hori- zontal current replenishment. This method has some peculiar results which were brought out by various investigators (Rossby, 1936; Iselin, 1936; and Dietrich, 1936). In addi- tion to unrealistic results , the assumptions of uniform distribution of organic matter and oxygen consumption were incorrect. This method of minimum oxygen levels necessarily coinciding with a level of no motion can be disregarded. Parr (1938) considered thickness variation of isopycnal surfaces as a deterministic factor of a level of no motion. He equated minimal thickness distortion to minimal water motion within the layer. Fomin (1964) took exception to Parr's method stating that the variation of current velocity in the vertical was a 15 function not only of isopycnal surface slope, but it also de- pended upon the vertical density gradient. Since Parr's method ignored the vertical density gradient, it would be possible to choose as a layer of no motion an undistorted thickness layer which was in reality a region of strong cur- rent velocity. Hidaka (1940) proposed two different methods for determin- ing the level of no motion. His first method was based on the salinity distribution. Fomin (.1964) disagreed with this method saying that coefficients of turbulent diffusion in a layer of no motion did not remain finite as Hidaka had assumed and therefore Hidaka 's resultant salinity characteristics bore no definite relation to the current velocity field. Hidaka * s second method depended on the continuity of volume and salt transport and the calculation of the vertical distribution of current velocity by the dynamic method. Fomin (1964) again took exception with Hidaka in that Hidaka' s sim- plification of the continuity equation was not theoretically correct and also because this method led to a set of equations that could not be solved with the current accuracy of at sea measurements . Defant (.1941) determined the zero level based on the dif- ferences in dynamic depths of isobaric surfaces . Examination of dynamic height differences of isobaric surfaces of Atlantic station pairs resulted in Defant recognizing a relatively thick layer with horizontal uniform depth variation and small isobaric surface dynamic depth differences CFomin , 1964). 16 Defant related this dynamic depth difference constancy to a constant vertical gradient component of current velocity within the layer. This layer was assumed to be nearly motion- less and considered to directly adjoin the zero motion sur- face (Fomin, 19 64). Baker (1978) evaluated the Defant method as one of the most reasonable, but stated that resultant cur- rent velocities had a low accuracy due to the accumulation of errors associated with the dynamic method. Sverdrup et al. (1942) developed a method based upon the continuity equation; the level of no motion was determined by comparison of water mass transport above and below a horizontal reference surface. When the mass transport in the latitudinal area of study above the reference surface was equal and opposite in direction to the net mass transport below this surface, the reference surface was then a level of no motion. One difficulty with this approach was the require- ment for data across the ocean from coast to coast necessary for dynamic calculations . Stommel (19 56) produced a method for determining the level of no motion using Ekman ' s concept of the oceans con- sisting of a wind driven surface layer of frictional influence and a deeper frictionless geostrophic layer. Surface wind stress produced divergence or convergence causing entry or exit of water from the subsurface geostrophic frictionless layer. This geostrophic layer will then suffer thickness changes. Water parcels within this layer will shrink or ex- pand as they move poleward, producing a vertical component 17 equal to the vertical component at the bottom of the friction- al layer produced by wind stress . This matching will occur at a level of no motion. The final method of this summary is one introduced by Stommel and Schott (1977) based on the beta-spiral and a determination of the absolute velocity field from density data. Their theory was that because the horizontal component of velocity rotates with depth, absolute velocities could be found from observations of the density field alone. This particular study of the Pacific Ocean uses the mass and salt continuity method proposed by Sverdrup et_ al. (19 4-2) to determine the level of no motion along two latitudinal tracks (28°S and 43°S) across the South Pacific. III. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The problem was to determine the heat energy transported by the South Pacific Ocean. To accomplish this objective necessitated the obtaining of thermal and salinity data in coast-to-coast latitudinal tracks from the surface to as near the ocean bottom as possible. It was also necessary to have a sufficient comprehension of the circulation pattern of the area. Energy transfer is accomplished by several processes : large-scale advection, smaller scale eddy diffusion, and molecular diffusion. The primary mode of transfer is large- scale advection with eddy diffusion and molecular diffusion contributions being several orders of magnitude smaller. This investigation will neglect eddy and molecular diffusion. The energy flux across any latitude line in the ocean is expressed by equation (3), T = / p C T V dO , (3) o / s ps s ns o where the heat transport term determines the total energy flux across a vertical cross section of area dO within the ocean. The specific heat at constant pressure of sea water, C , for this study has been assumed to have the ' ps ' J value of unity 19 Velocities were calculated with the formula derived by the Helland-Hansen and Sandstrom (190 3) equation, and with the procedure from Sverdrup et al. C19M-2). The procedure utilizes the assumption of geostrophic equilibrium within the ocean. Jung C1955) pointed out that the geostrophic balance assumption appears valid for large-scale motion out- side the equatorial region. It is therefore applicable for the area of this study. In order to calculate geostrophic velocity differences between consecutive depths and between adjacent pairs of sta- tions, dynamic heights were first computed. The equation V - V = 10C CD - A ) 1 2 LA B was used, where C = C2nsincf>)_ , ^ is the earth's angular speed, 0 is the latitude, L is the horizontal distance be- tween stations A and B, and D. and DR are the dynamic heights (or depths) of the two stations (Greeson, 1974). The reference level or level of no motion must be estab- lished prior to using this method. To determine this depth level, there must be a zero net transport of both water mass and salt across the entire latitudinal slice of ocean, / dO : o p V dO = 0 s ns / o f P SV / s n •J n dO = 0 , s ' 'o where S here is salinity in parts per thousand, 20 The mass balance was the primary tool for determining the level of no motion. As will be seen later, however, there was little depth difference between levels balancing the mass and salt transports. After a level of no motion was determined, the heat flux across the associated latitude section was calculated. 21 IV. PROCEDURE A. DATA SOURCES This study dealt with the area of the South Pacific Ocean shown in Figure 1. Two latitudinal oceanographic sections were supplied by the SCORPIO Expedition, USNS Eltanin Cruises 28 and 29, 12 March - 31 July 1967 CWHOI Reference 69-56). The two latitude sections were at approximately 2 8 15' S and 43°15'S. Figure 2 is a photograph of the USNS ELTANIN which collected the oceanographic data. In planning the SCORPIO Expedition, the two east-west tracks had been selected for the following reasons : "observations of good quality in the central area were scarce and in order to have a general know- ledge of the world ocean some attention had to be given to this immense area; this area also includes some of the deepest of the ocean trenches; and ... the study of deep circulation in the world ocean could not proceed without a systematic survey of the deep-water characteristics in the South Pacific, which is the largest of the world's oceans" (WHO I Reference 69-56) . Cruise 2 8 had an easterly track starting off the east coast of Tasmania. Station 1, Cruise 28, was occupied on March 12, 1967 and the last station of the track, Station 73, on May 3, 1967. Cruise 29 had a westerly track, originating off the west coast of Chile, with its first station, number 22 * ^"---^/ a** cy~ff ' 7"~^^* or ^ / ^^~-~^ • / ; ^^-5. / ff^^h • o A \^/^ 1 -j — * / jTVw * b L *il -fer b ■ B-l _H o UJ • H-l b §=• — « • _l o * CM UJ en -3 CE • 00 1 w si— 2 b t i *•• / &— —- ' ■ gui 3 (£ • IT" 1 ~ HI /^ / -"1 ^ 1 a^~ — ^^^flifli b >, A— • f + b 1Sk o i 1\ — -""IT y* ?<%» co o CO 3- TJ C CO 0 X) CM bO C O ■H CO C 'I! u Eh PS o CJ CO L°J 23 2 H < E- W 00 QJ M •H 24 86, occupied on June 4, 1967 and its last station, number 185, on July 31, 1967. Since the data were collected in less than a five month period, it has been assumed they are simultaneous. There are small voids in the cross-sectional latitudinal area where data were not taken. These voids existed primarily along the ocean bottom where the soundings did not reach, and also at the end points of the tracks between the end sta- tions and the beach. The deepest sounding data were extended all the way to the sea floor directly under that station. The method used for extrapolating deep current velocities into these ocean bottom regions is described in detail later in this thesis, in Section IV B. Regarding the end points, the data of the end stations were extended horizontally until the beach slope terminated the extension. Appendix D contains the end point data. It is shown that these ends of the sec- tions contribute negligible amounts to the mass , salt and heat transport totals . B. COMPUTATION OF VELOCITIES, TRANSPORT OF MASS, SALT CONTENT AND HEAT There have been limited synoptic velocity measurements made in the South Pacific. With the geostrophic equilibrium assumption, together with the procedure of Sverdrup et_ al . (19 4-2), temperature and salinity data such as that of the SCORPIO Expedition may be utilized to determine dynamic height and synoptic velocity values for areas of interest. The majority of the calculations for this study were performed on 25 an IBM-360/67 computer utilizing a basic program developed by Greeson (1974). The Greeson program was modified by Mason (1978) to evaluate data voids along the sea floor as well as to attribute net mass , salt and heat transport be- tween individual station pairs and/or along an entire track to particular identifiable water masses . Greenson's program initially took temperature and salinity data at various depths and interpolated them to standard depths. Next sigma-t, the specific volume anomaly and specific volume were calculated for each standard depth Then the equation , 6Z + 5(Z+AZ) o = ~ was used to compute an average specific volume anomaly for each pair of standard depths for each station. Note that 6 was the average specific volume anomaly, and 6V and LA 6, . were the specific volume anomalies at the standard depths of Z and Z+AZ . Following this, dynamic heights, D , were computed for each station. To do this, the dynamic height difference, AD , between the standard depths was calculated by AD = 6[Z - (Z+AZ)] . The dynamic height of each station was produced by a summa- tion of the dynamic height differences Z AD = D . o 26 Next, the program calculated the distance, L , between sta- tions. This distance varied with latitude and longitude. With the calculated station separation, the relative veloc- ity between station pairs for each standard depth was com- puted using the Helland-Hansen formula. Given relative velocities , absolute geostrophic velocities were derived by- identifying a level of no motion. This level of no motion was defined by absolute geostrophic velocities of zero. Density was calculated using the formula: 1 STP aSTP where aq<-np i-s tne specific volume for a particular salinity, temperature and pressure. This process has produced what was described by Greeson (1974) as four corners of a rectangle limited by two oceano- graphic stations and two standard depths with four measure- ments of temperature, salinity, velocity and density. These four sets of measurements were distributed one to each corner of the rectangle and then the sets were averaged giving a composite value for the bounded area. This area was defined by the station separation and the standard depth internal. The mass transport for the subject vertical area was com- puted given the area density, velocity and area size. Next the calculated mass transport was multiplied by the average salinity and average absolute temperature. This resulted in an area salt flux and heat flux. Summing over the water column 27 produced the net mass, salt and heat flux for that pair of stations . The program then determined the net transport between each pair of standard depths, coast to coast, by summing the area values horizontally. A vertical summation process gave the total net mass , salt and heat transport for the entire latitudinal section. The area extending from the deepest standard common depth to the bottom was handled in a slightly different manner. The vertical area between the sea floor and the deepest common depth between adjacent stations was first determined. Next it was assumed that the velocity of the sea floor was zero; therefore, the average of the deepest common level absolute geostrophic velocity and the zero sea floor velocity was ap- plied as representative of this bottom area. Mass transport in this bottom area was calculated by multiplying this average velocity by the vertical area and deepest calculated density. To arrive at salt and heat transport, the area mass transports were multiplied by the deepest recorded salinity and temperature which was assumed to extend on down to the sea floor. An error may have been introduced in that , between a pair of stations , the bottom area water mass was attributed to the deepest type parcel of water actually sampled. In other words , if the deepest water sampled was an intermediate type of water, the void from the sample depth to the sea floor would be treated as intermediate water with all associated characteristics (i.e., density, current velocity, etc.). 