4 Pies 4: sf Hak rf : 4) By aaa 4 14 if ‘ 1 Nance) oer WY cL ae} tea z bi Jar PRY goa eyo te PERUANO ste whe any A! y ¢ a) nee iN BP \ Sea! yes aay 7 es 4 vA sity r 7A. eh he ee 8 oh rho ais Nit ey tale itn} Ph, Oe Han nee AN as Ha ot ipemeaet Belteht LAME Pe PH) HN ich hy: } by Sik) NS MU a aS Bea ty i 4 iis bi PA ae ity . } f v io tigers a2 Seca at nto a @ eros Sxecses: PRO SCIENT/ > — Sh FA PopuLiaut > ot a ; : 4 atkins a Sie a ' vay \ Y MATERIALS oeE ane, FLORA OF THE MALAYAN PENINSULA ee Part Il * = “he H. N. RILey, M.A., F.R.S., “F.L.S., F.R.HS. {RECTOR oF BoTaNicat Gardens, MB. Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula by _H. N. RIDLEY, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.R-HLS. Director of Botanic Gardens, Singapore, S.S. ———— 4 PART "ER Singapore : Printed at the Methodist Publishing House. 1907 < a, 3 wae. “A CART| ¥ 4 eer Eet te” ~ a : 4 ; f" ee) SOK wt ' , oe ae eee ~ " A s , ‘ i ey ’ Aa, . a7 ~ ‘ | : pt y . ‘ ‘ » 4 = ’ s a r ; é et d ‘ ‘ A j v t - ‘ t ‘ s y ’ ’ b , : + . Oi AUS 17 1985 Zingiberaceae Ameryllideae Burmanniaceae Taccaceae. Part Il. CONSE ENDS Dioscoreaceae. --- Roxburghiaceae. Liliaceae. Pontederiaceae. Philydraceae. Xyrideae. Commelinaceae. Triurideae. Alismaceae. Naiadaceae. Flagellariae. Palmae. Pandanae. 108 110 111 113 125 126 128 129 133 221 a Sees e vf SE Lenc ie Wit. ie Materials for a Flora of the Malayan | Peninsula. PACH F VEi IV. ZINGIBERACEAE. Herbaceous plants often of large size, stem usually rhizomatous short or long, branches erect, short or tall. Leaves linear ovate or lanceolate petioled sheathing, herbaceous. Inflorescence terminal or rarely lateral on the leafy stems, or on short leafless stems from the rhizome spicate racemose or panicled. Calyx tubular with 38 lobes. Corolla tubular with three petaloid lobes. Stamens fertile 1 to 5, the missing ones quite suppressed or reduced to short processes, or petaloid. Style filiform, stigma 2 or 3 lobed small capitate. Ovary inferior 3 celled rarely 1 celled, placentas 3 axile or parietal ovales. Fruit capsular or baccate, seeds numerous usually enclosed in a sweet aril, rounded or angled, aromatic. Species about 600. Tropics of both hemispheres with a few species in sub-tropical regions. § 1. ZINGIBEREAE, aromatic plants. Fertile stamen 1 with 2 cells. § 2. MARANTACEAE, non-aromatic plants. Fertile stamen 1 with a single cell on the edge, three other stamens petaloid. § 3. CANNACEAE, non-aromatic. Stamens 4, petaloid one with a single cell on the edge. § 4. LOWIACEAE. Fertile stamens eek Lip much larger than the petals, small plants. § 5. MUSACEAE. Fertile stamens 5. Lip small resembling the petals, large plants. § 1. ZINGIBERACEAE. Staminodes 2 broad and petaloid. Spike or panicle terminal on a leafy stem. Filament long slender, longer than the corolla. lip: adnate to filament above the corolla --- 1. -Globba. Lip free lobes entire ... ... 2. Hedychium. Lip adnate to corolla at base, shay fothied ... 8. Odontychium. #1 2 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Filament short broad. Staminodes broader than petals. Anther dorsifixed versatile... ves .. 4, Camptandra. Anther cells on a broad thin connective, staminodes not broader than petals ... &—Kaempferia. Anther thick terminal ... ee aa’ ... 6. Gastrochilus Spikes radical cone-like. Staminodes not broader than corolla lobes ... 7. Curcwma. Staminodes smaller. Anther with long curved arms . --» 8, Conamomum. Staminodes emai ee or aame to in Stamen with a thin flat petaloid filament S5e° 2 Wy NOS TIER: Filament thick, scapes radical. Anther with a long curved beak. Lip 3 lobed 10. Zingiber. Anther with two curved arms. Lip broad ... 11. Amomuwm. Anther with no arms or erest.. Lip narrow... 12. Hornstedtia. Spike lateral from a leafy stem wa .. .. 183. Plagiostachys: Panicle lax horizontal creeping from the rhizome s : vee .. 14. Hlettariopsis. Panicle compact arent or naneioas from the rhizome fs = wee eee, LO. Geostachyss Panicle terminal on a leafy start om ae 16. Alpena 1. GLOBBA, L. Slender herbs with a short rhizome. Leaves ovate or lanceolate, sheathing, with a short ligule. Inflorescence terminal panicled, lax. Flowers small yellow white or violet. Calyx tubular 3 toothed regular or irregular. Corolla tube longer, lobes boat shaped reflexed, staminodes similar. Lip base adnate by its edges to the stamen forming a tube, limb narrow deflexed bilobed or entire. Stamen filament much longer slender. Anther small, connective prolonged into a simple margin or with 2 or 4 spurs. Style longer, stigma very small cup-shaped. Ovary 1 celled, placentas 3 parietal. Capsule globose irregularly delus- cent, seeds small, with a white aril. Species about 30. Indian, Chinese and Malayan. § 1. APLANTHERA. Anthers spurless. Flowers yellow. Lip linear entire ... ve ee 1. G. Wallichai. . Lip short bilobed ... ae Bs a2 2. G. uliginosa. § 2. CERATANTHERA. Anther 2 spurred, Flowers yellow. Panicle slender. Anther spurs narrow subulate from the lower part of the anther, Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 8 L eaves lanceolate narrow. Panicle slender aes Rr 3. G. panicordes, Leaves oblong. Panicle segue aa Ione ave 4, G. pendula. Anther spurs triangular the whole length of the anther . es A 5. _ Flower yellow. Bunicle short and ieee ves 6. G. Flowers white or violet. Lip oblong ovate entire a 7. G. elegans. Lip bilobed obcuneate. Leaves slgbrous ; 8. G. albiflora. eae G. G. montana. Malaccensis. Lip bilobed oblong. Leaves broadly lanceolate pubescent Fe Lip linear. Leaves oblong teheatlats pubescent ae 3 he ieeth Stee e leucantha. violacea. § 3. MARANTELLA. Anther 4 spurred. Flowers yellow. Leaves many. Panicle short and dense. Leaves and peduncle hairy » Ll. G. aurantiaca. Leaves glabrous, peduncle softly Sacer 12. G. Perakensis. Panicle elongate suberect. Bracts red or yellow ... ae vw. =13. G. variabilis. Panicle es Rode praan Lip bilobed .. wes Se ee ie AG. -cernua. Lip entire”... ... 15. G. brachycarpa, Leaf single, panicle dens deearred: .. 16. G. unifolia. § 1. APLANTHERA. 1. G. WALLICHII, Bak, Fl. Brit, Ind. VI. p. 202. Plant about 2 feet tall, lower sheaths dotted purple. Leaves lanceolate acuminate pubes- cent 5 inches long 1% inch wide, upper ones smaller sheaths 3 inches long or less hispid. Panicle long and. slender, branches distant 1 inch long. Flowers few crowded at the ends orange colour. Bracts lanceolate very small. Calyx campanulate with two long acute lobes and one shorter + inch long. Staminodes longer linear oblong + inch long. Lip short linear entire with a brown central spot. Filament 4 inch long, anther $ inch long with no margin nor spurs. Capsule globose, smooth. Ridley Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. Vol. XXXII. p. 89. G. pendula, Wall. Cat. (not Roxb.). Penang: (Wallich No. 6533) Moniot’s Road (Curtis 455. 2859) Perak: Larut Hills (Fox). On banks, endemic. ‘ 2. G. ULIGINOSA, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Supl. p. 613. Stems tufted 2 feet long, sheaths spotted red.: Leaves lanceolate acuminate 3 inches wide glabrous above except for some long strigose hairs along the 4 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. nerves, pubescent beneath, sheaths hispid. Panicle long and ine wate short scattered branches + inch long with 2 or 3 flowers on each. Bracts oblong, obtuse green. Calyx funnel-shaped with rather long acute lobes ¢ inch long. Corolla tube slender ¢ inch long lobes ovate oblong, upper one boat-shaped 4 inch long orange. Staminodes oblong obtuse. Lip very narrowed and short bilobed, lobes linear obtuse orange with a black central spot. Filament slender + inch long. Anther cells narrow elliptic with no margin or spurs. Baker Le. 203. Ridley l.c. 90. Singapore: Bukit Mandai (Ridley) ; Malacca: Alor Gajah (Ridley) ; Perak: Larut Hills (Ridley), Goping (King’s Coll. 444); Penang : (King in Fl. Brit. Ind.) Damp spots in woods. Distrib. Sumatra. § 2. CERATANTHERA. 3. G. PANICOIDES, Migq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Supp. p. 614. Stems tufted 9-24 inches long, slender sheaths at base spotted red, more or less pubescent. Leaves narrow lanceolate acuminate to ovate acuminate 14-5 inches long $ to 14 broad, ligule hispid. Panicle slender branches usually short sometimes rather long spreading. Flowers usually few Bracts lanceolate green. Calyx short unequally 3 toothed done tooth much longer than the others lanceolate blunt, orange % inch long. Corolla tube + inch long lobes boat-shaped + inch long orate Stamin- odes rather longer oblong. Lip short oblong bilobed orange with a dark brown central spot. Filament 1 inch long anther cells parallel, con- nective developed all round and prolonged at the base into a pair of subulate spurs. Capsule smooth globose ¢ imch long. Ridley l.c. 91. Gl. Kingit, Bak. l.c. 204. Gl. stenothyrsa, Bak. 1.c. Singapore: Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang (Ridley 6236); Malacca: Sungei Hudang (Derry 99); Negri Sembilan: Perhentian Tinggi (Ridley 9997); Selangor: Batang Berjuntai (7800): Sungei Ujong: Bukit Tumiang (Cantley’s coll.); Dindings: Bruas (Ridley 7231); Province Wellesley: Tasek Gelugur (Ridley); Lankawi (Curtis 2642). Distrib. Sumatra, Borneo. Very common in wet woods, native names “ Haliya Hutan,” ‘“Meroyan Tingal,”’ “Meroyan B’rchoin,” ‘Pua birah Bunga Lidah Muntah,” “ Haliya K’ra.” The slightly aromatic roots are used in medicine for fever and rheumatism. 4. G. PENDULA, Roxb. Asiatic Researches XI. 359. Fl. Ind. I. 79. A large plant 3 feet or more tall. Leaves oblong cuspidate glabrous, 9 inches long, 4 inches wide, ligule rounded pubescent, sheaths with pubescent edges. Panicle stout sometimes nearly 2 feet long, branches few-flowered short. Bracts lanceolate cadulous. Calyx funnel-shaped + inch long with 3 unequal acute lobes. Corolla tube slender half an inch long, lobes boat-shaped 4 inch long, orange yellow. staminodes thin oblanceolate obtuse as long. Lip adnate to the stamen Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. te from a little above the staminodes narrow bilobed orange with a maroon central spot. Filament over half an inch long. Anther elliptic horns 2 linear subulate as long as the anther, connective prolonged above the anther into a rounded process. Roxb. Coromandel Plants t. 228. Horan. Prodr. 20, Hook. fil. FI. Brit. Ind. VI. 205, Ridl. l.e. 92. Penang: (Roxburgh) near the waterfall; Perak: Larut Hills (Ridley 2957), Upper Perak (Wray 3700); Pahang: Tahan River (Ridley) ; Kedah, Yan (Ridley). Distrib. Tavoy, Tenasserim. 5. GL. MONTANA, Ridley l.c. 92. Stems about 2 feet tall. Leaves lanceolate cuspidate thin 7 inches long 1% inch broad with a long attenuate point glabrous above pubescent beneath, petiole short but distinct ligule rounded pubescent, sheaths very hairy. Panicle long slender 12 to 18 inches, branches 1-2 inches long horizontal rather distant few-flowered. Bracts ovate oblong $ inch long. Calyx campanulate lobes acute # inch long. Corolla tube slender 4 inch long lobes broadly ovate obtuse ¢ inch long yellow. Staminodes absent. Lip small free for some distance above the corolla apex rounded entire. Filament above the lip 2 inch long. Anther elliptic with large flat triangular wings running its whole length but shorter than the anther. Kedah, Gunon: Jevai, Yan (Ridley). Endemic. 6. G. MALACCENSIS, Ridley l.c. 93. Stems 2 feet tall or more. Leaves lanceolate broad, acuminate rather distant 6 inches long, 2 inches wide, glabrous ligule short rounded and with the sheath pubes- cent petiole distinct, sometimes half an inch long. Panicle short and compact on a long peduncle nude except for a few distant bracts the lowest nearly 2 inches long linear green; branches short + inch long few- flowered. Calyx cylindric with short acute lobes nearly + inch long. Corolla tube very slender } inch long, lobes ovate boat-shaped less than ¢ inch long yellow. Staminodes oblong obtuse as long. Lip short oblong entire. Anther oblong with 2 triangular subulate spurs from the centre of the side, filament # inch long. Capsule globose wrinkled + inch long. Johor: Gunong Panti (King 216), Batu Pahat (Ridley 1198) ; Malacca woods at the base of Mount Ophir (Ridley), Bukit Sedanen (Goodenough 1426); Selangor: Bukit Hitam (Kelsall) ; Sungei-Ujong : Bukit Sulu, Bukit Kandong (Cantley’s coll.); Perak: Bujong Malacca (Ridley). In hill woods. Native names‘ Pua Rimbah,” “ Pua hudang,” “Pua Gajah.”” Used medicinally in childbirth. Endemic. 7. G. ELEGANS, Ridley, l.c. 96. Stems slender over a foot long. Leaves lanceolate acuminate minutely pubescent beneath 5 inches long 1¢ inch wide. Panicle erect rather slender with short stiff spreading branches half an inch long. Bracts persistent lanceolate green $ inch 6 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. long. Flowers few crowded at the ends of the branches white. Calyx unequally 3 lobed lobes acute, t+ inch long. Corolla tube $ inch long lobes oblong ovate obtuse. Staminodes similar. Lip short oblong ovate obtuse entire white with a violet central spot. Filament half inch long. Anther-spurs linear curved up at the ends. Capsule globose smooth + inch long. Dindings: Bruas (Ridley 10347) and Gunong Tungul (9450). Endemic. 8. G. ALBIFLORA, Ridl. lc. 96. Stems 3 teet tall. Leaves narrowly lanceolate acuminate 8 inches long 1 inch broad glabrous green with a silvery grey variegation on the midrib whén young, ligule very short, sheath glabrous. Panicle 12 to 15 inches long with slender distant spreading branches 1 inch long or less. Bracts persistent linear obtuse + inch long. Flowers white 1 or 2 on the ends of the branches. ale tubular with short lanceolate lobes. Corolla tube very slender 4 inch long, lobes boat-shaped ovate. Staminodes longer oblong linear. Lip short obcuneate bilobed lobes rather long divergent. Filament 3 inches long. Anther oblong, spurs 2 linear acuminate falecate longer. Penang: Government Hill (Curtis 2851); Tringanu: Bundi, (Rostado). ‘‘ Munkoa bukit.”” Endemic. 9. G. LEUCANTHA, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. p. 612. Rhizome short, roots with tuberous swellings. Stems 2 feet tall orless. Leaves broadly lanceolate acute 8 inches long 3 inches across, very finely pubescent, dark green above purple beneath, sheaths hispid purple spotted, ligule hardly 4 inch long. Panicle terminal lax with spreading branches 2 inches or more long. Bracts ovate white. Calyx tubular with 2 teeth longer than the third + inch long, pubescent. Corolla tube slender 4 inch long, lobes boat- shaped + inch long. Staminodes nar- rower Slone longer. Lip short oblong shortly bilobed white with or without a purplish central spot. Stamen 1 inch long. Anther cordate with two slender subulate horns. Ovary white pubescent. Capsule globose 7s inch long, seeds about 8, angled. Ridley l.c. 95. G. pallidiflora, Baker, Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 204. G. floribunda, Bak, Le. Singapore: Bukit Timah, Bidadari(Ridley 8784); Johore: Tana Runto (Ridley 4614), Gunong Pulai, Gunong Panti, (King 716, 717, 718); Dindings: Lumut (Ridley); Larut (King’s Coll. 2291). Distrib. Sumatra. Abundant in the woods in Singapore. Forms with the leaves_on flowering stems suppressed occur, the stems being merely covered with sheaths. The lower branches of the panicle are often bulbillifer- ous. I have examined the type of G. floribunda, Baker, Gunong Panti (King’s Coll. 718), and find the anthers two-spurred not spur- less as described, Maéerials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 7 10. G. vIoLACEA, Ridl. l.c. 97. Stems 1 to 2 feet tall rather stout. Leaves large or moderate oblong lanceolate acuminate with a long point covered with strigose scattered hairs on both sides, or sca- brid, 7 to 10 inches long, 2 inches wide ligule short very hairy, sheaths stiffly hairy. Panicle of numerous short branches half an inch long stiff and horizontal. Bracts small ovate lanceolate white. Calyx cylindric with 3 short points, one shorter than the others, as long as the corolla tube white. Corolla tube inch long, lobes ovate boat- shaped violet or white. Staminodes longer and narrower violet. Lip very narrow linear grooved and bilobed, violet or white with a darker spot. Filament rather stout. Anther oblong with two linear spurs. Casule globose white, seeds ovoid beaked. Johore: Gunong Pulai; Selangor: Bukit Hitam (Kelsall) ; Perak: Bujong Malacca; Gunong Keledang (Ridley 9818), Ipoh (Curtis 3316), Gunong Tuas (Wray 4164); Dindings (Ridley). Endemic. § 3. MARANTELLA. 11. G. AURANTIACA, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Supp. p. 613. Stems about 18 inches tall, bases covered with hairy sheaths. Leaves oblong to ovate cuspidate 7 inches long and 3 inches wile or smaller hairy beneath. Panicle short or as much as 8 inches long compact, on a hairy peduncle 18 inches long or less, branches short + inch long numerous horizontal. Flowers few orange. Bracts oblong obtuse hairy 4 inch long orange. Pedicels ¢ inch long. Calyx funnel-shaped ¢ inch long, teeth 3 short blunt. “Corolla tube 2 inch long lobes large oblong. Lip short broad oblong bilobed orange with a brown central blotch. Staminodes short oblong. Filament ¢ inch long. Anther oblong with 4 triangular teeth. Fruit globose smooth. Ridley l.c. 97. Malacca: Brisu (Derry 81); Selangor: Sungei Buloh (Ridley 10517), Bukit Hitam; Negri Sembilan: Perhentian Tinggi (Ridley), Gunong Berumlum (Cantley’s Coll.); Perak, Larut Hills; Penang: Moniot’s Road ; Penara Bukit (Ridley 7230). Hill woods to an eleva- — tion of 5000 feet common. Native name ©“ Pua Gumbur.” Distrib. Sumatra. 12. G. PERAKENSIS, Ridley l.c. 98. Stem stout about a foot or 18 inches tall. Leaves obovate cuspidate, narrowed at the base glabrous, 8 inches long by 4 wide petiole ¢ inch long hispid, ligule short oblong peduncle 8 inches long with large ovate orange bracts, upper ones smaller oblong obtuse, softly pubescent and ciliate on the edges. Panicle short dense J inch long, branches about half an inch long pubescent. Bracts short broad ovate orange. Calyx short tubular $ inch long pubescent, orange. Corolla tube twice as long lobes ovate. Lip short broad oblong bilobed orange with a brown spot. Staminodes linear oblong obtuse. Anther with four triangular broad spurs. Cap- sule globose pustulate orange. ; 8 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Perak: Ipoh (Curtis 3141), Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9819). Endemic. ; 13. GL. VARIABILIS, Ridl. Trans. Linn. Soc. Vol. III. p. 378. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. lc. 98. Stem over a foot tall. Leaves ovate or ovate lanceolate acuminate 4 inches long 14 inch broad glabrous dark green above purplish beneath. Panicles 4-5 inches long rather compact, branches short. Bracts $ inch long oblong orange or scarlet persistent. Calyx straight lobes acute orange. Corolla tube more than twice as long, lobes oblong, upper one boat-shaped. Stami- nodes lanceolate oblong shorter. Lip cuneate oblong bilobed + inch long, orange with a chesnut spot. Filament {inch long. Anther with 4 acute spurs, the upper ones longest. Capsule sub-globose wrinkled. Johore: Gunong Panti, Gunong Pulai (Ridley); Selangor: Bukit Kutu (Ridley) ; Pahang: Tahan River and Kota Glanggi (Ridley) ; Perak : Larut Hills (King’s Coll. 2051). Distrib. Lingga, Borneo. 14. G. CERNUA, Baker, Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 205. Stems tufted about a foot tall, bases purple. Leaves ovate acuminate cuspidate dark shining green above paler beneath 4 inches long 14 inch broad, petiole + inch long or less, ligule short truncate, sheath and midrib pubescent. Panicle short nodding 6 inches long, rachis pubescent, base nude except for- about 6 lanceolate acute to oblong bracts 4 inch long or less. Flowers sessile clustered at the ends of the branches, lemon yel- low. Bracts ovate yellow. Calyx tubular + inch long, lobes equal short blunt. Corolla tube # inch long slender pubescent, lobes ovate boat-shaped ¢ inch long. Staminodes linear oblong rather longer. Lip short oblong dilated towards the tip bilobed, lobes spreading acute + inch long, yellow with a green spot. Anther spurs 4, upper ones subulate, lower ones broader. Capsule green wrinkled. Ridley l.c. 99. Perak: Larut Hills (Ridley), Goping (King’s Coll. 757); Selangor Ginting Bidai (Ridley), Tomoh (Machado). Endémic. 15. G. BRACHYCARPA, Baker, l.c.c. Stem 15 inches slender Leaves ovate acuminate glabrous above, minutely pubescent beneath, sheaths hairy, ligule very short glabrous. Panicle short nodding with a few distant short branches, § inch long. Lower bracts ovate lanceo- late + inch long green persistent. Flowers pale yellow 4 or 5 crowded at the end of the branches. Calyx funnel-shaped entire § inch long. - Corolla lobes ovate. Lip linear entire with a dark central spot. An- ther with 4 equal triangular spurs. Capsule globose pustular. Ridley hee 29. Perak: Larut Hills 2-3000 feet alt. (King’s Coll. 2414; Curtis 2073, Ridley 2956). Endemic. 16. G. UNIFOLIA, Ridley, Journ. Roy.°As. Soe. Str. Br., Vol. XLIY. p. 193. Rhizome creeping and throwing up stems 2 inches Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 9 apart. Stems 4-6 inches tall covered with pubescent sheaths 3 to 1 inch long. Leaf solitary erect ovate acute glabrous 6-8 inches long 3 inches wide narrowed to a petiole 4 to 1 inch long. Panicle dense decurved from the leaf-axil 2 inches long pubescent. _Bracts oblong ovate pu- bescent 4 inch long. Calyx funnel-shaped 4 inch long teeth very obscure unequally bilobed pubescent. Caroll: tube twice as long lobes oblong hooded, staminodes similar. Lip very short subspathulate bilob- ed tips rounded. Filament nearly ~ inch long, anther spurs 4 linear acuminate acute the upper ones larger than the lower ones. Tringanu at Bundi (EK. Rostado). G. marantina, L. Mant. II. 170, Fl. Ind. i. 78. A short usual- ly tufted plant with persistent ovate bracts, the flowers almost always replaced by bulbils occurs occasionally in or round gardens introduced from Jaya. Singapore: Botanic Gardens ; Penang: Ayer Hitam (Birch, Cuttis 3729). = EXCLUDED SPECIES. G. versicolor, Smith, Exot. Bot. t. 117. Malay Peninsula from Pegu to Singapore, Roxburgh, and Penang (Flor. Brit. Ind. VI. 205). I have seen no specimens of from our regions, Koenig collected it in _Junk Ceylon in Siam, and says he saw it in adwarf state near Malac- ca. This latter was doubtless G. panicoides, Miq., or some other - common species mistaken for it. 2. HEDYCHIUM, Koen. Herbs epiphytic or terrestrial, rhizomatous. Stems elongate. Leaves oblong or lanceolate. Inflorescence terminal. Bracts oblong or lanceolate subcoriaceous. Flowers 1 or more to each bract. Calyx tubular 3 toothed. Corolla tube long slender lobes linear, spreading or reflexed. Staminodes linear. Filament. slender long connective not produced. Lip large bifid. Ovary 3 celled, many oyuled. Style long” filiform stigma small. Capsule globose, three valved seeds many small with a coloured aril. Species about 40. Indo Malayan. Plants terrestrial roots fibrous. Flowers spicate, lip broad bilobed -- ) L.A. collinum: Epiphytic roots thick fleshy. Rhizome short, flowers scarlet -.. ..» . HA. longicornutwn. Rhizome long very thick, flowers white 3. H. macrorrhizum 1. H. COLLINUM, Ridl. l.c. 103. A low tufted plant about 3 feet tall. Leaves broad lanceolate acuminate cuspidate glabrous 6 inches long, 3 inches wide ligule oblong 1 inch long % inch wide spike rather lax nodding 6 iaches long. Bracts oblong eranent obtuse about 20 on a 10 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. spike 14 inch long 4 inch wide. Flowers white in pairs in each bract. Calyx slender cylindric 13 inch long. Corolla twice as long lobes linear narrow. Staminodes broader linear 14 inch long. Lip cuneate bilobed lobes divaricate tapering shorter than the staminodes. Filament very slender red twice as long as the lip. Anther very small reniform, basal points incurved. Kedah, Gunong Jerai at 400 feet elevation rare (Ridley). Endemic. ta 2. H. LONGICORNUTUM, Bak. Fl. Frit. Ind. VI. p. 228. An epiphyte with very short rhizome and large thick fleshy roots clasping the stem of a tree. Stems several two feet tall. Leaves oblong acumi- nate glabrous; margins hairy dark green, 12 inches long 4 inches wide, ligule oblong lanceate 2 inches long sheath hairy, spike terminal 4 inches long dense. Lower bracts ovate upper ones narrower lanceolate 1 inch long or more covered with brown silky hairs. Calyx spatha- ceous oblique 1 inch long pink. Corolla tube cylindric lobes narrowly linear deflexed red 3 inches long # inch wide. Staminodes and lip similar linear undulate orange, 14 inch long + inch wide. Filament 5 inches long base stout tapering upwards pinkish white. Anther linear orange # inch long. Capsule oblong angles rounded dark brown hairy, orange inside, seeds 16 in each oblong angled aril crimson lacerate. Ridl. l.e.c. p. 100. A. crassifoliwm, Bak. 1.c.e. Johor: Castlewood (Ridley); Muar (Feilding); Malacca: Ayer Panas, Ophir woods (Ridley) ; Selangor: Ginting Bidai (Ridley 7791); Perak: Larut Hills, Ulu Bubong (King’s Coll. 10174), Tomoh (Machado). Distrib. Sumatra. A most beautiful plant scattered over nearly the whole Peninsula. Epiphytice low down on branches of trees to which it clings with its thick mass of fleshy grey roots. Native name “Tepus Lada” and “ Ubat Chaching,” the roots used in cases of earache and asa vermi- fuge. 3. H. MACRORRHIZUM, Ridley l.c. 102. Epiphytic, rhizome branched thick forming large clumps, roots thick terete. Stems 12 inches tall } inch through. Leaves lanceolate acute glabrous 8 inches long, 2 inches wide base cuneate, petiole short, ligule short blunt. Spike nodding lax 10 inches long. Bracts oblong obtuse 1 inch long } inch wide, about 12 distant green bases hairy. Flowers 2 or 3 in each bract white. Calyx pubescent 1 inch long, teeth very short 2. Corolla tube very slender 14 inch long, lobes very narrow linear 1 inch long. Staminodes similar. Lip narrow deeply bifid, lobes Janceate curved ¢ inch long. Filament slender 14 inch long. Anther linear very narrow. Style shorter. Selangor: Pahang Tract 15th mile (Ridley 8477) on a very lofty tree. Endemic, Matertals for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 11 3. ODONTYCHIUM, Schum. A terrestrial plant with numerous stems from a rhizome. Leaves linear lanceolate, panicle terminal lax with short three-flowered branches. Bracts spathaceous cup-shaped. Calyx tubular brown papery unequally bilobed. Corolla tube cylindric, upper lobe linear hooded, lower ones linear spathulate adnate to the base of the lip. Lip linear tip three-lobed, lobes toothed. Staminodes linear. Stamen twice as long as upper petal Anther oblong, ovary trilocular. Capsule globose, termiated by the calyx tube. O. denticulatum, Schum. Pflanzen reich. Zingiberaceae, p. 59. A terrestrial plant forming large clumps stems 2 feet tall, leaves lanceo- late acuminate glabrous with small thorn-like processes along the edge 8 inches long or more 3 inches wide petiole $ inch long sheath hispid. Panicle a foot long branches short 3 flowered. Bracts 1 inch long. Calyx brown papery # inch long. Corolla tube straight, upper lobe narrow tip hooded pinkish, base green 1# inch long, laterals deflexed greenish narrow linear ending in three toothed lobes, the middle lobe bifid green, the base channelled red. Staminode little shorter than the petals red, stamen white pubescent. Hedychiwm denticulatum, Ridl. le. 102. Dindings, woods at Lumut, fl. July (Ridley 7822. 9453). EXCLUDED SPECIES. H. coronariwm, Koen. “Malacca” in Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 226, is nota native of the Peninsula. It is sometimes to be seen in gardens, and is called “ Ganda suli.” 4. CAMPTANDRA, Ridl. Herbaceous glabrous plants, rhizome very short. Stems 1 or few. Leaves few ovate petiolate. Flowers several enclosed in a terminal green spathe, showy fugacious. Calyx tubular with 3 equal lobes. Corolla tube long slender lobes lanceolate or oblong. Lip obovate bilobed. Staminodes large obovate petaloid. Stamen shortly project- ing, beyond the tube. Anther long slender curved dorsifixed versatile, the base prolonged into two parallel processes, the upper part only polliniferous, style slender, stigma capitate. Capsule oblong, seeds numerous, curved fusiform aril lacerate. Species 4 Malay Peninsula and Borneo. Stems several short, leaves 4 or 5 ovate 1. C. parvula. Stems 1 or 2, tall. Leaves few large cor- 2. C. latifolia. date Hs ARE or we Stems 1 or 2, tall, ovate peltate --. 2) 2 Oe 0; 000ta. 1. C. PARVULA, Ridl. lc. 104. Stems several about 6 inches tall. Leaves 4 or 5 ovate acuminate oblique, 2-3 inches long, 1 inch wide, petiole slender 1 inch. Spathe ovate acute 1 inch long. Flowers 12 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. white 1 inch across. Calyx $ inch long, lobes very short. Corolla tube 4 inch long lobes oblong truncate mucronate. Lip oblong ‘orbicular bilobed crenulate with a central orange spot, and some pink marks. Staminodes sub-spathulate crenulate 4 inch long. Anther crescent- shaped. Capsule ¢ inch long. Kaempferia parvula, Bak. |.c. 233. Selangor; Bukit Kutu (Ridley); Pahang: Tahan River (Ridley 2406); Perak: Larut Hills (Curtis 2075), Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9573), Goping (King’s Coll. 823), Tomoh (Machado) ; Penang: Government Hill; Tringanu: Bundi (Rostados). Endemic, on rocks and banks from 2000 to 4000 feet alt. common. - 9. CO. LATIFOLIA, Ridl. l.c. 105. Stem usually solitary succulent swollen at base. Leaves 1 to 4 cordate acuminate 5 inches long 2 inches across dark green, petiole 1 inch long purple. Spathe ovate green 14 inch long. Flowers several 1 inch across white or violet. Calyx tubular red spotted. Corolla tube 1% inch long white, lobes lanceolate obtuse. Lip orbicular bilobed 1% inch across white or violet, with yellow basal ridges. Staminodes oblong obovate rounded. Anther long narrow curved. Capsule % inch long. . Perak: Bujong Malacca (Curtis 3315, Ridley 9523), Kinta (King’s Coll. 7129). Hill woods. Endemie. 8. GC. OVATA, n.sp. Stems solitary 3 to 6 inches tall, the base covered with oblong lanceolate sheathes 1 or 2 inches long, cuspidate. Leaves 2-3 ovate peltate acuminate inaequilateral, base rounded, 19 to 31 inches long, % to 2 inches wide, petiole slender 1 to 1% inches long sheath less than half as long. Peduncle § to 1 inch long sub-terminal erect. Bract 4 to 1 inch long, urm-shaped with a recurved tip, orbicular when spread out, and an inch across. Flowers 2 or 3, nearly sessile. Calyx tubular dilated upwards shortly three lobed, lobes blunt § inch long. Corolla tube slightly longer than the bract lobes pale bits or white } inch long blunt. Capsule oblong # inch long, grey, thin walled punctate and blotched with brown. Seeds several fusiform obtuse dark grey with a thin white fimbriate aril. Selangor: Hulu Semangkok at about 4000 feet elevation. (Burn- Murdoch, Ridley). Flowering in February and August. Allied to C. latifolia but much smaller. 5. KAEMPFERIA, L. Herbs, rhizome tuberous aromatic, stem short or produced. Leaves thin. Inflorescence spicate very shortly pedunculate, with a few thin lanceolate bracts. Flowers fugacious. thin showy, white or violet. Calyx short cylindric. Corolla tube slender lobes narrow linear. Staminodes very large rounded clawed spreading. Lip similar bilobed. Stamen thin flat short not exserted. Anther linear thin not or hardly exserted. Capsule oblong thin walled. Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 13 Species about 20. India, Burmah and Siam, a few Malayan. Several species cultivated for their rhizomes occur in and about gardens all over the East. S$ 1. SINCORUS, stem very short, flowers ap- pearing with the leaves. Leaves ovate, petiole short wee eels Lasley DULCRTOs Leaves oblong or lanceolate, petiole long 2. A. elegans. 1. K. PULCHRA, Ridl. l.c. 107. Leaves 2 ovate blunt spreading flat, 7 inches long 5 inches across dark olivaceous black with grey mark- ings. Spike from between the leaves sub-cylindric 1 inch long covered with persistent convolute bracts, outer one brown ribbed, inner about 20 thin lanceolate, peduncle 3 inches long. Calyx tubular. very thin. Corolla tube 1 inch, lobes linear obtuse $ inch long white. Staminodes connate with the lip obtuse mauve. Lip deeply bilobed lobes oblong rounded 3 inch long mauve base yellowish white. Filament very short. Anther oblong crest very long linear apex rounded recurved. Lankawi Islands (Curtis 2605). Distrib. Siam. 2. K. ELEGANS, Wall. Cat. 6593. Rhizome short creeping. Stems about 6 inches tall. Leaves 2 petiole and sheath about as long, blade 5 inches long 3 inches wide lanceolate ovate blunt deep velvety olive green. Peduncle 1% inch long slender spike narrow 1-14 inch long. Bracts green, or mottled red. Calyx spathaceous limb long lin- ear truncate 3 toothed. Corolla tube 1% inch long slender, lobes ‘linear acute white. Lip deeply bilobed lobes rounded violet. Stami- nodes ovate clawed, violet base yellowish. Filament thin linear. An- ther crest ovate entire recurved. Baker, Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 222. Monolophus elegans, Wall. Pl. Ar. Rar. I. 24 t. 27. Horan. Prodr. | 22. Lankawi (Curtis 2637). Distrib. Pegu, Tenasserim. K. Galanga, L. Sp. Pl. 3. Hort. Cliff 3. Rootstock tuberous. Leaves suborbicular, subsessile green, 3-6 inches long spreading flat on the ground. Flowers white, about 1 inch across. Occursin and round gardens where it is occasionally cultivated. The aromatic root is used in medicine and as a spice. Native name “ Chekur,”’ Native of India. § 2. PROTANTHIUM. K. rotunda, L. sp. 3. with a thick aromatic rhizome and erect ob- long or lanceolate leaves a foot long or more marbled and variegated dark green and grey purple beneath, flower scape short thick appear- ing after the leaves with large lilac flowers, also occasionally occurs as an escape from cultivation. 14 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 6. GASTROCHILUS, Wall. Small herbs with a short or elongate rhizome. Stems short or long or none. Leaves lanceolate or ovate petioled, solitary or in tufts of 2-4. Spike axillary or from the rhizome. Bracts large or moderate sized. Flowers thin opening singly white yellow or red. Bracteoles solitary thin, Calyx tubular spathaceous short. Corolla tube long and slender, lobes oblong or lanceolate. Staminodes similar usually larger. Lip oblong or obcuneate often saccate, or convolute, entire or more-or less lobed. Stamen filament thick and fleshy exsert. Anther oblong, crest small rounded or lobed, sometimes absent. “ Species about 30. Indo Malayan or Siamese. §$ 1. ACRANTHI. Stems tall and leafy, spikes axillary in the upper leaves. Lip saccate. Petioles 2 inches long Petioles short a . G. albo-sanguinea. . G. pulcherrima. bo §$ 2. MESANTHI. Stemless. Leaves 2-4 in a tuft. Spikes from between them. Leaves several distichous large tufted plant Bracts glabrous 5 at we ~ 3. G. phicata. Bracts woolly ee es . G. Klossiz. Leaves in pairs on a slender rhizome. Bracts narrow ligulate or linear. Spike elongate. Bracts ligulate spiral... 5. G. scaphochlymas, Spike elongate. Bractsoblongcuspidate 6. G. lanctfolius. Spike sessile, short. Bracts linear 7. G. lanceolata. Leaves several together rhizome short. Bracts long and narrow crowded. Spike short. Leaves glabrous, petiole short. Flowers yellow pee ves wee Leaves glabrous, petiole as long as the blade anther crestless Petiole longer than blade. Anther crested sat re ... 10. G. longipes. Spike elongate. Bracts imbricate. Spike 3 inches long, lip large convolute 11. G. luwrida. Spike 6 inches long. Lip orbicular ... 12. @. tillandsoides. Leaves pubescent on the back. Spike elongate. Bracts imbricate .... 13. G. Prainiana, Spike short. Bracts not imbricate. Corolla lobes oblong lanceolate... we 14, G. Curtesa. Corolla lobes linear —« 7 ww. =15. G. chivalis. i 8. G. minor. 9. G. longiflora. Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 15 § 3. EXANTHI. Spike rising directly from the rhizome. Leaves solitary distant. Leaf ovate oblong base rounded petiole short. Bracts narrow $ inch long te we 16. G. biloba. Bracts broad 1 inch long Rak eon Liege OCUtate Leaf lanceolate cordate, petiole long ... 18. G. concinna. § 1, ACRANTHI. 1. G. ALBO-SANGUINEA, Ridl. l.c. 111. Whole plant 12 to 18 inches tall, stem leafy. Leaves about 6, oblong lanceolate acuminate base broad rounded, 8 inches long, 2% across, petiole slender 2 inches long, sheaths about 6 inches. Spike central shorter than the leaves about 5 inches long. Bracts lanceolate acute closely appressed. Calyx spathaceous truncate ¢ inch long. Corolla tube 1 inch long, lobes linear incurved white. Staminodes porrect oblong obtuse white tinted pink. Lip saccate white margin red everted {inch long. Filament rooderately broad flattened. Anther linear $ inch long, no crest. Perak : Larut Hills (Woolridge) fl. in H. B.; Penang: September, Lankawi (Curtis), Endemic. -2. G, PULCHERRIMA, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. i. 22. Stems 6 to 12 inches tall. Leaves oblong caudate sessile or shortly petiole 4 to 6 inches long, 2-25 inches wide. Spike axillary, 2-3 inches long. Bracts im-ricate oblong lanceolate green 13 inch long. Calyx spatha- ceous half the length of the corolla tube. Corolla tube curved rathec thick, lobes linear oblong $ inch white. Staminodes as long white broader. Lip obovate cuneate saccate 1 inch long white tipped crim- son. Stamen filament short thick. Anther longer broad crestless. Paxt. Mag. Bot. VII. 75, Bot. Mag. t. 3930, Horan. Prodr. 22, Bak. Fi. Brit. Ind. VI. 217. Penang (Maingay). Distrib. Burmah, Borneo. § 2. MESANTHI. 3. G. PLICATA, Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. XXXIV, 196. A large tufted plant distichous leaves, sheaths 3 inches long split with a broad thin margin, petiole stout 4-5 inches long, blade ovate acute 12 inches long, 6 inches wide light green above plicate, spike shorter than the petiole covered with subdistichous sheaths with small ovate green laminas at the top. Flowers opening singly. Corolla tube 1 inch long white, lobes narrow linear acute 3 inch long. Staminodes subspathu- late obtuse rounded 1 inch long $ inch wide light yellow. Lip 1 inch long oblong obtuse with upcurved sides; tip rounded entire, yellow with a cherry red band at the base and a similarly colored blotch at the 16 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. tip, or a broad band for the whole length of tip. Stamen shorter white, crest none. Kelantan, Kwala Lebir (Dr. Gimlette). 4. G. KuossiI, n.sp. Rhizome long with strong roots. Leaves numerous subdistichous, petiole 7 inches long slender sheathing for about half its length, blade oblanceolate narrowed cuneate at the base subacut e inaequilateral 9 inches long 3 inches across glabrous, spikes cylindrical 3 inches long 1 inch wide on short peduncles $ inch long. Bracts lanceolate acute woolly pubescent. Bracteole lanceolate acuminate }~ inch long strongly ribbed enclosing two flowers. Floral bracteole strongly ribbed. Corolla pubescent. Anther linear crest ovoid rounded entire. Ovary three angled. Johor: near Gunong Pulai (C. B. Kloss). Unfortunately the flowers of this plant were quite rotten. 5. G. SCAPHOCHLMYAS, Ridl. lc. 112. Rhizome long creeping. Leaves in tufts of 2 or 3 with a few sheathing ones at the base lanceolate inaequilateral acute or blunt dark green, 6-7 inches long 13 inch wide pubescent petiole 3-4 inches pubescent. Scape central 5 to 9 inches long pubescent. Bracts spiral ligulate blunt green with red sheaths pubescent 1 inch long = inch wide. Flowers white, fragrant. Corolla tube 1 inch long, lobes oblong lanceolate 4 inch long. | Staminodes similar. Lip obovate undulate bilobed with a central yellow bar. Stamen broad, anther cells narrow crest orbicular very large. Style shorter. Scaphochlamys Malaccana, Bak. Fl. Brit. Ind. p. 252. Kaempferva Malaccana, Pilazen, Schum. p. 81, Cwmingit Schum. l.c. 80. Malacca: woods on Mount Ophir (Cuming 2356), (Griffith 5761), (Maingay 1579), (Ridley 3141), Bukit Muar (Feilding). Endemic. - 6. G. LANCIFOLIUS, Ridl.l.c.c.* Rhizome slender. Leaves in pairs lanceolate acuminate acute inaequilaterial 7-8 inches long, 2 inches wide petiole 5 inches. Spike central 3 inches flexuous. Bracts 5-6 oblong cuspid&te distant 4-1 inch long. Flowers rather small yellow 3 toa bract. Calyx finch long. Corolla tube 1 inch, lobes linear +4 inch. Lip half an inch bilobed rounded. Staminodes oblong rounded as long and broader than petals. Anther cells parallel linear, crest broader cuneate 3 lobed. Johore, Kwala Sembrong (Kelsall). Endemic. 7. G. LANCEOLATA, ‘n.sp. Rhizome woody rather slender. Leaves in pairs light green barred with white, lanceolate oblique narrowed at base, tip blunt, rather stiff 4 inches long, 9 inches wide glabrous, petiole 14 inch long. Spike as long as the petiole nearly sessile obconic. Bracts linear lanceolate subacute narrow { inch long. Flowers white. Bracteole 7 inch long lanceolate. Calyx spathaceous Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 17 obtuse. Corolla tube 1 inch [ong slender lobes lanceolate ¢ inch long acute. Staminodes narrower. Lip obcuneate $ inch long. Anther a crest large broad, apex truncate. Filament rather long linar. Johor, Gunong Pantai, in forests (Ridley). Endemic. 8. G. MINOR, Bak. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 217. Rhizome very short. Leave about 4 in a tuft, oblanceolate obtuse 4-inches long 1¢ across dark green with a median silvery bar, petiole 1 inch long, sheaths red, Spike short from the centre of the leaf tuft. Bracts yellowish. Flowers large, 1 inch across. Calyx tubular. Corolla tube not longer than the bract, lobes oblong obtuse yellow. Staminodes oblong obtuse yellow with red spots at the base. Lip an inch long $ inch wide flat oblong obtuse with a central keel running the whole length and bifureating at the tip, yellow with crimson spots at the base. Stamen long pink fila- ment linear thick arched. Anther broader crest rounded obscurely 3-lobed. Ridley l.c. 111. Perak: Batang Padang (Curtis), Bujong Malacca (Ridley), Larut (King’s Coll.), Bukit Kapayung (Ridley). Endemic. 9. G. LONGIFLORA, Wall. Pl. As. Rar. i. 22, t. 25. Leaves about 4 in a tuft, petiole long blade 6-12 inches or more long base cordate or cuneate glabrous. Spike short. Bracts several oblong lanceolate imbricate about 2 inches long. Calyxtubular with 3 points. Corolla tube slender 2-3 inches long lobes 3-1,inch long white. oblong blunt. Staminodes longer obovate. Lip longer oblong cuneate margins in- curved white tinted with purple or tipped deep red. Filament short. Anther broad. Style shorter. Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4010, Horan. Prodr. 22, Baker Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 217. Perak (Curtis, cult.in H. B. Penang); Malacca (fide Baker l.c.). Distrib. India. 10. G. LONGIPES, King and Prain. Mss. Ridl. lc. 113. Rhizome far creeping. Leaves 2 elliptic ovate subacute glabrous 8 inches long 4 inches wide, petiole 9 inches sheathing for 3 of its length. Spike central 2 inches. Bracts narrow lanceolate few and long. Corolla tube long, lobes lanceolate half as long as the lip. Lip entire oblong reunded at the tip edges crisped and thickened ¢ inch long central bar much thickened. Staminodes broader than corolla lobes and longer than the lip. Filament rather slender. Anther oblong, crest larger oblong rounded. Style much longer. Stigma broadly obconic. Perak, Larut, Briah (Wray 4220). Endemic. 11. G. LURIDA, n.sp. Leaves two or more in a tuft, ovate lanceo- late undulate glabrous 6 inches long 13-23 inch wide; petiole 44 inches long, sheathing for 2 inches. Spike nearly sessile 3 inches long flat acuminate deep purple. Bracts lanceolate acuminate 14-2 inches long. Flowers large. Calyx thin spathaceous 4 inch. Corolla tube thick 14 B2 18 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. inch long, lobes oblong obtuse { inch long pinkish. Staminodes very large obovate retuse 4+ inch across. Lip conyolute 1 inch long, apex broad rounded dark pink broad. Filament bent pubescent rather long. Anther oblong broad crestless. Lankawi (Curtis). 12. G. TILLANDSIOIDES, Bak. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 218. Leaves oblong subacute base rounded green above purplish beneath 6 to 8 inches long, petiole nearly or quite as long. Spike 6 inches long subses- sile. Bracts oblong 20 to 30 imbricate 1 inch long. Calyx and corolla not described. Staminodes + to 4 inch long white linear oblong similar to the corolla segments. Lip orbicular cuneate 4 inch long and broad pure wihte a faint yellow spot at the throat. Stamen half as long as the lip. Perak (Kunstler cult. in Hort. Bot. Calcutta). Endemic. 13. G. PRAINIANA, Ridl. l.c. 115. Kaempferia Prainiana, Baker, Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 220. Leaves about 4 in a tuft, lanceolate acute 8 inches long 14 inch wioe back pubescent, petioleas long. Spike rising directly from the rhizome long slender 6 inches tall, sessile. Bracts numerous oblong imbricate membranous. Corolla tube slender 1 inch long, lobe oblong ascending white, under $ inch long. Lip oblong cuneate much longer. Perak, Goping (King’s Coll. 226). A plant closely resembling this if not identical, was collected by Curtis in Indragiri, Sumatra. Itis however smaller in all its parts. The corolla lobes oblong obtuse + inch long. Staminodes similar. Lip boat-shaped as long white with red blotches down the centre. Anther linear with no crest. 14. G. CURTISII, Baker, Bot. Mag. t. 7363. Leaves 4 in a tuft, ovate oblong acute 5-12 inches long 2 to 6 wide, back pubescent petiole stout 6 inches long, sheath purplish 2 inches. Spike central about an inch long. Bracts oblong white 1 inch long. Calyx cylindric as long, lobes oblong lanceolate, pubescent. Corolla tube 2 inches long cylin- dric, lobes oblong lanceolate 1 inch long. Staminodes a little longer all white. Lip longer oblong obtuse flat yellowish cream with red marks on the sides. Filament cylindric pubescent. Anther short and thick, crest short broad truncate. Style longer. Ridley l.c. 113. Lankawi on limestone rocks (Curtis 2896, 2678, 1675). Endemic. This appears to be very variable in colouring, sometimes the lip has lateral red blotches at others they are absent, another form had deep purple blotches on the staminodes. 15. G. CLIVALIS, Ridley, lc. 114. Rhizome rather slender with long’roots. Leaves 3 or 4 in a tuft ovate to lanceolate acute narrowed > Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 19 at the base into the petiole, inaequilateral 43 to 8 inches long, 2 inches wide, petiole 5or 6 inches long sheathing for about 3 inches all glabrous except about the midrib on the back, where are a few scattered hairs. Spike central 3 incheslong. Bracts long and narrow contain- ing 4 or 5 flowers with 2 long narrow linear acute, bracteoles 1 inch long 3 inch wide. Calyx tube very narrow # inch long, lobes lanceolate 2 longer than the third. Corolla tube slender 2 inches long, lobes linear 4 inch long. Lip oblong entire apex rounded ecrisped, median bar thickened. Staminodes as long as corolla lobes broader blunt. Fila- ment rather slender. Anther oblong, crest oval, longer than the stigma. Selangor: Pahang Track on banks (Ridley). Endemic. G. PANDURATA, Ridl. l.c. 114. Kaempferia pandurata, Roxb. As. Res. XI. 320, t. 2, Bot. Reg. t. 173, Rose. Scit. Pl. t. 96. Cultivated by the Malays and Chinese for its aromatic root-stock, and occasionally found in abandoned gardens belongs to this section. It is probably a native of India and is called “ Temu Kinchi” by the Malays. The rhizome is yellow inside, and bears a tuft of about 5 ob- long ovate leaves with a broad base and long petiole. The spike is short. The flowers white or pink. Lip saccate white spotted pink. $3. EXANTHI. 16. G. BILOBA, Ridl. Trans. Linn. Soe. III. p.379. Rhizome rather long slender. Leaves solitary: distant obovate subcoriaceous 6 inches long 4 inches across, deep bluish green above with a white feather on each side, bright rosy pink beneath, petiole 2 inches long or more stout. Spike close to the leaf and enclosed with it in a red sheath as long as the petiole or shorter, peduncle 1 inch long. Bracts narrow lanceolate blunt red # inch long. Flowers white 6 or more enclosed in red bract- eoles. Calyx tubular very short. Corolla tube 1 inch long lobes lan- ceolate acute ~ inch long. Staminodes much shorter oblong obtuse rounded. Lip obovate apex bilobed white pale yellow in the centre. Stamen short. Anther oblong pubescent, crest broader rounded retuse. G. calophylla, Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. 8. Br. Vol. XXXII. p. 115. Selangor: Pahang Track in dense forest (Ridley); Pahang: Tahan River (Ridley), Endemic. The Pahang plant has a deeper bilobed lip, and the leaves less distinctly marked with white and has. a few other slight differences but I think the two are specifically the same. 17. G. OCULATA, Ridl. le. 117. Rhizome rather long creeping. Leaf solitary ovate glabrous 8 inches long by 4$ inches wide dark green purplish beneath prominent nerves about 14, petiole 10 inches longer less. Peduncle 1 inch long enclosed with the petiole in a sheath. 20 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Spike 14 inch long. Bracts ovate to lanceolate } an inch long red, lower ones blunt, upper ones acute. Flowers 2 to a bract. Calyx 4 inch long, lobes 2 very short. Corolla tube 1 inch long, lobes lanceolate acute } inch long. Staminodes oblong lanceolate obtuse broader pub- escent 4 inch long white. Lip obovate bilobed 4 inch long and as wide white centre yellow and 2 deep crimson patches at the base. Fila- ment short and broad. Anther pubescent crest very short rounded. Selangor : Pahang Track at 1500 feet alt. (Ridley 8484) ; Johore: Gunong Janeng (Kelsall) ; Pahang : Selinsing (Machado). Endemic. 18. G. CONCINNA, Ridl. l.c. 116. Rhizome slender, Leaf. solita- ry lanceolate acuminate with a broad cordate base 6 inches long one and a half glabrous, petiole very long and slender 9 inches tall. Peduncle an inch long enclosed with the base of the petiole in two sheaths. Bracts lanceolate acute rather thin red an inch long. Calyx very short. Corolla tube longer than the bracts gradually dilated upwards white with dark red stripes. Lip oblong margin inecurved. Anther crest small entire. Kaempferia concinna, Baker, Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 221. Perak : Ulu Bubong (King’s Coll. 10135). Endemic. DOUBTFUL SPECIES. G. sp. Rhizome rather stout. Leaves 3 or 4 unequal lanceolate to ovate lanceolate 8-12 inches long 4 to 6 inches across cuspidate closely nerved with fine cross bars, glabrous, petiole 6-8 inches long. Spike cylindric 6 inches long from among the leaves almost sessile. Bracts oblong 13 inch long. Flowers not seen. Johore, base of Gunong Pantiin woods (Ridley). This is a very distinct plant in the great size of its leaves, and long spike. I was quite unable to find flowers though the plant was abun- dant in one spot. Itis allied to G. Prainiana, Ridl., and to G. plicata, Ridl. 7. CURCUMA, L. Rhizome thick aromatic with tuberous roots or slender with fibrous roots, stems short ornone. Leaves oblong or obovate usually tufted rarely solitary. Spikes peduncled, bracts ovate forming a cone, usually brightly coloured, uppermost ones often empty longer and of a different colour. Flowers fugitive several in each bract with several bracteoles. Calyx short cylindric toothed. Corolla tube broad funnel-shaped lobes ovate or oblong. Staminodes oblong petaloid. Lip orbicular or obovate. Filament short broad. Anther cells parallel, sometimes spurred at the base, crested or not. Ovary 3 celled ovules many. Style filiform. Capsule globose membranous 3 valved. Seeds usually arillate ovoid or oblong. Species about 35. India, Siam, Malay Islands, Australia. Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 21 § 1. ZEDOARIA. Rhizome thick aromatic. Spike often appearing without the leaves. Corolla tube short and thick. Anther versa- tile with long decurved points at base. Spike large. Bracts green with pink tips in upper ones crimson = ve az. ole Czedoarza: § 2. HITCHENIOPSIS. Rhizome rather slender. Spike from centre of the leaf tuft. Corolla tube slénder. Filament slender. Anther linear, terminal. Chiefly differs from Gastro- Chilus in the form of the spike and bracts. Leaves in pairs broad, peduncle short 9. C. Kunstlerv. Leaves 2-3 narrow lanceolate peduncle slender =a vee ae .. 0. CO. lanceolata. Leaf solitary, ovate peduncle long slender 4. C. sylvestris. § 1. ZEDOARIA. 1. C. ZEDOARIA, Roscoe Scitamineae t. 109. Rhizome large fleshy with oblong rounded tubers, orange coloured inside. Leaves in pairs lanceolate to cuspidate glabrous bright green with a central purple brown bar 18 inches long 6 inches wide. Scape outside the leaf tuft, peduncle 18 inches long, spike 6 inches or more long of about 20 bracts, lower ones green more or less tipped pink, upper ones lanceolate deep crimson. Flowers 4 to each bract. Bracteoles thin transparent 1 inch long lanceolate. Calyx + inch long bifid hairy. Corolla tube 1 inch long funnel-shaped yellowish white lobes 4 inch white. Staminodes oblong obtuse erect. Lip oblong obovate bilobed yellowish tip orange. Filament adnate to staminodes, short broad. Anther spurred. Horan. Prodr. 23, Bak. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 210. C. zerumbet, Roxb. As. Res. XI. 333, Fl. Ind. i. 20, Coromand. Pl. t. 101. C. officinalis, Salisb. Trans. Hort. Soc. 1. 285. C. spe- ciosa, Link. Enum. ii. 3. Amonwm zerwmbeth, Koen. Retobs. ui. 55. A. latifoliwm, Lam. Encye. i. 184. Singapore: Bukit Timah, etc., (Ridley); Penang: Balik Pulau (Curtis 1744) (Ridley 7229); Kedah : Yan (Ridley). , The “Temu Lawas” of the Malays, commonly cultivated has established itself in many places near abandoned cultivations. It is a native of India and probably also of the Malay Islands. Several other species such as the Tumeric “ Kunyet’’ Curcwma longa L. and C. aro- matica, Salisb. are cultivated by Malays and Chinese but do not seem to establish themselves. 22 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. § 2. HITCHENIOPSIS. 2. C. KUNSTLERI, Baker, l.c. 214. Rhizome moderately stout. Leaves in pairs obovate cuspidate 12 inches long and 6 inches across, deep green above purple pubescent beneath, petiole 4 inches long thick. Spike from between the leaves 4 inches long ona short peduncle. Bracts few about 1 inch long, tips rounded deep red, inner bracts shorter oblong ovate cartilagineous deep red. Calyx half an inch long cylindric deeply split obscurely 3 fid red. Corolla tube 1 inch long white, lobes lanceolate acute + inch long white. Staminodes oblong obtuse. Lip obovate obtuse denticulate bilobed yellow darkest in centre, with a few pink streaks at base. Stamen pubescent with a broad filament. An- ther oblong emarginate no crest. Ridley l.c. 120. Perak: Larut Hills (Curtis 2875, 2719), Wray 3702, 3662, 3388) Tapa (Wray 193); Dindings: Gunong Tungul (Ridley 7228). var. rubra. Staminodes lip and anther dark red. Perak, Kwala Dipang at the base of limestone cliffs (Ridley). Inhabits dense damp woods local but abundant. Endemic. _ 8. C. LANCEOLATA, n.sp. Leaves 2 or 3 in a tuft lanceolate sub- acute 8 inches long 24 inches wide, dark green glabrous above with appressed hairs on the midrib beneath, petiole 6 inches long. Peduncle 3 inches long. Spike obconic. Bracts ovate lanceolate green acute # inch long or less. Calyx tube + inch long lobed. Corolla tube slender 4 inch long, lobe oblong ¢inch long. Staminodes much smaller, linear glandular pubescent. Lip oblong obtuse white apex yellowish, sides barred crimson. Filament half as long as the anther, glandular pubescent. Anther linear, crest small ovate. Perak, Bujong Malacca (Curtis 2522). Endemic. 4. C. SYLVESTRIS, Ridley Trans. Linn. Soe. Vol. III. p. 378, Journ. Straits Branch Roy. As. Soc. Vol. 32, p.121. Rhizome slender far creep- ing. Leaf solitary ovate acute 8 inches long by 4 inches wide green above purple benath glabrous, petiole slender 18 inches long. Peduncle 4-6 inches long enclosed at the base with the petiole in a large sheath. Spike abconic 14 inch long. Bracts broad ovate points recurved rosy. Flowers small white. Corolla tube slender + inch long, lobes narrow linear acute 4 inch long. Staminodes broader lorate obtuse. Lip oblong obovate emarginate lobes rounded, white with a median yellow spot and some violet streaks. Filament broad. Anther oblong with a broad recurved dark violet crest. Pahang: Tahan Woods (Ridley 2400). Local but very abundant at one spot. Hndemic. EXCLUDED SPECIES. C. grandiflora, Wall. Voight Hort. Suburb. Cale. 565, Bak. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 216. “ Malay Peninsula.”’ This is one of the Zedoaria Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 23 section and seems to be only known from a drawing in the Kew Her- barium. It is very improbable that it was obtained from the Malay Peninsula. 