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Materikee FOR A.
Flora oF THE —
_MaLavan PEeNinsuta

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5 Partill

ae N. RIDLEY, M.A,, F.R.S., F.LS, F.RHS:

o iio Dinector oF Botanicat GARDENS,

Sincaeore, S.S..

a

Materials for a Flora of the

Malayan Peninsula

by
H. N. RIDLEY, M.A., F.R.S., F.L.S., F.R.H.S.

Director of Botanic Gardens,

Singapore, S.S.

PART ERE

Singapore :
Printed at the Methodist Publishing House.
1907

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Araceae
Lemnaceae
Eriocaulaceae
Cyperaceae

Gramineae

Part Jil.

CONTENTS

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Materials for a Flora of the Malayan
Peninsula.

PASRIT.. LOT.

XXI. ARACEAR.

Her'+ ...% tuberous or with a creeping rhizome or scandent
jhrubs. Leaves alternate petioled, petiole sheathing at base or for
its whole length, lamina herbaceous or coriaceous entire or lobed.
Flowers uni- or bisexual sessile spicate, on a spadix more or less
enclosed in a green or coloured spathe. In unisexual plants, the
males are at the top of the spadix the females at the base, with
usually abortive flowers (neuters) between them. Perianth lobes
scale-like or absent. Anthers 2-4 celled dehiscing by pores or slits.
Ovary sessile 1-3 celled. Style usually short. Stigma discoid, or

lobed. Ovules 1 or more. Fruit baccate rarely capsular. Seeds

few or 1 rarely numerous usually imbedded in pulp. Albumen ab-
sent or plentiful.

Species about 1000. Whole world but most in the tropics.
(A.)
Flowers monoecious (occasionally dioecious in Arisaema).
Perianth absent.

Tribe I. ARINEAE. Spadix with an ap-
pendage (except Pistia and Cryptocoryne).
Stamens free, ovary 1 celled, ovules ortho-
tropous.

Floating stemless herbs ar ioe ha eesti
Submerged or marsh plants. Spadix very

short, spathe long tubular .. & Cryptocoryne.
Terrestrial tuberous herbs often unisexual.

Neuter flowers few or none Ac ee 3. Arisaema.
Bisexual. Neuters numerous above the fe-

males 4. T'yphonium.

Cl

¢.

2 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

IJ. PyrHonicar. Tuberous herbs, flow-
ering before leafing. Leaves pinnatifid.
Spadix usually appendaged. Ovyules anatro-
pous.

Appendage large

Ow

Ill. CoLtocasizgar. Leaves undivided,
cordate, sagittate or peltate. Spadix appen-
daged or not. Anthers sessile, free or connate,
connective thick.

Female portion of spadix adnate to spathe .. 6.

Spadix free to base.

Ovules many parietal, fruit sub-capsular .. 7.
Ovules few basal, fruit drupaceous .. iio Mada

IV. PHILODENDREAE. ‘Terrestrial herbs,
leaves entire. Spadix shorter than spathe, no
appendage. Fruit enclosed in the spathe tube.
Spathe eventually deciduous. Fruit a red

drupe SNCS ae: i saat rte
Spathe persistent. Fruit very small Rises wt
Upper portion of spathe deciduous in flower

contracted in the middle ms BREST gS
Spathe not contracted in the middle .. ety vgs &

2 (B.)

Flowers bisexual, no perianth.

V. Catuear. Climbers often woody.

Spadix with no appendage. Ovary truncate.
Stigma linear central.

Perianth usually present. Drupes distinct

red ss a 7 : 13.
Perianth absent, fruits crowded. Ovary one
celled iE 5. Pa ian nes ag |
Ovary 2-3 celled, seed 2 or more on Apap ie 32
(C.)

Flowers bisexual. Perianth of four to 6
VI. ORONTIEAE.
Prickly herbs.

Spadix much shorter than the long spathe,
sessile 5% i ms tf 24 Reds

. Amorphophallus.

Hapaline.

Colocasia.
Alocasia.

Aglaonema.
Homalomena.

Schismatoglottis.
Piptospatha,

Anadendrum.

Scindapsus.

Raphidophora.

segments.

Lasia,

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 3

Spadix nearly as long as dae stipitate .. 17. Podolasia.
Spadix subsessile ny ; e .. 18. Cyrtosperma,
Climbing plants not prickly . ae 19. Pothos.
Rhizomatous plant’ with ane leay es aaa

no spathe Ag ne SE .. 20. Acorus.

dR PISTLA, bas

A floating herb stemless, but stoloniferous. Leaves sessile obo-
~ vate obcuneate erect. Spathe shortly peduncled small, base tubular
limb ovate, enclosing one flask-shaped pistil with short stigmatic
processes. Anthers + globose sessile connate, in a_basin-shaped
spathel. Fruit membranous few seeded, ovules many. Seeds oblong
or obovoid albuminous, testa rugose. Embryo minute.

Species 1. All the Tropics.

P. Srratiores, L. Sp. Pl. 963. Roots tufted white with
numerous fibrils. Leaves bright green, obovate spathulate cuneate,
apex rounded, ribbed beneath pale, pubescent $-3 inches long, 4-14
inch wide. Spathe tomentose white, base campanulate limb ovate
about half an inch long. Roxb. Corom. Pl. III. 63, t. 269. Fl. B.
Ind. Il1..431:- Griff: Notul. 12, 211. Ic, Pl. As. t. 260, 261. Bot.
Mag. t. 4564. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 497.

Commonly cultivated in Singapore by Chinese to feed pigs.
Possibly wild in the river at Batu Pahat, Johor, and Pahang (Ma-
hang, Ridley 1509), Native name “ Kiambang” or “ Kambiang.”
Distribution all tropical countries.

2. CRYPTOCORYNE, Fisch.

Aquatic herbs with a short or long creeping rhizome. Leaves
herbaceous or leathery, petiole sheathing at base. Spathe tubular
with the edges connate, with a lanceolate or ovate coloured limb.
Spadix very short in the dilated tubular base of the spathe. Male
portion conic wrapped in an involute valve of the spathe. Anthers
2 celled, cells perforate at the tip. Female flowers few in a single
whorl, perianth 0. Ovaries flask-shaped many ovuled. Styles short
recurved. Ovules erect orthotropous. Fruit capsular or connate 2
valved carpels, seeds numerous.

Species about 25. India, Malaya.

Leaves leathery lanceolate erect .. e« 1. >C. ciate.
Leaves thin ovate or lanceolate floating.

Spathe tube much longer than the limb.

Tail of limb short, limb lanceolate yellow .. ° 2. C. cordata.
Tail of limb short, limb oyate purple .. 3. :C. purpurea,

4 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

He

TaiFof limb longer than the tube
Tube of spathe as short or shorter than ay

. CU. pontederiaefolia.

Limb ovate tailed .. oy if wel) 0s 5 OC GT Oqirnate
Limb narrow lanceolate twisted a . 6. -Coaffinis.
Limb lanceolate not tailed .. _ ote Celpnca

1. C. cintata, Fisch. Schott. Melet. 16. Tuberous and stoloni-
ferous. Leaves erect fleshy leathery petiole stout 18 inches long,
laminae 6 to 14 inches long 2 inches wide lanceolate or linear oblong
dull dark green. Scape short. Spathe 4 to 12 inches long. Limb
oblong cuspidate 2-3 inches long fimbriate yellowish or purple with
purple fimbriae. Spadix male portion cylindric blunt rather thick.
Female flowers about 5 to 7. Stigma oblong. Fruit globose conie
on a fairly long peduncle, 1 inch through 6 to 8 seeds. Kunth. Enum.
III 12. Schott. Aroid. 7. Syn. 2. Prodr. 15. Bonplandia 1857,
ge2.. Wight. Ie. t.- 775. Griff. Trans: Linn. Soc. XX) tadoae
Blume. Rumphia I. 86. Engler Araceae 624. Hook. fil. FJ. Brit.
Ind, V1. 492: ~C. elata, Griff. Notul.. IIL 134, Ic. Pl> Asisisse
171.) ©. drymorhiza, Zipp. Miq. Ann. Mus, Bot. 1. 122. Ambrosinia
ciliata, Roxb. Corom. Pl. III. 90. t. 294. Fl. Ind. ITI. 491.

Singapore: Kranji, etc.; Johor: Batu Pahat (Ridley) ; Malacca
(Griffith) ; Tringganu (Ridley); Penang: Pulau Betong (Curtis
1940). Distrib. India, Borneo, Java. In mangrove mud and brack-
ish ditches near the sea, more rarely in ponds. Very abundant but
rarely to be found in flower.

2. ©. corpDaTta, Griffith Notulae. TILT. 138.Ic. Pl. As. tya7e:
Submersed herb with a slender rhizome. Leaves ovate to oblong ovate .
undulate thin blunt.2 inches long 1 inch wide, base cordate olive
green above, paler and reddish beneath, petiole 6 inches long olive
and white. Scape 1 inch long white. Tube of spathe 7-8 inches long
dilated at base, ribbed white # inch through, limb lanceolate caudate,
bright yellow above, tail and back of limb fuscous, 2 inches long ~
inch wide. Spadix 3 inch long, tip covered by an oblong truncate
valve, yellow. Male portion cylindric pale yellow, flowers wedge
shaped, top flat with 2 projecting anthers, appendix curved club-
shaped blunt adnate to the valve, nude portion of the spadix thin
white. Female flowers connate in a cone } inch tall. Styles short
and broad. Stigmas oblong retuse at tip, a circle of 6 rounded yellow
bodies above the pistils below and inside the circle of styles (abortive
female flowers). Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 493. Schott. Syn.
2. Prodr. Aroid. 14. Bonplandia 1857, 220. Engler Araec. 626.
Icones. No, 6; Malesia I. 298. N. E. Bl. Journ. Linn. Soc. XIII.
a12.

Malacca (Griffith), Jus (Goodenough 1514), Bukit Sadanen
(Derry 548), Sungei Udang (Derry 177). Distrib. Borneo and Java,

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 5

Native name “ Ati-Ati Paya.” In forests streams. The leaves
ground up are applied to the head in native medicine for headache.

3. C. pupuREA, Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. Vol. 41. p.
44. Stems creeping stoloniferous. . Leaves ovate or elliptic ovate
base broad 3 inches long by 12 inch wide petioles 4 inches long.
Peduncle short about 4 inch long. Spathe 3 or more inches long
tube twisted + inch long through white,’ limb ovate caudate $-1 inch
long $ inch wide deep purple brown with a yellow mouth pustular,
tail $ inch long. Valve oblong truncate pale yellow. Female flowers
6 to 8 connate in a circle. Styles very short, stigmas discoid, neuters
above the pistils 5 or more, bare portion of spadix slender. Male
flowers few yellow obcuneate. Appendix small elliptic clubbed. C.
Griffithii, Hook. fil. Bot. Mag. 7719, not of Schott.

Johor: Kota Tinggi (Ridley 4214). This is closely allied to C.
Griffithii but differs in its more numerous pistils, and smaller appendix
while the tube of the spathe is very much longer. Endemic.

4. C. PONTEDERIAEFOLIA, Schott. Mig. Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat.
I. 122. Stem as in the last species. Leaves ovate cordate with
distinct auricles, margins undulate, 2 inches long by 14 inch wide,
petioles 8 inches long, sheathing for 4 of the length. Scapes very
short. Spathe tube 4 inches long rather stout dilate at base, limb
ovate lanceolate 14 inch long half an inch wide with a tail 5 inches
long deep purple. Fruit obconic on short scapes, pistils 5. Seeds
elongate cylindric longitudinally ribbed. Engler. Arac. No. 24.
Monogr. p. 627.

Johor: Between Johor Town and Gunong Pulai (Ridley’s Coll.
3721). Rare. In slow running streams. Distrib. Sumatra.

5. C. Grieritui, Schott. Syn. Aroid. I. Prodr. Syst. Aroid. 14.
Stem creeping and sureulose. Leaves ovate undulate floating dark
olive above pink beneath 2 inches long 1} wide, petioles 4 to 5 inches
long. Scape about 1 inch long white. Spathe tube cylindric base
dilate 1$ inch long white, limb ovate cuspidate papillose dark red.
Spadix short. Female portion conic, ovaries connate pustular 6.
Styles short and thick. Stigmas’ elliptic. Barren portion slender.
Male flowers oblong. Capsule conic cordate 6 lobed pink with per-
sistent styles } inch long. Engler. Arac. 631. N. E. Br. in Journ.
Linn. Soc. XVIII. 244. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. Vol. VI. p. 493.
Cryptocoryne, sp. Griff. Notul. III. 139. Ic. Pl. As. t. 173, f. 3.

Singapore: Tanglin, Kranji, Mandai, Chan Chu Kang (Ridley
3936); Johor: Ulu Batu Pahat (Kelsall) ; Malacca: Tabong (Grif-
fith), Bukit Sadanen (Derry 348). In slow streams in dense jungle.
The spathe submerged up to the limb. Endemic.

6 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

6. C. arrinis, N. E. Br. in Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 494.
Leaves lanceolate oblong subeordate obtuse bullate 2 to 3 inches lon
by ¢ inch to 1 inch wide green above purple beneath. Peduncle 4 to
1 inch long. Spathe tubular 3 inches long by } inch through, base
swollen, Jaminae narrow lanceolate 2 to 24 long spirally twisted.
Spadix appendage ovoid. Carpels 6 to 7 very many oyuled.

Perak (Scortechini 586). Endemic.

7. C. evurprica, N. E. Br. l.c. p. 495. Leaves orbieular or
ovate cordate blunt 14 inch long 1 inch wide scabrid, petiole slender
2 to 3 inches long or less; green above brown beneath. Spathe tube
14 inch-2 inches long slender, on a peduncle 4 inch long hardly
lengthening in fruit. Limb smooth not papillose, lanceolate black
3- inch long, twisted and bent back at apex. Fruit 6-celled small
little over } inch long.

Perak: Larut (King’s Collector 3166), Sungei Larut (Wray
2459). Allied to C. Griffithii, but much smaller in all its parts.
Endemie,

C'. sp. Leaves narrow lanceolate acute bullate 3 inches long, by
4-3 inch wide margins undulate petioles slender 2 inches long. Stems
rather stout an inch long.

Pahang: Tahan River (Ridley 2386). I was unable to find any
flowers or fruits of this, but it is a very distinct looking plant.

3. ARISAEMA, Mart.

Tuberous herbs with one or two petioled trilobed or pedatisect
leaves. Spate tube convolute limb broad usually tailed. Spadix in-
cluded or exserted, with an appendage usually filiform and often very
long. Male flowers numerous stipitate, anthers 2 to 5. Females
densely crowded, ovary 1 celled. Ovules 2 or more orthotropous.
Style short or absent stigma discoid. Neuters absent or on the ap-
pendage or above the males or females, subulate. Berries one or
few seeded. Seeds albuminous.

The species of the Malay Peninsula are mostly dioecious.

Species about 50. Asia temperate or tropical and North America.
Leaves trifoliate.

Appendage shorter than the limb.

Spathe limb ovate lanceolate.

Leaves 1 or 2. Leaflets broad at base .. .. 1. A. Roxburghir.
Leaves: 1. Leaflets narrowed at base .. .. & A, Kunstlert.
Spathe limb broadly ovate cm .. 38. A. anomalum.

Appendage long fimbriate .. nS .. 4. A. fimbriatum.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 7

Leaves pedatisect.
Limb of spathe very large longer than tube 5. A. Wrayt.
Limb of spathe shorter than tube .. .. 6. A, Scortechinm.

1. A, Roxsureni, Kunth. Enum. II. 18. Leaves 1 or 2 en-
closed with the scape in a sheath 2 inches long, petiole tapering up-
wards 8 inches long grey marbled transversely with red, leaflets ovate
acuminate light green, 5 inches long 24 inch wide, petiolules of side
leaflets + inch long, of terminal leaflet, # inch. Peduncle 7 inches
long slender mottled pink. Spathe tube 1 inch long dull pink lamina
ovate acuminate curved yellowish green 1 inch long $ inch wide.
Spadix short filiform 14 inch long appendix acuminate # inch long
base dark green appendage yellowish, anthers 4 to 5 in a cluster,
scattered. Fruit spike 2 inches long. Schott. Syn. Aroid. 27. Prodr.
33. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 497 A. cuspidatum, Engler Arac.
536. Arum cuspidatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. IIT. 506. Wight. Icones t.
784.

Selangor: Kuala Lumpur Caves (Ridley); Pahang: Kota
Glangei Caves; Perak (Scortechini) ; Penang (Roxburgh), Govern-
ment Hill (Curtis 1882); Perak (Scortechini) ; Lankawi Islands
(Curtis). Distrib. Java. On rocks and banks.

2. A. Kunstiert, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 497. Tuber
_subglobose, stem 5 inches long covered with sheaths. Leaves solitary
trifoliate, petiole graceful 7-10 inches long green mottled red, leaflets
ovate lanceolate acuminate base narrowed thin inaequilateral, nerves
about 10 pairs, 44 inches long, 2 inches wide petiolules of side leaflets
4 inch long of central one $ inch. Peduncle 6 to 7 inches long
mottled grey lamina narrow elongate lanceolate acuminate green with
darker streaks, contracted at the base. Male spadix very slender,
appendage very slender. [lowers scattered. Anthers ovoid, 1, 2, or
4 together very small madder pink, with one or two pink processes
(neutral flowers) at the base of the appendage. Female flowers pis-
tils numerous hemispheric green. Style semiglobose. Fruit spike
1 to 2 inches long.

Perak (Kunstler), Taiping (Derry); Penang (King’s Coll.
1653), Penara Bukit (Ridley 7246), Government Hill (Curtis 2887).
Endemic, or rocks and banks.’ A more slender plant, with smaller
leaves, and rather different in colour from the last, but possibly only
forms of one species.

3. A, ANOMALUM, Hemsl. Journ. Bot. 1887, 205. Tuber elongate
shortly rhizomatous. Leaf 1 or 2, 18 inches tall trifoliate, petiole
slender a foot long, leaflets ovate acuminate cuspidate inaequilateral,
5 inches long, 2 inches wide rather fleshy, petiolules + to 4 inch long.
Scapes 8 inches long, base sheathed. Spathe 2 inches long tube.

8 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

cylindric 14 inch long lamina broad ovate cuspidate arched, edges
round the mouth everted 1 inch long dark purple. Spadix little
longer than the tube, appendix filiform, neuters above the male
flowers subulate. Male flowers stipitate 4 celled, 5 or 6. Females,
pistils globose stigmas sessile. Hook. fil. Bot. Mag. t. 7211. Fl. Brit. |
Ind. VI.

Perak: Larut Hills (Wray, Curtis 3714), Hermitage Hill (Rid-
ley 2951), Ulu Batang Padang (Wray 1500). Among rocks at an
altitude of from 3-5000 feet. Endemic.

4. A. FIMBRIATUM, Masters in Gard. Chron. 1884 II. 680, f. 119.
Tuber hemispheric # inch through. Leaves 2, trifoliate glaucous
beneath leaflets broadly ovate cuspidate, slightly imaequilateral 6 to
7 inches long 5 inches wide, petiolules + inch long, petiolules stout 6-8
inches long. Peduncle 8 inches to a foot long glaucous. Spathe 4
to 8 inches long tube 2-3 inches long stout, lamina ovate acuminate
arched nearly 3 inches long deep purple red. Spadix 9 inches long
slender, appendage filiform very long covered with subulate processes,
purple male portion of spadix 2 inches long, flowers pedicellate 6
celled scattered. Female portion $ inch long, flowers close together,
ovary subglobose, stigma discoid. Regel. Garten. Fl. 1886, 357, f.
40. Bot. Mag. t. 7150. Journ. of Horticulture 1886, f. 19. Hook.
fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 502.

Lankawi Islands (Curtis) ; Pahang: Kota Glanggi among lime-
stone rocks (Ridley). Distrib. Southern Siam.

5. A. Wrayi, Hemsl. Journ. Bot. 1887, 205. Tuber rounded,
with numerous roots. Leaf pedatisect, petiole 8 inches to a foot long
reddish with transverse lighter patches, lobes 4 to 8 narrowly lanceolate
or elliptic lanceolate, acuminate, 6 to 8 inches long $-14 inch wide,
deep green, petiolules $ inch long on lateral leaflets to 1 inch long on
central one. Scape about 13 feet long mottled. Spathe large
tubular portion about 3 inches long thick margins very broad deflexed,
limb broadly ovate acuminate 43 inches long by 2 inches wide light
green. Spadix with a long filiform appendix over 6 inches long pale
green.

Perak: Larut Hills (Scortechini No. 262), Wray, Hervey, etc., at
an altitude of about 4000 feet.

6. A. ScorrecHini, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 503. Tuber
oblong. Leaf solitary or 2 petiole, about 4 inches long pale with
transverse reddish bars, limb of 3-6 lobes, linear or lanceolate acu-
minate deep green with 2 longitudinal white bars 6 to 7 inches long
§ to 1 inch wide, the central one largest, petiolules } to 4 inch. Scape
13 inches long pale with transverse reddish bars and 1 or 2 thorn-
like processes above. Spathe tube cylindric green margins broad

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 9

recurved, lamina ovate 1 inch long by } inch wide, yellow stripe and
tipped with green. Dioecious. Male spadix 2 inches long, appendix
filiform short barely projecting beyond the tube yellow. Stamens
scattered, 3 pink anthers connate on a short peduncle. Female
not seen. Drupes } inch long.

Selangor: Bukit Hitam, Pahang Track at the 15th mile (Rid-
ley) ; Perak (Scortechin1), (King’s Collector), Bujong Malacca
(Ridley) ; Penang: Government Hill (Curtis 143). Endemic, in
forests.

A. sp. Leaves 2, petioles 6 to 8 inches long slender leaflets 5,
the two laterals lanceolate acuminate acute, inaequilateral 4 inches
long by 14 wide, the others ovate lanceolate, the central one 5 inches
‘ong by 3 inches wide cuspidate, petiolules very short 4 inch except
central one 4 inch long. Scape slender 6 inches tube or spathe stout,
over 1 inch long, hmb gone.

Perak: Bujong Malacca (Ridley). Apparently a distinct species
but the materials are insufficient for description.

4. TypHonivum, Schott.

Herbs tuberous. Leaves few entire 3 to 5 lobed or pedatisect.
Spathe base tubular short constricted above persistent. Limb ovate
or lanceolate or linear deciduous, spadix exserted.. Female flowers
crowded, above some elongate neuter. Males above numerous, ap-
pendage long exsert. Anthers oblong sessile. Ovaries 1 celled, ovules
1-2 basal erect. Berries oblong 1-2 seeded. Seed globose or oblong.

Species 15. Tropical Africa, Asia, Australia.
Limb of spathe broadly ovate acuminate.
Stem subterranean tuberous.
Appendage short and thick, tip of spathe
not coiled . . T. trilobatum.
Appendage ene slender. in a apathe eaited 2. T. Roxburgh.
Stem epigeal, Senor’ on the roots fe 8. be ult,
Limb linear, stem tuberous.
Very small plant. Inflorescence 3 inches
long ie oe ah et SAT: flforme.
Large plant. Inflorescence 6 inches long 5. 7’. cuspidatum.

1. T. TRILOBATUM, Schott. Wien. Zeitschr. III. 72. Tuber $
inch across. Leaves 3 or 4, three lobed, midlobe ovate acuminate 6
inches long, 3 inches wide, laterals shorter blunter sub-bilobed at base,
inaequilateral, petiole 15 inches long sheathing for 2 inches, grey
green. Peduncle 1 inch long green mottled with red. Spathe large
tube broad 2 inches long, 1 1 inch through olivaceous, blade ovate
acuminate deep red 5-7 inches long 3 inches wide. Spadix nearly

—

10 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

6 inches long. Appendage cylindric blunt red, base dilated and in-
truded beneath 3 inches long ? inch thick, below a nude portion nearly
4 inch long, male portion cylindric $ inch long rose pink. Anthers
4 lobed, below a white nude portion 4 inch long, neuters filiform
white very numerous slender curled and “matted 3 2 inch long. Female
portion conic ~ inch long. Stigmas deep crimson discoid, ovaries
connate. Fruit oblong 1 seeded. Seeds oblong elliptic brown dotted
3 inch long with a white cape shaped aril at the base. Trim. Fl.
Ceyl. IV. 353. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VIT) 509, (in part). Z-
orixense, Schott. Wien. Zeitschr. II]. 72. Arisaema orixense, Roxb.
FI. Ind. III. 503. Wight. Ic. t. 801. (probably).

Pahang: Pekan and Pulau Jellam (Ridley). In waste ground
in villages. Distrib. India and Malaya. I am yery doubtful as to
the synonymy of this plant.

2. T. Roxsurcuy, Schott. Aroid. I. 121, (excl. fig. 17). Tuber
subglobose. Leaves young ovate cordate. Adult 3 lobed,.side lobes
lanceolate dark green very inaequilateral base auricled on the outer
side 34 inches long 14 inch wide, midlobe ovate acuminate 5 inches
long 3 inches wide, petiole 6 inches long. Peduncle very short 1
inch long. Spathe base dilated 14 inch long greenish streaked
brownish red, limb 2 inches across broadly ovate acuminate dark
brownish red, apex greenish, convolute. Spadix 8 inches. long, ap-
pendage 6 inches long cylindric acuminate deep purple, below a short
nude portion. Male inflorescence $ inch long. Stamens in 8 or
9 whorls, yellow, pollen pink; below a nude portion bent $ inch long.
Neuters cylindric yellow numerous decurved. Female portion short.
Pistils dilated in the middle, ae spotted pink. Stigma flat or-
bicular. Trim. FI. ie IV. 353. 1. triste, Griff. Notul. IIT, 145.
T. javanicum, Miq. FI. Ind. Bat. Ill. 198. Arum trilobatum, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. IIT, 505. Wight. Ic. t. 803.

Singapore, Botanic Gardens (Ridley 1675); Penang (Curtis) ;
Malacea (Cantley’s Coll.). Distrib. India, Siam, Malaya. ‘There
has been a great amount of con fusion raised about this and the allied
species. ‘I’ he plant referred to 7. Motleyanum, Schott. in Fl. Brit.
Ind. p. 510, are doubtless to be ‘alerred to the plant described above.

3. T. ruLtuM, Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. 8. Br. Vol. XLI. p.
45. A small herb. not tuberous. Stem short emitting strong roots
which raise it above the ground. Leaves about 5 or 6 ovate or deltoid
hastate 2-3 inches long 2 inches wide deeply cordate apex acute, lobes
rounded, petiole 24 inch long. Peduncle + inch long. Spathe base
green dilate 4-3 inch long limb 1-2 inches long } inch broad subacute
purple veined, tip green. Spadix about as long, appendage orange
brown cylindric from a thick base tapering upwards, below a short
nude portion, male portion of about 6 rows of oblong yellowish

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 11

anthers, then a longer nude portion, neuters numerous horn-shaped
white upcurved. Females one whorl oblong 1 seeded.

Selangor Caves, Kuala Lumpur (Ridley 8165); Lankawi (Cur-
. 5 . F “ / 7
tis). Endemic.

4, 'T. FILIFORME, Ridley, Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br. Vol. XLI.
p. 45. Tuber globose 4 inch through. Leaves 2 or 3 deltoid hastate
acuminate lobes divaricate acute 2-3 inches long 3-14 wide, petiole
slender 2-5 inches long. Peduncle + inch long. Spathe 3 inches,
base elliptic } inch long olive green, limb linear very narrow, apex
eventually revolute yellowish spotted with red. Spadix very slender
3% inches long. Appendage ochre, 3 inches long filiform. Male por-
tion short below a long slender nude portion, neuters filiform contort
long. Female flowers few oblong.

Perak, Kuala Dipang base of limestone cliffs (Ridley 9620).
Endemic, rare. Allied to T. bulbiferum, Dalz. of the Concan, dif-
fering in the absence of any trace of bulbils, longer appendage and
~ neuters, and longer nude space below the male flowers.

5. 'T. cusprpatuM, Blume. Cat. Hort. Buit. 101. Rumph. 1. 133,
t. 10, f. 1-3. Tuber oblong or globose 1 inch long. Stem 2 inches
long white. Leaves 3 or 4 ovate hastate or triangular light green 4
inches long 1-14 inches wide, petiole 3-9 inches long. Peduncle 1
inch long. Spathe base dilated globose ribbed bright polished green
¢ inch long, blade linear acute deflexed 4 inches long, 4 inch wide
green edged red-brown. Spadix 4-6 inches long, appendage long
filiform from a conic base yellow, 3-5 inches long, male flowers yellow
below then scattered white decurved neuters, linear, and a series of
horizontal purple tipped ones. Female portion very short, pistils
ovoid, stigma discoid. Decaisne Descr. Herb. Timor. 39. Kunth.
Enum. INT. 26. Schott. Ic. Ar. 112. Syn. 19. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat.
III. 194. Engler Arac. 616, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 5111.
Arum cuspidatum, Bl. Cat. Hort. Buitenz. 101. A. flagelliforme,
Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 396. Rovb. Fl. Ind. III. 502. Wight. Ie. t.
791. Griff. Itin, Notes 13. No. 193. Notulae IIT. 144, (flagelli-
ferum). A. angulatum, Griff. Notul. III. 143.

Malacca: Ditches near the town (Ridley 11379), (Griffith) ;
Penang: Sepoy Lines (Curtis 1858); Pulau Tikus (3023) ; Sing-
apore: abundant in some parts of the Botanic Gardens, evidently in-
troduced. Distrib. India, Siam, Malay Archipelago.

5. AMORPHOPHALLUus, BI.

Herbs with usually large round tubers. Leaves produced singly
from the top of the tuber, often very large, petiole tall and stout often
mottled or scabrid, blade 3 lobed, with pinnatisect segments.

12 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Spathe and spadix produced after the fall of the leaf, peduncled.
Spathe tube convolute limb usually broad. Spadix tube convolute
limb usually broad. Spadix with a large conic or cylindric appendix,
Male and female flowers crowded, neuters 0. Anthers 3-4, sessile
cells oblong with apical pores. Ovaries globose or flattened. Style
short or long. Stigma 2 to 4 lobed or “entire. Berries elliptic or
subglobose. Seeds exalbuminous.

Species about 40. ‘Tropics of the whole world.

Style much longer than the ovary.
Appendix large cone-shaped .. ... 1. A. malaccensis.
Style short.
Spadix little longer than spathe.
Appendix fusiform eA ¥ .. 2 A. sparstflorus.
Appendix cylindric fe = sis SS) ea PILAR
Spadix much longer.
Appendix conic.
Spathe yellow ovaries discoid .. face Ha, Age PPA
Spathe flesh colour, ovaries flask-shaped 5. A. carnea.
Appen.lix long cylindric.
Peduncle 12 inches long, leaf 5 lobed 6. A. haematospadia,
Peduncle 2-3 feet, leaf pinnatisect .. 7. A. variabilis.

1. A. MaLaccensis, Ridley Journ. Roy. As. Soc. 8. Br. Vol.
XLI. p. 46. Tuber 4 inches through hemispheric top depressed.
Leaves not seen. Peduncle 7 inches tall rough. Spathe tube wide
trumpet-shaped, 3 inches long, limb broad rounded 6 inches long
and as wide. Spadix longer, appendage fusiform acuminate 6 inches
long rugose, hollow loose textured and fibrous within, male portion 1
inch long, anthers crowded oblong. Female portion 24 inches long,
flowers numerous, ovaries ovoid, style } inch long.

Malacca: Panchur (Goodenough 1815). Endemic.

This differs from A. rev, Prain in the longer peduncle, and
longer narrower appendix. I have not certainly seen the foliage, but
have several times met with leaves resembling those of A. rex With
a green scabrid petiole. A very large spike of fruit over a foot long
with berries 4 inch long collected ‘by Hervey on Bukit Payong in
Malacca may be this.

2. A. SPARSIFLORUS, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 516. Tuber
orange-shaped. Leaf bulbiterous at the top of the petiole green
shaded red and brown, leaflets 7, shortly petiolate, oblanceolate
acuminate 6 to 8 sai long 14 inch wide, peduncle 1-24 inches long,
sheaths longer linear. Spathe 4-5 inches long, tube 14 inch long

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Le

pale red brown spotted purplish brown, limb ovate oblong suberect
acute 2 inches across basal marquis revolute round the mouth of the
infundibular tube. Spadix 34 inch long, appendix fusiformly conic
2 inches long. Male inflorescence $ inch long. Stamens scattered
very small. Female portion as long, pistils sessile globose. Style
very short. Stigma capitate.
Perak: Larut Hills (Wray 111, Kunstler). [ndemic.

~ 3. A. munor, Ridley Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S. Br, Vol. XLI. p.
46. Tuber 1 inch through. Leaf petiole 9 inches long slender,
lamina 3 branched, each branched again, leaflets numerous thin green
(red when young) lanceolate acuminate inaequilateral 3 inches long
by 1 wide neryes numerous close joining an inner marginal one.
Peduncle 8 inches to a foot long with loose brown sheaths at the base
the largest truncate 4 inches long. Spathe 3 to + inches long con-
volute at the base, lanceolate acuminate 1-13 inch across. Spadix 3
inches long, apendix cylindric conic 1 inch. Male portion as long
as the appendix, flowers very numerous crowded. Females few, style
very short.

Perak: Larut Hills (Ridley) ; Province Wellesley: Tasek Gelu-
gur. Endemic.

3. A. minor, Ridley Journ. Roy. As. Soc. §. Br. Vol. XLI. p.
inches across or more. Leaf 2 to 6 feet petiole stout green marbled
with white, lamina large and spreading leaflets 4 to 8 on each branch
bases decurrent lanceolate caudate 5 inches long by 2 wide nerves
numerous conspicuous joining an intramarginal one. Peduncle 3
inches long stout mottled like the leaf petiole, with very large pink
sheaths. Spathe tube 2-3 inches long broad, base pinkish outside,
lemon yellow above the deep purple inside, limb broadly ovate blunt
8 inches across lemon yellow. Spadix barely or not longer, appendix
2 inches long and 14 inch wide greyish white, male portion an inch
long. Stamens crowded numerous white, pollen yellow. Female
flowers in 3 or 4 spirals rather distant, with a cushion-like ovary, a
stout style, and bilobed stigma all crimson, base of spacdix nude.
Drupes about } inch long elliptic red, seed hard.

Singapore: Bukit Timah (Ridley) ; Selangor Caves at Kuala
Lumpur; Pahang: Pulau Manis, Pahang River; Perak: Larut (King’s
Coll. 2995); Dindings: Gunong Tungul (Ridley 7245); Penang:
Penara Bukit, Government Hill (Curtis), (Ridley 7246). Distrib.
Sumatra.

In damp woods and thickets. “Loki” of the Malays. This
chiefly differs from A. oncophyllus, Prain in the colour of the spathe.
I once had a specimen in which the appendage was quite suppressed.

14 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.
5. A. cARNEA, Ridley Journ. Roy. As. Soe. 8. Br. Vol. XLI. p.

47. ‘Tuber hemispheric 3 inches across. Leaf unknown. Peduncle.
3 inches and a half long. Spathe 5 inches long loosely convolute at
the base, with a broad limb pinkish with brown blotches, paler within.
Spadix rather longer. Appendix conic obtuse 3 inches long, 1 inch
through at the base flesh colour obscurely cancellate. Male portion
2 inches long stout greenish. Stamens densely crowded. Female,
ovary shortly pedicellate broad flask-shaped, style short and thick,
stigma lobed.

Lankawi Islands (Curtis). Endemic.

This plant was flowered in Penang Gardens, having been brought
in with other plants from Lankawi. I have only seen a drawing of
it. It appears nearest to A. hirsutus, 'Teysm.

6. A. HAEMATOSPADIX, Hook, fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 517. Tuber
hemispheric. Leaf 2 feet tall, petiole 20 inches long and #3 inch
through at the base olive colour, lamina about a foot across trifid with
5 oblong lanceolate acuminate dark green leaflets 5 to 7 inches long
2 inches across narrowed at the base. Peduncle 10-12 inches tall
black with orange sheaths 6 inches long at the base. Spathe 6 inches
long, tube broad, lamina lanceolate acuminate about 1 inch wide
below, pale pink or brownish outside white inside, base deep maroon.
Spadix 5 to 7 inches long, appendage cylindric blunt 3 to 6 inches
long deep purple, narrowed below. Male portion short about as long
as the female, red. Female portion cylindric pistils crowded sessile
broadly globose flattened, style distinct stout, stigma discoid.

Lankawi: Terutau (Curtis 2816). Endemic.

7. A. VARIABILIS, Blume Rumphia I. 146, t. 86 and 37. Root-
stock cylindric, or carrot-shaped, or hemispheric. Leaf petiole 6 to
30 inches long, base ~ inch through smooth olive green with pale
spots, lamina trifid pinnatisect, lobes ovate to lanceolate acuminate
dark green decurrent 5 inches long by 2 wide. Peduncle 3-4 feet
long olive brown marbled, sheaths at base ight brown. Spathe base
campanulate 2 inches long broad, greyish, limb narrow lanceolate 5
inches long. Spadix over a foot Jong. Appendage cylindric tapering
toward the point $ inch through dirty white. Male portion 1$ inch
long, stamens crowded light brown. Female portion shorter, pistils
globose style very short stigma discoid. JCunth. Enum. IIIf. 33.
Engler. Arac. Monogr. p. 314. A. e/atus, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind, VI.
317. Brachyspatha variabilis, Schott. Syn. 35. Gen. Ar. t. 29. Prodr.
127. Migq. Fl. Ind. Bat. IIL. 200. Gard. Chron. 1876. Fig. 129, 130.

Perak: Larut Hills (Kunstler) ; Lankawi: Terutau (Curtis No.
2815). Distrib. Java.

The rootstock as figured by Blume is hemispheric and depressed
at the top, rather small; that of the Lankawi plant is cylindric and

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 15

small, somewhat resembling a carrot in shape at times. The latter
plant however grows in clefts in the limestone rocks which probably
accounts for its odd form. ‘The rest of the plant seems quite identical
with Blume’s figure and with a living plant I once obtained from Java,
There are several other species in the Malay Peninsula of which I
only seen leaves.

6. HAPALINE, Schott.

Small tuberous herbs. Leaf solitary petiolate thin cordate.
Scape slender, Spathe tubular at base, limb lanceolate or linear ob-
long. Spadix as long slender. Male portion elongate, female ad-
hering to the tube, distant. Male flower elongate peltate, stipitate
with 4-8 anther cells beneath from the margin. Ovaries few flask-
shaped, one celled one ovuled. Stigma discoid. :

Species 3. Burmese, Malay Peninsula and Borneo.
H. Brownet, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 520. Tuber small

globose. Leaf petiole 3-7 inches long blade ovate thin deeply cordate
lobes rounded acuminate margins crisped undulate, upper surtace
bullate, 3-6 inches long 24-3 inches wide. Peduncle slender 4-5
inches long pinkish. Spathe tubular portion 1 inch long, blade lan-
ceolate acute white 14 inch long $ inch wide reflexed. Spadix 3
inches long erect slender. Male flowers scattered } inch across with
8 minute pendulous anthers. Female flowers few flask-shaped. Bot.
Mag. t. 7325.

Kedah 100-500 fect (King’s Coll.) ; Lankawi Islands (Curtis
2819). Hndemic.

%. Conocasia, L.

Large herbs with a short stout stem and large ovate cordate
-petioled leaves. Spathe 1 or several, peduncled base convolute thick
constricted at the mouth, limb dilate deciduous. Spadix shorter stout
or slender. Appendage conic or cylindric or absent. Male portion
large, flowers crowded. Female portion shorter with a number of
neuter flowers between it and the male. Ovaries conic or oblong.
Style and stigma globose. Ovyules numerous parietal. Fruit oblong,
seeds very numerous and small albuminous.

Species 6 or 7. Tropical Asia.

C. gigantea, Hook. fil. Fl, Brit. Ind. VI. 524. Stem short or
stout. Leaves enormous petiole stout about 4 feet long, hoary, blade
ovate cordate 6 feet long thin light green, white beneath. Spadices
several in the leaf axil peduncles 6 inches long. Spathe tube broad
green 2 inches long, limb boat-shaped ivory white 5 inches long
fragrant. Spadix white, appendage conic blunt. Male portion 4
inches long $ inch through. Flowers about 4 inch across. Neuter

16 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

portion 1} inch long broadest at base. Flowers irregular, flat
channelled at the top, lower ones papiliform. Female portion conic
} inch long and nearly as much through at the base. Ovaries honey-
yellow, oblong. Capsule } inch oblong. Seeds fusiform ovoid deeply
ribbed and grooved. C. indica, Engler. Arac. 494, (not Kunth).
Leucocasia gigantea, Schott. Oestr. W ochenbl. 1857, 34. Prodr. 141.

Selangor: Among limestone rocks at the Kwala Lumpur Caves
(Ridley 8156) : Perak (Scortechini), Ipoh (Curtis 3168). Distrib.
Cochin China, Siam id Borneo.

C. antiquoruM, L. “ Keladi Telor ” is largely cultivated by the
Chinese to feed pigs. The rhizomes so far as I have seen here are quite
small and are not used at all for food. The plant is troublesome to
eradicate where it has once been planted and persists for a long time,
but does not spread much. It is certainly not wild in the Peninsula,
but I have seen it far up the river Tahan (No. 2388 of many collec-
tions) where it had evidently been carried by the Sakais. It is very
abundant in swampy grounds in the low country, all over the Penin-
sula and not rarely flowers.

8. ALOCASIA, Schott.

Herbs with stout rhizomes usually erect. Leaves ovate cordate
or sagittate rarely entire, long petioled. Spathes peduncled, base con-
volute constricted at the top, “limb lanceolate or cymbiform deciduous.
Spadix shorter, appendage cylindric. Male and female flowers as in
Colocasia, but ovaries few basilar erect. Fruit drupaceous pulpy red
with 1 to 5 rather large seeds.

Species about 20. Tropical Asia.

A considerable number of ‘garden species have been made based
on the form of the leaf only, a very variable and unsafe character.
Leaf entire peltate #5 a3 aan i. adie A. Recor
Leaf ovate cordate or hastate.

Sinus deep, lobes long divaricate.

Petiole mottled. Stigma sessile .. .. & A, denudata.
Petiole plain, style distinct ~ .. wv Oe Ay Lowe.
Sinus shallow, lobes short blunt .. .. 4. A. ovalifolia.

‘bei We ira be Engl. Bull. Soc. Tose. di Ort. 1879, p. 300.
Malesia p. 293, f. NXNVI. Stem long creeping over 6 inches with
long roots, sheathed above. Leaves several, petiole 6 inches long with
broad sheaths at the base, lamina entire lanceolate accuminate or
elliptic, 9 inches long by 1 inches wide light green basal lobes connate
throughout their length except the tips, nerves 3-4 pairs. Pedunele
3-8 inches long white. Spathe white 2 inches long, tube cylindrie,
one inch long and as wide limb as long as the tube cymbiform white,

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. t7

Spadix 12 inch long, appendage cylindric obtuse, slender } inch long,
male portion $ inch long. Female flowers in three rows. Drupe red
4 inch long seeds globose. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 527. A.
perakense, Hemsl. Journ, Bot. 1887, 205.

Selangor: Bukit Hitam (Kelsall); Perak: Larut Hills (Wray,
Ridley, ete.). Distrib. Borneo, On rocks in forests, alt. 2-3000 feet.

2. A. peENUDATA, Engl. Arac. 507. Stem about 2 inches long
stout. Leaves 1 to three, petiole 15 to 24 inches long 4 inch through
marbled transversely with grey, lamina hastate (entire in seedlings)
lobes divaricate blunt or subacute over a foot long dark green with
paler veins, 9 inches wide. Spadices 1 to several, peduncle 6-12 inches
long marbled rather slender enclosed in thin marbled grey sheaths.
Spathe 4-6 inches long, tube short 1-14 inch long swollen, lamina ob-
long cuspidate 5 inches long 1 inch wide at length reflexed pale green
or white. Spadix 34-4 inches long, appendage cylindric slender
14 inch long pale ochre or orange. Male portion $ inch long white.
Flowers oblong flat-topped crenulate stamens 6; neuter portion } inch,
flowers hexagonal white or orange. Female portion cone-shaped 4
inch long, ovaries short subglobose. Stigma 4-horned large fleshy
sessile, base of spadix nude. Fruit globose red 1 to 3 seeded. Seeds
black subglobose flattened at both ends 4 inch long. Hook. fil, Fl.
Brit. Ind. VI. 525. A. singaporensis, Linden Garten. Flora XIV.
252. A. Curtisti, Hemsley Kew Bulletin 1894, 347.

Singapore very common; Johor: Bukit Murdom (Kelsall), Pulau
Dayong (Feilding) ; Pahang: Pekan, Kota Glanggi (Ridley) ; Perak:
Dindings at Lumut; Malacca (Maingay), Pulau Besar (Griffith),
Ayer Bumban (Ridley) ; Lankawi Islands (Curtis). Distrib. Lingga,
Borneo.

This species was based on a leaf collected in Singapore by Gaudi-
chaud which was doubtless this very common plant, the only species
occuring in the low country. A. longiloba, Miquel FI. Ind, Bat. ITT.
207, an insufficiently described plant from Zollinger’s Collection
is probably this, but Hallier, Bull. Herb. Boissier VI. 1898, 609,
considers that to be A. Loww var. Veitchii. There is no great
difficulty in distinguishing these two plants if the specimen are good
enough. It is only a question of what Miquel intended by his descrip-
tion. Hemsley’s A. Curtisii, from Lankawi is quite indistinguishable
from the common form. The “ Keladi Rimau” or “ Keladi Ular,”
so called from its mottled stem recalling a tiger skin or a snake skin is
common over the whole Peninsula in the low country and does not
really vary much even in foliage unless very young and very old leaves
are compared. The early leaves of seedlings are quite entire and
peltate just like those of A. Beccarii, Engl. A very handsome form
with deep purple underside of the leaf and otherwise much resembling
A, Lowtt was brought by Mr. Machado from Bukit Telega, Pahang.

C.2

18 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. ,

I have not seen the flowers but as the petiole is clouded, it is doubt-
less A. denudata.

3. A. Lown, Hook. fil. Bot. Mag. t. 5376. Stem thick short
covered with fibrous sheaths. . Leaves 1 or 2, petiole 14 to 2 feet tall
greyish green with small blackish markings, lamina ovate cordate to-
hastate cuspidate 14 feet long 7-12 inches across dark green veins
elevated white margin white, back purple. Peduncle 8-14 inches
long pale green. Spathe 5 inches, tubular portion 1 inch long and
through, limb arched 4 inches long by 3-14 wide, boat-shaped pale
green. Spadix 34 inches long slender, base nude. Appendage cylin-
dric acute curved, 14-3 inches long + inch thick, cream colour. Male
portion 4 of its length white, flowers rhomboid crenulate. Female
portion 1 inch long. Pistils in about 6 whorls. Ovaries green sub-
globose. Style thick rounded with two or four mammillary points
white. Flore de Serres XXI. t. 2204. Engler. Arac. 508. Caladium
Lowui, Lem. Ill. Hort. t. 360.

Selangor: Kwala Lumpur Caves (Ridley) ; Perak: Kwala Dipang
(Ridley, Curtis). Among limestone rocks. Distrib. Borneo, Java.

This plant often approaches A. denudata, Engl. very closely in
appearance but the veins of the leaf are more conspicuously white, the
petiole and peduncle pale green never marbled, the spathe more boat-
shaped, sterile flowers between the male and female fewer and white,
and the style broad and thick.

5. A. ovaLiroiia, Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soe. S. Br. Vol. XLI.
p. 47. Stem about a foot tall. Leaves ovate cordate acute lobes
dark green 1 to 2 feet long 5 to 12 inches wide, with 20 pairs of
nerves petiole stout over a foot long. Peduncle 6 inches long or less.
Spathe 3 to 6 inches long, tubular portion 14 inch long, lhmb 3
inches long 4 inch wide oblong obtuse. Spadix slender appendage
cylindric, #-2 inches long. Male portion 1 inch long, flowers oblong
crowded below this a nude portion. Female portion 1 inch long..

Johor: base of Gunong Panti; Selangor: Pahang Track 15th
mile (Ridley 8487), Ginting Peras, Bukit Kutu (Ridley) ; Perak:
Sungei Larut (Wray 2457), Larut Hills (Ridley) ; Penang: Moniot’s
Road (Curtis). Endemic.

A, inpica, Schott. and A. MAcrorruiIzA, Schott. are cultivated
for food and may often be seen in and round villages.

A. cucuLLATA, Schott. A native of India occasionally occurs
also as an escape from cultivation.

9, AGLAONEMA, Schott.

Herbs with an erect or creeping stem. Leaves ovate or oblong
petioled entire. Spathes peduncled boat-shaped gaping, base shortly
convolute deciduous. Spadix shorter than the spathe or as long,

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 19

base nude, male portion cylindric or clubbed. ‘Stamens 2 to 4.
Female flowers few 1 or 2 celled. Stigma flat discoid ovules solitary
anatropous. Drupes fleshy 1 seeded. Seeds exalbuminous.

Species about 20. Asiatic.

Stems creeping. an
Leaves linear oblong base narrow 1. A. Griffithii.
Leaves ovate base broad A. costatum.

| po

Stem erect.. Spadix cylindric.
Leaves linear oblong coriaceous large

3. A. oblongifolium.
Leaves thin oblong 3 ae eee: 3

9)

6

. Schottianum.
Leaves narrow lanceolate linear .. . angustifolium.

Stem erect. Spadix clubbed ..

pe PP

. minus.

1. A. GrirritHit, Schott. Syn. 123. Rhizome creeping stout.
Leaves erect fleshy linear oblong obtuse 12-16 inches long 3-4 inches
wide dull dark green, petiole 26 inches or more long. Peduncles from
the rhizome stout about 6 inches to a foot. Spathe boat-shaped cus-
pidate 3 inches long 1 inch across edges overlapping at the base light
green. Spadix about as long, male portion cylindric stout, 24 inches
long. Ovaries 5, yellow base broad rounded, narrowed upwards.
Stigma discoid centre depressed. Fruit ovoid 14 inch long 1 inch
wide green, pericarp thick fleshy, seed solitary half inch through.
Hook, fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 528. A. palustre, Teysm. and Binn.
Naturl. Tijdschr. XXV. 305. Kurz. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. XIV.
Pt. IL. 153. Aglaodorum Griffithii, Schott. Gen, 758. Prod. 306.
Engl. Arac. 443. )

Malacca (Griffith). In Nipa swamps in the town suburbs (Rid-
ley). Distrib. Sumatra, Borneo. Probably common in other tidal
tiyers, but the leaves so closely resemble those of Cryptocoryne ciliata
at a little distance that it is difficult to distinguish them.

2. A. costatuM, N. E. Br. Gard. Chron. 1892, I. 426. Rhizome
creeping about 5 to 6 inches long. Leaves often crowded, petioles
3 or more inches long rather slender, sheathing blade coriaceous lan-
ceolate or ovate lanceolate acute with a broad rounded base 6 to 12
inches long, 3 inches wide, deep blackish green blotched with white,
rather coriaceous. Peduncle 3 inches long with sheathing leaves at
the base. Spathe 1 inch long oblong green, with a small mucro,
Spadix 1} inch long base nude nearly + inch. Female flowers in
one whorl about 10. Ovary narowed upwards, stigma discoid much
wider. Male portion thick blunt 1 inch long 4 inch through. Hook.
fil. Fl. Brit. Ind, VI. 531.

_ Lankawi in woods near limestone rocks, Kwah (Curtis). Dis-
trib. Siam to Laos,

20 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula
: var. immaculatum. Leaves more scattered, petioles longer as
much as nine inches long blade deep blackish green with the midrib
only white. Grows with the other form and is commoner.

3. A. OBLONGIFOLIUM, Schott. Wien. Zeitschr III. 1829, 892.
Stem stout erect about 2 feet tall. Leaves linear oblong narrowed at -
base coriaceous dark green usually with white splashes, nerves very
close, 12 inches long 34 inches wide or larger, petiole 4 to 6 inches
long, sheathing for % of its length. Spadices numerous, peduncles
rather stout erect green 4 to 5 inches long. Spathe oblong mucronate,
light polished green about. 2 inches long. Spadix longer, base nude,
male portion 14 inch long cylindric blunt, flowers white very irregular.
Female portion $ inch long. Ovaries about 3 whorls, green, stigmas
discoid yellow 4 inch across. Drupes oblong } inch long red, seed
elliptic oblong green 2 inch long soft, channelled on one side. Kunth.
Enum. Ill. 55. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 528. A. integrifolium,
Schott. Melet. 20. A. nitidum, Kunth. Enum. III. 56. Schott. —
Syn. 122. Prodr, 302. Engl. Arac. 438. Calla. oblongifolia, Roxb.
F]. Ind. III. 516. Wight. Ic. t. 806. C. nitida, Jack. Mal. I. No.
1. 24. Arum. integrifolium, Link. Enum. Hort. Berol. II. 394.

Singapore (Wallich 8965 B), Chan Chu Kang, Bukit Mandai
(Ridley) ; Selangor: Kuala Lumpur Caves (Ridley) ; Sungei Ujong:
Bukit Sulu (Herb. H. B. Singap.) ; Pahang: Kuala Tenok, Tahan
River (Ridley) ; Perak: Chanderiang (King’s Coll. 5652, Hermitage
(Curtis 1326) ; Penang Waterfall (Curtis 1881).

var. Curtisii, N. E. Br. Gard. Chron. 1897. Vol. 21. p. 70.
Leaves striped with white at an angle with the midrib.

Penang: Penara Bukit (Curtis). Common in woods in the
low country. Native name “ Daun Lidah Gajah.” Distrib. Lingga,
Borneo.

4. A. Scnortianum, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. IIT. 316. Stem stout
erect 1-12 feet tall. Leaves scattered, petiole 4 inches long sheathing
for }? length, blade oblong cuspidate inaequilateral, base broad unequal
nerves 7 to 10 pairs conspicuous 9 to 10 inches long 24 inches wide.
Peduncles 14 inch long. Spathe oblong cuspidate 1 inch long broad.
Spadix shortly projecting white. Schott. Prodr. 303. Engler Arac.
440, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VL. 530. A. longe-cuspidatum, Schott.
le. 304. A, malaccense, Schott. Bonplandia 30. Prodr. 302.

Singapore: Pulau Ubin, Chan Chu Kang (Ridley) ; Malacca:
Chabau (Griffith) ; Perak: Larut Hills (King’s Coll. 6023), (Wray
2828); Penang: Pulau Betong, Waterfall (Curtis 1721, 1881);
Lankawi (Curtis 2679, 2636). Distrib. Burmah, Java, Borneo.

5. A. anaustiroLium, N. E. Br. Kew Bulletin 1895, 19. Stem
2 feet tall, 1 inch through, Leaves numerous erect, petiole 3 inches:

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 21

long sheathing half way or more, lamina lanceolate linear acuminate
falcate subcoriaceous, nerves ascending 12 pairs, 1 foot long 14 inch
wide deep blackish green. Peduncles 3 inches long. Spathe oblong
mucronate 14 inch long, quite convolute round the spadix, pale green.
Spadix longer 2 inches. Male portion cylindric blunt 14 inch wide,
neuters scattered few. Female portion short. Ovaries green globose
narrowed at the top stigma yellow flat discoid, nude portion at base
rather long. Fruit elliptic oblong red. Seed 3 inch long oblong.

Singapore common: Chan Chu Kang (Ridley 1647); Johor:
Gunong Janeng (Kelsall) ; Malacca and Sungei Ujong.

var. undulatum. Leaves narrower margins crenulate undulate,
petiole sheathed for % of its length.

Dindings at Lumut (Ridley 9508, 10144).

The typical form very common in woods in Singapore, and else-
where. It seems to pass into A. Schottianum, as intermediate form
occur. The leaves of young plants are almost black. The type of the
species is really the var. undulatum, an odd form growing in the wood
behind the residence at Lumut. The common and typical form does
not seem ever to have been described. Native name “ Sagut,” “ Sum-
puh Bulau,” “Sumpuh Kring,” “ Penggehe.” A decoction of the
roots used for fever and dropsy.

6. A. minus, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 530. Stem 6 to 9
inches tall slender erect base bare. Leaves oblong, oblong ovate or
elliptic acuminate, 4 inches long by 1 inch wide, dark green, often
marbled with grey nerves 6 to 7 pairs. Peduncle an inch long dark
green slender. Spathe short and broad oblong swollen mucronate
gaping 4 inch long and as wide greenish white. Spadix much longer,
base 4+ inch nude white bent forward, male portion oblong clubbed
obtuse 4 inch long, flowers white roughly 4 angled at the top, between
them and the females a few neuters. Female portion } inch long,
flowers about 10, ovaries dilate at base narrowing upwards pale green.
Stigma discoid not much longer than the top of the ovary. Drupe
4 inch long red, seed oblong.

Singapore (Wallich 8960 A), Bukit Timah (Ridley 5107), Jalan
Bray (6002), Chan Chu Kang (8081), Bukit Mandai (4064), Chua
Chu Kang (8082) ; Johor: Bukit Soga, Batu Pahat (Ridley 11224) ;
Malacca: Merlimau (Derry 572); Selangor: Kuala Lumpur, Sungei
Ujong, Bukit Sulu (Cantly’s Coll.) ; Pahang: Pekan (Ridley).

var. b. Scortechinii. A. Scortechinu, Hook, fil. l.c. Leaves
rounded ovate to elliptic.

Perak (Scortechini), Sungei Udang, Bukit Sulu (Cantley’s
Coll.) ; Malacca: Mount Ophir (Derry 613); Muar: Sungei Pauh
(Fox) ; Selangor: Ginting Bidai (Ridley 7667) and Dusun ‘Pua,,

bo

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

var. ec. nanum. A. nanum, Hook. fil. l.e.c. Leaves longer oblong
lanceolate more fleshy and nerves more prominent.

Perak: Ulu Bubong (King’s Coll. 10421).

This is a common little plant in the damp spots in forests, and
very variable in form and colouring of leaf, but the forms all seem to
pass into each other, and I can see no difference in the spadices. A.
pictum, Kunth, Enum, U1. 55. Calla picta, Roxb. Fl. Ind. TIT. 516,
Wight. Ic. IIT. 804. Aglaonema gracile, Schott. Ann. Mus. Lugd.
Bat. 1. 279 from Sumatra is barely distinct and probably A. pumilum,
Hook. fil. Le.c. based on a Burmese plant (Wallich 8960 B) should be
reduced to this as Engler has done. It is known to the Malays as
* Selimpat Ayer ” and ‘the leayes are eaten as vegetables.

10. HoMALOMENA, Schott.

Stems eventually stout, or very short. Leaves herbaceous oblong,
lanceolate, or ovate cordate. Spathe base or whole convolute persis-
tent in fruit. Spadix included. Male and female portion close
together, no appendage, base often nude, neuters often between the
male and female portion. Stamens in hexagonal groups. Anther
cells oblong, opening by pores or slits, connective broad. Females.
Ovaries ovoid or globose, more or less 2 to 4 celled. Ovules in two
rows. Stigmas sessile usually hemispheric, white clubbed staminodes
subtending each ovary, rarely absent. Berries small few or many
seeded. Seeds small.

Species about 30. Tropical Asia and America.

Spathe contracted above the female inflores-

cence.
“Leaves ovate sagittate .. iy .. 1. H. sagittaefolia.
Leaves oblong hastate .. os .. & H. paludosa.
Leayes oblong narrowed to base i. 8. Af. rostrata.

Spathe not contracted in the middle.
Leaves large cordate or hastate.
Leaves ovate, sinus deep ae .. 4. H. coerulescens.
Leaves deltoid sinus shallow .. = H, deltoidea.
§ CHAMOECLADON. Small plants, leaves,
aay cordate, and never hastate.,
Leaves ovate subcordate at the base

Or

minutely pustular . sf .. 6. HH. humilis.
Leaves oyate rounded, not pustular .. 7. H. pumila,
Leaves elliptic rounded, smooth, larger 8. LH. propinqua.

Leaves ovate lanceolate shining rounded
or acute at base 2% is oO A. Griffith.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula, 23

Leaves lanceolate base rounded silvery 10. H. argentea.
Leaves narrowed to the base lanceolate

or lanceolate. Male portion of spadix

twice as long as female.
Leaves falcate. Spathes oblong Pull bey dds aucauds

Leaves elliptic. Spathes turgid ~» 12. H. niians.
Leaves lanceolate. Spathes oblong .. 13. H, elliptica.
Leaves deltoid ovoid base broad . . .. Lt. HH, trapezifolia.
Leaves lanceolate. Spathes oblong small
Female flowers 10 =v pe eH Carts:
Female flowers in 4 rows .. 16. H. angustifolia.
Female portion nearly or quite as long
as male.
Leaves lanceolate nerves 8-10 Liab dis-
binchs 8 17. H, lancifolia.
Leaves lanceolate falentes nerves 3-4 srs
indistinct as 18. H. multinervia.
Leaves fleshy elliptic Neduncles sane
thighs <->: 19. H. crassa.
Leaves elliptic or Teco peduncles 4
WICHES! -- «.~ 20. H. Scortechini.
Male spadix ae ieee See
female flowers .. a = el. manta,

1. H. saGITTAEFOLIA, Jungh. Schott. Prodr. 311. Stem 1 or 2
feet long stout 2 inches through. Leaves ovate sagittate acuminate,
basal lobes usually spreading 9 inches long 12 inches wide, nerves
12 to 16 pairs, deep green, petiole sheathing 4 of its length. Spathes
‘ numerous peduncles 6 inches long base 14-2 inches dilated, above
constricted upper part boat-shaped 14-2 inches long pure white or
greenish white, sometimes tinted pink at the apex. Spadix 4 inches
long base nude 4 inch long. Male portion 2} inch long rather slender
white. Flowers lobed, upper ones sterile. Female portion over an
inch long flowers closely packed globose. Stigma round grooved
pale ochre, rudimentary flowers 1 to each ovary clubbed with a slender
stock. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. III. 212. Engler, Arac. 334. Hook. fil.
Fl. Brit, Ind. VI. 531. H. propinqua, Schott. Ann. Mus, Lugd.
Bat. I. 280. Engler. l.c.c.

Singapore: Bukit Timah (Ridley); Selangor: Pahang Track
Ginting Bidai (Ridley 7774) ; Sungei Ujong: Bukit Tumiang (Herb.
H. B. Singap.) ; Perak (Scortechini 611), (Wray 1749), Larut Hills
(King’s Coll. 6422, 3874); Penang (Herb. Delessert). Distrib.
Labuan, Borneo. Native name “ Kulamaiang.” Not rare in damp
woods, a somewhat aromatic plant.

24 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

2. H. patuposa, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 531. Stem stout
3 inches through. Leaves oblong sagittate much longer than broad
with a long point, lobes blunt, sinus not very deep, nerves 12 pairs,
12 inches long 3 to 6 inches w ride deep shining green petiole 15 to 8
inches long, sheathing for half its length. Spathes several, peduncles
6 inches long, pale green contracted above the female portion 5 5 inches
long, 1 inch through. Spadix base nude, male portion 34 inch long
white flowers oblong hexagonal neuters irregular. Female portion
1} inch long ovaries short subglobose, stigma large hemispheric with
a Y shaped groove in the tip. Staminodes slender capitate white.

Singapore: Bukit Timah (Ridley 6318, 6538), Changi (4607) ;
Johor: Tanjong Kupang (6510); Perak: Larut (King’s Coll. 3082).
Native name “ Itelamoyang.” In damp spots in woods,

3. H. rostrata, Griff. Notulae. III. 154. Stems 2 or 3 inches
tall stout. Leaves linear oblong acuminate, acute base narrowed into
the petiole, 15 to 24 inches long 44 to 5 inches wide, nerves about 9
pairs, petiole about a foot long sheathing }.0f its length. Spathe 6
inches long constricted at the middle green edged white. Spadix
base nude $ inch long, male portion 3 inches long flowers irregular
rhomboid. Female portion 1 inch long, ovaries 2 celled. Stigmas
discoid grooved. Staminodes capitate. Schott. Syn. 119. Prodr,
312, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 532. Chamaccladon sanguino-
lentum, Griff. l.c. 147. Schott, Prodr. 316.

Malacca: Alor Gajah (Griffith), Bukit Bruang (Ridley 3529),
Brisu (Holmberg 743); Pahang: Kuala Mahang, Pahang River
(Ridley) ; Selangor: Batang Berjuntai (Ridley 7662); Kuala Lum-
pur. Indemic.

!. H. corruLescens, Jungh. Schott. Prodr. 310. Stem stout
6 inches tall. Leaves ovate cordate green, lobes rounded apex acu-
minate 8 inches long, 7 inches wide petiole 12 inches long } inch
through sheathing a quarter of its length, green slightly glaucous.
Spathes few peduncle stout 24 inches long spathe oblong broad 3
inches long more than 1 through cuspidate pale green inside darker
on the back or red. Spadix a little longer stout base shortly nude.
Male portion cylindric blunt white 1} inch long, nearly $ inch through,
Flowers rosette-shaped lobed, with 4 grooves radiating from the centre
a few irregular neuters below. Female portion 1 inch long, ovaries
hemispheric. Stigma obscurely 3 lobed, staminodes clubbed with -
slender pedicels. Fruiting spike 14 inch long, # inch through, grey.
Fruits over $ inch across. Seeds about 6, oblong ribbed light brown
enclosed in purple. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. I1Lf. 212. Engler. Arae. 339.
Icones. No. 67. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 533, "H. minus and
H. majus Griff. Notul. IIL. 152, 153. Schott. Syn. 119, Prodr. 312.
Engler. Le. 343. H. Wallichii, Schott. Bonplandia 1859, 30, Prodr,

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. = =—.29

311. Engler. Le. 335. H. pontederiaefolia, Griff. Hook. fil. Fl.
Brit. Ind. VI. 533.

Singapore: Seletar (Ridley 6240), Bukit Mandai (6537) ;
Malacca: Pulau Besar (Griffith), Ayer Panas (Griffith 5964 form
pontederiacfolia) ; Selangor: Kampong Kerling, Dusun Tua, Pahang
Track (Ridley 8489); Perak: Gunong Tungul, Dindings (Ridley
7251) ; Pahang: Sungei Tahan; Penang Hill (Wallich 895), (Curtis
1857). Common on banks and in woods. ‘The form of the leaves is
very variable, and this seems to have given rise to a number of
synonyms. In the form pontederiaefolia the leaves are deltoid and
usually less cordate, and sometimes even quite entire with a very broad
base. In a drawing of a Perak specimen collected by Scortechini
the base of the spathe is figured as swollen, which occasionally occurs.
Distribution Malay Islands.

5. H. prevroipEa, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 536. Stem short
erect. Leaves ovate cordate acuminate, with a shallow sinus or del-
toid ovate, lobes rounded, 6 inches long 5 inches wide, petiole slender
1 foot long sheathing for 2$ inches. Peduncles 3 inches long slender.
Spathe 1 inch long oblong cuspidate not constricted. Spadix shorter
hardly stipitate. Male portion clubbed broad blunt $ inch long,
flowers rounded white. Female portion nearly as long.

Johor: Gunong Pulai (Herb. H. B. Singap.); Perak (Scorte-
chini). Endemic, local and scarce.

6. H. Humiuis, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 533. Stem short
erect about an inch long. Leaves ovate cordate velvety looking over
pustular beneath, dark green or red, nerves about 20 pairs, margin
irregularly notched 3-4 inches long, 2 to 3 inches wide petiole 6
grooved dark green or red sheathing portion 1 inch long. Spathes
numerous, peduncles ~ inch long cylindric beaked $ inch long red or
green. Spadix } inch long white acuminate. Male portion as long
as female, or twice as long. Female flowers globose in 5 spirels
shortly styled stigma discoid. Staminodes very short clubbed. Base
of spadix not nude. Chamaecladon humile, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ILI.
213. Engler. Arac. 345. Calla. humilis, Jack Mal. Mise. I. No. 1.
22.

Selangor: Bukit Kutu (Ridley 7665), Pahang Track, Petaling ;
Perak: Larut Hills (Ridley 2952), Gunong Keledang, Gunong Batu
Putih (Wray 1034), Dindings: Lumut (Ridley 10327); Penang
(Wallich 8959), Government Hill (Ridley 7033).

var. velutina. H. velutina, Hook. fil. Le. 534. A large form
deep red, coloured, spathes and leaves beneath bright red, petioles
short, common in hill woods. Perak (Scortechini), Sungei Rajah
(King’s Coll.), Bujong Malacca (Ridley). Usually occurs in the
hill woods about 1000 feet altitude and upwards but sometimes at a
lower elevation on banks. Rather variable.

26 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

7: H. pumiva, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. p. 535, A small
plant with short erect stems. Leaves ovate or elliptic ovoid acute or
blunt, bright green, silv ery or dark red nerves 3-4 pairs, 14-3 inches
long ie 13 “wide petiole 1-3 inches long rather thick grooved green or
red, sheathing for about } its length. Peduncles $ to 3 inch long.
Spathes oblong short and. thick base broad apex blunt cuspidate or
not, green or ‘red 4 inch long nearly i inch through. Spadix not
stipitate cylindric fairly thick hardly 4 inch long. Male portion

3 times as long as the female white. Female of 3 or 4 whorls with
bent 4 flowers in a whorl, ovaries conic. Stigma small, no stami-
nodes. Chamaecladon lanceolatum, Pe Fl. Ind. ILL. 212. t. 40. Bot.
Zeit. 1856, p. 564. Schott. Prodr. 313, Gen. Ar. t. 60. Ch. pyg-
maecum, Engl. Arac. 345. Aglaonema iaincoien: Hassk. Cat. Hort.
Bogor. 1844, p. 97.

Singapore very common, Bukit Timah, ete. (Ridley), (Maingay
No. 2681) ; Johor: Batu Pahat (Ridley) ; Malacca (Hervey).

var. purpurascens. I, purpurascens, Schott. Bonplandia 1858,
p. 369. Leayes deep olive green above, red beneath, spathes red.

Singapore: Bukit ‘Timah, ete. Distrib. Java, Borneo. In woods
very common. ‘The type specimen (Maingay’s) in herb. Kew is very
bad but 1 do not doubt that is this common little plant.

H. propingua, Ridl. Journ. Bot. 1902, 35. Stems stout erect
1 inch or more long. Leaves elliptic oblique acute base rounded 6
inches long, 24 wide, thin textured nerves 7 pairs petiole 3-4 inches
long. P eduncles 4 inch long, spathes ~ inch long narrow cuspidate.
Spadix slender, base not nude, male portion 3 times as long as the
female pistils very few.
Johor: Gunong Panti (Ridley 3722). Allied to H. pumila,
Hook. fil. but very much larger. Endemic.

9. H. Grirrirui, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 534. Stem
short or 4 or 5 inches long + inch thick. Leaves ovate to ovate lan-
ceolate usually more or less inaequilateral broad or narrowed at the
base, apex acuminate polished light green 5 to 7 inches long 3 to 4
inches wide, nerves 4 pairs, ascending, petiole 6 to 7 inches long or
less sheathing for half its length. Spathes several green cylindric
curved rather thick 1 to 1} inch long, cusp 4 inch long, peduncles
14 inch long. Spadix 1 inch long base nude except for a few abortive
flowers. Male portion twice as ‘long as the female white. Female
flowers numerous ovoid with a small discoid stigma. Stamens
numerous white clubbed. JZ. obliquata, Hook. fil. lec. HH. Kingu,
Hook. fil. Le. p. 5385.. IZ. ovata, Hook. fil. p. 536. Chamoegladon
ovatum, Schott. Bonplandia 1859 30. Prodr. 315, Hngler. Arac, 348.
Ch. obliquatum, Schott. Bonplandia 1858, 369, Prodr, 315, Engl,

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 27

Arae. 847. Ch. Griffithti, Schott. Bonpland. VI. 1858. p. 369, Prodr.
Ar, 315. Engler. Arac. 340, Ic. Ar. 113.

Singapore (Wallich 8694), Bukit Timah, ete. (Ridley) ; Johor:
Batu Pahat(Ridley 10223); Malacca: Merlimau (Cantley’s Coll.),
Ayer Keroh, Ayer Panas (Griffith), Jasin (Goodenough 1661) ;
Sungei Ujong: Bukit Tumiang (Herb. H. B. Sing.) ; Pahang: 'Tahan
tiver (Ridley) ; Penang (Phillips, Wallich 8963). Distrib. Borneo.

Very common in woods in the low country. The leaves are very
yariable even on the same plant. HH. ovata, Hook. fil. was based on a
large leaved form with obliquely ovate leaves. In the form H. obli-
quatum, the base of the leaf is very oblique. The base of the spadix
is usually bare of flowers but this varies a good deal. Native names
* Kulumayiang Padi,” “ Kumayang,” “ Kumayang Jantan,” “ Asam
Tikus.” Leaves used in curries and native medicine,

10. H. ancentea, Ridl. Journ. Bot. XL. 1902, 35. Stem about
an inch long. Leaves obliquely lanceolate inaequilateral, base rounded
apex acute silvery, nerves rather numerous 3 inches long 14 inch wide,
petiole 2 inches long red. Peduncle short to $ inch in fruit red.
Spathes lanceolate not cusped, striate red, $ inch long. Spadix
shorter, base not nude. Male portion cylindric white 3 times as
long as the female. Female flowers very few about 3 rows, ovaries
thin textured broad dotted with pink. Stigma small subtriangular.
Staminodes large clubbed, sometimes absent.

Malacca (R. Derry). Rare. Endemic.

11. H. ratcara, Ridl. le.c. Rhizome stout with thick woolly
roots. Leaves numerous crowded oblique lanceolate falcate acuminate
rather thin textured nerves about 6 pairs, base cuneate 5 inches long
14 wide petiole 3 to 7 inches long sheathing for a third of their length
red purple. Spadices several, peduncles 1-2 inches long moderately
stout. Spathes oblong with a distinct cusp 15 inch long. Spadix
base shortly nude, male portion cylindric twice as long as the female.

Kedah: on rocks by a stream at Yan (Ridley). Rare. En-
demic.

12..H, nutans, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 535. Rhizome
elongate creeping. Leaves seriate coriaceous, elliptic acuminate at
both ends tip mucronate 44-5 inches long 2-24 inch wide, nerves very
obscure, petiole rather stout 3 to 5 inches long decurved at the tip.
Spathes turgid oblong or broadly ovate with a recurved cusp. Spadix
much shorter about 4 as long, base not nude female portion half as
long as the male. Ovaries ovoid, stigma pulvinate, staminodes none,
Male portion conic ovoid obtuse, twice as long as the female.

Perak: Larut Hills 100 to 1000 feet (IXing’s Coll. 2571). En-
demi

- 28 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

13. H. evuiprica, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 536. Rhizome
creeping covered with the red leaf bases. Leaves lanceolate to ovate
lanceolate 5 inches long by 1$ inch wide subfaleate bases inaequi-
lateral, subcoriaceous, petiole rather slender 3 to 6 inches long sheath-
ing for $ to 4 of its length. Peduncles 3 inches long. Spathe oblong
beaked rather thick $ “inch long. Spadix base shortly nude, male
portion slender acuminate. Female not half as long ng, stigmas fleshy
large. Staminodes present.

Perak: (Seortechini No. 256). Endemic.

14. H. rraprziroiia, Hook. fil. lec. Rhizome stout creeping
with woolly roots. Leaves deltoid ovate with a broad base or ovate
with a cuneate base apex long acuminate, stiff in texture bright green
4 to 6 inches long 1} to 3 inches wide at the base in the deltoid form,
somewhat oblique nerves oblong 7 pairs, petiole 4 to 8 inches long
sheathing for § to } of its length. Peduncles 2 inches long. Spathe
broad curved cuspidate an inch long. Spadix base nude, male portion”
conic acute much longer than the female. Ovaries broad flask-shaped
stigma discoid. No staminodes.

Perak: Larut Hills (Scortechini, Wray 1976). Endemic.

15. H. Currisir, Ridley Journ. Bot. XL. 1902. p. 34. Stem
erect short leaves lanceolate oblique acuminate weak and nodding,
deep green to dark red above, red beneath, nerves ascending 4 to 5
pairs, + to 5 inches long 1 to 14 inch wide petiole slender red 3 to
4 inches long. Peduncle 4 inch long red, spathe oblong cuspidate
% inch long. Spadix stipitate, male yellow 4 inch long flowers
rounded 3 to + lobed. Females few about 10, larger than those of
H. angustifolium. Staminodes clubbed shorter than ovaries.

Perak: Bujong Malacca (Curtis). Endemic.

16. H. aneustirouia, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 533. Rhizome
creeping. Leaves inaequilateral smooth dark green, paler beneath,
base cuneate narrowing to the petiole, 4-7 inches long } to 14 inch
wide, nerves ascending impressed above elevated beneath 4 pairs,
petiole 3 to 9 inches ‘Jong sheathing for 4 of its length. Spathes
several on slender pedicels 1$ inch long oblong cuspidate green, cusp
4 inch. Spadix cylindric curved subacute white $ inch long or less.
Male portion 3 times as long as the female, flowers rounded 4 lobed.
Female portion short about 4+ rows of ovaries, ovoid and subglobose,
stigmas rounded. Staminodes shorter obcuneate. Chamaecladon
angustifolium, Scott. Bonplandia 1858, 869. Engler. Arac, 344. Ie.
Ined. No. 103. Calla angustifolia, Jack. Mal. Mise, 1 No. 124.