28 The level of no motion was determined by setting a con- stant depth across the ocean unless interrupted by shoaling bathymetry, in which case the closest standard depth to the bottom was utilized for that station pair. This constant depth across the ocean was then moved vertically to locate a level of minimum net mass transport. Once this was estab- lished, the level was again moved up and down to determine a level of minimum net salt transport. At each of these two minimum levels, the heat transport was calculated. Zero mass and salt transport values were the desired objective, but these were only approximately obtained since the possible level of no motion values were taken no closer than at 1- meter intervals . C. IDENTIFICATION OF WATER MASSES One objective of this investigation was for it to be somewhat compatible with the studies of Jung (1955), Greeson (1974), Baker (1978) and Mason (1978). These studies use a general stratification pattern of Upper, Intermediate, and Deep/Bottom waters. An appropriate water mass classification scheme had to be located and adopted, either verbatim or in a modified form. The water mass schemes of Sverdrup et al . (1942), Deacon C196 3) and Wyrtki C1966), as reported by Knox (1970), Defant (1961), Radzikjovskaya (1965), Stepanov (1965) and Muromtsev (196 3) were examined and the scheme of Muromtsev was selected as being the most comprehensive for the Pacific, especially for the South Pacific. The Muromtsev scheme 29 allowed for 14 different South Pacific water masses to be de- fined with temperature, salinity and oxygen range limitation, although oxygen composition was not used by this author. Depth criteria for the different masses was also included. Figures 3, 4 and 5 illustrate Muromtsev's water mass areas. Table I illustrates the various water masses selected from the Muromtsev scheme. After comparing the oceanographic station data to the water mass scheme , certain parcels of water between identified masses were still unclassified. The temperature and salinity ranges of Muromtsev were then ex- panded as necessary to classify these transition zones. Table I shows this tabulation which is also illustrated in Figures 6 and 7 . The surface water masses of the South Pacific were found between the surface and about 200 meters. They were formed by direct interaction with the atmosphere and were subject to seasonal variations in characteristics . Of the water masses they had the least uniformity and were also subject to contin- ental runoff and precipitation. The surface water of the South Pacific was composed of six distinct water masses : Equatorial Surface Water, Southern Tropic Surface Water, Peru Surface Water, South-Central Subtropic Surface Water, Surface Water of South Temperate Latitude and Antarctic Surface Water. The subsurface waters were found between about 150/200m and down to 600m in depth. They were formed in the zone of subtropical convergence and sinking of surface waters. Also 30 40 n 40s 140e 180 140w 100w Figure 3. Muromtsev's Surface Water Mass Location 40 n 40s 140e 180 140w 100w Figure 4-. Muromtsev's Subsurface Water Mass Location 32 40 n 40s 140e 180 140w 100w Figure 5. Muromtsev's Intermediate/Deep Water Mass Location 33 f a £ e 6 6 S S S o £ o n o o o o o o o O LO o LO o o LO o r-t H CM CD CM CN H H V V A V" A V CO c o •H P tO 0 •H c+h •H T3 0 e to Sh QJ +J 0) S rO Sh (0 to to CO I 00 I to En I o LO ro o ro o o o 00 CD lO o LO LO H ro CD r- r- CO LO CD • CD * st st ' - - ro 1 ro 1 LO ro ro 1 ro ro 1 CO ro 1 o o 1 o O 00 CO st 3- LO c-> ro r-t LO CD CD st LO ro St St St St St ro ro ro ro co CO CO CO o LO LO st CO LO ro 00 CD ON CM CD CN O LO O O O ro o CO o LO LO CD co CD St CO CO CO CM I CM CM J- ro ro CT) CM I LO CO CM St CO St CO 00 CM I lO LO r> CM St CO St CO CO o st CO CM ro LO ro LO ro CO ro st ro St CO CO ro ro ro St CO St CO St CO st CO -J- CO O o O o O LO O LO o o CD LO O CO O O O rU LO LO I— 1 CO CO CO o st CO rr co CO CM LO C~ CM LO r- CJ o CO CM LO IT- CM St c- CM CO CM sr co to c o •H % O •H 4h •H T3 a) 0) to 0) tlH Sh 0) u CM CM CD 00 00 LO ro CM cn cn LO LO ro j w en 00 t» ro 00 rH CO r-\ CO C"~ LO St co zr CO > en en 00 on r- r> 00 r— r~ o [-- r> c~- r— to co CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM CM ^ co p Sh g £ (U OJ O M 3 o +J CJ •H A QJ u S C_| 43 fl (X P P Sh CO 3 s 3 4h 2 3 rO cu 1 u ■H U ^-s & 0 CO 3 CJ u u ■H rd CU J cu 3 Sh ■p CO CU rO CO QJ rd 3 •p a co cu % TJ cu rH tjH +J 1 Cu 3 rO ^ p 4n 3 o rO Sh JL c M ex e 3 ,

cu •H rO rH rO •H u M & CQ (0 rO Uh C 3 3 CU CJ ■9 CO o CJ CJ 3 rO 3 O cu C 0 < S •H g 3 cS CU CU 2 •H rO r+H •H +J £ CO •H u cu rrj s •rH >1 •H CJ o cu CO 1 o a ^ § C) fj o •H 3 rH CJ •H Sh ti £ u fl rO (0 CU r3 G U 5 rO ■H rO ^ Sh r^ CM a) S P Q) 2 P <+H l*H Q-t rrj R CO rO oo CO CO o o 0) U 3 M •H J 1 I I I L J I I L 39 — i — r o o in o 3 (/> a. a. ~ n — r o ' o o f o o 3 m — r o o o CN o o m CN o o o n o o in ci o o o o o in o o o m r o o m saaiaiAi ni mdaa 3 (A 3 * V) a (fl HI 10 ■5-;; ,>. •$8-: §* Q a. 3 Q D 3 CO a. 3 CO < (f) £ CO o 0> ~ *■ CO . 0 H CO < J- -J 5 c o 0 rd it) CO < 5 o r-i CO - IT) T- C 0 •H +J a 0) 5 cn o m - CO w o 0) bO ■H 40 the Drake passage. The Peru Current flows along the west coast of South America picking up subsurface water through upwelling as the Coriolis force deflects water to the left. The Peru Current, upon entering the tropics., turns west be- coming the South Equatorial Current, where there is exchange with intertropical water. Eventually, the waters turn pole- ward along the east coast of New Zealand, and along the east coast of Australia as the East Australia Current. There is evidence that this anticyclonic gyre may extend to depths of 2000 meters (Reid, 1973). In the Tasman Sea, water cycles in a counterclockwise (anticyclonic) path. It travels north along the west coast of New Zealand, then west to join the East Australia Current for its trip south where it links up with the Antarctic Cir- cumpolar Current for an eastward journey. Intermediate waters originate in the higher latitudes , between 45 S and 55 S, (Newmann and Pierson , 1966) which flow north in an anticyclonic cycle. Muromtsev (1963) wrote con- cerning the South Pacific intermediate water that its anti- cyclonic gyre is larger than that of the surface water as it starts at 60 S and crosses the Equator where it involves North Pacific intermediate water. The combined intermediate waters spread out through the entire ocean. Below the intermediate water is the deep water, composed of Pacific Ocean water and deep Indian Ocean water of high salinity entering south of Australia. 41 This wide deep current moves north with some water ascend- ing at the equator and returning south, while the remainder may move all the way north to the Aleutians before ascending and returning south. This southward spreading of Deep Water in the South Pacific was supported by Deacon (1927), while Neumann and Pierson (1966) attributed to Sverdrup et_ al_. (1942) the statement of a Pacific deep water exchange between the two hemispheres , with a northern current to the west and southern current to the east. The deepest water is the bottom water which forms in the high southern latitudes by sinking cold surface and subsurface waters along the continental slope of Antarctica. Perry and Walker (19 77) state that the Weddell Sea is the primary pro- duction area of Antarctic Bottom Water which is the lowermost mass of water in the Indian, Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, ex- tending well north of the equator. The circulation between the surface and about 2000 meters in the South Pacific is anticyclonic . There is some evidence (Warren, 197 3) and at least one theory (Stommel, 19 58) that the circulation below 2000 meters and extending to the sea floor is cyclonic (.Figure 10 ) . To paraphrase Muromtsev (1963), the overall plan of cir- culation of Pacific water shows that the principal source from which the waters of this ocean are derived is located in the high southern latitudes . From here the water spreads at all depths through the southern part of the ocean and en- ters the northern part by deep and bottom currents . Here the 42 »$* Eiii, !■ ' 1 ^~*v "■" ' '-: ' -' ** • ' ~ **^i -•- "vC, liK --rJ-f.J ^.V- "I* -jf'-^iT, ^ ?~ !J*? . *— St-'^c-^- •1-^" ***■«§ '-','?"''" *"• -" w ?■ # >*.--*?*rsJ:'--^ Jl?^ -*-*'r*';' "^ r ^ £~7i^-^ *_!•■** -/?* _: : 5 J2jS?v*t W£2mt r: -7- ■- *£ . ; .V^ -; _*'-" i?*".5 o c 0 •H +J a o fj s o -H 0 CD •H 43 deep water, along with the overlying intermediate and subsur- face waters, wells up and forms the top water, while surface water sinks into deep southward flowing upper/deep currents. Eventually this water exits the Pacific via the Drake Passage to the South Atlantic. r E. DETERMINATION OF UPPER, INTERMEDIATE AND DEEP/BOTTOM WATER CIRCULATION As discussed in the previous section, the 14 South Pacific Ocean water masses described by Muromtsev C196 3) were compared against the station measurements . This resulted in ten water masses being identified. Next the mass, salt and heat trans- ports were determined within each station pair for each water parcel. Then the transports were attributed to each of the ten water masses plus an unknown mass . That unknown water mass, different from the Pseudo Peru Surface Water, was usual- ly a coastal surface sample with slightly lower salinity than defined, and in any event, it was a negligible quantity. The ten water masses identified were: Peru Surface Water Pseudo Peru Surface Water South Central Subtropic Surface Water Surface Water of South Temperate Latitudes South Subtropical Subsurface Water South Pacific Intermediate Water South Pacific Upper Deep Water Underlying Deep Water Antarctic Bottom Water Pacific Bottom Water In determining a net transport, a negative sign indicates southward transport, while a positive sign indicates northward transport. Once the net transport for each water mass of each station pair was calculated, these values were summed, resulting 44 in an overall coast-to-coast net transport of mass , salt and heat by water mass type. In order to be compatible with Jung C 19 5 5), Baker (1978) and Mason (1978), the ten water masses were grouped into Upper, Intermediate and Deep/Bottom categories. As will be seen later, for the South Pacific Ocean, this may not be the most appropriate scheme. The Upper category was composed of Peru Surface Water, South Central Subtropic Surface Water, Surface Water of South Temperate Latitudes, South Subtropical Subsurface Water, the Pseudo Peru Surface Water and Unknown Water. The intermediate layer was composed solely of South Paci- fic Intermediate Water-, and the Deep/Bottom level was made up of South Pacific Upper Deep Water, Underlying Deep Water, Antarctic Bottom Water and Pacific Bottom Water. An attempt was then made to examine general circulation information available based on only two zonal tracks sepa- rated by approximately 15 of latitude . One procedure here , which was unsuccessful, was to plot the absolute velocity both in a vertical cross section and on a horizontal plan view, Current velocities at certain selected levels CO, 100, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000 and 5000 meters) were calculated. These were geostrophic velocities between station pairs calculated at the selected depths . These depths were chosen as they essentially covered the depth of the water column and represented portions of each identified water mass. The tabulated data will be found in Appendix C. 45 Another attempt to determine the general circulation pat- tern was based on the net mass transport values between sta- tions in each of the three (Upper, Intermediate, and Deep/ Bottom) layers . Appendix B has the tabulated net mass trans- port data for each layer, with subdivisions by water mass. The circulation pattern composed of station pairs along each track consisted. of a series of opposing north/south flows of various magnitudes . The eddy circulation was appar- ent in the pattern made up of selected geostrophic velocities as well as in net mass transports. Even. with station pairs approximately two degrees of longitudinal distance apart, opposing flows [as were found also by Warren (1973)] from one pair to the next occurred. These opposing flows are pro- bably associated with mesoscale eddies. 