wii ee By ae? he vir ae aly ma Nirwe th ,OTED FROM 1 THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES EOk 1881. ] FOR A HISTORY — OF THE BY = if GEORGE BROWN GOODE, JOSEPH W. COLLINS, | | RE HARLL, AND A, Ho RD CLARK, tig ayy. Nt at's ¥, ‘ae ‘ JEXTRACTED FROM THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES FOR 1881.) MATERIALS HISTORY MACKEREL FISHERY. GEORGE BROWN GOODE, JOSEPH W. COLLINS, “RE. EARLL, AND A, HOWARD CLARK. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. . 7617 1883. ¥ “ e ce eacese G e é e See! wae ieee Ceee = e6: eeeus z eeees eo e¢e « € por e e ‘ MATERIALS FOR A HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. By G. Brown Goopr, JosEPpH W. Coins, R. E. EARLL, AND A. Howarp CLARK. ANALYSIS. ae eA RURAL EuSRORY BY iG: BROWN GOODE Esse. ete saat ene aa 1 Jako DANO IEHISMOM CS ONG Heho) ANU NOMGOE HAE messes ceeoue seta ocsRhooe noe aeec 3 iG eooraphicalidistributlonersass sen sera eee eee aces 3 2s (MAGA RONS is sacwsisi45)5 cocoa see a eeteee Gee ee ae era eer eee Ly eogsebeco 5 3: NUN Gd anCe ese as rs soe cies con Meee eee ee ae ener 13 FS EOYO1G eee ye ee aE ES elite ee ee he ores ae 15 Ds AED EOCUCtLONY sao. eciecm in tee eee eee Rae fieciajoeinicteine 21 Ge ‘Raterot orowith! and! sizes. 5 cc.) a.37 ae ceeteieye trees seven eae etter ae 26 Mic EMEMIES say see eo eisceisia iss eieec eine ste Te ee Oe EE ee eee 27 B.—STUDIES OF THE MOVEMENTS OF THE MACKEREL SCHOOLS. .-....----- 29 8. Hind on the cases of irresular movements -...--....-.---.-------- 29 9. Hind on the causes of the alleged annual variations in the number OMG MINA TROT a ane pepe ethics ae, Sa ee eet Meee Ee ie 35 10. Observations of American Gakennen on the movements of the mack- GWE SELON sosces case adne woe soe FSacne Seo UoSeon coee Sn Sano eees 37 II. THE MACKEREL FISHERY OF THE UNITED STATES, BY G. BROWN COODE ANDY CAPT: 3: We COMENS@ seve see seen emer ae 48 Cee BURGH: SHEN EH INT SEDER Ya es. 2 Sas oo eee eats ete ts eee lakere sie ee 48 i Bhewishimosroundsysaccc le. 2S eee aCe re eee cee aia eee eaters 48 12h he mish nm enare ct. 2c asec sce sans ee ee EEE Oe Oe eee meee 49 WSR eVeSsel secs oa, Skea ete slat ase oye Se Ee ee ee Ee 49 Ié AD PERE IS ANGl mas WOO GS OPTI MINE S555 cena cocoso boob So cecaas soee 52 1G; Makino care of tHe wishes. 200 ..0 scene ony eye iaei acta eee eee 73 imino ton the markets ic... sec eae seene ses eae ree ae haemo c eae 75 18) Landing theteangoess. 2. seca esa ee eee eee eee een eee 7a 19. Financial profits of seimimg -.---.-.------- Pe eee each Soeecase tie toe 75 20S Elustony, of themuserote pUrse-SeIn Cs seas eee eee eae eee see 77 21. The attempted use of the purse-seine in Norwegian waters..-.---. 80 ID FANS ao! WON GI GON TON MEKOYON LC TINSISID NOS ook Hada anea essere ce sc= cae Soen Sees 81 Zee SIN COUINC RS oo5 aosoc0 eESo cece Heed aces cecoeauesS secakouocade 82 2d he Mshermen :. s/; So ciesiscisee sla a saloon eae ee ee eee eens 83 BA IME WESSECIS'.. ceo jeu asad eee Been cists eae Oo eS SEE Ee ee eee 84 207 Apparatusyand: meth odsioh us hiner sees = eee eee ewes eee 85 26: |Carerof the: HSM <2 0 tact ce cites te Salas ete eee ere In oo ae ene 98 27. Homeward passage and disposition of the fish .............--.-... 102 28. Binancial protits|of theshookshishenye cess seeae eee ee eee aeeee eee 103 29. Itinerary of a mackerel voyage to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, by Maj. D: W. Low: ...--- 2 bieyariw stalin ae eset eis Mens Smee le a aie ansis ate 105 BETS, MAC RE RIE GoETs eS NTENTS EUTS EQS I Yin ett eae ele a 30. Implements, methods, and results of “mackerel dragging” ..-.-... -- 107 F.—THE SPRING SOUTHERN MACKEREL FISHERY ...---- .--- ----0. ---- cece 112 Sehe shine Porous 5. aeons cs = laheeein Seema re aaa Same ace 112 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. ent IJ. THE MACKEREL FISHERY OF THE UNITED STATES—Continued. oe F.—THE SPRING SOUTHERN MACKEREL FISHERY—Continued. 32) arly cabches ormackerel piove—leslls= ses se eres ae oes eee eee 112 Soop LMS ViOSSClS ae. Aas ees yar ee e in aye Ue eee ody co ee Holle 34, Apparabus and methods of fishing zee ss eoee =. oo e eee 113 G.—EARLY METHODS OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY, 1620 to 1820 .......... 115 Jo, Seino smackerel- with drac-setmes ess sera ee een tee 115 36., Drailing fornmackerel 72 sa. c5-2 ea) s se eece oe ee cee eee ee ees 117 iI. LEGISLATION FOR THE PROTECTION OF MACKEREL ........-. peers bi) Jel SIL AMKS, IBITUUNCOMS, AISI TA ROMA 45560 boo sos coeds Usoocu benced ccaocces 119 37. Legislation in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries ..---.-.-.- 119 38. Protests against jigging and seining in the present century ------- 121 TV. STATISTICS OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY IN 1880, BY R. EDWARD WAR Ibs cascade ses oases sere ee neee aes. sua sseons cseose 124 eA. Si SHO WAN GIS PACES RIC Serta\ars ete ata octal ee nee eee 124 39. Table I. Vessels and men in the mackerel fishery (by ports).-..---- 124 40. Table II. Mackerel fleet, by States, according to fishing grounds... 126 41. Table III. Mackerel fleet, by States, according toapparatus...---. 126 42. The products of the North American mackerel fishery fot 1880. ..-- 127 VY. THE MACKEREL CANNING INDUSTRY, BY R. EDWARD EARLL..-. 131 J.—THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MACKEREL CANNING INDUSTRY-..-.-------- 131 43. The methods and statistics of canning ..-.-----.--.----..--.------- 131 VI. METHODS OF PACKING, AND INSPECTION LAWS, BY A. HOWARD CUA es See oe tet Rae cae pee MA woewies. {bien ee isi K.—METHODS OF PACKING, AND INSPECTION LAWS...--.------ seceee s----s 137 Aa Methodsyor packingamackereliae=epeee sess eee ace eeee ee eee 137 , AS.) Inspection Vawsat. sie. Beals te ae eo neh UA a i nN 147 VII. STATISTICS OF INSPECTION OF MACKEREL FROM 1804 TO 1880, IBY. A. SHIONWAGR DD CAR Kees See ise a aes ye yell ane ee 162 L.—STaTIstTics OF MAINE, MASSACHUSETTS, AND NEW HAMPSHIRE, WITH DOWAL (SPADES TUCSiea:a' ay sista siateres cate sels Stele echt aus ete eee 162 AGES babisbics ol Massachusetts sses-eleess pace eer as eee a eee eee 162 AT MOtabISties OfUMaTey else lcs seas eee eee eae nian eee ee abe GB ASM StabisticsOtNewe-lam ps hie sees ees eae ee eee eee alee ee meeneee 202 49. Statistics of the United States (totals)-......-.----..--...------.. 213 VIII. CHRONOLOGICAL NOTES, BY CAPT. J. W..COLLINS ..........-...- 217 Me-SHISHER MIEN’ S*RECORD Sis. jn0 coh=\2 8 cen ei acionjae era is ae Eee 217 Hose Seventeenth: contuby.. 2s ceseces ere cei sesh r eee Coe eee 217 . ol Nineteenth centunyae: < REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [10] spring as far south as Charleston, and followed them from Cape Henry to the Bay of Fundy and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. The very vagueness of the statements just made is evidence to show how little is actually known about. the movements of these fish. The subject must be studied long and carefully before it can be understood, and the interests of the American fishermei demand that it should be thus studied. . “There is,” writes Professor Baird, ‘no very satisfactory evidence of the occurrence of mackerel in the winter or any other season south of Cape Hatteras, and it is not given by Poey and other writers as occurring in the West Indies. A few mackerel are said to be oceasion- ally brought into the Charleston market, and Mr. Moses Tarr, of Gloucester, thinks that some years ago he saw in the early part of March, a short distance to the southeast of Key West, a large school of mack- erel. He, however, did not capture any, and it is more likely that the fish observed belonged to some other small species of the mackerel. family which occasionally school like the mackerel itself, and might easily be mistaken for it. The skip-jack or leather-back may possibly have been the species referred to. ‘“T have been quite surprised to find the extent of belief among Massa- their habits it must be assumed as truth that they remain in numbers during Novem- ber, but are found sparingly later on our coasts. Where they are during those dates in any intermediate point from Maine to Virginia, must be left to American observers. When these blanks are filled and a generalization made their history will be more complete, a task we may well leave in the hands of the American Commissioners of Fisheries. “In my paper (1865) I speak of their asserted torpidity and the story of their blind- ness as needing more proof before they are asserted as facts. I have had nothing to alter my opinion since. In examining the eyes of many mackerel on May 23 and 27 and October 27, in different years, I have found that, as in most fish, the bony orbit is much larger than the base of the eye, and that the space is filled by gelatinous sub- stance, which may be called cellular membrane and adipose deposit to this transpar- ent membrane arising from the outer angle of this orbit spreads half way over the pupil of the eye. It may easily be raised and defined by passing a pen-knife between it and the eye. At the inner angle there is also a similar, but much smaller, mem- brane, not reaching to the eye. As the mackerel appear on our coasts about the 15th of May, and these observations were made the 23d, I do not think ‘it can be asserted the eye is closed entirely in spring; and as the same appearance is found in Septem- ber, we must admit it to be a permanent structure. An analogous membrane is found in the clupide, and doubtless other fish. On asking Thomas Loyd, our roughest and oldest fisherman: ‘I don’t know anything about the scales of the eyes, but I do know that, curse them, they see too sharp for us, steering clear of our spring nets,’ and doubtless old Tom was right. “On dissecting a mackerel, May 23, I found the heart first presenting the tricornered ventrical with its white aorta and deep red auricle resting upon the fringe of ceca that covered the intestines, sweeping down tothe vent. The liver and stomach were both covered by the ceca. The latter was about three inches long, its upper lobe thick and round, but ending in a narrow tail or point». The cardiac end of the stomach was prolonged two and a half inches, ending in a point. The cece were attached to the gut about an inch below the pylorus. There was but little difference in appear- [11] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. chusetts fishermen that the mackerel goes into the mud in the winter time. I have, indeed, been assured by trustworthy parties that they have known mackerel caught on eel spears when fishing for eels in the mud of Provincetown harbor. ‘“‘ A similar belief is referred to by Dr. Gilpin in his paper on the mackerel in the transactions of the Nova Scotia Scientific Association, and it is difficult to refuse assent to the testimony of otherwise credible observers. There is nothing apparently in the economy of the mackerel to prevent its following the example of the sand lance, the eel, and other fish. We know that the melanora, the tench, and. many other fresh-water fish have the burrowing habit, some of them being imbedded very deep in the mud at the bottom of a dried-up pond, to emerge again when the water is restored. “The entire disappearance of mackerel during the winter season is a noteworthy fact, as we can hardly suppose that if it schooled en the surface in the Gulf Stream during that season it would not be noticed by the experienced eyes of sea captains, and we can hardly imagine that the fish would remain in the depths without an occasional rise. ance and size between stomach and gut. This we may roughly sum up: Stomach and gut very simple; coca usually large and complicated; liver small, all noteworthy facts in the study of comparative life. The fish being a male one, lobe on either side of ivory-white; milt reached from gills to vent, slightly adhering to the sides by thin membrane, and covered by a similar one. They were divided in lobes by shallow lines, the upper lobes slightly fimbriated. On removing both entrails and milt a dark- purple space about an inch wide extended from gills to vent beneath the back bone. This, when opened, seemed filled with coagulated blood. It had in some respects the appearance of the air bladder in the salmonid, though wanting in the direct com- munication they have with the wsophagus. But this communication is also wanting in the gadidw, where, especially in the hake, the air bladder assumes its highest form of organization. I have often found coagulation and reticulated plexi in air bladders of other fish. “Tt has been asserted the European mackerel have no air bladders, and a new genus proposed, but with more probability they have the same organization as our own, and the difference lies in the opinion whether or not it is an air bladder. ““The mackerel appear on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia, and almost simulta- neously on the Bay of Fundy, about the 15th of May. Nearly all spawners, male and female, perform a somewhat easterly and northerly route, disappear from the surface in a few weeks and reappear again in September without spawn, and fat, remain in numbers during November, and very sparingly during December, coming from the eastward and then disappear. It may be asserted generalizing from observation ex- tending over a series of 8 or 10 years, that they are irregular in their movements as regards localities, though probably not as regards ocean surfaces. “The very great difficulty of accounting how these enormous masses of surface feeders find food after disappearing from the surface has caused many ingenious theo- ries, as to the question in what state and where they pass that time. These are all pleasant reading, but valuable more or less as regards the ingenuity and scientific standing of the writers. In this paper and the one I inclose (1865) I have stated what I think are facts, and which must be accepted in the future history of American mack- erel, which I hope soon to see written by that commission which has already done so much in Atlantic waters. “BERNARD GILPIN.” REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [12] ‘¢ It appears to be a well-established fact that mackerel are not un- frequently found in the stomachs of cod, and possibly of halibut, taken on the George’s Banks in the winter season. Perhaps the number noted would be still larger if fishermen had the time and inclination to examine more frequently than they do the stomachs of the fish captured by them. ‘Another curious fact in relation to the mackerel is in-respect to the membrane, the vertical edge of which is observed during the summer season on the corner of the eye. ‘This, it is claimed, during the winter extends over the whole eye, and imparts the appearance of blindness. This the mackerel is said to possess on making its first appearance near the coast in the spring, when it extends over the greater part of the eye, thus preventing the fish from seeing the bait, and it is a matter of common remark that mackerel in the spring cannot be taken with the hook, but must be captured with the net. The membrane appears to recede with the advancing season, and during a considerable portion of the time of its abode in the north it is scarcely appreciable.” Mr. Perley, of Saint John, N. B., in his work upon the fishes of the Provinces, remarks that mackerel have been taken on cod hooks in deep water, near Grand Manan, in the winter season, and there is evi- dence to show that a few remain on the coast. It is, however, believed that these cases are exceptional and confined to stragglers, as such instances frequently occur with all the migratory fish. The mackerel belongs to what may technically be termed pelagic or wandering fish, as their movements, something like those of the herring, are apparently more or less capricious, though probably governed by some definite law, which has not yet been worked out. It moves in large schools or bands, more or less isolated from each other, which some- times swim near the surface and give distinct evidence of their pres- ence, and at others sink down into the depths of the ocean and are entirely withdrawn from observation. The army of fish, however, in its northern migration, moves along with a very broad front, a portion com- ing so close to the shore as to be taken in the weirs and traps along the coast of Southern New England, especially in Vineyard Sound and on Cape Cod; while at the same time other schools are met with from 20 to 50 miles, or even more, out to sea. It is, however, still a question whether the fish that skirt the coast of the United States enter the Bay of Saint Lawrence, or whether the latter belong to another series, com- ing directly from the deep seas off the Newfoundland and Nova Scotia coast. Until lately the former has been the generally accepted theory, in view of the alleged fact that the fishermen of the Nova Scotia coast always take the fish coming from the west in the spring and from the east in the fall. Captain Hanson B. Joyce, of Swan’s Island, Maine, one of the most expert and observing mackerel fishermen of New England, thinks that the movements of the spring schools of mackerel are very much in- [13] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. fluenced by the direction and force of the prevailing winds while the fish are performing their northerly migration. He has generally found, he says, that when there has been a continuance of strong northerly winds about the last of May and early in June, the season at which the mackerel are passing the shoals of Nantucket and George’s Bank, that the schools have taken a southerly track, passing to the southward of George’s Shoals and continuing on in an easterly direction to the coast of Nova Scotia, and thence to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. When southerly winds or calms prevail at that season the mackerel are carried into the waters of the Gulf of Maine, and in consequence are much plentier off the New England coast than in the Saint Law- rence Gulf. On this theory Captain Joyce bases his actions in cruising for mack- erel, always fishing off the New England shores when southerly winds have predominated in the spring, and going to the Saint Lawrence if northerly winds have been exceptionally strong and continuous about the last of May. The movements of the fish, as already stated, season by season, are quite uncertain, sometimes being very abundant in one direction and sometimes in another, and occasionally, indeed, they may disappear almost entirely for several years, and then reappearing after a consider- able absence. In some years mackerel are very abundant on the coast of the United States and at others rare; the same condition applying to the fish of the Bay of Saint Lawrence. It is not certain, of course, that this indicates an entire absence of the fish from the localities referred to, but they may, possibly for some reason, remain in the depth of the sea, or some change in the character of the animal life in it, which consti- tutes the food of the fish, may pioduce the changes referred to. A notable instance of a somewhat permanent change in the migration of the mackerel is found in the entire failure since 1876 of the mackerel fishery in the Bay of Fundy, which, a few years ago, enabled a merchant _of Eastport to employ successfully as many as a dozen vessels, especially in Digby and Saint Mary’s Bay, but which is now given up. There are indeed faint suggestions, in the early history of the country, of their total absence from the whole coast for several years, as was also the case with the bluefish. 3.