Johor: Gunong Panti (Ridley) ; Pahang: Tahan River (Ridley) ;
Selangor: Pahang Track (Ridley 8488) ; Par ‘ak: Larut Hills, Bujong
Malacca (Ridley 9793), Dindings; Penang (Porter Wall. Cat. 8959) ;

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 29

Richmond Pool; Kedah: Gunong Jerai (Ridley 5123). Distrib.
Java. Common in mountain streams, growing in cracks in the
rocks often covered with water.

var. ophirensis. Leaf sheaths red, leaves ovate to lanceolate 3
inches long by 1 wide, base often broad, petioles slender 4 inches long
nerves about 4 pairs or more.

Mount Ophir streams on Padang Batu: Kedah, Gunong Jerai
(Ridley) at 4000 feet elevation. Extreme forms very dissimilar from
type, but passing into it.

17. H. tanctForia, Hook. fil. Fl, Brit. Ind. VI. 533. Stem
stout creeping with numerous leaves, lanceolate acuminate, at both
ends, apex mucronulate oblique 6-8 inches long 13-2 wide dark green
above paler beneath, petioles 4-5 inches long with broad leaves, nerves
about 8 pairs ascending. Spadices numerous peduncles very slender
14-2 inches long. Spathe elliptic beaked $ to 1 inch long. Spadix
‘slender, female portion nearly as long as the male.

Perak (Scortechini 2576), Gunong Batu Putih (Wray 385) ;
Selangor: Pahang T'rack (Ridley 8462) ; Pahang: Tahan River (Rid-
ley). Banks at an altitude of from 3 to 6700 feet. Endemic.

18. H. muttinervia, Ridl. Journ. Bot. 1902, p. 36. Rhizome
very stout creeping, roots long and thick. Leaves numerous lanceolate
acuminate acute at both ends faleate 6 inches long 1$ inch wide,
nerves faint and very close and numerous, primary nerves 3 to 4
pairs not very distinct, petiole 6 inches long, base broadly sheathing
red 1 inch long. Peduncles about 1$ inches long. Spathes. oblong
cuspidate $ to $ inch long. Spadices shortly nude at the base. Male
and female portions nearly equal, ovaries in about 4 series, no
staminodes.

Malacca: Woods at the foot of Mount Ophir (Ridley). Rare.
Endemic.

19. H. crassa, Ridley Journ, Bot. 1902, 36. Stem short and
thick an inch long roots stout. Leaves fleshy elliptic mucronate base
rounded 5 inches long 2 inches wide, nerves about 4 pairs not very
prominent petioles stout 3 inches long sheathing for half their length
with broad sheaths 4 inch wide at the base. Spadices few on pedun-
cles 1 inch long, thick oblong 1} inch long beaked. Spadix an inch
long base not nude. Male portion cylindric obtuse as long as the
female. Ovaries ovoid. Stigmas discoid.

Selangor at Ginting Peras and Kajang (Ridley): Rare. En-
demic.

20. H. Scorrecuinu, Hook. fil. F). Brit. Ind. VI. 534. Rhi-
zome creeping stout. Leaves elliptic o oblong lanceolate or ob-
lanceolate acuminate mucronulate base narrowed acute or obtuse nerves

30 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. -

5 to 7 pairs 5 to 7 inches long by 1-2 wide deep green with a velvety
gloss, petiole 6 inches long. Peduncles slender + inches long. Spathe
large 14 inch long, broad oblong cuspidate dark green. Spadix white
base not nude. Male portion rather longer than the female. Ovaries
globose. Stigma small discoid, about 6 series.

Perak (Scortechini), Ulu Bubong in dense bamboo forests 400-
600 feet elevation (King’s Coll. 10603). Endemic.

21. H. mrxva, Ridl. Journ. Bot. 1902, p. 36. Rhizome thick.
Leaves elliptic or oblanceolate base cuneate apex acuminate rather
thin textured 9 inches long, 3 inches wide, prominent nerves numerous
about 5 pairs rather more so petiole 6 inches long broadly sheathing
for } of its length. Spadices very many about 11 peduncles slender
3 inches long. Spathes oblong shortly cuspidate ~ to 1 inch long.
Spadices shorter. Male portion cylindric acute 3 times as long as the
female with abortive female flowers mixed with the males to the
top. Females numerous. Ovules numerous.

Pahang: Tahan River woods (Ridley).

EXCLUDED SPECIES.

IT, singaporensis, Regel. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. (1869), 18.
Garten. Flora 1870, 58. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 537. “ Sing-
apore.” ‘The plant thus labelled at Kew is a species which has long
been cultivated in gardens at Singapore, the history of which is not
known. It is not however a native of the peninsula as far as is
known, but is traditionally stated to have originally been obtained
from Caleutta. It differs however from Regel’s description in haying
the petioles and spathes completely red.

11. Scuismatroauortis, Zoll. and Mor.

Herbs with a short rarely elongate stem. Leaves herbaceous ovate
or lanceolate, often cordate, petiole sheathing shortly. Spathe cylin-
drie constricted above the female inflorescence upper half deciduous.
Spadix included, male portion terminal usually clubbed, or terminal
portion sterile of oblong neutral flowers. Stamens 2 or 53. Anthers
truncate, prismatic. Female portion separated from male by a bare
portion, or abortive flowers. Pistils flask-shaped 1 celled. Stigma
discoid. Ovules many.

Species 15. Malaya and Pegu.

Leaves distinctly cordate at base.
Spadix clubbed at the top, free to base ..1. S. calyptrata,
Spadix apex conic nargow, free to base .. 2. S. mutata.
Spadix adnate to spathe for half its length 3. S. minor.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 31

Leaves rounded at the base.
Petiole edge crenulate 23 es ee
Petiole edge not crenulate.
Stem short and thick bs - 5. S. Wallichit.

™R

. Scortechinii.

Stem slender far creeping EN .. 6. S. brevicuspis.
Leaves narrowed to the base.

Peduncles very short ii ee .. 7. S. marginata,

Peduncles long slender... ie .. 8. S. longifolia.

1. S. caALyprrata, Zoll. and Mor. Syst. Verz. p. 83. Stem rather
large. Leaves ovate cuspidate cordate, sinus usually deep, lobes
rounded 9 inches long, 5 inches wide, light green petiole 9 inches to a
foot long, sheathing for } of its length. Peduncle 2 to 4 inches long
in flowers 6-7 inches long in fruit. Spathe 3 inches long, basal portion
swollen nearly an inch through 1 inch long deep green. Upper por-
tion convolute much swollen 14-2 inches long cuspidate, greenish
white, veins darker. Spadix floriferous to base 24 inch long, stout,
apex clubbed blunt } inch long of sterile males, below this fertile
males # inch, narrowed at the base, flowers small oblong, at the nar-
rowed portion are some abortive males and below some disc like abor-
tive females. Fertile female portion 1 inch long, ovaries green oblong
narrowed at the base, stigma very small here and there a few white
clubbed neuters interspersed. Fruit oblong thin whorled 2 inches
long. Seed oblong elliptic very small olive coloured ribbed. Engler.
Arac. 352. Hallier. Bull. Herb. Boiss. VI. 620. Sch. latifolia, Miq.
Fl. Ind. Bat. IIT. 214. Bot, Zeit. 1856, p. 565. Sch. longipes, Hook.
fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 538 (not Miquel).

var. (a). concolor. Hallier. l.c. Leaves entirely plain green.

Singapore: Bukit Timah; Pahang: Tahan River; Penang Water-
fall Gardens (2828).

var. (b). picta. Hallier. Ann, Buitenz. XIV. 2, 260. Sch. picta,
Schott. Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. VIII. 317. Teysm. and Binn. Tijdsch.
Ned. Ind. XXVII. p. 25. Engler. Arac. 350.

Leaves light green with a yellow green band on each side of
the midrib.

Singapore: Bukit Timah (Ridley 4602) ; Johor: Pengaram, Batu
Pahat; Pulau Tioman; Negri Sembilan: Perhentian Tinggi; Pahang:
Tahan River (Ridley); Selangor: Petaling, Kuala Lumpur Caves;
Perak (Scortechini 622a), Larut Hills; Penang: Tanjong Tokong,
Waterfall (Curtis 2828).

var, albidomaculata, Hallier l.e. Leaves darker green with white
spots.

Selangor: Pahang Track (Ridley), alt. 2000 feet. Distrib. Java,
Sumatra, Amboina, Celebes, Borneo.

32 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Common in woods, especially rocky ravines. The commonest
form is the var. picta. Hallier has I think rightly put together a
number of various forms, under S. calyptrata, and probably more of

the garden forms under other names should be added. Being a very

succulent plant the specimens in various herbaria are often bad, and
usually the markings of the leaf quite disappear. There is a con-
siderable amount of variation in the form of the leaf, often due to
age and some forms resemble very much S. Wallichti. There are also
trec quently differences in the flowers chiefly among the sterile ones, and
the number of staminodes among the pistils is very variable, some
spadices having only one or two while in others they are abundant.

2. S. mutrata, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 538. Stem some-
times 2 feet long, and nearly an inch through. Leaves ovate cordate
or subsagittate acute, lobes rounded, nerves 18 to 20 pairs, 6-9 inches
long 4-54 inches wide petiole 9 inches long, sheathing for 4 or 4 of
its ‘length. Peduncles several 2 to 4 inches long. Spathe “nearly 5
inches ‘long very narrow acuminate tip recurved, slightly constricted
much below the middle. Spadix nearly as long acute slender. Sterile
apex narrow conic acute 1 inch long flowers oblong top square, very
large, male portion 1 inch long, below it a bare portion, narrower
(covered with neuters according to Hooker). Neuters below narrow
cuneate with a broad top. Female portion as long as the male,
ovaries subglobose with a small discoid stigma, at the base some abor-
tive flat topped pistils.

Perak (Scortechini), Goping (King’s Collector). Endemie.

3. S. minor, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 538. A weak long
creeping plant with a slender stem, bearing scattered leaves. Leaves
ovate lanceolate or elliptic subacute 2- 24 inches long by 1 inch wide
base rounded cordate, back of midrib and petiole scurfy. Petiole

9

winged above slender 3 inches long. Spadices few or 1, peduncles

slender, 2-24 inches long. Tube of spathe $ inch long, limb oblong, |

ovate acute hardly contracted at its base. Spadix with the female
inflorescence adnate for nearly $ its length to the spathe. Ovaries
scattered below globose, ovules few. Placentas 2. Stigma pulvinate,
sessile.

Perak (Scortechini). The specimens in Herb. Kew are bad, and
Scortechini’s drawing only of a fruiting plant. Endemic.

4. S. ScorrecuiNi, Hook. fil. le. Stem rather short about 2
inches long. Leaves ovate acuminate base broad slightly retuse 6 to
9 inches long 34 nearly 4 inches wide dark green marbled with grey,
nerves about 26 pairs nearly horizontal petiole 4-5 inches long sheath-
ing for about 4 of its length grooved and crisped along the edge with
a crenulate margin. Pedunele 1 inch long in flowers lengthening to
2 inches in fruit. Spathe greenish white “2-3. inches long, base 3 of

a

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 33

its length, limb but little dilated acuminate. Spadix sessile, male
portion cylindric blunt twice as long as the rest of the spadix, flowers
oblong white, below this a narrow portion of oblong neuters. Female
portion short 4 inch long. Ovaries oblong with a flat stigma. S.
brevipes, Hook. fil. Le. p, 538.

Johor: Gunong Pulai (Herb. H. B. Singap.) ; Selangor: Rawang,
Ginting Bidai (Ridley 7669) ; Pahang: Tahan River (Ridley) ; Perak
(Scortechini 148b), Bujong Malacca (Ridley). Endemic.

Banks in woods. Very near Sch. crispata, Hook. fil. Bot. Mag.
(6576) and perhaps only a variety but the spathe is considerably
larger in that, S. brevipes is apparently a young plant. The specimen
(Scortechini 623a) in Herb. Kew is very bad, and only in fruit. The
drawing shows a slight difference, the plant being probably too young.

5, S. Wauuicuit, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 537. Stem short.
Leaves several lanceolate acuminate with a long point bright green
base oblique broad and rounded or narrowed rarely shortly bilobed 6
to 9 inches long, 1 to 3 inches wide, nerves about 12 pairs, petiole 2
to 9 inches long sheathing half way. Peduncle 3 to 5 inches long.
Spathe 3 inches long, convolute portion green 1 inch, limb broad with
a long point white. Spadix 2-24 inches long, rather slender. Barren
portion cylindric blunt, $ inch long. Male portion } inch long.
Female as long or longer base nude, pistils very numerous and small.

Singapore: Bukit Timah (Ridley 6319), (Wallich 8962) ; Johor;
Malacca: Bukit Sadanen (Derry 345) ; Sungei Ujong: Bukit Tumiang
(Herb. H. B. Singap.) ; Selangor: Bukit Berjuntai (Ridley 7668) ;
Perak: Goping (King’s Coll. 969), Ulu Bubong (King’s Coll. 10255),
Tapa (Wray 830), Province Wellesley, Kubang Ulu (Curtis) ; Kelan-
tan: Kwala Lipis (Dr. Gimlette).

var. fasciata. Leaf deep blackish green with a grey feather on
each side of the midrib, leaf more coriaceous.

Selangor: Pahang Track (Ridley).

The var. oblongata, Hook. fil. has a more rounded base to the
leaf, than some of the other forms, but it grows with them. Wallich’s
original specimen has a grey central feather as has according to the
label Wray’s Tapa plant. This form also occurs on Bukit Timah and
in Selangor. :

6. S. BRevicusPIs, Hook. fil. l.c.c. Stem creeping and rooting
4 inches long or more. Leaves rather distant lanceolate to ovate
lanceolate cuspidate base rounded, rather thin textured, nerves curved
ascending joining an intramarginal vein, 4 to 6 inches long 24 inches
wide, petiole 44 to 8 inches long midrib on back of the blade and
other nerves often finely scurfy, and upper surface often minutely
pustular. Peduncle slender an inch long. Spathe narrow 2 inches

C 3

34 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

long, upper half but little dilated terminating in a long beak. Spadix
shorter, base female narrowed upwards to a bare portion. Ovaries
flask-shaped. Stigma discoid, above a short neuter portion with club-
shaped bodies, male portion cylindric flowers oblong, above it a thicker
terminal conic sterile portion, of wedge shaped bodies. Fruiting
portion $ inch long } inch wide narrowed above.

Malacca base of Gunong Mering, Ophir; Selangor: Ginting Peras
(Ridley) ; Pahang: Tahan River Woods (Ridley) ; Perak: Scortechini
612a); Penang Waterfall (Curtis 1884). Hill Woods. Endemic.

7. S. Mareinata, Ridley Journ. Bot. 1902. XL. p. 36. Stem
stout almost woody with thick roots. Leaves lanceolate acuminate
narrowed into the petiole, margin undulate, nerves about 10 pairs
ascending, 3 to 6 inches long 1 to 2 inches wide, petiole 2 to 3 inches
long sheathing for about 4 of its length, sheath strongly crisped.
Peduncle very short $ inch long. Spathe 1} inch narrowed below
hardly constricted cuspidate. Spadix 14 inch long, upper portion
cylindric male 1 inch long, flowers irregularly rhomboidal below a
narrowed portion covered with neuters. Female portion short few
flowered, Fruit broad } inch long, seed oblong elliptic strongly ribbed.

Pahang: Tahan River Woods (Ridley). Rare. Endemic.

8. S. LoneironiaA, Ridley Journ. Bot, 1902, XL. 37. Stem
short. Leaves elliptic to oblanceolate or lanceolate mucronate nar-
rowed at the base 6-12 inches long 14 to 34 inches wide, nerves fine
ascending, petiole 6 to 15 inches long sometimes very broad. Spadices
numerous peduncles slender 5 to 12 inches long. Spathe slender
narrow not constricted in the middle white 2 inches long with a beak
$ inch long. Spadix slender 1 inch long apex 4 inch long of sterile
flowers cylindric conic orange, male portion short then a short portion
of neuters. Female portion } inch long. Pistils globose white scat-
tered. Fruit an inch long narrowed at base thickened upwards.
Seeds $ inch long oblong strongly ribbed.

Perak: Larut Hills (Curtis 2082), (King’s Collector No. 1967).
Endemic. On banks at about 2500 feet alt.

12. PrptospaTHA, N. E. Br.

Terrestrial herbs stems short stout. Leaves lanceolate base
narrowed, petiole long. Spathes short and broad not constricted in
the middle. Upper part deciduous. Spadix short sessile much
shorter than the spathe. Male portion rounded, terminal, anthers
with the connective prolonged horned or hemispheric. Female portion
as long, ovaries elliptic, stigma orbicular. Placentas 2 or 3, parietal,
ovules basal attached by a funicle. Fruiting spathe funnel-shaped.
Seeds fusiform tailed at each end.

Species 6. Malay Peninsula and Borneo,

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 35

Leayes broad ot as ey me en dood vleyt
Leaves narrow nu os ae ve .. oa. P. elongata.

1. P. Riptey1, Hook. fil. Bot. Mag. 7410. Stem very short.
Leaves lanceolate or elliptic lanceolate undulate acute, nerves about
4 pairs dark green, or spotted with light green 2-6 inches long 1-3
inches wide, petiole 3-6 inches long red sheathing at base only. Pe-
duncles 4-5 inches long stout reddish. Spathe an inch long broad
ovoid apex recurved beaked, nodding, base green above striped and
spotted pink. Spadix + the length cylindric thick rounded. Male
portion as long as the female. Anthers quadrate oblong, cells lateral,
connective hemispheric pubescent. Female, ovaries ovoid stigma
sessile discoid. A ring of minute clubbed neuters at the base. Fruit
obeonic 4 inch broad.

Johor: Gunong Panti (Ridley) ; Gunong Janeng (Kelsall), Gu-
nong Pulai (Ridley). On rocks in streams. Hndemic.

2. P. ELONGATA. Stem stout roots thick with numerous rootlets.
Leaves lanceolate, or oblanceolate acute with a tubular mucro, base
cuneate, margin undulate nerves prominent beneath when dry 7 or
more pairs, 2-9 inches long $-3 inches wide petiole 1 to 6 inches long
sheathing at the base only. Peduncles 1$-5 inches long. Spathe
nodding fusiform beaked cream colour 1-2 inches long thick. Spadix
short. Male portion cylindric blunt. Stamens narrow oblong, con-
nective broad pubescent. Female portion shorter ovaries crowded
obeuneate. Stigma small. Fruiting spathe cup-shaped nearly $ inch
across. Seeds fusiform tailed. Rhynchopyle elongata, Engler. Male-
sia 1289, t. 23. f. 3-15. Icones. Arac. 199. Schismatoglottis elongata,
Engler. Bull. Soc. Ort. Tose. IV. 298. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind, VI.
539.

Malacca: Tampin Hill (Goodenough 1850); Pahang: Tahan
River (Ridley); Perak (Scortechini), Larut Hills, Bujong Malacca
(Ridley) ; Selangor: Pahang Track (Ridley). Distrib. Borneo. On
rocks in mountain streams from 1000 to 3000 feet.

13. ANADENDRUM, Schott.

Climbing epiphytes. Leaves entire or pinnatifid, distichous,
petiole geniculate at the top. Spathe ovate spreading caducous.
Spadix shorter cylindric, base nude, flowers bisexual dense. Perianth
absent or a thin semicircular or capsular limb. Stamens 3 to 6,
filaments broad oblong short. Anthers terminal linear oblong, cells
reniform. Ovaries obconic 1 celled, top flat. Stigma linear, ovules
1 rarely 2 basilar. Drupes 4-angled oblong fleshy. Seeds exalbu-
minous, testa thick.

Species 4 or 5. Malayan.

36 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Petiole shorter sheathing.

Leaves narrowed at the base ae .. lL, A. latfolawm:
Leaves broad at the base .. ri .. 2 A. montanum.
Petiole winged to the top = 5 .. 3. A. marginatum,

1. A. LATIFoLIUM, Hook. fil. le. Stem 4 to 6 feet long } inch
through woody. Leaves oblong elliptic inaequilateral narrowed at the
hase a little 8-10 inches long 4-5 inches wide, rather stiffly coriaceous,
dark green mottled with lighter, nerves conspicuous about 20 pairs
petiole 6-7 inches long, sheathing at the base only. Peduncle 4
inches long. Spathe 2 to 3 inches long white within greenish out-
side, beak 4 to 4 the length of the body. Spadix cylindric 1$ inch
Jong nude base 4 inch.

Sungei Ujong: Bukit Sulu (Herb. Cantley); Perak: Goping
nad . 1 ~ 7 + . ° 4 ss . .
(King’s Coll. 5961). Native name “ Akar Surudang.” Climbing
on trees. Endemic,

2. A. montTanum, Schott. Bonplandia. V. 1857, Prodr. 371.
Stem creeping 3 or 4 to 6 or more feet terete, internodes 1 inch long.
Leaves ovate oblong to oblong lanceolate coriaceous dark green, some-
times cordate, 6-8 inches long 3$- wide, petiole slender, sheath narrow
2-3 inches long. Peduncles several 2-3 inches long. Spathes glau-
cous cylindric cuspidate 1 inch long cusp 4-1 inch. Spadix an inch
long 4 inch through. Perianth thin white edged black surrounding
the flower on 3 sides and projecting shortly above, oblong truncate.
Stamens 3, filament broad thick cuneate oblong fleshy, connective
narrower black, anther cells linear erect, pale yellow. Ovary cuneate
broad topped stigma linear. Drupe quadrangular red. Engler. Arac.
97, Ie. Ined. No. 83. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 540. Scindapsus
montanus, Kunth. Enum. IIL. 64. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 184. Pothos
malayanus, Miq. l.c. Suppl. 596. Calla montana, Bl. Cat. Hort. Buit.
and Flora 1825, 147.

Singapore: Garden Jungle, Changi (Ridley 4601) ; Johor: Bukit
Tana Abang (Kelsall) ; Malacca (Griffith) ; Selangor: Sungei Hu-
dang (Ridley); Selangor: Kuala Lumpur Caves (Ridley 8172) ;
Sungei Ujong: Bukit Sulu (Herb, H. B. Singap.); Perak: Ipoh
(Curtis), Gunong Batu Putih (Wray 944); Pahang: Kuala Tembe-
ling (Ridley) ; Dindings: Pulai Sembilan (Ridley 3034), Lankawi
(Ridley) ; Penang (Wallich 4444 Pothos elegans) ; Dindings: Lumut.
Distrib. Tenasserim, Borneo,

A peculiarly badly named plant as it is peculiarly a low country
species, through Wray did find it at 3400 feet elevation. The leaves
are very variable, sometimes almost equilateral, at others very unequal
sided; the base is usually broad rounded and sometimes slightly cor-
date, at others cuneate narrowing into the petiole,

«

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 37

It is know to the Malays as “ Akar Asam Tebing Darat.” ‘ Akar
Meroyan Sunbang ” and “ Sugunja.” The leaves are eaten in curries
and the roots used in native medicine. Abundant in woods in the low
country, climbing on small trees low down. Distrib. Malay Islands.

3. A. MARGINATUM, Schott. in Oestr. Bot. Wochenbl. 1857, 117.
Prodr. 390. Stem woody } inch through, with numerous woolly roots.
Leaves crowded or distant ovate to lanceolate inaequilateral, acute
base broad or acuminate, nerves about 16 pairs, 5-9 inches long 3-4
wide, petiole 3 to 9 inches long broadly winged almost to the top.
Spathes numerous, peduncles 3 inches long rather slender. Spathes
14 inch long thick, cusped. Spadix cylindric an inch long, nude
base $ inch. Perianth cupular. Stamens 6. Anthers oblong fila-
ment short and broad, ovary. Drupe oblong truncate red 4 inch long.
Engler. Arac. 96. Hook. fil. Le. 540.

Pahang: Tahan River, Pulau Tijau (Ridley 2396) ; Selangor:
Kuala Lumpur Caves, Ginting Bidai (Ridley) ; Perak (Scortechini,
King’s Coll.) ; Penang (Porter in Wall. Cat. 4443. Pothos margina-
tus). Distrib, Sumatra.

14. SCINDAPSUS.

Climbing or creeping 4 shrubby plants. Leaves ovate or lanceo-
late, petioled, petiole usually strongly winged. Spathe boat-shaped
deciduous. Spadix covered with flowers to the base. Flowers bisex-
ual with no perianth. Stamens 6, filament short or moderately long
oblong flat anthers ovate. Pistils crowded top more or less hexagonal
Stigma small pulvinate. Ovaries unilocular with 1 rarely more ovules,
one-seeded.

Species about 10. India, Malaya and Australasian.

This genus only differs from Raphidophora in its single celled
ovary and single rather large seed.

Leaves ovate cordate, mottled .. y awe os io, PEGLM.
Leaves ovate not cordate dark green .. .. & 8. Scorlechinit.
Leaves oblong lanceolate broadly winged to the
knee.
Spadix 14 inch long es se .. 93d. 8. hederacea.

-Spadix 4 to 6 inches long .. ee pet wa
Leaves very coriaceous oblong or lanceolate,

narrowly winged for ~ the length of the

petiole .. rg ie a ie a Os Oeebeccari.

1. 8. prora, Hassk. Cat. Hort. Bogor. 1844, p. 58. Stem very
long slender about 20 feet long. Leaves (young) ovate orbicular, or
ovate faleate cordate green blotched with white, 3 inches long by 2
inches wide, petiole slender 14 inch long; (adult) lanceolate falcate

R

. perakensis.

38 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

acute or ovate to cordate 44 to 6 inches long, by 14 to 53 inches wide
coriaceous dull green, petiole stout $-} inch long, sheathing to the top.
Peduncle $ to # inch long thick. Spathe ovate cuspidate white thick
caducous, 2 inches long. Spadix stout 14 inch long. Flowers large,
4 inch ACTOSS white, “stamens 6. Anthers conic ovoid, filaments
exceedingly short, ovary with a broad hexagonal top. Stigma small
not linear. Ovary 1 celled, one ovuled. Hassk. Pl. Jay. Rar. p. 159.
Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. ILI. 183. (in part) Schott. Prodr. 393. Engler.
Arac. 252. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 541. Sc. pothoides, Schott.
Prodr. 394 (not Miquel). Sc. argyroea, Engl. l.c. 255.

The whole peninsula from Patani to Singapore, common in
forests.

Singapore: Bukit Timah, Changi (Ridley); Perak: Larut
(King’s Coll, 2568, 6471); Patani: Legeh (Machado). Distrib.
Borneo, Java.

2. 8. Scorrecuini, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit.-Ind. V1..541. Stem
creeping over rocks and trees long { inch through and slender. — Leaves
ovate coriaceous dark green acute base rounded, or lanceolate 5 inches
long by 1$ to 3 inches wide, petiole 3 to + inches long sheathing for
the whole ‘length. Peduncle 1-2 inches long stout. Spathe 2 2 inches
long ovate acute white. Spadix 1-1} inch ‘long, | $ inch thick white.
Flower top elliptic rounded, stigma pulvinate. Seed one reniform
large.

Selangor: Bukit Hitam, Bukit Kutu (Ridley 7666); Perak:
Larut Hills (Wray), Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9795), Gunong Batu
Putih (King’s Coll. 8214); Kedah: Gunong Jerai (Ridley). Not
rare at an altitude of 3-4000 feet. Endemic.

3. S. HEDEREACEA, Schott. Bonplandia V. 1857, 45. Stem 30
feet tall or more, climbing on trees and rocks terete $ inch through.
Leaves falcately lanceolate to oblong, inaequilateral coriaceous deep
green, many neryed acute or subacute, base narrowed, rarely broad
4-8 inches long, by 1 to 4 inches wide, petiole 3-4 inches long sheathing
nearly to the top. Peduncle 1 to 3 inches long. Spathe hoat- shaped
acuminate thick white, 3 inches long. Spadix. 14 inch long cylindric
blunt white + inch through. Flowers 4-5 seeded + inch across.
Stamens shorter, filament obeuneate very short. Anthers large obo-

vate opening by pores at the top. Stigma small linear yellow. Fruit

grey pulpy one seeded. Scindapsus hederaceous, Schott. Bonplandia
V. 1857, 45. Prodr. 395. Engl. Arac. 253. Hook, fil. Fl. Brit. Ind.
VI. 542. Se. pothoides, Miq. Fl. Ind, Bat. ILL. 184., Sc. inquinatus,
Schott. eae Mus. Lugd. 283.

Singapore: Serangoon Road (Ridley 9173), Sungei Buloh
(4169); Johor: Ulu Batu Pahat (JXelsall) ; Malacca ‘(Maingay,
Griffith) ; Selandor (Herb, IL. B. Singap.) ; Pahang: Pekan (Midley

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 39

1099) ; Selangor: Caves Kulala Lumpur; Perak: Kuala Woh (Wray
857) ; Penang: Government Hill (Curtis 1742); Kedah: Yan (Rid-
ley). Distrib. Java.

Native names “ Akar Lubang Alah,” ** Akar Ular.” A decoction
of the stem is used-for rheumatism. Jingler. Ic. Ined. 13, seems
rather to represent R. picta than R. hederacea.

4, S. PERAKENSIS, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 542. Stem very
stout 30 to 40 feet long. Leaves oblong lanceolate acuminate elliptic
or nearly ovate coriaceous closely ribbed 9 to 10 inches long 24-3 inches
wide, petiole 4 to 6 inches long, broadly winged to the base. Peduncle
rather stout 4 inches long. Spathe green (not seen). Spadix 4 to
~ 6 inches long $ to 14 through in fruit. Flowers 4 inch across top
rounded lobed rugose (when dry). Stigma lnear. T[ruit. slatey
blue 4 inch across. Seed lenticulate 4 diameter black.

Malacca: Batu Tiga (Goodenough 1399) ; Sungei Ujong: Bukit
Sulu (Herb. H. B. Singap.) ; Selangor: Kuala Lumpur Caves; Perak:
Trong (Wray 3189), Ulu Bubong (King’s Coll. 10692). Native
name “ Akar Surundang.” Endemic.

5. S. Beccari, Engl. Bot. Jahrb, 1, 182. Stem usually short,
2 or 3 feet long and rather stout. Leaves stiffly coriaceous dark
green lanceolate acute, or oblong blunt nerves numerous 6 to 15 inches
long 2 to 5 inches wide, petiole 4 to 6 inches long, sheathing for most
of its length. Peduncle rather thick an inch long. Spathe boat-
shaped coriaceous white 1§ to 3 inches long. Spadix 1-3 inches long
thick cylindric blunt. Flowers transversely oblong or hexagonal
white. Perianth cupular adnate to the ovary but more or less
detachable. Stamens shorter, filaments flat linear oblong, longer
than the anther. Anther acute. Pistils prismatic. Fruit greyish
white. Seed'1. Engler. Malesia I. 277. Hook. fil. lc. 542. Se.
crassipes, Engler. Bot. Jahrb. l.c. Bece. Malesia 1, 277.

Perak: Larut (Kunstler No. 7477), (Scortechini) ; Dindings:
Pangkor, Lumut (Ridley); Kemaman (Dr. Johnston); Tringanu
(Ridley). Distrib. Borneo and Sumatra.

There are two forms of this one with narrow leaves and a small
inflorescense, the other with much broader leaves and large spadix,
but they seem to pass into each other. ‘The plant occurs usually on
rocks above the sea of tidal rivers.

15. RAPHIDOPHORA.

Climbing shrubs. Leaves petioled (when adult) shortly winged,
blade entire lanceolate or oblong, or perforate or pinnatifid usually
coriaceous. Spathe cylindric or boat-shaped usually deciduous. Spa-
dix flowered to the base, or very rarely stipitate. Perianth 0. Sta-
mens 3-6, filaments linear flat. Pistils with a more or less hesagonal

40 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

top. Stigma pulvinate or linear. Ovary 2-3 celled many ovuled.
Seeds 1 or more in each cell, small, albuminous.

Species about 30 India, Malaya, Australasia.

From Scindapsus this genus can only be separated by its pos-
sessing more than one seed in the two or three celled ovary. From
Anadendrum also by the absence of a perianth, and by the fruit,
which is white and hardly drupaceous, or projecting from the rachis.
R. Hugeliana is intermediate between Anadendrum and Raphido-
phora,

Many species ‘of Raphidophora though abundant in our
forests, seem to flower very rarely, and when they do so, only produce
the spadices at the top of lofty trees where they are inv isible from the
ground. Nearly all are very polymorphic in the leaves, those on
young plants and on the long pendulous shoots from the top being
utterly dissimilar from the adult ordinary leaves. The bigger species
when high up on trees produce acrial roots 50 to 60 feet long which
descend to the ground.

Leaves entire ovate cordate Ae a sat SLs BE haunile:
Leaves oblong ovate base rounded,
Petiole long .. ; ae .. & HR, -graciipes.

Leaves aaGedlnte or ailone lanceolate
Spadix short one inch long.

Leaves narrow an inch across .. sale 18s dbs. Manor.

Leayes broad thin 2-3 inches “5 aan > 4k. ob bya,
Spadix about 2 inches long.

Leaves thick coriaceous .. an 5. R. crassifolia.

Leaves thin coriaceous.

Lanceolate faleate .. ae is Pe Me eed 707

Ovate lanceolate .. ra Bo .. «WR. Scortechmu
Spadix long 5 to 10 inches.

Leaves elliptic nerves very close... .. 8 RR. Maingayt.
Leaves thin hardly coriaceous.

Petiole narrowly winged .. is is San, Kamstler.

Petiole broadly winged... F .. 10. R, laelevirens.
Leaves very coriaceous 2-35 feet long.

Spadix 10 inches .. : .» Ll. R. giganteum.
Leaves pinnatifid. Spadix not stipitate.

Blade but little lobed base cuneate .. 12. R. Beccaru.

Blade broadly ovate cordate, lobes few .. 13. R. letrasperma.

Blade deeply lobed broad, about 9 pairs .. 14. 2. Northalsii.
Leaves pinnatifid and perforate.

Spadix stipitate oe in re .. Ld. RB. Huegeliana.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 41

1. R. wumMILE. Stem slender about } inch through far creeping
on rocks. Leaves ovate cordate cuspidate dark shining green 4 inches
long 3% inch wide, petiole 5 inches long sheathing at the base only.
Peduncle 2 inches long with brown sheathing acuminate leaves at the
base. Spathe ovate boat-shaped fusiform in bud 14 inch long whitish
finally brown purple. Spadix much shorter cylindric quite blunt 1
inch long white. Flowers about 6 series. Stamens 4 filaments linear
flat. Anthers oyoid. Stigmas circular. Amydrium humile, Schott.
Ann. Lugd. Bat. 1, 127. Tngler. Arac. 100. Ic. Ined. 152. Hpi-
premnum humile, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. p. 549.

Perak: Bujong Malacca (Curtis); Penang (Maingay 1560),
Government Hill (Curtis 1855). Distrib. Sumatra. Abundant
creeping on top of large rocks in woods, seldom flowering.

2. KR. GraciLires, Hook. lc. 545. Stem 20 to 40 feet long, 1
to 1$ inch through. Leaves oblong ovate cuspidate unequal sided
slightly narrowed at the base or not rather thin, nerves numerous
slender conspicuous when dry nearly horizontal 7 inches long 54 wide,
petiole slender 7 to 9 inches long channelled, with a low sheathing
margin about half way up. JXnee rather long. Peduncle short about
an inch long with a Jonger sheath rounded. Spathe coriaceous 3
inches long by 1 wide lanceolate cuspidate yellow cream colour.
Flowers regularly hexagonal at top, small. Stigma pulvinate eclevat-
ed. Stamens 6.

Perak: Larut (King’s Coll. 2102). Ulu Bubong at 400 to 600
feet elevation (King’s Coll. 10271). Endemic.

3. R. minor, Hook. fil. lc. 544. Stems slender creeping rather
woody less than } inch through. Leaves elliptic lanceolate often
slightly faleate acute or subacute mucronulate, base narrowed or not,
3 to 4 inches long $ to 1 inch wide dull green nerves slender numerous,
petiole 1 inch long slender. Peduncle $-1 inch long. Spathe cylin-
dric 1-2 inches long including the beak white or green. Spadix
rather slender 1 inch long or less yellowish. Flowers very small
top rounded not angled. Stigma small circular. Fruit } inch long.
Seed 6 elliptic flat thin light brown.

Singapore: Toas (Ridley 4608, 6904); Johor: Kota Tinggi
(Ridley), Sungei Tebrau; Pahang: Pekan (Ridley) ; Malacca: Bukit
Kayu Luang (Herb. H. B. Singap. 5843) Griffith; Perak: Malang
(Wray 2497). Climbing plants on stumps and trees. Native name
“Kulamayiang Ayer.” A decoction of the plant used in delayed
confinements. This plant grows in immense abundance on the Tebrau
River at Castlewood covering the trees along the river with a thick
mat of stems. Distrib. Borneo.

4. R. Lossi, Schott. Bonplandia V. 1857, 45. Stem slender
# inch through 4 angled below, 12-14 feet long. Leaves lanceolate

42 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

faleate or oblong cuspidate narrowed a little at the base 8-9 inches
long 2-3 inches ‘wide thinly coriaceous flaccid dull green above paler
beneath nerves prominent beneath 12 pairs or more numerous petiole
1-3 inches long with a thickened knee at the base $ inch long, in old
leaves, channelled up to the upper knee. Peduncle thick an on long.
Spathe cylindric cuspidate thick 1 inch long yellow. Spadix } inch
long in flower, 1 inch in frwit blunt cylindric. Stigma discoid.
Ovary 2 celled. Seeds 6 elliptic narrow flattened dark brown.
Schott. Prodr. 379. Engler. Arac. 240. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI.

Singapore: Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang (Ridley); Johor:
Batu Pahat (Ridley); Malacca: Selandor (Herb. H. B. Singap.) ;
Perak: Ulu Bubong (King’s Coll. 10571), Larut (King’s Coll.).
Distrib. Borneo.

On low trees and shrubs in jungle swamps common. Native
name “ Akar Asam Tebing Paya.” The leaves are used in curries.
This plant varies a good deal in the form of the leaf which is some-
times quite narrow and falcate, at others broad and straight.

5. TR. crasstroiia, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind, VI. 543. Stem 20
to 30 feet long + inch thich, 4 angled. Leaves 6-7 inches long 14
to 2 inches wide lanceolate oblique minutely cuspidate, base narrowed
acute, thickly coriaceous nerves numerous, very obscure above, in-
visible beneath when dr y, petiole 14 to 24 inch long slender. Peduncle
very short $ inch long. Spathe cylindric very shortly cuspidate
thickly coriaceous 3 inches long cream colour. Spadix “ purple and
yellow.’

Selangor: Rawang Camphor Forest (Ridley); Perak: Batang
Padang (cunstler 8111). Climbing on trees rare. Endemic.

6. R. Wrayt, Hook, fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 544. Stem woody
30 to 40 feet long } inch through, angled. Leaves narrowly lanceo-
late acuminate falecate narrowed at the base thinly coriaceous 8-9
inches long 14 inch wide, nerves numerous fine parallel with anas-
tomosing ne rvules, petiole slender 14 inch long channelled. Peduncle
1 to 2 inches long fairly stout. Spathe 14 “inch long ~ inch wide
cylindric cuspidate. Spadix oblong blunt 14 to 24 inch long. Sta-
mens 2. Apex of flower small rhomboidal stigma pulyinate. Fruit
very small. Seeds 6 narrowly elliptic deep brown.

Perak: Larut Hills (Ridley 2960), Gunong Batu Putih (Wray
1145). Endemic. Climbing on trees.

7. R. Scorrecuinu, Hook. fil. Le. 545. Stem creeping on
stones nearly as thick as the little finger. Leaves ovate lanceolate
inacquilateral caudate acuminate base cuneate subcoriaceous, primary
nerves Lf to 20 pairs strongly raised on both surfaces (when dry)
spreading and arched, petiole 4 to 6 inches long broadly channelled

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 43

up to the limb. Peduncle 3-4 inches long. Spadix 2 inches long by
* wide. Stigma elliptic sessile. Seeds winged with the lateral wings
oblique according to Scortechini’s notes but he does not figure them
so.

Perak: without locality (Scortechini 247). A specimen in fruit
and a drawing at Kew. Endemic.

8. R. Matneayt, Hook. fil. lec. Stem 20 to 30 feet long 4
angled, with flat side nearly $ inch through. Leaves on young stems
lanceolate falcate 3 inches long $ inch wide petiole { inch long; adult
elliptic obtuse mucronulate base cuneate or rounded 7 inches long,
2 inches wide, keel prominent nerves above elevated close, very ob-
scure beneath petiole 3 inches long slender keel rather thick. Pe-
duncle 2 inches long. Spathe cylindric nearly 5 inches long } inch
through, thick and leathery. Spadix nearly as long. Flowers 35
inch across. Stamens 6. Ovary hexagonal. Ovules numerous.
Stigma depressed.

Singapore: Bukit Timah; Malacca (Maingay) ; Panchur (Good-
enough 1296). Very common in Singapore on rocks and trees in
forests, but very rarely to be found in flower. Endemic.

9. R. KunstptEeri, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 546. Stem +40
to 60 feet long, 3 to 4 inches through. Leaves lanceolate falcate
inaequilateral or oblong to oblong lanceolate acuminate submembran-
ous base acute or cuneate 6 to 15 inches long 2 to 5 wide primary
nerves prominent spreading and arched deep green, petiole slender
8 to 15 inches long, grooved and channelled up to the blade knee short.
Peduncle 1-3 inches long stout. Spathe cylindric 8 inches long acu-
minate thick walled white, beak long and straight. Spadix cylindric
5-8 inches long. Flowers equally hexagonal at the top. Stigma dis-
coid rather large elevated. Ovary 2 celled.

Perak: Larut 5 to 8000 feet elevation (King’s Coll. 6796),
Goping (King’s Coll. 6538). Endemic.

10. R. Lanrevirens, Ridley Journ. Bot. 1902, 87. Stem long
about 12 or 14 feet long creeping. Leaves herbaceous light green ob-
long lanceolate acuminate, with broad rounded bases, nerves very
numerous conspicuous beneath 24 inches long 8 inches wide, petiole
8 inches long winged to the knee. Peduncle stout 3 inches long.
Spathe cylindric 6 to 8 inches long thick. Spadix long cylindric 7
inches long 8; inch thick. Flowers equally hexagonal. Stigmas dis-
cold,

Selangor: Kuala Lumpur Caves (Ridley); Perak: Larut Hills
(Derry) ; Penang: Penara Bukit (Ridley). Creeping over rocks and
trees. Endemic.

44 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula

11. R. GigAnreumM. Stem 40 to 60 feet long and over an inch
through green. Leaves 12 to 36 inches long 6 to 8 wide entire oblong
very coriaceous dark green nerves very numerous fine and close apex
blunt base rounded, petiole 8-15 inches long , sheathing for its whole
length. Peduncle an inch long stout. Spathe 6 to 15 inches long
nearly 2 inches through dull” green cylindric cuspidate. Spadix
yellowish white 10 inches long. Flowers £ inch across very narrow
rhomboid longer than broad. ‘Stamens white filament broad. Stigma
linear depressed grey. Hpipremnum giganteum, Schott. Bonplandia
V. 1857, 45. Prodr. 389. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 548. Engler
Arac. 249. Bot. Mag. Scindapsus giganteus, Schott. Meletem I. 21>
Kunth. Enum. III. 63. Monstera gigantea, Schott. Wien. Zeit. Schr
1829. Linnaea 1851. Litter, Ber. 53. Pothos giganteus, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. 1, 434

Singapore (Wallich 4442), Bukit Timah, Siglap (Ridley 9200) ;
Malacca; Perak (Scortechini 111), Larut (King’s Coll. 6681) ; Din-
dings: Lumut (Ridley) ; Penang (Roxburgh), Government Hill (Cur-
tis 2889). Endemic. Common probably over the whole peninsula.
Native name “ Ringut.” The spadices mixed with the dart-poison
of the Sakais.

12. R. Brccaru, Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 1, 181. Malesia. I. 271.
t. 19. fig. 6-9. Stem short and stout creeping, 15 to 20 feet (King’s
Collector) nearly half an inch through. Leaves lanceolate base cune-
ate entire when young, acuminate pinnatifid when old inaequilateral
about 3 lobed, lobes faleate acuminate many nerved, reticulating
nerves distinct when dry, deep green thinly coriaceous, 9-24 inches
long, 3-7 inches wide, petiole rather slender 6 to 8 inches long knee
short and distinct. Peduncle 6 inches long. Spathe cylindric
cuspidate 3 inches long 4 inch through cream colour. Spadix shorter
cylindric blunt white. Flowers at the top rounded obscurely hexa-
gonal. Stigma elevated circular. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 546.
Lpipremnum Beccarii, Engler. Bull. Soc. Tose. Ort. 1879, 269.

Selangor: Rawang (Ridley 7661), Ginting Bidai (7664) ;
Pahang: Tahan River (Ridley 2387); Perak: Ulu Bubong (Iing’s
Coll, 10155); Penang: Penara Bukit (Itidley). Distrib. Borneo,
Siam. On rocks in streams.

13. R. TerrAspeRMA, Hook. fil. le. 548. Stem flexuous terete,
internodes 3-4 inches long. Leaves broadly ovate or orbicular cordate
often very unequal sided, ‘lobes 1-2 broad acute cuspidate or acuminate
1-2 ribbed, petiole 3 inches or more long channelled up to the knee.
Peduncle very stout 1-2 inches long. Spathe 1-2 inches long tur-
gidly eymbiform acute white. Spadix subclavate, Stigma a ‘raised
furrow. Lerries 2 celled, oyules 2 in each cell.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 45

Perak: no locality given (Scortechini). The specimen at Kew
looks not unlike the cultivated plant known as Pothos aurea but I have
never seen flowers of this.

14. R. Korruarsi, Schott. Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. I. 129. Stem
20 to 30 feet long 4 inch through densely crinite. Leaves large
pinnatisect coriaceous deep green 18-24 inches long by 6-8 inches wide
lobes oblong acuminate falcate about 9 pairs, lowest ones small 3 inches
long by 4 inch wide, upper ones 5 inches long by 2 inches wide, reti-
culating nerves very prominent when dry. Petiole 9 inches long.
Peduncles 2 to 9 inches long very stout.. Spathes coriaceous numerous
boat-shaped cylindric with a short stout beak 6 to 8 inches long { to
1 inch through green edge cream colour. Spadix 2 to 6 inches long
cylindric 4 inch through yellow. Flowers rounded small hexagonal
filaments rather long. Anthers oblong. Stigma linear. Fruit 4
inch across, top rounded and flat. Seeds 4 flattened ovoid brown.
Engler. Arac. 247. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 548.

Singapore: Bukit Timah not rare; Johor: Pulau Tinggi (Feild-
ing) ; Perak: Larut Hills (King’s Collector 6893) ; Penang: Govern-
ment Hill (Maingay). Distrib. Java. Climbing high on trees,

15. R. Husreettana, Schott. Bonplandia. V. 45. Prodr. 384.
Stem 20 to 30 feet long stout $ to ? inch through. Leaves in young
plants lanceolate falcate distichous sessile appressed to the trunk of
a tree often overlapping 2 to 7 inches long, }{ inch to 3 inches wide;
in older plants ovate acuminate with a retuse base and short petiole 3
inches long; in adult deeply pinnatifid or pinnatisect often perforate,
lobes 5 to 14 oblong truncate or cuspidate or upper angle acute, 8-15
inches long, 7 to 12 inches wide, peiole 1 to 13 inches long geniculate
above sheathing at base only. Peduncles several 3 inches long rather
slender. Spathe long persistent, thick beaked 1-3 inches long $-13
inch wide, spreading. Spadix 1-1} inch long, nude portion } inch
long. Perianth none. Stamens 6, filaments short triangular, an-
thers 2 celled cells divaricate at base. Ovary top flat, stigma discoid,
2 celled. Fruit 4 inch across white 2 celled with a seed in each cell.
Anadendrum medium, Schott. Bonplandia. V. 45. Prodr. 392. Scin-
dapsus medius, Zoll. and Mor. Syst. Verz. n. 82. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat.
186. Epipremnum medium, Engl. Arac, 250. Pothos pinnatus,
Wall. Cat. 4438.

Singapore (Walfich 4438), Bukit Timah, Garden Jungle (Ridley
6373) ; Johor: Gunong Panti; Sungei Ujong; Selangor: Bukit Kudah
(Ridley) ; Penang: Batu Feringhi (Curtis 1923); Perak (Scorte-
chini, King’s Collector). Distrib. Java, Philippines, Borneo. Native
name “ Sakat Gajah.” The form with faleate distichous nearly sessile
leayes, is the Pothos celaticaulis of Gardens,

46 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Exciupep SpEcIts.

R. cavpata, Schott. Bonplandia. V. 45. Hpipremnum mirabile,
Schott. Aroid. t. 79. Penang (Roxburg). This is probably an error
of locality. It has not since been found in the peninsula, and Rox-
burgh’s plat was a cultivated one in Calcutta Gardens probably wrong
labelled.

16. Lasta, Lour.

A large marsh plant, with a stout stem. Leaves long petiole
pinnatifid or entire hastate, petiole midrib and nerves beneath thorny.
Peduncle tall thorny, spathe very long narrow opening only at the
base, deciduous. Spadix short cylindric. Flowers hermaphrodite.
Sepals 4-6 ovate wedge-shaped. Stamens 4-6 filaments broad. An-
ther lobes broad blunt shorter than the filament. Pistil conie, 1
celled 1 ovuled. Style stout, stigma discoid. Berry subglobose
ribbed and warted. Seed compressed.

Species 1. India, Cochin China, China, Malaya.

L. acuLEATA, Lour. Fl. Cochin-Ch. 81. Stem 2-3 feet long 4
inch through. Leaf blade deeply cleft into 4 to 8 pairs lanceolate
acuminate lobes 1$ inch across, basal lobes deflexed trifid dark green
12 inches long, petiole 1-4 feet long very thorny. Peduncle about 1
fot long nearly $ inch through green. Spathe cylindric acuminate
14 inches long brown purplish, thick soft. Spadix 14 inch long
yellow. Sepals pale green with a broad subtriangular top. Fruiting
spadix 3 inches long thick dark green. Berry $ inch long. JL. heter-
ophylla, Schott. Melet. I. 21. L. zollingeri. L. Jenkinsti. L. Her-
manni, Schott. Bonplandia V. 1857, 125. L. desciscens, Schott. Ann.
Mus. Lugd. Bat. I, 127. LZ. Roxburghii, Griff. Itin. Notes III. 155.
L. spinosa, Flud. Theo. Enum. 336. Engl. Monogr. Arac. 273.
Photos Lasia, Roxb. Fl. Ind. I. 488. P. heterophylla, Roxb. lc. 437.
Wt. le. 777. Dracontium spinosum, L. sp. Pl. 967.

Singapore: Chua Chu Kang, Jurong; Johor: Sungei Tebrau;
Selangor: Kuala Lumpur Caves (Ridley) ; Pahang: Pekan (Ridley) ;
Perak: Simpang (Wray 2253). In mud usually tidal swamps. Na-
tive names “ Gli-Gli” and * Bekil.”

17. Poponasta, Ne. Br.

Stem creeping. Leaves hastate or sagittate or 3 lobed long
petioled thorny. Spathe linear or ovate expanded, Spadix $ as long,
base nude cylindric obtuse. Perianth segments 4 to 6. Stamens as
many opposite. Ovary ovoid oblong truncate at the top 1 celled 1
oyule basal. Drupe globose 1 seeded red.

P. strpitata, N. E. Br. Gard. Chron. 1882. II. 70. Terrestrial
stem short and thick an inch long. Leaves sagittate or ovate cordate,
or 3 lobed lobes linear lanceolate acute or broad, 10 to 20 inches long

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 47

14 to 2 inches wide, dark olive green nerves prominent, petiole 21
inches long or shorter sheathing at the base thorny. Peduncle 17 to
27 inches long, thorny at base. Spathe linear or ovate acuminate 5
inches long, $ to 1 inch wide purple. Spadix nude portion 4-1 inch
long, above cylindric obtuse 2 inches long in flowers, lower part white
apex purple. Fruiting spadix 6 inches long. Drupe globose red 4
inch long. Seed globose. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 550.

Johor: Gunong Panti and Gunong Pulai (Ridley) ; Perak (Scor-
techini), Larut Hills (Ridley), Relau Tujoh (Wray 1842) ; Dindings:
Telok Sera (Ridley 7247). Local and not common in woods. Distrib.
Sumatra, Borneo.

18. CyrTospERMA, Griff.

Large aquatics. Leaves hastate, long petioled. Peduncle long
erect. Spathe persistent ovate expanded. Spadix short dense flower-
ed, base nude or not. Flowers hermaphrodite. Sepals 4 to 8 truncate
apex incurved. Stamens 4-8 filaments short. Anthers obovate ob-
long. Ovary 1 celled. Stigma pulvinate ovules 1 or more, semiana-
tropous, pendulous with long funicles. Berries crowded fleshy, seed
compressed crested. Albumen scanty. Embryo horse-shoe shaped.

Species 10. Afriean, Malaya, South America.

C. LASIoIDES, Griff. Itin. Not. IIT. 149. Stem short and very
stout. Leaves hastate sagittate 20 inches wide and as long or less;
nerved stout curved, margin of lobes and midrib thorny, petiole 4 to
5 feet tall 1 inch through at the base thorny. Peduncle thorny 2-3
feet long. Spathe ovate acuminate stiff 4 inches long 14 inch wide,
outside brown purple with green lines shining, inside cream colour.
Spadix base $ inch long nude, cylindric blunt 5 inches long pink.
Sepals spathulate truncate flat topped pink. Stamens filament broad
oblong thin flat. Anthers obovate elliptic ocreous opening by longi-
tudinal slits. Ovary base narrow, dilate upwards. Style short and
broad. Drupe obcuneate green apex purple. Seed reniform with 4
crests of blunt processes. Griff. Notul, IIT. 150. Ic. Pl. As. t. 169.
Schott. Gen. Ar. t. 84. Prod. 403. Engler. Arac. 270. Icones. 89.
Hook, fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 551.

Singapore (Gaudichaud, Wallich 4447), Tanglin (Ridley 4605) ;
Johor: Sungei Tebrau; Malacca (Griffith), Ayer Panas (Derry 298) ;
Pahang: Kuala Mahang (Ridley); Sungei Ujong; Perak: Chen-
derian (King’s Coll. 5654), Goping (King’s Coll. 4857); Penang:
Batu Kurau (Curtis 2988). Distrib. Borneo. Common in swamps
and marshes in low ground. Native name “ Gligli.” It varies much
in size according to age.

19. PotHos, Linn.

Climbing herbs, branched and-slender. Leaves distichous with a
sheathing petiole, often widely winged, coriaceous oblong or lanceolate.

48 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Spadix peduncle slender or globose. Spathe usually narrow or de-
flexed, or broad. Flowers numerous densely crowded or whorled.
Sepals 6 tips incurved. Stamens 6, filaments flat. Anther cells
ellipsoid. Ovary 3 celled. Stigma small top of ovary flat. Ovules
1 in the inner angles of each cell anatropous. Berries 1-3 seeded,
fleshy. Seed exalbuminous.

Species 20. Madagascar, Tropical Asia, Australia and Polynesia. —

Flower spike globose.

Stipes of spadix short $ inch .. os. “a. PF. sscondens:
Stipes of spadix long $ inch .. .. 2 P. macrocephalus,
Flower spike cylindric.
Flowers whorled » .. iF oh .. & P. lahifolus.
Flowers not whorled dense.
Spathe linear narrow.
Sepals tips narrow.
Leaves “4 i ar i. os. A P. Barbenants.
Leaves broadly elliptic .. ... 5. PR. -ellipticus:
Sepals broadly triangular at tip .. 6. P. inaequalis.
Spathe oblong boat-shaped Ls .. ©. P. lancefolius.
Spathe ovate lanceolate 4 inches long.. 8. P. Kingiti.
Spathe ovate acuminate ay .. 9. P. grandispatha.

1. P. scanpEens, L. Sp. Pl. 968. Stem slender 6 to 10 feet
long. Leaves lanceolate acuminate to owate acuminate 3 inches long
by #; to 14 inch wide, petiole obcuneate or spear-shaped 1 to 3 inches
long, by + to $ wide at the top. Peduncles axillary $ inch long with
several ovate acute bracts. Spathe ovate cuspidate boat-shaped 4
inch long green or purple. Spadix with a stipes $ inch long, head
of flowers globose 4 inch through. Bot. Reg. t. 133. Hook. Ie.
Pl. 175. Schott.. Meletem: 1, 21. Aroid. J. 22, t. 33: Prodr,
563. Roxb. Fl. Ind. Il. 457. Kunth. Enum. III. 65. Engl. Arac.
84. (Excl. var. B). Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 551. P. eatgu-
florus, Schott. Aroid. I. 21. t. 41. Prodr. 561. P. fallax, Schott.
Prodr. 560. P. decipiens, Schott. Bonpl. 1859, p. 165. Prodr. 562.
P. Roxbughii, De Vr, Plant Jungh. I. 103. var, A. petiole narrow
long, blade lanceolate.

Selangor: Kuala Lumpur Caves (Radley 8167), (Curtis 2394).

var. B. cognatus, Engler. lc. P. cognatus, Schott. Aroid. I.
22. t. 48. Prodr. 562. Petiole broadly cuneate, blade ovate to ob-
long elliptic.

Perak: Kuala Kangsa (Ridley 2953); Selama (Scortechini),
Kuala Dipang (King’s Coll. 8274) ; Penang Waterfall (Curtis 2853).
Distrib. India, Siam, Borneo, Java, Sumatra. Native name “ Juloh

rd

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 49

Juloh.” The leaves ground to powder are applied to the body in
small-pox, the stems cup up with camphor or smoked like tobacco
for asthma.

2. P. MAcROCEPHALUS, Scortechini, in Flora Brit. Ind. 553.
A long slender creeper 60 to 80 feet long stouter than the preceding
species. Leaves dark green glossy, blade lanceolate to linear, lan-
ceolate 14 to 3 inches long ~ to $ inch wide, petiole 2 to 3 inches
long linear. Peduncle 1-1} inch long, decurved. Bracts at base
several ovate } inch long and longer. Spathe ovate cuspidate $ inch
long and over $ inch wide dark greenish black or pale green. Stipe
4 inch long. Head globose or pyriform yellow } inch long. Sepals
oblong truncate. Stamens 6. Ovary top rounded flat, stigma very
small punctiform slightly elevated. Fruit (young) oblong bluntly
6 angled top truncate.

Perak (Scortechini), Goping (King’s Collector 4327, 6029) ;
Waterloo (Curtis 2895). Endemic.

3. P. LatiroLius, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 554. Stems
woody moderately stout 10 to 15 or more feet long. Leaves broadly
elliptic or elliptic lanceolate, cuspidate base rounded or cuneate 4 to 8
inches long 14-24 inch wide intramarginal vein near the edge,
lateral veins slender close, veinlets reticulate, petiole 2 to 4 inches
long winged to the short + inch knee. Peduncle $ to 2 inches long
deflexed or sigmoid. Spathe linear 1-14 inch long pale green. Spa-
dix 3 to 6 inches long stipitate. Flowers in whorls close or rather
distant, brown. Sepals ovate obtuse. Stamens 6, filaments broad
a little longer than the pistil. Top of pistil rounded stigma small
punctate. Drupe oblong 3-2 inch long, red. P. Maingayii, Hook.
fil. Le. P. Curtisii, Hook. fil. le. P. Kunstleri, Hook. fil. Le.

Singapore: Bukit Mandai (Ridley 6535), Kranji (5108) ;
Malacca (Maingay); Selangor: Kuala Lumpur, Pahang ‘Track
(Ridley) ; Dindings: Lumut (Ridley 7248); Perak: Larut Hills
8-2000 feet elevation (Wray 3903), (King’s Coll. 3887, 8493, 2754),
(Curtis 2987); Sunkei (King’s Coll. 3012); Gunong Keledang
(Ridley 9696); Penang: Batu Feringhi (Curtis 808). Distrib.
Malaya. ‘“ Akar Lidah Badak.” Climbing on trees.

I have examined all the types of the above species, and am quite
unable to separate them. The leaves vary a good deal in size in
different parts of the plant. The spadix seems to lengthen as it
developes so that the flowers appear to be more distant in fully
developed spadices than in younger ones.

4. P, BaRBERIANUS, Schott. Aroid. 24. t. 53. Prodr. 573. Stems
slender rather stiff. Leaves lanceolate cuspidate, or oblong. ovate
lanceolate acuminate base rounded 5 inches long by one wide thinly

C4

50 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

coriaceous finely reticulate with an intramarginal vein and prominent
keel (when dry) petiole 2 inches long $-} inch across, sheathing up
to the knee. Peduncle over an inch long with numerous sheaths at
the base, 2 or 3 of which are nearly lanceolate acuminate an inch
long 8; inch wide. Spadix sessile slender cylindric densely flowered
1 inch long, less than $ inch through. Perianth lobes oblong trun-
cate pubescent. Stamens 6. Pistils top rounded stigma small dis-
coid. Drupe oblong } inch long narrowed upwards apex truncate.
Engler. Arac. 90. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 558.

Perak: Larut Hills (Curtis), Briah (Wray 4212), (King’s Coll.
3175); Dindings: Lumut (Ridley 10285). Distrib. Sumatra, Bor-
neo.

var. Wallichii. P. Wallichii, Hook. fil. l.e. More slender with
narrow leaf sheaths, spadix more distinctly stipitate, and style more
developed.

Perak (Porter, Wall. Coll, 4489 B P. tenera). Perak (Scor-
techini). I think this is only a weak form of P. Barberianus but
I have seen but little of it.

P. ELLIpticus, Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Vol. XLI. p. 42.

Siar Near stout. Leaves elliptic cuspidate 5 inches long 24 inch

wide, keel stout base rounded, inner intramarginal vein some way

from the edge, outer one close to the edge, parallel nerves fine close

leaves pale green when dry, petiole 3 inches long sheathing rather

broadly to the knee, knee } inch long. Peduncle stout 2 inches long

less, deflexed. Spathe linear oblong. Spadix nearly sessile ¢

to 1 inch long thick cylindric dense flowered. Flowers fairly large.

Sepals oblong with a broad inflexed tip. Stigma discoid shortly
elevated. Fruit oblong $ inch long.

Pahang on the Pahang river, Kuala Tembelting and Pulan
Tawar (Ridley). Endemic. My specimens of the plant are nearly
out of flower and the spathes are fallen, but it seems quite distinct
from any described species.

6. P. ryanquatis, Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc, S. Br. Vol. XVI.
47. Stem rather slender much branched. Leaves elliptic oblan-
ceolate with a long point base cuneate, intramarginal vein often tar
from the edge undulate, with anther very conspicuous one very close
to the edge, main- nerves often large and remote, 4 to 7 inches long,
1 to 2 inches wide, petiole $ to 1 inch long sheathing to the thick knee
which is half an inch long. Bracts several upper one sheathing 4
inch long, lower ones small. Peduncle 13 to 2 inches long fairly
stout curved. Spathe not seen. Spadix an inch long cylindric
dense flowered. Sepals cuneate with a broad flat triangular top.
Pistils top broad rounded.

Perak: Pulau Tawar (Ridley 2591). Endemic,

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 51

7. P. uanorrotius, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 554. A large
climber, rather slender branches woody, conspicuously jointed inter-
nodes 4 inch long. Leaves lanceolate long acuminate drying grey above
reddish beneath, nerves reticulate slender, intramarginal nerves in-
conspicuous 4 to 7 inches long, } to } inch wide, base cuneate, petiole
2 to 3 inches long strongly winged up to the knee which is § inch
long. Bracts absent. Peduncle rather stout 1 inch long. Spathe
oblong cuspidate 1-14 inch long and very broad lurid purple. Spadix
thick curved blunt 2-14 inch long cylindric 4 inch through. Sepals
6. Stamens 6, filaments linear oblong. Stigma minute. Drupe $
inch long. :

Perak (Scortechini 576) no locality given. Rare. Endemic.

S7-b. SR INGE. book: “hl Wi. > Brit. “ind. | V Ee oda: Stem
20 to 30 feet long stout. Leaves oblong cuspidate or oblong lanceo-
late, caudate acuminate hase narrowed rounded coriaceous often
inaequilateral, 6 to 10 inches long, 3 to 4 inches wide, petiole 3 to
4 inches long margins membranous at length fibrous, tip 2 auricled
knee } inch long. Bracts 1$ to 2 inches long. Spathe ovate lanceo-
late 4 to 6 inches long dark purple inside pale without. Spadix
cylindric dense half as long, ovary oblong, style very short, stigma
penicillate.

Perak (Scortechini 1450), Larut Hills 2-3000 feet alt. (Xing’s
Collector 2723). Rare. Endemice.

9. P. GRANDISPATHA, Rid]. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. 8. Br. ‘Vol.
XLI. p. 48. Stem less than $ inch thick. Leaves lanceolate cus-
pidate 6 to 8 inches long 2 to 24 inch wide, cusp half an inch long,
base narrowed blunt, petiole 2 inches long sheathing rather broadly
to the very short 4 inch knee, sheath eventually breaking up into
fibres. Peduncle slender 2 inches long. Spathe broadly ovate acu-
minate apparently purple narrowed at the base 23 inches long, 1
inch wide. Spadix very slender 1 inch long, sessile. Flowers very
small. Sepals oblong truncate, style distinct with a small discoid
stigma.

Penang: West Hill (Curtis). This plant resembles P. brevi-
stylus, Engler Malesia I. p. 264, T, XVI. but is remakable for the
great size of the spathe. Endemic.

20. Acorus, Linn.

Marsh herbs with an aromatic rootstock. Leaves distichous,
erect ensiform. Peduncle leaf-like. Spathe ensiform continuous
with the peduncle. Spadix sessile cylindric dense flowered. Sepals
6 orbicular tips incurved. Stamens 6, filaments linear flat. Anther
reniform ovary conic 2-3 celled. Stigma minute ovules many. Ber-
ries few-seeded, Seeds oblong.

52 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Species 2. North temperate zone.

A. CALAMUS, lsp. Pl. 324. Leaves 3 to 6 feet tall, 3 to 14
inch wide. Peduncle 19 inches. Spathe 6 to 30 inches ‘long acu-
minate. Spadix green 2-4 inches long cylindric obtuse. Roxb. Fl.
Brit. Ind. Il. 169. Don. Griff. Notul.. AssIII. 157, Ic. Pl. As. t.
162. Engler Arac. 217. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 955. A.
Griffithti and A. nilaghirensis, Schott. Oestr. Bot. Zeitschr. (1858)
357; (1859) 101. Prodr. 579 and 580. A. Belangeri, Schott. Ann.
Mus. Lugd. Bat. I. 284. Cultivated and in old cultivated ground
all over the peninsula but seldom flowering. Native name “ De-
ringu” and “ Jeringu,”’ the rhizome is extensively used in native
medicine and magic. Distribution nearly the whole world.

XXIT. LEMNACEAE.

Minute or very smal] flowering plants, scale-like green, rootless
or bearing one or more slender roots from the under side of the
frond. Flowers minute 1 to 3 naked or in a spathe. Perianth none.
Stamens 1 or 2 with 1 or 2 celled anthers, ovary flask-shaped 1
celled. Seeds one or more.

Fronds with one or more roots. Flowers lateral .. 1. Lemna.
Fronds minute rootless. Flowers on the upper sur-
face ae + - ie . “4 2. Wolffia.

1. Lemna, L.

Fronds with one or more roots from the under surface. Flow-
ers one or more in a spathe on the edge of the frond.

Species about ; whole world.

Roots solitary.

Frond elliptic asymmetrical .. .. 1. ZL. paucicostata.
Frond ovoid acuminate .. ne wo «Mo da, COReTG,
Roots several. Frond orbicular .. 93d L. polyrrhiza.

1. L. pauctcostata, Hegelmaier Lemnae 139. t. 8. Roots
solitary, frond asymmetrical elliptic or ovate $ inch long. Spathe
truncate. Stamens 1-2 with 3 cells. Pistil very short flask-shaped
truncate. Ovules solitary. Hook, fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 556.) L.
minor, Griff. Notulae IIT. 216.

Singapore Garden Lake (Ridley 7), Ang Mo Kio; Pahang:
Pekan (Ridley); Malacca well in Residency Garden; Province
Wellesley: Permatang Bertam (Ridley 7011). Distrib. Tropics
generally. ‘The commonest species here, abundant in ditches.

2, L. TENERA, Kurz. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. XL. 1871. II. 78
Root solitary. Frond thin ovate acuminate or lanceolate, with one
or two younger ones budding off from the side, 4 inch long.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 53

Singapore: Galang (Ridley 10374), Telok Kurau (Ridley
10778) ; Dindings: Bruas (7249). Distrib. Pegu.

3. L. potyrruiza, Linn. Sp. Pl. 970. Roots several $ inch
long, frond orbicular or ovate rather thick § inch long green above
purple beneath. Spathe 2 lipped. Stamens 2. Ovules 1-2. Rehb.
Je. Pl. Germ. VII. t. 15. Kurz. Journ, Linn. Soc. IX, 267%. Hook.
fil. Fi Brit: Ind. VI..557. ZL. -orbiculata, Roxb. Fl. Ind, LIT. 565.
L. major, Griff. Notul. I1I. 216. Ic. Pl. As. t. 264. Spirodela
polyrrhiza, Schleid, Linnea XIII. 392. Hegelm. Lemnae. 151. t.
13-15.

Singapore: Ditches in Alexandra Road (Ridley). Distrib.
Whole world.

2. WouFFI4, Horkel.

Fronds rootless minute. Flowers on the upper surface. Spathe
none. Anthers sessile 1 celled. Style short, stigma depressed.
Ovules 1 erect.

Species 2. Whole world.

W. arruiza, Winm. FI. Schlesw. 140. Fronds globose green
microscopic. W. Micheli, Schleid. Beitrag. Bot. 233. Lemna arr-
liza, Linn. Mantiss 294. LZ. globose, Roxb. Fl. Ind, III. 565.
Granta globose, Griff. Notul. IIT. 229. Ic. Pl. As. t. 267. f. 2.

Singapore: Tanglin (Ridley); Malacca: Well in Residency
Garden. Occurs mixed often with Lemna paucicostata. It is not
very common but when it occurs it is very abundant.

XXII. ERIOCAULONEAE.

Herbs, (shrubs and trees in South America) with fibrous roots,
stem usually very short. Leaves narrow basal. Flowers minute
unisexual in a head on the apex of a slender scape. Bracts forming
an involucre at the base. Male flowers 2-3 free of connate scales,
petals 2-3 or often abortive on the top of an elongate stipes. Sta-
mens 6 or less. Anthers two-celled. Female flowers pedicelled or
not. Sepals 2-3, narrow. Petals 3 rarely fewer usually ciliate.
Stigmas slender 2-3, style short. Ovary 3 (rarely 2-celled) ovules
solitary in the cells. Capsule trilobed thin-walled loculicidal. Seeds
very minute papillose.

Species 6-700, the greater number tropical and most in South
America.

Scapes a foot tall, heads columnar obtuse .. EH. sexangulare.
Scapes short not more than 4 inches tall.
Heads hemispheric involucral bracts ovate
short ie = ae Bs ». Lf, truncatum.

54 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Heads small, involucal bracts acute longer
than flowers, s spreading .. ie .. LH. veranthemum.

E.. SEXANGULARE, Linn. Sp. Pl. 87. Rootstock stout. Leaves
long linear obtuse grassy dark green 3 x 13 inches long § to $ inch
wide. Scapes numerous slender terete dark green with white ribs,
12 to 18 inches long. Heads globose or colummar liard, hoary hase
truncate or intruded } inch long. Involucral bracts ovate obtuse.
Receptacle glabrous conic or hairy. Floral bracts spathulate, male
flowers sepals usually connate boat-shaped keeled. Petals very small
tipped with a tuft of hairs. Female flowers very shortly pedicelled
or sessile. Sepals boat-shaped keeled. Petals filiform with a tuft
of white hairs. Capsule flat broadly winged. Seeds elliptic ribbed
and papillose. tt ME Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 580. 2. Wallichianum,
Mart. in Wall. Pl. As. Rar. ITI. 26. t. 249. Kunth. Enum. IIL.
564. Steud. Syn. Gs a 271. Joern. Linnaea XXVII. 687. Tri-
men. Journ. Linn. Soc, XXIV. 136. 2. quadrangulare, Lour. fl.
Cochin 60.

Singapore: Reservoir (Ridley 5882) and whole Island; Johor:
‘Tana Merah; Malacca (Griffiths), Bukit Sabukor (Derry 277), Ayer
Panas (Goodenough 1651); Sungei Ujong: Bukit Sulu; Pahang:
Pekan (Ridley) ; Penang Hill (Ridley 9335). Distrib. Madagascar,
Trop. Asia.

A very common plant in open damp spots. The var. /ongifolium,
Hook. fil. l.c. 2. longifolium, Kunth. Enum. 11. 567 I take to be
a form growing in long swamp grass occasionally to be met with.
Forms with the heads containing numerous bulbils occur in very wet
spots, e.g., Sungei Janang, Johor (Kelsall 4097). Rumput Suasa,”
“Rumput Kumpui Bunang.”

E. rruncatumM, Ham. in Mart. Wall. Pl. As. Rariore III. 29.
A small tufted plant with fine roots. Leaves linear acute, light
green 1 to 2 inches long $ inch wide. Scapes 1-4 inches tall sub-
terete, sheath at base tubular closely appressed 1 inch long or less.
Heads greyish white 4 inch across hemispheric. Involucral bracts
ovate spreading margins slightly lacerate. Receptacle nearly flat
glabrous. Floral bracts cuneate denticulate scarious. Male flowers
free or coherent. Petals very minute. Stamens 6 or less. Anthers
black. Female flowers pedicelled. Sepals 3 narrow linear. Petals
3 linear ciliate ovary with petals stipitate subglobose. Style short
linear. Stigmas 3. Seeds elliptic ribbed. Kunth, Enum. LI. 555.
Steud. Syn. “Pl. Cyp. IL. 270. Koern. Linnoea XXVII. 631. Hook.
fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 578. Leucocephala spathacea, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
Til. G13.

Singapore: Tanglin, Bukit Mandai (Ridley 3920); Malacea
(CGriflith 5567), Bukit Sabukor, Aver Panas (1654) ; Pahang: Kwala
Pahang (Ridley 1475); Perak: Dindings, Lumut; Penang Hill

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 55

(Ridley 9392); Lankawi: Kwah (Ridley 8304). Distrib. India,
China, Malay Islands.

“Rumput Durian.” A common little weed in damp sandy
paths, ete. Hooker l.e.c. makes this plant a variety var. Malaccense
on its broader floral bracts which are very variable, the flowers of
both sexes sessile, but they are more usually stipitate, petals broader
and seeds larger. It is a variable plant however, and I take it to be
practically the same as the Indian one.

BE. XBRANTHEMUM, Mart. Wall. Pl. As. Rar. III. 29. Small
plant 2 to 3 inches tall. Leaves linear acute rather flaccid 1 inch
long js to $ inch wide. Scapes 2-3 inches long strongly 3 ribbed and
twisted, sheathing leaf rather loose 4 length of the scape. Heads
small with 7 or 8 lanceolate acute strongly toothed involucral bracts
much over topping the flowers. Inner bracts lanceolate acuminate
toothed. Male flowers. Sepals obcuneate black with white processes,
Petals 3 spathulate tipped black. Fruit 3 lobed 3 seeded, seeds rather
large elliptic yellow obscurely dotted. Kunth. Enum. Ill. 555,
Steud. Syn. Pl. Cyp. 270. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 584. 2.
pygmacum, Dalz. Kew Journ. III. (1851). 2. wxeranthemoides,
Heurck. and Mill, Obs. Bot. 103.

Penang: Waterfall (Curtis 3674). Distrib. India and Africa.

A remarkable little plant, the bracts much longer than the head
of ee which are very few in number seated on a flat recep-
tacle.

XXIV. CYPERACEAE.

Herbs grass-like, with solid more or less triquetrous stems.
Leaves linear or oblong sheathing, with tubular sheaths, rarely re-
duced to sheaths only. Flowers 1-2 sexual small or minute solitary
in the axils of glumes, arranged in spikes. Perianth none, or of
hypogynous bristles or scales. Stamens 1 to 3. Anthers linear basi-
fixed, filaments long or short. Ovary 1 celled, 1 ovuled. Style
slender 2-3 cleft, with slender branches. Ovule basal erect anatro-
pous. Fruit a compressed, bi-convex, plano-conyex or trigonous nut.
Embryo minute inside the usually floury abumen.

Species about 8,000, distributed over the whole world.

In working up this order I am much indebted to Mr. C. B.
Clarke for identifications of most of the specimens collected in the
Malay Peninsula, and I have also made much use of his works on
the order, especially the Cyperaceae of the Flora of British India and
his papers in the Journal of the Linnean Society.

§ A. Cyrerran, Spikelets of many or
few glumes, lowest 1-2 or more empty, middle

“tir

56 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

ones one to many bisexual, uppermost, male
or empty or aborted.

1. Evcyrerrar. Glumes few or many,
distichous.
Hypogynous bristles none.
Style bifid.
Bisexual flowers 1-2 a so dk glianga,
Bisexual flowers numerous ta hie ORO UB:
Style trifid.
Rachilla of spikelet persistent after

the fall of the glumes .. nas au Os (OU Menus:
Rachilla disarticulating above the
two lowest empty glumes .. ° 4. Mariscus.

®. Scrkpuar. Flowerig glumes spi-
rally arranged.
Hypogynous bristles or scales of often pre-
sent.

Style base constricted or articulate
above the top of the nut. Leafless
with a single terminal spikelet.