46 V. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS A. THE LEVEL OF NO MOTION The objective of this study was to determine a constant depth motionless level across the entire Pacific. This ob- jective differed from the level of no motion determination method of Baker (1978) in which each level between station pairs was selected individually in an attempt to achieve a net mass and salt balance. Near the ends of each latitude section the motionless layer was selected at the ocean floor. Tables II and III illustrate the net transports at various levels. The trans-oceanic levels for 2 8 S and 43 S are illustrated in Figures 8 and 9 respectively. The chosen levels of no motion were approximately 762m (2 8 S) and 1203m (43°S) and were the dominant levels used, Tables IV and V. B. MASS AND SALT TRANSPORT As was stated earlier, the criterion of approximately zero mass transport was considered to be the primary factor for continuity. Zero net salt transport was of secondary importance. As shown in Tables II and III, very small values of mass and salt were obtained at different depths very close to each other. The level which gave the smallest net mass transport across 28 S was 762 meters, which was selected as the level of no motion for the section. Across 43 S, the 47 TABLE II LEVEL OF NO MOTION 2 8US DEPTH OF NET MASS NET SALT NET HEAT LEVEL OF TRANSPORT TRANSPORT TRANSPORT NO MOTION (1012 gm/sec) CIO12 °/oo/sec) C1012 cal/sec) 700 -3.8738 -131.708 -1034.07 750 -0.7893 - 24.9648 - 181.296 760 -0 .1488 - 2.8013 4.2565 761 -0 .0831 - 0.5269* 13.8967 762 -0 .0166* 1.7732 32 .5682 763 0 .0447 3.8953 49 .2305 764 0 .1090 6 .1189 66 .9985 770 0 .5032 19 .7583 175 .920 780 1.1329 41.5422 350 .021 790 1.7586 63.1833 523 .032 Minimum net value 48 TABLE III LEVEL OF NO MOTION 43°S DEPTH OF NET MASS NET SALT NET HEAT LEVEL OF TRANSPORT TRANSPORT TRANSPORT ' NO MOTION 12 (10 gin/ sec) (1012 °/oo/sec) (1012 cal/sec) 1050 -12.7767 -444.146 -3478 .68 1150 - 4.0488 -142 .408 -1069. 35 1180 - 1.7864 - 64.2029 - 443.930 1200 - 0.1418 - 7.3359 12 .0479 1202 - 0.0004- - 2.4490 51.0940 1203 0.0800 - 0.0 301* 70 .3159 1204 0 .1408 2 .4334 90 .1206 1206 0 .2812 7 .2849 128.897 1208 0.4214 12 .1323 167.628 1210 0.5613 16 .9695 2 0 6.275 1212 0.7003 21.7734 244.668 1220 1.2492 40 .7502 396 .283 1250 4.809 164.078 1390 .62 1280 6 .6521 227.805 1899 .19 1301 7.8318 268.624 2224.56 Minimum net value 49 TABLE IV LEVELS OF NO MOTION USE % 28 South Pacific (99 pairs of stations) Level of ' % Total No Motion No. of Times Used/Section Station Pairs 10 0 2 2.0% 762 97 9 8.0% 9 9 10 0% 50 Level of No Motion 250 300 350 400 450 650 1100 1203 TABLE V LEVELS OF NO MOTION USE % 43 South Pacific C77 pairs of stations) No. of Times Used/Section 2 1 3 3 2 1 1 64 7 7 10 0% % Total Station Pairs 2 6% 1 3% 3 9% 3 9% 2 6% 1 3% 1 3% 83 1% 51 effects of net salt transport entered into choice of the level of no motion at 1203 meters, selected as the level best for minimizing both mass and salt transport. This author doubts that stating the levels to be 762 and 1203 meters is without some error. As can be seen by the tabulated results of Tables II and III, the calculated balance is very sensi- tive to changes in levels of no motion. It is doubtful that even the accuracy of the initial depth, salinity and tempera- ture measurements , although very acceptable in their own right, justify the precise levels offered. The level of no motion should in reality be considered in the neighborhood of these depths . The net mass transport across the 2 8°S and 43 S latitudi- nal sections associated with the selected levels of no motion 12 was -0.02 and 0.08 times 10 gm/sec wxth the net salt trans- port of 1.8 and -0.03 times 10 ~ /oo/sec as shown in Tables VI and VII. C. HEAT TRANSPORT Latitudinal net meridional transport of heat may be ex- pressed as C CT - T ) p V ps n s s ns If the specific heat at constant pressure of sea water, C , * r ' ps ' is assumed to be one (cal/g C), the above expression reduces to (T - T ) p V n s s ns 52 TABLE VI TOTAL NET TRANSPORT 28°S Pacific Ocean Water Mass Mass >■ Transport Salt Heat 2.16 75.17 ■ 628.53 -0.14 -5.06 -41.83 -1.10 -38.72 -328.21 Peru Surface Water Pseudo Peru Surface Water South Central Subtropic Surface Water Surface Water of South 0.18 5.46 52.39 Temperate Latitudes South Subtropical Sub- 2.87 100.73 826.1+5 surface Water Unknown 0.62 21.19 178.74 South Pacific Inter- -3.45 -118.88 -945.01 mediate Water South Pacific Upper -17.44 -604.15 -4800.14 Deep Water Underlying Deep Water -5.42 -187.73 -1489.94 Pacific Bottom Water 10.51 388.62 3068.35 Antarctic Bottom Water 11.19 365.17 2883.24 Net -0.02 1.8 32.57 (1012 gm/sec) (1012 °/oo/sec ) (1012 cal/sec) 53 43°S Pacific Ocean Water Mass TABLE VII TOTAL NET TRANSPORT Mass Transport Salt "Heat 0.0 0.0 0 .0 0.37 13.00 105 .52 Peru Surface Water Pseudo Peru Surface Water South Central Subtropic 0.0 0.0 0.0 Surface Water Surface Water of South 2.20 75.10 619.15 Temperate Latitudes South Subtropical Sub- 0.59 21.15 170.20 surface Water Unknown -0.02 -0.79 -6.75 South Pacific Inter- 7.78 267.01 2166.92 mediate Water South Pacific Upper -6.83 -236.74 -1380.73 Deep Water Underlying Deep Water -9.13 -316.75 -2509.00 Pacific Bottom Water 2.65 92.11 727.47 Antarctic Bottom Water 2.47 85.88 677.54 Net 0.08 -0.03 70.32 (1012 gm/sec) (1012 °/oo/sec ) ( 1012 cal/sec) 54 The meridional mass transport is p V and T is the c s ns n northward moving water temperature, T ( C) the southward moving water temperature. Mass continuity requires the mass transport p V (north) and p V (south) to cancel each r s ns s ns other for a mass balance to be present across the section. This is not necessarily the case for heat transport as was evident by the results . The temperatures of the water being transported across the section differ, thereby producing the net meridional transport. Measurement of that heat flux was a prime objective of this study. Of the two latitudinal sec- tions, the more poleward section, at 43 S, will be discussed first. Ten separate water masses were identified and their respective net heat transports calculated (Table VIII). Peru Surface Water accounted for a net northward transport of heat. Pseudo Peru Surface Water in the western Pacific had a net southern heat flow. Surface Water of the South Tem- perate Latitudes had a net northward flow of heat. There was also a net northward heat transport attributed to the South Subtropical Surface Water. The unknown surface water quan- tity had a small net heat transport to the south. Summariz- ing these separate surface or near surface water masses re- sulted in a net northward flow in the Upper level of approxi- mately 888 x 1012 cal/sec. The Intermediate level consisted solely of South Pacific Intermediate water which had a net northward transport of 2166 x 1012 cal/sec. There were two deep water masses identified: South 55 TABLE VIII NET HEAT TRANSPORT Water Mass Peru Surface Water Pseudo Peru Surface Water South Central Subtropic Surface Water Surface Water of the South Temperate Latitudes South Subtropic Subsurface Wat e r Unknown South Pacific Intermediate Water South Pacific Upper Deep Water Underlying Deep Water Pacific Bottom Water Antarctic Bottom Water 28°S 43° S 628.5 ''0.0 -41.8 105.5 -328.2 0 .0 52 .5 826.6 178 .7 -945.0 -4800 .0 -1489 .9 3068.4 2883.2 33.0 619 .2 170.1 -6 .8 2166 .9 -1880 .7 -2509 .0 727.4 677 .4 70 .0 12 Units are 10 cal/sec 56 Pacific Upper Deep Water and Underlying Deep Water. These two deep water masses had a combined southward net transport of 12 approximately 4390 x 10 cal/sec. The bottom waters, Antarc- tic Bottom Water and Pacific Bottom Water transported heat to 12 the north with a combined net transport of 140 5 x 10 cal/sec. r When the deep and bottom net heat transports were combined, 12 the resultant net was a southward flow of 2985 x 10 cal/sec. Along the more equatorward section of 28 S there were some general consistencies with the results of 43 S section and also some differences . Again the Peru Surface Water had a net northward transport while the Pseudo Peru Surface Water had a southward transport. A new water mass, the South Central Sub- tropic Surface Water, was identified and found to have a net southward transport. Surface Water of South Temperate Lati- tudes again had a northward transport , along with the South Subtropical Surface Water and the minor amount of unknown sur- face water. The combined total was calculated to be a net 12 northward flow of 1316 x 10 cal/sec. As with the poleward section, the sole water mass found in the Intermediate level was South Pacific Intermediate Water. At this latitude it had a net southward transport of 945 x 12 10 cal/sec rather than a northward transport as was the case at 43°S. The Deep and Bottom waters (South Pacific Upper Deep Water, Underlying Deep Water, Pacific Bottom Water and Antarctic Bottom Water) had a much larger amount of net heat transported per water mass or even totaled as Deep Water (net southward 5 7 12 flow of 6290 x 10 cal/sec) and Bottom Water (net northward 12 transport of 5952 x 10 cal/sec). However when combined into the Deep and Bottom level, the net transport was 338 x 12 10 cal/sec to the south. A comparison of the Upper, Intermediate and Deep/Bottom net transports of the two latitudes is as shown in Table IX. TABLE IX LAYER HEAT TRANSPORTS LEVEL 28°S U3°S Upper 1316 888 Middle -945 2167 Deep/Bottom -338 -2985 33 x 70 x 12 12 10 cal/sec 10 cal/sec 12 There is larger net northward flow (.70 x 10 cal/sec) along 43°S than along 28°S (32 x 1012 cal/sec). However the attempt to combine the effects of various water masses causes their respective effects to be smoothed over. Table VIII which shows the net heat transport of each individual water mass is much more informative. It is evident from Table VIII that the net water mass transport directions appear reasonable when associated with their respective water masses (i.e. Peru Surface Water and Pacific Bottom Water, north; Underlying Deep Water, south). The net northward transport of heat is the surprising factor. 58 A change of only 1 or 2% of the heat attributed to deep and bottom transport could easily have negated this northward transport. When one considers the initial assumptions upon which this study is based, this slight northward transport value is probably within the range of error for this study. D. OCEANIC EDDY CIRCULATION The calculated transport components suggest the presence of oceanic eddies. Appendix C illustrates the reverse pattern of point depth geostrophic velocities both vertically within a station pair and horizontally from one station pair to another. Along the east coast of Australia, Harmon C19 70) wrote that surface currents are complex, variable and strong. Water is transported south by large anticyclonic eddies , some of which may be 2 50km in diameter. These eddies may be formed when the main East Australia current bulges to the south and becomes unstable, causing the bulge to separate as an eddy. Along both transits near the coast of Australia eddies were apparent . One example is offered here. Figure 11 illustrates the surface circulation around New Zealand. Attention is directed to the anticyclonic eddy off the eastern coast which was studied by Burns (19 72). The coastal currents are derived from Stanton (19 72). The geostrophic current directions are in approximate agreement with those of Burns and Stanton. 