—ABUNDANCE. The wonderful abundance of mackerel in our waters has always been a subject of remark. Francis Higginson, in his “ Journal of his voyage to New England, 1629,” speaks of seeing “many schools of mackerel, infinite multitudes on every side of our ship,” off Cape Ann on the 26th of June; and Richard Mather, in his “journal” 1635, states that the seamen took abundance of mackerel off Menhiggin (Monhegan). In Governor Winthrop’s journal, speaking of the year 1639, he remarks: “There was such store of exceeding large and fat mackerel upon our REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [14] coast this season as was a great benefit to all our Plantations, since one Boat with three men would take in a week ten hogsheads, which were sold at Connecticut for £3 12s. 0d. per hogshead.” Their abundance has varied greatly from year to year, and at times their numbers have been so few that grave apprehensions have been felt lest they should soon depart altogether. As early as 1670, laws were passed by the colony of Massachusetts forbidding the use of certain instruments of capture, and similar ordi- nances have been passed from time to time ever since. The first re- source of our State governments has always been, in seasons of scarcity, to attempt to restore fish to their former abundance by protective legis- lation. It seems to us at the present day absurd that the Massachusetts people should have supposed that the use of shore-Seines was extermi- nating the mackerel on the coast of Massachusetts, but it is a fair ques- tion whether their apprehensions were not as well grounded as those of legislators of the present century who have endeavored to apply a sim- ilar remedy for a similar evil. In connection with the chapter on the mackerel fishery will be shown a diagram, which, by means of curves, exhibits the catch of mackerel in New England for a period of seventy- five years. - From a study of this it seems quite evident that the periods of their abundance and searcity have alternated with each other without refer- ence to overfishing or any other causes which we are prepared to un- derstand. Inthe year 1831, 383,5484 barrels of mackerel were inspected in Massachusetts. In 1881 the number of barrels inspected was 269,495; to this, however, should be added 125,000 barrels caught and marketed fresh by the Massachusetts fleet, making an aggregate of 394,495 barrels. ' The fluctuations in the catch year by year from 1804 to 1881 are shown most instructively in a plate accompanying this report. The total catch of mackerel by the New England fishermen in 1880 amounted to 131,939,255 pounds; while the Canadian catch (according to official returns, barrels being estimated to contain 300 pounds, cans, one and one-half pounds of fresh round fish) was 70,271,260 pounds, making anagegregate of 202,210,515 pounds. The yield of New England in 1881 is estimated to have exceeded that of 1880 by 10,000,000 pounds. We have-no means at present for estimating the decrease of the Cana- dian catch, but it is perhaps safe to put it at 11,000,000. This brings the catch of 1881 to about 201,000,000 pounds. In addition to this, at least 100,000 barrels or 20,000,000 pounds, according to estimates from competent authority, were thrown away by the New England fleet. This brings the total weight of mackerel caught up to 221,000,000, represent- ing 294,667,000 fish, if the weight be estimated at three-quarters of 4 pound each. The catch of mackerel in the waters of Europe does not probably exceed ten per cent. of this quantity. The stories which are told by experienced fishermen of the immense numbers of mackerel sometimes seen are almost incredible. Capt. King [15] | HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. Harding, of Swampscott, Mass., described to me a school which he saw in the South Channel in 1848: “It was a wind-row of fish,” said he; “it was about halfa mile wide, and at least twenty miles long, for vessels not in sight of each other saw it at about the same time. All the vessels out saw this school the same day.” He saw a school off Block Island, 1877, wiich he estimated to contain one million barrels. He could see only one edge of it at a time. Upon the abundance of mackerel depends the welfare of many thou- sands of the citizens of Massachusetts and Maine. The success of the mackerel fishery is much more uncertain than that of the cod fishery, for instance, for the supply of cod is quite uniform from year to year. The prospects of each season are eagerly discussed from week to week in thousands of little circles along the coast, and are chronicled by the local press. The story of each successful trip is passed from mouth to mouth, and is a matter of general congratulation in each fishing com- munity. A review of the results of the American mackerel fishery, and of the movements of the fish in each part of the season year by year, would be an important contribution to the literature of the American fisheries. Materials for such a review are before me, but space will not allow that it should be presented here. 4,— Foon. The food of the mackerel consists, for the most part, of small species of crustaceans, which abound everywhere in the sea, and which they appear to follow in their migrations. They also feed upon the spawn of other fishes and upon the spawn of lobsters, and prey greedily upon young fish of all kinds.* In the stomach of a‘“‘tinker” mackerel, taken in Fisher’s Island Sound, November 7, 1877, Dr. Bean found the remains of six kinds of fishes—of the anchovy, the sand-lance, the smelt, the hake, the barracuda, and the silver-sides, besides numerous shrimps and other crustaceans. Captain Atwood states that when large enough they devour greedily large numbers of young herring several months old. Specimens taken July 18, 1871, 20 miles south of Noman’s Land, con- tained numerous specimens of the big-eyed shrimps, Thysanopoda, larval crabs in the zoea and megalops stages, the young of hermit crabs, the young lady crabs, Platyonichus ocellatus, the young of two undetermined Macrura, numerous Copepoda, aud numerous specimens of Spirialis Gouldii, a species of Pteropod. They also feed upon the centers of floating jelly-fishes (Discophores). In Gaspé the fishermen call jelly-fishes ‘“‘mackerel bait.” ‘ The greed with which mackerel feed upon the chum, or ground men- *Near tlie New London light-house is a small brook which empties into the harbor and abounds with a small species of fish of which the mackerel appear to be fond. A few days since the keeper of the light-house, while the mackerel were indulging in a meal, caught five hundred at one haul with a scoop-net.—(Gloucester Telegraph, December 3, 1870.) REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [16] haden bait, which is thrown out to them by the fishing-vessels, shows that they are not at all dainty in their diet, and will swallow without hesitation any kind of floating organic matter. Large mackerel often eat smaller ones. Captain Collins has frequently found young mackerel three or four inches long in the stomachs of those full grown. This is generally noticeable only in the fall, and the young fish are probably those which have been hatched in the spring. In the fall of 1874 the writer made a trip upon a gill-net schooner to the grounds off Portland, Me., some distance to sea, for the purpese of studying the food of the mackerel, and found their stomachs full of a species of Thysanopoda and of a large copepod crustacean. The greater part of the food of mackerel consists, however, of minute crustaceans. Owing to the infinite abundance of these in the sea, mackerel probably have very little difficulty in finding food at almost any portion of the ocean visited by them, whether on the edge of the Gulf Stream or near the shore. In an interview with Capt. King Harding, of Swampscott, one of the most experienced mackerel catchers on our coasts, L obtained the follow- ing amusing observations: He described one kind which looked like spiders, which were red, and crawled over his hand when he took them up. They look like little spiders; the mackerel are especially fond of them. At Boone Island, Maine, in July, 1850, the water all around the island was red for 100 yards from the shore; they crawled up the rock-weed on the shore until it was red. He took the sprays of rock-weed in his hand and pulled them slowly to him, and the mackerel, one and a half pound fish, would follow in quite to the rocks. He killed three with his oar, and tried to catch some in a basket by tolling them over it, but | they were too quick for him. He asked his old skipper, Capt. Gorham Babson, what they were, and was told that they were ‘Boone Island Bed Bugs.” And, said he, “ Young man, when you see this kind of bait, no matter if you don’t see any fish, never leave; the fish will be there in a few days.” Then there is another kind, called “‘Snappers.” These are white, and dart rapidly about in the water; they are doubtless smail crustaceans. He says that sometimes they swim at the surface, where the mackerel follow them. A few days before he had been standing on the stern of his vessel, and though he could see nothing under the water he knew the snappers were there about two feet below the surface, for he could see a school of mackerel swimming along, opening their mouths and taking in their food, and then letting the water out through their gills. When the mackerel are tolled up from 12 or 15 fathoms below the Surface their stomachs are often full of bait; so it is certain that these little animals swim at all depths. E Another kind of food is red, and is hot to the hands. This is called “Cayenne”; it spoils the fish. [17] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. Years ago, according to Captain Harding, mackerel did not school as they do now. , When you see pollock jumping near the shore, it is a pretty good sign that there is pleuty of mackerel food. ; The presence of abundance of mackerel food is indicated by the great schools of sea-birds, particularly by the flocks of phalaropes, or sea- geese (Phalaropus borealis), as the fishermen call them, which congregate together, floating upon the water, and when seen in summer gives a sure sign of the presence of mackerel also. The various invertebrate animals preyed upon by mackerel are known to the fishermen by such names as ‘‘Shrimp,” ‘Red-seed,” and ‘Cay- enne.” “The wide spread distribution from shore seaward of the Thysan- opoda and other minute erustacea, which constitute to so great an ex- tent the food of the mackerel and herring on our shores, was proved,” writes Professor Baird, “during a trip of the ‘Speedwell’ from Salem to Halifax in 1877.” At numerous points and at regular intervals on the way across, including the middle of the route, immense numbers of these shrimp were met with and collected by the towing net. They were found in especial abundance at Le Have Bank. These prove to be specifi- cally identical with those found in immense quantities in Kastport Har- bor at the surface. ‘““That these same animals occur at least as far east as the Gulf Stream is shown by thelist of the collections made by Professor 8. 1. Smith off the Georges near the edge of the Gulf Stream, and published in the Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, vol. ili, July, 1874.” Capt. Chester Marr, of Gloucester, confirms the statements of Captain Harding regarding the effects of ‘‘red-seed” upon mackerel; he states that when mackerel are feeding on ‘“‘red-seed” the fishermen have great trouble in keeping them sufficiently long to dress them properly. Their bellies soften at once. When the weather is good and dogfish are not troublesome, the common practice is to allow the fish to lie in the net until they have disposed -of the food in their stomachs. Capt. Henry Willard, of the schooner ‘“ Henry Willard,” of Portland, Me., carries a large net of coarse twine, which is suspended over the side of the vessel from two long booms. Into this he turns the fish and leaves them until the seed works out.* Captain Marr states that the ‘“red-seed” is very troublesome to the men engaged in dressing the fish; it makes their hands very sore, often. causing the blood to run. A man can clean twice as many fish in a given time if he is not annoyed by the ‘‘red-seed” in their stomachs. Captain Marr describes another kind of mackerel food, which he calls ‘small brit,” which, he says, resembles young herring, which also rots *This “large net of coarse twine” is the mackerel pocket described in the chapter on the purse-seine mackerel fishery. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [18] the fish. This is probably, as he supposes it to be, ‘* white-bait” or the young of the sea herring, Clupea harengus. It is known as ‘‘eye-bait” to the Canadian fishermen. Captain Merchant tells me that when mackerel are found with ‘“red- seed” in their stomachs fishermen are sure that they are on the right fishing grounds. IT am told by Captain Collins that it is common for many of the Amer- ican fishermen to consider it a good sign of mackerel when they see floating seaweed, more especially eel grass, ‘‘chopped up,” 7%. e., cut into short pieces, which they think is done by these fish. Perhaps there may be a good reason for this supposition, since the mackerel, while feeding on the diminutive shells with which the weeds are covered, may also bite the latter in two. The presence of gannets is also considered a good sign of mackerel. In England the food of the mackerel is called the *“‘mackerel mint,” and this is said to consist at certain seasons of the year of the sand- lants and five other fish, especially the herring and the sprat, while they have also been observed to devour, in the summer months, minute erustaceans, the swimming larve of tape-worms, and the embryos cf the small spiral shell of the genus Rissoa, which, in its adult state, is found in great abundance upon seaweed. It was probably some animal of this kind which was referred to by Captain Harding in the statement above quoted, concerning the abundance of red-seed about Boone Island. Mr. J. F. Whiteaves has recorded a similar habit for the mackerel of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.* Professor Hind has pointed out certain relations which exist in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence between the mackerel and the lant, or sand-eel, which appears to be one of its most important articles of diet in these waters. I quote here in full his observations upon this subject, and also his views upon the relations of currents and tides to the presence of mackerel food, and the constant movements of the schools of fish: “The movements of the mackerel, like those of the cod, and indeed of most species of fish, are determined at different seasons of the year by the geographical position of its food; and the first important kind of food which appears to lure the mackerel inshore, after spawning in the Gulf-of Saint Lawrence, is the launce or sand-eel. “The relation of the launce or sand-eel (Ammodytes americanus) to the mackerel is very much greater than appears at the first blush, and resembles the relation of the herring to tie cod in general, and in par- ticular the relation of the so-called Norwegian ‘Sull cod,’ or launce cod, to this widespread and important bait-fish. The approach of the launce to the coast in spring is most probably the cause why the so- called spring cod fishing suddenly ceases on many banks and shoals, commencing again at different localities two and three weeks later. * Report on the second deep-sea dredging expedition of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, 1872. [19] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. ‘““The cod leaves the banks and shoals to meet and to follow the launce as they approach the coast. In the same manner they meet and follow the caplin, guided no doubt by the peculiar odor developed by each species at the approach of the spawning season. ‘But it is the habit of the sand eel of burying itself in the sand be- tween the tides, or in submerged sand beaches, that leads the mackerel so close inshore. i “There can be little doubt that a similar indraught and outdraught of mackerel and other fish occur. in our waters when the launce leave the deep sea to approach the land, or when they return to the deep sea again. Unlike many of the shrimps and larval forms on which the mackerel feed, which are drifted to and fro by winds and currents, the launce is independent of the wind; but it is only in certain favorable localities frequented by this fish that the burying process between tide- marks, from which it derives its name, can be easily effected; hence, these resorts are not only valuable as bait grounds, but generally noted mackerel grounds, such as Seven Islands, and some parts of Bay Cha- leurs, and part of the gulf coast of New Brunswick. “This bait-fish approaches the sandy beaches fringing the shores of the gulf in the early summer months to spawn; and here the mackerel are found pursuing them while engaged in depositing their compara- tively large reddish-colored ova on the sands between high and low water. Hence, during flood tide, and in the launce season, mackerel are commonly taken close inshore on these coasts, in pursuit of the launee; and the best catches are said to be made during the period of high tide, for the following reason: In dull, cloudy weather the launce buries itself in the sand left bare by the ebbing tides; but in bright, hot weather it rarely seeks the shelter of the sands except near low- water mark, probably because the heat of the sun would be oppressive. The breadth of sandy ground in which the launece buries itself for the brief period between high and low water marks is thus dependent upon the clearness of the sky. “A continuance of cloudy weather is conducive to this kind of close inshore fishery; whereas a bright sky, and a day with a drying wind, leads the launce to select the narrow bands of sandy beach near the margin of ebb-tide, which always remain moist. In cloudy weather with a moist wind, the area in which the launce bury themselves and emerge during the incoming tide is thus very much greater than in bright, hot weather; and it is not unfrequently found by experience that the mackerel catch in such localities is much greater in cloudy weather than in bright weather, because the bait ground is then far more extensive close inshore. ‘¢ As the summer advances and the launce retire to deep water the mackerel feed upon the free-swimming and floating embryonic forms of crustaceans; among the latter the zoea of different forms of crabs are the mostcommon. Adult shrimps of many species form also a large por- REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [20] tion of their food, and the infinite numbers of these forms of life which exist in the sea, from the coast line to a thousand miles from land, may be inferred from the fact that, together with fish, they form the great staple of food of seals in northern seas. ‘Dr. Robert Brown states that during the sealing season in Spitz- bergen seas he has taken out of the stomachs of seals various species of Gammarus (G. Sabini; G. loricatus; G. pinguis: G. dentatus; G. muta- tus, &¢.), collectively known to whalers under the name ‘mountebank shrimps,’ deriving the designation from their peculiar agility in water.