Hypogynous bristles rarely absent .. .. 9. Hleocharis.

Leaves present (rarely absent). Spike-

lets usually several.
Hypognyous bristles 0. .
Style base persistent or completely

deciduous i = es ». 6. Pimbristylis.
Style base deciduous but leaving a small
knob on the nut us oe .. 7%. Bulbostylis.

Style base not articulate, passing gra-
dually into the nut.
Hypogynous bristles 0-6 linear.

Stems leafy or not Bi Bs - 6 Be CU DUS:
Hypogynous scales 6 or 3 broadly obovate or
spathulate. Stems leafy .. is .. 9. Purena.
Hypogynous scales 2, thin elliptic boat-
shaped enclosing the nut .. ie .. 10, Lipocarpha.

3. RiyNcuosrorear. Glumes not dis-
tichous, Basal empty ones several, bisexual
ones 1 or 2. Uppermost male or empty
several.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 57

Hypogynous bristles linear or absent.
Spikelets panicled.
Style bifid. Style base thickened conic

persistent ve B, ate y
Style 2-3-fid. Style base conic deci-
duous .. * ar as ue

Style trifid,
Three or more lowest empty 2-3

next fertile ¥ j
Lowest flower in each apiielet fer:
tile Re : i 2

Uppermost flower fertile.
Hypogynous scales long
Hypogynous scales 0.

Spikelets in shee cylindric ie
Uppermost glume fertile only ..

§ B. Hypotytrear. Spikelets of one
platie like bract, two thin boat-shaped keeled,
glumes containing one stamen each and 4
to 9 narrow hyaline g elumes (squamellae ab-
sent in Hypolytrum) “tL or more containing a
stamen. Female flower terminal.

Spikes in a corymbose panicle or few.
Style bifid. Squamellae 2 monandrous
Style trifid. Bene gee 6, 2-3 monan-

drous .. : i; 5 a3
Spikes solitary or many crow ded in a
head... ae: ti iss ee

Spikes in a short panicle
Spikes solitary lateral on leafless ene

§ C. Scturivan. Spikelets unisexual or
with one or more male flowers above a
female one. Hypogynous bristles none.
Nut stipitate with a disc at the base, bony
smooth, warted or tessellate.

Stems leafy ae o: iis us

§ D. Canicean. Spikelets uni- or bi-
sexual. Nut enclosed in an utricle pat

11. Rynchospora.

12. Actinoschoenus.

13. Schoenus.
14. Cladium.

15. Lepidosperma.
16. Gahnia.

17. Remirea.

18. Hypolytrum.
19. Thoracostachyum.
20. Mapania.

21. Scirpodendron.
22. Lepironia.

23. Scleria.

24. Carex.

58 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

§ A. CYPEREAE. ei
1. Kyiiinca, Rottb.

Rhizome long or short. Stems erect leafy below leaves narrow.
Inflorescence 1-3 sessile capitate spikes, with 3 or 4 leafy bracts below.
Spikes ovoid or cylindric of numerous small compressed spikelets,
Glumes 4-5 distishous, 2 lowest glumes empty, glume 3 bisexual,
glume 4 empty, or male. Stamens 1-3. Anthers linear oblong.
Style linear branches 2. Nut compressed laterally.

Species 33. Whole world, except Europe.

Fertile glume (3rd) winged in the upper half 1. A’. monocephala.
Fertile glume not winged.

Rhizome elongate.

Spikes ovoid green a ae -

Rhizomes thick and short.

Leaves very short. Head solitary green

oo

. Kk. brevifolia.

ovoid. .. = c% 7 .. 3. K. melanosperma.
Leaves moderately long. Heads 1-3 white
cylindric << os" ia 4 WY cylindrica,

1. K. MonocreruALa, Rottb. Deser. and Ic. 13. t. 4. f. 4. Rhi-
zome usually short, stems close 6 to 12 inches. Leaves linear acu-
minate 6-9 inches long 4 inch wide. Spikes 1-3 ovoid white } inch
through. Bracts 3-4 linear, like the leaves, longest 8 or 9 inches.
Spikelets 4 inch long, lowest glume narrow linear, 2nd ovate, 3rd
flattened ovate acuminate ribbed crested at the middle, crest toothed,
white with a green lateral stripe. Glume 4 empty ovate acuminate
not crested, finely toothed on the keel. Nut elliptic ovoid flattened,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. I. 180. Nees. Wight. Contrib. 91 partly. Mig. Fl.
Ind. Bat. III. 291. Boeck. Linnaea. XXXV. 427. Clarke Fl, Brit.
Ind. VI. 588. Trimen. Flor. Cyl. V. p. 44, K.. triceps, Linn. 1.
Supp. 104 (partly not Rottb.). A’. -sororia, Mig. FL. Ind. Bat. ILL.
293 (partly not of Kunth). 4. gracilis, Zoll. Verz. Ind. Arch. I.
63 not Kunth). K. mindorensis, Steud. Syn. Pl. Cyp. 67. Scirpus
cephalotes, Jacq. Hort. Vindob. t. 97. Whole Peninsula, in grassy
spots, very abundant.

Singapore (Wallich 3443 G); Johor; Selangor: Dusun Tua
(Ridley 7772), Kuala Lumpur (8160); Pahang; Malacca; Perak;
Penang. Native name “ Rumput Butong.”

2. K. previroLia, Rottb. Descr. and Ic. 13. t. 4. f. 3. Rhizome
3-4 inches long or more. Stems not crowded, or close 4 to 12 inches
tall. Leaves 6-8 inches long, narrow. Spikes-1-3 ovoid green } inch
long lanceolate. Lowest glumes very small. Glume 3_ lanceolate
mucronate strongly ribbed, keel green toothed. Glume 4 longer and
narrower, nut oyate yellow. Nees. Wight. Contrib. 91 (partly) Boeck.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 59

Linnaea XXXV. 424. Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 588. Trimen FI.
Cyl. V. 45. K. intermedia, Br. Prodr. 219. K. cruciata, Nees. Lin-
naea IX. 286. K. monocephala, Thunb. Fl. Jap. 35. Miq. Ann.
Mus. Lugd. Bat. II. 142 (not Rottb.). A. sororia, Kunth. Enum.
II, 131. - Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. III. 293 partly. &. gracilis, Kth. Le.
Mig. le. 292. K. fuscata, Miq. lc. 294. K. aurata var. Hohen-
hackeri, Boeck. l.c. 423. K. triceps, Thunb. Fl. Jap. 35 (not Rottb.).
Schoenus coloratus, L. Sp. Pl. Ed. 2. 64. Whole Peninsula, very
common in grassy spots.

Singapore: Bajau (Ridley 205), Seletar (1638), Tanglin (9),
(Kurz. 2997); Pahang, Malacca, Selangor, Province Wellesley
(King) ; Penang: Government Hill (Curtis 1808). Distrib. All
-warm parts of the world except Europe. Native name “ Rumput
Tuki.” The rhizomes used for poulticing sore legs.

3. K. MELANOSPERMA, Nees. Wight. Contrib. 91. Rhizome
short and thick. Stems 15 by 18 inches long, triquetrous above.
Leaves few and short 1-4 inches long, 4 inch wide. Head solitary
ovoid green } inch long. Bracts } to 4 inches long. Spikes § inch
long narrow. Fertile glume ovate mucronate, keel green, with few
short teeth ribs strong 3-4 on each side. Nut oblong ovoid black.
Boeck. Linnaea. XXXV. 419. Clarke lc. 388. Trimen. Fl. Ceyl. V.
45. K. brevifolia, Nees. l.c. 91. partly (not Rottb.). A. fuscescens,
Boeck. Le. 421. partly. &. vaginata, Zoll. Verz. Ind, Arch. II. 63.
Migq. FI. Ind. Bat. IIL. 290.

Singapore (Kurz), Tanglin, Thomson Road (Ridley). Rare in
grassy spots. Distrib. Africa, Madagascar, 8. India, Java.

4, K. cytinprica, Noes. Wight. Contrib. 91. Rhizome very
short. Leaves numerous tufted shorter than the stem 4-5 inches long
4-4 inch wide. Stem 6 inches long. Head of 3 spikes, middle one
cylindric + inch long white, laterals shorter ovoid. Bracts 3 or 4 1-3
inches long. Spikelets narrow lanceolate, 5 inch long. Fertile
glume ovate submucronate keel hardly distinct with very few short
teeth, ribs prominent. Nut yellow turning black. Boeck. Linnaea.
XXXV. 415. Clarke lc. 588. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. V. 44.

Singapore: Sandy lawn of the Raffles Institution (Hullett 2195).
Very rare. I have never been able to find this plant anywhere else
even in the neighbourhood. Distrib. India, Africa, Australia.

2. Pycreus, Beauv.

Stems erect, leafy at the base only. Inflorescence wnbellate or
capitate, of oblong or linear flattened spikes, with a persistent racheola.
Glumes distichous 2 lowest empty, upper ones bisexual, terminal one
or two empty. Stems 1-3. Style with two branches, nut laterally
compressed.

—

60 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Species 50. All warm and temperate regions. Only differs from
Cyperus in the 2 style branches and flattened nut.
Stem tall, leafy for 4 or more of its length.

Glumes ovate loosely imbricate red or

pale i v5 ae nA .. 1. P. sanguinolentus,
Stems tall leafy at base only.
Glumes lanceolate yellow or brown .. & P. polystachyus.
Glumes oblong red i Ae .. 3. P. puncticulatus.
Small plant, annual.
Glumes ovate mucronate silvery .. «. 4. P. nitens.

1. P. sANcuinoLentus, Nees. Linnaea. LX. 283. Rhizome creep-
ing. Stem 4 to 24 inches tall. Leaves distant on the stem for from
3 to 4 its length, sheaths 3 inches long or less, blade 6 to 9 inches,
¥ inch wide. Umbel simple of about 5 branches with peduncles 2
inches long or less, and a central nearly sessile one or reduced to
one head. — Bracts 6 inches long or less spreading. Spikelets oblong
or linear yellowish brown, or dark red 4-4 inch long nearly 4 inch
across. Glumes ovate obtuse keeled, loosely imbricate, with 3 nerves
by the keel, sides reddish or edge dark red, nut half the length of the
glume dark brown or black obovoid biconvex, puncticulate. Clarke
Vl. Brit. Ind. VI. 590. Cyperus sanguinolentus, Vahl. Enum. I.
301. Nees. Wight. Contrib. 75. Trim. Ceyl. V. 20. C. Hragrostis,
Vahl. Enum. II. 322. Kunth. Enum. II. 7. Moritz. Verz. Zoll.
Pf. 96. Boeck. Linn. XXXV. 443. Clarke Journ. Linn. Soc. XXI.
57, XXV. 80. C. cruentus, Roxb. Fl, Ind. I. 196 (not Rottb.). C.
punilus, Roxb. Desc. and Ic. 29. t. 9. fig. 4 (not Linn.). C. atratus,
Steud. Zoll. Verz. Ind. Arch. II. 62. Pl. Cyp. 12. - Mig. Fl. Ind.
Bat. III. 259. C. concolor, Steud. Pl. Cyp. 6.

Pahang: Kuala Tembeling (Ridley 2144); Negri Sembilan:
Kuala Pedas (Ridley 10069) ; Penang: Waterfall Gardens (Ridley).
Distrib, Trop. Asia and Australia. Rather rare. Occurring in old
rice fields and low wet open spots. The Penang and Pahang plants
are light and coloured forms.

2, P. poLystacuyts, Beauv. Fl. Owar. II. 48. t. 86. £. 2. Tufted
plant, leaves taller or shorter than the stem weak. Stems 12-30
inches tall. Umbel simple with 4 or 5 peduncles 2 inches long or less
or contracted into a head. Spikelets clustered erect }-4 inch linear,
glumes numerous yellow or brownish often reddish lanceolate sub-
acute closely imbricating. Nut obolng truncate black } the length of
the glume. Clarke FI. Brit. Ind. VI. 592. C. polystachyus, Br.
Prodr. 214. Roxb. Fl. Ind. I. 193. Nees. Wight. Contrib. %5.
Kunth. Enum. If. 13. Bekler. Linnaea. XXXV. 477. Trim. FL
Ceyl. V. 20. C. odoratus, Linn, Sp. Pl. Col. I. 46. C. teretifructus,

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 61

Steud. Zoll. Verz. Ind. Arch. II. 62. Syn. Cyp. 3. Common over
the whole peninsula in waste ground.

Singapore (Kurz 3013), Tanglin, ete. (Ridley 80); Pahang:
Kuantan, Pekan (Ridley); Kelantan: Kamposa (Ridley 1416b) ;
Penang: Government Hill, etc. (Curtis 1784, 1864).

var. laziflora, Benth. Fl. Austral, VII. 261. Clarke I.c. 592.
Tall and weak, with the branches of the umbel longer and narrower,
usually redder. C. paniculatus, Rottb. Descr. and Ic. 40. C. plenus,
Kunth. Enum. II. 12. Usually growing with the last but less com-
mon.

Singapore: Changi (Ridley 1750) ; Dindings: Lumut (Ridley) ;
Malacca (Griffith 6205); Penang: Telok Bahang (Curtis 1862) ;
Kedah: Yan (Ridley). Distribution. Whole of the warmer parts of
the world.

3. P. punctTicuLATUs, Nees. in Linnaea. IX. 283. A tall plant
with a triangular stem over a foot tall. Leaves often as long as the
stem. Umbel simple or compound about 4 inches long with long
grassy bracts. Spikelets red spicate half an inch long or more.
Glumes dark red blunt with a scarious margin, backs ribbed. Nut
broad ellipsoid truncate, half as long as the glume. Hook. fil. Fl.
Brit. Ind. l.c. 593. P. Baccha, Nees. Linnaea. IX. 283. Cyperus
puncticulatus, Vahl, Enum. If. 348. Kunth. Enum. If. 15. C.
Baccha, Wunth. |.e. 115. ;

Perak: Teluk Anson by the river (Ridley 12579). Distrib.
India, China.

4, P. nrvens, Nees. Linnaea. IX. 283. Nov. Act. Acad. Nat.-Cur.
XIX. Supp. I. 43. A small tufted plant 1-12 inches tall. Leaves
as long as the stem or longer, Umbel simple with slender peduncles
4 an inch long, or reduced to a single head. Bracts long. Spikes 4
inch long, silvery linear oblong. Glumes 10 to 20 closely imbricating
ovate mucronate with a single recurved point sides silvery. Keel
green with 2 ribs by it on each side. Stamen 1 (rarely 2). Nut
obovoid compressed grown. Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 591. C. pu-
milus, L. Sp. Pl. 69. Kunth. Enum. If, 4 (part). Roxb. Fl. Ind.
1, 196. Clarke Journ. Linn. Soc. XXI. 43 (not of Nees.). Trim.
Fl. Zeyl. V. 19. C. nitens, Vahl. Enum, II. 331. Kunth. Enum.
Il. 3. Boeck. Linnaea. XX XV. 483 (not Retz.). C. membranaceus,
Vahl. l.c. 330. C. punctatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. I. 193. C. pulvinatus,
Nees. and Meyen. Wight. Contrib. 74. C. obstinatus, Steud. Syn.
Cyp. 10.

Singapore (Kunstler 62) Macpherson Road, Changi, Seletar (Rid-
ley 1751); Malacca: Ayer Panas (Cantley’s Coll.) ; Perak: Telok
Pinang: Ipoh (Ridley 9574) ; Penang: Dato Kramat (Curtis 1782).

62 > Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Distrib. Tropical Asia. Native name “ Rumput Taman.” Sandy
spots local but often abundant.

3. Cypmrus, L;

Stems erect simple leafy at the base only. Inflorescence um-
belled or capitate. Spikelets linear or oblong compressed, racheola
persistent. Glumes distichous 2 lowest and uppermost 1-2 empty, the
rest bisexual, eventually deciduous. Stamens 8-2, rarely 1. Anther
linear or oblong. Nut triquetrous or plano-conyex, plain face flat
against the racheola. Style base continuous with the nut, branches
5 linear.

Species 300. Whole world.

Nut with corky edges .. ~ Ee .. dC. platystylis.
Nut with no corky edges. |
Dwarf plant annual, glumes mucronate.
Glumes usually red, nut sides parallel .. 2. C. castaneus.
Glumes pale or brown, nut obovoid .. 3. C. uncinatus.
Small or middle sized plants with very numer-
ous short spikelets, umbellate. Leaves
narrow.
Stems acute triquetrous weak. Umbel
spreading ov ike a .. 4. C. Haspan.
Stems stiffer. Umbel dense .. es 5. C. pulcherrimus.
Tall woodland plants, leaves broad. a
Umbels compound, spikelets green small.
Spikelets flat .. $r af re 6. C. diffusus.

Spikelets turgid - : cs 7. C. bancanus.
Stem very short umbel rays fonger
Seashore plant .. - .. 5 is 8. C. radians.
Stems tall or slender, rhizome very short
or none.

Glumes very short little longer than nut = 9. C.. ‘Tria,
Glumes much longer than nut.

tachis pilose .. 2 wi .. 10. C. pilosus.
Rachis glabrous.
Glumes silvery .. i. ; .» 11. C. compressus.
Stems tall and slender, rhizome staat and
short.
Umbel simple ia .. 12. QC. Zollinger.

Stems slender distant on a piohe hivoeie
tuberous at base.

Umbel simple. Spikelets narrow red .. 13. C. rotundus.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 63

Umbel usually contracted. Spikelets pale 14. C. stoloniferous.
Stems stout tall, rhizome long.
Glumes narrow distant Ks is: Loe GC, distans:
Glumes broad blunt crowded.
Leaves long a - tr eo 1606 pracerus:
_Leaves very short almost reduced to
sheaths ate 17. C. malagcensis.

Tall leafy plants, not stoloniferous, umbel
large. Spikelets linear yellow.

Spikes cylindric dense .. ve .. 18. C. radiatus.
Umbel large compound. Spikes lax,

Anthers not crested .. ~ 3 19.” Co digtatus.

Anthers crested .. os oe .. 20: C. elatus.

1. C. puatystsiis, Br. Prod. p. 214. Stem triquetrous stout
18-24 inches. Leaves ? the length }$ inch wide. Bracts broad and
long longest over a foot, about 8. Umbel 3-7 inches across compound,
dense, rays 2-3 inches long, spikelets numerous 4 inch long 4 inch
wide. Upper bracts and bracteoles serrulate on edges and keel.
Glumes closely imbricate ovate mucronate red about 40 with two ribs
outside the keel, style shorter than the nut flat. Nut nearly as long
oblong acute, trigonous with a dusky central and yellowish corky
angles. Clarke Journ. Linn. Soc. XXI. 117. t. 1. fig. 7-9. FL. Brit.
Ind. VI. 598. C. pallidus, Nees. Linnaea. IX. 284. Wight. Contrib.
79. Kunth. Enum. I. 40. Anosporum pallidum, Boeck Linnaea.
XXXVI. 412.

Malacca: Ching (Ridley) ; Negri Sembilan: Kuala Pedas (Rid-
ley 10068) ; Penang (Wallich 3359d). Distrib. India, Malaya, Aus-
traha. Rare, occurring in rice fields. The plant is described in the
Flora of British India as having long stolons, but as Trimen (Flora
of Ceylon Vol. V. p. 25) says also of the Ceylon plant, it has none
here at least. There being no tanks here for it and the water in the
rice fields being shallow or absent, the plant does not float, but is
terrestrial.

2. C. castangus, Willd. Sp, Pl. I. 278. Dwarf plant glabrous,
2-6 inches tall, stems few slender tufted. Leaves narrow shorter than
stems, or as long. Umbel-rays about 5 sometimes reduced to one head.
Bracts 4 inch long or less narrow. Spikelets linear 2 inch long.
Glumes about 26, obtuse chestnut or pale blunt with a rather long
recurved mucro and a raised rib on each side. Stamens 2-1. Nut
oblong sides parallel, 3-2 of the length of the glume. Style shorter.
Roxb. Fl. Ind. I. 195. Nees. Wight. Contrib. 79. Kunth. Enum.
II, 21. Boeck, Linnaea. XXXV. 496. Clarke Journ, Linn, Soc.

64 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

XXI. 87. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 598. C. squarrosus, Trim. Cat. Ceyl.
Pl. 100.

Perak: Ulu Bera (King’s Coll. 10805). Rare. Distrib. India,
Cochin-China, Australia,

3. C. UNCINATUS, Poir. Eneyc. VII. p. 247. Dwarf plant 2-6
inches tall. Leaves narrow as long or longer than the stems, umbels
of 4 or 5 rays, or contracted to a single head. Spikelets linear 3-
inch long pale or dark red. Glumes strongly three nerved with a
strong recurved mucro. Nut oblong ovoid 4 length of glume. C.
cuspidatus, H. B. K. Nov. Gen. and Sp. I. 204. Kunth. Enum. IT.
22. Boeck. Linnaea. XXXV, 496. Clarke Journ, Linn, Soc. XX.
284, XXI, 88; XXV. 80. F]. Brit. Ind. VI. 599. Trim: Fl. Ceyl.
Vol. V. p. 26. C. angustifolius, Nees. Wight. Contrib. 79. Kunth.
Enum. II. 21. (. castaneus, Hance. Journ. Linn. Soc. XIII. 130.
Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. III. 261 (not Willd.). C. solutus, Steud. Syn.
Cyp. 14 Miq. l.c. 263.

Singapore: Macpherson Road (Ridley 8951); Penang: Dato
Kramat (Curtis 1831); Kedah: Yan (Ridley 5153). Distrib. All
warm regions. Sandy spots not rare. Only distinguishable from
the preceding by the form of the nut.

4. C. Haspan, Linn. Sp. Pl. 66. Rhizome creeping 6 inches
long with distant solitary stems, or short with tufted stems. Stems
4-30 inches long flaccid weak acutely triquetrous usually z% inch thick.
Leaves shorter than stem or nearly as long. Bracts long broad leaf-
like, tip triquetrous. Umbel small or usually large compound or
simple, loose and thin rays 4 inches or less, spikes few or numerous
dense, 4 inch long to 2, narrow. Glumes few usually 10 to 40 ovate
obtuse very obscurely mucronate or not, sides reddish, keel green.
Nut obovoid triquetrous white or pale brown, very small. Roxb. Fl.
Ind. I. 210. Nees. in Wight. Contrib. 80 (partly). Kunth, Enum.
Il. 34. Boeck. Linn. XXXV. 574 (partly). Clarke Journ. Linn.
Soc. XX. 287, XXI. 119. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 600. C. graminifoltus,
Poir. Lam. Encye. VII. 267. Kunth. Le. 98. C. pes-avium, Bertol.
Mise. Bot. VIII. 30. t. 3. 'f, 1.

Singapore (Kurz 140), (Kunstler 61), Changi (Ridley 6113),
Seletar (1752); Malacca: Ayer Panas (Cantley’s Coll.) ; Pahang:
Pekan (Ridley 1495); Selangor: Kuala Lumpur; Perak (Wray) ;
Penang: Tanjong Bunga (Curtis 1788); Kedah: Gunong Jerai at
3000 feet alt. (Ridley). Distrib. All warm régions. Very common
in swampy wet open ground, Native names “ Rumput Sumbo,”
“Rumput Bilis Jantan.” Very variable in size and development or
umbel.

5. C. putcnmrrimes, Willd. Kunth. Enim, II. 35. A tufted
plant with numerous stems 14 to 18 inches tall moderately stout.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 65

Leaves shorter 4 inch wide. Umbels decompound 6-8 inches across
dense, with very numerous spikelets clustered at the ends of the rays.
Spikelets linear § inch long or less, yellowish brown. Glumes ovate
oblong obtuse, tip ineurved. Nut broadly elliptic. Miq. Fl. Ind.
Bat. IIT. 267. Boeck. Linnaca. XXXV. 573. Clarke Journ. Linn.
soc. ANT 932.0 8). Brit. Ind. VE.600. - Trim. Fl. Ceyl. Wore ce
C. eumorphus, Steud. Zoll. Verz. Ind. Arch. II. 63. Syn. Cyp. 22.
Mig, l.c. 268. C. Haspan, Benth. Fl. Austr. VII. 270 (partly).

Pahang: Pekan (Ridley 1282) ; Selangor: Kuala Lumpur Caves
(Ridley 8479); Penang: Pulau Betong (Curtis 1954). Distrib.
India, Java and Borneo. Damp spots and paddy fields.

6. C. pirrusus, Vahl. Enum. II. 321. Stem 8 to 36 inches tall,
stout triquetrous. Leaves broad green as tall or taller 4 to $ inch
across. Umbel compound + to 14 inches across, rays 6 inches or more,
in large plants. Bracts longer leafy j4-} inch broad, numerous.
Spikelets very numerous, $-$ inch long, few or many flowered, olive
green, digitate, 3 to 9 together. Glumes ovate boat-shaped, mucro-
nate nerves 3 to 5. Stamens 3 or 2, anther sometimes with a small
crest. Nut broadly ellipsoid triquetrous, 3 pct of glume. Nees.
Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur. XIX. Suppl. I. 58. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat.
III, 264, Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 603. C. elegans, Sw. Obs. Bot.
30. Kunth. Enum. II. 28. Boeck. Linn. XXXV. 533. Clarke
Journ. Linn. Soc. XX. 288, XXI. 125. C. longifolius, De Cue.
Nouv. Ann. Mus. III. 359 (non Poir). C. moestus, Kunth. Le. 31.
C. nigro-viridis, Thw. Enum. 344.

Singapore: Bukit Timalr (Ridley) ; Pahang: Tahan River (Iid-
ley); Perak: Simpang (Wray 2247); Selangor: Kuala Lumpur;
Sungei Ujong. Sandy woods. Native name “ Rumput Parah-
Parah,” * Rumput bumban.”

var. pubisquama. Spikelets very numerous, longer. Glumes
more closely imbricate, occasionally tuberulous scarbrid. C. pubis-
quama, Steud. Zoll. Verz. Ind. Arch. If, 62. Syn. Cyp. 20. Maiq.
FL. Ind. Bat. IL. 266. Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI.'604. C. lagorensis,
Stend. Syn. Cyp. 36. C. diffusus, Kunth. Enum. II. 30. Boeck.
Linnaea. XXXV. 534. Clarke Journ. Linn. Soc. XXI. 127. XXV.
81.

Johor: Kota Tinggi (Ridley) ; Pahang: Tahan River (Ridley) ;
Selangor: Ginting Bidai (Ridley), Kuala Lumpur (51); Penang
(Wallich 3370 B), Pulau Betong (Curtis 2172) ; Perak (Wray 2247).
Distrib. of species Tropics.

7. C. BANCANUS, Mig. FI. Ind. Bat. Suppl. p. 260, 599. Tufted
or solitary 12-18 inches tall. Leaves numerous as long or longer
bright green $ inch wide, flaccid. Stem triquetrous fairly stout.

Umbel compound 3-4 inches across. Bracts long and broad leaflike.

Co

66 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Rays of umbel, 2 inches long. Spikes small capitate dense. Spike-
lets ;#, inch long few flowered turgid. Glumes ovate mucronate
closely imbricate many ribbed, keel green, sides brown. Nut ovoid
lanceolate acute three angled dark brown as long as the glume. C.
turgidulus, Clarke Aout Linn. Soc. IJ. 1380. "Fi. Brit. ind ve
604. Scirpus trialatus, Boeck. Linnaea. XXXVI. 721.

Malacca: St. Paul’s Hill (Hervey), (Griffith 6164); Pahang:
Pekan (Ridley); Sungei Ujong: Gunong Berumbun (Cantley’s
Coll.) ; Penang, Tanjong Bunga (Curtis 8835). Distrib. Assam,
Burmah, Siam, Malaya. Sandy woods “ Rumput Pa-para,” “ Rum-
put Chukor Kerbau.”

C. raprans, Nees. and Meyen. Linnaea, IX. 285, Nov. Act.
Cur. XLX. Suppl. I. 63. A tutted stiff plant stems sometimes solitary
1-3 inches tall and stout, leaves longer 3-6 inches long. Umbel simple
or compound sometimes reduced to a single head, rays 1 to 12 inches
long. Bracts numerous 4 as longer or shorter. Spikes terminal

dense capitate. Spikelets 4 inch or more long rarely }# inch long and

4 through. Glumes closely imbricate ovate mucronate red brown

with numerous ribs. Nut obovoid black punctate $ length of the
glume. Benth. Fl. Hongk. 386. Boeck. Linnaea. XXXV. 515. C.
B. Clarke Journ. Linn. Soc. XXI. 100. Fil. Brit. Ind. VI. 605.
CU. radicans, Kunth. Enum. I. 95. C. Griffithii, Steud. Syn. Cyp.
316. Clarke Journ. Linn. Soc. XXXI. 101. C. macropus, Miq. FI.
Ind. Bat. Suppl. 260, 599 (not of Boeck.). CC. sinensis, Debeaux. Act.
Linn. Soc. Bordeaux XXXI. 14, t. 2. XXXVIII. 30

Singapore: Sandy places along the coast Galang to Changi (Rid-
ley 1747), (Wallich 8427, 3371 B part); Pahang: Sungei Meyang
(Ridley 1516, 1519); Malacea (Griffith), Pulau Besar (Ridley) ;
Kelantan: Kamposa (Ridley) ; Tringanu, Cherating River (Ridley) ;
Penang: Telok Bahang (Curtis), Batu Feringi (Curtis 884). Dis-
trib. ‘enasserim, China, Malaya.

A seashore plant always growing in sand. A most variable plant.
Some specimens only an inch or so tall solitary stems, others over a
foot tall, tufted, A very flaccid green form was obtained at Sungei
Meyang.

C. Inia, L. Sp. Pl. 67. Stems solitary or coespitone from 4 to
24 inches tall. Leaves shorter than the stems # to nearly + inch wide.
Umbel 2-5 inches across, or more, usually” compound, sometimes
simple, primary rays corymbose at the ends or often umbelled again.
Spikes loose 4-2 inches long. Spikelets linear, 6-20 flowered.
Glumes yellow or brown not imbricating obovate obtuse very short,
muticous or minutely Mucronate. Nut triquetrous yellow much nar-
rowed to the base nearly as long as the glume. Roxb. Fl. Ind. I.
201. Nees. in Wight. Contrib. 87. Kunth. Enum. IL. 68, Mig. FL.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 67

Ind. Bat. III. 269. Boeck, Linnaea. XXXV. 595. Clarke Journ.
Linn; Soc.) XX. 289, XXI.-137. -Fl:_ Brit. Ind.- VI. 606. ‘Trimen,
Fl. Ceyl. V. 18. (@. songaricus, Karel. and Wiril. Bull. Soc. Mose.
(1841) 859. C. seminudus, Moritzi. Verz. Zoll. Pfl. 96 (not Roxb.).
C. diaphaniria, and C. microiria, Steud. Zoll. Verz. Ind. Arch. IT.
62. Syn. Cyp. 23. Common in low lying country in waste ground
and rice fields.

Singapore: Tanglin, etc. (Ridley 37), (Kurz. 3003); Johor:
Scudai River (Ridley); Malacea (Griffith 6178); Perak: Taiping
(Ridley) ; Penang (Curtis 1780, 1871, 1952); Kelantan: Kamposa
Pahang. Distrib. All warm parts of Europe, Africa, Asia, and

Australia. Native name “ Rumput Suloh Belalang.”

10. C. pruosus, Vahl. Enum. II. 354. Stolons slender. Stems
rather flaccid acutely triquetrous 1-3 feet or more long 3; inch
through. Leaves shorter broad $-$ inch wide. Umbel short compact
to large widely spreading rays generally few 1-6 inches long. Bracts
longer than the umbel. Secondary umbels, lax or very dense in-
numerable spikelets. Spikelets }-$ inch long, rachis pilose (very
rarely glabrescent). Glumes ovate blunt usually red, loosely im-
bricate keel green. Stamens 3. Nut ovate acute, apiculate trigonous
yellow-brown to black, # length of glume. Junth. Enum. II. 80.
Boeck. Linnaca. XX XV. 598. Clarke Journ. Linn, Soc. XXT. 148.
XXV. 81. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 609. ©. pamculatus, Don. Prodr. 39.
C. donianus, Dietr. Sp. Pl. U1. 290. C. fimbriatus, Nees. Wight. Con-
trib. 86 Kunth. Enum. II. 100. C. marginellus, Nees. Le. 83. C.
procerus, Roth. Catal. Bot. III. 5. Nov. Pl. 35 (not Rottb.). C.
honestus, Kunth. le. 74. OC. venustus, Mor. Verz. Zoll. Pfl. 96 (not
Br.). C. subalatus, C. pauciflorus, C. helus, C. piptolepis, Steud. Syn.
Cyp. 31, 34, 315, 40. C. Heyneanus, Boeck. Fl. XLII. 440. C.
truncatus, Fr. and Say. Pl. Jap. I. 105 (not of Turez). C. Griffith-
ianus, Boeck. Linn. XXXV. 601.

Singapore (Kunstler 111), Jurong (Ridley 65), Galang (9169),
Chan Chu Kang (1750); Johor (Ridley 1750 bj); Pahang: Pekan
(Ridley 1319); Malacca; Selangor: Kuala Lumpur (Ridley), Negri
Sembilan: Kuala Sawar (Ridley) ; Perak: Taiping (Ridley) ; Penang
Waterfall (Curtis 2170, 2171, 1830). Distrib. Africa, Tropical Asia
and Australia. Very common in marshes.

11. C. compressus, L. Sp. Pl. 68. Tufted plant. Stems several
or numerous, 6 inches to a foot or more tall, moderately stout. Leaves
nearly or as long, 4 inch wide. Bracts 3-8 inches long. Umbel sim-
ple rays 1-3 inches long. Spikelets 3 to 10 in a cluster $-} inch long
rather broad. Glumes ovate ‘mucronate, silvery with a green keel
many nerved rachilla not winged. Stamens 5. Nut obovoid obtuse
acutely triquetrous, black. Burm. Fl. Ind. 21. Royb. Fl. Ind, 1,

68 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula

194. Nees. in Wight. Contrib. 76. Kunth. Enum. II. 23. Mig.
Fl. Ind. Bat. III. 263. Boeck. Linnaea. XXXV. 517. Clarke Journ.
Linn. Soc. XX. 284. XXI. 97. FI. Brit. Ind. VI. 605, Trim. FI.
Ceyl. V. 33 (not of Jacq). C. pectiniformis, Nees. and Meyen. Noy.
Act. Nat. Cur. XIX. Suppl. I. 57. Common over the whole peninsula,
perhaps the commonest species of the genus. Variable in size.

Singapore (Kunstler 53), (Ridley 34); Malacca (Griffith) ;
Pahang: Iuala Berar (Ridley 2831); Perak (Wray 766); Penang
(Curtis 1779). Distrib. All warm parts of the world. Native

name “ Rumput Tiga Sagi.”

12. C. ZoLuincERI, Steud, Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. II. 62. Syn.
Cyp. 17. Rhizome short stout woody. Stems several 1-2 feet tall
bases covered with red sheaths, above triangular less than £ inch
through. Leaves shorter $-{ inch wide. Bracts longer than the
umbel. Umbel simple, rays 3-4 inches long slender erect or nodding.
Spikelets 7 or 8 in an umbellule narrow linear $ inch long. Glumes
somewhat distant boat-shaped narrow subacute, 4 ribbed (when dry)
yellow with a green keel. Nut ellipsoid or obovoid bluntly trigonous
black, half as long as the glume. Boeck. Linnaea. XXXVI. 352.
Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 613. C. rotundus, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl.
260, 600 (not). C. tenwiculmis, Bokl. lc. 286 (not of Flora LXILI.
554). C. Wightii, Hance. Journ. Bot. XVI. 14 (not of Nees.). C.
lucidulus, Clarke Journ. Linn, Soc. XXI. 99, XXV. 80 (not of
Klein).

Singapore: Tanglin, Changi, etc. (Ridley), (Kurz, Hullett) ;
Malacca: Pulau Besar (Ridley), (Griffith 6209); Pahang: Pekan
(Ridley 1127); Perak: Taiping (Ridley) ; Penang Waterfall (Curtis
1833). Distrib. Africa, India, China, Australia, Malaya. Common
in waste ground.

13. C. rorunDus, L. Sp. Pl. 67. Rhizome long creeping wiry
subterranean, base of stem bulbous. Leaves shorter than the stem 2-8
inches long 4-4 inch wide. Stem 6 inches to 24 tall. Umbel simple
or rarely compound 1-3 inches Jong rays slender erect. Bracts shorter
or longer. Spikelets slender $-1 inch long linear dark red. Glumes
narrow lanceolate subacute not mucronate, 7 ribbed keel greenish
sides dark red closely imbricated, rachilla winged. Nut ellipsoid
4-1 length of the glume. Roxb. Hort, Beng. 5. Fl. Ind. I. 179. Kunth.
Jnum. If. 58. Boeck. Linnaea. XXXVI. 283. Clarke Journ, Linn.
Soc. XX. 292, XXI. 167. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 614. C. hevastachyus,
Rottb. Deser, and Ic. 28. t. 14. f. 2. Nees. Wight. Contrib. 81 (part-
ly). C. leptostachyus, Griff. Itin. Notes 321 (not Nees.). C. tenui-
florus, Royk. Ul. 412 (not Rottb.). Very common in waste ground
and a great part in gardens.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 69

Singapore (Kurz 3007), Tanglin (Ridley 74); Pahang: Pekan
‘(Ridley 1162) ; Malacca (Ridley) ; Penang (Curtis 1981). Distrib.
All warm regions. Native name “ Rumput Haliya Hitam.” The
tubers are used for smoking in the case of pain in the nose.

14. C. srotonrrerus, Retz. Observ. IV. 10. Rhizome long
creeping woody, stems tuberous at the base distant, about 6-18 inches
tall. Leaves shorter 3-14 inches long stiff or flaccid to $ inch across.
Umbel simple, usually contracted into a head, sometimes with rays
nearly 2 inches long. Bracts longer spikelets 4 inch long or less
oblong or linear pale or red. Glumes oblong obtuse closely imbricate,
ribs 8, back greenish sides dark red. Style branches long. Nut ob-
ovoid or elliptic very obscurely trigonous, black. Nees. Wight. Con-
trib. 81. Boeck. Linnaea. XXXV. 489. Clarke Journ. Linn. Soe.
XX. 286, XXI.172. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 615. C. littoralis, Br. Prodr.
216. OC. tuberosus, Boj. Hort. Maur. 379. Kunth. Enum. IT. 50.
C. bulboso-stoloniferus, Steud. Zoll. Verz. Ind. Arch. II. 62. Syn.
Cyp. 18. C. conjunctus, Steud. l.c.c. C. lamprocarpus, Boeck. l.c.
490.

Singapore (Kurz 2991), Changi (Ridley 1748, 1749) ; Pahang:
Pekan (Ridley 1000); Malacca: 'Tanjong Kling (Ridley 3123) ;
Penang: Bagan Jennal (Curtis 1953); Lankawi (Curtis 2138).
Distrib. Mauritius, India, Malay, China, Austraha.

This usually grows in the seashore sand, and is a short wiry plant
there, occasionally it occurs in wet tidal mud, and becomes much
taller and longer in all parts.

15. C. pistans, Linn. f. Suppl. 103. Stoloniferus. Stems
usually rather distant stout tufted, bluntly triquetrous 18- inches tall
4 inch through. Leaves shorter or as long 4-$ inch wide. Bracts
(longest) 9 inches to 14 long deep green channelled. Umbel com-
pound Jax spreading, 8 to 14 inches across, rays moderately stout.
Spikelets + inch long very slender 35 inch across dark red 10-20 flow-
ered. Glumes distant oblong elliptic obtuse, sides red, keel green.
Stamens 3. Nut oblong or narrowly elliptic black. Jacq. Ic. II. t.
299. Roxb. Fl. Ind. I. 207. Nees. Wight. Contrib. 88. Kunth.
Enum. II. 93. Boeck. Linnaea. XXXV. 612. Clarke Journ, Linn.
Soe. XX.-290, XXI. 144. FI. Brit. Ind. VI. 607. Trim. Fl. Ceyl.
V. 30. C. elatus, Rottb. Deser. and Ic. 37. t. 10 (not of Linn.). C.
nutans, Presl. Oken. Isis. XXI. 271. Clarke Journ. Linn. Soe. XX.
291, and XXI. 143 (partly). C. Jacquinii, Schrad. Linnaea. XI.
Litt. Ber. 87. Steud. Le. 49. ©. graminicola, Steud. Zoll. Verz.
Ind. Arch. IT. 63. Syn. Cyp. 49. C. Kurrui, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 38.
Mig. FI. Ind. Bat. IIT. 279.

Singapore (Kurz 3001), (Kunstler 44), Tanglin, ete. (Ridley
34) Malacca (Griffith 6197), Pulau Undan (Cantley’s Coll.) ;

70 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Selangor: Kuala Lumpur (Ridley) ; Perak (Wray) ; Penang: Sepoy
lines (Curtis 1832), Dato Kramat (Curtis 1785) ; Kelantan: Kam-
posa (Ridley). Distrib. Africa, Tropical Asia, Polynesia and
sec Very common in ditches, and damp waste ground. Native
name “ Rumput Wangi.”

16. C. procerus, Rottb. Descr. and Ic. 29 t. 5. f. 3. Rhizome
slender. Stem rather distant 3 feet tall stout shortly 3 angled.
Leaves long over 2 feet, and } inch wide. Bracts as long or longer
than umbels. Umbel lax 5-7 spikes occasionally branched 3 inches
long or little more, rays rather slender. Spikelets remote 2-1 inch
long $ inch wide 20-46 flowered. Glumes broad ovate quite blunt
red keel paler, ribs 3-4 on each side. Nut obovoid half as long as the
glume. Nees. Wight. Contrib. 83. Roxb. Fl. Ind. I. 203. Kunth.
Enum. IT. 72. Boeck. Flora. LVIII. 84. Clarke Journ. Linn. Soe.
XX1;152: - BLBnit.-Ind.-VI..610. +. C.-ornatus, Brarrodre eu eace
carnosus, Nees. l.c. C. amoyensis, Hance. Ann. Se. Nat. Ser. V. 249.
C. Heynei, Boeck. Linn. XXXV, 600.

Malacca: rice fields (Ridley 3536); Penang Waterfall (Curtis

787); Kelantan: Kamposa (Ridley). Distrib. Tropical Asia and
reece

C. mataccensts, Lam. Ill. 1. 146. Rhizome stout woody
creeping. Stems distant stout triangular 2 to 3 feet tall. Leaves few
short, sheathing for 6 or 8 inches, limb broad } inch. Bracts long
broad. Umbel 3-4 inches long, rays usually short, sometimes com-
pound, usually congested. Spikelets narrow linear 4 inch long, 6-12
flowered. Glumes boat-shaped blunt, no keel, reddish, edge paler
rather distant. ry narrowly oblong, trigonous : 3 length of glume.
Kunth, Enum. II. 74. Boeck. Linnaea. XXXV. 603. Clarke Journ.
Linn. Soc. X XI. id. Fl. Brit. Ind. l.c. 608. C. odoratus, L. Sp.
Pl. 46 (partly). C. incurvatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. I, 196. C. Pangorei,
(not Poir.). C. Wallichti, Wight. Contrib. 83. C. spaniophyllus,
Roxb. l.c. 202). C. scopartus, De Cne Nouv, Ann. Mus. III. 359
Steud. Cyp. 21. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. III. 267.

Singapore: Balestier Plain (Ridley 5883), (Hullett 239); Pa-
hang: Pekan (Ridley 1201); Malacca; Tringganu: Pulau Ketam
(Ridley) ; Kelantan: Kamposa (Ridley) ; Lankawi Islands (Ridley) ;
Kedah: Alor Star (Curtis 2110) ; Province Wellesley (Curtis ; 2 2165).
Distrib, Persia, Indo-Malaya, Australia. Common in tidal rivers in
mud.

18. C. rapratus, Vahl. Enum. IT. 369. A tall plant 1 to 3 feet
high. Leaves 2 inch wide or less, about # length of the stem. Umbel
simple or compound about 6 inches across, rays 3 inches or less.
Bracts long 12 inches or less. Spikes 1 inch long 4 inch across very
dense. Spikelets {-} inch long of 13-15 glumes yellowish brown.

. Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. @

Glumes closely imbricating short and broad small, mucronate. Ra-
chilla with persistent oblong wings. Nut ovoid nearly half as long as
the glume. Kunth. Enum, IJ. 71. Boeck. Linnaea. XXXVI. 317.
Glarke-Journs Linn, ‘Soc. XX) 185. We. Brits; Ind. Viv 6224.05
involucratus, Poir. Lam. Enecye. VII. .253. C. verticillatus, Roxb.
Fl. Ind.. f. 206. Kunth. lc. 71. - Nees. Wight. Contrib. 87.. C:
digitatus, Nees, l.c. 85 (not Roxb.). C. obscurus, Nees. Hook. Kew
Journ. VI. 2%.

Johore: Scudai River (Ridley 1752); Penang: Bagan Jennal
(Curtis 1956).

19. C. piaeiTatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. I. 205. Stem tall 3 or 4 feet
high stout triquetrous. Leaves long 2 broad often as long as the stem.
Umbel very large as much as 2 feet across, compound with long
spreading rays. Bracts usually longer than the umbel + inch across.
Bracteoles of secondary umbels usually large. Spikes cylindric 2 inches
long, golden brown. Spikelets numerous very small $-$ inch long
linear. Glumes narrow closely imbricate acute ovate. Nut oblong
ovoid $ as long as the glume. Clarke Fl. Grit. Ind. VI. 618. C.
auricomus, Benth, Fl. Austr. Clarke Journ. Linn. Soc. XXI. 188
(partly). C. venustus, Nees. Wight. Contrib. 86. Kunth. Enum.
IT. 68: Bekler. Linn. XXXVI. 316... C.: Neesu, Kunth. be. 101.
Bekler, Le. 315. Trim. Journ. Bot. XXIIT. 140. C. quinqueflorus,
Steud. Syn. Cyp. 37 (part and C. tuberiferus, Syn. Cyp. 41. Papy-
rus venustus, Nees, Linnaea. X. 1388.

Johor: Batu Pahat (Ridley 10999); Pahang: Pekan (Ridley
1260) ; Selangor: Kuala Lumpur (Ridley) ; Malacca; Perak: Kuala
Kangsar (Ridley) ; Dindings: Bruas (Ridley) ; Sungei Ujong: Port
Dickson; Penang: Dato Kramat (Curtis 1872), (Wallich 3249,
3438 C). Common in ditches in the low country. The biggest of
our species. Distrib. All the tropics.

20. C. ELATUS, L. Sp. Pl. 6%. Stem 3 to 4 feet tall. Leaves
nearly as long, half inch broad. Umbel large compound, primary
rays 6 inches long. Spikes narrow cylindric dense. Spikelets brown
suberect linear 14 flowered. Wings of rachilla lanceolate caducous.
Anthers-narrow oblong, crest 4 to half length of anther. Nut $ to 4
length of the glume. Clarke Journ. Linn. Soe. XXI. 189. Fl. Brit.
Ind. VI. 618.

Penang (Wallich 3341 A). Not seen. Perhaps the locality is
incorrect. Distrib. Madras, Malaya, Polynesia.
4, Mariscus, Vahl.

Plants of the habit of Cyperus. Stems usually tall, leaves grass-
like. Glumes persistent 2 lowest empty upper ones bisexual, racheola
disarticulating above the two lowest glumes, leaving a knob,

72 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Species 160. All warm regions.

Base of stem thickened with membranous

sheaths. Spikelets in a dense white head 1. MM. Dregeana.
Bases of stems not oblong thickened. Spike-

lets green, with 1-2 (rarely 3) nuts.
Rhizome short thick.

Spikes cylindric on long rays .. 2. M. Sieberianus.
Spikes broad on short rays or poe 3. M. cyperinus.
Rhizomes slender .. ; . 4. M. tenuifolius.

Spikelets oblong reaadtch with 3. 6 inka.
Umbel compound, coarse plant

Spikelets linear in globose heads dark
red, nuts 4 to 14 a3 .. 6. M. microscephalus.

cr

. M. albescens.

1. M. Drecranus, Kunth. Enum. IT. 120. Stems tufted not
stoloniferous, swollen at the base and there covered with reddish or
dotted sheaths 1-2 feet tall. Leaves usually shorter hardly $ inch
wide. Bracts long generally deflexed. Umbel reduced to a head
compact $ inch long ovoid very dense, white. Spikelets ovoid 4 inch
long or less. Glumes ovate not keeled or mucronate 2-6, with many
ribs. Nut oblong or obovoid black narrowed at base, shortly beaked
punctate 3-% as long as the glume trigonous with rounded angles.
Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 620. MW. irroratus, Nees. Hook. Kew Journ.
VI. 28. MM. kyllingiaeformis, Boeck. Flora XLII. 443, 496. Cyperus
dubius, Rottb. Neu. Schr. Gesells. Freunde. Berl. IV. 193. Roxb.
Fl. Ind. I. 189. Nees. Wight. Contrib. 85. Boeck. Linnaea.
XXXVI. 336 (part). Clarke Journ. Linn. Soc. XX. 285, XXI.
197 (not of Rottb.). C. kyllingiaeoides, Vahl. Enum. II. 312.
Kunth. Enum. Il. 94. C. cruentus, Boeck. |.c. 338 (not Roxb.).
Scirpus glomeratus, L. Sp. Pl. 32. Schoenus coloratus, var. B.
Linn. Sp. Pl. Ed. Il. 64. Sch. niveus, Linn. Syst. Veget. (ed. XIIT)
81.

Singapore from Galang to Changi (Ridley 1746) ; Johor: Batu
Pahat (Ridley 10222); Malacca (Griffith 6172), (Cuming 2372) 5
Pulau Besar (Ridley) ; Dindings: Lumut (Ridley) ; Pahang: Sungei
Meyang (Ridley) Rumpin River ; ; Kelantan: Kamposa (Ridley) ;
Africa, India, Baan Common in seashore sand.

2. M. Srespertanus, Nees. Linnaea. IX. 286. Rhizome short.
Stems often stout at base and reddish 18-30 inches tall, bluntly
triangular and often + inch through. Leaves shorter rather flaccid
dark green $-3 inch wide. Bracts 5-10, long and broad, longer than
the umbel. Umbel 5-10 rays, 1-4 inches long erect. Spikes eylin-
drie $ to 14 inch long spikelets crowded spreading green, $ inch long,

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 73

linear. Empty bracts lanceolate persistent. Fertile glumes 1-2 nar-
row not distinctly keeled. Nut narrow linear oblong brown, bluntly
trigonous. Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 622. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. V. 42.
M. umbellatus, Vahl, Enum. II. 376 (part). Nees. in Wight. Con-
trib. 90. Kunth. Enum. IT. 18. I. cyperinus, var. a and var. b. in
part. Nees. Wight. Contrib. 90. Royle. Ill. 412. Scirpus cyperoides,
Linn. Mant. 181. Kyllinga umbellata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1, 182.
Cyperus umbellatus, Miq. Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. II. 142. Clarke
Journ. Linn. Soc. XXI. 201 (partly). C. ovularis, Boeck. Linnaea.
XXXII. (partly). C. cylinidrostachys, Boeck. l.c. 383 (partly).
C. Steudelianus, Boeck. Engler. Jahrb. V. (1884) 91.

_ Singapore: Seletar (Ridley 69), Tanglin (10638) ; Johor: Tanah
Runto (Ridley), Kuala Sembrong (Kelsall 4095) ; Malacea (Griffith),
Alor Gajah (Ridley) ; Pahang: Rumpin River (Ridley) ; Selangor :
Kuala Lumpur (Ridley 58); Penang (Curtis); Kedah: Gunong
Jerai (Ridley). Distrib. Africa, India to Polynesia. Common in
waste ground. Native name “ Mendarong Ekor 'Tupai.” (Squirrel-
tail sedge).

var. evolutior, Clarke. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 622. A much larger
plant with linear spikelets bearing 2-4 nuts, widely spreading and very
numerous. Glumes broad ribbed. C. wmbellatus var. cylindrostachys,
Journ. Linn, Soc. XXI. 201. C. biglumis, Clarke (partly) lc. 199.

Johor: Serom (Ridley 11012); Pahang: Pekan (Ridley 1582) ;
Selangor: Gua Batu, Petaling (Ridley 10171); Penang: Pulau
Betong (Curtis 1955).

3. M. cyperinus, Vahl. Enum. II. 377. Rhizome hardly any.
Stem 18 inches tall. Leaves narrow usually long. Bracts long and
narrow, umbel simple short, rays very short } inch or less. Spikes
4 inch long Jax. Spikelets spread-linear { inch long reddish.
Glumes narrow keeled up to 5 in number. Nut linear oblong curved,
chestnut brown, trigonous. Nees. Wight. Contrib. 90 (Bonly).
Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 621. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. V. 42. M. wmbel-
latus, Moritzi Verz. Zoll. Pfl. 98. Zoll. Verz. Ind. Arch. II. 63.
M. sondaicus, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. IT, 289. Kyllinga cyperina, Retz.
Obs. VI. 21. C. umbellatus, Benth. Fl. Hongkong 386 (partly). C.
paniceus, Boeck. Linnaea. XXXVI. 381 (partly). C. umbellatus,
forma cyperina, Clarke Journ. Linn. Soc. XXI. 200.

Singapore Garden Weed (Ridley 8948), Gelang; Johor: Pulau
Tioman; Pahang: Pekan (Ridley 1270); Malacca (Griffith 6243),
(part) ; Sungei Ujong: Gunong Berumbun (Cantley’s Coll.) ; Pe-
nang: Telok Bahang (Curtis) ; Sittang (Gaudichaud 14 fide Clarke).
Distrib. Trop, Asia and Polynesia. Native name “ Rumput Pinang,”
“Rumput Payong.”

74. © ~~ Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

4. M. venvirouivus, Schrad. in Marb. Fl. Braz. IT. 46. Stolons
slender hardly #; inch through clothed with lanceolate striate scales.
Stems slender flaccid. Leaves very narrow. Umbel simple con-
tracted, rays 0-1 inch long. Spikes solitary cylindric or ovoid, loose.
Spikelets with 1-3 (usually 2) nuts dusky green ultimately sub-
erect. Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 622. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. V. 43. C.
umbellatus var. lavata, Clarke Journ. Linn. Soc. X XI. 201.

Malacea (Griffith 6241). Not seen. Distrib. India, Ceylon.

5. M. auBescens, Gaud. Freye. Voy. Bot. 415. <A coarse tufted
plant. Leaves stiff rather thick ribbed and transversely barred when
dry, longer than stems, } inch wide or less. Stems stiff triangular
about 3 feet long. Umbels usually large and dense 3-12 inches across,
rays 4- inches long. Spikes crowded rather turgid 4} inch long.
Glumes short ovate apelice striate not keeled pale or reddish, striate not
keeled. Nut obovoid trigonous hardly half as long as the glume pale
brown. Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. Vi. 623.- Trim. Fl. Ceyl. V, 40:
Cyperus pennatus, Lam. Ill. I. 144. Kunth. Enum. II. 80. Clarke
Journ. Linn. Soc, XXI: 194. C. canescens; Vahl. Enum. IT. 35a;
Nees. Wight. Contrib. 84. Boeck. Linnaea. XXXVI. 340.

Singapore: Tanjong Ru, Bajau (Ridley) ; Johor: Tanah Runto
(Ridley 1745), Batu Pahat (10993) ; Pahang: Sungei Meyang ( Rid-
ley 1414); Malacca eae Alor Gajah (Ridley ), Ayer Panas
(Cantley’s Coll.) ; Kedah: Yan (Ridley) ; Kelantan: Kamposa (Rid-
ley 1745). Distrib. Africa, ‘Tropical Asia, Australia and Polynesia.
Native name “ Rumput Sulingsen,” “ Rumput Surai.” Common near
the sea, rarer in land.

M. microceriauus, Presl. Rel. Haenk. I. 182. Large tufted
plant, rhizome short. Leaves nearly as long as the stem 4 inch across.
Stem 18 inches to 3 feet tall. Umbel compound 8-12 inches and more
across, rays 1-6 inches long. Bracts long. Spikes numerous. Spike-
lets arranged in stellate globose heads, radiating in all directions dark
red, more rarely pale, {-$ inch long narrow linear. Glumes narrow
lanceolate keeled 4-8 in a spikelet. “Nut narrow linear curved heaked.
Wings of rachilla oblong. Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 624. Trim. Fl.
Ceyl. V. 40. M. dilutus, Nees. Wight. Contrib. 90. J. giganteus,
Boeck. Flora XLII. 443. Cyperus compactus, Retz. Obs. V. 10. C.
dilutus,. Vahl. Enum. II. 357. Kunth. Enum. II. 92. ~ Boeck.
Linnaea. XXXVI, 354. Clarke Journ. Linn. Soc. XXI. 198. C:
spinulosus, Roxb, Fl. Ind. I. 203.

Singapore (Wallich 3439), Galang (Ridley) ; Johor: Batu Pahat
(Ridley) ; Pahang: Pekan (Ridley); Perak: Teluk Anson (Ridley
10768) ; Malacca (Griffith); Penang Waterfall (Curtis 1874) ;
Selangor: Kuala Lumpur (Ridley); Kelantan: Kamposa (Ridley) ;
Legeh: Tomoh (Machado).

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 75

5. Exrocwanis, R. Br.

Glabrous, rhizome short or long. Stems simple erect, with no
nodes. Leaves 0. Sheaths cylindric truncate or with a small apical
tooth. Spikelet terminal solitary, erect. Glumes imbricate all round
obtuse. Lowest and most of the other glumes fertile. Uppermost
ones empty. Hypogynous bristles 8-5 rarely fewer. Stamens 3-1.
Anthers linear oblong not crested. Style linear with 2 or 3 branches
bare dilated constricted on the nut, but persistent. Nut obovoid,
plano convex when the style is bifid triquetrous (when trifid).

Species 113. Whole world.

Stems stout tall stoloniferous or rhizome .

creeping.
Stems septate within robust .. pes 1. FE. plantaginea.
Stems septate slender... 2% ie 2. H. equisetina.
Stems not septate terete .. ii tt 3. HL. variegata.
Stems not septate triquetrous .. ae 4, FE. fistulosa.
Stems slender not septate.
Spikelets cylindric a as ies 5. HM. ochrostachys.
Spikelets subglobose ss fe ie 6. H. capitata.
Stems setaceous very short .. wa 7. LH. chaetaria.

1. BH. PLATAGINEA, Br. Prod. 224. Rhizome stout. Stems 18-
26 inches tall rather stout transversely septate when dry. Spike
cylindric not wider than the stem, # to 1 inch long. Glumes straw
colour when dry, oblong rounded with a low green keel. Style 2-3
fid. Nut 4-4 of length of glume obovate yellow smooth and shining.
Bristles little longer scabrid. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. III. 302. Clarke
Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 625. Trim. FI. Ceyl. V. 68. .H.-tumida, R. & 8.
Syst. Mant. II. 86.- Scirpus plantaginoides, Rottb. Descr. & Ie. 45.
t. 15. £. 2. S, plantagineus, Retz. Obs. V. 14. Roxb. Fl. Ind. I. 212.
S. tumidus, Roxb. le. Limnochloa plantaginea, and L. tunida, Nees.
Wight. Contrib. 114. Heleocharis plantaginea, Boeck. Linnaea.
XXXVI. 47 (in part).

Singapore: Reservoir (Ridley), Garden Lake; Malacca: Ayer
Panas, Chabau (Ridley 10010). Distrib. Tropics of the old world.
In grassy swamps in rice fields.

2. BE. EQUISETINA, Pres]. Rel. Haenk. I. 195. Rhizome small
slender. Stems slender 12-15 inches long transversely septate when
dry. Spikes wider than stem cylindric subacute 4-$ inch long straw
coloured. Glumes broad rounded not at all keeled. Style arms 2.
Nut oboyoid white smooth. Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 626. Trim.
Fl. Ceyl. V. 69,

76 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Penang: Waterfall Quarry (Curtis 1905, 2176), (Didrichsen
3487). Distrib. Ceylon, New Caledonia and Philippines. Very
near 17. plantaginea but the stems more slender.

3. E. vartecata, Kunth. Enum. II. 153. var. laxiflora, Clarke.
Stems not septate 12 to 24 inches tall slender or moderately stout,
sheaths with a round mouth and short triangular limb. Spike 4
inch long or little more. Glumes green, with darker centre oblong
obtuse. Hypogynous bristles 6 or 7 longer than the nut. Styles
3 dark red, base of style conic green, nut ovoid yellow. Clarke Fl.
Brit. Ind. VI. 626. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. V. 69. Scirpus laxiflorus, Thw.
Enum, 435.

Singapore Garden Lake, Reservoir (Ridley 5881, 1726), (Kurz
3014); Johor: Batu Pahat (Ridley); Malacca: Merlimau (Derry
242), (Griffith 6229) ; Penang: Pekan (Ridley 1548) ; Perak: Selama
(Wray 4264) ; Penang Waterfall (Curtis 2177), Telok Bahang (Cur-
tis 1865). Distrib. India, Malaya, China and Polynesia.

The commonest species, very abundant in ponds and ditches.
The typical #. variegata, native of the Mascarene Islands has the
glumes red edge and bristles not as long as the nut.

4, EK. ristuLosa, Schultes. Roem, & Schultes. Syst. II. Mant. 89.
Stems rather stout triquetrous above 18 inches tall. Spike $-1 inch
long broader many flowered, acute. Glumes broad ovate obtuse ribbed
when dry laxly imbricating, dirty whitish. Bristles 6 as long as the
nut. Nut ovoid, base narrowed, polished brown. Style biconvex
arms 2 conic base short. Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 627. Trim. FI.
Ceyl. V. 70. &. acutangula & media, Schultes l.c. 91. #. plani-
culmis, Steud, Syn, Cyp. 80. Zoll. Verz. Ind. Arch. IT, 62. Scirpus
fistulosus, Poir. Encye. VI. 749. 8. acutangulus, S. medeius, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. I. 218. Limnochloa acutangula and media, Nees. Wight.
Contrib. 114. Heleocharis fistulosa, Boeck. Linn. XXXVI. 472.

Malacea (Griffith 6230), Tanjong Kling (Ridley 3121), Bukit
Sabukor (Derry 3535).

5. E. octrostacuys, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 80. Stems slender 12-
14 inches long, with numerous barren ones, terete not septate. Spike-
let slender + inch long pale. Glumes lax few narrow scarcely broader
than the stem subacute. Hypogynous bristles 8. Style trifid, longer
than the nut. Nut obovoid truncate light brown ribbed, base of style
conic. Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 626. Heleocharis subulata, Boeck.
Flora XLI. 412.

Singapore: Tanglin (Ridley 3), Telok Kurau (10444), Changi,
Seletar (5799) ; Johor: Kota Tinggi; Malacca (Griffith) ; Merlimau
(Derry 229); Dindings: Lumut; Pahang: Pekan (Ridley 1331).
Common in ponds and ditches. “ Rumput Sikat.”

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 77

6. E. capitata, R. Br. Prodr. 225. Tufted plant 2 to 16 inches
tall, stems numerous slender. Spikelets 4-4 inch long, subglobose
conic obtuse pale. Glumes oblong ovate obtuse. Bristles 6-7 red or
brown. Style bifid. Nut obovoid compressed black smooth. Clarke
’ Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 627. Decne. Nouv. Ann. Mus. III. 361. Mig. FI.
Ind. Bat. III. 299. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. V. 72. Scirpus capitatus, Linn.
(partly). Roxb. Fl. Ind. I. 215. Hleogenus capitatus, Nees. Wight.
Contrib. 112. Heleocharis capitata, Boeck, Linnaea. XXXVI. 461.

Singapore: Changi (Ridley 133), Tampenis (5800), Teban
(5798). Distrib. Europe, N. Africa, Trop. Asia, Polynesia and
America. In damp spots by jungle parts very local.

? E. cuagtarta, R. & Schultes. Syst. I. 1541 & Mant. II. 90.
A small tufted plant, (sometimes developing long slender proliferous
hair-like stems in water), 3 to 6 inches tall, stems very slender sheaths
at base red. Spikelet { inch long with few flowers. Glumes lanceo-
late acute subdistichous usually dark red with light edge and central

la» Roiuictlaa dit¢tla lanann 4lran thio woaat NT aa4 lo i reway nlanasanxraaz

6. Fimpristy.is, Vahl. ~
Has been inadvertently transposed, and will be found on page 87.

the axils of the spikelet.
7. BuLpostyiis, Kunth.

Small tufted plants, with slender stems leafy only at the base,
leaves very narrow and sheaths usually finely hairy. Corymb umbel-
late or congested. Spikelets small many flowered. Glumes imbricate
on all sides, 1 or 2 lowest ones empty. Hypogynous bristles absent.
Stamens usually 2. Style as long as the nut linear glabrous, trifid,
base very small bulb shaped, deciduous leaving a minute button on
the top of the nut. Nut obovoid trigonous smooth.

Species about 70. All warm regions.
Stem glabrous oe Ee a ae wae H le ape panad td.
Stem pubescent Be of oy ae .. 2 B. puberula.

1. B. parpara, Kunth. Enum. II, 208. Glabrous. Stems 3-12
inches tall very slender. Leaves half as long very narrow. Spikelets

76 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Penang: Waterfall Quarry (Curtis 1905, 2176), (Didrichsen
3487). Distrib. Ceylon, New Caledonia and Philippines. Very
near 27. plantaginea but the stems more slender.

3. E. varteGata, Kunth. Enum. II. 153. var, laxiflora, Clarke.
Stems not septate 12 to 24 inches tall slender or moderately stout,
sheaths with a round mouth and short triangular limb. Spike 4
inch long or little more. Glumes green, with darker centre oblong
obtuse. Hypogynous bristles 6 or 7 longer than the nut. Styles
3 dark red, base of style conic green, nut ovoid yellow. Clarke FI.
Brit. Ind. VI. 626. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. V. 69. Scirpus laxiflorus, Thw.
Enum. 435.

Singapore Garden Lake, Reservoir (Ridley 5881, 1726), (Kurz
3014); Johor: Batu Pahat (Ridley); Malacca: Merlimau (Derry
242), (Griffith 6229) ; Penang: Pekan (Ridley 1548) ; Perak: Selama
(Wray 4264) ; Penang Waterfall (Curtis 2177), Telok Bahang (Cur-
tis 1865). Distrib. India, Malaya, China and Polynesia.

The commonest species, very abundant in ponds and_ ditches

jcuiusus, rou. sneye. Vi. 749. S. acutangulus, S. medeius, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. I. 213. Limnochloa acutangula and media, Nees. Wight.
Contrib. 114. Heleocharis fistulosa, Boeck. Linn. XXXVI. 472.

Malacea (Griffith 6230), Tanjong Kling (Ridley 5121), Bukit
Sabukor (Derry 3535).

5. E. ochrostactys, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 80. Stems slender 12-
14 inches long, with numerous barren ones, terete not septate. Spike-
let slender } inch long pale. Glumes lax few narrow scarcely broader
than the stem subacute. Hypogynous bristles 8. Style trifid, longer
than the nut. Nut obovoid truncate light brown ribbed, base of style
conic. Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 626. Heleocharis subulata, Boeck.
Flora XLI. 412.

Singapore: Tanglin (Ridley 3), Telok Kurau (10444), Changi,
Seletar (5799); Johor: Kota Tinggi; Malacca (Griffith) ; Merlimau
(Derry 229); Dindings: Lumut; Pahang: Pekan (Ridley 1331).
Common in ponds and ditches. “ Rumput Sikat.”

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 77

6. E. capitata, R, Br. Prodr. 225. Tufted plant 2 to 16 inches
tall, stems numerous slender. Spikelets {-% inch long, subglobose
conic obtuse pale. Glumes oblong ovate obtuse. Bristles 6-7 red or
brown. Style bifid. Nut obovoid compressed black smooth. Clarke
~ Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 627. Decne. Nouv. Ann. Mus. III. 361, Miq. Fl.
Ind. Bat. III. 299. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. V. 72. Scirpus capitatus, Linn.
(partly). Roxb. Fl. Ind. I. 215. Hleogenus capitatus, Nees. Wight.
Contrib. 112. Heleocharis capitata, Boeck, Linnaea. XXXVI. 461.

Singapore: Changi (Ridley 133), Tampenis (5800), Teban
(5798). Distrib. Europe, N. Africa, Trop. Asia, Polynesia and
America. In damp spots by jungle parts very local.

? E. cHagvarta, R. & Schultes. Syst. 11. 1541 & Mant. II. 90.
A small tufted plant, (sometimes developing long slender proliferous
hair-like stems in water), 3 to 6 inches tall, stems very slender sheaths
at base red. Spikelet { inch long with few flowers. Glumes lanceo-
late acute subdistichous usually dark red with light edge and central
bar. Bristles little longer than the nut. Nut large planoconvex
obovoid, with a very broad triangular 3 lobed top and the 3 angles
forming ribs. Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 629. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. V. 71.
EH. setacea, R. Br. Prod. 224. Cyperus setaceus, Retz. Obs. V. 10.
toxb. Fl. Ind. 1.185. Chaetocyperus Limnocharis, Nees. in Wight.
Contrib. 96. Ch. setaceus, Nees. Linnaea, IX. 289. Mig. Fl. Ind.
Bat. IIL. 298. JZeleocharis chaetaria, Boeck. Linnaeca. XXXVI. 428.
Singapore Gardens (Ridley 1), Seletar; Malacca (Griffith 6319),
Tanjong Kling (Ridley) ; Selangor: Kuala Lumpur (Ridley). Dis-
trib. All the Tropics.
Damp spots by ditches ete., probably common all over the penin-
sula. Often bulbilliferous and spreading itself by plants developed in
the axils of the spikelet.

%. Buxsostryiis, Kunth.

Small tufted plants, with slender stems leafy only at the base,
leaves very narrow and sheaths usually finely hairy. Corymb umbel-
late or congested. Spikelets small many flowered. Glumes imbricate
on all sides, 1 or 2 lowest ones empty. Hypogynous bristles absent.
Stamens usually 2. Style as long as the nut linear glabrous, trifid,
base very small bulb shaped, deciduous leaving a minute button on
the top of the nut. Nut obovoid trigonous smooth.

Species about 70. All warm regions.
Stem glabrous oe Pe iN oF wep ole he barbata.
Stem pubescent t sas ap ae .. 2 B, puberula.

1. B. BparBata, Kunth. Enum. II, 208. Glabrous. Stems 3-12
inches tall very slender. Leaves half as long very narrow. Spikelets

78 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

to 20 in a head, about { inch long, brown. Glumes ovate lanceolate
subacute chestnut with a green keel, mucronate, minutely ciliate at
the edge. .Nut obovate trigonous smooth pale with a minute black
button. Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 651. Trim. FL Ceyl. V.: 66:
B. Wallichiana and B. Willdenowii, Wunth. lc. 209, 210. Scirpus
barbatus, Rottb. Deser. and l.c. 52. t. 17. fig. 4. Boeck. Linnaea.
XXXVI. 751 (excl. var. B). Sc. Antarcticus, Thumb. Fl. Cap: 96:
Roxb. Fl. Ind. I. 223 (not*of Linn.). Se. monander, Roxb. 1.c. 222.
Isolepis barbata, Br. Prodr, 222. Nees. in Wight. Contrib. 109. Mia.
Fl. Ind, Bat. IL. 310. J. Wallichiana, Roem & Schultes Syst. Mant.
If. 533. I. capillaris, Don, Prodr. 39 (not Roem & Schultes). J,
Cumingt & I. involucellata, ae Syn. Cyp. 101. Limbristylis
monandra, R. & 8. Mant. 11.59. F. barbata, Benth. Fl. Austral. VI.
321,

Singapore (Kurz 3002), Changi, Tanglin (Ridley), Pongol
(Murton) ; Malacca (Maingay); Pahang: Pekan (Ridley 1238) ; .
Penang: Batu Feringi (Curtis 885) ; Trigeanu: Pulau Ketam (Rid-
ley). Distrib. All warm regions. Very common in sandy spots.

I came across in Pekan, a form in which the heads of spikelets
were nearly an inch across with few slender rays 3 inch or more long
bearing solitary spikelets on the end, the spikelets 4 inch long.

. B. puperuta, Kunth. Enum. I. 213. Habit of last species.
Stems 6 to 14 inches long pubescent. Leaves pubescent hardly half
as long. Spikelets crowded into a head (rarely lax). Glumes pubes-
cent, strongly keeled with a longer mucro. Nut larger obovoid tri-
gonous transversely wrinkled. Clarke Fl. Brit, Ind. VI. 652. Scir-
pus puberulus, Poir. Encycl. VI. 767. Boeck. Linnaea. XXXVI.
167. S. Wightianys, Boeck. le. 765 (part). Isolepis gracilis, Nees.
Wight. Contrib. 109. Kunth, Le. V. 217. J. puberula, Steud. Syn.
Cyp. 103. Cyperus pubescens, Steud. Le. 50,

Singapore (Burbidge), (Cantley’s Coll. 3045, 3059), Changi
(Ridley 1727); Malacca (Kunstler 35, 36) ; Perak (( Cantley’s Coll. ¥
Penang (Curtis). Distrib. Ceylon, India, Malaya. Much rarer than
the preceding.

8. Scirus, L.

Glabrous herbs, short or tall, leafy at the base only or leafless.
Stems terete or trigonous. Spikelets 1 to many terminal or lateral,
oblong or ovoid. G ‘umes spirally imbricated, lowest 2 and uppermost
empty. Bristles absent or 2 to 7 scabrid. ‘Stamens 1 to 3. Style
trifid or bifid slender, base not dilated. Nut obovoid trigonous or
biconvex with no button on the top.

Species 125, All temperate and tropical regions.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 79

Spikelets 1 to many in a lateral head.

Tall leafless plant, stem stout 1. S. mucronatus.
Slender plants with narrow leaves, annual.

Bristle. Oe, ne Es by Soc ae ae ee SU PUTS:

Bristles 6-7 .. Ba a ee «2 O &. CLECtUS.
ee in large umbels 4. 8S. grossus.

. S. mucronatus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 73. Rhizome present or not.
se tall stout triquetrous 3-4 feet tall, leaflets except fora basal
sheath with a papery limb. Spikelets 6 or 9 in a single dense head
or often 2 heads. Bract like the continuation of the “stem 2 inches
long acute. Spikelets cylindric 4-5 inch long. Glumes ovate mucro-
nate brown edges pubescent. Bristles 6 much longer than the nut.
Style trifid. Nut obovoid bluntly trigonous black smooth. Rchb. Ie.
Fl, Germ. VILL. 40. t. 303. Boeck. Linnaea. epee 703. Clarke
Fl. Brit. Ind. VL. 657. 8S. muticus, Don. Prodr. 41. 8S. triangulatus,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. I. 217. Nees. in Wight. Contrib. ‘111. S, javanus,
Nees. l.c. 112. 8. swndanus, Miq. FI. “Ind. Bat, LIE. 304.

Singapore (Kurz 2996), Chan Chu Kang (Ridley 1723),
Thompson Road (Murton) ; Malacca (Griffith 6258) : Pahang: Pekan
(Ridley 1210); Selangor: Klang, Kuala Lumpur (Ridley), Negri
Sembilan, Seremban; Perak: Taiping; Penang: Pulau Betong (Cur-
tis 1962). Distrib. Europe, African Islands, ‘Indo- Malaya and Poly-
nesia. Very common in ponds and ditches.

2. S. supinus, Linn. Sp. Pl. 73. (partly). Stems slender or
yes) slender solitary or tufted 6-12 inches tall. Leaves narrow short
1 the length. Spikelets few in a single lateral head {- inch long.
Bracis 1-3 inches long very narrow. Glumes ovate keeled with an
erect mucro. Bristles 0. Nut obovoid, trigonous strongly wrinkled
black.- Roxb. Fl. Ind. J. 217. Boeck. Linnaea. XXXVI. 699 (excel.
B. & J.). Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 655. S. melanospermus, A. C.
Meyer Cyp. Noy. t. 2.. Isolepis supina, Br. Prod. 221. Nees. Wight.
Contrib. 107. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. IIL. 300. Schoenus junceus, Willd,
Phyto: 1. °2..t. 1-fig. 4

Province Wellesley: Permatang Bertam in rice-fields (Ridley).
Distrib. Tropics of Old World and America.

S. Erectus, Poir. Encyc. VI. 761. Stems solitary or tufted
ais or very slender 6-24 inches long. Leaves few or reduced to
sheaths. Spikelets solitary or 4-6 in a cluster + to 1 inch long conic
or cylindric. Bract narrow linear acuminate 1-3 inches long erect
like a continuation of the stem. Glumes rounded ovate not keeled.
Bristles 6-5 rarely absent. Style bifid or trifid. Nut broadly obovoid
flattened slightly plano-convex yellowish or black. Clarke Fl. Brit.
Ind. VI. 656. Sc. debilis, Pursh. Fl. Ann. Sept. I. 55. Benth. FL

80 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Austral. VII. 232. 8S. jencoides, Roxb. Fl. Ind. I. 261. Mig. Fl.
Ind. Bat. IIL. 303. 8S. luzonensis, Presl. Rel. Haenk. I. 193. Nees.
in Wight. Contrib. 112. S. Wallichii, Nees. in Wight. Contrib. 112.
S. junciformis, Nees. le. 112 (not of Retz.). 8. timerensis, Kunth.
Enum. 162. 8. supinus, var. B. Boeck. Linnaea. XXXVI. 600.
Eleocharis juncoides, Roem. & Schultes Syst. Mant. II. 90.