59 43s 43s 170 175 180 Figure 11. New Zealand Surface Circulation with Eddy 60 E. CALCULATED CIRCULATION PATTERN The calculated circulation pattern is derived from mass transports and geostrophic current velocities . Fine scale interpretation was made using individual station-pair rates of mass transport along with geostrophic current velocities. Because of numerous direction and magnitude fluctuations be- tween station pairs , the station pairs were first combined in 20 longitude segments . This proved to be too large a group- ing scale as too many details were averaged out. Therefore 5 longitude segments were tried and found to be more ideal as pictured in Figures 12, 13, 14 and 15. The net flow of the deep waters (South Pacific Upper Deep Water and Pacific Bottom Water) was found to be southward while the Bottom Waters CPacific Bottom Water and Antarctic Bottom Water) were found to have a net flow to the north. For this reason of opposing flow, the Deep/Bottom layer utilized by Jung C1955) and Baker (1978) has been subdivided into Deep layer and Bottom layer. The circulation layers are therefore termed Upper Layer, In- termediate Layer, Deep Layer and Bottom Layer. 1 . Upper Circulation The Upper Layer transport (Figure 16) was found to be anticyclonic with a large anticyclonic gyre between the coast of South America and about the International Date Line. A smaller anticyclonic gyre was also apparent to the west in the Tasman/Coral Sea area. Along the South American Coast, a southward flowing current was detected. The sampling was done in late May and early June in this area; it is proposed 61 62 c o •H +■> O 0) en co w GO o oo CM Sh 0 a, CO c & E-" co CO rd S 0) M DO 63 c o ■H +J O , ill & 0) (X Ph D 0) Ph bO •H 66 that this southward flowing current is the subsurface counter current (Gunther, 19 36) which has surfaced immediately adja- cent to the coast. On the other side of the South Pacific, the south flowing East Australia current is picked up with velocities in general agreement with Scully-Powers (1972). r The Upper level was calculated to have a net northward trans- port of mass, salt and heat at both 28 S and 43 S with the current directions in agreement with traditional theory (Sverdrup et al . , 1942). 2 . Intermediate Circulation The Intermediate Layer was roughly between 500m and 1800m in both latitudinal tracks. Whether or not the circu- lation was cyclonic or anticyclonic was undetermined (Figure 17). Along the 28 S transit there was a net southward trans- port of mass, salt and heat. This is contrasted with the 43 S transit which has a net northward transport of mass , salt and heat. In the Tasman/Coral Sea area there were net northward transports in both transits. 3 . Deep Circulation As was mentioned previously in Section IV. p. 42, there is the possibility of cyclonic deep and bottom circula- tion in the South Pacific. Included in this circulation pat- tern are strong western boundary currents with weaker broader southern currents to the east. The data as illustrated in Figure 18 could be interpreted to have a cyclonic pattern. The Deep Water along both transits had a net southward trans- port. The western boundaries seemed to have a stronger net 67 +J u o Ch CO C rt) U Eh co to s Sh (U CU fj nj •H CD £ CD +J C I— I rH CD ■H 68 +-> (h O G< w c m IT) s in CD >l . £ o +j +j o CQ CD 0) U 3 bO 71 1100m and 3200m with a northward flow below. These results , especially concerning bottom circulation, agree with others which have been mentioned. 72 VI. CONCLUSIONS Reid (1961) once wrote that in areas where data is lack- ing, geostrophic currents can be accepted with some confi- dence. Using the procedures set forth by Jung (1955), this study attempted to determine: (1) a level of no motion in the South Pacific dependent upon the principles of mass and salt conservation; (2) the direction of heat transport in the South Pacific; and (3) a four-vertically-layered circulation pattern computed by mass transport values under the geostro- phic assumption and mass continuity. Levels of no motion were calculated according to the pro- cedure of Sverdrup et al. (19 42) to be about 762m (28°S) and 1203m (43°S) . The current circulation for the Upper Layer was deter- mined to be anticyclonic while the Bottom Layer was cyclonic. The Intermediate and Deep Layer patterns could not be deter- mined with good confidence . The Upper Layer had a net northern transport at both latitudes , while the Intermediate Layer had southern transport at 2 8 S and a northern transport at 43 S. The Deep Layer had a southern transport along both latitudes. The Bottom Layer had, as expected, a net northern transport. Known eddies off the east coast of Australia and New Zealand were located and deep trench circulation patterns were found. 73 Along both latitude lines , there was determined a net 12 northward heat flow of 3 3 and 70 x 10 cal/sec. A change of only 1 or 2% of the heat attributed to deep and bottom trans- port could easily have negated this northward transport. Given the initial assumptions made, this slight northward transport value is probably within the range of error for this study. 7i+ APPENDIX A OCEANOGRAPHIC STATIONS The stations are listed West to East along both latitudes Station Number 185 184 183 182 181 180 179 178 177 176 175 174 173 172 171 170 169 168 167 166 165 164 163 162 161 160 159 158 157 156 155 154 153 152 151 150 149 148 147 146 145 144 14 3 142 75 Latitude Longitude 28° 11 4 S 153° 50 0 E 28° 20 0 S 154° 03 4 •E 28° 22 0 S 154° 20 .5 »E 28° 14 6 S , 154° 45 .6 •E 28° 14 3 S 155° 15 .2 •E 28° 14 2 s 155° 50 .7 'E 28° 10 3 s 156° 33 .7 •E 28° 09 4 s 157° 11 .2 »E 2 8° 14 9 s 158° 07 .0 'E 28° 14 7 s 159° 02 .5 'E 28° 15 2 s 160° 05 .5 'E 28° 18 9 s 160° 56 .8 E 28° 15 3 s 161° 55 .4 E 2 8° 12 1 s 162° 51 .4 E 2 8° 13 5 s 163° 50 .0 E 28° 12 1 s 164° 43 .6 E 28° 09 7 s 165° 44 .8 E 28° 11 5 s 166° 45 .4 'E 28° 14 8 s 167° 36 3 E 28° 15 2 s 168° 38 5 E 28° 19 0 s 169° 28 7 E 28° 11 6 s 171° 06 0 E 28° 09 1 s 172° 56 2 E 28° 16 5 s 174° 47 4 E 28° 11 7 s 175° 46 0 E 28° 10 1 s 176° 37 6 E 28° 15 8 s 177° 33 5 E 28° 12 2 s 178° 26 9 E 23° 13 2 s 179° 21 0 E 2 8° 10 6 s 179° 32 0 W 28° 11 3 s 178° 38 9 W 28° 15 4 s 177° 44 0 W 28° 16 2 s 177° 26 7 w 28° 17 0 s 177° 04 7 w 28° 18 3 s 176° 27 6 w 28° 15 7 s 176° 10 0 w 2 8° 15 5 s 175° 49 5 w 28° 10 0 s 174° 50 7 w 28° 07 2 s 173° 58 0 w 28° 11 6 s 173° 07 3 w 28° 19 4 s 171° 36 0 w 28° 15 7 s 170° 14 8 w 28° 16 5 s 168° 49 5 w 28° 18 0 s 167° 27. 0 w 28' 28C 28C 28C 28C 28C 2 8C 28C 28C 2 8C 28C 28C 28C 28C 28C 28C 28C 2 8C 28C 28C 28C 28C 28( 28C 28C 28( 28( 28C 28C 28C 28C 28C 28C 28C 28( 28 28 28 28( 28C 2 8C 28( 28C 28C 28c 28C 28C 28 28( 13. 12 . 17. 16 . 12. 17. 15. 13. 14. 13. 14. 15. 14. 15. 13. 18. 18. 17. 17. 16 . 14. 14. 15. 15 . 13. 15 . 14. 16. 17. 15. 15. 14. 14. 16. 14. 12 . 13. 12 . 14. 13. 15. 14. 15. 15. 15 . 15 . 15. 18. 14. 12 . 15. 15 , 16 . 15. S S s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s 165 163 161 160 158 156 154 152 150 148 146 145 143 141 139 137 135 133 131 130 128 126 124 122 120 11 116 114 113 111 109 107 105 103 101 99 97 95 94 92 90 88 86 84c 84C 30c 79C 77c 75C 74C 73c 72C 72C 71C 42 51 59 06 12 16 26 36 51 47 51 01 09 11 20 26 37 46 56 02 06 13 21 24 31 39 50 56 00 12 16- 25 28 36 39 54 54 59 13 19 27 33 35 46 46 59 07 09 21 35 41 55 04 39 ,4'W 2 'W •W *w •w •w •w »w *w •w •w 'W •w •w •w 'W •w •w »w 'W »w 'W »w 'W •w »w »w »w 'W *w 'W »w »w •w *w 'W 'W »w »w •w 'W *w •w •w 'W 'W »w •w 'W 'W 'W 76 87 86 28 28( 15 15 O'S 8 ' S 71v 71c 18 15 3'W O'W 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 43l 43( 43( 43c 43( 43( 43' 43( 43( 43* 43' 43' 43' 43( 43' 43' 43' 43' 43' 43' 43' 43' 43( 43( 43 43' 43' 43' 43( 43C 43C 43C 43C 43C 43C 4 3C 4 3C 43C 4 3C 4 3C 4 3C 4 3C 4 3C 4 3C 4 3C 4 3C 4 3C o 15 16 17 13 15 15 15 14 14 12. 17 17 16 12 12. 13 14 16 11. 16. 14. 14. 11, 12 . 15. 19. 16 . 13. 15. 15 . 15 . 15. 12. 13, 13, 12. 14, 13, 15 16 . 17. 15. 15 15. 13 16 13. 0 'S l'S 148° 148° 148° 149° 150° 152° 154° 156° 158° 161° 16 3° 165° 16 6° 167° 16 8° 16 9° 17 3° 17 4° 175° 17 7° 179° 179° 17 7° 175° 17 3° 172° 171° 170° 16 9° 16 9° 168° 167° 166° 164° 162° 159° 157° 155° 152° 150° 148° 146° 143° 141° 139° 136° 13 4° 12. 23. 39 20. 28. 07, 24, 37. 48. 04. 18. 38. 43. 22 . 12 . 38 51. 36 45 , 36 , 15, 00 . 22 . 28. 50 . 42 , 42 , 41, 50 , 04, 30 , 53. 47. 31. 09, 50 . 30, 11. 53. 35 . 18, 03, 43. 26 , 11. 47. 27. »E •E >E 'E •E •E »E •E 'E «E »E •E 'E »E 'E 'E 'E 'E •E »E •E 'W 'W *w Tw 'W 'W »w »w •w 'W *w 'W •w 'W •w "W *w •w »w •w *w »w »w 'W 77 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 4 3 4 3C 43C 43C 43C 43C 43C 43C 43C 43C 43C 43C 43C 43C 43C 43C 43C 43( 43C 43C 43C 43< 43C 43C 43C 43C 43C 43C 43C 43C 43C 12 15 15 15 16 15 17 18 16 15 14 15 15 15 15 13 18 14 16 15 14 15 15 14 19 15 16 12 15 17 15 132 129C 127c 125C 12 3C 120C 118C 116 us; 112 109C 106C 104C 102C 99C 97C 95C 9 3C 90C 88C 86C 8 3C 79 78C 77C 76C 75C 75C 75C 14, 53, 36, 19. 02, 40, 23, 05. 48, 27, 12 . 54, 34, 19. 59, 38, 34, 24, 49, 31. 11, 52, 40. 02. 01. 01. 01. 04, 30 . 24, 07, •w 'W *w >w »w •w •w »w »w »w »w 'W »w 'W •w *w •w 'W 1 1 5 1 4 0 0 0 0 1 3 5 0 O'W 'W 'W Tw 'W •w 'W 'W •w 'W 78 APPENDIX B GEOSTROPHIC DATA The following pages contain the net mass , salt and heat transports for each of the Upper, Intermediate, and Deep^ and Bottom Layers (combinations of water masses) between each pair of stations observed along the two latitudes of this study. Each water layer is further subdivided by water mass . All 12 mass transport values are expressed in terms of 10 gm/sec. The salt transport units are 10 /oo/sec and the heat trans- 12 port units are 10 cal/sec. The following number system is used in this appendix: 1. = Peru Surface Water 2 . = South-Central Subtropic Surface Water 3. = Surface Water of South Temperate Latitude 4. = South Subtropical Surface Water 5 . = South Pacific Intermediate Water 6 . = South Pacific Upper Deep 7. = Underlying Deep Water 8 . = Antarctic Bottom Water 9 . = Pacific Bottom Water Unknown = Unclassified Water Mass Indicates southward flow 79 Mass Transport 2 8° 15. 'S Station Upper Pair Total 185-184 -0. .204 184-183 -6. ,019 183-182 -2. ,706 182-181 5. ,269 181-180 -2. 626 180-179 -1. ,174 179-178 -3. ,554 178-177 1. ,563 177-176 -0. ,106 176-175 1. ,638 175-174 1. ,296 174-173 1. ,988 173-172 0 . ,883 172-171 -2 . ,108 171-170 -2 . ,396 170-169 1. ,410 169-168 1. ,767 168-167 3. ,911 167-166 -0 , ,301 166-165 -2 . .009 165-164 -4 . ,492 164-163 7, ,649 163-162 -3. ,644 162-161 -2 . ,954 161-160 1. ,181 160-159 0, ,561 159-158 3, ,025 158-157 0, .013 157-156 -4, .390 156-155 3, ,070 155-154 3. .230 154-153 0 . .172 153-152 -0 . .368 152-151 -0 . .032 151-150 -0 , ,383 150-149 -0. .954 149-148 -3, .162 148-147 3, ,775 147-146 0 .673 146-145 0 .318 145-144 -2 .820 144-143 2 .117 143-142 -0 .446 142-141 -3 .298 lt+1-140 1 .598 140-139 4 .056 139-138 -0 . 330 138-137 -0 .118 2 3 4 Unknown -0.061 -0.143 -3.175 -2.844 •1.319 -1.387 3.213 2.056 •1.029 -1.597 •0.496 -0.678 •1.586 -1.968 0.715 - 0.848 • 0.048 -0.058 0.831 0.807 0.487 0.809 0.883 1.106 • 0.052 0.934 ■0.407 -1.701 •0.448 -1.948 0.284 1.127 0.696 1.071 1.374 2.537 -0 .301 -0.760 -1.250 -1.520 -2.972 2.139 5.510 -0.545 -3.100 -0.842 -2.112 0 .228 0 .953 0.281 0.280 0.525 2.500 -0.093 0.106 -1.524 -2.866 1.217 1.853 3.230 0 .172 -0.074 -0.294 -0.018 -0.014 -0.155 -0.227 •0.127 -0.827 -1.065 -2.096 1.545 2.230 0 .673 0 .318 -0.517 -2.303 0.360 1.757 -0.062 -0.384 -1.304 -1.995 0.715 0.883 1.451 2 .606 -0.194 -0.135 0.051 -0.169 80 Station Upper Pair Total 1 2 3 4 Unknown 137-136 1.195 -0.315 -0 .880 136-135 2 .589 0.573 2.017 135-134 0.883 0 .148 0 .735 134-133 -0 .054 -0.169 0.115 133-132 -0.950 -0 .212 -0 .172 -0 .567 132-131 0 .167 0 .003 0.16 3 131-130 -0.690 -0.590 -0 .100 / 130-129 -2.963 -1.270 -1.692 129-128 -0 .782 -0.427 -0 .355 128-127 4.096 2 .101 1.995 127-126 0.117 -0 .108 0.225 126-125 -2 .296 -0 .395 -0 .904 -0.997 125-124 -1.100 -0 .224 -0.523 -0.354 124-123 1.408 0 .264 0.498 0 .645 123-122 -3.160 -1.605 -1.555 122-121 -1.545 -0.822 -0 .723 121-120 3.445 1.754 1.691 120-119 -3.521 -1. 