8. CONAMOMUM, Ridl. Stout plants with a woody rhizome elevated above the ground on tall roots. Leafy stems tall. Leaves oblong lanceolate. Scapes from the rhizome peduncled, with a dense spike of flowers with stiff green or brown persistent bracts. Calyx tubular. Corolla tube short and thick, lobe unequal upper one largest oblong. Staminodes linear smaller, Lip 3 lobed or entire. Stamen short and broad. Anther with curved lineararms. Capsule subglobose or oblong. Species 2, endemic. Inner bract ovate. Calyx tubular va, Li -CY catrinwm: Inner bract utricular. Calyx utricular .... 2. C. wtriculoswm. 1..C. CITRINUM, Ridl. 1.c. 121. Leaves oblong cuspidate base acute 12 inches or more long, 3 inches wide petiole short winged. Scapes several 13 inches tall peduncle stout 8 inches long, sheaths 2 inches long, spike very dense. Bracts light green ovate acute stiff 4 inch long. Bracteole broadly ovate. Calyx short tubular lobes 3 equal, + inch long. Corolla tube short and thick lobes elliptic oblong obtuse white, upper one 4 inch long lower ones’ shorter. Staminodes short linear blunt pale red. Lip 3 lobed, lobes erect rounded, midlobe oblong obtuse rounded, 4 inch across, yellow with pale red stripes on the side lobes. Stamen 4 inch, filament linear. Anther with 2 curved linear arms, yellow spotted red. Capsule globose 4 inch long purple. Perak: Larut Hills (Ridley 2959), Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9788). 2. C. UTRICULOSUM, Ridl.1.c. 122. Rhizome very large raised high above the ground. Stems about 6 feet tall clubbed at the base. Leaves lanceolate or oblong lanceolate cuspidate base narrowed 16-18 inches long 2-4 inches wide, petiole 1 inch or less. Spike on a thick peduncle 6 inches long, covered with stiff truncate sheaths, inflorescence 6-18 inches tall. Outer bracts ovate acute 1 inch long. Bracteole utricular enclosing the flower 6 lobed and _ split nearly to base. Calyx utricular longer than the corolla tube, lobes 3 rounded obtuse. Corolla tube short and thick, lobes oblong obtuse, upper one larger. Lip as long claw broad blade fan-shaped buff with red veins. Staminodes linear flat tip rounded. Filament rather short thin. Anther cells thick, crest ovate rounded arms curved linear. Capsule fusiform 1 inch long. Perak: Larut Hills (Curtis 2714, Ridley 5190), Gunong Batu Putih (Wray 1013.) 9. Costus, L. Stems tall often spiral, sometimes branching. Leaves lanceolate shortly petioled, ligule forming a complete ring. Spike terminal or 24 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. basal. Bracts stiff often spiny. Calyx tubular with three lobes. Corolla tube broad funnel-shapped as long lobes large lanceolate or oblong. Lip large obovate usually entire trumpet-shaped. Staminodes absent. Stamen very broad and thin connective above long acute or curved up. Anther cells narrow linear. Capsule woody splitting on one side, seeds numerous angled. Species about 40. South America, Aftica and Indo Malaya. Spike terminal flowers white aN wean LC speerosus: Spike on the rhizome. Bracts strongly spiny. Flowers red Bracts hairy not pungent. Flowers yellow -:- en a Sh a) OO, Kungi, Bracts glabrous thi Aa et foe. [2A C, “eupistlers, bo . C. globosus. 1. C. SPECIOSUS, Smith Trans. Linn. Soc. i. 249. Stems 6 to 10 feet tall 4 to 1 inch through covered with dull brown sheaths, often branched above and spiral. Leaves oblong acuminate 9 inches long 3 inches wide above glabrous dark green, beneath more or less pubescent, petiole 4 inch long pubescent, ligule short annular_ reddish. Spike oyate or oblong terminal (very rarely from the rhizome) 6 inches or less. Bracts ovate mucronate not pungent red ? inch long. Bracteole shorter lanceolate acute. Calyx short cartilagineous red, lobes very short, lower one longest. Corolla tube short hardly 4 inch long lobes equal mucronate 2 inches long, white often tinged rose. Lip very large obovate convolute 4 inches long and wide white central bar yellow. Stamen 2 inches long filament hairy on the back ¢ inch across, crest oblong acuminate orange beneath. Capsule halfinch long red. Seed 4 or 5 in each cell. Bak. Fl. Brit. Ind. 250, Roxb. As. Res. XI. 349, FI. Ind. i. 58, Wight Ic. t. 2014, Rchb. Fl. Exot. t. 69, Paxt. Mag. IV. t. 945. OC. arabicus, Jacq. Ic.t. 1, Hellenia grandiflora, Retz. Obs. VI. 68, Banksia speciosa, Koem. Retz. Obs. III. 75. Common over the whole peninsula. var. argyrophyllus, Wall. Cat. 6555. Bak. l.c.c. A more slender woodland form. Stems more branched, leaves more pubescent on the back often quite silky. Bracts and calyx less brightly coloured, often green. Flower spikes and flowers small. Lip entirely white. Petals often tinted pink. Common in woods, Singapore, Malacca, Perak (King’s Coll.436.) Very rarely indeed a spike of flowers appears rising directly from the rhizome. Schumann Monogr. der Zingiberaceen von Malaisien (Engler’s Bot. Jahrb. XXVII) makes 5 varieties one of which var. sericea is doubtless argyrophyllus, the rest ave very slightly different forms. The native name is “ S’Tawar or Tawar,” and the plant is chiefly used in magic ceremonies. a Matertals for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 25 Distribution. India, Ceylon and Malay Archipelago. 2. C. GbLoBosus, Bl. Enum. Pl. Jav. 62. Stems tall 6 to 8 feet rather slender bases covered with reddish brown sheaths. Leaves on one side of the stem only, sheaths terete 1 inch long blade broadly oblanceolate acuminate 7 inches long 24 inches wide, midrib beneath sometimes pubescent petiole + inch long, ligule annular ciliate. Spike from the rhizome on a peduncle 3 inches long, compact as long as the peduncle. Bracts broad ovate stiff red an inch long with a long sharp pungent mucro. Flowers cherry red. Bracteole resembling the bract but smaller. Calyx tubular with three pungent lobes, an inch long red. Corolla tube as long as the calyx, lobes lanceolate pubescent acute 1 inch long $ inch wide. Lip obovate involute 2 inches long fringed with hairs. Filament 2 inch across. Anther crest ovate obtuse red, back of stamen covered with white wool. Bak. lc. Ridl. lc. 125. Valeton. Ic. Bogar. VII. 163. C. acanthocephalus, Schum. Eng. Bot. Jahrb. XXVII. t. VI. D. Singapore: Bukit Timah (Ridley) ; Johor: Gunong Panti; Selang- or: Kwala Lumpur Caves (Ridley 8474); Perak: Larut Hills; Pa- hang: Tahan River (Ridley 2392) ; Sungei Ujong: Tampin (Goodenough 1908). Distrib. Sumatra, Java, Borneo. On rocks and banks in damp woods. 3. C. Kine, Bak. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 250. Stems about 6 feet tall. Leaves oblanceolate oblong cuspidate 8 inches long 3 inches wide. glabrous above softly pubescent beneath, sheaths hispid, ligule hardly distinct not hairy. Spike from the rhizome on a peduncle 2 inches long, conic cylindric 3 inches long, 2 inches through. Bracts ovate ? inch long, upper ones smaller lanceolate mucronate with a short hairy point. Bracteole similar but smaller. Flowers orange yellow. Calyx nearly an ineh tubular, lobes 3 equal mucronate hairy. Corolla tube 6 inches long lobes oblong mucronate pubescent. Filament oblong rather short white woolly apex rounded orange. Ridley l.c. 125. Penang : Pulau Betong (Curtis 1976) ; Perak: Larut Hills (King’s Coll. 2104). Endemic. : 4. C. KUNSTLERI, King. Mss. Leaves oblanceolate narrowed at the base apex acuminate cuspidate glabrous 6-7 inches long 24 inch wide, petiole 4 inch long, sheaths 14 inch long glabrous dilate. Peduncle 3 inches long, rather slender. Capitulum 14 inch long sub- globose. Bracts thin lanceolate. Calyx tube little over + inch thick purplish, lobes 3 acute. Corolla tube $ as long again rather slender lobes oblong over an inch long. Lip convolute obovate rounded 14 inch long } inch across. Stamen flat thin appendage long linear broad. Stigma with a broad trilobed crest. Ovary hispid. Perak : Larut Hills 500 to 1,000 feet (Kunstler 2037). Endemic. 26 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. This is remarkable for the thin narrow bracts and small flowers, and for the peculiar crested stigma which resembles that of some of the South American species. 10. ZINGIBER, Adans. Rhizome short thick more or less aromatic. Stems leafy. Leaves lanceolate. Spike from the rhizome (rarely terminal) almost sessile or pedunculate, cylindric or conic, with large red or yellow bracts contain- ing 1 or more flowers. Calyx tubular short. Corolla tube little longer than the bract, lobes oblong or lanceolate. Staminodes wanting. Lip 3 lobed, midlobe longer. Stamen filament linear. Anther cells linear, connective prolonged into a long terminal curved beak. Style as long: Capsule thin-walled splitting into 3 valves, seeds black angled covered with an aril. Species, about 30. India, Siam, Malayan. Spikes base broad, apex blunt. Leafy stems 4 to 7 feet tall. Spikes cylindric large bes vee .. 1. Z. spectabile. Spike short conic El. 2. Z. Kunstlert. Leafy stems about 2 feet. Spikes obconic, bracts narrow... - 38. Z. Wray. Spikes cylindric red. Lip midlobe entire 4. 7. Zerwmbet. Lip midlobe bifid ae a =O Z. Casswnunaar. Spikes yellow cylindric blunt. Lip pink, midlobe bifid wee .. 6. 2, chrysostachys. Lip white midlobe entire ie 2 4.4, cttrinum. Spikes fusiform narrowed at base apex acute. Lip midlobe acute deeply bifid .. 8 4, gractle. Lip midlobe entire oblong blunt .. 9. 4. puberula Lip midlobe entire lanceolate acute ... 10. 4. Griffithit. 1. Z. SPECTABILE, Griff. Notul. iii. 413. Stems 7 feet tall + inch through. Leaves about 25, lanceolate mucronate 12 inches long, 4 inches across dull green, ligule thin bilobed + inch long. Peduncles stout 12inches or more. Spike as long. Bracts stiff ovate edges re- curved blunt, at first yellow, then scarlet. Calyx spathaceous subobtuse 14 inch long white. Corolla tube 14 inch long, lobes lanceolate acute 14 inch long, lower ones connate for 4 the length and adnate to the lip, yellowish white. Lip 3 lobed shorter, side lobes broad rounded, medi- an ovate bifid lemon yellow mottled black or deep purple. Anther broad yellow appendage long curved purple. Capsule an inch long. Bak. l.c. Ridley l.c. 128. 2. macradenium, Schum. Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XXVII, 269. Pflanzeur, 174. Malacca: Panchor (Goodenough 1272); Negri Sembilan : Bukit Tampin (Goodenough 1877); Selangor: Pataling; Pahang: Kwala * Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 27 Luit, Tahan (Ridley 2407); Perak: Larut (King’s Coll. 3205); Dind- ings: Lumut (Ridley); Penang: Pulau Betong (Curtis 1978, 2161). Distrib. Sumatra. A very fine and showy plant, occurs in damp forest. 2. Z. KUNSTLERI, King. Mss. Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. Vol. 32, p. 127. Rhizome very thick and fleshy 6 inches long 2 through. Stems 4 to 6 feet tall. Leaves lanceolate acuminate more than a foot long and 3 inches wide, narrowed at the base, ligule very short. Scape over a foot tall, stout covered with sheathing leaves up- per ones larger and uppermost with an ovate blade 2 inches long and one across. Spike short and broad 3 inches long and as thick. Bracts lanceolate, tips deflexed dull red, Flowers shortly protruding, Corolla tube slender, !obes narrow lanceolate acute. Lip shorter lanceolate acute side lobes hardly distinct. Anther longer cells narrowly oblong, beak about as long, narrow. “ Flower stem a rich light brown and pink. Flower pale white reddish and brown inside.”’ Perak, open old jungle, rich rocky soil 2000 to 3000 feet Aug. 1884 ‘(Kunstler 2219), Larut Hills (Ridley). Endemic. 3. Z. WRAYII, Prain. Mss. Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soe. S. Br. Vol. XLI, p. 32. Stem slender over a foot tall. Leaves elliptic lanceolate glabrous 9 inches long 3 inches wide, narrowed at the base but not petioled. Peduncle 4 inches tall covered with large loose sheathing leaves. Spike 3 inches long ovoid obconic. Bracts thin elliptic 13 inch long, + inch wide or less. Flowers solitary yellow. Bracteole sapthazeous. Lip spotted and marked with purple. Anther narrow linear, beak $ inch long. Upper Perak 300 feet (Wray 3735). The specimen is in poor condition, but the plant seems distinet in its rounded head of thin bracts. Endemic. 4. Z. ZERUMBET, Sm. Exot. Bot. II. 104, t. 112. Rhizome thick yellow inside, becoming white. Stems stout 12-18 inches tall. Leaves broadly lanceolate glabrous 4-6 inches long, 23-3 inches wide, midrib hairy ligule $ inch long papery brown. Spike globose to oblong 3 inches long, blunt, peduncle 3-4 inches long. Bracts broad rounded green turning red, edges paler hairy. Calyx spathaceous 4 inch long white. Corolla tube twice as long, lobes lanceolate acute white. Lip broad and short, side lobes rounded midlobe orbicular to ovate retuse pale. yellow with an orange bar, or faintly mottled pink. Capsule oblong. Roscoe, Trans. Linn, Soc. VIII. 348, Scit. Pl. t. 84, Roxb. As. Res. XI. 346, FI. Ind. i. 48, Horan. Prodr. 27, Bot. Mag. t. 2,000, Wight Ic. t. 2,003, Bak. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 247, Ridley l.c. 127. S. spurium, Koen. Retz. Obs. iii. 60, Zingiber, sp. Griff. Notul iii 412, Ic. t. 351. 28 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Amonum zerumbet, L. Sp. Pl. i. 1, Jacq. Hort. Vindob. iii. t. 54. A. spurium Gmel. Syst. i. 6. LC. asttivewm. Bulb smaller leaves 2-3 feet a 3 inches QCYOSS ... ab he a ... &.C. defixum. 1. C. aAstaticum, L. Sp. Pl. 419 (in part). Rootstock globose very large, neck stout 2 feet long 3 inches through. Leaves lanceolate dark sreen broad 2-6 feet long 5-6 inches wide thin. Scapes several stout 3-4 feet long. Inyolucral bracts ovate lanceolate 4 inches long 1-3 inches wide. Flowersnumerous pedicels erect ¢-14 inch long. Perianth tube green 3-6 inches long, lobes linear white 3% inches long ¢ inch wide. Staments 24 inches long base white above dark pink. Anthers fuscous Linch long. Style filiform. dark red. Fruit sub-globose with a leathery pericarp. Seeds large unequal | or usually 2. Kunth. Enum. VY. 547, Baker Handl. Amaryllidae 75, Herb. Ama- ryllid. 243, Bot. Mag. t. 1073, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 280, Trim. Fl. Ceyl. IV. 271. C. toxicariwm, Roxb. FI. iid II. 134, Wight. Ic. t. 2021, 2022, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 669. Singapore : Changi; Sungei Buluh (Ridley 3600a); Johor: Tanah Runto (Ridley) ; Pahang: Pekan (Ridley 1659) ; Malacca: Pulau Besar (Maingay) Kundur (Griffith) ; Perak : Dindings (Ridley) ; Penang: Batu Feringi (Curtis 1274); Tringanu: (Ridley) Distrib. India, Ceylon, Malaya. Common on the seashore growing in sand all round our coasts. Native name * Tembaga Suasa.”’ Hooker l.c. p. 284, suggests that Curtis’ plant above- quoted may be C. pedunculatum, Br. of Australia, and states that this species differs from C. asiaticum only in the long pedicelled flowers, and “ according to the Bot. Reg. in the elongated rootstock.” The common plant here has always long pedicelled flowers and an elongate rootstock. 9. GC. DEFIXUM, Ker. Quart. Journ. Sci. and Arts IIIT. 105. Root- stock globose, neck 3-4 inches long. Leaves linear 2 feet long 4 inches wide. Scape stout 2 feet long slightly flattened green involucral bracts deltoid ovate acuminate 14 inch long. Flowers erect about 12. Perianth tube 6 inches long slender greenish, ovary 1 inch long, lobes narrow linear acute reflexed white 3 inches long 4 inch wide. Filaments as long red. Anthers linear fuscous. Style rather longer Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 69 red. Fruit subglobose crowned with the persistent tube 14 inch through purplish. Seeds flat ovoid elliptic green. Herb. Amaryllid. 255, Kunth. Enum. V. 562. Bot. Mag. t. 2208, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 362, Baker Handl. Amaryllid. 76, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 281, Trim. Fl. Ceyl. VI. 271. C. astaticum, Roxb: FI. Ind. IT. 172. (not Linn). Amaryllis vivipara, Lam. Eneye. I. 123. Pahang: Damp fields near the river at Renchong. Distrib. India Ceylon, Siam, Borneo. VI. BURMANNIACEAE. Small herbs often saprophytic. Stem usually short rarely tall. Leaves narrow linear green or reduced to scales white. Perianth superior tubular, with 3 sepals and 3 petals. Stamens 6 adnate to the tube, filaments very short. Anthers oblong 2 celled inflexed within the tube very various in form. Ovary obconic ovules very numerous. Capsule obconic opening by a lid. Seed minute not winged. Distribu- tion all tropical countries. § 1. Non-saprophytie (virentes). Leaves linear green ah ae wes 1. Burmannia. § 1. § 2. Saprophytic. Leaves reduced to scales. Stamens 3, ovary 3 locular 1. Burmannia. § 2. Stamens 3, ovary 1 locular 2. Gymnosiphon. Stamens 6. Petals present 3. Thismia. Stamens 6. Sepals connate by apices. Petals absent 4, Bagnisia. 1. BURMANNIA. Saprophytic or non-saprophytic. Stem ascending or tuberous - subterranean. Leaves linear acuminate green or reduced to white scales. Flowers solitary or racemose, blue or white. Perianth tube thin often broadly winged urn-shaped. Petals and sepals very small ovate. Stamens 3, filaments very short. Anthers reniform opening laterally. Style slender trifid. Stigmas heart-shaped. Capsule oblong or globose 3 celled, seeds fusiform. Species about 20. ‘Tropical Asia, Africa and South America. § 1. Non-saprophytic (virentes). Stem elongate with scattered leaves. Flowers few nodding ee a? a Stem short leaves crowded at base. Flowers distichous secund racemose .... -» 2. B.\ disticha. Stem short, leaves crowded at base. Flowers 1 to 6 crowded atthe apex .-: >» 98, B. coelestis, 1 B longifolia. 70 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. § 2. Saprophytic. Leaves reduced to scales. Perianth tube winged. Flowers numerous on long racemes vad Pes Flowers one or two at the apex of the stem. Wings of perianth very narrow . gracilis. . Wallichit. Dox tm ott Wings of perianth broad oblong ... . oblonga. Perianth tube cylindric not winged. Rhizome tuberous ... as 7. B. tuberosa. Rhizome elongate covered with scaleleayes 8. B. Championtt. § 1. VIRENTES. 1. B. LONGIFOLIA, Bece. Malesia I. 244. Herbaceous plant 18 in. to 2 feet tall, rhizome creeping woody about 3 inches long. Leaves scattered at the base of the ascending portion (about 6 inches long) numerous grassy linear acuminate 8 inches long, + inch wide. Stem about 8-16 inches long stiff erect, with 2 racemes of secund nodding flowers blue or white, half an inch in length on short pedicels. Bracts thin lanceolate acuminate white. Perianth tube dilate and winged at the base, narrowed upwards. Sepals lanceolate acuminate acute. Petals half as long blunt. Stamens with the connective bilobed above a central boss and a tooth below. Style arms short. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. V. 664. Selangor : Bukit Hitam (Ridley 7653); Pahang: K’luang Terbang (Barnes H. B.S. 10902); Perak: Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9794). Gunong Bubu (Wray 3888); Larut Hills: Gunong Hijau (Ridley). (King’s Coll. 5039). Gunong Batu Pahat (King’s Collector 8040). Distrib. Borneo. Inhabits mossy spots atan altitude of 3000 to 5000 feet. 9. B.DISTICHA, L. Sp. Pl. 287. Rhizome short and thick. Stem 1 to 2 feet tall erect seldom branched. Leaves ensiform acuminate 4-6 inches long 4-$ wide, crowded at the base with afew sheathing ones above. Racemes opposite 2 or more terminal spreading 1-2 inches long many flowered. Flowers distichous secund erect 10-26 4 an inch long, blue or white. Pedicels 4 inch long. Bracts lanceolate acumi- nate + inch long. Perianth tube broadly winged. Sepals ovate acute 4 inch long green. Petals narrower and thinner oblong linear blunt. Roxb. Cor. Pl. III. +t. 242. Hook. fil. Fl. Bnt. Ind: -V.-664, B. distachya, R. Br. Prodr. 264. B. swnatrana Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 617. Malacca: Mount Ophir (Ridley 3139, Derry 600); Kedah: Gunong Jerai (Ridley). Distrib. India, Ceylon, Sumatra, China, Australia. The peninsular form has narrow more acuminate leayes than the Indian form and is the var. swmatrana Hook. fil. l.c.c. lod Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. i1 3. B. COELESTIS, Don. Prodr. 44. Slender herb 3 to 12 inches tall, rhizome about 1 inch long. Leaves crowded at the base, lanceolate acuminate 4-3 inch long, with a few scattered on the upper part of the stem. Flowers 1-6 terminal crowded very shortly pedicelled light blue, half an inch long. Perianth tube 3 winged for its whole length. Sepals and petals short ovate yellowish white the latter much the larger. Anthers sessile oval connective broad 2-crested above prolonged into a tooth below. Style slender trifid. Stigmas heart-shaped. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit Ind. V. 665. B. azurea, Griff. Notul. ILI. 236, Ic. Pl. As. t. 272, f. 1, Beccari, Malesia 1, 242, t. 15, f. 1-3. B. gavanica, BI. Enum. Pl. Jav.:I. 28, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. III. 614. B. treflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 117. Cryptonema malaccensis Turez. Flora 1848, 1, 590. Nephrocaeliwm malaccensis Turez. l.c. 1853, I. 287. Singapore: Tanglin, Changi, etc., (Ridley); Malacca: Ayer Panas (Goodenough 1691), Sungei Hudang (Derry 1481); Pahang: Kwala Pahang (Ridley 1573); Penang: Telok Bahang (Curtis). Province Wellesley, Tasek Gelugur (Ridley 6997). Distrib. India, Siam, Labuan. Grassy and sandy spots in open country common. Native names sc eo. 6e Rumput Sisik Naga,” Rumput Jarum.” § 2. SAPROPHYTICAE. 4. B. GRACILIS, Ridley Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Straits Branch Vol. 29, p. 335, (1890). A slender saprophyte 6-12 inches tall, branched. Leaves narrow lanceolate scale-like scattered on the stem. Racemes two opposite, terminal an inch or more long. Flowers about 14 secund erect white, pedicels ¢ inch long. Bracts oblong obtuse ¢ inch long. Perianth tube + inch long winged with broad semi-elliptic wings for its whole length. Sepals small lanceolate, petals much smaller, short and blunt. Style rather long, stigmas reniform. Capsule urn-shaped seeds fusiform acute at both ends. Lankawi Islands, Terutau (Curtis 2123, 2590). Distrib. S. W. Siam. Occurs on limestone rocks, beneath trees. 5. B. WALLICHII, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. V. p. 666. A very slender saprophyte 4 to 5 inches long white with a slender branched rhizome with ovate lanceolate sheathing leaves. Leaves distant ¢ inch long. Flowers 1-2 erect ¢ inch long. Bracts short long lanceo- late obtuse. Perianth tube nearly cylindric + inch long with 3 rather or very narrow wings. Sepals ovate subacute, thick pustular. Petals very minute or apparently absent. Style stout arms short curved. Stigmas thick rounded. Gonyanthes Wallichit Miers, Trans. Linn. Soc. XVIII. 537 72 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. B. Griffithii, Bece. Malesia I. 254. B. lutescens Bece. |.c. Singapore: Kranji (Ridley); Pahang: Tahan Woods (Ridley); Selangor: 15th mile Pahang Track (Ridley); Kedah: Gunong Jerai (Ridley). Distrib. Nepal, Mergui, Borneo, Hongkong. A very delicate little plant occurring sporadically in dense forest. If I am correct in considering all these plants as the same species there is a considerable variety in the development of the wings of the perianth which are somewhat large in some forms, (B. lutescens) in others almost suppressed. Miers l.c. describes the flowers as “ pur- purei.” I have always found them white. 6. B. OBLONGA, Ridl. Journ. Roy. As Soc. S. Br. Vol. 41, p. 33. A slender saprophyte 5 inches tall with numerous wiry roots. Stem sparingly or not atall branched. Leaves sheath-like scales, few and dis- tant. Flowers white one or two on the end of the stem % inch long and + inch wide across the wings, tube narrow, wings oblong with straight edges, angles rounded. Sepals and petals short blunt. Petals much shorter than sepals. Penang on rocks at 1500 to 2000 feet alt. (King’s Collector 2270) ; Selangor : Semangkok Pass (Napier; Ridley 12108). Endemic. This resembles B. coelestis in the form of the flower but is a saprophyte. The very broad oblong wings are very distinctive. 7. B. TUBEROSA, Becc. Males. 1, 245, t. 14, fig. 1-4. Small white saprophyte 3-6 inches tall, rhizome tuberous. Leaves lanceolate scale- like scattered on the stem. Flowers 5 or 6 crowded on the apex of the stem + inch long shortly pedicelled. Bracts lanceolate acute white. Perianth tube not winged. Sepals ovate obtuse yellow. Petals very small not half as large. Stamens in the throat of the tube, connective oblong with a tooth above and below. Style as long as the tube arms short, stigmas reniform. Fruit + inch long elliptic. Seeds oval no- dulose. Singapore, Changi, Bukit Timah, etc., (Ridley); Malacca: Sungei Hudang (Hervey). Mount Ophir (Ridley) ; Selangor: Petaling (Ridley) ; Kedah: Gunong Jerai (Ridley). Distrib. Borneo. Oceurs in damp woods buried for half its length or more in rotten leaves. Flowers scented like cowslips. 8. B. CHAMPIONII, Thwaites Enum. 325. Small saprophyte, about 2-6 inches long, rhizome stout over 2 inches long covered with ovate white scales, roots long and wiry. Stem stout with numerous lanceolate acuminate leaves $ to t+ inch long. Flowers 4-5 crowded in a head, half an inch long white. Bracts oblong obtuse + inch long. Perianth tube sub-cylindrie not winged. Sepals ovate subacute 4 inch long. Petals very small short blunt terete processes. Style arms very short, stigmas reniform. Capsule globose. Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 73 Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VY. 666. Trimen. Flora of Ceylon Vol. IV pi toied i 87. Selangor: Damp woods on the Labu river (Ridley). Distrib. Ceylon. This plant grows deeply sunk among decaying leaves. It is closely allied to B. tuberosa Becc. but is distinguished by its stouter habit, the rhizome covered with scaly leaves, larger bracts and flowers. 92. GYMNOSIPHON, BI. Saprophytes, with slender branched or simple stems small scale like leaves and small flowers in a short raceme, or cyme. Perianth tube cylindric not winged. Sepals broad. Petals smaller or absent. Anthers 3 oblong sessile near the mouth of the perianth tube, connective broad with no appendages. Style shortly trifid. Ovary unilocular. Capsule oblong or globose, crowned with the persistent lower half of the tube. Seeds subglobose fusiform rugose. Species 12 chiefly South American, 1 African, 2 or 3 Malayan. G. aphyllum Bl. Enum. Pl. Java p. 29. Stem wiry whitish, branched 4-5 inches tall. Leaves few ovate lanceolate or ovate, blunt $ inch long. Flowers few thin pale violet 7 inch long on slender pedicels $ inch long. Perianth tube very short. Sepals ovate acute. Petals minute linear lanceolate. Capsule cylin- dric, reticulate below, and the enlarged perianth tube above. Seeds elliptic ovoid inaequilateral, dark brown ribbed. Mip. Fl. Nederl. Ind. Vol. 3, p. 615. G. borneense, Becc. Males. I. 241, t. 14, fig. 5-9. Singapore : Bukit Timah, etc. (Ridley); Johor: Batu Pahat (Kel- sall); Malacca: Sadanen (Ridley); Pahang: Taka Tahan (Ridley) ; Selangor: Petaling; Kedah: Gunong Jerai (Ridley). Distrib. Sumatra, Java, Borneo and Papua. In damp woods common but sporadic. 3. THISMIA, Griff. Fleshy saprophytes, with a creeping rhizome and ascending stem a few inches tall with scale-like leaves, and 1 or 2 terminal flowers rather large for the plant. Perianth tube campanulate or turbinate falling off completely as the fruit ripens. Sepals and petals usually elongate lanceolate acuminate: or caudate, similar or differing in size and form. Petals similar. Stamens 6 adnate to the tube, filaments very short, connectives broad and often connate by the edges, deflexed. Style short and thick, stigmas very small. Ovary turbinate 1 locular. Capsule fleshy, opening by a deciduous lid. Seeds very numerous ob- long ribbed. Species 12-15. Tropical Asia and South America. 74 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. = Sepals and petals flat lanceolate acuminate 1. Th. fumida. Sepals short flat, petals caudate ... as). SOT. arachnates: Sepals and petals caudate terete. Perianth tube erect large urn-shaped 3. Th. grandiflora. Perianth tube erect obconic th Gein he EL, OSOnCe: Perianth tube bent at an angle with ovary 5, Th. chrysops. 1. TH. FUMIDA, Ridley Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Straits Branch Vol. » 92, p. 338. Plant 4 inches tall, rhizome with 3 or 4 stems. Leaves scale-like very small lanceolate acuminate. Flower solitary $ inch long, nearly 4 inch across. -Perianth tube nearly globose scabrid, narrowed above the ovary white with pink stripes. Sepals and petals equal narrow lanceolate acuminate, with subulate tips greenish grey. Style very short with small recurved arms. Capsule short, broad scabrid ribbed edge crenulate. Singapore: Chan Chu Kang (Ridley); Selangor : Petaling (Ridley). Among dead leaves rare. Endemic. 9. TH. ARACHNITES, Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. 8. Br. Vol. 44, p. 197. Stem 1-3 inches long creeping. Flowers 2-3. Bracts lanceo- late acute + inch long pedunele nearly half an inch long. Perianth tube urn-shaped, narrowed at the base inch long $ inch wide, semi- transparent with numerous vertical ribs and transverse bars, whitish, with 6 red vertical streaks, ring distinct yellow, sepals rounded ear-like short. Petals caudate white slender 14 inch long. Stamens deflexed close to the mouth oblong 4 inch long, an oval perforation close to the base and numerous teeth at the tip, anthers very small. Style short thick trilobed. Capsule cup-shaped ¢ inch long and wide edges_thick- ened. Perak, Larut Hills, dense forest just above the Tea Gardens, February (Ridley). 3. TH. GRANDIFLORA, Ridl. l.c. 324. Plant 14 inch tall 1 flowered. Leaves and bracts scale-like lanceolate acuminate with glandular hairs. Flower large, perianth tube 1 inch long urn-shaped pink with darker stripes. Petals and sepals triangular with terete processes rising from the backs, pink, an elevated ring round the mouth of the tube, low, brown. Anthers connate connective quadrate with 3 cylindric process- es, the central one longest. Style longer than in most species, arms oblong lanceolate obtuse papillose. Johor: Bukit Tana Abang, Sembrong river (Kelsall). Endemic. 4, TH. ASEROE, Becc. Malesia I. p. 252, Pl. 10. Plant 2-3 inches long, rhizome creeping, stems erect branched or simple with a few scattered bract-like leaves. Flowers usually solitary on the end of each branch, 4 an inch long. Bract 2 lanceolate acute. Perianth Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 75 tube obconic yellow, elevated ring prominent. Sepals and petals simi- lar tringular terminated by cylindric tails much longer bright orange. Anthers connate by the edges, connectives 3 toothed. Style moderate- ly long thick scabrid. Stigmas very small. Capsule brown ribbed. Seeds elliptic oblong ribbed. Ridley l.c. 336, Groom. Annals of Bot- any Vol. IX. 327, Pl. 13, 14. Singapore: Woodlands (Beccari). Bukit Timah, Kranji, etc., (Ridley) ; Pahang: Kota Glanggi (Ridley); Selangor: Petaling. The commonest and most conspicuous species, often dotting the woods with its small bright yellow starry blossoms. Endemic. 5. TH. CHRYSOPS, Ridley Ann. Bot. IX. p. 323, t. XII. Plant 3 inches tall. Leaves few lanceolate acute scale-like. Flowers one or two on short dark brown. Perianth tube oblong deflexed above the ovary, dilated + inch long deep chocolate brown, ovary pink, raised ring round tube mouth yellow. Sepals and petals filiform from a wider base, deep brown ciliate. Anthers oblong connate, apices truncate with short processes the two outer ones longer clubbed. Style short and thick, arms linear bifid. Capsule turbinate rugose. Seeds fusiform ru- gose. Malacca: Mount Ophir on rotten logs (Ridley). Endemic. 4, BAGNISIA, Becc. Fleshy saprophyte resembling Thismza but the sepals are spathu- late and connate at the apices forming a dome over the mouth of the tube. Petals suppressed. Stamens connate by the broad connectives, which are perforate, or entire. Style short, stigma discoid 6 lobed. Fruit asin Thismia. Species 3 or 4. Borneo and Malay Peninsula including Geomitra which seems hardly generically distinct. B. CROCEA, Bece. Malesia 1 249. TT. XII. var, brunnea. Very small saprophyte about an inch long with a stout rhizome, entirely red brown. Stem very short, with rather long lanceolate scale like leaves. Bracts ovate. Flower solitary larger than the stem, perianth tube enlarged upwards thick almost pear-shaped. Sepals linear connate over the top of the tube. Perak. In dense woods on the Larut Hills below Gunong Hijau, very rare. I only obtained a single specimen of this plant, and was unable to preserve it properly. Itis probably a variety of B. crocea but is much smaller and of a different colour, and the tube of the peri- anth is more swollen upwards. It should be looked for again. VII. TACCACEAE. Terrestrial herbs, with a very short stem or tuberous rhizome, and entire or pinnatifid leaves. Scape usually tall, leafless. Flowers 76 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Pentnsula. umbelled green or purple. Bracts involucral 2-6 large. Floral bracts long filiform. Perianth superior urceolate or campanulate, 6 lobed. Lobes subequal, lanceolate or ovate. Stamens 6 adnate to the tube, filaments very short, connective broad hooded. Anthers sessile concealed small. Ovary 1-celled. Style short included. Stigmas 3 broad or petaloid reflexed. Fruit baccate or 3-valved ribbed. Seeds numerous ovoid ribbed, albuminous, embryo minute. Tacca, Forst. Character of the order. Fruit indehiscent. Species about 10. Tropical Asia, Africa, Australasia. Leaves pinnatifid ... a on a. Ll. T. pinnatifida. Leayes palmate “ 9. T. palmata. Leaves entire lanceolate. Involucral bracts two inner ovate clawed purple > ii a fe ca nas B., Rs CKUSLGLE. Involucral bracts two inner ovate sessile purple... Ee mat ee -» 4, 7. vespertslho. Involucral bracts small lanceolate green... 5. ZT. minor. 1. T. PINNATIFIDA, Forst. Plant Esculent. No. 28, Char. Gen. t.35. Rhizome large globose. Leaf 1-3 feet tall, petiole light green deeply channelled, blade 2-3 feet across tripartite or pinnatifid. Scape 9-3 feet tall channelled. Flowerg usually numerous nodding green. Involucral leaves about 8 lanceolate acute 2 inches long, 4 inch wide. Floral bracts very numerous filiform 6 inches long. Pedicels 13 inch long. Perianth tube short and broad lobes subequal lanceolate fleshy edges thinner green subacute } inch long. Stamens, filaments short broad, anthers oblong truncate, adnate to lobes, above the tube. Style very short, stigmas peltate. Fruit ovoid ribbed as big as a pigeon’s egg. Roxb. Fl. Ind. II. 172, Benth. Fl. Austral. VI. 458. Miquel FI. Ind. Bat. ITI. 566. Kunth. Enum. V. 458. Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 692. Regel Gartenflora t. 582. Lamarck Enecyel. t. 232. Griff. Notul. 238, Ic. Pl. As. t. 272A. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 287. T. pinnatifolia, Gaertn. Fruct. I. 43, t. 13. Penang: near Pekan ; Cherating River (Ridley); Sungei Ujong: (Herb. H. B. Singapore); Malacca: Pulau Besar (Maingay 3267). Distribution, India, Malay Islands, Australia, Pacific. Occurs in sandy places near the sea. Native name “ Lukeh.” Tubers eaten. 9. T. PALMATA, Bl. Enum. 1. 83. Tuber small. Leaves palmate with 4 to 7 lobes broad or narrow 6 inches long, 1-3 inches wide ~~ Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 77 oblong lanceolate to lanceolate acute petiole a foot long, Scape a foot or more tall. Involucral bracts 4, two outer ones ovate acuminate 1 inch long, ~ inch wide, 2 inner ones ovate petiolate acute 1$ inch long, petiole as long as the blade. Floral bracts none. Flowers 10 or more small green, pedicels ¢ inch long. Perianth tube campanulate é inch long lobes subequal orbicular obtuse narrowed at the base inner ones spathulate. Stamens, filaments short, anther elliptic. Style thick arms recurved thick. Fruit globose ¢ inch long on longer pedi- cels. Schaur. Noy. Act. Bonn. 1843, Supp. 444. Kunth. Enum. V. 461. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. 3577. Johore, Pulau Aor (Feilding). Not yet found on the mainland. Distrib. Saint Barbe Island, Borneo, Java. 3. T. CRISTATA, Jack. Mal. Misc. I. No. V. 28. Rootstock thick 4 inches long. Leaves lanceolate acuminate long petioled, 13 to 2 feet long 4 to 7 inches wide, petiole a foot or more. Scapes erect 1 to 3 feet tall. Involucral bracts 2 pairs, outer ones lanceolate or oblong 6 inches long by 4 inches wide purple, inner pair larger erect ovate tapering into a claw below, base purple, upper part white or all purple. Floral bracts long filiform numerous 6 inches long purple tipped white. Flowers 5 to 18, pedicels $ inch long, perianth tube short and_ broad. Sepals oblong 4 inch long ¢ inch wide. Petals orbicular oblong, broad- er, all purple. Stamens filaments very short, conective broad incurved conic. Style very short. Stigma 3 lobed lobes purplish blunt rounded. Berry black 34 inch long 14 inch through, nodding on an elongate thickened pedicel, oblong obcuneate 6 keeled, terminated by the persis- tent perianth tube. Seeds numerous elliptic ribbed brown. Miquel. Fl. Ind. Bat. III. 578, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 287. T. Rafflesiana, Jack. Wall. Cat. 5172. Atacea cristata, Kunth. Enum. VY. 476, Bot. Mag. t. 4587. Lemaire Jard. Fleur. t. 186, 187. Flore des Serres. t. 860 861. Singapore: (Wallich 5172), Bukit Timah etc. (Ridley) ; Johore: Batu Pahat ; Malacca: Jus, Selandor ; Selangor: Kwala Lumpur; Perak: Larut Hills (King’s Coll. 2809), Kwala Kangsa; Penang: West Hill (Curtis 336). Distrib. Moulmein. Common in forests all over the peninsula to 2000 feet alt. Natives names Sebiak,”’ Jangut Bawo.”’ 4, T. VESPERTILIO, Ridl. Stem short asin 7. cristata. Leaves elliptic lanceolate long petioled, petiole 6-8 inches long, smooth, blade 12 inches or less, 6 inches across, base rounded, tip acuminate, margin wavy bright green. Scape over a foot long smooth. Involucral bracts 2 outer short lanceolate acuminate 14 inch long 4 inch wide green tipped purple, 2 inner ones ovate sessile alternate with the others brown purple 2 inches long 13 inch wide, glabrous. Flowers 3-5, 78 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Filiform bracts 7 inches long base purple tips white. Pedicels stout 1 inch, perianth tube campanulate purple $ inch. Sepals lanceolate, acute purplish + inch petals broader oblong ovate obtuse. Stamens shortly pedicelled, anther conic. Stigma peltate 3 lobes retuse. Perak, Kamuning (Machado). Fl. H. B. Singapore. .5. T. MINOR, n.sp. Rootstock erect cylindric 14 inch tall. Leaves elliptic acuminate or lanceolate slightly narrowed at the base 6 to 10 inches long 2 to 4 inches wide, bright green petiole shorter smooth. Scapes 3-6 inches long. Involueral bracts olive green, outer ones lan- ceolate acuminate, inner ovate acuminate as long but wider, # to 1 inch long. Filiform bracts 5 inches long dusky with pale tips. Flowers few, in thick pedicels #inch long. Perianth 4 inch across. Sepals erect about half as wide as the petals, lanceolate triangular acuminate brownish green. Petals oblong triangular acuminate. Stamens purple, fruit 14 inch long, three keeled. Seeds crescent-shaped % inch long with 8 stout ridges. Perak, Banks at Lady Weld’s Bungalow, Kwala Kangsa, and at Tambun near Ipoh (Ridley) (Scortechini); Kelantan: Kwala Lebir (Dr. Gimlette). Endemic. ‘ F T. viridis, Hemsl. Ic. Pl. 2515, 2516. ‘* Probably from the Malay Peninsula’’ was collected at Trang in S. E. Siam by Mr. Gold- ham. VIII. DIOSCOREACEAE. Rootstock often tuberous. Stem climbing branched or rarely short erect. Leaves entire, lobed, or trifoliolate ribbed and reticulate. Flowers small or minute panicled, racemose or spicate green white or purple, unisexual or rarely bisexual. Perianth superior 6 lobed, tube short urceolate or tubular. Stamens in male on the base of the peri- anth or on its lobes, 3-6, or 3 with three staminodes, filaments short. Anthers globose or oblong. Pistillode often absent. Staminodes in female flower 3, 6 or 0. Ovary triquetrous3 celled. Styles 3 very short with entire or bifid recurved stigmas, ovules 2 in each cell pendulous, anatropous or amphitropous. Fruit baccate or a three valved cap- sule. Seeds flat or globose embryo small enclosed in hard albumen. Stem erect. Flowers moderately large : bisexual ... ane eee ok .. L. Trichopus. Climbers. Flowers very small unisexual. Fruit capsular las tees 2. Dioscorea. Climbers. Flowers bisexual ea ... 8. Stenomeris. 1. TRICHOPUS, Gaertn. A small herb with a tuft of wiry simple stems 3 to 4 inches tall. Leaf gubterminal cordate petiolate reticulate. Flowers 1-several on Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 79 long pedicels bisexual. Ovary 3 winged. Perianth tube very short. Sepals and petals subequal spreading. Stamens 6, filaments very short. Anthers broad with divaricate loculi, connective prolonged into a long cylindric process. Style short and thick. Stigmas 3. bilobed thick rounded pear-shaped. Fruit indehiscent three winged. Seeds wrinkled. Species 1, India, Ceylon and Malay Peninsula. TR. ZEYLANICUS, Gaertn. Fruct. Vol. J. p. 44, t.14. Rhizome very short. Stems 3-4 inches tall terminated by a tuft of small bracts, and a single lanceolate or cordate ovate leaf 3-4 inches long 1-24 inch wide. Petiole 2-3 inches long. Flowers 1-4 from the tuft of bracts on pedicels 1-2 inches long. Perianth tube very short campanulate lobes ovate lanceolate spreading purple. Fruit triangular triquetrous on _an elongate pendulous pedicel, 2 inches long ; green with pink spots, # inch long, 3 inch wide. ‘ Beceari, Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. IT. p. 13, t. 3. Beddome Ic. Pl. Ind. or. p. 68, t. 290. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. Vol. “VI. p. 13, t. 3, ~ Trimen. Flora of Ceylon VI. p. 279. Hook. fil. Bot. Mag. t. 7530. Trichopodiwm cordatum, intermedium and angustifolium. Lindl. Bot. Reg. sub. t. 1543. 7. zeylanicum Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. p. 391, 443. Podianthus arifolius Schnitzl. Bot. Zeit. Vol. I. 1843, p. 739. Pahang, Tahan Woods(Ridley). Distrib. Travancore and Ceylon. 2. DIOSCOREA, L. Climbers with tuberous rhizome. Stems branched spiny or terete or winged. Leaves opposite or alternate entire or digitately 3-5 foliate with 3-9 veins. Flowers very small in spikes or racemes pendulous, unisexual, male flower. Perianth lobes short rotate. Stamens 6 or 3 imperfect or absent, inserted at the base of the segments. Pistillode various. Female flower. Perianth asin male. Staminodes 3 or 6. Style short or absent. Stigmas 3 linear entire or bifid. Ovary 3 angled, 3 celled. Ovules 2 in each cell. Capsule 3 winged loculicidal. Seeds flat winged. Species 150. All warm parts of the world. Leaves 3 to 5 foliolate. Capsule oblong. Stamens 6 .-.. < Stamens perfect 3 ... Leaves simple. Capsule broader than long. Sepals broadly oblong or orbicular. Leaves pubescent beneath. Base cordate. Upper surface glabrous... me ... & D. cornifolia. Upper surface hairy nes ae . polyclades. Leaves simply pubescent, Sepals orbicular 5, D. pyrifolia, . daemona. . pentaphylla. bo Ses is eo) 80 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Leaves with stellate hairs. Sepals ovate ... 6. D. orbiculata. Leaves quite glabrous, not deeply cordate. Leaves thin textured. Buds gibbous at base. Petals ovate 7. D. gibbiflora. Buds not gibbous. Petals oblong 8. D. zollingeriana, Buds not gibbous. Petals oblong spathulate 9. D. glabra. Leaves sub-coriaceous linear or elliptic 10. D. laurifolia. Leaves very coriaceous ovate oblong -:- 11. D. deflexa. Leaves deeply cordate. Stem terete sepals linear -:. ; 12. D. sativa. Stem 4 angled, sepals oblong or lanceolate 13. D. alata. 1. D. DAEMONA, Roxb. FI. Ind. III. 805. Root a large tuber. Stem terete spiny glaucous. Leaves trifoliolate, petiole 3 to 6 inches long, leaflets ovate cuspidate, narrowed at the base and petiolulate, lateral leaflets inaequilateral 5-6 nerved reticulate, 3 to 7 inches long 2 to 4 inches wide, nerves hairy. Male panicles long lax 6-12 inches long, branches distant tomentose, flowers very small crowded. Bracts short ovate tomentose. Perianth lobes 3 ovate tomentose. Stamens 6 filaments short and thick. Female spikes solitary. Capsule oblong with 3 stout ridges or wings, 2 inches long + inch across tomentose. Seeds one inch long oblong. WightIc.t.811. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 289. D. virosa, Wall. Cat. 5099. Kunth. Enum. V. 413. D. hirsuta Dennst. Schluess. Hort. Mal. 33. Bl. Enum. I. p. 21. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. III. 373. Helmia daemona Kunth. lc. 437. Singapore: Changi (Ridley) ; Malacca: Sungei Hudang and Malaka Pindah (Goodenough) ; Selangor : Kwala Lumpur (Ridley 4596) ; Perak : Larut (4190); Penang: Muka Head (Curtis 2415). Distrib. India. Burmah, Siam, Malay Islands. Common round yillages more or less cultivated. The tubers after slicing and washing in running water are eaten, and an extract from them is sometimes used in making dart poison. Native name © Gadung.” 9. D. PENTAPHYLLA, L. Sp. Pl. 1032. Roots tuberous. Stems long twining bulbiferous. Leaves 3 to 5 foliolate. Petiole 14 to 2 inches long brown-tomentose, leaflets unequal elliptic cuspidate glabrous above, red tomentose beneath on the nerves, 2 inches long 2 inch wide, petiolules + inch long. Male panicles 2 feet long with long tomentose branches. Flowers sessile very crowded white and fragrant. Bracts lanceolate as long as the flowers. Sepals lanceolate acute pubescent. Petals shorter and blunter. Stamens 3. Stami- - nodes 3 very short. Pistillode conic rather large. Female spikes solitary or panicled 6 to 8 inches long flowers scattered $ inch long, ovary pubescent. Sepals ovate edges hairy. Capsule rounded at both ends or base cordate and tip apiculate # to 1 inch long. Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 81 Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 806. Wight Ic. t. 814. Kunth. Enum. 396. Trimen. Fl. Ceyl. VI. 276. Bl. Enum. I. p. 30, (part). Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. IT. 574, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 289. D. triphylla, Linn, 1|.e. Jaeq. Ic. t. 627. D. Kleiniana Kth. |.c. 394. D. lunata, Roth. Not. Pl. Sp. 370. D. digitata Mill. Gard. Dict. No. 6. Botryosicyos penta- phyllus, Hochst. Flora 1844, Beil. 3, Hamatris triphylla Salisb. Gen. Pl. Fragm., 12. Johor: Gunong Panti (Ridley 4139); Malacca: Merlimau (Good- enough 1570); Pahang: Tahan Valley (Ridley 2355), Kemaman (Vaug- han Stevens), Lankawi (Curtis 2539). A variety with smaller more glabrous leaves, smaller male spikes and pedicelled flowers). Distrib. India, Malay Islands, and Tropical Africa. Tubers sought for food by the Sakais “ Ubi pasir,” ‘ Ubi Chiahet.”’ 3. D. CORNIFOLIA, Kunth. Enum. Y. 385. Stem pubescent, base thorny. Leaves opposite coriaceous ovate or lanceolate-ovate cuspidate 5 nerved, base cordate 3 inches long 13 inch broad glabrous above pubescent beneath, especially on the nerves. Petiole stout pub- escent, an inch long. Male spikes whorled 1-2 inches long pubescent. Bracts small ovate or ovate acuminate. Sepals ovate. Petals oblong spathulate stamens 3. Filaments very short. Female flowers scat- tered. Capsule broad rounded, wings unequal glabrous ~ inch long, 1? inch wide across the two broadest wings the third wing smaller. Singapore: Garden Road (Ridley 4127), Bukit Mandai Road (3768) ; Malacca (Maingay 1705, 3391); Selangor: (Cantley’s Coll.) ; Johor: Teling Tinggi (Ridley 1190); Dindings, Simpit (Ridley); Selan- gor: Rawang (Ridley 10489). Native name “ Akar Kemeniyan hantu.’’ Common in hedges. I only know Kunth’s plant from the description. It is based on Zollinger’s Javanese plant No. 875. The under side of the leaves is very finely dotted and sprinkled all over with short thick scattered hairs. 4. D. POLYCLADES, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. p. 294. Stems fairly stout pubescent. Leaves ovate cordate cuspidate covered with stiff hairs scattered above, thicker beneath, 3 to 4 inches long, 2 to 3 inches wide. Petiole 2 to 3 inches long tomentose. Male panicles 1 to 2 feet long. Branches in pairs opposite 2 to 3 inches long. Spikes 6 to 10 in a whorl 4 an inch long tomentose. Flowers 4 inch 2 long green tomentose. Sepals ovate. Petals elliptic. Stamens 6 very small. Capsule broadly oblong transversely, hairy ~ inch long 13 inch wide. Singapore: Chan Chu Kang, Sungei Pandan (Ridley 1646); Perak : Kinta (King’s Coll. 7161). B 6 82 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 5. D. PYRIFOLIA, Kunth. Enum. V. 384. Stem slender terete. Leaves ovate entire cuspidate, rarely lanceolate or elliptic 3 to 6 inches long, 2 to 5 inches wide, prominent nerves 5-7, above glabrous, beneath pubescent, petiole 1-2 inches long pubescent. Male panicles a foot or more long, spikes 4 to 10 in a whorl 1-2 inches long. Flowers green sessile scattered. Sepals orbicular, petals cuneate obovate smaller. Stamens 3 very small. Pistillode minute. Female spikes 4 inches long. Capsule orbicular 3 winged 1 inch long 13 inch across. Seed orbicular ¢ inch across. Hook fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 292. - Singapore: (Wallich), Chan Chu Kang; Changi (Ridley 3943, 4595); Johor: Kota Tinggi (Ridley), Ulu Kahang (Kelsall 4008) ; Malacea : (Cuming 2314) (Griffith 5562); Sungei Ujong: (H. B. Singa- pore); Perak: Thaiping (King’s Coll. 8376), Goping (King’s Coll. 800). Distrib. Tenasserim ; Islands South of Singapore. Common in woods and thickets. Native name ‘“ Akar Guluno.” 6. D. ORBICULATA, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 292. Stem fairly stout. Leaves thin, glabrous above, beneath reticulate with stellate hairs especially at the base, 2-3 inches long, 13-2 inches wide, petiole 2 inches long pubescent. Male panicles about a foot long, pubescent. Spikes in whorls of 4 or 5 distant 3inches long. Flowers yellow sessile scattered, rachis pubescent. Bracts ovate acuminate. Sepals ovate. Petals oblong elliptic. Filaments very short. Malacea: (Cuming 2314); Sungei Hudang (Goodenough 1642) ; Perak: Larut (King’s Collector 5068), Goping (514), Tapa (Wray 1255); Penang: Government Hill (Curtis 910) Philipps, Porter in (Wall. Cat. 5108 C. D. sativa). Endemic. Native name “ Akar Kakop.” 7. D. GIBBIFLORA, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 294. Stems very slender. Leaves opposite thin oblong lanceolate glabrous base entire or cordate 2 to 3 inches long 14 inch broad, petiole slender one inch long. Panicle about afoot long, spikes very slender 12-2 inches long ormore. Flowers very small, base of buds gibbous. ‘Sepals ovate, petals as large ovate. Stamens very short pistillode obscure. Penang (Wallich 5105 B. in part). Endemic, not collected since. 8. D. ZOLLINGERIANA, Kunth. Enum. V. 384. Stems _ slender. Leaves mostly opposite thin glabrous elliptic cuspidate base rounded, 5 nerved 2-3 inches long one inch wide, petiole slender an inch long. Male panicle long and slender a foot or more. Spikes slender 1 to 3 inches long 3 or more in a whorl, rachis angled minutely pubescent. Flowers very small distant pubescent. Bracts shorter ovate. Sepals oblong ovate. Petals nearly as long oblong obtuse. Stamens 6 fila- ments fairly long. D. tenwifolia, Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soe. 8S. Br. Vol. 41, 34. Singapore, Bukit Timah (Ridley 4596). Distrib. Java. Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 83 9. D. GLABRA, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 804. Stem fairly stout. Leaves rather thin textured elliptic ovate lanceolate, lanceolate or almost orbicular, acuminate, base rounded broad or cordate, nerves 5-7 glabrous, glaucous beneath 2-4 inches long 14-2 inches wide petiole 1 inch long. Male panicles slender afoot long or more. Spikes slender whorled less than an inch long. Flowers sessile. Bracts ovate acute. Sepals ovate. Petals oblong obcuneate, spathulate. Female spikes about a foot long, flowers remote. Capsule large rounded retuse, Wings nearly equal, one inch long 14 to 2 inches wide. Kunth. Enum. V. 383, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 294. Singapore : Garden Jungle (Ridley 8059); Sungei Ujong: Bukit Sulu ; Burunang (Herb. Bot. Gard. Singap.); Malacca: Ayer Kuning (Cantley); Perak: Larut (King’s Coll. 2370); Penang: Government Hill (Curtis 62, 63, 1088); Province Wellesley : Tasek Gelugur (Ridley 6986); Lankawi, Kwah (Curtis 2121, 2612, 2164). Distrib. India. Native names “ Akar Jangut Kulonak,” “ Akar Munujan,” “ Akar Mawas.”’ 10. D. LAURIFOLIA, Wall. Cat. 5111, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 293. Stem slender. Leaves lanceolate to oblong or elliptic obtusely acuminate thinly coriaceous 3 nerved strongly reticulate beneath, 2-33 inches long 14 inch wide, petiole 1 inch. Male panicles slender 1-2 feet long, racemes deflexed in alternate pairs, 1 to 3 inches long. Flowers numerous scattered minute green. Bracts lanceolate acumi- nate. Sepals ovate obtuse. Petals linear oblong. Anthers lanceolate subsessile. Pistillode small. Female panicles about a foot long with few branches. Flowers few distant. Capsule glaucous 3 winged transversely elliptic retuse 2 inches long by ¢ inch wide. Seeds thin orbicular. Singapore: Tanglin; Johor: (Ridley 9175), Batu Pahat (Ridley); Selangor: Kwala Lumpur (Ridley 10219); Malacca: Merlimau, Mount Ophir (Ridley); Perak: Hermitage Hill (Ridley), Gunong Keledang (Ridley 9569), Larut (King’s Collector 5449) ; Penang : (Porter Wall. Cat. 5111), Government Hill (Curtis 2292). Native name, “Akar Surinting ;” “Akar Kamahang.” Ascends to about 4000 feet alt. 11. D. DEFLEXA, Hook. fil Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 293. Stem -rather stout. Leaves opposite or alternate strongly coriaceous, edge not thickened, ovate oblong acuminate 5-nerved base rounded or obscurely cordate, 4-5 inches long 14-3 inches wide glabrous. Male panicles long 1 foot or more, spikes 8 or more in distant whorls or tufts abrupt- ly deflexed 1 inch long. Flowers globose sessile, crowded. Bracts much shorter lanceolate acuminate. Sepals broadly ovate, petals oblong. Anthers and pistillode large. Female inflorescence much 84 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. branched lax-flowered perfectly glabrous. Capsule 2 inches broad retuse at top and base. Seed nearly an inch wide, wing very broad. Singapore: (Maingay) ; Malacca : (Maingay); Perak: Larut Hills (King’s Coll. 3972, 3858, 6568). Endemic. 12. D. SATIVA, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1033. Tubers large variable in form. Stem terete, with large warted tuberous bulbils. Leaves ovate cordate deltoid acuminate, thin light green glabrous 3 to 6 inches long 14-33 inches wide. Male panicles very long leafless or nearly so, or spikes in pairs on a leafy branch. Spikes 1-14 inch long slender, flowers large for the genus white. Bracts lanceolate acuminate. Sepals 75 to + inch long narrow linear lanceolate acute. Petals as long linear. Stamens 6 filaments nearly as long as the anthers. Femle spikes 4 to 10 inches long. Flowers ¢ inch long. Styles short thick. Stigmas broad bifid recurved. Capsule oblong an inch long, wings fairly large. Linn. Hort. Cliff. t. 28, Benth. Fl. Hongk. 268. Fl. Austral. VI. 460, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 295. D. bulbifera, Br. Prodr. 294, Wight. Ic. t. 878. D. Clifortiana, Lam. Encyel. IIT. 232, (not Ml. t. 818). D. pulchella, and heterophylla Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 801-804. Helmia bulbifera, Kth. Enum. VY. 435. Singapore: Tanglin, Changi, etc., (Ridley); Selangor : Kwala Lum- pur (Ridley). Distrib. East Indies. Common in waste ground. Native names “ Akar Kumili hutan,”’ “ Thi Kistala.’”’ The natives do not consider the yams fit to eat. 13. D. ALATA, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1033. Tubers large white or purple within. Stems 4 angled and winged. Wings undulate or straight. Leaves deeply cordate orbicular or ovate, 5-7 nerved. Male flowers in slender fascicled spikes. Female spikes thicker. \ Capsule broadly obcordate coriaceous 1-14 inch long. Seed broadly winged all round. Kunth. Enum. V. 387, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ITI. 797, Wight Ic. t. 810, Hook. fil. Fl. Ind. VI. 296. D. atropurpurea, Roxb. Fl. Ind, III. 800. Com- monly cultivated, but very rarely flowering. Probably not native. Varieties, ‘‘ Ubi Jawa” with short white-fleshed tubers, “ Ubi Tero- pong” with long white yams; “ Ubi Kenduduk ” tubers small and red, and ‘“‘ Ubi Nasi” with large red tubers. DOUBTFUL SPECIES. D. sp. Tuberous. Stem woody angled and thickly covered with triangular flattened brown thorns 2 to 6 connate at the base forming short thorny ridges, the thorns { inch long or more. Leaves deeply cordate acuminate 6 inches long and as wide, cusp 14inch long, nerves 11 radiating from base and ascending to the cusp, transverse nervules prominent and numerous, petiole 4-5 inches long thorny along the upper edge. Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 85 Perak, Sungei Siput (A. D. Machado). No flowers or fruits of this have been seen and I am unwilling therefore to describe it as new. I can find however no description of any Dioscorea with these remarkable flattened thorns like those of a rose bush but much larger. EXCLUDED SPECIES. D. spinosa, Roxb. in Wall. Cat. 5703. “ Malay Peninsula cultivat- ed.” Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 291. I have never seen this here nor are there any specimens from the peninsula in the Kew herbarium. 3. STENOMERIS, Planch. Climbers, with ovate or ovate lanceolate cordate leaves many nerved and reticulate. Cymes axillary short. Flowers small pedicelled green or brown urceolate with narrow lobes. Stamens 6 filaments very short adnate to the mouth of the tube. Anthers oblong, deflexed. Style short conic clavate. Capsule elongate 3 winged, 3 valved septicidal. Seeds compressed winged above. Species 3. Malay Islands. S. borneensis, Oliv. Ic. Pl. 2328. Stem # inch thick. Leaves ovate lanceolate, or ovate cordate acuminate, 5 to 7 inches long 13 to 3 inches wide with 5 to 10 prominent nerves. Cymes shortly peduncled few flowered. Bracts linear. Flowers ¢ inch long brown, tube dilated upwards fleshy, lobes linear narrow subequal. Stamens oblong small connective prolonged into a short point. Style columnar short grooved. Fruit 10 inches long #-1 inch wide. Seeds compressed winged above. Selangor, climbing on bushes near the Caves, Kwala Lumpur, (Ridley) very rare. Distrib. Borneo. I have only obtained a scrap of this plant, much damaged by caterpillars, but it seems identical with the Borneo plant. I do not find the processes of the stamens nearly as long as they are figured in the Icones. IX. ROXBURGHIACEAE. Herbs with climbing or erect stems. Leaves alternate or opposite petioled 3 or more nerved, with parallel cross nervules. Flowers axillary unisexual or bisexual. Perianth superior or half inferior. Sepals 2. Petals 2. Stamens 4 from the base of the perianth segments. Anthers dorsifixed. Ovary 1 celled. Stigma subsessile. Ovules 2 or more anatropous. Capsule 2 valved. Seeds oblong, testa coriaceous. Em- bryo long in the axis of hard albumen. STEMONA, Lour. Root of fleshy tubers. Stem climbing, rarely erect. Leaves op- posite or alternate ovate thin petioled. Flowers on axillary peduncles. Perianth lobes 4 distinct. Stamens 4 linear acute coloured with a 86 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. broad connective. Anthers longitudinally dehiscing. Ovary small unilocular. Stigma sessile. 3 S. tuberosa, Lour. Fl. Cochin. 404 (not of others). Roots tuber- ous. Stem slender twining. Leaves alternate or opposite herbaceous ovate cordate acuminate 9-11 nerved, 4 to 5 inches long, 3 to 2 inches wide, petiole slender 25 to 3 inches long. Flowers unisexual pendent 1 inch long, about 6 in axillary racemes with Slender scabrid peduncles 2 inches long, pedicels + inch. Bracts ovate lanceolate acute % inch long. Male flower. Sepals 2 lanceolate acute recurved connate at base. Petals erect similar, pink with green backs. Stamens as long acute, filament broad petaloid pink with a strong keel in front, connec- tive prolonged acute. Anthers narrow divaricate linear. Capsule oblong beaked an inch long. Seeds strongly ribbed. S. Curtisiz, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 298, Bot. Mag. t. 7264, Wright Journ. Linn. Soc. XXXII. 495. Pahang: Pulau Changei, Pahang River (Ridley 2384); Perak: Lumut (Ridley 10305); Penang: Waterfall (Curtis 1522); Kedah: Yan (Ridley). Distrib. Siam, Cochin-China. Loureiro’s description such as it is applies better to the peninsular plant with red flowers, than to the green flowered Indian S. gloriosozdes Voigt. Wright. l.c.c. erroneously refers the Pahang plant to this latter species. I have only seen one species in the peninsula. It is abun- dant on the banks of the Pahang River. He seems to have been misled by finding the leaves opposite in some specimens. They are often op- posite and alternate on the same plant. X. LILIACEAE. Herbs, shrubs or trees, with fibrous or woody roots, or bulbs or corms. Leaves various. Flowers bisexual. Perianth inferior rarely sub-epigynous, petaloid. Sepals and petals 6, rarely 4 or 10. Stamens 6 rarely three, filaments free or connate, anthers oblong or linear. Ovary 3 celled, ovules 2 or more in a cell, anatropous, or rarely ortho- tropous from the inner angles of the cells. Style 1 rarely 3. Fruit baccate or drupaceous, or capsular. Seeds globose, angled or flattened. Embryo small in horny or fleshy albumen. Species about 2500 in all regions of the world. Those occurring in the Malay region mostly belong to the more aberrant groups. Fruit capsular. $ 1. PROTOLIRIACEAE. A small leafless saprophyte eS re pits ses .. 1. Protolirion.” § 2. OPHIOPOGONEAE. Seeds with a thick fleshy testa (blue) breaking through the ovary walls when quite small and remaining attach- ed to the withered perianth. Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 87 Filaments connate in a fleshy ring .» 2. Peliosanthes. Filaments free -:: nee 4 ... 8. Ophiopogon. § 3. ANTHERICEAE. Leaves narrow. In- florescence panicled or racemose. Capsule three lobed, seeds flat ; Fruit baccate. Herbs with habit of Chlorophytum but fruit a blue or white berry ; 4, Chlorophytwm. 5. Dianella. § 4, ASPIDISTREAE. Rhizome or erect stem short. Leaves herbaceous broad. Flow- ers racemose or spicate. Perianth campanu- late. Stamens adnate to the tube. -- ve = 6. -Tupistra. § 5. ASPARAGEAE. Stems slender, erect or climbing. Leaves replaced by linear or acicu- lar cladodes. Flowers small solitary racemed 7. Asparagus. § 6. DRACAENEAE. Shrubs or _ trees. Leaves subcoriaceous. Perianth cylindric or campanulate. Berry 1 to 3 seeded. ... .. 8. Dracaena. § 7, SMILACEAE. Climbing or rarely erect shrubs. Leaves 3-5 nerved, nervules reticulate, petiole usually citrhiferous. Flowers in umbels unisexual small green or yellow. Petals and sepals free to the base «» 9, Smilax. Perianth lobes connate in a tube... ... 10. Heterosmilax. § 1. PROTOLIRIACEAE. 1. PROTOLIRION, Ridley and Groom. Small slefder saprophyte, with a slender rhizome. Stem erect. Leaves scale-like. Raceme corymbiform. Flowers small pedicellate. Bracts lanceate bifid. Sepals narrow. Petals broader. Stamens 6, 3 epigynous, 3 epipetalous. Anthers basifixed. Nectaries 3 opposite the petals. Pistil of three follicular carpels, syncarpous and adnate to the base of the perianth below, apocarpous above. Ovules anatropous, axillary in 2 rows. Capsules ovoid dehiscing above. Seeds 12 in each carpel elliptic oblong nodulose. P. PARADOXUM, Ridley and Groom. Ann. Bot. Vol. IX. p. 45. pl. III. Rhizome 1-3 inches long. Stem flexuous 1-7 inches tall. Scale leaves crowded at the base and scattered above. Raceme 6 flowered. Flowers yellow on pedicels 4 inch long. Bracts lanceate obtuse bifid. Sepals narrowly lanceolate acuminate. Petals larger ovate obtuse. 88 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Stamens shorter than the petals filaments narrowed upwards. Anthers oblong. Cavrpels narrowed upwards into short styles. Stigmas capi- tate. Perak: Gunong Keledang, Thaiping Hills, ete., (Ridley), Gunong Bubu (Wray) ; Kedah: Gunong Jerai (Ridley). In dry woods at the base of Dacrydium at an altitude of 1 to 3000 feet. § 2. OPHIOPOGONEAE. 2. PELIOSANTHES, Andr. Herbs with a short creeping stem. Leaves petiolate lanceolate or plicate grassy. Scapes usually shorter. Flowers small green, white, or purple, racemose. Perianth tube short campanulate, lobes similar lanceolate. Stamens 6, filaments broad connate in a ring often adnate to the perianth tube, anthers introrse very small. Pistil adnate to the staminal ring or nearly free from it. Style short. Stigmas 3, small recurved. Ovary 3 celled, ovules 3 or more anatropous. Fruit capsular splitting at the top when very young. Seeds 1-3 developed pushing through the top of the capsule, oblong light blue when ripe with a thick fleshy outer coat. Endosperm globular enclosing the embryo. Species about 15. India, Siam and Malaya. Flowers several to each bract «++ se vee 1. Py Leta. Flowers solitary in each bract. Ovary superior. Flowers globose deep purple Flowers expanded green or purplish. Small 4 inch across Large $ inch across Ovary inferior. bo . P. violacea. oo . P. viridis. . P. lurida. fiw Petals and sepals ovate white --. vot 2 Ot ge lode, Petals and sepalg ovate yellow... 6. P. grandifolia. Petals and sepals linear green... -.» 7. P. stellaris. 1. P. TeTA, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 605. Leaves 4 or 5 petiole slen- der 6 inches long, blade narrowly lanceolate acuminate thinly coriaceous 5 nerved 6-9 inches long 1 inch wide. Raceme lax 8 inches tall rachis purple. Bracts ovate to ovate lanceolate cuspidate acuminate + inch long. Flowers 2-3 in a tuft expanded $ inch across, pedicels shorter than the bracts. Sepals ovate subacute green edged violet. Petals shorter quite rounded at the tip dark green edged white. Staminal ring hardly elevated adnate to the petals almost to the top, dark violet. Style thick columnar 3 lobed nearly to the base, about as long as the stamens. Ovary completely inferior. Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 89 Bot. Mag. t. 1302, Kunth. Enum. V. 307, Redoute Lil. t. 415, Rehb. Ic. t. 14, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 265, Rid]. Journ. As. Soe. Str. Br. p. 93. Teta viridiflora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. 2. 165. Penang : Government Hill, Pulau Badak (Curtis 2757). Distrib. India, Siam. 2. P. VIOLACEA, Wall. Cat. 5084, Bak. Journ. Linn. Soe. XYVTI. 502. Rhizome ascending. Leaves ovate lanceolate to ovate acute or acuminate 9 nerved stiff, 7-8 inches long, 24 inches wide, petiole 6 inches long. Raceme about 4 inches tall deep violet purple. Bracts broadly lanceolate acute papery, lower ones $ inch long, upper ones smaller. Flowers crowded solitary to each bract, campanulate globose fleshy nodding deep black purple. Sepals and petals obovate obtuse + inch long. Petals a little smaller. Staminal ring free from the perianth and the ovary. Pistil connate shorter than the staminal ring, ovules about 6 in each cell. Ovary superior. Seed oblong blue. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 266, Ridley l.c. 94. Singapore: Bukit Timah (Ridley); Selangor: Kwala Lumpur (Ridley); Perak: Thaiping Hills, Kuala Dipang (Ridley), Upper Perak (Wray 3459) ; Penang: Government Hill (Curtis 139); Pahang: Tahan River (Ridley). Distrib. India. Native name “ Seludang Pinang.” I believe this to be the plant intended by Baker but have not seen Wallich’s plant. Baker gives three varieties of which two, viz. mznor and princeps with green flowers are doubtless distinct. The almost globose nearly black flowers are very distinctive. 3. P. VIRIDIS, Ridley Le. 95. A compact bushy plant with a stout rhizome. Leaves numerous lanceolate acuminate at both ends, plicate 7 to 8 inches long 13 inch broad, nerves 5 or 7 raised, upper surface dark green shining, lower glaucescent, petiole 8-9 inches long. Raceme 5 inches long stout, with numerous lanceolate acuminate bracts at the base. Floral bracts 2 to each flower, outer one subquadrate with a linear point, inner lanceolate acute shorter. Flowers numerous nodding, pale emerald green. Sepals ovate 3g inch long. Petals more oblong. Staminal ring free from the perianth and pistil except at base deep green rounded. Pistil about as long conic, Ovary superior. Stigma obscurely 3 lobed. Seeds pale blue over 3 an inch long. Singapore: Chan Chu Kang etc., (Ridley 1658, 6235); Malacca: Chabau, Herb. Bot. Sing.; Johor: Bukit Soga, Batu Pahat (Ridley). Distrib. Sumatra. 4, P. LURIDA, Ridley le. 96. Rhizome stout, roots thick. Leaves large, lanceolate with a long point, nerves 15 to 19, transverse nervules conspicuous, 12-13 inches long 3 to 3} inches wide, petiole 8-12 inches long, stout. Raceme thick 4-5 inches long. Bracts outer 90 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. + inch long lanceolate acuminate, inners $ inch long. Flowers 4 inch across. Petals and sepals ovate spreading lurid green with a purple central line. Staminal ring circular deep violet. Pistil superior short- er conical with a short cone-shaped style. Ovules 2 in each cell. Penang : Penara Bukit, on rocks (Ridley 7095); Pahang: _ Khol, Pahang river (Ridley) ; Malacca: Woods at the foot of Mount Ophir (Ridley). Native name “ Pinang Lumbah.” Endemic. 5. P. ALBIDA, Baker Bot. Mag. t. 7110. Rhizome short and thick with corky roots. Leaves lanceolate acuminate, 8 ribbed, 10 inches long 2 inches wide, petiole over a foot long. Raceme 9 inches tall, covered with small white nodding flowers nearly to the base, lower bracts % inch long narrow lanceolate. Pedicels very short. Sepals and petals white ovate, petals rounder and blunter. Staminal ring round little elevated. Ovary half inferior adnate to the staminal ring for half its height, ovules about 5 in a cell. Style short cylindric. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 267, Ridley l.c. 96. Perak: Larut Hills; Penang: Government Hill (Curtis 2757.) Distrib. Borneo on Matang Mt. Sarawak. 6. P. GRANDIFOLIA, Ridl. l.c. 97. Rhizome subterranean. Leaves very large and stiff, coriaceous deep green oblanceolate cuspidate tapering at base, nerves 13; 12 inches long, 6 inches wide, petiole thick + inch through, 6 inches long. Raceme flowering to the base, 6 inches long. Flowers nodding, solitary. Bracts lanceolate obtuse 4 inch long. Sepals and petals ovate obtuse $ inch long waxy yellow. Staminal ring adnate to the perianth, anthers broader than usual. Style very stout, top broad. Stigmas linear. Ovary obconic quite inferior. Malay Peninsula probably Larut Hills, cult. in Botanic Gardens, Singapore, but locality lost. 7. P. STELLARIS, Ridl. ].c. 97. A small plant. Leaves several lanceolate ‘acuminate with waved edges 5 ribbed, four inches long one inch across petiole 3 inches long. Raceme 2 inches long with numer- ous lanceolate bracts at the base. Flowers solitary in the bracts green star-shaped small. Outer bract lanceolate acuminate, inner one small- er. Sepals and petals linear obtuse, less than $ inch long. Staminal ring green, the stamens almost completely free, filaments oblong fleshy. Anthers orange. Ovary quite inferior, rather large obconic. Style violet conical taller than the stamens. P. hwmilis Andr. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 267, (partly). Penang Hill (Curtis 142, Ridley 7253) ; Province Wellesley : Tasek Golugur (Ridley); Pahang : Tahan Woods (Ridley). Distrib, Siam. Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 91 3. OPHIOPOGON, Ker. Stem creeping short or erect elongate. Leaves linear or lanceo- late nerves parallel. Scape racemose. Bracts scarious. Flowers small pink or white several to a bract.. Perianth superior. Stamens 6 free on the bases of the segments, filaments short. Ovary inferior three celled. Style columnar. Stigma 3 toothed. Ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit and seed as in Peliosanthes. Species 8 to 10. India, China, and Japan. Stamens quite free tas 3 1. O. malayanus. Stamens united by a short oa ae + YQ, O. prolifera. 1. O. MALAYANUS, Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. 8. Br. Vol. 41, p. 34. Stem erect stout 4 or more inches long covered with scarious sheaths of the fallen leaves roots long and woody. Leaves linear acuminate falcate striate, 9 inches long $ inch wide, glaucous beneath. Scape 4 inches long, base nude. Flowers small white. Bracts 2 base broad ovate apex linear, outer one ¢inchlong. Pedicel longer. Sepals and petals ovate subacute $ inch long. Stamens connivent, filaments very short, anthers lanceolate. Style terete longer. Perak : Padang Rengas (W. Fox), Lankawi, Gunong Raya (Curtis 2643). Distrib. Borneo. This seems quite distinct from any form of the common Indian O. intermedius, Don. differing in its tall stout stem, broad leaves and ovate perianth lobes. 2. O. PROLIFERA, Lindl. Journ. Hort. Soc. 1, (1846) 76. Root- stock climbing and rooting. Leaves 6 to 10 inches long 3 inch across, broad ensiform, decurved bright green. Scape stout bright purple. Flowers subsessile clustered between fleshy and spongy. Stamens united by a short fleshy ring. Ovary 3 celled. Ovules 2 in each cell erect. Style pyramidal. Stigmas 3 point-like. Mig. Fl. Ned. Ind. III. 569. Hook. fil Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 270. Fluggea prolifera, Bak. Journ. Linn. Soc. XVII. 502. Penang (T. Lewis) cultivated in the- Horticultural Society’s Gardens in 1844. This has not been met with again, nor do any specimens appear to be extant, unless it is a plant with a stout creeping rhizome and very long deep green leaves which occurs on rocks at the top of Penang Hill and on the Larut Hills at the altitude of about 2500 feet. This plant has however never been seen in flower either in the wild state nor under cultivation. § 3. ANTHERICEAE. 4, CHLOROPHYTUM, Ker. Herbaceous plants roots often tuberous. Leaves long usually linear, thin flaccid crowded at the base. Inflorescence racemose or 92 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. panicled. Flowers small or medium-sized white, pedicellate. Sepals and petals similar linear oblong. Stamens 6, filaments filiform anthers linear versatile. Ovary globose trilocular. Ovules 4-20 in each cell. Style elongate filiform. Stigma minute capitate. Capsule trigonous deeply 3 lobed, lobes flattened. Seeds discoid black, albumen abun- dant. Species about 40. Africa and India, a few in the Malay, Austra- lian and American regions. C. ORCHIDASTRUM, Lindl. Hort. Trans. VI. 79, Bot. Reg. t. 813. A large tufted plant with flaccid elliptic lanceolate acuminate leaves about 2 feet long and 2 inches wide. Panicles tall 12 to 18 inches long rather stout with a few long branches. Bracts at the base of the branches long papery acuminate 1 to 3 inches long. Flowers numer- ous in twos and threes, scattered white. Pedicels 4 inchlong. Sepals and petals lanceolate acute. Capsule ¢ inch long, inch wide retuse. Seeds rounded flat black wrinkled. Kunth. Enum. IV. 603, Baker Journ. Linn. Soc. XV. 325, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 336. C. Nimmont, Dalz. Hook. Kew Journ. Bot. If. 142. Anthericum Nimmoni Grah. Cat. Bomb. Pl. 252. Phalangium oligospermum Wight Ic. t. 2038. Perak, Kuala Dipang, on limestone rocks (Ridley). Distrib. India, Cambodia, Tropical Africa. 5, DIANELLA, Lam. Herbs rootstock usually branched. Leaves stiff distichous linear bases equitant. Scapes tall panicled. Flowers small blue or white nodding, pedicels jointed at the top. Sepals and petals 6, narrow spreading or recurved. Stamens 6 hypogynous, filaments thick, an- thers linear basifixed opening by pores. Ovary 3 celled ovules 4 to 8 ina cell. Style filiform, stigma minute capitate. Berry blue or white. Seeds few ovoid flattened black. Species 7 or 8. Chiefly Australian and Polynesian, one Indian, African and Malayan also. D. ensifolia, Red. Lil. t. 1. Stems leafy flattened tufted 13-6 feet tall 4 inch across. Leaves distichous linear lanceolate acuminate 2 foet long, 14 inch wide, sheathing base 6 inches long. Scape 2 feet long. Panicle 6 inches or more, pedicels persistent $ inch long. Flowers ¢ inch long, blue or greenish white. Sepals linear subacute. Petals thinner and broader, all violet or greenish yellow. Stamens shorter. Anthers yellow. Berry blue or white $inch through. Seeds 5-6, ovoid % inch wide. Kunth. Enum. V. 50, Baker. Journ. Linn. Soc. XIV. 576, Benth Fl. Austral. VII. 16, Bat. Mag. t. 1404, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bot. III. 560, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 337. D. odorata, Bl. Enum. I. 14, Kunth. Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 93 le. 51. D. nemorosa Lam. Encyel. II. 276, Jacq.- Hort. Schoenbr. I. 49, Miquel l.c. Roxb. Fl. Ind. II. 164. D. gavanica Mig. lc. 561, Kunth. lc. 52. D. sandvicensis, Hook. and Arn. Bot. Beech. Voy. 97. Rhuacophila javanica Bl. lc. 14. Anthericum Adenanthera Forst. Prodr. No. 149. Phalangiwmn Adenanthera:Poir. Encycl. V. 252. Common over the whole peninsula up to 4000 alt. Singapore: Pulau Ubin (Hervey 487), Tanglin ete., (Ridley) ; Selangor: Ulu Selangor (Ridley 10629); Malacca: Bukit Bruang (Derry 331); Perak : Thaiping (Wray 4281), Gunong Batu Putih at 4300 feet elevation (Wray 1024); Province Wellesley : Kubang Semang (Curtis 2422). Native names “Satagit,’? “Siak-Siak jantan,” “ Lenjuan,”’ ‘6 = Pe P * * Senjuang. Distrib. Mascarene Islands, Indo-Malaya, Australia and Polynesia. § 4, ASPIDISTREAR. 6. TUPISTRA, Ker. Herbaceous plants, stem short stout erect or creeping. Leaves large petioled. Scape short or tall stout, spike many flowered. Flowers fleshy rather large yellow or purple. Perianth campanulate*’short and broad, lobes 6 or 8 recurved. Stamens 6 or 8 inserted on the middle of the tube included. filaments very short, anthers dosifixed. Ovary small sessile 3 to 4 celled. Style short stout. Stigma large peltate or capitate entire or lobed. Ovules 2 in a cell. Berry globose usually containing one large seed only. Species about 10. Tropical Himalayan and Burmese. Flowers ¢ inch across. Stigma orbicular flat 1. 7. grandis. Flowers + inch across. Stigma clubbed .. &. T. nolacea. 1. T. GRANDIS, Ridl. Journ. Bot. March 1900 p. 73. Stem stout 3-4 or more inches tall. Leaves lanceolate acute déep green, 24 inches long, 6 inches wide. Spike erect 12 inches or more tall- Flowers 50 or more 1 inch long # inch across. Bracts ovate very small purple. Perianth tube campanulate purple nearly black. Anthers 6 sessile oblong white. Style stout taller than the tube. Stigma very large rounded short flat depressed in the centre. Ovary trilocular, ovules 2 in each cell. Bot. Mag. t. 7829. Perak: Bujang Malacca (Ridley), Batang Padang at 2000 feet alt. (Wray 1470). Endemic. In dense wet forest. 2. T. VIOLACEA, Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. Vol. 41, 0 aa Stem short and stout. Leaves broadly oblong oblanceolate acute nar- rowed gradually to the base, 3 feet long 3 inches wide, dark green stiff. Spike very dense about 8 inches tall. Flowers sessile $+ inch across, 94 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. tube hémispheric violet, lobes oblong recurved darker. Anthers 6 ses- sile, elliptic. Style cylindric white spotted with violet. Stigma club- shaped rounded obscurely three-lobed. Perak: Bujong Malacca (Curtis), fl. in. H. B. Penang in 1901; Penang : Highlands (Curtis). Endemic. EXCLUDED SPECIES. Tupistra singapureana, Wall. Cat. 5195. Bak. Journ. Linn. Soe. XIV. 581, Hooker Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 325, is Newwiedia Curtisiz Rolfe. In fruit. $5. ASPARAGEAE. 7. ASPARAGUS, L. Shrubby plants with a stout rhizome. Stems erect or straggling or climbing. Leaves reduced to minute scales, often spiny, with tufts of flattened or acicular branches (cladodes) in the axils. Flowers very small, axillary, fascicled, solitary racemose pendulous on jointed pedi- cels. Perianth campanulate 6 lobed. Stamens from the bases of the segments. Ovary 3 celled, 3 angled, ovules 2 or more in each cell. Style 1, stigmas 3. Berry globose. Seeds 2 to 6, black, testa brittle. Species about 100. Europe, Asia, temperate and tropic Africa. A.sp. . wee Ld. D. penangensis. Tall shrubs hardly branched. Leaves large, marbled, petiole indistinct 12. D. auwrantiaca. Leaves long petioled lanceolate ... «+ 1.3 D, Jacktana. Shrubs. Panicles nodding branches long slender. Leaves narrow linear Bie nae + 14. D. nutans. Leaves large oblanceolate ms w. LO. D. pendula; Leaves small lanceolate ... be ... 16. D. elluptica. 1.-D. GRANULATA, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind.. VI. 327. A tall elegant tree 20 to 60 feet tall. Stem 4 inches through or more much branched above, densely leafy, bark smooth white. Leaves linear acuminate dark green, bases clasping the stem 6 to 10 inches long ¢ to. % inch wide. Panicle rather lax a foot long about 6 inches across, branches suberect rather slender. Flowers somewhat distant an inch long, whitish green pedicel ¢ inch long. Perianth tube split about half way down base dilated lobes linear. Stamens as long as the lobes, filaments fairly stout. Stigma clubbed. Fruit globose orange # to 1 inch through. D. graminifolia, Ridl. Journ. Bot. 1896, p. 2. (not Wallich). Singapore: Bukit Timah (Ridley 3587a), Bukit Mandai (3800) ; Johor: Scudai river; Perak: dense wet jungle with 200 feet of sea level, Larut (King’s Collector 6808). Endemic. In swampy forests. D. granulata, Hook, fil. is based on a single specimen in fruit, and I take it to be the same as the Singapore plant though the branches of 96 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula, the panicle are stouter and I have not seen fruit of the Singapore plant. It is quite possible however that there are two species here. 9. D. BRACHYSTACHIS, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 328. A _ tree about 20 feet tall, but little branched. Leaves tufted at the ends of the branches 2 to 3 feet long 2 inches wide, coriaceous dark green ensiform acuminate with a long point, keel stout base passing into the petiole which is dilated at the base. Panicle large peduncle stout woody over 2 feet long, and 4 inch through at the base, branches 5 or more about a foot long scaberulous. Bracts at the bases of the branches 14 inch long lanceate cuspidate. Flowers 2 to 4 in a tuft 4 inch long white, pedicels $ inch long. Perianth lobes free for about 4 their leneth blunt. Filaments rather thick. Style stout. Stigma rather large capitate. Berry 1 to 3 seeded large globose or 3 lobed orange. Endemic. Singapore : Pulau Serapu (Ridley 10128); Malacca: Hulu Belang- kan (Derry 1087); Selangor : Bukit Kutu (Ridley 7770); Perak: Her- mitage Hill (Ridley) ; Penang : Moniot’s Road (Curtis 2302). Occurs scattered over the peninsula in forest not very. rare. The a : . ’ A name ‘‘ brachystachys ” (a most unsuitable name) is probably a mis- print for trachystachys referring to the scaberulous panicle. Endemic. 3. D. CONFERTA, Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soe. 8. Br. Vol. 44, p. 38. Stem 6 to 10 feet tall. Leaves narrow linear acuminate 24-27 inches long 2 inch wide base broadly sheathing, midrib very strong at the base thining upwards and disappearing before the apex. | Raceme 2 feet long erect, base with numerous reduced leaves with a broad base acuminate upwards, peduncle rather stout with few small sheathing leaves, inflorescence long dense. Flowers white 3 or 4 in a tuft with very short pedicels, and 2 or 3 ovate acuminate bracts x inch long at base. Perianth tube } inch long narrow lobes linear + inch long. Fruit globose as large as a pea. Perak: Selama 3-500 feet (King’s Coll. 3149); Malacca: or Sungei Ujong (Cantley’s Collector). “ Poko San Juan hutan jantan.” Ende- mic, 4. D. GRAMINIFOLIA, Wall. Cat. 5149. A low shrub about 2 feet tall, little or not branched, stem slender not + inch through. Leaves linear acuminate 15 inches long } inch wide, strongly keeled, sheathing base rather broad. Raceme simple or with few branches, 12 to 18 inches tall erect, base nude except for some linear bracts. Flowers 3 to 4 in a tuft, numerous white an inch long, on pedicels ¢ inch long tube very narrow dilated at the base, lobes linear free for more than half theirlength. Fruit small globose orange. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 327. D. Finlaysonii, Bak. Trim. Journ. Bot. 1873, 261, Journ. Linn, Soc. XIV. 525. Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 97 Dindings : (Finlayson Wall. Cat. 5149), Pangkor (Ridley 7250), Lumut (Ridley 8395) ; Perak : Bujong Maiacca. var. angustissima, Leaves very narrow with long slender points. Perak, Gunong Putih (King’s Coll. 8073). Endemic. 5. D. PoRTERI, Bak. Journ. Bot. 1873, 262, Journ. Linn. Soc. XIV. 529: A low little branched shrub 2 to 5 feet tall, with the stem as thick as a pencil. Leaves linear acuminate or linear lanceolate, 12 to 15 inches long 4 to 14 inch wide, narrowed at the base into a petiole dark green. Inflorescence erect racemose, or with a few short branches a foot long, branches when present 1 or 2 inches. Bracts at the base of branches linear acuminate. Flowers in two and threes white ? inch long lobes linear blunt, free for more than 3 their length, tubes slightly dilate at the base. Filaments rather slender. Berry $ inch through 1 to 3 seeded orange. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 328. D. terniflora var. Curtisit Hook. fil. l.c. 329. Singapore : (Wallich 5148B), Garden jungle (Ridley) ; Johor : Gun- ong Pulai (Ridley); Malacea: (Griffith 5874), (Maingay 1687), Ayer Panas, Mount Ophir (Ridley 3148); Selangor: Petaling (Ridley) ; Penang : Waterfall (Porter and Wallich Cat. 5148a). Common in woods. Native name “Jarum-Jarum Padang.” Hooker l.e. says that Wallich’s plant 5148a has spotted leaves. Ihave examined this and see no spots on it. 6. D. TERNIFLORA, Roxb. Fl. Ind. II. 159. A low shrub 2 to 3 feet tall. Leaves elliptic to elliptic lanceolate cuspidate dark green, 5 to 9 inches long 3 inches wide; petiole 1 to 2 inches long channelled and hardly winged. Inflorescence hardly or not branched racemose erect 12 inches long, base with lanceolate acuminate bracts. Flowers 5 ov 6 in a tuft white, pedicels $ inch long. Perianth a little over an inch, split about $ way down, lobes linear obtuse. Stamens as long. Berry globose or 3 lobed 1 to 3 seeded orange. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 329. Regel. Revis. Drac. 16. D. ternifolia Kurz For. Fl. II. 548. - Singapore : Garden jungle, Changi (Ridley 4758) ; Johor: Tanjong Surat and Jambu Larang (Feilding) ; Malacea: Sungei Hudang (Ridley 1357); Pahang : Tahan River (Ridley 2393); Perak ; Dindings : -Lumut (Ridley) Kol (King’s Coll. 10,511), Larut (King’s Coll: 2719) ; Penang: Balik Pulau, and Coast (Curtis 901).. — . 7. D. SINGAPURENSIS, Ridl. Journ. Bot. Apr. 1896, p. 4.°A dwarf plant with rather a weak stem a foot tall, ¢ inch through. Leaves elliptic or lanceolate acute to subacute 7 inches long by 24 inch wide, dull, dark green, petiole deeply grooved slightly winged 2 inches long or less. Bracts small ovate acute. Pedicels 4 inch long. Raceme short 2 inches long. Flowers crowded in threes. Perianth nearly cylindric, tube split move than $ way down, lobes lorate white. - Stam- eps shorter, Anthers conic. Style longer. Fruit small globose red. BY 98 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Singapore: Rukit Timah ; Chan Chu Kang (Ridley 6235); Johor : Gunong Panti (Ridl+y). In dense forest local. Eni de nic. 8. D. CONGESTA, Ridl. Trans. Linn. Soc. III. 388. Stem short hardly 3 inches long. lJLeaves lanceolate acute or caudate or elliptic caudate dark green, 6 to 9 inches long inches wide, petiole 3 to 6 inches long. Panicle compact 3 inches long on a 2 inch peduncle. Flowers very crowded in groups of 2 or 3, reddish white an inch long, pedicels hardly + inch long. Bracts small ovate acute. Perianth tube split for 4 its length dilate at the base lobes linear obtuse. Stamens slender. Anthers oblong. Berry small 1 to 3 seeded. Selangor: Kwala Lumpur Caves (Ridley) ; Pahang : Kota Glanggi ; Tahan woods (Ridley). On limestone rocks. Distrib. Borneo. 9. D. BREVIFLORA, Ridl. Journ. Bot. Apr. 1896, p. 4. 1. S. zeylonted. Ribs connate above the base. Stem close- ly thorny an a of 8. S. polyacantha. Stems stout leaves large aeae Sshiels with a large sheath. Leaves white on the back. Stems hispid o's - ‘ie .. 9. S. barbata. Stems thorny, not Gerais a ... 10. S, lewcophylla. Leaves not white on the back. Branches roughly seabrid ... a .. Ll. S. aspericaulis. Branches prickly. Leaves perfectly glabrous bag s.. 12.8. Kenge. Leaves tomentose on the back... .. 13. S. Blumer. 1. S. CALOPHYLLA, Wall. Cat. 5131, A. De C. Monogr. Smilax 60. A slender erect shrub about 2 feet tall, with a wiry slender unarmed stem. Leaves 4 to 6 inches long # to 14 inch wide lanceolate acuminate 3 nerved, base acute dark green above glaucous beneath, petiole 4 to + inch long. Unbels very small sessile or nearly so. Male flowers glob- ose yellow. Sepals hooded concave oblong obovate obscurely keeled. Petals smaller ovate flat. Anthers sessile on a dise, oblong ovoid white. Berry 4 inch through globose red. Seed globose big as a pea, red brown. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 303. Singapore: Garden Jungle, Bukit Timah, ete., (Ridley); Johor: Tanjong Bunga; Johor Bahru (Ridley); Malacca; Mount Ophir Materials for a Flava of the Malayan Peninsula. 108 . (Hullett) ; Pahang: Pulau Tawar, and Kota Glanggi (Ridley), Kluang Terbang (Barnes 10,899); Selangor: Bukit Kutu (Ridley); Perak: Larut Hills (King’s Coll. 1961, 4108); Penang Hill (Ridley); Kedah: Gunong Jerai (Ridley 5553). - In woods and forests up to an altitude of 4000 feet. Native names “ Dawi-Dawi,” “ Dedawi,” “ Sadawi.’” Used as an aphrodisiac. A very variable little shrub in the size and breadth of leaves. Endemic. 2. S. MYOSOTIFLORA, A. De C. Monogr. Smilax 65. A slender climb- er on bushes and low trees. Stem smooth four-angled. Leaves dark green herbaceous shining oblong ovate or lanceolate caudate acuminate three-nerved, finely reticulate 4 to 6 inches long 4 to 3 inches wide base cuneate to cordate, petiole twisted + to $ inch long, sheath short ribbed tendrils long slender. Peduncle slender an inch long, pedicels nearly ¢ inch. Flowers numerous in a globose umbel, green, male flowers. Sepals ovate obtuse. Petals narrower lanceolate. Stems 6. Anthers oblong nearly sessile. Female flowers nearly + inch across. Sepals and petals as in male, globose. Style broadly linear. Stigmas broad obcuneate. Berry globose % inch long 1 or 2 seeded. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 303. 8S. extensa, Wall. Cat. (in part). Singapore : Garden jungle (Ridley 6050); Johor: Gunong Panti (Ridley) ; Malacca : Bukit Sabukor (Ridley 1525), Mount Ophir; Negri Sembilan: Gunong Angsi (Ridley); Perak: Dindings, Lumut (Ridley), Larut Hills (King’s Coll. 2748), Gopeng (King’s Coll. 4805, 5802), Ulu Slim (10,687), Selama (King’s Coll. 3137); Penang : (Porter Wall. Cat. 5126 A) ; Kedah : Gunong Jerai (Ridley). A low climber in woods to an altitude of 4000 feet. Native name Akar Ali.” The roots chewed as an aphrodisiac. Endemic. 3. §. LAEVIS, Wall. Cat. 5116, A. De C. Monogr. Smilax 56. A slender unarmed climber. Leaves dark green coriaceous lanceolate or ovate lanceolate acute, nerves 3 free to the base, 2 or 4 inches long 1 inch wide, petiole twisted 4 inch long base dilated. Peduncle tot inch long unbranched. Basal bracts ovate coriaceous. Umbels small 4 inch across. Flowers very small greenish white, pedicels slender, } inch long. Sepals and petals linear obtuse. Stamens 6, filaments linear very little longer than the oblong obtuse anthers. Fruit small less than + inch long, pedicel ¢ inch. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 803. S. oxpyhylla Kunth. Enum. VY. 239. Malacca : Mount Ophir (Griffith 5450) ; Perak : Gunong Keledang (Ridley 9571), Larut Hills (Fox H. B. Singap. 10,684), (King’s Coll. 4140), Gunong Bubu (Wray 3837); Penang Hill (Wallich 5116), (King’s Coll. 1320, 5206), (Ridley 9333); Kedah: Gunong Jerai (Ridley), Distrib. China. On trees and shrubs at an altitude of 2500 feet to 5000 feet. De Candolle l,c. makes the Ophir plant above quoted, a variety under the 104 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. name var. Ophirense on account of its strongly reticulated leaves. The plant however like most species in the genus is very variable in form and texture of the foliage. 4. S. EXTENSA, Wall. Cat. 5126 B. A. De C. Monogr. Smilax 179. Stem rather slender unarmed. Leaves coriaceous shining elliptic or oblong lanceolate 3 to 6 inches long 14 to 3 inches wide, acute abrupt- ly narrowed into the petiole, ribs 3 free to the base, with a slender intramarginal vein, reticulations conspicuous when dry, petiole stout $ inch long sheathing $ way. Umbels 1 to 3 on a very short corm on peduncle with a lanceolate acute bract at the base ; secondary peduncles slender with lanceolate acuminate bracts at the base. Pedicels slend- er ¢ inch long. Flower bracts lanceolate acute small. Sepals linear obtuse. Petals narrowed. Stamens rather long filaments filiform. Anthers narrow linear. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 309. Penang, Government Hill, (Porter in Wall. Coll. 5126 B) (Curtis 1244, 458). Endemic. _65. 8. MEGACARPA, A. De C. Monogr. Smilax 186. Stem thorny at base, branches terete stout unarmed. Leaves oblong to elliptic rounded or retuse at apex, narrowed or broad at base coriaceous, ribs 3 from above the base, 3 to 8 inches long, 1 to 6 inches wide, reticula- tions usually conspicuous when ary, petiole stout twisted 4 to 14 inch long sheathed about 4 way, tendrils stout about 10 inches long. Pe- duncle stout subtended by an ovate bract, secondary peduncles 2 to 3 stout woody 1 inch long in fruit. Umbels $ an inch through, pedicels in flower very short. Male flowers little more than +} inch long. Sepals linear oblong narrow. Petals 4 as wide. Stamens longer, fila- merits slender long. Anthers linear. Female flowers larger. Sepals and petals similar to those of the male. Staminodes 3 short filaments. Pistil large flask-shaped, style distinct thick, stigma 3 lobed. Berry as big as a cherry globular yellow. Seeds 2 discoid flat. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 311. Singapore: Tanglin (Ridley 4815, 5106) Bukit Mandai (Ridley 4600) ; Malacca: (Maingay) ; Malacca: Pindah (Ridley 1137), Panchur (Ridley 1403), Batang Malaka (Derry 908); Dindings: Lumut (Ridley 10,351), Larut (King’s Collector 4177, 5776 and 5084); Penang: Balik Pulau (Ridley 9477). Distrib. India, Tonkin. Native names “Akar Banau,’° “Akar Rabana,” “A. K’luna,” A. Rabanu,” “A. Lampau Bukit.” The tubers are eaten by the wild tribes. The young leaves are dark green mottled with grey, adult leaves deep shining green. 6. S. HELFERI, A. De. C. Monogr. Smilax 176. A rough climb- er, stems woody longitudinally ribbed with numerous recurved thorns, internodes 3 inches long. Leaves oblong obtuse rounded at both ends very variable in size, with ribs 3 meeting at the base, and reticulations Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 105 large, 2 to 5 inches long, ¢ to 3 inches wide, petiole short + inch long twisted and ribbed, tendrils very slender. Umbels an inch across soli- tary or 2 or 3 on a common peduncle $ inch inch long, bracteate below the middie. Bract lanceolate acuminate. Buds nearly cylindric 4 inch long, pedicels (in flower) slender ¢ inch. Male flowers. Sepals and petals nearly obtuse, the latter narrower. Stamens 6, filaments linear rather slender $ the length of the petals. Anthers narrow recurved. Berries globose as large as peas usually 1 seeded on pedicels 4 inch long. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 302. 8S. luzonensis, Presi. Rel. Haenk. I. 131. Pahang : Pekan and all up the Pahang river (Ridley 1149) ; Sungei Ujong: Gunong Berembun, (Cantley) Seremban (Ridley); Malacea,: (Griffith), Aver Panas (Ridley 1749), Bukit Bruang ; Perak: Tambun (Ridley 9570), Ulu Bubong (King’s Coll. 10,239), Gopeng (King’s Coll. 6003), Lankawi (Curtis); Province Wellesley : Krian (Ridley) ; Kelan- tan: Kamposa (Ridley). Common in thickets in open country. Native names “ Akar i. . oe . . . Kulona betina,’ ~ Akar Gadung Tikus.” Distrib. Pegu and Tenas- gerim. 7. S. ZEYLANICA, L. Sp. Pl. 1029. Woody climber 30 to 40 feet long. Stems rather slender more or less 4 angled, with a few thorns. Leaves elliptic, broadly oblong or ovate oblong apex rounded blunt, or cuspidate 2 to 7 inches long 1 to 4 inches wide, ribs 3 to 5 from above the base, petiole { to 1 inch long very shortly sheathing. Umbels solitary or 2-3 on a common peduncle, small $ inch across. Pedicels 4 inch long. Flowers green. Sepals §-+ inch long linear. Petals narrower. Stamens as long. Berries $ inch through. Seeds 2 plano- convex. A. De C. Monogr. Smilax 190. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 310, Trimin. Fl. Ceyl. IV. 283. 8S. endica, Vittm. Summa. VY. 422. A. De C. l.e. 187. S. Hohenackert Kunth. Enum. VY. 240. Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 7727, 3365). Distrib. India and Java. 8. S. POLYACANTHA, Wall. Cat. 5127. Kunth. Enum. VY. 239. Branches terete as thick as a crowquill closely prickly, prickles short straight. Leaves elliptic lanceolate acuminate at both ends 3 tod ribbed from the base 4 to 6 inches long by 1% to 2 inches wide, petiole stout narrowly sheathing below the middle tendrils slender. Umbels solitary or 2 on a very short stout 4-1 inch peduncle, many flowered, receptacle ovoid. Bracteoles minute ovate. Female flowers very small. Ovary with short recurved styles. A. De C. Monogr. Smilax 176. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 311. Penang, (Porter Wall. Coll. No. 5127). This does not seem to have ever been met with again in the Peninsula, 106 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 9. S. BARBATA, Wall. Cat. 5125. A. De C. Monogr. Smilax 196. Stems long and stout nearly half an inch through terete covered with red or whitish bristles, mixed with conic thorns. Leaves ovate cuspi- date, base usually broad, coriaceous dark green above, white beneath, ribs 5 connate above the base nervules strongly reticulate, 6-8 inches long 3 to 6 inches wide, petiole stout 14 inch long sheath swollen bristly with a pair of simple tendrils reddish 6 to 8 inches long. Pedun- cles bristly 14 inch long spreading 5 branched. Bracts at base 2 ovate stiff coriaceous. Pedicels $ inch long, to 4 inch long (in part). Um- bels in flower 4- inch across. Male flowers green. Sepals linear oblong. Petals narrower. Stamens 6, filaments long narrow linear. Anther oblong. Female flowers perianth as in male. Staminodes 3, minute tooth-like. Ovary globose. Styles 3 linear recurved. Fruit globose dark red as large as a pea + inch through, 2 seeded. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 306. SS. setosa, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 610. Singapore : (Wallich 5125), Tanglin, Jurong, Bukit Timah (Ridley 4811, 8043, 4760) (King 1141); Malacca: Sungei Hudang (Derry 33), Ayer Panas (Goodenough 1550; Perak: Larut Hills (Ridley) to 2000 feet alt. Distrib. Banca. Very common in thickets in Singapore. Native names “ Akar Banok,” “ Akar Kuranting Jantan.” 10. §. LEUCOPHYLLA, Blume Enum. 18. A stout species. Stem woody subterete more or less thorny. Leaves lanceolate, ovate or oblong cuspidate base rounded dark green above glaucous beneath ribs 3 strong connate above the base 6 to 11 inches long, 3 to 6 inches wide, petiole about an inch long, sheath large and dilated, tendrils rather slender. Common peduncle short about an inch long branches 3 or 4 slender 14 inch long, thicker and twice as long in fruit. Umbels 4.1 inch across, pedicels slender 4 inch long. Buds in male clavate cylindric. Petals and sepals linear narrow. Stamens with slender filaments and linear anthers. Fruit globose nearly half an inch through grey. A. DeC. Monogr. Smilax 200. Kunth. Enum. V. 250. Hook fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 313. Singapore: Tanglin; Bukit Mandai (Ridley 10,413); Johor: Pulau Dayong (Feilding) ; Selangor: Bukit Hitam ‘Ridley 1972); Perak : Larut Hills (King’s Collector 3669), Chanderiang (King’s Coll- ector 5719); Penang: Penara Bukit (Curtis 1145). Distrib. Jaya, Borneo, Cochin-China. Common in the low country of the Peninsula and up to 5000 feet elevation on Kinabalu (Haviland). 11. §. ASPERICAULIS, Wall. Cat. 5129. A. De C. Monogr. Smi- lax 195. Stems terete scabrid unarmed or thorny. Leaves oblong or linear oblong bases rounded or cuneate, thin, 3 nerved above the base 9 to 8 inches long, 2 to 3 inches wide, petiole + to linch long. Umbels ~ Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 107 many flowered, solitary or 2 or 3 on a common peduncle 4 inch long. Buds clavate ¢ inch long. Male flowers, sepals linear oblong + inch long, petals very narrow. Stamens as long as thesepals. Berries nearly 4 an inch through. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 306. 8S. Roz- burghiana, Wall. Cat. 5115 (in part). S. odoratissima B. Perak : Larut Hills (King’s Coll. 2924); Selangor: Ginting Bidai (Ridley). Distrib. India, Andaman Islands. In hill woods about 2,000 feet alt. rare. 12. S. Kina, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 307. Stem 20 to 40 feet long, branches very stout granulate 4 angled, with scattered conic thorns. Leaves very large coriaceous perfectly smooth, ovate acumi- nate, orbicular ovate or elliptic 5 to 12 inches long, 6 inches or less wide, ribs 3 free to base, nervules obscure, petiole stout twisted 2-3 inches long, sheath very broad cymbiform, tendrils very stout. Umbels 1 to 3 on a very short common peduncle partial peduncles 1 to 3 inches long, pedicels 1$ to 2 inches long. Female flowers pink, sepals broad- ly oblong lanceolate obtuse; petals very narrow. Staminodes 3. Ovary oblong. Style 4 as long, stigma much longer than the style. Berry 1 inch through. Perak, Larut Hills at 300 to 500 feet (King’s Collector 4171, 3914). Endemic. 13. S. BuuMEI, A. De C. Monogr. Smilax 202. Stout climber 20 to 25 feet long, stems terete prickly, Leaves large coriaceous ovate or orbicular ovate acute or obtuse 7 ribbed, ribs and _reticulating nerves elevated on the back and deeply sunk on the upper face, back of leaves tomentose 8 to 24 inches long, petiole 2 inches long stout, sheathing portion 1 inch sides inflexed tips acute. Umbels on a short stout common peduncle 1-3 inches long, receptacle in fruit large globose, pedicels 1 to 14 inch long. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 313. Smilaa perfoliata, Blume Enum. 18 (not Loureiro). : Malacca : (Maingay) ; Perak: Ulu Bubong (King’s Coll. 10,598), Larut Hills (Ridley) common at an altitude of 2000 feet. Distrib. Java. DOUBTFUL SPECIES. S. sp. Branches stiff woody with small scattered thorns. Leaves oblong lanceolate cuspidate coriaceous 4 to 5 inches long 14 to 2 inches long, ribs 3 deeply impressed on the upper surface, petiole stout + an inch long abruptly bent in the middle, sheath small not enlarged. Peduncle unbranched, stout over half an inch long. Fruit globose as large as a pea (when dry) pedicels 4 an inch long. Flowers not seen. Selangor, Bukit Hitam (Kelsall, Herb. Bot. Gard. Sing. 1973). Dr. Prain says matches S. extensa Wall. Cat. 5126, but it does not at all fit the description in A. De C. Monogr. Smilax 179, 108 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. - S. singaporensis, A. De C. Monogr.Smilax177. S.calophylla Wall. Cat. 131, Herb. Richard. Differs from S. Helferi in its seanty thorns, shorter sheath of the petiole, base of blade obtuse, bract at the base of the raceme more cuspidate, female flower larger, stigmas longer more papillose; without male flowers difficult to distinguish from §. India. This may possibly be S. Helferz, but that has not been found since in Singapore, nor do I know of any plant like this in the Island. It ap- pears that in distributing Wallich’s duplicates the specimens of Smilax got mixed and the specimen on which this species was based may perhaps not have come from Singapore at all. 10. HETEROSMILAX, Kunth. Climbers with the habit of Smzlaz but the perianth tubular, apex trifid to 6-fid. Stamens 3 filaments connate. Fruit a 2 seeded berry. Species 5. India, Malaya, China, Japan. H. rnpica, A. De C. Monogr. Smilax 43. Stem slender unarmed obscurely angled. Leaves ovate lanceolate acuminate base rounded rather thin, 3 to 8 inches long 1 to 34 inch wide, ribs 5 connate at base petiole 1-14 inch long geniculate above; no sheath, tendrils slender. Peduncle solitary, axillary stiff compressed 2 inches long, umbel an inch through. Male flowers 3°s inch long, apex trifid. Stamens 3 con- nate about half way up. Anthers elliptic ovate with a short cusp. Fruit globose 4-$ inch through. Seeds 2 hemispheric. Hook. fil. FI. Brit. Ind. VI. p. 314. Singapore, thickets near Tanjong Katong. (Hullett). Rare. Dis- trib. India. XI. PONTEDERIACEAE. Herbs growing in open marshes and fresh water, with a short rootstock, and erect or floating leaves parallel-nerved. Flowers in spikes or racemes from the axil of the upper leaf, bisexual, blue or white. Bracts sheathing. Sepals 3 and petals 3 free, fugacious. Stamens 6, one usually longer. Ovary free 3 celled or one celled with three parietal placentas. Style slender. Stigma entire or more or less bilobed, ovules anatropous. Capsule membranous. Seeds minute, rib- bed. Albumen horny, embryo cylindric. : About 56 species, tropics of both hemispheres. 1. MONOCHORIA, Pres]. Marsh plants. Leaves radical and solitary at the top of the stem or branches, petioled, lamina ovate. Perianth widely expanded or campanulate blue. Stamens 6, five sterile, one longer fertile. Species 5 to 6. Tropics of the old world, Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 109 Leaves hastate or cordate. Flowers long- pedicelled oe a ae : 1, M. hastaefolva. Leaves ovate to linear. Flowers short-pedi- celled ... al oe rs a .. 2. M. vaginalis. 1. M. HASTAEFOLIA, Presi. Rel. Haenk. IJ. 128. Rhizome usual- ly short. Leaves several 1 to 2 feet tail, petiole sheathing at the base, blade hastate or deltoid, base broad or cordate, 2 to 6 inches long 2-6 inches wide. Flowers crowded on a short 2 inch raceme included in the sheath of the leaf, rachis 1} inch long or less, pedicels 4 to 2 inches long. Sepals oblong obtuse 4 inch long. Petals broader, all violet with green keels. Stamens 4 yellow short with violet filaments fertile, one longer olive green. Style stout curved. Stigmacapitate. Capsule oblong globose nearly 4+ inch long. Seeds oblong ribbed numerous. Kunth. Enum. IV. 133. Mig. Fl. Ind: Bat. III. I. 548. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. IV. 362. IM. hastata, Solms. Laub. A. De C. Monogr. Phan. IV. 523. WM. dilatata, and M. sagittata Kunth. le. 134. Pontederia hastata, Linn. Fl. Zeyl. 129. Mantissa 363. Roxb. FI. Ind. II. 121. Corom. Pl. II: 6, t. 68. P. saggitata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. IT. 124. P. dilatata Andrews, Bot. Rep. VII. t. 490. Buch. Ham. Syme’s Embassy 475. Plate. Singapore : Galang; Orchard Road eic., (Ridley) ; Malacca: Nyalas (Derry 233); Sungei Ujong: Kwala Pedas (Ridley); Peaang: Pekan (Ridley); Perak: Ulu Slim (King’s Coll. 10,889); Penang: (Curtis) Province Wellesley. Distrib. India, Malay Archipelago and China. : ‘ ‘ = Native name “Chacha Layer;” “Kangkong Ayer.” Common in ditches and swamps. s 2. M. VAGINALIS, Presl. Rel. Haenk. II. 128. Rhizome long creeping, or short. Leaves scattered on the rhizome or tufted, petioles about 6 inches long, blade ovate lanceolate or ovate acute base round- ed, dark green 1 to 2 inches long 4 to 1 inch wide. Bracts narrow lanceolate 4 inch long. Raceme an inch long 2 to3 flowered. Flowers blue $'to # inch across. Sepals linear oblong 4 inch long violet, keel green. Petals broader and darker coloured. Stamens 6, 5 short, fila- ments filiform thickened at the base violet. Anthers small elliptic, sterile, 1 much larger, stouter. Anther large linear oblong. Ovary elliptic conic. Style stout alternate upwards. Stigma lateral linear. Capsule oblong nearly half aninch. Seeds minute elliptic longitudinal- ly ribbed. Kunth. Enum. IV. 134. Solms-Laubach A. De C. Monogr. IV. 524. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. III. 548. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 363. Pontederva vaginalis, Linn. Mantissa 228. Roxb. FI. Ind. II. 121. Corel ete 210; _ Singapore: Tanglin, Loyang (Ridley 6688), Ang Mo Kio (Ridley 4598); Malacca: Bukit Panchur, (Ridley) ; Pahang: Pekan, Kwala Tembeling (Ridley 1572); Selangor: Ulu Selangor (Ridley 10,518), 110 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Province Wellesley, Permatang Bertam (Ridley); Penang: (Curtis); Perak: Ulu Bubong (King’s Coll. 10,645). Common in ditches. “ Rumput Ayer.” var. plantaginea, Solms. Laub. Il.c. A very much smaller plant with narrow, often linear leaves, Mf. pauciflora, Kunth. Miquel l.c. M. linearts Mig. |.c. Pontederia plantaginea Roxb. |.c. 123. P. pauci- flora B. Enum. FI. Jay. I. 32. Singapore: Tanglin, etc., (Ridley); Malacca: Malacca Pindah (Hervey); Perak : Ulu Bubong (King’s Coll. 10,645). Common in ditches, merely a much smaller form than the type and passing into it. Distrib. India, Malaya, Japan, China, Tropical Africa. XII. PHILYDRACEAE. Herbs with narrow linear leaves. Inflorescence spicate or pani- eled, flowers small, bisexual irregular. Bracts rather large. Perianth lobes 2 inferior, petaloid. Stamen 1, on the base of the anterior seg- ment, filament stout. Anther spirally twisted or straight. Staminodes 2 petaloid. Ovary free, 3-1 celled, placentas 3 parietal, ovules anatro- pous. Style stout, stigma capitate. Capsule 3 valved. Seeds numer- ous elliptic pustulate. Albumen fleshy. PHILYDRUM, Banks. Panicle tall erect. PH. LANUGINOSUM, Banks. Gaertn. Fruct. I. 62, t. 16, f. 10. Leaves ensiform acuminate light green 18 inches long + inch wide. Stem 30 inches tall # inch through reddish. Spike simple or more often branched. Bracts at base ensiform acuminate sheathing 3 inches long. Floral bracts lanceolate acuminate woolly 4 inch long. Perianth lobes fugacious yellow woolly lanceolate ¢ inch long. Stamen filament stout. Anther cells twisted spirally, pollen yellow. Staminodes alternate lanceolate thin yellow. Pistil conic densely silky. Capsule oblong reddish woolly 4 inch long. Seeds elliptic pustulate brown. Kunth. Enum. JII. 380. Bot. Mag. t. 783. Roscoe in Trans, Linn. Soc. VIII. 342, t. 20. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. III. 250. Guillen. Ic. Pl. Austr. t.5. Benth. Fl. Austral. VII. 74. Griff. Notul. III. 931. Ic. Pl. As..t. 269, 270. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI; 962: Garctana Cochin-Chinensis, Lour. Fl. Cochin-Ch. I. 15. Singapore: Bedok (Ridley 5909); Malacca: Common in rice fields, Bukit Sabukor, Tanjong Kling, Ayer Panas (Ridley 1576); Province Wellesley (Curtis 2874). Distrib. Burmah, Andamans, China, Malay Archipelago, China. In shallow water. Native name “ Rumput Kipas.”’ Matertals for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. G0 XIII. XYRIDEAE. Tufted herbs, with stiff linear grassy leaves. Scape simple, naked slender. Flowers sessile in a short terminal head or spike of stiff dark brown rounded imbricating bracts, bisexual fugacious yellow. Brac- teoles (or sepals) 3 boat-shaped or obovate, unequal. Petals 3 clawed orbicular often denticulate yellow. Stamens 3, with sagittate anthers. Staminodes 3 often bearded. Ovary free imperfectly 3 celled placentas 3, ovules many. Ovules anatropous. Style trifid. Stigmas capitate. Capsule loculicidally 3 valved. Seeds numerous very small linear or ellipsoid. XYRIS, L. Characters of the order. Distribution, tropics of both hemis- pheres, about 80 species. Leaves quite flat. Robust leaves broad $-4 inch _... saa OL, oY anaicd: Slender wiry, leaves stiff narrow zs-¢ inch 2. X. anceps. Leaves hardly flattened narrow. Scape slender tall 2 edged Scape slender terete tall Leaves long. Heads#inch through :-- 4. X. Ridleyt. Leaves very short. Heads } inch w- 8. X. bancana. co . X. pauctflora. 1. X. INDICA, Linn. Sp. Pl. 62. A large tufted plant with fibrous roots. Leaves linear acute or obtuse flat herbaceous 14 feet long, + inch wide. Scape stout grooved angled 2 feet tall. Capitulum globose + to $ inch through or oblong @ inch long. Bracts orbicular dark brown with a paler edge 4 inch wide. Flowers yellow 4 inch across. Bracteoles winged serrulate. Petals claw as long as the sepals, limb orbicular erose. Anther oblong, obtuse, base acute. Vahl. Enum. II. 204. Roxb..-Fl. Ind. I. 179. Mart. in Walk Pl. As. Rar. III. 30. Kunth. Enum. IV. 20. Migq. Fl. Ind. Bat. III. 528. Steud. Syn. Pl. Cyp. 288. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 364. Trimen. FI. Ceyl. IV. 297. Malacca: Rice fields near Bukit Sabukor (Derry 227) ; Selangor : (Cantley’s Coll.) ; Province Wellesley (King’s Coll. 1619); Penang: (Curtis 1927), Lankawi, Kwah (Ridley). Distrib. India, Ceylon, Malay Islands, Siam. Native name “ Rumput Bagau; and wet open swamps. go «666 Jeringu Padang.” Rice fields 7 2. X. ANCEPS, Lam. Ill. I, 132. Tufted plant with strong wiry roots. Leaves numerous rigid often twisted, linear acuminate, bases broad often red and polished, 4 inches to 24 long 4 inch wide. Scape slender often twisted 6 to 24 inches or more ribbed. Capitulum ovoid 112 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. to cylindric ¢ to inch long. Bracts light brown orbicular stiff con- vex with a narrow scarious margin. Bracteoles 2 keeled and spinulose boat-shaped, one obovate flat spinulose pale brown. Petals obcun- eate orbicular clawed margins fimbriate bright yellow, + inch across. Staminodes yellow with long processes on one side. Stamen filament fairly thick. Anther cells divaricate above and below tocthed above. Ovary elliptic green. Vahl. Enum. Ii. 205. Kunth. Enum. VI. 17. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. III. 529. Steud. Syn. Cyp. 287. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 364. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. IV. 297. X. Walkers, Kunth. Enum. 1V. 16. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl.608. X. malaccensis, Steud. l.c. 287. Xyris No. 2. Griff. Notul. III. 123. Singapore: Balestier Plain (Ridley 5878), Pulau Tekong, Changi (Ridley 1718); Johor: Tanjong Surat (Feilding H.B.S. 4096); Malacea : Pulau Besar (Ridley 63), Tanjong Kling (Ridley 3129), Merlimau Derry 1217); Pahang: Pekan (Ridley) ; Negri Sembilan ; Seremban : (Ridley 10003). Distrib. India, Burmah, Malay Islands. Common in sandy open country. 3, X. PAUCIFLORA, Willd. Phytogr..[.2, t. 1. £. 1..Sp. Pl. I. 256. Leaves thin grassy very narrowly linear acuminate, margins (when dry) thickened and scaberulous 3-10 inches long ze to $ inch wide. Scapes rather slender, 6 to 15 inches long terete, with two keels. Head globose or ovoid few flowered. Bracts orbicular convex pale brown with a broad green margin. Bracteoles keeled. Petals broadly ovate. Vahl. Enum. II. 207. Br. Prodr. 256. Mart.in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. III. 29. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. III. 529. Steud. Syn. Cyp. 287. Hook fii. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 365. ‘Trimen. Fl. Ceyl. TV. 298. X. oryzetorwm, Steud. l.c. 286. Singapore: Reservoir (Hullett, Ridley 5740), Balestier Plain (5877); Pahang: Pekan (Ridley 1026); Province Wellesley, Bukit Juru (Ridley 7105); Lankawi Islands, Kwah (Ridley 8305). Distrib. India, China, Malay Archipelago, Australia. Damp grassy spots. 4. X. RIDLEYI, Rendle Journ. Bot. Vol. 37, (1899) p. 505,. Pl. 403, fig. 12-16. Leaves narrowly linear herbaceous bases dilated red- dish 7 to Sinches long 7's inch wide. Scapes several slender 15 inches long subterete with a keel on each wide. Capitula obovoid + inch or more long. Bracts ovoid dark brown keeled few. Sepals paler, linear fal- cate scabrid, not keeled. Fruit oblong unilocular, placentas 3 promin- ent. Seed ellipsoidal. Kedah, Gunong Jerai, grassy spots at 3000 feet alt. (Ridley 5050). Endemic. Rare. 5. X. BANCANA, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 608. Dwarf plants solitary, with slender fibrous roots. Leaves flat linear acuminate very Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 118 narrow, reddish at base 1 to 14 inch long. Scapes 1 or few very slend- er terete reddish 9 to 10 inches long. Capitulum small?few-flowered : obconic about $-+ inch long. Bracts ovate subacute keeled brown. Bracteoles linear lanceolate strongly ciliate. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 366. Malacca, sandy places near the sea (Griffith, Maingay); Pahang Pekan (Ridley 1,026b). Distrib. Banca, Labuan. Sandy open spots. XIV. COMMELINACEAE. Herbs erect or ascending, rarely climbing. Leaves thin petioled, and sheathing with parallel nerves. Inflorescence panicled or race- mose. Flowers bisexual rarely unisexual. Perianth inferior. Sepals 3 herbaceous. Petals 3 thin fugacious, blue, pink, white or yellow. Stamens 6, all perfect or 2 or more reduced to staminodes, filaments often bearded. Anthers oblong or globose. Ovary free 2-3 celled. Style 1. Stigma small. Ovules orthotropous 1 or few in the inner angles of the cells. Capsule loculicidal or indehiscent. Seeds angled, sometimes arillate. Species about 300, tropical and subtropical both hemispheres. Fruit indehiscent, crustaceous. Stout plants, inflorescence terminal igs spades Obed Capsule loculicidal. Flowers bisexual Stamens 3 perfect, with 1-3 staminodes Cymes solitary in a spathe fe «+ 2. Commelina. Cymes panicled, not in a spathe ... .. 3, Aneilema. Stamens 6. Cymes from imbricating bracts terminal... 4. Cyanotis. Flowers panicled terminal ss -» §, Floscopa. Cymes lateral, large hairy plants ... 6. Forrestia. Flowers unisexual, males terminal panicled. Females cymose in a spathaceous bract... 7. Spatholirion. 1. PouuiA, Thunb. Large herbs, with lanceolate petioled leaves. Panicle terminal, lax or dense. Sepals 3. Petals free. Stamens 6 or 3, with 3 stami- nodes, filaments short naked. Ovary 3 celled, many ovuled. Capsule globose or ovoid blue or white fragile. Seeds angled smooth. Species about 15. India, Malaya, China, Australia. B 8 114 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Panicle short dense wae : 1. P. thyrsiflora. Panicle short lax few flowered ... othe » Q, P. swmatrana. Panicle lax spreading many flowered ... .. 3. P. sorzogonensis. 1. P. THYRSIFLORA, Endl. Gen. 1029. Stem stout + inch through creeping below ascending for about 2 feet. Leaves oblanceolate acumi- nate narrowed into a broad petiole, glabrous. 10-15 inches long, 3-4 inches wide, petiole 2 inches long. Panicle dense sessile or nearly so ovoid 1-3 inches long puberulous. Bracts ovate. Stamens 6 perfect. Fruit elliptic deep steel-blue + inch long. Seeds numerous compressed triangular or subquadrate, black punctate. — Hassk. in Pl. Jungh. 150, and Comm. Ind. 57. Clarke, Comm. and Cyrt. Bengal. t. 33. Monogr. 124. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 367. LP. glaucescens Teysm. and Binn. Nat. Tijdr. Ned. Ind. XXIV. 305. Tradescantia thyrsiflora Bl. Enum. 1.6. Lamprocarpus thyrsi- florus Bl. in Sehultes f. Syst. VII. Add. 1726. Selangor : Ginting Bidai (Ridley 7652) ; Kwala Lumpur: (Curtis) ; Pahang: Tahan River (Ridley); Perak: Waterloo (Ridley). Distrib. Andaman Isles, Java, Celebes, Philippines. Not rare in hill districts especially on the main chain. 2. P. SUMATRANA, Hassk. Commel. Ind. 56. Stem creeping and rooting ascending rather slender about a foot long. Leaves elliptic acuminate with a long point thin scabrid above thickly pubescent beneath 5 inches long 14 inch wide, midrib and petiole (half an inch long) covered with red hairs. Panicle short about an inch long pubescent branches short. Sepals oblong hairy. Fruit elliptic enclosed in the persistent sepals, nearly ¢ inch long. Perak, Hermitage Hill (Ridley). Rare. Distribution. Malay Tslands. A very little known plant, of which I have seen no other speci- mens but I believe from the description this is rightly identified. 3. P. SORZOGONENSIS Endl. Gen. 1029. Stem tall erect rather slender. Leaves lanceolate acuminate base narrowed into a petiole or sessile 6 to 8 inches long 24 inches wide glabrous or puberulous beneath, sheaths pubescent. Panicle pubescent on a peduncle 2 to 4 inches long. Branches an inch long. Flowers white. Sepals elliptic concave ¢ inch long. Petals orbicular. Stamens 3, filaments short fili- form, anthers oblong curved. Ovary elliptic. Style filiform. Capsule subglobose + inch long blue. Seeds trapezoid. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. iii 451. Clarke Monogr. 126. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 367. Aclisia sorzogonensis E.. Meyer, Presl. Rel. Haenk. i. 138, t. 25. Hassk. Comm. Ind, 48. Singapore: Pulau Ubin (Ridley 4759); Malacca; Selandor (H1.B.8.); Selangor: 15th mile Pahang Track (Ridely 8459), Ginting Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 115 Bidai (7651); Perak : Kenring (Wray 54), Tomoh (Machado). Dis- trib. India, Ceylon, Burmah, Malay Archipelago, China, New Cale- donia. Native names “Tebu K’loi,” “ Seburas,’” “ Pakululoi.’ Fruit eaten by natives. Common in rocky woods, usually in hill districts. 2. COMMELINA, Linn. Herbs usually slender and creeping, ascending. Flowers in short branched cymes, enclosed in a complicate or funnel-shaped green spathe, terminal on the branches. Sepals 3, herbaceous, blue or white. Stamens 3 perfect and 3 sterile. Ovary 3 or 2 celled, 2 cells with 1 to 2 ovules, 1 empty or 1 ovuled. Style short. Stigma small capi- tate. Capsule thin oblong beaked retracted into the spathe loculicidal. Seeds ellipsoid, or angled pitted or reticulate. Species about 90. Tropics and sub-tropics of both hemispheres. Weak or prostrate herbs, stems slender. Leaves ovate lanceolate, suberect wo b. C. nudsflora. Leaves narrow lanceolate prostrate ... %.-C. attenuata. Leaves elliptic wee al .. 93. C. benghalensis. Stout plant with large heads of funnel- , shaped spathes ... vee a wo 4, C.-oblaqua. 1. C. NUDIFLORA, |. sp. Pl. 41. Stem long creeping and rooting ascending thin. Leaves lanceolate acute 2-3 inches long 4 inch wide, base narrowed, sheaths ampliate 4 inch long. Spathes complicate peduncled ovate lanceolate $-14 inch long, peduncle + inch long. Cymes 2, branches 1 to 3 flowered. Sepals ovate boat-shaped white with a blue outer edge. Petals 2 reniform unguiculate ¢ inch long and wide, and one much smaller ovate reniform not clawed 3%; inch long, all cobalt blue. Stamens 6, 3 long with slender blue filaments. Anthers elliptic black 3 sterile with blue filaments and irregular pear- shaped divaricate anthers. Style very short shorter than the sterile stamens. Capsule elliptic beaked. Seeds cylindric reticulate black. Hook... fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 369. C. communis Walt. Fl. Carol. 68. Kunth. Enum. IV. 36. Clarke Comm. and Cyrt. Beng. t. I. Monogr. 144, t. I. f. 56. C. cespitosa Roxb. Fl. Ind.I.174. C. diffusa Burm. Fl. Ind. 18, t. 7, f.2. C. agrarta Kunth. l.c. 38. Hassk. Commel. Ind. 26. C. salicifolia Boj. Hort. Maur. 360 not of Roxb. C. deficiens Flor. des Serres t. 1824 not Hook. Whole peninsula in waste ground. Singapore: Bajau (Ridley 4599) Toas (1757); Johor; Malacca; Sungei Ujong; Perak; Penang (Curtis 1224). Distribution, Africa, India, Malaya, Australia, Polynesia, North and South America. Native names, “ Rumput Aur,” “ Rumput Kukupu” and “ Tapak Rti.” The leaves are used for poulticing sores, and the shoots cooked 116 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. asa vegetable. The plant is rather variable in form of leaf etc., according to locality. I have met also with white-flowered forms. 9. C. ATTENUATA, Koen. Vahl. Enum. II. 168. A tufted creeping plant prostrate. Stems 12 inches long. Leaves narrow linear lanceo- late recurved with a broad base 1 inch long $ inch wide or more, sheath short, hairy. Spathes narrow lanceolate recurved an inch long or less, peduncle slender $ inch long hairy. Flowers small bright blue on slender pedicels ¢ inch long. Sepals oblong. Petals orbicular. Stam- ens 3, filaments slender, anthers oblong undulate. Capsule subglobose or oblong + inch long. Seed eylindric faintly reticulate channelled along one face, truncate at both ends with an appendage at both ends. Clarke Monogr. 172. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. IV. 372. C. rajymhalensis, Clarke Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. XI: 444. Comm. and Cyrt. Beng. t. 7. Singapore: Changi (Ridley 3935, 9581), Galang etc. Sandy places near the sea, common. Distrib. India and Ceylon. 3. C. BENGHALENSIS, 1. sp. Pl. 41. Low herb, stems creeping slender a foot long or less hairy or glabrous. Leaves elliptic ovate light green 1 to 3 inches long 4 to 1 inch wide pubescent or with scat- tered hairs, petiole ¢ inch long winged. Spathes 1 to 3 turbinate half an inch long green. Flowers smaller than in C. nudzflora. Sepals oblong green as long as the claw of the petals. Petals 2, spathulate cochleate tips rounded, the other ovate hooded much shorter violet blne. Stamens 4, filaments slender violet. Anthers yellow cells divaricate at base. Style longer violet. Clarke Comm. and Cyrt. Beng. t. 4. Monogr. 159. Hassk. Comm. Ind. 28, 29. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. III. 533. Wight. Ic. t. 2065. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 370. C. nervosa Burn. Fl. Ind. 18, t. 7, £. 3. °C. cucullata L. Mantiss 176. C. mollis Jacq. Collect. III. 235 Ic. Rar. t. 293. Singapore: Galang (Ridley 9152), Tanglin (3856) ; Malacca : Ayer Moley (Ridley 4597); Malacca Town (Ridley 10775); Sungei Ujong: (Cantley’s Coll.). A common weed in waste ground, called ““ Rumput Mayiam’”’ by the natives. Distribution, Tropical Africa and Asia. 4. C. OBLIQUA, Ham. in Don. Prodr. Fl. Nepal p. 45. A stout erect plant with tall stems. Leaves lanceolate acute narrowed at both ends oblique, 6 inches long 1+ wide glabrous, sheath broad an inch long strongly ribbed with bristles at the mouth. Spathes numerous crowded in a subsessile head, funnel-shaped pubescent about + inch long. Petals blue inner ones clawed. Capsule ovoid 3 edged nearly 4 inch long. Seeds elliptic black punctate. Clarke Commel. and Cyrt. Beng. t.9, 10,11. Monogr. 178. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 372. C. polyspatha Wight Ic. t. 2066. C. maculata and C. striata Edgew. Trans. Linn. Soc. XX. 89. C. communis Roxb, Fl. Ind, I. 171. Materials for a Flora of the Mulayan Peninsula. 117 (not Linn). C. paludosa Bl. Enum. 1.2. Heterocarpus obliquus Hassk. Commel. Ind. 7. . Selangor, Ginting Bidai at 2000 feet alt ; (Ridley 7564). “ Singa- pore’ Hook. fil. l.c. is surely an error. Distrib. India, Ceylon, Malay Archipelago. EXCLUDED SPECIES. C. suffruticosa Bl. Enum. 3. Clarke Monogr. 188. Hook. fil. le. 874. “Malay Peninsula,’ no specific locality nor collector’s name given in either of the latter works except the name of Zollinger who never visited the Malay Peninsula. 3. ANEILEMA, Br. Herbs often tuberous rooted. Flowers small in axillary and ter- minal panicles, bracteate and bracteolate pink white or blue. Bracts not spathaceous. Sepals 3 free. Petals 3 equal obovate. Stamens 2 or 3, filaments naked or bearded, anthers oblong. Staminodes 2 to 4. Ovary sessile free 2-3 cells 1 to many ovuled. Capsule loculicidal, seeds 1 or more in each cell, with a hard wrinkled or dotted testa. Species about 60. Africa and Tropical Asia. 1. TRICARPELLARIA, Capsule 3 celled and 3 valved. Ovary cells 3-4 seeded. Flowering stem tall erect leafy, leaves long 1. A. lineolatwm. Diffuse creeping plant, leaves ovate . A. paucitlorum. Ovary cells 2 ovuled, capsule cells 2 seed- ed. Low herbs, decumbent, leaves short linear or lanceolate & fat “we Low herb tuberous. Leaves elongate linear. sea i) 3. A. nudiflorum. 4. A. sinicwmn. Large stout herb 2 feet tall a w. 9. A. gaganteum. Ovary cells 1 ovuled. Small herb with linear leaves... ws «6. A. vaginatum. Stout plant leaves lanceolate petioled «+» 7. A. conspicwum. 1, A. LINEOLATUM, Kunth. Enum. IV. 69. Stems leafy stout, about 15 inches tall. Lower leaves forming a rosette. Leaves elliptic lanceolate acute undulate 6 inches long by 14 inch wide, edges whitish glabrous, not petiole sheath 4 inch long hispid. Panicle terminal with long wide spreading branches. Sepals ovate oblong reddish broad car- tilaginous. Petals white. Stamens 3 fertile very hairy with violet hairs 3 sterile less hairy. Ovary white. Capsule 3 angled oblong beak- ed ¢ inch, sepals persistent erect. Seeds about 3 in a cell black warty. Hassk. Pl. Jungh. 146. Comm. Ind. 36. Clarke Comm. and Cyrt, 118 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Bengal t. 15, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 376. A. elatwnm Kunth. Le. 70. A. latifoliwm Wight. Ic. 2072. . Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 121 Hassk. Comm. Ind. 128. Commelina cristata L. in Sp. Pl. p. 62. Tradescantia cristata Jacq. Hort. Vindob. 2 p. 64 t. 137. Bot. Mag. t. 14385. ZT. imbricata Roxb. Fl. Ind. 2.120. Z. vaga Zoll. Syst. Verz. p. 60. Malacca: Pulau Besar (Ridley 1658); Penang: Gardens and in the Quarry (Curtis), Lankawi (Curtis 2364). Distrib. Tropical Africa and Islands, India and Malaya. In grassy spots not common. 2. C. BARBATA, Don. Prodr. 46. Prostrate creeping fleshy herb, stems 12 inches long hairy. Leaves lanceolate oblong or linear lanceo- late covered with long scattered hairs 1 inch long 4-% inch wide. Peduncles 1 or 2 from the terminal leaf axil. Cymes % to ? inch long. Bract long and narrow or short sometimes little longer than the floral bracts. Floral bracts broad rounded on the margin blunt hairy with long hairs. Sepals lanceolate hairy. Petals pale blue. Stamens bearded. Capsule short and broad hairy. Seeds oblong truncate grey, back with a longitudinal furrow. Clarke Commel. and Cyrt. Beng. t. 37, Monogr. 248, Hassk. Commel. Ind. 148. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 385. C. nodiflora Clarke Journ. Linn. Soe. XI. 453. C. nobilis Hassk. l.c. 148. Clarke Commel. and Cyrt. Beng. 639. OC. glaberrima Hassk. le. 156. Zradescantia barbata Spreng. Syst. Cur. Post 138. TZ. radicans Royle III. 403. Singapore : Changi, Galang (Ridley 4418) ; Pahang: Pekan, Rumpin River; Penang, (Wallich 8988). Distrib. India, China. A very variable plant apparently in India perhaps due to habitat. Here it occurs plentifully in sandy spots, a prostrate fleshy plant. I met with a form on the Rumpin River sand hills tufted erect and slender. 3. C. CAPITATA, Clarke, Monogr. 243. Procumbent rooting herb, stems slender hairy along one edge, inteynodes long one inch to 3 long. Leaves oblong lanceolate 1-2 inches long half an inch wide inaequilater- al, edges hairy. Sheaths very short hairy. Heads small axillary and terminal few flowered 34 inch long. Outer bracts lanceolate narrowed at the base hairy $-+ inch long, inner bracts similar but smaller. Flowers light blue. Sepals lanceolate keeled hairy. Capsule oblong obtuse hairy, seed oblong deeply reticulate pitted all over, grey. Tra- descantia capitata Bl. Enum. Pl. Jav. 1 p. 6. Hassk. Commel. Ind. p. 63. T. crassifolia Hassk. Pl. Jungh. p. 152. Selangor, edges of woods by the Kwala Lumpur Caves (Ridley). Rare. Distrib. Java, Cochin-China, Japan, New Guinea. 0. FLOSCOPA, Lour. Erect or subscandent herbs, stems slender. Leaves lanceolate. Flowers small pink or blue, in terminal or axillary panicles of secund- flowered cymes. Sepals 3 oblong, free. Petals obovate. Stamens 6 122 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. perfect (or one imperfect) filaments glabrous. Ovary 2 celled. Cells one ovuled. Capsule globose or orbicular. Seeds hemispheric. Species 12. 8 African, 3 American and one Asiatic. 1. FL. SCANDENS, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 193. Creeping and ascend- ing. Stems 6-12 inches or more, glabrous. Leaves elliptic lanceolate or linear, lanceolate acute 4-3 inches long, margins ciliate. Panicle large and dense 1 to 3 inches long terminal viscid hairy, branches erect, short, flowers small scattered on a pink rachis. Bracts leaf-like. Sepals ovate green viscid pubescent on the back. Petals a little larger blue, pink or white. Stamens 6 perfect. Capsule globose shorter than the sepals. Seeds hemispheric pink. Clarke Monogr. 265, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 390. F. paniculata Hassk. Pl. Jungh. 157, and F. Hamiltoni, undulata, petiolata and Meyeniana Hassk. Commel. Ind. 166, 167. Dithyrocarpus paniculatus Kunth. Enum. IV. 70, Clarke Comm. and Cyrt. Beng. 34, D. Meyenianus and rufus Kunth. |.c. 7879. D. petiolatus Rothii, and undulatus Wight Ic. t. 2079, 2080. Trades- cantia paniculata Roxb. Cor. Pl. II. t. 109. Commelyna cymosa and densiflora Bl. Enum. I. 4. Singapore: Tanglin, etc., (Ridley) ; Johor : Tanjong Kupang (Ridley). Bukit Muar (Feilding); Malacca: Brisu Machap ; Negri Sembilan: Seremban (Ridley 10041); Selangor: Klang; Perak: Padang Rengas, Thaiping; Penang Waterfall. Distrib. India, Malaya, China and Australia. Common in muddy places by streams. Native names “ Rumput. a . . oo 66 * 99 Kumpai Tikus,” Rumput Tapak Eti. 6. FORRESTIA, Lesson. Herbs usually stout creeping and ascending. Leaves broad lanceolate petioled, with tubular usually hairy sheaths. Cymes_ axill- ary short, often densely capitate rarely lax. Bracts ovate. Flowers small white. Sepals 3 boat-shaped. Petals lanceolate or obovate. Stamens 6, filaments contort, bearded at the top. Ovary 3 celled, cells 2, ovuled or sometimes 1 ovuled. Capsule oblong trigonous often pink. Seeds 1 or 2, cylindric or reniform. Species 6. India, Malay, Formosa. Stem slender 4 inch through bis tee ve hy Bograciis. Stems stout half an inch through. Heads small compact subglabrous -:- w QO. FB. Grifithi. Heads lax much branched rh .. 3 FE. marginata. Heads dense softly hairy. Leaves hairy on both surfaces... w= 4, . molhs. Leaves glabrous above bullate ... .. & FF. monosperma. Heads densely covered with spiny hairs «. 6. L. trritans. Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 123 1. F. GRACILIS, Ridl. Journ. Roy. As Soe. 8. Br. Vol. 48. p37. Stem creeping then ascending for about 3 feet slender twiggy ¢ inch through dark green glabrous, internodes 2 inches long terete. Leaves lanceolate acuminate narrowed into a winged petiole dark green glabrous above, velvety beneath, margin with red appressed hairs, 8 inches long 2 inches wide, petiole and sheaths at mouth hairy. Heads small few flowered. Bracts ovate white with a green keel pubescent. Sepals oblong hooded white ciliate § inch long. Petals longer lanceolate acute white. Sta- mens 6, filaments contorted with a tuft of white hairs at the top. An- thers ovate deeply grooved white. Style filiform flexuous acuminate. Stigma minute ovary small covered with white hairs. Capsule oblong pink. FF. mollis Clarke (in part not Hasskal) Monogr. 236. Singapore : (Walker 155) Tanglin, Pulau Ubin (Ridley 4810) ; Johor : Tanjong Bunga (Ridley 6320); Pahang: Pulau Tijau, Pahang River (Ridley 2381, 2382); Malacca : Sungei Buluh (Ridley 10512) ; Selangor : Kwala Lumpur (Goodenough); Sungei Ujong: Gunong Berumbun (Herb. H. B. Singapore); Perak: Dindings Telok Sera (Ridley) ; Kedah: Gunong Jerai (Ridley). Common in forests. Native name “ Setawa Betina.”’ A decoction of the roots used by the wild tribes in cases of rheu- matism. Endemic. 9. F. GRIFFITH, Clarke, Monogr. 236. Stem stout ~ inch through 2 or 3 feet tall. Leaves lanceolate acuminate narrowed at the base into a petiole covered on both surfaces with hairs, thickest on the back 9 inches long 3 inches wide, petiole 2 inches long very hairy. Sheaths 4 to 2 inches long, mouth hairy. - Heads small, $ inch through sub-glabrous. - Sepals oblong obtuse glabrous. Capsule oblong $ inch long. Seeds solitary in each cell § inch long reniform rugose and groov- ed. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. Johor: Gunong Pulai (Ridley) a very stout and hairy form. Malacca, (Maingay 1712 in part), Ayer Panas (Griffith 5485 part) ; Selangor: Jasin (Derry 499), Bukit Sadanen (Holmberg 856), Foot of Mount Ophir (Hullett 844); Negri Sembilan: Perhentian Tinggi (Ridley). In forests. Endemic. 3. F. MARGINATA, Hassk. Flora 1864, p. 630, Commel. Ind. 90. Stem very stout far creeping 4 inch through. Leaves elliptic lanceolate dull green acuminate narrowed at the base but hardly petiolate 12 to 14 inches long, 3 inches wide glabrous above except the edge, keel and base of lip on back hairy sheaths large margins hairy. Heads large much branched and lax, ¢ to 2 inches through. Bracts ovate hairy, lower ones purple. Flowers $ inch long. Sepals obovate boat-shaped green, cartilaginous, one larger than the others. Petals a little longer ovule thin white. Stamens filiform twisted with a long tuft of hairs atthe top. Anthers oblong grooved between the cells. Style long 124 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. spiral filiform. Ovary hairy. Capsule oblong ridged 4 inch long. Seeds 2 in each cell semi-ovate punctate black ¢ inch long. Clarke Monogr. 237. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 383. F. hispida, Bot. Mag. t. 5425, (not of A. Rich) a varriety with purple backs to the leaves. Campelia marginata Bl. Enum. 1. 7. Amischolotypa marginata, Hassk. in Flora 1863, 392. Tvadescantia sp. Griff. Notulae III. 235. Singapore : (Wallich 8977b) Bukit Timah (Ridley 6433); Johor: Gunong Panti, Tanjong Kopang, Pulau Tioman (Ridley); Malacca: Bukit Kedondong (Derry 602); Penang: Pulau Betong (Curtis 1948). Distrib. Siam, Java and Sumatra and Borneo. On rocks in forest, scrambling about attached by its very long roots. 4. F. MOLLIS, Hassk. Flora. 1864, 68. Comm. Ind. 84. Stem stout. Leaves elliptic ovate acuminate base cuneate unequal, nearly a foot long and five inches wide covered with long appressed hairs above and short velvety hairs beneath, edges and midrib with long red hairs, petiole distinct 4 inches long sheath velvety hairy, mouth with longer red hairs 1$ inch long. Heads ¢ inch through covered with soft red hairs. Sepals linear oblong keeled tip red hairy. Petals linear short. Stamens filaments linear glabrous. Capsule subglobose trigonous 4+ inch long hairy. /’. mollis, Clarke Monogr. 236 in part. Campelia mollissima, Bl. Enum. 1.7. Amischolotypa mollissima Hassk. Flora — 1863, 392. Perak : Larut Hills (Ridley 2950); Malacca: base of Mount Ophir (Ridley). Distrib. Malay Islands. Local in forests. 5. F. MONOSPERMA, Clarke in Bulletin Herb. Boissier VI. 1898, 359. Stems stout creeping ascending for about four feet, + inch through. Leaves oblong lanceolate dark shining green bullate above, purple beneath glabrous 15 inches long six inches wide, petiole broad channelled sheaths enlarged below covered with soft hairs 3 inches long. Heads on the lower part of the creeping stem 1 inch through. Sepals coriaceous oblong keeled hairy 4 inch long greenish, apex thick- ened dark pink. Petals thin white slightly longer lanceolate oblong obtuse. Stamens longer filaments filiform spiral with a tuft of long white hairs at the tip. Anthers oblong cordate. Capsule .oblong shorter than the sepals. Seeds oblong 2 in each cell over ¢ inch long flat punctate covered with a scarlet aril. Selangor; Caves at Kwala Lumpur (Ridley 4599) ; Pahang: Tahan River (Ridley); Perak: Larut Hills, Waterloo (Curtis). Endemic. In rocky woods. 6. F. IRRITANS, Ridley Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. Vol. 41. p38. Stem tall and stout 4 inch through. Leaves elliptic lanceolate with a broad flat petiole, acuminate 9 inches long 3 inches wide, hairy on both sur-faces, sheaths 14 inch long, glabrous except the hispid edges. Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 125 Heads large and dense over an inch through densely covered with red spinous hairs. Sepals lanceolate covered with pungent hairs, Stamens 6 anthers oblong. Style filiform. Selangor: Pahang track 15th mile (Ridley); Perak: Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9784); Sungei Ujong: Bukit Kupayang (Hort. Bot. Gard. Sing.) This, of which I have not seen fruit, is remarkable for its dense globose heads of flowers covered with pungent red spines. Endemic. 7. SPATHOLIRION, Ridl. Stemless herbs with a very short rhizome. Leaves ovate cordate petioled fleshy. Scapes lateral shorter than the leaves, base nude. Buds at first enclosed in a spathe. Panicle short, female flowers re- maining in the spathe at the base few. Males numerous terminal. Sepals 3 lanceolate ovate pubescent. Petals as long linear acute. Stamens 6, filaments slender bearded below. Anthers globose, no pistil. Female flowers larger similar to the males, but anthers sterile, pistil cylindric with a thickened terete style and a three lobed capitate stigma. Species 1. Endemic. S. ORNATUM, Ridl. Journ. Bot. Aug. 1896, p. 329, pl. 360. Leaves 6 or 7, blade deep green often marked with white, back pubescent purple 4 inches long and wide petiole as long brown pubescent. Scape purple 6 inches long, branches tinch. Spathe thick ovate mucronate 13 inch long. Flowers rosy ¢ inch across. Petals white. Stamens with a yellow beard at base. Pistil orange. Capsule oblong triquetrous (not ripe). Legeh (Machado). Rare. Introduced to the Botanic Gardens alive by Mr Machado in 1896, where it regularly flowers, but has never produced seed. XV. TRIURIDEAE. Very small slender saprophytic herbs. - Stem simple or branched with a slender creeping rhizome. Leaves ovate scale-like, scattered. Flowers unisexual minute pedicelled. Petals and sepals similar. Male flowers stamens 2-6 with very short or no filaments. Pistillodes 3 or more or 0. Female flowers with O to 6 staminodes and numerous crowded carpels 1 celled, 1 ovuled. Style terminal or lateral. Achenes globose or ovoid in a head, fleshy with a hard nucleus. Two genera, one tropical Asiatic and one South American. 1. SCIAPHILA, Bl. Perianth 3 to 8 lobed. Anthers sessile or subsessile at the base of the perianth. Species 21. Tropical Asia and South America, 126 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Sepals and petals ovate. Pistillodes in male flowers numerous vee sve 1. S. affinis. Sepals and petals lanceolate. No pistil- lodes in male flowers os .. . 9. S, major. 1. Sc. AFFINIS, Bece. Malesia III. 331, t=. XXXIX. 14-18. Stem filiform often branched with ascending branches, 4-5 inches tall. Leaves ovate acuminate scale-like, base sheathing y's. inch long. Flowers numerous scattered, pedicels slender nearly 4 inch long spread- ing. Bracts lanceolate acute. Petals and sepals ovate acute male flowers stamens 3 with very short filaments, pistillodes numerous Femals carpels crowded in a globose head numerous smooth subglobose Staminodes 6 short. é Singapore: Bukit Timah, Seletar (Ridley); Malacca: Bukit Sadanen, Mount Ophir (var. major) (Ridley 3147); Selangor: 15th mile Pahang Track (Ridley) ; Pahang: Tahan River (Ridley); Perak: Gunong Keledang (Ridley). Gunong Bubu (Wray). Distrib. Borneo. Common in woods among rotten leaves to an altitude of 4000 feet, but often difficult to see on account of the very delicate hairlike purple stems. 2. Sc. MAJOR, Becc. Malesia III. p. 332, t. XL. fig. 1-11. Simple or much branched slender stems 4 to 6 inches tall. Leaves scattered ovate obtuse. Flowers numerous scattered on very short pedicels pale lilac. Pedicels 7s inch long. Bracts small oblong. Male flowers stellate. Sepals and petals lanceolate acuminate. Stamens 2 or 3. No pistillodes. Female flowers. Pistils glandular globose. Carpels sub- globose. Malacca: Bukit Bruang (Ridley 3535); Perak: Gunong Keledang, Kedah, Gunong Jerai (Ridley). Distrib. Borneo. XVI. ALISMACEAE. Aquatic or marsh plants. Leaves herbaceous radical ovate, lan- ceolate or linear, usually petioled. Inflorescence panicled or umbellate. Flowers white or pink regular uni-or bisexual. Sepals 3 herbaceous. Petals fugacious 3. Stamens 6 or more, hypogynous or perigynous. Anthers basifixed. Carpels 3-6 or more sessile or stalked on a flat or elevated receptacle. Style 1 sub-terminal or basal. Stigma simple. Ovules 1 or more. Fruit small achenes or follicles with small exalbuminous seeds. Achenes long beaked. eee ie .. 1, Ranalisma. Achenes rounded very numerous, «:: we = 2. Sagittarta. Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 127 1. RANALISMA, Stapf. A low herb with slender stolons and fine roots. Leaves and peduncles from the base. Leaves ovate or ovate oblong blunt thin with 9 pairs of conspicuous nerves and 2 intra-marginal ones petiole long erect. Inflorescence cymose of 2-3 flowers, or one flower only. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 3 herbaceous persistent at length deflexed. Petals larger white. Torus convex lengthening in fruit. Stamens 9 in one whorl hypogynous. Ovaries crowded, style beaked. Carpels one-seeded compressed winged tipped with the persistent style, pericarp thin. Seed erect curved. Monotypic. R. ROSTRATA, Stapf. Ic. Pl. 2652. Petioles very slender 4-7 inches long, leaf blade thin base rounded 1-12 inch long, #-linch wide. Scapes shorter 3 to 5 inches long slender. Flowers small white, pedicels 4-1 inch long. Bracts oblong connate at base. Fruit 4 inch through. Selangor, in black mud in an open space in dense forest, at the Caves, Kwala Lumpur. Rare (Ridley 8464). Endemic. 9. SAGITTARIA, Linn. Erect aquatic plants. Leaves long petioled elliptic ovate cordate or sagittate. Flowers panicled or spicate whorled unisexual or bi- sexual, white. Sepals 3 herbaceous. Petals 3 deciduous. Stamens 6 or more, filaments filiform. Carpels numerous crowded on a large receptacle globose or oblong. Style ventral or apical. Ovules solitary basilar. Achenes in a globose or oblong head, flat, crested or winged. Species about 15, whole world. S. GUAYANENSIS, Humb. Bonpl. Kunth. Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1. 250. Leaves orbicular or ovate cordate obtuse floating 13-2 inches long, lobes broad acute or obtuse petiole long and slender, 6-8 inches long. Scapes 3 to 8 inches long, panicle branches few and short. Bracts ovate ¢ inchlong. Pedicels 4 inch long. “Flowers 4-3 inch across. Sepals oblong lanceolate or ovate. Petals white cuneate longer. Stamens 9 to 12. Carpels very numerous ina globose head # inch through flat orbicular dentate. Kunth. Enum. III. 161. Hook. Fil. F). Brit. Ind. VI. 561. S. cordifolia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. IIT. 647. S. lappula Don. Prodr. 22. Lophiocarpus Guryanensis Micheli. A. De C., Monogr. Phan. ITT. 62. Pahang: Pekan, Pulau Tawar (Ridley) ; Malacca : Merlimau (Derry 240) ; Province Wellesley : Permatang Bertam (Ridley 961) ; Penang: Pulau Betong (Curtis 1944). Distrib. India, China, Australia, Malay Islands. In rice fields. Native name “ Keladi Ayer,” “ K’lipoh Padang.” S, SAGITTIFOLIA, li. is sometimes cultivated by the Chinese to feed pigs on. It never seems to flower here, 128 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. XVII. NAIADACEAE. Aquatic submerged fresh water or marine herbs with slender stems and linear leaves bases sheathing. Flowers uni- or bi-sexual very small green with no perianth or with a small hyaline one. Stamens 1 or 2. Carpels 2 or more. NalAs, L. Fresh water or brackish herbs. Stems slender branched. Leaves opposite alternate or whorled linear entire or toothed. Flowers axillary unisexual minute. Male flower with a tubular or inflated entire or 4 toothed utricle and a inner one. Stamen1l, adnate to the inner peri- anth tube 1-4 celled. | Female flower perianth none or thin and adnate to the carpel. Carpel 1 sessile 1 ovuled. Stigmas 2-4. Ovules basilar erect. Achene oblong, testa thin. Species about 10 whole world. Male and female flowers without aspathe 1. N. graminea. Male flowers in a spathe. Anther unilocular. Leaf sheaths truncate rounded ... vs . Q. N. manor. Anther 4 locular. Leaf sheaths edges ones lapping large... 3. N. Kingiv. 1. N. GRAMINEA, Delile. Descr. Egypt Hist. Nat. II. 282. t. 50. fig. 3. Stems slender 8-9 inches long, but longer in deep water, much branched. Leaves narrowly linear crowded ternate acuminate toothed dark green 4 inch long or more, sheaths truncate toothed, basal auricles toothed, flowers solitary or few together. Males shortly pedicelled nude. Perianth bilobed above. Female flowers 2 to 4 together. Ovary narrow elliptic. Style distinct. Stigmas 2 short. Achene elliptic beaked marked with longitudinal areolae. Kunth. Enum, III. 115. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 569. Rendle. Trans. Linn. Soc. Vol. V. p. 424, pl. XLII. figs. 192-201. N. alagnensis Pollini. Fl. Veron. III 49. N. seminuda Griff. Notul. III. 184, Ic. Pl. As. t. 251, fig. 2, t. 253, 954. N. serristipula Maxim. Bull. Acad. St. Petersb. XII. 72. Pahang, Pekan (Ridley). Province Wellesley, Permatang Bertam (Ridley). var, angustifolia Rendl. l.c. p. 427, Pl. XLII. 202. A weak plant with narrower leaves the tips almost setaceous, marginal teeth more conspicuous, fruit smaller. Singapore, Garden Lake and ditches often in enormous masses (Ridley 8946, 10316). Distribution of type Europe, Africa, Persia, India, Malay Archipelago, Japan and Australia, Variety distribution Borneo. Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 129 9. N. MINoR, All. Fl. Pedem. II. 221. Stems much branched internodes long or short. Leaves linear narrowed upwards falcately recurved, base broad, toothed half an inch or more long, sheaths rounded truncate with prominent teeth, rarely more or less auriculate. Flowers solitary, males sessile, spathe ellipsoid ending ina shortly cylindric toothed neck. Perianth 2 lipped. Female flower nude ovary ellipsoid. Style long cylindric. Stigmas 2. Achene obliquely linear oblong, testa hard brown marked with scalariform rows of pits. Kunth. Enum. III. 113, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 569. Rendle Trans. Linn, Soc. VY. p. 410, Pl. XLI. 105-115. N. dichotoma, Roxb. Hort. Beng. 71. Fl. Brit. Ind. III. 749. N. ternata, Rox. Griff. Not. III. 183. Ice. Pl. As. t. 252. Caulinia fragilis, Welld. Mem. Acad. Roy. Soc. Berl. 1728, t. 1, f. 2. Malacea, (Griffith 5609/5, 5609/7). 3. N. Kinet, Rendle. Trans. Linn. Soc. V. 415, Pl. XLI. figs. 126-131, p. 442. Branches long straggling ending in a dense bushy growth, internodes 14-14 inch long. Leaves over an inch long, linear narrowed, apex 1 or 2 toothed with numerous ascending teeth 16-19 on each edge base triangular apex tipped with a dark brown spine. Sheath large and broad with overlapping edges, upper edge truncate with broadly rounded shoulders bearing about 10 teeth. Flowers soli- tary, male and female on the same shoot, male sessile spathe ellipsoid- al ending in a cylindric neck with numerous’ spines at the mouth. Perianth fitting closely to the ellipsoidal 4 locular anther above ending in two thickened lips. Achene with 30 rows of small hexagonal pits. Singapore, (Schlesich. Botan. Tauschv. No. 528). Ditches, Tang- lin (Ridley). Distribution, Andamans and Tonkin. XVIII. FLAGELLARIAE. Climbing shrubs or terrestrial or semiaquatic herbs. Leaves many nerved petiole sheathing. Elowers small in terminal panicles uni- sexual or bisexual. Sepals 3 imbricate. Petals a little longer. Stamens 6 hypogynous, filaments free. Anthers basifixed erect. Ovary superi- or 8 celled. Styles short or long, stigmas 8. Fruit a drupé or 2-3 seeded berry. Seeds albuminous. Flowers, Bisexual. Stem scandent woody, climbing by cirrhose leaves a ame es a ..- 1. Flageliaria. Stems erect reed-like hollow. Plants unisex- ual tae 2. Joinvillea. Stems prostrate, leaves large succulent ws =, SUSUM. 130 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 1. FLAGELLARIA, L. Stem woody climbing by the cirrhose leaf tips. Leaves sessile, narrow. Panicles terminal. Flowers bisexual small. Sepals 3. Petals 3 little longer. Stamens 6. Styles 3. Seed single or 2. Species 2, one Polynesian, the other tropics of the Old World. F. rnpica, L. Sp. Pl. 333. ° Stems 4inch through or less, climbing to a great height. Leayes lanceolate sheathing at the base, 6 to 10 inches long $ to 4 inch wide. Panicles 2 to 3 inches long or more much branched. Flowers small clustered white sessile. Sepals orbi- cular. Petals oblong blunt a little longer. Stamens 6 filaments fili- form. Anthers long narrow. Styles 3 very thick long. Drupe pink 4 inch through globose, pulp thin. Seed 1, testa black. Kunth. Enum. III. 370. Roxb. Fl. Ind. II. 154. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ITI. 249, Redoute Lil, V. 257: Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 391. Singapore: Kranji (Ridley 1645) Bajau (3589a); Johor: Tana Merah, (Ridley) ; Malacca: Sungei Rambai (Derry 308). Sungei Udang (Goodenough 1816); Pahang: Pekan (Ridley). var. minor. Stems very slender, short, leaves 3-4 inches long $ broad. Panicle 1 to 3 inches. FF. minor Bl. Roem. and Schultes Syst. VI. 1493, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ITI. 249, Suppl. 598. Singapore : (Wallich 5199, F. angustifolia) Changi (Ridley 6025) ; Malacca: Bukit Sabukor (Derry 275); Perak: (Wray 3157). Distrib. Tropical Africa and Asia and Australia. Very common especially near the sea, seldom far inland. ‘ Rotan Tikus,” ‘Rotan Binni.” The stems are used in basket work. 9. JOINVILLEA, Gaud. Reedlike erect perennial plants, with hollow stems. Leaves plicate stiff lanceolate or linear acuminate. Panicle terminal lax branches sinuate pubescent. Flowers scattered small. Sepals 3 chartaceous. Petals 3 about as long. Stamens 6 or one abortive hypogynous free, filaments slender. Anthers oblong or linear, cells parallel. Ovary superior conic, style stout simple. Stigmas3 linear. Berry very small succulent, pericarp eventually crustaceous, 2-3 seeded. Species 4. Hawaii, New Caledonia and Malay Islands to the Peninsula. (Note.—The pistil is described (Gen. Plant III. p. 861) as with styli 3 a basi stigmatosi.’”’ In the flower of the Malayan species the pistil consists of apparently a conical ovary with a distinct stout style bearing three stigmas at the top, the style being much longer than the ovary. As the fruit ripens however the style disappears so that the fruit appears to be a conic body with the three stigmas persisting, and sessile on the top of the fruit. When quite ripe the fruit is globose Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 131 and smooth, the stigmas having fallen off so that the three styles des- cribed by Bentham and Hooker are rather stigmas, while the true simple style is gradually absorbed into the fruit). 1. J. MALAYANA, Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. Vol. 44, p. 199. Tufted plant with stems 6-8 feet tall, + inch through woody hollow, and leafy. Leaves very stiff coriaceous plicate linear long acumi- nate narrowed at the base bright green glabrous 18 to 24 inches long 2 inches wide, many nerved. Sheaths large smooth. Panicle large spreading 8 inches long, with stout hairy branches. Flowers sessile or nearly so ¢ inch long. Sepals 3 ovate keeled subacute with a small point, ciliate at the tip. Petals aslong 3, oblong truncate, apex and edges ciliate. Stamens 5, with one abortive. Anthers linear oblong base emarginate dorsifixed, filaments about $+ as long. Ovary conic rugose. Style stout. Stigmas 3 shorter plumose. Fruit very small globose red 3 seeded. Seeds enclosed in a pulp, globose, testa thin hard black. Albumen farinaceous white. Perak: Thaiping Hills, by the cottage abundant in dry soil at 4500 feet (Ridley). Gunong Batu Putih 4500 feet (Wray) in Herb. Kew (fide Rendle sub nom J. elegans) ; Selangor : Semangkok Pass (Ridley). Distrib. Borneo on Matang (Coll. Bartlett). This seems very distinct from the other described species of which descriptions and specimens have been kindly supplied me by Mr. Rendle but most nearly approaches J. ascendens Gaud. of Hawaii. 3. SusuM, Bl. Unisexual aquatic or terrestrial plants with creeping rhizome. Leaves fleshy crowded ensiform or lanceolate. Panicle terminal patent, branches in half whorls bracteate. Flowers small sessile green or yellow. Sepals and petals subequal orbicular or ovate. Stamens 5 to 6 filaments filiform from a broader base. Pistillode small. Female flowers similar. Pistil ovoid or lobed, with 3 flat stigmas. Ovary 3 celled. Fruit fleshy, one seeded. Species 2 or 3, Ceylon and Malaya. (This genus has been classed under Xerotideae, Juncaceae and Flagellarieae, but is generally referred now to the latter order. It does not seem to possess any very close relationship with Flagellarieae how- eyer, and perhaps later discoveries may make it a type of a distinct order). Aquatic plant, leaves ensiform .--- ws 1, S. anthelminticum. Forest plant, leaves lanceolate petiolate... 2. S. malayanum. 1. S. ANTHELMINTICUM, Bl. Schultes. f. Syst. VII. 1493. A very large aquatic plant, emitting long floating stolons. Stem an inch through creeping. Leaves erect 6 feet or more tall 6 inches across 132 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. sword-shaped acuminate bright green glabrous not petiole, with a broad rib at the base narrowed upwards. Panicle 2 feet long, spreading, 8 inches or more across much branched branches in half whorls glabrous. Bracts lanceolate 8 inches long. Flowers small greenish yellow sessile males (not seen) ‘filaments short dilated below, anthers oblong (‘Tri- men).” Female sepals and petals rounded orbicular ovate, nearly equal. Stigmas 3 short recurved ovary 3 celled “ Berry fusiform usually 1 seeded”’ (Trimen). Kunth. Enum. III. 371. Mig. Fl. Ind. — Bat. III. 247. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 391. Trim. -Fl. Ceyl FV. p. 317. Perak, Kinta Valley, Lahat (Ridley). In ponds, and ditches, abundant but local. Native name “ Bak- ung.” Distrib; Ceylon: Java, Sumatra. - A very distinct plant from the other species when alive, and im- possible to confuse with it. It is strictly aquatic (whereas the other species inhabits dense forest only), and forms great floating masses in the Siak River, Sumatra, almost blocking it. Though described as having pubescence on the base of the leaves, and (Fl. Brit. Ind.) also on the panicle, ] have seen no trace of any pubescence on it any- where. 2. S. MALAYANUM, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 361. Stems short often only a few inches long, to 3-4 feet long. Leaves glabrous above dark green, lighter and slightly cobwebby beneath, lamina lanceolate acuminate 12-50 inches long 2-4 inches wide petiole channelled 3 or 4. inches to a foot long. Panicles 1-2 feet long lax, branches in half whorls 2-6 inches long tomentose with leafy bracts at the bases of the lower whorls, peduncle and branches cobwebby. Flowers sessile scat- tered. Male panicles with very slender branches. Male flowers of 2 or 3 small orbicular sepals. Petals oblong lanceolate. Stamens 5 or 6, bases linear above filiform. Pistillode small 5 or 6 lobed. Female panicles stouter. Female flowers sepals orbicular imbricate gibbous at the base. Petals about twice as long, ovary ovoid, stigmas 3 short. Fruit pink turning black globose or oblique 4 inch through crowned with the three sessile stigmas, pericarp fleshy. Seed 1 flattened round- ed on one side. Veratrum ? malayanum, Jack. Mal. Mise. Hook. Bot. Mise. II. 74. Veratronia malayana, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. III. Hanguana kassintu, Bl. Enum. I. p. 15, Migq. le. 248 ? Singapore: Bukit Timah, Seletar (Ridley 9531, 170); Johor: Kwala Sedili (Kelsall) ; Malacca: Batu Tiga (Ridley 984); Negri Sem- bilan: Gunong Talau; Bukit Sulu (Herb. B. S.); Perak: Gunong Batu Putih (Wray 1051), Gunong Bubu (Wray 3900); Penang, (Jack). Native names “ Bangkong,” ‘‘Bangkong Rimbah,” “ Labak Jantan,” Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 133 There seems to have been a good deal of confusion about this plant, and the descriptions given in various works are hardly adequate. I think it is pretty clear what Jack meant by this Veratrum malaya- nun but he states that it has three seeds. I have never seen more than one developed. Being 1n unisexual plant it may often be found with apparently ripe black fruit no larger than pepper corns, but examina- tion of the seeds shows that they are abortive. JI have however occa- sionally met with plants exactly similar habit, with fruit still unripe as big as cherries. These contain traces of three cells, one of which contains a seed rounded on the outer surface and flattened on the inner face. I presume these are fertilized fruits. The plant inhabits dense forest in damp spots, quite unlike S. anthelminticum which is aquatic with a long stem and long floating shoots. It varies a good deal in size, sometimes flowering in a quite stemless state, with short leaves and a short panicle, sometimes possessing a stem a foot or so long. XIX. PALMAE. Shrubs or trees erect or climbing occasionally prostrate, naked or armed with thorns. Leaves alternate petiole sheathing limb pinnatisect, or palmate, sometimes entire or bi-pinnate. Inflorescence panicled or spicate axillary or subterminal enclosed at first in one or more sheath- ing bracts, (spathes). Flowers small rarely large, white green or yel- low, rarely pink unisexual or bisexual, usually quite sessile and sunk in pits in the rachis. Perianth inferior. Sepals 3 short. Petals 3 longer. Stamens 3 to 6 or more, filaments free filiform or connate. Anthers versatile. Ovary 1 to 3 celled, or of 3 1-celled carpels. Ovules 1 to 3 in each cell, anatropous. Stigmas 3, usually sessile. Fruit a drupe or hard nut; pericarp fleshy fibrous or hard, or crustaceous, smooth or rough, or covered with rhomboidal scales imbricating down- wards. Seed erect or laterally attached, raphe usually branching all over the testa. Albumen horny or bony equable orruminate. Embryo very small in a cavity of the albumen. Species over a thousand chiefly tropical ; most abundant in South America and the Malayan region. 1. ARECEAE, leaves pinnatisect, or rarely entire. Inflorescence spicate or panicled, ap- pearing from below upwards. Flowers unisexu- al or bisexual, on the same inflorescence. Fruit drupaceous. Male flowers asymmetric minute on the tips of the branches. Females larger at the base ae “hates ATCC. Male flowers 2 on either side of erch famiale asymmetric unarmed albumen ruminate. Sepals and petals orbicular tee ott: Wee RANONGC, Sepals lanceolate as long as petals kes) On, Nena, 134 Unarmed, albumen equable Armed, albumen ruminate Male flowers symmetrical. Flowers in pairs 1 male 1 female --. Flowers in threes 2 males and 1 female. Spathes large caducous oe Spathes sheathing persistent «+ 2. GARYOTIDAE. inflorescence panicled appearing at the top of the stem when adult and then downwards alternately unisexual. Spathes short persistent. Very large palms. Leaflets linear Dwarf palms. Leaflets cuneate --- Tall palms. Leaves bi-pinnate with cune- ate leaflets vee oar wee 3. NIPEAE. Stem stout creeping. Leaves pinnatisect leaflets narrow. Inflorescence with several bracts bisexual. Male flowers in dense catkins, female in a globose head. Fruit a large synearp of obyoid 1 seeded carpels 4, PHOENICEAE. Leaves stiff pinnatisect, leaflets narrow folded in at base. Inflorescence unisexual branches fascicled. Spathe large solitary deciduous. Seed oblong ventrally grooved Ae 5. CORYPHEAE. Leaves cuneate or orbi- cular, entire or cut into linear or cuneate lobes. Inflorescence terminal or axillary. Spathes numerous tubular persistent. Flowers bisex- ual ovary 3 lobed or 3 carpellary or entire. Leaves orbicular deeply cut into cuneate trun- cate segments, rarely entire Leaves orbicular, segments acuminate. Fruit small, albumen equable Fruit large albumen ruminate Leaves obcuneate entire very large: 6. LEPIDOCARYEAE. leaflets numerous narrow linear, lanceolate or broadly cuneate. Inflorescence axillary or ter- minal. Spathes eymbiform caducous, or tubu- lar persistent, numerous. Flowers unisexual Leaves pinnatisect, Te oe. 10. aE bs 13. 14, 15. 16. Ly, Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. . Orania. . Oncosperma. Ptychoraphis Cyrtostachys. . Iguanura. . Arenga. Didymosperma. Caryota. Nipa. Phoenc. Incuala. Livistona. Pholidocarpus. Teysmannia. * Malerials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 135 or bisexual. Fruit covered with imbricating scales. Tufted palms not climbing. Flowers very small in dense spikes a». 18: Batlaced: Flowers large in a tall erect panicle + 19. Bugetssona. Climbing palms. Polycarpic with axillary inflorescence. Spathes cymbiform at first enclosing the inflorescence then deciduous. Spathes several -:. vee Sars ... 20. Daemonorops. Spathe one ae ves ae .-» 21. Ceratolobus. Spathes tubular not covering the inflores- cence persistent. Inflorescence long unisexual. Seales of fruit large in spirals’ --. os! 29. Calamus. Seales of fruit minute very numerous ... 23. Plectocomiopsts. Monocarpic palms. Inflorescence terminal stems dying after flowering. Leaflets cuneate erose, spikes dense bracts 1 flowered +. m. fe ... 94, Korthalsia. Leaflets lanceolate acute. Spikes lax, bracts ovate imbricate many flowered ... Pas Des a w+ 25. Plectocomia. 7. BORASSINEAE. Tall erect palms. Leaves fanshaped, spadices interfoliar spathes numerous sheathing. Flowers unisexual males minute, sunk in cavities of the thick spadix, branches females large sessile, surrounded by large coriaceous round bracts. dat » 26. Borassus. 1. ARECEAE. 1. ARECA, L. Large or small palms with solitary or several stems, erect ringed. Leaves pinnate. Panicles infrafoliar branches numerous slender, termi- nal portions male, with a few female flowers at the base of each branch. Male flowers asymmetric very small. Sepals small ovate. Petals lanceolate often oblique ribbed. Stamens 3or 6. Anthers_ basifixed. Female flowers much larger. Sepals orbicular ovate. Petals a little longer. Stigmas 3 small. Ovule 1, basal erect. Fruit ovoid oblong or fusiform. Stigmas terminal. Seed ovoid base truncate. Albumen ruminate. Species 10, Indo-Malayan and Australian. 136 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Stem stout 2 inches through, seed ovoid... 1. A. pumila. Stem 4 inch through ot vee ... Q. A. montana. Stem 4 inch through, seed fusiform cae Bi een PUTCO Stem slender 4 inch through. 1. ARECA PUMILA, Bl. Rumph. II. p. 71 t. 99. 102 (not Mart’. Stems solitary 10-15 feet tall, 2 inches through light green. Leaves about 6 feet long light green leaflets broad 18 inches long and 3 inches wide acuminate. Spadix stout 9 inches long, branches 4 inches long about 13. Male spikes 6 inches long slender. Flowers ¢ inch long. Sepals very small ovate. Petals lanceolate acute equal 7 ribbed. Stamens 3. Female flowers sepals ovate obtuse smooth # inch long. Petals shorter ovate, green. FPistil conic. Fruit 1g inch long white tipped red, ~ inch through apex beaked. Seed ovoid with a broad base, inch long. A. triandra var. pumila, Miq. Fl. Nederl. Ind. III. 11. Hillwoods. Selangor: Ginting Bidai (Ridley); Perak: Larut Hills (Ridley 11429). (Wray 949) ; Penang : Waterfall (Curtis). Lankawi Kwah (Ridley). Distrib. Java. This is doubtless the plant referred to A. triandra Roxb. in the Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. p. 406. It differs in its broader leaflets, solitary stouter stem, and seed shaped like that of a betel nut. Blume figures the fruit as bright red. JI have only seen it of a creamy white tipped red at each end. 9. A. MONTANA, n.sp. Stem 15 feet tall 4 inch through distinctly ringed, rings broad half an inch apart. Leaves 18 inches long 2 foot wide, sheath six inches long, mouth oblique petiole recurved 3 or 4 inches long, leaflets numerous oyer 20, linear acuminate 1 foot long 3-1 inch wide. Terminal one deeply bifid lobes 14 inch wide. Spadix 44 inches long, base 4 inch wide branches few 3 inches long slender sminous. Male flowers. Female flowers 4 inch long ovate curved. Petals ovate obtuse. Selangor: Semangkok Pass, at 3000 feet alt (Burn-Murdoch). 3. A. FURCATA, Bece. Malesia I. 23. Stems light coloured when dry + inch through, internodes an inch long. Leaves cuneate bilobed or irregularly bipinnate, pinnae broad acuminate about 7 inches long, petiole 1 to 3 inches long sheaths broadly strongly ribbed. Spathes not seen. Spadices usually erect 2 inches long with 5 branches, slender zig-zag. Flowers very small scattered in 2 rows. Males 4 inch long. Calyx short rounded cupular. Petals short ovoid, longer. Stamens 11-12, filaments short anthers narrow linear. Females larger. Calyx large. Sepals falcate ovate, petals similar but smaller. Fruiting calyx enlarged. Drupe fusiform ¢ inch long, ribbed when dry, terminated by a ring-shaped dise, styles short triangular. Johore, Gunong Janeng (Lake and Kelsall). “ Pinang Kaki Pelan- dok.”’ Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 137 This elegant little palm also occurs in Sarawak on Matang (Hul- lett) and in British North Borneo at Bongaya. A. Catechu, L. Sp. Pl. 1189. The Betel nut palm “ Pinang” is largely cultivated but not native. Its original habitat appears to be unknown. It does not seem to establish itself here, though it remains in old cultivations for a long time. The plant is mentioned as cultivat- ed in Malacca by Garcia da Orta (Hist. Arom. 99. A.D. 1593) but as in small quantities only, the supply being insufficient for the natives. It is also mentioned in a Chinese work dated B.C. 140-86 under the name of Pin Lang evidently a perversion of Pinang. 2. PINANGA, BI. Small to moderately tail palms, usually several stemmed, unarmed. Leaves pinnatisect more rarely entire. Spadix simple or compound, emerging below the leaves. Flowers small, two males with one female between. Male flowers symmetric. Stamens 6 or more. Female flowers smaller ovoid or globose, sepals and petals orbicular. Ovule basilarerect. Drupe ovoid or elliptic, pericarp pulpy, fibrous. Albumen ruminate. Species about 50. ‘Fropical Asia. 1. SPIRANTHEAE, Flowers spirally arrang- ed on a compound spadix. Leaflets linear acuminate ... 1. P. Scortechinit. Leaflets few trapezoid 2. P. canina. Leaflets falcate sigmoid 3. P. polymorpha. 2. ORTHOSTICHANTHEAE. Flowers dis- tichously arranged on the spadix. Dwarf palms with slender stems. Leaf cuneate entire or rarely with a few unequal leaflets. Leaf half as broad as long. Rarely lobed. Stems several slender ... 4. Usually lobed. Stems solitary slender... 5. Lobed or entire almost stemless ... nese OF Leaf more than twice as long as broad. Spadix stout simple Spadix very slender simple Leaf pinnate leaflets about 30 linear Tall palms 5 to 15 feet or more stem stout. Leaves pinnate leaflets linear acumi- nate. . disticha. . limosa. . acaulis. . subintegra. 