Malacea: Selandor, Bukit Sabukor (Derry 276); Negri Sem-
bilan: Kuala Pedas (Ridley 10070); Pahang: Temerloh (Ridley) ;
Province. Wellesley: Permatang Bertam (Ridley) ; Penang: Water-
fall (Curtis 2178, 1904) ; Perak (Kunstler 1948). Distrib. 'Tem-
perate and ‘Tropical Asia, Australia and North America. Native
name “ Rumput Prut Tikus.” Rice-fields.

9, Furrmena, Rottb.

Herbs annual or perennial usually pubescent. Stems leafy.
Leaf sheaths entire with an annual membrane at the mouth. Spike-
lets sessile in close axillary peduncled or terminal clusters. Glumes
numerous jimbricate spirally keeled and cuspidate or mucronate.
Hypogynous bristles 3 or 0. Hypogynous scales spathulate or quad-
rate clawed with 3 stout nerves. Style trifid slender. Nut trigonous

narrowed into a stalk below atta beaked above.
Species 26. Warm regions of both hemispheres.

Perennial, with a rhizome Re wn ‘4 1. F. umbellata:
Annual, no rhizome Fes os Ae avi 2. I. glomerata.

1. F, umBELLATA, Rottb. Deser. & Ic. 70. t. 19. fig. 2. Rhizome
creeping woody short. Stems 2-3 feet long acta ‘usually moder:
ately stout leafy. Leaves distant linear acute 4-8 inches long by 4
inch wide sheaths dilate. Umbles axillary and terminal ‘hairy. F
inches or less long. Spikelets crowded in dense heads 13 or more in
a head, or fewer. Glumes oblong ovate blunt hairy with a recurved
mucro. Hypogenous scales chestnut oblong spathulate with a central
tooth, ribbed longer than the nut. Nut obovate trigonous beaked
yellowish. Boeck. Linnaca. XXXVIT. 110. oe Fl. Brit. Ind.
VI. 666. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. V. 80.- F. paniculata, Lam. Ill. I. 150. t
39. T°, pentagona, Nees. in Wight. Contrib. 93, 2. quinquangularis,
Hassk. Flora XXV. Beibl. 3

Singapore Gardens, Macpherson Road (Ridley 9145), Bukit
Mandai (1722); Johor: Kuala Tebing Tinggi (Ridley); Malacca
(Griffith), Ayer Keroh (Ridley) ; Negri “Sembilan: Seremban (Ridley
9995), Bukit Sulu (Cantley’ s Coll.) ; Selangor: Kuala Lumpur
(Ridley) ; Penang Waterfall (Curtis). Distrib. tropics of both hemis-
pheres. Common in ditches. Native names “ Rumput Kelulut,”
“Rumput Buku Buloh,” * Rumput Lidah Munkarong.”

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 81

2. I. Gpomerata, Lam. Ill. I. 150. Annual hairy, no rhizome.
Stems 4 to 16 inches tall. Leaves narrow linear acuminate 1-3 inches
long inch wide. Spikelets in 1 to 3, clusters of 3 to 10, 4 inch long.
Glumes obovate oblong with a stout hairy mucro. Braets usually
short $ to 1 inch. Hypogynous scales clawed with a broad quadrate,
cordate limb with 3 ribs brown glabrous or nearly so, as long as the
nut. Style trifid. Nut triquetrous rather long stalked with a small
cylindric beak. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. III. 328. Boeck. Linnaea.
XXXVII. 107. Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 666. Trimen. FI. Ceyl.
V.%9. #. canescens, Vahl. Enum. II. 385. F. ciliaris, Roxb, FI.
Ind. 1.180. Ff. Rottboellii, Nees. Wight. Contrib. 94. Mig. Fl. Ind,
Bat. LIL. 829. Scirpus ciliaris, Linn. Mant. 182. Rottb. Descr. & Ie.
do. t, 17. f. 1. 8. pilosus, Retz..Obs. V1.19 (not Thunb): 8. aris-
tutus, Willd. Sp. Pl. I. 300.

Perak (Kunstler 2451); Province Wellesley: Permatang Bertam
(Ridley 7009); Lankawi (Ridley). Distrib. Tropics of the Old
World. Occurs in rice-fields.

10. Lirocarpua, Br.

Glabrous plants with stout or no rhizome. Stems leafy only at
the base, bearing a single terminal head of few spikelets. Glumes
numerous narrow. Flowers with 2 elliptic transparent scales as long
as the nut enclosing it. Stamens 3 to 1. Anthers small not crested.
Style small and slender, shortly bifid (rarely trifid). Nut small
oblong cylindric or ovoid plano-convex reticulated black or yellow.

Species 15. All warm regions, most in Africa.

Spikelets white, glumes spathulate acute .. 1. L. argentea.
Spikelets green, glumes artistate .. .. 2 L. microcephala.

1. L. argentesa, A. Br. Appendix to Tuckey’s voyage to Congo,
459. Tufted or solitary stemmed plant. Leaves at the base and for
about 4 of the stem 4-10 inches long } inch or less wide at base acu-
minate. Stems 18-24 inches long terete. Head of 1 to 8 oblong
obtuse white spikelets {-$ inch long. Bracts narrow + inches long or
less. Glumes oblong spathulate narrow, tip short acute, white with a
green central line. Style trifid. Scales lanceolate acute as long as
style. Nut cylindric straight reticulate yellow. Boeck. Linnaea.
XXXVII, 114 (excl. American specimens). Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind.
VI, 667. Trim. FI. Ceyl. V. 81. ZL. laevigata, Nees. Wight. Contrib.
92. Hypoelyptum argenteum, Vahl. Enum, Il. 283. Y'unga laevi-
gata, Roxb. Fl. Ind. I. 183. Ayllinga albescens, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 68.
Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. ILL. 294,

Singapore (Kurz 3020), (Kunstler 109), Tanglin (Ridley 58) ;
Johor: Tana Merah Johor (Ridley) ; Malacca: Ayer Panas (Good-
enough) ; Negri Sembilan: Bukit Sulu (Cantley’s Coll.) ; Penang

C 6

82 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Waterfall (Curtis 1807). Distrib. Tropics of Old World. Very com-
mon in damp spots all over the peninsula. ‘ Rumput Rotan.”

2. L. MicrocePpHALA, Kunth. Enum. II. 268. Stems very
slender 4-24 inches tall. Leaves narrow $ to 4 of their length.
Spikelets : 3 or 4 ina head 4 to 4 inch long lengthening as the flowers
develope aud fall off, oblong obtuse green. Bracts linear acuminate
2 inches or less. Glumes narrow acuminate with a long recurved
point. Seale very thin closely embracing the long curved cylindrical
nut. Style arms short. Boeck. Linnaea. XXXVIL. 118. ‘Debeaux.
Flor. Tchefou 146. t. 3. f. 1. Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 668. LZ.
Zollingeriana, Boeck. Flora XLIL. 100. Hypoelyptum microcepha-
lum, Br. Prodr. 220. Ascolepis Kyllingioides, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 105.

Singapore: Bukit Timah, Galang (Ridley 10354); Chan Chu
Kang (1722), Bukit Mandai (5807), “Distrib. China, Japan, Austra-
lia. Often plentiful in sandy open spots, but local.

11. Ryncwospora, Vahl.

Herbs usually tall and leafy throughout, or rarely at the base
only. Leaves narrow. Spikelets small. terete ovoid, light brown,
capitate corumbose or panicled. Glumes imbricate spirally lower 3
or + empty, 1 or 2 above bisexual, uppermost empty. Hypogynous
bristles absent or 6, scabrid. Stamens 1 to 3. Style bifid slender
with a broad persistent conic base. Nut biconvex turgid ovoid,

Species 188. All tropical and temperate regions.

re.

Stem leafy at the base only, spikelets capitate 1. R. Wallichiana.

Stem leafy to the top.
Spikelets in globose heads ee .. & BR. matasica.
Spikelets in axillary and terminal corymbs.
Corymbs large. Style and stigmas short 3. 2. aurea.
Corymbs small. Stigmas long... .. 4. R. glauca.

1. R. Wanurcmana, Kunth. Enum. IL. 289. Rhizome stout,
roots strongly and wiry. Leaves at the base of the stem only, 3- 24
inches long narrow linear acuminate numerous. Stem triangular
8-30 inches tall. Flowers in a single terminal compact head of spike-
lets 4 inch through. Bracts linear acuminate 1-4 inches long. Spike-
lets numerous glabrous light reddish brown. Glumes lowest 2 short,
upper ones lanceolate smooth not ribbed acute with a low keel, 6-7 in
a spikelet, subdistichous only 1 fertile. Style bifid. Stamens 2
crested. Bristles shorter than the nut 6 scabrid red. Nut obovoid
flattened biconvex + length of the glume, stalked with a small blunt
conic boss on the top, black and covered above with short bristles.
Benth. Fl. Hongkong Fl. Austral. VI. 349. Boeck. Linnaea.
XXXVIL. 542. Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 668. &. Haenkei, Presl.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 83

Rel. Haenk. I. 199. Schoenus ruber, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. I. 52.
Morisia Wallichii, Nees. in Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 1834, 265.
Wight. Contrib. 115. Haplostylis Meyenii, Nees. Linnaea. IX.
(1834), 295. Wight. Contrib. 115 (partly). Sphoeroschoenus
Wallichii; Arnott & Nees. Nov. Act. Acad. Nat. Cur, XIX.
Suppl. 1. 97. Cephaloschoenus parvus, Nees. lc. 100. Mariscus wm-
bellatus var. procerior, Zoll. Verz. Ind. Arch. II. 63,

Singapore: Jurong (Ridley 1725b), Seletar (1725c) ; Malacca
(Griffith), Bukit Bruang (Ridley 3533), Alor Gajah; Pahang: Kuala
Pahang (Ridley 1725). Distrib. Tropics of the Old World. Com-
mon in dry open country among bracken.

2. R. MALAsiIcA, Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 670. Stems rather
stout 14 to 2 feet tall, leafy to near the top. Leaves rather flaccid
12 inches or more by } inch wide. Spikelets in a terminal spike of
about 5 sessile heads § inch across, with a single long leafy bract to
each. Glumes pale brown acuminate. Style slender branches 2 very
short, base conic. Bristles very slender twice as long as the nut. Nut
obovoid stalked biconyex dark chestnut brown shining smooth ob-
scurely transyersely barred beak short conic.

Singapore: Bedok (Ridley 5792), Bukit Mandai (80); Johor:
Kota Tinggi (Ridley) ; Malacea (Griffith 6358), Ayer Keroh (Rid-
ley). Distrib, Borneo. In grassy swainps local.

3. R. aurea, Vahl. Enum. II. 229. Stems stout 2-3 feet tall
leafy for their whole length subtriquetrous, scabrid on the edges.
Corymbs axillary and terminal usually peduncled, several on cach
stem. Spikelets } inch long in clusters of 5 to 5 on the ends of the
ultimate branchlets of the corymbs. Glumes 7 or fewer, lower ones
short empty. Uppermost male only or empty lanceolate acute 5th
fertile ovate lanceolate acute brown. Bristles 6 white scabrid longer
than the nut. Style very long. Nut obovoid truncate, with a very
large conic yellow beak longer than the nut and uppermost glume.
Benth. Fl. Hongkong 396. Fl. Austral, VII. 349. Miq. Fl. Ind.
Bat, IIL. 336. “Boeck. Linnaea. XXNXAVII. 626. Clarke Fl. Brit.
ind. VI... 670... "Drim:. Fl) Ceyl.. V. 83. B. aritculata, R. & B. Syst.
Mant. II, 49. Mig. Le. 337, Scirpus corymbosus, Linn, Amoen.
Acad. IV. 303. Schoenus articulatus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. I. 184. 8,
surinamensis, Rottb. Descr. & Ie. 68. t. 21. fig. 1. Calyptrostylis
florida, Nees. Mart. Braz. Cyp. 138. t. 13. Cephaloschoenus arti-
culatus, Nees, Edinb. New Phil. Journ. 1834, 266. Wight. Contrib.
115. Common over the whole peninsula.

Singapore: Tanglin, etc. (Cantley, Hullett, Kurz 5006), (IXunst-
ler 131) ete.; Malacca: Bukit Bruang (Derry 408), (Gaudichaud
93); Pahang: Pekan (Ridley); Selangor: Kuala Lumpur; Penang
(Wallich 3424), (Curtis 1256); Province Wellesley: Legeh Tomoh

84 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

(Machado). Distrib. All the tropics. Abundant in open wet
ground. ‘“ Rumput Sendayan” and “ Sunayan.”

4, R. guauca, Vahl. Enum. II. 233. var. chinensis, Clarke FI.
srit. Ind. VI, 672. Rhizome short and thick woody. Stems all
over 2 feet t moderately stout or slender, leafy to the top. Leaves 8-10
inches long ;! v0" t inch wide linear acuminate. Conte small axillary
and terminal } inch or more long lax. Spikelets 4 inch long, or less
clustered. Glumes red brown acute keeled 6 or Yo rate cuspidate.
Bristles short scabrid. Style branches long slender. Nut obovoid
biconvex brown. slightly transversely wrinkled, beak conic broader
than the truncate top of the nut and about 3 of its ler ngth. ‘Trim.
Fl. Ceyl. V. 86. 2. chinensis, Boeck. 1.c. 586. R. glauca, Boeck 1.c.
585 (partly). R. lavarum, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beechey. Voy. 98
(not Gaudichaud). 2. lara, Thwaites Enum. 352 (not of V ahl).

Singapore: Balestier Plain (Ridley 9144), Changi (1722),
Blakan Mati (5791). Distrib. Ceylon, Tenasserim, Madagascar, Cari-
mon Islands, Borneo, eae and Sandwich Islands. Typical. R.
glauca, occurs in Atrica, J Japan, Australia and the Tropics of the New
World. ‘The plant grows in sandy spots genefally near the sea.

ACTINOSCHOENUS, Benth.

Glabrous herbs, stems numerous crowded on a short rhizome very
slender filiform. Leaves very narrow few. Spikelets small narrow
sessile in a single terminal globose head. Glumes 4 to 8 distichous,
upper ones mucronate with a long point, 1 to 3 bisexual. Hypo-
gynous bristles absent. Anthers 3. Style trifid’or bifid. Nut ob-
ovoid trigonous papillose or smooth.

Species 7 Asiatic,

A. FILIFoRMIS, Benth, Ie. Pl. XIV. 33. t. 1346. var. chinensis.
Rhizome very short, roots long and wiry. Leaves few to about $
length of the stem very narrow linear. Stems numerous weak slender
8-18 inches or more. Spikelets in a small dense head about 4 inch
through. Glumes 4-6 lanceolate acuminate brown with a stout 3
ribbed green keel ending in a long securved mucro. Flowers usual-
ly. 1 only perfect, lowest glumes empty. Style trifid. Nut obovoid
trigonous small pale smooth. Arthrostylis filiformis, Vhw. Enum.

352. Boeck. Linnaea. XNXVI. 524. Arthrostylis chinensis, Benth.
FL Hongkong 397. Limbristylis actinoschoenus, Clarke FI. Brit. Ind.
VI. 651

Perak (Wray 354), (Kunstler 3373), Taiping Waterfall Rocks
(Ridley) ; Malacca: Mount Ophir (R. Derry 640) ; Penang: Govern-
ment Hill (Curtis 1866); Kedah: Gunong Jerai (Ridley 5149) ;
i ‘ak top of Gunong Batu Putih (Wray 354). Distrib. Carimon,

Barbe and Lingga Islands, Hongkong. ‘Tropical form, Ceylon.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 85

Occurs usually on rocks by streams, from 1000 to 7000 feet alt. but
occasionally lower.

13. ScHorNnus, Linn.

Wiry herbs, stems leafy or not, leaves narrow wiry. Spikelets
capitate or panicled. Glumes distichous 3 or more lower ones empty,
1 to 4 fertile, terminal ones empty. Hypogynous bristles present or
not. Stamens 3. Style trifid, slender not constricted at the base
nor enlarged below. Nut trigonous.

Species 60. Mostly Australian, with a few in the temperate
Northern and Southern hemispheres.

ScH. cALosTacHyus, Poir. Encycl. Suppl. I. 251. Rhizome
woody horizontal. Stem 24 feet tall wiry stiff leafy. Leaves many
at the base, above distant on the stem, lower ones 6-8 inches, upper
ones 3 inches or less, wiry narrow. Spikelets solitary in the axils of
short upper leaves on pedicels slender $ inch long or less cylindric
conic $ to nearly 1 inch long. Glumes brown about 10 acute, lowest
4 to 8 empty close fitting short upper 3 or 2 fertile, edges hairy.
Bristles $ as long as the nut white. Style trifid. Nut ovoid trigo-
nous black sunk in the hollow of the zig-zig rachis. Benth. fl.
Austral VIL. 368. Clarke FI. Brit. Ind. VI. 673. Choetospora calos-
tachya, Br. Prodr. 233. Cyclocampe Waigouensis, Steud. Syn. Cyp.
156. Cycloscarpa Waigouensis, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. IIL. 339.

Singapore: Changi (Ridley 1724); Pahang: Pekan (Ridley
1397). Distrib. Malay Islands and Australia and Polynesia. In
sandy heaths, but it also grows on rocks above the Waterfall, on the
Carimon isles. |

14. Cuapium, P. Brown.

Large perennial herbs, usually glabrous or the inflorescence hairy.
Stems leafy or not. Leaves flat linear or distichous equitant sword-
shaped. Spikelets panicled in clusters often sessile at the angles of
the flexuous branches of the panicle, small brown. Glumes spirally
imbricate, lowest 1-4 empty, 1 to 3 floriferous terminal ones male or
empty. Hypogynous bristles small or none. Stamens 5 or 2. Style
slender trifid base dilated fused with the top of the nut. Nut small,
large or small pyramidal or button-shaped beak.

Species.44. Distribution the whole world,

Leaves terete te Le 3 es .. 1. C. glomeratum.
Leaves flat narrow te ae oe .. 2 C.undulatum.
Leaves broad sword-shaped distichous .. .. 38. CG. Maingayt.

1. C. GLomeratuM, R. Br. Prod. 237. <A stoloniferous plant,
about 3 feet tall, with a few terete leaves as tall tips linear acute

86 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

4-1 inch through. Stem leafy to the lax slender panicle. Panicle
about 8 inches ‘Jong strict. Spikelets clustered 1 to 3, 4-} inch long
brown. Glumes lanceolate keeled, glabrous. Flowers 2. a but only
one (rarely 2) nut produced. Style trifid with long slender branches.
Bristles none. Nut as long as the glume oblong ellipsoid with a
small blunt conic hairy beak, shining bright chestnut. Kunth. Enum.
II. 304. Benth. Fl. Austral. VH. 404. Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VL
675. Chapelliera glomerata, Nees. Schm, Pl. Preiss. T1. 76. Mig.
Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. IT. 146. Baumea rubiginosa & B. Browne,
Boeck. Linnaea. XX XVIII. 241, 242.

Singapore: Swaney eae near the sea Changi (Ridley 5790).
Rare. Distrib. China, Japan, Australia and New Zealand. The
glumes in the Australian plant are villous on the edge but quite
glabrous in the Singapore plant.

2. C. unpuLATUM, Thw. Enum, 353. Rhizome short and stout,
the plant forming large tussocks. Leaves BAUpeTODS wiry 6 inches to
a foot long very narrow. Stems 18 inches to 2 feet long slender stiff.
Panicle 5-6 inches long diffuse w ith long narrow leafy bracts, Spike-
lets in clusters of 2 to 5 from the angles of the zig-zag branches,
cinnamon brown, lax. Glumes narrow lanceolate not distichous
keeled acute, 2 low os smaller empty. Bristles 6 hardly $ as long as the
nut. Nut hardly 5 inch long sessile ovoid brown, beak very small
hairy. Clarke Fl. Brit, Ind. VI. 674. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. V. 86. Le-
pidosperma ceylonicum, Nees. Linnaea. XXXYVITIL. 232. Tricostu-
laria fimbristyloides, Benth. Fl, Austral. VIT, 383. Carpha junci-
formis, Boeck, Linnaea. V. 38. 267,

Pahang: Pekan (Ridley 2) in sandy open country. Distrib.
Ceylon, Labuan, Sumatra, Borneo, Australia.

3. C. Marneayi, Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 674. Tufted plant
with a short stout rhizome. Leaves at the base distichous sword-
shaped bright green, acuminate 3 feet long by }-3 inch wide. Stem
about 4 fect tall or more, with 1 or 2 leaves panienlate with numerous
lax branches. Spikelets in small clusters peduncled from the angles
of the sinuate branches deep brown ovoid. Glumes ovate subacute
edges ciliate 2 or 3 lower ones sterile, 2-4 fertile. Bristles 6, hairy
above. Style trifid. Nut trigonous turgid shortly stalked beak long
pyramidal hairy. ;

Malacca; Mount Ophir (Griffith 6804), (Hullett 870), (Ridley
3140), (Cuming 2379), and other collectors. On wet rocks on
Padang Batu, and Gunong Mering at an altitude of 3000 feet.
Perak : Gunong Babu at 5000 feet alt. (Wray 3882). Only known
localities in the peninsula, but it also (fide Clarke) grows in Celebes.
The Malays gave the name of “ Jeringu Laut ” to it (lit. Sea Acorus
calamus).

1)

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 87

6. FrMpristyLis, Vahl.

Herbs not or rarely shorter rhizomatous. Leaves at base only.
Stems subterete. Inflorescence of one or more terminal umbelled or
corymbose spikelets. Spikelets solitary or clustered many flowered.
Glumes imbricate all round or the basal ones only distichous, (section
Abilgaardia), lowest one or two empty, upper ones bisexual, terminal
ones empty. Stamens three, or fewer, anthers not crested. Bristles
absent. Style long terete or flattened stigmas 2 or 3, base dilated and
constricted below the dilatation, quite deciduous. Nut oboyoid trigo-
nous usually stalked shortly apex with no knob.

Species 125, all tropical and subtropical regions. Lower glumes
of spikelets not distichous.

.

§ 1. Exrocnaroipes. Stems bearing
one spikelet only (or occasionally 2 or 5).
Style bifid, nut biconvex, or plano-convex.
Nut cylindric oblong, reticulate .. .. 1. F. tetragona.
‘Nut obovoid transversely wrinkled.
Spikes erect narrow.
Stems slender 6-12 inches. Nut with 5

ridges .. SS os .. 2. acuminata,
Stems very slender 2- 6 inches. Nut
with 7 ridges y a. she SeTaGER:

Spikelet cae at an ale wie the ies 4, FP, nutans.
Nut obovoid smooth.
Spikelets oblong obtuse (1 to.3) .. .. +d. F, polytrichoides.
Spikelets (1-2) ovoid $ inch long .. 6. F. schoenoides.
Style trifid.
Nut tubercled very small

~2

. PF. paucifiora.

§ 2. DicHrLostyLis. Spikelets many,
umbelled or congested. Lowest glumes spi-
rally aranged. Style bifid flattened and often
villous. Nut biconvex.
Spikelets solitary.
Nut obovoid longitudinal striate with trans-
verse bars tae ale .. 8. F. diphylla.
Nut ovoid smooth ene
Dwarf annual. Glumes mucronate squar-
rose ae 5 ne i69.. f.aestivalis.
Tall plant taunts es Bs .. 10. F. ferruginea.
Tall, leaves tufted stiff. Spikelets $ inch
long a oe as ee .. Ll. F. longispica,

88 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.
Ay an or short leaves tufted stiff. Reinet
4 inch long ~.. Ke .. 12. F. spathacea.
Spikelets clustered usually capitate.
Umbel reduced to a head, annual .. 13. F. argentea.
Umbel simple or compound. Rhizome
Stowe «5 che a a. zh .. 14. F. sericea.

§ 3. TRICHELOSTYLIS. Spikelets usual-
ly numerous. Glumes not distichous. Style
trifid not flattened glabrous. Nut more or
Jess trigonous. :
Spikelets all or mostly solitary.
Small annual. Spikelets few .. .. 15. F. tenera.
Tall plants spikelets numerous.
Spikelets subglobose. Nut tubercled.
Leaves narrow long. Spikelets 4 ineh
long a oe ra re .. 16. F. nuliacea.
Usually leafless. Spikelets } inch long 17. F. globulosa.,
Spikelets narrow lanceolate very numerous.

=

=

=

Nut tubercled .. = : oh .. 18. F. complanata,
Nut trabeculate not ibercled ae 19. Ff. asperrima,
Spikelets clustered (occasionally solitary
in 21).

w)
——
=

=

Stems very slender, leaves very narrow 20. F. leptoclada.
Stems stout, leaves large stiff .. . PF. nigrobrunnea,

2
—e

ABILGAARDIA. — Spikelets _ solitary.
Glumes at base distichous or subdistichous
Upper ones spiral. Style trifid.
Nut obscurely warty .. zie ip in Reet lee PASO,

1. ELEOCHAROIDES.

1. FP. rerracona, Br, Prod. 226. A tufted plant 6-24 inches
tall, with short narrow leaves, often reduced to sheaths nearly but
sometimes 1} inch long. Stems slender wiry. Spikelet solitary erect,
conic dense 4-2 inch long broad. Glumes pale brown oblong rounded
striate. Style linear bifid arms short villous to base. Nut narrow
cylindric stalked half as long as the glume plano-convex straw
coloured reticulate. Clarke Flor. Brit. Ind. VI. 631. Benth. FI.
Austral. VIT. 305. Trim, FI. Ceyl. V. 48. FP. cylindrocarpa, Kunth.
Enum. If. 222. Boeck. Linn. XXXVII. 7%. Kurz. Journ. As. Soe.
geng. XXXIX. IL. 85. LF. abjiciens, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 107. Mig.
Fl. Ind. Bat. IIL. 316. F. Arnottii, Thw. Enum, 348. Mischospora
efoliata, Boeck, Flora XLITT, 113,

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 89

Singapore: Balestier Plain (Ridley); Pahang: Kuala Pahang
(Ridley 1483). Distrib. India, Malaya, Australia. Sandy open
country local.

2. F. acuminata, Vahl. Enum. IJ. 285. Tuftd plant about 6
to 12 inches tall. Stems slender very numerous leafless with a tubular
sheath with an acute or subacute point. Spikelet solitary terminal
lanceolate fusiform acute pale, $ to 4 inch long. Glumes oblong
obtuse, keeled, and mucronate. Style bifid base broad above linear,
arms very short. Nut short broad obovoid turbinate biconvex trans-
versely wrinkled with about 5 thick ridges. Nees. Wight. Contrib.
96. ‘Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. IJ. 314. Boeck. Linnaea. XXXVII. 3.
Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 631. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. V. 48. Faciculanis,
Br. Prodr. 226. Scirpus scaber, Roxb. Fl, Ind. I. 220. LHleagiton
scavra; Dietr. Sp. Plo VE-99.

Singapore: Bukit Timah (Ridley 5855), Changi (1745), Bukit
Mandai (5803); Pahang: Kuala Pahang (Ridley 1472); Malacca
(Griffith 6295), Ayer Panas (Ridley 1654); Penang (Delessert,
King, Diedrichsen 3558), Telok Bahang (Curtis 1869) ; Perak: Tai-
ping (Ridley). Distrib. India, Malaya, Hongkong, Australia. Damp
grassy spots.

3. F. seTAcEA, Benth. Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot, II. 239. Small
tufted plant 2-6 inches tall. Stems very slender wiry, leafless, except
for two small tubular sheaths. Spikelet terminal lanceolate acute 4
inch long. Glumes oblong obtuse keeled and mucronate, pale, with
a green keel and often red patches on the side. Style bifid. Nut
obovoid biconvex flattened with about 7 transverse wrinkles dark
brown. Clarke Flor. Brit. Ind. VI. 632. FF. acuminata var. minor,
Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. IIT. 314. Boeck. Linnaea. XXXVII. 4. Isolepis
cochleata, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 100.

Singapore: Tanglin (Ridley 107), Galang (10829); Pahang:
Kuala Pahang; Malacca: Chabau (Ridley 1011). Very near the pre-
ceding, but smaller and more slender. Nut a little smaller. Distrib.
Burma, Malaya and Australia.

4. F. nutans, Vahl. Enum. IT. 285. Large tufted plant 8 inches
to a foot tall. Stems wiry slender nearly or quite leafless except for
a tubular sheath or two at the base ribbed. Spikelet oblong or
lanceolate acute usually bent at an angle with the top of the stem 4
inch long. Glumes broad rounded with a low ribbed keel ending in
a very short blunt mucro reddish. Style bifid broad villous at the
top. Nut obovoid turbinate transversely wrinkled grey. Nees.
Wight. Contrib. 96. Boeck. Linnaea. XXXVII. 5. Clarke FI. Brit.
Ind. VI. 632. Trim, Fl. Ceyl. V. 48. Scirpus nutans, Retz. Obs.
PYoa8.

90 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Singapore: Changi (Ridley 1741) ; Malacca: Ayer Keroh (Rid-
ley 10758), Pulau Besar, Ayer Panas (1626), Malacca town (3536) ;
Penang (Curtis 1868). Distrib. India, Borneo, China, Australia.
Damp sandy spots.

5. F. potytricnoipes, Vahl. Enum. IT. 248. Stems 8-12 inches
tall slender wiry with brown sheaths at the base, upper ones cylindric
truncate, with 2 very narrow leaf 13-3 inches long. Spikelets 1 or
2, rarely 3, oblong obtuse, with a narrow longer leaflike bract $ inch
long. Spikelets }-4 inch long. Glumes oblong rounded obtuse,
shortly mucronate keeled, red brown and mealy pubescent. Style
broad linear villous brown bifid. “Nut white 4 as long as the glume
obovate biconvex smooth. Nees. Wight Contrib. 96. Clarke FI.
Brit. Ind. VI. 632. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. V. 49. F. sub-bulbosa, Boeck.
Flora XLI. 598. F. juncea, Boeck. Linnaea. XXXVII. 4 (not of
Roem & Schultes). Scirpus polytrichoides, Retz. Obs. TV. 11.

Singapore: Sungei Jurong (Ridley 8947), Galang (8399) ;
Malacca (Griffith); Pahang: Pekan (Ridley); Penang (Wallich

3532). Distrib. India, Malaya, and Australia. In salt mud by the
sea.

6. F. scHornomes, Vahl. Enum. II. 286. Stems tufted 4 to
12 inches tall rather slender and sometimes thickened at the base.
Leaves very narrow as long or longer than the stem, but usually much
shorter half as long. Spikelets 1 or 2 ovoid blunt pale $-% inch
long. Glumes broad obtuse ovate keeled, ribbed. Style villous above
bifid. Nut stalked ovate, pale brown } the length of the glume
hbiconvex. Nees, Wight. Contrib. 97. Boeck. Linnaea. XXXVII.
5 (part). Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 634. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. V. 49.
I’, bispicata, Nees. lc. 97. Boeck. lic. 6 (partly). F. inconstans,
Steud. Syn. Cyp. 107. F. polymorpha, var. depauperata, Boeck. in
Flora LVI. 111. Scirpus schoenoides, Retz. Obs. V. 14. S. mono-
stachyus, Koen. Roxb. Fl. Ind. I. 219. Spreng. Neue. Entdeck. ILI.
11. J. bispicata, R. & S. Syst. Mant. If. 61. JL. rariflora, Schrad. R.
& S. Le. 65. Lleogiton monostachya, Dietr. Sp. Pl. IL. 97. Abilgaar-
dia nervosa, Pres]. Rel. Haenk. I. 180.

Singapore (Kurz); Malacca: Chabau (Ridley 10009), Ayer
Panas (1686); Penang (King), Telok Bahang (Curtis 1822, 1870).

7. F. pavcrrrora, R. Br. Prod. 225. Stems very slender, form-
ing large round tufts 6 to 12 inches across, 6-14 inches tall leafless,
or occasionally with a leaf on one of the lower sheaths. Spikelet
very small {- inch long, green lanceolate acute. Glumes narrow
lanceolate subacute few, 3 or 4 nut bearing. Style trifid narrowed
upwards from a broad base, villous at the top. Nut obovoid white
tubercled 4 the length of the glume. Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI.
633. 2. fiiformis, Wunth. Enum, IT. 221. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat, ITT.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 91

314. Boeck. Linnaea. XXXVIT. 23. F. pumila, Benth. Hook.
Lond, Journ. Bot. II. 239. Mig. lc. 315. FF. malaccana, Boeck.
Flora XLI. 597. Trichelostylis filiformis, Nees. Wight. Contrib. 102.

Singapore (Wallich 3488), Pulau Tekong, Changi (Ridley 152),
Gardens (No. 2); Johor: Tana Merah (Ridley) ; ‘Pahang: Pekan
(Ridley 1045) ; Negri Sembilan: Perhentian Tinggi (Ridley 10012) ;
Malacca (Maingay), Ayer Panas (Ridley); Perak (Wray 772);
Penang Waterfall (Curtis 1789) ; Dindings: Bruas (Curtis) ; Pro-
vinee ‘Wellesley (King). Distrib. Mergui, Malaya, Australia and
Oceania. Common all over the peninsula in damp grassy and sandy
spots, especially on jungle paths, often completely covering them.
The stems are erect in dryer spots, longer and prostrate in wetter ones.
“ Rumput Girah.”

§ 2. DICHELOSTYLIS.

8. F. prpHyuua, Vahl. Enum. IT. 289. A tufted plant with a
very short or no rhizome. Stems 1 to 24 inches, 3-5 angled striate.
Leaves linear obtuse or acute glabrous or hairy. Umbels 1 to 8
inches across, rays generally numerous. Bracts long leaflike. Spike-
lets ovoid, or “oblong acute or obtuse -{ inch long. Glumes ovate keel-
ed sometimes mucronate chestnut or light brown glabrous, keel green.
Stamens 3-2 or 1. Style flattened villous bifid, branches short. Nut
half the length of the glume, obovoid shortly stalked yellowish or
cinnamon brown, biconvex ribbed with small numerous transverse
bars. Neesein Wight. Contrib. 100. Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 626.
F, laxa, Vahl. Enum. Il. 292. Ff. glauca, Vahl. lc. 288. F. annua,
R. & 8. Syst. If. 95, Mant. II. 55. F. depauperata, R. Br. Prodr.
227. FH. curvifolia, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 116. Ff. brachyphylla, Schultes.
R. & 8. Syst. I. Mant. 530. F. foliosa, Link. Hort. Berol. I. 288.
F. cincta, Nees. Le. 98. F. Royeniana, Nees. |.c. 99. IF. ovalis, Nees.
le. 98. I. podocarpa, Nees. |.c.c. partly. F. communis, Kunth.
Enum. IT, 234. F. metzii, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 127. F. similis, Steud.
Le. 112. FP. spadicea, Boeck. Flora XLII. 70. not Vahl. F. penta-
stachya, Boeck. le. XL. 36. F. Heynei, Boeck. Flora XLIII. 244.
F. polymorpha, Boeck. Linnaea. lc. 17. Scirpus diphyllus, Retz.
Obs. V.15. Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1. 227. 8. miliaceus, brevifolius, arvensis,
glomeratus, Roxb. lc. 224, 226, 227. Trichelostylis curvifolia, Nees.
le. 105. Isolepis curvifolia, Schrad. R. & S. Syst. If. Mant. 70. A
common weed all over the peninsula,

Singapore (Gaudichaud 117), Seletar (Ridley 70), Gardens (6) ;
Johor: Tana Merah (Ridley) ; Pahang: Kuala Tembeling (Ridley) ;
Malacca (Griffith 6322, 6345), Pulau Besar (Ridley) ; Selangor :
Dusun Tua; Perak (Wr ray 604), Ipoh (Ridley) ; Penang Waterfall
(Curtis).

92 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

var. pluristriala, Clarke l.c. p. 369. FP. pilosa of most authors not
of Vahl. F. tomentosa, of Vahl. Enum. II. 290. <A tall plant, stems
about 3 feet, leaves and sheaths especially roughly hairy, nut often
more or less tubercular on the shoulders.

Singapore: Chua Chu Kang, Chasseriau Estate (Ridley). Dis-
tribution. All warm countries. Native name “ Rumput Parah,”
*Rumput Purun Batu.” :

9. F. arstivauis, Vahl. Enum. IT. 288. Annual small tufted
plant, 2-10 inches tall. Leaves about half the length of the stem or
often less linear #g-4 inch across pubescent or nearly glabrous. Stems
strongly ribbed moderately slender. Umbel compound or decompound
1-2 inches across. Spikelets solitary yellow brown numerous oblong,
subeylindrie 4 to 4 inch long. Glumes narrow lanceolate strongly
keeled and mucronate squarrose. Stamens 1-2. Style bifid slender.
Nut obovoid smooth yellowish shining shortly stalked and beaked
the length of the glume, reticulate, not ribbed. Nees. Wight. Contrib.
102. Boeck. Linnaea. XXXVII. 11. Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 637.
Trim. Fl. Ceyl. V. 51. F. Griffithiana, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 110. F.
dichotoma, Boeck. Flora XLII. 70 (not Vahl.). 2’. tricholepis, Miq.
Fl. Ind. Bat. IIT. 319. F. Griffithti, Boeck. Flora XLII. 241. Scir-
pus aestivalis, Retz. Obs. LV. 12. Roxb. Fl. Ind. I. 207.

Singapore Gardens (Ridley 1739); Malacca (Griffith 6511) ;
Pahang: Pekan and along the river as far as Kuala 'Tembeling,
tumpin River (Ridley 1268) ; Dindings “ Isles Sambilang ” Kampen
hovener (probably Pulau Sembilan, Dindings). Distrib. India, China
and Japan, Malaya and Australasia. Native name * Rumput Surai.”

10. F. rerrucinra, Vahl. Enum. Il. 291. Rhizome stout or
hardly any. Stems 10 to 30 inches tall base thickened and covered
with hard shining dark brown scales, above ribbed angled or flattened.
Leaves usually none, occasionally occurring very narrow linear blunt,
4 to 6 inches long. Umbel simple or compound contracted, 1-3 inches
long or 5 to 7 more rarely as many as 30 spikelets. Spikelets }-4
inch long oblong cylindric acute. Glumes broad rounded, mucronate,
red brown finely pubescent. Style broadly linear villous. Nut small
oyoid broad 3 the length of the glume dark brown, very finely reti-
culated not ribbed. Delile Fl. Aceypt 10. t. 6. fig. 3. Nees. Wight.
Contrib. 97. Boeck. Linnaea. XXXVIL. 16. Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind.
VI. 638. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. V. 53. F. arvensis, Vahl. Enum, IT. 291.
F, liaMiety Labill. Sert. Austro-Caledon. II. t. 16. f. 1. F. Roaw-
burghii, Dietr. Sp. Pl, Il. 162. F. trispicata and F. confinis, Steud.
Syn. Cyp. 107 and 115. P. cyrtophylla, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. IIT. 325.
I’. ochreata, Boeck. Flora XLI. 599. F. andamanica, Karz, Andaman
ep. Appendix B. 21. Scirpus ferrugineus, lL. Sp. Pl. 74. 8.
arvensis, Retz. Obs. TV. 11 (not Roxb.). 8. globulosus, Roxb. Fl.

Materials for a Flora of the Maluyan Peninsula. 93

Ind. I. 217. 8. tristachyus, Roxb. Le. 221. Schoenus polymorphus,
Roxb. Deser. & Ic. 67.

Singapore (Kurz), Pulau Boyan (Ridley 10425), Pulau Ubin
(5806), Kranji, Chan Chu Kang , ete. ; ; Johor: Tanjong Surat (Kelsall
4097); Malacca: Ayer Panas ‘(Cantley’s Coll.), (Griffith 6346) ;
Penang (Diedrichsen) ; Kelantan: Kamposa (Itidley). Common in
tidal mud. “ Rumput Ruchut.” The rhizome is very distinct and
stout in the tidal mud plants.

11. F. toncispica, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 118. Rhizome very stout.
Stems crowded bases swollen with brown scale leaves, 18 inches to 2
feet tall rather stout. Leaves shorter 4-12 inches long § inch wide
blunt stiff. Umbel simple or compound 1-3 inches long. Bracts
short. Spikelets solitary cylindric $ an inch long { inch wide brown.
Glumes broad oblong rounded strongly ae aca brown, mucro-
nate, mucro stout edges pubescent. Stamens 2. Style broad edge
fimbriate bifid. Nut ‘obovoid: smooth reticulate, very shortly stalked.
Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. III. 325. Clarke Fl. Ind. Vi. 639. F. Buergert
and I’. ferruginea, Mig. Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. Il. 144. 2. spadicea
var. major, Boeck. Linnaea. XX XVII. 20.

Pahang: Pekan to the Kuala (Ridley 1549, 1435) and Rumpin
River. In open sandy plains. Distrib. China and J apan.

12. F. sparHacra, Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp. 24. Stems tufted. stiff
with dry brown sheaths at the base 4-20 inches long. Leaves short
3-8 inches long 74-3 inch wide, glabrous. Umbels compound as much
as 2 inches long = Bione plants but often contracted into a small
head. Bracts stiff 4-4 inch long. Spikelets solitary numerous, small
éczx ich long brown oblong. Glumes rather broad ovate obtuse,
margins pale scarious, keel low and mucro short, red brown. Stamens
2. Nut 3 2 the length of the glume obovoid smooth or obscurely warty,
yellowish brown. Style bifid. Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 640. Trim.
FI. Ceyl, V. 54. LY’. Wightiana, Nees. Wight Contrib. 99. I’. glome-
rata, Nees. Linnaea. IX. 290. Boeck. Linnaecea. XXXVII. 47. PF.
rigida, Kunth. Enum. Uf. 231. 9. ciliolata, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 100.
F. laevissima, Steud. le. 117. F juncifornis, Munro. Seem. Bot. Voy.
Herald 422 (not of Kunth). /. biumbellata, Boeck. Flora XLI. 604.
Scirpus glomeratus, Retz. Obs. IV. 11. 8. strictus, Roxb. Fl. Ind.
I. 226.

Singapore: Changi, Serangoon, Tanjong Ru (Ridley 5801) ;
Johor near the town (Ridley); Malacca: Tanjong Kling (Ridley
3126) ; Pahang: Kuala Pahang, Cherating River (Ridley). Distrib.
All over the tropics. Common in sand by the sea.

.

13. F. argentea, Vahl. Enum, I. 294. Small tufted plant 6
to 8 inches tall, bases covered with sheaths. Leaves very narrow

94 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

about 4 as long. Stems slender. Bracts narrow linear much longer
than the umbel. Umbel reduced to a head 4-$ inch across. Spikelets
sessile 4-20 in a head cylindric hght brown, $ inch long or less.
Glumes rather narrow blunt keeled, silver grey or reddish, keel green.
Stamen 1 or more. Nut very small obovoid biconvex, yellowish
shining smooth. Nees. Wight. Contrib. 100. Boeck. Linnaea.
XXXVII. 8. Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 640. Trim. FL Ceyl. V. 52.
Scirpus argenteus, Rottb. Descr. & Ic. 51. t. 17%. fig. 6. Roxb, FI.
Ind. I. 223. Scirpus monander, Rottb. lc. Ie. 50. t. 14. fig. 2 (not of
Roxb.).

Kelantan: Kamposa (Ridley). Rare. Distrib. India and
Ceylon.

14. F. sertcea, Br. Prodr. 228. Rhizome stout woody descend-
ing or horizontal. Leaves 6 to 9 inches long { inch wide white silky
crowded in tufts. Stems 4 to 16 inches tall stiff ribbed. Umbel
simple or usually compound, rays about 3 inches long. Bracts short
hairy. Spikelets crowded in heads on the ends of the 1 rays 4 to 6 or
more together broad oblong } inch long. Glumes ovate hairy strongly
keeled brown, edges seavione: Style bifid. Nut 4-4 length of elume
oboyoid smooth pale biconvex. — Boeck. Timunes 1. XXXVIL. 22.
Clarke FI. Brit. Ind. VI. 641. F. decora, Nees. & Meyen. Wight.
Contrib. 101. F. dasyphylla, Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. ILL. 327. 2. velu-
lina, Franch. Bull. Soc. Bot. Franch. Bull. Soc. Bot. France XXVI.
87.

Johor East Coast: Jambu Larang (Feilding) ; Pahang: Pekan,
Sungei Meang (Ridley 1522), Cherating River; Kelantan: Kamposa
(Ridley). Distrib. India, China, Japan, Malaya, N. Australia. _ All
up the east coast in sandy places.

$ 5. TRICHELOSTYLIS.

15. F. renera, R. & 8S. Syst. I. Mant. 57. var. oblusala, Clarke
Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 642. Small tufted plants, 4 to 7 inches tall with
fibrous roots. Leaves short 1-2 inches long Jinear blunt, less than
N ne wide spiral. Stems very slender erect with a simple wmbel of
3 or 4 spikelets, 2 or more on short slender rays, central one sessile.
Bracts glume like. Spikelets 4-{ inch long lax, cylindric subacute.
Glumes ovate yellowish or reddish, keel stout hardly mucronate gla-
brous. Style trifid slender. Nut ovoid $ length of s glume yellow,
minutely tuberculate hardly stalked. Boeck. ‘Linnaea. XXXVIL. 26.
Scirpus tenellus, Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1, 224. Trichelostylis tenella, Nees.
Wight. Contrib, 103.

Singapore: Tanglin (Ridley 83), Jurong (1740), Bidadari
(8430); Pahang: Kuala Pahang (Ridley 1740c); Malacca: Sungei ~
Baru Ulu (Ridley 1710b); Penang: Telok Bahang (Curtis 1867).

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 95

Common in grass plots. The variety occurs in lower Bengal and
Borneo also the typical /’. tenea in Africa and a var. ovylepis in India.

16. F. miniacea, Vahl. Enum. Il. 287. ‘Tufted plant 12-24
inches tall. Leaves thin narrow acuminate $ or nearly as long as the
stems 7g inch across. Stems slender bluntly trigonous wmbel 2-4
inches long lax, decompound rays slender. Spikelets subglobose
~ Inch long brown. Bracts narrow linear shorter. Glumes oblong
obtuse broad chestnut with a green keel. Style short with 3 long
branches. Nut ovoid warted with numerous transverse bars. Miq.
Fl. Ind. Bat. IIL. 321. Boeck. Linnaea. XX XVII. 43. Clarke FI.
Brit. Ind. VI. 644.. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. V. 56. - 9’. littoralis, Gaud. Frey.
C. Voy. Bot. 413: Ff. Benghalensis, Roem. & Schult. Syst. II. 94.
Mant. 530. Ff. flaccida, Zoll. Syst. Verz. Ind. 22. t. 9. £. 2. Rottb.
> Deser- & Le o7.t2'0. fz: < 8. tetragonus, Poir Eneyel.: VI.767.

Roxb, Fl. Ind: I. 228. 8. benghalensis, Pers. Syn. I 68. Isolepis
tetragona, Nees. in Wight. Contrib. 103, 104.

Singapore (Gaudichaud 116), Chan Chu Kang (Ridley 1743) ;
Johor: Tana Runto (Ridley); Pahang: Pekan, etc.; Malacca: Aver
Panas (Cantley’s Coll.), (Griffith 6314); Perak: Ipoh (Midley) ;
Penang: Tanjong Bunga (Curtic 1792); Kelantan: Kamposa (Rid-
ley). Distrib. Very common in damp spots all over the peninsula
*Rumput Keladi ” “* Rumput Kerbau.”

17. F. GLopubLosa, Kunth. Enum. Il. 231. Rhizome short but
usually distinct in old plants. Stems 8 to 18 inches tall. Sheaths at
the base often leafless or with longer short narrow leaves. Umbel
1-2 inches long with few suberect rays. Bracts very short erect 4 to
rarely 3 inch long acute ribbed. Spikelets globular to oblong } inch
long, solitary. Glumes ovoid obtuse, chestnut edge scarious keeled.
Style trifid. Nut small 4 length of glume obovoid, subtrigonous
thickly tubercled. Boeck. Linnaea. XXNXVII. 45. Clarke FI. Brit.
Ind. VI. 645. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. V. 57. fF. umbellaris, Vahl. Enum.
If. 291. F. efoliata, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 109. Scirpus umbellaris, Lam.
Ill. I. 141. 8. globulosus, Retz. Obs. VI. 19. Isolepis globulosa, R.
& S. Syst. If. 119. Trichelostylis globulosa, Nees. Wight. Contrib.
105,

Singapore (Wichura 695), Galang (Ridley); Johor: Base of
Gunong Panti and Batu Pahat (Ridley 10994); Malacca: Bukit
Sabukor (Derry 278), Ayer Panas (Goodenough 1687), (Griffith
6348) ; Pahang: Kuala Pahang, Pekan (Ridley 994) ; Penang (Wal-
lich 3518), Waterfall (Curtis 1791). Distrib. India, China, Malaya.

Among forms of this common plant I have some with the umbel
reduced to a single spikelet, and one with a number of narrow terminal
empty or male glumes, making the spikelet lanceolate. This form I

96 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

have twice found in Johor (No. 1099+). Native name “* Rumput
Sandang.” Common in damp open grassy bat

18. F. compLanata, Link. Hort. Berol. I. 292. Rhizome short
stout or none, leaves linear obtuse or proemorse 6: S inches long $
to } wide. Stem 8-24 inches tall, flattened. Umbel 1-4 inches com-
pound, usually small. Bracts short and broad and blunt like the
leaves. Spikelets $ inch long brown narrow acute. Glumes narrow
lanceolate brown red with a strong green keel or mucro. Stamens 3.
Style trifid. Nut small obovoid white tubercled, shining. Clarke
Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 646.° PF. autumnalis, var. Roth. Nov. Pl. Sp. 26.
Boeck. Linnaea. XXXVI, 38. F. scabra, Kunth. Enum. Il. 245.
I’. Boecheleri, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 113 (partly). Seirpus complanatus,
Retz. Obs. V. 14. Roxb. Fl. Ind. I. 228. Sc. anceps, Willd. Berl.
Mag. Il. 288. t. 8. f. 2. Roxb, Le. 230. Cyperus complanatatus,
Willd. Sp. Pl. 1. 270.) Lsolepis complanata and Willdenovii, Roem. &
Schult, Syst. 11. 119, 120. Vrichelostylis complanata and scabra,
Nees. Wight. Contrib. 103.

Singapore : Chan Chu Kang (Ridley 5805), Balestier Plain,
‘Tanglin, etc.; Malacca: Chabau (Ridley) : Pahang: Kuala Tembeling
(Ridley) ; ; Penang (King). Distrib. All warm regions.

19. F. asperrima, Boeck. Linnaea. XXXVII. 40. Rhizome
stout and short. Plant usually large and tufted. Leaves numerous
long, 18 inches or more often as long as the stem, 4-4 inch across.
Stems 18 to 24 feet or more. Umbel decompound 6 inches long or
less with very numerous (often over 100) spikelets. Bracts usually
long leafy. Spikelets fusiform acute brown { inch long. Glumes
rather narrow lanceolate keeled mucronate. Style trifid. Nut ellip-
soid obovate, yellowish trabeculate, transversely, $ as long as the
glume. Clarke FI. Brit. Ind. VI. 643. Trim. Fl, Ceyl. V. 58. PF.
chaetorrhiza, Thwaites Enum. 349 (not Wunth.). Isolepis dura,
Moritzi Verz. Zoll. Pl. 97. Trichelostylis asperrima, Nees. Mss.

Singapore: Upper Bukit Mandai (Ridley 5804) ; Johor: Gunong
Panti; Sungei Ujong: Gunong Berumbun (Cantley’s Coll.) ; Pahang:
Tahan River (tidley) ; Malacca: Merlimau (Derry 239), Tanjong
Kling (Ridley), te 6349); Penang Hill (Curtis 2595, 1793) ;
Perak (Wray 841, & 3523): 'Tomoh (Machado). Distrib. Ceylon,
‘Tavoy, Siam. Common in woods. Native names * Rumput Siamet,”
‘5 oe Pulut,” “ Rumput Bawang.”

F. terrocuapa, Benth. Fl. Hongkong 393 (not of Flora
leh: ). A tufted plant, with very narrow linear leaves 6-8 inches
long. Stems slender wiry 12-18 inches. Umbel small 4-$ inch long,
with 1 or 2 rays bearing a cluster of spikelets at the me or reduced
toa single cluster. Bracts shorter linear acuminate. Spikelets conic

4 inch long dark brown. Glumes ovate brown keeled. Style bifid.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 97

Nut obovoid yellowish brown thickly tubercled. Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind.
VI. 647. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. V. 58. F. retusa, Thw. Enum. 349.
Boeck. Linnaea. XXXVII. 46. Hance. Lond. Journ. Bot. XVI. 112.
Singapore: Changi (Ridley 1551b), Teluk Kurau (10448) ;
Pahang near Pekan (Ridley 1551); Malacca (Griffith 6531). Dis-
trib. Ceylon, China, Borneo. Abundant in dry spots in Singapore.

21. F. NIGROBRUNNEA, Thw. Enum. 434. Rhizome very short
and stout, with unusually large roots. Leaves numerous 3-6 inches
long 4 inch wide stiff and blunt, bases scabrous on the edge. Stem
8 to 30 inches tall. Umbel simple compound or decompound. Bracts
short 4 inch long stiff. Spikelets crowded on the ends of 2 or 3 stout
recurved rays sometimes all solitary 4 inch long. Glumes dark
brown few ranked or obscurely distichous, oblong keeled and shortly
mucronate. Style trifid. Nut obovoid yellow brown warty or nearly
smooth. Clarke FI. Brit. Ind, VI. 648. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. V. 62. F.
subtetrastachya, Boeck. Linnaea. XXXVIT. 50. PF. pycnostachya,;
Hance. Journ. Bot. XV. 338. Abilgaardia Eragrostis, Boeck. l.c. 55.

Kedah: Gunong Jerai (Ridley 5151), at 3000 feet elevation.
Distrib, India and Cambodia.

§ 4, ABILGAARDIA.

22. F. rusca, Benth. Gen. Pl. III. 1048. Rhizome very short or
none. Leaves about 4 length of the stem very narrow linear. Stems
18 inches tall slender weak. Umbel of 4 or 5 rays slender about 1
inch long. Bracts very short. Spikelets solitary flattened $ inch
long. Glumes acuminate mucronate brown pubescent. Stamens.
Style trifid. Nut oblong or obovoid narrowed at the base three
angled yellowish brown smooth very obscurely warty. Clarke FI.
Brit. Ind. VI. 649. F. cinnamometorum, Hance. Journ. Linn. Soe.
XIIL. 132. &. Kampenhoeveneri, Boeck. Engler. Bot. Jahrb. V. 505,
Gussonia pauciflora, Brugn. Bot. Duperr. Voy. 171. t. 34. B. Abil-
gaardia fusca, Nees. Wight, Contrib. 95. Boeck. Linnaea. XXX VII.
54. A. pauciflora, Kunth. Enum. II. 249. Schoenuspuberulus, C.
A. Meyer Cyp. Nov. 2. t. 1. Rhynchospora anomala, Steud. Syn.
Cyp. 149. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. III. 337. Isolepis longispica, Steud. lL.c.
104.

Singapore: Sandy fields Holland Road (Ridley); Penang:
Government Hill (Kunstler 1690), (Curtis 2175).

15. LeprpospEeRMA, Labill.

Stiff stoloniferous plants. Stems leafy at the base only. Panicle
of many spikelets contracted. Spikelets of 5 to 10 glumes containing
2 to 3 axillary flowers, rarely producing more than one nut, the lowest
flower always male. Glumes all similar. Hypogynous bristles 6,

C%

98 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

ovate with a setaceous or triangular tip, very small. Stamens 3.
Style trifid branches long, base glabrous fused into the nut. Nut
smooth trigonous.

Species 36. All Australian except one.

L. CHINENSE, Nees. & Meyen. Linnaea. IX. 302. Nov. Act. Nat.
Cur. XIX. (Suppl. I) 117. Rhizome short and stout, leaves terete
18-24 inches long, acute glaucous. Stem 3 feet or more terete glau-
cous panicle 3 to 4 inches long very dense. Spikelets $ inch long
compact. Glumes blackish brown oblong truncate mucronate sub-
distichous. Bristles oblong with an acute point, broad, yellowish as
long as the narrowed base of the nut. Style longer than the nut.
Nut oblong trigonous narrowed at both ends yellow dotted with dark
red. Benth. Fl. Hongkong 398. Boeck. Linnaea. XXXVIII. 329.
Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 676.

Malacca: Mount Ophir (Griffith 6115), (Ridley 3127). Distrib.
South China. Very rare. In one spot by the stream on Padang Batu.

16. Gaunia, J. R. & G. Forster.

Large coarse tufted plants. Leaves usually numerous and sca-
brid. Stems with nodes, bearing leaves or leaflike bracts to the top.
Panicle dense spikelike or lax nodding. Spikelets clustered usually
dark brown or black, 1 to 2 flowered upper one alone nut bearing.
Glumes imbricated all round lower, 3 or more empty keeled, often
mucronate and hispid upper ones larger, fertile glumes shorter blunt
lowest male, uppermost empty, middle one nut bearing. Bristles
0. Stamens 3, filaments very long persistent holding the right nut.
Style trifid, slender style base continuous, forming a small black cone
on the top of the nut. Nut oblong narrowed a little at both ends
trigonous or rounded, whitish yellow then red and sometimes finally
black.

Species 27. Chiefly Australian, as far east as the Sandwich
Islands, and west to Sumatra.

Panicle dense erect ze = om Ae 1. G. tristis.
Panicle lax nodding ao oa ie . 2. G. javanica.

1. G. rristis, Nees. Linnaea. IX. (1832), 301. A large plant
forming great leafy tussocks. Leaves narrow linear acuminate 2$-3
feet long, scabrid. Peduncle stout and stiff 2-3 feet tall. Panicle
spiciform 18 inches long, of many to 17 or 18 dense black spikes of
clusters 1-2 inches long. Bracts with a broad base as long linear acu-
minate very narrow limb. Spikelets in clusters of 3 or 4, 4 inch
long. Lowest glume short and broad, next 3 lanceolate acuminate
much longer keeled, the keel running to the acute tip and making it
triquetrous scabrid hispid. Upper 4 oblong obtuse glabrous much

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 99

shorter. Nut 4 inch long broadly fusiform bluntly trigonous yellow-
ish white with a small black conical tip eventually completely black.
Nees. Hook. & Arn. Beechey. Voy. p. 228. Boeck. Linnaea. p. 354.

Singapore: Sungei Morai (Ridley 1723), Tanglin, Fort Siloso
(91), (Hullett 54); Johor: Panchur (Ridley), Scudai River
(1723a) ; Malacca: Mount Ophir (Ridley) ; Selangor: Kuala Lumpur
(Ridley 5788) ; Perak: Dindings, Lumut (Ridley) ; Kedah: Gunong
Jerai (Ridley). Distrib, Dutch Islands south of Singapore, Borneo
and China. Common in dry spots near the sea and on river banks,
and at 4000 feet altitude on some hills.

2. G. JAVANICA, Moritzi, Verz. Zoll. Pfl. 98. var. penangensis,
Clarke le. 676. Large tufted plant, with long linear acuminate
scabrid leaves, 3 or 4 feet long. Stems erect 8 to 12 feet tall stout.
Panicle 18 to 24 inches long, lax nodding black branches very numer-
ous 3-4 inches long or less. Bracts long linear from a broader base.
Spikelets less than } inch long. Lower glumes 3-4 blackish brown
lanceolate very shortly mucronate, upper ones % length or more blunt,
not keeled. Stamens, with persistent filaments holding the nut when
ripe. Nut oblong bluntly trigonous less than 4 inch long, at first
yellow, finally red shining. Boeck. Linnaea. XXXVIII. 339. Pha-
kellanthus multiflorus, Zoll, Verz. Ind. Arch. IL. 61. Syzyganthus
multiflorus, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 153. Schoenus paniculatus, Hassk. Cat.
Hort. Bogor. 296. S. Hasskarli, Steud. l.c. 166.

Johor: Bukit Murdom (Kelsall), Gunong Pulai, Pengaram Hill,
Batu Pahat (Ridley) ; Malacca: Mount Ophir (Ridley 3142), (Grif-—
fith) ; Selangor: Bukit Hitam abundant (Ridley); Perak: Larut
Hills (Curtis 2079), Gunong Batu Putih (Wray 387); Penang Hill
(King 1750) ; Kedah: Gunong Jerai (Ridley). Distrib. Sumatra to
New Caledonia and Fiji.

The type form (to which the synonymy belongs) differs in the
closer panicle and longer lower bracts. The var. penangensis seems
to be peculiar to the peninsula. It is common on the hills at an
altitude of from 1500 feet to 4000 feet and is called by the Malays
“ Sereh Bukit.”

17. Remirea, Aublet.

Rhizome very long creeping, throwing short stems, leafy to the
top. Leaves long rigid. Spikes capitate. Spikelets very densely
crowded. Glumes 4, imbricating lowest ribbed, empty, uppermost
enclosing a perfect flower. Bristles 0. Stamens 3 unilateral. Style
slender trifid not dilated. Nut cylindric brown reticulated.

Species 1. All tropical seashores.

R. maritima, Aubl. Pl. Guian. I. 45. t. 16. Stems 2 to 4 inches
long. Leaves 1-6 inches long crowded 4 inch wide, pungent. Head

100 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

of spikes sessile or peduncled, peduncle sometimes 2 inches long.
Spikes ovoid about 4 in a head. Spikelets curved 4 inch long. Nut
2 length of glume. Beauv. Flor. D’Owar. II. 22. t. 73. Kurz. Journ.
As. Soc. XLV. (1876) pt. Il. 158. Boeck. Linnaea. XXXYV. 435.
Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 677. R. pedunculata, Br. Prodr, 236. R.
Wightiana, Nees. Wight. Contrib. 92. R. distichophylla, Boeck Flora
XLI. 410. Mariscus capitatus, Zoll. Verz. Ind. Arch. II. 63. Lipo-
carpha foliosa, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. IIT. 337.

Singapore: Tanjong Katong (Ridley) ; Malacca (Griffith, Main-
gay); Pahang: Sungei Meang (Ridley 1521), Cherating River;
Penang: Batu Feringhi (Curtis 1861); Lankawi Islands (Curtis).
Common in sea sand.

18. Hypotytrum, L. C. Rich.

Tufted plants with usually a very short rhizome and broad leaves
tapering to the apex and 3 nerved. Stems with one or two leaf
bearing nodes, above the base. Spikes oblong, eventually subglobose,
with fruit radiating in a stellate manner, panicled on the ends of the
branches of the corymb, few or many. Bracts long and leafy. Spike-
lets small crowded consisting of one broad glume-like bracteole, within
which 2 opposite hyaline boat-shaped glumes squamellae with 2 sta-
mens with long filaments, anthers oblong not crested, and a subglobose
ovary with a very shrot style with 2 long white branches. Nut
tapering at both ends obovoid biconvex hardly distinctly beaked.

Species 25. All tropical regions.

Corymb large. Spikes very numerous.
Bracteoles not scarious.

Young spikes obovoid .. e as 1. H, latifolium.
Young spikes linear... 7 i" 2. H. penangense.
Spikes few. Bracteoles scarious “5 3. H. proliferum.

1. H. Latirotium, Rich. in Pers. Syn. I. 70. A large tufted .

plant. Leaves numerous linear acuminate 3 nerved, 6 to inches
long 4 to 1 inch wide. Stem rather stout 1 to 3 feet tall, with 1 or 2
leaf bearing nodes, Corymb 3 to 6 inches across, compound dense or
rather lax with somewhat scalrous rigid branches. Spikes usually
very numerous solitary at first oblong globose stellate in fruit + inch
across. Bracts very long leaflike. Bracteole ovate broad subacute
pale brown. Squamellae boatshaped acute, keel ciliate. Stamens 2.
Ovary broad ovoid. Style arms long white. Nut obovoid pale dott-
ed. with red glands eventually black #; inch long, tapering at both
ends. Kurz. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Beng. XXXVIII. 2, 72 (partly).
Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 678. ‘Trim. Fl. Ceyl. V. 89. Bot. Mag. t.
6282. H. giganteum, Nees. Wight. Contrib, 93 (partly). Boeck,

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 101

Linnaea. XXXVITII, 131. WH. schoenoides, Nees. Linnaea. IX. 288.
H. myrianthum, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. II. 233. H. latifolium and H.
diandrum, Dietr. Sp. Pl. Il. 365. Tunga diandra, Retz. Obs. V. 15.
Albikkia scirpoides and schoenoides, Presl. Rel. Haenk. I. 185. t. 34,
30.

Singapore (Kunstler 280), (Anderson 204), Tanglin, Jurong,
Seletar (Ridley) ; Johor: Kuala Sembrong (Kelsall), Batu Pahat
(Ridley), Pulau Dayong (Feilding Herb. H. B. Singap. 5795) ;
Malacca (Griffith 6271), Tanjong Kling, Ayer Keroh (Ridley 10747),
Ayer Panas (1579); Sungei Ujong: Gunong Berumbun (Cantley’s
Coll.) ; Pahang: Pekan (Ridley 1219); Selangor: Kuala Lumpur
(Ridley 10402) ; Perak (Kunstler, Wray), Hermitage Hill (Ridley) ;
Penang Hill (Hullett, Curtis 15, Ridley 9341). Distrib. India,
China, Malay Islands, Australia and Polynesia. Common in woods
in the low country. Native names “ Giring-Giring,” “ Rumput
Supiding,” “ Rumput Susat Belukar.”

2. H. PENANGENSE, Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 679. Stem stout,
leaves long 4 to inch broad. Panicle composed of 100 spikes, young
spikes 4 by #5 inch linear cylindric.

Penang (Maingay 1720). I do not know this which is only
known from a simple specimen in young flower, in Herb Kew. Is it
an abnormal specimen of the preceding species ?

3. H. protireruM, Boeck. Linnaea. XXXVII. 126. Rhizome
very short. Leaves narrow 12-14 inches long 4 to $ inch wide. Stem
slender 9-18 inches long with 1 rarely more leaves above the base.
Spikes 1 to about 20 together $ inch long, in 1 to 3 terminal clusters,
with often a solitary one in the axil of a lower leaf. Bracts long and
leaflike, much longer than the inflorescence. Bracteole pale brown
edged with white ovate blunt. Sqamellae boat-shaped keel ciliate
longer than the ovary. Style short, arms long white. Nut obovoid
acute stalked biconvex brown. Clarke FI. Brit. Ind, VI. 679.

Singapore: Tanglin, Bukit Mandai and Seletar (Ridley 1716) ;
Pahang: Sungei Chenei (Fox); Penang Hill (Ridley). Distrib.
Carimon Isles, Borneo. In damp woods common in Singapore.

There is noting “ proliferous ” about it as Boeckeler’s name would
imply.

19. THorAcostacHyuMm, Kurz.

Rhizome usually long. Leaves broad flat 3 nerved acuminate.
Spikes panicled as in Hypolytrum. Bracts long leafy. Spikelets
small. Squamellae 4. Stems 2 or 3. Style trifid. Nut bony shin-
ing black or brown, beak conic not distinct,

Species 2. Malayan,

-~

102 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Panicle small .. nie aie ay .. 1. Th. bancanum.
Panicle large, rays long, glumes pale .. 2 Th. hypolytroides.

1. TH. BANCANUM, Kurz. Tijdschr. Nat. Vereen. Ned. Ind.
XXVII. 286. Bot. Zeit. XXIII. (1865) 204. Journ. As. Soe.
Beng. XXXVIII. pt. IL. 76. Rhizome rather stout. Leaves 18
inches long }-$ inch wide long acuminate pale, edges scabrous. Stem
2 feet tall triquetrous, smooth. Panicle 2-3 inches across, branches
stiff strongly scabrid. Bracts very long leaflike 6 inches to 12 long.
Spikes few or as many as 50, together in clusters of 2 or 3, on the
ends of the branchlets usually pale $ inch long. Bracteole ovate
rounded smooth. Squamellae 4, two outer ones keeled, keel ciliate.
Stamens 3. Ovary narrow cylindric. Style trifid. Nut narrowed ~
at base, above acuminately beaked, beak chestnut brown or black
shining, beak not distict from nut with 3 longitudinal grooves.
Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 680. Lepironia bancana, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat.
Suppl. 604. Ill. Fl. Arch. Ind. 63. Hypolytrum bancanum, Kurz.
Journ As. Soc, Beng. XXXVIII. pt. Il. 74. Mig. Ill. Fl. Arch.
Ind. 59. Mapania bancana, Benth. and Hook. Gen. Pl. IT. 1055.

Singapore (Wallich 340 part and 3404 part), Chan Chu Kang
(Ridley 168), Chua Chu Kang (Ridley 1717), Changi (124) ; Johor:
Sempang Kiri, Batu Pahat (Ridley 10996) ; Malacca (Griffith 6273,
6357), Ayer Keroh (Ridley 10754); Pahang: Pekan (Ridley 1105,
1063); Perak (Wray 3107). Distrib. Bangka, Borneo. In wet
woods “ Rumput Senayan Batu.” .

var. longispica, Clarke l.c. Spikes elongate cylindric 4 inch long.
Due apparently to the attacks of an Ustilago.

Malacca (Griffith 6357), Bukit Bruang (Ridley 3534); Sing-
apore: Kranji (Ridley).

2. TH. mypoLytroipEs, Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 680. Stolons
long and stout. Leaves 3 feet long 1 inch wide linear long acuminate
edges scabrid. Stem taller, stout trigonous. Bracts very long leaf-
like. Panicle very large decompound, with stout spreading rays 6
inches long or more, branchlets scabrid. Spikes very numerous sub-
globose pallid solitary or in threes. Bracteoles rounded ovate pale
dotted red. Squamellae 4, outer ones largest keeled ciliate on the
edge red dotted. Stamens 3. Style trifid. Hypolytrum Pandano-
phyllum and Pandanophyllum hypolytroides, T, Muell. Fragm. FI.
Austr. IX. 16. Mapania hypolytroides, Benth. Fl. Austral. VIL.
341. M. pandanophyllum, Schum and Hollr. Fl. Kaiser Wilhelms-
land 25.

Johor: Kuala Kahang (Kelsall H. B. 8. No. 4093) ; Malacca:
Merlimau (R. Derry 1027), Sungei Udang (Ridley 1648). Distrib.
New Guinea and Queensland. Wet swamp places in forests. Native
names “ Umbai,” “ Rumput Pandan Biru.” Used for mat making.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 103
20. MapaniA, Aubl.

Stem short woody ascending often branched. Leaves numerous
linear acuminate, with thorny edges, or petiolate linear oblong abrupt-
ly caudate, base sheathing. Scapes shorter than the leaves coriaceous
sheaths at the base. Spikes solitary or as many as 20 in a head, conic
or cylindric, bracteate. Bracteoles broad usually ribbed. Squamellae
narrow, 2 narrowly boat-shaped keeled monandrous, 1 narrower
monandrous 3 upper ones narrow hyaline empty or 1 enwrapping the
style. Style filiform shortly trifid not dilated at the base. Nut
usually large beaked.

Species 36. Assam, Ceylon, Malay Islands, South America.

Leaves linear acuminate,
Spikes several in a head.
Scape tall and stout, spikes 10-20 .. 1. M. palustris.
Scape slender long, spikes 1-15 ovoid conic 2. M. Kurzi.
Scape long stout, spikes 0 cylindric long .. M. longispica.
Seape short. Spikes ovoid 4 M. valida.
Spikes solitary.
Seapes 1-2 feet long slender... var wnos Es longa:
Scapes 4-6 inches very slender .. .. ~ 6. M. tenuwiscapa.
Scapes usually very short and thick .. > %. My Wallichi.

Leaves with a broad sheath at base a petiole,

and broad limb abruptly cordate.

Limb 20 times as long as broad .. Sop. We, hanes:
Limb 3 to 4 times as long as broad .. 9. M. triquetra

ee Se

—

1. M. patustris, Benth. Gen. Pl. III. 1070. Large tufted plant,
rhizome stout $ inch through and long. Leaves 4 foot or more long
linear acuminate 1 inch wide, edges and keel scabrous, 3 nerved.
Scape 6 inches to 18 inches long stout, with several sheaths at the
base. Head of 10 to 30 spikes 1-25 inch through. Spikes $ inch
long. Bracts at base broad ovate ribbed. Squamellae linear oblong,
nearly as long as the bract. Nut subglobose rough black, swollen 4
inch long base narrowed, beak rather long. Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI.
681. Pandanophyllum palustre, Boeck. Linnaea. XXXVII. 138.
Kurz. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. XXXVIII. part 2, 78. (var. malesica)
(not Hasskarl). Lepironia palustris, Miq. Il. Fl. Arch. Ind. 63. t.
25, ;

Singapore: Bukit Timah, Pulau Ubin (Ridley 1715), Seletar
(1712) ; Johor: Gunong Panti, Johor Bharu (Ridley 5794), Batu
Pahat (11003); Malacca (Griffith) ; Pahang: Kuala Tenok, 'Tahan
River (Ridley) ; Perak: Taiping near waterfall (Ridley) : Dindings:

104 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Lumut (Ridley 10317). Distrib. Native name “ Mengkuang Te-
dong,” “ Mengkuang Lubo.” Used for making mats and baskets.
Inhabits dense forests (not swamps). The lowest bract below the
inflorescence is often lanceolate, and in one specimen from the Din-
dings there is tubular sheath with a lanceolate limb 3 way up the scape
24 inches long.

2. M. Kurzu, Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 681. Large tufted
plant with a thick rhizome. Leaves 4 feet long, 3-1 inch wide long
acuminate, edges and keel very rough, scabrid. Scapes 4-18 inches
long stout smooth. Spikes 1-15 in a head one inch across, cylindric
acuminate # inch long brown. Bracteoles ovate obtuse strongly
ribbed. Squamellae rather longer outer ones strongly ciliate. Nut
white narrowed at the base, beaked above ellipsoid (not ripe).

Malacca (Griffith 6356); Perak: Larut Hills (Curtis), (Ridley
11425); Penang: Government Hill (Maingay), (King), Tanjong
Bunga (1820), Balik Pulau (Ridley 9410, 9339). Endemic. In
forests at 1,000 feet alt.

3. M. tonatspica, Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. 8. Br. XLIV. p.
205. Large tufted plant. Leaves linear 5 feet long 1 inch wide,
gradually acuminate margins with close pale thorns. Scape stout
over a foot tall with a head of 4 to 8 cylindric spikes. Bracts ovate
acute ribbed 2 inch long. Spikes 14 inch long 4 inch through
cylindric. Bracteoles ovate obtuse ribbed down the back. Squa-
mellae % inch long, fringed. Style trifid slender. Nut trigono-
globose endocarp hard black, ectocarp separable green.

Perak: Larut Hills (Ridley 11424) at an elevation of about
2,000 feet alt. Endemic. Allied to M. Kurzii but distinct in its
large cylindric spikes, and stout scape. I am inhabited to Mr. Clarke
for its examination and notes on this species.

4. M. vaurpa, Ridl. l.c.e. Rhizome stout woody % inch thick.
Leaves numerous, linear acuminate 24 feet long }{ inch wide edges
roughly thorny point very long and slender, base of leaves shining
dark brown. Scapes stout 44 inches long with numerous sheaths at
the base. Heads of 3 or 4 spikes oblong conic over 4 inch long.
Bracts ovate ribbed } inch long. Bracteoles ovate dark brown ribbed.
Squamellae linear margins ciliate. Style trifid. Nut pear-shaped
with a ridge at one side pale brown very small.

Singapore: Bukit Timah (Ridley 1714), Changi (Ridley 5798).
Endemic. Allied to M. Wallichti but with longer slender peduncles 3
or 4 spikes in a head, and a different nut. One specimen from Bukit
Timah (1714) has only a single spike in the head, but it is more usual
to have 3 or 4. ‘This is the plant referred to by Mr, Clarke (FI. Brit.
Ind. VI. p. 628) as M. multispicata Clarke, but in litt. he says now
it is not that species,

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 105

‘>. M. ronaa, Clarke FI. Brit. Ind. VI. 683. A large tufted plant
with a long rhizome. Leayes 3-4 feet long } inch wide linaer acu-
minate, edges aculeate for nearly the whole length, keel aculeate above.
Scapes slender 10 to 25 inches long, with a few sheaths at the base.
Head 1 rarely 2, ovoid } inch long $ inch wide in fruit. Bracts
shorter than inflorescence ovate subacute ribbed green, margin thin.
Squamellae nearly as long as the bracteoles.

Singapore: Seletar (Ridley 169, 6254). Distrib. Borneo. A
large Pandanus-like plant growing in streams.

6. M. TeNnviscapa, Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 683. Rhizome 4
inch through woody. Leaves narrow linear acuminate, 3 feet long
2 inch wide with 4 nerves, edges and keel at tip aculeolate. Scapes
3-6 inches long with 4 or 5 sheaths at the base, base $ inch long.
Bracts brown ribbed, Squamellae 6, 4-4 inch long nearly as long as the
bracteole. Nut ovoid shortly beaked black. P. andanophyllum,
Kurz. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. XX XVIII. part II. 81 (partly).

Johor: Kuala Sembrong (Kelsall, Ridley 4094), Sungei Tebrau
(Ridley 11501); Malacea (Griffith 6299). Distrib. Sumatra and
Borneo. In muddy forests by river banks.

%. M. Watuicui, C. B. Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 682. Stem
short erect stout, woody, 2 inches long $ inch through. Leaves long
linear 3-4 feet long 2 inches across edges and keel above serrate very
stiff. Inflorescence several very shortly ($ inch) peduncled, in
flower fusiform #} inch long, in fruit conic 1 inch long # inch through.
Glumes ovate ribbed lower ones mucronate upper ones not mucronate
narrower. Squamellae 6, narrow # inch long, outer ones keeled
ciliate at the tip mner ones linear hyaline. Style trifid white. Nut
4 inch long ovoid turgid base narrowed to a short stalk. Beak short
incurved. Kurz. Journ. As. Soc. Beng. XXXVIII. pt. IL. 79 (not
Hassk.).