867 -1.655 119-118 2 .507 1.284 1.223 118-117 -2 .910 -1.256 -1.654 117-116 4.202 1.958 2 .244 116-115 -1.788 -0 .319 -0.642 -0 .827 115-114 3.793 0 .604 1.353 1.836 114-113 0 .149 0.061 0 .023 0 .065 113-112 -1.501 -0 .274 -0 .583 -0 .643 112-111 0.813 0 .402 0 .411 111-110 0.737 0 .071 0 .229 0 .438 110-109 -2 .410 -1.123 -1.288 109-108 1.338 0 .619 0.719 108-107 0 .561 0 .296 0.265 107-106 -0.179 -0.013 0 .018 -0 .179 106-105 0 .727 0 .189 0 .097 0 .440 105-104 0 .823 0 . 356 0 .466 104-103 0 .839 0 .474 0, .107 0 .259 103-102 -1.690 -0 .823 -0 . .221 -0 .645 102-101 0.554 0 . 837 0 . .091 -0. 374 101-100 2 .215 0 .450 0 . .401 1.365 100-099 0 .157 0 .021 0 .045 0.091 099-098 0 .779 0.589 0 , .214 -0 .024 098-097 -0.116 0 .037 -0 , .053 -0 .100 097-096 2 .278 0 .870 0 . .936 0 .471 096-095 -0 .170 -0 .183 -0 .015 0 .029 095-094 0 .961 0 .453 0 . .402 0 .106 094-093 -2 .894 -1. .293 -1.601 093-092 4.423 2 , .264 2 .159 092-091 2 .097 1. .197 0 .281 0 .619 091-090 -0 .323 -0 .274 -0 .049 090-089 -1.237 -0 .724 -0 .513 089-088 -1.823 -0 .275 -1 .131 -0 .418 088-087 -3.335 -0 .099 -1 .771 -1.465 087-036 0 .002 0 .002 Total 4.597 Salt Transport 28 15.0'S Station Upper Pair Total 1 2 3 4 Unknown 185-184 -7.242 -2.183 -5.059 184-183 -213.278 -112 .900 -100.378 183-182 -96.104 -46 .977 -49 .127 182-181 187.109 114.361 72 .748 f 181-180 -93.212 -36.672 -56 .540 180-179 -41.652 -17.692 -23 .961 179-178 -126.326 -56 .580 -69.746 178-177 55 .521 25.519 30 .002 177-176 -3.735 -1.720 -2.015 176-175 58.321 29.673 28.647 175-174 46.024 17.386 28.638 174-173 70.577 31.486 39 .091 173-172 30.888 -1.838 32 .726 172-171 -74.438 -14.504 -59.933 171-170 -84.893 -15 .978 -68 .915 170-169 50.068 10 .124 39 .944 169-168 62.689 24.846 37.843 168-167 138.958 49 .053 89 .905 167-166 -10 .733 -10 .733 166-165 -71. 387 -27.135 -44 .252 165-164 -159 .235 -54.254 -104.980 164-163 271.225 76 .332 194.893 163-162 -129 .093 -19.463 -109 .629 162-161 -104.818 -30 .026 -74.792 161-160 41.832 8.135 33.698 160-159 19 .987 10 .023 9 .965 159-158 107.328 18 .731 88.597 158-157 0 .300 -3.320 3.620 157-156 -155.633 -54.407 -101.226 156-155 109 .056 43.438 65 .618 155-154 114.584 114.584 154-153 6 .066 6 .066 153-152 -13.063 -2 .645 -10 .418 152-151 -1.154 -0 .637 -0 .517 151-150 -13.736 -5 .554 -8.182 150-149 -33 .739 -4.546 -29.193 149-148 -112.143 -38.031 -74.112 148-147 134.115 55 .139 78.975 147-146 23.805 23.805 146-145 11.147 11.147 145-144 -100 .147 -18.460 -81.688 144-143 75 .156 12.852 62.304 143-142 -15 .805 -2.223 -13 .582 142-141 -117.280 -46 .571 -70.709 141-140 56 .706 25 .526 31.180 140-139 143.948 51.789 92 .159 139-138 -11.388 -6 .930 -4.958 138-137 -4.104 1.811 -5.915 137-136 -42 .399 -11.197 -31.202 32 Station Upper Pair Total 1 2 3 4 Unknown 136-135 91.789 20, .370 71.419 135-134 31.160 5, .273 25 .887 134-133 -2.059 -6, .008 3.949 133-132 -33.600 -7, ,512 -6, .096 -19.992 132-131 5.826 0. .122 5.704 131-130 -24.401 -20. ,871 -3.530 130-129 -104.594 -45 , .043 -59 .551 ,- 129-128 -27.592 -15, .140 -12.452 128-127 144.527 74, .448 70.079 127-126 4.081 -3, .830 7.911 126-125 -81.199 -14, ,017 -32, .138 -35.044 125-124 -38.960 -7, .927 -18, .589 -12 .443 124-123 49 .756 9, .372 17, .719 22 .665 123-122 -111.714 -57. .150 -54.564 122-121 -54.726 -29. .308 -25.418 121-120 121.814 62. .528 59 .286 120-119 -124.689 -66 .620 -58 .069 119-118 88 .794 45 .839 42 .955 118-117 -102.882 -44 .886 -57.996 117-116 148 .441 69 .834 78 .607 116-115 -63.250 -11. .334 -22 .953 -28.964 115-114 133.894 21, .409 48 .305 64.180 114-113 5.229 2 . . 144 0 .806 2 .279 113-112 -53.016 -9, .711 -20. .784 -22 .521 112-111 28.741 14 .351 14. 390 111-110 25.885 2 .512 8. .164 15 .209 110-109 -85.015 -40 .079 -44.936 109-108 47.230 22 .122 25 .108 108-107 19 .768 10 .526 9 .242 107-106 -6 .213 -0 .627 0 .631 -6.218 106-105 25.449 6. .704 3 .452 15 .292 105-104 28.772 12 . .598 16 .174 104-103 29 .377 16 .708 3. .702 8.967 103-102 -58.937 -29 .004 -7, .635 -22 .297 102-101 19 .644 29. .387 3, .152 -12 .894 101-100 76 .602 15. .733 13. .807 47.062 100-099 5 .406 0. .748 1. .532 3.126 099-098 27.145 20 .584 7. .393 -0 .832 098-097 -3.968 1 .269 -1. ,804 -3.434 097-096 78. 345 30 .067 32 . .059 16 .219 096-095 -5.863 -6 .339 -0 . .520 0 .995 095-094 33.038 15 .611 13, .769 3.658 094-09 3 -99 .996 -44 .564 -55 .432 093-092 152 .745 78. .104 74.641 092-091 72 .033 41. .145 9.695 21.194 091-090 -11.141 -9, .436 -1.706 090-089 -42 .548 -24. .896 -17.652 089-088 -62 .947 -9 .473 -39 .019 -14 .454 088-087 -115 .659 -3 . 414 -61. .403 -50 .842 087-086 0 .069 0 .069 Total 158.765 83 Heat Transport 2 8 15.0 ' S Station Pair Upper Total 185- 184- 183- 182- 181- 180- 179- 178- 177- 176- 175- 174- 173- 172- 171- 170- 169- 168- 167- 166- 165- lev- ies- 162- 161- 160- 159- 158- 157. 156- 155. 154- 153. 152. 151. 150. 149 148 147 146 145 144 143 142 141 140 139 138 • 184 • 183 • 182 •181 •180 • 179 • 178 • 177 • 176 ■175 • 174 • 173 • 172 -171 • 170 • 169 • 168 •167 ■ 166 • 165 -164 •163 -162 -161 • 160 •159 -158 -157 -156 -155 -154 -153 -152 -151 -150 -149 -148 -147 -146 -145 -144 -143 -142 -141 -140 -139 -138 -137 -59. -1751, -790, 1538. -764. -341. -1035. 455, -30, 477, 376. 577. 251, -608. -694, 409 , 512, 1136, -87, -583, -1301, 2214, -1053, -856, 341, 163, 876, 2 , -1273, 392, 935, 49 , -106 , -9 , -112, -275, -917. 1096 194 9 0 -317. 613 -128 -958 463 1176 -97 -33 782 812 568 372 410 202 459 043 514 918 586 762 512 130 034 466 715 044 722 327 005 865 420 662 668 728 738 084 071 386 169 331 607 437 526 408 000 400 052 724 891 629 940 906 771 566 614 394 -932 .054 •932. •388 943. •302. ■145. ■465. 209. -14. 243 142. 258 -15 •119 • 131 83 203 402 • 222 ■ 445 625 • 159 • 246 66 82 153 -27 ■ 446 356 -21 -5 -45 -37 •312 452 •151 105 -13 • 381 209 424 -56 14 054 548 312 131 522 151 782 132 618 719 611 125 215 338 160 972 215 306 207 692 435 607 864 293 590 232 980 762 639 213 541 301 328 155 396 292 198 726 391 568 831 860 -17 -819 -402 595 -462 -195 -570 245 -16 234 233 319 266 -488 -562 326 308 733 -87 -361 -855 1589 -893 -610 274 81 723 29 -826 535 935 49 -84 -4 -66 -238 -604 644 194 90 -666 508 -110 -577 254 751 -40 -48 953 758 020 0 6JO ,279 680 308 261 ,381 ,300 ,867 ,151 ,636 .915 ,696 .306 ,743 ,829 ,722 .022 .798 ,173 ,985 ,054 ,804 ,435 ,148 316 ,091 ,625 ,169 , 331 968 224 985 107 671 ,245 ,052 724 496 338 742 180 380 998 783 254 Unknown -41.829 -41.829 84 Station Upper Pair Total 1 2 3 4 Unknown 137- -136 -347. .357 -92 .075 -255 .282 136- -135 751, .986 167 .692 584 .294 135- -134 254. .675 43 .340 211 .335 134- -133 -17. .505 -49 .479 31 .974 133- -132 -275, .610 -62 , .079 -50 .229 -163 .301 132- -131 47, .487 0, .918 46 .569 131- -130 -201. .601 -172, .752 -28 .8 4,9 130- -129 -859, .335 -372 , .501 -486 .834 129- -128 -227. .261 -125. .401 -101 .860 128- -127 1189. .068 615, .827 573 .242 127- -126 32, .850 -31, .853 64 .703 126- -125 -668. .687 -115, .284 -266 .296 -287 .106 125- -124 -321. .643 -65, .382 -154 .028 -102 .232 124- -12 3 410, .355 77, . 380 146 .825 186 .150 123- -122 -920, .672 -472 .545 -448 ,12 7 122- -121 -451, ,207 -242 .161 -209 .'045 121- -120 1003. ,824 516 . .353 487, ,470 120- -119 -1027. ,494 -549. .478 -478, ,016 119- -118 731. .727 378, .167 353, .560 118- -117 -847. ,033 -369 .998 -477, .039 117- -116 1222 . ,520 575 , .896 646 , .625 116- -115 -521. ,255 -93. ,599 -189 , .117 -238, ,540 115- -114 1103. ,503 176 . ,766 398 , .088 528, .650 114- -113 43. ,142 17. ,733 6 , .665 18. . 744 113- -112 -436 . ,984 -80 , ,173 -171, .453 -185 . . 353 112- -111 236. .777 118, .241 118, .536 111- -110 213. .247 20 , ,732 67, ,276 125. .238 110- -109 -700 , .104 -329 , .812 -370 . .292 109- -108 388. .644 181, ,832 206 , .812 108- -107 162. ,938 36 , ,700 76 , .238 107- -106 -51. .303 -5 . .177 5 , .204 -51, .330 106- -105 210 . .170 55 , ,371 28, .476 126 , . 323 105- -104 237, .952 104, ,196 133. ,75 7 104- -103 243, .424 138, , 396 30 .736 74, .292 103- -102 -488, .411 -240 , ,418 -63, .446 -184 .547 102- -101 165. .265 244, .008 26 . .150 -104, .393 101- -100 631. .627 130, .943 114, .811 385 .872 100- -099 44, .894 6 , .224 12 . .749 25 . .922 099- -098 226, .181 171, .401 61, .545 -6 , .766 098- -097 -32 , .556 10, .616 -15, .004 -28 , .169 097- -096 653, .104 252, .598 267, .535 132 , .972 096- -095 -49 , .483 -53, .238 -4. .408 3 .163 095- -094 276 , .135 131. . 361 114 .861 29 , ,963 094- -093 -821. .394 -368, ,426 -452 . .923 093- -092 1259 .124 645 , .471 613 . ,652 092- -091 599. .012 341, ,112 79 . .160 178 .740 091- -090 -91. .736 -77, .805 -13 . .931 090- -089 -353 .327 -206 , ,171 -147. .656 039- -088 -520 .306 -79, .558 -322 ,667 -118, .082 038- -087 -949 .172 -28 .527 -505 , .227 -415, .418 087- -086 0 .578 -0 , ,578 Total 1316 .051 85 Mass Transport 2 8° 15 . ' S Station Intermediate Pair Total 5 185-184 184-183 0.950 0 .950 183-182 2 .735 2.735 182-181 0 .953 0.953 181-180 -0.061 -0.061 180-179 -0.378 -0.378 179-178 2.603 2 .603 178-177 -2 .708 -2 .708 177-176 1.258 1.258 175-175 -0 .679 -0.679 175-174 -0 .603 -0.603 174-173 -0.428 -0 .428 173-172 -0.809 -0.809 172-171 0.705 0 .705 171-170 6 .475 6 .475 170-169 -2.651 -2 .651 169-168 -1.625 -1.625 168-167 0 .103 0 .10 3 167-166 -0 . 332 -0 . 332 166-165 1.738 1.738 165-164 5 .066 5 .066 164-163 -9 .265 -9 .265 163-162 5 .381 5. 331 162-161 1.111 1.111 161-160 -1.833 -1.833 160-159 0.672 0 .672 159-158 -2 .522 -2 .522 158-157 -2.341 -2 . 341 157-156 2.473 2 .473 156-155 -0 .001 -0 .001 155-154 -0 .193 -0 .193 154-153 0 .048 0 .048 153-152 -3.154 -3.154 152-151 0.753 0.753 151-150 0.525 0 .525 150-149 -0.334 -0 .334 149-148 2 .873 2.873 148-147 -2 .962 -2 .962 147-146 -0. 370 -0. 370 146-145 -0 .19 5 -0 .195 145-144 1.576 1.576 144-143 -0.815 -0.815 143-142 -0.545 -0 .545 142-141 1.461 1.461 141-140 -1.432 -1.432 140-139 -1.875 -1.875 139-138 -0.415 -0.415 133-137 0. 336 0 .336 86 Station Intermediate Pair Total 5 137-136 -0.001 -0.001 136-135 -0.211 -0.211 135-134 -0.320 -0.320 134-133 -0.428 -0.428 133-132 -0.273 -0.273 132-131 -1.339 -1.339 131-130 0.786 0.786 130-129 0.540 0 .540 129-128 -0 .792 -0.792 128-127 0 .361 0.361 127-126 -0.898 -0.898 126-125 1.596 1.596 125-124 -1.107 -1.107 124-123 0 .222 0.222 123-122 0 .059 0.059 122-121 0.062 0 .062 121-120 -0 .679 -0 .679 120-119 0.107 0 .107 119-118 1.112 1.112 118-117 -0 .697 -0 .697 117-116 -1.020 -1.020 116-115 0 .873 0.873 115-114 -0.991 -0 .991 114-113 -0.177 -0.177 113-112 0.16 7 0 .167 112-111 0 .181 0 .181 111-110 -1.688 -1.688 110-109 0 .514 0.514 109-108 -0 .038 -0.038 108-107 -0.179 -0.179 107-106 0 .116 0.116 106-105 -0 .144 -0.144 105-104 -0.256 -0 .256 104-103 -0.806 -0 .806 103-102 0.289 0 .289 102-101 -0 .125 -0.125 101-100 -0.605 -0 .605 100-099 -0 .572 -0.572 099-098 0.034 0.034 098-097 -0.877 -0.877 097-096 -0 .307 -0 . 307 096-095 0.165 0.165 095-094 -0.665 -0 .665 094-093 2 . 386 2 .386 093-092 -1.747 -1.747 092-091 -1.869 -1.369 091-090 1.787 1.787 090-039 0 .907 0.907 089-038 2.208 2 .208 083-037 -0 .376 -0.376 087-086 Total -3.44 87 Salt Transport 2 8° 15.0 'S Station Intermediate Pair Total 5 185-184 184-183 32 .766 32 . ,766 183-182 94.625 94. .625 182-181 32.991 32. .991 181-180 -2.092 -2 . .092 180-179 -13.072 -13, .072 179-178 89 .943 89. .943 178-177 -93.616 -93, .616 177-176 43.492 43. .492 176-175 -23.465 -23. .465 175-174 -20 .851 -20 , .851 174-173 -14. 774 -14. .774 173-172 -27.849 -27, .849 172-171 24.288 24, .288 171-170 223.906 223, .906 170-169 -91.698 -91, .698 169-168 -56 .198 -56 . .198 168-167 3.567 3, .567 167-166 -11.457 -11. .457 166-165 60 .039 60, .039 165-164 175 .054 175, ,054 164-163 -320 .065 -320. .065 163-162 185 .808 185 . .808 162-161 38.349 38 .349 161-160 -63.321 -63 .321 160-159 23.186 23 .186 159-158 -87.084 -87 .084 158-157 -80.845 -80 .845 157-156 85.120 85 .120 156-155 -0 .041 -0 . .041 155-154 -6 .636 -6 .636 154-153 1.648 1. .648 153-152 -109.077 -109. .077 152-151 26 .035 26 .035 151-150 13.107 18 .107 150-149 -11.552 -11 .552 149-148 99.185 99. .185 148-147 -102 . 355 -102 .355 147-146 -12 .740 -12 .740 146-145 -6 .699 -6 .699 145-144 54.367 54 .367 144-143 -23.144 -28 .144 143-142 -13.801 -18 .801 142-141 50 .430 50 .430 141-140 -49 .405 -49 .405 140-139 -64.661 -64 .661 139-138 -14.301 -14 .301 138-137 11.581 11 .581 88 Station Intermediate Pair Total 5 137-136 -0.033 -0.033 136-135 -7.269 -7.269 135-134 -11.029 -11.029 134-133 -14.781 -14.781 133-132 -9.406 -9 .406 132-131 -46.181 -46 .181 131-130 27.096 27.096 130-129 18.628 18 .628 129-128 -27.321 -27.321 128-127 12.455 12.455 127-126 -30.972 -30 .972 126-125 55.077 55 .077 125-124 -38.178 -38.178 124-123 7.627 7.627 123-122 2.035 2 .035 122-121 2 .153 2 .153 121-120 -23.441 -23.441 120-119 3.748 3.748 119-118 38.332 38.332 118-117 -24.050 -24.050 117-116 -35 .176 -35 .176 116-115 30.09 8 30 .098 115-114 -34.184 -34.184 114-113 -6.098 -6.098 113-112 5 .750 5 .750 112-111 6 .247 6 .247 111-110 -58.287 -58.287 110-109 17.753 17.753 109-108 -1. 