* ‘hese small crustaceans are found in countless numbers on the great outlying banks off the North American coast, and in the Labrador seas they are also in great profusion. “Tt is of special importance to notice that very many if not all of these free-swimming creatures in the sea, from invisible microscopic forms to the largest shrimp, sink to different zones of water or rise to the sur- face with the variations in temperature and changes in the direction and force of the wind. In fine weather when the food is at the surface, the mackerel, the herring, and other surface feeders swim open-mouthed against the sinh Dr. Brown states that the right-whale and most of the whale species feed in a similar manner. The right-whale feed- ing, swims leisurely at the rate of about four miles an hour. Mackerel when feeding come often by millions, like a swiftly-moving ripple on the water, with eager staring eyes and mouths distended to entrap the floating prey. Many of the free-swimming Pteropeda are active only during the night time, sinking during the day to a certain zone of depth. . “The effect of currents and tides, assisted by winds, is to drive these free-swimming forms towards the different shores and into land-locked or sheltered bays. On the shores of the open sea a continued land breeze drives them far out to sea, and the fish following them will be lost to view. Off the coast of the United States the mackerel ground is not unfrequently found near the summer limit of the Gulf Stream where wide-spreading eddies prevail, caused by the meetin g of the great Labrador current flowing in an opposite direction, or the surging up of the Arctic underflow. In these vast eddies the temperature is greatly reduced by the mixing of almost ice-cold water from Deneare with a warm overlying stratum. “It is here too that the free-swimming mackerel bod will sonore ean sometimes at the surface, at other times at different depths, dependent upon the temperature of the mixed waters. In the vicinity of the south edge of the Grand Bank of Newfoundland the line of contact between the Aretic and the Gulf strsams is sometimes very marked by the local currents which ‘boil and form strong eddies.’ The line of contact of the two great cold and warm currents is continually changing for hun- dreds of miles with the varying seasons and under the influence of winds; * “(On the seals of Greenland.”—Dr. Rt. Brown. [21] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. hence also the changes in geographical position and in the depth or zone of the open-sea mackerel grounds.* ‘Inshore the floating and free-swimming food is drifted to and fro by winds and tides, and great accumulations are sometimes thrown up upon the beaches in windrows after storms. This floating and swim- ming food gathers in eddies, either near the coast line or at the june- tion of opposing tidal waves or currents. Hence, along sheltered and embayed coasts, confronting the open sea in the vicinity of banks where great tidal currents and eddies are formed, or in the gulf and estuary of the Saint Lawrence, where two opposite and wholly different tides drag- ging along the coast-line approach to meet, there will be the mackerel ground of the fishermen, but not necessarily at the surface.” The winged Pteropods very properly form an important part of mack- erel food, as they sink and rise with changes of the temperature of the zone or Sheet of water in which they are feeding. 5.—REPRODUCTION. Although little is actually known concerning the spawning habits of the mackerel compared with those of fish which, like the shad and the salmon, have been artificially propagated, it is perhaps sate to say that the subject is understood ina general way. The testimony of reliable observers among the fishermen of our coast and the coast of the British Provinees indicates that the spawning takes place in rather deep water ali along the shore from the eastern end of Long Island to Eastport, Me., alony the coast of Nova Scotia, and in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. The Spawning season occurs in May in southern New England, in May and June in Massachusetts Bay, and in June in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, and on the Bradley Banks and about the Magdalenes early in the month, and, according to Hind, on the northeast coast of Newfoundland toward the end of the month.t *There are no mackerel-fishing grounds within 250 miles or more of the Grand Bank, and certainly none nearer than 400 miles of its southern edge. It is possible that mackerel have occasionally been seen, or stray specimens captured, nearer the Grand Bank than this, but no mackerel fishermen would think of trying for these fish east of the west coast of Newfoundland. There are but three instances on record where mackerel fishermen have gone so far east as that. Whatever influence may be ex- erted upon other forms of ocean life by the meeting of the Gulf Stream and the Arctic current, it can be quite safely asserted that the mackerel is never found in summer near the junction of these currents, excepting, perhaps, on the southern edge of George’s Bank and off the south shoal of Nantucket. These localities are the near- est mackerel-fishing grounds to the Gulf Stream of any on the United States coast. And even here mackerel are rarely or never taken nearer than 40 or 50 miles from the northern edge of the stream.—J. W. CoLiins. tDuring the entire month of June mackerel are taken in the Bay of Saint Law- rence with roes well developed. Having been engaged in the mackerel fishery in the Gulf for twenty-two consecutive seasons, ten of which I went to the Bay early in June, I have therefore had abundant opportunity to learn the spawning season of the mackerel in that region. It is my opinion that mackerel spawn in the Gulf of Saint REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [22] Capt. Benjamin Ashby, of Noank, Conn., states that in the spring of 1877 mackerel spawned in great numbers in Vineyard Sound and Buz- zard’s Bay. Many mackerel were taken in the pounds, and the eges were so ripe that when the fish were thrown from the net to the boat the eggs escaped to such an extent that in cleaning out the boat after- wards he found at least half a bushel at the bottom. This was as early as the second of May, and continued through the month. Capt. R. H. Hurlbert, of Gloucester, found the spawn running out of mackerel taken off Kettle Island, south of Cape Ann, in May and June. . Capt. Henry Webb, who owns a weir on Milk Island, under the shadow of the Thatcher’s Island lights, obtains many mackerel every year in his nets. He informs me that when they first make their ap- pearance, about the first of June, the spawn is running out of them and many of them are half through the process of spawning. The eggs will spurt from a female tish in a stream six feet long, and there is a large percentage of females in the catch, probably two-thirds of the whole. Lawrence some time between the 1st and the 15th of July. Have caught them in abundance and full of roe as late as the 4th and 5th of July, and it is exceedingly rare to find spent mackerel previous to the 20th of June. In the period when hook- and-line fishing was most prosperous, the fishermen usually planned to leave the Gulf about the first week in July if they had succeeded in getting nearly a fare of macls- erel previousto that time, since while the fish were spawning, or between the 1st and 15th of the month, but little could be done, as the mackerel sunk at that time, and would not readily take the hook. The fishermen, therefore, knowing that they conld catch few fish during this period, between ‘‘hay and grass,” as they termed it, usually improved the opportunity thus afforded of making their passage home and refitting for another trip with comparatively little loss of time. Apparentiy one of the most favorite breeding grounds for mackerel in the Ga.fof Saint Lawrence is the area alone the shores of New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island (on the north side of the lat- ter) lying inside of a line drawn from North Cape to Point Miscou. Bank Bradley is also a breeding-ground for mackerel of considerable importance. The fish seem to assemble on the grounds mentioned above during June, in a depth varying from 3 to 40 fathoms. The greater part, however, are found in a depth varying from 10 to 20 fathoms. The spawning season being over, they usually stay on the same grounds, though later in the summer and during autumn the mackerel were formerly abundant around the Magdalenes and the bend of Prince Edward Island; when the fall migra- tion takes place they move farther south. Itis probable that large numbers of maclk- erel may deposit their spawn around the Magdalene Islands, though it is worthy of note that but few or no fish have been taken in that locality on hook and line during the month of June. Considerable quantities are, however, canght by the gill-net fish- ermen early in June, though the catch has always been small compared with that formerly obtained by hook-and-line fishing in the western part of the Bay.—J. W. CoOLuINs. As corroborative of the views of Captain Collins, i give the statements of Capts. Andrew Leighton and Joseph Rowe, two of the most keenly observant, and in con- sequence the most succe-sful, of the old school Cape Ann “mackerel killers.” The former writes to Captain Collins: ‘‘ My observations are in harmony with yours.” The latter remarks: ‘TI have always thought that the mackerel in the Bay of Saint Law- rence sunk about the last of June to spawn. From the first to the middle of July was always a very dull time to catch mackerel on hooks. When the mackerel sunk they were full of spawn. When we got them again, about the middle of July, they would have the most of the spawn out of them and be some fat.” [23] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. The spawn begins to dry up after the first of August, and young fish begin to appear about the 4th of August. He thinks that it takes mack- erel four or five weeks to spawn; after that they begin to grow fat, and when they are fat there is no sign of spawn to be seen, the male and female not being distinguishable. The growth is rapid, and in about seven weeks the young fish are about four or five inches long. Mackerel spawn abundantly in Grover’s Beach at a depth of one and a half to two fathoms. The eggs are very minute and the old mackerel feed upon them greedily. Captain Fisher, of Portland, Me., told me, in 1874, that when the mackerel come in they are almost empty and have a muday taste. They first engage in spawning, but toward the last of June they have finished and begin to grow fat. Captain Hurlbert caught a dozen fish off Camden July 1, 1870, which were half spawned and had spawn running out of them. ' According to Mr. Wilkins, of Two Isles, Grand Manan, the mack- erel spawns there on the rocks and sand in water froin 1 foot to 10 feet or more in depth. This is in the first half of June. The spawn is in bunches and does not float on the water. . During the spawning season mackerel are taken in seines, as they will not bite and are then very ‘poor. They come again in September and October, and are then taken with the hook. Mr. Hall, of Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, says that mack- erel spawn only once in seven years in large numbers, this period rep- resenting the interval between the successive large catches. The mack- erel strike in there about the 10th of June. They spawn about the 2d. or 3d of July on the Bradley Bank to the north of Prince Edward Is- land. At that time they have been taken with spawn running out of them. They cease to bite for several weeks while spawning. One of the principal spawning-grounds on our coast appears to be on the Nan- tucket Shoals, where for a period of three or four weeks after their first appearance the mackerel hug the bottom and rarely take the hook, At this time there is a lull in the prosecution of the mackerel fishery, al-: though before its beginning great quantities are taken in the purse- seines far south along the coast. After the close of the spawning sea- son the old fish are said to be very poor, but take the hook greedily along the entire coast, as also before the beginning of the spawning sea- son; although the fish first brought to market are sold at a high price -on account of their previous scarcity, it is not until after the close of the spawning season and the subsequent: fattening up of the fish that they attain their highest excellence as an article of food. Fall mack- erel are well understood to be by far the best fish. Storer, in his his- tory of the fishes of Massachusetts, remarks: ‘‘ From the 10th of May to the 15th of June they appear at the entrance to Massachusetts Bay, having been a few days previous at Nantucket and the Vineyard Sound. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [24] Nine-tenths of those first seen are males, and they are all large but poor, weighing from one pound to one pound and a half. At their first ap- pearance they will not take the hook, and are therefore captured in seines.” The contrast between the statements of Storer and Captain Webb should be carefully noted. The former states that the early fish taken near the end of Cape Cod are mostly males. This would naturally be the case, as the females at this time are either engaged in spawning or are perhaps so weak that they would not be Jikely to come to the sur- face. At Milk Island, however, which seems to be in the middle of the spawning region, the majority of the fish are females. We are indebted to Capt. N. E. Atwood for the most complete series of observations upon the spawning of the mackerel which has ever been made, and what he has seen he shall be allowed to tell in his own words: “I have many seasons been engaged in fishing for mackerel in our bay with yvill-nets. I watched the mackerel more particularly in regard to their time for spawning. In 1856, owing to the fact that a measure had passed the Massachusetts legislature authorizing the appointment of three commissioners to make investigations with regard to the arti- ficial propagation of the fish, and that I expected to be named one of the commissioners, I went to the upper part of Massachusetts Bay, where it is about twenty miles broad, and I found these spawning mackerel there near the bottom. This year the mackerel came in about the middle of May; few at first. On the 20th I went out for the first time with my drifting-nets all night in the bay; I caught 2,250 mack- erel; on the following night I caught 3,520. When I first began to catch them I observed that the spawn had come to its full size, though it was not free to run from them, not being yet fully matured. On or about the Ist of June we found that some of them were depositing spawn, and as I took them from the nets the spawn ran freely. On the 5th of June I took the mature eggs as they came from the fish and put them in alcohol, marking the date, as I considered this time the middle ef the spawning season. (By the 10th of June the fish had all depos- ited their spawn, and they then proceeded to the grounds where they expected to meet with better food in order to fatten and recruit. The spawning takes place at a depth of from five to fifteen fathoms.) Thirty days after I went out in the bay and found any quantity of schools of little mackerel which were, I should think, about two inches long, though their length might have been a little less. I took a number of - Specimens and put them in alcohol, marking the date. Twenty-five days later I procured another lot of them which had grown to double that size. I don’t mean to imply that they were twice as long but twice as heavy. I put them also in alcohol, marking the date. The first time I subsequently went to Boston I called on Professor Agassiz and gave him the specimens. He said that he had never before been [25] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. able to ascertain these facts so clearly and so well,.and that he was very much pleased with them. I watched the growth of these young mackerel all along, and I saw them grow considerably from month to month, so much so that the same fall, in the latter part of October, I caught some of them with a very small mesh net and found they had grown to a length of 64 or 7 inches. I kept a small quantity of them, split, salted, and packed them, in accordance with the Massachusetts inspection law, as No. 4’s, and, since mackerel were then scarce and very high in price, I sold them for as much as $6 a barrel.” ‘¢Much yet remains to be learned in regard to the spawning season of the American mackerel” (writes Professor Baird), ‘‘and little more is known of this except in regard to the European variety. It is, how- ever, well established by the researches of Sars that this fish, like the cod, and many of the flat fish, &e., spawns in the open sea, sometimes at a great distance from the land, at others closer in shore. Sars found them on the outer banks of the coast of Norway; and Mr. Matthew Dunn, of Mevagissey, England, communicates to Land and Water of his observations of mackerel found, with ripe spawn, 6 miles from the coast.* ‘The fish taken in the wiers and pounds on Vineyard Sound and about Cape Cod, in the early spring, are filled with ripe spawn; and that the operation of spawning on the American coast is shown by the immense schools of small fish that are taken throughout the summer, of various sizes, from a few inches up, and from Buzzard’s Bay to Portland and Penobscot Bay. No species of young fish is, at times, more > abundant throughout the summer season than the mackerel. “The egg of the mackerel is exceedingly minute, not larger than that of the alewife or gaspereau. It appears to be free from an adhesive en- velope, such as pertains to the egg of the herring, and in consequence ot which it agglutinates together, and adheres to gravel, the rocks, or the sea-weed at the bottom. As with the egg of the cod, that of the * SPAWNING OF MACKEREL. Sir: I have been again fortunate in taking a mackerel alive in the act of spawning, on the night of May 10, about 6 miles from land. A better specimen could not possi- bly be had, and the roe ran freely without assistance. I got a bucket of sea-water, and allowed the fish to spawn in it; for some time I had a difficulty in finding what became of it, as the globules would not reflect the light of the candle like the pilchard spawn; but by running the water into a clean bottle, and holding it to the light, I jound them floating on the surface, but not so buoyant as the pilchard roe. In this state they continued for about half an hour, and then gradually sank to the bottom; but, unlike the pilchard spawn, they retained their vitality there for more than twelve hours. With the daylight the globules could scarcely be discerned by looking directly down into the water; but on holding it towards the light in a bottle they could be seen, with that Tealilees bright, silvery hue so peculiar to living ones, each marked with a dark spot in the center. Believing the pilchard spawn would have reached you, I did not send you any of these. As I sent that spawn hy post, I sup- pose the bottle must have been broken in the post-bag.—Matthias Dunn (Mevagissey, Cornwall, May 15, 1871.) (Land and Water, May 20, 353.) REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [26] mackerel is provided with an oil globule, which makes it float nearly at the level of the surface.” I am indebted to Mr. Frederick W. True for a count of the eggs in two mackerel taken at Woods Holl, Mass., in May, 1873. One of these (No. 10512, U. S. Nat. Mus.), contained 363,107, the other (No. 15205), 393,887. The only enumeration of mackerel eggs previously recorded is that made by Thomas Harmer, in 1764, and published in the Philosophical Transactions of London, vol. 57, p. 285. He found in one large mack- erel, weighing 14 pounds, 454,961 eggs; in a second, of much the same weight, 430,846; and in a third, weighing about 1 pound 2 ounces, 546,681. His estimate is probably too large. ) 6.