Singapore (Wallich 3541), Bukit Timah (Ridley 11475). Dis-
trib. Borneo.

A big tufted plant in dense forests. Young spikes are green
with a darker edge conic when dry polished yellow, minutely dotted.
Occasionally the peduncles are much longer and more slender, 6 to
8 inches long.

8. M. numitts, Naves & Villar Blanco FI. Filip. Append. 309.
Stem short 2-3 inches long stout. Leaves equitant at base with broad
sheaths over 1 inch across, passing into a petiole half as long as the
suddenly dilated blade, blade oblong serrulate ending rather abruptly
in a slender tail, 28 inches long 1 inch wide, tail 3-4 inches long.
Scapes $-12 inches long covered at the base with scales. Head fusi-
form when young, ovoid when full grown. Bracts shorter than the

106 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

head ovate broad brown with scarious margins. Bracteoles ovate ob-
tuse ribbed. Squamellae 6 shorter narrow % inch long. Anthers white
linear oblong. Style long pink trifid. Nut } inch long, broadly
fusiform oblique beak very short dusky scurfy brown. Clarke FI.
Brit. Ind. VI. 683. M. lucida, N. E. Br. Illustr. Hort. XXXII. 77.
t. 557. Pandanophyllum humile, Hassk, Tijsch. Nat. Vereen. Ned.
Ind. X. 119. Kurz. in Journ. As. Soc. Beng. XX XVIII. pt. IL. 82.
P. zippelianum, Kurz. in Tijdsch. Nat. Vereen, XX VII. 126. Bot.
Zeit. XXIII. 204. P. Wendlandi, Gard. Chron. XXI. 1884, 711.
Lepironia cuspidata, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 603. LZ. humilis, Miq.
Ill. Fl. Arch. Ind. 61. t. 23.

Singapore: Bukit Timah (Ridley 6546), Kranji (1713) ; Johor:
M. Castlewood (Ridley 9176); Negri Sembilan: Perhentian Tinggi
(Ridley) ; Malacca (Griffith), (Hervey), Selandor (Cantley’s Coll.) ;
Selangor: Petaling; Perak: Larut Hills at 4000 feet (Curtis 2081),
(King’s Coll. 2554) ; Pahang: Tahan River; Penang (Curtis 287).
Distrib. Borneo. Common in forests.

9. M. rrigueTRA, Ridl. Stem ascending or erect, 6 inches long,
triquetrous from the broad leaf sheaths 14 inch long 1 inch wide
green edged pink, petiole green 2-3 inches long blade oblong dark
green above paler beneath base broad 6-8 inches long 2 inches wide
ending abruptly in a tail 14 inch long edges aculeate. Scape slender
3 inches long red. Head very small $ inch long. Bracts shorter
lanceolate red. Sqamellae 6, 2 outer ones with ciliate keels. Stamens
3 white. Anthers twisted linear oblong. Style long stigmas 3 short.

Dindings: Lumut (Ridley) ; Pangkor (Scortechini) ; Negri Sem-
bilan: Bukit Tumiang (Cantley’s Coll.); Penang Hill (Curtis).
Distrib. Borneo. In forests.

21. ScIRPODENDRON, Zipp.

Large coarse tufted plants resembling a pandanus, rhizome
horizontal, stem very short. Leaves long linear narrow acuminate
aculeolate. Inflorescence a head of spikes on a short peduncle hidden
among the leaves. Bracts longer. Spikes dense, numerous. Brac-
teoles (glumes) large oblong coriaceous 1 or more flowered. Squa-
mellae numerous 2 lateral broadest concave ciliate on keel monandrous,
inner above 6. Stamens elongate. Anthers slender. Style slender,
bifid. Nut large deeply grooved.

Species 1. Ceylon, Malay Islands, Australia, Samoa.

S. costatuM, Kurz. Journ. As. Soc, Beng. XX XVIII. pt. 2, 85.
Rhizome rather slender with long roots. Leaves 10 feet long 1-14
inch across, tail filiform scabrid 6 to 10 inches long. Inflorescence
peduncle lengthening in fruit to a foot long. Spikes yellowish white
ovoid. Bracts leaflike very long, lower ones 4 feet or less, upper bracts

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 107

white. Squamellae about 4 inch long. Fruiting spike often dis-
tinctly branched 6 inches long. Nut $-% inch long brown, ellipsoid
grooved deeply and acute at both ends, epicarp fleshy seed globose.
Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. Trimen. Fl. Ceyl. VI. 92. Migq. Ill. Fl.
Arch, Ind. t. 28. Pandanus pumilus, Moon. Cat. 67. Chionanthus
Ghaert, Gaertn. Fruct. 1, 119.

Singapore: Kranji, Jurong, Changi (Ridley 3939) ; Johor: Kota
Tinggi river bank, Sempang Kiri (Ridley). Native name “ Selin-
sing.’ Very common along rivers near the sea.

22. LeprroniA, L. C. Rich.

A rust-like plant with a creeping rhizome and tall leafless stems
with a scale-like sheath at base. Spike simple cylindric lateral,
oblong obtuse, with a terete bract appearing like the continuation of
the stem. Bracteoles broad blunt. Squamellae 8 to 11 shorter outer
ones 2 boat-shaped, keel siliate, monandrous the others narrower mo-
nandrous or empty. Style short bifid, arms slender. Nut ovoid beak
compressed.

Species 1. Madagascar, Ceylon, Malay Islands, N. Australia,
Fiji.

L. mucronata, Rich .Pers. Syn. 170. Rhizome woody covered
with scales, with long roots. Stems terete 1 to 3 feet long transversely
septate crowded. Spike $- inch long } inch through. Bracts 1-2
inches terete acuminate. Bracteoles chestnut brown, broad blunt not
ribbed, spirally imbricating. Nut ovoid compressed beaked winged
margins and beak ciliate. Miq. Ll. Fl. Arch. Ind. 60. t. 20. Kurz.
Journ. As. Soc. Beng. XXXVIII. pt. II. 77. Boeck, Linnaea.
XXXVII. 140. Goebel. Ann. Jard. Buitenz. VII. 126. t. 14. f. 12,
13. Clarke lc. 684. Scirpus coniferus, Poir. Encye. VI. 756.
Suppl. V. 90. Restio articulatus, Retz. Obs. IV. 14. Chondrachyne
articulata, Br. Prodr. 220. Choricarpa aphylla, Boeck. Flora XLI.
20.

Singapore (Lobb), Teban, Jurong (Ridley); Johor; Pahang:
Sungei Chenei (Fox, Ridley 5009); Malacca (Griffith 6307) ; Din-
dings: Tanjong Hantu (Ridley 7263). In ponds on open swamps.

23. SCLERIA, Berg.

Perennial or annual rough herbs. Stems leafy. Leaves narrow,
linear acuminate sometimes 3 nerved, scabrid, cutting, sheath trique-
trous or winged. Panicle elongate, compound broad or narrow.
Flowers unisexual. Spikelets unisexual, more rarely bisexual, with
one female flower below, and several males above. Glumes 2-4 lower
ones empty, 1 or more above floriferous. Stamens 3 to 1. Style
trifid slender, not thickened at the base. Nut bony white or purple,

108 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

smooth or shining or reticulate or tubercled, sometimes hairy stipitate,
with a disc often large fleshy, entire tooth or three lobed.

Species 150. All warm regions.

1. HypoporumM. Most of the spikelets

bisexual.
Leaves narrow, panicle narrow... & 1. S. lithosperma.
Leaves broad, 3 nerved glabrous.
Panicle large, corymbs several .. ae 2. S. corymbosa.
Panicle slender, corymbs few small .. 3. S. Ridleyi.
Leaves hairy, nut trigonous hairy .. a 4. 8. trigonocarpa.

2. Evuscierta. Spikelets unisexual.
Nut smooth.

Tall stout plant, panicle large dense .. 5. S. oryzoides.
Slender weak plants.
Nut ovoid . . zeylanica.

. levis.
. Radula.
. caricina.

Nut Blokes’ top Aree

Nut very small grooved .

Annual dwarf plant

Nut reticulated velvety or pubescent.

Panicles dense crowded at top of stem.
Secondary bracts setaceous very long .. 10. S. bancana.

Panicles lax, sheaths not winged.

eet pista aaa
TRMRRR

Dise short 3 lobed ae F .. 11. 8S. multifoliata.
Dise long cylindric crenulate ed .. 12. S. sumatrensis,
Panicle slender lax, sheaths winged .. 13. S. hebecarpa.
Nut tessellate. Stout tall plants.

Ligule ovate hairy .. Pe .. 14. 8. elata.

Ligule scarious brown .. .. 15. S. chinensis.
Nut tessellate small weak plant .. os) £6.89. ba flera.
Nut very small tubercled ;. oie «. 17. S.neesu.

1. S. LirHospERMA, Sw. Prodr. 18. Fl. Ind. Occid. 92. Rhizome
short woody. Stems 18-24 inches tall slender tufted. Leaves narrow
linear 4, inch across 8- inches long. Sheaths pubescent, otherwise
glabrous, Panicle narrow with slender branches 1-3 inches long with
distant small spikelets or clusters of spikelets, many bisexual. Glumes
dark brown acuminate. Nut 4; inch long ovoid smooth white.
Nees. Wight. Contrib. 117. Boeck. Linnaea. XXXVIII. 451. Kurz.
Journ. As. Soc. XLV. pt. Il. 159. Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 685.
Trim, Fl, Ceyl. V. 96. 8, tenuis, Retz, Obs. LV. 13, Roxb, Fl. Ind,

‘Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 109

TIT. 574. S. Wightiana, Steud. Syn. Cyp. 176. Scirpus litho-
spermus, L. Sp. Pl. (Ed. I) 51. Schoenus lithospermus, L. Sp. (Ed.
II) 65. Olyra orientalis, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. Il. 674. Hypoporum
lithospermum, Nees. in Mart. Fl. Braz, Cyp. 172.

Pahang: Rumpin River, Kuala Pahang (Ridley 1461) ; Malacca
(Griffith 6129), Nyalas (Goodenough 1299), Alor Gajah (Ridley) ;
Negri Sembilan: Tampin Hill (Goodenough) ; Linggi River (Rid-
ley); Dindings: Lumut (Ridley 10926, 3111); Penang (Wallich
3416), Waterfall (Curtis 1794). Distrib. All tropical regions ex-
cept Africa. Inhabits dry woods.

var. Roxburghw, Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 686. Trim. FI. Ceyl.
p. 96. Rather a shorter plant, with mucronate glumes and the nut
globose are oblong trigonous, apiculate tubercled in waved ridges
white.

Johor: Batu Pahat, Minyak Buku (Ridley 10995); Dindings:
Lumut (Ridley 7261).

2. S. coryMBosa, Roxb. Fl. Ind. ITI. 574. A stout robust plant
nearly glabrous with a short rhizome. Stems 2 to 8 feet tall with 3
angled or winged sheaths. Leaves 12-14 or 20 inches long 4-1 inch
wide smooth, except the scabrid edges or minutely hairy on the back.
Panicle 18-24 inches long of 6 or 7 compoundly corymbose axillary
partial panicles 3 inches or more long, branchlets rather stiff and
spreading. Bracts spreading setaceous. Spikelets nearly + inch long
nearly all bisexual. Glumes pale, greenish or with chestnut sides.
Style trifid. Nut ellipsoid narrowed at base, tip pointed, smooth and
white $4 inch long. Disc very short hardly 3 lobed brown. Clarke
Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 686. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. V. 95. 8S. androgyna,
Nees. Linnaea. IX. 303 and in Wight. Contrib, 117. Boeck. Linnaea.
XXXVIIT. 536. 8. corymbifera, Boeck. *Linnaea. XXXVIII. 537.
S. majus, Moon, Cat. Pl. Ceyl. 62. 7

Singapore: Bukit Timah (Ridley 10851) ; Johor: Gunong Panti
(Ridley) ; Muar: Bukit Muar (Feilding); Malacca (Griffith), Ayer
Keroh (Ridley 10746), Batang Malacca (Derry); Dindings: Telok
Sera (Ridley 8557) ; Perak: Goping (King 1092) ; Selangor: Bukit
Hitam at 4000 feet (Kelsall 1969) ; Penang (Curtis 490). Distrib.
India and Ceylon. Damp spots by paths in forests local up to 4000
feet elevation. In the Singapore plant the lowest stem sheaths are
strongly winged.

3. S. Ripteyi, Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 686. Stems 18 inches
to 2 feet tall rather slender hardly trigonous. Leaves -12 inches
long $ inch wide almost entirely glabrous. Panicle of about 4 partial
panicles rather compact but distant from each other 14-2 inches long
light brown, 8-30 spikelets in each. Nut ellipsoid beak a little longer
than that of S. corymbosa, smooth white 4 inch long.

110 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Singapore: Changi (Ridley 2131); Dindings: Lumut (Ridley
10294). Distrib. Pulau Buru (Ridley 1641) Hongkong. In damp
sandy spots rare. Pulau Buru is one of the Dutch Islands between
Singapore and Sumatra.

4. S. triconocarpa, Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. 8. Br. Stem
stout over 2 feet tall. Leaves sheaths triquetrous not winged roughly
hispid. Leaves not crowded long 4 inch across with 3 prominent ribs
apex long acuminate scabrid, and pubescent beneath. Panicle rather
narrow rough pubescent, partial panicles 1$ inch long. Spikelets
brown mostly bisexual. Glumes keeled and mucronate in female
flower, pubescent. Nut when young covered with ferruginous hairs,
white smooth trigonous above acuminate to a broad triangular tip,
dise short irregularly wrinkled yellowish.

Pahang: Tahan River (Ridley). Raub (Machado 11533).
A few specimens obtained with the fruit hardly ripe. It is evidently |
allied closely to Sci. corymbosa Roxb. and Scl. Ridleyi with something
of the habit of the latter, but much more hairy and with distinctly
trigonous nut covered at first with ferruginous hairs. I obtained a
much more slender and glabrous plant with quite similar spikelets
at Gaya, British North Borneo (No. 9104 of my collection).

5. S. oryzorpes, Presl. Rel. Haenk. 1, 201. Stolons long, 4 inch
through. Stems robust 3 to 6 feet tall glabrous, triquetrous. Leaves
about 3 feet tall $ inch wide scabrous, sheath acutely trigonous, or
winged, no ligule. Panicle 6-8 inches long dense on a long 6 inches
slender peduncle bract less except for the terminal leaf below the
peduncle narrow linear acute. Spikelets solitary unisexual, on slender
flexuous branches, some plants nearly entirely male. Female spike-
lets usually 2 or 1 at the base of the spikes. Male spikelets much
more numerous. Glumes keeled and mucronate red brown. Style
trifid. Nut globose white smooth $ inch long hardly narrowed at the
base, dise three lobed, short lobes appressed to the nut. Nees. Wight.
Contrib, 116. Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 691. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. V.
99. WS. latifolia, Moon. Cat. Pl. Ceyl. 62. 8S. orizoides, Boeck. Lin-
naea. XX XVIII. 492

Singapore: Changi (Ridley 5808); Johor: Serom (Ridley
10998) ; Malacca (Griffith), Ching (Ridley) ; Perak: Trang (Kunst-
ler). Distrib. East Africa, India, Malay Islands to N. Australia.
Native name “ Rumput Siku Dana.” In ditches and rice-fields,
abundant in Malacca.

6. S. ZEYLANICA, Poir. Encycl. VII. 3 (excl. part). Slender
tufted plant, nearly or quite glabrous. Leaves thin -4 inches long
4 inch wide. Panicles axillary small of 1 or 2 spikes only. Spikelets
small 4 inch long. Glumes brownish. Style trifid. Nut small ~s
inch long white smooth egg-shaped. Nees. Wight. Contrib,

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 1

p. 118. Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 687. Trim, Fl. Ceyl. V. 9%. 8.
ceylanica, Kunth. Enum. II. 358. 8S. Thwaitesiana, Boeck. Linnaea.
XXXVIII. 454. 8S. lateriflora, Boeck. 454. Kurz. Journ. As, Soc.
Beng. XLV. pt. 2, 159.

Singapore: Galang, Changi (Ridley) ; Pahang: Kuala Pahang;
Malacca: Ayer Panas (Ridley); Penang: Telok Bahang (Curtis
1907). Distrib. Ceylon, Nicobars, Tenasserim, Borneo, Amboyna.
The peninsula plant seems to be usually quite glabrous, except the
bracts.

%. S. Levis, Retz. Obs. TV. 13. Rhizome short woody roots
tough. Stems triquetrous not winged rather slender 2-3 feet tall.
Leaves linear acuminate 1 foot tall 4+ inch across. Panicle rather
narrow, lower partial panicles small. Upper one subpyramidal brown
or dark red. Nut smooth quite globose white or black almost flattened
at the top, dise white fleshy with 3 ovate lobes, toothed at the tip.
Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 694. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. V. 100. 8S. laevis,
Willd. Sp. Pl. IV. 314. Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 575. Nees. Wight.
Contrib. 117. Boeck. Linnaea. XXXVIIT. 512. Kurz. Journ. As.
Soc. Beng. XLV. part 2, 160.

Singapore: Changi (Ridley 5809), Tanglin, etc., very common ;
Johor: Tana Merah Road (Ridley 1719); Pahang: Pulau Tawar
(Ridley 2143), Pekan (1477); Malacca: Pulau Besar (Griffith),
Alor Gajah (Ridley) ; Penang (Wallich 3410 part). Distrib. India,
Ceylon, Siam, Malay Islands, China. Common in grassy spots.

8. S. RapuLa, Hance, in Ann. Se. Nat. Ser. 4. XVIII. 232.
Robust very slightly hairy, very scabrous. Partial panicles several
peduncle pyramidal secondary bracts long setaceous conspicuous.
Nuts smooth white, lobes of dise small ovate. Clarke lec. 691. S.
laevis var. S. caberrima, Benth. Pl. Hongkong 400. 8S. aspera,
Boeck. Linnaea. XX XVIII. 483.

Perak at 300 feet (King’s Coll. 1929). Distrib. Hongkong.
(Not seen).

9. S. cartcina, Benth. Fl. Austral. VII. 426. A small annual,
very slender and weak 6 to 15 inches tall glabrous. Leaves linear
acute 1-2 inches long 5-4 inch wide, flaccid bright green, usually 3
nerved. Spikelets in very small axillary clusters 4 inch long close,
or remote, just emerging from the axils of the leaflike bracts, all
unisexual. Female spikelets #; inch long pale green, with 1 or 2
males at the base. Glumes 4 upper ones three lobed, stigmas 3. Nut
minute white 3 ribbed, and cancellate between the ribs. Clarke FI.
Brit. Brit. Ind. VI. 688. Goebel. Ann. Jard. Buitenz. VII. 1382. t.
15. f. 21-29. SS. avillaris, Moon. Cat. Pl. Ceyl. p. 62. Diplacrum
caricinum, Br. Prodr. 241. Trim, Fl,Ceyl. V. 101, Endl. Iconogr.

112 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

t. 25. Boeck. Linnaea. XXXVIII. 434. D. tridentatum, Brugn.
Duperr, Voy. t. 26. D. zeylanicum, Nees. Wight. Contrib. p. 119.

Singapore: whole island, Bukit Mandi (Ridley 3806) ; Johor:
Sungei T'ebrau (Ridley 11499) ; Malacca: Merlimau; Pulau Besar;
Pahang: Pekan (Ridley). Distrib. India, China, Malay islands,
Queensland. Common in waste ground and sandy paths. In open
places it forms a short compact tuft, in long grass, it becomes taller
and weaker, with more distant spikelets.

10. S. Bancana, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. Suppl. 602. A tall rough
stout plant, nearly glabrous. Leaves -2 feet long }-3 inch wide 3
neryed scabrid sheaths triquetrous stout not winged or occasionally
narrowly so. Partial panicles dense crowded at the top sometimes
1 or 2 below light green. Branches crowded. Secondary bracts long
setaceous conspicuously exsert. Spikelets unisexual green. Nut ovoid
globose reticulate #, inch long minutely pubescent. Disc yellowish
undulate recurved. Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 693. S. macrophylla,
Presl. Rel. Hoenk. I. 200. Nees. Wight. Contrib. 116. 8S, malac-
censis, Boeck. Linnaea. XX XVIII. 507.

Singapore (Wallich 3409), (Hullett 3241), Tanglin (Ridley
160) ; Johor: Kuala Sembrong (Kelsall) ; Pahang: Pekan (Ridley
1556); Selangor: Kuala Lumpur (Ridley); Malacca (Griffith),
Sungei Hudang (Ridley). Distrib. Tenasserim, Malaya, Cochin-
china, Oceania. Common in open country. “ Rumput Sendanian
Bukit.”

11. S. muLtTironimTa, Boeck. Linnaea. XXXVIII. 510. Stems
usually tolerably robust and glabrous about 3 feet tall. Leaves in
the upper part of the stem falsely whorled (i.e. 2 to 5 or 6 close to-
gether with short sheaths, and a space of 2 inches between these and
the next) linear scabrid 16-12 inches long }- inch wide. Partial
panicles lax red pyramidal. Spikelets rather distant slender, narrow-
ed at base. Nut 4; inch long reticulate raised edges of the reticu-
lations hairy, white or reddish, dise 4+ to $ of the height of the nut
distinctly 3 lobed. Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 693.

Singapore (Walker 242), Garden Jungle, Bukit Timah (Ridley
6113); Johor: Gunong Pulai, Minyak Buku, Batu Pahat (Ridley),
Kuala Sembrong (Kelsall, Ridley 4098); Malacca: Pulau Besar
(Griffith), Mount Ophir (Ridley) ; Pahang: Pekan, Tanjong Hantu,
Pahang River (Ridley 2146); Perak: Taiping Waterfall; Penang
(Wallich 3410 part).

var. pilosula, Clarke |.c. more hairy, leaves beneath densely softly
hairy. Spikelets greenish white lower bracts subopposite panicle
only slightly hairy. S. pubescens, Zoll. Verz. Ind, Arch, II. 61, not
of 8S,

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 113

Penang: Stoliezka (Kunstler 1544 part), (King 1657). Distrib.
Java.

var. ophirensis, Clarke l.c. Rather stouter with broader leaves,
glabrous except the inflorescence. Lower peduncles of panicles long
slender 4 inches. Male spikelets fuscous red narrow crowded into
dense pyramidal heads pubescent, lobes of dise margin shorter.

Mount Ophir, Padang Batu 3000 feet alt. (Hullett, Ridley 3122,
-10006). In long grass. Endemic. Distrib. of species Rangoon and
Malay islands.

Occurs from the level country up to an altitude of 4000 feet.
A form like var. ophirensis in the compact pyramidal heads, but with
shorter peduncles occurs on St. Barbe Isle and the Carimon islands
(Dutch Islands South West of Singapore),

12. S. suMaTRENSIS, Retz. Obs. V. 19. t. 2. A tall rather slender
plant 5 to 20 feet tall in scrub, weak, glabrous. Leaves linear acu-
minate 9-12 inches long 4 inch wide 2-4 crowded together with a
space of a foot between. Panicle 6 inches or more long lax light
‘brown. Partial panicles ascending. Glumes mucronate reddish with
a green keel and mucro. Nut black when ripe reticulate pubescent
nearly globose, half or more concealed by the very large cylindric
fleshy red disc margins edges crenulate, base of disc white. Nees.
Wight. Contrib. 116. Boeck. Linnaea. XXXVIIT. 513. Kurz. Journ.
As. Soc. Beng. XLV. part IJ. 159. Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VL. /575.
S. setigera, Roxb. Fl. Ind, IT. 575. 8. purpurascens, Steud. Syn.
Cyp. 169.

Singapore: very common Tanglin, Bukit Timah, etc. (Wallich
3407), (Ridley) ; Malacca (Griffith 2855) ; Selangor: Bukit Kudah
(Ridley) ; Pahang: Pekan (Ridley), Kuala Lipis (Machado) ; Sungei
Ujong: Gunong Berembun (Cantley’s Coll.), Tampin Hill (Good-
enough) ; Perak (Kunstler 2405) ; Penang: Tanjong Bunga (Curtis),
(W allich 3407 part). Distrib. Malay Islands. Native name “ Rum-
put Kumbor,” “ Siamet,” “ Sendayan.”

13. S. HEBECARPA, Nees. Linnaea. IX. 303. Wight. Contrib.
117. Rhizome slender. Stems slender and weak, 2-3 feet tall.
Leaves, sheaths more or less winged, blade 12-14 inches long 4 inch
across edges scabrous. Panicles ‘usually thin and lax, terminal ones
sometimes pyramidal fairly stout 3 inches long. Bracts usually ex-
sert conspicuous and long. Bpucelcts all unisexual dark red. Glumes
keeled and mucronate. Nut #5 inch long ovoid white minutely
velvety, white, obscurely. reticulated when young. Boeck, Linnaea.
XXXVI. 478. Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 689. Trim. Fl. Zeyl.
V.99. S. alata, Moon. Cat.-Pl. Ceyl. 62. 8. scrobiculata, Zoll. Verz.
Arch. Ind. If. 61° 8. stipularts, Thw. Enum. 353, 435 (not Nees.).

° repeals am C8

114 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Singapore: Tanglin, Pulau Ubin, Changi (Ridley 5811) ; Johor:
Kota Tinggi, Gunong Panti (Ridley); Selangor: Kuala Lumpur
Caves (Ridley 8166); Pahang: Pekan (Ridley) ; Penang: Tanjong
Bunga (Curtis 1828), (1795). Distrib. India, Malay Islands, China,
Japan, Australia, Polynesia,

14. S. Evata, Thwaites Enum. 353a (partly). Robust, about 3
feet tall 4 inch through or less. Leaves 12-24 inches long } to 4 inch
wide narrowed at the tip scabrous. Sheath three winged, wings some-
times broad, ligule rounded entire hairy. Panicle usually large
spreading, partial panicles 3-6 inches long branches divaricate hairy.
Bracts conspicuously setaceous. Spikelets numerous scattered uni-
sexual. Female glumes glabrous very shortly mucronate red. Nut
tessellated minutely hairy white or dark red, disc. Boeck, Linnaea.
XXXVIII. 487. Clarke FI. Brit. Ind. VI. 690. Trim. Fl. Ceyl.
V. 97%. NS. lithosperma, Roxb. Fl. Inf. IIT. 574 (not Willd.). 8.
Hasskarliana, Boeck. Engl. Jahrb. V. 1884, 511. Diaphora Cochin
Chinensis, Lour. Fl. Cochinch. 709.

Perak (King’s Coll. 2506), Larut Hills 5000 feet alt, (Ridley)..

var. decolorans, Clarke l.c. Robust dark red. Nuts earlier dis-
coloured finally black purple as are the glumes.

Penang at 2500 feet alt. (Rink), Government Hill (Ridley
9334). The Penang Hill plant (9334) is hardly robust and the
panicles are much reduced not pyramidal, and some of the nuts
apparently ripe are quite white. Distrib. India, Java, New Guinea,
China.

15. S. cHINENSIS, Kunth. Enum. II. 357. Tall rather slender
glabrous 2 feet or more. Leaf sheaths not winged triquetrous, ligules
with an ovate oblong dark brown process $-} inch long obtuse fragile
_biauriculate at the base. Leaves linear acuminate 6-15 inches long.
4 or more wide smooth. Panicles pyramidal lax, about 4, lowest one
on a long slender peduncle. Bracts setaceous conspicuous. Glumes
dark red. Style trifid. Nut small tessellate, discoloured. Clarke
Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 690. Boeck. Linnaea. XXXVIII. 486. Trim.
F]. Ceyl. V, 98. 8S. ciliaris, Nees. Wight. Contrib. 117 (not Mich).
S. scrobiculata, Moritzi. Verz. Zoll. pfl. 98.

Kedah: Gunong Jerai (Ridley 1556). Distrib, Ceylon, China,
Malaya, Australia.

16. S. Brrtora, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 573. A tufted glabrous
plant, a foot tall or less, roots fibrous. Leaves 6 to 8 inches long
4-4 inch wide acute. Stems slender not much longer than the leaves.
Panicle narrow, elongate, lower branches remote, 4-1 inch long.
Spikelets unisexual dark brown. Glumes acuminate keeled green.
Style trifid. Nut globose hairy tessellated white ys inch long with

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 115

a short black beak (style base). Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 687.
S. Steudeliana, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. III. 344. Boeck. Linn. XXVIII,
475. 8S. tessellata, Benth. Fl. Hongkong 399. Kunth. Enum. II.
343 (part).

Singapore: Tanglin, Blakan Mati Island (Ridley 5810), Bukit
Timah (8452); Pahang: Pulau Tawar (Ridley 2147); Penang
(Diedrichson), Waterfall (Curtis 1795). Distrib. India, Ceylon,
Malaya, China. Common in grass plots and by road sides.

17. S. Negsu, Kunth. Enum. IJ. 358. var. borneesis, Clarke.
Stems solitary or tufted a foot tall, hairy especially on the lower
sheaths. Leaves few linear obtuse 8 inches long 4 inch across hairy
especially below. Panicles slender with 2 clusters of spikelets remote,
the lower one on a long slender peduncle. Spikelets 5 to 12 in a
cluster, $ inch long unisexual, ferruginous. Glumes acuminate
keeled hairy on the edges. Nut very small, jg inch long globose
covered with conical tubercles hairy at the tip. Boeck. Linnaea.
XXXVIII. 449. Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 688. 8S. stricta, Moon.
Cat. Ceyl. Pl. 621. Hypoporum capitatum, Nees. Linnaea. IX.
305. Edinb. Phil. Journ. XVII. 267. Wight. Contrib. 118.

Kedah: Gunong Jerai (Ridley 5146) on a grassy spot at 3000
feet alt., rare. Distrib. Borneo. ‘The tpye form the species, Ceylon.

24. Carex, L.

Perennial herbs. Stems leafy. Spikelets few or many, remote
or clustered, bisexual or unisexual, lower flowers female, upper male.
Glumes imbricate spirally. Flowers solitary in the glumes. Sta-
mens 2 or 3. Female flowers a compressed or trigonous ovary with a
slender 2 or 3-fid style, enclosed in an urceolate sac (the utricle).
Nut smaller compressed or 3 angled, enclosed in the utricle.

Species about 500. Whole world.

Inflorescence narrow much shorter than the

leaves. Bracts, and stem leaves very short 1. C. cryptostachys.
Inflorescence shorter than leaves.

Spikelets few remote white, utricles glab-

rous : 2. C. malaccensis.
Spikelets oblong 1-4 nirioles, pilose 3. C. perakensis.
Spikelets erect crowded utricles numerous 4. C. Curtisit.
Spikes long cylindric utricles ovoid hairy 5. C. arridens,
Inflorescence elongate or pyramidal panicles of
short spikelets.
Spikelets utricle subglobose .. se 6. C. indica.

116 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Spikelets ferruginous utricle ellipsoid gla-

~brous beak entire .. ot ve 8. -C. crunata.
Spikelets ferruginous utricle narrow ellip-
soid pilose, beak bifid .. A .. 8. C. condensata.

1. C. cryprostacHys, Brngn. Bot. Voy. Coquille 152, t. 26.
Rhizome stout horizontal } inch through. Leaves numerous linear
acuminate tufted 1 to 24 feet long 4-4 inch wide many nerved. Scapes
1 or several much shorter 6-8 inches long, branched. Spikes linear
pale green, lax $ inch or less. Bracts lanceolate cuspidate. Male
flowers few. Female glumes ovate submucronate glabrous white.
Keel green $ as long as the utricle, style trifid short. Utricle } inch
long pale green striate hispid, oblong narrowed towards the base beak
short. Nut small yellow irregularly distorted on a pedicel swollen at
the top. Kunth. Enum. II. 513. Moritzi. Verz. Zoll. Pgl. 98.
Boott. Carex, IT. 103. t. 310. Boeck. Linnaea, XL. 327. C. cyrtos-
tachys, Clarke Fl, Brit. Ind. VI. 714 (by error).

Singapore: Bukit Timah (Ridley 1720); Johor: Batu Pahat
(Ridley 11001) ; Sungei Ujong (Cantley’s Coll.) ; Dindings: Lumut
(Ridley 10269); Perak: Larut Hills 3400-4000 feet alt. (IXing’s
Coll. 8517); Penang (Wallich 3383); Government Hill (Curtis
1910). Distrib. Malay islands and China. Native name “ Rumput
Ringgin.” Banks in woods rather local.

2. C. MALACCENSIS, Clarke FI. Brit. Ind. VI. 722. Whole plant
2 feet tall stem slender. Leaves narrow long. Bracts under terminal
head 4 inches Jong by } inch wide Jeaflike horizontal spreading.
Heads 1 or few pyramidal rigid } inch diameter white. Female
glumes minutely hairy. Utricle strongly-nerved glabrous subinflated
ovate acuminate pale tip blunt ribbed narrowed into a conico-linear
flattened beak scabrous on margins curved inwards trigonous com-
pressed. Style long slender red, stigmas 3 slender. Lankawi Islands
(Curtis 1669) rare at Kuala Malacca. Near C. leucantha, Arnott.
The specifie name is unfortunate as the plant occurs only in Lankawi
far from Malacca.

3. C. peraKENs!Is, Clarke Fl. Brit, Ind. VI. 720. Rhizome stout
woody. Leaves subbasal, 2 feet long flaccid 4 inch across bases shin-
ing brownish black. Inflorescence shorter about a foot or less, lowest
peduncle distant slender. Partial panicles with connivent branches
pale, 2-3 inches long linear or oblong. Spikelets oblong, with 1 to 4
utricles. Glumes as long as utricle white. Style trifid red. Utricle
ellipsoid trigonous hairy green, many nerved beak shortly bifid.

Perak: Larut Hills to 3500 feet (Ridley, Wray); Selangor:
Pahang ‘Track 15th mile (Ridley 846).

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula, 117

.. 4, ©, Curtis, Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soe. 8. Br. Vol,

Rhizome short woody. Leaves subbasal crowded, 6 to 8 inches long
inch across linear acuminate many nerved. Inflorescence much
shorter 3-4 inches long. Bracts much longer. Spikelets erect crowd-
ed with numerous utricles. Female glumes shorter broad, hardly
mucronate. Keel green, glabrous. Utricles $ inch oblong with a
narrow base, abruptly passing into a short bifid beak, ribbed, trigonous,
Nut oblong trigonous fairly close fitting apex truncate, shining dark
brown. Style trifid.

_ Penang: Government Hill (Curtis 1798) at 2500 feet alt.
Endemic.

5. C. ARRIDENS, Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 726. Robust glabrous
except the utricles, rhizome woody stout. Leaves longer than the stem
3 inch broad numerous. Stem 18 inches long. Inflorescence elong-
ate, 12 inches long 2 inches wide. Peduncles 1-2 from each sheath,
distant exsert 2 inches long, erect stout. Spikes linear lanceolate
dark red 3-# inch long. Male glumes oblong ovate obtuse red brown
margins scarious. Female ovate acuminate scarcely mucronate.
Style trifid. Utricle ovoid trigonous nerveless hairy with golden hairy
suddenly narrowed into a beak, slender bifid with 2 large lips. Nut
ellipsoid trigonous pyramidal at both ends.

Perak at 3000 feet elevation (Kunstler). Distrib. Pegu.

6. C. rnpica, L. Mant. 574. Rhizome short often covered with
the black bristles (remains of leaf-sheaths). Leaves subbasal, linear
long acuminate 18 inches long 3- inch wide many nerved, edges
scabrid. Stem 18 inches to 24 feet. Inflorescence 12-18 inches long
of distant pyramidal panicles crowded at the top, lower panicles on
slender peduncles as much as 6 inches long. Bracts long and leaflike.
Young spikes narrow distant. Fruiting spikes ight brown. Glumes
ovate acuminate strongly nerved. Style trifid. Utricle subglobose
many neryed glabrous suddenly contracted into a long narrow beak.
Nut ellipsoid trigonous. Boott. Carex. No. 87. t. 250, 252-254.
Boeck, Linnaea. XL, 347 (part). Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VI, 714 (not
Kunth. or Nees.). C. Moritzii, Steud. Zoll. Verz. Ind. Archip. IT,
60. Boeck, Linnaea. XL. 350. C. longiaristata, Kurz. Journ. As.
Soc. Beng. XLV. (part II.) 160.

Johor: River Bank Kota Tinggi (Ridley 4138), Kuala Sem-
brong (Kelsall 4099) ; Selangor: Bukit Kutu (Goodenough) ; Perak:
Trang (Kunstler 1383); Penang (King 1496). Distrib. India,
Cochin China, Java. Banks in woods. Native name “ Sesayak.”

var. laetebrunnea, Clarke lc. 715. Spikes 4 inch long, browner.
Male glumes scarcely artistate. Utricles obliquely erect divaricate.
Style base on right nut not swollen. C. bengalensis, Thw. Enum.

o

118 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

355, (not Roxb.). C. indica, Boeck. Linnaea. lc. partly Boott.
Carex. t. 251.

Pahang: Tahan River (Ridley 2145), Sungei Telei (Machado) ;
Kedah: Gunong Jerai (Ridley 5147). Distrib. Ceylon and Tenas-
serim.

var, Milnei, Clarke l.c.c. Leaves narrowed more crowded } inch
across. Inflorescence shorter 6-12 inches long, more slender. Bract-

eoles setaceous. Spikes pale greenish. Male glumes strongly aris-
tate.

Pahang: Tahan River woods (Ridley 2143a) rare. Perak:
Gunong Tuas (Wray 4104). >

7. C. crvucrata, Wahl. Konigl. Vetensk. Acad. Stockh. XXIV.
149. Rhizome woody horizontal. Stem 2-3 feet tall stout. Leaves
often as long 3 to 2 inch broad caudate acuminate, many striate,
basal sheaths yellow brown. Inflorescence 12 to 20 inches long,
lower peduncles often 2-3 inches exsert. Bracts usually as long.
Partial panicles pyramidal compound distant branches stiffly divari-
cate. Spikes 4+ inch long linear oblong ferruginous, with 3 to 6
utricles. Style trifid. Utricles ferruginous or brown, scarcely in-
flated ellipsoid trigonous quite smooth or minutely scabrous about’
the neck, ribs about 12, beak usually sparsely scabrous, mouth elliptic
on one side. Nut ellipsoid substipitate.. Clarke Fl. Brit. Ind. VL.
%15. (C. bengalensis, Roxb. Fl, Ind. III. 572. Boott. Carex. II.
85 (part) t. 243. Clarke Journ. Linn. Soc. XXV. 82. C. valida,
Nees. Wight. Contrib. 123. Kunth. Enum. II. 513. C. indica,
Munro. Seem. Voy. Bot. Herald 423. Clarke le. XV. 119 (not
Linn.). C. vacua, Boeck. Linnaea. XL. 343 (partly).

Perak: Larut (Kunstler 1906).

8. C. CONDENSATA, Nees. Wight. Contrib. 123. Leaves very
long 1-24 feet long $ inch wide. Partial panicles distant 3 or 4,
lax oblong hardly pyramidal long peduncled. Spikes } to 2% inch
long brown, clustered with 3 to 6 utricles to each. Style trifid.
Utricle ellipsoid trigonous ribbed beak short 4 of its length bifid
usually scabrid pilose. Boott. Carex. II. 86. tt. 247, 248. Clarke
Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 716. (C. bengalensis, Boeck. Linnaea. XL. 347.
C. indica, Nees. in Wight. Contrib. p. 123.

Malacca: Stream on Gunong Mering, Ophir (Ridley 3136) alt.
3500 feet. Distrib. India.

XXV. GRAMINEAE.

Herbs erect or decumbent or (Tribe Bambuseae) shrubs or trees
with tall woody stems. Stems terete or flattened jointed, internodes
generally hollow, more rarely solid, I.eaves simple, entire usually

* Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 119

long, linear or lanceolate narrow parrellel nerved, base sheathing
sheath split to the base, with a transverse erect entire or bifid ligule,
on the top of the sheath below the base of the blade. Inflorescence
terminal or from the upper sheaths as well, composed of spikelets
arranged in spikes, racemes or heads. Spikelets composed of three or
_ more distichous bracts (glumes). ‘The two lowest normally empty,
the others arranged on a flexuous rachilla, and one or more containing
flowers. In each flowering glume is normally, a palea, a thinner
two nerved or keeled convolute or flattened glume enclosing the flower.
Flowers unisexual or bisexual consisting of 2 to 6 scale like bodies
(lodicules) often very minute or absent, 3, more rarely 1, 2 or 6 or
occasionally many hypogynous stamens and a pistil. Filaments of
stamens linear usually long and free occasionally connate into a tube.
Anthers linear or oblong fugacious, 2 celled with small or no apparent
connective. Pistil of a one-celled, one ovuled, ovary. Styles 3,
rarely 2 or 1 elongate, and covered with stigmatic hairs. Fruit a
one seeded utricle usually free within the palea and glume, more
rarely adherent to both. Seed erect. Albumen copious, mealy, em-
bryo minute at the base of the albumen and outside it. _Cotyledon
shield shaped with an erect conic plumule and descending conic
radicle.

Species about 3000, in all parts of the world. The Malay Penin-
sula being covered originally entirely by forests contains comparatively
few indigenous species. ‘The forest region contains practically no
grasses, except Centotheca, Lemaspis and Lophatherum and occasion-
ally bamboo. The majority of the grasses described herein either occur
on sandy spots by the sea, or are weeds of cultivation.

Some of the common cosmopolitan grasses having an enormous
synonymy, I have not given this in full. It has been well collected
in the Flora of British India.

_ PANICACEAE.

Spikelets articulate on the pedicels, or deciduous with them;
one to 2-flowered, upper flower only fruiting. 1 Rachis of inflores-
cence not breaking up into joints.

Tribe I. PanicEar. Monoecious (except
Spinifex).

Spikelets 2-flowered, upper flower bisexual,
lower male or neuter (occasionally both
bisexual).

Spikes articulate on the pedicels, (except
Isachne) awnless, not involucelled by
bristles.

Glumes 3.

120

Materials for a Flora of the-Malayan Peninsula.

Spikelets not thickened at base 1. Paspalum.
Spikelets thickened at base .. sa 2. Lriochlae.
Glumes 4. I & II separately dectaucie 3. Isachne.
Glumes IV not appendaged 4, Panicum.
Glume IV with 1 or 2 appendages 5. Ichnanthus.
Large reed-like grass. Spikelets minute 6. T’hysanolaena.
Spikelets involucelled by bristles .. =e 7. Setaria.

Spikelets awned,
Glume IV awned. Leaves narrow
Glume I awned. Leaves lanceolate ..

Spikelets persistent on their pedicels or de-
ciduous with them.

. Axonopus.
. Oplismenus.

Spikelets solitary on a broad flattened rachis 10. Stenotaphrum.
Spikelets in 2 rows, secund, lower one or two
female upper ones male 11. Thuarea.
Large dioecious grass with spielen in
large heads 12. Spinifer.

Tribe II. Oryzear. Spikelets one flower-
ed panicled articulate on the pedicels and
deciduous from them. Stamens 6.

Glume 2-3. III often awned 13. Oryza.
Glume 1 awnless, membranous .. 14. Leersia.
Tribe III. Zoystmar. Spikelets Ne

or racemed one-flowered bisexual, articulate on

the pedicels and deciduous with them,

Spikelets not awned .. 15. Zoysia,

Spikelets, glumes I and II aw ned 16. Perotis,
Tribe IV. PHarear. Leaves broad.

Spikelets panicled 1 flowered unisexual.

Glumes 3. Gl. III in female spikelets hardened

or inflated in fruit 17. Leptaspis.

Tribe V. Mayptar. Spikelets unisexual,
in spikes. Male spikes in terminal panicles,
or continuous with the spikes. Fruiting spike-
lets enclosed in a stony polished white or blue
bract i aie Ke as oe we

ANDROPOGONEAE.

18,

Co iv.

Inflorescence spicate racemed or panicled. Spikelets solitary or
in pairs, 1 sessile and 1 pedicelled 1 or 2 flowered, the sessile 1
bisexual, pedicelled 1 male barren or bisexual, or spikelets in threes
1 sessile bisexual and 2 pedicelled barren or male ones, Glumes I

a

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula, 121

and II awned or not, IV the smallest, awned or reduced to an awn
only. Awn twisted at base,

Spikelets similar unilateral on slender spikes 19. Dimeria.
Spikelets solitary or in pairs one-flowered

awnless.
Rachis inarticulate oe 7 .. 20. Imperata,
Rachis articulate panicled large .. .. 21. Saccharum,
Spikelets awned in pairs 2 flowered. Rachis
fragile. ,
Sipkes solitary. Glumes not pectinate .. 22. Pogonatherum.
Spikes solitary. Glumes pectinate .. .. 23. Hremochloa.,

Spikes digitate or fascicled.

Glume IV very small... ak .. 24, Pollinia.
Spikes solitary, binate or digitate.

Glume IV larger ex 25. [schoemum,
Spikelets sunk in pits in an caeealaia Boke
Sessile spikelets solitary.

Glume I ovate or oblong ss .. 26, Rottboellia,
Glume I globose pitted .. ae .. 27. Manisuris.
Sessile spikelets 2 Se : 28. Mnesithea.
Spikelets ternate in a simple spikes ene
fragile .. : 29. Polytrias,

Spikelets ternate in short ae one ae

enclosed in a peduncled spathe .. 30. Apluda,
Spikelets in pairs in solitary fascicled or

panicled spikes.

Glume III barren or absent .. 31. Andropogon.

Spikelets in clusters of 5 or more the pen

lowest sessile surrounding the upper

bisexual ones. Se Ae .. 32. Anthistiria.

POACEAE.

Spikelets not articulate with the pedicels, rachilla articulate at
the base, flowers 1 to many, lowest one always bisexual, upper ones
often male, or barren.

2

Spikelets 1 flowered. Glumes 3.
Leaves ovate cordate .. te .. 83. Sphoerocaryum.
Leaves linear... .. 34, Sporobolus.
AVENEAE. Spikelets 2 ‘a 6 flow eal pan-

icled awned ‘
CHLORIDEAE. Bpiccics: aK or more ehGnee

ed biseriate on one or more spikes or panicle,

35. Hriachne.

122 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Spikes digitate or whorled.
Spikelets 1 flowered minute awnless ..
Spikelets 1 flowered, awned
Spikelets 3-12 flowered 3
Spikelets long slender panicled.
Spikelets minute not awned
ARUNDINIDAE. Inflorescence panicled
large. Spikelets 2, many flowered silky hairy
on callus or sides or rachilla.
Flowering glumes subulate lanceolate glabrous
Flowering glumes awned, with 2 bristles at
the tip silky ae iF
ERAGROSTEAE. Spikelets many flowered.
Empty glume shorter than the lowest flowering
glume
Empty glume fence than the lowest femme
glume .. a Wie ve os

CENTOTHECEAE. Leayes broad, tesselate-
nerved. Spikelets 1 or more flowered secund
in one or two rows on a simple spike or
branches of a simple panicle.

Spikelets 1 flowered, upper glumes empty
Spikelets 3 or more flowered, fruiting glumes
armed with adhesive bristles . .

HorpgEar. Spikelets 1 or more flowered
sessile sunk in the cavities of a simple spike.
Spikelets solitary in a cylindric spike

BampBusEAk. Shrubs of trees. Spikelets
1 to many flowered. Lower ones empty,
upper ones fertile. Palea large. Lodicules

1-3 large. Stamens 6 or more.

Palea 2 keeled.

Pericarp thin adnate to the seed.

Filaments free .. in

Filaments connate into a tube.

Spikelets many flowered

Spikelets few flowered

Pericarp fleshy or crustaceous free fro the
seed.

Spikelets few flowered th ais e

Spikelets 1 flowered. Palea 0, or glume-like.

Styles 1 to 3.

36.
37.
38.

39.

40,

46,

Cynodon.
Chloris.
Eleusine.

Leptochloa.

Phragmites.

. Neyraudia.

. Hragrostis.

. Myriostachys.

. Lophatherum.

. Centotheca.

Lepturus.

. Bambusa.

. Gigantochloa.
. Oxytenanthera.

50. Dendrocalamus,

' Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 123

Pericarp crustaceous or fleshy free.
Spikelets minute. Lodicules 0 .. .. 51. Dinochloa.
Spikelets moderately large or larger. Lo-
dicules generally present.
Flowering glumes 1-2. Fruit small .. 52. Schizostachyum.
Flowering glumes 1. Fruit large .. 53. Ochlandra.

Tribe I. PANICEAE.
1. PasPpatum, L.

Annual or perennial grasses. Inflorescence a simple spike or
several slender spike-like racemes. Spikelets 1 flowered subsessile
or distinctly pedicelled, on a flattened often winged rachis, articulate
on the pedicel but not thickened at the base. Glumes 3 with occa-
sionally a rudimentary 4th (corresponding to Glume I in Panicum)
I and Il membranous thin, subequal, [II more coriaceous. Stamens
3. Styles 2. Gtain.

Species about 150. All warm regions.

Spikelets flattened orbicular. Glumes 3 very

coriaceous.
Spikelets 2-4 ranked, glabrous =e .. 1. P. scrobiculatum.
Spikelets 2 ranked, ciliate, rachis very narro 2. P. conjugatum.
Spikelets ovate oblong shortly pedicelled 3. P. distichum.
Spikelets lanceolate sessile . .. a2 .. 4. P. platycaule.

Spikelets ellipsoid or lanceolate in pairs o

unequal pedicels (Digitaria).
Spikelets 4 inch long lanceolate or oblong .. 5. P. sanguinale.
Spikelets #4 inch long glabrous, ellipsoid .. 6. P. longiflorum.
Spikelets + inch long bearded .. .. @. P. heteranthum.

1. P. scropicuLatuM, L. Mant. I. 29. Annual tufted erect or
occasionally decumbent 9 to 36 inches or more. Leaves } to 4 inch
across. Spikelets erect or spreading 14-3 inches long, alternate 2
to 6 or 7 pale green, sessile, rachis filiform or broad #; to 4 inch
wide edge white ciliolate. Spikelets in 2 or 3 rows, closely imbricate
sessile or shortly pedicelled +g to 4 inch across orbicular obtuse or
subacute biconvex or flattened glabrous. Glumes I. and II. equal and
similar membranous planoconvex white edged green. Glume III
brown shining thickly coriaceous edges incurved over IV (palea)
orbicular brown coriaceous with two thin incurved wings enclosing
the grain. Stigmas purple grain biconvex. Roxb. Fl. Brit. Ind.
V. 1. 278. Duthie. Field and Garden Crops 8 t. 27. Mig. Fl. Ind.
Bat. III. 430. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII, 10. Common over the
whole peninsula,

124 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. i

Singapore: Tanglin (Hullett 482); Johor; Malacca; Selangor:
Kuala Lumpur (Ridley 5772); Pahang; Kelantan; Penang (Curtis
492); Perak (Wray). Distrib. All warm regions. Native name
“Rumput Tulong Sintadok,” “Rumput Hijau,” “Rumput Patah
Siku.” The common form has glabrous spikelets, often in 3 or 4
rows, but forms with very pubescent spikelets occur. The cultivated
Indian form P. Kora, Willd. I have not seen here, and except in the
matter of slenderness of stem, breadth of leaves and such characters
due to habitat, the local form here varies but little.

I have omitted the greater part of the very extensive synonymy
of this common plant, upwards of 30 synonyms, which are to be found
in the Flora of British India.

2, P. conguGATUM, Berg. Act. Holm. VII. 129. t. 8. Stolo-
niferous, with long rooting stolones rather stout. Stems 1-2 feet
tall, simple or branched leafy slender, Leayes acuminate 6 inches
long 4- wide linear lanceolate edges ciliate, as is the mouth of the
sheath. Peduncle very slender, with two very narrow divaricating
spikes 4 inches long, rachis narrow, spikelets in 2 rows, zg inch long
orbicular shortly pedicelled. Glumes 1 and 2 thin white edged green,
orbicular with long white hairs on the edge, No. 3-4 coriaceous pale.
Anthers oblong brown. Stigmas brownish. Flor. Brit. Ind. VII. 11.
Trim. Fl. Ceyl. V. p. 122. Common in cultivated districts, but pro-
bably introduced.

Singapore; Johor; Malacca; Perak (Wray); Pahang: Pekan
(Ridley); Penang (Curtis 493). Distrib. Tropical regions of both
hemispheres but probably introduced from South America. Owing
to its adhesive spikelets, it is carried about all over the country at-
tached to the clothes of natives. I have seen it above Padang Batu in
Mount Ophir growing in a crack of the rock at the regular washing
place of the natives, undoubtedly brought up there from the plain
country.

3. P. pisticitum, L. Amoen, Acad. V. 391. Stem creeping and
rooting in mud ascending for about a foot, pale coloured leafy to
the top. Leaves linear acuminate distichous 3-4 inches long 3- inch
across. Spikes 2, 1 to 3 inches long glabrous. Spikelets yellowish
lanceolate in 2 rows very shortly pedicelled 4 inch long or less. Glumes
1 and 2 thin glabrous lanceolate 3 and 4 more coriaceous. Flor. Brit.
Ind. VII. 12.

Singapore: Tanjong Ru, Tanjong Katong (Ridley 444, 1702) ;
Johor: Hulu Sedili (Kelsall); Pahang: Sungei Meang (Ridley
1417) ; Dindings: Lumut (Ridley) ; Penang: Bagian Jennal (Curtis
1957); Malacca (Griffith). Distrib. All warm countries, absent
from Ceylon. Very abundant in tidal rivers, or saline mud, ;

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 125

4, P. PLATYCAULE, Poir. Encye. IV. 34. Steud. Syn. Gram.
22. Glabrous stoloniferous, forming tufts of broad bright green un-
dulate leaves. Stems flattened 2 feet tall or less leafy. Leaf sheaths
broad flattened, blade linear obtuse 8 inches long $ inch wide edges
at base ciliate. Peduncles 2 from each leaf-axil slender, bearing
2 to 5 alternate very slender spikes 3 to 4 inches long. Rachis
triangular. Spikelets distant ellipsoid green nearly sessile glabrous.
Outer glume 1 and 2 thin elliptic, pubescent at base No. 3 and 4
shorter thinly coriaceous pale obtuse. Grain elliptic smooth flattened
yellowish. P. compressum, Nees. Agr. Braz. 22. Trim. Ic. t. 118.

Singapore: Tanglin. Abundant in and round the Gardens. This
South American grass seems to have quite established itself here.

5. P. sANGUINALE, Lam. Ill. I. 176. Annual or perennial often
creeping 6 to 18 inches long leafy. Leaves linear or linear lanceolate
flaccid, glabrous or hairy, sheath long, glabrous or hairy ligule.
Spikes 3 to 10 or more crowded at the end of the rather slender
peduncle, sessile or stalked 1 to 6 inches long, alternate or whorled.
Rachis slender flattened scabrid. Spikelets solitary or in pairs,
stalked, with unequal stalks when in pairs, lanceolate or oblong.
Glume I. 3-5 nerved glabrous or hairy, II. 5 nerved lanceolate, IIT.
smooth. Nut oblong ellipsoid smooth. Flor. Brit. India VII. 13.
Trim. Fl. Ceyl. lc. 123. The whole peninsula in waste ground and
roadsides. A very variable plant distributed over all regions warm
enough for it, and with a correspondingly large synonymy.

var. 1 commutatum. Tall and stout or slender tufted or far
creeping. Leaves long and broad, spikes few or many, long 3 to 6
inches crowded and sometimes whorled. Common in wet or rank
soil.

Singapore: Tanglin; Johor: Sempang River (Ridley 11009) ;
Pahang: Chinton (Ridley 2829), Rumpin River, Kuala Tembeling
(Ridley 2188 very far creeping form with strongly hispid sheaths) ;
Penang Waterfall (Curtis 1911).

var. ciliare, Hook. fil. l.c. Tall and slender with few slender
spikelets 2-6, rachis narrowly winged. Glumes 1 ‘and 2, strongly
ciliate on the edge.

Malacca Hill (Ridley).

var. pruriens, Hook. fil. Erect glabrous or sheaths hirsute.
Spikes 3 to 6, slender 3 to 6 inches long. Spikelets lanceolate acute
narrow, nearly or quite glabrous. Glume I nearly as long as II
which is very narrow and 3 nerved, a minute basal glume at its base.

Singapore: Changi, Tanglin (Ridley 446); Pahang: Sungei
Meang (Ridley 1412) ; Malacca (Cuming 2397), (Maingay).

~yar. debile, Hook. fil. A dwarf plant 6 inches to a foot tall,
slender tufted, usually glabrous. Leaves short linear lanceolate acu-

126 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

minate 4-1 inch long. Spikes 2 to 3, slender 13-34 inch long, rachis
narrowly winged. Spikelets lanceolate acuminate very narrow gla-
brous. P. debile, Poir. Encye. V. 34. Digitaria debilis, Willd.
Enum. Hort. Berol. I. 91.

Singapore: Telok Kurau, Gardens (Ridley 11368); Malacca:
Ayer Moleh (Ridley). A weed in sandy ground or poor soil.

6. P. LonGIFLoruM, Retz. Obs. IV. 15 (not Trim.). Stems
tufted often branched and rooting, 6 to 24 inches, tall slender, leaves
linear or lanceolate acute 4 to nearly $ inch across 4-3 inches long
glabrous or hairy, ligule short membranous. Spikes 1-5 or 6 very
slender 2- inches long rachis narrow not winged. Spikelets very
small ellipsoid green or purple in pairs, 1 nearly sessile the other
pedicelled. Glume I and II elliptic thin 3 nerved pale. Glume II
dark brown or pale. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. 18. P. brevifolium, Flugge.
Gram. Mono. 150. P. chinense, Nees. Hook. and Arn. Bot. Beech.
Voy. 231. Panicum parvulum, Trim. Pan. Gen, 117.

Singapore: Tanglin, Gardens (Ridley 11337), Bajau (Ridley
457), Jurong (456); Pahang: Sungei Meang (Ridley 1423); Se-
langor: Kuala Lumpur (Ridley 5785) ; Johor: Tanah Runto; Penang
Waterfall Gardens (Curtis 1919). Distrib. Tropical regions of the
old world. A common weed. The common form here is almost
completely glabrous, even the spikelets being quite glabrous. The
Jurong plant No. 456 has however very hairy leaves.

%. P. HETERANTHUM, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. 16. Stout
creeping plant, ascending stem 12 inches tall leafy. Leaves linear
lanceolate acuminate 1-2 inches long 4 wide. Peduncle stout.
Spikes 2 to 3 stout 8-12 inches long, rachis thick hardly winged.
Spikelets very distant large covered with long hooked white hairy,
long pedicelled, lower spikelets glabrous, } inch long, lanceolate,
Basal glume ovate truncate short. Glume I lanceolate strongly
ribbed acuminate, II as long both bearded. No. III shorter.
Panicum barbatum, Kunth. Rev. Gram. I. 33. Enum. Pl. I. 84.
Steud. Sym. Gram. 43. P. elytroblepharum, Steud. Zoll. Syst. Verz.
54. P. eminens, Steud. le. 13. P. heteranthum, Nees. and Meyen.
Nov. Act. Cur. XIX. Suppl. 1, 174. Digitaria barbata, Willd. Enum.
Hort. Berol. 91. D. elytroblephara, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. IIT. 439.

Pahang: Sungei Meang (Ridley 1413), Rumpin River (6);
Johor: Jambu Larang (Feilding). Distrib. Java and China. Sand
hills by the sea on the East Coast rare.

2, ERI0ocHLoA, H. B. & K.

Annual or perennial grasses. Spikelets lanceolate with a dis-
tinct thickened base secund on the branches of a raceme or panicle,
articulate on the thickened top of the pedicel. Glumes I and IL

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 127

subequal lanceolate, thin, III shorter apiculate hardening in fruit.
Lodicules truncate. Stamens 3, green oblong free.

Species few, mostly as American. Only distinguished from
Paspalum by the thickened base of the spikelet.

H. potystacuya, H. B. K. Nov. Gen. and Sp. I. 95. f. 31. Stems
tall leafy 2 feet tall or more stout geniculate. Leaves long linear
acuminate 6-8 inches long } inch wide or less glabrous smooth, or
hairy. Panicle 2-6 inches long of numerous slender branches even-
tually spreading spikelets $ inch long, lanceolate acute shortly pedi-
celled. Glumes I and II subequal lanceolate acuminate silky or
villous, pale green or purplish, III shorter glabrous more coriaceous
apiculate shorter. Kunth. Enum. I. 72. Suppl. 52. Hook. fil.
FF. Brit: India. VII. 20. Trim. Fl. Ceyl.. lc. 126. #. annulata,
Kunth, Rev. Gram. I. 30. Enum. I. 73. #. punctata, Ham. Prodr.
Fl. Ind. Oce. 5. Kunth. Lec. 72. EH. succineta, Kunth. le. 73. EL.
sundaica, Miq. l.c. Suppl. 606. Helopus annulatus, Nees. Mart. Fl.
Braz. Il. 1%. H. acrotrichus, Steud, Syn. Gram. 100. Milium -
punctatum, Linn. Amoen. Acad. V, 392. M. polystachyum, Spreng.
Syst. [. 251. M. ramosum, Retz. Obs. VI. 22. Griff. Notul. ILI. 15.
fe. Pl< As. t. 139; £60.

Johor: Batu Pahat (Ridley); Selangor: Petaling, Kuala Se-
langor, old fort (Ridley) ; Malacca (Fl. Brit. Ind.) ; Dindings: Lumut
(Ridley) ; Lower Perak: Sitiawan (Ridley 7262). Distrib. All hot.
countries. Octurs here in waste ground occasionally.

3. ISACHNE, Br.

Perennial grasses, with loose panicles of small or minute sub-
globose or ovoid spikelets, 1-2 flowered, not articulate with the pedicel.
Glumes IV often all separately deciduous, I and II subequal con-
vex empty, III and IV longer or smaller, thinner, IIL male or
rarely bisexual, IV bisexual or female hemispheric coriaceous. Lodi-
cules minute. Stamens 3, rarely 4-6 green free.

Species 25.

Glumes I and II much longer than IV “8 1. J. Kunthiana.
Glumes I and IT about as long as IV ;
Glumes III and IV equal and similar, hemis-

pheric. Tall plants.

Panicle very lax, leaves 4-8 inches... a 2. I. albens.
Panicle rather compact, leaves 2 inches .. 3. I. javana.
Panicle thick. Leaves broad, spikelets pubes-

cent : ; 4. I, sylvestris.

Glume III longer ovate flat, tall plant 5. I. australis.
Glume III short. Dwarf plant re wie 6. I. miltacea.

128 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

1. I. Kunruiana, Wight. and Arn. Wight. Cat. 1659. Thw.
Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 362. A dwarf creeping ascending plant with slender
stems geniculate and branched 6-10 inches long. Leaves ovate to
ovate lanceolate acuminate 14-4 inch long scabrid or hairy, base
cordate mouth of sheath and sheath hairy. Panicle 1-23 inch long,
branches short rather stout eventually spreading. Spikelets 35 to $
inch long smooth or bristly. Glumes I and II ovate acuminate
strongly ribbed and bristly. No. III and IV much shorter rounded
subequal glabrous or pubescent. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. III. 460. Hook.
fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VIL. p. 21. Trim. Flor. Ceyl. V. 127. I. Neesiana,
Steud. Syn. Gram. 96. Panicum cuspidiglume, Kunthianum, Metz
and obliquum, Steud. l.c. 95 and 96.

Singapore: Tanglin (Ridley 73, 6110), Bukit Mandai (Ridley
5770), Chan Chu Kang (5769), Jurong (55); Selangor: Petaling,
Rawang (Ridley 7777). Distrib. India, Ceylon, Java, Borneo. In
damp open spots in forests by streams abundant.

2. I. anBens, Trim. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 25. Stems tall branched,
1 to 4 feet tall geniculate. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate acu-
minate 4 to 8 inches long 4 inch wide glabrous, or sparsely hairy
beneath margins thickened, scabrid beneath, ribs 3 to 5 pairs elevated
beneath. Panicle large lax spreading 9 inches long and wide,
branches capillary. Spikelets solitary globose very small pale.
Glumes I and II oblong obtuse glabrous or pubesgent, obscurely
nerved, III and IV shorter both often bisexual hemispheric cori-
aceous. Kunth. Enum, Pl. L. 137. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. ILI. 459.
Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. 22. Panicum albens, P. saxatile, P.
Zollingeri, Steud. Syn. Gram. 96, 97.

Perak: Larut Hills, Gunong Hijau at 5000 feet alt. (Wray),
(Ridley 3115). Distrib. India, China and Malaya.

3. I. gavana, Nees. Mig. Pl. Jungh. 376. Fil. Ind. Bat. IIT.
452. Stems tall stiff branched -30 inches tall. Leaves lanceolate
acuminate 14-2 inches long 4-4 inch wide finely ribbed hairy and
scabrid when dry, base and mouth of sheath and one side of it ciliate.
Panicle pyramidal, with very slender branches 3 inches long about as
wide when fully developed. Spikelets subglobose on very slender
pedicels, pallid #, inch long. Glumes I and IT ovate subcoriaceous
smooth III and IV equally long, III narrower with incurved edges,
male with 2 or 3 stamens, IV broader hemispheric with 3 or 4
stamens. Hook, fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VI. 24. Panicum batavicum,
Steud, Syn. Gram. 96. —

Malacca: Mount Ophir at 3000 feet elevation (Maingay), (Lobb,
Hullett 867), (Ridley 3128); Perak: Gunong Bubu (Wray 3820),
Gunong Batu Putih (Wray 6700) ; Penang Waterfall (Curtis 1813).
Distrib. Burmah, Java, Borneo. In damp spots at an altitude of

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 129

3000 to 5000 feet rarely lower. It resembles somewhat J. australis
but is much stiffer, more glaucous, with stouter stems and more rigid
leaves.

4, I. sytvestris, Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. S, Br. XLIV. p.
206. Stem ascending geniculate rather stout 9 inches tall. Leaves
lanceolate acuminate with a broad base 3 inches long 4 inch wide,
margins thickened glabrous above pubescent beneath sheaths hairy.
Panicle 6 inches long much branched 3 inches across branches slender
subwhorled. Spikelets solitary #5 inch long subglobose. Glume I
ovate eylindric ribbed. Glume ILI elliptic obtuse shorter coriaceous
paleate male. Glume IV similar but pubescent female. Grain free
brown.

Dindings at Telok Sera (Ridley 7265).

5. I. austrauis, R. Br. Prod. 196. Stems tufted slender 8
inches to 4 feet tall. Leaves thin lanceolate 14-3 inches long } inch
wide edges at base, ciliate, sheaths ciliate along one side nearly as
long as the blade. Panicle lax pyramidal with slender spreading
branches, 3 to inches long. Spikelets distant, pear-shaped or glo-
bose, glabrous or slender pedicels, green blunt. Glumes I and ITI
thin elliptic obscurely nerved, III longer ovate flat, [V much smaller
subeoriaceous. Stigmas violet. Kunth. Enum. I. 136, Mig. Fl.
Ind. Bat. III. 461. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. 24. Trim. Fl.
Cey?. le. 128. I. atrovirens, Trim. Gram. Pan. 251. I. lepidota,
Steud. Flora XXIX. 19. Panicum atrovirens, Trim. Spreng. Neue.
Entdeck. II. 88. Syst. Veg. I. 318. P. australis, Rasp. Ann. Se.
Nat. V. 299. P. nodibarbatum, Steud. Syn. Gram. 95.

Singapore: Tanglin, Changi (Ridley 75); Johor: Bukit Mur-
dom (Kelsall 4113); Pahang: Pekan (Ridley); Malacca: Ayer
Panas; Perak: Kuala Kangsar (Ridley), (Wray). Distrib. India,
Malay Isles, Australia and New Zealand. Very common in open
grassy swamps. A good fodder grass. Wray gives the name “ Rum-
put Minyak ” for this.

6. I. mritacna, Roth. Nov. Pl. 58. Stems very slender creeping
thin ascending 6-14 inches. Leaves ovate lanceolate or lanceolate,
acute 3-14 inch long hairy. Panicle 14-2 inches long, branches very
slender, spreading eventually. Spikelets very small glabrous 3, inch.
Glumes | and II thin elliptic blunt, obscurely nerved III and IV
nearly as long. Kunth. Enum. Pl. I. 136. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. III.
459. Hook. fil. le. 25. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. lic. 128. I. meneritana,
Poir, Encye. Supp. II. 185. JZ. minutula, Kunth. Rey. Gram. II.
t. 117. Enum. I. 137. 7. adstans, Mig. 1.c. 461. I. geniculata and
stigmatosa, Griff. Notul. III, 41, 42. Ic. Pl. As. t. 139. fig. 206,
148, f..2. Panicum aequatum, P. adstans, P. Benjamini, P. gona-
todes, Steud. l.c. 98, 94, 96, 95.

C9

130 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Singapore: Tanglin (Ridley 5771), Bukit Timah Road (5768),
Chua Chu Kang (8037); Pahang: Kuala Luit (Ridley) ; Malacca:
Sungei Udang (Ridley). Distrib. India, China, Malaya, Polynesia
and N, Australia. In wet spots, forming large masses. ‘This cer-
tainly approaches J. australis but the typical small form does not as
a rule grow in the same locality nor appears to pass into it,

4, Panicum, L.

Annuals ‘or perennials. Leaves linear, lanceolate or ovate.
Panicles lax or dense. Spikelets small 1-2 flowered, articulate on
their pedicels glabrous or pubescent very rarely awned. Glumes
4, I and II empty, I and III subequal larger than I oblong
ovate or lanceolate, III male or empty, paleate or not, IV bisexual
oblong, ovate or lanceolate glabrous becoming coriaceous in fruit.
Palea 2 nerved. Stamens 3. Grain free within glume IV and its
palea.

Species very numerous. All warm countries,

§ 1. PAsPpALOEAE. Spikes alternate
racemed, rachis flat with globose or ovoid
spikelets in 2 rows .. +: i wis 1. P. punctatum.

§ 2. Ecuinocutoa. Annuals. Spikes
alternate or crowded in a raceme. Spikelets
3 or 4 rows on the under surface of the
spikes, globose or ovoid. Gl. III cuspidate
or awned.

Inflorescence compact. Spikelets usually

awned nl ck ~ ae my 2. P. Crus-Galli.
Inflorescence lax, spikes short, no awns 3. P. colonum.
? p ?
§ 8. BracutariA. Spikelets 1-2 rows
on the underside of simple or branched ra-
cemes ovoid not awned.
Stout grass, nodes bearded is oN 4. P. muticum.
Wiry stoloniferous grass, nodes glabrous .. 5. P. distachyum.
§ 4. HymenacHne. Panicles spike-
§ 4. HyMENACHNE. anicles spike
like (except P. auritum), spikelets small
ovoid or lanceolate often curved.
Glumes II and III 7-9 veined.
Panicle dense spike-like.
Spikelets curved acute... hie 6. P. indicum.
Spikelets oboyoid .. “ .. %. P. myosuroides.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Glumes IT and IIT 3-5 veined.
Panicle spike-like 4
Panicle much branched long ..

§ 5. PrycHoPpHYLLUM. Leaves broad
plicate. Panicle decompound nodding

§ 6. ErrusaE. Panicle usually spread-
ing lax spikelets small terete.
Annuals.
Leaves glabrous
Leaves hairy
Perennials.
Glume III epaleate.
Spikelets lanceolate acute ..
Spikelets subglobose or oblong
Spikelets ellipsoid very small
Glume IIT paleate.
Leaves linear lanceolate.
Spikelets acute.
Glume I half as long as ITT.
Glumes ovate tips thickened ..
Glumes not thickened at the tips.
Leaves glabrous
Leaves hairy ee oe
Glume I 3} of Gl. IIT orbicular
Glume I 4 length of Gl. IIT ovate ..
Spikelets obtuse.
Very long scandent grass ..
Stems tall not scandent ;
Leaves ovate amplexicaul leaves
glabrous

Leaves ovate amplexicaul leaves
hairy ie ee o.

§ 7. Grpposaz. Perennial grasses,
with very small laterally compressed spike-
lets in lax panicles.

Pedicels of spikelets short a eit
Pedicels long capillary

25.
26.

~ ow Sy Wht

. P. myurus.
P

. auritum.

. P. plicatum.

. P. humile.
. P. luzonense,

3. P. nodosum.
. P. montanum.
. P. humidorum.

ae

. oryzoides.
. psilopodium.

repens.
. proliferum.

. sarmentosum.
, maximum.

. ovalifolium.

. hirtifolium.

P, pilipes.
P. patens.

131

. elegantissimum.

132 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.
§ 1, PASPALOTDEAE. :

1. P. punctatumM, Burm. Fl. Ind. 26. Perennial. Stems very
stout nearly 2 inch through below, 2 to 4 feet tall, quite glabrous.
Leaves linear acuminate 12 inches long 4 inch wide edges scabrid,
sheaths long and broad, ligule a ring of hairs. Spikes numerous
long I inch, longer than the internodes, spikelets imbricating in
2 rows, on a flattened sinuate scabrid rachis pale. Glume I very
short and broad, truncate, IL very short $ of the length of III, broad
truncate, III ovate acute thin 3-5 nerved. IV ovate cuspidate gran-
ulate. Grain brown granulate. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VIL. 29.
P. fluitans, Retz. Obs. III. 8. Roxb. Fl. Ind. I. 293. Griff. Notul.
TIT. 25. Ic. Pl: As, 139. t. 231. P. brizoides. Retz. 1.c.

Johor: Sempang Kiri, Batu Pahat (Ridley 11008). Distrib.
India, Africa, and Malaya. Rare in grassy fields by the river.

§ 2. ECHINOCHLOA.

2. P. Crus-Gauui, L. Sp. Pl. 56. A large coarse grass, 1 to 3
feet tall. Leaves broad linear acuminate 9-12 inches long 4 inch
wide scabrid or smooth. Panicle contracted or pyramidal very vari-
able with numerous spikes 4-14 inch long simple or compound, rachis
seabrid or bristly. Spikelets subsecund shortly pedicelled 4 inch long,
green or purplish, hispid. Glume I short about } length of II ovate
cuspidate, II ovate lanceolate awned, III male or neuter awned much
longer, IV more coriaceous glabrous shining shortly awned. Hook.
fil. Fl. Brit. Ind, VII. 30.

Singapore (Hullett); Johor: Pengerang (Kelsall Herb. H. B.
S. 4017), Sempang Kanan, Batu Pahat (Ridley 11016); Pahang:
Temerloh; Selangor: Bukit Kudah (Ridley 58); Penang: Balik
Pulau (Ridley 9407), Bagian Jenmal (Curtis 1958); Kelantan:
Kamposa (Ridley). Distrib. All warm countries. Very variable
in the form of the panicle and in the development of the awns of the
glumes. ‘This occurs as a casual in waste ground and also in damp
spots but is not common. It is known as Padi Burong.

There are two forms: one var. stagninum with long awns, and
var. frumentaceum with very short ones or none. This latter is
doubtless here as the remains of cultivation but | have never found
it cultivated in quantity anywhere.

3. P. coLonum, Linn. Syst. Ed. X. 870. Perennial with rather
slender stems geniculate and rooting at base, about 6-18 inches tall.
Leaves linear lanceolate acuminate 1-2 inches long -} wide, quite
glabrous. Panicle 3-6 inches long, spikes several erect not awned.
Rachis pilose or glabrous spikelets j5-3 inch long, white green or
purple subglobose acute, glabrous or hispid. Glume I ovate cuspidate

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 133

4 as long as Glume III 3-5 nerved. Glume II ovate acuminate
hispid. Glume III slender but shorter. Glume IV ovoid smooth,
acute or blunt. Hook. fil; Fl. Ind. VII. 32. Duthie. Indig. Fodder
grass t. 4. P. brizoides, Li. Mant. ¥.-184. | P. caesium, Nees. Bot.
Beechey Voy. 235. P. cuspidatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. I. 298. P. haema-
todes, Presl. Fl. Sic. I. 43. P. numidianum, Presl. Cyp. and Gram.
19. P. pictum, Koen. Naturf. XXIII. 204. Wight. Cat, 1648. P.
pseudocolonum, Roth. Nov. Sp. 147.

Singapore: Tanglin, Jurong, etc. (Ridley) ; Johor: Bukit Mur-
dom (Kelsall), Johor Bahru (Feilding) ; Malacca Town (Ridley) ;
Selangor: Kuala Lumpur (Ridley 5781); Pahang: Pulau Manis,
Pahang River, Mahang (Ridley 1315), Raub Track (Machado) ;
Penang Waterfall Garden .(Curtis 68). Distrib. All warm coun-
tries. A weed in waste ground common. ‘This seems to pass into
P. crus-galli var. frumentaceum and some authors do not consider it
specifically distinct. However it is much commoner here than any
form of P. crus-galli.

§ 3. BRACHIARIA.

4. P. muticum, Forsk. Fl. Aeg. Arab. 20. A stout grass about
5-8 feet tall with the nodes bearded. Leaves linear acuminate 6 to
10 inches long, $-% inch wide, sheaths usually hairy. Panicle 3 to 8
inches long, erect. Spikelets 14 to 3 inches long, sometimes branched,
glabrous. Spikelets crowded turgid pale green or purple 4 inch long.
Glume I short obovate cuspidate. Glume IT and III subequal, lan-
ceolate acute 5 nerved, IIL paleate, [V shorter rounded ellipsoid, mar-
gins incurved. Stigmas purple. Schult. Mant. I. 225. Kunth.
Enum. Pl. I. 98. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. 34. P. amphibium,
Steud. Syn. Gram. 61. P. barbinode, Trim. Gram. Panic. 168. Sp.
Gram. Ic, t. 318. P. numidianum, Lam. Ill. I. 122.