2 P P . PB. subruminata. we, P. calamfrons. oon 138 Materials for a Ilora of the Malayan Peninsula. Spadix small simple rarely 2 branched --- 10. P. paradoxa. Spadices stout branched. Branches 6-8 erect A x8 MG ... LL. PB: peciinata. Branches 2-6 deflexed short vee + 12. P. perakensis. Branches 12 inches long deflexed very stout. Leaf large, leaflets numerous tee «> 13. P. malacana. Branches 3 to 4 short deflexed. Leaflets 8 .«-- vee LS see . 614, Poreparia. Leaflets sigmoid. Spadix erect ss bag 5 sat. LD Pepatida: Spadix deflexed .--- er ae -+» 16. P. stngaporensis. 1. SPIRANTHEAE. 1. P. SCORTECHINH, Becc. Males. I. 170. Stems 5 to 18 feet tall, 14 inch through green, internodes 4 inches long. Leaves 7 feet long, petiole 4 of the length, leaflets 20 pairs lower ones linear acumi- nate, upper ones broader 3 toothed, teeth broad, terminal leaflet acumi- nate broad deeply bifid tips with broad teeth, rachis brown scurfy, back of leaf grey. Spathe papery 3 inches long. Compound spike ascend- ing 6 inches long, with 4-8 stout branches. Flowers spirally arranged. Males ¢ inch long. Calyx short. Petals ovate acute. Stamens shorter. Anthers linear sagittate. Females, sepals orbicular. Petals a little longer. Drupe elliptic blunt 4 inch long. Seed deeply ruminate. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 408. P. robusta Beec. and Hook. fil. }.c.c. Selangor : Bukit Kutu (Ridley 7890) ; Sungei Ujong: Bukit Temiang (Cantley’s Coll); Pahang: Kwala Tembeling (Ridley); Perak: Larut Hills (Curtis 2080); Bujong Malacea (Ridley 9800); Penang: Penara Bukit (Ridley). Hill woods usually from 2 to 4000 feet alt., seldom lower. Malay name © Bayas betina.” 9. P. CANINA, Bece. Mal. JII. 135? Stem slender as thick as a pencil internodes 1 inch long. Leaf-sheaths ribbed 2 inches long ligule bifid lobes lanceolate acute, petiole 4 inches long angled, leaflets 1 pair trapezoid acuminate 4 inches long to the tip 14 inch wide, 4 nerved terminal pair very broad 6 inches long 3 inches wide, 7 nerved rounded truncate widely spreading. Spathes thin papery 1 inch long. Spikes 2 inches long, 40n ashort peduncle. Flowers spiral, about 20 on a spike, rachis angled scurfy. Province Wellesley, Ara Kudah (Ridley 7027.) Distrib. Borneo. I believe this is what Beccari intends by his P. canina. 3. P. POLYMORPHA, Bece. Malesia III. 173. Becc. and Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. India VI. 407 (in part). Stems solitary slender ¢ to 4 inch Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 139 through, internodes 2$-4 inches long. Leaf 8-12 inches long, variable pinnate rarely subentire, terminal segments confluent truncate and acutely toothed at the tip, lateral ones 1-6 one or many ribbed falcate or faleate sigmoid acuminate, ligule long breaking up into fibres. Spathe elliptic acute. Spadix deflexed simple or tripartite 3-5 inches long. Male flowers pyramidal trigonous acuminate. Calyx very short with 3 acute teeth. Stamens 12 filaments short. Female flowers in 3 or 4 rows globose. Petals and sepals similar, edges ciliate. Fruit black elliptic or oblong % inch long by 3-3 inch through. Seed ovate, albumen densely ruminate. Perak : (Scortechini 345a), Thaiping Hills (Ridley), Gunong Batu Putih (Wray 947) ; Selangor: Ginting Bidai (Ridley 7888), Semangkok Pass (Ridley of 12,122) Type. The plants added to this species in the Flora British India lc. viz. Singapore (Lobb) and (King’s Collector 8072) are both Pznanga disticha Bl. but I think the plants collected by myself and here noted belong to this species. 2. ORTHOSTICHANTHEAE. 4. P. DISTICHA, Bl. Rumphia II. p. 77. Stems several slender 3 feet tall or less $ inch through. Leaves usually simple obcuneate bi- lobed or with a few broad acuminate leaflets, about a foot long dark green mottled with lighter patches, nerves prominent numerous, six to nine in the lateral leaflets, petiole 4 inches long slender scurfy, sheaths 3 inches or less. Spathes oblong beaked 1 inch. Spike solitary (rarely branched) 14 to 4 inches long deflexed green, rachis slender tomentose. Flowers distichous. Males § inch long, sepals short rounded. Petals ovate acuminate. Stamens about 15, filaments very short. Females, sepals orbicular. Petals shortly cuspidate ovate. Pistil conic cylindric much longer than the petals. Stigma capitate. Drupe red 4 inch long cylindric ovoid acute, stigma discoid. Seed elliptic with a few streaks of rumination. Bece. Males. III. 123. Hook; fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. V1. 408. 2. bafida, Bl. 1.c. 92; t. 118, f. 2. P: maculata Port. Bot. Mag. t. 8011. P. polymorpha, Bece. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. 407, (in part). Areca disticha, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 620, Griff. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 461. Palms Brit. Ind. 155, (Gin part). A. curvata, Griff. Ic. Pl. Ind. Or. t. 248 (not in Notulae III. 164). Seaforthia disticha, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm 184. Ptychosperma disticha, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ITI. 28. Singapore: Selitar (Ridley) (Lobb); Johor: Batu Pahat, Gunong Panti (Ridley); Muar: (Fox 11,302); Malacca: Ayer Panas (Good- enough 1619), Base of Ophir (Ridley); Sungei Ujong: Perhentian Tinggi (Ridley) ; Selangor: Rawang, Bukit Hitam (Ridley); Pahang: Pulo Tawar (Ridley 3159), Kwala Tenok (3160); Perak: (Wray 2653), Bujong Malacca (Curtis 3347), Gopeng (King’s Coll. 4423), Gunong Batu Putih (King’s Coll. 8072) (Wray 3865); Penang: Government Hill (Ridley 7907); Kedah Peak (Ridley), 140 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. In woods from sea level to about 2000 feet altitude, common over the whole peninsula. Malay name “Pinang Luggong.” Distrib. Sumatra, and Southern Siam. 5. P. uIMoSA, Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. 8. Br. Vol. 44. p, 201. Dwarf single stemmed palm about 2 feet tall with stout roots, stem + inch through woody distinctly ringed internodes 1 inch long. Leaves _1 foot long 6 inches broad pale green, sheaths broad, petiole 3 inches long, blade entire obeuneate deeply bifid at the top, or more often lobed “with about 5 lobes, lower ones acuminate or truncate with numerous short teeth, nerves numerous prominent. Spathe not seen. Spadix deflexed simple or with three branches slender 2 inches long. Flowers distichous alternate about 28. Calyx lobes short broad orbiculay. Petals similar hardly as long. Fruit small + inch long oblong, drying subacute white, ribbed when dry, seed with a fibrous testa, albumen ruminate. Singapore: Selitar, (Ridley), Bukit Timah; Johor : Sungei Tebrau in thick wooded swamps (Ridley) Gunong Pulai (Ridley 12,196) on dry hills in forest. Allied to P. disticha but with solitary stouter stems, smaller and blunter oblong fruit, and the leaves pale green and almost always lobed. 6. P. ACAULIS, Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. Vol. 44; p. 202. Stem short hardly 4 inches long coveied with fibrous leaf bases, solitary. Leaves entire cuneate, tip bifid 15 inches long 6 inches wide or pumate with three pairs of linear oblong acuminate lobes each 4 nerved and 8 inches long, light green backs glaucescent. Spathes oblong 2 acute strongly keeled 14 inch long # inch wide. Spadix 2 inches long simple, densely covered with male flowers. Male flowers white + inch long. Sepals acute. Petals subsymmetric ovate triangular acute. Stamens 8 or 12 shorter. Rachis crimson. Female flowers rose pink distichous with often one or two irregularly placed. Petals and sepals orbicular. Stigma irregularly oblong capitate. Rachis in fruit lengthening to 6 inches. Fruit cylindric narrow ¢ inch long. Perak : Kamuning Woods, Sungei Siput (Machado). Endemic. 7. P. SUBRUMINATA, Becc. Males. III. 174. Stems short erect about 2 feet tall 2 inch through, internodes 1 inch long. Leaves narrowly cuneate deeply forked, apex truncate toothed, light green 12 inches long, 4 inches wide, nerves numerous and strong, petiole 2 inches long, sheaths 2 inches ribbed. Spathe lanceolate oblong 3 angled 14 inch long. Spike solitary deflexed glabrous 4 inches long slender, thicken- ing in fruit. Flowers distichous or spiral. Males + inch long. Sepals deltoid acuminate, petals narrow linear. Stamensabout 12. Females, sepals rounded spreading. Petals erect orbicular larger. FPistil conic. Drupe $ inch long elliptic beaked red. Seed elliptic subacute, albumen. Hook. fil. l.c. 408. Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula, 141 Singapore: Kranji (Ridley) ; Johore : Bukit Tanah Abang (Kelsall, Serom, Batu Pahat (Ridley); Pahang : Rumpin River (W. Fox), Tahan River (Ridley); Perak: Briah, Larut (Wray 4219). Tapah (Wray 1425). (King’s Coll. 7797, 1968) ; Penang: (King’s Coll.) ; Muar: Sungei Pauh (Fox). Not rare, in forests to about 2000 alt. A specimen from Muar collected by Mr. Fox is unusually large, the leaves 16 inches. Spathe 2 inches long. Inflorescence of 3 stout branches, the flowers partly distichous and partly spiral. 8. P. SUBINTEGRA, n.sp. Stem slender 3 or 4 feet tali hardly as thick as a pencil lower internodes 2 inches long. Leaves obcuneate enthe deeply bifid at the top, petiole scurfy slender 2 inches long sheath narrow blade 8 inches long 23 inch wide narrowed at base sides nearly parallel, tips truncate with about 6 teeth, nerves prominent 15 pairs. Midrib scurfy. Spadix simple deflexed 24 inch long slender. Flowers distant, distichous. Sepals oblong orbicular. Fruit cylindric acuminate narrowed at the base # inch long $ inch through. Perak : Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9798), Gunong Batu Putih at 3400 feet (Wray 908). Distributed by Sir George King as Pinanga para- dora var. subintegra Bece. but certainly distinct from P. paradoza. The leaves resemble those of P. subruminata but the stem is much more slender and taller. 9. P. CALAMIFRONS, Becc. Malesia III. p. 132. Stems slender dark brown when dry, 4 inch through, internodes 2 inches long. Leaves over a foot long, rachis slender scabrid with brown scale-like hairs, leaflets about 32 very narrow linear acuminate about 6 inches long, inch wide, upper ones toothed dark above, reddish beneath when dry. Spike simple deflexed or 2 to 4 branched, flowers distichous. Males not known. Females sepa!s rounded orbicular dentate. Drupe subeylindric fusiform, apex acuminate 4 inch long, stigma rounded, Seed fusiform hardly ruminate. Kedah Peak (Ridley). Distrib. Borneo. 10. P. PARADOXA, Scheff. in Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. XXXII. 31. Stems several 3 to 12 feet tall, 4 inch through, internodes 2 inches long. Leaves 12 inches long to 13 petiole 6 inches long or less, scurfy, leaflets 6 to 10 mostly alternate broad 5 inches long 1 wide, lower ones acuminate terminal one broadly cuneate deeply cleft, often unequally, margin truncate toothed. Spikes usually 2 or 3 on a stem unbranch- ed or with 2 branches 3 to 4 inches long undulate. Flowers distichous males ¢ inch long. Sepals short acute. Petals lanceolate with long points. Stamens 6 filaments very short. Females calyx short lobes rounded, petals hardly longer. Drupe red slender curved fusiform 4 inch long. Seed fusiform, albumen ruminate with 6 long longitudinal lines of rumination. Becc. Malesia III. 129, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 411. Areca curvata, Griff. Notul. III. 164, (partly) Not. Ic. Pl. As, t, 142 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 248. A. paradozxa Griff. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 463. Palms Brit. Ind. 156, (Fruit only t. COX XXVII. C. f. II. Kentia paradoxa Mart. Hist. Mat. Palm III. 312. Nengella paradora Bece: Males. II. 128. Cladosperma n.gen. Griff. Notul. III. 165. Johor: Gunong Panti (Ridley) ; Malacca: Mount Ophir (Griffith) (Ridley 10123); Selangor: Bukit Kutu, Bukit Hitam (Ridley 7893); Perak: Larut Hills (Scortechini 427b, 2413); Negri Sembilan: Gunong Angsi (Ridley 11967) ; Kedah: Gunong Jerai (Ridley 5202). Endemic. 11. P. PECTINATA, Bece. Fl. Brit. Ind. l.c. 410. Stems several very hard dark green 10-15” feet tall 1-33" inches through. Leaves 3-4 feet long leaflets about 15 inches long by 1-3 inches wide, narrowed at the base, linear acuminate with strong nerves, glaucous beneath. Spathenot known. Inflorescence with a stout base, branches erect 6-8, moderately stout 6 inches long. Flowers distichous, “ Male calyx shorter than the petals,” stamens numerous. Females flowers globose sepals and petals similar ribbed ¢ inch long. Drupe 4° 30 inch long elliptic narrowed at both Baas “purple black.’ Stigma small rounded. Seed elliptic small ribbed and grooved or smooth, deeply ruminate. Johor: Gunong Pantai (Ridley), Kwala Sembrong (Lake and Kelsall) Sungei Tebrau (Ridley 11518); Perak: Goping alt. 5800 (!) (King’s Collector); Selangor: Batu Tiga (Ridley 11966). Distrib. Endemic. In damp woods. The altitude given in Fl. Brit. Ind. at Goping must be wrong as there is no mountain of that height there. 12. P. PERAKENSIS, Becc. Malesia III. 175. Stems 4-5 feet tall stout, internodes distinct reddish. Leaves 4 feet long, sheaths brown, rachis red when dry, leaflets narrow linear acuminate 18 inches long 4-1 inch wide glaucous beneath, keel distinct, nerves distinct only in the upper leaflets. Spathe thin cblong S5inches long. Spadix 3 to 6 branched 4 or 5 inches long, branches moderately stout flattened. Flowers distichous. Males calyx three toothed. Stamens numerous. Females calyx lobes orbicular rounded. Petals shorter orbicular. Drupe at first cylindric fusiform crowned with the small pustular stigma, ripe fruit red, elliptic obtuse narrowed at the base ¢ inch long 4 inch through, seed elliptic, very ruminate. Hook. fil. Fl. Bit Ind, VI. 410. Perak: Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9801), Gunong Keledang (Curtis 3348): Province Wellesley, Ara Kuda (Ridley 7024). Endemic. 13. P. MALATANA, Scheff. Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. XXXII. 175. Stems about 12 feet tall stout 1 inch through, internodes 3 inches long. Leaves large 5 to 8 feet long pinnate, leaflets linear acuminate usually with 2 strong ribs dark green glaucous beneath 16 nehes long 4-1 inch wide, petiole 18 inches long. Spathe about 10 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 143 inches long oblong. Compound spike deflexed stout 12 inches long, branches 2 to 5 rachis broad flattened, bright red in fruit. Flowers distichous. Males, sepals lanceolate. Petals much longer. Stamens 40 filaments very short. Females, sepals and petals very short. Stigma discoid. Drupes # inch long at first cream colour at length black. Seed olive shaped base truncate apex blunt 1 inch long. Albu- men ruminate. Becc. Malesia III. 137. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit Ind. VI. 410. Areca haematocarpa Griff. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. 165. A. malaiana Griff. l.c.c. 457. Palms Brit. India 252 t. 230. C. Seaforthia malaiana Mart. Hist Nat. Palm. II]. 184. Ptychosperma malaiana Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. IIT. 23. Singapore: Chan Chu Kang (Ridley 3508); Johor: Gunong Panti (Ridley); Malacca: (Griffith) Jus (Goodenough 1499), Ayer Panas (130), Ayer Keroh (Ridley 10781); Sungei Ujong: Perhentian Tinggi (Ridley 10122); Pahang: Sungei Chenei (Fox), Kwala Lipis (Macha- do), Kwala Tenok (Ridley 3161); Selangor: Bukit Kudah (Ridley) ; Perak : Larut Hills (King’s Coll. 3490). Batang Padang (King’s Coll. 8120); Penang: Hill (Ridley) 7099. Distrib. Sumatra. In damp woods to 1500 feet elevation. Native names “ Pinang Dampong,” “ Pinang Boreng Hijau. 14. P. RIPARIA, Ridley Journ. Roy. As. Soc. 8. Br. Vol. 44, p. 201. Stems distant 12-15 feet tall 4-15 inch through internodes 3-4 inches long. Leaf about 3 feet long blade pinnate with 8 lateral lobes and 1 terminal bifurcating one green, rachis angled scurfy, lobes linear or linear lanceolate acuminate with 3-6 nerves 8-9 inches long 14-2 inches across, tip entire long acuminate, terminal lobes broad coarsely toothed many nerved. Spadix decurved peduncle stout # inch long branches 3-4 stout 6-7 incheslong. Flowers distichous close. Females globose, $ inch long. Sepals orbicular ribbed, petals barely longer. Fruit 4 inch long oblong obtuse to ringed. Stigmas very short capitate. Johor, swampy woods, banks of the Tebrau river near Castlewood (Ridley 11,518), growing in water, thowing up numerous stems from stolons. Near P. coronata, Bl. but with a much smaller spadix. 15. P. PATULA, Bi. Rumphia II. 86, t. 115. Stems tufted slen- der 6-20 feet tall $ to 13 inch through, internodes 2% to 34 inch long. Leaf 2 to 3 feet long pinnate with 6 pairs of sigmoid leaflets acumin- ate with a long point, narrowed at the base, terminal one deeply bifid, apex toothed nerves 3 to 7, leaflets dark above 7 inches long 2 to 24 inch wide. Spathe not known. Spike 4 branched deflexed, branches rather slender 6 inches long, red. Male flowers unknown. Females, sepals orbicular obtusely erose-crenulate. Petals smaller and rounder. Drupes flesh colour elliptic ribbed and when dry over ¢ inch long, apex adnate. Seed elliptic ruminate. Becc. Malesia III. 139. Hook. fil. Fl, 144 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Brit. Ind. le. 411. Seaforthia patula Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm 323. Ptychosperma patula Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. IIT. 26. Pahang: Tahan River at Kwala Tenok (Ridley 3158); Perak: Ulu Bubong (King’s Coll. 10702). Distrib. Sumatra and Borneo. 16. P. SINGAPORENSIS, Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soe. Vol. 41, p. 38. Stems tufted 6 to 15 feet tall dark green { inch through, internodes 8 inches long. Leaves concolorous or a little paler along the back about 3 feet long, sheath tubular, petiole 8 inches long, leaflets sigmoid acuminate about 13, subopposite terminal one forked, 12 inches long by 3 inches wide or less, nerves 5 to 7. Spike branched erect 4 inches long, branches 5. Spathe thin boat-shaped papery with a short point brownish pink 13 inch long. Rachis cream scurfy. Flowers distich- ous. Male ¢ inch long ivory white. Sepals very small acute. Petals oblique ovate acuminate much larger. Stamens 14 white filaments very short. Anthers oblong, no pistillode. Female petals and sepals broadly oblong pink edges ciliate. Stigma small sessile papillose circular entire. Singapore: Bukit Timah, Mandai, Seletar (Ridley 11267); Muar: Sungei Segal (Fox), Endemic and rather scarce. 3. NENGA, Wendl. Medium sized palms, tufted. Leaves pinnate, leaflets linear acumi- nate. Compound spikes deflexed, flowers spiral or in 4 or 6 series. Sepals and petals subequal subulate in male. Stamens 6. Seed ovoid short base truncate, ovule parietal. Species 3, Malayan. Fruit 1 inch long ... a aa we =o 1. N. Wendlandiana. Fruit 14 inch long ... ae “iat . 2. N. macrocarpa. 1. N. WENDLANDIANA, Scheff. Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. 1. 153. t. 9-10. Stems several 10-15 feet tall, 14 inch through dark green. Leaves 5 feet or more long, leaflets alternate linear finely acuminate, 12-15 inches long, petiole 2 feet long sheath purplish. Spathe falcate ensiform 7-9 inches long 1 inch wide. Spikes 3 or 4 branched a foot long decurved rachis moderately stout. Flowers spiral, 2 males to one female except at the tips where there are no females. Males creamy yellow. Sepals linear acuminate + inch long. Petals broader lanceo- late acuminate shorter. Stamens linear 6 pink. Females pinkish cream colour. Sepals orbicular, petals somewhat larger. -Pistil globose with 2 short ovoid teeth. Drupe oblong 1 inch long apex blunt round- ed claret coloured. Seed shortly ovoid blunt base truncate intruded, ruminate. Becc. Malesia I. 25. III. 182, Ann. Jard. Buitenz. II. 83. Hook. fil. l.c. 412. N. pumila Wendl. Kerchoy. Palm 251. N. intermedia Bece. l.c, 85. Pinanga Nenga Bl. Rumphia II, 77. t. 107. Areca Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 145 Nenga Bl. Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm III. 179. A. pumila Griff. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V, 456. Palms of British India 151. Mig. Fl. Ind, Bat. ITI. 14. Singapore : Garden Road, Changi (Ridley 3157), Seletar (3163, 3164, 3165, 6291); Johor: Batu Pahat (Ridley); Malacca: Ching (Griffith) ; Dindings: Bruas. (Ridley); Pahang: Pekan (Ridley); Perak: Larut (King’s Coll, 4022). In low swamps in woods in the plains, common. Native names “ Pinang Umu,” “ Pinang Antan.” Distrib. Sumatra. var. hexapetala Becc. Males. III. 183, is apparently a monstrosity with six petals, once collected in Perak by Scortechini. 2. N. MACROCARPA, Scort. in Becc. Malesia III. 184. Stems few together 6 to 18 feet tall. Leaves 3-4 feet long leaflets linear acuminate 18 to pairs, often broad and strongly ribbed. Spathe pur- plish oblong. Peduncles stout, spikes 2-3 deflexed thick over a foot long. Male flowers $ inch long. Sepals narrow linear acute. Petals lanceolate acute. Stamens 6, filaments short. Anthers linear base sagittate. Pemales, sepals and petals suborbicular. Fruiting calyx very large inch across. Drupes ellipsoid black terminated by the trifid triangular stigmas 14 inch long. Seed ovoid under $ inch long albumen strongly ruminate. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 412. Johor: Gunong Panti (Ridley); Negri Sembilan: Tampin Hill (Goodenough 1844); Pahang: Tahan River, Kwala Tenok (Ridley) ; Perak : Larut Hills (Scortechini 547a, 302b), Gunong Keledang (Curtis 3349), Bujong Malacca (Ridley), Goping (King’s Coll. 4775), Gunong Batu Putih (Wray 930); Kedah: Gunong Jerai (Ridley). Common in the hill woods from 1500 to 3400 feet elevation. Endemic. 4. ORANIA, Zippel. Tall stout unarmed simple-stemmed palms. Leaves large pinnate, leaflets linear acuminate petiole stout, sheath short. Spathes 2 the lower one short tubular, upper one large oblong. Inflorescence large pendulous, many branched. Flowers small, all males on the ends of the branches, lower ones in three female between two males. Male, calyx short tufted. Petals oblong or lanceolate. Stamens 3 to6 filaments subulate, anthers erect pistillodes conic. Females, calyx short, petals ovate. Pistil conic, 3 angled 3 celled. Stigmas recurved ovules pendulous. Fruit globose large, stigmas basilar. Seed globose albumen equable. Species 4 or 5 Malayan. O. MACROCLADUS, Mart Hist. Nat. Palm III. 186,177, f.I. Stem 40 feet tall or more about 6 inches through smooth grey. Leaves B i0 146 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 12-15 feet long, leaflets pendulous numerous linear acuminate white beneath 3 feet long, 2 inches wide. Inflorescence paniculate decuryed branches over a foot long slender. Flowers scattered. Males ovoid 4 inch long, white, calyx short saucer-shaped, with 8 round lobes. Petals ovate ribbed. Stamens 6. Females, calyx as in male, petals ovate + inch long. Fruit 1-1} inch through globose green. Seed globose. Bece. Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. II. 152, 164, 13. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 423. Macrocladus sylvicola Griff. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 489. Palms Brit. Ind. 177, t. 239. A. B. Singapore: Chan Chu Kang, Pulau Ubin (Ridley); Pahang: Tahan River woods (Ridley); Malacca: Ching (Griffith); Dindings: near Lumut, Bujong Malacca (Ridley). Distrib. Java. Woods to about 1000 feet elevation. Native name “ Ibul.” 5. ONCOSPERMA, Bl. Tall armed palms soboliferous. Leaves pinnate leaflets narrow inflorescence large deflexed of many long spikes on a short broad armed peduncle. Spathes two very large deciduous armed. Flowers spirally arranged, 2 males to female terminal ones all male. Male flowers asymmetric, petals lanceolate cuspidate. Stamens 6-12. Pistillode large. Females, petals ovate, stigmas minute. Drupe globose black, seed globose ruminate. Species 5 or 6. Ceylon and Malay region. Leaflets drooping. Fruit 4 inch through 1. O. filamentosa. Leaflets spreading. Fruit + inch through 2. O. horrida. 1. O. FILAMENTOSA, Bl. Rumphia II. 97, t. 82, 103. Stems numerous about 60 feet tall and 6 inches through grey armed with strong black spines. Leaves about 10 feet long, petiole spiny, leaflets drooping linear acuminate dark green 1 inch across. Spathes broad oblong 2 feet long, 6 inches wide, apex broad and flat, with two rows of black spines along the two keels, inner spathe brown tomentose. Inflorescence 2 feet long, branches about 55 yellow, peduncle broad with few spines. Male flowers yellow. Sepals ovate triangular, with a thickened keel almost free to base, petals lanceolate cuspidate + inch long. Stumens 6, filaments fleshy triangular adnate to the petals. Pistillode large conic with 3 processes. Females nearly + inch long yellow. Sepals orbicular, petals ovate about as large as the globose pistil. Stigmas triangular. Drupe globose black 7 through. Seed scantily ruminate. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 414. 0. cambodianwn Hance. Journ. Bot. 1876, 261. Areca tigillaria Jack. Malay Mise. II. VII. 88, Griff. Cale. Journ. Nat Hist. V. 423. Palm Brit. Ind. 189, t. 133, B. A. nibung Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm ITI. 178, 311, t. 153. Singapore: common, Tanglin, Changi (Ridley 3519). Kranji (4163). Sungei Buloh (1663, 3539); Johor; Malacca: Pringgit and near the town. Distrib. Cochin-China, Borneo, Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 147 The wood of the nibong is used for many purposes, in building for flooring, bridges and such like, also for pig spears. Sharpened spears of it are driven into the ground in lalang at such an angle that the point is about the level of the breast of a pig. The spears are pointed towards the garden to be protected from the wild pigs and quite con- cealed in the grass, when the pigs invade the garden the natives startle them by shouts and other noises, the pig rush out and are impaled on the spears. The palm is common, especially near the sea and tidal rivers. The natives distinguish several forms under the names of Lenau (Changi, Ridley 8519) Ibas or Ibu (Seletar Ridley 3520) and Nibong Padi (Tengeh Ridley 3511) but I can see no specific or even varietal differences. 2. O. HORRIDA, Scheff. Natuurk. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. XXXII. 189, Ann. Jard. Buitenz. I. 159. Stems several 40 to 60 feet tall, 6 inches through grey armed with black spines. Leaves 20 feet long or less, petiole thorny spines at base very long, sheath broad 2-3 feet long spiny leaflets linear acuminate about 60, 3 feet long 1-14 inch broad. Spathes 2, outer one oblong obtuse or cuspidate spiny 18 inches long, nearly 12 inches across inner smaller 12 inches long, 4 inches wide spiny. Inflorescence deflexed many branched about 15 branches, 2 feet long, peduncle broad strongly spiny. Flowers as in O. filamentosa golden yellow. Males, sepals short rounded, petals lanceate yellow. Stamens 6 shorter filaments stout, pistillode trifid lobes thick at base tapering upwards nearly as long as the stamens. Female sepals small ovate, petals larger ovate blunt, pistil globose. Styles short deltoid edges undulate. Drupe globose, black 3 inch through or more, pericarp crustaceous. Seeds globose albumen ruminate. Hook. fil. l.c. 415. Areca horrida Griff. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 465. Palms of British India 158, t. 233, C. Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm III. 312. Dry forests common; “ Bayas.”’ Singapore: Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Changi (Ridley 3510). Mandai (Ridley 3156, 3518); Johor: Pahang Tahan River; Perak: Bujong Malacca. Distrib. Borneo. . 6. PTYCHORAPHIS, Bacc. Stems tufted slender ringed unarmed. Leaves pinnate with narrow leaflets. Spathes 2, deciduous sword-shaped. Inflorescence infrafoliar deflexed, of several slender spikes on a short peduncle. Flowers in pairs 1 female, or males only at the tips, and females only at base. Male sepals ovate, petals or oblong longer. Stamens 6, filaments slender. Pistillode large conic. Female with a short bract. Petals short, stigmas minute. Drupe ellipsoid. Seed ellipsoid grooved on one face ruminate. Species 2, Endemic, 148 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Rachis densely flowered thick. Petalsovate... 1. Pt. singaporensis. Flowers scattered rachis thin. Petals lanceolate 2. Pt. longzflora. 1. PT. SINGAPORENSIS, Bece. Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. II. 90, t. 196. Males. III. 109. Stems several 6 to 12 feet tall, 1 inch through, black, ringed. Leaves pinnate, petiole nearly 3 feet long, blade 4 feet leaflets nar- row linear acuminate 12 inches long 4 inch wide, rachis scurfy. Spathe sword-shaped 6 inches long # inch wide apex rounded, convex outside broadly channelled inside winged inner spathe shorter narrower not winged woolly. Inflorescence deflexed 6 inches long. Spikes moderate- ly slender 4 inch thick about 5-7, rachis olive green. Flowers in pairs numerous and close, a male and female together, or females only at base, males at tip. Males sepals ovate orbicular, petals larger ovate acute white or yellow ¢inch long. Stamens 6 filiform white. Anthers small oblong dorsifixed. Pistillode large conic. Female with a trans- versely oblong bract. Sepals ovate truncate gibbous green petals shorter ovate acute green. Pistil obovoid. Stigmas minute triangular. Drupe ellipsoid red pulpy 4 inch long. Seed elliptic grooved on one face $ inch long ruminate. Hook. fil. le. 413. Ptychosperma singa- porensis Becc. Males. I. 61. Rhopaloblaste singaporensis Hook. fil. Gen. Pl. III. 892. Drymophloeus singaporensis Hook. fil. Kew. Gard. Rep. (1882, 1884) 55. Singapore: Tanglin, Sungei Buluh (Ridley 2135); Chan Chu Kang (2134) Toas (3187) Kranji (2136); Johor: (Ridley 2135) Gunong Pulai (Hullett) ; Dindings: Lumut (Curtis 3443). In dry woods. Native name “ Rintin or Kerintin.” The stems which are quite black make beautiful walking sticks. Endemic. 9. Pr. LONGIFLORA, Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. Vol. 41, p. 32. Habit and stems that of P. singaporensis. Leaf 3 feet or more long, rachis brown scurfy leaflets linear acuminate 5 ribbed, alternate about 40 pairs 18 inches long 4 inch wide. Peduncles stout 1 inch long ribbed scurfy, branches of inflorescence slender 4-5, scurfy 6-7 inches long. Flowers in pairs 1 male and 1 female, scattered about 21 pairs on a branch, males 6 inch long with 2 orbicular gibbous bracts at the base. Calyx lobes orbicular fringed. Petals lanceolate obtuse much longer. Stamens 6, shorter than the petals, filaments with a broad base narrowed upwards. Anthers oblong dorsifixed. Pistillode conic stout as long as the stamens. Females. Bracts 1 small. Sepals orbicular ciliate. Petals ovate, orbicular imbricate. Pistil ovoid. Johor, Batu Pahat on Gunong Banang (Ridley 1121). This differs from Ct. s¢ngaporensis in its. slender branched inflo- rescence with distant flowers and lanceolate petals. Endemic. 7. CYRTOSTACHYS, Bl. Unarmed tufted palms. Leaves pinnatisect. Inflorescence pen- dulous of many spikes. Spathes 2, deciduous. Flowers 2 female Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 149 between two males, in spirals. Male flowers symmetric, petals ovate. Stamens 11-15, filaments slender bases adnate to the pistillode. Female, petals larger than sepals. Stigmas 3. Pistil ovoid. Drupe small obovoid. Seed ovoid, albumen equable, embryo basilar. C. LAKKA, Bece. Ann. Jard. Bot. Buitenz. II. 141. Stems tufted 12-15 feet tall, 3 inches through olive green smooth except for the nodes, internodes 6 inches long. Leaves erect pinnate 5 feet long, petiole 6 inches red, sheath 2 feet long red, leaflets linear with long points, about 25 pairs dark green above glaucous beneath 18 inches long 13 inch wide, rachisred. Spathes broad oblong curved. Inflores- _ cence long deflexed green finally red with 25 branches. Flowers spi- rally arranged 1 female between 2 males. Males sepals ovate green edged red, petals longer ovate green. Stamens 11 (12 or 15), filaments slender bases. adnate to the pistillode longer than the petals white. Anthers small oblong. Pistillode thick. Styles 3 base thickened and narrowed upwards, shorter than the stamens. Female sepals broadly rounded, petals ovate much larger green pistil globose. Stigmas short thick recurved brown. Drupe small obovoid black base scarlet, pulp thin. Seed ovoid 4 inch long, albumen equable embryo basilar. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 414. Singapore: Kranji, Jurong (Ridley 3762); Pahang: near Pekan; Selangor: Klang; Perak: Teluk Anson. Distrib. Borneo. Banks of tidal rivers. Nativename “ Pinang-Rajah.” 8. IGUANURA, Blume. Small unarmed palms. Leaves entire cuneate and deeply bilobed or pinnatisect with few broad leaflets, Spathes 2 short persistent. Spike simple or compound on along peduncle branches spreading usually slender. Flowers small spiral, 1 female between 2 males or males only at the ends of the branches, sunk in sockets on the smooth or tomentose rachis. Males, sepals orbicular petals oblong connate at base lanceolate or ovate. Stamens 6or 9. Pistillode long and stout. Female sepals and petals rounded, petals ovate. Staminodes 6. Ovary ovoid 1-3 celled. Stigmas sessile. Ovule 1 parietal. Fruit oblong small at first white then red finally black. Stigmas subbasilar. Seed suberect albumen ruminate or equable. Species 10. Malayan. Leaves cuneate, bifid or few lobed. Spikes simple (rarely branched) thick or slender long. Inflorescence of several short spikes vee 1. I. geonomaefromts. Leaves cuneate bifid, 3 feet long, stem stout Oe RAR ats ont .. 2.J]. spectabilis, 150 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Leaves cuneate bifid or pinnatisect with few leaflets, stem slender ae 3. I. Wallichiana. Leaves with trapezoid leaflets, sone planter: Spikes several. Inflorescence a simple spike, fruit conic eylindric incurved = ra .. 4. I. corniculata. Inflorescence a compound spike. Fruit ovoid z= ne re .. OL. polymorpha. Fruit cylindric curved ... pee ww Oy de ferrugenea: Fruit 2 horned ... es, bes ane Te brebriis, 1. I. GEONOMAEFORMIS, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm III. 229, 178. Stems short, about 2-3 feet tall few together. Leaves erect cuneate oblong deeply bifid or more or less lobed with from 2 to 9 lobes and a terminal bifid one, lobes acuminate except the crenulate terminal one, 18 to 24 inches long dark green strongly ribbed, midrib on both sur- face more or less red tomentose, petiole 1 foot long. Spikes from between the lower leaves, simple or more rarely 2-3 branched, a foot long stout tomentose or slender and glabrous peduncle 3 to 24 inches long. Spathes narrow lanceolate acuminate 6 inches long + inch wide. Flowers numerous spiral. Males, sepals short orbicular. Petals ob- long connate at the base ribbed. Female flowers % inch long. Sepals rounded striate. Petals longer ovate cuspidate, shorter than the pistil. Ovary fusiform. Stigmas short recurved. Staminodes 0. Drupe ellipsoid 4 inch long. Seed + inch long longitudinally grooved black ruminate. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 415. Slackia geonomaeformis Griff. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 469. Palm Brit. Ind. 162, t. 234. var. A. typica. Spike unbranched woolly tomentose stout. Singapore: Bukit Timah (Ridley 3140); Malacca: (Griffith), Sungei Hudang (Derry 175), Base of Mount Ophir (Ridley 3141) ; Johor: Gunong Panti (Ridley), Kwala Simpai (Kelsall); Pahang: Tahan River (Ridley) ; Selangor : Ginting Bedai, Rawang, Ginting Peras (Ridley 7881). sub. var. ramosa, Inflorescence with 2 to 3 branches. Pahang: Kwala Tenok (Ridley 3138) ; Singapore : Chan Chu Kang (Ridley 1664) ; Malacca: (Griffith), Mount Ophir (Hullett), Ayer Panas (Goodenough 1881); Negri Sembilan : Perhentian Tinggi (Ridley), Tampin Hill .\Good- enough 1881, 1911); Selangor: Pahang Track (Ridley). Griffith’s type of Slackia geonomaeformis belongs to this subvariety. var. B. malaccensis. JI. malaccensis Bece. Males. III. 102, Hook. . fil. lc. 416. Spike simple slender finely tomentose or nearly glabrous. Malacca : Ayer Panas (Ridley); Pahang: Kota Glanggi (Ridley) ; Pahang : Bukit Kutu (Ridley 7889); Pahang: Track Form with 3 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 151 branches on the inflorescence) (Ridley); Kwala Lumpor: Perak, Larut (King’s Coll. 1869, 2994), (Ridley 11,434), Waterloo Estate, Kwala Kangsar (Glasgow). Common in wet spots especially streams in the dense forests rare- ly above 1000 feet elevation. A very variable plant both in foliage and in inflorescence. The form malaccensis has entire or lobed leaves, as has the typical plant, so that this cannot be used as a character for the variety. The Malay names are ’ Pinang Pachat,” ‘“ Pinang Burong Tikus,” and “ P. K’lasak.” Endemic. 2. I. SPECTABILIS, Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. 8. Br. Vol. 41. p. 40. Stem from 3 to8 feet tall, tufted or solitary very stout over 13 inch through. Leaves entire cuneate bilobed at the apex margins crenulate toothed strongly ribbed, 3 or or more feet long, 1 foot wide, peliole 6-12 inches. Inflorescence from among the leaves, peduncle over a foot long, with 2 sheaths 6 inches long and a bractlike ovate acute leaf + inch long above, branches stout 4 to 7, ascending, 6 inches long deep green. Flowers spirally arranged, sunk intherachis. Males, sepals ovate. Petals oblong acute twice as long ¢ inch. Stamens 6 longer that the petals, filaments thick connate at the base with the long cylindric obtuse pistillode. Females sepals rounded. Petals ovate rounded. Fruit elliptic with a curved apex black when ripe ¢ inch long, on the thickened rachis. Geonoma Pynaertiana Mast. Gard. Chron. 1898, Br. 258, f. 28. Perak: Hermitage Hill (Ridley) ; Dindings: Bruas (Ridley 8403) _ (Curtis). In damp woods. Native name “Teruno.”’ Endemic. 3. I. WALLICHIANA, Hook. fil. Gen. Pl. III .908. Fl. Brit. Ind. le. 416. Stem slender about 4 feet tall, to 12 feet. Leaves simple cuneate deeply forked 30 inches long by 9 inches wide or more or less pinnatisect, leaflets long and narrow with long points dark green 13 to 15 inches long, midrib stout triangular petiole triquetrous over a foot long. Spathes narrow 6 inches long. Compound spike about 2 feet long on a slender peduncle 18 inches long, branches about 8 crowded at the top 6-12 inches long slender. Flowers in pairs scattered on the rachis $ inch long. Males sepals short ovate. Petals oblong obtuse twice as long. Stamens 6 filaments filiform. Anthers linear dorsifixed pistillode large. Females sepals orbicular. Drupe ellipsoid red 4 inch long. Bece. Malesia III. 100. Areca Wallichiana Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. ITI. 178. Pahang: Tahan River (Ridley), Kwala Lipis (Machado); Muar: Sungei Pauh (Fox); Perak: Larut Hills (Ridley), Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9802), Tapa (Wray 1413), Goping (King’s Coll. 454), Salama (King’s Coll. 3127); Penang Hill (Porter in Wallich’s Coll. 8600) (Ridley 7101, 10344); Province Wellesley: Ara Kudah (Ridley 7022) 152 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Native name “ Pinang Sapadan.” In damp woods to 4000 feet alt. Lobb’s plant from “Singapore” (FI. Brit. Ind. ].c.) is doubtless wrongly localised. Some of the specimens of King’s collection, viz. 431 and 8227 described as the var. major Becce. in the Flora of British India are apparently either large forms of JI. geonomaeformts or I. spectabilis Ridl. I. diffusa, Beee. Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. l.c. from Gunong Hijau, Larut Hills (Scortechini) of which there is a sketch in the Kew Her- barium, seems to be a large form of this species with the branches of the inflorescence branched. I. parvula Bece. |.c. 417, Perak (Scortechini drawing in Herb. Kew) is I think a small form of the same tine Only a single speci- men seems to have been found. 4, I. CORNICULATA, Becc. Males. III. 187. Stem slender 3 to 4 feet tall barely 4 inch through, internodes # to 1¢ inch long. Leaves pinnatisect 10 to 12 inches long, 6 to 8 inches wide, leaflets 5-6 pairs cuneately trapezoid 34 to 4 inches J-13 inch wide narrowed at the base and ending at the apex in a tail, furfuraceous beneath, petiole slender 4 inches long. Inflorescence a simple spike 8-12 inches long including the peduncle 3-4 inches. Spike rusty scurfy, flowers spirally arranged. Spathe 1 slender tubular. Male flowers very small. Fruit narrow elongate conical tip incurved, granulate 3 to ¢ inch long $ inch wide. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 417. Perak, Selama (Kunstler 3131) at 3-400 elevation. Endemic. 5. I. POLYMORPHA, Becc. Males. III. 182. Stems very slender 3 to 7 feet tall + inch through. Leaves pinnate 8-15 inches long with 4 to 12 trapezoid leaflets narrowed at the base upper margin acuminate 4 inches long 1 to to 8 inches wide dark green sheaths narrow 3-6 inches long, petiole slender. Inflorescence from below the leaves peduncle slender 4 inches long or less, glabrous, branches 6 to 9 slender about 6 inches long. Flowers very small in scattered pairs. Males sepals short rounded. Petals oblong obtuse twice as long. Females sepals short rounded. Petals longer strongly ribbed when dry. Ovary conic. Styles short recurved. Drupe ovoid or elliptic ovoid. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 417. J. brevipes Hook. fil. l.c. 416. Perak, (Scortechini 318b), Larut Hills (Curtis 2078), King’s Coll. 2022), Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9803). var. canzna Becc. Males. III. 190. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. 417. Inflorescence with more numerous and thicker branches, flowers sub- distichous. Perak (Scortechini), Larut Hills (Ridley). Endemic. 6. I. FERRUGINEA, Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. Vol. 41, p. 40. Stem slender short. Leaves 18 inch long, petiole 4 inches rachis red Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 153 scurfy, leaflets 5 or 6 pairs alternate trapezoid base narrowed apex acuminate margins more or less toothed, 6 inches long 3 inches wide. Spathe 6 inches long acuminate. Inflorescence peduncle 6 to 8 inches long red tomentose, branches thick 9 to 11 sometimes branched again, 6 inches long covered with red wool. Flowers scattered distichous foveolae covered with red hair. Male flowers glabrous, sepals ovate rounded. Petals lanceolate ribbed one-third longer. Females sepals similar. Petals shorter blunter. Drupe cylindric curved slightly nar- rowed towards the tip, black $ inch long. Seed cylindric acute curved rugose % inch long, albumen equable. Perak : Larut Hills common from about 2000 feet upwards (Fox, Ridley 10684, 11405). Bujong Malacca (Curtis 3164). This has the habit of I. polymorpha, but the stouter inflorescence on a longer peduncle and covered with red wool, the larger flowers, and curved cylindric fruit and seed make it very distinct. 7. I. BICORNIS, Becc. Males. III. 188. Stem 5 to 8 feet tall about + inch through. Leaves a foot long pinnatisect 4-6 inches wide, leaflets 2 to 4 pairs, terminal one deeply bifid, laterals sigmoidly trapezoid apex acuminate petiole 3 to 4 inches long glabrous. Inflorescence very shortly peduncled, branches 5 to 8 filiform slender deflexed, 4 to 8 in- ches long, peduncle # to 14 inch long. Flowers minute. Spathe deciduous. Fruit oblong narrowed at the base and bilobed, with rounded lobes 4 inch long. Hook. fil. l.c. 417. Perak : (Scortechini 1188), Larut Hills 3500 to 4000 feet alt. (Kunstler 6375). Endemic. 2. CARYOTIDAES 9. ARENGA, Labill. Large palms unarmed, with a stout tall or short single stem or several together. Leaves enormous pinnate, petiole stout, sheath brok- en up into wiry black fibres, leaflets very numerous linear auricled at the base, apices truncate notched. Inflorescence very large with numer- ous short spathes covering?the base of the peduncle persistent, branches very numerous long pendant, unisexual, very rarely bisexual. Male flowers large symmetric. Sepals orbicutar. petals much longer oblong valvate. Stamens very numerous filaments short. Anthers linear erect apiculate. Female flower subglobose oblong or flattened at the top, sepals suborbicular, petals triangular ovate. Staminodes many or not. Ovary 3 celled. Stigmas short triangular. Ovules 3. Fruit ob- long, or subglobose 2-3 seeded. Seed plano-convex large, albumen equable, embryo dorsal. Species about 10. India, Malaya, Formosa, Australia. Note.-The inflorescences are produced when the treeis adult from the top downwards, the stems dying as the last are produced. 154 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Stems very stout usually solitary. Petals in male oblong ee as .. 1. A. saccharifera. Stems more slender not solitary. = Petals short oblong ovate --- ee » 2. A. Westerhouts. 1. A. SACCHARIFERA, Labill. Mem. Inst. Fr. VIII. 209. Stems usually solitary, occasionally 2-3, about 20 to 30 feet tall and 12 inches or more through. Leaves 20 feet long, petiole very stout sheaths short broken up into strong black fibres, leaflets about 60 pairs alter- nate linear, base unequally auricled, apex notched and toothed dark green above glaucous beneath, 25 inches long 1-14 inch wide. Spathes 5 lanceolate oblong sheathing the peduncle. Inflorescence axillary alternately male and female, spikes numerous 3 to 4 feet long, rachis stout 4 inch through green woody. Male flowers in pairs spirally arranged. Sepals sub-orbicular truncate imbricate ¢ inch long green. Petals 1 inch long oblong thickly coriaceous blunt, violet. Stamens very numerous about 80, filaments short white $ inch long. Anthers slender 4 inch long orange, sagittate apiculate. Female flowers, sepals orbicular, petals tringular ovate 4 inch long acute green; ovary sub- tringular rounded top flattened, three ridged, styles short tringular, ovules 3. Fruit oblong or subglobose yellow, obscurely three angled, top depressed 2 inches long pulpy 3 seeded. Seed 1 inch long black back rounded, albumen equable. Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm 191, t. 108, and 161, fig. 4. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. III. 35. Kurz. Fl. For. II. 534, Griff. Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 472, Palms Brit. Ind. 164. t. 1385 A. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 431. A. Griffithii, Seem. (Kerchoy. Palm 432). Saguerus Rumphii Roxb. FI. Ind. II. 626. S. saccharifer Wurmb. Verh. Bat. Genootschap I. 350. Bl. Rumpbhia IJ. 128, t.123-4. Go- mutus saccharifer Spreng. Syst. IJ. 622. Borassus Gomutus Lour. FI. Cochin-ch. IT. 759. Common over the whole peninsula in villages and wild on dry hills. Native name “ Kabong,” “Enau.”’ Tmet with this palm ap- parently in a truly wild state in Bukit Jugra, Province Wellesley. The stems were not so densely covered with black fibre as in the com- mon village form and were more slender. The Malays called this plant ‘“Enau,”’ and seemed to consider it different. The fibre from the leaf sheaths is used for making black rope under the native name of “ Tali Hijau ;”’ it is very strong and durable and stands submersion in water for a long time. ‘There is a portion of a cable of this rope in the Sandakan museum in Borneo which was found attached to a very old anchor in one of the rivers and is supposed to have been used in one of Dawpier’s voyages. The fibreis still very strong and but little altered, after so long a lapse of years. This fibre has been imported into England for various purposes under the name of Vegetable Horse Hair. The trunk of the tree split and scooped out is used for conduits. The rachis of the leaf is sometimes made into quaint walking sticks, Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 155 Sugar and molasses is obtained from the flower shoots, by slicing the end off and catching the sweet sap in bamboos, and boiling it down; this sugar being known as “ Gula Malaka.” The inner portion of the trunk is pithy and yery sweet tasted. The fruits are made into a sweetmeat. 2. WESTERHOUTI, Griff. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 474. Palms of British India 166, t. 235, B. C. D. Stems solitary or soboliferous 16 to 30 feet tall, 6 to 8 inches through, rings prominent 6 inches apart, internodes bare smooth and grey. Leaves 16 to 18 feet long, rachis as thick as a man’s wrist, leaflets linear apex truncate and notched with short teeth, base auricled dark green above glaucous beneath, about 80-90 pairs ; 24 to 60 inches long, 1-23 inch wide. Male inflorescence 18 inches long with 16-18 branches 8-9 inches long. Flowers nearly # inch long. Sepals short broad gibbous orbicular 4 inch long. Petals ovate oblong yinch long pink. Stamens very numerous j inch long filaments very short and broad. Anthers linear terminated by a subu- late brown point. Female, sepals short rounded, petals triangular ovate $ inch long. Stigmas small triangular. Fruit oblong depressed at the top 2 inches long, 24 inches through, yellowish green and black. Seeds 2-3 flattened oblong black + inch through. A. obtustfolia Hook. fil. FI. Brit. Ind. V. 421, (not of Martius). Saguerus Langkab Bl. Rumph. II. 131. t. 96, 125. Malacca: Naning (Westerhout) ; Negri Sembilan: Tampin Pahang, Kwala Tahan (Ridley); Penang Hill (Lewis, Curtis); Province Wel- lesley common on the hills, Bukit Langkap; Perak: Bukit Kapayung ; Thaiping Hills. Tn dry wooded hills often very abundant. Native name “ Lang- kap.” The pith is eaten in curries by Malays. Endemic. 10. DIDYMOSPERMA. Wendl. ~ Dwarf palms unarmed. Stems solitary or tufted. Leaves cuneate oblong acute entire or pinnatisect with trapezoid leaflets. Inflorescence simple or branched with numerous persistent spathe unisexual. Flow- ers rather large. Males, calyx cupular 3-fid. Petals oblong. Stamens 10-30. Anthers linear, no pistillode. Females sepals rounded. Petals triangular thick. Ovary depressed 3 angled 2-3 celled. Stigmas coni- cal. Fruit globose or ovoid 1-3 celled. Seeds 1 to 2 oblong elliptic planoconvex. Albumen, equable. Species 6. Assam and Malaya. D. HOOKERIANA, Becc. Males. III. 186. Stem solitary or several together about 12 to 13 inches tall, ¢ inch through covered with old leaf-sheaths with many black fibres. Leaves very variable simple trapezoid cuneate or oblong with a narrow base erose with a toothed margin and several point 7 to 9 inches long 3-4 inches wide petiole 4 to 6 inches long or pinnatisect with 2-4 pairs of leaflets inequilateral 156 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. shortly, petiole with a broader terminal one ending in 2 points 18 inch- es long, or more, the leaflets 9 inches long 3 wide. Spathes several linear persistent 4 inches long or less, sheathing the peduncle of the spadix. Spike erect slender 3-8 inches long unisexual. Male flowers, sepals ovate rounded ribbed petals $ inch long ribbed. Stamens nu- merous. Anthers linear. Females, spadix stout 3-8 inches long in fruit. Sepals ovate ribbed § inch long. Pistil large globose orange. Drupe globose }¢ inch through, pericarp crustaceous. Seeds 3, elliptic back rounded, inner face angled and grooved ¢ inch long. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 420. Pahang : Tahan River (Ridley 5825); Kota Glanggi (Ridley 3156) ; Perak: Teluk Pinang, Kwala Dipang near Ipoh (Curtis 3352), Water- loo, Kamuning (Ridley). Woods local. Endemic. D. HASTATA, Bece. Malesia III. 99. Hook. fil. l.c.c. Stems about 3 feet tall slender covered with leaf-sheaths ribbed and with black transverse fibres and usually with brown scurf. Leaves over a foot long, pedicel 4 inches long sheath 3 inches or more, leaflets 7 or 8 cuneate oblong or lanceolate acute or acuminate 5-6 inches long 2 inches wide often with petiolules as long as 4 aninch. Inflorescence long and slender with 4 spathes on the peduncle narrow and close- fitting ribbed and scurfy, peduncle 5 inches long, spike 5 inches long male flowers, bud cylindric $ inch long, sepals short rounded; petals oblong, stamens 15, filaments very short, anthers long linear shorter than the petals. Female flowers small, sepals ovate. Pistil globose, stigma discoid. Drupe globular. Singapore : Petaling (Ridley 10,342), Rawang (7886), Bukit Kudah (3155); Perak : (Wray 3537). Woods. Endemic. 11. CARYOTA, L. Tall or medium unarmed palms, stoloniferous or not. Leaves very large and broad pinnatisect, leaflets very obliquely flabelliform or cuneate rounded or acuminate at the tip, petiolulate, with swollen bases of the petiolules. Inflorescences produced from the upper axils of the adult tree from the top downwards alternately male and female, the stem dying as the lowest are produced. Spathes short 3-5. In- florescences much branched with long branches pendulous. Male flowers sepals orbicular, petals oblong, stamens numerous filaments very short, anthers linear. Female sepals rounded gibbous. Petals oblong or ovate. Staminodes 3. Stigma 3 lobed. Ovary 3 celled. Fruit globose 1-2 seeded. Seeds rounded elliptic. Albumen ruminate Species about 10. India Cochin-China, Malaya and Australia. Stem solitary very tall and stout ry sates AG isobeea: Stems several 15-25 feet slender te ce | QC. metas. 1. C. optusA, Griff. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 480. Palm Brit Ind. 422. OC. obtusidentata Gviff. Palm. Brit. Ind. 236 A. B. Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 157 var. @quatoriais, Bece. Fl. Brit. Ind. V 423. Stem solitary about 60 feet tall and a foot or more through. Leayes 18 feet long, pinnules cuneate crenulate or serrate upper margin acute or acuminate. In- florescence 12 feet long, spikes numerous 8 feet long. Male flowers pale yellowish green quaquaversal. Stamens more than 100. Females sepals broad rounded. Petals oblong acute. Fruit globose. Seed globose. Johor: Gunong Panti (Ridley); Selangor: Pahang Track (Ridley) ; Perak: Gunong Batu Putih (Wray 1239), Larut Hills (Ridley 11,401). Abundant in the Larut Hills but very difficult to get specimens of, as tree when in flower is very tall. 2. C. MITIS, Lour. Fl. Cochinchinensis II. 569. Stems several 15 to 25 feet tall, 4 inches through or less. Leaves about 8 feet long sheaths covered with white mealy tomentum 3-4 feet long, petiole 2-3 feet, pinnae about 2 feet, leaflets cuneate erose toothed upper margin acute or not about 7 inches long, 9 to 15 on each pinna dark green. Spathes scurfy broadly ovate, obtuse, sheathing the inflorescence 10 inches long of 20 or more spikes. Male, sepals rounded green edges lacerate, petals oblong obtuse stiff pale violet purple $ inch long. Sta- mens numerous, filaments connate at the base. Anthers linear oblong yellow keeled, not minutely apiculate. Female flowers green. Sepals broad rounded gibbous edged with brown hairs. Petals ovate purple staminodes 3 very slender. Pistil obovoid. Fruit globular flattened 4 inch through fleshy purple. Seed 1 transversely elliptic shining wrink- led, albumen ruminate with a few transverse and vertical lines. Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm III. 195. Kunth. Enum. III. Hook. fil. le. 423. C. sobolifera Mart. 1.c.. TIT. 194, t. 107, f. 2. Griff. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 481. Palm Brit. Ind. 171, t. 236. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. III. 41. Kurz. Fl. For. II. 530. C. nana Wall. Cat. 8595. C. fur- furacea Bl. Mart. 1c. 195. Rumphia le. 188, t.155. (partly). C. Griffithis Beee. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. IIT. 15. Singapore: Bukit Timah (Ridley 1662, 1664, 1666), Tanglin (3150), Seletar (1660, 3149), Pulau Ubin (3148); Pahang: Pulau Tijau (Ridley 3147); Malacca: Ayer Panas (Goodenough 1551), Batang Malaka (Derry 201); Perak: (Wray 3744) ; Penang Hill (Ridley 2149) ; Provice Wellesley; Permatang Bertam. Distrib. Burmah, Andamans, Cochin-China. Native names “ Tukus,” “ Dudok.” The tomentum on the sheath is used by the Sakais as wadding for the blowpipe and tinder. The stem produces a kind of sago occasionally used by Malays. 3. NIPACEAE. 12, NipA, Wurmb. Tidal river plants. Stems very thick prostrate creeping ringed. Leaves very large pinnate leaflets narrow. Inflorescences subterminal on short peduncles covered with sheathing leaves. Male flowers in 158 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. catkins with setaceous bracteoles, very small. Sepais linear tips broad inflexed, petals similar smaller. Stamens 3, filaments short cuneate, anthers linear basifixed. Female flowers terminal in a capitulum, perianth lobes 6. Carpels 3. Stigma linear oblique. Ovules 3 erect. Fruit an enormous synearp of obovoid compressed irregularly shaped carpels, with pyramidal angled tops, 1 celled and 1 seeded, pericarp fibrous, endocarp spongy. Seed erect grooved on one side, albumen soft lining the testa. Embryo basilar. NIPA FRUTICANS, Wurmb. Verh. Bat. Genootsch. I. 349. Creeping stem fleshy two feet or more through. Leaves 15-20 | feet tall dark green, glaucescent beneath, leaflets. Inflorescence large on a long peduncle. Bracts orange. Male spikes 2 inches ‘ong. Fruit about 2 feet through, dark brown. Blume, Rumphia III. 76, pl. 164, 165. Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm III. 305, t. 208. Lam. Ill. t. 89,7. Labill. Men. Mus. Par. V. t. 21, 22. Gaud. Voy. Bonit. t.67. Kth. Enum. III. 110, 589. Mia. Fl. Ind. Bat. III. 170. Griff. Notul. III. 168. Ic. Pl. As. 244. Roxb. FI. Inds Til 650. - Hook. fil: PR Brit. Inds Vix 424. Tidal rivers over the whole peninsula also occurring in the Sund- erbunds, Ceylon, Malay Islands and Australia. Fossil fruits of a very similar species occur in the London Clay in England. Native name “Nipah.’”’ The leaflets of unopened leaves are used for cigarette papers, and the albumen of the fruit is eaten. The leaves are used for the manufacture of ataps and are considered among the best for this purpose. In some places the plant is being planted for this purpose. 4. PHOENICEAE. 13. PHOENIX, L. Palms unisexual with short rarely tall stems, simple or tufted. Leaves pinnate stiff, spiny, leaflets linear or lanceolate acute pungent, sides folded in at base. Inflorescences interfoliar, erect, branched, spathe complete coriaceous large. Flowers small yellow. Male calyx flat or cup-shaped 3 lobed. Petals linear ovate, or oblong. Stamens 3-9, filaments subulate, anthers dorsifixed. Pistillode minute or want- ing. Female flowers, sepals as in male. Petals rounded, longer. Staminodes 6 or connate into a cup. Carpels 3 free, stigmas sessile, Ovules erect. .Drupe 1 seeded oblong, stigma terminal, pericarp fleshy, endocarp membranous. Seed oblong ventrally grooved, album- en equable or slightly ruminate. Species 10 or more. Afvican, Indian, Siam, and Malay Peninsula. P. PALUDOSA Roxb. Hort. Beng. 75 Fl. Ind. 789. Stems several 5 to 8 feet tall and 3 inches through ringed. Leaves 4-8 feet long, petiole spiny, leaflets 12-24 inches long 4 inch wide linear acuminate grey beneath. Male inflorescence 1-14 feet long, peduncle broad and flat, branches slender sinuate 3-4 inches long spreading. Flowers Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 159 ¢ inch long. Calyx very short, flat lobes flat rounded. Petals very much longer linear ribbed. Stamens shorter slender. Female inflores- cence stouter branches whorled and scattered 5-9 inches long flowers scattered. Calyx lobes rounded. Petals orbicular twice as long. Staminodes 6. Drupe 4 inch long black seed elliptic grooved # inch long ¢ inch thick. Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm III. 272, 320 t 136. Kunth. Enum. III. 256. Griff. Cale Journ. Nat. Hist. V 353. Palms Brit. Ind. 144, t. 229. A.B. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI 427. P. szamensis Miq. Palm Arch. Ind. 14. Dindings: Lumut (Ridley); Province Wellesley: Prai, Krian ; Kedah: Yan (Ridley). Distrib. India, Siam, Andamans. Inhabits tidal swamps. Native name “ Korma.” 5. CORYPHEAE. 14. LICUALA. Palms with solitary or several stems from a few inches to 15 feet tall. Leaves cuneate or orbicular plicate deeply cut into cuneate seg- ments, petiole spinous. Inflorescence interfoliar, elongate with tubu- lar appressed sheaths, spathes. Spikes simple or compound from the axils of the sheaths, short many flowered glabrous or tomentose or seurfy. Flowers small hermaphrodite, scattered. Calyx cupular or 3 toothed. Petals connate base ovate. Stamens 6 filaments free or connate ina ring. Ovary 3 carpels free or connate. Styles filiform Drupe small globose or ellipsoid, style terminal. Seed globose albumen Species about 50. India, Malaya, Australia, Australia, Polynesia. Stem tall. Leaves large. Inflorescence elongate spikes. Calyx campanulate not lobed 1. L. paludosa. Calyx cylindric 3 lobed pubescent 2. L. spinosa. Calyx urnshaped three toothed 3. L. glabra. 4. L. ~ longepeduncu- Calyx urnshaped not lobed ae oh lata. Calyx cylindric not lobed... ” 5. L. Malayana. Stemless with large leaves and stout in- florescence. Leaflets 10-18. Calyx cupshaped 6. L. ferruginea. Leaflets 20. Calyx cylindric 7. L. longtpes. Inflorescence short and slender. Flowers pedicellate. Calyx broad cam- panulate --- a iS .. 8.2L. Kunstlerz. Flowers sessile. Calyx short lobes broad 9. ZL. acutifida. Flowers sessile. Calyx cylindric lobes small " Des why e Small palms, leaves small. Inflorescence of 2 or 3 slender branches 10. L. modesta. 160 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Leaflets 3-7 median one petioled, cuneate 11. L. triphylla. Leaflets 11-16 all feealie. linear. Calyx sessile... 12. L. pusilla. Leaflets 10-17 eee Calyx redicaista 13. L. Scortechintt. Small palms. Inflorescence of 1-3 woolly branches. Spikes single Be a ae .. 14. LD. Kingiana. Branches 2-3 A : + 15. DL. lanuginosa. § PERICYCLUS, Inflorescence ee paattoled «+ 16. LZ. paniculata. 1. L. PALUDOSA, Griff. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 233. Palms of British India t. 221. Stems several 10-20 feet tall 2-3 inches through. Leaves numerous, petiole armed at base with short sharp thorns, blade orbicular 7-9 partite, lobes 2 feet long 4 inches wide or less bluntly toothed. Inflorescence 3-6 feet long, sheaths stout 6 inches or more long sparingly scurfy almost entire. Panicles 6-8 inches long with 6 or 8 branches, rachis rather thick slightly pubescent. Flowers scattered very short turbinate. Calyx campanulate irregulaily split at the top 7¢ inch long nearly glabrous. Corolla lobes short ovate glabrous. Stamin- al crown adnate to petals, anthers oblong. Fruit globose small 4 inch through, red. Bece. Males. III. 74. Hook. fil. lc. 430. Johor: Hadji Senawi near Batu Pahat (Ridley 11212); Malacca: Tanjong Kling, Pulau Besar (Griffith); Muar: Sungei Segal (Fox); Dindings: Lumut (Ridley 10,329) ; Perak : (Scortechini), (King’s Coll. 7339, 8534), Gunong Bubu at 4000 feet (Wray 3928). Swampy woods usually in the low country. Endemic. 9. L. SPINOSA, Wurmb. Verh. Genootsch. II. 469. Stems several 5 to 15 feet tall grey ringed 2 inches through. Leaf orbicular, petiole about 3 feet long, thorny for its whole length, thorns strong black, leaf- lets 18 linear cuneate over 12 inches long 14 inch across apex erose. Inflorescence erect 4-6 feet long, sheaths close fitting, mouths lanceo- late upper part silvery scurfy 13 inches long, panicles several 2-3 branched, brown hairy. Flowers ¢ inch long. Calyx cylindric hairy lobes ovate. Corolla lobes white pubescent ovate lanceolate acute. Staminal ring obscurely lobed. Drupes oblong or subglobose + inch long, orange, pericarp fleshy, seed globular. Griff. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 321, Palm. Brit. Ind. 119, Bl. Rumphia II. 39, t. 82, 88. Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III. 235, t. 135, 1, 2. ° Bece. Males. III. 74, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. V. 481. JZ. paludosa Kurz. Journ. As. Soe. Beng. XLIII. 528. For. Fl. II. 258, (not Griffith). Z. ramosa Bl. Schult. Syst. VI. 1303, Rumph. IT. 32. Singapore: Sepoy Lines, Pulo Brani (Ridley 5121), Pulau Ubin (Ridley 3166); Johor: Pulau Tinggi (Feilding); Malacca: (Griffith) Pringgit and elsewhere round the town; Pahang: Pekan (Ridley); Perak : Matang Lumbu (Wray 2527); Lankawi, Kwah (Curtis 3419) Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 161 Distrib. Andamans. In damp or dry open country in the plains. Common. 3. L. GLABRA, Griff. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 329. Palm. Brit. Ind. 124, t. 223. Hook. fil. l.c. 432. Stem stout 1-5 feet tall about 13-2 inches through. Leaves fan-shaped, large 16-18 lobed, petiole rather slender over a foot long, thorns at the base only, close together stout with decurved points, leaflets linear cuneate, middle one often much broader slightly erose, the others deeply erose with a point at each side, one larger than the other. Inflorescence over 5 feet long slender lowest sheath broad flattened 8 inches long, upper ones 3-1 inch long narrow close fitting, branches about 7, 2-6-partite glabrous from 5 to 1 inch long. Flowers not crowded, on rounded bosses, with a short thick lip. Calyx urn-shaped 3 toothed, petals lanceolate sub- obtuse. Drupe ellipsoid # inch long. Malacca: Mount Ophir (Griffith, Ridley 3743), (Hullett 852); Selangor: Bukit Kutu (7894), Bukit Hitam (Kelsall); Pahang: Tahan Woods (Ridley); Perak: Lumut (Ridley). Tn the hillwoods.to about 3000 feet local but abundant. “ Palas Gunong.” 4. lL. LONGEPEDUNCULATA, Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soe. Vol. 41 p. 49. Stem 38 to 8 feet long 1-14 inch through. Leaves 4-5 feet long lobes 6 or more narrowed at the base and broadened upwards with broad blunt teeth, 15 to 18 inches long 3 inches wide at the top, deep green, petiole slender not spiny. Inflorescence slender 3 feet or more long peduncle broad flattened at the base quite glabrous over 2 feet long, sheaths distant long. Spikes 3 inches long, 4 together. Flowers scatteréd $ inch long rachis moderately stout. Calyx urn-shaped sessile not lobed, petals lanceolate acute, obtuse. Perak; Gunong Batu Putih (Wray 254) (King’s Coll. 8148). Bee- cari labels this “ L. glabra foliis latioribus.’”’ Endemic. 5. L. MALAYANA, Becc. Males. III. 197. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. lic. 2131. Stem tufted 6 to 7 feet tall nearly 2 inches through. Leaves nearly orbicular lobes about 14-26 linear cuneate median not much broader than the others, teeth short or moderately long on the lateral lobes, 15 inches long, 1-2 inches wide, petiole rather slender over two feet long sub-triquetrous edges not sharp thorny for the lower third only, thorns rather stout curved or horizontal. Inflorescence slender 2 feet long branches all simple moderately thick 4 incheslong. Spathes narrow limb not lacerate. Rachis pubescent or almost glabrous. Flowers rather scattered solitary on short-tubercles, with a small ovate bract. Calyx cylindric, base intruded, lobes very obscure, glabrous or pubescent, splitting irregularly as the flower expands. Petals lanceate thick grooved on the inner surface. Staminal tube not deeply lobed. Style cylindric, ovary often 3 lobed. Fruit globose. B 11 162 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Pahang : Tanjong Antan, Pulau Changei (Ridley); Perak: Bujong Malacca (Ridley), Box Hill, Larut Hills (Fox), Goping (King’s Coll. 469, 8127), Salak (Scortechini 5267). Hill forests to about 4000 feet altitude. Endemic. 6. L. FERRUGINEA, Becce. Flor. Brit. Ind. 432. Stem very shorts practically none. Leaves about 10 on a plant petiole stout over 3 feet long, thorny at the base only thorns small, leaflets 10 to 13 very variable in width ribbed stiff dark green, apex erose with blunt teeth. Central leaflet much the largest, 3 feet long 1 to 9 inches wide at the apex. Inflorescence deflexed or horizontal 2 feet long with simple branches. Spathes brown pubescent slightly silvery 4 inches long mouth lacerate rachis thick covered with red tomentum. Flowers crowded sessile more rarely almost pedicelled. Calyx short cup-shaped 3 lobed, lobes ovate pubescent. Petals triangular yellow. Staminal crown half the height of the petals not lobed, anthers six very small, ovary often bilobed. Drupe ellipsoid bright rose pink. Singapore: very common Garden Jungle (Ridley 3168). Bukit Timah (Ridley 3512). Ang Mo Kio (Ridley 6676); Selangor: Caves, Kwala Lumpur (Ridley) ; Johor : Tebrau (Ridley) ; Kedah : Yan (Ridley). _ A very distinct kind remarkable for the thick spadix covered with red wool and dense mass of pink fruits. | Woods in the low country. Endemic. 7. L. LONGIPES, Griff. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 330. Palm. Brit. Ind. 125. t. 224. A.B. (Kurz. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. XLITI. 204. Flor. For. II. 528. Hook. fil. lc. 431). Stemless or almost so. Leaves large orbi- cular in outline petiole over a foot long broad and stout, thorny for two-thirds of its length, thorns stout, leaflets deep green 14-18 inches long, 3-4 inches broad at the apex cuneate erose crenulate, about 8-20. Spadix about 5-12-24 inches long stout, spathes dilate broadly toothed at the apex, 3 inches long. Branches stout 3 inches long spreading, 5 or 6 on a common peduncle. Flowers crowded g-inch long. Calyx cylindric with a broad base, lobes short ovate. Corolla lobes short ovate. Fruit globose + inch through. Seed globular as large as a pea. Woods in‘the hills common. Johor : Gunong Pulai, Gunong Panti (Ridley); Malacca: Ayer Panas (Goodenough 1406) lower slopes of Ophir Range (Griffith) ; Negri Sembilan : Tampin (Goodenough 1962), Gunong Angsi (10121) (Ridley 10120, 3474); Selangor: Pahang Track; Perak, Maxwell’s Hill. 8. L. KUNSTLERI, Bece. Fl. Brit. Ind. l.c. 433. Stem “ 4 feet tall by 4-5 inches diameter.’”’ Leaf large about 15 lobes, about 18 inches long and over an inch wide, median much larger, apex broad but little erose, lateral lobes with one or more long teeth, petiole slender 3 feet long triangular in section, thorny for about two-thirds its length, thorns yather long decurved. Inflorescence a foot long, branches three spikes Pad Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 163 single, spathes silvery scurfy, lowest 4 inches long lacerate, upper ones shorter dilate, tips | white hairy, rachis brown tomentose. Flowers pedicellate, pedicel 7s inch long tomentose nearly as long as the flower. Calyx short broad campandet with 3 broad sub-obtuse lobes. Corolla short, petals lanceolate short acute. Staminal ring 6 lobed. Pahang: Tanjong Antan (Ridley) ; Perak: Ulu Bubong (Kunstler 10205). Rare. Endemic. 9. L. ACUTIFIDA, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm IIT. 236, t. 135, f. 3-4. Griff. Cale. Journ Nat. Hist. V. 327, Palms Brit. Ind. 122, t. 222, A. B. Wall. Cat. 8618. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. lc. 433. Stem usually very short. Leafsemi-circular, lobes 15 to 20 narrow linear 3-nerved apex 3-toothed teeth rather large blunt 12 inches long ? inch wide, median one not much larger, petiole slender back rounded edges sharp, 2% feet long, thorny at the base only, thorns small sharp and_ black. Inflorescence 15 inches long branches about 4 with 1 or 2 spikes 3 to 5 inches long all silvery pubescent. Spathes shortly split silvery scurfy pubescent, upper ones dilated upwards, lowest 4 inches long. Flowers small on a small boss. Calyx short with 3 broad ovate lobes longer than the tube deeply separate pubescent. Petals lanceolate acuminate pubescent. Drupe very small orange. “Palas Padi.” Penang : Hill (Ridley 7906); Malacca: Sungei Hudang (Good- enough 13601). Endemic. 10. L. MODESTA, Becc. Males. III. 195. Hook. fil. lc. 433. Stem 2-10 feet. Leaf semi-circular lobes about 13, cuneate apex broad blunt- ly 3 to 6 toothed, 7 to 13 inches long, $ to ? inch wide, terminal much broader, petiole long nearly 2 feet slender back rounded edges sharp thorns only at the base very few and small. Inflorescence 2 feet long or less, peduncle flattened, branches about 3, with 1 to 4 dense-flowered spikes 2 to 6 inches long. Spathes narrow deeply cleft on one side papery, apex obtuse toothed, lowest one about 6 inches long covered with silvery scurf. Rachis tomentose or thickly woolly. Flowers sessile tomentose ¢ inch long. Calyx cylindric cup-shaped pubescent shortly 6 toothed. Petals short lanceolate pubescent. Staminal tube 6 lobed. Style cylindric. Drupe “ globosely obovoid about 4 inch long pedicelled by the calyx.” Perak : Kwala Kangsar (Ridley 3167), Larut Hills (Curtis 3529) (King’s Coll. 3243, 2420, 1983, 1951, 1945). This is distinguished from JL. acutifida by its broader leaflets stouter spikes and small sepals. Forests to 5000 feet. Endemic. 11. L. TRIPHYLLA, Griff. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 352. Palms British India 126, t. 225. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. le. 432. Almost stemless, with but few leaves. Leaves with a strong net-work at the base, petioles slender 15 inches long, thorns few and small at the base only, leaflets 3 to 7 cuneate broadly crenate at the top, lateral ones 164 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. erose with the upper margin prolonged, central one broader barely erose 8 inches long. Inflorescence slender short 8 inches or less branches about 6, 4 to 1 inch long. Spathes short thin about an inch long. Flowers minute few about 12 in a spike scattered almost sessile on a rachis covered with red tomentum. Sepals ovate acute green tomen- tose; petals longer white staminal crown short, filaments filiform very short, anthers white, ovary 3 lobed pubescent flattened at the top. Drupe pea-shaped small red. Woods. “ Palas Rewang,” “ Gurcheng,” “Palas Tikus.” Singapore: Changi (Ridley); Johor: Panchur; Malacca: Chabau, Ayer Panas (Griffith), (Goodenough 1628); Muar: (Fox 11301); Pa- hang: Tahan River (Ridley); Negri Sembilan: Gunong Angsi; Perak: Dindings at Gunong Tungul (Ridley). var. wntegrifolia. Plant very small not 12 inches tall leaves entire cuneate ovate crenulate 4 inches long by 2 wide, petiole 2 inches long thornless. Spadix 3inches. A dwarf form. Pahang, Lubok Pelang (Ridley). The smallest species in the genus. Endemic. 12. L. PUSILLA, Becc. Malesia III. 194. A dwarf palm, stem,6 inches or less long. Leaves several, petioles slender 18 inches long, thorny for half its length or less + inch through, leaflets 11 to 16, narrow linear narrowed at the base, the three median ones connate at the base, 9 inches long by ~ inch wide, tips truncate with short broad blunt teeth, the side leaflets with 2 or 3 blunt teeth and one longer acuminate one, dark green. Inflorescence very slender 9 to 18 inches long, sheaths 2 flattened narrow. Spikes very slender 13 inch long simple or the lower ones 2 to 3 branches pubescent. Flowers under + inch long. Calyx companulate narrowed at the base irregularly split at the mouth pubescent. Corolla lobes ovate acute pubescent. Fruit as large as a peared. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 433. Perak: Sunki (King’s Coll. 3028), Ulu Bubong (King’s Coll. 10213), Larut Hills at 2500 feet elevation (Ridley 11406), (Scortechini 531b); Pahang: Tahan River Woods (Ridley). This is very near L. nana, Bl. of Sumatra, but that has a much longer inflorescence. 13. L. SCORTECHINI, Bece. Males. III. 192. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. l.c. 434. Leaves semi-circular with 12 to 17 lobes, petiole slender 18 inches long with a few thorns at the base, leaflets 6 inches long linear cuneate with broad bifid teeth and raised nerves. Inflorescence 18 inches or less slender, branches 1 or 2 pubescent 4 to 6 inches long. Spathes lowest oblong linear apex rounded with a small cusp papery brown upper ones with a rather long free limb. Calyx obconic cup- shaped shortly stalked pubescent with 6 obscure teeth. Petals lanceo- late acute pubescent. Staminal ring 6-toothed teeth very short broad at base, subulate. ~ Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 165 Perak: (Scortechini); Kedah: Gunong J eran CRidi. 5201). Endemic. 14. L. KrneciAna, Bece. Males. III. 193. Fl. Brit. Ind. lc. 434. Stem 5 feet by 1 inch diameter. Leaves semi-circular about 7 lobed, lobes broad cuneate margin rather deeply toothed bases narrowed al- most petioluled, 6 to 10 inches long 14 inch wide, petiole 6 inches to 2 feet long slender back rounded edges not sharp, thorny only at the base, thorns horizontal black. Inflorescence 8 inches long with 1 or 2 dense erect spikes silvery woolly. Spathes 2 or 8, 4 inches long or less split on one side glabrous apex cuspidate, rachis stout woolly. Flowers numerous crowded sessile. Calyx cup-shaped somewhat globose irregularly split into sharp pointed segments covered with shining hairs. Petals short ovate silvery. Staminal ring with 6 teeth base very broad apex subulate, ovary turbinate. Perak: Bujong Malacca (Curtis 3162), Gunong Keledang (Ridley 9804), Goping (Kunstler 471), Bukit Kapayung, Sungei Siput (Ridley 1969. Very distinct in its globose woolly buds. The spadix is occa- sionally branched. Endemic. 15. L. LANUGINOSA, Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. Vol. 44, p. 2038. Stem short, leaf 6-11 lobed, lobes linear stiff with short broad teeth, 13-24 inches long by 1-14 inch broad, 3 or more ribs on each; stout bluntly 3 angled ¢ inch through and over 1 foot long, thorny for about half its length, thorns conic short brown. Inflorescence 1 foot long thick covered with silvery wool, branches 2 or 3 with a short thick peduncle, spikes stout 2 inches long thick woolly. Spathes silvery woolly lacerate. Flowers numerous sessile $ inch long globose. Calyx broadly cylindric shortly 6 lobed covered with dense shining hairs. Petals little longer ovate lanceolate silky. Staminal cup 6 lobed. Drupe. globose + inch through red. Johor: Gunong Pulai, Gunong Panti (Ridley, 12198). Near L.- Kingiana but flowers larger. 16. L. (PERICYCLUS) PANICULATA, Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soe. S. Br. 41, p, 42. Leaf large lobes 23 feet long rather narrow with short teeth ¢ inch broad. Inflorescence panicle divide spreading 3 feet long, spathes 6 not split, lowest 8 inches long $ inch wide, upper reddish, upper ones shorter dilated upwards. Branches panicled, spikes long and slender 5-7 glabrous or slightly scurfy 7 inches or lesslong. Flow- ers scattered sessile $ inch long. Calyx cylindric, base broad truncate obscurely and irregularly lobed glabrous. Petals ovate short broad acute. Staminal ring with 6 teeth. Pistil sometimes 2 lobed, style lateral. Perak, Hermitage Hill (Ridley). This plant is evidently allied to D. pericycla, Pericycla penduliflora Bl. a native of New Guinea but that has the flowers in pzirs on stalks, Endemic. Rave. 166 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 15. LIVISTONA, Br. Tall palms with a stout trunk. Leaves large orbicular, plicate split about half way into narrow lobes, petiole long thorny on the edge. Inflorescence very large with a long peduncle much branched. Spathes numerous tubular. Flowers minute, bisexual. Calyx cup-shaped with 3 lobes. Corolla lobes valvate 3. Stamens 6 connate at the base in a ring. Anthers cordate ovary of 3 nearly freé carpels. Styles short free or connate. Stigmas minute. Ovules basilar erect. Drupes elliptic or globose. Seed erect ventral surface hollowed. Albumen equable. Species 16. Assam, Siam, Malayan and Australian. Stem 60 feet tall smooth rs .. 1. LD. cochin-chinensis. Stem 3 feet long covered with brown fibre 2. L. rupzicola. 1. L. COCHIN-CHINENSIS, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III. 242. Stem 60 feet tall or more smooth. Leaves orbicular 10 feet across, lobes bifid long narrow acuminate, tips filiform pendulous petiole long 2 inches through at the base 1 inch through near the blade, thorns at base very large recurved thick 4 inch long. Inflorescence 4-5 feet long, much branched, branches thick 12 inches or more long much divided. Flowers very small sessile. Calyx minute cup-shaped with a broad base with 3 rounded teeth. Corolla lobes broad. Stamens connate with the corolla tube. Carpels adhering by their styles. Drupe globu- lar light blue 4 inch long seed globose. Becc. Males. III. 69. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 434. ZL. spectabilis Griff. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 336. Palms Brit. Ind. 130, t. 226..B.C. Corypha saribus Lour. FI. Cochin-ch. I. 212. Saribus Cochin-chinensis Bl. Rumphia II. 49. Malacea: (Griffith) ; Province Wellesley: Permatang Bertam (Ridley); Penang: (Lewes); Selangor: Jugra (Burn-Murdoch) (Herb. H. Sing. 11352). Distrib. Cochin-china. In swampy woods and rice fields. Native name © Serdang.” 9. L. RUPICOLA, Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. 41, p. 41. Stem short and thick about 3 feet long and 6 inches through densely covered with brown fibre. Leaves about 2 feet across with about 12 leaflets rather narrow very acuminate apex setaceous, petiole slender shining 20 inches long nearly ? thornless. Spadix slender much branched, spathes split striate cuspidate dark brown, 2 basal ones 3 inches long, upper ones slightly dilate cuspidate, branches many long slender with many very long and slender sinuous spikes 2 inches long in flower lengthening to 4 in fruit. Bracts at base of branches linear narrow caducous. Flowers very small globose. Sepals rounded gibbous petals similar. Staminal crown with 6 subulate teeth. Selangor: Limestone Rocks, Kwala Lumpur Cayes (8285) ; Lan- kawi (Curtis). Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 167 Most peculiar from its thick stem densely covered with fibre. Native name “Serdang Batu.” 16. PHOLIDOCARPA, NI. Lofty palms with a stout stem and fan-shaped leaves with a stout thorny petiole. Inflorescence very large and stout, on a stout pedun- cle, with a large panicle of sessile flowers, bisexual. Calyx tubular with free points, corolla twice as long. Stamens 6, connate at the base. Pistil conic. Drupe large globose, pericarp fleshy or testaceous seed large globose ruminate. Species several Malayan. P. MACROCARPA, Becc. Males. 91. Stem stout and tall about 50 feet. Leaves fan-shaped very large 5 or 6 partite, petiole thorny to the top. Spadix very stout 5 feet long, 12 inch through at the base with about 8 branches, bearing numerous branchlets, branches about a foot long an inch thick at the base flattened, woody. Spathes tubular closely clasping dark brown, covered with a light brown scurf, limb acuminate. Flowers spirally arranged rather distant. Fruit ovoid 6 inches long 4 inches through on short stout pedicels + inch long, brown tessellated. Damp woods “ Kepau.”’ Selangor : Batu Tiga Petaling (Ridley). The fruits vary very much in size and form, and it may be doubt- ed whether P. mucronata Bece., P. mayadum Bece., P. swnatrana Becc., and even P. Ihwr Bl. are distinct. 2. PH. KINGIANA, Ridl. Stem solitary 40 to 80 feet tall very stout and hard about 8 inches to 12 through rough with the old leaf basis, above covered with a brown fibrous rete. Leaves very large fan-shaped orbicular stiff 3 to 5 feet across cut to the base into longlinear acumin- ate points, 3 inches wide petiole 6-7 feet long 1 inch through, back rounded with strong conic forms with a swollen black base green with 2 longitudinal yellow bands. Inflorescence very large and stout pedun- cle thick covered with several tubular sheaths dilated upwards dark orange brown. Branches panicled over a foot long, numerous branch- lets slender 4-5 inches long. Flowers scattered sessile, ¢ inch long yellow. Calyx tubular with lanceolate triangular points edges ciliate. Corolla lobes twice as long broad blunt pubescent. Stamens 6 fila- ments broadly quadrate at the base abruptly narrowed above sub- connate at base, anthers small elliptic. Pistil conic pubescent above style cylindric. Drupe globular with a lateral groove 2 inches through dark green with scattered warty spots, pericarp fleshy % inch thick green passing into orange inside. Seed globular tessellate 1 inch through, albumen sub-ruminate. Lzvistona Kingiana Becc. Males. III. 199. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 435. Singapore : Bukit Mandai, Chua Chu Kang (Ridley) ; Johor: Batu Pahat (Machado Herb. H. Sing. No. 11351); Selangor: common, Jugra 168 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. (Burn-Murdoch Herb. H. Sing. 11350); Dindings: Lumut (Ridley) ; Perak : (Kunstler 3904). : Damp woods. Native name © Kepau.” I 17. TEYSMANNIA, Miq. A palm with a short or moderately tall stem. Leaves very large cuneate paddle-shaped entire with broad notches at the top, petiole long thorny at the base. Inflorescence short decurved with a few stout branches. Spathes several. Flowers pedicelled sepals short rounded petals much longer lanceolate. Stamens 6 connateina ring. Fruit 1- seeded pericarp covered with corkey warts. Seed globular. T. ALTIFRONS, Miq. Mus. Lugd. Bat. IV. 89.1. II. III. Stem very short to 6 or 7 feet tall stout brown. Leaves erect very large blade 6 or 7 feet long, 20-24 inches wide, bright green, stiff coriaceous plicate, petiole 24 to 30 inches long. Spathes several brown furfurace- ous narrow 6 inches or less long 1 inch across oblong. Inflorescence short, woody decurved, with 6 or 7 stout branches 6 inches long covered with reddish fur. Flowers pediccelled shortly, sepals short broad round- ed, petals $ inch long equal lanceolate, stamens 6 in aring. Fruit sub- globose corkey and warted 14 inch through brown. Seed globose ¢ inch through. Pahang: Tahan Valley (Ridley); Perak: Gunong Keledang (Rid- ley), Bukit Kapayung, Sungei Siput (Machado); Negri Sembilan: Bukit Tanga, Seremban (Napier). A grand palm very difficult to cultivate. The leaves are used for attaps and exceedingly good for this purpose. It occurs in woods and is know as ‘Daun Sang” and “Daun Payong.” Distrib. Sumatra. LEPIDOCARYEAE. 18. ZALACCA, Bl. Short stemmed, or almost stemless palms with long thorny pinnate leaves, leaflets linear or lanceolate numerous. Inflorescence from among the leaves usually short compact, unisexual, with many short stout spikes. Males spikes cylindric, dense covered with short cupular bracteoles, usually woolly. Calyx tubular 3 lobed or lobes free to the base. Corolla lobes longer. Stamens 6 free, anthers small. Females larger similar, staminodes 3 to 6 or 0. Ovary 3-celled styles recurved. Drupe large ovoid, covered with brown yellow scales. Seeds 1-3 en- closed in acid pulp erect, testa hard, albumen aequable. Species 9 or 10. Assam and Burma, Malaya. The Salak, Z. edulis Bl. is cultivated in Java and its fruits commonly imported into Singapore for sale. Leaflets linear ensiform ... vs we Iho conferta: 4 af i Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 169 Leaflets oblong falcate. Inflorescence compact --- re ie Re Be opines: Inflorescence elongate trailing spikes much longer than the spathes ..- 8 4. glabrescens. Leaflets elliptic acuminate at both ends. Inflorescence very long trailing spikes shorter than the spathes _... «» 4, Z. Wallichiana. 1. Z. CONFERTA, Griff. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 16, Palms Brit. Ind. 19, t. 180 A.B.C. Stem hardly any, leaves about 15 feet, petiole about half its length spiny rachis stout with long slender spines in short rows, leaflets rather distant linear ensiform. Inflorescence com- pact much branched, spikes distichous. Spathes numerous short ovate acute ribbed. Spikes stout 4-5 inches long. Flowers in pairs in short broad ribbed bracteoles, 1 male and 1 female, subsimilar ¢ inch long, calyx lobes linear oblong free to the base, petals nearly -twice as long oblong ribbed. Stamens narrow linear shorter than petals. Female pistil ovoid styles recurved rather thick. -Drupe rounded obovoid yellow over 1 inch long, with a small mammilla at the apex scales smooth polished subtriangular but very irregular, grooved. Pulpacid. Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. IIT. 201, t. 137, 174. Becc. Males. III. 67. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 473. Singapore: Tanglin, Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, etc. ; Malacca ; Selangor : Kwala Lumpur; Perak; Dindings: Lumut. Distrib. Borneo, Rhio, ete. Very common in wet woods forming impenetrable thickets in water. The fruit intensely acid is eaten by Malays and known as “ Asam Paya ” and “ Kelubi.” The bracteoles are slightly fluffy inside at the base less so than in most species. 2. Z. AFFINIS, Griff. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V.9. Palms Brit. India 12, t. 176. Stem short stout. Leaves numerous about 12 feet long strongly spiny rachis stout obscurely 3 ribbed, leaflets oblong faleate very broad over 12 inches long 3 inches wide with three stout ribs, dark green. Inflorescence 13 inches long compact, with numerous spikes. Spathes lanceolate acuminate split 5 inches long by 3 wide or less. Male spikes crowded cylindric fluffy an inch long. Bracteoles small obovate with brown fluffy fibres. Flowers 7°s inch long, calyx lobes oblong ribbed split to base. Petals twice as long oblong cuspi- date strongly ribbed. Stamens 6. Anthers short elliptic. Female spadix broad flattened 9 inches long. Spathes much shorter than the branches. Spikes stout 3-5 inches long 4 inch through. Bracteoles broad ribbed glabrous. Flowers + inch long much larger than the males. Calyx lobes lanceolate oblong strongly ribbed. Petals elliptic lanceolate strongly ribbed half as long again, Pistil scaly, stigmas 170 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. recurved. Fruit nearly 3 inches long turbinate beaked very dark brown longitudinally grooved, scales numerous cuneate blunt deeply grooved $ inch long. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 472. Singapore: Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang; Malacca: Batu Tiga (Ridley 1419); Dindings: Gunong Tungul (Ridley); Larut (King’s Collector). Wet spots in forests “ Salak Hutan.” 3. Z. GLABRESCENS, Griff. Calc. Nat. Hist. V. 14. Palms Brit. Ind. 17, t. 179. Stem none. Leaves 12 to 15 feet very spiny, spines broad flat in short horizontal rows, leaflets close set oblong falcate acuminate subulate apex setulose 8-12 inches long 2 wide with 3 ribs on each dark green, uppermost pair connate with many teeth. Spadices long slender branched trailing, one foot or more long covered with tubular spathe with a lanceolate limb. Young spikes cylindric brown covered with very crowded broad and short bracteoles, giving them an appearance of being ringed. Male flowers rather smaller than females Females $ inch long. Calyx lobes broad lanceolate obtuse free about half way down. Corolla ovate lanceolate falcate lobes lanceolate obtuse, very stiff little longer than calyx. Pistil densely covered with long whitish hairs or bristles. Fruit fusiform globose narrowed into a deep aninch long. Scales in vertical rows small 7'¢ inch long dark brown ending in up-curved points margins irregular. Seeds 2 separated by a transverse partition, inner face flat outer rounded. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 473. Selangor: Kwala Lumpur, Ulu Selangor ; Penang Hill, Road to Balik Pulau (Curtis) ; Pahang: Tahan River Woods. 4, Z. WALLICHIANA, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. ITI. 200, 325, 6. 118,119. Stems short and stout. Leaves 8 to 20 feet long, rachis stout armed with long flattened thorns 2-3 together, leaflets elliptic acuminate at both ends clustered in groups of 2 to 4 dark green, apices setaceous, margins setulose nerves 3 prominent, and 9 secondary, 12 to inches long 3 inches wide. Male inflorescence 4 feet long, peduncle over 2 feet rather slender with 3 empty sheaths, spathes lanceolate split 4 inches villous. Spikes about 7 distant 2% to 3 inches long cylin- dric blunt, shortly peduncled. Bracteoles ovate short ribbed. Flowers 1 inch long. Calyx lobes linear lanceolate free to the base. Corolla half as long again lobes linear obtuse. Stamens with short oblong anthers. Fruit obovoid in dense heads, brown scales with long reflex- ed brittle points, 1-3 celled, 1 inch long. Kurz. Flor. For. IT. 511. 66. Z. edulis Wall. Pl. As. Rar. III. 14, t. 222-224, (not of Blume) Z. Rumphii Griff. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 8. . Palm. Brit. Ind. 10, t. 175. Bl. Rumphia II. 159. Z. macrostachya Griff. le. 138, t. 178. A.B.C. Bece. l.c. 66. Pahang: Tahan River (Ridley); Malacca: Ching (Griflith); Pro- vince Wellesley : Permatang Bertam (Ridley 7003), Bukit Juru. Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 171 Native name “ Kumbar.”’ Distrib. Penasserim, Siam and Borneo. This is quoted in the Flora of British India as having been collected in Singapore and Penang Wallich 5000. Wallich says in Pl. As. Rar. he got it in Tenasserim. I have not seen it in Singapore. 19. EUGEISSONA, Griff. Tufted palms with short stout stems or none. Leaves pinnatisect thorny leaflets lanceolate narrow not flagelliferous. Inflorescence ter- minal erect dense very large, branches short erect, covered with close fitting sub-distichous bract-like spathes passing into bracts and _ bract- eoles. Flowers large hard textured, solitary or 2-3 together on the ends of the branches, uni- or bisexual. Male flowers, calyx cupular, trilobed, petals lanceolate pungent. Stamens 12, anthers elongate basifixed 1 seed, females. Fruit large ovoid covered with very small brown scales beaked 1 seeded. Seed globose, endocarp bony, aequable. Species 6 Malay Islands. K. TRISTIS, Griff. Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. V.101. Palm. Brit. Ind. 109, to 220 A. Tufts very large. Leaves 15 to 20 feet long, leaflets linear lanceolate acuminate subopposite 12 inches long $ inch wide bristly above petiole 7-10 feet all spiny. Inflorescence 4 to 6 feet tall. Flowers 2 inches long terminal on the scaly branches, bracts imbricat- ing. Fruit ovoid beaked 2-3 inches long 1% inch through brown. Seed globose 1 inch through. Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III. 212, to 179, 180. Becc. Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. III. 28. Hook. fil. lc. 483. Johor : Gunong Pulai (Ridley); Malacca: Sungei Hudang (Good- enough 1401) (Griffith) ; Selangor: Kwala Lumpur ; Perak : Larut Hills to 2500 feet alt.; Dindings; Province Wellesley ; Penang (Curtis 2218). The “Bertam”’ is widely distributed over hills of the west coast of the Peninsula. The midribs of the leaf are used for the blinds known as chicks and also when split and unfolded are woven into screens or parti- tions for houses. The stalk of the inflorescence is sometimes carved into ornamental walking sticks and the fruit is eatable. 20. DAEMONOROPS, BI. Scandent rarely erect palms, strongly armed, usually forming a tuft of short stems, with a few long scandent branches, leaves pin- natisect, leaflets narrow linear acuminate, rachis thorny ending in a hooked flagellum. Inflorescence usually unisexual, male and female inflorescence on the same stem. Spathes several boat-shaped or oblong, spiny, at first quite covering the inflorescence, eventually deciduous, not sheathing. Inflorescence dense or lax panicled, peduncled. Flow- ers small very numerous often pedicelled bracteate, hard in texture brown or yellow. Male flowers; calyx tubular more or less three toothed. Corolla three-lobed with a short tube, longer than the calyx. Stamens 6. Filaments connate at the base into a ring with broad bases, 172 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. anthers oblong often sagittate at the base. Pistillode small. Female flowers larger, similar with three large recurved stigmas. Ovary in- completely three-celled clothed with scales. Fruit globose, oblong or turbinate covered with imbricating scales, polished yellow brown or red- resinous in one section. Seed globose, pitted, enclosed in a thin sweet pulp. Species about €0. Distribution, India, Andamans, China, Cochin-china, Malay Islands and Archipelago. The plants of this genus are usually shorter and stouter than the Calanuv, and more densely armed, the leaves are always flagelliferous on the climbing stems and there are never any inflorescence-flagella, nor is the inflorescence ever armed with hooks, as in that genus, the spathes are never tubular, but broad flat or boat-shaped deciduous limbs. The flowers are more often pedicelled, and both sexes occur on the same plant. Owing to the shortness and thickness of the stem, the rattans of this genus are little valued by Malays, and are seldom collected. The fruit is often eaten or rather sucked for the thin sweet pulp as it is in the Calami. The species of the section Piptospathae resiniferae pro- duce the red resin in the shells of the fruit known as Dragon’s blood. In this genus and the next Calamus there has been great difficulty in identifying the plants with published descriptions. The species of the Peninsula were first described by Griffith, “Palms of British In- dia,” all ov nearly all very incompletely, so that it has been by no means easy to identify his species. Hardly anything of his types exist, and the native names which he gives, which might help, are neatly all attributed to the wrong palms. Martins made matters little better. Beccari in the Flora of British India described a number of old species more fully than they had been previously done, but also gave names to miserable and useless scraps of leaves or fruit from the collections of Scortechini and others. The Calameae vary so much in form and armature of leaf and stem according to age of the plant, and in different parts of the plant, that leaf and stem fragments only are almost valueless. Furthermore the size of the spadices in Doemono- rops especially, vary enormously according to the age of the stem. The spadices of the lower part may be only a few inches long while those of the upper part may be over a foot or eighteen inches. When to this is added the fact that in Calamus and some other genera the plants are unisexual and it is not only rare to get samples of both sexes, but it is also in some cases extremely difficult to correlate the two sexes, the great difficulty of studying the genera and the great liability to error will be understood. In collecting specimens the ordi- nary collector is apt to take only scraps of the plant, as adequate speci- mens are so bullky, that full specimens of say half a dozen species is a good load for a carrier. $1. CYMBOSPATHAE. Spadix unopened, fusiform short, outer spathe boat-shaped spiny beaked entirely enwrapping the inner ones and Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 173 completely falling off after fruiting. Spadices short compact unisexual or rarely bisexual. Spadix bisexual, male and female flowers on the same spadix in pairs ; Spadices unisexual. Plant not saandont: ioe: inga bush. Outer spathe densely cover- ed with ecrinite bristle-like spines Outer spathe Hoare 2 peeled: Spines scattered Scandent plants with ee eons. Gates spathe completely covering the inner ones. Spadix elongate. Fruit globose. Outer spathe abruptly beaked. Spines slender black acicular, bose. Stem short, spathe under a foot iene: beak longer than the body Stem tall, spathe over a foot, beak shorter Fruit obovoid Spines dagger-shaped statterad’: Spines broader connate in short rows Outer spathe gradually Pasa ae fusiform at both ends ; Spathes not Sauer fevers ae other -.. pe Spadix very compact, fruit AR eeltndcis Doubtful Bee =a fruit glo- § 2. PIPTOSPATHAE. Outer spathe not covering the others, panicle diffuse. Resiniferae. Stem unarmed, with low elevated ridges -. Stem strongly spiny, pestiehe in distant pairs broad ae Leaflets equidistant : Stems with few seathered spines... Not resiniferous. Stems armed with strong spines at the mouth, fruit oblong . “ Fruit globose, leaflets in alkoraata aes of three distant “ Leaflets equidistant, peduncle of spatiie long ancipitous flat unarmed oa » 1. D. angustifolius. 2. D. calicarpus. 3. D. microthamnus. . D. montticolus. D, Lewisianus. . D. aciculatus. D. grandis. . D. carcharodon. Toke hygrophilus. 10. D. calospatha. 11. D. congesta. 12. D. wmbellis. 13. D. pseudosepal. 14. D. micracanthus. 15. D. didymophyllus. 16. D. propinquus. 17. D. leptopus. 18. D. Hystriz. 19. D. dissttophyllus. 20. D. longipes. 174 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Peduncle not ancipitious armed ... 21. D. geniculatus. Fruit turbinate --- se eae + 22. D. elongatus. Stems with thick collars at the internodes covered with black bristles. Male flowers in short spikes 1 crowded distichous soe wee aoe ... 23, D. periacanthus. Male flowers in long lax spikes ... 24. D. verticillaris. 1. D. ANGUSTIFOLIUS, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III. 329. Stem stout about 30 feet long -13inch through, greenish yellow covered with purple scurf, spines black crowded 2 inches long, those round the mouth an inch longer, sheath not swollen or wrinkled. Leaves 12-14 feet long, petiole yellowish with purple red scurf, back rounded, channelled above, armed with long black spines scattered over it especially on the edges, rachis green-purple scurfy with distant spines 4 inch long on the back ; leaflets very close narrow linear acuminate 13 inches long ? inch wide, dark or light green, bristles rather long on the two lateral nerves above and the edges, a few on the midrib and tip above, numerous and close beneath. Spadices bisexual peduncled. Outer spathe canoe-shaped 6 inches long, grey dotted with red, with numerous flat black spines with pale bases along the keels and in trans- verse rows, beak 4 inches long, 2nd spathe narrower with a few small black spines on the keels, beak 3 inches, inner spathes papery unarmed. Spadix dense 6 inches long. Flowers smaller than in D. grandis + inch long, one male and our female together, on each branchlet. Male, calyx very short cup-shaped ribbed brown. Petals three times as long, linear oblong brown ribbed. Stamens 6, filaments short with a broad fleshy base narrowed upwards, bases connate. Pistillode small. Female flower. Calyx as in male, petals shorter. Stamens (apparently fertile) 3. Filaments flatter and thinner, styles thick, fruit globose 3 inch long, scales about 8 rows, light chestnut with silvery edges, apex blunt dark brown, grooved $ inch across. Seed flattened black, albumen densely ruminate. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. III. 89. Hook. fil. le. 464. D. Sepal Bece. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 465. Calamus augustifolius Griff. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 89. Palm. Brit. India 95. t. 213 A. B. Singapore: Garden Jungle (Ridley 5123); Malacca : (Griffith) ; Johor : Sungei Tebrau ; Selangor : Dusun Tua (Cantley) ; Negri Sembilan : Tampin Hill; Perak: (King’s Coll. 4133) Gunong Tambang (Scorte- chini); Penang: Balik Pulau (Ridley 7900). Endemic. Native name “ Rotan Minyak.” The types of Beceari’s D. Sepal are very poor specimens but are almost certainly this species. 92. D. CALICARPUS, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III. 326, t. 1766, VI. A tufted palm emitting no climbing stems. Leaves numerous crowded about 6 or 8 feet long sheath strongly armed with close set grey spines 14 inch long; petiole flattened with greyish spines 1 inch long or less, Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 175 solitary or tufted in twos and threes erect and spreading along the edge; rachis with few or no thorns, when present stout and short usually in pairs, leaflets linear acuminate; flagella from the tops of the shortened upper leaves and from lower leafless sheaths, slender 1% feet long with claws in twos and threes hooked or almost quite straight. Inflorescences several among the leaves on short stout flattened pedun- cles thorny above. Outer spathe boat-shaped beaked densely covered with bristle-like spines, reddish brown 6-7 inches long, beak flattened, inner sheath smooth long beaked. Male inflorescence 4 inches long compact, spathels short tomentose with an ovate acuminate limb, spathellules cup-shaped with an ovate limb. Flowers on sinuous spikes, ¢ inch long, calyx tubular ribbed obscurely 3 lobed, eventually breaking up into yellow fibres. Corolla twice as long, lobes oblong obtuse ; anthers very short oblong bright yellow. Female inflorescence with stouter branches and larger flowers. Fruit oblong globose 4 inch long yellow scales longer than broad grooved edged with dark brown almost cordate in shape. Seed globose $ inch long pitted. Mig. FI. Ind. Bat. III. 87. Walp Ann. III. 457, V. 857. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 466. D. tabacinus Becc. Fl. Brit. Ind. l.c.c. D. petiolaris Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. IIT. 326. Mig. l.c.c. Calamus calicarpus Griff. Célew Journ. Nat: wblist. Vo 22:.— Palm. Brit; Ind.99)-6.. 315A. .¢. petiolaris Cale. Journ. l.c. 93. Palm. Brit. Ind. 101, 216, f, VII. Johore: Bukit Soga, Batu Pahat (Ridley 11205); Malacca : (Grif- fith) Bukit Sadanen (R. Derry), Chenana Putih (Cantley’s coll.) ; Selang- or: Dusun Tua (Ridley 7878): Dindings: Pangkor (7897); Perak : (Scortechini) Larut, (Kunstler 2537), Gunong Keledang (Curtis 3357), Bujong Malacca (Curtis 3160). Native name “ Chuchor Minyak.” “Rotan Kusom.” The leaves are used for making ataps. 3. D. MICROTHAMNUS, Becce. Rec. Bot. Survey Ind. II. 221. A small tufted erect palm, stems less than $ inch through, sheaths short reddish fuscous mealy, spines few very slender scattered, mouth bare, exactly and horizontally truncate. Leaves about 6 feet long; petiole short unarmed hardly swollen at the base; rachis abortively flagellate densely armed with stout half conic nearly horizontal thorns ; leaflets 18-20 equidistant linear very acuminate, 14 inch long, a few bristles on the edge and keel, midrib beneath spineless. Female inflor- escences little shorter than the leaves, erect, on a short peduncle, ventricose fusiform, beak 4 length of body unarmed; outer spathe acutely two-keeled at the base only, with scattered filamentous acicu- lar spines. Fruit ovoid globose, apex conic acute *% inch long by 4 inch through ; scales cinnamon tip fuscous edge paler grooved. Perak, (Scortechini). 4, D. MONTICOLUS, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. TII. 328. t.173. Stems tufted like an Engezssona, climbing stems slender ¥ inch through, 15 feet long. Large leaves nearly as long, sheaths armed with flat thorns 176 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. + inch long, narrow acuminate black at the base, mouth of sheath with a broad thin margin ; petiole + length of the whole leaf, armed with few pale hooked thorns ; leaflets linear long acuminate 16 inches long, a little over 4 inch wide, bristles on the keels and margins below few, numerous on edges at the long slender setiform tip; rachis strongly keeled ; leaves on the flowering stems very much smaller about a foot long with very narrow leaflets, spathes 4 to 10 inches long; peduncle longer than limb, sometimes 4 inches long, outer spathe lanceolate nar- rowed at the base, armed with long very slender black spines, beak linear flat very long, longer than the body of the spathe, unarmed. - Inner spathes unarmed. Spadix short under three inches long, unisex- ual. Male flowers, bract and spathel ribbed. Calyx tubular shortly three lobed and ribbed. Petals curved twice as long. Female spadix as long. Fruit rather large globose $ inch through, scales orange yellow with a brown tip, edge scarious, grooved in centre, in 6 rows. Calamus monticolus Griff. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V.90. Palm Brit. Ind. 97, t. 214 A. B.C. eigaee Penang Hill (Ridley 7034, 7896). Distrib. Borneo. Beccari suggests that this is D. petiolaris Mart. Calamus petiol- aris Griff. but that is described as erect and I should be inclined to refer it to C. calicarpus. 5. D. LEWISIANUS, Mart. Hist. Nat..Palm. 327, t. 175, f£. IV. Stem stout about 20 feet long covered with long black spines. Leaf large, petiole over 7 inches long base swollen, strongly armed with long flat black spines especially on the edge and back; leaflets close equidis- tant narrow linear acuminate over a foot long $ inch wide, bristly on edge, tip and nerves especially beneath ; rachis hardly trigonous, with hooks in threes. Flagellum about four feet long, fairly stout, hooks solitary oras many as 6 together. Spadices unisexual, outer spathe over a foot long, 3 inches wide covered with spiny bristles slender and weak about an inch long, in series, beak 6 inches long, 2nd spathe less bristly and chiefly on keel and tip. Spadix about a foot long, branches rufous tomentose. Calyx tubular hardly lobed. Petals lanceolate not ribbed. Female spathe beak as long as the body, spadix 3 or more inches long. Fruit globose ? inch long yellow scales about 7 rows, edges paler, tip blunt, grooves shallow. Hook. fil. Brit. Ind. VI. 469. D. Kirtong Griff. Palm. Brit. Ind. 102 CCXVIB. D. malaccensis Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. IIT. 327. Calamus Lewisianus Gritf. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 87, Palm Brit. Ind. 94, Pl. 212 A. C.acanthopis Griff. l.c. p. 102, t. 2170. Johore: Bukit Soga, Batu Pahat (Ridley 11025) ; Penang: (Lewis) Moniot’s Road (Ridley 9466), Waterfall (11461); Province Wellesley : Bukit Juru (Ridley 7100). Endemic, very distinct in its almost bristly spines. I think Griffith’s C. acanthopis is this plant. 6. D. ACICULATUS, n. sp. Leaves 4-6 feet long, petiole 6 inches long thickly sprinkled with short sharp spines on all sides; leaflets Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 177 narrow linear acuminate close equidistant alternate and sub-opposite 8- 10 inches low, # inch wide, margins and 3 nerves and tip bristly with rather long pale bristles. Spathe thin fusiform tapering at the base into a long 4 inches peduncle, thickly armed pale flat narrow spines, body of spathe thickly armed with very narrow spines flat and greenish 4 to 14 inch long solitary and in rows, limb of spathe 8 inches long 1} inch wide, ending in a nude point 3 inches long, inner spathes papery unarmed. Male panicle 6 inches long dense, bianches flexuous hairy. Bracts orbicular cuspidate ribbed. Calyx tubular cup-shaped with three distinct lobes, short, corolla twice as long, lobes oblong. Female spadix in fruit 6 inches long. Fruit obovoid shortly beaked ever an inch long yellowish brown. Scales in 8 rows edged with dark brown broader than long, subtriangular deeply grooved. Seed round very rugose and warted deeply pitted. Perak, Larut Hills to the top (Ridley). 7. D. GRANDIS, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III. 227, t. 173. An unisexual plant, stems several 15 to 30 feet long, 1 inch through covered with thorns in semicircles 2 inches long or less, bases green tips black. Leaves about 10 feet long, petiole about 4 feet long: leaf- lets alternate equidistant broadly linear acuminate glabrous or with a few short bristles on the upper midrib dark green (light pink when young), 24 inches long, 2 inches wide; rachis red when young; flagellum strong about 6 feet long. Spadices in the spathe narrow or swollen fusiform (very variable in size, 14 inches long or less. Outer spathe boat-shaped 14 inch wide brown with two keels, spines numerous irregular black flat narrow 14 inch long, beak narrow flat as long or longer than the body of the spathe, second spathe broader than the outer one with fewer spines chiefly on the keels, 3rd broad with spines along the midrib in the up- per part, upper spathes papery brown unarmed. Male spadix 6 inches long, branches 6 or 7, crowded about 3 inches long, spikes flexuous 4 inch long with 8 flowers or less, all covered with rusty brown mealy scurf. Spathels thin obliquely cup-shaped. Flowers distichous, + inch long fawn color ; calyx tubular obscurely toothed with branched hairs on the tooth, ribbed; corolla nearly twice as long tube very short, lobes oblong short. Stamens 6, filaments fleshy thick con- nate below acuminate upwards. Anthers linear dorsifixed lemon yel- low; pistillode abortive purple. Female spadix as large, branches thicker, Calyx as in male but more swollen corolla shorter. Stamens abortive. Stigmas stout papillose recurved. Fruit globose, not resin- ous, 4-inch through, scales broad yellow edged and tipped with brown, about ten rows. Seed, smooth elliptic flattened 4 inch across and 3 thick ; albumen deep-nitted. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. III. 88. Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 463. D. intermedius Mart. 1.c. 377, t. 175. Calamus grandis Griff. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 84. Palm. Brit. Ind. 91, t. 210. Singapore: Garden Jungle, Bukit Timah etc: Malacca (Griffith) ; Selangor: Batu Tiga (Ridley) ; Negri Sembilan: Bukit Sulu (Cantley’s B12 178 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. coll.) ; Province Wellesley : Bukit Juru (Ridley) ; Perak: (Seortechini) Gunong Malacca (King’s coll. 7135); Kedah: Gunong Jerai (Ridley). The commonest species in the south of the peninsula in woods. Native name, “ Rotan Sumang.’ It is not valued for any purpose. I am quite unable to distinguish D. intermedius Mart. Calamus inter- medius Griff. though Beccari keeps it separate and describes a variety D. intermedius var. nudinervis. Griffith, the original describer of it, was dubious as to its being distinct, and the two very slightly different forms pass readily into each other. Both grow side by side in the gradens and garden jungle, and as usual in this group there is a great variation in the size of spathe, dimensions of spines and bristleness of the leaves according to the age of the plant and its habitat. 