—RATE OF GROWTH AND SIZE. The rate of growth of the mackerel during the first summer has been quite carefully studied by Captain Atwood; and the same authority has, perhaps, more satisfactorily than any other interpreted the facts from which may be deduced the conclusions as to their growth year by year. Referring to the small fish, 63 or 7 inches in length, which he believed to be the young of the year, caught by him in October, 1856, he says: ‘‘ Fish of this size are sometimes called ‘spikes,’ but I do not know their proper name. The next year I think they are the ‘blinks,’ being one year old; the following year they are the ‘tinkers,’ two years old, and the year after they return to us as the second-size, three years old. It is probable that the fish reaches its full maturity in four years.” He continues: “The first mackerel that come in are very large and spawn- ers, but these do not bite at the hook; and you don’t catch them with the seine, because they don’t show themselves. You would not know of their presence if you did not set nets for them. When they are taken in nets set anywhere along the coast, at Provincetown, Wec., a good many people imagine that they are the remnant of the mackerel which were there the year before, and which have been imbedded in the mud; and when they taste these fish they fancy that they taste mud. When the next school arrives there appear mackerel of different sizes, which take the hook. They are carried to Boston market and are sold fresh in their season. They are not sold by weight, but are culled, and are denominated as follows: Large ones, second-size, tinkers, and blinks. When the large ones are worth 12 cents, the others may sell: second size, 8 cents; tinkers, 4 cents, and blinks, 14 cents. These prices may fluctuate before a large proportion of one or more of the above-named kinds at the same time. Any man who is well acquainted with them will make the same culling, as there seems to be a line of demarkation between the different kinds which stands out prominently. ‘¢ Admitting this to be the fact, those that come as blinks are from [27] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. the spawn of the year before, while those which are called tinkers are from the blinks of the year previous, being the two-year-old fish; and those that are called second-size are from the tinkers of the year before, when they grow up and mix with the bigger ones, I don’t know how they live, or much about them. This is my opinion about these matters. You will find fishermen tell you they think that mackerel are six or seven years in getting their growth.” Mackerel, when full-grown, are from 17 to 18 inches in length; some- times they attain a larger size. Captain Collins has caught individuals measuring twenty-two inches. In August, 1880, a school of mackerel was taken in the vicinity of Plymouth; they weighed from three to three and a half pounds each, and were from 19 to 193 inches long. They were regarded as extraordinarily large, and a barrel of them were sent to the Fishery Exhibition at Berlin as an illustration of the perfec- tion to which the mackerel attains in this country. Although the size just mentioned is unusual at present, in past years many thousands of barrels have been taken nearly, if not quite, as large. The size varies from year to year, Sometimes very few barrels which can be rated as No. 1’s being found in our waters. A No. 1 mackerel, according to the Massachusetts inspection laws, measures 15 inches from the tip of the snout to the croteh or fork of the caudal fin. The average length from year to year for the whole coast is probably not far from 12 inches in length, and a weight of twelve to sixteen ounces. The following quo- tations from writers of two centuries.ago are interesting, since they show that large mackerel were known to the early colonists of New England: “The mackerel, of which there is choicefull plenty all summer long; in the spring they are ordinarily 18 inches long; afterwards there is none taken but what are smaller.”—Joselyn, 1675. “The Makarels are the baite for the Basse, & these have been chased into the shallow waters, where so many thousands have shott them- Selves a shore with the surfe of the Sea that whole hogges-heads have been taken up on the Sands; & for length they excell any of other parts: they have bin measured 18. & 19. inches in length & seaven breadth: & are taken with a drayee, (as boats use to pass to & froe at Sea on business,) in very greate quantities all along the Coaste. “The Fish is good, salted; for store against the winter, as well as fresh, & to be accounted a good commodity.”* 7.—EHNEMIES. Captain Collins writes: “*The gannet is one of the most destructive enemies of the mackerel. I have often seen these birds so heavily weighted with these fish that they were unable to rise on the approach. of the vessel until they had disgorged from two to four good sized mack- *New England’s Fish, John Smith, 1622. U.S. F.C. Rep., 103. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [28] erel. ‘This is so common an occurrence that there are but few fishermen who have not witnessed it.” ‘‘ Porpoises and whales may also be included in the list of enemies of the mackerel. Itis by no means an unusual sight on the fishing grounds to see hundreds of the former rushing and leaping among schools of mackerel scattering them in every direction.” “The shark, known to fishermen as the ‘mackerel shark,’ is one of the principal enemies of the mackerel. I have often seen them chasing mackerel, and, when jigging was practiced, it was a common occurrence for sharks to drive off a school from alongside of a vessel.” Dogfish often hover around the outside of large schools of mackerel, and doubtless feed on them. Great difficulty is sometimes experienced in saving fish that have been inclosed in a purse-seine, owing to the im- mense numbers of dogfish that gather around, and in their efforts to eat the mackerel, which they see through the meshes, they bite off the twine, making large holes in the seine through which the inclosed fish escape.” The dogfish is doubtless a dangerous foe to the mackerel weakened by the act of spawning, and remaining near the bottom. An old fisher- man has deseribed to me with great animation how greedily the dog- fish devour the mackerel which have become gilled in the nets, how they follow them to the surface and linger about the vessel while the process of cleaning is going on, drinking the blood of the fish as it | flows from the scuppers. Among the other principal enemies of the mackerel are the bluefish, tunny,andcod. The appearance of aschool of bluefish in waters crowded with mackerel is an almost sure signal for their disappearance. The young mackerel are eaten also by squids. Professor Verrill has recorded the following description of the maneuvers of the squid known to zoologists by the name Ommastrephes illecebrosa : “Messrs. 8S. I. Smith and Oscar Harger observed it at Provincetown, Mass., among the wharves, in large numbers, July 28, engaged in cap- turing and devouring the young mackerel, which were swimming about in ‘schools, and at that time were about four or five inches long. In attacking the mackerel they would suddenly dart backward among the fish with the velocity of an arrow, and as suddenly turn obliquely to the right or left and seize a fish, which was almost instantly killed by a bite in the back of the neck with the sharp beaks. The bite was always made in the same place, cutting out a triangular piece of flesh, and was deep enough to penetrate to the spinal cord. The attacks were not always successful, and were sometimes repeated a dozen times before one of these active and wary fishes could be caught. Sometimes after making several unsuccessful attempts one of the squids would sud- denly drop to the bottom, and, resting upon the sand, would change its color to that of the sand so perfectly as to be almost invisible. In this [29] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. way it would wait until the fishes came back, and when they were swim- ming close to or over the ambuscade, the squid, by a sudden dart, would be pretty sure to secure a fish. Ordinarily when swimming they were thickly spotted with red and brown, but when darting among the mack- erei they, appeared translucent and pale. The mackerel, however, seemed to have learned that the shallow water is the safest for them and would hug the shore as closely as possible, so that in pursuing them many of the squids became stranded and perished by hundreds, for when they once touch the shore they begin to pump water from their siphons with great energy, and this usually forces them farther and farther up the beach. At such times they often discharge their ink in large quantities. The attacks on the young mackerel were ob- served mostly at or near high-water, for at other times the mackerel were Seldom seen, though the squids were seen swimming about at all - hours; and these attacks were observed both in the day and evening.” B—STUDIES OF THE MOVEMENTS OF THE MACKEREL SCHOOLS. 8.—HIND ON THE CAUSES OF IRREGULAR MOVEMENTS. In closing this chapter upon the natural history of the mackerel, it seems appropriate to quote from the writings of Professor Hind some very important paragraphs in which he has attempted to interpret the irregular movements of the mackerel schools in our waters, and to ex- plain the causes of the alleged annual variation of their numbers: ‘‘ What is the proper interpretation of the movements of the mackerel from its first appearance in the. spring to its disappearance in the fall ? These movements vary with the geographical position of local schools of this fish. On the coasts of the United States and Nova Scotia, its annual movements resemble in all particulars those of the same species in uropean seas where the schools have a free and unobstracted ocean in which to seek their prey. “In the spring, at the end of April and May, the Atlantic schools of this fish which have wintered off the coasts approach the land in sepa- rate bodies, full of spawu and poor, coming direct from winter homes where they have remained in a torpid condition, partially buried in sand or mud. After spawning, the different schools feed for a short time on the fry of fish, and as the temperature rises they go out to sea in search of free-swimming crustaceans and larval forms of food accord- ing as they are distributed by wind and tide. ‘“‘They pursue this food against the current or tide. They often feed during the night, because at that period great numbers of free-swim- ming larval forms approach the surface. This is one reason why mackerel schools are frequently missed by fishermen, and areas supposed to be deserted may really abound with this fish, which would be discovered REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [30] by sink-net fishing. The currents are constantly changing with the seasons under the influence of temperature and prevailing winds, hence the course of direction and depth of the food is constantly changing also. ‘‘Sometimes it is carried far off from the land, at other times towards it, and the mackerel schools following the food move first in one direc- tion, then in another, and range from close inshore to fifty miles and more seawards, and often, doubtless, at a considerable depth below the surface. ‘¢The general direction of these movements, when plotted on paper, would be a series of irregular cireles or elongated ellipses, the range of each school or group of schools being opposite, and often adjacent to that part of the coast where they spawn. ‘As the fall approaches, owing to the diminution in the supply of their floating food out at sea, they come more inland. “All the free-swimming larval forms of most species of shrimps, crabs, lobsters, sea-urchins, starfish, sea-worms, We., have disappeared in the open sea, after passing (ivouen their final transformation. But near the shore hare are great numbers of other forms of life, which are developed later in the year. Coming inshore to feed on these on the ’ Atlantic cvast, the mackerel are found by American fishermen later and later on their return voyage to the southwest, which gives rise to the impression that they are following the schools, when they are only meeting with fresh schools approaching the shore from their feeding grounds. Similar movements occur on the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton. As winter approaches, beginning at Cape Breton in November, the different schools retire to their winter homes off the coast in deep water later and later from north to south. ‘In the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, where land is, as it were, on all sides, the local schools come from their winter haunts to the banks and beaches of the Magdalens. of Prince Edward Island, in the Bay Chaleur, &e., to spawn about the first week in June. They retire after spawning to deep water, and meet the incoming sand-launce. They follow the sand- launce inshore or on to banks, and for some weeks feed on these fish. When the sand-launce again retires to deep water, the seascn of the small crustaceans has arrived, and these by tidal action, already de- seribed, and winds, are concentrated near tbe coast lines of Prince Ed- ward Island, New Brunswick, the north and south shore of the Estuary and Gulf of Saint Lawrence, and the shores of Cape Breton. On all these coasts the effect of the single and confluent tides, dragging along the coast line and retarded by it, is to produce eddies, where the free- swimming food concentrates. The course of direction of the different schools during the summer is thus dependent upon winds and tides, and their movements would, if correctly plotted, resemble long narrow ellipses adjacent to the coast, which are doubtless many times repeated. “At the approach of winter the different schools seek their winter quarters opposite and near to the places where they spawned in the [31] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISIERY. preceding spring, as is the case of the schools on the Atlantic coasts. In these particulars their movements resemble those of different species of fish which feed and move if great schools in directions outlined by circles or ellipses throughout the period during which they are at the surface.* *It is a fact well known to all experienced mackerel fishermen that during the month of May and the early part of June large bodies of mackerel pass along the shores of Nova Scotia and Cape Breton from west to east, and while many of these fish move through the waters of Chedabucto Bay and the Straits of Canso to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, other schools pass in around the east end of Cape Breton Island, their destination being the same as those fish taking the shorter route. No better evidence of this migratory habit can be given than the fact that at this season of the year the fishermen along the Nova Scotian coast and about the Strait of Canso are busily em- ployed in catching mackerel both in gill-nets and in drag-seines. On some occasions when the season has been exceptionally favorable the amount of mackerel so taken has often been very great. This movement of the mackerel is so regular and so well- defined that the fishermen rarely fuil to tell within a few days, or, perhaps, even a few hours of the time when they will appear on certain portions of the coast. The fall migrations are quite as regular. As the season advances and the temperature of the water decreases, the mackerel, instead of simply changing their position into deeper water near their summer habitat, as has been stated by Professor Hind, move in vast bodies towards the southern part of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, frequently striking in a succession of waves. as it were, on the northern shores of Cape Breton Island, where, deflected from their southern course, they divide into two streams or branches, one passing through the Strait of Canso, and the other out round the north cape of the island, by its eastern and southern sides, and so on up along the south coast of Nova Scotia. The mackerel which are found about the Magdalene Islands during the summer and early autumn apparently move in a nearly direct line towards the northeast end of Cape Breton Island when they begin their fall migration. I have often had occasion to notice, in a practical way, these movements, the knowledge of which is of vital importance to the fishermen and of considerable interest to the nat- uralist. On one occasion in the fall of 1857 an immense body of mackerel was found along the north shore of Cape Breton, and on the Jast day that the fish were seen the schools came near the surface of the water, and I feel safe in saying, from actual ob- servation, that they moved at a rate of no less than three or four miies per hour in the direction of the north cape of the island. On another occasion, a body of mackerel that was found near Amherst Island (one of the Macdalenes) one day, were met with the following morning about 30 miles distant from the first locality, in the direction of the north eape of Cape Breton Island, towards which they were moving at the rate of one or two miles an hour. I have myself seen schoo!s of mackerel off the Nova Scotian coast, in the fall, moving rapidly in a westerly direction, but all efforts to catch them with a hook failed, since they seemed to pay no regard whatever to toll bait. All of my own observations and those of the Nova Scotian fishermen with whom I have been brought in contact, lead me to believe that mackerel will not bite the hook to any extent during their fall migrations along the southern coasts of Nova Scotia. This is all the more remarkable since they seem to take the hook very eagerly up to the last moment ef their stay on their feeding-grounds in the gulf. The spring and fall migrations of the mackerel on our own coast are carried on with equal regu- Jarity and precision. On more than one occasion, in autumn, I have followed these fish day after day in their progress to the south and west along the shores of Maine and Massachusetts. An instanceof this kind occurred in the fall of 1862, when I caught mackerel nearly down to the Fishing Rip on the Nantucket shoals. These fish were moving rapidly southward, and the schools could be kept alongside of the vessel only a short time, and each trial had to be made two or three miles farther south than the drevious one. At another time, in the fall of 1870, the mackerel moved in large schools REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [32] ‘Sars has shown that this form of ovement is taken by the herring on the Norwegian coast.