\
Commonly cultivated and occasionally occurring as an escape
round Singapore. Distrib. Africa, India, Malay Isles and America.

_ §. -P. pistacHyum, L. Mant. I. 138. A tall stiff tough grass
with long treeping subterranean stolons, about 3 feet tall. Leaves
linear or lanceolate glabrous or hairy edge thickened 3-5 inches long
4 inch or less wide base broad sheath glabrous or hairy. Spikes 2-4,
distant 14 inch long. Spikelets 4 inch long ellipsoid pale in one or
two rows sessile or shortly stalked on a narrow rachis. Glume I
ovate subacute $ as long as I, If and ILI subequal lanceolate sub-
acute ribbed, IV coriaceous shorter ellipsoid strongly punctate rugu-
lose pale on the back, sides inflexed. Stigmas purple. Retz. Obs.
Hit. .17. Lam. Ill. 4.43. £. 2. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII.:37.
P, subquadriparum, Trim, Gram. Pan. 145. Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 186,

134 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Singapore: Tanglin, Bukit Mandai (Ridley 5783), Changi
(1755); Pahang: Pekan, Pulau Tawar; Province Wellesley: Bukit
Juru, Telok Ayer Tawar (Ridley 7001). Distrib. India, China,
Malaya, Australia. Common in sandy open ground, often a trouble-
some weed,

§ 4. HYMENACHNE.

6. P.-1xpicum, L. Mant. II. 184. Stems slender 6-18 inches
tall. Leaves lanceolate linear acuminate or linear 3 inches long }-
inch wide base narrow, quite glabrous (hirsute form in India). Pan-
icle spiciform on a long peduncle, dense with very short branches, $-1
inch long green glabrous. Spikelets } inch long falcate. Glume I
3-1 length of Glume III. Glume IT ovoid or lanceolate eymbiform,
5 nerved, obtuse or subacute, IIT similar, IV very small about } as
long ovoid acute, thin. Retz. Obs. II. 9. Kunth. Enum, PI. I.
133. Roxb. Fl. Ind. I. 285. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. 41. P.
angustum, Trim. Sp. Gram. Ie. t. 334. P. arcuatum, Br. Prodr. 189.
Griff. Notul. IIT. 39, 40. Ic. Pl. As. t. 147. f. I. P. contractum,
Wight. and Arn. Steud. Syn. Gram. 84. P. microstachyum, Lam. Il.
I. 170. Kunth. lc. 88. Hymenachne indica, Buhse. Miq. Fl. Ind.
Bat. LI. 458. HH. phalaroides, Nees. Agrost. 276.

Singapore: Tanglin, ete.; Johor: Tanah Merah Road (Ridley
1708) ; Pahang: Pekan (Ridley 1570) ; Malacca: Selandor (Cantley’s
Coll.) ; Penang Waterfall (Curtis 1802). Distrib. Tropical Asia and
Australia. “ Rumput Bidis,” “ Rumput Bonto Darat.” A common
weed everywhere. ‘The only form I have seen here is the var. indicum
proper.

var. gracile, Hook. f. Stems tall and slender 18-24 inches.
Spike 4 or 5 inches long.

Singapore: Ang Mo Kio (Ridley) ; Johor: Kuala Kahang (Kel-
sall H. B. S. 4109) ; Pahang: Khol, Tembeling River (Ridley 2818),
Sungei Jelei (Machado); Dindings: Lumut (Ridley); Perak
(Wray). This form has quite the habit of P. myosuroides, but the
curved acute glumes of P. indicum true. The Pahang specimens and
the ones from Lumut are remarkable for the glumes being very hairy.

%. P. myosuroipes, Br. Prodr. 189. A tall slender grass about
12 to 24 inches tall. Leaves narrow linear acuminate 4-8 inches long
1 to } inch long glabrous. Panicle 3-6 inches long slender spiciform
with closely appressed very short branches. Spikelets obovoid obtuse .
jx inch long. Glume I ovate obtuse 4 length of No. III. IL and
[If nearly equal, 5-7 nerved oblong obtuse. IV ellipsoid smooth
shining. Kunth. Enum. Pl. [. 77. Hook. fil, Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. 42.
P. angustum, Wight. le. 1642. P. ineurvatum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. IL.
2386, (non L.).

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 135:

Singapore: Kranji; Pahang: Pekan (Ridley); Johor: Kuala
Sembrong (Kelsall H. B. S. 4122); Penang: Pulau Betong (Curtis
1960). Distrib. Africa, India, and China. Damp spots. ‘* Rumput
Bijau,” “ Rumput Humani.” Among the specimens in the Singapore
herbarium is one in which the panicle branches are longer and more
spreading than usual, and one in which the dense spike has short $
inch leaves scattered through it.

8. P. myurus, H. B. K. Nov. Gen. and Sp. 1, 98. A tall grass,
stems prostrate rooting at the base often very thick and spongy 2-6
feet tall }-4 inch in diameter. Leaves long linear acuminate base
gordate 4-14 inches long 4 to 1 inch wide ciliate at the base and
mouth and edge of sheath. Panicle erect dense 8-14 inches long
spiciform branches closely appressed. Spikelets very narrow 4 inch
long erect. Glume I lanceolate acuminate 4 length of No, II]. Gl.
II lanceolate cuspidate tip ciliate, 5 nerved. Glume III lanccolate
long cuspidate much longer, IV lanceolate acute thin shorter than IT.
Kunth. Revisio. Gram. I. 33. Enum. Pl. 1, 86. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit.
Ind. VII. 39. P. acutiglumum, Steud. Syn. Gram, 66. P. [Hass-
karlii, Steud. Zoll. Syst. Verz. 54, Syn. Gram. 70. P. serrulatum,
Roxb. Fl, Ind. I. 307. Hymenachne Myurus, Beauv. Agrost. 49. t.
OCT.

Johor: Batu Pahat (Ridley 11005), Parit Jawa (Feilding) ;
Sungei Ujong: Burunang (Cantley’s Coll.) ; Pahang: Mahang (Rid-
ley 1821) ; Province Wellesley: Permatang Bertam (Ridley) ; Penang
(Curtis 1903). Distrib. Tropics generally. Occurs in grassy open
swamps. “ Rumput Kumpai.”

9. P. aurrrum, Presl. Nees. Agrost. Braz. 176. Stems about
3 to 6 feet tall, as much as } inch through at the base or less. Leaves
linear lanceolate acuminate 6-10 inches long 4-14 inch wide base cor-
date broad glabrous or hairy beneath edge scabrid. Panicle long
nodding much branched or contracted -18 inches long. Spikelets
7g-zo inch long green or purplish crowded on short branches ovoid, or
fusiform. Glume I very short ovate obtuse or acute 4 length of
Glume III. Glume II shorter than III or subequal ovate oblong
obtuse or subacute nerved. Glume III similar. Glume IV _ lan-
ceolate acuminate smooth. Presl. Rel. Haenk. I. 305. Mig. Fl. Ind.
Bat. III. 456. Hook. fil, Fl. Brit.. Ind. VII. 40. P.. insulicola,
Steud. Syn. Gram. 78. P. javanum, Nees. and Buhse in Miq. PI.
Jungh. 376. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. le. 453.

Singapore Reservoir (Ridley 1695), Changi, Ang Mo Kio (81) ;
Johor: Kuala Sembrong (Kelsall H. B. 8S. 4110); Malacca: Alor
Gajah road (Ridley 5782); Pahang: Pekan (Ridley 1192), Tahan
River (2830), Khol (2819) ; Selangor: Kuala Lumpur Caves (Iid-
ley); Perak: Taiping Waterfall (Ridley) ; Jenah (Wray 1746) ;
Province Wellesley: Krian; Penang Waterfall (Curtis 1818).

136 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

§ 5. PrycHOPHYLLUM.

10. P. pricatuM, Lam. Encycl. IV. 736. A large perennial
grass with creeping ascending stems 2-8 feet tall and as thick as a
pencil, slightly flattened and solid, Leaves lanceolate acuminate
plicate scabrid 12- inches long 4 inches wide, sheaths covered with
short pungent hairs. Panicle compound nodding 18 inches long lax.
with slender branches over 6 inches long. Spikelets ovate acuminate
subsessile 4 inch long, glabrous. Glume I ovate 4 as long as Glume
III. Stigmas white. Jacq. Eclog. Gram. I. t. 1. Kunth. Enum.
Pl. I. 94. Griff. Notul, ITI. 24. Ic. Pl. As. t. 139. fig. 229. Hook.
fil. le. p. 55. P. amplissimum, Steud. Syn. Gram. 54. P. asperatum,
Kunth. Revis. Gram. I, 39. P. excurrens, Trim. Pan. Gen. 131. P.
lene, Steud. Le. 54. P. mauritianum, Willd. Spreg. Syst. I. 305,
P. nepalense, Spreng. l.c. 821. P. nervosum, Roxb. Fl. Ind, I. 311.
P. neurodes, Schu. U. Mant. Il. 228. P. paucisetum, Steud. l.ec. 52.
P, palmifolium, Koen. in Naturforscher XXIII. 208. P. Wallich-
ianum, Nees. Fl. Austr. 49.

Johor: Pulau Aor (Feilding) ; Pahang: Tahan River (Ridley) ;
Sungei Ujong: Pantai (Cantley’s Coll.) ; Selangor: Kuala Lumpur
Caves, Bukit Kutu (Ridley); Perak (Wray 3274). Distrib. India,
Malaya, China. ‘“ Akar Pimpan.” In rocky hill woods local.

§ 6. EFFUSAE.

11. P. HuMILE, Nees. Steud. Syn. Gram. 84. Annual tufted
grass with slender stems -18 inches tall erect or geniculate glabrous.
Leaves narrow linear acuminate glabrous, 3 inches long $ inch wide.
Panicles lax spreading, broad terminal and axillary to the base of the
stem, branches filiform. Spikelets long pedicelled solitary minute
purple. Glume I ovate mucronate or acuminate 3 length of ILI.
Gl. If longer similar 3 nerved. IV shorter than III, ellipsoid
yellowish smooth shining. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. 48. P.
tenellum, Griff. Notul. IV. 21. Ic. Pl. As. t. 189. f. 194. not of
Roxb.

Pahang: Pulau Tawar (Ridley 2142); Province Wellesley: Ta-
sek Gelugur (6984). Distrib. India and Borneo. In dry open spots.

12. P. LuzONENSE, Presl. Rel. Haenk, I. 308. Annual stems
tufted -2 feet tall, moderately stout hairy leafy at the panicle.
Leaves linear acuminate base broad 3-4 inches long + inch wide closely
hairy above and beneath, sheaths very hairy especially at the nodes,
Panicle 6 inches to a foot long much branched, branches capillary
rather stiff ciliate. Spikelets ovoid subacute gy inch long purple,
glabrous. Glume I ovate obtuse nearly $ length of Gl. III. Gl. IL
oblong obtuse shorter than Gl. IJ, which is paleate. Gl. LV shorter

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 137

oblong smooth shining yellow or purple. P. coesium, Hook. Kew
Journ. II, (1850 )97. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. 48.

Singapore: Tanglin (Ridley 5787), Balestier Plain (6255) ;
Johor: Kuala Sembrong (Kelsall H. B. S. 4106), Castlewood, Sungei
Tebrau (Ridley 11500); Pahang: Pekan (Ridley 1262) ; Malacca
(Griffith) ; Perak (Herb. Cantley 84), Blanja (Wray 115); Penang
Waterfall (Curtis 1915). Common in open ground. Distrib. India,
Malaya.

13. P. Noposum, Kunth. Enum. Pl. I, 97. Stems creeping and

rooting at base ascending 1-4 fect slender glabrous. Leaves linear
long acuminate 3-8 inches long 4-3} inch wide finely ribbed edge not
thickened. Panicle nodding at length spreading 3-8 inches long,
branches slender, scabrid. Spikelets lanceolate acute narrow }$ inch
long purplish. Glume I ovate acuminate nearly half as long as III
Glume II a little longer than Gl. I, 5 nerved. Glume III lanceolate
ribbed epaleate. Glume IV elliptic lanceolate punctate pale smooth.
Steud. Syn. Gram. 59. Hook, fil. Fl. Brit. VI. 43. P. Arnottianum,
Nees. P. multinode, Presl. Rel. Haenk. I. 303.
. Singapore: Chan Chu Kang (Ridley 1704), Tanglin; Johor:
Serom, Batu Pahat (Ridley 11014); Pahang: Pekan (Ridley) ;
Selangor: Kuala Lumpur Caves (Ridley 8475); Penang: Pulau
Betong (Curtis 1961, 1917, 1918). Distrib. India, Malaya, China.
Common in thickets "and grassy meadows. “ Rumput Mintabong,”
“ Sarong Buaya.”

14. P. MONTANUM, Roxb. Fl. Ind. I. 318. Stem slender 2 feet
tall or more often woody. Leaves lanceolate acuminate base cordate
3-5 inches long $-} inch wide, sparingly hairy on the nerves above,
margins ciliate, nerves on the back conspicuous 10. Penicle very lax
6-8 inches long with spreading capillary branches. Spikelets 4s inch
long, subglobose. Glume I lanceolate acuminate nearly as long as
Glumé II hairy. Glume II and III ovate slightly hairy subequal.
Girt epaleate. Glume IV as long as Gl. LII semioval smooth.
Kunth Enum. Pl. 126. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. 53. Trim.
Fl. Ceyl. P. courtallense, Nees. Steud. Syn. Gram. 83. P. euch-
roum, Steud. l.c. 98.

Selangor: Kuala Kubu (Ridley 7779) ; Penang Woods i in Water-
fall Gardens (Ridley 7126). Distrib. India, China and Malay
Islands. Inhabits dry rocky woods.

15. P. HUMIDORUM, Ham. in Wall. Cat. 8721. Hook. fil. Fl.
Brit. Ind. VII. 53. var. perakense. A tall slender grass 3 or 4 feet
high, stems § inch through. Leaves narrow finear acuminate glabrous
6 inches long 4-4 inch wide, base obscurely cordate, sheaths as long.
ciliate at the mouth. Panicle 9-12 inches long spreading with fili-
form branches, spikelets ellipsoid obtuse ys inch long purple. Glume

138. Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

I ovate obtuse % length of III. Gl. II and III elliptic obtuse 5
nerved. IV ovate smooth.

Johor: Sempang Kiri (Ridley 11007), Tebing Tinggi (11010) ;
Perak (King’s Coll. 2546). Distrib. of type India. Abundant in
the water meadows and river above Batu Pahat. A very pretty
grass.

16. P. oryzompDEs, Sw. Prodr. 23. Fl. Ind. Occ. I. 61. Stem
creeping and rooting, slender to BOs stout ascending 6 to 24
inches. Leaves 2-4 inches long 4-% inch wide lanceolate acuminate
subdistichous glabrous edges sometimes thickened scabrous, sheaths
glabrous except for hairs on the mouth and down the side. Panicle
13-14 inches long, in small form with few hardly spreading branches
in large forms compound with distant trigonous scabrid branches 6
inches or more long. Spikelets $ to 75 inch long green or purple.
Glume I ovate nerved $ as long as Glume II or longer. Glume II
lanceolate, obtuse nearly as long as III. Glume III, palea narrow.
Glume IV shorter coriaceous granulate ellipsoid. Kunth. Enum. I.
129. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. V. 138. P. Ridleyi, Hack. Trans. Linn. Soc.
Ser. IL. i. 401 (name only). P. zizaniodes, H. B. K. Nov. Gen. I.
100. P. latifolium, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VIL. 39.

var. A. Dwarf creeping form with a short few-branched panicle.

Singapore: Gardens; Pahang: Kuala Berar, Pahang River (Rid-
ley 2136), Pekan (1407); Province Wellesley: Telok Ayer Tawar
(Ridley 7000).

var, B. majus, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. 39. Stem tall and
stout, with long internodes, nodes hairy leaves broad with thickened
edges. Panicle large and spreading with long branches.

Johor: Minyan Buku, Batu Pahat (Ridley), Kuala Kahang
(Kelsall H. B. S. 4105), Kota Tinggi (Ridley 4221); Pahang:
Kuala Tembeling (Ridley 2820); Selangor: Caves, Kuala Lumpur
eee 8158) ; Malacca: Bukit Bruang (R. Derry), (Grffiith), Pulau
Besar (Ridley 61, P. Ridley, Hack.) ; Perak: Goping (IXing’s Coll.) ;
Dindings: Gunong Tungul (Ridley 7264). Distrib. Tropical Africa,
India and America. A‘ very variable and common grass. The var. A
grows in low swampy ground, var. B in thickets scrambling through
the bushes.

P. psitopopium, Trim. Gram. Panic. 217. Annual. Stems
ae slender simple or branched 1-2 feet tall, leafy to the panicle.
Leaves narrow acuminate glabrous 3-8 inches long }-} inch wide.
Sheaths glabrous or hairy. Panicle 2-4 or 8 inches, rather compact
or loose, “pedicels slender as long as the spikelets. Spikelets $ inch
long green or purplish, Gl. I ovate broader than long $ length of
IIL or shorter, 3-5 nerved, IL ovate acuminate 9-11 nerved, TL as
long, LV oblong or rounded obtuse shining dark brown. Nees,

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 139

Agrost. Braz. 199. Kunth. Enum. PI. I. 100. Steud. Syn. Gram.
83. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. lc. 47.

Selangor: Port Swettenham (Bishop Hose). Distrib. India
and Ceylon.

18. P. ELEGANTISSIMUM, Hook. fil. Fl, Brit. Ind. VII. 52.
Perennial grass 2 or 3 feet tall, stems tufted slender leafy. Leaves
numerous from near the base linear hairy acuminate 12-18 inches long.
Panicle Jax spreading 9 inches long branches scabrid filiform. Spike-
lets acute solitary or in pairs $ inch long glabrous. Glume I ovate
acuminate keeled and ribbed, § as long as III, stipitate. Gl. IL
ovate acuminate strongly ribbed at the tip. III as long similar
paleate, palea ? length of Glume IV, which is elliptic obtuse smooth
white, edges incurved.

Dindings on the top of the hill at Lumut (Ridley 3116).
Endemic.

19. P. repens, L, Sp. Pl. Ed. II. 87. Stem creeping stout or
slender, stoloniferous ascending 6-24 inches, bases of stems sometimes
swollen. Leaves distichous 6-12 inches long linear narrow glaucous,
or + inch wide closely ribbed when dry, hispid or glabrous. Panicle
narrow strict 3-6 inches long, pale, branches scabrid. Spikelets
inch sessile or shortly pedicelled ovate lanceolate acute glabrous
pale. Glume I very short, } of Gl. III orbicular. IJ and III
subequal ovate acute, III paleate or not, male. IV elliptie ovate
smooth. Kunth. Enum. Pl. 1, 100. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII.
49. P. airoides, Br. Prodr. 190. P. aquatium, A. Rich. Tent. Fl.
Abyss. II 373. P. arenarium, Brot. Fl. Lus. I. 82. P. coloratum,
Cav. Ie, II. 6. t. 110. P. ischoemoides, Retz. Obs. IV. 17.

Singapore: Changi (Ridley 1699) ; Johor: Sungei Tebrau (Rid-
ley 11488) ; Pahang: Pekan; Malacca: Tanjong Kling, Ching (Rid-
ley) ; Dindings: Lumut; Penang Waterfall (Curtis 1803) ; Province
Wellesley: Permatang Bertam; Kelantan: Kamposa (Ridley). Dis-
trib. All warm countries. Usually a seashore plant with often a
stout subterranean rhizome.

20. P. PROLIFERUM, Lam. Encycl. IV. 747. Stem floating and
ascending, base thick and spongy, about 1- feet tall glabrous leafy to
the panicle. Leaves linear acuminate base broad 6-7 inches long 2
inch wide mouth ciliate. Panicle 3 inches long branches appressed,
scabrid. Spikelets green lanceolate acute $ inch long. Glume I
ovate obtuse thin } as long as the III. Gl. II and III lanceolate
acuminate ribbed. Gl. IIL paleate or not. Gl. IV # the length of
IIT, elliptic obtuse smooth. Nees. Agrostolog. Braz. 170. Kunth.
Enum. I, 100. Steud. Syn. Gram. 71. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII.
00. P. gongylodes, Jacq. Eclog. Gram. III. t. 21. P. elephantipes,

140 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Nees. Agrost. Braz. 165. P. Hiliotiu, Trim. Nees. l.c. 170. P. fistu-
losum, Hochst. Steud. le. 71. P. natans, Koen. Trim. Panic. Gen.
237. P. paludosum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. I. 307. Griff. Notul. 37. Ie.
PE Aset2139d£. 127:

Pahang. In swamps at Pekan (Ridley). Distrib. Tropics
generally.

21. P. sanMENTOSUM, Roxb. Fl. Ind. I. 308. Perennial tall half
scandent grass with a slender solid stem 6 to as much as 50 feet long
pubescent or glabrous. Leaves usually long 5-12 inches long 1-13
inches wide linear lanceolate with a long point glabrous or pubescent,
base narrowed, sheaths long smooth or slightly pubescent. Panicle
long peduncled large compound spreading 8-12 inches branches capil-
lary scabrid more or less whorled. Spikelets green pedicelled $ inch
long glabrous elliptic or ovoid blunt. Glume I ovate obtuse $ as
long as Gl. III. Glume II oblong obtuse thin as long as Gl. IIT,
which is paleate, palea narrow. Glume IV shorter oblong obtuse
transversely wrinkled. Anthers orange. Stigmas crimson. Kunth.
Enum. Pl. I. 126. Hook. fil. le. 54. P. micrognostum and P.
vacillans, Steud. le. 75. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. IIL. 456. P. coneinnum,
Nees. Hook. Kew. Journ. II. 1850, 97. Steud. le. 78. P. i-
comptum, Trim. Diss. IL. 200,

Singapore: Grange Road, Sumbawang (Ridley 18), Changi (84) ;
Johor: Kota Tinggi (Ridley 4207), Sungei Mati Road (Feilding H.
B. S. 4112) ; Pahang: Raub (Machado) ; Malacca (Hullett), Machap
(Derry 375) ; Selangor: Kampong Kerling (Ridley 10515), Rawang
(7776); Perak: Taiping Waterfall (Ridley 3119), Larut (King’s
Coll. 2575) ; Penang: Moniot’s Road (Curtis 1908) ; Province Welles-
ley: Ara Kudah (Ridley 6993). Distrib, India, China, Malaya.
Common in woods. “Rumput Jangut Ali,” “ Poko Kulubong.”
Roots chewed with betel nuts an as aphrodisiac. A very beautiful
grass often growing in dense masses.

22. P. maximum, Jacq. Ie. Pl. Rar. I.-t. 13. Coll. 1. 76. -A
large tufted grass 8-10 feet tall stems stout branched, nodes glabrous
or bearded. Leaves linear 1-2 feet long 4 to 1 inch wide base rounded
ciliate apex long acuminate. Panicle 1-2 feet long erect, branches
slender filiform lower ones whorled. Spikelets shortly pedicelled 4
inch long green oglong. Glume I very short, } length of Gl. IIT.
Gl. IL elliptic obtuse, little shorter than IL, both smooth and ob-
scurely nerved. Gl. IIL paleate. Glume IV. elliptic obtuse trans-
versely wrinkled shorter. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. 49. P.
allissum, Brauss. Hlench. Hort. Monsp. (1805) 42. P. eburneum,
Trim. Pan. Gen. 180. P. gongylodes, Jacq. Eclog. Gram. 30, t. 21.
P. jumentorum, Pers. Syn. 1. 83. P. laeve, Lam. Ill. L. 172.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 141

_ Singapore: Yo Chu Kang (Ridley 11292); Johor: Gunong
Pulai; Perak: Larut Hills 4500 feet alt.; Penang: Glugor (Curtis
1901). Distrib. Africa, and cultivated all over the tropics for horse
fodder, often cultivated in the peninsula and occurring sporadically
in cultivated ground. ‘The Guinea-grass.

23. P. ovALIFOLIUM, Poir. Encycl. IV. 279. Stems creeping
and rooting slender, ascending 6 inches to a foot. Leaves ovate acu-
minate flaccid 4-2 inches long $-} wide, base cordate amplexicaul
glabrous or hairy, base of mouth of sheath ciliate. Panicle sessile or
nearly so 2-4 inches lax spreading with slender filiform sinuous
branches. Spikelets 4 inch long solitary on slender pedicels, green
or purplish hairy elliptic obtuse. Glumes I and II ovate obtuse
strongly ribbed hairy, III flat obtuse glabrous little longer, with a long
narrow palea, IV much shorter ellipsoid obtuse coriaceous smooth
sides inflexed. Beauv. Fl. D’Owar III. 79. t. 110. f. 1. Kunth.
Enum. Pl. 1,113. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. 44. P. brevifolium,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. I. 306,

Singapore: Government Hill (Ridley); Johor: Kota Tinggi;
Pahang: Kuala Pahang (Ridley 995); Malacca: Bukit Bruang
(Ridley 5786), Sungei Udang (Goodenough 1680); Perak (Wray
3644), Larut Hills at 3,000 feet, Bujong Malacca (Ridley 9613) ;
Penang Waterfall (Curtis 496); Province Wellesley: Permatang
Bertam (Ridley). Distrib. Africa, India, Malaya, China.

24. P. HIRTIFOLIUM, n.sp. Stem creeping decumbent, erect
portion 6-8 inches long, leafy to the inflorescence. Leaves ovate lan-
ceolate amplexicaule acute very hairy with long white cilia especially
on the edge 4 inch long } inch wide, sheaths strongly ribbed pilose.
Panicle 1-2 inches long white ciliate branches slender spreading.
Spikelets 2, inch long solitary on the tops of the branches gibbous
lanceolate dark green. Glume I lanceolate green hairy flat. Glume
II as large and broader ribbed hairy ovate boat-shaped. Gl. III flat
lanceolate shorter. Gl. IV white ovate obtuse coriaceous. Palea
similar flattened. |

Selangor: Semangkok Pass (Ridley 12046). This little plant is
evidently allied to P. ovalifolium, Poir. but is smaller and more hairy.
Endemic.

§ 7. GIBBOSAE.

25. P. prtiprs, Nees. and Arn. Miq. Pl. Junghuhn III. 376. A
creeping and ascending grass slender geniculate, ciliate or glabrous at
the nodes. Leaves linear lanceolate long acuminate 14-6 inches long
4-4 inch wide, glabrous or sparingly hairy above pubescent beneath
sheaths ciliate. Panicle compact 1}-4 inches long, branches short.
Spikelets crowded brown glabrous subglobose blunt jg inch long.

142 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Glume I 4 length of No. III, ovate obtuse ribbed. Glume IT ovate
cymbiform, shorter than III. Glume IV semilunar flattened shortly
stipitate rather large smooth. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. IIT. 453. Hook,
fil. Fl. Brit. Ind, VIL. 57, P. hermaphroditum, Steud. Syn. Gram.
67%.

Singapore: Bukit Timah Road (Ridley 10418) ; Johor: Tebing
Tinggi, Pulau Aur; Pahang: Tahan River (Ridley 2139) ; Malacca:
Sungei Hudang, Pulau Besar; Sungei Ujong: Bukit Sulu (Cantley’s
Coll.) ; Perak: Larut (King’s Coll. 2787), Relau Tujoh (Wray 1801) ;
Dindings: Lumut (Ridley 5117) ; Province Wellesley: Tasek Gelugur
(Ridley 6964). Distrib. Mascarene Islands, India, Malaya, Aus-
tralia and Polynesia. Common by road sides. “ Rumput Mutubong,”
“Rumput Kurubong Padi.”

26. P. parens, Linn. Sp. Pl. 86. Stems slender creeping and
ascending about 1-2 feet. Leaves lanceolate acuminate hispid above
more so beneath 2-6 inches long }-1 inch wide. Panicle 6-9 inches
long, with very long capillary branches and pedicels, eventually wide
spreading. Spikelets minute globose pale, or brown. Glume I § to
4 the length of Glume III. Glume II semi-ovate cymbiform nearly
as long as Glume III. Gl. IV semilunar gibbous, smooth yellow.
Burm. Fl. Ind. t, 10. f. 2.. Kunth. Enum. I. 126. Hook. fil. Fl.
Brit. Ind, VII. 57%. ‘P. acerescens, Trim. Sp.°Gram. I¢.4-- 38;
obliquum, Roth. Nov. Sp. 51. P. radicans, Retz. Obs. Iv. 18. P.
trigonum, in part Thw. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 559.

Singapore: Bukit Timah (Hullett 441), Tanglin, Changi (Rid-
ley 77); Johor: Kwala Kahang (Kelsall H. B. 8. 4108) ; Malacca:
Ayer Moleh (Ridley), Hulu Rejang (Derry); Sungei Ujong: Port
Dickson; Pahang: ’ahan Woods (Ridley 2827); Dindings: Lumut
(Ridley 3117); Penang: Government (Curtis 1916); Selangor:
Klang (Fox). Distrib. India, Malaya, Polynesia. Common on the
borders of woods ete. “ Rumput Telor [kan.”

5. IcHNANTHUS, Sw.

Annual or perennial grasses with broad leaves. Inflorescence
panicled, Spikelets 1 or 2 flowered ovate or lanceolate, terete arti-
culate on the pedicels. Glumes 4, 1, If and III subequal persistent
strongly nerved, III paleate, IV much shorter deciduous, stipitate
paleate bisexual oblong, with a simple or bifid or two appendages on
the stipes. Styles free, stamens 5. Grain coriaceous acute or acu
minate articulate at the base of the stipes. _

Species 20, ‘Tropics of both hemispheres.

I. pALENS, Munro. Benth. Fl. Hongk. 414. Stem slender long
creeping with ascending branches 12 inches tall. Leaves lanceolate or
ovate acuminate inaequilateral base broad, hairy 2-3 inches long 4-1

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 143

inch wide. Panicle 2-3 inches long compact branches short ascending
seabrid. Spikelets shortly pedicelled 4 inch long green glabrous lan-
ceolate. Glume I lanceolate cuspidate $ as long as Gl. IIL. Gl. I]
lanceolate cuspidate strongly nerved. Nerves pubescent as long as
Gl. III lanceolate acuminate paleate. Gl. IV obtuse elliptic smooth.
Hook. fil. Fl. Brit, Ind. VII. 60. Panicum pallens, Swartz. Prod.
23. Kunth. Enum. I. 89.

Johor: Serom, Kota Tinggi; Selangor: Kuala Lumpur Caves
(Ridley 8163), Near Labu (7775); Sungei Ujong: Bukit Sulu
(Cantley’s Coll.). Distrib. Tropies of both worlds. On banks of
woods rather rare here.

6. THYSANOLAENA, Nees.

A very large reed-like grass. Stem solid. Leaves broad lanceo-
late sheaths short. Panicle very large lax branches long nodding
bearing very numerous short spikes. Spikelets densely crowded sub-
secund purple, pedicelled. Glumes 4. Gl. I and IIL short sub-
equal ovate. Glume III lanceolate acuminate three times as long.
Gl. IV shorter lanceolate thin acute green, covered with long white
hairs. Stamens 2 or 3. Anthers short oblong greenish yellow.
Styles free brown purple. Grain minute free.

Species 1. India and Malaya.

Tu. Acrostis, Nees. Edinb. Phil. Journ XVIII. 180. Stems
8 to 12 feet tall + inch through. Leaves 18-24 inches, 3-4 inches
across smooth green paler beneath, acuminate, base cordate subpetioled,
sheaths 1-14 inch long mouths hairy, ligule very short. Panicle 1-24
feet tall, branches about a foot or less. Spikes $-$ inch. Spikelets
=; inch long, pedicels hairy. Glume I, II and III purple. Steud.
Syn. Gram, 119. Hook. fil. le. 61. Th. acarifera, Arn. and Nees.
Noy. Act. Nat. Cur. XIX. Supp. 1, 181. Panicum acariferum, Trin.
Sp. Gram. Ic. t. 87. Myriachaeta arundinacea and glauca, Zoll. and
Mor. Syst. Verz. Zoll. 101. Steud. le. 404. Melica latifolia, Roxb.
Fl. Ind. I. 3828. Agrostis maxima, Roxb. l.c. 317.

Perak: Hermitage Hill (Ridley); Sungei Ujong (Herb Cant-
ley); Selangor: Pahang Track (Machado); Penang: Government
Hill (Curtis 1909). Hull woods on banks. “ Buluh Tubarow.”

7%. SETARIA, Beauv.

Annual grasses, with dense spiciform panicles. Spikelets I flow-
ered (rarely 2 flowered) clusters not awned, articulate on very short
pedicels, bearing a persistent involucel of few or many scabrid bristles
(barren branchlets). Glumes 4. I half as long as III, II as long
or shorter than LV, III neuter epaleate, rarely male. IV coriaceous
plano-convex bisexual. Stamens 3. Grain free.

Species about 10. All warm and temperate regions.

*

144 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Panicles large nodding .. St 33 OF 1. S. italica.
Panicle erect spike-like simple .. ss 665 2. S. glauca.

1. S. rratica, Beauv, Agrost. 51. Stem 2 to 5 feet tall stout.
Leaves 18 inches long 1 inch across or less. Panicle 8 inches long
very thick nodding cylindric or compound. Bristles 2 or 3 smooth or
scabrid long. Spikelets #s inch long. Glumes membranous. I short
ovate, II and III subequal oblong, 1V coriaceous smooth hemispheric.
Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VIL. 78. Panicum italicum, L, Sp. Pl. 56.

The Italian millet only known in cultivation occurs occasionally
in waste ground, in Pahang. Pulau Tawar, Pulau Rumput and
Sungei Chenei. It is known as Iskoi by the Malays and is very
seldom cultivated.

2. S. euauca, Beauv. Agrosto. 51. A tufted annual, about 1-2
feet tall slender. Leaves narrow linear 6 inches long 4- inch wide
scabrid. Panicle narrowly cylindric 4-5 inches long orange, occa-
sionally purplish dense. Bristles 6 to 12 to a spikelet variable in
length 4-} inch long orange. Spikelets green § inch long ovoid.
Glume I and II short ovate about } as long as hemispheric wrinkled
blunt. Kunth. Enum. Pl. I. 149. Griff. Notul. 44.. Ic. Pl. As. t.
149. f. 1. Hook. fil. Fl). Brit. Ind. VII. 79. 8S. helvola, R. & S.
S. dasyura, Schlecht Linnaea XXVI. 463. Panicum glaucum, L. Sp.
PL. 56. P.helvolum, Linn. f. Suppl. 107.

Singapore: Tanglin (Ridley 5767) ; Johor: Castlewood, Sungei
Tebrau (Ridley 11502); Pahang: Kuala Luit, Pekan (Ridley) ;
Malacca: Sungei Bahru (Ridley 10792), Chenana Putih (Cantley’s
Coll.) ; Perak (Wray) ; Penang: Paddy fields (Curtis 1959). Distrib.
whole world. A very variable plant. Hackel names the long
spiked forms S. dasyura, Schlecht and the short ones S. glauca, but
they appear to pass into each other. It occurs as a weed in waste
ground and in dry spots. “ Rumput Julong-Julong.”

8. Axonopus, Beauv.

Perennial grasses slender. Panicle of few slender branches.
Spikelets 2 flowered. Glumes 4. Gl, I short ovate acuminate glab-
rous, II thin glabrous, with 3 stamens, and a bifid palea, IV elliptic
or oblong awned.

Species 2. Africa, Asia, Australia.

A. cratcinus, Beauy. Agrost. 12. Stems tall slender 1-4 feet tall
decumbent and geniculate at the base. Leaves ovate lanceolate dis-
tant subacute, amplexicaul at the base 3 inches long 3 inch wide edges
ciliate ligule a ring of hairs sheaths 3 inches long cilate. Panicle of
few long slender subwhorled branches flowerless. Glume I lanceo-
late acuminate $ of Gl. ILI. Gl. II much the largest lanceolate acute

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 145

fringed with long reddish bristles, II narrower thinner and shorter
with a bifid short palea, 3 stamens. Gl. IV subcoriaceous elliptic
awned. Panicum cimicinum, Retz. Obs, ILL. 9. Roxb. FI. Ind. E
295. Urochloa cimicina, Nees. in Edinb, N. Phil. Journ. XV. 381.

Singapore: Tivoli, Changi (Ridley 1700, 1711) ; Penang: Water-
fall, Tanjong Bunga (Curtis 1829). Distrib. India, Malaya, China.
A weed in waste ground, Pleasantly scented like anthovanthum when

dry.

9. OPLISMENUS, Beauv.

Slender creeping grasses, with thin ovate or lanceolate leaves.
Spikes simple or panicled spikelets 1 flowered sessile or nearly so,
fascicled. Glumes 4. Glume I short with a long straight awn, IL
with or without an awn, III longer, awn short paleate, barren, IV
lanceolate acute. Stamens 3

Species 4 or 5. All tropical countries. Woodland grasses.

Leaves $-1} inch long .. i ie iak ged, Os Burnianie:
Leaves 2-7 inches long spc 3 sac 8. -OF compositus.

1. O. BurMannti, Beauv. Agrost. 54. Creeping decumbent
grasses, with slender stems erect about 8 inches. Leaves ovate Janceo-
late or lanceolate $-14 inch long } inch wide acute hairy. Spikelets
few 4 or = secund short ¢-$ inch long hairy. Spikelets. crowded
imbricate 5-4 inch long (without the glumes). Glume I lanceolate
hairy awned. Gl. IL about as long, awn much longer, hairy. Gl.
ILL a little longer, awn shorter. Glume IV smooth lanceolate acute.
Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII, 66.

Penang: Sepoy Lines (Curtis 1825), Botanic Gardens. Distrib.
Tropics of the old world.

2. O. compositus, Beauy. Agrost. 54. Slender creeping ascend-
ing grass 1-2 feet tall. Leaves lanceolate acute base broad inaequi-
lateral 3-5 inches long }-1 inch wide glabrous above pubescent beneath
sheaths glabrous. Spikes 5 or 6, 1-4 inches long bristly. Spikelets
4 inch long (without the awn) solitary or fascicled in twos and threes
mostly secund. Glume I lanceolate awned. Gl. LI longer or shorter,
awn very long, III longer and broader obtuse 7-9 amerved hispid, IV
lanceolate polished acuminate. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. Vol. VII. 66.

Johor: Pulau Tinggi (Feilding) ; Pahang: Kuala Pahang (Rid-
ley 999); Selangor: Kuala Caves (Ridley 8162) : ; Malacca: Durian
Tungul ; Penang: Waterfall (Ridley 7069, nOTOy, Distrib. Tropical
tegions, es

C 10

146 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

10. STeENoTAPHRUM, Trin.

Broad leayed creeping grasses with flattened stems and distichous
leaves. Spikes flat, rachis broad herbaceous with the spikelets on
short branches partly sunk in the rachis. Spikelets ovate acute
usually in two rows. Glumes 4 unawned, I short and broad, If
convex lanceolate, II] as long, paleate, [LV as large coriaceous bisex-
ual, palea large ovate grain broad flattened free.

Species 2 or 3. Tropics of both worlds.

S. Hetrert, Munro. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. 91. Stems
1-2 feet long, base decumbent geniculate flattened. Leaves flat dark
green linear or lanceolate linear acute base broad 4-6 inches long 3
inch wide. Sheaths long flattened 2 inches or less. Spike + inches
long } inch wide, flat straight. Spikelets 2-5 or short branches §
inch long. Glume I ovate obtuse more than half as long as Gl. ILI,
5-% ribbed. Glume II lanceolate 7 nerved, IIT as long 5 nerved
paleate male.

Perak: Plus River (Wray 3364), Padang Rengas (Ridley) ;
Province Wellesley : Permatang Bertam (Ridley 6968) ; Kedah: Bukit
Juru (King’s Coll.). Distrib. Tenasserim, Cochin China. Damp
spots.

11. THuaRzEA, Pers.

A slender prostrate branched creeping grass. Leaves flat laneco-
late acute, with broad sheaths. Spikes terminal short enclosed in a
Jeaf-sheath. Spikelets few secund, in one row, basal one or two
female or bisexual terminal 2 to 6 male, rachis flat pubescent even-
tually enclosing the fruit. Glume I small or obtuse in male, IT ovate
or lanceolate, empty, III and LV lanceolate acute, triandrous in male
spikelets bisexual in the lower one. Anthers linear. Stigmas long
plumose. Grain enclosed in the thickened hard base of the rachis,
forming an obconic beaked nut.

Species 1. Madagascar, Ceylon, Nicobar, Malaya to Polynesia.

Ti. SARMENTOSA, Pers. Syn. 1, 110. Stem several feet long
wiry branches 3 inches long. Leaves } to 2 inches long 4-$ inch wide
bright green sheaths broad as long. Spike } to 1 inch long. Spikelets
1 inch long. Fruit } inch long. Kunth. Revis. Gram, I. 247, t. 30.
Enum. Pl. I. 174. Suppl. 128. Beauv. Agrost. 127, t. 22, f..9.
Hook. fil. le. 91. 7. latifolia and T. media, T. involuta, Br, Prodr.
19%. Ornithocephalochloa arenicola, Wurz. Jown. Bot. 1875, 33%.
t. 171. Ischoemen involutum, Forst. Prodr, 73.

Singapore: Rochor, Changi (Ridley); Johor: Jambu Larang
(Feilding H. B. 8. 5766); Pahang: Rumpin River, Sungei Meyang
(Ridley) ; Province Wellesley: Teluk Ayer Tawar (Itidley) ; Kedah:
Yan. Scashores creeping in sand, common,

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 147

12. Sprinirex, L.

Stiff bushy or creeping grasses, with long stiff glaucous rigid
arrow leaves. Male panicle branched of umbellate with membranous
bracts at base. Spikelets sessile or branches of the umbel, rather large
sessile or subsessile, 2 flowered. Glumes membranous not awned.
Glumes I and II subequal lanceolate empty. Glumes III and IV
paleate longer acuminate cuspidate triandrous. Anthers long oblong.
Female inflorescence of one or two large heads of radiating bracts
with very long points. Glumes as in male but rather larger, IIL
empty or triandrous, IV female. Lodicules large, 2. Styles 2, long.

Species 4. All but one Australian.
S. squarrosus, L. Mant. IT. 300. Stems ascending about a foot

glaucous. Leaves narrow 3-7 inches long subterete at top pungent
recurved, sheaths broad truncate imbricating, all silky pubescent.
Male inflorescence of 3 corymbs, the terminal one largest, 3 inches
long 4 inches wide pees scabrid terminated by an acute point.
Spikelets nearly $ inch long pubescent pale. Gl. I, IL 5-7 nerved,
lanceolate. GI. LI and LV ‘longer paleae nearly as long, hairy along
the keel. Female heads large w ‘ith bracts ev entually very long over 6
inches slender scabrid. Spikelets glabrous. Glues. all lanceolate
pubescent at the tip. Lamarck. Llustr. t. 840. Ikunth. Enum. Pl.
ioe 2 Mag.) FI. Ind. Bat. TIT, 474. “Hook. fil: Le. °63. Stipa
spinifex, i. Mant. I. 84.

Johor: Jambu Larang (Feilding) ; Pahang: Sungei Meang (Rid-
ley 1527), Kuala Pahang: Cherating River. Distrib. India, Siam,
Ceylon, Java, China.

In sand along the shore, on the East Coast. The fruiting heads
become detached when ripe and are blown along the sand on the points
of the bracts in a very curious way.

Tribe II. Onyzerar.

« bye.
~

Oryza, L.

all annual or perennial grasses. Leaves linear, long. Spike-
lets 1 flowered in racemes or loose panicles, disarticulating from the
pedicels laterally strongly compressed often awned. Glumes I to

developed, I anc very minute or absent, IIT half oblong harc
III developed, I and IL ver t bsent, ILI half oblong hard
keeled 5 veined, margin thickened awnless, or awned, awn straight
scabrid. Palea linear as long coriaceous edges membranous. Stamens
6. Grain narrowly oblong compressed closely invested by the glume
or adnate to them.

Species 5 or 6. Tropical Asiatic. Padi (O. sativa, L.) a native
of India is extensively cultivated here, but I have not seen it wild,

148 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Glume III keeled, not ciliate .. oe ay 1. O. Ridleyt.
Glume III armed with white processes .. 2. O. latifolia.

1. O. Ripiey1, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. 93. A tall weak
grass, 5 or + feet tall. Leaves linear acuminate 6-14 inches long 4-1
inch wide glabrous nerves distinct ligule long oblong ciliate. Panicle
6-12 inches long nodding with parallel slender branches alternate or
subopposite, 4- 6 inches long. Spikelets $ inch long exclusive of awn.
Glumes I and II setaceous scabrid. Gl. II boat-shaped keeled.
Keel spinulose, awn nearly as long. Palea keeled spinulose not
awned. Stamens [II orange short. Stigmas 2 plumose.

Johor: Tebing Tinggi (Ridley 1011), Kuala Sembrong (Kelsall
H. B. S. 4100) ; Pahang: Pekan (Ridley 1215) ; Malacca : Chabau
(Ridley 1007); Selangor: Kajang Road; Perak: Kuala Kangsa.
Distrib, Borneo. In waste meadows and wet spots by river banks.

O. LATIFOLIA, Desv. ou Bot. I. (1813) 77. Stems 2-3
feet tall. Leaves 14 inches long, $ inch wide, linear cai edges
and back scabrid narrowed at the base, ligule rather long ciliate $
inch. Panicle 6-8 inches long, branches slender appressed. Spike-
Jets elliptic oblong 4-§ inch long. Glume I and ITI lanceolate seta-
ceous scabrid very short. Glume IIL boat-shaped granulate and
covered with white processes channelled on both sides, awn scabrid $
inch Jong brittle. Palea similar but narrower and shortly cuspidate.

Johor: Sempang Kiri (Ridley 1019), Parit Jawa (Feilding) ;
Perak: Kuala Dipang (Ridley 9791). Wet fields. ‘“ Padi Burong.”

14. Lerersia, 8. W.

Tall slender marsh grasses with narrow flat leaves and a terminal
panicle of the flowered spikelets, articulate on thin pedicels. Glumes
1 and II absent. Glume IIL boat-shaped flattened thinly coriaceous
keeled. Keel ciliate, not awned. —-Palea as long narrower keeled and
ciliate. Lodicules 2. Stamens 6 or fewer. Styles short, stigmas
plumose. Grain narrowly oblong.

Species 7,

S. HEXANDRA, 8S, W. Prod. Veg. Ind. Oce. 21. Stems 2-3 feet
tall slender. Leaves narrow 2-6 inches long $ to 4 inch wide linear
acuminate, ligule rather long, rounded. Panicle 3-4 inches long
branches contracted together 1 “inch long or less. Spikelets pale green,
4 inch long. Glume lightly granulate. Stamens 6. Kunth. Enum.
Pl. I. 6. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VIL 94. 'Trimen. Fl. Ceyl. V.
184. L. Australis, R. Br. Prodr. 210. L. ciliata, Roxb. Fl. Ind, IT.
207. L. ciliaris, Griff. Notul. IIL. 2. Pharus ciliatus, Retz. Obs.
V. 23. Pseudoryza ciliata, Griff, Ic. Pl. As. t. 144. f. 1.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 149

Singapore: Tanglin, ete. (Ridley) ; Johor: Batu Pahat; Pahang:
Pekan (Ridley 1154) ; Malacca: Ayer Panas; Perak: Kuala Dipang.
Distrib. All tropics. In water meadows. One of the best fodder
grasses, Very common.

Tribe III. ZovysrEak.
15. Zoysia, Willd.

A small tufted or creeping grass with slender stems leafy above
branched glabrous usually rigid. Leaves subulate pungent. Panicle
spiciform on a wiry peduncle. Spikelets very small one flowered lan-
ceolate or ovoid pedicelled on the simple rachis. Glumes 2. Gl. I
coriaceous lanceolate, involute. Gl. II shorter and narrower thin,
palea small or absent. Styles long distinct.

Species I. Mauritius, Tropical Asia and Australia.

Z. PUNGENS, Willd. Ges. Natur. fr. Neue. Schrifte. IIT. 441.
Stems wiry matter 3-12 inches long. Leaves very slender }-15 inch
long. Panicle $-1 inch long. Spikelets § inch long. Glume |
pale green darker edges, or tinted violet, mucronulate pubescent.
Glume II hyaline. Stamens 3, anthers oblong speckled violet.
Styles white. Kunth. Enum. Pl. I. 471. Beauv. Agrost. I. t. 4. f.
1. Hook, fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. 99. Z. artistata, Brownu, Griffith-
iana, sedoides, C. Muell. Bot. Zeit. XIII. 272-274. Z. japonica,
Weuld. Steud. Syn. Gram. 414. Z. sinica, Hance. Journ. Bot. VII.
168. Z. tenuifolia, Trim. Mem. Acad. Ptersb. Ser. VI., IV., Se. Nat.
Il. 96. Matrella juncea, Pers. Syn. I. 78. Agrostis Matrella, lL.
Mant. IT. 185.

Singapore: Balestier Plain, Tanjong Rhu (Ridley 5765) ; Johor:
Hulu Sedili (Kelsall); Malacca: Tanjong Kling (Ridley 3125,
- 3124), Malacca Hill (5765); Pahang: Kuala Pahang (Ridley).
Sandy spots often forming a dense turf, somewhat variable according
to locality, taller and softer in wet places, very common.

16. Prrotis, Ait.

A short creeping grass, with small broad leaves. Spikelets in
a single terminal spike shortly pedicelled or subsessile short one
flowered. Glumes 3. I and II empty narrowly linear tapering
into long awns. III minute paleate.

Species 1. Tropical Africa, Asia and Australia.

P. tatrronia, Ait. Hort. Kew I. 85. Stems 3 inches to 1 foot
long. Leaves lanceolate 4-3 inch long {-3$ inch long numerous at the
base distant ebove base broad, ciliate, apex acute. Spike 3-5 inches
long. Spikelets purple nearly $ inch long with the awns. Beauv.

150 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Agrost, t. 4. f. 9. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. 98. P. rara, Br.
Prodr. 172. Saccharum spicatum, li, Sp, Pl. 54. Agrostis spicae-
formis, L. G. Suppl. 108. Authovanthum indicum, Li. Sp. Pl. 28.
vystidium barbatum, Presl. Rel. Haenk. I. 228.

Singapore: Changi (Ridley) ; Pahang: Kuala Pahang; Malacca:
Bukit Sabukor (Goodenough 1967) ; Penang: Telok Bahang (Curtis
9), Tanjong Bunga (1817). Sandy spots.

Tribe IV. PHAREAE.
17. Lepraspis, Br.

Forest grasses perennial, with broad petioled elliptic or oblong
leaves. Panicles terminal peduncled with the branches whorled
eventually spreading with short alternate branchlets. Spikelets uni-
sexual on short pedicels. | Males very small in the upper part.
Glumes 3. I and II broad flat unequal glabrous.

Species 3-4. Tropics of old world.

L. trcroLaTa, Br. Benn. Pl. Jav. Rar. 23. t..6... Rootstock
creeping often raised above the ground on stiff roots. Stem 1-3
feet base covered with sheathing leaves. Leaves 6-12 inches long 2-5
across elliptic or lanceolate acute narrowed at base, stiff dark green,
with trabeeulate nervules, with a petiole 1 inch or more long. Panicle
branches 6 inches or more long pubescent numerous. Female spike-
lets 4 inch long. Utricles pear-shaped 4 inch long viscidly hairy.
Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. II. 374. Hook. fil: Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. 95. Z.
zeylanicus, and manillensis, Steud. Syn. Gram. 8. Pharus urceolatus,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. IE. 611.

Singapore: Bukit Timah, Chan Chu Kang (Ridley 1707), Pulau
Ubin (369); Johor: Kuala Sembrong (Kelsall), Batu Pahat;
Malacca: Bukit Sadanen (Derry 259), Ophir (Hullett 853) ; Pahang:
Pulau Jallam, Pahang River (Ridley); Selangor: Kuala Lumpur;
Perak: Bujong Malacca (Curtis), Tapa (Wray 1315); Penang
(Roxburgh), Balik Pulau (Ridley 9418), Distrib. Ceylon Malay
Islands to New Guinea. Common in dense forest. Native names
“Tampo Rulang,” “'Tampo G’lang,” “ Sayong 'Tikus,” “ Rumput
Babi.”

Tribe V. MAYyDTAR.
18. Corx, hy,

Tall annual or perennial grass. Leaves large. Spikes many
axillary and terminal. Lower spikelet female enclosed in bract at
length hardened polished white or blue. Male spikelets on a pedun-
cle “protruding through the female bract, shortly pedicelled or sessile

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 151

lanceolate. Glumes 4. I and IT lanceolate subequal stiff or her-
baceous empty. ILL and IV thin hyaline paleate triandrous or
empty. Stamens linear. Female ovoid acuminate. Gl.’I charta-
ceous, II-[V thinner, IV paleate. Grain orbicular enclosed in hard
globose or ovoid involucre.

Species 1.

C. LacoryMa Jost, L. Sp. Pl. 972. Stems 3-4 feet tall. Leaves
lanceolate long acuminate base broad, 9 inches long, 14 inch broad
keeled. Panicles 3 inches long. Male*portion 1 inch, spikelets + inch.
Fruit obovoid $ inch long. Bot. Mag. t. 2479. Griff. Notul. III. 10.
Hook, fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. 100. C. agrestis, Lour. Fl. Cochinch.
551. C. arundinacea, Lam. Encycl. II. 422.

Common in waste ground, but not native. Singapore: Tanglin,
ete.; Sungei Ujong: Bukit Tumajang (Cantley’s Coll.) ; Penang
(Curtis 58); Perak: Tomoh (Machado). Distrib. Tropical Asia
and as a cultivated plant in Africa and America. Native name “ Jilai
Batu,” “ Mulai Tikus.”

var. gigantea. Perennial, 10 to 15 feet tall. Leaves 18 inches
to 2 feet long, 1$ across. Male spikes long 3 inches in cylindric
drooping spikes. Glumes broadly winged half an inch long obtuse.
C’. gigantea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. III. 569. C. lingulata, Hack. Oestr. Bot.
Zeitsch. 1891. 5.

Perak: Banks of Kinta River (King’s Coll. 7212).

ANDROPOGONEAE.
. 19. Dimertia, Br.

Annual or perennial grasses small. Leaves narrow linear.
Spikes solitary or several terminal. Spikelets very small 1 flowered
rachis inarticulate. Glumes 4. I linear, II as long broader, com-
pressed, I1I narrow shorter hyaline, [V longer awned, awn twisted.
Stamens 2, small. -Styles distinct. Grain linear.

Species 12. Tropical Asia and Japan.

D. ornitHopopa, Trim. Fund. Agrost. 167. t. 14. Annual, 6-30
inches tall slender. Leaves linear acuminate 1-3 inches long sprin-
kled with long white hairs. Stems capillary pink. Spikes 2 sub-
opposite very slender 1§ inch long rachis flexuous pink. Spikelets
closely appressed 34g inch long without the awn linear sessile. Glume
I linear acute pink keel ciliate. II as long and broader strongly
cihate at the top, III shorter linear hyaline, IV longer with a very
long scabrid brown awn. Hack. Monogr. Androp. 81. Hook, fil. FI.
Brit. Ind. VII. 104. D. stipaeformis, Miq. Prolus. Fl. Jap. 176.
D. tenera, Trim. Mem. Acad. St. Petersb. ser. 6. Vol. IT, p. 335.

152 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Didactylon simplex and ramosum, Zoll. and Mor. Syst. Verz. 100.
Andropogon filiformis, Roxb. Fl. Ind. I. 256,

Singapore: Seletar, Tanglin, Changi (Ridley 79, 1703); Negri
Sembilan: Seremban (Ridley 10013). Distrib. India, “Malaya, Japan,
Australia.

20. Imprerata, Cyrillo.

Perennial grasses with a long subterranean creeping rhizome.
Leaves tufted long linear acuminate. Peduncle tall. Panicle spici-
form, woolly silky simple or branched. Spikelets small binate 1-2
flowered, lower flower incomplete or absent. Glumes 4.

Species 4. Europe, Asia and America.

Panicle spikelike not branched, stamens 2... 1. J. arundinacea.
Panicle distinctly branched, stamen 1 a. © Rul, exattata:

1. I. AruNDINACEA, Cyrillo. Pl. Rar. Neap. Fase. II. 26. t. 11.
Rhizomes very long branched covered with scales. Leaves 1 to 6 feet
long }-2 wide linear acuminate. Stem 1 to 3 fect, tall slender solid,
nodes glabrous or bearded. Panicles 3 to 8 inches long very narrow
spiciform with very short appressed branches. Spikelets shortly
pedicelled base and glumes covered with long white silky hairs.
Glume I and IL lanceolate acute thin purple or green, III much
shorter about $ or 4 oblong toothed, IV ovate acute toothed. Palea
quadrate toothed. Anthers orange cells divaricate at base. Stigmas
long plumose purple. Kunth. Enum. PL 1,477. Hackel. Andropoyp.
91. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VIT. 106. Duthie. Indig. Fodder grass
t. 15. J. Allang, Jungh. Tydschr. Nat. Ges. VII. 295. J. cylindrica
and J. Koenigi, Beauv. Agrost. 165. Saccharum cylindricum, Lam.
Mnevel. [. 594. S. diandum Koen. 8. Koenigii, Retz. Ibs. V. 16.

Common all over the whole peninsula. Native name “ Lalang.”
A pestilential grass very difficult to eradicate, covering large areas
of country and of very rapid growth. The leaves are used for
thatching, and litter, the silky spikelets for stuffing pillows, and the
rhizomes for making a kind of beer and also as a native medicine
for which purpose it is exported to China. Distrib. all warm
countries.

2. I. pxaurata, Brngn. Voy. Coq. Bot. 101. Stems 6-7 feet tall,
stouter than the preceding, nodes glabrous. Leaves linear acuminate,
rather longer and broader. Panicle 14 inches long with several
branches at the base silky white. Spikelets narrow lanceolate 4 € inch
long hairs silky softer than in preceding. Glume I fewer nerved.
Glume TIT half as long as Gl. If oblong toothed. Hack. Monogr.
Androp. 99. Hook. fil. le. 10%, J. caudata, Trim, Mem, Acad,

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 153

Petersb. Ser. VI. ii. 1833, 331. J. ramosa, Anderss. Oefvers. Vet.
Akad. Stockh. 1855, 158.

Singapore (Cuming), Seletar, Bajau (5775) ; Johor: Batu Pahat,
Tanjong Kupang (Ridley 5774); Dindings: Lumut; Selangor:
Langat (Ridley 54). Distrib. 'Tenasserim, Malay Islands, ‘Trop.
America. Common near villages and on the sea coasts. ‘ Lalang
Jawa.”

21. SacoHarum, L.

Large perennial grasses, with numerous solid or fistular stems in
a tuft, and linear leaves. Panicles large and long peduncles, rachis
fragile, spikelets in pairs one sessile and one pedicelled, both similar
linear oblong or oblong bisexual. Glumes I and II equal blunt or
II mucronate, III empty hyaline, IV bisexual. Palea small hyaline
nerveless. Stamens 3.

Species 12. Africa, Trop. Asia and America.
b]

Panicle lax, white silky, callus, hairs long silky 1. S. arundinaceum.

Panicle dense purple, callus hairs shorter than
the spikelet eS ue a He Ro, ed) eas

1. S. ARUNDINACEUM, Retz. Obs. 4. p. 14. Stems 10 to 15 feet
tall, one inch through solid. Leaves 3 to 5 feet long, 2-3 inches wide
margins hispidly ciliate, acuminate, midrib white. Panicle 1-2 feet
long much branched, oblong, branches half whorled softly hairy.
Spikelets narrow lanceolate in pairs one sessile and one pedicelled
4 inch long, white silky callus hairs longer. Glume I lanceolate
acuminate, IT similar as long, both reddish, ILI elliptic lanceolate, IV
mucronate. Hack. Monogr. Androp, 117. Hook. fil. le. S. benga-
lense, Retz. Obs. 5. p. 162. S. procerum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. I. 243.

Singapore: Yeo Chu Kang, Kallang (Ridley 10800); Pahang:
Pulau Tawar, Pekan (Ridley 1202) ; Selangor: Kuala Lumpur Caves
(Ridley 54); Perak River (King’s Coll. 1095). Distrib. India,
China. Common on river banks. ‘ Tebrau.”

S. officinarum, L. The sugarcane “Tebu” of the Malays is
commonly cultivated.

2. 8S. Ripieyr, Hack. Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 1891. A tall grass
forming huge clumps. Leaves long linear acuminate 3 inch across
glabrous margins scabrid, sheaths smooth stems 8 feet tall, 4 inch
through solid. Panicle 14-16 inches long purple. Spikelets in pairs
one sessile and one peduncled 4 inch long lanceolate shining nodes of
branches and base of spikelet covered with white hairs shorter than the
spikelet. Glume I lanceolate acute cartilaginous, II about as long
ciliate at the top, III and IV shorter hyaline ciliate at the tip.

154 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Stamens purple red 3. Stigmas purple. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind.
VAT Sp:

Pahang River Banks: Pekan and Mahang (Ridley 1159, 1306).
Endemic. Abundant in this district covering considerably tracts of
the low open country along the river.

22. POGONATHERUM, Beauv.

Tufted annual or perennial grasses, with linear acute leaves,
and slender simple or branched stems. Spikes solitary terminal
slender. Spikelets small in pairs, 1 sessile and 1 shortly pedicelled.
Glumes thin membranous, [ mutiocus, I] longer awned apex 2
toothed, 111 hyaline empty, or male with 2 stamens, IV hyaline bifid
with a long awn. Palea about as long. Lodicules absent. Stamens
1 or 2. - Styles capillary. Grain obovate oblong.

Species 2 or 3, possibly all one species. Tropical Asia, China and
Japan.

P. sACCHAROIDEUM, Beauv. Agrost. 56. t. 11. f. 7. var. monandra,
Hack. Monog. Androp. 193. Stems simple from a short base tufted
or elongate branched slender 6-18 inches tall leafy. Leaves ~ to 2
inches long 34; inch wide ciliate at the base. Spikes $-1 inch long
very slender spikelets 4-34 inch long, hairs from the base longer.
Glume I hyaline oblong truncate tip ciliate, IL longer keeled and
shortly terminally awned, IV narrow hyaline with a very long brown
scabrid awn. Stamen 1 rarely 2. P. crinitum, Trim. Fund. “ Agrost.
166. Kunth. Enum. I. 478. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII 141.
P. polystachyum, Kunth. Revis. Gram. 493 (part) t. 161. Homoplitis
crinita, Trim. Fund. Agrost. 166.

Johor: Kuala Kahang (Kelsall H. B. S. 4104); Pahang near
Pekan and Tahan River (Ridley 1327); Selangor: Ginting Bidai
(Ridley) ; Malacca: Ayer Panas (Goadaaeuah 1987 ); Penang: Penara
Bukit, Waterfall (Curtis 877); Perak (Wray 3447). On banks
especially along streams local but often abundant. I follow Hackel
in considering this form to be a variety only of P. saccharoideum of
Beauy.

23. ErremMocnioa, Buse.

Perennial grasses. Leaves mostly basal subequitant narrow
linear. Spikes one on a stem. Spikelets 2 flowered second, on
clabate internodes of a curved flattened rachis imbricating small,
with a pedicelled or sessile abortive spikelet above, awnless. Glume
I orbicular ovate or lanceolate, flat edges incurved pectinate with
seabrid processes, IL oblong lanceolate acuminate thinner 3 nerved,
[LL oblong, palea similar thin, male, ITV smaller oblong obtuse, palea

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 155

as long linear oblong. Stamens 3. Anthers long linear, Styles and
stigmas short.

Species 9. Tropical Asia and Australia.

E. MALAYANA, n.sp. Stems 2 feet tall, glabrous, leaves narrowly
linear short obtuse 4 inch across. Spikes 14 to 3 inches long, inter-
nodes 4 length of rachis, callus ciliate. Spikelets $ inch long. Glume
T lanceolate covered with appressed hairs subacute, spikes numerous
scabrid, nerves indistinct. Glume II lanceolate pubescent at the
base, acuminate strongly 3 nerved, III subsimilar thinner glabrous
palea as long, IV similar thin lanceolate acuminate.

Kedah: Yan (Ridley 5154). Endemic.

24. PoLLINIA, Trim.

Annual or perennial grasses. - Spikelets solitary, in pairs, or
racemed or fascicled more or less hairy, rachis articulate fragile
internodes and pedicels slender. Spikelets 1 or 2 flowered, in pairs
1 sessile and 1 pedicelled similar, callus short bearded. Glumes 4.
IT and IT subequal rather thin, I flat or concave edges incurved 2
keeled and winged above, II as long ovate lanceolate keeled, III
hyaline, IV hyaline bifid with a slender awned. Palea very short.
Stamens 2 or 3. Styles short, stigmas long. Grain oblong.

Species about 30. India, China, Malaya, Australia.

Hardly distinct from [schaemum and chiefly by the more slender
internodes of the spikes, and the minute broad palea of Glume IV.
Stems long creeping. Spikes appressed chestnut 1. P. Ridleyi.
Stems creeping ascending. Spikes 3-4 slender

pale Bre ir 2. P. gracilis,
Stems tall. Bais sareaddiae ale or perp

Leaves hispid 3. P. grata.
Leaves glabrous... a ag 4. P. ciliata.
Spikes appressed erect, stout, callus Blabrotls 5. P. rupestris.

1... RP» Ripiry1, Hack: Oesterr. Bot.. Zettsehr. XL. 1, 1891, -7,
Stem creeping below, a foot or more with ascending leafy stems a
foot or more long. Leaves very narrow 14 inch long subdistichous
acuminate sheaths long narrow glabrous. Spikelets terminal 2 to 4
appressed 1-2 inches long. Spikelets appressed in pairs one sessile
and one peduncled, rachis and peduncle hairy with stiff brown bristles.
Glume I oblong truncate brown toothed and ciliate at the top, IT
cuneate obovate truncate toothed. III very small oblong hyaline,
palea as long or longer, IV short lanceolate awned. Hook. fil. FI.
Brit. Ind. VII. 114.

Johor: Jambu Larang (Feilding) ; Pahang: Sungei Meang and
Rumpin River (Ridley 7). Abundant on the sand hills.

156 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

2. P. GRACILIS, n.sp. Stems very slender creeping geniculate
ascending 8-9 inches. Leaves narrow linear acute glabrous base long
ciliate 3 inches long } inch wide. Spikes 3-4 slender 2 inches long
pale. Spikelets very narrow, hairs white shorter than the glumes.
Gl. I lanceolate acute pale, Il longer tip scabrid shortly awned, IIL
absent palea oblong truncate, IV lanceolate with a fairly long awn.

Selangor 20th mile Tras Route (Ridley 8476). Endemic rare.
Near P. ciliata but much more slender.

3. P. grara, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 175. Stems tall branched
moderately stout several feet high, nodes glabrous. Leaves lanceolate
acuminate narowed at the base hipid 4 inches long 3 inch wide sheaths
smooth. Spikes 6 terminal 3 inches long deep purple. Spikelets 3
inch long hairs at base shorter than glumes violet. Glume I ob-
long truncate toothed ciliate, II. as long obscurely mucronate, ILI.
long truncate toothed ciliate, IV short hyaline broad awn long orange
twisted. Palea ovate. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. 115. '

Penang Hill at 2500 feet alt. (Ridley 7068), (Curtis 2490).
Local. Distrib, India, Java, China.

4, P. crzrata, Trim.’ Mem. Acad. Petersb. Ser. VI. nn. 306.
Perennial stems tall slender branched 4 or 5 feet tall, nodes glabrous.
Leaves lanceolate acuminate narrowed into a short petiole at base
glabrous, midrib conspicuous 4 inches long } inch wide. Spikes 3-8
alternate slender 3 inches long pale. Spikelets lanceolate in pairs one
sessile the other very shortly pedicelled, hairs white shorter than
glumes, 4 inch long. Glume I. lanceolate acuminate, keels scabrid,
II as long broader cuspidate or awned, IIL absent. IV oblong
awned. Hack. Monogr. Androp. 176. Hook. fil. le. 116. P. Wal-
lichiana, lancea and lara, Nees. Steud. Syn. Gram. 410. Andropogon
biaristatus, Steud, le. 879. A. fasciculatus, L. Sp. Pl. 1047.

Pahang River, Renchong (Ridley 1331), Tahan River (2135).
Distrib. India and Ceylon. In masses on river banks, rare.

5. P. rupestris, Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br. Vol. XLIYV.
p. 208. Perennial several feet tall, stout, nodes ciliate. Leaves
acuminate 7-8 inches long $ inch wide narrowed at the base glabrous
above, covered with scattered hairs beneath mouth of sheath hairy,
ligule short truncate. Spikes several erect appressed 4 inches long
fragile, stout. Spikes callus not ciliate. Glume I ovate, lanceolate
boat-shaped mucronate keel ciliate margins hyaline, IT similar in
shape with strong bristles on the back, cartilaginous ribbed reddish,
IIL hyaline shorter oblong, palea narrower pubescent, IV short
hyaline, with a long twisted awn from between two linear acuminate
points.

Johor: Batu Pahat, at Batu Putih (Ridley 11018).

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 157
IscHAEMUM, L.

Annual or perennial grasses. Spikes solitary, in pairs, or digitate
or fascicled, internodes thick trigonous ventrally hollowed. Spikelets
in pairs, one sessile, one pedicelled, 1-2 flowered pedicelled spikelet
often different from the sessile one. Sessile spikelet. Glumes 4. I
chartaceous or stiffly coriaceous awnless ovoid oblong or lanceolate,
sides incurved, more or less distinctly winged on each side, II as
long, lanceolate, sometimes awned, IIL nearly as long, membranous
acute, paleate. Stamens 3 or not. Palea narrower lanceolate 2
‘veined, centre stiff with broad inflexed flaps, [LV deeply 2 cleft awned,
base of awn twisted brown, smooth. Styles and stigma short. Pedi-
celled spikelet similar or not. Glume I semiovate flat br oadly winged,
LV oblong obtuse or very’ shortly bifid awnless.

Species 40. Tropical and subtropical Asia, S. Europe, Austra-
lasia, Africa, rare in South America.

§ EviscHarMuM. Spikes 2, or more.

“Glume I of sessile spikelet not strongly

nerved.
Spikelets glabrous. Tall stout erect grasses
nodes glabrous.
Glume I oblong hard, transversely wrin-
kled at base.

Spikes 3 inches long slender 1. I. rugosum.
Spikes 4-7 inches long stout aS .. 22 I. magnum.
Glume I narrowly elliptic oblong smooth 3. J. laeve.
Spikelets glabrous.
Slender, creeping or sarmentose grass.
Spikes $-2 inches long... SS AE eT
Spikes silkily hairy.
Stem I to 6 feet tall... Se . oo L. Feildingianum.
Slender grasses ascending nodes tina,
elumes thin.
Keel of glume II winged above .. 6. J. ciliare.
Keel of glume II not winged .. 7%. JL. Timorense.

§ (SEHIMA). Spike solitary. Glume
I strongly nerved .. we oo hin bo DeCCATI,

1. I. rugosum, Salish. Ic. Strip. Rar. I. t. 1. Annual, stems
rather slender ciliate at the nodes geniculate, about 2 feet tall. Leaves
linear acuminate with scattered hairs, 9 inches long {4 inch wide,
narrowed at the base. Spikes 2 appressed, 3 inches long stout.
Spikelets green or yellow ¢ inch long erect appressed to the rachis,

158 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

in pairs one sessile and one shortly pedicelled, with short hairs at
the base. Glume I oblong hard coriaceous below transversely wrin-
kled, tip membranous rounded, Glume IT thinner lanceolate acute
boat-shaped, IIT thin lanceolate acuminate paleate, IV shorter bifid
with a long awn } inch in length twisted. Hack. Monogr. Androp.
206. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VIL. 127. J. Royleanuwm, Mig. FI.
Ind. Bat. III. 498. J. colladoa, R. Br. Prodr. 1, 205. Spreng.
Syst. I. 298. I. segetwm, Trin. Mem. Acad. Petersb. Ser. 6.
Vol. IL. 294. Mesoschium Griffithii, Nees. and Arn. Ann. Mag. Nat.
Hist. I. (1838) 284. M. Arnottianum, rugosum, Wightianum, Nees.
Noy. Act. Nat. Cur. XIX, Suppl. I. 199. Colladoa distachya, Cao.
Ie. 37. t. 460.

Singapore: Galang (Ridley 9134); Sungei Ujong (Cantley’s
Coll.) ; Malacca: Ayer Moleh (Ridley), Ayer Keroh (10757). Dis-
trib. India, China and Malaya. Native name “ Rumput LEkor
Chawi.” Scarce.

2. I. macGNuM, Rendle. Journ, Bot. XXXII. (1894) p. 102.
Perennial large grasses, 5 to 6 feet tall stems stout, branched nodes
glabrous. ~Leaves 8 to 9 inches long, $ inch wide, acuminate glabrous
base broad rounded, ligule bifid ciliate. Spikes 2 (occasionally 3)
thick 4 to 7 inches long appressed yellow. Spikelets in pairs one
sessile, one shortly pedicelled, + inch long, pedicel with a tuft of white
hairs. Glume I eblong cartilaginous apex thin membranous ciliate,
wrinkled across the base less distinct than in /. rugosum and some-
times absent. Glume IT coriaceous as long keeled edges incuryed, IIL
lanceolate acuminate paleate, palea as long, IV rather shorter ovate
lanceolate, awned or not, palea narrowly lanceolate. Hook. fil. FL.
Brit. Ind, VIF. 128. .

Singapore: Blakan Mati (Murton, Feilding, Ridley 38781),
Serangoon Road (Ridley 1098), Balestier Plain (6250); Johor:
Tebing Tinggi (Ridley 11012). Distrib. Islands south of Singapore,
Labuan.

Abundant in wet spots, near rivers, and on the sea coast, forming
considerably masses. ‘Though Rendle describes the plant as awnless,.
the specimens even from Blakan Mati, the type-locality are awned.
The wrinkling of Glume I is very variable sometimes well marked
transverse wrinkles or mere nodules or again indistinguishable.

3. I. parve, Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br., Vol. XLEYV, p:
207, Stem tall resembling that of J. magnune, stout, nodes glabrous.
Leaves lanceolate acuminate from a broad base 3 inches + inch wide,
edge scabrid, at apex, glabrous ligule short bilobed, mouth of sheath
ciliate. Spikes 2 appressed 4 inches long. Spikelets in pairs one
sessile one shortly pedicelled } inch long jomts and angles of pedicel

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 159

shortly white ciliate. Glume I narrowly elliptic oblong, submucro-
nate smooth, edge ciliate, II lanceolate shorter edge ciliate, III thin
lanceolate ciliate, paleate, IV shorter lanceolate, with a short straight
pale awn.

Singapore: Galang (Ridley 9143). Endemic.

4. I. Muticum, Linn. Sp. Pl. 1049. A long creeping or suberect
scandent grass often many feet long, branched and fairly stout glab-
rous. Leaves lanceolate acuminate or acute with a broad base 13-4
inches long 4-4 inch wide, sheaths ciliate on the edge. Spikes 2 erect
thick appressed so as to appear one, $ to 2 inches long glabrous. Spike-
lets in pairs closely apne to the rachis, one nearly sessile and
one pedicelled nearly 4 inch long lanceolate glabrous. Glume I
lanceolate stiffly cartilaginous acute white with raised green veins,
edge with a thin hyaline : serrulate wing, tip 2 toothed, II cartilaginous
lanceolate acute tip keeled minutely “serrulate, IL ovate lanceolate
thin reddish, IV nearly as long as If thin convolute with a short
awn. Stigmas white. Hack. Monog. Androp. 212. Hook. fil. FI.
Brit. Ind. VII. J. repens, Roxb. Fl. Ind. 1, 323.. I. glabratum,
Presl. Rel. Haenk. 1, 328. Andropogon, muticus, repens, poly-
morphus and relictus, Steud. Syn. Gram. 374, 375, 377, Very
common over the whole peninsula.

Singapore (Kurz), (Wallich 8865 E), Tanglin, ete. (Ridley) ;
Johor: Tanah Merah (Ridley); Pahang: Pekan; Malacca: Ayer
Panas (Derry 20), (Griffith) ; Perak : Changkat Jerim (Wray 1887) ;
Dindings; Selangor; Penang. Distrib. India, Malaya, Australia.
Native name “ tumput Tembaga Jantan,” “ Rumput ‘Terutus Tem-
baga.” Leaves used in case of headache by Malays. A very common
and conspicuous grass from its white spikes. Hackel gives two
subvarieties, repens the seashore and dry bank creeping form, and
erectum the tall form met with in bushes, and mangrove swamps.

5. I. Femnpincranum, Rendle. Journ. Bot. XXII. (1894), 101.
Stems creeping, ascending 1 to 6 feet, branched or simple, rather
stout. Leaves lanceolate with a broad base cordate 3 inches long 4-3.
inch wide, glabrous above or pubescent on both sides, ligule short
truncate, sheath glabrous or hairy. Spikes 2, appressed silkily hairy,
2-3 inches long, ‘rachis and pedicels silky hairy. Spikelets in pairs
one sessile, one pedicel pale § inch long. Glume I oblong, sides
involute tip rounded ciliate cartilaginous. Glume IT lanceolate acu-
minate thinly cartilaginous. Glume III shorter thin lanceolate, palea
as long. Glume IV shorter bifid, with a long twisted awn dark at
at base. Hook. fil. Le. p. 132.