8. D. CARCHARODON, n.sp. Unisexual, leaf large, petiole 8 inches long, somewhat swollen at the base armed with scattered flat grey thorns not very close at base, above with short flat broad spines ; rachis with strong claws in fours ; flagellum 3 feet long, claws in groups nearly encircling it, 7 or 8 in a group ; leaflets linear acuminate 10 inches long + inch wide close equidistant, bristly on all the ribs and tip. Spathe with a narrow peduncle 6 inches long, body swollen 7 inches long, beak 12 inches flat narrow, spines numerous flat grey broad, some very slender at base and apex, a few spines on the beak, 2nd spathe 6 inches long, beak 2-3 inches, spines few scattered on the back, upper spathes about 6, hardly or not beaked, unarmed. Male inflorescence short and dense. Calyx broad and short cup-shaped ribbed obscurely toothed. Corolla lobes hardly twice as long oblong obtuse ribbed. Female inflorescence, flowers larger more ribbed, corolla lobes shorter in proportion. Fruit globose, shining, sales shining cinnamon brown, much longer than broad, margins pale, apices deep brown blunt. Singapore: Chan Chu Kang (Ridley 4269, 6279), Chua Chu Kang, Bukit Timah, Selangor Batu Tiga (Ridley 11983). Native name Rotan S’pat. 9. D. HYGROPHILUS, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. ITI. 204, t. 177. 11. A tall stout rattan, stem 2 inches through. Leaves large, petiole very stout back rounded, upper face flat, covered at the base with numerous short flat + inch long triangular spines, numerous also on the edge and mixed with short thorns, mouth of sheath oblique, a slightly raised gibbous ridge at base of petiole, the whole sheath dark coloured covered with short triangular flat spines erect or appressed to the stem in undulating rows; rachis very stout armed with recurved thorns along the edge in pairs; leaflets linear acuminate alternate or subopposite 12 inches long 4 inch wide, narrowed at the base, bristles short scanty on the nerves of the back; flagellum stout long with almost complete whorls of strong hooks. Spathe and spadix 18 inches long fusiform gradually narrowed at both ends. Outer spathe densely covered with flat thin spines, pale at the base grey at the tip, 4 inch long arranged Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 179 in short bars and mostly connate at the base, beak nude except at the base with a pair of ridges continued from the body. Spadix male large, branches red scurfy, spathels small cup-shaped, calyx tubular shortly lobed strongly ribbed, petals longer oblong anthers linear. Miq. FI. Ind. ITI. 901. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 464. Calamus hygrophilus Griff. Palm. Brit. Ind. 96, t. 213 C. Malacca : (Griffith) Bukit Sadanen (R. Derry); Selangor: Batang Berjuntai (Ridley 7880) Petaling. Native names “ Rotan Ayer,” “ Rotan Chichi Landak.”’ 10. D. CALOSPATHA, n. sp. Leaf large, rachis stout elliptic in section ribbed with a few strong ribs, hooks recurved stout solitary on the back rib, some large, others small; leaflets lanceolate acuminate 12 inches long # inch wide equidistant with a very few scattered bristles. Spadix with a flat peduncle 9 inches long armed with broad dagger- shaped spines = inch long pale, in series. Female spathes about 8 thin, the outer one 8 inches long an inch across, not completely covering the others, thin oblong, apex broad ending suddenly in a long beak; spines not numerous pale straight narrow bases thickened + inch long, on the keels and beak, the upper spathes with few short spines on the keels, but many on the beak. Spadix unisexual short with short branches flowers short and thick. Calyx circular cup-shaped entire. Corolla lobes lanceolate acute twice as long. ‘Stylearms very long and _ thick. Fruit large $ inch through globose slightly flattened at the tip, not beaked scales numerous broader than long about 10 rows, orange with a brown edge. Seed, with 3 inner faces angled and back rounded. Perak: Gunong Keledang (Ridley) (Scortechini). 11. D. conGESTA, Ridl. Stem very stout 14 inch through yellow. Leaves very long, petiole stout gibbous at base armed with strong flat scattered spines on the back and edge, rachis elliptic in section below subquadrate above armed with distant short pairs of hooks stout black tipped ; leaflets distant alternate 18 inches long 14 inch wide linear acu- minate with a few very short bristles towards the tip; flagellum long strongly and closely armed with semicircular clusters of strong black- tipped hooks. Spathes not seen; spadix very short about 2 inches long very densely compact, spathels very short imbricating bract-like saucer-shaped. Fruit unripe cylindric dark brown seales elevated deeply grooved margins scarious. Singapore, at Stagmount, (Ridley). A single plant in young fruit. Very striking from the very yellow stem, and the densely crowded spadix with a mass of fruit. 12. D. IMBELLIS, Becc. Records Bot. Survey India II. p. 220. Stem unknown, leaves not flagelliferous, rachis back rounded above acutely two sided unarmed, leaflets numerous equidistant narrowly ensiform largest 14-16 inches long 4 inch wide, very acuminate, bristly on the three acute and two secondary nerves above and only on the 180 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. midrib beneath, margins adpressed bristly. Spathes and flowers not described. Fruiting spadix pendulous laxly branched with a long peduncle 3 inches long, shortly and sharply spiny. Fruit rather large exactly ovoid abruptly mucronate about 1% inch long, scales shining cinnamon-colour edged fuscous deeply grooved, seed globose. Allied to D. sepal Bece. Perak, (Scortechini) not seen. 13. D. PSEUDO-SEPAL, Bece. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 465. Stem 12-15 feet nearly ? inchin diameter, leaves 3-4 feet long, leaflets not numer- ous inaequidistant dark green very long and narrow, %-% inch wide setiferous on the three nerves above and median beneath, petiole with very short spines except at the base where longer and more slender ; sheath with very long elastic flat seriate spines, mouth nearly naked. Female spadix short. Fruit globose with a short broad mucro % inch in diameter pedicelled dirty yellow, scales few channelled margins nar- rowly scarious, tips discoloured, fruiting calyx not pedicelliform. Perak at 300 feet (King 7975). (Scortechini) not seen. § 2. PIPTOSPATHAE. A. RESINIFERAE. 14. D. MICRACANTHUS, Bece. Fl. Ind. VI. 467. A tall rattan, stem unarmed except for short transverse raised ridges with an occasion- al short thorn from the centre of the ridge, about 50 feet long 4 inch through. Leaf 4 feet or more long ; petiole broad 6-10 inches long flat- tened margined with short pale thorns, base scabrid, sheathing portion 2 inches long rough and gibbous at base; leaflets narrow linear 1 foot long + inch wide alternate, acuminate to a long point with few bristles except at the tip; rachis triangular with few distant hooks; flagellum, long strongly armed. Spathes linear oblong, outer one armed with transverse crests of flat spines, + inch long grey. Spadix short under 6 inches, peduncle 3 inches or more long, the lower half armed with short conic black-tipped spines with a thickened base, branches of spadix short thick angular. Bracts very small ovate obtuse. Calyx saucer-shaped nearly flat with very short rounded lobes. Petals lanceolate ribbed about 4 timesas long. Fruit oblong globose + inch through, shortly beaked rhomboid rather broader than long brownish yellow, grooved down the centre very strongly resinous. Seed suborbicular flattened, albumen much pitted. Calamus micracanthus Griff. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 62. Palm Brit. Ind. 92, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm III. 339. Singapore : Bukit Timah (Ridley); Johore Lama : (Ridley 10952) ; Negri Sembilan: Kwala Pilah on Bukit Senaling. (S. Moorhouse) “ Rotan ’’ Jerenang. 15. D. DIDYMOPHYLLUS, Becc. Fl. Brit. Ind. le. 468. Stem about 12 fect long, one inch through, Leaflets green with large and small flat dagger-shaped spines green to olive-colored, an inch long or less, mouth of sheath not wrinkled or dilated; petiole 8inches long Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 181 flattened armed with long needle-shaped spines brown with yellow bases, scattered on the edge and on the back, and with wart-like small thorns with yellow bases, leaflets about 20 in alternate pairs, the upper one of each pair being the largest, terminal ones solitary, dark dull green oblong linear acuminate, glabrous 6-12 inches long, one inch wide ; rachis rather slender laterally flattened dark green subtrigonous, claws in groups of 4; flagellum 18-30 inches long, with hooks in groups of 6 numerous. Spadix with a flattened peduncle with slender acute spines on the edge, at first cylindrical. Spathes 6, not overlapping, tubular, lowest 7 inches long, 3-2 inch wide with short flat irregular processes in lines, lower ones thorn-shaped; 2nd spathe as long one inch wide thin leathery with afew crests on the upper end, upper spathes subcoriaceous not thorny. Spathels short acute. Male spadix long slender 14 inches long; spikes panicled slender zig-zag, spathel- lules very small ovate acute. Flowers opposite 4 inch long, calyx broad cup-shaped with short teeth, corolla lobes narrow oblong. Female 8 inches long, branches thick erect, spathels $ inch long or less, limb short acuminate margins papery, spathelluies short acute. Calyx lobes broadly ovate, corolla lobes much longer lanceate from a broad base 4 inch long, stigmas long recurved. Fruit oblong + inch long shortly beaked deep brown scales little broader than long grooved with much red resin. Seed globose, warty pitted. Singapore : common in forest, Bukit Timah, (Ridley 5785), Selitar (3470), Changi (6672, 6273); Johore: Tanjong Kupang (Ridley 6285), Jaffaria (King and Hullett), Batu Pahat, (Ridley); Perak : Larut Hills (King’s coll. 2598, 6313); Penang Hill: (Ridley 10345). Native Names, * Rotan Getah;” ‘‘ Rotan Hudang,” “ Rotan Butong.” Dis- trib. Borneo. Dr. Beccari names a plant collected by me at Selitar (No. 6277) D. cochleatus, Teysm. and Binn. Cat. Hort. Bogor. p. 381. Calamus cochleatus Miq. de Palmis Arch. Ind. p. 29. This species seems not to have been described but the specimen so identified is merely a variety with very short spathes and spadices. 16. D. PROPINQUUS, Bece. FI. Brit. Ind. VI. 467. Stem stout nearly 2 inches through densely thorny with dark flat thorn 1 inch long, in series. Leaf long, petiole an inch through; rachis subtrigonous back flat armed with hooks single or three together ; leaflets subaequi- distant rather remote in opposite or subopposite pairs, one to two feet long 14 to wide linear lanceolate acuminate with bristles on the back nerves and tip. Male spadix very long cylindric 18 inches long with a broad flat peduncle, spines irregular 4 inch long or less, lower spathe broad boat-shaped elliptic thick 24-inch long with long and short spines on the back and ribs, 2nd and 8rd spathe similar but longer with spines on the midrib only, the remaining ones cylindric tubular notched on one side 4 inches long or less, # inch through unarmed. Spadix dense and close over a foot long, branches numerous slender strict. Spathels with a broad ovate limb. Calyx very short cup-shaped. Corolla lobes 182 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. linear oblong 4 times aslong. Female spadix. Fruit pedicelled elliptic ? inch long. scales rounded convex channelled as long as broad yellow densely coated with red resin. Seed oblong pitted., Calamus Draco Griff. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 65. Palms Brit. Ind. 75, t. 201 A.B. Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm ITI. 175. fig. 10, 3-8. Singapore: Selitar, Bukit Timah (Ridley); Malacca: (Griffith) ; Selangor: Kwala Lumpor, (Ridley); Negri Sembilan: native collector Kemaman (Vaughan-Stevens); Perak: (Wray 3658) ; Penang: (Grif- fith). Native name “ Rotan Jerevang.”’ One of the most important sources of Dragon’s blood in the Peninsula. The fruits are dried, and then shaken in a small hanging basket with cockle shells. The resin thus beaten off falls through the meshes of the basket and is collected on a cloth damped in hot water and squeezed into a block. B. NON-RESINIFERAE. 17. D. LEPTOPUS, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm III. 206, 329. Stem very stout 14 inch through, rattan ? inch through, internodes short with scattered groups of dagger-like spines flat and whitish solitary or in twos and threes on an elevated base. Leaves large, petiole swollen at base nearly one inch wide, back rounded, above flat or slightly depressed, spines on the back stout 4 inch or less long fewer and smaller on the edge ; rachis stout slightly flattened, hooks in groups of threes; leaflets linear acuminate 12 inches long ? inch wide equidistant with few or no bristles, or some on the nerves beneath, flagellum long, thorns 6 in a clump. Inflorescence 18 inches long on a stout peduncle armed with long slender straight thorns. Spathes large leathery, lowest boat-shaped 8 inches long, stiff 2 inches wide, with a few thorns on the lower part of two low ridges, thorns long, straight slender and pale, 2nd spathe 9 inches long smooth narrower. Branches few crowded rusty, spikes numerous short and thick. Spathels 4-angled brown, mouth scarious ; spathellules funnel-shaped with a point. Calyx broad, lobes ovate acute ribbed, deeply separate. Corolla more than twice as long lobes broad- ly lanceolate subobtuse ribbed. Anthers linear base bifurcate. Female flowers 4 inch long secund crowded. Calyx short deeply 3 lobed, ribbed. Petals acute twice as long, stamincdes in a corona fleshy, with 6 points. Fruit globose dark brown, scales convex channelled edges dark brown seed. Walp. Ann. IIT. 479. V. 818. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 468. Calamus leptopus Griff. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 78. Palm. Brit. Ind. 87, 6. 205 A.B. Singapore: Bukit Mandai (Ridley 1670, 3497), Kvanji, etc. ; Johore: Sungei Tebrau (Ridley 11519); Malacca: (Griffith) Sungei Hudang, Bukit Kandong ; Selangor: Langkat (Ridley) ;. Perak: Goping, (King’s coll, 5919). Forests ‘ Rotan Bakau ;” ““ Rotan Muruseh.”’ 18. D. HYSTRIX, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm III. 205, t. 176, fig. 4. Stem about 30 feet long $ inch through, rattan }inch through. Leaves 7 feet long, petiole } of the length of leaf, spines flat reddish about Materials for a Flora.of the Malayan Peninsula. 183 one inch long below shorter above ; sheath with long flat deflexed spines below and very long crowded erect ones at the mouth; rachis glaucous when young, claws three in a clump brown, leaflets equidistant linear close, dark green 12 inches long 4 inch wide, bristly on both sides, long- est bristles beneath ; flagellum 14 feet long. Inflorescence 2 feet long, lowest spathe short woody 6 inches long with long flat spines at the mouth, and shorter ones below, upper ones 5 to 7, broad coriaceous with a few spines on the midrib or unarmed. Male panicle with about 5 stout branches spathels smooth with a short free limb. Spathellules similar but smaller. Spikes flexuous red-mealy, flowers small. Calyx short cup-shaped rounded. Corolla tube broad and rounded strongly ribbed, lobes short lanceate ribbed. Anthers linear with diverging bases. Female spadix stout scurfy 18-20 inches long branches appressed. Calyx short cup-shaped with short points. Petals dilate at base ribbed above, lobes lanceate acute smooth. Stigmastout. Fruit oblong yellow shining pedicelled # inch long, scales broader than long, channelled edge scarious not resinous. Seed oblong % inch long, albumen ruminate pitted. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. III. 91. . Walp. Ann. IIT. 477. V. 328. Hook. fil, Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. _D. hirsutus Bl. Rumphia III. 21° t. 1385. Mig. Fl. Sum. 593. D. oblongus Bl. Rumphia l.c. 140, 141,142. D. Calamus hystrix Griff. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 71. Palm. Brit. Ind. 80, 204. C. hirsutus Miq. Verh. Kon. Akad. Wetensch. XI. 28. Singapore: Common, Garden Jungle, Bukit Timah ete. (Ridley 3481, 3483, 3484, 3485); Johore: Sungei Tebrau (Ridley 11514) ; Malacca: Chenana Putih, (Cantley’s coll.), Ayer Panas (Maingay) Grif- fith ; Perak : Goping, (King’s coll. 4774) Larut (5142) ; Kwala Lipis (Ma- chado 11612) ; Dindings : Lumut (Ridley 8404); Penang Hill (Curtis) ; Selangor: Batu Tiga (Ridley) ; Pahang: Kwala Lipis (Machado). Na- tive name © Rotan Sabut.”’ The rattans are used in rigging for boats. “Rotan Machap Merah.” var. minor Becce. FI. Brit. Ind. l.c. is a small- er state of the plant. 19. D. DISSITOPHYLLUS, Bece. Nelle. Foresti di Borneo p. 608. A stout very thorny rattan about 20 feet tall, sheath armed with strong yellow spines, very long at the mouth as in hystrix, lamina 6 to 8 feet long with a stout flagellum, rachis angled armed with very stout hooks; leaflets linear acuminate with a long point in alternate threes, 12 inches long 14 inch wide, sparingly setose on the margins except at the tip which has many black setae. Spadix with along rather narrow flatten- ed peduncle armed on the edge with short ¢-inch spines in pairs black- tipped. Spathes 6 or 7, cartilaginous brown lanceolate sheathing un- armed subacute, the lowest 6 inches long 4 inch wide. Male panicle about a foot long with few distant branches about 4 inches long. Flow- ers ¢ inch long alternate, bracts shorter than the pedicel. Pedicel nearly flat at the top quite round. Calyx cup-shaped with short traces of points. Corolla twiceas long oblong linear. Stamens narrow linear. 184 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Female flowers rather larger. Fruit globose 4 inch long, scales yellow as broad as long edged brown grooved. Albumen ruminate. Singapore: Bukit Timah (Ridley 10408, 10814, 9205). Jurong (10813) ; Johore: Gunong Panti, Batu Pahat (11207); Perak: Bujong Malacea (Ridley). Distrib. Borneo. 20. D. LONGIPES, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm ITI. t. 176. fig. V. 2, 3. Stem 20-30 feet long, very stout, leaves 12 feet long, sheath with very long stout spines, crowded at the mouth 5 inches long, with a number of black bristles, petiole stout back rounded with very long, flat acumi- nate greenish spines 14-4 inches long solitary or few together; rachis triangular ; flagellum 5 feet long, hooks 3 to 5 in a clump; leaflets equi- distant or inaequidistant linear to linear lanceolate 14 inches long 1 inch wide bristly on the back, tip and edges. Inflorescence with a flat- tened two-edged unarmed peduncle over a foot long, branches numerous branchlets slender dense, spikes flexuous. Spathes tubular, cylindric, spathels smooth mouth with a simple ring, spathellules saucer-shaped limbs spreading. Flowerssmall. Male flowers. Calyx tubular ribbed. Corolla lobes smooth blunt. Females branches wide spreading, calyx tubular ribbed shortly 3 lobed. Corolla not much larger. Fruit ellipsoid oblong mammillate $ inch long, yellowish, scales a little longer than broad, in 14 rows channelled. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. III.93. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 471. D.strictus, Bl. Rumphia IIT. 19,163 A. B. Mart. l.e. 326. Calamus longipes, Griff. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V.68. Palms Brit. Ind. 178, t. 203 A. B. C. strictus, Miq. Palm. Arch. Ind. 28. Singapore: Chan Chu Kang (Ridley 3490, 6299), Changi (3496), Bukit Timah (6902) ; Johore: Tanjong Kopang (Ridley 6284), Sungei Tebrau, Muar, (Feilding) ; Malacea: (Griffith), Selandau (Ridley 10794); Penang: (Fox). Native names, ‘‘Rotan Machap,” “ Rotan Chochor,” ‘“ Rotan Sepah.”’ 21. D. GENICULATUS, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm III. 329. Stem 20 feet long an inch or more through densely thorny. Spines mostly fine, flat and pale, some slender and longer, those round the mouth of the sheath very long, erect 2 inches. Leaves large 12 feet long, petiole stout 2 feet long an inch across, back rounded spines in short rows on the back usually one long several smaller, greenish flattened; rachis stout with short black tipped hooks 4 or 5 in a clump; flagellum 6 feet stout with powerful claws in clumps; leaflets linear, lanceolate equidistant, sub- opposite 14 inches long 14 inch wide. Female spadix stout 18 inches long, compact, branches stout, spathes papery 18 inches long smooth, keeled, acuminate, branches 6 inches long, spikes undulate stout, spathels mealy bracts ovate orbicular. Calyx cup-shaped _ ribbed. Petals about twice as long. Fruit globose ? inch long, scales yellowish browr longer than broad, channelled, edge darker. Seed globose pitted. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. III. 39. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 470 (partly). Calamis geniculatus, Griff. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 67. Palm. Brit. Ind. 77, t. 202 A. B. Mig. Palm Arch. Ind. 28, Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 185 Singapore: N. Selitar, Bukit Timah (Ridley) ; Muar: (Fox 11297); Selangor: Ginting Bidai (Ridley 7092 Pahang Track; Perak: Goping (Kunstler 576); Larut Hills: (Ridley, King’s Coll. 2735); Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9811); Penang: (Lewis); Kedah: Gunong Jerai (Rid- ley). Endemic. Native names, Rotan §’grah,’’ “ Rotan Dadok.” 22. D. ELONGATUS, Bl. Rumphia IIT. p. 16. Leaf large about 4 feet long, rachis trigonous hooks solitary or in pairs ; petiole with strong scattered flat pale spines along the edges and recurved ones on the back ; leaflets linear acuminate 12 inches long # inch across equidis- tant setulose on nerves and tip. Flagellum slender 2 feet long, hooks small in clumps of 5 and 6. Peduncle about 6 inches long and very stout armed with slender acute spines on the edge, some nearly $ an inch long surrounded with shorter ones in circles. Lower spathe persis- tent coriaceous oblanceolate 4 inches long, the back armed with slender spines like those on the peduncle. Upper sheaths thinner, spiny. Male spadix not seen. Female spadix stout a foot or more long, branch- es few and stout, branchlets angled scurfy. Spathellules tubular with a saucer-shaped top acute. Flowers distinctly pedicelled, pedicel thick. Calyx cup-shaped, ribbed. Corolla lobes more than twice as long, lanceate. Styles stout. Fruit inch long, turbinate, scales rhom- boid, as broad as long in about 10 rows, cinnamon-brown with paler edges. Seed flattened sub-globose with deep rumination pits. D. Kunst- ler?, Bece. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 469. Singapore: Chan Chu Kang, North Selitar, ete. (Ridley 1667); Pahang: Kwala Tebrau (Ridley); Selangor: Bukit Kutu (Ridley); Perak: Ulu Bubong (King’s Coll. 10204), (Scortechini 652), Thaiping Hills (Ridley) ; Penang Hill: (Curtis 2150, Ridley 10348) ; Balik Pulau (Ridley 7905); Kedah : Gunong Jerai (Ridley). Distrib. Borneo. Near D. hystrix but with quite differert fruit and a peculiar thorny peduncle. Identified by Dr. Beccari. 93. D. PERIACANTHUS, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. III. 593. Stem about 40 feet long, 1 inch through covered with raised rings in pairs of bris- tles and long thorns, the upper ring deflexed, the lower one erect. Leaf about 5 feet or more long, flagelliferous, petiole over a foot long armed with long erect thorns 3 inches long, pale arranged in half whorls and with half whorls of black bristles ; rachis armed with distant groups of hooks; flagellum rather slender, leaflets rather unequally distant linear broad 12 inches long # inch wide, bristly on back, edges and tips. Male spadix over 2 feet long, peduncle rather slender, 18 inches with tufts of bristly spines along the edge. Spathes several thinly coriace- ous, the lowest 18 inches or less long 1 inch wide, covered with long brown or black bristles in tufts, lanceolate, the upper ones thin, smooth unarmed. Branches of spadix crowded rather thick numerous. Spa- thels tubular scurfy. Spikes alternate 1 inch long. Flowers closely distichous. Spathellules flat, saucer-shaped. Bracts cup-shaped, rib- 186 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. bed. Calyx tubular, ribbed entire. Petals twice as long, oblong, blunt. Stamens 6, filiform, purple. Pistillode of 3 purple arms. Female spa- dix stouter and hardly as long, flowers distant. Spathels longer. Calyx lobes distinct ovate. Fruit globose pedicelled 4 inch long mammillate yellow, scales broader than long. Edge scarious with an inner dark brown line. Seed. D. verticillaris, Mart. Hist. Palm ].c. (partly) Bece. Fi. Brit. Ind. (partly). Singapore: near Kranji, Chan Chu Kang (Ridley 3493) ; Johore : Sungei Tebrau, (Ridley); Malacca: Bukit Sadanen (Derry), Mt. Ophir (Ridley); Pahang : Kwala Lipis (Machado 11632), Tahan river (Ridley) ; Perak : Thaiping Hills (Ridley 11409) ; Assam Kumbang (Wray 1922) ; Bujong Malacca : (Ridley 9813). Native name “ Rotan Gulang.” Dis- trib. Sumatra. 94. D. VERTICILLARIS, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm III. 329, t. 175 (in part). Stems 50 to 60 feet long an inchthrough densely covered with raised rings of flat grey spines, in pairs, one ring of spines point- ing upwards and one downwards, mixed with black bristles. Leaf 4 feet or more long terminated by a long rather slender flagellum with distant half whorls of hooks; petiole over a foot long strongly armed with long flat pale spines in half whorls, 1-14 inch long spines at mouth of sheath 4 inches long; leaflets equidistant 1 inch apart, broadly linear acuminate 12 inches long by 1 inch wide, midrib and two nerves prominent, bristly on nerves and point. Male spadix over 2 feet long, pe- duncle long flattened, armed with short, black bristles in tufts along the edge. Spathes 5 or 6, lower one 7-15 inches long, 1} inch across linear acuminate, covered with black bristles in rows, upper spathes thin lan- ceolate, subacute, shorter, nearly unarmed, with a few tufts of bristles. Branches of spadix sub-terete eventually spreading ; 2-4 inches long. Spathels tubular or long cup-shaped with a short point ribbed as long as the flower. Flowers alternate single or in pairs, sub-distichous or spiral. Bract cup-shaped deep. Calyx ribbed tubular, very shortly 3 lobed. Corolla lobes twice as long; oblong obtuse. Stamens 6, fila- ments filiform, red, connate at base. Pistillode short red. Female spadix wide spreading over 2 feet long, much branched. Spikes thicker than in males, flowers rather distant. Fruit globose, dark red, $ inch long, scales in about 7 rows exactly rhomboid, grooved, slightly resin- ous. Seed globose ruminate. Miq. Fl. Ind. III. 99. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 470, (partly). Calamus verticillaris, Griff. Cale. Journ, Nat. Hist. V. 63. Palm. Brit. Ind. 73 to 200. Johore: Tebing Tinggi (Ridley 11202), Panchur (10953) ; Malacea : (Griffith) Ayer Panas (Ridley 1580), Selandau (10795) ; Pahang : Kwala Lipis (Machado); Negri Sembilan : (Hale), Seremban (Moorhouse). Native name, ‘ Rotan Chinchin.” Rattans used for rigging. Dist. Borneo, Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 187 This has been confused by Martius and Hooker with D. periacan- thus especially in the matter of the male flowers, those of the latter being described as those of this species: (Fl. Brit. Ind.) The spathes of both are very similar. INDETERMINABLE. D. VAGANS, Bece. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 469. D. SABUT, Becc. l.c. D. OLIGOPHYLLUS, Bece. |.c. 470. D. MACROPHYLUUS, Bece. |.c.c. All descriptions of scraps of leaves, from King’s and Scortechini’s collections. 21. CERATOLOBUS, BI. Scandant unisexual palms. Leaves flagelliferous, leaflets distant lanceolate to cuneate. Spathe solitary, persistent, thin boat-shaped beaked, somewhat flattened, unarmed splitting on the ventral face. Spadix short laxly branched, spathels tubular. Bracts ovate. Male flowers smaller than female, calyx very short 3 lobed, petals free to the base short oblong obtuse. Stamens 6 adnate to petals at base. Pistil- lode minute. Female spadix shorter, calyx distinctly tubular. Petals larger and more acute. Fruit one-celled, one-seeded, scales few, seed globose or flattened, testa fleshy, albumen deeply pitted or ruminate. Species 5 or 6, Malay Peninsula and Islands. Very large plant, leaflets few, cuneate rhom- boid. Mee vee oa te .. 1. C. Kingtanus. Slender plants leaves narrow lanceolate. Leaves in clusters or opposite. ... .. 2. C. Laevigatus. 1. C. KINGIANUS, Bece. Fl. Brit. Ind. l.c. 477. Stem 25 to 50 feet long, 14 inch through, leaves 3-4 feet long, sheaths unarmed trans- versely rugose, mealy white, petiole 6-8 inches long, base gibbous, spiny with short conic spines in groups. Leaflets few, cuneately rhom- boid or trapezoid plicate acuminate lobed and toothed, white beneath, 6 to 9 inches long, 3 to 4 finches wide. Inflorescence sessile, 8 to 10 inches long, erect narrow, branches short, glabrous. Spathe 8 to 12 inches long, elongate, oblong, thinly coriaceous. Male flowers 7s inch long, glabrous. Calyx cupular, minute ; petals narrow, three times as long. Fruit elliptic or spherical shortly beaked with petals broadly ovate, 3 to ¢ inch through, scales longer than broad, mahogany brown with darker tips, hardly channelled. Seed nearly smooth. Perak : (Hullett, King’s Coll. 2547, 2856, 5589), (Wray 2869). Endemic. 2. C. LAEVIGATUS, Becc. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 477. Stems short, about 8 or 9 feet tall ¢ inch through, brown when dry, spines strong, flat, scattered single or paired, decurved pale. Leaves about 2 feet long 188 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. (18 to 30 feet, Beccari), petiole very short, with a stout swollen collar on the sheath ; rachis armed with strong hooks; leaflets linear lanceo- late, rather abruptly acuminate 7 inches long, 4 inch wide with a few bristles on the edges and tip, in distant fascicles of 5 or 6 or pairs. In- florescence very short 3 to 8 inches long. Spathes fusiform, beaked 6 to 8 inches long, not caducous, almost unarmed except for a few spines on the peduncle. Branches slender, spathels tubular with a short limb, spathellules ovate, ribbed. Male spadix flowers small, subglobose. Calyx short deeply 3 lobed. Petals broad. Female spadix stouter. Calyx distinctly campanulate. Petals oblong, much longer. Fruit pedicelled, ovate spherical, beaked, chestnut red $ inch long, scales rhombic, hardly grooved rather large about 8 rows. Seeds bun-shaped, flat beneath rounded above # inch long, albumen deeply pitted. Cala- mus Laevigatus. Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III. 339. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. III. 129. Calamus, sp. Griff. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 72. Palm. Brit. Ind. 72. Selangor : Semangkok Pass (Ridley 12120), (King’s Coll. 575, 971); Perak : Goping (Kunstler 96), Bujong Malacea (Curtis, Ridley 9812), Gunong Keledang (Ridley 9808), Kamuning (Machado); Dindings: Lumut (Ridley, 7904, 10240, 3489). Endemic. In hill woods. Bec- cari gives the length of stem 15 to 20 feet, and leaves 18 to 30 feet. I neyer have seen it as big as this. 22. CALAMUS, Linn. Climbing or rarely non-scandent palms, strongly armed with thorns or spines: unisexual with pinnate leaves ending in a bare portion armed with hooks (flagellum) or not. If not, with long slender flagella from the leaf sheath, armed with hooks and having one or more close fitting sheaths, (Inflorescence flagella). Inflorescence usually branched, long, pendulous, axillary with tubular sheaths with or without a limb, often armed (spathes), the branches with similar but smaller sheaths, (spa- thels). The flower spikes with small sessile distichous flowers each with a small sheath, (spathellule) and an ovate bract. Calyx tubular, 3-lobed. Corolla little longer, stamens 6 connate at the base. Female flowers usually larger, ovary scaly. Stigmas 3 recurved, ovules basilar erect. Fruit globose or ellipsoid, turbinate or oblong, drupaceous covered with appressed scales testa pulpy, seed globose, oblong or hemispheric. Embryo ventral or basal, albumen pitted, ruminate or equ- able. Species about 200 chiefly Malayan, also African, Indian, Siamese, Chinese to Formosa, Australian. The Calami are much less known than the plants of the genus Daemonorops on account of their rattans being so much valued that they are always liable to be cut before the plants flowers, so that in forests easily accessible it is seldom that one can find flowers and fruit. Nor do all the stems even when full grown produce flowers, so that one may find many plants of a species and never one in flower. Thus Calamus insignis is very widely scattered Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 189 and abundant all over the peninsula, yet male flowers are unknown and females and fruit hardly ever seen. It is one of the most valued of rattans, which is perhaps one of the reasons of the scarcity of its flowers and fruit. A number of species have been very inadequately described, often from mere scraps, as collectors find these plants too bulky for ordinary collecting and often bring back from the forests a fragment of a leaf and portion of inflorescence only. Good characters are to be obtained usually from the leaf sheaths but these are rarely collected. I have utilized the presence or absence of the inflorescences flagellum as a grouping character, and it is probably one of the best, but unfortunately specimens do not always show whether the leaves are flagelliferous, or whether there are independent flagella, which as they usually bear dis- tinct remains of spathes, are undoubtedly abortive inflorescence. In the species with flagelliferous leaves, z.e. the rachis prolonged and not provided with leaflets, it is only the leaves of the climbing stem, and often only the upper ones which are flagelliferous, and collectors are very apt to bring in only portions of leaves or leaves without flagella, as being more easily handled, so that in some cases itis yet doubtful as to whether the species has leaf-flagella or not. § 1. MISCHANTHECTAE. With inflorescence flagella, leaves not flagelliferous. Leaflets few lanceolate, broad and distant, stems slender. No distinct petiole, lowest pair of leaflets depressed round the stem vee ~» 1. G. pencillatus. Lowest pair of leaflets not deflexed, \enfiats small, spadix short, little branched ... 2. C. penangensis. Leaflets 4, large, spadix long and slender, leaflets lanceolate base acuminate .. 38. C, filipendulus. Leaflets elliptic, shortly narrowed at base spadix elongate ... 23 ne 4 C. insignis. Spadix short compact ... eile - 8,0. subspathulatus Leaflets large, rhomboid ant white beneath.. af: ose . 6. ©. rhomboideus. Leaflets incest ane very numerous stem very stout,spadix very longslender 7. C. scipionwm. Spadix long, stout ve ar as sees -B OS OTrna tus Leaflets linear numerous. Spadix long, pendent ; spathes with a short limb; spadix simple with stout recurved spikes, with close-set distichous flowers, spathels unarmed, spikes rather slender, short ... 9. C. densiforus. Spathels thorny, spikes broad and large ... 10. C. Ridleyanus. Spathels rugose scabrid, spikes larger -» 11. C. radulosus. 190 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Spadix panicled much branched in male, spikes slender. Flowers small distant. Stem slender, transversely wrinkled ... Stem armed with close strong thorns ... Spadix very long, much branched, male flowers crowded, distichous pale. Leaflets broad and strongly black setulose Leaflets narrow, not setulose on the backs, more slender plant Spathes with large thin papery ak Spadices long, diffuse pendulous, very stout climbers, fruit large. Stem very thorny Stem sparingly thorny, petiole poe at base Spadices erect, fruit piaennay peat dneiened rugose, plants hardly ae leaves 14 inch broad : “ : Leaves narrow ¢ inch aie paniel ones slender, one ee Panicle erect, stiff, Hite Re ae acicular cae Panicle slender, erect, fie pone modi Slender rattans with short inflorescence, branches scorpioid, male flowers long, seed elliptic, wrinkled. Panicles small, stem scabrid, thorns few, leaves setulose on sides both spathes almost unarmed Leaves setulose Reneete only, Spans armed . “ “ . Panicles diffuse, stem seule ise with lat acute thorns v Dwarf not scandent rei with shoes dense spadices of large flowers, fruit obovoid conic black. Leaves white beneath Leaves green on both sides § 2. PHYLLANTHECTAE. Leaves flagelliferous, no inflorescence- flagella. Slender rattans with few lanceolate distant leaflets. Leaflets white underneath, panicle large Leatlets green on both sides, panicle simple --. Large rattan with few broad distant 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Ly. 18. 25. 26. C. C. cn CS Q C, . conirostris. Q Cc . TUGOSUS. . luridus. . Diepenhorste. Singaporensts. . paspalanthus. antunescens. ramosissimus. : f . multiramea. : UC. perakensts, . lanata. . ciliarts. . extlis. Curtis. Lobbianus. . caestus. C’”, distichus. Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 191 leaflets panicle long... . 29. C. palustris. Slender rattans, leaflets linear numerous. Leaflets in fascicles, spadix simple, few-branch- ed erect ... ise w+ 30. C. brevispadiz. Spadix simple qaheanchod: eosding .. 3. C. elegans. Spadix long, much branched, wees 28 inch apart fruit oblong . 32. C. viridispinus. Spikes 14 inch apart fruit Hebaee .. 83. C, oxleyanus. Leaflets inaequidistant in pairs i) 34. C. longispatha. Leaflets equidistant close, leaflets lanceolate linear crowded ... an 85. C. pallidulus. Leaflets linear, spadix short, spikes Seorpinll 36. C. diffusus. Spadix extremely long, unarmed ... - 87. C. laxtssimus. Stout rattans with numerous leaflets, pani- cles large, seed hemispheric, rugose, albumin equable. Leaflets crowded narrow, stem densely armed with black thorns ise 38. C. aquatilis: Leaflets distant eee stem ee witht be thorns -:- 39. C. dumetorum. Inflorescence of fow Hee. edad: soilkes erect. Stemless bush ... ae ... 40. C. castaneus. Climbing palm fs vee : . 41. ©. turbinatus. 1. C. PENCILLATUS,* Roxb. Fl. Brit. Ind. III. 781. Stems slen- der, 20 to 60 feet long, $ inch through, covered with stout scattered thorns, flattened with thickened leaves. Leaves 1 to 14 feet long; petiole very short or none; rachis slender armed with numerous hooks, base of petiole not swollen ; leaflets 7 to 11 pairs distant sub-opposite, the two basal one deflexed and clasping the stem, the terminal pair connate at the base, bright shining green, lanceolate, elliptic or oblong, 6 inches long, and 1 to 1¢ inch .wide, strongly 3 nerved, tip bristly. Flagellum from below the leaf very slender and long. Male spadix, peduncle about 5 feet long, very slender, thorny, with several short sheaths, spathes dilated upwards armed with hooked thorns, mouths ciliate, spikes distant 4 to 8 on a branch 24 inches long distant. Flowers crowded alternate distichous, spathellules flat ribbed as long as the bracts,.calyx tubular, shortly trilobed. Corolla twice as long, lobes narrow. Female spadix stouter, flowers rather more distant. Fruit oblong + inch long, scales yellowish, broader than long, deeply grooved. C. Javensis, Bl. Rumphia II. Pl. 137, III. 62, pl. 153. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. le. 449. *The name is wiven as pencillatus in Clarke’s reprint but pencillatus where quoted in other works. I have not seen the original edition of Roxburgh’s Flora of British India. 192 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Singapore : Kranji, Bukit Timah (Ridley); Johor: Gunong Panti, (Ridley); Kwala Sembrong (Lake and Kelsall); Malacca: Bukit Sada- nen (Derry); Sungei Ujong: (Cantley) ; Pahang: Tahan Riyer, Tem- beling (Ridley) ; Kwala Lipis (Machado) Penang: (Roxburgh). Distri- bution Java and Borneo. Var. (a) purpurascens, stem short leaves purplish. Rachis crimson. This might be specifically distinguished. Chiefly in the hill districts. Selangor; Kwala Lumpur, (Curtis); Perak: Thaiping Hills, Kamun- ing (Machado); Gunong Batu Putih (Wray 981) and Relau Tujor (2606); Kelantan: Kwala Lebir (Dr. Gimlette). Distrib. Borneo. Var. (b) znermis. Stem almost unarmed; Malacca: Mt. Ophir (Ridley 10119, 3475); Negri Sembilan: Gunong Angsi. Var. (c) Penangianus, (Becc). Stem closely spiny, with rather broad spines. Penang: Mt. Elvira, Waterfall Hill. (Curtis). Distri- bution Java and Borneo. Native names, Rotan Lilin, Rotan Sindek, Rotan Sini. Roxburgh’s description gives the number of leaflets as “ thirty- four pairs,” which has puzzled most botanists. It is obviously a mis- take for 3 to 4 pairs, as can be seen by reference to his type in the British Museum, which is undoubtedly this common plant. Blume makes two varieties and Beccari 5 more and many more might be made, as the plant is very variable. The number of leaflets varies apparently with age of the plant, as well as with the locality. The Singapore form much resembles Blume’s var. tetrastichus. The most distinct varicty here is the pretty mountain form purpurascens. It is more compact with very reddish colored leaves, and a crimson rachis to the inflorescence. 2. C. PENANGENSIS, Ridl. Stem slender, as thick at top as a goose-quill, sheaths striate, armed with scattered short thorns pointing upwards; petiole very short 1 inch long; rachis thickly armed with numerous short recurved thorns, solitary or in pairs, leaflets about six, two terminal connate at the base, distant lanceolate acuminate with a few rather strong, black bristles at the tip, margins thickened nerves six, transverse nervules elevated, conspicuous when dry. Spadix male 18 inches slender, spathes narrow armed with scattered black tipped hooks. Branches about four, 6 inches long, spikes distant an inch long alternate, spathels smooth unarmed. Flowers rather distant small. Calyx ribbed, campanulate. Flagellum very slender. Penang: West Hill (Curtis 2268). This plant is perhaps the spe- cies intended by Beccari, by C. Martianus Bece. Fl. Brit. India VI. 459. This was based on a plant collected by Gaudichaud in Penang. Martius confused it with Roxburgh’s C. pencillatus, and published a description under that name composed of notes about Gaudichaud’s plant with some of Roxburgh’s description of C. pencillatus added, Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 193 (Hist. Palm III. 334) quoted as C. paniculatus Mart. in Fl. Brit. Ind. le. Neither Beccari nor Hooker had seen Gaudichaud’s plant and as the description is a mixture and very inadequate for identification it would perhaps have been better to have disregarded Martius’ description al- together. Curtis’ specimen is in a young state, and the plant has only been collected once, and I have failed to rediscover it on West Hill. It resembles Martius’ figure of C. equestris. 3. C. FILIPENDULUS, Bece. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 443. Stem 15 to 30 feet long, ¢ to ? inch through, sheaths armed with flat triangular spines. Leaf 3 to 4 feet long, petiole 3 to 7 inches long, back rounded, edge armed with sharp slender spines ¢ inch long, leaflets 3 pairs, upper pair connate, lowest pair not deflexed, oblanceolate, narrowed at the base 10-24 inches long, 3 inches across glabrous apex subacute ; rachis triangular. Spadix slender, over 4 feet long with long slender branches, 18 inches long, lower spathe flattened slender with few or no thorns, upper ones and internodes with small recurved thorns, spathels roughly scabrid. Branches 1-2 inches long with short spikes ¢-4 inch long. * Spathellules scabrid rough. Male flowers ; calyx cylindric bluntly lobed ribbed. Petals 3 times as long, rather narrow, yellow white, Fruit ¢- $ inches through creamy white. Selangor: Rawang (Ridley 7891); Perak: Batang Padang river (King’s Coll. 8019) ; Chanderiang (King’s Coll. 5659). Endemic and rare. 4..C. INSIGNIS, Griff. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 58. Palm Brit. Ind. 69. Stems few 70 to 80 feet long + to $ inch through, light green, sheaths armed with scattered thorns half an inch long or less, with broad conic bases and black tips ; petiole 3 to 5 inches long, slender not swollen at the base, thorns slightly hooked ; leaf blade a foot or more long, rachis slender, with sharp hooks pale at base, tips black, single or paired, leaflets 4 to 9 oblanceolate dark green, papery with a thickened edge cuspidate 8 inches long by 2 inches wide, nerves 6 or more, trans- verse nervules conspicuous when dry. Flagella very slender from the leaf sheath 2 or more feet long with no sheaths, thorns in groups of three, hooked (black-tipped). Spadix very slender 23 feet long, armed with hooks, branches few 6 inches long with remote spikes an inch long. Spathes tubular slender, distant armed with hooks, spathels tubular with fewornothorns. Maleinflorescence not known. Female flowers about 10 in a spike rather distant, spathels cup-shaped smooth with a round mouth. Fruit globose ? inch long, shortly beaked yellow, scales rhomboid in about 13 rows, convex edges paler. Becc. and Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 459. C. spathulatus, Bece. and Hook. fil. l.c.c. (excl. var. robustus). Singapore: Bukit Timah, Bukit Mandai, Garden Jungle (Ridley); Johor : Panchur, Batu Pahat, Gunong Pulai (Ridley 11201); Malacca : Selandor ; Dindings : Lumut (Ridley); Perak : Bujong Malacca. Ende- mic, ‘ Rotan Batu.” Common in forests all over the peninsula but B13 194 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. very rarely to be met with in flower. A much valued rattan. There is a short distinct ligule above the base of the petiole. The terminal leaflets are usually connate and the tips sometimes bristly. In the upper leaves the rachis is often continued into a short flagellum bearing a rudimentary terminal leaflet. 5. C. SUBSPATHULATUS, n.sp. Stem 20 to 30 feet long, 4 to ? inch through. Leaf with a stout rachis armed with strong recurved black-tipped thorns; leaflets elliptic, narrowed at the base abruptly acuminate alternate 9-15 inches long, 24 to 4 inches wide, nerves numerous, nervules very numerous and conspicuous when dry, margin thickened, glabrous except the tip pencillate with black hairs. Male not known. Female spadix (fruiting) a foot long, very stout. Spathes unarmed 4 inch long conic. Spikes about 24, 3 inches long stout. Calyx short enlarged at the base # inch long, lobes short, sub-triangu- lar. Petals lanceolate acute. Fruit (unripe) oblong with a long beak $ inch long, straw yellow, scales numerous, triangular, blunt edges scarious. C. spathulatus var. robustus, Bece. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 459. Perak ; Bujong Malacea (King’s Coll. 7136, Curtis 3161); Kinta: (Kunstler). Endemic. I have not kept Beccari’s varietal name for this, as for a rattan it is by no means robust. 6. C. RHOMBOIDEUS, Bl. Rumphia III. 60 pl. 154. Stem very. long 30-40 feet and stout, over an inch through, covered with a white tomentum and armed with very short black thorns conic, pointing up- wards. Leaf very long, petiole stout 20 inches long, § inch through, covered with white tomentum and armed on the back with a few re- mote black conic recurved short thorns, solitary or in threes in the up- per part, base gibbous; leaflets 8 to 14 in distant pairs, coriaceous, ovate acuminate, narrowed at the base 10 inches long, 6 inches wide, flocculent tomentose beneath or glabrous, nerves flabellate about 7 pairs margins and tip rachis setulose, rachis armed with hooks in threes and fours, flagellum 8-10 feet. Male spadix about 6 feet long, branches stout, spathes cylindric white tomentose unarmed or with a few short thorns. Spathels dilated upwards, with a short limb, spikes 14 inch long rather than short flowers distichous crowded. Spathellules flat ovate. Bract cupshaped. Calyx cupular, very shortly lobed. Corolla more than twice as long, petals narrowly oblong. Female spadix more lax, spikes longer, flowers more distant, spathellules longer, funnel- shaped. Fruit globose, ~ inch long, dark brown scales broader than long, not grooved but marked towards the tip with faint concentric rings. Seed small as large as a large pea globose. C. tomentosus, Becc. Fl. Brit. Ind. l.c. 455. Sungei Ujong (Can- tley’s Coll.) ; Perak : (Scortechini 431b); Larut Hills (King’s Coll. 5332, 6993) (Ridley 11410). Forests at about 3,000 feet alt. “‘ Rotan Tahi Ayam.” Distrib. Borneo and Sumatra. IJ haye taken the description Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 195 of the male flowers from Blume, as the peninsula plant described as C. tomentosus by Beccari is evidently Blume’s plant. 7. C. SCIPIONUM, Lour. Fl. Cochin Ch. 1, 210. Climbing stems very large attaining 70 or 80 feet high, 2 inches through. Leaves 8 feet long, sheath green armed scantily with short, flat dagger-shaped yellow thorns, solitary and in threes. Petiole 1-3 feet long armed with distant flattened spines 1 inch long gibbous at base; leaflets broadly lanceolate 1-3 feet long, 2 inches wide, alternate distant. Flagella 12 feet long from the stem below the mouth of the sheath. Panicles very long, pendent, about 12 or more feet, rather slender, much branched. Males with strongly armed tubular spathes with rather distant strong hooks, spathels 13 inch long, dilate upwards, base nude upper part with short hooks, branches 3 or 4 inches long with alternate distichous spikes + to 1 inch long, spathellules small funnel-shaped unarmed, edges fring- ed. Bracts circular. Flowers green % inch long. Calyx campanulate, ribbed, with a scarious margin and three short ovate lobes. Petals twice as long. Female spadix very long, spathels hardly armed, spikes 4 inches long. Bracts densely crowded, flowers distichous. Calyx as in male but gibbous at the base. Petals little longer. Fruit very small, 4 inch long, scales black or nearly so shining, in about 5 rows, hardly grooved, seed alveolate. Lam. Encycl. VI. 304. Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. ITI. 342. Kunth. Enum. IIT. 206. Griff. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist V.35. Palm. Brit. Ind. 43. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. If]. 1388. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI.461. C. micranthus Bl. Rumph. ITI. 53, t. 157. (excel. flowers and spadix). Malacca: Ching (Griffith), (Ridley 11618); Selangor: Batu Tiga (Curtis 3765); Kwala Lumpur: (Ridley 1661) ; Perak : (Scortechini 501 b), Gunong Malacca (King’s Coll. 7171). Dist. Borneo, Sumatra. The Malacca Cane; ““ Rotan Semambu,” “ Rotan Rajah.” Ina plant in the Botanic Gardens, was unisexual the spikes contain- ing males and female flowers in pairs. 8. C. ORNATUS, Blume. Rumphia. III. 58, t. 148. Roem. and Schultes VII. II. 1326. Stems very large, several together 60 to 80 feet long, 2 inches through dull green armed with broad flat thorns in threes. Leaves 12 to 15 feet long, base swollen and wrinkled; petiole stout and long 1 inch across, back rounded, armed with strong flat spines # inch long or less, scattered; rachis armed with claws in threes or solitary scattered ; leaflets in alternate pairs distant, lanceolate, narrowed at the base. 25 inches long 24 inches wide above, green, more or less glaucescent beneath, many-nerved with transverse nervules tip setulose, few or no bristles elsewhere. Flagella very long from the sheaths, stout with strong recurved hooks in distant threes, leaves of young plants often flagelliferous, in adults terminal leaflets often abor- tive: Spadix very large 16 to 18 feet long. Spathes dilate upwards about 4 inches long limb acuminate 1 inch long, thorns scattered short 196 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. and strong in the upper part of the tube. Branches flexuous 6 to 7 in- ches long, stout. Spathels # inch long, unarmed, mouth broad, round- ed limb short. Spikes stout 3 to 4 incheslong. Spathellules cup-shap- ed rather large $ inch long witha short acute point. Bracts small ovate. Male flowers small crowded. Calyx small hemispheric, petals obliquely ovate, short. Female calyx short and broad, trifid half way, base trun- cate. Petals twice as long. Fruit large globose oblong 14 inch long, with a short trifid beak. Scales about 10 rows broader than long, pale red tipped darker, tip blunt, deeply grooved at base. Griffith, Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 37. Palms of Brit. India 46. Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm III. 208, t.116,f.2. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. Supp. 256. Becc. FI. Brit. Ind. VII. 460, (var. horrida). C. giganteus, Bece. 1.c. Singapore: Bukit Timah (Ridley 11481); Johor: Kwala Tebing Tinggi, Batu Pahat (Ridley 11202, 11203); Malacca: Durian Tungal (Fernandez); Negri Sembilan: Bukit Senaling (Moorhouse); Perak : (Scortechini 587b); Larut (King’s Coll. 3931). Distrib. Sumatra and Java. Native name “ Rotan Manau Kelichek.” Beccari l.c. makes the Malay peninsula plant a variety horrida of the Javanese form, distinguishing it by its “ glabrescent sheaths’ (which as Blume says are quite glabrous) the seriate spines and adult leaves 3 or 4 costate and searcely spinulose. The last two characters (of little importance) are well shown in Blume’s figure, which well represents the peninsula plant. I fail to distinguish C. gigantews Bece. Young plants growing in Bukit Timah near the large plant identified as C. ornatus by Beceari (11481) have long flagella to the leaves. In neither plant are the under sides of the leaves glaucous in life, but plain green. The plant seems to flower very rarely. 8. C. MANAN, Mig. Fl. Sumatra 594. Stem very stout 14 inch through. Leaf sheaths strongly armed with flat, acute black spines an inch long or less, in series, petiole very stout, black rounded, front flat, armed with short, strong thorns along the edge, base of petiole gibbous, margin of sheath prolonged into a short broad ligule; blade 6 feet Jong, ending in a strong flagellum armed with hooks in threes, rachis with strong short thorns, leaflets lanceolate, narrowed at the base a foot long, 3 inches wide. Panicle very large, spikes 6 inches long or less, sheaths of branches shortly thorny or smooth, wrinkled, limb ovate acuminate. Fruit large, subglobose oblong, distinctly pedicelled, an inch long scales in about 8 rows, large yellow or reddish, darkening towards the tips longer than broad grooved. Seed oblong, densely ruminated. Negri Sembilan: Bukit Senaling near Seremban (S. Moorhouse). Native name “ Rotan Manok Telor.” Distrib. Sumatra. 9. C. DENSIFLORUS, Becce. Fl. Brit. Ind. p. 445. Stem 10 to 15 feet tall ? inch through light-colored smooth, with scattered flat acute thorns pale colored + inch long, single or in rows of three. Leaf 6 to Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 197 8 feet long ; petiole short, rachis flattened above rounded beneath with large strong hooks black, usually in pairs, leaflets equidistant alternate linear acuminate 12 inches long 4 inch wide, 3 nerved with conspicu- ous transverse nervules, bristles on the nerves on both sides and tip. - Flagellum from the sheath stout about 5 feet long armed with power- ful light-colored thorns with brownish tips usually in pairs. Male spadix over a foot long, lower sheath thorny, peduncle long 6 inches long, sheath smooth, lower branches of inflorescence-3 inches long, bearing recurved alternate spikes 1 inch long or less. Flowers very close set distichous. Calyx saucer-shaped, shortly lobed, pubescent. Corolla oblong, short thick, quite blunt. Spadix terminated by a very long flagellum nearly 5 feet long. Female spadix 5-6 feet long, peduncle over a foot long, 1 inch through, light-colored, armed with triangular thick thorns often double, upper sheaths with a lanceolate limb and oblique mouth. Spathels close-fitting 1 inch or less, long unarmed. Spikes distant recurved thick 13-3 inches long. Spathellules broad, red. Bracts 2. Flowers distichous alternate. Calyx tube very short, ~ lobes ovate, longer. Petals acute little longer. Fruit ovoid beaked $ inch long, scales in 11 rows longer than broad acute, yellow margins scarious, dark brown. Singapore: Bukit Mandai (Ridley 6280); Garden Jungle (Ridley 9850, 10861); Perak: Thaiping (Kunstler 5527, 8434); Selangor: Kwala Lumpur (Ridley 3495), Kemaman (Vaughan Stevens), Batang Berjuntai (Ridley 7881). Native name “ Rotan Chichi.” The stem is indistinguishable from that of C. Radleyanus. 10. C. RIDLEYANUS, Becce. Bot. Surv. Ind. II. 205. Stem about 30 feet long 14 inch through, green covered with scattered thorns of different sizes, some 13 inch long. Leaf petiole 6 inches or more long with spines on the edge scattered back round and smooth, with a shal- _ low groove, sheath swollen and wrinkled ; blade 6 to 8 feet long, rachis with rather numerous hooks in threes or fours, leaflets equidistant, linear acuminate dark green 24 inches long, an inch wide, 3 nerves conspicuous when dry, bristles on the tip only. Flagellum from near the upper part of the sheath about 5 feet long, spines at the base numer- ous, scattered irregular straight, above distant hooked in threes with solitary ones intermixed. Male spadix unknown. Female spadix 8 feet long, peduncle 43 feet. Spathes tubular with short scattered thorns, mouth oblique stem almost unarmed on the upper face thorns hooked in threes on the back. Upper spathe with a broad # inch long, thorny limb. Spathels infundibular thorny 13 inch long, limb broad. Spikes recurved, 3 inches long. Spathels short cup-shaped scurfy. Singapore : Garden Jungle (Ridley 11468); Mandai (3504) ; Johor: Gunong Pulai (12202). Endemic. The stem and foliage exactly resem- ble those of C. denszflorus, but the elongate inflorescence and spiny spathes and spathels and stout spikes make it quite distinct. 