* ‘The mackerel are pursued by cod and hake, and these fish gather where offalis thrown over from vesseis on which the mackerel are cleaned. As a natural consequence the mackerel avoid the sea areas where their enemies are congregated, and fishermen attribute the desertion of the mackerel-ground directly to the throwing of offal overboard. Cod, and probably hake, follow up the scent of offal or food of any description car- ried by currents with remarkable facility, as may be witnessed during the process of jigging for cod in calm and clear waters. On looking over the side of the boat, with a man engaged in jigging at the bow or stern, aS soon as a fish 1s wounded merely by the jigger and blood flows from the wound, the creature may be seen to dart here and there in pain. The neighboring fish of the cod tribe are attracted by the scent and follow the blood ‘ tracks’ against the current, hunting their wounded somrade to the death. A fish coming across the stream of scent, imme- diately follows it up, and it is thus that fish offal or bait thrown over- board in the open sea, or some distance from shore, gathers the fish on the course of the current. In harbors and confined or landlocked bays, where there is no constant strong current to carry off the results of decomposition, and where the sea-scavengers are not sufficiently numer- ous to consume it, the effect cannot fail to be extremely prejudicial to young fry and to fish-spawn.t very rapidly from Ipswich Bay across in the direction of Cape Cod. The schools were at the surface of the water, and it is net an exaggeration to say that their speed was not less than three or four miles an hour. The schools of mackerel spread over many square miles, each body of fish was separated from the others, perhaps many hundrec fathoms, but all seemed to be impelled by the same motive and were moving steadily in the same direction. These fish would bite eagerly at the hook for a few minutes at a time, but so strong was their instinct of migration that it was impossible to detain them longer than a few minutes at a time in their onward movement. J. W. COLLINS. * See chart by Dr. G. O. Sars, in his report for 1874. + Fisheries of British North America, pp. 20, 21. It is difficult to see how the offal of mackerel could injure the spawn of the young fry of this fish since the eggs are known to swim at the surface of the sea, and it is presumable that the mackerel, when first hatched out, also keeps near the surface. Therefore in a depth of ten or twenty fathoms it seeins extremely problematical that the welfare of either the eggs or young fish could be interfered with by the viscera thrown over from the fishing- vessels. Another thing: Jt is well known that the waters of the Bay of Saint Lawrence swarm with smal] and extremely voracious crustacea—‘‘sea-fleas” —which rapidly devour anything of this kind which is thrown into the sea. Indeed, so active are these small scavengers that codfish caught on a trawl are often completely de- voured by them in three or four hours. Again, there can be no doubt but what throw- ing over the oftal from the vessels is really beneficial to the mackerel, which feed upon it. The recent diminution in the abundance of mackerel in the Bay of Saint Lawrence, and the remarkable increase of this fish on our own shores, since the New England fleet has ceased to visit the waters of the Gulf in such numbers as formerly, seems to prove conclusively that the decrease or increase in the abundance of the mackerel is due to other causes than that of throwing over the offal which is taken from those which are caught.—J. W. Collins. i 7 [33] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. “The effect of temperature on the local movements of the mackerel may be recognized in the process employed by fishermen to ‘ raise’ mack- erel by toll-bait, and luring them seawards. The mackerel follow the bait for some distance from shore, where suddenly they cease to bite and disappear. They probably find long exposure to the warm temperature of the surface waters unsuited to their habits, and sink to a cooler zone. “ Hence the reason why a‘ mackerel breeze,’ mixing the heated surface water with the cooler understratum, is favor ante to prolonged mackerel fishing with bait. The mixing produced by agitation cools the surface and permits the fish to feed for a lengthened period.”* ‘The mackerel, like the herring and the cod, seeks cold water for its spawning grounds wherever the Labrador current exercises its influence. Between Block Island and ,Noman’s Land, where the spawning grounds on the United States coast south of Cape Cod are alleged to exist, a thin wedge of the Labrador current stretches far into Long Island Sound.”} “In Massachusetts Bay, where a mackerel spawning ground also exists,’as also in the vicinity of Stellwagen Banks; the temperature when observed by Dr. Packard in September ranged from 414 to 45 degrees, and the fauna resembled the cold-water species on each side of Jeffrey’s Ledge. On George’s Shoals the marine life is said by Verrill to be the same as that found in the deeper muddy parts of the Gulf of Saint Law- rence, and indicates a temperature not above 40 degrees, and probably considerably lower. Bradelle Bank, according to Mr. Whiteaves, pre- sents the phenomenon of a small stony patch, tenanted by an assemblage of marine animals which usually inhabit very cold water, and are almost entirely surrounded by another series, which are for the most part prev- alent where the bottom is warmer and more affected by surface condi- tions of temperature.t ‘¢ Wherever the areas are situated where young mackerel are found in the summer, we find near at hand a cold-water zone, either existing as a part of the Labrador current at the surface, or brought up from greater depths by banks and shoals. On the coast of Prince Edward island, and in the gulf generally, the cold water lies frequently near the shore, because the diurnal tides mix the strata warmed during the day- time with the cold underlying strata. In the estuary of the Saint Law- rence Dr. Kelly found the surface temperature 57 degrees Fah. on the “It is often the case that a school of mackerel may be kept alongside of the vessel for many hours at a time, even during the hottest days of summer, though generally at such times they will not bite very much. For this reason, therefore, the fishermen do not usually endeavor to keep the fish alongside of their vessels, but prefer instead. to change their position and try to secure a new school of mackerel. This action on the part of the fishermen, just referred to, may have led to the belief that their move- ments were caused by the disappearance of the fish from the vessels’ side instead of on account of the disinclination of the mackerel to take the hook.—J. W. Collins. +Hind, Fisheries of British North America. tProfessor Verrill, page 485, Report of the United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, 1871-72. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [34] 9th July, but three feet below the surface it was 44 degrees, having in that short vertical space sunk 13 degrees; at 24 feet it was 40 degrees, or 17 degrees beiow the surface temperature. . “The coastal waters of Massachusetts rapidly acquire an elevated temperature in June, when the waters of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence are often still ice-cold. In April, May, and June the cod and haddock resort in large numbers to the banks and reefs off Stonington, Watch Hill, No Man’s Land, ana other similar places, but are quite unknown there later in the summer. “ Local winds and tidal currents bring the waters of the Gulf Stream on to this coast and displace the cold waters, even at the distance of twenty or thirty miles from the shore im summer.* “In the Gulf of Saint Lawrence the temperature of the surface in summer rarely reaches, as far as observed, the temperature, of the bot- tom of the sea off No Man’s Land, or 594 to 614 degrees in 11 and 18 fathoms respectively.7 ““Dr. Kelley records the following surface temperature in various parts. of the gulf, and generally within view of the land: _ a ; wis emperature: Date. Position. Gpianntaines } ° une Gass 2n| Of Pomt deuMonts sess sccm see ae sere secede aeeetcsiie saerteiets 43: iy GQ UGRIL joaeoec DO ween eae chen tee elesie ae ibe yee oe cis ace sem Lenina a Sere epee ie eine eee teters 57 ANDES, ID, MEET |) Chit AGTTOO HE oo o50 cose cbeoue senues aoaseo es osoHHKoDsc come ooncdecaseoone 54 Sepia 216327 ein cambiar bows en cesek eee ae eee ea nto etelepere orate eee See 53 June 28,1832 | Kstuary of Saint Lawrence. .-- . 48 Aug. 14,1832 | Off Kegashka ..-...........- 53 Aug. 15, 1832 | In Kegashka Harbor..-....-. 48 Ano aS 832) beee a ORAS a Bee Ss Sa E eet 4 38 Aug. 28, 1832 |...... GRR URN NOR ROUINEND Fos Anke CLR RM RIE 3 EERE SIE se! 55 Aug. 30, 1832 |..---- GO sea eae Pe eee heel Sam saiiee oo ciectae see cetisici ase eier le eeceienineseeeeae 52 ANOS Bi WE BYA Orie I Shayne 2 OAs co donor aasececbucoresecussassouedeneskeccgosaocasscacasass ol Sepia i lss2 tl Min gcantHarboree assent cm see ceeerceecoatisesse nee ce sae aato seis ates ne 39 Oct) 10e1883)| Near Cape Gasper erase cece emcees cele aot sar eae stole erate an enraeroeyal teenage 41 OCE 1051832 Ot CanelGas pre n ve see see eta rere eee eee eels alnterao evoleiteteia craters 43: Oct e183 Near Mount Wiouisls-< ds sschene sere -ceeaica cece acconeesisces act eeeer 41 Ocks AT Sa Nim sleshothe se ee te etae carers om clacton eee ST SE is Oe ce ea ae AT Oct 12418319 | sBaylotisevenplsland sec sem esses eerie eeeie einai eel tense 46 Oct. 13, 1831: |------ LO ee ene eee a ne Cage ID RPMs a am NE IIS CS 42 Oct. 14,1831 |..._-- AV eee oe eae Bee eae Dee ONE UN 17 SOULE Ves nome NE lear St 39 ‘Tn the harbors of the gulf coast, and even at a considerable distance off the land, the temperature of the surface is greatly affected by winds. A warm dry wind off the land diminishes the temperature of the sur- face by evaporation. “Tidal currents have a powerful effect on the temperature of the sur- face over shoals near the shore, by bringing the cold water to the sur- face. On the 27th June, 1832, Dr. Kelley observed the temperature of the surface water over a shoal ledge which runs out a considerable dis- tance from Mingan Harbor to be only 33 degrees; on the previous day the water in the estuary of the Saint Lawrence being 47 or 48 degrees. *Professor Verrill, page 485, Report of the United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, 1871-772. +Verrill, op. cit., page 484. [35] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. ‘(In these differences of surface temperatures, and the causes which give rise to them, we discover the reason why the mackerel retire, as the summer advances, from the warm coastal waters of the United States out to sea, where they find a stratum of water of the requisite temperature for their free-swimming food.* In the Gulf of Saint Law- rence this requisite temperature is best attained where cold substratum waters are mixed with warmer coastal waters by the tidal waves, the food being atthe same time brought inshore by these currents as already described. Here it lingers, partly on account of a suitable temperature being attained, and partly because the efflux and reflux of the tides oc- casion a constant circular or elliptical movement of the water. Hence, while the off-shore waters on the coast of the United States alone pos- sess the requisite degree of coolness in summer for the mackerel food, the inshore waters of the gulf acquire the degree of warmth best suited to the habits of these free-swimming creatures, which continues until late in the fall. The question of inshoxe and off-shore mackerel fishing grounds thus becomes, in a great measure, reduced to the different con- ditions of marine climate which prevail where the Labrador current is the controlling agent, or where the Gulf Stream asserts its power and influence during the summer season.” t 9.—HIND ON THE CAUSES OF THE ALLEGED ANNUAL VARIATIONS IN THE NUMBER OF MACKEREL OBSERVED. ‘‘Tt is well known that the spawn of the herring is deposited at the bottom; and owing to the giutinous secretion binding the eggs, one to the other, it adheres firmly to everything which may happen to touch it; and masses of eggs are found to be tightly glued together. But it has been conclusively established by Professor Sars that the mackerel spawn, like that of the cod, floats; and the spawn is developed at the surface of the sea, being drifted to and fro by currents and winds, and, wholly unlike the spawn of the herring, sculpin, smelt, caplin, &c., is at the mercy of the ever-varying currents of the ocean. “The taking of mackerel on banks and shoals, dropping their spawn, must be accepted that the fish are ready to spawn at the place where they are then caught. The transparent floating spawn being very diffi- cult to recognize and indeed rarely to be seen, except looked for and caught in tow-nets at the surface of the water. * Mackerel are frequently abundant close in to the shores of New England in mid- summer. As a matter of fact large catches of mackerel] have been occasionally made in Penobscot Bay, tifteen miles or more inside of the outer headlands and islands. Bluehill Bay, also in Maine, is a famous resort for small and medium-sized mackerel in summer. It is also well known that the immediate vicinity of Monhegan Island is one of the best mackerel grounds on the New England coast during the months of July and August.—J. W. Collins. } Fisheries of British North America, pp. 42, 43. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [36] “But mackerel fry are found near the land, in detached sea areas, all the way from the shores of Massachusetts to the shores of northeast Nev foundland. ‘SWhile the cod spawn on the North American coast during every month of the year wherever the temperature of the water is sufficiently low and ice does not interfere, and the herring spawn in like manner ’ during spring and fall, when the bottom waters have acquired a certain temperature, the mackerel spawns, as a general rule, in the spring of the year, and large schools appear to be established where the Arctic current exercises its influence either as a distinct surface current, or where it is brought to the surface by banks or shoals, and thus secures the requisite coldness in the waters for the floating spawn. “The floating spawn may be drifted by winds or tides many miles from the place where it is shed; and the birthplace of the fish will be that portion of the sea area where the young fry first issue from the egg, but not the spawning ground of the mother fish. In ordinary seasons the swing of the tides, apart from local currents, brings back twice every day the drifting. surface matter, whatever it may be, near to the place from which it set out; but winds may greatly alter the course and distance to which floating ova would be drifted. Hence, except in the case of secluded bays like the Bay of Chaleurs, Pleasant Bay or Massachusetts Bay, the geographical position of mackerel fry is in a great measure dependent upon the winds which may have pre- vailed. A storm near the end of May or early in June on the coasts of the United States may drive floating spawn far out to sea, even into the heated waters of the Gulf Stream; and it has yet to be shown that mackerel spawn could survive the sudden and extreme change of tem- perature this would involve; or a continuance of southerly winds may drive the spawn on to the shore and destroy it. This occurs frequently with the spawn of those fish which are deposited near.the shore, as in the case of the capelin and herring. The small size of the mackerel spawn would cause it to be unobserved, and it would be more dis- tributed than the spawn of the herring and the capelin. The United ‘States Signal Service charts show the course of storms and winds dur- ung the spawning season, which would produce these results. “The relation of cod spawn to rain has been referred to elsewhere (Part I, page xii). Reasoning from analogy, which in so many in- stances must be for the present our only guide, the effect of rain or of a rainy month on mackerel spawn would be equally prejudicial, by caus- ing it to sink below the surface and be removed from those conditions of light and oxygen which are essential to the development of the em- bryo. ‘On the other hand, the spawn might be driven in an easterly direc- tion, or in a westerly direction, and be hatched some miles off the coast in great abundance. These new schools might attain great magnitude in three or four years, being unobserved, and might so remain for sey- [37] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. eral years, pursuing their circular feeding movements until noticed by the fishermen. The same contingencies occur in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, and similar distribution arising from winds or tides drifting the spawn far from the spot where it was shed, often lead. to the estab- lishment of new schools of fish in different localities. “This feature in the natural history of the mackerel has already been noticed with regard to the Bay of Fundy schools. “The occurrence of mackerel in great abundance on the northeast coast of Newfoundland, and their subsequent disappearance, may be ex- plained in a similar manner, and may be attributed to unfavorable meteorological: conditions, which would drive the floating spawn on shore, or far out to sea. There are, however, other probable reasons for the observed annual variations in the schools, which will now be noticed. ‘‘In the foregoing paragraphs it is assumed that the fluctuations in the numbers of mackerel observed by fishermen correctly interpret a phenomenon which appears to be generally recognized. “But while it is right to receive the statement that very large fluct- uations in the numbers seen usually occur, it is wrong to infer that, be- cause the schools are not visible, proof is afforded that they do not exist. There are strong reasons for believing that during many seasons the schools escape the notice of fishermen on account of their finding their food in a lower and colder stratum of water, and more rarely com- ing to the surface than during other seasons. It will now be shown how a cold stratum is produced, and that, as a necessary result of the mode of its formation, it varies each year and during every month of the year in vertical position and thickness, and that it is constantly brought to or near the surface on banks and shoals within certain geo- graphical limits. . These variations in depth of suitable feeding zones throw light upon the alleged inconsistency of the appearance of the mackerel, and its selection of coastal waters in some sea-areas and off-shore waters in other areas, and variations in both during different seasons.” * 10.—ORSERVATIONS OF AMERICAN FISHERMEN ON THE MOVEMENTS OF THE MACKEREL SCHOOLS. Since it is not practicable in this place to present a full account of the movements of the mackerel schools along the coast, it may be interest- ing to present the observations of a few reliable observers at different localities. Captain King Harding, of Swampscott, gave me a very full account of the movements of the mackerel in Massachusetts Bay. About the 20th of May the schools begin to draw around Cape Cod into the bay; the earliest date, in the memory of Captain Harding, is *Hind, Fisheries of British North America, pp. 22, 23. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [38] the 11th of May. The schools ounhns swimming at the surface until about the middle of June, when they sink down into deep water. Now none can be taken in the seines. When they disappear they are full of spawn; when they again appear, in twelve or fifteen days, they are spawned. When any are accidentally hooked up or tolled up during the slack season they are sometimes seen to have partially spawned. When they come to the surface they form in schools and move to the eastward. These remarks apply to the large fish. Small fish may be schooling at the surface all the time. A pound mackerel in the spring is apt to have spawn in it. “ When jigging was the ordinary method of catching macker al, ” writes Captain Collins, ‘‘many thousands of barrels were taken each year dur- ing or just previous to the spawning season, when the ova was well de- veloped. It was not an uncommon occurrence for vessels to secure fares in the Bay of Saint Lawrence before the spawning season was over.” Capt. N. E. Atwood, of Provincetown, Mass., gives the following ac-_ count of the migrations and movements of mackerel: “The mackerel comes to us from the south. As they are with spawn nearly mature when they arrive in our bay they probably come into the South Channél, passing east of Nantucket, then along the eastern shore of Cape Cod, then around the cape and on until they reach their spawn- ing ground in from 15 to 5 fathoms of water, in the southern part of Massachusetts Bay, where they deposit, as I have answered in another reply.” “Mackerel leave the coast in the same manner as they came in in the spring. The mackerel is a migratory species, coming on our coast in the spring, and when the water becomes cold leaving the inshore ground and going to their winter quarters. We have no way of know- ing where they are when away, but can only say they are at their winter home. The first that arrive are the largest; others come in later, but are smaller or rather a mixture of large and small fish. ‘There are no equal intervals between the arrival of the different schools. When the fish leave our shores they go gradually, and they are several weeks passing away from our coast. The mackerel never fails to come, but often varies in abundance in different years. This may be due to the fact that the bait has taken a different course. The first run of mack- erel is made up almost entirely of male fish, but the spawn of the fez females that accompany them is always very nearly matured when they reach our coast. ‘I have to-day (July 1, 1877) examined a quantity of mackerel brought in by a vessel, caught in another locality, and find they are about three-quarters males. Neither sex will take the hook when they first come in; they seem to have no inclination to bite until they have deposited their spawn; they then commence to feed, and in time become fat. The large spawning mackerel, after they have de- posited, pass on to the north. We do not see much of them until they return late in the autumn. When they pass by here going off the coast {39] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. they do not take the hook, so we catch them in gill-nets. The second run of mackerel that comes in the early part of the season, which Dr. Mitchell, in his ‘Fishes of New York,’ calls Scomber grex, is the kind that takes the hook; they are, no doubt, the younger class of fish. This fish (mackerel) on its arrival swims low in the day-time; in the night it comes near the top of the water and is caught in gill-nets. We would not know they had arrived if no nets were set. The ebb and flow of the tide does not affect them. I have never seen spawn run from this fish when taken with the hook; when spawning they do not bite in this locality. In fishing with gill-nets we see no spawn floating in the water. There are nopounds here. The mackerel does not run up from the sea into fresh water. We find no small young fish with the larger mackerel when they are spawning. Mackerel are liable to go anywhere when they are following the bait.” In his testimony before the Halifax Commission the same eminent authority stated: “The mackerel, like some other species of fish I could name, come in poor: and destitute of fat. being only number threes according to the Massachusetts inspection law; and when they reach Provincetown, those that have come in from the south have, I think, spawned at places at which. they have found about the right depth of water for the pur- pose. I have never fished south of Cape Cod, and hence could not vouch for that; but the fish that come in east of Nantucket and South Channel do not fall in with land or a shoal channel until they strike back of Cape Cod, and, winding round, come into the southern part of - Massachusetts Bay. In that locality I have fished with gill-nets for a great many seasons, at the time of their arrival, and they only last till the bluefish make their appearance. We have six or seven weeks of mackerel fishing, and generally do something considerable at it; but after the bluefish come in the mackerel leave, as that drives them all off and ruins our fishery. ‘‘Question. When are mackerel in the finest condition off the coast of the United States, say from Cape Cod down?—Answer. I should say, _ taking one year with another—years differ a little—say from the middle of September to the middle of October, I could get as nice mackerel as could be procured at any time during the year, and then good mackerel, some years, can be obtained as early as the middle of August. “@. Is it your opinion that some of the schools of mackerel found on the coast of the United States remain there during the entire season, or do they all go north of the coast of Maine?—A. I think that the mackerel which come south of us, and then strike into Cape Cod and Massachusetts Bay, and north of that, and some of them farther east- ward, come in from the deep water, where they have wintered, and strike on and back of George’s Bank. This is my opinion. I consider that they come from their winter quarters all along the coast, from away down as far as Chincoteague Shoals to Newfoundland. I have no idea ¢ REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [40] that the mackerel which are on our coast in the region of Cape Cod and south of that, or anywhere near that, ever come down the coast here and pass Halifax. Ihave never thought that they did so; but then I cannot bring evidence to prove that they did. I never saw mackerel between Cape Sable and Cape Canso, though I have seen some at Louis- burg, on the south shore of Cape Breton Island, when I was there once. I never saw these mackerel, but I fully believe that mackerel do come in the spring northward by Halifax, and again pass this way in the fall. But then I think that after the mackerel which pass Halifax get to Cape Sable they pass off the coast. “@. I wish you to state how late in the season you have successfully fished at the Magdalen Islands?—A. I could not remember the date ex- actly; but I should think that we never staid at these islands later than about the first of October, though it may have been the 10th of that month; but that is about the latest period. ; “Q. Have you found mackerel good in quantity at the Magdalens as. late as the first of October?—A. I think that is the case. I believe that it was October before we left these islands the first year 1 was there; and we caught mackerel just before we left them.” Mr. A. B. Rich, of Provincetown, Mass., makes the following remarks concerning the migrations and movements of mackerel: ‘Mackerel come along the coast from the south. When the water be- comes cold they strike off into the depths. It is quite likely that they spend the winter at the south, at points where the water is about as. cold as along the Massachusetts coast in the summer time. They are first seen in June, and steadily increase until September, when the main body makes its appearance. The first run is the smallest. Their ap- pearance is regular and certain. Im November these fish begin to leave, and withdraw by degrees. Both sexes come together and the spawn of the female seems to be mature when they first appear. Very few mack- erel will take the hook at first, but do so after the spawning season 1s: over. Their arrival is known by their capture only, for they swim low. Very little spawn runs out of the mackerel caught with a hook, but large quantities out of those captured in nets. Mackerel are not anad- romous. No small fish are seen on the breeding grounds. Maekerel seem to like deep water where the temperature is about 48° or 50°. About 20 fathoms is their usual depth.” Mr. Noah Mayo, of Boston, Mass., makes the following statements. concerning the movements of mackerel: ‘‘Mackerel come on this coast from the south, making their first ap- pearance off Cape Hatteras and along the coast to Long Island. So along the Massachusetts and Maine coasts as it grows later, going into the Bay of Fundy and into the Bay ef Chaleur and Gulf of Saint Law- rence. All mackerel found in the Bay of Cialeur come from the A mer- ican waters. Most of them pass between George’s Bank and Cape Cod. on their journey from the south to their summer resort. They leave by [41] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. the same route they came. Mackerel spend their winters either in the Gulf Stream or south of it, none being seen or caught after they leave the coast of Massachusetts. Mackerel are first seen off Cape Hatteras and along by Cape May usually about the last of April. As a rule the head of the shoals are large and the smaller come right after. From Aprilto July they continue to come at different times. They commence leaving about the Ist of November, and continue going in the same man- ner they had come, some earlier, some later, until into December, then they disappear. When they return in the spring they are very poor. Mackerel appear on the coast regular and certain; they never fail. In some years they aremore abundantthan in others. Ifthe bait upon which they feed comes on the coast then they follow, and in proportion as the live bait is found so is the abundance of the mackerel. The sexes come together, and they spawn in about two to four weeks after they arrive. Mackerel take the hook at first as well as at any time, and both sexes are alike in this respect. Mackerel sometimes swim at the top of the water, but sometimes they cannot be seen. Birds are often attracted by them. The spawn often runs from these fish when taken by hooks,, and it is frequently seen floating in the seines. Mackerel are not anad- romous. Fish of all ages are found together on the breeding grounds. Mackerel are found in all sorts of water, deep and shallow, but they seem to prefer shallow water around the shore and on the off-shore shoals.. They like warm water better than cold.” Mr. Josiah Snow, of Boston, Mass., makes the following report on the movements and migrations of mackerel: “Mackerel come on this coast from the south, first appearing off Cape Hatteras and then off Long Island Sound, so continuing along the coast. - After passing Cape Cod they become fatter as the season advances. They pass along the coast of Maine into the Bay of Fundy, to the Bay of Chaleur and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. I do not think all the mackerel found in the Bay of Chaleur follow the American coast; part of them appear to come direct from the south, striking into Chaleur through the Gut of Canso. Mackerel leave the coast in about the same manner as they come, some passing off southeasterly, some following the coast closely and going around Cape Cod. At this time, the season being so far advanced, with bad weather, vessels do not follow them. Though there are many conjectures on this point, it is my opinion that they (mackerel) spend their winter in the Gulf Stream, or at the south of it. It is certain that when they leave this coast in the fall they are fat, and are very poor when they return in the spring. They generally spawn on our coast. Mackerel are first seen in quantity about May 1, and during May and June appear to be constantly coming. Per- haps a few arrived in April. As a rule the first to come are the larger ones, and the smaller soon after. They commence leaving the shore about November 1, and continue going through part of December. They always appear on this coast in summer. I think more come some REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [42] years than others, because more live bait upon which they feed is found on the coast some seasons. Runs differ, some being nearly all large, and some nearly all small. 1 know of no difference in the coming of sexes; they usually spawn in about two to four weeks after they arrive. I know of no difference in the sex in taking hook; as a general thing they take the hook freely when they first come. Mackerel swim both high andlow. They are seen in large ‘shoals,’ or ‘schools,’ as sometimes called, and at other times they remain under water so they cannot be seen without throwing bait to attract them. The fishermen on this coast now need to see the fish on the surface because they use seines altogether. Spawn does not run out of mackerel caught by hook, nor is it seen in quantity floating in the nets. ‘These fish never go into fresh water. Young and old come on the coast together. Mackerel prefer shallow water and shoals. The water must be quite warm to suit them.” Capt. David N. Mehlman, of Gloucester, Mass., gives the following account of the movements of mackerel : “Mackerel come from the southern coast and pass through the Southern Channel between George’s Bank and Cape Cod. They travel eastward, and return by the same route toward the south. It is prob- able that mackerel spend the winter on the coast of Florida and in the Gulf of Mexico. They are seen about Gloucester first in spring in May, and their numbers continue to increase until the Ist of July. Those fish that come first are the largest of all in size. There is no regular interval between the appearance of different schools. About November they begin to leave this coast, and their departure 1s very gradual. The appearance cf mackerel is rather uncertain. Some years they are- very abundant, while in others they are quite scarce. This may be in part due to the course they take in coming in, making their scarcity a matter of appearance and not a reality, and partly also to the change of the feeding-ground. Some runs are composed of all large fish, and some of all small ones. Both sexes come together, and it is quite cer- tain that the spawn of the female is already matured when they first arrive on these shores. When the mackerel first come they are quite ancertain about taking the hook. However, after a short time both sexes take it readily. The mackerel schools swim high, and make their arrival known by their appearance at the surface. They always make a ripple, and not unfrequently attract birds. The spawn never runs out of these fish, whether caught by hook or in nets. Fish of all ages are found on the breeding-ground. Mackerel remain in places.where the water may be very shallow or as much as 100 fathoms deep. They seem to prefer rather warm water.” Mr. Moses Pettingell, of Newburyport, Mass., presents the following report on the movements of the mackerel: ‘‘ In coming in to the shore the mackerel take a northwesterly course from the Gulf Stream off Cape Hatteras. The first are taken. on the [43] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. edge of the Gulf Stream in April. They usually depart by the same route. The fish of the first school are seen in April, and are larger than those of the main body which arrives in June. The schools, which are many, are separated by intervals of nearly a hundred miles. The ap- pearance of mackerel is uncertain in point of time, but they never en- tirely fail. Mackerel will not take the hook at all times. They will scarcely take it at all for ten days or more after they first arrive. They usually swim near the surface, and attract birds, and make a ripple. In the spring months the spawn runs out of the fish caught with the hook, but the eggs are never seen floating in the nets. The mackerel is not an anadromous fish; they seem to prefer shallow water and a sandy bottom.” ' Mr. EH. J. Nealley, of Bath, Me., states that ‘‘mackerel appear to fol- low the coast northerly in the spring, and to return by the same route. Mackerel are found on the coast of Maine, for the first time in the sea- son at any date from the 15th to the 20th of May, and seem to increase gradually in number until midsummer. ‘The first school is of large size. Different schools leave at different times, but the main body appears to depart early in October. Their appearance is regular and certain. They all take the hook most readily after the spawning season is over. They swim low at their first arrival, but afterward very frequently swim at the surface. The spawn is often seen-floating in the nets in considerable quantity. Mackerel are not anadromous. ‘These fish seem to prefer a sandy or gravelly bottom in from 6 to 12 fathoms of water.” Mr. Benjamin F. Hinckley, of Georgetown, Me., states that ‘“mack- erel come along the coast from the south and go toward the east; they return by the same route. They spend the winter at the edge of the Gulf Stream. The first fish are seen about the middle of May, and the main body arrives about the middle of July. The first schools are lar- gest in size. The fish continue to come in at intervals, and also leave at different times. Theirappearanceis certain. The female fish come first and appear to be readytospawn. Neither sex will take the hook on first arriving, and this state of things continues for about a month after their arrival. The first schools swim low, but the later ones swim high and attract much attention. The tide has nothing to do with their move- ments. The spawn is often seen floating in the nets in large quantity. Mackerel are not anadromous. Young fish are not found among the spawning ones. After the spawning season is over the fish seem to have no preference in regard to depth of water.” Mr. George B. Kenniston, of Boothbay, Me., makes the following statements in regard to the movements of the mackerel: “They come along the coast from the west, part remaining while others continue toward the east. They depart toward the west. About June 10 the first are seen, and after this some are always to be found until their departure altogether. There are no regular intervals of REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [44] scarcity and abundance. They leave the shores about October ist to the 10th, quite gradually. Their appearance is regular and certain. The small ones appear first, but they continue to improve during their stay. Their arrival is known by their capture and the ripple on the water. Mackerel are not anadromous. ‘Their favorite resorts are about rocks in shallow water.” Mr. U.S. Treat, of Hastport, Me., makes the following report in re- gard to the movements of mackerel: ‘¢ Mackerel come in from the west. Their presence is known by the ripple they make at or near the surface. They pass out toward the west, touching at the bays and harbors. They are last seen in the Gulf of Mexico late in the season. They first appear in April or May, and the main body arrives in August and September. The largest and fat- test are taken in September and October. Several schools or ‘runs’ come in at short intervals. They leave in October and November im a body. Their appearance is regular, although they sometimes fail to go as far north as at other times. Want of food is supposed to be the cause of this thing. The first runs are of the average size, and are poor; the later runs are of good size, and are fat. Both sexes come at the same time, and the spawn in the female is well matured. Neither will take the hook readily on first arriving. They swim high, but rarely attract birds. They leawe the shores at ebb tide and return at flood tide. The spawn often runs out of the female when taken with the hook or caught ina net. The spawn is often seen floating in seines and weirs. The mackerel is not anadromous. Fish of all ages are found on the breeding grounds. These fish are found in both deep and shoal water, and on very different bottoms. The general average temperature of bays and the ocean seems to suit this fish quite well.” Prof. H. Y. Hind thus discusses their movements in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence : ‘The mackerel regularly appear at the Magdalen Islands in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence about one month after the first arrival of the herring. The time as far as observed during 1861 to 1866 inclusive, 187i and 1873 to 1876 inclusive, varied from the 30th May to the 12th June. “he following table shows the dates of the first appearance of the herring and the mackerel at Pleasant Bay during the years named. The authorities are to be found in the ofticial reports of officers engaged in the protection of the fisheries, in Captain Fortin’s reports, and in _ other published documents relating to the Canadian fisheries in the annual sessional papers. “In Captain Fortin’s report for 1853, herring are stated to have arrived about the Ist of May of that year, and the mackerel fishing to have been nearly finished on the 7th of June. [45] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. Zable showing the period and the yearly differences in number of days between the first ap- pearance of the herring and the mackerel at the Magdalen Islands, from 1857 to 1876. Do red, nD Vion First appearance of First appearance of 8 e ot the herring. the mackerel. a Q Lan LGR oe ae cie | WERT So se52toosamesse WOME e ee oso ese a! 23 i Rs} Be acee ee dot A eesebogddencecl Meeeeoe sae session zacrae «|e LS6GRenee ee Bayes al PAs eae eee Wee ds 22S a ae ee 32 Use pcos MIB oSopnced enseeia [oceanedorguas+ ona es>soalsaacae Pee ese Mays beset isle iee nite Cfo eysyc: Sense as ie eel se 32 TEES Be ae Se IE (ee ceeeneeeses SIT er Pa SORE eaoise 25 1864 Misys eee eee sects JUNC ase s satar 35 4865........ TAtp cil Teena et oe Mia y SOMME Can 32 PSE 2 <5 Apron ee tree Mary 20 tenses 33 1867-02225. ay Bae fee Se cep scaa soe Ubi sy PAM Queso en Tee se 26 PRES Se Bee ital secre eee oes sessed keweesics dss nec ge sea hecllaraae 1869 Ps. 52) dee mene ese an a saab ales Bot Quay ah ISTE T8710). . 3325 PASP EUS) Seems cet eae ees cetcin oi Sse eran atone ee ee ere Vil seoee see WED Gian nemanesespOneE WERT BIE CB ecSoeeiSecone 23 VEY PAR aeace WEA Boccosssoecscenaen dNS A) noes stososaodlssosse Mackerel three weeks later than usual—mnuch ice, ASUS Shee ADT ee eases. eee SUNG MEM 2 2 ce ee cise 3 SANG Geeatama BY) Ze see ee ecsas UNO NT eae yee ease 35 1875 .....--. NER Oe occ ccs gase comet June 8 32 EUacacesae WUE Ey Ae eh scteboseaane June G22. 2 Reese e secs 31 “(On the 3ist May I went inside Amherst Harbor and boarded twelve vessels engaged in mackerel fishing.”—(Report of Capt. L.H. LaChance, commanding the marine police schooner Stella Maria. December, 1871. Sessional papers 1872, page 158.) The mackerel must have been in the vicinity of the Magdalens during the last week in May, in 1871, and fishermen were then taking mackerel simultaneously far south and far north, or in Martha’s Vineyard, south of Cape Cod, in latitude 41° 20’,and Amherst Harbor, Magdalen Islands, in latitude 47° 20’, or six degrees of latitude apart. ““It will be seen from the table that generally when the herring were early the mackerel were also early, and when the herring appeared late the mackerel also were late. ‘In 1872 the herring came in on the 3d of May, but owing to the prevalence of ice the mackerel were three weeks later than usual in- shore. With this exception the greatest difference between the re- corded times of the appearance of these fish inshore was thirty-one days, or about one month. ‘In all instances the large mackerel are generally full of spawn when they are first seen in the spring, and the young fry are observed a few weeks later in many parts of the gulf. “Tt will be observed that in the year 1871 the mackerel were first taken at the Magdalen Islands on the 31st of May, and in 1872 they -were three weeks behind their usual time. A similar difference in point of time in the first appearance of this fish on the coast of Massachusetts occurred during those years. On that coast the following differences are recorded: REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [46] WAQUOIT, MASSACHUSETTS.* SS Fa ee ko TG a ra Sas aie Naa an ae ne SP vg AN os April 25 DUC) Saath Meee A eA UI Cd MENG ath cata taal. Gad ah Bauru May 10 erence in time—15 days. MAGDALEN ISLANDS. a Ko (Rea nna eeoy il ct oat an Lipa PUR MRA Le ET A Vil ie ae AEM aE May 31 ] tho 4a eR Meyer IG CMe Me re ay Re pene Si Sage ey at a en Se iy June 20 Difference in time—21 days. ‘¢ At the Waquoit weir the earliest mackerel would probably be taken in 1871. At Amherst Harbor the mackerel vessels were actually engaged in fishing (see L. H. LaChance—Report of the marine police schooner Stella Maria, 1871), so that the fish must have been present in small numbers perhaps some days before the fishing began, and we may con- clude that the difference in time between the arrival of the schools at the two places in 1871 and 1872 was very nearly the same, and due solely to local variation in marine climate. ‘“‘ According to resident Newfoundland fishermen, young mackerel have been seen in great numbers in the Bay of Notre Dame during the months of September and October, about three inches in length. ‘‘They appear on the coasts there generally about the 20th July, and during the period when mackerel were common on the northeast coast, Green Bay, at the extremity of the Bay of Notre Dame, was a noted place for swarms of mackerel fry.” To this may be added the following statement from the report for 1871 of the captain of the Canadian police schooner Water Lily: ‘These fish, as a general rule, are to be found close inshore during the month of June and part of July; they then go off into deep water, their favorite resorts being on the Orphan and Bradley Banks, and from Point Miscou to North Cape, Prince Edward Island. There are some always to be found inshore, but the best fish are in deep water. From the middle of August till the end of September they are to be found more off the Prince Edward Island; that is to say, from North Cape to East Point, and in the bay formed ty Cape George and Cape Jack, on the Nova Scotia shore. In October, at which time the mackerel are at their prime, they again strike inshore and are to be found in great num- bers on the Cape Breton coast from Chetican to the Judique Shoals, but their position depends a great deal on the weather in the fall of the year, as heavy gales of wind drive them off into deep waters.” In this connection I cannot refrain from quoting also an extract from a statement made to the United States House of Representatives by Hon. Caleb Cushing, in 1836, which teaches us that the habits of the mackerel were very well understood nearly half a century ago, and were © much the same as at the present day: * Renan of U. S. Commissioner a Fish andl iphones. 1871-72. [47] » HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. “The season for the first appearance of mackerel on those parts of our coasts where they are usually taken is from the 20th April to the 1st of May, according as the season is more or less forward ; at which time they strike on the shore soundings off the capes of the Chesapeake and Delaware. Between the latter place and Egg Harbors they are usually plentiful for 15 or 20 days within a few leagues of the land, and mack- erel vessels, which are on the ground seasonably, meet in general with good success, if the weather prove to be favorable; after which the mackerel move to the northeast, scattering over a large space of ground, from near the shore to the soundings inside the Guif Stream, and ex- tending down the coast off Long Island and Block Island to Nantucket, which they reach earlyin June. Sometimes they collect more in bodies off Long or Block Islands, and are plentiful for a few days, after which they proceed north through the South Channel and between the Vine- yard Islands into Massachusetts Bay. They reach that bay from the 20th of June to the 1st of July and continue there until late in November. * * * * * * *& ‘‘Tt occasionally happens that late in the year fishermen will reap a rich harvest, when the whole previous season had been comparatively unproductive. Thus it was in the autumn of 1831, in October of that year, the mackerel struck in very near to Cape Ann. Large fleets of vessels collected in such close order as to be continually coming in con- tact. The sea being smooth, and great quantities of the bait thrown out, the fish gathered in vast numbers, and some vessels took nearly one hundred barrels in a single day. At the same time they were very abundant off Cape Cod and on Jeftfrie’s Ledge; and it was computed more than 70,000 barrels were taken in a single week.” TABLE SHOWING COASTWISE MOVEMENTS OF THE MACKEREL. The following table, compiled in 1877, chiefly from the records of the United States Fish Commission, may be of interest, since it shows in a general way the dates of appearance, greatest abundance, disappear- ance, and spawning at several points along the coast. MACKEREL. Dates of appearance, greatest abundance, departure, and spawning, principally from records of the United States Fish Commission. Greatest Locality. Appearance. aiaidances Departure. Spawning. Cape Hatteras ....... yap Ly ae (ge ee eee hah eh Capes of Delaware...| May1..-.....-. May 8-12 .....).............-.. parucent puralishri(iay lneesesesoccdedac May 15-30 ....]......--.......- ook. Easthampton, N.Y ..| April ......--. J aly, Novem- | Autumn ...... In bays in spring. 30 Providence, R.I..... May to Sep- | June.......... September 15, | June, on soundings. tember. ovember. INaushonese seen ENT yj 2 Sem ie setae See ti CR ey ara Spawn runs abundantly, May 2. Wood’s Holl, Mass...) May 9.......-.|.-.--------.---- October. ..-.-- Spawn runsabundantly, May 10, a Wagquoit, 1871........ pril19_...... Maw 1G oss pcs oe aeeeien ae REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [48] MACKEREL.— Dates of appearance, greatest abundance, departure, §c.—Continued. * At Gloucester, May 13, 1881. } Barrington, N.S., May 14, 1881. Locality. Appearance. are eeY Departure. Spawning. WNantucket...----.-.- Mays a2 bie i Oe ee eee October 20, No-| May and June, on shores. ' vember 20. Chatham sss eae les May 1-30.-...-- Mary 20) oars Re ea reeare sey May. el arewic eee yee WINS) Apes September and| November ....| June, spawn seen in nets. October. ; Wennis sos eae [edrmme Sits | eS a es November -.... Do. Provincetown ..-.---.- May 15-20..... October, No- | November and Do. vember. December. Wellfleet er sesa eee SUNG September and| November ---.- October. IBOStOn fancies of those who make them. They are, with but few exceptions, made by the fishermen; some of them are exceedingly plain and rough, while others are artistically and elaborately decorated, often with imaginary uncouth figures or with fancifully carved leaves, wreaths, &c. There are several knives of this character deposited in the fisheries collection of the United States National Museum, and among them is one factory-made rimmer, with a polished walnut handle and a curved iron shank about one-quarter inch in diameter; into the forward end of the shank is fitted a small cutting blade about 14 inches in length, tapering to a point at the heel, and with a square-cut forward end. There are also other styles made by the fishermen, some having steel and others having copper blades, and one specimen made of wood, in the form of a human leg, the extreme end terminating in a thick-set flat foot, in the bottom of which is inserted or driven a silver three-cent piece, ground to a sharp edge, to be used as the knife or plow. 27.—HOMEWARD PASSAGE AND DISPOSITION OF THE FISH. When one of the vessels in the fleet» has obtained a fare of fish, or the skipper decides to go home, sometimes with a partial fare, the flag is usually set at the maintop-mast or on the main peak. This custom was not so common on our coast as in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. The fish being salted, the homeward passage was usually performed in a leisurely manner, unless indeed the return was made during the fishing season, and the skipper expected to make another trip, in which ease the utmost expedition was used, and rapid passages were made. For sev- eral years it has been a common practice for vessels fishing in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to land their fish at the Strait of Canso, or some- times at Prince Edward Island, sending the fish home by steamer or freight vessels. This was only done when the vessel had obtained a Jarge fare, and there was a prospect of another successful trip for fish that season. By this means vessels sometimes filled up three or four 7103] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. times in the course of the summer, obtaining, in some instances, as many as 1,100 to 1,200 barrels.* 98.—FINANCIAL PROFITS OF THE MACKEREL HOOK FISHERY. Old-fashioned vessels were employed as seiners for a number of years from Gloucester, it then being thought by many of the fishermen that swift sailers were not so necessary for this branch of the fisheries as for some others. In this respect, as in many other things, there has been a@ radical change. The expense of fitting out with seine, boat, &c., deterred many of the owners from sending their vessels seining, and the more conservative clung to the old method of jigging until the failure of mackerel in the ‘Gulf of Saint Lawrence compelled them to adopt the seine or abandon the business. As a matter of course such large stocks and enormous profits were not obtained by the seiners vears ago as they have made for the past two years, 1880 and ’81. Neverthless many of them did well. But a vessel’s “fit out” for jigging cost comparatively little, and with a much smaller stock more clear money would be left than if she went seining. This, together with the fact that more or less risk is attached to seining, such, for instance, as losing the apparatus altogether, having the net torn, the ~The influence exerted upon the settlements in the Strait of Canso in the period ‘between. 1850 and 1870, by the trade thus derived from the mackerel fleet, was very remarkable. In many of the coves, on either side of the strait, small villages sprang up, and large store-houses and wharves were built where the American vessels could secure storage for their fish until they could be shipped, and also at the same time obtain supplies of salt, bait, provisions, &c., which they required for the prosecution of their voyages. This, of course, brought a great deal of money to the people of Canso, and many of the merchants who were not slow to take advantage of the circumstances ‘became quite wealthy. Those were lively times in the strait, and it was not an unu- sual thing to see ten or twenty sail of mackerel schooners lying at Port Hawkesbury er at McNair’s or some of the other coves discharging their cargoes and taking on tooard outfits for another trip. This afforded much employment to local residents and remunerative returns. Most of the people who owned wood lands devoted their time in winter to cutting and preparing for use a lot of fuel which they could readily dispose of the following summer to the American fishermen at good prices ; and who- ever was fortunate enough to have a small stream or brook running through his land mear the coves, usually derived quite a revenue from the American fishermen by charg- ing five or ten cents per barrel for the water which they were obliged to fill there. Of late years, however, since the general introduction of the purse-seine in the mack- erel fisheries, and the consequent failure of our fishing fleets to resort to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence during the mackerel season, a great change has taken place in the pros- perity of the settlements at Canso. So much s0, indeed, that many of the wharves and store-houses have been allowed to fall into decay and become nearly worthless from disuse. Most of the coves which were formerly the scene of busy life and activity during the mackerel season, now have a comparatively deserted and forlorn appear- ance. Many of the merchants have moved away to Halifax and other business centers of the provinces, while those who remain find their business much less remunerative than it was at the time when the Strait of Canso was frequented by a large fleet of American mackerel schooners, which were engaged in fishing in the Gulf of Saint iLawrence, REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF PISH AND FISHERIES. [104] boat stove, &c., served to deter the timid ones from engaging in it until compelled ie Rapid advances in the knowledge of using the purse-seine have been made within the past few years, which no doubt has had a strong influ- ence in changing the hook fishery into seining. For a number of years. it was believed that mackerel could not be taken except in shoal water where the seine would reach bottom, and as a result of this but compar- atively little could be done. More recently the practice of seining in the night; tolling the fish alongside of the vessel and then surrounding them, &c., have added much to the profits of the fishermen. The large net profits which were sometimes made by the mackerel hook fishermen previous to 1870 bore no mean Comparison to the money — cleared by the seiners of the present day, though, of course, the latter frequently get higher stocks. This, as mentioned above, is due to the difference of the cost of fitting out of a vessel for hooking and for seining, the expense for the latter often being twice or three times as much as it would be for line fishing. The following account of some of the large mackerel stocks made by vessels engaged in fishing with hook and line we copy from the “ Fishermen’s Memorial”: “The largest stock made in the Bay of Saint Lawrence mackerel fish- ery was that of schooner ‘‘Colonel Ellsworth,” Capt. George Robinson, in 1865. She was absent about five months, her net stock amounting to $13,728.* The high-liner’s share was $558; cook’s, $582. “Schooner ‘Gen. Grant,” Captain Coas, in 1864, stocked, in two trips to the Bay of Saint Lawrence, $11,254.94, clear of all expenses.} The high line made $502.24; .cook’s share, $638.17. “Schooner “‘ Nor’ Wester” the same year stocked $9,721.74, net, in one Bay trip; the high liner making $308.60, and the cook $486.61. “Schooner ‘Gen. Sherman,” in a three months’ trip to the bay in 1864. packed 612 barrels of mackerel, her net stock amounting to $9,696. High-liner’s share, $575.06. “Schooner “ Kit Carson,” in 1865, brought in 591 barrels of mackerel, having been absent about ten weeks. Her net stock amounted te $6,542. High-liner’s share, $260. “Schooner “James G. Tarr,” in 1866, stocked $5,824 in a nine weeks” trip to the bay. Cook’s share, $331.76. “Schooner ‘‘Seddie C. Pyle,” in 1871, packed 1,070 barrels of mackerel. caught off this shore,t in addition to 18,000 southern mackerel sold fresh in New York, in the spring. Her net stock for the year was $10,561.66. High-liner’s share, $491.38; cook’s share, $708.52. “Schooner ‘“‘ Hureka,” in six months’ mackereling off this shore in 1868, packed 935 barrels, her stock amounting to $10,748.33. High-liner’s. share, $440.52; cook’s share, $473.70.”§ * Her gross stock—the amount her fish sold for—was doubtless about $16,000. tHer gross stock would be between $13,000 and $14,000. t{New England coast. § Fishermen’s Memorial and Record Book, pp. 86 and 87. [105] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 29.