345 -1.345 108-107 -6.168 -6 .168 107-106 4.012 4.012 106-105 -4.962 -4.962 105-104 -8.861 -8.861 104-103 -27. 839 -27.839 103-102 9.986 9 .986 102-101 -4.271 -4.271 101-100 -20 .962 -20 .962 100-099 -19 .735 -19 .735 099-098 1.173 1.173 098-097 -30.297 -30.297 097-096 -10.654 -10 .654 096-095 5.687 5 .687 095-094 -23.030 -23.030 094-093 82 .544 82 .544 093-092 -60 .443 -60 .443 092-091 -64.654 -64.654 091-090 61.826 61.826 090-089 31.419 31.419 089-083 76 . 380 76 .380 088-087 -12 .956 -12.956 087-036 Total -113.90 89 Heat Transport 2 3° 15.0 'S Station Intermediate Pair Total 5 185-184 184-183 263.562 263. 562 183-182 755.656 755. 656 182-181 263.393 263. 393 181-180 -16.916 -16. 916 180-179 -104.651 -104. 651 179-178 720.120 720. 120 178-177 -748.827 -748. 827 177-176 348.113 348. 113 176-175 -187.809 -187. 809 175-174 -166.640 -166. 640 174-173 -118.945 -118. 945 173-172 -224.707 -224. 707 172-171 195.964 195 964 171-170 1789.362 1789. 362 170-169 -732.697 -732. 697 169-168 -449. 296 -449. 296 168-167 28.970 28 970 167-166 -93.008 -93 008 166-165 480.973 480 973 165-164 1400.453 1400 453 164-163 -2562.264 -2562 264 163-162 1488.644 1488 644 162-161 307.375 307 375 161-160 -506.477 -506 477 160-159 185.725 185 725 159-158 -697.062 -697 062 158-157 -647.250 -647 250 157-156 689.142 689 142 156-155 -0.305 -0 305 155-154 -53.862 -53 862 154-153 13.364 13 364 153-152 -870.377 -870 377 152-151 207.858 207 858 151-150 145.120 145 .120 150-149 -92.245 -92 .245 149-148 793.647 793 .647 148-147 -817.954 -817 .954 147-146 -102.711 -102 .711 146-145 -53.799 -53 .799 145-144 435.331 435 .331 144-143 -225.018 -225 .018 143-142 -150.496 -150 .496 142-141 403.450 403 .450 141-140 -395.384 -395 .384 140-139 -517.744 -517 . 744 139-138 -114.376 -114 .376 138-137 92.485 92 .485 90 Station Intermediate Pair Total 5 137-136 -0.014 -0. 014 136-135 -58.420 -58. 420 135-134 -88.115 -88. 115 134-133 -117.669 -117. 669 133-132 -75.838 -75. 838 132-131 -369.677 -369. 677 131-130 217.186 217. 186 130-129 148.881 148. 881 129-128 -219.077 -219. 077 128-127 100.146 100. 146 127-126 -247.876 -247. 876 126-125 440.609 440. 609 125-124 -305.658 -305. 658 124-123 61.348 61. 348 123-122 16.155 16. 155 122-121 16.809 16. 809 121-120 -186.898 -186 898 120-119 28.727 28 727 119-118 307.278 307 278 118-117 -192.859 -192 859 117-116 -281.343 -281 343 116-115 241.140 241 140 115-114 -273.082 -273 082 114-113 -48.719 -48 719 113-112 45.917 45 917 112-111 49.789 49 789 111-110 -465.416 -465 416 110-109 141.460 141 460 109-108 -10.235 -10 235 108-107 -49.019 -49 019 107-106 31.652 31 652 106-105 -39.318 -39 318 105-104 -70.448 -70 448 104-103 -222.765 -222 765 103-102 79.439 79 .439 102-101 -35.790 -35 790 101-100 -165.202 -165 .202 100-099 -157.878 -157 .878 099-098 9.378 9 378 098-097 -242.507 -242 507 097-096 -83.919 -83 .919 096-095 45.667 45 .667 095-094 -132.606 -132 .606 094-093 656.704 656 .704 093-092 -480.336 -480 .336 092-091 -515.086 -515 .086 091-090 492.901 492 .901 090-039 249.374 249 .374 089-038 608.284 608 .284 088-087 -105.954 -105 .954 087-086 Total -945.001 91 Mass Transport 28° 15.' S Deep/ Station Bottom Pair Total 6 7 8 9 185-184 184-183 183-182 6.887 6.887 182-181 9.163 1.815 2.025 5.323 181-180 3.963 1.038 1.552 1.373 180-179 -3.671 -0.366 -0.834 -2.471 179-178 6.198 1.956 1.850 2.392 178-177 -1.990 -1.990 177-176 0.724 0.724 176-175 -0.772 -0.772 175-174 174-173 173-172 172-171 171-170 170-169 -6.917 -6.917 169-168 -4.109 -4.109 168-167 167-166 166-165 2.169 2.169 165-164 5.057 5.057 164-163 -5.374 -5.374 163-162 5.019 5.019 162-161 3.168 3.168 161-160 -7.460 -7.460 160-159 2.130 2.130 159-158 -7.425 -5.440 -1.984 158-157 -4.330 -4.330 157-156 156-155 155-154 154-153 153-152 152-151 3.551 2.067 1.484 151-150 9.468 1.076 2.584 5.808 150-149 5.568 -0.805 -0.196 5.785 0.784 149-148 23.584 6.565 3.274 10.740 3.005 148-147 -20.513 -6.073 -6.574 -7.866 147-146 -0.245 0.131 -0.283 -0.083 146-145 -0.787 -0.859 -0.083 -0.347 0.502 145-144 13.389 3.007 3.452 4.433 2.497 144-143 -7.424 -2.439 -2.362 -1.126 -0.996 143-142 0.537 -0.618 -0.093 0.912 0.336 142-141 11.170 2.832 2.972 3.345 1.522 141-140 -6.072 -2.832 -3.352 0.191 -0.078 140-139 -24.599 -4.890 -8.259 -11.450 139-133 -2.767 -1.065 -1.040 -0.662 138-137 1.171 0.511 0.392 0.268 92 Deep/ Station Bottom Pair Total 6 7 8 9 137-136 5 .609 0 .999 1.419 3.192 136-135 -6 .598 -1.215 -2.135 -3.248 135-134 -3.520 -0. 391 -2.174 -0.524 -0.431 134-133 -5.782 -1.707 -2.111 -1.963 133-132 4.839 0 .990 2 .403 1.446 132-131 -13.116 -3.892 -6.628 -1.497 -1.100 131-130 5.262 1.677 2.386 0.683 0 .516 130-129 2 .332 1.385 0 .947 129-128 -1.549 -1.010 -0 .539 128-127 -0.754 0.127 -0 .882 127-126 -2.283 -1.924 -0.359 126-125 8.191 2 .713 5 .478 125-124 -7.174 -2 .039 -5.135 124-123 0.576 0.123 0 .454 123-122 1.435 0 .487 0.948 ' 122-121 1.878 0 .583 1.295 121-120 -5.650 -1.979 -3.671 120-119 3.584 1.237 2 .347 119-118 2 .925 1.266 1.658 118-117 -2 .039 -0 .918 -1.121 117-116 -4.513 -2 .509 -2 .003 116-115 2 .490 1.096 1. 395 115-114 -3.935 -2 .202 -1.733 114-113 -1.028 -1.028 113-112 0.140 0 .140 112-111 1.978 1.343 0 .636 111-110 -5 .244 -5 .244 110-109 1.932 1.932 109-108 -1.712 -1.712 _ 108-107 -0.405 -0 .030 -0 .375 107-106 3.145 1.185 1.961 106-105 -0 .628 -0 .114 -0.514 105-104 -0 .670 -0 .208 -0.462 104-103 -1.364 -0 .677 -0.687 103-102 1.729 0 .802 0 .928 102-101 0 .371 0.267 0 .104 101-100 -3.310 -1.802 -1.508 100-099 1.277 0 .592 0 .685 099-098 0.789 0.051 0.738 098-097 -0.827 -0.615 -0 .212 097-096 -3.672 -0 . 883 -2 .789 096-095 -0.101 -0.199 0 .099 095-094 -2 .896 -1.208 -1.688 094-09 3 11.643 4.878 6 .765 093-092 -6 .670 -2 .972 -3.698 092-091 -12 .418 -4. 357 -8.061 091-090 12 .196 4.563 7.628 090-089 6 .111 1.504 4.607 039-088 7.804 3.638 4.166 038-037 037-086 Total -1.161 93 Salt Transport 28° 15.0 'S Deep/ Station Bottom Pair Total 6 7 8 9 185- ■184 184- -183 183- • 182 239. 030 239. 030 182- • 181 318. 244 62 999 70 360 184 885 181- • 180 137. 609 36 023 53 895 47 691 180- • 179 -127. 491 -12 711 -28 955 -85 825 179- -178 215. 173 67 849 64 242 83 081 178- -177 -68. 977 -68 977 177- • 176 25 101 25 101 176- • 175 -26 785 -26 785 175- • 174 174- ■ 173 173- • 172 172- -171 171- • 170 170- -169 -239 842 -239 842 169- -168 -142 484 -142 484 168- • 167 16 7- -166 166- -165 75 159 75 159 165- -164 175 249 175 249 164- -163 -186 190 -186 190 16 3- • 162 173 856 173 856 162- -161 109 826 109 826 161- -160 -258 680 -258 680 160- -159 73 860 73 860 159- -158 -257 401 -188 577 -68 825 158- -157 -150 082 -150 082 157- -156 156- -155 155- -154 154- -153 153- -152 152- -151 123 .159 71 .650 51 .509 151- -150 328 .723 37 .279 89 .721 201 .723 150- -149 19 3 .382 -27 .871 -6 .814 200 .846 27 .221 149- -148 818 .291 227 .476 113 .631 372 .827 104 .357 148- -147 -711 .262 -210 .385 -228 .097 -273 .145 147. -146 -8 .530 4 .526 -9 .992 -3 .064 146- -145 -27 .255 -29 .771 -2 .883 -12 .052 17 .450 145- -144 464 .597 104 .193 119 .776 153 882 86 .746 144- -14 3 -257 .494 -84 .515 -99 .312 -39 .093 -34 .574 143- -142 18 .696 -21 . 398 -3 .235 31 .669 11 .661 142 -141 387 .501 98 .100 103 .100 133 .472 52 .830 141- -140 -210 .515 -98 .122 -116 .296 6 .618 -2 .715 140. -139 -853 .450 -169 .417 -286 .561 -397 .472 139 -138 -95 .953 -36 .893 -36 .089 -22 971 133 -137 40 .595 17 .689 13 .601 9 .305 94 Deep/ Station Bottom Pair Total 6 7 8 9 137-136 194.610 34.599 49.211 110.800 136-135 -228.902 -42.094 -74.055 -112.754 135-134 -122 .107 -13.542 -75.409 -18.198 -14.958 134-133 -200.495 -59 .156 -73.225 -68.114 133-132 167.813 34.304 83.345 50.163 132-131 -454.757 -134.788 -229.866 -51.949 -38.155 131-130 182.421 58.072 82.736 23.697 17.916 130-129 80 .810 47.976 32 .834 129-128 -53.662 -34.958 -18.703 128-127 -26.177 4.411 -30 .588 127-126 -79.082 -66 .632 -12.450 126-125 283.958 93.972 189 .987 125-124 -248.739 -70 .645 -178.094 124-123 19.987 4.249 15.739 123-122 49.745 16 .879 32 .866 122-121 65 .108 20 .189 44.919 121-120 -195.876 -68.557 -127.319 120-119 124.229 42 .855 81.374 119-118 101.363 43.863 57.500 118-117 -70.684 -31.805 -38.879 117-116 -156.379 -86 .912 -69 .467 116-115 86 .306 37.947 43.359 115-114 -136 .342 -76 .270 -60 .073 114-113 -35.617 -35.617 113-112 4.832 4.832 112-111 68.560 46 .521 22 .039 111-110 -181.709 -181.709 110-109 66 .937 66 .937 109-108 -59 .356 -59 .356 108-107 -14.051 -1.046 -13.005 107-106 109 .032 41.046 67 .986 106-105 -21.779 -3.952 -17.827 105-104 -23.236 -7.209 -16 .027 104-103 -47.278 -23.463 -23.315 103-102 59.943 27.769 32 .174 102-101 12 .841 9.234 3.608 101-100 -114.719 -62.417 -52.301 100-099 44.264 20 .497 23.767 099-098 27. 369 1.757 25 .612 098-097 -28.640 -21. 304 -7.336 097-096 -127.325 -30 .591 -96 .735 096-095 -3.479 -6 .905 3.426 095-094 -10.421 -41.360 -58.561 094-09 3 403.729 169.027 234. 703 093-092 -231.256 -102 .974 -128.282 092-091 -430.559 -150.965 -279 .594 091-090 422 .398 153.290 264.608 090-089 211,917 52 .100 159 .816 089-088 270 .538 126 .065 144.473 088-037 087-086 Total -33.10 95 Heat 1 ?rans port 2E r 15 .0'S Deep/ Station Bottom Pair Total 6 7 8 9 185- -184 184- -183 183- -182 1896 185 1896 185 s 182- •181 2516 485 499 619 556 537 1460 329 181- -180 1089 193 285 808 426 439 376 945 180- -179 -1008 104 -100 834 -229 124 -678 146 179- •178 1703 581 538 513 508 338 . 656 729 178- -177 -548 469 -548 469 177- • 176 199 612 199 612 176- ■ 175 -212 584 -212 584 175- -174 174- -173 173- -172 172- •171 171- -170 170- • 169 -1903 480 -1903 480 169- • 168 -1130 584 -1130 584 168- -167 167- -166 166- -165 596 999 596 999 165- -164 1391 913 1391 913 164- -163 -1480 598 -1480 598 163- -162 1382 610 1332 610 162- -161 871 637 871 637 161- -160 -2052 181 -2052 181 160- -159 586 085 586 085 159- -158 -2042 877 -1497 168 -545 709 158- -157 -1191 515 -1191 515 157- -156 156- -155 155- -154 154- -153 153- -152 152- -151 976 .953 568 955 407 998 151- -150 2599 .808 296 .123 710 059 1593 627 150- -149 1525 971 -221 479 -54 031 1586 402 215 080 149- -148 6476 .836 1806 919 899 727 2945 276 824 917 148- -147 -5638 .027 -1671 904 -1806 719 -2159 408 147- -146 -67 . 325 36 .019 -79 124 -24 220 146- -145 -216 .736 -236 .526 -22 398 -95 188 137 876 145- -144 3676 .781 827 863 948 551 1215 387 684 980 144- -143 -2040 .084 -671 .386 -786 677 -303 776 -273 244 143- -142 146 .594 -170 .045 -25 685 250 156 92 167 142- -141 3068 .235 779 .411 316 325 1054 373 417 626 141- -140 -1670 .021 -779 .534 -921 308 52 283 -21 462 140- -139 -6755 .918 -1345 .923 -2269 410 -3140 589 139- -138 -750 .498 -293 .030 -235 874 -181 594 138- -137 321 .826 140 .527 107 734 73 566 96 Station Pair 137-136 136-135 135-134 134-133 133-132 132-131 131-130 130-129 129-128 128-127 127-126 126-125 125-124 124-123 123-122 122-121 121-120 120-119 119-118 118-117 117-116 116-115 115-114 114-113 113-112 112-111 111-110 110-109 109-108 108-107 107-106 106-105 105-104 104-103 103-102 102-101 101-100 100-099 099-098 098-097 097-096 096-095 095-094 094-093 093-092 092-091 091-090 090-089 089-088 088-087 Total Deep/ Bottom Total 1540. •1812. -967, -1589, 1329. •3605, 1446 , 641, -426. -207. -628. 2251, •1972, 158. 394, 516. •1553. 985. 804, -560 , •1241, 684, •1082 , -282. 38, 544, •1442, 531, -471, -111, 865. -172 . -184, -375 , 475, 101, -910. 351. 216 . -227, -1009. -27 -796 3201 -1834 -3415 3353 1680 2143 247 118 218 171 830 16 3 225 569 198 18 5 447 876 116 409 485 306 504 250 246 870 326 906 375 955 422 278 935 512 042 401 099 735 392 238 648 970 525 199 927 486 742 700 449 949 374 600 873 293 952 274, -334, -107, -469, 272, •1071, 461, 381, -277. 35. -529. 746 . -561, 33, 134. 160 . -544. 340 , 348 -252 -690 301 -606 -282 38 369 •1442 531 -471 -8 325 -31 -57 -186 220 73 -495 162 13 -169 -243 -54 -332 1342 -317 -1199 1256 413 999 765 243 576 864 423 137 429 285 936 113 621 694 273 774 088 419 576 395 500 698 633 534 038 955 422 463 935 512 042 268 927 359 307 393 533 364 846 756 914 272 057 828 406 333 9.10 580 951 891 905 389 -586 -597 -580 660 •1821 655 260 -148 -242 -98 1505 •1410 124 260 355 -1008 644 455 -308 -550 383 -476 -103 539 -141 -127 -188 255 28 -414 188. 