Johor: Sungei Tebrau, Castlewood (Ridley 9170), Kota Tinggi,
Panchur, Johor River (Ridley 10945); Malacca: Gunong Ledang

(Mount Ophir) covering the Padang Batu (Feilding, Ridley 4114,

160 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

3154, 3135) ; Kedah: Gunong Jerai (Ridley 5152). On rocky spots
at an altitude of 2000-3000 and on river banks in the low country.
Endemic.

6. I. crniare, Retz. Obs. 6. p. 36. A slender creeping grass, with
the upper part of the erect stems 12- inches tall nude, nodes white
ciliate, lower part of stem usually red. Leaves flaccid lanceolate
acuminate softly hairy edges scabrid 1- 14 inch long 4 inch wide,
ligule short ciliate, sheath ciliate. Spikes 2 or rarely "3, appressed
eventually spreading 1-2 inches long green or purple, hairy rachis
angled and angles and base of pedicels armed with short white bristles.
Spikelets in pairs one almost sessile, the other shortly pedicelled.
Glume I papery oblong toothed with two longer median processes
green, tip winged green or violet, II longer - lanceolate aristate keel
serrate, IIT as long as I, lanceolate ‘ac suminate thin, palea flat nearly
as long, IV thin bifid with long points, awn long brown. Stamens
marbled purple, eventually yellow. Stigmas violet. Hack. Androp.
225. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. 133. £ aristatum, Willd. Spec.
4. p. 939. (non L). Andropogon Retzii and incertus, Steud. Syn.
Gram. 1. 875. Spodiopogon obliquivalvis, Nees. Pl. Meyen. p. 185.

Singapore: Tanglin (Ridley 83, 467), Kranji (4102); Malacca
(Griffith), Sungei Udang (Goodenough 1682), Tanjong Kling;
Penang W aterfall (Curtis 1806). Distrib. India, Malaya, China. A
very common grass. Native name “ Rumput Gerek 'T ‘elinga.” The
common form is the variety malacophyllum of Hackel. It is very
liable to the attacks of an Ustilago.

7. I. rimorense, Kunth. Rev. Gram. 1. p. 369. t. 98. Stems
decumbent ascending 1-to 25 feet mode ciliate. Leaves narrow linear
acuminate 4+ to 9 ‘inches long 4-4 inch wide glabrous except the
ciliate base and sheath. Spikes 2 appressed, 24-4 inches long, rachis
hairy especially at the joints, green. Spikelets 4 inch long, green,
Glume I ovate or lanceolate acuminate cartilaginous, neryes distinct,
back hairy, IL about as long shortly awned or acuminate, III lan-
ceolate thin, palea linear oblong, IV shortly bifid with a rather short
awn from the cleft. Hack. Monog. Androp. 229. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit.
Ind, VII. 136. J. tenellum, Roxb. Fl. Ind. I. 823. Spodiopogon
Blumii, Nees. Steud. Syn. Glum. 373. Andropogon asthenos and
timorensis, Steud. le. 376.

Singapore: Tanglin (Ridley 1633), Chan Chu Kang (5780),
Kranji (448) ; Malacca: Bukit Bruang (Derry) ; Dindings: Lumut;
Penang: Waterfall (Curtis 2167). Distrib. India, Malaya and
Polynesia.

§ SEMIMA,

8. I. Beccanu, Hack. Monogr. 247. Perennial grass 2-3 feet
tall moderately slender. Stems leafy nodes glabrous. Leaves long

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 161

linear acuminate with long points 12 inches long } inch wide, striate,
beneath glaucous sparsely “hairy or glabrous. Spikes solitary narrow
2 inches “long, green erect, internodes and pedicels $ as long as the
spikelets compressed sides ciliate. Sessile spikelets 4 inch long,
callus short bearded. Glume I thin green lanceolate, tip 2 toothed,
teeth ciliate, edges inflexed, nerves 5 green. Glume IT lanceolate
concave awnless glabrous as long as “Gl. I. Gl. IIL lanceolate
acuminate hyaline “paleate, IV oblong apex bifid with a slender awn 1
inch long, glabrous.

Selangor: Top of the rocks at the Kuala Lumpur Caves (Ridley
8129). Rare. This also appeared in the Economic Gardens as a
weed, Distrib. Borneo. :

26. RorrBoeLuia, Linn. f.

Perennial grasses, with tall leafy stems. Leaves narrow. Spikes
solitary, or racemose rachis jointed and fragile, or not, joints terete
or compressed, Spikelets in pairs dissimilar usually awnless. Sessile
spikelet sunk in a groove in the joint 1-2 flowered bisexual. Glumes
4. J ovate oblong coriaceous flat or convex, margins narrowly in-
curved. IJ thinner acute. III hyaline, brown. IV hyaline bisex-
ual. Stamens 3. Styles distinct, stigmas short. Pedicelled spikelet
smaller. Glume [I less coriaceous, and spikelet often abortive.

Species 30. ‘Tropics of both hemispheres.

Spikes fragile panicled awnless.
Glume I armed with tubercles along the

edge aye ae 1. R. glandulosa.
alume I smooth para aa 3 2. R. striata.
Spikelets not fragile solitary.
Glumes I and II awned .. in 3. R. protensa.

1. R. GLaANDULOSA, Trim. Mem. Acad. Petersb. Ser. 6, 11 (1833),
250. A large stout grass 3 to 6 feet tall. piems branched, nodes
bearded. Leaves broadly linear acuminate ?-1 inch wide glabrous
edges scabrid, mouth bearded or glabrous. cue 3-4 inches long
slender fragile on long slender sheathed peduncles, 6 inches or more
long, joints nearly as long as the spikelets narrowed at the base ribbed
pubescent. Spikelets } inch long yellowish. Sessile spikelet. Glume
I ovate lanceolate winged on each side at the top pubescent edges
incurved with short tubercles on each side at the base. Glume II
boat-shaped acute keeled smooth. Glume ILI ovate hyaline. Glume
IV thin hyaline. Pedicelled spikelet reduced to a single lanceolate
glume, strongly ribbed. Hack. Monogr. Androp, 302. ‘Mig. Fl. Ind.
Bat. IIL. 408. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. 157. Coelorachis murt-
cata, Brngn. Voy. Bot. I. 65. t. 14. Ophiurus muricatulus, Steud.
Zo. 77. Verz. 57. Syn. Gram. 360.

C11

162 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Singapore (Wallich 8887 B), Bajau, Changi (Ridley) ; Johor:
Tanjong Surat (Kelsall), Kota Tinggi (Ridley); Pahang: Pekan,
Tahan River (Ridley 2828), Sungei Chenei (5025) ; Selangor: Bukit
Kudah (Ridley 80, 86); Malacca (Griffith); Perak (King’s Coll.),
Taiping (Ridley), Bujong Malacca (Curtis 3336); Penang: Balik
Pulau (Ridley 9411), (Curtis 1913) ; Province Wellesley : Permatang
Bertam (Ridley 6988). Distrib. Malay Islands and Burmah. Not
rare by river banks.

2. R. striata, Nees. Steud. Syn. Gram. 361. Stem 3 to 4 feet
tall slender smooth branched above. Leaves 2 to 4 feet long 4 to 2
inches wide linear lanceolate narrowed at the base setaceously acu-
minate sheaths glabrous, ligule very short membranous. Spikes fas-
cicled often on very long peduncles 1-2 inches long pale terete
glabrous. Callus annular glabrous. Sessile spikelets as long as the
joint. Glume I oblong lanceolate shortly winged below the tip
smooth with 4-6 grooves below the middle, II ovate chartaceous
subacute keeled, [11 ovate acute hyaline, 1V ovate. Hack. Monogr.
Androp. p. 801. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. le. 157.

Singapore (Wallich 8877). Distrib. Northern India to Tavoy.
As this plant has not been re-discovered in Singapore or anywhere else
in the Malay Peninsula it is possible that the locality given by
Wallich is wrong.

3. R. prorensa, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 289. Stem leafy stout
spongy 18 inches inches tall. Sheaths swollen short ligule short with
whitish bristles, lamina of leaf linear acuminate glabrous 3 to 8
inches long } inch wide. Spikes numerous, solitary in the leaf axils
rather thick and hardly fragile 4 inches long. Spikelets + inch long.
Callus indistinct glabrous. “Glume I of sessile spikelet lanceolate acu-
minate subacute with a long scabrid point. Glume IT similar in
pedicelled spikelet with a long pale awn-like point. Glume ILI much
shorter hyaline. Palea hyaline shorter lanceolate. Stamens 3 anthers
oblong red very small. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. lc. p. 153. Hae-
mathria protensa, Steud, Syn. Gram. 359,

Kelantan on an Island in the river Kamposa (Ridley), rare.
Distrib. India, Java.

27. Manisunris, Sw.

Po
Annual m#fch branched grasses. Leaves broad cordate at the
base. Spikes numerous, axillary and terminal solitary, -peduncled,
rachis fragile. Spikelets very small, in pairs, one sessile globose
bisexual with 4 glumes. Glume I hard pitted globose with a large
opening towards the rachis. Gl. Il ovate papery filling the opening
in Gl. LL Gl. JIL smaller ovate. Gl. IV hyaline. Pedicelled

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 163

, spikelet flat, ovate on a short rounded pedicel. Glume I ovate sub-
acute flat ribbed.

Species 2. One most tropical countries, one Indian.

M. cranuxanis, Linn. fil. Nov. Gram. Gen. 37. f. %. fig. 4-7.
Plant 12-13 inches tall. Stems leafy. Leaves linear lanceolate hairy,
3-4 inches long 4 inch wide, numerous crowded or rather distant lower
sheaths larger ampliate, ligule a raised ciliate edge. Spikes half an
inch long to one inch. Spikelets #; inch long. Beauv. Agrost. 119.
t. 21. f. 10. Hack. Monogr. Androp. 314. Hook. f. lc. 159. WM.

_polystachya, Beauv. Fl. d’Oware and Benin. 1, 24. t. 14.

Pahang: Pulau Tawar, Pahang River (Ridley 2154) rare. Dis-

trib. Tropics generally.

28. MNESITHEA, Kunth.

Perennial grasses, with narrow leaves, and solitary spikes on long
peduncles, rachis fragile joints terete or thickened upwards. Spikelets
in pairs sessile sunk in eavities, between them a narrow linear pedicel
with the rudiments of a third spikelet. Sessile spikelets 1 flowered
with 4 glumes, unawned. Glume I oblong or lanceolate coriaceous,
margins incurved, II thinner, III ovate hyaline empty, or paleate,
IV similar or smaller bisexual. Stamens 3. Grain oblong narrow.

Species 3. Tropical Asia. .

Leaves and peduncles glabrous. Glume I not

pitted at oP .. 1. M. geminata.
Leaves and peduncles pubescent Glume I
pitted ciliate : ae ei .. 2 M. pubescens.

1. M.Gremrnata. Stems rather slender 3 feet tall nodes bearded.
Leaves chiefly tufted at the base linear acuminate 10-12 inches long
4 inch wide, glabrous except at the mouth of the sheath, flaccid.
Spikes solitary slender fragile 2 inches long on long slender peduncles,
joints short thick dilated upwards channelled on one side. Spikelets
in pairs sessile parallel separated by a narrow linear pedicel with the
rudiments of another spikelet on the top. Glume I lanceolate sub-
ulate acuminate as long as the joint pubescent at the base hard 4 inch

long. Glume II thinner lanceolate cuspidate, III shorter ovate
acuminate hyaline empty, IV and palea similar. MLottboelia gemi-
nata, Hack. Oester. Bot. Zeitsch. 1891. p. 48. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit.
‘Ind. VII. 159.

Pahang: Pekan and Rumpin River (Ridley). Endemic rare.

2. M. puBrscens, Ridl. Roy. As, Soc. Str. Br. Vol. XLIV. p
207. Stems slender 3 feet tall, nodes ciliate, leafy. Leaves linear
acuminate 6-12 inches long 3-4 ‘inch wide, softly pubescent. Spikes

164 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

slender on long slender pubescent peduncles 4 inches long solitary 1}
inch long ° yellow breaking below the node so that each joint is shortly *
stalked, internodes short % inch long dilated upwards bearded at
base. Spikelets 2 sessile with a narrow linear pedicel between longer
than the internode. Glume I ovate lanceolate acute tip curved base
channelled with 4 or 5 grooves above with numerous linear perfora-
tions from each of which rises a cilium, hard. Gl. II lanceolate acute
as long. ILI lanceolate hyaline smaller. IV smaller hyaline.
Johor: Batu Pahat at Minyak Buku (Ridley 11017). Endemic.
29. Potytrias, Hack. 2

A small creeping ascending grass with lanceolate linear leaves
with a broad base. Stem slender geniculate bearing one terminal
golden brown spike. Spikelets 1 flowered. Glumes I and II lanceo-
late membranous. Glume III absent. Glume IV very short with a
long awn, paleate.

Species 1. Malay Peninsula and Java.

P. praEMORSA, Hack. Engl. P, Flanz. Fam. Vol. Il. 21, 24.
Monogr. Androp. 189. About a foot or more tall, nodes glabrous.
Leaves 1 inch long 4 inch wide ciliate, ligule very short ciliate hyaline.
Spike 24 inch long. Spikelets sessile, and pedicelled, 4 inch. Glume
I yellow with long hairs, lanceolate obtuse truncate. Gl. IL narrower.
Gl. IV very short, truncate with an awn } inch long. Andropogon
firmandus, Steud. Syn. 370. A. diversiflorus, Zoll. Syst. Verz. 58.
Syn. Le. A. amaurus, Fates Pl. Jungh. 3, 360. Walp. Ann. 6, p.
1065. Pollinia praemorsa, Nees. Steud. Syn. 409.

Singapore: Changi, Botanic Gardens (Ridley 5775a-458) ;
Malacca Town (5773); Penang. Distrib. Java. Abundant in grass
plots, perhaps introduced from Jaya,

30. ApLUDA, L.

A tall slender perennial leafy grass. Stems geniculate base creep-
ing or decumbent above branched. Leaves narrow petioled upper ones
spathe-like mucronate. Spikes numerous very small solitary simple
on the ends of the branches, each enclosed in a membranous pe-
duncled spathe, of one joint. Spikelets 3, one sessile 2 flowered
bisexual, one pedicelled imperfect and one terminal male. Sessile
spikelet on the bulbous base of the rachis. Glumeg 4. I chartaceous
lanceolate ribbed. IL flattened ribbed, gibbous keeled. IIL ovate
Janceolate hyaline paleate, male. IV much smaller, bisexual ovate
awned or not. Stamens 3. Anthers short. Stigmas plumed free.

Species 1, very variable. India, China, Malaya to Hawaii.

A. varia, Hack. Monogr. Androp. 196. var. intermedia, Hack.
lic. Stems slender 1 to 7 feet tall. Leaves linear 6 to 9 inches long

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 165

inch wide, or less glabrous. Spikes distant } inch long, spathes mu-
cronate, pale green. Glume IV awned.

Pahang: Ketapang and Mahang, Pahang River (Ridley 1224 and
1307). In masses on the river bank. Distrib. of variety Philip-
pines.

The common Asiatic grass seems to be quite rare in the penin-
sula. This form, named by Hackel, is intermediate between the
varieties mutica and aristata. It is a very weak flaccid plant, with few
and scattered heads.

31. AnpRopocon, L.

Annual or perennial grasses. Leaves usually long and narrow.
Spikes solitary or in pairs or panicled or fascicled, with fragile
articulate rachis. Spikelets in pairs, one sessile bisexual one pedi-
celled male or barren. Sessile spikelet one flowered. Glumes 3 or 4.
Gl. I thinly coriaceous or papery, awnless, II thinner awnless (or
rarely with a short awn), III hyaline, or absent, IV hyaline, very
short or reduced to the base of the long awn, palea very small or
absent. Stamens 3 to 1,

Species 200. Whole world, very few in Malay Peninsula.

Sessile spikelets all similar.
Annual with very slender branched stems 1. A. brevifolius.
Perennials spikes solitary on long peduncles
of many spikelets a ae .. 2. A. hirtiflorus.
Spikes racemed or peduncled 3. A. intermedius.
Spikes of 3 spikelets panicled, callus very
shortly bearded : Ke .. 4. A. aciculatus.
Callus long bearded . Wightianus.

Oo
h
aN

or
ae

' § 2. HETEROzYGI.

Lower sessile spikelets dissimilar from the upper
ones and mostly sterile Ae .. 6. A. contortus.

1, A. BREVIFOLIUS, Sw. Prod. Ind. Occ. 26. Fl. Ind. Oce, I.
209. Annual erect or creeping 6-24 inches tall slender leafy, branched
geniculate flaccid. Leaves linear oblong obtuse $-} inch long }$ inch
wide glabrous sheaths somewhat dilated. Spikes very slender solitary
on a slender peduncle from a spathe-like leaf, 1 inch or more long
glabrous, joints and pedicels clavate mouths cupular toothed, sessile
spikelet as long § long linear oblong. Glume I lanceolate apex bifid
or entire, II similar but thinner. Pedicelled spikelet represented by
a linear spathulate glume with a long awn. Kunth. Rev, Gram.
IT. 563. t. 196. Enum. Pl. I. 488. Hack. Monogr. Androp. 363.
Hook. fil. l.c, 165, A. debilis, Kunth. lc. A. fragilis, Br. Prodr. 202.

166 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

A. obtusifolius, Poir. Encyel. Suppl. 1. 583. A. parviflorus, Roxb. Fl.
Ind. I. 274. A. tenellus, Presl. Rel, Haenk. I. 335.. Schizachyrium
brevifolium, Nees. Agrost. Braz. 332.

Pahang: Pulau Tawar open grassy fields (Ridley 2132) ; Penang
Hill and Batu Feringhi Road, in dry rocky spots (Ridley 7091,
8362). Rare. Distrib. Africa, India, Malaya, China, Japan, Aus-
tralia and South America.

2. A. HIRTIFLORUS, Kunth. Rev. Gram. IT. 596. A large glau-
cous tufted grass. Stems 3 feet tall stiff, leafy. Leaves tufted at
the base and scattered on the stem linear acuminate glabrous, ribbed
3-6 inches long ribbed 4 inch wide. Spikes solitary on long peduncles
slender 3 inches long, joints ciliate excavate at the top base and
mouth ciliate, Spikelets half an inch long. Glume I lanceolate rigid
scabrous, tip bifid purplish, If keeled. Keel ciliate margin hyaline.
III very thin hyaline. IV very small oblong truncate with a long
yellowish brown awn. Pedicelled spikelet short lanceolate acuminate
or mucronate on a stout peduncle ciliate on the edges. A. pseudo-
grayia, Steud. Syn. Gram. I. p. 365. Hack. Monogr. Androp. 370.
Rottboellia sanguinea, Retz. Obs. 3. p. 25. Thelepogon sanguineus,
Spreng. Syst. 1, 299.

Singapore: Changi (Ridley 1756), Gelang (8950), Blakan Mati
(5778). In sandy spots, forming large tussocks. Distrib. China,
Ceylon, Madagascar.

3, A. INTERMEDIUS, Br. Prodr. 20. Perennial 3 to 5 feet tall.
Stems moderately stout nodes glabrous. Leaves linear acuminate
tufted at the base with broad flattened sheaths, glabrous 12 inches long
+ inch wide. Panicle rather narrow 4 or 5 inches long grey branches
ascending, whorled glabrous slender.. Pedicels long ciliate with white
hairs slender. Sessile spikelets 4-4 inch long. Glume I lanceolate
truncate glabrous or hairy at the tip. IL thinner, subacute. LI
hyaline lanceolate shorter. IV reduced to a pale awn nearly 4
inch long. Pedicelled spikelets linear lanceolate. Glume I glabrous
with ciliolate keels. II lanceolate ciliate. III shorter oblong. IV
absent. Kunth. Enum. Pl. I. 500. Hack. Monogr. 485. Hook. fil.
lie. 175. A. fascicularis, Thw. Enum. Pl. 437.

Pahang: Pekan (Ridley 14) ; Selangor: Kuala Selangor (Ridley
GaT Lys

4, A, acicuLatus, Retz. Obs. V. 22. Perennial stems creeping
and branching at the base. Leaves mostly basal, linear obtuse glab-
rous, 3 inches long 4 inch wide. Ascending portion of stem 9 inches
tall slender panicle narrow 2-3 inches long branches whorled slender
secabrid. Ascending spikes purple narrow lanceolate } inch long.
Spikelets 5, 2 pedicellate and one sessile. Sessile spikelet narrow

=

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 167

base ciliate. Glume I lanceolate acute purple pubescent and spiny
on the keel. II thinner white with a green spinny keel. III linear
oblong hyaline. IV lanceolate linear acuminate with a long scabrid
awn 4-1 inch long. Stamens. Anthers oblong speckled. Stigmas
plumose yellow. Pedicelled spikelets longer and narrow purple glab-
rous. Glumes I and II lanceolate subacute edges ciliate. III and
IV shorter hyaline. Stamens 3 yellow. Roxb. FI. Ind. I. 262. Hack.
Monogr. 562. Hook, fil. lc. 188. A. acicularis, Willd. sp. Pl. IV.
906. A. javanicus, Steud. Syn. Glum. 396. A. subulatus, Presl.
Rel. Haenk. I., 341. Chrysopogon aciculatus, Trin. Fund, Agrost.
189. ©. subulatus, Trin. Steud. Nomence. II. ii. 360. Rhaphis
acicularis, Desy. Opux. 69. R. javanica, Nees. Steud. Syn. 396.
R. trivaltvis, Lour. Fl. Cochich, 553. Centrophorum Chinense, Trin.
Fund. Agrost. 106. t. 5. Common all over the peninsula.

Singapore: Changi, Tanglin; Johor: Sungei Tebrau; Pahang:
Pekan (Ridley), Raub (Machado) ; Penang Waterfall (Curtis 1799).
Distrib. Tropical Asia and Australia. Dry turfy spots, roadsides,
grass plots, ete.

5. A. Wientranus, Steud. Syn. Glum, 395. Stem stout woody
creeping. Cuchus slender 18 inches tall. Leaves stiff linear sub-
acute glabrous 3 inches long 4 inch wide glabrous except the ciliate
mouth of the sheath. Panicle narrow 4 inches long, branches filiform
ascending. Callus and pedicels red-bearded along the edges. Sessile
spikelets nearly + inch long excluding the awns brown. Glume I
lanceolate acuminate tip bifid stiffly hairy at the tip. Glume II
lanceolate cartilaginous awned. III linear oblong, IV oblong short
with an awn 2 inches long dark at the base paler above bristly.
Pedicelled spikelets longer pale. Glume I pubescent long awned,
II lanceolate awned, IIL oblong ciliate, IV very narrow awn-like
ciliate. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. 191. A. aristulatus, Hochst.
Steud. Syn. Glum. 397. Hack. Monogr. 556. A. breviaristatus,
Steud. l.c. 396. Chrysopogon Wightianus, Nees. Steud. Le.

Pahang: Pekan, Kuala Pahang (Ridley). Rare in sandy spots.
Distrib. India, Annam and Siam;

6. A. conrortus, Linn, Sp. Pl. 1045. Stems tufted erect or
decumbent, 1 to 5 feet tall, leafy chiefly at the base glabrous or
scaberulous below the spikes. Leaves linear 3 to 5 inches long obtuse
glabrous except for the ciliated mouth of the sheath. Spikes solitary
1 to 3 inches long. Spikelets closely imbricating , lower 2 to 6 sessile,
male or neuter 4 inch long. Glume I oblong lanceolate hairy, IL
lanceolate acuminate edges ciliate, III oblanceolate. Upper sessile
spikelets female 4 inch long, cylindric brown the callus red bearded.
Glume I linear oblong coriaceous truncate edges incurved hispid, II
linear obtuse coneave coriaceous dark brown, III short oblong truncate

168 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

thin, IV an awn 3 inches long, base white, swollen a little above and
brown hispid. Pedicelled spikelets pale, much longer than the sessile
one. Pedicel rather short glabrous. Glume I lanceolate covered with
long hairs with bulbous bases edges winged, II oblong lanceolate
narrower acuminate, III oblong tip rounded, IV obovate oblong
ciliate. Kunth. Enum. Pl. I. 486. Hack, Monogr. 585. Hook. fil.
Fl, Brit. Ind. VII. 199. Trim. Fl. Ceyl. V. 239. Heteropogon con-
tortus, Beauy. Roem. and Schult. Syst. IL. 836.

Pahang: Pekan (Ridley 1590); Malacca: Pulau Besar (Ridley
60) ; Penang: Waterfall Gardens and Road to Batu Feringhi (Curtis
1906, 1912). Distrib. All warm countries. Not common here, it
inhabits sandy open places.

A. citratus, the Lemon grass, ““ Sereh Makan” and A. nardus, Le
the citronela grass “ Sereh Wangi” are often cultivated. There are
also plantations of it cultivated for its oil in many parts of the
peninsula. A. squarrosus, L. he cuscus grass, or Vetiver and A.
citratus, rarely cultivated.

32. ANTHISTIRIA, L.

Tall or short perennial or annual grasses. Leaves long and
narrow. Spikes many crowded in fascicles, enclosed in spathes,
Spikelets 6-11, the lowest ones awnless male or barren forming an
involucre, surrounding one or more sessile bisexual or female spike-
lets usually awned, linear oblong. Glume I lanceolate acuminate
coriaceous. II shorter or as long keeled. IIL oblong hyaline. IV
short with a long awn. Palea absent. Stamens 3. Styles free.
Stigmas long grain oblong,

Species 10. Tropics of the Old World.

Annual.

Spikes in fan-shaped nodding heads .. .. 1. A. arguens.
Perennial 10 or more feet long.

Panicle very large’ .. = ‘3 .. 2 A. gigantea.

1. A. arcurens, Willd. Sp. Pl. IV. 901. Annual 6 inches to 3
feet, slender or stout. Leaves 6 to 16 inches long 4-} inch wide
glabrous scabrid. Spikes in fan-shaped nodding heads, outer spathes
narrow acuminate 3 to 5 inches long bluish green or dark red hairy.
Inner spathes much shorter, $ to 1 inch long. Spikelets involueral
2-4 about an inch long green. Glume narrow lanceolate acuminate
hairy, IL shorter. IV short oblong bilobed ciliate with slender pale
awn bisexual spikelets solitary cylindric with a brown bearded callus.
Glume I conyolute truncate pale brown, IL similar, IV a straight
brown awn scabrid 3 inches long stout. Kunth. Enum. Pl. [. 482.

Hook. fil. Fl, Brit. Ind. Il. 211. A. frondosa, Br. Prodr. 200, A.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 169

pilifera, Steud. Syn. Pl. Gram. 400. A. Junghuhniana, Nees. in
Anders. Nov. Act. Upsal. Ser. ILI. ii. 253. Aristaria barbata, Jungh.
Tijdschr. Nat, Gesch. VII. 296. Themeda arguens, Hack. Monogr.
657. Stipa arguens, L. Sp. Pl. Ed. II. 117.

Singapore: Sepoy Lines (Ridley) ; Malacca (Griffith) ; Machap
(Derry) ; Nyalas (Goodenough) ; Muar (Feilding H. B. 8. 4103) ;
Negri Sembilan: Seremban (Ridley 1002); Penang: Government
Hill, Telok Bahang (Curtis 1911). Distrib. Andamans, Malay
Islands, Australia.

Abundant in dry open grass spots, completely covering the ground
for considerable areas in some parts of Penang. Native names “ Me-
sai Adam,” “ Rumput Sarang Pipit,” “ Rumput Jangut Adam.”

- 2, A. @IGANTEA, Cay, Ic. t. 36. A very large grass forming big
tussocks. Stems stout 8 to 16 feet tall terete solid glabrous nearly an
inch through at the base. Leaves 4 to 8 feet long 3 to 1 inch wide,
edges scabrid serrulate. Panicle compound or decompound 3 to 4
feet long nodding, spikes on slender filiform peduncles, enclosed in a
red spathe narrow acuminate longer than the peduncle. Spikelets
’ involucral about 6 subwhorled round one, 2 or 3 bisexual spikelets,
green glabrous cylindric over $ an inch long male. Glume I lanceo-
late setaceously acuminate thinly coriaceous scabrid green, II shorter
acuminate, II] and IV shorter hyaline narrow ciliate. Bisexual spike-
lets cylindric lanceolate 3 inch long dark brown densely hairy. Callus
covered with golden brown hairs. Glume I very hard lanceolate
acute dark brown covered with brown hairs, II acute or obtuse, IL]
oblong Janceolate thin, IV as long linear lanceolate thin with a stout
straight scabrid awn an inch or more long. Themeda gigantea, Hack.
Monogr. 672. A. vulpina, Anders. Nov. Act. Upsal. IIL. ii. 245. An-
droscepia gigantea, Brngn. Voy. Coq. Bot. 78. Calaminea gigantea,
R. & S. Syst. II. 810 (not of Beauv.). Perobachne secunda, Presl.
Rel. Haenk. I. 348, t. 48. var. villosa, Hack. |.c. Branches and
branchlets glabrous or scabrid. Involucral spikelets glabrous, scabrid.
A. villosa, Poir. Encycl. Suppl. I. 396. Lam. Ill. t. 841. f. 3. A.
mutica, Steud. Syn. Gram. Androscepia gigantea and mutica,
Anderss. |.c. 248. A. gigantea and sundaica, Buse Pl. Jungh. I. 364.
Aristaria mutica, Hassk. Tijdschr. Nat. Genes. X. 117.

Singapore: Balestier Plain (Ridley); Malacca: Pulau Besar
(Ridley 446) ; Panchor (Goodenough 1256); Penang: Mahang and
Pulau Tawar (Ridley 13324 and 2822); Selangor Caves: Kuala
Lumpur (Ridley 53); Province Wellesley: Bukit Mertajam (Curtis
1971); Kedah: Yan (Ridley), Tomoh (Machado).

var. arundinacea, Hack. Branches and branchlets glabrous. In- —
volucral spikelets hairy on the backs with golden or red hairs, bisexual
spikelets solitary rarely 2, about $ an inch long, awn 14 to 4 inches,
A. arundinacea, Roxb. Fl. Ind. I. 251.

170 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Pahang: Pekan (Haviland). Rare. Distribution of species.
India, China, Malaya and Australia. This fine grass is common in
open spots, banks of rivers, ete. It is called “ Timpayong” in
Pahang.

POACEAE.
33. SPHAEROCARYUM, Nees.

A dwarf creeper and ascending plant. Stems slender leafy.
Leaves ovate cordate amplexicaul. Spikelets in a pyramidal panicle,
minute rachilla jointed at the base not prolonged beyond glume III.
Glumes 3, boat-shaped, I and II glabrous, II longest, III hirsute.
Palea as long oblong blunt. Stamens 3. Anthers linear, grain ovoid.

Species 1.

S. ELEGANS, Nees. Steud. Nom. (Ed. II.) i, 260. Stems 3-6
inches long glabrous. Leaves {-$ inch long glabrous (ribbed when
dry) or with a few hairs along the edge and mouth of sheath. Panicle
® to 1 inch long, branches numerous capillary. Spikelets pale, oblong.
Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. 246. Graya elegans, Nees, Steud. Syn.
Gram. 119. Jsachne pulchella, Roth. Nov. Sp. 58. Kunth. Enum.
V. 136. Panicum elegans, Wight. Arn. Steud. Nom. (Ed. IL.)
ii. 256. P. malaccense, Trim. Gram. Pan. 204. P pulchellum,
Spreng. Syst. I. 322.

Singapore: Ang Mo Kio (Ridley 162, 110), Kranji (459) ;
Johor: Kota Tinggi (Ridley) ; Malacca: Bukit Bruang (Derry 3537),
Ayer Panas, Bukit Serdom (Derry 1067) ; Dindings: Lumut (Ridley
Distrib. India and China. Abundant in wet muddy grassy spots.

34. Sporoswoius, Br.

Perennial rarely annual grasses, with narrow leaves. Spikelets
very small, or minute one rarely two flowered, in spreading or compact
panicles. Glumes 3, [ and IL unequal, IIT longer or shorter than I
or II, one nerved palea nearly as long, 2 nerved. Lodicules minute
or 0. Stamens 2-8. Anthers short. Grain loose within the glumes
and palea pericarp or its epidermis loose deciduous.

Species about 80, chiefly tropical.

-Glumes I and IT much shorter than Gl. ITT.
Stem slender wiry, panicle narrowly pyramidal 1. S. diander.
Stem stout, panicle banches closely appressed,

spikelets larger as ns = .. 2 S, indicus.
Glume II longer than ITT.
Dwarf annual .. os stk Si .. 3. S. piliferus.

1. S, pranpeR, Beauv. Agrost. 25. Leaves tufted at the base
often forming tussocks and scattered on the culms very narrow, 6

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 171

inches or more long, culms very slender and tuft one to two feet tall
panicle 8-12 inches long narrowly pyramidal or dense, branches
capillary solitary scattered or fascicled an inch long or less. Spikelets
lanceolate green 3, inch long, sessile or shortly pedicelled. Glumes
I and II nearly equal very small oblong truncate erose, TILT much
longer lanceolate, acuminate. Palea as long. Stamens 3. Grain
oblong flattened truncate bright brown. Jacq. Eeclog. Gram. t. 28.
Kunth. Enum. I, 213. Griff. Notul. III. 46. Ic. Pl. As. t. 189. f.
85. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. 247. Vilfa erosa, Trim. Mem.
Acad. Petersb, Ser. VI. Se. Nat. V. ii. 86. V. Retzii, Steud. Syn.
Gram. 162. Agrostis diandra, Retz. Obs. V. 19. Roxb. FI. sas Kael
317.

Singapore: Kalang (Ridley 10399) ; Johor: Tana Runto (Ridley
1708) ; Malacca: Ayer Panas (Cantley’s Coll.) ; Malacca Hill (Ridley
5761); Dindings: Lumut (Ridley 7259); Penang: Sepoy Lines
(Curtis 1826) ; Gardens (Ridley 11397). Distrib. Tropical Asia and
Australia. Very common on road sides and dry spots. Native name
“Rumput Tuloh Belalang.”

2. S. mnprcus, Br. Prodr. 170. Tufted stems 2 to 3 feet tall
often stout and hard. Leaves narrow, usually long 8-24 inches, rarely
1 inch across. Panicle 18- inches long close or spreading pale,
branches slender covered to the base with spikelets crowded #5 to 7g
inch long. Glumes I and II-obtuse or IT subacute, about 4 length
of Gl. LIL. Gl. III lanceolate acute, palea shorter. Grain a little
broader than in S. diandra. Kunth. Enum. Pl. I. 211. Hook. fil. FI.
Brit. Ind. VII. 247. S. elongatus, Br. Prodr. 170. 8. minor, Kunth.
Enum. I. 212. SS. tenacissimus, Beauv. Agrost. 26. Vilfa capensis
and elongata, Beauv. Agrost. 16. V. ezilis, Trim: Steud, IT. 59. V.
indica, Trim. Steud. I. 162. Agrostis elongata, Lam. Il. I. 142.
A. indica, L. Sp. Pl. 63. -

Singapore: Mount Faber; Johor: Jambu Larang (Feilding H. B.
S. 5759); Pahang: Pekan (Ridley 996) ; Malacca: Pengkalan Bukit
(Ridley 5760) ; Dindings: Lumut (Ridley 3113) ; Penang: yovern-
ment Hill (Ridley). Distrib, _All warm countries.

Less common than S. diandra. It occurs in open dry spots. A
more robust tuft plant than the preceding with longer more crowded
and paler spikelets.

3. S. prLiFERUS, Kunth. Enum. Pl. I. 211. Annual 3 to 12
inches tall tufted. Leaves hairy serrulate 1-4 inches long, chiefly at
the base. Panicle linear with branches very short erect, 1 to 3 inches
long dense. Spikelets #5 to 7g inch long brown. Glume I lanceolate
nerveless 4 to 3 length of Gl. ITI, II longer than IIT oblong lan-
ceolate, III oblong, palea oblong, grain oblong compressed. Hook.
fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. 251. 8S. ciliatus, Duthie Grass N. W. India

172 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

29. Vilfa pilifera, Trim. Diss. T.°157, IT. 23." Sp. Gram. Ic. t.:
Dg3.'2 =

Malacca (Hervey). Distrib. India. I have seen no specimen
from the peninsula.

35. ERIACHNE, Br.

Tufted wiry grasses with very narrow convolute leaves. Spike-
lets few, 2 flowered on long pedicels, not jointed on the pedicel, rachilla
jointed at the base not produced beyond Glume IV. Glumes | and
II equal keeled empty, II and IV narrow stiff usually awned. Palea
rigid 2 cuspidate or awned. Lodicules 2 oblong. Stamens 2 or 3.
Grain free within the palea and glume.

Species about 24. All Australian except these two.

Spikelets 1 inch long, palea and Gl], III, IV

awned es A bi aC oo. (de Hi triseta.
Spikelets 4 inch long awns short. Palea not
awned 3 ae ve ag Se 2. HL. pallescens.

1. E. rriseta, Nees. Steud. Syn. Glum. 237. Stems 18-24 inches
tall slender leafy. Leaves very narrow 4-6 inches long, ciliate at the
sheath mouth. Panicles 6 inches long or less. Spikelets with the
awns an inch long. Glume I lanceolate subartistate purple pubescent,
II, III and IV yellow hard silky pubescent long awned. Palea
awned. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VIL. 269. Megalachne zeylanica,
Thwaites. Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 372, 444.

Malacca: Pengkalan Bukit, Sungei Baru (Ridley); Pahang:
Pekan sandy heaths (Ridley 1569). Distrib: Tenasserim, Ceylon. *

2. E. pautescens, Br. Prodr. 184. A tufted grass with stems
6 inches to 2 feet tall, leafy leaves very narrow glabrous except the
basal sheathing leaves and mouth of the upper sheaths hairy. Panicles
narrow or lax spreading. Spikelets small 4 inch long purplish hairy,
or nearly glabrous, ILL and LV villous, awns rather longer than the
glumes, palea lanceolate with two very short points. Kunth. Enum.
Pl. 1. 310, Steud, Syn. Gram. 237. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII.
269. KE. chinensis, Hance.. Ann, Se. Nat. IV. 1861, 228. Aira
effusa, Spreng. Syst. [. 278.

Singapore’: Fort Siloso, Galang (Ridley 8046), St. John’s Isle;
Pahang: Pekan (Ridley 1051); Sclangor: Road to Ginting Bidai
(Ridley 7773). Distrib. Chittagong, Nicobars, Cochin China, China,
Labuan, Borneo, Australia. Common in rocky or sandy dry spots
especially near the sea.

®

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 173
56. Cynopon, Pers.

Perennial creeping grasses. . Leaves linear narrow. Spikes 3
to 6 terminal spreading, spikelets very small in one or two rows not
jointed at the base, rachilla jointed at the base not produced beyond
glume III. Glumes 3, I and II short empty, 4 length of III,
thin, nerved IIT broader and longer, awnless, palea as long 2 nerved.
Anthers 3. Styles distinct short. Grain oblong or elliptic free.

Species 4. One whole world, the others Australian.

S. Dacryton, Pers. Syn. I. 85. Stems far creeping. Leaves
glaucous $ to 1$ inch long, sheaths broad at the base of stem. Mar-
gins of leaf scabrid. Culms 6 inches to a foot tall or more slender.
Spikes 4 or 5, 1 or 2 inches long.. Spikelets #; inch long green im-
bricating. Glumes I and II short lanceolate. Glume III oblong
edges pubescent, palea as long narrower with 2 green veins. Stamens
3 yellow. Stigmas short purple. Grain elliptic dark brown dotted,
hairy. Kunth. Enum. I. 259. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. 288.
Panicum dactylom, L. Sp. Pl. 58. Whole peninsula in open country.
Singapore: Changi (Ridley 9580) ; Pahang: Pulau Tawar (Rid-
ley 2141); Pekan (1570a); Malacca Hill; Penang: Sepoy Lines
(Curtis 1811). Distrib. Whole of the warmer parts of the world.

37. CHLOoRIS, Sw.
3

Perennial grasses, with linear leaves. Spikes solitary or several
fascicled erect or spreading. Spikelets one flowered in one or two
rows, rachilla pointed at the base and sometimes prolonged beyond
Glume III, and bearing 2 empty glumes. Glumes 3, I and II
smaller than ITI.

Species about 40. All warm parts of the world.

CH. BARBATA, Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. I. 200. Stems creeping ascend-
ing geniculate a foot or more tall. Leaves 1 to 18 inches long 4 or
more wide scabrid on edges and keel, often tufted subdistichous at the
joints. Spikes erect fascicled 5 to 20, 14-3 inches long purple, rachis
scabrid. Spikelets crowded 4 to s4 inch long without the awns.
Glumes I and II lanceolate acute purple or green, II the largest.
Gl. ILI ovate broad edged ciliate, awned, awn } to 4 inch long; rachilla
rather thick prolonged and bearing to semiglobose awned empty
glumes. Grain elliptic yellow. Kunth. Enum. Pl. I. 264. Hook.
fil. Brit. Ind. VII. 292. Andropogon barbatus, Linn. P|. Jam. Pugill.
30,

Singapore: near the docks and at Pasir Panjang (Ridley 5763,
10402) ; Johor: saw-mills (5765) ; Province Wellesley: Batu Kawan
(Curtis 2168). Distrib. All the tropics. Introduced but well
established near wharves and docks.

7

174 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.
38. ELEUSINE, Gaertn.

Annual or perennials. Leaves linear. Spikes digitate or
whorled, laterally compressed not jointed at the base. Spikelets
sessile secund in 2 or more rows 3 to 12 flowered, all but the terminal
ones perfect, rachilla continuous between the glumes. Glumes few
or many. Gl. I lanceolate. Gl. IL lanceolate or ovate awned or not.
Flowering glumes ovate. Stamens 3. Anthers short. Styles short.
Grain with a loose hyaline pericarp, and a tubercled or wrinkled seed.

Species about 7. All warm countries.

Spikes elongate, spikelets pointed forward .. 1. H.indica.
Spikes short digitate, spikelets erect .. +. 2. HE. aegyptiaca.

1. KH. inpica, Gaert. Fruct. I. 8. Annual, stems erect about 1

to 3 feet tall, glabrous, geniculate or not. Leaves -12 inches long
-t inch wide. Spikes 5-10 light green whorled spreading or erect

with often one solitary one below 3-6 inches long. Spikelets 7-4 inch
long 3 to 5 flowered. Glumes membranous pale green with darker
veins. Glume I oblong ovate. Glume II twice as big acute keeled.
Keel scabrous or smooth. Upper flowering glumes ovate obtuse or
acute, keels scaberulous or not. ~Palea narrow keels scabrid. Grain
oblong pericarp loose, seed tubercled in waved ridges. Kunth. Enum.
Pl. I. 273. Hook. fil. le. 293. Cynosurus indicus, L. Sp. Pl. 72.
Common all over the peninsula. “ Rumput Sambau.” -

var. 2. coracana. Gaert. Fruct. I. 8 t. 1. Stems very stout and
tall leaves broader. Spikes stout as much as 6 inches long and half
an inch thick straight or incurved grain globose. A cultivated form
occasionally occurring in waste ground.

Singapore: Sungei Ujong, Port Dickson and Kuala Lumpur.

2. E. asayptraca, Desf. Fl. Atlant. I. 85. Annual creeping.
Stems geniculate a foot or more tall rather slender. Leaves linear
flaccid 3 inches long $ inch wide hairy. Spikes 2 to 5 digitate 1 inch
long, thick, base bearded. Spikelets very many in several rows, 75
to $ inch long flattened 3 or 4 flowered, rachis triangular prolonged
to a short point. Glume I boat-shaped acute keeled, II ovate awned,
keeled. Awn as long as the glume or shorter. Flowering glumes
ovate keeled, with an erect or reeurved mucro, scabridly serrate as is
the edge, tip notched palea shorter obtuse or acute 2 toothed edges
scabrid, Anthers very small. Seed orbicular tubercled. Hook. fil.
Fl, Brit. Ind. VII. 295. Griff. Notul. III. 51. Ic. Pl. As. _t. 1389.
f. 79. 2B. cruciata, Lam, Ul. I. 203. t. 48. £. 2. Dactyloctenium
aegyptiacum, Willd. Knuimn. Hort. Berl. 1029.

Singapore: Gelang, Holland Road; Pahang: Sungei Meang (Rid-
ley 1413), Pekan (1015); Selangor: Kuala Selangor; Province

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 175

Wellesley: Telok Ayer Tawar; Penang Waterfall (Curtis 1797). Dry
places. Distrib. All warm countries. Not very common here.

39. LeprocH1oa, Beauv.

Annuals. Leaves lanceolate or linear. Inflorescence a panicle
of slender spikelike branches bearing numerous small spikes, shortly
pedicelled or sessile, 1 to many flowered, rachilla slender produced
among the flowering glumes jointed at base. Glumes 3 or more thin.

2

Gl. I and II unequal lanceolate, III and following ovate 3 nerved.
Palea nearly as long. Anthers 3 small. Styles free.

Species 12. Tropics and subtropics of both hemispheres.

L. CHINENSIS, Nees. Syll. Ratisb. I. (1824), 4. Agrost. Bras.
432. Stem tall 2-3 feet often } inch through, geniculate. Leaves _
linear acuminate 6-18 inches long + inch through glabrous. Panicle
6-10 inches long, branches-2 inches long slender suberect or spreading.
Spikelets pedicelled 5 inch long, flowers 4 to 6, rachilla slender
flexuous. Glumes I and II lanceolate. Glume III and the follow-
‘ing ovate obtuse 3 nerved, nerves an edge pubescent. Palea narrower
_ nearly as long. Anthers very small. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. IIT. 389.
Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VIL. 299. Poa. chinensis, Linn. Sp. Pl. 69.

Pahang: Kuala Tembeling, Pulau Tawar (Ridley 2140); Ke-
lantan: Kamposa (Ridley) ; Penang: Bagian Jennal (Curtis 1951).
Distrib. India, Siam, China, Malaya, Australia. Damp open ground
rather scarce.

40. PHRAGMITES, Trin.

Tall reeds with long narrow leaves. Panicle large decompound.
Spikes 3 to 7 flowered pedicelled jointed on the pedicel rachilla jointed
between the flowering glumes and about Gl. ITT, silky with long white
hairs. Glumes glabrous membranous I and II unequal lanceolate,
3 nerved, III much longer. lanceolate acute male or sterile. Flower-
ing glumes much narower subulate, almost artistate. Paleas much
shorter. Stamens 1-3. Styles free, stigmas plumose.

P. Karka, ‘Trim. Steud. Nom. Ed. Il. 324. Stems 10 or 12
feet tall 4-$ inch through, glabrous. Leaves linear acuminate with
broad bases 18 inches or more long as much as an inch wide edges
scabrid. Panicle over a foot long, brownish purple large and dense.
Spikelets $ inch long. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. 304. P. Roz-
burghii, Steud. Syn. Glum. 196. Arundo Karka, Retz. Obs. IV. 21.

toxb. Fl. Ind. I, 348. A. Roxburghii, Kunth. Rev. Gram. I. 79.
Griff. Notul. III. 47. Ic. Pl. As. t. 139. f. 248.

Johor: Bukit Murdom (Kelsall), Sempang Kiri, Batu Pahat
(Ridley 11006); Pahang: Pulau Chengei, Pulau Tawar (Ridley
2823) ; Selangor: Kuala Lumpur (Ridley 81); Malacca: Merlimau

176 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

(Derry 236); Panchur (Goodenough) ; Penang: Ayer Hitam (Cur-
tis). Distrib. Tropical Asia, Africa and Australia, Native name
“ Gudabong.” Common on river banks.

41. Neyraupia, Hook. fil.

A tall rather slender reed, with long linear leaves. Panicle long
and lax decompound. Spikelets small pedicelled laterally compressed,
rachilla short bearded with a few hairs below the flowering glumes,
jointed at the base above the neuter glume and between the “flowering
glumes. Glumes I and II lanceolate unequal membranous empty.
Gl. III neutral paleate. Flowering glumes lanceolate subulate with
2 very short points on either side of the awn, backs ciliate. Palea
oblong shorter. Stamens 3.

Species 1. Tropical Africa and Asia.

N. MADAGASCARIENSIS, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. 305. Stems
about 6 to 12 feet tall smooth solid -} inch through. Leaves 1 to
24 feet Hane 3 inch wide glabrous, scaberulous, base broad. Panicle
nodding 2 24-3 feet long, branches very slender filiform 6-9 inches long.
Spikelets long narrow flattened pale, on slender scabrid pedicels, 4 to
8 flowered. “Glumes IT and If lanceolate acuminate glabrous, IL
much longer than I, Gl. III glabrous longer acuminate. Arundo
madagascariensis, Kunth. Rey. -Gram. I. 273. t. 48. A. Reynaudiana,
Kunth. Le. 275. t. 49. A. Zollingeri, Buse. Miq. Pl. Jungh. 243.
Phragmites Zollingeri, Steud. Zoll. Cat. 55

Perak: Thaiping Waterfall (Ridley) ; Malacca: Selandor (Cant-
ley’s Coll.) ; Negri Sembilan: Seremban (Ridley 10005) ; Penang Hill
(Ridley), Ayer Hitam (Curtis 126); Lankawi Isles. Native name
“ Rumput Mata Burong Puding.”

42. Eracrostis, Beauv.

Annual or perennial grasses generally short glabrous. Leaves
narrow. Panicles lax or dense. Spikelets many flowered laterally
compressed ovate oblong or linear, rachilla produced articulate or not
between the glumes. Glumes many imbricate distichous thin un-
awned. G lumes I and II short empty. Flowering glumes 3 veined,
no callus. Palea deciduous with the glume or persistent. Stamens
1 to 3. Styles free. Stigmas pedicellate. Grain minute.

Species about 100. Whole world, in tropical and warm regions.

§ 1. Caracnasros. Rachilla of spikelets

articulate breaking up from above downwards.
Small weak plants.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 177

Spikelets very small 345 inch.
Glume II twice as long as Gl. I
‘Spikelets #5 inch long brown viscid.
Glumes T and II nearly equal
Tall stiff plants 2-3 feet tall

—
&

. tenella.

©
tS

. VISCOSA.
. interrupta.

@o
&

§ 2. Prerorssa. Rachilla persistent, glumes
fallin away from the top downwards.

Annuals spikelets ovate or oblong.
Glumes with prominent nerves, bares

caducous uy i a ». 4. H. amabilis.
Glumes with the nerves not gr acne
paleas persistent af iS .. oO. F. malayana.
Annual spikelets linear .. fe ae ve Gn Le. pilosa.

Perennials stems tall.
Flowering glumes pale green sides flat .. 1%. WH. elongata.
Flowering glumes dark grey sides convex 8. L. elegantula.

1. ER. TENELLA, Roem. and Sch. Syst. II. 576. Perennial very
variable, stems usually slender spreading numerous from the root
geniculate at the base 6 to 12 inches tall. Leaves narrow linear or
lanceolate linear glabrous except for the cilia at the mouth of the
sheath. Panicle 2-3 inches talJ, lax spreading, branches j- inch
long. Spikelets very small 3, inch long pale green, tinted with
violet. Glumei I very short ovate. Glume II nearly twice as long.
Flowering glumes ovate obtuse 3 or 4 palea narrower as long keels
strongly ciliate. Stamens minute. Stapf. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. p.
315. HH, despiciens, Schultes. Mant. Il. 318. #. plumosa, Link.
Enum, Hort. Berol. I. 192. Poa amabilis, Linn. Sp. Pl. 68. P. plu-
mosa, Retz. Obs. IV. 20. P. tenella, L. Sp. Pl. 69. Retz. Obs. V.
19,

Singapore: Gardens, Changi (Ridley 5763), Pulau Ubin;
Pahang: Pekan (Ridley 1221); Malacca: Tanjong Kling, Town
(Ridley), Ayer Panas (Cantley’s Coll.) ; Penang: The Fort (Curtis
2169); Kelantan: Kamposa (Ridley 1688). Distrib. India, Siam.
Common weed in waste ground. “ Rumput Tulong Belalang.”

2.-). viscosa, Trin. Mem. Acad. Petersb.. Ser. VI. I. 297%.
Tufted with long slender roots geniculate ascending or erect slender —
stems viscid about 6 to 9 inches tall. Leaves narrow conyolute when
dry 1-3 inches long, mouth of sheath bearded. Panicle 1-2 inches
long rather dense, branches crowded. Spikelets about twice as big as
those of H#. tenella brown viscid. Glumes I and IL nearly equal.
Flowering glumes 4 or 5 to 16. Grain very small elliptic dark red.
EL, tenella var. viscosa, Stapf. Le.

C 12

178 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Singapore: Changi (Ridley 6107) ; Province Wellesley : Teluk
Ayer Tawar (Ridley 6998); Penang: Dato Kramat (Curtis 1827).
Distrib, India and Africa. Sandy places near the sea.

3. E. interrupta, Beauv. Agrost. 71 (not of Roem. and Schultes
nor Trin.). Perennial 2 or 3 feet tall. Stems $- ¢y inch through
glabrous. Leaves linear acuminate 12 inches long } inch wide.
Panicle variable, stiff interrupted or flaccid long and narrow over a
foot long, branches slender short or long 3 inches, solitary or sub-
whorled. Spikelets 4 inch long brownish pedicelled, rachilla jointed
breaking up from the top downwards. Glumes I and II ovate
boat-shaped blunt subequal. Flowering 6 to 12 longer ovate obtuse,
palea smaller and narrower glabrous. Stamens 2 very small. Stapf.
Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. 316. #H. nutans, Nees. Steud. Nom. Hd. IL) 1.
563. HH. diplachnoides, Steud, Syn. Gram. 268,

Pahang: Pekan (Ridley 1007). Distrib. India and Africa.

Rare on sandy heaths. The only variety I have seen here is the
var. diplachnoides, Stapf. with a long lax panicle or branches not
whorled.

4, E. amasitis, Wight. and Arn. Hook. and Arn. Bot. Beechy
Voy. 251. Annual 6 to 18 inches tall slender. Leaves linear acu-
minate 2-4 inches long, } inch wide flaccid except for a few hairs at
the mouth of the sheath. Panicle compact eventually spreading
usually with slender solitary branches. Spikelets flat ovate occasion-
ally oblong {-4 inch long, rachilla persistent. Glumes falling off with
the paleas from the base empty glumes. Flowering glumes 20 to 50
close set boat-shaped keeled, keel scabrid very short mucronulate pale
or pink, with two raised green ribs on the sides, palea shorter elliptic.
Keels winged minutely scabrid. Grain ellipsoid flattened. Stapf.
Fl. Brit. Ind. VIL. 317. 2. polymorpha, Trin. Steud. Nom, Ed. IL,
i. 364. FH. rubens, Hochst. Miq. Analect. Bot, II. 26. Steud. Syn.
Gram. 265. H. unioloides, Nees. Steud. Le. 264. Poa multiflora,
Roxb. Fl. Ind. [. 338. .

Singapore: Common in waste ground, Tanglin (Ridley 64) ;
Pahang: Pekan; Malacca: Ayer Panas (Cantley’s Coll.) ; Kelantan:
Kamposa; Penang Waterfall (Curtis 1800). Distrib. Tropical Asia.
Very common, somewhat variable according to locality in development
of panicle, and colouring. Native name “ Rumput Kulam Padang.”

5. BE. MALAYANA, Stapf. Fl. Brit. Ind. VIL p. 317. Annual,
forming tufts. Stems rather slender 7-18 inches tall geniculate.
Leaves very narrow linear 3 inches long #g inch wide convolute when
dry. Panicle rather narrow or branches at length spreading 2 inches
long, branches 3-1 inch long. Spikelets pale 5 inch long ovate
flattened or linear oblong. Glumes closely imbricate ovate rounded

=

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 179

obtuse boat-shaped, sides convex with no raised veins. Glumes I and
IL unequal smaller than the flowering glumes. Paleas persistent
large, nerves scabrid. Grain minute black.

Singapore (Herb. Cantley 3075 in part) ; Freshwater Isle (Rid-
ley 453); Pahang: Pekan (Ridley); Malacca (Hervey); Perak
(Wray). Distrib. Borneo and Banca. Not common or easily over-
looked, as it somewhat resembles pale forms of H. unioloides. *

6. E. prnosa, Beauv. Agrost. 71. Annual 3 to 36 inches tall.
Stems slender weak tufted. Leaves -3 inches long very narrow
linear acuminate minutely scabrid aboye on the nerves, mouth of
sheath long ciliate. Panicle variable -6 inches long, very lax with
slender filiform branches 1-2 inches long glabrous or rarely hairy,
sub-whorled. Spikelets 4-1 inch long linear grey green, 5 to 12
flowered, rachilla slender flexuous. Glumes I and II hyaline deci-
duous. Flowering glumes ovate acute keel scabrid. Palea narrower
shortly persistent narrow. Keels ciliate. Grain oblong truncate
chestnut. Stapf. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. 323. 2H, indica, Steud. Syn.
Gram. 264.

Singapore: Garden weed: Johor (Feilding); Selangor: Batu
Caves Estate (Ridley 8161); Penang Hill (Ridley 10618), (Curtis
1804). Distrib. most warm countries. z

7. E. evoncata, Jacq. Eclog. Gram. 3, t. 3. Perennial grasses,
with geniculate stems 10 to 18 inches tall slender. Leaves 13-3 inches
long very narrow glabrous except the ciliate sheath. Panicle very
variable 3-6 inches long, branches usually simple 1 inch or less long
slender. Spikelets shortly pedicelled, pedicels scabrid, rather crowded
1 to inch long. Flowers 10-25. Glumes I and IT lanceolate keeled,
keel scabrid nearly equal tinted violet. Flowering glumes ovate lan-
ceolate pale green. Keel and a rib on each side scabrid green, tip
violet. Palea shorter narrower strongly ciliate on the edge. Stapf.
Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. 319. #. Browneana, Nees. Nov. Act. Nat, Cur.
XIX. Suppl. I. 205. #. Brownii, Nees. Fl. Austr. 396. Steud.
Syn. Gram. 279. EF. Cumingii, Steud. lc. 266. EH. orientalis, Nees.
Noy. Act. lc. 206. EH. pubescens, Steud. le. HH. Willdenoviana,
Nees. Hook. and Arn. Beech. Voy. 252. 2. zeylanica, Nees. and Mey.
Nov. Act. l.c. 204.

Singapore common (Cantley 3064), Galang (Ridley 10400),
‘Freshwater Isle; Changi (6108); Pahang: Pekan (Ridley 1375) ;
-Malacea: Ayer Panas (Cantley’s Coll.) ; Selangor: Kuala Lumpur
(Ridley 10169) ; Penang: Waterfall (Curtis 1805) ; Lankawi: Kwah
(Ridley 8318). Distribution Trop. Asia, Australia. Common in
waste ground and grassy plots “ Rumput Kutu Kerbau.”

8, E, ELEGANTULA, Steud. Syn. Gram. 266 (not of Necs.). Pers
ennial, with stiff stems 2 to 4 feet tall glabrous, rhizome short, roots

180 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.
stout. Leaves linear acuminate very narrow 3 to 7% inches long
glabrous. Panicle nodding 3 to,6 inches long, branches slender 2
inches long or less, s spreading or usually suberect, seabrid. Spikelets
¢ inch long dark grey. Glumes I and II subequal, I a little smaller
ovate keeled, keel scabrid. Flowering glumes ovate acute viscid sides
convex, side nerve often distinctly raised. Palea about as long edges
closely ciliate scabrid caducous with the glume. Stamens 3 very small.
Grain oblong. Stapf. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. 318. #. luzoniensis,
Steud. Le. 266. Poa elegantula, Kunth, Rey. Gram. I. 340.
Singapore: Chasseriau Estate (Ridley) ; Malacca: Bukit Sabukor
(Ridley 3538) ; Pahang: Kuala Pahang (Ridley 997, 1552) ; Perak:
Taiping; Kelantan: Kamposa (Ridley). Distrib. India. | Common
in damp spots by streams. Easily recognised by its tall stiff stems
and dark grey green spikelets.

43. Myriostaciys, Hook. fil.

A tall glabrous perennial grass with long narrow linear leaves.
Panicle dense of ver y numerous “short branches solitary or in fascicles
of 2 or 3 or more. Spikelets 4 to 20 flowered pale on pedicels jointed
at the base scabrid. Glumes I and II short ovate lanceolate keeled
and awned, keel scabrid. Flowering glumes coriaceous ovate cus-
pidate keeled scabrid, palea nearly as long, keels ciliate. Stamens 3
very small. Stigmas long, penicillate. Grain oblique ovoid obtuse.

Species 1. India, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula.

M. WicuTrana, Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VIL. 327. var. longis-
picula. Stems 6 to 10 feet tall, moderately stout. Leaves long
acuminate 2 feet long 4 inch wide smooth and glabrous. Panicle a
foot long, branches 14 inch long scabrid. Spikelets + to $ inch long,
flowers 8-20 rachilla stout flexuous. Glumes I and II short with
longer awns, scabrid, II longer than I. Flowering glumes hardly
a ned, palea boat-shaped. Eragrostis Wightiana, Benth. Ie. Pl. XTV.

t. 1381. Leptochloa Wightiana, Nees. Steud. Syn. Glu, 209.
Dincbra verticillata, Wight, Steud. Lc.

Penang: Telok Bahang (Curtis 882); Province Wellesley. In
damp spots near the sea, local.“ tumput Laut.”

44, LopHATHERUM, Brngn.

Tall rather slender perennial forest grass, with broad lanceolate
petioled leaves. Panicle of few branches, spikelets secund narrowly
lanceolate 1 flowered, rachilla not jointed at the base prolonged beyond
the flowering glume, bearing several terminal empty awned glumes.
Glumes I and II empty, IIL longer awned or mucronate. Styles
connate at the base, with long stigmas. Grain oblong.

Species 1. India, China, Japan, Malaya.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 181

L. GRACILE, Brngn. Duperr, Voy. Bot. 50. t. 8. Stems slender or
fairly stout woody 2 to 3 feet, geniculate or not. Leaves lanceolate
acuminate narrowed at the base subpetioled 6 to 7 inches long -14
inch wide glabrous. Panicle of few long distant branches 4 to 8
inches long. Spikelets secund on the branches distant 1 flowered
green shortly pedicelled 4+ inch long lanceolate, ciliate at the base.
Glume I oblong obtuse ciliate at tip. Gl. IL longer. Gl. III lan-
ceolate awned twice as long, awn short. Palea shorter and narrower.
Upper glumes about 9 narrow empty with scabrid awns. Styles
yellow. Hook. fil. le. 331. Mig. Fl. Ind. Bat. IIT. 400. LZ. elatum,
Zoll. and Mor. Syst. Verz. Zoll. 102. L. japonicum, multiflorum and
dubium, Steud. Syn. Gram. 300. L. lehmanni, Nees. (Steud. lL.c.).
Acroelytrum japonicum, Steud. Flora XXIX. 21. Allelotheca Ur-
villei, Steud, Syn. Gram. 117.

Singapore: Garden Jungle, Chan Chu Kang (Ridley 1701) ;
Johor: Bukit Banang; Malacca: Mount Ophir; Pahang: Kuala Pa-
hang; Sungei Ujong (Cantley) ; Perak: Taiping Hills to 5000 feet
alt.; Negri Sembilan: Gunong Angsi; Kedah: Gunong Jerai. Distrib.
All tropical Asia and Japan, except Southern India. Native names
“Rumput Kelurat,’ “Rumput Kururut,’” “RR. Jarang,’ “ Ubi
Buluh.” Common in woods.

45. CENTOTHECA, Desv.

Tall perennial grass. Leaves broadly lanceolate acute narrowed
at the base, ligule short papery lacerate. Panicle lax with spreading
branches. Spikelets secund, green pedicellate. Glumes 4 or 5. I
and II oblong ovate empty, I1I, IV (and V when present) bisexual,
IV edged with strong white spines with swollen bases. Stamens 2-3.

Species few 1 or 2. Tropical Africa, Asia and Australasia.

C. LAPPACEA, Desv. Nom. Bull. Soc. Philom. II. (1810) 189.
Journ. Bot. 1 (1813) 70. Stems 1 to 3 feet tall, from a short root-
stock. Leaves 3-7 inches long 4-1 inch wide many nerved glabrous or
sparsely hairy, mouth of sheath hairy. Panicle 6-12 inches long
variable, branches 3-6 inches long. Spikelets 4 inch long, pedicel and
rachis scabrid. Glumes I and II oblong ovate green with white
edge, I scabrid on the keel shorter than II. Gl. III longer than IT
mucronate bisexual and paleate. Gl. IV rather shorter mucronulate
edged with strong white tubercle based spines, bisexual and paleate.
Gl. V absent or small. Stamens 2-3 brown. Styles yellow short free.
Grain ovoid acute. Kunth. Rev. Gram. I. 317. t. 70. Hook. fil.
Fl. Brit. Ind. WIL 332.- Griff. Notul. Il: 62. Ic. Pl. As. t. 152:-f.
ie

Singapore whole island; Johor (Ridley 1706), Pulau Aor (Feild-
ing) ; Malacca: Pulau Besar (Ridley), Ayer Panas (Cantley’s Coll.) ;

182 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula, 3

Pahang: Tahan River; Negri Sembilan: Bukit Tumiang (Cantley’s
Coll.) ; Dindings: Lumut (Ridley) ; Penang: Government Hill (Cur-
tis 1815). Distrib. Tropical Africa, Asia and Polynesia. Common
in woods. Native names “ Rumput Darah,” “ Rumput Silat Kain.”
The spikelets adhere by their spines to cloth, or to the fur of animals
and are so carried about.

46. Leprurus, Br.

Annual or perennial slender grasses. Spikes terminal simple,
straight or curved, rachis hollowed. Spikelets 1-2 flowered embedded
in the hollows of the rachis sessile solitary. Glumes 3 or 4. Gl.
I minute or absent, II longer than flowering glumes, linear rigid
acute, III and IV much shorter hyaline. Palea 2 keeled. Stamens
1 to 3 ovary glabrous.

Species 6. ‘Tropics and temperate regions of the whole world.

L. repens, Br. Prodr. 207. Perennial creeping with ascending
geniculate stems woody a foot tall. Leaves 3-6 inches long ¢ inch
wide linear acuminate glaucous glabrous. Spikes straight 2-3 inches
long. Spikelets 2 flowered rachis stout glabrous. Glume I absent.
Gl. II lanceolate long acuminate striate. Flowering glumes shorter
thin elliptic concave. Rachilla elongate bearing an imperfect flower.
Brngn. Duperr. Voy. Bot. 57. t. 16. Kunth. Enum. PL I 463.
Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind, VII. 365. Rottboellia repens, Forst. Prodr.
9. Monerma repens, Beauy. Agrost. 117.

Johor: Pulau Tinggi (Feilding) ; Pahang: Sungei Meang (Rid-
ley 1422), Rumpin River. Distrib. Ceylon, Malaya to Australia.
In sand along the seashore.

47. BamBusa, Schreb.

Shrubby or arboreous grasses usually tall and tufted. Culm-
sheaths broad, limb often triangular. Leaves linear or lanceolate
shortly petioled not tessellate. Inflorescence a large or slender pan-
icle, with heads on spike-like branches, or panicles of spikes. _Spike-
lets 1 to many flowered. Empty glumes at the base 1 to 4. Flower-
ing glumes oyate lanceolate, uppermost imperfect. Lodicules 2 or 3
membranous ciliate rarely absent. Stamens 6. Ovary oblong or
obovate tip hairy. Stigmas 2 or 3. Grain oblong to linear oblong
furrowed on one side.

Species about 50. India, Malaya, Australia.

Arborescent, branches spiny ¥ .. . «e+ Be spinosa.
Culms tall and slender not spiny .. a .. 2 B. Wrayu.
Shrubby stems } inch through,

Spikelets 1-2 inches long in distant whorls .. 3. B. Ridleyi.

s Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 183

Spikelets $ inch long in short panicles .. .. 4 B. magica.
Scandent flowers unisexual fe as .. od. B. elegans.

1. B. sprvosa, Bl. Bot. Zeit. 1825. p. 580. A tall dark green
bamboo with crowded culms 30 to 60 feet tall and 3 or 4 inches
through with numerous stiff thorny branches. Culm-sheaths 5 to 6
inches long thick, 3 to 4 inches broad striate and covered with long
stiff tawny bristles mouth broad convex, violet brown and yellow
stripped when young. Leaves 5 or 6 together at the end of the
branchlets linear lanceolate 3-6 inches long broad abruptly rounded
at the base into a very short petiole tip scabrous, glabrous above
glaucous below, edges scabrous sheaths striate covered with appressed
hairs ending in a small recurved callus with a few slender bristles at
the mouth. Ligule short truncate fimbriate. Panicle large branching
terminal with spicate branchlets bearing heads of many imperfect and
few fertile spikelets. Spikelets 1-1} inch long compressed narrow
with 2-3 empty glumes, 6 to 8 fertile and 1-2 terminal imperfect
flowers, empty glumes ovate acute, flowering glume ovate acuminate,
palea as long or longer broad concave 2 keeled, keels ciliate. Anthers
blunt. Ovary ovate glabrous, style short. Stigmas 3 plumose.
Grain ovate. B, Blumeana, Schultes f. Syst. Veg. VII. 2. 1843.
Kunth. Enum. I. 431. Munro Trans. Linn. Soc. XXVI. 101. Gam-
ble Le. 50. Pl. 47.

Pahang: Pekan (Ridley). Distrib, Malay Islands. This may
have been introduced into the neighbourhood of Pekan, but is possibly
wild. It is commonly known as Bulu Duri.

2. B. Wray, Stapf. Kew Bulletin 1893, 14. Graceful and
semi-scandent bamboo. Culms 40 to 60 feet tall 1 inch through at the
base very thin and weak, internodes yellow glabrous shining hollow,
the third or fourth from the ground very long as much as 7 feet.
Culm-sheaths unknown. — Leaves linear lanceolate 8 to 10 inches long
1 inch wide rounded at base or narrowed into a short petiole, apex
acuminate leaf sheaths pale glabrous striate ending in a shining
callus auricled with a few stiff hairs, ligule truncate short with long
stiff hairs. Inflorescence a large panicle with clusters of spikelets at
the nodes or in short spicate branches. Spikelets in short spikes,
subtended with an oblong truncate bract and a short ciliate keeled
bractlet then 2 imperfect spikelets, and one fertile one. Empty glume
solitary ovate lanceolate acute glabrous except the ciliate edges.
Flowering glumes ovate lanceolate acute glabrous. Palea equal or
shorter 2 keeled rough or ciliate on the keels bearing between the keels
the rachilla + inch long terminal by an imperfect flower. Stamens.
_ Anthers glabrous blunt. Style very short with 3 long arms. Fruit
oblong with a short cylindric beak. Hooker Ic. Pl. 2253. Fl. Brit.
Ind, VII. 394, Gamble. Ann, Bot. Gard Cale, Vol. VII. p. 49, Pl. 46,

184 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Perak: Gunong Tuas at 4500 to 5500 feet elevation (Wray).
Endemic. “ Buluh Bersumpitan.”. ‘The Semangs use the large sized
canes for the outer case of the blow-pipe (Sumpitan) and the small
ones for the inner tube.

3. B. Riptey1, Gamble. Ann. Bot. Gard. Cale. Vol. p. 35. Pl.
32. A slender stemmed tufted plants with culms about 9-10 feet
long and about 4 inch through, thin whorled fistulose internodes 18
inches long. Culm-sheaths 43 inches long smooth, glabrous mouth
with long cilia, limb lanceolate acuminate 3 inches long. Leaves
oblong lanceolate acuminate narrowed at the base 10 to inches
long # inch wide tip scabrid, sheaths short, ending in a short callus,
truncate ligule long bifid + inch long lobes broad rounded edged
with stiff bristles. Inflorescence on long leafy or nude branches.
Spikelets 1-2 inches long, a few in distant whorls glabrous lanceolate.
Glumes empty 2 to 4 ovate mucronate ribbed. Flowering glumes long
ovate lanceolate glabrous mucronate ribbed. Palea shorter oblong
acute bifid. eels minutely ciliate at tip. Anthers long narrow
apiculate setose. Style with 8 plumose stigmas. Lodicules 3, 2
lanceolate fimbriate the third short ovate, many nerved. Hook. fil.
Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. p. 388.

Singapore: Bukit Timah (Ridley 1693). Endemic. This very
slender bamboo only grows in one or two spots in dense forests in
Bukit Timah.

B. nana, Roxb. Fl. Ind. IT. 190. The hedge bamboo, a native
of China and Japan is cultivated largely for hedges and remains often
on abandoned garden sites. I have seen it flowering in Singapore,
but it rarely flowers below 2000 feet elevation. It is known as
Buluh China.

4, B. magica, Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. Str. Br, Vol. XLIV.
p. 208. Stems about 20 feet tall, and half inch through or less,
smooth, branches slender tufted at the nodes, internodes 1 inch long.
Leaves lanceolate acuminate glabrous 3 inches long 4 inch wide
margins scabrid, thickened base narrowed into a very short petiole,
sheath auricled with white cilia on the auricles. Spikelets in short
panicles lanceolate pale 3 inch long-} inch across, empty glume 1
ovate lanceolate. Flowering glumes 7- lanceolate mucronulate
keeled margins ciliate. Lodicules 3 lanceolate edges ciliate.

Perak: Gunong Berumbun (Wray 1560).

The “ Buluh Perindu.” This plant is referred to B. nana, Roxb.
by Gamble Ann. Gard. Cale. VII. 41. It is very improbable that
Wray’s plant could have been introduced on Berumbun and the ad-

jacent hills, and it differs from the cultivated plant in the taller stem,
quite glabrous leaves, less strongly ribbed glumes ciliate at the edge.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 185

Wray writes of it (Journ. Roy. As. Soc. 8. Br, Vol —_p. 159.“ The
small bamboo called by the Malays “ Buluh perindu” is extremely
plentiful on Berumbun and comparatively scarce on the other hill.
I was fortunate in being able to collect flowering specimens of this
elegant little bamboo which is credited with mystic properties by
the natives and is in much request by love-lorn swains whose mistresses
are cold and irresponsive.” .

Bambusa vulgaris, Schrad. said to be a native of Java is occasion-
ally planted. Wray gives the name “ Buluh Pan ” for it.

5. B. ELEGANS, Ridl. Journ. Roy. As. Soc. 8, Br. Vol. XLIV.
p. 209. A climbing bamboo. Flowering branches slender 4 inch
through purplish. Branchlets in whorls a foot apart about 10 in a
whorl slender 10 inches long with numerous dry bracts at the base.
Leaves lanceolate acuminate 2-3 inches long } inch wide finely ribbed
with a very short petiolule and short oblong ligule. Flower spikes
numerous not whorled nor crowded. Bracts oblong broad dry and
pale, outer one 2 inch long, inner ones smaller more ovate mucronulate.
Spikelets } inch long. Basal spikelet of 5 empty glumes, II flower
1 inch long. Glumes I and IT lanceolate green tipped purple edges
ciliate, palea not keeled edges ciliate, enclosing a conic cylindric pistil
with 2 short stigmas no lodicules, III flower male, glume and palea
as in II. Stamens 3 with very short filaments, flowers 4 and 5
abortive. Rachilla flattened dilated upwards ciliate.

Selangor: Semangko Pass (A. M. Burn-Murdoch).

The flowers were mostly very young and nearly all destroyed by
insects. The full sized leaves were not sent. I am doubtful as to
the genus even of this plant. I only saw three stamens in the one
fertile flower and no trace of a pistil, in another flower there were no
stamens but a pistil only.

48. GiGaANTOCHLOA, Kurz.

Arborescent or climbing bamboos generally very large. Culm-
sheaths hard, hairy above auricled. Leaves large. Panicle com-
pound large, with long branches, heads distant of few or many
spikelets, fertile and sterile mixed. Empty glumes 2 or 3, ovate or
lanceolate. Fertile glume similar or longer. Paleas 2 keeled, keels
ciliate. Lodicules none or 1 to 3. Stamens 6, filaments connate into
a tube thick at first, afterwards thin membranous elongate. Ovary
hairy. Stigmas 1-3 hairy. Grain usually oblong or linear, grooved.
Pericarp membranous.

Species 11. Burma and Malaya.
Spikelets ovate rounded small glabrous 1, G. verticillata.

186 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Spikelets oblong ovate flattened layer
hairy .. a oe “y .. & G, Scortechinit.

Spikelets narrow cylindric acute.
Ligule of leaf short.

Palea oblanceolate Pay ee exe, go Oy

Palea linear at te He cc phe G, Kura,
Ligule of leaf long.

Spikelets dimorphic glabrous... .. 5, G. heterostachya.

Spikelets conic, glumes fringed with hairs 6. G. ligulata,

Spikelets over an inch long broad flattened 7%. G. latispiculata.

1. G. vERTICILLATA, Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. XXVI. 124. A
large bamboo 60 to 80 fect tall and 4 or 5 inches through green, or
striped with yellow when young, internodes 18 inches ‘Jong whorls
rather thin. Leaves oblong lanceolate narrowed at the base 10-18
inches long 14-24 inches wide glabrous, hairy beneath when young
margins scabrous keel narrow, sheaths hairy at first, glabrescent, top
truncate with a narrow callus and short rounded auricles, ligule
short. Panicle compound with long branches 2 feet or more of dis-
tant heads of spikelets, on a rather stout rachis. Heads small to
t inch through dense. Spikelets ovate subacute pale% -} inch long, .
minutely pubescent. Empty glumes 2 or 3 ovate acute broad edges
ciliate. Flowering glumes similar mucronate. Palea shorter oblong
bimucronate, keels 2 ciliate. Lodicules variable, 1 to 3, oblanceolate
fimbriate. Stamens exsert, tube membranous, anther yellow ovary
suborbicular very hairy, style short stigmas 2-3. Gamble lc. 61. Pl.
52. G. maxima, Kurz. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. XXVIIL. 226. Bambusa
verticilata, Willd. Sp. Pl. I. 245. B. pseudarundinacea, Steud. Syn.
330.