198 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 11. C. RADULOSUS, Bece. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 443. Stems 30 to 40 feet long, 1-14 inch through. Sheaths armed with numerous short triangular thorns. Leaf 3 to 5 feet long, sessile; rachis rounded with numerous crowded conic black tipped thorns, leaflets equidistant, nar- row linear, base narrowed, tip acuminate 10-18 inches long 4-1 wide dark green, ribs 3 with a few bristles. Flagellum 5-6 feet long. Spadix female 8-10 feet long, peduncle 6 inches long almost covered with strong- ly rugose sheaths, 1 inch long, the upper ones similar enlarged upwards, (the rugosities consist of very short thorns with swollen bases with a large number of short processes mixed with them). Spikes 2 inches long & inch across, recurved. Spathels scabrid. Sepals rounded. Petals hardly twice as long. Fruit small pisiform, long beaked. Perak : Goping (King’s Coll. 8171). 12. C. RUGOSUS, Bece. Fl. Brit. Ind. le. 443. Stem 15-20 feet long # inch through dark green, covered with close transverse curved rough ridges bearing one or two short flat triangular thorns ¢ inch long. Leaf 4 to 5 feet long, petiole 9 inches slender armed on edges and back with scattered short recurved black thorns, base not gibbous; leaflets about 24 pairs narrow linear narrowed at base and gradually to a long subulate point, bristles few except at the tip where they are slender and black, leaflets 9 inches long, 4 inch wide. Spadices male very long and slender 3 feet or more long armed with numerous recurved black thorns. Spathes narrow tubular with a short limb, scabrid or lower ones shortly thorny, Branches 6 inches long, slender. Spathels resmbling spathes. Spikes # inch long. Flowers ¢ inch distichous. Spathellules ovate, nearly flat bracts similar but blunt. Calyx cylin- dric shortly bluntly trifid. Corolla twice as long. Petals narrow, ob- long, blunt. Female spadix similar but rather stouter, rachis of spikes stouter $ inch long. Fruit (hardly ripe) 2 inch long oblong beaked. Seales dark brown in 9 rows, smooth, margin darker, edge white lacini- ate, as broad as long. Perak : Thaiping Hills at 3-4000 feet elevation abundant. (Ridley 11314-11315), (Curtis). Endemic. 13. C. LURIDUS, Bece. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 445. Stem slender 15 to 20 feet long, dark purplish when dry with strong broad thorns, dark ° green. Leaves 24 feet long, petiole 6 to 12 inches long with decurved or straight remote black thorns; leaflets alternate remote subequidis- tant linear lanceolate nearly 2 feet long, $ inch wide acuminate subulate narrowed at the base, 3-nerved, edges and nerves setulose. Male spa- dix 4 to 6 feet long, slender, much branched, flagelliferous. Flagellum slender 15 inches long. Spathes long cylindric tubular, smooth unarm- ed. Internodes armed with black hooks. Spathels dilated upwards ribbed. Spikes ?-12 inch long very slender, flexuous, Spathellules ovate subacute, bract saucer-shaped. Flowers not crowded, alternate, yery small 4's inch long. Calyx short campanulate, shortly bilobed. Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 199 Corolla hardly twice as long, obtuse. Female spadix shorter branches flexuous pendulous 6 inches, spikes deflexed distant 13 inch long. Flow- ers distant spathellules longer. Calyx dilate at base and elongate. Petals free to base, acute. Fruit globosely ovoid, very small $ inch long (but hardlv ripe) yellow scales numerous longer than broad. Singapore: Woodlands (Ridley 12607); Johor: Sungei Tebrau (Ridley 9207); Muar: Sungei Semangat (11300); Selangor: Rawang (Ridley 12118), (Fox); Perak: Kinta Valley (Ridley 9814); Larut Hills 3500-4000 feet (King’s Coll. 284, 6284, 2647, 6400, 7203), (Ridley 11987); Negri Sembilan: Kwala Pilah (Moorhouse). Distrib. Borneo. Native name “ Rotan Perut Ayam,” “ Rotan Kerai.’”’ The Rawang plant has transverse ridges like those of rugosus, but is I think C. lwri- dus. 14. C. DIEPENHORSTI, Miq. Journ. Bot. Ind. I.21. Palm. Arch. Ind. 27. Stem 20 to 30 feet long, stout. Leaves 3-4 feet long, petiole over a foot long, stout strongly armed, with flat acuminate spines irregu- larly scattered, # inch long or less ; leaflets 12 inches or more long, @ inch wide linear long acuminate with long scattered black bristles, on the 3 nerves and tip, edges thickened ; rachis armed with stout black claws. Inflorescence large and decompound, sheaths copiously armed with black-tipped claws, lowest one with a long oblong lanceolate narrow limb, thorny, branches stout. Spathels in female spadix unarmed di- late upwards smooth with a short tanceolate limb, spikes stout 1-3 incheslong. Spathellules funnel-shaped, short, with rather a large ovate limb. Fruit globose orange-yellow, shortly beaked, scales in 8 rows broader than long, edged brown, deeply grooved. Seed ruminate ovoid, slightly flattened. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 594. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 454. Pahang : Tahan River (Ridley); Perak: Gunong Tambang Batok 500 to 2000 feet alt. (Scortechini 647b) ; Gunong Malacca and Thaiping Hills (King’s Coll. 7201, 2552), (Ridley 11411, 11412); Dindings: Pangkor (Ridley 7898) ; Penang :(Wallich). Distrib. Sumatra. “ Rotan Koman.” 15. C. SINGAPORENSIS, Bece. Fl. Brit. Ind. p. 454. Stem about 20 feet slender ~ inch through green with dusky thorns in semi-circles. Leaf about 4 feet long, petiole 1 foot long armed with scattered short black thorns along the edge; leaflets subopposite linear acuminate pairs 1 inch apart, 8 inches long, + inch wide, bristles few or none except at the tip which is pencillate with black bristles. Flagella from sheath 5 or 6 feet long very slender armed with recurved black thorns, crowded at tip. Spadix male 6 feet long, peduncle 8 feet long, 4 inch through, back rounded, margins back and front, armed with straight black spines, slender + inch long or less scattered (9 to an inch) branches of spadix very slender 12 inches long, spathes and spathels tubular 1 inch long slender, unarmed, with a short limb. Spikes $-2 inch long. Flowers 200 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. distichous crowded. Spathellules cup shaped pale. Bract shorter cup- shaped. Calyx longer than bract, tubular, shortly trifid. Corolla small. Female spadix about 7 or more feet long, very slender with elegant pen- dulous branches a foot long, thorny, upper spathes very slender, unarm- ed 14 inch long, dilate upwards, spikes short 1 inch long with 10 or 12 flowers. Fruit globose clear light yellow scales in 8 rows, as broad as long grooved. Seed small, slightly flattened elliptic in section, deeply ruminate. Singapore: Garden Jungle (Murton) (Ridley 11459) ; sp. cult. H.B. S. from Singapore (Ridley 11515); Bukit Timah. Johor: Kwala Tebing Tinggi, Batu Pahat (Ridley 11206) ; Mt. Austin (Ridley 12590) ; Selang- or: (Herb. Cantley); Perak: Kinta Valley (Ridley 9815); Dindings: Lumut (Ridley 10341); Penang: Muka Head (Curtis 765). Endemic in dense forest. Native name “ Rotan lago.” Used for tying thatch. Certainly near C. Diepenhorsti, but much more slender and smaller in all its parts. Curtis’ plant is given as C. Diepenhorstiin Fl. Brit. Ind. but is undoubtedly C. Singaporensis. 16. C. PASPALANTHUS, Bece. and Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 450. Stem very long, # inch through, purple armed with flat olive-colored spines + inch long, with an enlarged base. Leaves not flagelliferous 3 feet long; petiole over 18 inches armed with long slender horizontal spines 14 inch long, base gibbous; rachis covered with red scurf and peculiar red hairs ; leaflets narrow linear finely acuminate, a few setae on the tip and numerous close set ones on the nerves beneath, 12 inches long, # inch broad, glaucous beneath. Flagellum 40 inches long, very slender with a long narrow sheath at base. Male spadix over 7 feet long, base very stout armed with powerful hooks and red scurfy, branch- es long, slender. Lowest spathe very long armed with short recurved thorns. _Spathels very close fitting ending in a ligule sometimes as much as an inch long narrow linear, often much shorter and soon broken up into fibrils. Spikes $ to 1 inch long, closely distichous. Spathel- lules closely imbricating ovate acute strongly ribbed or not. Bract cup- shaped, very deep. Calyx short tubular, hardly lobed. Corolla twice as long nearly 4 inch long. Female spadix stout and long. Spathes and spathels strongly armed with hooks, spikes stout over 6 inches long. Fruit globose shortly beaked 4 inch long, scales longer than broad bombed, dark red shining. Johor: Batu Pahat (Ridley 11209); Serom (11213); Perak: Go- ping (Kunstler 577). Distrib. Borneo (Sarawak, Jambusan, Ridley 12403). 17. C. INTUNESCENS, Becce. (sub Daemonorops). Rec. Bot. Surv. Ind. II. 222. Stem long ¢ inch through, scabrid, brown when dry, with rather scattered flat triangular thorns 4 inch long. Leaf 2 feet or more long, base of petiole gibbous thorny, petiole 9 inches long, edges and Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 201 back armed with short stout recurved thorns and scabrid ; leaflets equi- distant close, subopposite 7 inches long 4-4 inch wide linear acuminate with short yellowish dark-tipped bristles on the three nerves and edge (disappearing in old leaves), a few longer ones on the tip; flagellum from the sheath long and very slender ; rachis of leaf covered with the dark red appressed hairs, ocrea elongate, pubescent. Spadix male, very large 5 or 6 feet long, much branched. Spathes narrow cylindric with a short subacute limb, mouth edged with cilia, unarmed. Spathels similar short + inch long, mouth ciliate, unarmed or with short recurved black thorns at base. Branchlets 6 inches long. Spikes distant 3 inch long. Flowers distichous close together. Spathellules very small, flat, erect. Calyx short cup-shaped, three lobed for 4 of its length ribbed. Corolla more than twice as long, narrow, petals narrowly oblong. Female spadix 3 feet long, little branched, slender, base armed with sharp slender spines. Spathes long, narrow, sparingly spiny, branches 9-4 inches long, spikes recurved, 1 inch long hairy flowers distant, pedi- celled. Fruit oblong, + inch long, beaked, scales 10 rows, light brown __ edge darker, as long as broad. Singapore: Bukit Timah (Ridley 10780) ; Johor: Batu Pahat (Rid- ley 11209) ; Selangor: Bukit Kutu (Ridley 7883) ; Perak : (Scortechini) ; Larut Hills (Ridley) at 2500 feet. Native name “ Rotan Semiang.”’ 18. C. RAMOSISSIMUS, Griff. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 78. Palm. Brit. Ind. 87, t. 207. Stem 20 to 30 feet long 1-14 inch. Petiole stout channelled with a thickened margin armed with flattened brown spines 3 inches long, and a few short ones mixed in; sheath covered with close appressed spines 4 inches long ; leaflets inaequidistant lanceate to nearly linear 13 inches long, 13 inch wide or less, nerves numerous, transverse nervules, conspicuous, tip setulose. Male spadix 23 feet long, much branched. Spathes narrow flattened on one side and armed with short scattered spines, with a long lanceolate thinly coriaceous brown limb, the lowest one often 14 feet long, # inch wide, upper spathes smooth and shorter. Branches panicled spreading. Spathels cylindric obtuse with anovatelimb. Spikes $ inch long, rachis flexuous scurfy. Flowers distichous $ inch long. Calyx tubular with 3 ovate lobes obscurely striate. Corolla twice as long, lobes lanceolate acute shining. Female spadix shorter, branches fewer and thicker, simple. Fruit small globose, beaked, scales dark brown, broader than long grooved. Becc. and Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 450. Daemonops ramossissimus Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. ITI. 330. Pahang: Pahang River at Kwala Tenok (Ridley); Perak: Gu- nong Keledang ; Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9809); Goping (King’s Coll. 545) ; Kinta (King’s Coll. 7181); Larut (King’s Coll. 2607); Gunong Hijau (Scortechini 51b 1235); (Ridley 11906); Negri Sembilan: Gu- nong Angsi (Ridley) ; Kedah, Gunong Jerai (Ridley). Endemic. From about 1000 to 5000 feet elevation. 202 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 19. C. MULTIRAMEA, n. sp. Stem $ inch thick. Sheaths closely spiny, spines flat, some with a broad base tapering upwards 4 inches long others broad and short. Petiole flattened above, rounded beneath thorns scattered short and fairly thick with many small ones; rachis with many solitary curved hooks; leaflets linear narrow 4+ inch wide whitish, fluffy beneath, nervules conspicuous. Male spadix over 3 feet long, very slender, branches few distant about 6 inches long panicled slender with spreading branchlets. Spathes close fitting 9 inches long, thorny, with a very long thin papery limb 9 inches long % inch wide. Spathels slender with an ovate limb. Spikes short ¢ inch long alternate. Flowers distichous about 12 in a spike. Calyx tubular with three short ovate lobes, margins scarious. Corolla half as long again. Fruiting spadix very stout, limb of spathellules very large ovate. Fruit globose beaked less than % inch long. Seales rounded tip blunt, light brown with dark tips, grooved. Seed small, flattened on both sides, orbicular rugose, albumen not ruminate. Perak: Dindings (Ridley 8405); Pahang: Kwala Luit (Ridley). Allied to C. ramossissimus but differing in the long slender thorny pani- cle and narrow leaves. 90. C. PERAKENSIS, Bece. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 451. Stem not very long 2-3 feet z inch through densely covered with broad flat brown thorns 4 inches long, base broad, and some broader and shorter. Leaf petiole flattened above, back rounded with short thick thorns based swollen scattered numerous; rachis with numerous solitary curved hooks; leaflets equidistant, close alternate, narrow linear 7-8 inches long, + inch wide 3 nerved with conspicuous transverse nervules, edges and subulate tip setulose, young leaves white arachnoid beneath. Male spadix over, feet long, very slender. Branches few, distant about 6 inches long, panicled slender with spreading branchlets. Spathes 9 inches long or less, very slender, close fitting, thorny, limb long dapery 9 inches by y inch across acuminate. Spathels slender with an ovate limb, spikes short alternate + inch long, sometimes obscurely white tomentose. Flowers distichous about 12 in a spike. Calyx tubular with three short ovate lobes, margins scarious. Corolla half as long again. Female spadix shorter with fewer stouter and longer spikes. Fruit globose, beaked, less than 4 inch long, scales rounded, tips blunt, longer than broad, grooved, light brown with darker tips. Selangor: Bukit Kutu, Bukit Hitam (Ridley 7879); Perak: Bukit Kapayung (Ridley). This plant very much resembles the Tenasserim C. nitidus Mart. (Wallich 8609). 21. C. LANATA, n.sp. A low growing rattan, leaves about 5 feet long, petiole over a foot long, elliptic in section armed with numerous yery short thorns on the back, and short 4 inch, long thick thorns with a thick callus-like base, then slightly flattened and fringed with fibrous Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 203 processes on the edges, whole petiole when young covered with whit- ish appressed long irregular fibres; rachis armed on the back with three rows of similar hooks; leaflets sub-opposite or alternate, numer- ous 7 to 10 inches long, # inch across linear acuminate with a long bristle-like point bearing a few bristles. Spadix male erect, 2 feet long, lowest sheath armed at the base with thorns like those of the petiole but smaller, and appressed, woolly, upper spathes similar, but very slightly armed with a few small thorns terminal ones unarmed. Branches 6 inches long with few erect branchlets 4 inches longer or less, spikes $-1 inch long, rachis of all woolly pubescent. Spathels short, dilated up- wards small, woolly. Bracts very small orbicular. Calyx cylindric with 3 acute points, ribbed with a scarious margin. Corolla short, acute less than twice as long, glabrous. Female spadix elongate lax 18 inches long, with few long branches with distant branchlets, bases of branches clawed. Spathels with a thin tubular and lanceolate limb, glabrous. Spikes distant, flexuous 4 inches long Calyx and corolla very short asin male, young fruit globose, beaked, dark red, scales lanceolate, subacute, paler at base. Selangor: Semangkok Pass, at 4,000 feet alt. (Ridley 12116). Endemic. 22. C. CILIARIS, Bl. Rumphia III. 34, t. 147 und 163b, E. Stem 15 to 20 feet long slender or as much as half an inch through, sheaths scabrid with minute flat thorns, sometimes with scattered short thick thorns as well, dusky, ligule distinct ~ inch long fringed with rather long hairs ; petiole stouter, slender with a strong gibbous ridge at the base, scabrid, 3 to 6 inches long armed with slender, needlelike spines on the edge, rachis rufous, hairy; leaflets close equidistant, narrow linear acuminate 4-6 inches long 3-3 inch wide, covered with numer- ous white bristles. Male spadix erect, slender, 2 feet long, ending in a slender flagellum, little branched. Spathes tubular lower ones un- armed, upper ones with small hooked thorns, mouth ciliate, with a short, acute limb. Branches laxly panicled, graceful 4 inches long, rachis seabrid, spikes lax, flowers distant scorpioid. Bracts minute, ovoid. Calyx cup-shaped with ovate lobes. Corolla more than twice as long as calyx. Petals falcate. Female inflorescence usually much larger, much branched 2 feet long, lower spathe 6 inches long, thorny along the edge, median ones unarmed, upper ones armed with short hooks, branches 6 inches long, scorpioid with distant curved branchlets, spathellules trumpet-shaped, all scabrid. Calyx and corolla as in male. Fruit oblong, nearly an inch long, beaked, scales straw colored, at length fuscous, small, subacute deeply grooved, seed oblong, some- what flattened with numerous very deep grooves radiating from the depressed centre. Albumen equable. Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. C. exilis. Becc. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. (in part). Johor ; Castlewood ; Gunong Pulai (Ridley 12201); Pahang: Ta- han river (Ridley); Perak: Thaiping Hills. Distrib. Java, Sumatra, Borneo. 204 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 93. OC. EXILIS, Griff. Palm. Brit. Ind. 51. Stem 15-20 feet long, very slender. Leaves 3-4 feet long, petiole 6 inches long armed with recurved thorns on the edges; leaflets lanceolate linear, acuminate, with along subulate point 6 inches long, 4 inch wide, 6 nerved, few irregular transverse nervules, sparingly setulose on the nerves or not, tip with pale bristles. Spadix male few-branched ending in a long slen- der flagellum armed closely with hooks. Spathes tomentose, narrow tubular mouth and ovate limb ciliate, armed or not. Branches flexuous, scabrid and tomentose. Spathels tubular dilated upwards tomentose. Flowers solitary or in pairs on the branchlets. Spathelulles short, ovate. Bracts as long. Calyx tubular, ribbed pubescent lobes ovate. Corolla twice as long. Female spadix longer, branches recurved, 2 inches. Flowers much more distant. Fruit oblong, pedicelled by the calyx, beaked 4 inch long, scales about 9 rows longer than broad, tip rounded, light brown. Seed flattened ovoid grooved. Malacca: Mt. Ophir (Griffith), (Ridley 10118). Endemic. 24. C. CURTISI, n. sp. Stem half an inch through, sheath scabrid thickly armed with pale flat spines an inch longer or less; petiole 8 inches long triquetrous armed with straight pale needle-like spines on the edge: leaves 2 feet more long rachis red woolly, armed with small re- curved hooks, leaflets narrow, linear acuminate, close equidistant with no bristles except at the tip. Male inflorescence 2 feet long, lower spathe margined with needle-like spines, upper ones nude below armed with hooks above, all ending in a lanceolate acuminate limb, scabrid or not. Branches 6 inches long spreading panicled scabrid. Branchlets numerous, slender, spikes 13 inch or Jess slender. Spathellules funnel- shaped with an ovate acuminate limb, very small. Calyx tubular, broadly 3-lobed. Corolla twice as long. Female spadix stouter with scorpioid branches and distant flowers. Selangor : Kwala Lumpur (Curtis 2392) ; Semangko (Ridley) ; Bukit Kutu (Ridley 7883). Endemic. 95. C. LOBBIANUS, Bece. FI. Brit. Ind. l.c. 462. Stem short not climbing, 3 to 7 feet long, the rattan 4 inch through, green with short joints. Leaf sheaths short edged with a thin rugose portion, very spiny, with almost needlelike thorns, 3 inches long, green, spines darker. Leaf about 3 feet long, petiole 6 inches, the upper face with numerous black tipped thorns ; rachis obscurely angled with curved thorns ; leaflets lanceolate linear rather abruptly cuspidate deep green above, white beneath alternate or sub-opposite, with bristles on the nerves and tip 18 inches long, 1 inch wide, inflorescence-flagella slender about 4 feet long, green. Spadices with a peduncle a foot long or less, armed with long, narrow black spines 4 inch long, branches 3 or 4 stout distant spikes numerous, dense recurved. Spathes tubular infundibuliform with a lan- ceolate acuminate point, lower one covered with bristly spines, limb 3 inches or more long, upper spathes shorter and less spiny at the end of Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 205 the inflorescence and empty, very spiny abortive spathe. Male spadix with short dense recurved branches, the lowest about 4 inches, spikes distichous recurved, dense, aninch long or less, scurfy. Spathellules crowded, with an ovatelimb. Flowers green, 3 inch long, thick. Calyx lobes almost free to the base, oblong thick + inch long striate. Petals twice as long, lower part striate apex obtuse, smooth, cartilaginous. Stamens 6 anthers linear $ inch long. Female spadix with longer branch- es. Spikes short, very crowded. Spathellules and flowers larger. Calyx mostly lobed. Fruit obovate, beaked black shining, over an inch long, scales ovate, rounded in 8 or 9 rowsthin. Seed elliptic, nearly an inch long, pitted all over, alveolate. Singapore: Bukit Timah (Ridley 8961), Bukit Mandai, Pulau Damar ; Johor: Kampong Chinchin, Ulu Batu Pahat (Lake and Kel- sall) ; Gunong Panti (Lobb); Selangor: Petaling; Pahang Track (Ridley 8776); Pahang: Pulau Tawar, Tahan River (Ridley). Distrib. Borneo. Rotan Manana.” Common in dry woods. 26. C. CONIROSTRIS, Bece. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 461. Stem 10 to 20 feet tall 1-14 inch through. Leaf 6 to 8 feet long, petiole as thick as the middle finger, sparsely and shortly armed on the back. Upper spines of sheath acicular, 4 inches long ; leaflets numerous, equidistant narrowly ensiform, tips slender strongly setulose, ribs 3, more or less setulose beneath green on both sides; rachis and flagellum armed with stout recurved bifid claws. Spathes copiously spiny, lower one 1 foot long. Female spadix very stout 2 feet long. Spathels densely spinous, spikes short and stout. Bracts large, densely imbricate cupular. Flowers large. Fruit 17 inch long # inch through, narrowly ovoid with a stout black beak, scales flat brown; black, smooth seed ovoid rough ; albumen cancellate. Perak : Goping, (King’s Coll. 4593, 5808). Endemic. Very much like C. Lobbianus, but very much larger, and the leaves green on both surfaces. § 2. PHYLLANTHECTAR. 27. C. cAESIUS, Bl. Rumph. III 57. Stem slender glaucescent with distant flat pale thorns inch or less. Leaves hardly petioled, sheath gibbous, rachis slender with distant short thorns less than 4 inch long, flagellum slender with very short recurved thorns in pairs on solitary length. Leaflets in distant alternate pairs, lanceolate nar- rowed at both ends 6-8 inches long by 1-14 inch wide, pale green above white beneath, 3-6 nerved setulose at tips. Male spadix unknown. Female spadix, 6 feet long, stout, branched. Lower spathes 8 inches long or less tubular armed with very short thorns with conical bases; Spathels and spathellules infundibuliform, unarmed, mouths round ciate. Bract large cup-shaped. Calyx short broad with short ovate subacute lobes. Petals little longer acute. Fruit oblong beaked 4 inch long. Scales small in 9 rows yellow shining, bombed, longer than 206 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. broad, edge darkened, seei oblong deeply ruminate. Bece. and Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. p. 455, Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III. 340. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I. 6. CG. glaucescens, Bl. lic. 65. Mart. l.e. 339. Muar: (Pears); Johor: Batu Pahat (Machado, Ridley 11382); Negri Sembilan: Kwala Pilah. (S. Moorhouse); Perak: (Scortechini). Distrib. Borneo and Sumatra. Native name, “ Rotan Segar, Perak.” A higbly valued rattan cultivated by Malays in Sumatra, and Johor. 28. GC. DISTICHUS, n. sp. Stem 4 inch thick, leaves over a foot long, sheath armed with flat spines half an inch long; petiole very short 1-14 inch long armed with short strong spines on the edge; rachis slightly flattened with short thorns scattered over it; leaflets about 10 pairs, mostly in alternate pairs or in fours, two pairs opposite each other lane ceolate acuminate, 6 inches long 14 inch wide, acute not setulose; fla- gellum 8 inches long, strongly armed with hooks in pairs. Spadix 9 feet long, peduncle armed with horizontal straight spines half an inch long, flattened, sheaths elongate little or not armed, upper sheaths dilate upwards with a lanceolate limb. Spikes male distant 12 inch long. Flowers closely distichous rather large, spathellules short and close, sheathing with a large limbed ribbed. Calyx tubular with three acute lobes and a scarious margin. Corolla twice as long, petals lanceolate obtuse. Female spikes longer with more distinct flowers. Selangor: Hulu Semangkok (Ridley 12115). 99.C. PALUSTRIS, Griff. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V. 62. Palm. Brit. Ind. 71, t. 199. Stem 30 to 80 feet long, 2-3 inches through. Leaves 8 to 12 feet long sheaths green with a few excavate thorn-like processes, or flat sharp spines, or nearly unarmed. Petiole gibbous at base with a single or double row of spines, rachis armed with black recurved hooks in distant pairs, leaflets alternate approximate in pairs, rather thin lanceolate 1-2 feet long 3-5 inches across, tip shortly acuminate bristly, many-nerved green (drying brown). Flagellum from end of leaf long. Spadix male long branched. Spathes tubular armed with short recury- ed hooks or nearly unarmed. Branches 6 inches long or less. Spathels unarmed, tubular mouth ciliate. Flowers distichous alternate. Spa- thellules cup-shaped. Calyx tubular swollen at base shortly lobed. Corolla twice as long. Fruit ellipsoid oblong rather glossy 4 inch long, scales trapezoid with a faint groove pale brown with a narrow blackish brown margin. Seeds almost semiconvex grooved and irregularly wrink- led. Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III. 339. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. 11458. C. latifolius, Kurz. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Beng. ae IT. 210, t, 31a (not of Roxburgh). Negri Sembilan ; Bukit Sulu (Cantley’s Coll.) ; Perak : (Secortechini 50b). Distrib. Tenasserim, Andamans. Native names. ‘Rotan Kum- bong, Rotan Sega Badak.”” Used in tying beams in houses. I have only seen male specimens, Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 207 30. C. BREVISPADIX, n. sp. Stem 4 inch thick densely armed with long flat acuminate thorns 1 inch long. Leaves long, petiole arm- ed with broad flat dagger-shaped greenish spines, over a foot long stout, rachis rounded in section smooth with few scattered hooks; flagellum very slender with numerous small hooks in pairs ; leaflets in sub-opposite groups of 4 to 6, with a nude space of about 6 inches between, elongate lanceolate 11 inches long $ inch wide, tip acute 5 nerved with a few very short bristles on the margin, and a few longer at the tip. Male spadix slender flowers acute. Female spadix 2 feet long or less erect, few branched, peduncle armed with short fine black thorns in tufts along the edge, sub-triquetous slender 8 inches long. Spathes unarmed papery, lowest one 3 inches long, with a lanceolate acute limb. Branch- es few 3 or 4 inches long, Spikes 2 inches long. Flowers rather distant. Spathellules short funnel-shaped with an acuminate point ribbed and ciliate on the margin when young. Calyx cone-shaped with broad lobes 4 inch long. Petals hardly longer. Fruit elliptic beaked + inch long dark blackish brown. Scales about 6 rows as broad as long, tips blunt margin minutely lacerate deeply grooved (young). Selangor : Semangkok Pass at 4,000 feet elevation (Ridley 12121). Endemic. In some of the leaves the leaflets appear to be regularly equidistant. The spikes when young have very ciliate spathels and spathellules but the hairs fall away as the plant grows. 31. C. ELEGANS, Bece. Mss. Stem “armed with numerous long pale straight spines.” Leaf “petiole 3 inches long with straight spines ¢ inch long, with hooks on the back of the rachis; flagellum terminal 6 inches long with many hooks;”’ leaflets very inaequidistant in sub-opposite fascicles of 3 or 4 lanceolate linear acuminate margins scarious, nerves close, a few setz on the tip 9 inches long nearly $ inch wide: rachis brown scurfy. Male spadix very slender 18 inches long ending in a slender flagellum. Spathes unarmed slender tubular, limb very short rounded branches 2. Spikes solitary 3-4 on each branch about 1 inch long. Flowers about 12 small rather distant. Spathel- lules dilate upwards striate. Calyx cup-shaped short, lobes broad and short. Corolla lobes twice as long subacute not striate. . Perak: Bujong Malacca (Ridley); (Scortechini 316a); Gunong Bubu (Wray 3923). Wray’s plant may not be the same. The pas- sages in the description of the species in inverted commas are derived from his specimen. Scortechini’s sketch in Kew Herbariun is labelled Calamus Krai. Endemic. 32. ©, VIRIDISPINUS, Becce. Fl. Brit. Ind. t. 458. Stem 20 to 25 feet, not thick. Leaf sheath armed with very numerous flat green spines passing with bristles above; rachis triquetrous with scattered hook- like thorns ending in a flagellum 25 feet long rather stout with hooks in distant pairs with solitary single hooks between ; leaflets in distant fascicles lanceolate linear acuminate 10 inches long by 1 inch wide 208 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. nerves fine, transverse, nevvules slender, a very few scattered bristles on the nerves. Male spadix long and slender over 4 feet long quite thornless except at the extreme base, branches long and few flattened, spikes curved 2 inches long. Spathes tubular lower one a foot long, limb lanceolate obtuse one inch long. Spathels cylindric with an ob- lique mouth. Spathellules very short. Flowers small quaquaversal. Calyx lobes ovate. Corolla lobes much longer ribbed. Female spadix similar very long. Calyx lobes rounded. Fruit small ellipsoid beaked 4 inch long scales broader than long grooved, light brown with a broad scarious dark brown edge. Seed oblong flattened, albumen not rumin- ate. Perak : Larut Hills (5203, 3494), (11413, 11985 Ridley), also col- lected in the same place by Scortechini. Endemic. 33. C. OXLEYANUS, Teysm. and Binn. Cat. Pl. Hort. Bogor. 1886, 75. Mig. Arch. Ind. 17. Stem scandent about 20 feet long 4 inch through dark green with close set numerous thorns in bands and sceat- tered 2 inches or less long narrow dark green the bases yellow. Leaves 4-5 feet long, flagelliferous ; petiole six inches long smooth shining cover- ed with scattered flat spines ; leaflets in distant fascicles of 5 to 8 pairs linear acuminate deep green 8-12 inches long $ inch wide with a few bristles on edges and nerves and more at the tip; flagellum rather slender 3 fees hooks recurved black-tipped. Male spadix slender 12- inches long. Lower spathes ampliate tubular 3 inches long with an acuminate limb 1 inch long, and an oblique mouth unarmed glabrous thin textured. Spathels similar shorter, ribbed, mouth ciliate. Branch- es few spikes very distant 1-2 inches long rather slender. Flowers distant. Spathellules nearly flat’saucer-shaped acuminate thin, strong- ly ribbed. Bract ovate smaller. Calyx short campanulate, split for more than half its length into ovate blunt lobes strongly ribbed. Corol- la short obtuse. Female spadix much larger and stouter, 3 feet long. Spathes smooth green as in male but larger. Internodes armed with half circles of hooks. Spikes 4 inches long, flowers distant alter- nate. Spathellules with a longer tube than in males. Calyx cylindric dilated at the base, cleft for more than half its length into 3 blunt lobes, strongly ribbed. Corolla barely longer. Fruit $ inch long glo- bose, scales rhomboid broader than long in about 6 rows, yellow turn- ing brownish with a distinct brown margin, seed rugose, albumen equable. Becc. Fl. Brit. Ind. lc. 458. C. Fernandezii Wendl. Kerch. Palm. 236. Daemonorops fasciculatus Mart. Hist. Palm. III. 330. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. III. 101, Griff. Palm. Brit. Ind. p. 95. Singapore: Bukit Timah (Ridley 11473, 11619); Toas (6283); Johor: Gunong Pulai (Ridley 3719); Malacca: (Griffith); Griffith l.e. gives the name Rotan Pajare but it is Rotan Pujare on his ticket in Herb. Brit. Mus. I cannot find that any Malay knows it by any such name. He gives the length of the leaf as 10-11 feet, I never saw it as long. Endemic. Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 209 | 34. C. LONGISPATHA, n.sp. A large stout rattan, leaves very large petiole short very thick $ inch through nearly quadrate in out- line, edge armed with short thorns, back with powerful hooks in pairs black-tipped ; rachis and flagellum with powerful hooks solitary or in twos and threes; leaflets ensiform acute 26 inches long # inch wide setulose only on the filiform tip. Spadix, female only seen, 8 feet long very stout, peduncle thorny, thick, woody, subtriangular. Spathes large lowest about 18 inches covered with short hooks with black tips. Spikes 2 inches long thick, Spathels strongly muricate (in Wray’s specimen not in mine) dilate upwards. Female flower cylindric. Calyx dilate at base, lobes subobtuse. Petals nearly twice as long. Fruit large globose shortly beaked orange, scales broader than long deeply (obscurely Beccari) channelled. Perak : Thaiping (Wray 2392, 3017); Gunong Keledang (Ridley) ; Selangor : 15th mile Pahang Track, near the Semangkok Pass (Ridley 8777). This is very little known, and all the specimens seem to differ from each other a little. The Selangor specimen has young fruit of a fusiform shape a little over $ inch long, scales yellow with dark edges. This is I presume its young state, as the rest of the plant is indis- tinguishable from the Keledang one. Endemic. 35, C, PALLIDULUS, Becce. Flor. Brit. Ind. l.c. 457. Stem stout, light green 4 inch through with irregular thick short’ thorns in short rows. Leaf subsessile drying light green, rachis not very thick, trian- gular, with conic hooks solitary or in pairs black-tipped ; leaflets alter- nate scattered not fascicled ensiform acuminate to lanceolate linear nar- rowed at base with a small swelling at the base on the rachis, glabrous many-nerved. Spadix large, lowest spathe with a few short thick spines, upper ones narrowed at base, dilate upwards 1 inch long, mouth entire with a short limb and some short rough thorns below the mouth. Branches over a foot long, spikes numerous, 3 inches long in fruit. Spathels short muricate 4 inch long, mouth rounded. Female flowers. Calyx dilate at base cylindric truncate, lobes short ovate, petals small- er. Fruit light fawn yellow, spherical with a short thick beak # inch through, scales in ten rows, rhomboid as broad as long, edges brown. Singapore : Jalan Bray (Ridley 6281). Endemic. 36. C. DIFFUSUS, Becc. and Hook. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 447. Leaves 9-3 feet long, not flagelliferous, petiole a foot long with a few thorns on the edge; rachis with a few black thorns recurved; leaflets narrow linear acuminate, equidistant close, 8-12 inches long 4 inch wide with three nerves sparingly setulose, and black bristles at the tip. Male spadix diffusely supra-decompound branches spirally inserted, lower spathe tubular green smooth coriaceous armed with hooked spines, upper tubular infundibular unarmed. Spathels short, broad. Flow- wers crowded distichous. Calyx campanulate, striate. Corolla twice as long. Female spadix about 2 feet long, branches few recurved 8 B 14 210 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. inches long, lower spathes unarmed, thinly coriaceous. Internodes armed with short hooks. Spathels smooth infundibular tubular with a short distinct lanceolate limb and mouth ciliated. Spikes distant secund, 14-3 incheslong. Flowers distant, spathellules ribbed, rather long, limb ovate acute. Bract cup-shaped. Calyx strongly ribbed. Singapore: (Lobb); Johor: Batu Pahat (Ridley 11215). This is very near C. Oxzleyanus but the leaflets are equidistant. Endemic. 37. C. LAXISSIMUS, n. sp. Leaf rachis slender obscurely angled armed with stout solitary or paired hooks, leaflets ensiform with a long point, opposite, in distant pairs over a foot long ¢ inch wide, nerves 3 to 5, bristles a few on the edge and many on the point. Male spadix slender branched over 3 feet long, peduncle one foot long §& inch across, flattened with needlelike thorns on the edge $ inch long. Spa- thes long tubular thin lowest 9 inches long with a lanceolate thin limb, the mouth armed with erect slender processes an inch long, upper spathes similar but smaller. Branches slender 3-4 inches long. Spathels very short, funnel-shaped. Spikes very short, two-flowered, flowers § inch long. Calyx tubular base rounded, lobes ovate. Corolla but little longer obtuse, shining smooth. Female spadix 6 feet or more long, rather stouter, branches 6 inches stouter, spikes one to 8 or more, flower- ed. Calyx base dilate, rounded, tube cylindric, narrower, ribbed, lobes short. Corolla hardly longer. Stigmas rather long. Spathels seurfy. Pahang: Tahan River (Ridley). A very curious plant, the very elongate branched spadix being nearly or quite unarmed. In one female spadix there are a few hooks below the spathes. The spathes have a lanceolate papery limb like those in Czramosissimus but smaller, and some remarkable stiff flat processes, 6 inches long in the female along the edge of the mouth. The branches being covered closely with spa- thels and flowers might be taken for spikes but they bear very small two-flowered spikes, rarely more, and sometimes solitary flowers. Endemic. 38. C. AQUATILIS, Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soe. S. Br. Vol. 41, p. 43. Stem fairly stout, about 30 feet long covered densely with black bristle- like spines. Leaf long flagelliferous, sheath armed with copious black spines in short rows, petiole a foot long, stout back rounded, edge armed with spines of different sizes flattened and 2 inches long or less, spines at the base black, long and slender; rachis smooth on the back spiny on the edge; leaflets numerous equidistant linear acuminate, 1 foot long over an inch wide, bristles short along the edge and back scattered ; flagellum 5 feet long, hooks in half whorls numerous. Panicles very large and stout, lower sheaths tubular an inch through with numerous short decuryed spines singly or in twos and threes, black tipped, chiefly on-the back and sides in the upper part. Branches about two feet, secondary spathes tubular unarmed an inch long. Male branch- lets numerous, 6 inches long, spathels tubular short % inch, spikes Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 211 sub-distichous recurved # inch long green. Flowers small distichous. Spathellules short saucer-shaped with an ovate limb. Sepals oblong lanceolate as long as the petals but thinner. Petals oblong lanceolate. Stamens, filaments, rather long slender, anthers long, narrowed. Female branchlets 2-3 inches long, spathels funnel-shaped, flowers solitary. Calyx lobes ovate as long as the petals and quite similar. Fruit small globular beaked $ inch long, scales in 6 whorls rhomboidal, as broad as long, yellow or brownish yellow, apex blunt, darker, grooved. Seed small, hemispheric base excavate, very rugose, albumen equable. Tidal swamps common, native name’ Rotan Bakau.”’ This has the appearance of one of the Cymbospathe Daemonorops from its densely black spiny stem. Singapore : Serangoon Road, Changi (Ridley 6275); Johor: Panchur, Batu Pahat (Ridley 11216); Pahang: Kwala Pahang. Endemic. 39. C. DUMETORUM, n. sp. Stem stout moderately thick, leaves large, sheath armed with strong flat spines 14 inch long; petiole over a foot long, stout, back rounded upper surface flat, armed especially on the upper surface with numerous short flat pale spines; rachis with longer distant thorns along the edge, pale with darker tips and distant stout decurved hooks, leaflets distant elliptic lanceolate in pairs or solitary, 6 inches long 2 inches wide with short bristles scantily on margins and tip, base and apex narrowed pale beneath. Panicles large, 18 inches long, stout, lower spathe flattened thorny on the edge at the top, with a short lanceolate limb, upper ones dilated upwards ampliate with 1-3 thorns. Branchlets pendulous 4 inches long, spathes scurfy, pubescent. Spikes 1 inch long with close set alternate distichous flowers. Spa- thellules with a short tube and broad ovate acute ribbed pubescent limb. Bracts ovate ribbed. Fruit small. Perak : at Lahat near Ipoh in open country (Ridley 11988) ; I only got male flowers and those young of this species. It is allied to C. aquatilis, Ridl. but differs altogether in the broad distant leaflets. Endemic. 40. C. CASTANEUS, Griff. Cale. Journ. Nat. Hist. V.28. Palms of British India, 37, t. 185. A tufted bushy palm producing no long stems. Leaves very long, petiole stout with broad flat greenish spines in short curved transverse rows consisting of one long one over an inch long, and several short ones ; rachis stout triangular with hooks in pairs ; leaflets numerous equidistant linear 15 inches long, 1 inch wide, above green, greyish beneath, bristles } inch long on the midrib on both sides and on the nerves, crowded at the acute tip. Spadices shorter than the leaves. Males longest and most slender over a foot long with several branches about 6 inches long and flexuous, spathes tubular dilated up- wards, limb lanceolate acuminate with a very few soft spines or none. Spathels short tubular cuspidate, spikes about 4 inches long, } inch wide, flowers distichous. Spathellules short, cup-shaped $ inch long. 212 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Flowers + inch brown. Calyx tube cylindric lohes lanceolate, acute short. Petals but little longer lanceolate acute. Female spadix shorter and stouter with a stout peduncle 6 inches long. Spathes shorter and broader. Spikes broader 4 inches long. Flowers larger, corolla but little longer than the calyx, pistil long with stout stigmas. Fruit ?-1 inch long, oblong, ellipsoid, beaked, dark brown, scales rhomboid, grooved, broader than long in 18 to 26 rows, or fewer and larger, seed oblong flat- tened wrinkled albumen equable. Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. III. 331. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. III. 112. Becc. Fl. Brit. Ind. l.c. 449. C. Griffithianus Mart. Hist. Nat. Palm. l.c. 332. C. castaneus var, A. Griff. Palm. Ind. 38. Johor: Serom (Ridley) ; Malacca: Nyalas; Selangor, (Holmberg) Ayer Panas (Hervey) ; Selangor : Kwala Lumpur (Ridley 3477, 3478) ; Pahang: Tahan River (Ridley) ; Perak: Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9810) ; Kwala Lipis (Machado); Dindings: Lumut (Curtis 3454) (Ridley 9467). Endemic in forests. Native name “ Atap Chuchur.” The leaves used for thatching. The form with rather larger fruit C. Griffithianus grows with the common form. 41. C. TURBINATUS, n. sp. Stems long $ inch thick. Leaf sheaths armed with flat, pale, dagger-shaped thorns in ascending lines, in upper sheaths smaller and more thorn-like, no ligule, petiole 6 inches or” more long sparingly thorny along the edge, not gibbous at the base; blade about 4 feet long, ieaflets linear acuminate 8 inches long, 4+ inch wide alternate or sub-opposite numerous ; rachis with distant small hooks, flagellum with few distant hooks. Inflorescences several from the upper part of the stem axillary, short and stout, 4 to 6 inches long, with very few branches, spathes funnel-shaped with an acute point, unarmed, branches stout 3 to 6 inches long, covered with short funnel- shaped spathels, scurfy edges pubescent. Flowers in pairs, peduncle shorter than the spathel. Bract at base of flower cup-shaped 3 lobed with gibbous bases, lobes rounded. Calyx lobes ovate acute, petals ovate much smaller. Fruit obturbinate, narrowed at the base, very shortly beaked at the broad top, scales very numerous, about 16 rows sub-triangular acute, grooved, cinnamon brown margined with a lacer- ate pale edge. Pericarp distinctly 3 celled when young. “ Rotan Relang.” Negri Sembilan: Kwala Pilah (S. Moorhouse). C. castaneus but with a climbing stem, and very different fruits. Endemic. SpEcIES ALTOGETHER DOUBTFUL OR EXCLUDED. C. Martianus, Bece. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 459, see under C. Penangensis. C. neglectus, Bece. |.c. 458, founded on some unrecognizable scraps in Griffith's Malacea herbarium probably bits of C. palustris. Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 213 C. viminalis, Willd. Penang (Wallick 8611). This has never been seen again in the peninsula and is an Indian species ; the locality is pro- bably erroneous. 93. PLECTOCOMIOPSIS, Bece. Stout, often gigantic rattans with much of the habit of Plectocomua. Leaves pinnate large, flagelliferous, terminal leaves in one species at least reduced to sheath and flagellum. Inflorescence of numerous pen- dent panicles, unisexual on each plant, sub-terminal and causing the death of the stem. Spathels tubular, spathellules ovate, shorter than the flower, small. Calyx cup-shaped, shortly lobed. Corolla of three ovate lobes little longer. Fruit globose, green or brown, densely cover- ed with minute acuminate scales with free points. Seed deeply pitted. Species 5. Martaban and Malay peninsula and Borneo. Sheaths armed with long flat spines in semicircles. Leaflets broad lanceolate ... va’ es 1. P. annulatus. Leaflets narrow linear... wos a. 62 P Scortechint. Sheaths covered with short conic scattered = tHOrns: © 5 vee ree owe 38. P. geminzflorus. 1. PL. ANNULATUS, n. sp. Stems 60 to 80 feet tall, 2 inches through, dark green ribbed, regular. Leaves 10 to 15 feet long, sheaths dark green with strong spines, 14 inch long, flattened yellow in half rings about 12 together as in Plectoconwa ; petiole 2-3 feet long armed, with spines in threes; leaflets in alternate threes, lanceolate acuminate 12 inches long, 3 inches wide, dark green on both sides. Flagellum 2-6 feet long, stout, on the end of the leaf, armed with groups of hooks. Male inflorescences three feet long, pendulous, branches over a foot long, spathes tubular, 2 inches long with a lanceolate point, spathels an inch long, branchlets 3 inches long. Spikes 4 inch long, recurved about 20 on the lower branchlets, bearing 16 flowers or fewer distichous. Bracts ovate, lanceolate. Bracteole opposite nearly as large bilobed, with acute lobes. Male flowers not seen. Female inflorescence very stout, with branches 8 inches long, flexuous, spikes 2 inch long, 5-6 flowered. Bracts ovate woolly on the edges, ribbed. Flowers yo inchlong. Calyx campanulate, deeply three lobed with ovate lobes. Codella lobes little longer, ovate. Fruit sub-globose 4 inch through, brown entirely cover- ed with minute lanceolate acuminate scales with free points. Singapore: Botanic Gardens (Ridley 12500), Bukit Timah (11457) Bukit Mandai. This plant, especially when young closely resembles Pl. Grifithit Becc. Endemic. 9. Pu. SCORTECHINII, Ridl. A stout rattan 60 to 70 feet long, and one inch through. Leaves about 8 feet long, sheaths grey green terete, armed with spines in circles and semicircles, 14 inch apart, spines 14 juch long, yellow with red tips, petiole short, rachis armed with large 214 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. recurved hooks with broad bases, single or in pairs, sparsely brownish pubescent; leaflets in threes closely together linear acuminate deep green, not bristly, 7 inches long, 4 inch wide. Flagellum 2 feet long, hooks very close in groups of 6 almost surrounding the rachis. Inflores- cence female about 2 feet long, branches recurved stout, 6 inches long, distichous remote. Spathes tubular striate 1-2 inches long, usually with a short limb. Spathels similar but smaller. Spikes 4 inch long recurved with about 6 secund flowers on each. Flowers nearly ¢ inch long green. Calyx cup-shaped, lobes ovate, acute short. Corolla a little longer, all ribbed. Fruit globular, green an inch through, scales minute, acuminate, very numerous. Myrzalepis Scortechinit, Becc. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 480. Singapore: Bukit Mandai Road (Ridley 3503, 5860) ; Perak: (Scor- techini). Endemic. ‘Rotan Rajah,’ “ Rotan Kirtong.’’ In habit, armature and foliage this much resembles Plectocornopsis annulatus and the fruit is quite similar. 3. PL. GEMINIFLORUS, Bece. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 479. >... As af ss 2 oe P. Rheedii, Gaud. of a ¥: & .2 220 P. Ridleyi, Martell... Ne ss Ee .. pao P. sarawakensis, Martell. oe ap ate fo SCE P. Scortechinii, Martell. Re oe aS is Wee P. stelliger, Ridl. ne ats %: . 5 ~» ) eed P. tectorius, Warb. a as on iy eae P. unguiculatus, Rid. ats cs ae i. P. verus, Kurz. ne ae ne : 2. 220 P. Yvani, Solus, Laub. a ap af os 229 Peliosanthes albida, Bak... te ie * er P. grandifolia, Ridl. .. s 73 ‘a eran OW P. humilis, Andy. » ue A iy Tre 90 P. lurida, Ridl, an aa Me oe Fae P. stellaris, Ridl. AS a i‘ Bay » ile P. -VetaAndr><: - ¢ Re ue Ory ie P. violacea, Wall. she = ane Me st a Oo P. viridis, Ridl. as iy Ke 3 oe Gece Phacelophrynium tapirorum, Schum. 3 oF rod Phoeomeria imperialis, Lindl A fe A ce “2 Seo Phalangium Adenanthera, Poir. .. “it 4f, Aer 1 P. oligospermum, Wight. Aa re oe toon Philydrum lanuginosum, Banks. .. fi y Pe ae © Phoenix paludosa, Roxb. .. af a ae ee P. siamensis, Miq. .. a “i i so ae Pholidocarpa Kingiana, Ridl, 5 is ne rte M5 P. macrocarpa, Bece. .. sf He a PT ae oy Phrynium basiflorum, Ridl. is rif pi a P. capitatum, Willd. .. 44: & nf ree i | P. cylindricum, Schum. ea Fy ap vk 08 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. P. dichotomum, Roxb. P. Griffithii, Bak. P. hirtum, Ridl. Hage Jagoranum, Koch. P. malaccensis, Ridl. P. parviflorum, Roxb. P. oa Mees Griff, P. tapirorum, Ridl. Pinanga acaulis,, Ridl. P. bifida, Bl. P. calamifrons, Bece. .. P. canina, Bece. P. disticha, BI. P. limosa, Ridl. P. malaiana, Scheff. P. nenga, Bl... P. paradoxa, Scheff. P. patula, BI. P. pectinata, Bece. P. perakensis, Bece. P. polymorpha, Bece. .. P. riparia, Ridl. P. robusta, Bece. P. Scortechinil, Bece. .. P. Singaporensis, Ridl. P. subintegra, Ridl. P. subruminata, Bece. Plagiostachys lateralis, Ridl. Plectocomia elongata, Mart. P. Griffithii, Bece. Plectocomiopsis annulatus, Ridl. P. geminiflorus, Bece. .. EP. Scortechinii, Ridl. P. Wrayi, Bece. : Podianthus arifolius, Schniz. Pollia glaucescens, 'Teysm. P. sorzogonensis, Endl. P. sumatrana, Hassk. .. P. thyrsiflora, Endl. Pontederia dilatata, Andy. . P. hastata, Linn. I ad pauciflora, Bl. P. plantaginea, Roxb. P. saggitata, Roxb. P. vaginalis, L, Protamomum macillarioides, ‘Ridl, 42 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Protoliron paradoxum, Ridl. & Groom... ate 2p Ptychoraphis longiflora, Ridl. as th = ‘ee LAS P. singaporensis, Bece. se rE .. 148 Ptychosperma disticha, Miq. ae Bf: ats ik SSG P. malaiana, Miq. e “eh =: os mR? P. patula, Miq. cs i 3.3 Ye .. 144 P. singaporensis, Bece. te ti “ge .». , 148- Ranalisma rostrata, Stapf. . L an < Re yee if Rophaloblaste singaporensis, Hook. fil... es nt OLS Rhuacophila javanica, Bl... ig ss oe os ee eee Roxburghiaceae : A ay: i ae a i cena! Sagittaria cordifolia, Roxb. Ri ir iis . weedy S. guyanensis, Humb. ae a % 5 gare, S. lappula, Don. oe. * ae ea ete by S. sagittifolia, L. aa Me nA ae epee Saguerus Langkab, Bl. tes ie BY = «tele S. Rumphii, Roxb. ss “a ites oh ied bale S. saccharifer, Wurmb. ¥ es ~ ad) ee Scaphochlamys malaccana, Bak... ze =e ee: 16 Sciaphila aftinis, Bece. -. oh: a oe > wales S. major, Bece. a; i es a ee Slackia gonomoeformis, Griff, as oe cs oe Snidax aspericaulis, Wall. £0 fe a8 vis shock. 9 Cae S. barbata, Wall. se Se a me osc eh 08 S. Blumei, De C. i Ne ae ote ie Na, S. calophylla, Wall, .. i Pe ae = ec eee S. extensa, Wall. fi ms - 5% fe. te S. Helferi, Dee. fe as a He .- 104 S. Hohenackeri, IKkth. .. w is af sere S. indica, Vittm. cee sae “is ie ao doe S. King.) Hook. il. =. re me Bs ph ae S. laevis, Wall. .. be a eer - et Ge 2) S. leucophylla, Bl... oes a os 52 16 S. luzonensis, Presl, .. se Ns Re so S08 S. megacarpa, A. De C. a An ae or bee 8. myosotiflora, De C. ~ A 33 <<) al08 S. odoratissimus, Bl. .. ae He a pen Ih) ¢ S. ovyphylla, Kth .. a y. ie aca be ee S. perfoliata, Bl. : ne sh bn eae hy S. polyacantha, Wall. Ah i % 34808 Ss Roxburghiana, Wall. fas oe ie bar ee 2!) S. setosa, Miq. Ane ata < om at. S. singaporensis, Dee. ms i a Pea ii: S. zeylanica, L. zt o ce os eek OS Spatholirion ornatum, Ridl. es 5 ce eg mils Stachyphrynium cylindricwm, Schum... * ag Ou Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 43 S. Griffithii, Schum. .. ae eo te poet HERE S. Jagoranum, Schum. ry % Fa er t=: S. minus, Ridl. : Mus 35 iy hse OD Stemona Curtisii, Hook. fil. >: ime is ave 2) 6 S. tuberosa, Lour. ¥e ae a a Bh 86 Stenochasma urceolare, Griff, Ae a a B86 Stenomeris borneensis, Planch. .. 2 ie seas Oe Susum anthelminticum, Bl. abe a sis He ve honk S. malayanum, Hook. fil. ei Pi = Breed Taccaceae si ; x e ate a staid aie Tacca cristata, J ack. — te at, ss Spates T. minor, Ridl. epee as Sie =) SEY 0) ais palmata, Bl. e. as ur ce ae ee 'T. pinnatifida, Forst. .. bis os Ns «Seg T. pinnatifolia, Gaert. ce me oe eae ue T. Rafflesiana, Jack. .. a3 av oe ee oe lt T.. vespertilio, Rid]. .. Si ali ae Re ee T. viridis, Hemsl. ae a > ee bee SES Teysmannia altifrons, Miq. a 3 aes Cae LOS Thismia arachnites, Ridl. .. te iy se Se oe Th. aseroe, Bece. he Ss Pi r% cei YA Ph. chrysops,, Ridis-> 3. ep a i eeenee Th. fumida, Ridl. ah, se i ame ter Say: Tradescantia barbata, Spring Mi, a es Cee T. capitata, Bl. Bs =p oa ce vice uae T. crassifolia, Hassk, .. nt ze Me csae aden T. cristata, Jacq. A ss ee ae Rate bo) | T. imbricata, Roxb. .. sch i ae oe oe T. paniculata, Roxb. .. Be 8 és oi tele T. radieans, Royle ~ ae fe os Pcie fr! T. thyrsiflora, Bl. ae ss ae Ss A lel 28 T. vaga, Zoll. .. a mee, & Sg alle Trichopodium angustifolium, Lindl. a at Bre T. cordatum, Lindl. .. or ne a2 Pale eae T. in termedium, Lindl. aap pe af 2 esa T. zeylanicum, Thw. .. “3 an as ey vas) Trichopus zeylanicus, Gaert. se Ae ie: cee ee Triurideae.. be fs oe i EE 5 Tupistra grandis, Ridl. Gg aa ee 2 iy 3 T. singaporensis, Wall. i ay sae ey Oe T. violacea, Ridl. Se ne Ri a Jes eo Xyris anceps, Lam. Bi ays oa me RPO? 1 X. bancana, Miq. A on Ae aS ered a Mi dessa ae E. Ba ve ey Puae Tae X. malaccensis, Steud. = SA tf ees 8 X. oryzelorum, Steud, a 4 si an. be 44 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. X. pauciflora, Willd. X. Ridleyi, Rendle Zalacea affinis, Griff. Z. conferta, Griff. Z. glabrescens, Griff. . Z. macrostachya, Griff. Z. edulis, Wall. Z. Rumphii, Griff. Z. Wallichiana, Mart. .. Zerumbet zingiber, Lestib. .. Zingiber Cassumunaar, Robx. Z. cliffordiae, Andr. Z. chysostachys, Rid. Z. citrinum, Rid). Z. gracile, Jack. Z. Griffithii, Bak. Z. Kunstleri, King Z. macradenium, Schum. Z. puberula, Ridl. Z. spectabile, Griff. Z. spurium, Woen. Z. Wrayii, Prain. Z. zerumbet, Lin. 27 \ ; or fy ie Ns ; : y i i } | if f Was i a) My bi i Y hv a " Vite i Pay hn 7 yo ; E Ds : i) \ bi uate Mio ‘on : 5 rar ie AY > ae, idley, Henry Nicho/Materials for a flor 85 00060 217 mee testers 5 ot ie teh ge naa as Ap tare eh “ay SAR in his) Bu tifees Peel ee A hi, Utes Rath, ae YN eh We A ) ING i) hi yy? + “i ) fi ) i rn) i AW , ih PAGS ' ver i My, Koti : Vy CAN ital Sea KS Peau caaabean itis ae she s yh A hen ANE eam At mY fa PN Ay tite he ’ RR ris re . Cav iey (he's i)! yy rd tae LY AWW A f) ; : ,) J ¥ oo | wie eet es PR eh at