203 -58 -766 27 -464 1859 -1016 -2216 2096 1266 1144 809 627 405 233 457 249 524 284 262 299 825' 181 843 635 397 887 928 855 747 172 693 373 337 174.815 133 172 377 086 845 117 606 679 443 012 213 685 128 042 616 464 020 922 401 047 8 875 .673 -891.247 -143.899 -410 .902 187.488 -118.339 -539.074 396 .950 -3-01.875 141.784 -338.492 97 o Mass Transport 43 15.0 ' S Station Upper Pair Total 001-002 0 248 002-003 -3 .281 003-004 -3 .813 004-005 8 .227 005-006 -1 .921 006-007 0 .336 007-008 1 .093 008-009 -0 659 009-010 -0 .557 010-011 -3 413 011-012 3 .870 012-013 -0 .446 013-014 0 .458 014-015 -0 .048 015-016 -0 .533 016-017 0 .488 017-018 -0 .549 018-019 0 .584 019-020 0 .036 020-021 0 .116 021-022 -0 .657 022-023 -0 .042 023-024 0 132 024-025 -0 .194 025-026 -1 .012 026-027 1 .428 027-028 0 .553 028-029 -0 134 029-030 0 730 030-031 -0 488 031-032 -0 275 032-033 -0 789 033-034 0 811 034-035 0 232 035-036 0 151 036-037 0 069 037-038 0 121 038-039 0 440 039-040 -0 394 040-041 0 430 041-042 -0 161 042-043 0 101 043-044 0 331 044-045 -0 .069 045-046 0 432 046-047 -0 .598 047-043 -0 .073 048-049 0 .372 3 4 Unknown 0.014 0 .234 0.331 -2 .522 -0 .428 -2 .983 -0 .830 6.661/ 1.567 0.696 -1.225 0.10 5 0.231 0.670 0 .423 0.345 -0.314 0.464 -0.093 1.432 -1.640 -0 . 341 1.130 2 .405 0.334 0.177 -0 .259 -0 .010 0 .194 0.203 0 .061 0 .063 0 .015 0 .045 -0 .298 -0 .189 0.337 0 .019 0 .133 0 .356 -0.042 -0 .151 0 .547 0 .037 0 .036 0 .069 0 .042 0 .413 -0 .030 -0 .214 0 .104 -0 .032 0 .084 0 .131 0 .025 -0 .024 0 .121 -0 .074 0 .001 0 .451 -0 .424 -0.136 0 .322 0 . 346 0 .260 0 .279 0 .231 0 .043 0 .067 -0 .067 0 .473 0 .257 0 .263 -0 .146 -0 .079 0 .154 -0 .121 0 .605 -0 .185 0 .633 0 .178 0 .232 0.151 0.069 0 .121 0 .440 0 .394 0 .430 0 .161 0 .101 0 . 331 0 .069 0 .432 0 .598 0 .073 0 .372 98 Station Upper Pair Total 049-050 0 .149 050-051 0 .19 3 051-052 -0 .249 052-053 0 .671 053-054 0 .462 054-055 -0 .841 055-056 0 .775 056-057 -0 .138 057-058 -0 .314 058-059 -0 .208 059-060 0 .272 060-061 0 430 061-062 -0 069 062-063 0 .453 063-064 0 .287 064-065 0 .290 065-066 0 .035 066-067 -0 .132 067-068 -0 .019 068-06-9 0 .510 069-070 -0 . 316 070-071 -0 .614 071-072 -0 .039 072-073 0 .562 073-074 -0 .452 074-075 -0 .235 075-076 0 .025 076-077 -0 .058 077-078 0 .021 Unknown 0 0 • 0 0 0 ■0 0 -0 -0 -0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 -0 ■ 0 0 ■0 •0 •0 0 -0 • 0 ■ 0 0 -0 149 193 249 671 462 841 775 138 314 208 272 430 069 453 287 290 035 132 019 510 316 614 039 562 452 191 027 000 006 -0 .043 0 .051 -0 .059 0 .027 Total 3.128 99 Salt Transport 43" 15.0 'S Station Upper Pair Total 001-002 8 772 002-003 -114 684 003-004 -133 689 004-005 288 554 005-006 -66 955 006-007 11 676 007-008 38 083 008-009 -22 939 009-010 -19 446 010-011 -119 026 011-012 135 073 012-013 -15 548 013-014 15 936 014-015 -1 685 015-016 -18 646 016-017 17 055 017-018 -19 154 018-019 20 344 019-020 1 260 020-021 3 860 021-022 -22 845 022-023 -1 444 023-024 4 602 024-025 -6 750 025-026 -35 287 026-027 49 750 027-028 19 187 028-029 -4 652 029-030 25 334 030-031 -16 .937 031-032 -9 529 032-033 -27 381 033-034 28 094 034-035 3 .024 035-036 5 .209 036-037 2 .391 037-038 4 .181 038-039 15 159 039-040 -13 572 040-041 14 819 041-042 -5 .547 042-043 3 486 043-044 11 402 044-045 -2 .384 045-046 14 .850 046-047 -20 .552 047-048 -2 .494 048-049 12 .771 3 4 Unknown 0 490 8 .282 -11.587 -87 945 -15 .151 -104 316 -29 .383 233 15-2 55 .402 -24.396 -42 559 3.679 7 998 23.415 14 669 -12.040 -10 899 -16 .210 -3 236 -50.108 -57 008 -11 .910 39.615 83 767 11 691 -6 .203 -8 997 -0 .348 -6.781 7 032 2 .123 -2.202 0 .517 -1.571 -10 .483 -6 592 11.793 0 .648 4 .615 -12 .444 -1 .468 -5 .242 19 .078 1 .266 1.260 2.399 1 .461 -14. 364 -1 026 -7 .456 -3 .609 -1 129 3 .293 4.566 -0 877 -0 .842 -4.212 -2 569 0 .032 -15 .792 -14 725 -4 . 770 28 .664 12 014 9 .071 9 .697 3 002 1 .487 -2 . 325 -2 326 16 .449 8 385 -9 .138 -5 037 _2 .763 -5.331 -4 198 -20 .986 -6 396 21.946 6 148 8.024 5.209 2 .391 4.181 15 .159 -13.572 14.819 -5 .547 3.486 11.402 -2 . 384 14.850 -20 .552 -2 .494 12 .771 100 Station Upper Pair Total 049-050 5. .112 050-051 6, .630 051-052 -8. .538 052-053 22 , .980 053-054 15, .835 054-055 -28, .801 055-056 26 , ,508 056-057 -4, ,713 057-058 -10. .744 058-059 -7. .091 059-060 9, .288 060-061 14, .654 061-062 -2, .336 062-063 15. .438 063-064 9, .809 064-065 9, .893 065-066 1. .220 066-067 -4. .509 067-068 -0, .625 068-069 17, .339 069-070 -10, .740 070-071 -20, .881 071-072 -1. .316 072-073 19, ,101 073-074 -15, . 340 074-075 -7, .967 075-076 0 .798 076-077 -1, .945 077-078 0 .687 Total 108, .452 Unknown 5 6 -8 22 15 -28 26 -4, ■10. -7. 9. '14 -2 15 9 9 1 4 0 17 •10 •20 -1 19 •15 -6 -0 0 -0 112 630 538 980 835 801 508 713 744 091 288 654 336 438 809 893 220 509 625 339 740 881 316 101 340 510 926 030 227 1.457 1.724 •1.975 0 .914 101 Heat Transport 4 3° 15.0 'S Station Upper Pair Total 12 3 4 Unknown 001-002 71.664 3.984 67.680 002-003 -932.820 _714.964 -123.775 003-004. -1087.272 -847.584 -239.688 004-005 2345.615 1893. 4?9 452.187 005-006 -544.725 -198.571 -346.153 006-007 94.955 29.851 65.104 007-008 310.611 191.225 119.386 008-009 -186.937 -98.262 -88.675 009-010 -158.889 -132.563 -26.325 010-011 -970.212 -98.086 -408.330 -463.797 -98.086 011-012 1100.436 -96.342 322.755 681.338 96.343 "012-013 -126.594 -2.874 -50.507 -73.213 -2.874 013-014 130.071 17.582 55.263 57.227 17.582 014-015 -13.650 -17.861 4.211 015-016 -152.733 -54.627 -12.763 -85.343 -54.627 016-017 139.771 38.303 96.197 5.271 38.303 017-018 -157.112 -43.383 -101.750 -11.969 -43.393 018-019 166.915 156.589 10.326 019-020 10.301 10.301 020-021 31.804 12.126 19.678 12.126 021-022 -187.893 -61.840 -117.697 -8.356 -61.840 022-023 -11.388 27.209 -29.402 -9.195 27.209 023-024 37.444 -6.933 37.234 7.144 -6.933 024-025 -55.003 0.260 -34.341 -20.922 0.260 025-026 -288.061 -39.289 -128.872 -119.900 -39.289 026-027 406.792 74.883 234.072 97.338 74.883 027-023 156.643 12.322 79.161 65.161 12.322 028-029 -37.798 -18.851 -18.947 029-030 206.969 134.613 72.356 030-031 -138.520 -74.629 -41.018 -22.872 031-032 -77.792 -43.596 -34.196 032-033 -224.162 -172.071 -52.091 033-034 230.121 130.041 50.080 034-035 65.720 65.720 035-036 43.092 43.092 036-037 19.297 19.287 037-038 34.448 34.448 038-039 124.565 124.565 039-040 -111.860 -111.860 040-041 122.110 122.110 041-042 -45.707 -45.707 042-043 23.929 28.929 043-044 93.442 93.442 044-045 -19.429 -19.429 045-046 122.009 122.009 046-047 -169.482 -169.482 047-048 -20.643 -20.643 048-049 105.489 105.489 102 Station Pair Upper Total Unknown 049- 050. 051- 052- 053- 054- 055- 056- 057- 058- 059- 060- 061- 062- 06 3- 064- 065- 066- 067- 06 8. 069- 070- 071- 072- 073- 074- 075- 076- 077- • 050 • 051 • 052 • 053 ■054 • 055 •056 • 057 ■058 • 059 ■060 •061 • 062 •063 •064 •065 • 066 • 067 • 068 • 069 •070 ■071 •072 • 073 • 074 • 075 •076 • 077 •078 41, 54. -71. 190. 130. -238, 219, -38, -88. -58, 76, 121, -19. 128, 80, 82. 9, -37. -5 , 144. -89 . -174, -11, 159 , • 128, -66. 7. -16 6 . 982 848 170 263 556 046 013 878 853 830 588 595 544 080 911 182 183 292 834 629 659 049 074 270 323 385 217 803 026 41 54 -71 190 130 •238 219 -38 -88 -58 76 121 -19 128 80 82 9 -37 -5 144 -89 • 174 -11 159 •128 -53 -7 0 -1 982 848 170 263 556 046 013 878 853 830 588 595 544 080 911 182 183 292 834 629 659 049 074 270 323 957 489 037 781 -12 .427 14.707 -16 .840 7.807 Total 888.124 103 Mass Transport 43° 15.0'S Station Intermediate Pair Total 5 001-002 002-003 1.442 1.442 003-004 -0.155 -0.155 004-005 0.865 0.865 005-006 -0.864 -0.864 006-007 0.091 0.091 007-008 0.114 0.114 008-009 -0.104 -0.104 009-010 -0.419 -0.419 010-011 -0.308 -0.308 011-012 0.582 0.582 012-013 -0.284 -0.284 013-014 0.505 0.505 014-015 0.073 0.073 015-016 016-017 017-018 018-019 019-020 020-021 021-022 022-023 023-024 024-025 025-026 -0.613 ' -0.613 026-027 0.303 0.303 027-028 0.717 0.717 028-029 0.302 0.302 029-030 0.041 0.041 030-031 -0.258 -0.258 031-032 -0.454 -0.454 032-033 -0.137 -0.137 033-034 -0.095 -0.095 034-035 0.791 0.791 035-036 -0.476 -0.476 036-037 0.394 0.394 037-038 0.053 0.053 038-039 0.271 0.271 039-040 0.158 0.158 040-041 -0.187 -0.187 041-042 -0.155 -0.155 042-043 -0.038 -0.038 043-044 0.661 0.661 044-045 -0.206 -0.206 045-046 0.435 0.485 046-047 -0.488 -0.483 047-048 0.131 0.131 048-049 0.288 0.288 049-050 0.032 0.032 104 Station Intermediate Pair Total 5 050-051 0.217 0.217 051-0 52 0.930 0.930 052-053 -0.028 -0.028 053-054 0.438 0.438 054-055 -0.838 -0.838 055-056 0.968 0.968 056-057 -0.252 -0.252 057-058 -0.127 -0.127 058-059 -0.321 -0.321 059-060 0.780 0.780 060-061 0.465 0.465 061-062 -0.154 -0.154 062-063 0.516 0.516 063-064 0.654 0.654 064-065 -0.232 -0.232 065-066 0.680 0.680 066-067 -0.183 -0.183 067-068 1.901 1.901 068-069 -1.017 -1.017 069-070 -0.062 -0.062 070-071 -0.387 -0.376 071-072 -0.165 -0.165 072-073 0.952 0.952 073-074 -0.011 -0.011 074-075 -0.497 -0.497 075-076 -0.081 -0.081 076-077 0.363 0.363 077-078 Total 7.771 105 Salt Transport 43° 15.0'S Station Intermediate Pair Total 5 001-002 002-003 50.029 50.029 003-004 -5.302 -5.302 004-005 29.689 29.689 005-006 -29.686 -29.686 006-007 3.092 3.092 007-008 3.862 3.862 008-009 -3.508 -3.508 009-010 -14.480 -14.480 010-011 -10.584 -10.584 011-012 20.028 20.028 012-013 -9.782 -9.782 013-014 17.419 17.419 014-015 2.514 2.514 015-016 016-017 017-018 018-019 019-020 020-021 021-022 022-023 023-024 024-025 0.004 0.004 025-026 -21.162 -21.162 026-027 10.448 10.448 027-028 24.719 24.719 028-029 10.436 10.436 029-030 1.335 1.335 030-031 -8.894 -8.894 031-032 -15.589 -15.589 032-033 -4.639 -4.639 033-034 -3.352 -3.352 034-035 27.271 27.271 035-036 -16.459 -16.459 036-037 13.555 13.555 037-038 1.815 1.815 038-039 9.245 9.245 039-040 5.530 5.530 040-041 -6.522 -6.522 041-042 -1.840 -1.340 042-043 -1.313 -1.313 043-044 22.680 22.680 044_045 -7.049 -7.049 045-046 16. 599 16. 599 046-047 -16.718 -16.718 047-048 4.550 4.550 048-049 9.893 9.393 049-050 1.016 1.016 106 Station Intermediate Pair Total 5 050-051 7.442 7.442 051-052 32.048 32.048 052-053 -1.051 -1.051 053-054 15.000 15.000 054-055 -28.686 -28.686 055-056 33.123 33.123 056-057 -8.591 -8.591 057-058 -4.309 -4.309 058-059 -11.016 -11.016 059-060 26.790 26.790 060-061 15.835 15.835 061-062 -5.237 -5.237 062-063 17.646 17.646 063-064 22.400 22.400 064-065 -4.623 -4.623 065-066 23.262 23.262 066-067 -6.243 -6.243 067-068 65.189 65.189 068-069 -35.031 -35.031 069-070 -2.083 -2.083 070-071 -12.879 -12.879 071-072 -5.699 -5.699 072-073 32.613 32.613 073-074 -0.382 -0.382 074-075 -17.043 -17.043 075-076 -2.760 -2.760 076-077 12.481 12.481 077-078 Total 267.046 107 Heat Transport 43° 15.0'S Station Intermediate Pair 001-002 Total 5 002-003 389.663 389.663 003-004 -47.113 -47.113 004-005 253.564 253.564 005-006 -247.554 -247.554 006-007 27.281 27.281 007-008 33.843 33.843 008-009 -31.617 -31.617 009-010 -116.469 -116.469 010-011 -88.535 -88.535 011-012 165.800 165.800 012-013 -80.009 -80.009 013-014 141.211 141.211 014-015 20.415 20.415 015-016 016-017 017-018 018-019 019-020 020-021 021-022 022-023 023-024 024-025 0.036 0.036 025-026 -171.659 -171.659 026-027 84.928 84.928 027-028 199.804 199.804 028-029 83.462 83.462 029-030 14.062 14.062 030-031 -72.562 -72.562 031-032 -129.096 -129.096 032-033 -41.556 -41.556 033-034 -23.244 -23.244 034-035 220.943 220.943 035-036 -131.512 -131.512 036-037 110.185 110.185 037-038 15.136 15.136 038-039 78.302 78.302 039-040 42.093 42.093 040-041 -49.786 -49.786 041-042 -16.304 -16.304 042-043 -10.298 -10.298 043-044 185.570 185.570 044-045 -58.030 -58.030 045-046 137.060 137.060 046-047 -137.110 -137.110 047-048 36.133 36.133 048-049 80.490 80.890 049-050 10.510 10. 510 108 Station Intermediate Pair Total 5 050-051 60.642 60.642 051-052 257.513 257.513 052-053 -5.802 -5.802 053-054 122.895 122.895 054-055 -234.712 -234.712 055-056 271.226 271.266 056-057 -70.603 -70.603 057-058 -36.036 -36.036 058-059 -89.106 -89.106 059-060 217.004 217.004 060-061 130.578 130.578 061-062 -43.352 -43.352 062-063 144.362 144.362 063-064 182.507 182.507 064-065 -35.930 -35.930 065-066 189.470 189.470 066-067 -50.863 -50.863 067-068 527.735 527.735 068-069 -281.222 -281.222 069-070 -17.673 -17.673 070-071 -104.921 -104.921 071-072 -45.716 -45.716 072-073 264.941 264.941 073-074 -3.209 -3.209 074-075 -138.545 -138.545 075-076 -22.736 -22.736 076-077 100.882 100.882 077-078 Total 2166.966 109 Mass Trans -port 43° 15 .0 *S Deep/ Station Bottom Pair Total 6 7 8 9 001-002 002-003 / 003-004 2.918 1.972 0 .946 004-005 -7.541 -7.541 005-006 7.319 7.319. 