Singapore cultivated: Tivoli (Ridley 119). Distrib. Malay
Tslands.

2. G. Scorrecuinit, Gamble le. 62. Pl. 53. Stems 30 to 80
feet tall, 2-4 inches through internodes 1$ feet long. Culm-sheaths
6-8 inches long not much narrowed upwards covered with rather long
scattered bristles mixed with numerous short white ones. Leaves

-12 inches long -2 inches wide oblong lanceolate glabrous above
softly hairy pubescent beneath, with occasionally long stiff black
bristles scattered over it, base broad with a very short petiole, sheath
densely pubescent, with a pubescent callus, and two rounded auricles,
with a few stiff white bristles. Panicle large, of stout branches, 2
feet long, rachis pubescent, with tufts of spikelets 1-4 inches apart.
Spikelets few cylindric acute 1 inch long densely hairy. Empty
glumes ovate mucronate, 2 or 3, Flowering glumes 3 to 4, similar

e

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 187

longer. Palea shorter tip bifid keels ciliate. Lodicules none. Stamen
tube long. Anthers yellow apiculate. Ovary rounded, style long
glabrous stigma bifid, grain glabrous ellipsoid with an obtuse truncate
hairy top. Hook. fil, Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. 398.

Selangor near the Kuala Lumpur Caves (Ridley 8170) on the
Semangko Pass to 2700 feet alt. forming forests (Ridley 8481),
(Curtis 3746), Bukit Hitam (Ridley 7786); Perak (Scortechini) ;
Ulu Kerling ; Ulu Selangor (King’s Coll. 8572) ; Upper Perak (Wray
3433). Endemic. A very fine bamboo “ Buluh Rayah.”

3. G. Wray, Gamble lc. 64. Pl. 55. Culms 3 inches through,
branchlets smooth clothed with glaucous scurf. Leaves 12 to 15
inches long, 2 to 2 5 inches wide oblong lanceolate cuspidate acuminate
roundly attenuate at the base into a petiole ¢ to 58; inch long, tip
subulate setaceous, smooth above pale softly strigosely hairy beneath
edges scabrid, midrib broad, sheaths smooth ending in a narrow callus
with a short auricle, fringed with long stiff white bristles hgule short
pubescent. Panicle compound branches with heads of few fertile
flowers and several sterile flowers and many short bracts rachis slender
pubescent, joints from $ to 2 inches long. Spikelets conical somewhat
flattened # inch long acute. Empty glumes 2 to 3, oval mucronate
fringed with stiff blackish hairs. Flowering glumes similar but
longer. Palea narrow oblanceolate tip bifid, keels 2 not or faintly
ciliate. Stamenal tube thick finally long membranous. | Anthers
very long with a hairy setaceous point. Ovary narrowly ovate hairy,
style long slender, stigmas plumose. Hook. fil. l.c, 399.

Perak: Bukit Gantang (Wray 1895). Native name “ Buluh
Plang.” Endemic rare,

4. G. Kurz, Gamble lc. 65. Pl. 56. Culm-sheaths glabrous
cylindrical about 6 inches long, 3 inches broad, limb longer recurved
lanceolate acuminate decurrent in a narrow black glabrous band lining
the top of the sheath and ending in a small round black auricle ligule
narrow. Leaves linear lanceolate 8 to 13 inches long $-14 inch wide
base narrowed into a petiole } inch long, glabrous above whitish with
scattered hairs beneath edges scabrous, midrib narrow, sheaths hairy
when young finally smooth truncate with small rounded auricles.
Panicle of rataer stiff slender branches with small heads of few
spikelets 4 an inch to 1 inch apart, rachis slender smooth. Spike-
lets cylindric acuminate half an inch apart. Glumes striate at the
top, mucronate glabrous except for a strong fringe of hairs on the
edge. Empty glumes 2 or 3 ovate. Flowering glumes similar but
longer narrower, with a longer mucro. Palea linear blunt, keels
ciliate. Stamenal tube short. Anthers blunt apiculate grain trun-
cate glabrous. Hook, fil, Fl, Brit. Ind, VII. p. 5.

188 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Dindings: Lumut (Ridley 3114); Perak: Taiping (Wray 134).
Distrib. Tenasserim and Siam (Kasum, Curtis 3237). “ Buluh
Akar,” “ Bnluh Mata Rusa.” Rare.

5. G. HETEROSTACHYA, Munro, Trans. Linn. Soc. XXVI. 125.
A graceful bamboo 30 feet long, culms thin whorled, sheaths not
known. Leaves linear lanceolate 4 to 11 inches long $ to 1 inch
wide base rounded into a short petiole # inch long, point long and
setaceous glabrous except for a few hairs on the midrib, margins
scabrid, sheaths striate ending at the mouth in a shining callus, and
rounded glabrous auricle, ligule long dentate glabrous or long ciliate.
Panicle long, with rather slender branches of distant many flowered
heads in the axils of chaffy bracts, heads 1-4 inches apart -14 inch
through. Spikelets of two kinds sterile $-} inch long of glumes
sheathed one within the other, fertile 1 to 14 inch long } inch wide
glabrous oblong compressed, with 1 to 3 empty glumes, 4 to 5 fertile
flowers; 2 to 8 incomplete flowers all on the joints of a consistent
rachilla. Empty glumes ovate acute of mucronate, flowering glumes
similar palea shorter obtuse with 2 ciliate keels. Lodicules 2 to 3
oblong or ovate long fimbriate. Staminal tube short at first. Anthers
apiculate. Ovary ellipsoid very hairy. Style hairy. Stigmas 1 to
3. Kurz, Indian Forester 845. Gamble l.c. 66. Pl. 57. Hook. fil.
Fl. Brit. Ind. VIT. 400. .

Malacca: Ayer Panas near houses (Griffith 6751). Without
locality (Cantley’s Coll.). Endemic. I have only seen a portion of
an inflorescence obtained by Cantley’s collector under the name of
“Buluh Tilan.”

6. G. LIGuLATA, Gamble l.c. 67. Pl. 58. Leaves 12 to 16 inches
long, 2-3 inches broad oblong lanceolate base narrowed unequal into
a flat petiole { to 4 inch long, glabrous paler beneath tip seabrid,
midrib broad, sheaths smooth shining ending in a cushion-like shin-
ing rounded ciliate or glabrous callus, ligule as much as an inch long,
bifid with 2 long acuminate membranous lobes. Panicle long with
rather stout branches about 2 feet long with distant heads as much as
an inch through and $ to 1 inch apart, smaller and crowded towards
the tip, with large straw coloured bracts at the base, spikelets cylindric
acuminate 4 inch long. Empty glumes ovate mucronate edged with
black hairs, 2-4. Flowering glumes longer mucronate edged with
black hairs, tip striate. Fertile flowers 3 to 4. Palea shorter blunt
or bimucronate, keels 2 ciliate. Lodicules none. Staminal tube
thickened at last membranous. Anthers long narrow apiculate hairy
at tip. Ovary depressed shining hairy. Style in stigma slender
plumose. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. 400.

Pahang: Kuala Pahang (Ridley 5597); Perak: Kuala Wok
(Wray 845), Ipoh (Curtis 3180). Endemic, ‘‘ Buluh Telor,”

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 189

7. G, LATISPICULATA, Gamble Le. p. 67. Pl. 59. A tall bamboo
50 feet high. Culm-sheaths not known. Leaves pale broadly lan-
ceolate 12 to 14 inches long 1-14 inch broad base narrowed decurrent
into a very short petiole glabrous tip acuminate sheaths smooth
finely striate keeled with a narrow callus and bifid hgule. Panicle of
slender branches 18 inches long, with distant heads with few large
flattened spikelets 1-2 inches long } inch broad. Empty glumes 2-3
ovate lanceolate mucronate ribbed glabrous. Flowering glumes ovate
lanceolate long acuminate ribbed faintly ciliate or not on the edge
hairy within. Palea shorter than glume with 2 ciliate keels. Lodi-
cules obovate 3-5 nerved ciliate. Stamens exsert tube membranous at
length. Anthers apiculate penicillate. Ovary narrowly ovoid pubes-
cent. Style slender stigmas 3. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII, 400.

Malacca (Cantley’s Coll.). Endemic. Only once collected.
* Buluh Tilan Minyak. Used for making baskets.

49, OXYTENANTHERA, Munro.

Arborescent or scandent bamboos usually small unarmed. Culm-
sheaths varied usually rather narrow. Leaves usually small petioled.
Panicle large with spicate heads of few or many spikelets. Spikelets
narrow elongate conical of one, two or three flowers. Empty glumes
1-3. Flowering glumes ovate elongate mucronate. Palea of lower
flowers two keeled of uppermost convolute little or not keeled. Lo-
dicules 0. Stamens monadelphous exserted, tube thickened at first
after membranous. Anthers narrow acute. Ovary ovoid, style slen-
der. Stigmas 1-3. Grain elongate beaked.

Species 9. Africa, India.

Glumes edged with black cilia... oi 1. O. nigrociliata.
Glumes ptbescent with pale hairs .. A 2. O. sinuata.

1. O. NIGROocILIATA, Munro. Trans. Linn. Soc. XX VI. 128. A
small slender bamboo about 15-20 feet tall. Culms dark green 4-1
to 4 inches through with thin walls. Culm-sheaths 6 or more inches
long covered with brown hairs edged with brown cilia slightly narrow-
ed upwards and tip truncate blade ovate lanceolate decurrent on the
sheath with a bright green rounded naked auricle hairy inside. Leaves
6-12 inches long or more 1-2 inches wide lanceolate acuminate ending
in a twisted scabrid point margins scabrous, glaucous beneath sheaths
narrow stiff edges ciliate, with small round naked auricles at the
mouth, ligule short. Panicle leafy fairly large of spicate whorls with
usually few spikelets in the whorls, which are 1-3 inches apart, rachis
hairy. Spikelets narrow cylindric #-1 inch long. Empty glumes 3
to 5 ovate acute mucronate ribbed edged with black cilia. Flowering
glumes lanceolate acuminate long mucronate, edged with black cilia.
Palea as long or shorter narrow obtuse acute, or bimucronate, keels

190 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

2 ciliate, except the uppermost flower glabrous. Stamen tube at
first thick then elongate. Anthers purple ending in a hairy point.
Grain linear oblong. Beddone Fl. Syly. CCXXXIIT. Gamble Le. p.
69, Pl. 60. Hook. fil. Le. 401. Bambusa nigrociliata, Buse Pl,
Jungh. I. 389. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. 111, 416. B. Bitung, Hassk, Pl.
Jay. rar. 42. Gigantochloa nigrociliata, Kurz. Ind. For, I, 345. G.
andamanica, Kurz. For. Fl. Burm, Il. 556.

Singapore: Galang (Ridley 8087), Thomson Road (8063), Ang
Mo Kio (6682); Province Wellesley: Permatang Bertam (Ridley
6999), Distrib. India, Andamans, Sumatra and Java. J have only
seen this in hedges in Singapore, and it is probably introduced.

2. O. srxvuata, Gamble l.c. 71. Pl. Leaves 10 to 12 inches long,
1-14 inch wide oblong lanceolate acuminate base rounded almost
cordate into a short petiole nearly half an inch long hairy, tip twisted
scabrid, glabrous above pubescent beneath, sheaths faintly pubescent
or glabrous with a short hairy ligule. Panicle of long slender spicate
branches 2 feet or more long, rachis hairy, spikelets in round heads
1 inch apart and half inch through. Spikelets narrow conical } inch
long, acuminate pubescent. Empty glumes 2-3 ovate mucronate
edges ciliate. Flowering glumes ovate mucronate but longer, mucro
longer. Palea blunt or bifid. Keels 2 ciliate. Stamens exserted,
tube thick thin elongate. Anthers narrow, point hairy. Ovary
broadly ovate hairy, style long hairy. Hook. fil. Fl, Brit. Ind. VIL.
401.

Johor: Gunong Panti (Ridley), Hulu Kahang (Kelsall) ; Sungei
Ujong: Seremban (Cantley’s Coll.). Endemic. “ Buluh Minyak ”
used for baskets.

50. DeNDROCALAMUS, Nees.

Arborescent bamboos with stout and long culms. Culm-sheaths
broad with dark brown or white hairs, limb narrow lanceolate. Leaves
lanceolate. Panicle usually large, the spikelets in globose distant
heads ovate 2 to 5 flowered. Empty glumes 2-3 ovate acute. Ilower-
ing glumes similar. Palea of lower flower keeled, of upper one
rounded glabrous. Lodieules usually absent. Stamens 6 filaments
free. Ovary hairy. Stigmas usually simple. Grain small pericarp
crustaceous or coriaceous.

Species 17. Indo-Malayan.

Stems 8-10 inches through.

Spikelets ovate acute $ inch long .. aie 1. D. giganteus.
Stems about 2-3 inches through.

Spikelets small in distant heads.

Panicle branches very long sis oe 2. D. flagellifer.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 191

Spikelets small in crowded heads. Panicle
branches short Se a a 3. D. pendulus.

1. D. gigantevs, Munro. Trans. Linn. Soc. XX VI. 150. Culms
100 feet long or less, 8 to 10 inches through dark green or grey green,
thin walled covered with white waxy scurf when young internodes
15-16 inches. Culm-sheaths 20 inches long and as broad hard glab-
rous shining within limb 5 to 15 inches long 34 inch broad edges
waved, base decurrent into glabrous stiff brown wavy auricles, ligule
stiff black, edge serrate. Leaves to 20 inches long 4 inches broad
oblong suddenly acuminate unequal sided glabrous, hairy beneath
when young, edges scabrous, sheaths glabrous with a callus, ligule
broad fimbriate. Panicle very large, branchlets long curved with lax
spikes of few spikelets 1 inch through, $-1 inch apart rachis hairy
below. Spikelets 4 inch or more long, minutely pubescent, ovate
flattened spiny many flowered. Empty glume 1-2 ovate mucronate.
Flower 3-6, glumes thin papery striate mucronate minutely hairy.
Paleas of lower flowers blunt, upper ones acute bifid. Keels 2 ciliate.
long hairy with a feathery purple stigma. Grain oblong obtuse hairy
above. Gamble lc. 87. Pl. 76. Bambusa gigantea, Wall. Cat. Bot.
Gard. Cale. 79.

Malacea (Derry); Pahang; Perak: Larut Hills below Gunong
Hijau (Ridley) ; Penang (Wallich). Endemic. In hillwoods.

2. D. FLAGELLIFER; Munro. Trans. Linn. Soc. XXVI. 150.
Stems 20 to 30 feet tall 12 to 3 inches through dark green, walls as
much as an inch thick in old stems, nodes rough with short rootlets.
Culm-sheaths 14 inches long with dark brown fur, limb lanceolate
acuminate 16 inches long 2 wide at the base, mouth ciliate. Leaves
oblong lanceolate 10-14 inches long 1$-2 inches wide glabrous apex
smooth or scabrid base narrowed into a petiole $ inch long. Sheaths
smooth. Panicle of longer pendulous branches 2-6 feet long rachis
pubescent grooved rather slender. Spikelets in small heads # inch
apart, ovoid green } inch long pubescent. Glume I small ovate, IL
larger boat-shaped tip rounded, edges of both ciliate. Flowering
glumes 4 ovate truncate or mucronate edges ciliate. Palea broad
bifid with strongly ciliate edges. Lodicules usuaily none, sometimes
1 or 2 spathulate lanceolate. Stamens 4-6. Anthers rather broad
linear apiculate yellow, filaments linear. Ovary ovoid hairy. Style
hairy simple purple, rarely trifid. Gamble Le. p. 91. Pl. 80.

Singapore: Ang Mo Kio (Ridley 6681) cultivated in Tanglin
(10644, 5603, 3945) ; Malacca: Bukit Sabukor (Derry 101) ; Penang:
Batu Feringhi Road (Curtis 3565, 3566), (Ridley 8363, 9460).
Distrib. Tenasserim. Cultivated largely by Chinese for the edible
shoots, and a useful bamboo for many purposes. It is known ae
“Buluh Betong.” ‘The whole plant perishes after flowering,

192 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

3. D. peNDULUS, Rid]. Journ. Roy. As, Soc. 8. Br. Vol. XLIV.
p. 210. Culms about 60 feet tall arched 3 inches through with long
slender pendulous branches, dark green below glaucescent “when young,
walls rather thick, internodes 9 inches long, ‘nodes ro ough with short
projecting rootlets in the lower parts. Culm-sheaths 6 to 9 inches
long hard covered at first with white woolly appressed in fascicles,
limb narrow lanceolate acute 4 inches or more Jong caducous, auricles
large dark red with long white cilia. Leaves lanceolate oblong acu-
minate thin glabrous 5 to 6 inches long # to — inch wide, base “broad
truncate edges scabrid at the tip, petiole short thick #5 inch long,
sheaths minutely pubescent, tip truncate edges scabrid, ligule very
short with few or no cilia at the mouth. Panicle of simple spikes
of heads on the ends of the leafy branches with occasionally 1 or more
branchlets. Heads of spikes crowded 4 inch long with broad sheaths
yellow with a short limb at the base. Spikelets } inch long glabrous
shining oblong cylindric numerous one flowered. JEmpty glumes ovate
glabrous 2. Flowering glumes longer lanceolate. Palea as long 2
nerved not keeled convolute lanceolate. Lodicules 0. Stamens 6.
Anthers oblong minutely apiculate, filaments narrow linear free.
Ovary conic short hairy. Styles simple hairy.

Sclangor: Pahang Track (Ridley 8482), at an altitude of 2000
feet. Endemic. This superb bamboo has long been cultivated in the
Botanic Gardens, Singapore, but has not flowered there. ‘The flowers
are described from plants seen in the hill forest in Selangor.

51. DINocHLoa, Buse,

Long climbing bamboos with slender much branched stems.
Culm-sheaths thick loosely clasping, wrinkled at the base where a
broad leathery ring remains after it falls off, limb long. Leaves
moderately large. Panicle very long slender compound of very small
heads of minute spikelets. Spikelets 1 flowered rachilla articulate
not produced. Empty glumes 1 to 4 broad very blunt. Flowering
glume slender, Palea convolute as large not. keeled. Lodicules none
or six. Stamens 6 free short. Ovary ovate glabrous. Style short.
Grain ovoid acuminate.

Species 3. Burma, Andamans and Malay Islands.

Empty glumes 1-2 ee x Ry “y D. Tjankorreh.
mpty glumes 4 .. +: wk ee ML D. montana.

D, TsankorreH, Buse. Miq. Pl. Jungh. 388. Culms very long
scrambling, 1 inch through or much less, smooth, branches slender
in tufts from the neryes. Culm-sheaths cylindric gradually attenuate
towards the mouth not auricled sprinkled with minute white bristles
limb ovate lanceolate acuminate, ligwe broad entire or slightly toothed,

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 193

Leaves lanceolate acuminate 6-10 inches long, 1-14 inch wide, tip sub-
ulate edges scabrid, sheaths glabrous when old, striate with a callus
and long stiff white cilia at the mouth. Panicle very long slender
with long wiry branches, rachis smooth striate, marked at the nodes
with a ring formed by the bases of fallen bracts. Clusters of spikelets
very small with few fertile spikelets and many empty glumes. Spike-
lets minute jy inch long ovate glabrous 1 flowered. Empty Glumes
1 or 2, with a few lower ones below the articulation broad obtuse.
Flowering glumes similar. Palea rounded conyolute.Filaments very
short. Anthers acute. Ovary ovate. Style thick, stigma bifid not
plumose. Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. III. 415. Munro. Le. 153. Pl. V.
Gamble Le. 112. p. 98. Bambusa scandens, Bl. Nees. Flora VII.
291. Nastus Tjankorreh, Schultes. Syst. Veg. VIL. 1358. IKunth.
Enum, I. 430. Chusquea amplopaniculata, Steud. Syn. 337. Mig.
Lei:

Dindings at Lumut (Ridley 3112). Distrib. Andamans and
Malay Islands. “ Buluh Akar.”

D. montana, Ridley Journ. Roy, As. Soc. 8. Br. Vol. XLIV.
p. 210. Culms long and scrambling smooth branches in whorls wiry.
Leaves lanceolate acuminate, 8 inches long, by 1 inch wide glabrous,
tip scabrid, base unequal slightly attenuate into a short petiole § inch
long sheaths smooth flattened striate with a low callus minutely
pubescent not ciliate. Panicle long rachis wiry pubescent with distant
heads of spikelets 24 inch apart. Spikelets {-{ inch long straw
coloured one flowered. Empty glumes -4 ovate obtuse strongly
keeled submucronate rachilla stout flexuous. Flowering glume lan-
ceolate ribbed minutely mucronate. Palea oblong with 2-nerves, not
keeled or ciliate. Lodicules 6, spathulate oblong strongly nerved
edges ciliate. Grain oblong beaked narrowed at the base channelled
along one side, beak minutely hairy. Penang Hill (Ridley 7064,
7265, 10171). Forming dense masses at an altitude of 3000 feet.

52. SCHIZOSTACHYUM, Nees.

Bamboos, usually slender erect or climbing. Culms smooth
thin walled. Culm-sheaths short with small auricles. Leaves broad
or narrow petioled. Panicle terminal, of spike-like branches bearing
heads of spikelets often reduced to a single head of spikes. Spikelets
slender fascicled, cylindric acute. Empty glumes 1 to 3 narrow,
mucronate rachilla elongate between them. Flowering glumes 1-2
convolute. Palea similar not keeled. Lodicules 0-4 narrow. Sta-
mens 6, filaments free. Ovary narrow, the pericarp produced into a
beak enclosing the style. Stigmas 3. Grain ovoid beaked with a
sloping beak. Pericarp crustaceous seed rounded.

Species 17, Malay Peninsula and Islands and China one from
Madagascar.

C13

194 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Heads of spikelets and simple spikes.

Solitary or 2 or3 .. ae Eon wc k. S. tenue:
Heads 4 to 12 ina simple spikes .. .. 2 S. chilianthum.

Spikes panicled,
Spikes under one inch long.

Lodicules 0 .. 3 S- nf .. 93. S&S. Blumer.
Lodicules 3 .. Me op af 4, 8. Zollingert.

Spikelets one inch or more long.

™!|

Stems 20 feet. Spikelets 1 inch long .. 5. 8, latifolium.
Small plant. Spikelets 15 inch long very

narrow and hairy Fate hoee ..- 6. 8. aciculare.

1. S. TeENuE, Gamble Le, 114. Pl. 100. A slender bamboo culms
weak 12 feet long $ inch through green fistular. Branches very
slender in whorls. Culm-sheaths oblong glabrous about 3 inches
long, mouth strongly bearded truncate limb triangular acuminate
smooth 2$ inch long. Leaves narrow linear lanceolate light green 4
to 6 inches long 4-} inch across base broad, petiole short apex subulate
scabrid on the edges, sheaths smooth with a broad callus and narrow
ligule, Inflorescence a terminal spike of one or occasionally two
or three heads with few spikelets with one or more chaffy bracts 4
inch long or less. Spikelets narrow acuminate. Empty glumes 1-2
ovate acuminate mucronate 5-7? nerved. Flowering glumes longer.

?

Palea longer, 2 keeled, glabrous. Lodicules 3 ovate acute hairy
within. Grain ovate long beaked, beak bent to one side, 4 inch long
with the beak half an inch. Hook. fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII. 415.
Schizostachyum elegantissimum, Kurz, Ind. For. I. 348. DBambusa
elegantissima, Hassk. Pl. Jay. Rar. 42. Beesha elegantissima,
Munro. Trans. Linn. Soc. XXVI. 146.

Johor: Kota Tinggi, River Bank, Tebrau River (Ridley 11416) ;
Pahang: Kuala Berar (Ridley 5596); Malacea: Ayer Panas, Bukit
Tungul (Ridley 560); Kemaman (Vaughan Stevens). Hndemie.
River Banks. I doubt whether this is more than a form of 8. chili-
anthum.

2. S. cHILIANTHUM, Kurz, Ind. For. I. 348. Journ. As. Soe.
Beng. XXXIX. I. 88. Stems usually slender 15 to 20 feet tall 4
inch through. Branches slender in dense whorls at the nodes.
Culm-sheaths 3 inches long smooth truncate with light brown pubes-
cence mouth with rather a thick edge fringed with stiff pale bristles
lower edge fringed with short straight bristles, limb triangular acu-
minate with a broad base, 14 inch long. Leaves narrow lanceolate
acuminate light green 9 to 12 inches long $ to 1 inch wide midrib
fairly strong edges scabrid, petiole very short mouth of sheath with a

\ a

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 195

few long pale bristles, edge fringed, ligule very short. Heads 4 to 12
in the spike 4-1 inch apart rachis smooth slender glabrous. Spike-
lets 4 inch long. Empty glumes ovate mucronate ribbed glabrous.
Flowering glumes lanceolate acuminate longer edges pubescent or
glabrous. Gamble l.c. 115. Pl. 101. Hook, fil. Fl. Brit. Ind. VII.
416. Chloothamnus chilianthus, Buse Pl. Jungh. 387. Migq. FI.
Ind. Bat. ITI. 415. Melocanna gracilis, Munro. Trans. Linn. Soc.
XXVI. 133.

Singapore (Wallich 5032), Bukit Timah Road (Ridley 10939) ;
Johor: Serom (Ridley 10990); Malacca: Batang Malacca (Derry
192); Selangor: Sepang Road (Ridley 7780); Province Wellesley:
Krian (Ridley 9385). Distrib. Siam (Curtis 3236). Sumatra,
Java. River banks and damp spots. “ Buluh Rappen,” “ Buluh
Akar.”

3. 8. BLtumer, Nees. Agrost. Braz. 535. Stems up to 30 feet
tall hollow and fragile glabrous. Culm-sheaths slightly attenuate to
the mouth with white bristles mouth hispid ciliate, limb leafy erect.
- Leaves 9 or 10 inches long 1-1% inch across, oblong lanceolate base
rounded or narrowed, petiole + inch, tip acuminate subulate scabrid
on both surfaces, hispid beneath sheaths smooth striate keeled, pubes-
cent when young, mouth armed with few white bristles. Panicles
slender simple spicate or branched spikelets $ inch long narrow cylin-
dric subulate crowded clustered spreading subtended by chaffy bracts.
Empty glumes 2 oblong, mucronate glabrous separated from each
other and the flowering glumes by ciliate rachillae. Flowering glumes
similar but much longer. Palea 1 or 2 convolute glabrous. Anthers
elongate blunt. Ovary ellipsoid with a long beak. Lodicules 0.
Kunth.Enum. I. 435. Ruprecht. Bamboo 43. t. XVI, XVII. fig. 4.
Munro. Trans. Linn. Soc, XX VI. 136. Gamble l.c. 116. Pl. 102.

Singapore: Seletar (Ridley 445, 6114). Distrib. Java, St. Barbe
Isle (Langlasse). Native name “ Buluh Juron,” perhaps introduced.

4. 8, ZOLLINGERT, Steud. Syn. Glum, 332. Stems about 20 feet
tall smooth green. Culm-sheaths 4 inches long, limb triangular acute
linch. Leaves lanceolate acuminate 6-12 inches long -1% inch wide,
glabrous above pubescent beneath sheath smooth armed with long cilia
at the mouth, and along the edges. Panicle 8 inches long of about 10
heads of spikelets half an inch apart on a slender smooth rachis, spike-
lets half an inch long. Empty glumes ovate keeled mucronate edges
ciliate. Fertile glumes longer lanceolate mucronate edges ciliate
lodicules 3 ovate subacuminate strongly nerved at base edges fringed
with silky hairs. Se. Blumei, Miq. Fl. Ind. Bat. IIT. 424 (not Nees.).
M, Zollingeri, Munro. Trans. Linn. Soc. XX VI. 134.

Singapore: Bukit Timah Road (Ridley 6116), Yeo Chu Kang
(11294) ; Muar: Bukit Muar (Feilding H. B. 8. 4420) ; Johor: Road

196 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

to the Reservoir (Ridley 9177) ; Malacca (Cantley’s Coll.) ; St. John’s
Island (South of Singapore) (Ridley 11860) ; Negri Sembilan: Pan-
tai (Ridley 10069), Distrib. Java. A stouter plant than S. chili-
anthum. Iam not sure that it is wild in all of the above localities.
“ Buluh Tulo.”

5. S. LATIFOLIUM, Gamble l.c. p, 117. Pl. 103. Stems 20 feet
tall 13-3 inches through internodes 2 to 3 feet long walls com-
paratively thin. Culm-sheaths very large over a foot long, covered
with white hairs in fascicles between the nerves. Leaves long acu-
minate stiff 9-18 inches long, 3 inches wide, glabrous edges scabrid at
tip, petiole thick + inch long wrinkled, sheaths keeled sheaths smooth
nearly glabrous with a broad callus above. Ligule oblong obtuse with
a few fugacious cilia. Panicle simple or little branched 12-18 inches
long of heads of spikelets 1 inch apart on a rather slender hairy rachis.
Spikelets cylindric subulate, 1 inch long numerous. Bracts at the
base of head broad. Flowers 2 one on a clubbed rachilla very small.
Empty glumes ovate mucronate. Flowering glumes longer all
minutely pubescent and ciliate on the edges. Palea lanceolate con-
volute bimucronate. Lodicules 3-4, lanceolate ciliate. Anthers long
narrow penicillate. Ovary glabrous long beaked, style with 3 plumose
stigmas,

Pahang: Kota Glanggi (Ridley 5602), Tanjong Antan; Se-
langor: Pahang Track to the Gap, 2-2700 feet alt. (Ridley 8457,
Curtis 3745), Ginting Bidai (Ridley 7787). Endemic. Forming
a good part of the bamboo jungle of the Selangor Hills “ Buluh
Telor.” The Pahang plant has a glabrous rachis to the panicle,

6. S. acrcuLark, Gamble Le. p. 117. Pl. 104. A dwarf bamboo
with slender culms branches very slender. Leaves oblong acuminate
9 inches long 14 inch wide, bases rounded, passing into a petiole 4+
inch long, glabrous or pubescent tip ensiform scabrid sheaths ribbed
with stiff white cilia at the mouth. Panicle simple over a foot long
slender rachis glabrous, heads of spikelets 1-14 inch apart. Spikelets
very narrow, 1 inch or more long cylindric subulate, with 1 fertile
flower and one abortive one on a slender rachilla. Bracts few and
short. Empty glumes ovate mucronate pubescent, with a short
rachilla above them. Flowering glumes linear long, mucronate
covered with appressed hairs especially at the tip. Palea as long as
flowering glume convolute. Lodicules 1-4 lanceolate glabrous. Sta-
mens, anthers very long and narrow apiculate Ovary oyoid narrow
long beaked glabrous, style long, stigmas 3- plumose.

Malacca: Sungei Hudang (Ridley 5600), Bukit Kupayong
(Cantley’s Coll.) ; Negri Sembilan: Kuala Pedas (Ridley 10065) ;
Dinding: Lumut (Ridley 10312); Selangor: Ginting Bidai (Ridley
7788). Distrib. Sumatra (Curtis 3558).

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. Cy ae

The Sungei Hudang plant is referred to 8. atifolium by Gamble,
but I think is undoubtedly this species. Curtis Sumatran plant, from
Indragiri is I think this, but the flowers are very young. He says it
is a thin climbing plant growing in immense abundance in swampy
places and called “ Buluh Jalu.”

53. OCHLANDRA, Thwaites.

Shrubby reed-like bamboos. Culms thin walled erect internodes
long, sheaths thin persistent with small auricles. Leaves rather broad
many nerved, sheaths short, except in 1 species. Inflorescence a ter-
minal spike or panicle. Spikelets in verticals partly fertile and
partly sterile, 1 flowered usually large. Empty glumes 2-3 usually
mucronate. Flowering glume similar mucronate. Palea membra-
nous not keeled. Lodicules 1-several, conspicuous usually appressed
to the stamens. Satmens 6 to 120, filaments free or connate. Ovary
narrow, style long. Stamens 4 to 6 plumose, grain very large ovoid
long beaked with a thick fleshy pericarp.

O. Riptny1, Gamble l.c. p. 127. Leaves 9-10 inches long
1-14 inch wide oblong lanceolate narrowed at the base into a distinct
petiole + inch long glabrous tip acuminate scabrous, sheaths short
glabrous striate, ending in a narrow callus, with short long ciliate
auricles, ligule short. Inflorescence spicate. heads crowded, subdisti-
chous bracteate. Bracts ovate truncate, fimbriate with an imperfect
ovate blade. Spikelets about 1 inch long, several sterile few fertile.
Empty glumes 1-2 ovate truncate long mucronate covered above
with appressed hairs. Flowering glumes 1-2 similar longer. Paleae
2 not keeled, outer narrow bimucronate hairy at tip, inner shorter
tip rounded. Lodicules 6 to 10 lanceolate or spathulate, subacute
sometimes forked, ciliate above. Stamens free or connate usually
6, 3 longer blunt, 3 shorter acute. Ovary linear narrow enclosed in
an enlarged perigynium 2-4 cleft at tip.

Singapore: Bukit Mandai (Ridley 4620); Johor: Bukit Muar
(Feilding). “Buluh Kasap.” The Malays say it has been in-
troduced from Java and I never saw it anywhere where it looked wild,

2

”

1

3.

4,

Errata Vol. III,

pupurea read purpurea.

or read of.

marquis read margins,

A minor ete. substitute Tuber.

A Prantl, Hook. f. Fl. Brit, Ind. VI. 516.

Hedereacea read Hederacea.

hederaceous read hederaceus.

Roxburg read Roxburgh.

Photos read pothos.

lancefolms read lancefolius.

Roxbughii read Roxburghii,

globose read globosa.
” »”

stoloniferous read stoloniferus.

Platysths read platystylis.

260, 600 not, read 260, 600 not of Linnoeus.

cyhuidrostachys read cyhudrostachys.

plataginea read plantaginea.

jencoides read juncoides.

Furiena read Fuirena.

tenea read tenera.

S. tetrogonus read Scirpus tetragonus.

complanalatus read complanatus.

linaer read linear.

Pandanophyllum read = Pandanophyllum
miquelianum.

rust-like read rush-like.

S. read Steud,

horneesis read borneensis.

Delete from Ridl. to Vol, and substitute: n,
Sp.

192

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 47

7, 16®and throughout the Gramineae for Trim.

read ‘Trin. except quotations Trim. FI.
Ceyl.

3 to inches long read 3 to 8 inches long.

aquatium read aquaticum.

altissum read altisimum,

palens read pallens.

Ischoemen read Ischaemum.

S. hexandra 8. W. read L. hexandra Sw.

artistata read aristata.

Wenld read Wendl.

Authoxanthum read Anthoxanthum.

Diandum read diandrum.

Ibs. read Obs.

Cao read Cav.

opux read opuse.

trivalivis read trivalvis.

8. Dactylon read C. Dactylon.

dactylom read Dactylon.

+ to inch wide read } to 1 inch wide.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

2 ety: Hed ed SDD. Ee

Abilgaardia eragrostis, Boeck,

A. fusca, Nees.

A. nervosa, Presl.

A. pauciflora, Wunth. ..
Acorus Belangeri, Schott.

A. Calamus, L.

A. Griffith, Schott.

A. nilaghirensis, Schott.
Acroelytrum japonicum, Steud.
Actinoschoenus filiformis, Benth.
Aglaodorum Griffithii, Schott.

Aglaonema angustifolium, N. E. Br.

A. costatum, N.at= Br;
A. gracile, Schott.

A. Griffith, Schott.

. integrifolium, Schott.

. malaccense, Schott.
. minus, Hook. fil.
. nanum, Hook. fil. ..
. nitidum, WKth. ;
; oblongifolium, Schott.
. palusire, Teysm. ..
. pumilum, Hook, fil.
. pictum, Kunth.
. schottianum, Maiq. a
. Scortechinii, Hook. fil.
Agrostis diandra, Retz.

A. elongata, Lam.

A. indica, L.

RAR RAPP RD

. longecuspidatum, Schott. ..

50 Materials for a Vlora of the Malayan Peninsula.

A. matrella, L.

A. maxima, Roxb.

A. spicaeformis, lL.

Aira obtusa, Spring ..
Allelotheca Urvillei, Steud.
Alocasia Beccarii, Engl.

A. cucullata, Schott.

A. Curtisii, "Hemsl.

A. denudata, Engl.

A. indica, Schott.

A. Lowii, Hook. fil.

A. macrorhiza, Schott.

A. ovalifolia, Rid]

A. perakense, Hemsl.

A. singaporensis, Lindl.
Albikkia scirpoides, Presl.

A. schoenoides, Presl.
Ambrosinia ciliata, Roxb.
Amorphophallus carnea, Rid.

A. elatus, Hook. til.

AG haematospadix, Hook. fil.

A. malaccensis, Ridl.

A. minor, Ridl.

A. Prainii, Hook. fil.

A. sparsiflorus, Hook. fil.

A. variabilis, Bl. ;
Amydrium humile, Schott.

Anadendrum Jatifolium, Hook. fil.

A. marginatum, Schott.
A. medium, Schott.

A. montanum,, Schott.
Andropogon acicularis, Willd.
A. aciculatus, Retz.

A. amaurus, S. Buse. ..
A. aristulatus, Hochst.
A. asthenos, Steud.
A. barbatus, Linn. 44
A. biaristatus, Steud. ..
A. breviaristalus, Steud,
A. brevifolius, Sw.
A. citratus, | Bae
A. contortus, L.
A. debilis, Wunth.
1. diversiflorus, Zoll.
A. fascicularis, Vhw.
A. fusciculatus, L.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

A, filiformis, Roxb.

A. firmandus, Steud.
A. fragilis, By. Me
A. hirtiflorus, Kunth.
A. incertus, Steud.

A. intermedius, Br.

A. javanicus, Steud.
A. muticus, Steud.

AS Taras, dx" .-:

A. obtusifolius, Poir.
A. parviflorus, Roxb, .
A. polymorphus, Steud.
A. pseudograyia, Steud.
A. relictus, Steud.

A. repens, Steud.

{. Retzii, Steud.

A. subulatus, Presl.

A. tenellus, Presl.

A. timorensis, Steud. ..

A. Wightianus, Steud.
Androscepia gigantea, Brngn.

A. mutica, Anders.

A. sundaica, Buse. 3
Aultustiria arguens, Willd.

A. arundinacea, Roxb.

A. frondosa, Br.

A. gigantea, Cav.

Ae villosa, Poir.

A. vulpina, Anders.
Apluda varia, Hack. F
Arisaema anomalum, Hemsl.

A. cuspidatum, Engl. .

A. fimbriatum, Mart. ..

A. Kunstleri, Hook. fil.

A. Roxburghii, Kunth.

A. Seortechinii, Hook. fil.

A. Wrayi, Hemsl.
Aristaria barbata, Jungh. ..

A. mutica, Hassk.
Arthrostylis chinensis, Benth.

A, filiformis, Thw.
Arum angulatum, Griff.

A. cuspidatum, Bl.

A. cuspidatum, Roxb. .

A. integrifolium, Link,

A. flagelliforme, Lodd.

52 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

A. trilobatum, Roxb.
Arundo Karka, Retz.

A. Madagascariensis, Kunth.

A. Reynandiana, Kunth.
A. Roxburghiit, Kunth.
A. Zollingeri, Bece, ..
Ascolepis Kyllingioides, Steud.
Ainonopus cimicinus, Beauv.
Bambusa Bitung, Hassk,
. Blumeana, Schultes
. elegans, Ridl. :
. clegantissima, Hassk.
. gigantea, Wall.
. magica, Rid.
. nana, Roxb. ous
. nigrociliata, Buse. ..

Ridleyi, Gamble
; scandens, Bl.
. spinosa, Bl.
. verticillata, Willd.
. Vulgaris, Schrad.
: Wrayi, Stapf.
Baumea Brownei, Boeck.
B. rubiginosa, Boeck. ..
Beesha elegantissima, Munro

PERC SPR Gruen S

Brachyspatha variabilis, Hook. fil. .

Bulbostylis barbata, Kunth.

B. puberula, Kunth.

B. Wallichiana, Wunth.

B. Willdenowii, Kunth,
Caladium Lowii, Lem. ‘
Calaminea gigantea, R. & S.
Calla angustifolia, Jack.

C. humilis, Jack.

CU. montana, Bl.

C. nitida, Jack. :

C. oblongifolia, Roxb.
Calyptrostylis florida, Nees.
Carex arridens, Clarke

C. bengalensis, ROKD.. ess

C. condensata, Nees.

C. cruciata, Wahl.

C. cryptostachys, Brnga.

C. Curtisii, Ridl. *.

CU. cyrtostachys, Clarke

pseudo-arundinacea, Steud.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Cecandiea.: Dape? .

C. longiaristata, Kurz.

C. malaccense, Clarke sa

C. moritzi, Steud. :

C. perakensis, Clarke ..

C. vacua, Boeck.

C’. valida, Nees. ;
Carpha junciformis, Boeck.
Centrophorum Chinense, Trin.
Centrothecca lappacea, Desv.
Cephaloschoenus articulata, Nees.

C. parvus, Nees. ;
Chaetocyperus Limnocharis, Nees.
Chamoecladon ‘angustifolium, Schott.

C. Griffithti, Schott.

C. humile, Mig.

C'. Inceolatum, Miq. ..

C. obliquatum, Schott.

C. ovatum, Schott.

C. sanguinolentum, Griff.
Chapelliera glomerata, Nees.
Chionanthus Gaeri, Gaertu.
Chloothamnus chilianthus, Buse.
Chloris barbata, Sw.
Choetospora calostachya, Br.
Chondrachyne articulata, Br.
Choricarpa aphylla, Boeck. .
Chrysopogon aciculatus, ‘Trin,

Ch. subulatus, Trin.

Ch. Wightianus, Nees.
Chusquea amplopaniculata, Steud.
Cladium glomeratum, Br.

C, Maingayi, Clarke

C. undulatum, Thw.
Coelorachis muricata, Brongn.
Coix agrestis, Lour.

C. arundinacea, Lam. ..

C. gigantea, Roxb...

C. lachryma Jobi. L. ..

-C. lingulata, Hack.
Colladoa distachya, Cav.
Colocasia antiquorum, L. ..

C. gigantea, Hook. fil.

C. indica, Jngler
Cryptocoryne affinis, N. E. Br,

C. ciliata, Fisch.

54

C.
C.
C.
C.
C.
C.

C.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

cordata, Griff,
drymorrhiza, Ese
elata, Griff. ..
elliptica, N. E. Br.
Griffthii, Schott. ..
pontederiaefolia, Schott.
purpurea, Ridl.

Cyclocampe Waigionensis, Steud.
Cycloscarpa Waigionensis, Miq.
Cynodon dactylon, Pers,
Cynosurus indicus, L.
Cyperaceae os
Cyperus amoyensis, Hance.

C.

C.
. auricomus, Benth. ..
. Baccha, unth.

. bancana, Miq.

. biglumis, Clarke byt
. bulboso-stoloniferus, Steud.
. canescens, Vahl. ..

. castaneus, Willd.

. compactus, Retz.

. complanatus, Willd.

. compressus, L.

. concolor, Steud.

. conjunctus, Steud. ..
. cruentus, Roxb.

. cruentus, Boeck.

. diaphaniria, Steud.

. diffusus, Vahl,

. digitatus, Roxb.

. dilutus, Nees.

. distans, L.

. Donianus, Dietr.

. dubius, Roth.

. elatus, Rottler

. elegans, Sw.

. Lragrostis, Vahl,

. cumorphus, Steud. ..
. fimbriatus, Nees.

. giganteus, Boeck.

. graminicola, Steud.

. graminifolius, Poir.

. Griffithianus, Boeck.
. Grifithn, Steud.

angustifolius, Nees.
atratus, Steud.

ee
> Or 2 DH OH
Ot Hq» GO Ot Ct St. St St G He H He

oS

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Pubtaspart,, Li: es

. helus, Steud.

. hexastachyus, Rottb.

. Heyneanus, Boeck.

. Heynei, Boeck.

. honestus, Kunth.

. incurvatus, Roxb.

. involucratus, Poir. ..
. Iria, L. ,

. Jacquinii, Schrad.

. Kurrii, Steud,

; Kyllingiocoides, Vahl.
. lamprocarpus, Boeck.

. lagorensis, Steud.

. leptostachyus, Griff.

. littoralis, Br.

. longifolius, Decne.

. lucidulus, Clarke

. macropus, Miq.

*, malaccensis, Lam, ..
. marginellus, Nees.

. membranaceus, Sahl.
. membranaceus, Vahl.
. moestus, Ikunth.

. Neesit, Kth.

. nigroviridis, Thw.

. nitens, Vahl.

. nutans, Presl.

. obscurus, Nees. :
. obstinatus, Steud. ..
. odoratus, L. ..

. ovularis, Boeck.

. pallidus, Nees.

. paniculatus, Rottb.

. paniculatus, Don.

. pangarei, Steud.

. pauciflorus, Steud,

. pectiniformis, Nees,

. pennatus, Lam.

. pes-avium, Bertol. ..
. pilosus, Vahl.

. piptolepis, Steud.

. platystylis, Br.

. plenus, Kunth.

. polystachyus, Br.

. procerus, Rottb,

: 0, 7

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

. procerus, Roth.

. pubescens, Steud.

. pubisquama, Steud.

. pulvinatus, Nees. .
. puleherrimus, Willd.
. pumilus, L. ..

. pumilus, Roxb.

. punctatus, Roxb. .
. puncticulatus, Vahl,
.. quinque-florus, Steud.
. radians, Nees.

. radicans, Kunth.

. rotundus, L. e
. sanguinolentus, Vahl.
. scoparius, Dee.

. seminudus, Mor.

. setaceus, Retz.

. sinensis, Deb.

. sondaicus, Miq.

. Solutus, Steud.

. songaricus, Kar.

. spinulosus, Roxb.

. spaniophyllus, Roxb.
. Squarrosus, Trim.

. steudelianus, Boeck.
. stoloniferus, Retz. ..
. subalatus, Steud,

. tenuiculmis, Boeck.

. tenuiflorus, Royle

. leretifructus, Steud,
. truncatus, Fr.

. tuberosus, Br.

. turgidulus, Clarke ..
. umbellatus, Benth. ..
. uncinatus, Poir.,

. venustus, Nees.

. venustus, Mor.

. Wallichii, Wight

. Wightii, Hance.

', Zollingeri, Steud.

Cyrtosperma lasioides, Griff.

Dactyloctoenium aegyptiacum, Gaerta.
Dendrocalamus flagellifer, Munro . .

Diaphora cochinchinensis, Lour,

D. giganteus, Munro
D. pendulus, Rid.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula. 57

Didactylon ramosum, Zoll. .. a Ss % Pao a 5)
D. simplex, Zoll. aN e ae ia aa hae
Digitaria barbata, Willd... ee. er Se ga ee
D. debilis, Willd, cae ‘i att Re .. 126
D. elytroblephara, Miq. on a ae .» 126

Dimeria ornithopoda, Trin. ~ .. ms as ae lok
D. stipaeformis, Miq. . ee oh oe ey tis |
D. tenera, Trin. : ere = on ree 2 3
Dinebra verticillata, Wight . one ie Be aoe bo0
Dinochloa montana, Rid... aye ee oe si LOO
D. Tjankorreh, Huse... ie os a .» 193
Diplacrum caricinum, Br, .. eS ei Be: Siok ke

D. tridentatum, Brngn. Be oot oe ace Lokey
D, zeylanicum, Nees, .. ia % sts “fo pede

Dracontium spinosim, L. . Se va s vere ae
Eleocharis acutangula, Schultes. ae a me Sit ee
Bi, capitata, Re Bry as; se be oie SRT
BE. chaetaria, R. & 8. .. a ae 3 hae heh
E. equisetina, Presl. .. ny, 7 3 eee ts
Hi. fistulosa, Schultes. .. He sig Pry eae
E. juncoides, Roem. & Schultes. ah aie earn
HE. media, Schultes. .. sg: 2% a pee cy tt
i. ochrostachys, Steud. - whe ie pi RAO
KX plantaginea, Br... ae wie a =o nee
E. planiculmis, Steud. ais a ae ear
KE. variegata, Kunth. .. sage arene a Ry At
Eleogenus capitatus, Nees. .. ae 5% os Aer AL
Eleogiton monostachya,, Dietr. .. ai yrs bia! Pa
LE. scabra, Dietr. es 5 sa A i eo
Eleusine aegyptiaca, Desf. .. =f ip ee .. U%4
EF. cruciata, Lam, ee 2 oy ae pga! I
KE. indica, Gaertn. a Ss a ee oe A4
Epipremum Beccaru, Engl. — .. be os . 44
FB. giganteum, Schott. .. ee a c ican onetek

FL. humile, Hook. fil. .. hse ee ois Begg |
E. medium, Engl. .. a so sik ee
Lf. mirabile, Schott. .. ae ae ee ae

Eragrostis amabilis, Wight. ¥8 ‘a es en LS
E. Browneana, Nees, .. cA es DA ee eee
E. Cumingi, Steud... B ae sit spon LE)
FE. despiciens, Schultes. gh Bs vs Rene 5
LE. diplachnoides, Steud. x by Be Ree Me!
K. elegantula, Steud. .. ay aS re sepa
E. elongata, Jacq. .. a me “at Merge ord
FE. indica, Steud. bt zs rs oer eee fe
EK, interrupta, Beauv, ,. es a 3 Serves

58 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

. luzoniensis, Steud. ..
. Malayana, Stapf,
. nutans, Nees.
. orientalis, Nees.
pilosa, Br. ..
. plumosa, Link.
. polymorpha, Trin. ..
pubescens, Steud.
rubens, Hochst.
. tenella, R. & S.
. unioloides, Nees.
. viscosa, ‘Trin.
rl ightiana, Benth.
. Willdenoviana, Nees.
. Zeylanica, Nees,
Eremochloa malayana, Ridl.
Friochloa annulata, Kunth.
Ki. polystachya, H. B. K.
E. punctata, Ham.
E! sundaica, Miq.
Friachne chinensis, Hance.
Ki. pallescens, Br.
E. triseta, Nees.
Friocauloneae
Eriocaulon pygmoeum, Dalz.
HE. quadrangulare, Lour.
EK. sexangulare, L.
EK. truncatum, Ham.

FE. xeranthemoides, Heurck.

KE. xeranthemum, Mart.
Fimbristylis abjiciens, Steud.
FP, acicularis, Br.
FP. actinoschoenus, Clarke
F. acuminata, Vahl.
F. aestivalis, Vahl.
F. andamanica, Kurz.
F. annua, Roem. & Sehult.
F. argentea, Vahl.
F. arnottii, Thw.
FE. arvensis, Roxb.
IF’, arvensis, Vahl.
I. asperrima, Boeck.
I. autumnalis, Roth.
FI. barbata, Benth.
FI’. Bengalensis, R. & S.
”, bispicata, Nees,

EYES Se eS SS

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

. biumbellata, Boeck.

. Boeckeleri, Steud. ..
. brachyphylla, Schultes.
. brevifolius, Roxb.

. choetorrhiza, Vhw.

. ciliolata, Steud.

. cincta, Nees. ; S
. cinnamometorum, Hance. ..
. communis, Kth.

. complanata, Lk.

. confinis, Steud.

. curvifolia, Steud.

. cylindrocarpa, Kth.

. cyrtophylla, Miq.

. dasyphylla, Miq.

. decora, Nees.

. depauperata, Br.

. dichotoma, Boeck. ..
. diphylla, Vahl.

. efoliata, Steud.

. ferruginea, Vahl.

. ferruginea, Miq.

. filiformis, IKth.

. flaccida, Zoll.

. foliosa, Link.

. fusea, Benth.

. glauca, Vahl.

. globulosa, Kth.

Griffithiana, Steud.

. Griffithii, Boeck.
. Heynei, Boeck.

inconstans, Steud, ..
juncea, Boeck.

. junciformis, Muur.
. Kampenhoeveniit, Boeck.

laevissimus, Steud.
laxa, Nahi...

. leptoclada, Benth.
. litloralis, Gaud,

longispica, Steud.
malaccana, Boeck. ..

. marginata, Label

. Metz, Steud.

. miliacea, Vahl.

. monandra, R. & S... Me bd
. nigrobrunuea, Thw, te bh ve

59

3
96
91
91
96
93
of
97
91
96
92
91
88
92
94
94
91
92
91
95
92
93
90
16
oF
bite
sal
95
92
92
91
90
90

3
a0
93
91
96
95
93
91
92
91
95
78
97

60

op
F,
i,
Et,

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

. nutans, Vahl.

. ochreata, Boeck.

. ovalis, Nees, ye
. paucifiora, R. Br. ..
. pentastachya, Boeck.
. pilosa, Amt.

. podocarpa, Nees.

. polymorpha, Boeck.
. polytrichoides, Vahl.
. pumila, Benth.

. pycnostachya, Hance.
. retusa, Thw.

. rigida, Kunth. ;
. Roxburghti, Dietr. ..
. Royeniana, Nees.

. schoenoides, Vahl. ..
. sericea, Br, '..

. setacea, Benth.

. stinilis, Steud.

. Spadicea, Boeck.

. Spathacea, Roth.

. tenera, R. & S.

. tetragona, Br.

. tomentosa, Vahl.

. tricholepis, Miq.

trispicata, Steud. »..
umbellaris, Vahl.
velutina, Franck.
Wightiana, Nees.

Fuirena canesceus, Vahl,

PF,
F,
He
ie
P,
F.
PF,
Gahnia
G.

Gigantochloa andamanica, 1

G.
G.
G.
G.
G.
G.

ciliaris, Roxb.

glomerata, Lam.
paniculata, Lam.
pentagona, Nees,

quinquangularis, Hassk.

Rottboellii, Nees.
umbellata, Rottb.
javanica, Moritz.
tristis, Nees.

heterostachya, Minor.
Kurzii, Gamble

latispiculata, , Gamble

ligulata, Gamble
maxima, Wurz.
nigrociliata, Kurz. ..

LUZ.

. 00,

: on

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

G. Scortechinii, Gamble

G. verticillata, Willd. ..

G. Wrayi, Gamble
Grantia globosa, Griff.

Graya elegans, Nees.

Gussonia pauciflora, Brngn.
HHaemarthria protensa, Steud,
Hapaline Brownei, Hook. fil.
Hoplostylis Meyenu, Nees. .. =
Heleocharis capitata, Boeck. ee

H. chaetaria, Boeck.

H. fistulosa, Boeck,

H. plantaginea, Boeck.

HH. subulata, Boeck.

TTelopus acrotichus, Steud. ..

H. annulatus, Nees.
TTeteropogon contortus, Beauy.
Homalomena angustifolia, Hook. fil.

pla argentea, Rid.

H. coerulescens, Jungh.

H. crassa, Rid.

H, Curtisu, Rid!, :

H. deltoidea, Hook. fil.

H. elliptica, Hook. fil.

H. falcata, Ridl. a

H. Griffithii, Hook. fil.

H. humilis, Hook. fil. ..

H. Kingu, Hook. fil?. -.

H. lancifolia, Hook, fil.

II. majus, Griff.

IT. minus, Griff.

H. mixta, Ridl.

H. multinerve, Ridl. ..

Hl. nutans, Hook. fil. ..

H. obliquata, Hook, fil.

H. ovata, Hook. fil. ;

H. paludosa, Hook. fil.

HT. pontederiaefolia, Griff.

H. pumila, Hook. fil. ..

H. propinqua, Ridl.

H. propinqua, Schott.

H. purpurascens, Schott.

H. rostrata, Griff. :

H. sagittaefolia, Jungh. ay

H. Scortechinin, Hook, fils: nes.

H. singaporensis, Regel o> an

26

62

H. trapezifolia, Hook. fil.
HT:
Tf

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Wallichii, Schott.

velutina, Hook. fil.

Homoplitis crinita, Trin,

Hymenachne indica, Buhse.
myucus, Hh, BOOKS.
phalaroides, Nees. ..
Hypoelyptum argenteum, Vahl.
microcephalum, Vahl.
Mig.

ti
HT.

H.
Hypolytrum bancanum,
H.
H.
H.

H.
EL.
obs
H.

Hypoporum lithospermum, Nees. ..
Ee,

diandrum, Wietr.
giganteum, Nees.
latifolium, Rich.

myrianthum, Migq.

pandanophyllum, F. Muell.

penangense, Clarke
proliferum, Boeck.

capitatum, Nees.

Tchnanthus pallens, Munro
Imperata allang, Jungh.

~— SS RN ME

. arundinacea, Cyr,
. caudata, Trin,

: cylindrica, Beauv.
. exaltata, Brngn.
. Koenigti, Beauv.
. ramosa, Anderss.

Isachne adstans, Miq.

SS NN SRS NS SRR RS

. albens, Trin.

. atrovirens, Trin.
. australis, Br.

. geniculata, Griff.
. javana, Nees. os
. Kunthiana, Wight ..
. lepidata, Steud.
. meneritana, Poir.
. miliacea, Roth.

. minutula, Kth.

. Neesiana, Steud.
. pulchella, Roth.
. stigmatosa, Griff,
. sylvestris, Rid.

Ischaemum aristatum, W ‘ld.

I.
qT.
i:

Beccarii, Hack.
ciliare, Retz
colladoa, R. Br,

Le Sg hs

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

. Fieldingiaum, Rendle.
. glabratum, Presl.

. tnvolutum, Forst.

. laeve, Rid.

. magnum, Rendle.

muticum, LL.

. repens, Roxb.

rugosum, Salish.
segetum, ‘Trin.
tenellum, Roxb.
_ timorense, Kunth.

Isolepis barbata, Br,

Ss oes Bale ee

: bispicata, R.. & 8.
. capillaris, Don.

cochleata, Steud.

. complanata, R. & 8S.

cumingtt, Steu.d

. curuifolia, R. & S.

dura, Mor, ..
globulosa, R. & S.
gracilis, Nees. ;
involucellata, Steud.
longispica, Steud.
puberula, Steud
rariflora, Schrad,
tetragona, Nees.

Wallichiana, R, & 8.

Willdenowti, R. & S.

ky yllin ya aurata, Boeck.

Ix.

i.
Kk.
KK:
K;
KS
©. gracilis, Zoll.

. intermedia, Br.

‘. melanosperma, Nees.
r. mindorensis, Steud.

. monocephala, Rottb.
. sororia, Miq.

. sororia, Kunth,

. triceps, Linn. f.

. umbellata, Roxb.

. vaginata, Zoll.

berevifolia, Rottbhues:

cruciata, Nees.
cylindrica, Nees.
fuscata, Maiq.
fuscescens, Boeck.
gracilis, Kunth,

Lasia aculeata, Lour.

64
L
L
te
L
L
L

QL.
Leersia

Te

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

. desciscens, Schott. .
. Hermanni, Schott.

heterophylla, Schott.

. Jenkinsii, Schott.
. Roxvburghii, Griff.
. Spinosa, Griff.

zollingeri, Schott.
australis, Br.

. ciltaris, Griff.

ciliata, Roxb.

. hexandra, Sw.

arriiza, Linn,

. globosa, Roxb.

. major, Griff.

. orbiculata, Roxb.
. paucicostata, Hegel.
. polyrrhiza, Linn.
. tenera, Kurz. .
Lepidosperma ceylonicum, Nees.

Chinense, Nees,

‘Lepironia bancana, Miq.

L.
L.
L.
fs:

Leptaspis manillensis, Steud.

L.
L.

cuspidata, Maiq.
humilis, Miq.

mucronata, Ridl.
palustris, Benth.

urceolata, Br.
zeylanicus, Steud.

Leptochloa chinensis, Nees.

L.

Lepturus repens, Br.
Limnochloa acutangula,

L.
Li.
L.

L.
L.
L,
i,

Lophatherum dubium, Steud,

Wightiana, Nees.

media, Nees.

Nees.

jlantaginea, Nees. ..
3

tumida, Nees.

foliosa, Miq.
laevigata, Nees.
microcephala, IKth.
zollingeriana, Boeck.

L. elatum, Zoll.

i:
Wie
iL
i

gracile, Brngn.

Lipocarpha argentea, Braun.

japonicum, Steud. ..

Lehmanni, Nees.
mulliforum, Steud.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Manisuris granularis, Linn. fil.

M. polystachya, Beauv.
Mapania bancana, Benth.

M. humilis, Naves. ..

M. hypolytroides, Benth.

M. Kurzu, Clarke

M. longa, Clarke

Mz. longispica, Ridl.
M. lucida, N. Br.
M. palustris, Benth.

M. pandanophyllum, Schum.

M. tenuiscapa, Clarke
M. triquetra, Ridl.
M. valida, Ridl.
M. Wallichu, Clarke
Mariscus albescens, Gaud,
AM. capitatus, Zoll.
M. cyperinus, Vahl.
AM. dilutus, Nees.
M. Dregeanus, Kunth.
M. giganteus, Boeck.
M. trroratus, Nees.

iM. kyllingiaefolius, Boeck.

M. microcephalus, Presl.

M. Sieberianus, Nees.

M. sondaicus, Miq.

M. tenuifolius, Schrad.

iM. umbellatus, Vahl. .
Matrella juncea, Pers. fi
Megalachne zeylanica, Thw.
Melica latifolia, Roxb.
Melocanna gracilis, Munro ..

Mesoschiuin arnottianum, Nees.

M. Griffithii, Nees.

M. rugosum, Nees.

M. Wightianum, Nees.
Miliun punctatum, L, :

M. polystachyum, Spreng

M. vamosum, Retz.
Mischopora efol iata, Boeck.
Monerma repens, Beaw.
Morisia Wallichii, Nees...
Monstera gigantea, Schott. ..

Myriachaeta arundinacea, Zoll.

M. glauca, Zoll,

Myriostachys Wightiana, Hook. fil.

ome nee eres Eo eine

66 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Nastus Tjaukorreh, Schultes a ot oy
Neyraudia madagascariensis, Hook. fil.

Ochlandra Ridleyi, Gamble

Olyra orientalis, Lour. aa

Ophiurus muricatulus, Steud.

Oplismenus Burmanni, Beauv.

O. compositus, Beauv. .. a
Orinthocephalochloa arenicola, Wurz.
Oryza latifolia, Desy.

QO. Ridleyi, Hook. fil.
Oxytenanthera nigrociliata, Munro.

O. sinuata, Gamble... ie iy
Pandanophyllum hypolytroides, F. Mucell ..

P. palustre, Boeck. : 4, ‘ide

P. humile, Hassk. rs s

P. Wendlandia, Gard. Chron. .

P. zippelianum, Iurz.

Pandanus puncilus, Moon
Panicum acariferum, Trin,
P. accrescens, Trin.

P. acutiglume, Steud.

P. adstans, Steud. a . te Pi, i%
P. aequatum, Steud. .. x Ae at ¥
P. airoides, Br. ae ae e a or
P. albens, Steud. 28 a oe ze ar
P. altissimum, Brans. fe 5% et a)
P. amphibium, Steud. RY, ca, ee! *
P. amplissimum, Steud.

P. angustum, WI. a4 a 4 re as

P. aquaticum, Rich.

P. arcuatum, Br.

P. arenarium, Bradt.

P. arnottianum, Nees, as
' P. asperatum, Ixth.

P. atrovirens, Vrin.

P. auritum, Presl.

P. australe, Rasp. Be t, i
P. barbatum, Wth. ne By iy :
P. barbinode, Trin. .. * ne - Ne

P. batavicum, Steud.

P. benjamina, Steud, . a .
P. brevifolium, Roxb. .. * ‘3 ps ye
P. brizoides, Retz.

P. brizoides, I.

P. caesium, Nees. 7 ay a re 33
P. caesium, Hook. a Me oe oe st

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

. clmicinum, Retz.

. colonum, L.

. coloratum, Cav.

. concinum, Nees.

. contractum, Wight .

. courtallense, Nees. ..

. crusgalli, L.

. cuspidatum, Roxb. ..

. cuspidiglume, Steud.

. dactylon, \. oer

. distachyum, LL.

. eburneum, Trin.

. elegans, Wight ag
. elegantissimum, Hook. f. .
. elephantipes, Nees, ..

. Lllhiotti, Trin.

. euchroum, Steud.

. excurrens, rin.

. fistulosum, Hochst

. fluitans, Retz.

. glaucum, L. ie a 3 Si ies
. gongylodes, Jacq. .. “es a es so,
. gonatodes, Steud. ;

. haematodes, Presl.

. Hasskarlii, Steud.

. helvolum, WL.

. her maphroditum, Steud.

. hirtifolium, Rid.

. humidorum, Ham.

. humile, Nees.

. Incomptum, Trin.

. incurvatum, Roxb,

. indicum, L.

. insulicola, Steud.

. ischoemoides, Retz. ae
:.ttalicum, Li... 2 is
. javanum, Nees.

. jumentorum, Pers. ..

. Kunthianum, Steud.

. laeve, Lam... ;

: latifolium, Hook. fil.

. lene, Steud.

. luzonense, Presl.

. nalaccense, rin.

. mauritianum, Willd.

. Maxunum, Jacq.

68

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

. metzii, Steud.

. micrognostum, Steud.
. microstachyum, Lai.
. montanum, Roxb.

. multinode, Presl.

. muticum, Forsk.

. myosuroides, Br,
_,mMyurns, a WB AK:

. natans, Koen.

- nepalense, Spreng.

. nervosum, Roxb.

. neurodes, Sch.

. nodibarbatum, Steud.
. nodosum, Kth.

. numidianum, Linn.

. obliquum, Roth.

. obliquum, Steud.

. oryzoides, Sw.

. ovalifolium, Poir.

. pallens, Sw. 5
. palmifolium, Woen.

. paludosum, Roxb. ..
. parvulum, ‘Trin.

i NATENS, Guat s.. Ae
. pauciselum, Steud.

. pictum, Koen,

. pilipes, Nees..

. proliterum, Lam.

. pseudocolonum, Roth.
. psilopodium, ‘Trin.

. pulchellum,. Spreng.

. punctatum, Burm. ..
. radicans, Retz. aa
5 repens, Mar (38.
. Ridleyi, Hack. a
. sarmentosum, Roxb.

. serrulatum, Roxb.

. Subquadriparum, Trin.
. tenellum, Griff. ne
. trigonum, Thw. ..
. vacillans, Steud.

, zizanioides, H. B. Kk.
Paspalum brevifolium, Flugge.
P,
PF,
L;

chinense, Nees.
compressum, Nees. .
conjugatum, Berg.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

P. debile, Poir.
P. distichum, L.

P. elytroblepharum, Steud.

P. eminens, Steud.
P. longiflorum, Retz. ..
P. platycaule, Poir.
P. sanguinale, Lam.
P. scrobiculatum, L.
Perobachne secunda, Presl.
Perotis latifolia, Ait.
Berard: Br:
Piptospatha elongata, Ridl.
P. Ridleyi, Hook. fil.
Pistia stratiotes, L. ..

Phakellanthus nvultiflorus, Steud. bs

Pharus ciliatus, Retz.

P. urceolatus, Roxb.
Phragmites Karka, Trin.

P. Roxburghti, Steud.

P. zollingeriana, Steud.
Poa amabilis, L. .. 3

P. chinensis, L.

P. elegantula, Kunth.

P. multiflora, Roxb.
Podolasia stipitata, N. Hi. Br.
Pogonatherum crinitum, Trin.

P. polystachyum, Kth.

P. saccharoideum, Beauv.
Pollinia ciliata, Trin.

. gracilis, Ridl.

. grata, Hack.

. lancea, Steud,

P. laxa, Steud... .

. Ridleyi, Hack.

. praemorsa, Nees.

. rupestris, Ridl.

Polytrias praemorsa, Hack.

Pothos Barberianus, Schott.
P. celaticaulis, . Hort.

. cognatus, Schott.

., Curtisi, Hook. fil, ..

. decipiens, Schott.

. elegans, Wall.

«. ellipticus,» Rid..."

. eviguiflorus, Schott.

. fallax, Schott. a

Poo re

thy td

Shh

70

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

. giganteus, Roxb.

. grandispatha, Ridl.

. Inaequalis, Ridl.

> Kine Hook: fi>".:

. Kunstleri, Hook. f.

. lancifolius, Hook. f.

. Lasia, Roxb. #6
. latifolius, Hook. f. ..
. macrocephalus, Scort.
. Maingayti, Hook. fil.
. malayanus, Miq.

. pinnatus, Wall.

. Roaburghii, De Vr.

. scandens, L. Bs
ligt
Ps

tenera, Wall. a
Wallichii, Hook. fil.

Pseudoryza ciliata, Griff.
Pycreus Baccha, Nees.

‘et
i
ge
i

nitens, Nees. a
polystachyus, Beauv,
puncticulatus, Nees.
sanguinolentus, Nees.

Raphidophora Beccarii, Engl.

e

R

R.
R.
R.
itt
R.
R.
R.
N.
. loetevirens, Ridl.

. Lobbii, Schott.

. Maingayi, Hook. fil.
. minor, Hook. fil.

caudata, Schott.
crassifolia, Hook. fil.
giganteum, Rid.
gracilipes, Hook. fil.
Huegeliana, Schott,
humilis, Rid.
Korthalsii, Schott. .
Kunstleri, Hook. fil.

Scortechinii, Hook, fil.
tetrasperma, Hook, fil.
Wrayii, Hook. fil. ..

Remirea distichophylla, Boeck.

R
R

R.,

maritima, Aubl.
pedunculata, Br,
Wightiana, Nees.

Restio articulatus, Retz.
Rhynchopyle elongata, Vngl.
Rottboellia geminata, Hack.

KR.

glandulosa, ‘rin.

R.
R.

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

protensa, Hack.
sanguinea, Retz.
striata, Nees.

Rynchospora articulata, R, & 8.

. aurea, Vahl.

: chinensis, Boeck.

. glauca, Vahl.

. Haenkei, Presl.

. lavarum, Hook.

. laxa, Thw.

. malasica, Clarke

. Wallichiana, Kunth.

Saccharum arundinaceum, Retz.

S.

Y

S.

Se

S ;

S.

bengalense, Retz.
cylindricum, Lam.
diandrum, Retz.
Koenigu, Retz.
. procerum, Roxb,
Ridleyi, Hack.

Schismatoglottis brevicuspis, “Hook. f.

We

: calyptrata, Zoll.

. elongata, Engl.

. latifolia, Miq.

. longifolia, Ridl.

. longipes, Hook. f.

. marginata, Ridl,

. minor, Hook. fil.

. mutata, Hook. fil.

. picta, Schott. £2
. Scortechinii, Hook. fil.

Wallichii, Hook. fil.

Schizachyrium brevifolium, Nees. ..
Schizostachyum aciculare, Gamble .

S.
S.
S.

1

\

8.
S

Blumei, Nees.
chilianthum, Kurz.
elegantissimum, Iurz.
latifolium, Gamble ..

. tenue, Gamble
Ss.

Zollingeri, Steud.

Schoenus articulatus, Roxb.

. calostachyus, Poir.
. calaratus, L.

. Hasskarli, Steyd.

. junceus, Willd.

. lithospermus, L.

. niveus, L,

15

152
152
152
153
153

oo

9
0

30
2
o

54
dl
34
B2
32
dl
32
30
166
196
195
194
194
196
194
195
83
85
72
99
79
109
G2

72 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

S. paniculatus, Hassk,
S. polymorphus, Roxb.
S. ruber, Lour. <s
S. surinamensis, Rottb.
Scirpodendron costatum, Kurz.
Scirpus acutangula, Roxb. ..
S. aestivalis, Retz. ie
S. anceps, Willd. es
S. antarcticus, Thunb.
S. argenteus, Rottb. «.
S. aristatus, Willd. ..
S. arvensis, Roxb. i
S. arvensis, Retz, sa
S. barbatus, Rottb. Ps
S. benghalensis, Pers. ..
S. brevifolius, Roxb. ..
S. capitatus, L. 2
S. ciliaris, lis... ace
S. complanatus, Retz. ..
S. corymbosus, L. Er
S. cyperoides, L. Ee
S. debilis, Pursh.
S. diphyllus, Retz...
S. erectus, Poir. iS
S. ferrugineus, L.
S. fistulosus, Poir.
S. globulosus, Roxb. ..
S. globulosus, Retz. ...

S. glomeratus, I. a,
S..glomeratus, Roxb. ..
S.. javanus, Nees. te

S. guncoides, Roxb.

S. juncoides, Roxb...
8. ldatforus; “Paw, 2975.
S. lithospermus, .

S. luzonensis, Presl.

S. medius, Roxb. ps
S..miliaceus, Roxb, ..
S. monander, Roxb. ..
S. monander, Retz. ..
S.. monostachyus, Koen.
S. mucronatus, L. a
S. nutans, Retz.

S. plantagineus, Retz.
S. plantaginoides, Rotth.
S. polytrichoides, Retz,

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

. puberulus, Poir.
. scaber, Roxb.

. schoenoides, Retz.
. strictus, Roxb.

. sundanus, Miq.

supinus,< 255):

. tenellus, Roxb.

. tetragonus, Poir.

. timorensis, Kth,

. triangulatus, Roxb.
. tristachyus, Roxb.
. tumidus, Roxb.

. Wallichii, Nees.

. Wightianus, Boeck.

Scindapsus argyrea, Engl. ..

8

. Becearii, Engl.

. crassipes, Engl.

. hederaceus, Schott, ..
. inguinatus, Schott.

. perakensis, Hook. fil.
. picta, Hassk.

. pothoides, Miq.

Scleria alata, Moon. ..

Se
Se

beset:

. bancana, Miq.

. biflora, Roxb.

. caricina, Benth.

. ceylanica, Kunth.

. Chinensis, Kunth. ..

. ciliaris, Nees.

. corymbifera, Boeck.

. corymbosa, Roxb.

. elata, ‘Thw. .. eo

. Hasskarliana, Boeck,

. hebecarpa, Nees.

. laevis, Willd.

. lateriflora, Boeck.

. latifolia, Moon.

. levis, Retz.

. lithosperma, Sw. 5

. lithosperma, Roxb...

. macrophylla, Presl.

. majus, Moon, : ae

. malaccensis, Boeck, ee

androgyna, Nees.
aspera, Boeck.
axillaris, Moon,

113
109
EEF
at
112
114
Ree
111
114
114
109
109
114
114
115
1G
111
110
Gla
108
114
112
109
112

74 Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

S. multifoliata, Boeck.
S. Neesii, Kth.
S. oryzoides, Presl.
S. pubescens, Zoll.
S. purpurascens, Steud.
S. Radula, Hance.
S. Ridleyi, Clarke
S. scrobiculata, Zoll.
S. setigera, Roxb.
S. Steudeliana, Miq.
S. stipularis, Thw.
S. stricta, Moon.
S. sumatrensis, Retz.
S. tenuis, Retz.
S. tessellata, Benth.
S. Thwaitesiana, Boeck,
S. trigonocarpa, Ridl. .
S. Wightiana, Steud,
S. zeylanica, Poir.
Setaria dasyura, Schlecht.
S. glauca, Beauv.
S. helvola, R. &. 8S.
S. italica, Beauv. :
Sphaerocaryum elegans, Nees.

Sphaeroschoenus Wallichii, Arn.

Spinifex squarrosus, L. .
Spirodela polyrrhiza, § Schleid.
Spodiopogon Blumei, Nees, ee

S. obliquivalvis, Nees,
Sporobolus ciliatus, Duth. ..

S. diander, Beauv.

S. elongatus, Br.
. indicus, Br.

S. minor, Kunth.

S. piliferus, Kunth.

S, lenacissimus, Beauy.
Stenotaphrum Helferi, Munro

oO)

Stipa arquens, ne Reyne

Stipa spinifer, li, .
Syzyganthus multiforus, Steud.
Thelepogon sanguineus, Spreng.
Themeda arguens, Hack.

Th. gigantea, Hack.

Thoracostachyum bancanum, Kurz.

Th. hypolytroides, Clarke
Thuarea involuta, Br. ;

Materials for a Flora of the Malayan Peninsula.

Th. latifolia, Br.
Th. pie: me

Th. sarmentosa, Pers. ...

Thysanolacna acarifera, Arn.
Th. Agrostis, Nees.

(eo

Trichelosiylis asperrima, Nees.

i'r. complanata, Nees.
Tr. curvifolia, Nees.
T'r. fiiiformis, Nees.
Tr. globulosa, Nees.
Tr. scabra, Nees.
Tr. tenella, Nees.
Tunga diandra, Retz.
T. laevigata, Rox.

‘Yyphonium cuspidatum, BI,

aie filiforme, Ridl.
Tr. fultum, Ridl.
T. javanicum, Mig.
T. oriaense, Schott.
'T. Roxburghi, Schott.
Tl’. trilobatum, Schott.
tT’. triste, Griff.
Vilfa capensis, Beauv.
V. elongata, Br.
V. erosa, Trin... .
V.~ exilis, Trin.
V. indica, ‘Trin.
V. mlifera, Trin.
V. Retzii, Steud.

Xystidium barbatum, Pres].

Zoysia aristata, Muell.
Z. Brown, Muell.

— 4“. Griffithiana, Muell.
Z. japonica, Steud.
Z. pungens, Willd.
Z. sedoides, Muel.
Z. sinica, Hanee.
4. tenuifolia, Vrin

a

owen,
an i

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idley, Henry Nicho/Materials for a flor

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