006-007 -4.738 -1.632 -1.115 -1 .000 -0 .991 007-008 -6.659 -1.685 -1.340 -2 .881 -0 .752 008-009 5.178 1.142 1.481 2 064 0 .481 009-010 -0 .020 -0 .241 -0 .137 0 .373 -0 .015 010-011 4.918 1.019 1.039 1 .872 0 .989 011-012 -3.165 -0.990 -0 .786 -0 .250 -1 .139 012-013 -0.206 0 .158 0.038 -0 .234 -0 .169 013-014 014-015 015-016 016-017 017-018 018-019 019-020 020-021 021-022 022-023 023-024 024-025 025-026 026-027 027-028 0.171 0 .171 028-029 0 .392 0 .392 029-030 -1.375 -1.375 030-031 0.711 0.711 031-032 5.073 0 .943 0 .974 3 157 032-033 7.862 2 .065 1.217 3 178 1 403 033-034 -5.850 -1.860 -0 .977 -1 985 -1 028 034-035 5.882 0.823 0 .956 2 785 1 313 035-036 2.332 -0 .349 0.324 1 755 0 603 036-037 0.993 -0.157 0.239 0 .545 0 366 037-038 -3.300 -0.719 -1.092 -0 734 -0 755 038-039 -2 .991 -1.259 -0 .777 -0 506 -0 449 039-040 0.991 0 .482 0 .077 0 276 0 156 040-041 -6 .139 -2 .024 -1.463 -2 181 -0 521 041-042 0.762 0 . 361 0.121 0 279 042-043 0. 300 0 .123 0.291 0 .386 043-044 -2 .556 -0.626 -0.800 -1 130 044-045 -7. 312 0.001 -2 .908 -4 .405 045-046 0 .432 -1.039 -0 . 334 1 855 046-047 6 .771 1.027 1.504 4 240 047-043 -0 .347 0.121 -0 .436 -0 482 048-049 0 .109 -0 .067 -0 .096 0 272 110 Station Pair Deep/ Bottom Total 049- 050- 051- 052- 053- 054. 055- 056- 057- 058- 059- 060- 061. 062- 063- 064- 065- 066- 067- 068- 069- 070- 071- 072- 073- 074- 075. 076- 077- -050 -051 • 052 • 053 • 054 • 055 • 056 • 057 • 058 • 059 • 060 • 061 •062 • 063 ■064 • 065 • 066 • 067 • 068 • 069 -070 • 071 •072 • 073 • 074 • 075 • 076 • 077 -078 -6. 0. 2. -4. -2. 3, -4, 1, 1, -0 , 1. -4, 2 , -0 , -0 , -3. 1, -0, 0. -2 , 0 0, -0 . -1. 0. -0. 1. 0 . 022 457 877 714 529 775 227 125 565 047 16 8 211 155 520 10 2 579 917 181 583 719 782 508 039 321 826 908 341 287 239 031 906 625 875 303 959 125 565 047 168 801 503 372 308 132 152 102 003 719 782 361 256 562 397 312 633 287 •2, 0. 1. -3. • 1. 2, • 2. 864 184 390 089 654 472 269 298 877 ,070 .037 .172 768 .079 587 147 217 760 429 596 708 8 •1.918 0.242 0 .581 ■1. 0 . -0, 0, •1, 0. 112 775 079 169 275 997 Total -10 .838 111 Salt ' frans port 43° 15 .0'S Deep/ Station Bottom Pair Total 6 7 8 9 001-002 002-003 003-0014 101.292 68 .442 32 .850 / 004-005 -261.756 -261 .756 005-006 254.134 254 .134 006-007 -164.513 -56 .641 -38 .745 -34 .700 -34 .426 007-008 -231.203 -58 .508 -46 .551. -100 .029 -26 .116 008-009 179 .788 39 .648 51 .786 71 .658 16 .696 009-010 -0 .688 -8 .358 -4 .747 12 .947 -0 .531 010-011 170.745 35 .346 36 .078 64 .987 34 . 333 011-012 -109.857 -34 .334 -27 .300 -8 .662 -39 .561 012-013 -7.170 5 .490 1 .328 -8 .120 -5 .869 013-011+ 014-015 015-016 016-017 017-018 018-019 019-020 020-021 021-022 022-023 023-024 024-025 025-026 026-027 027-028 5.936 5 .936 028-029 13.589 13 539 029-030 -47.709 -47 709 030-031 24.660 24 .660 031-032 176 .132 32 686 33 815 109 6 31 032-033 272 .934 71 .638 42 273 110 . 318 48 707 033-0 34 -203.054 -64 533 -33 921 -68 888 -35 713 034-035 204.203 28 .557 33 206 96 669 45 771 035-036 81.006 -12 .097 11 252 60 .919 20 931 036-037 34.504 -5 431 8 288 18 926 12 721 037-038 -114.558 -24 947 -37 934 -25 467 -26 210 038-039 -103.765 -43 648 -26 984 -17 551 -15 581 039-040 34. 373 16 707 2 671 9 575 5 419 040-041 -214.759 -70 170 -5 0 791 -75 703 -18 095 041-042 26 .417 12 511 4 214 9 692 042-043 27. 730 4 257 10 115 13 408 043-044 -33.695 -21 689 -27 775 -39 221 044-045 -253.798 0 041 -100 916 -152 924 045-046 16 .307 -36 000 -11 5 95 64 401 046-047 -234.980 35 609 52 181 147 190 047-048 -29 .422 4 185 -16 370 -16 737 048-049 3.780 -2 330 -3 316 9 426 112 Deep/ Station Bottom Pair Total 6 7 8 049-050 -208.895 -42 940 -99 370 -66 585 05Q-051 15.874 1 076 6 395 8 403 051-052 99.768 31 382 48 211 20 176 052-053 -163.464 -56 .299 -107 165 053-054 -87.697 -30 325 -57 372 054-055 130 .914 45 172 85 741 055-056 -146 .575 -67 891 -78 684 056-057 38.996 38 996 057-058 54.256 54 256 058-059 -1.625 -1 625 059-060 40.475 40 475 ' 060-061 -146 .113 -62 438 -45 065 -38 610 061-062 74.760 17 449 30 426 26 886 062-063 -18.044 -12 .896 -2 416 -2 731 063-064 -3.525 -10 .665 1 282 5 858 064-065 -124.186 -39 .247 -40 .689 -44 251 065-066 66 .534 5 263 26 656 34 615 066-067 -6 .268 -3 .544 -2 .724 067-068 20 .236 -0 .119 20 .354 068-069 -94.239 -94 239 069-070 27.102 27 .102 070-071 17.614 12 .527 5 088 071-072 -1. 324 -8 .858 7 534 072-073 -45.315 -19 .466 -26 .349 0.73-074 23.654 13 .758 14 895 074-075 -31.473 -1Q .803 -20 .671 075-076 46 .507 21 .953 24 554 076-077 9 .926 9 .926 077-078 Total -375 .511 113 Heat Trans port 43° 15 .0'S Deep/ Station Bottom Pair Total 6 7 8 9 001- -002 002- -003 003- • 004 802. ,839 542. .818 260 , .021 ,' 004- • 005 -2075, ,417 -2075, ,417 005- -006 2013. .921 2013, .921 006- -007 -1301. .956 -449. ,215 -306 , ,515 -274, .125 -272 . .102 007- -008 -1828. .863 -463. ,850 -368, ,234 -790 .326 -206 . .453 008- -009 1422. ,347 314. ,528 409 . ,72 7 566, .115 131. .977 009- -010 -5. .794 -66 , .328 -37, .563 102 .292 -4. .195 010- -Oil 1351, .058 280, .502 285, .576 513. .529 271. .450 011- •012 -869. .827 -272, .548 -216 , .105 -68 .445 -312. .728 012- -013 -56. ,446 43, .588 10 , .519 -64. .163 -46 .390 013- -014 014- -015 015- -016 016- -017 017- -018 018- -019 019- -020 020- -021 021- -022 022- -023 023- -024 024- -025 025- -026 026- -027 027- -028 47, ,246 47 , ,246 028- -029 108, .033 108. .033 029- -030 -378, .454 -378. .454 030- -031 195 , ,516 195. .516 031- -032 1393, .207 259 . .483 267. ,594 866 .130 032- -033 2158, .650 568, .402 334. . 354 871 .057 384 .837 033- -034 -1606 , .615 -512. .073 -263, ,312 -544 .031 -282 .199 034- -035 1614, .388 266 . .522 262, .695 763. .466 361, .705 035- -036 639, .520 -96. .198 89 , .043 481. .224 16 5. .446 036- -037 272. .486 -43 .145 65, .570 149. .525 100 . .537 037- -038 -906. .618 -198 .032 -300 . .213 -201. .215 -207. .159 038- -039 -321 .997 -346 .577 -213 .586 -138. .676 -123 .159 039- -040 272 .388 132 .753 21 .136 75 .662 42 . .837 040- -041 -1700 .459 -557 .143 -402 . .063 -598 .194 -143 .059 041- -042 209, .363 99 .392 33. .381 76 .590 042- -043 219 .851 33 .792 80 . .091 105 .968 043- -044 -702 .257 -172 .351 -219 . .926 -309 .931 044- -045 -2007 .232 0 .363 -798. .991 -1208, .604 045- -046 131 .017 -286 .042 -91 .935 508 .994 046- -047 1859 .363 282 .769 413 .178 1163 .416 047- -048 -2 3 2 .583 33 .314 -133 .573 -132 .323 048- -049 29 .735 -13 .507 -26 .283 74 .525 114 Deep/ Station Bottom Pair Total 6 7 8 049-050 -1654.737' -341.085 -787.111 -526.541 050-051 125.656 8.539 50.648 66.470 051-052 790.819 249.278 381.897 159.644 052-053 -1296.164 -447.234 -848.930 053-054 -695.316 -240.834 -454.482 054-055 1038.002 358.766 679.236 055-056 -1162.630 -539.093 -623.537 056-057 309.491 309.491 057-058 430.695 430.695 058-059 -12.916 -12.916 059-060 321.575 321.575 060-061 -1157.760 -495.572 -356.789 -305.398 061-062 592.057 138.569 240.944 212.544 062-063 -143.128 -102.411 -19.137 -21.580 063-064 -28.238 -84.713 10.148 46.327 064-065 -983.341 -311.601 -322.104 -349.636 065-066 526.160 41.713 211.012 273.436 066-067 -49.713 -28.134 -21.579 067-068 160.215 -0.955 161.170 068-069 -748.361 -748.361 069-070 215.251 215.251 070-071 139.785 99.450 40.335 071-072 -10.704 -70.427 59.723 072-073 -363.380 -154.505 -208.875 073-074 227.270 109.189 118.080 074-075 -249.677 -85.795 -163.882 075-076 368.917 174.278 194.639 076-077 79.033 79.033 077-078 Total -2984.729 115 APPENDIX C GEOSTROPHIC POINT DEPTH CURRENT VELOCITIES Latitude 2 8° 15.0rS Station Pair 185/184 184/183 183/182 182/181 1817180 Depth Cm) Units cm/sec 0 -11.7 -84.1 -20.6 - 52 .8 -19.5 100 0.0 -70 .0 -19.9 40.2 -14.9 250 -34.3 -11.3 14.3 -7.4 500 -8.3 -1.8 2.8 -2.0 762 0 .0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 1000 4.7 1.0 0 .5 -0.03 2000 13.0 5.0 1.9 2500 7.4 4.2 3000 8.4 6.3 3500 8.3 8.0 4000 8.3 8.6 5000 180/179 179/178 178/177 177/176 0 -2. 3 -17.4 5.5 -0.2 100 -5 .7 -16.6 4.9 -0.4 250 -2.5 -10.5 2.4 0 .3 500 -1.0 -2 .6 1.2 -0 .4 762 0.0 0 .0 0 .0 0.0 1000 -0.3 2.4 -1.0 0.4 2000 -0.6 5.0 -4.2 2500 -1.6 5.4 3000 -2 .9 6.1 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LO o o •v. r- o 2f o o \ ro r^ o cr> o CM o a CD to +J •H c CM O O oo r~ cm co o to cm rf j- cm cnoocMCMOcnr^CM CMOrHOOOOrHCM I I I oood-ocoojd-coao — Ij—lr-li— IOOOOO I I I I I III CJ>C00->rHOOCM00r-~ COCMOOOOOOO I I I r^c^ooouDot^ooJ" COCMCMi— lOOOr— Ir— i as Q ooooocoooaooo oloooooooooo rHcMi-nocMoiJr>ou-)oo HHCMtNmmjin 126 APPENDIX D END POINT DATA Mass, Salt and Heat Transports 28°15'S West End Cross Sectional Area , Qnn nnn 2 r-n x. *. P4. a.' noc^ = 1,900,000 m (Beach to Station 185) ' ' Cross Sectional Area _n_ nnn 2 (Station 185-184) = 2,707,000 m Mass Transport _ _ on -,n12 / (Station 185-184) = -°-204 x 10 Sm/sec Salt Transport 12 o. . (Station 185-184) ' ' ^ x iU /oo/sec fcf,-ran???r?Su. = "59-782 x 1012 cal/sec (Station 185-184) Mass , Salt , Heat Mass , Salt , Heat Area (Beach-S185) (Beach-S185) (S185-S184) x Area (S185-S184) Mass Transport . n n ., _ nn12 , (Beach-S185) 1 " °'143 x 10 Sm/sec rS^ ?rS????rt : " 5-083 x 1012 °/oo/sec (Beach-S185) — ^at ^r^P°rt < -41.960 x 1012 cal/sec (Beach-S185) — East End Cross Sectional Area onr, nno 2 (S86-Beach) ' Cross Sectional Area rrn nnf. 2 (S87-S86) = 559,000 rn Mass Transport nno -,nl2 / (S087-S086) = -002 X 10 §m/seC Salt Transport nrn ,n12 o, , (S087-S086) = -069 X 10 /oo/sec Heat Transport r_n in12 , , (S087-S036') = -573 X 10 cal/sec 127 Mass , Salt , Heat Mass , Salt , Heat Area (S86-Beach) (S86-Beach) (S87-S86) x Area (S87-S86) Mass Transport nn in12 / (S86-Beach) 1 -001 x 10 §m/sec Salt Transport „ no„ ,.12 o, , (S86-Beach) 1 '°37 x 10 /oo/sec Heat Transport „ 0,n -,n12 n . (S86-Beach) ± ' 310 x 10 cal/sec 43°15'S West End Cross Sectional Area - nnn nnn 2 (Beach-SOOl) = 3,000,000 m Cross Sectional Area „ -_0 nnn 2 (S001-S002) = 3>610>000 m Mass Transport _ n 12 . (S001-S002) " °-248 X 10 Sm/sec Salt Transport „„„ in12 o, , (S001-S002) = 8-772 x 10 /oo/sec Heat Transport „. ._„ ,,,12 , , (S001-S002) = 71-664 x 10 cal/sec Mass , Salt , Heat Mass , Salt , Heat Area (Beach-SOOl) (Beach-SOOl) (S001-S002) X Area (S001-S002) Mass Transport . n onc -,n12 , (Beach-SOOl) ± 0.206 x 10 gm/sec Salt Transport ^ „ onn , n12 o, , (Beach-SOOl) 1 7'290 x 10 /oo/sec ^ 3r??n?^rt 59.554 x 1012 cal/sec (Beach-SOOl) — East End Cross Sectional Area _ hrm nnn 2 (S078-Beach) = 7 '400 '00° m Cross Sectional Area c ncn nnn 2 (S077-S078) = 5'750'000 m 128 Mass Transport n no, nn12 , (S077-S078) " °-°21 X 10 §m/seC Salt Transport n co„ nn12 o, . (S077-S078) = °-687 x 10 /oo/sec Heat Transport e noc -,nl2 , , (S077-S078) = 6-°26 X 10 =al/sec Mass , Salt , Heat Mass , Salt , Heat Area (S078-Beach) r (S87-Beach) " (S077-S078) X Area (S077-S078) Mass Transport _, n no„ in12 , (S078-Beach) 1 °-027 x 10 Sm/sec - kn7«TpanS£?rt < 0-884 x 1012 °/oo/sec (S078-Beach) — Kn7«TnanS^rt " 7-755 x 1q12 cal/sec (S078-Beach) — The end section values are assumed suspect in that the conditions of the closest station pair to the beach are assumed to continue to the shore. The transports are believed to be between 50% and 90% of the calculated values due to the unknown decrease in velocity toward the shore line which was not taken into account. These values have not been included in the overall transoceanic calculations . 129 BIBLIOGRAPHY Angstrom, A. K. , "Evaporation and precipitation at vari- ous latitudes and the horizontal eddy convectivity of the atmosphere," Arkiv for Matematik, Astronomi och Fysik, v. 20_, 12 pp., 1925. Baker, T. L. , Mass, Salt and Heat Transport Across Seven Latitude Circles in the North Atlantic Ocean: A Descrip- tion of the General Circulation Based on Geostrophic Calculations from International Geophysical Year and Adjacent Data, Master's Thesis , Naval Postgraduate School , Monterey , 1978 . Bjerknes, V. F. K. , J. Bjerknes, H. S. Solberg and T. Bergeron, Physicalische Hydrodynamik . Julius Springer, Berlin, 797 pp. , 19 33. Bryan, K. , "Measurements of Meridional Heat Transport by Ocean Currents," J. Geophys . Res . , v. 6_7_, no. 9, p. 3403- 3 414, 19 62. Budyko , M. I., The Heat Balance of the Earth's Surface, translated by N. A. Stepanova, 1958, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C, 259 pp., 1956. Burns, D. 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J. von Schwind, Code 68Vs 1 Department of Oceanography Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, California 93940 135 Thesis SHH55 c.l Mass eau transport53 n\ ^ heat Paciffc " the South 3 Ml as j- 4d>/£, / Thesis S4U55 c.l 78153 Sherfesee Mass, salt, and heat transport in the South Pacific. thesS4455 ^:|1^,fnd heat transport m the So ; Mill ''''"'"iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 3 2768 001 95414 2 DUDLEY KNOX LIBRARY ,'