— ITINERARY OF A MACKEREL VOYAGE TO THE GULF OF SAINT LAWRENCE. (By Maj. D. W. Low.) We go to Hssex, a neighboring town on Cape Ann, six miles from Gloucester, or to the ship-yards of Gloucester, where we see on the stocks, ready for launching, a schooner of 60 or 70 tous, built in that thorough and staunch manner which makes the American fishing schooner celebrated for her sailing and seaworthy qualities required in the hazardous business she was built for. We next find the schooner alongside of the wharf in Gloucester, where she is got ready, or “fitted,” for a voyage to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, called a “bay trip.” Fifty-five barrels of porgies and seven barrels of clams, with fifty hogsheads of salt in 115 barrels, and sixteen barrels of water are stowed by her crew in her hold, on top of which are stowed 335. barrels more with their heads taken out and put inside, both head and barrel being numbered. After the provisions, lines, hooks, &c., are on board the flag is hoisted and she is ready for sea, having cost to that time $7,700 for the vessel and $2,075 for her outfits. Had she been fitted for seining her outfits would have cost $750 more, making her total cost with outfits $10,525. Leaving Gloucester August 5, 1875, we proceed to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence with seventeen hands, shipped “by the berth,” according to their experience as fishermen, the best fishermen getting the best berths, which are nearest to and on each side of the master. The master’s. berth is forward of the main rigging on the starboard side, nearly in the center of the vessel. -Formerly the berths to fish, with exception of the master’s and cook’s, were sold at auction on board the vessel after she had started, as high as $50 or even more being paid for first choice; the amount of the bids, called “berth money,” was equally divided among the sharesmen, they paying the amount of the excess of their bid over the average share. The cook fishes forward so as to be handy to his cooking. After each man’s berth is decided upon, each one pre. pares the cleats for his lines on the bulwarks under the rail at his berth. “Jigs” are run in the “jig molds,” and the lines, eight to twelve to each man, are neatly put upon the cleats ready fer service. After passing through the Gut of Canso (stopping there for a little wood), the vessel is: ready for fishing. Lashed on the “ port” side of the schooner, opposite the skipper, stands the “ bait-mill,” at which each of the crew, emennne the master and cook, take turns, commencing with the youngest, in grinding bait. The tiny ers of porgies are ground up fine, and clams are chopped with a long handled chopper, which are mixed with the porgie bait and some of it put into a box called the “bait-box” which is hung outside of the bulwarks, to the right of the master’s berth, and water is added to it. After the vessel is “hove to” and she commences. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [106] to drift to leeward, the master, with a “‘bait-heaver,” throws the bait from the bait-box into the water fore and aft the vessel to attract and draw the mackerel alongside. Some of the crew are below and others looking on, or perhaps put out a line with the skipper’s to try for them. Soon the peculiar tapping of a mackerel’s tail is heard on the bottom of a barrel, which, with the cry of “here they ere,” from the skipper, brings every man to his berth, and for a time the “strike bar- rels” standing a little in the rear and at the right of the fisherman, in which the mackerel are slat from the hooks, resound with the lively occupants. The best fishermen fishing with four and sometimes six lineseach. The ‘“‘spurt,” however, is soon over, and after ‘ picking” one once in a while the master orders ‘‘take in your lines,” after which we haul in our mainsail, hoist the jib, and go on. The mackerel are then dressed, generally by gangs of three, comprising a ‘‘splitter,” one to pass up the mackerel to him, and the ‘‘gibber”; the mackerel, after being split, are thrown into a “keeler,” which is ashoal square box, about two by three feet square, which are put on board in nests of three; the % oibber,” with mittens on to prevent getting his hands sore from the bones, opens the mackerel, takes out the gills and entrails (which are thrown overboard aiter dressing the catch), and throws the mackerel into a barrel partly filled with water to soak the blood from them, which is called a “wash barrel”; after soaking, they are thrown into a keeler of salt, afew at a time, rubbed all over in the salt, and packed in a ‘¢sea barrel,” one barrel of salt (35 bushels) being used in packing four sea barrels; after the barrel is filled and the fish allowed to shrink it is filled up (sometimes there is not time enough to allow it to shrink before beading up). The head of the barrel is put in reversed, on which the private mark of the catcher is cut in to identify it when landed, after which the barrels of mackerel are stowed in the hold. Frequently, when mackerel are scarce and time hangs heavy, industrious ones will mess” their mackerel by scraping the blood from the backbone and cutting off the heads and tails, losing by the operation thirteen pounds on ahundred, but making the mackerel bring more in the market for the labor. During our voyage we sometimes tried for mackerel with others of the fleet one or two miles from shore, and being “hove to” together, and occasionally picking a mackerel which, as it glistened in the sun com- ing over the rail, no doubt led those on shore to suppose we were get- ting a good catch of fish, when fifteen wash barrels would cover the whole atch for the fleet in several hours’ fishing. The latter part of October finds us on the way home, at Georgetown, Prince Edward Island, where we put in for a harbor, paying one dollar for harbor dues, and on 2d of November arrived at Gloucester, having been absent two months and twenty-eight days, and caught 250 sea barrels of mackerel. _ The mackerel are hoisted out with a horse, the crew paying for it in preference.to hoisting them out by hand, as formerly. After being landed each man’s lot is stood upon the head together, with the marked [107] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. head up. One of the erew unheads them, another pitches the mack- erel as wanted into a ‘culling-crib,” which is made about three feet wide and four feet long, with slat bottom, at each end of which stands an ex- perienced and careful ‘“culler,” who tosses the mackerel according to their grade into “culling tubs,” which hold a half barrel each; two of the crew then place the tubs when full on the platform of a beam scale where the “weigher” weighs them off, erying out “barrel of one’s,” or whatever the weight or grade requires; two of the crew empty them into the ‘“‘packing cribs,” while the master places the account of it under the name of the catcher, and the packer with a piece of red chalk marks the head of the barrel or whatever package is used with the grade of the mackerel. Half a bushel of salt to the barrel is used in packing, after which the cooper takes them, and after putting in the head it is rolled out on the wharf, by a laborer and there bored and pickled off by the “pickler.” After being pickled off and bunged, they are stood upon their head and branded with the deputy inspec- tor’s name and grade of the fish; the trip is sold by the owner with the master, he acting for himself and crew; the voyage is then made up in the ordinary manner. When the mackerel are delivered to the packer the vessel and crew are done with them as producers. B.—THE MACKEREL GILL-NET FISHERY. 30.—IMPLEMENTS, METHODS, AND RESULTS OF MACKEREL DRAGGING. Considerable quantities of mackerel are sometimes caught in gill- nets at various points along the New England coast from Vineyard Sound to Eastport. For the most part, however, they are taken west of Mount Desert. This fishery is carried on in two ways: The gill-nets may be anchored and left out over night, as is the custom about Prov- - incetown, or they may be set from a boat or vessel. The latter method is called ‘‘ dragging”; the vessels are called “ draggers,” or “ drag-boats,” and the fishermen “mackerel draggers.” The mackerel gill-nets are 20 to 30 fathoms long, 24 fathoms deep, with a mesh varying from 24 to 3 inches. In Provincetown harbor they are set in the following manner: About the middle of November the fishermen of Provincetown Bay begin to put out nets for the large mackerel on its return. On one oc- easion Captain Atwood had twelve nets out, five miles from land. On the last night of November he had taken nothing, bat on visiting the nets the next day, he found they had sunk to the bottom filled with mackerel. He, however, succeeded in getting up eight, and the nets as they came to the surface looked like a sheet of silver. Three thou- sand three hundred and sixty mackerel were taken from these eight nets by nightfall. The next day the remaining nets were dragged in and 1,700 more taken, making 5,000 fish netted at a single catch. On an- REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [108] other occasion a catch lasted three nights, when he alone caught mack- erel enough of the best quality to make sixteen barrels when packed.* In Gloucester harbor and at-other points on the coast of Massachu- setts and Maine they are set in shallow water, one or both ends being anchored and their position marked by buoys on each end of the gang. When set thus in protected harbors they are ordinarily placed across the direction of the tide, usually in a cove or bight of the harbor where the mackerel are known to occur, and where they are out of the track of vessels. The most extensive “drag-net fishery” is carried on by the vessels of Portland and Friendship, Me. The method employed by these fisher- men six years ago was somewhat as follows: The vessels are small schooners of 15 to 25 tons. They usually run out from the harbor near the close of the day, timing their departure so that they will be upon the fishing grounds about sunset, except when it is necessary to goa long distance out to sea, in which case, of course, the time of starting is earlier. Reaching a locality where mackerel are supposed to be abundant the vessel is hove to, and a gang of 10 to 20 nets is paid out. The nets are fastened together at top and bottom, and the outer end is marked by a buoy, other buoys being distributed along the gang at in-— tervals, the junction between each pair of nets being generally marked bya keg or spar. To the last net is fastened a rope called a “ net swing,” corresponding to the ‘fleeth-rope” used by the herring fishermen of Kurope. This is a rope of three inches in circumference and 60 to 70 fathoms long. I¢ is paid out to its full length and made fast at the bow of the vessel. The foresail is then lowered down and furled, and the vessel lies head to the wind, drifting to‘leeward and dragging the nets. as she goes. If the wind is moderate the whole mainsail is kept up, but if the breeze is fresh, or what is called a mackerel breeze, it is reefed. Under favorable circumstances the nets are allowed to remain out all night, but the fishermen in the two dories row constantly along the nets back and forth noticing the movements of the fish, and espe- cially looking out for the approach of dogfish. When a school of dog- fish approaches the nets after any number of mackerel have been gilled it is at once necessary to take them in less the dogtish should devour the mackerel, chew innumerable holes in the twine, and roll themselves up in it until it is so twisted and tangled that it takes the labor of days to get it in proper condition for setting again. If the fishermen are not annoyed by dogfish the nets are allowed to remain down, as has been stated, all night long, and the men in the dories constantly pick out the fish, frequently carrying their catch back to the vessel. When the dogfish attack the nets they haul them in with the utmost expedition and bundle them as hurriedly as possible into the bottom of the dory, and after they have lifted them to the deck of the vessel take out the fish from among the meshes. *Captain Atwood, Proc. Bos. Soc. Nat., x, 1865-66. [109] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISIERY. Itis part of the duty of the men in the dories to keep a vigilant lookout for approaching vessels. The gang of nets may be more than half a mile in length, and the keel of a large vessel passing over it would be almost certain to cut it in two. When it is still weather they row toward any vessel which they may see coming and ask the men on watch to steer elear of the nets; otherwise they are obliged to stand by the nets and repair the damages as best they may. Sometimes the approaching ves- sels are induced to stear clear of the nets by the dory men, who hold up a lantern for that purpose. The mackerel caught in this manner are always carried fresh to the shore, and are intended chiefly for the supply of the markets of the large cities. They are packed in bar- rels, and may or may not be gibbed through the gills before reaching shore. A vessel setting a long string of nets may catch as much as fifty barrels of mackerel in a night, but ordinarily not more than five er ten barrels, frequently less. The barrels are carried on deck, and the fish are put in them as soon as they are removed from the nets. When the weather is warm the barrels are filled with ice-water. Be- sides the mackerel caught, considerable quantities of shad and ale- wives are taken in these nets. On an excursion made by one of the writers from Portland in 1873, besides six barrels of mackerel, there were caught with a small string of nets about forty fine shad, averaging two pounds each, and three or four hundred of that species of alewives known to the Portland fishermen by the names of “ kyack,” “ cat- thresher,” “ saw-belly,” or “‘ blue-back,” probably identical with the glut- herring, Clupea aestivalis, of the Chesapeake basin, the summer ale- wive occasionally taken in New England rivers. On this occasion the mackerel were feeding extensively on various entomostraca, with which the water was filled, and which imparted to it a vivid phosphorescence all night long. The presence of these animals, and of others more minute, causes the water and the nets to “fire” in such a manner as often to render them so visible to the fish that they successfully avoid contact with the twine. The mackerel caught at Provincetown in gill-nets are brought in by the boats, and shipped by the fishermen to Boston in vessels devoted specially to this business, the owners of which receive a percentage upon the amount of their sales. The crew of a Maine mackerel-dragger consists generally of two to four men, the vessels being usually owned by the fishermen. The custom of dragging for mackerel, though practiced for centuries in Europe,* appears to have been first used in this country at Province- “*For convenience of comparison the following description of drift-net fishing for mackerel on the coast of England is quoted from Yarrell’s British Fishes: “The most common mode of fishing for mackerel, and the way in which the greatest numbers are taken, is by drift-nets. The drift-net is 20 feet deep by 120 feet long; well corked at the top, but without lead at the bottom. They are made of small fine twine, which is tanned of a reddish-brown color to preserve it from the action of the ‘salt water, and it is thereby rendered much more durable. ‘The size of the mesh is about 24 inches, or rather larger. Twelve, fifteen, and REPORT.OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [110] town about the year 1841, where it is still prosecuted to a considerable extent in addition to the stationary gill-net fishery which has been men- tioned.* At first small open boats were used, such as the one described. and figured in the fishery census report under the name of “ Province- town drag-boat.” About 1845 Provincetown fishermen with their boats and nets essayed dragging for mackerel in the vicinity of Monhegan, Me., and by their example this practice was introduced into Maine, and since that time it has been carried on at various points on the coast. sometimes eighteen of these nets are attached lengthways by tying along a thick rope, called the drift-rope, and the ends of each net to each other. When arranged for depositing in the sea, a large buoy attached to the end of the drift-rope is thrown overboard, the vessel is put before the wind, and, as she sails along, the rope with the nets thus attached is passed over the stern into the water till the whole of the nets are thus thrown out. The nets thus deposited hang suspended in the water per- pendicularly, 20 feet deep from the drift-rope and extending from three-quarters of a mile to a mile, or even a mile and a half, depending on the number of nets belonging to the party or company engaged in fishing together. When the whole of the nets. are thus handed out, the drift-rope is shifted from the stern to the bow of the vessel, and she rides by it as at anchor. The benefit gained by the boats hanging at the end of the drift-rope is that the net is kept strained in a straight line, which, without this . pull upon it, would not be the case. The nets are ‘shot’ in the evening, and some- times hauled once during the night; at others, allowed to remain in the water all night. The fish roving in the dark through the water hang in the meshes of the nets, which are large enough to admit them beyond the gill-covers and pectoral-fins, but not large enough to allow the thickest part of the body to pass through. In the morning early preparations are made for hauling the nets. A capstan on the deck is. manned, about which two turns of drift-rope are taken; one man stands forward to untie the upper edge of each net from the drift-rope, which is called casting off the lashings; others haul the net in with the fish caught, to which one side of the vessel is devoted; the other side is occupied with the drift-rope, which is wound in by the men at the capstan.”—(The History of British Fishes, first edition, 1836, vol. 1, pp. 126, 127.) *Capt. N. E. Atwood, at Provincetown, writes as follows in regard to the introduc_ tion of the method of dragging for mackerel at Cape Cod: ‘As early as I can recollect most of the mackerel taken along our coast were caught with hook and line. A few gill-nets were set at moorings in our harbor and along the Truro shore during the first part of the mackerel season or as soon as the fish came in. The mackerel which were then taken in nets were sent to Boston market and sold fresh, sometimes bringing good prices. As the mackerel would not bite at the hook when they first struck in we would often get two weeks fishing before a sufficient quantity of mackerel were caught on the hook to glut the market. Boston market being at that time small and no ice used in packing, only a few fresh fish could be sold there at any one time. “(In 1841 I went to Monomoy Bay (Chatham) to fish for shad; we went out in the bay and put out our gill-nets and drifted with them all night, if the weather would permit that mode of fishing, which we then and have always since called ‘dragging.’ On my return home to engage in the mackerel net fishery, very few had been caught in nets in our harbor, but large schools of mackerel had been passing in by Race Point and Wood End, and were going up the bay. I took my mackerel netsin the boat and and went out in the bay towards Plymouth, some two or three miles, and put them out and drifted all night; next morning I found I had got a good catch. This occur- rence took plack about the 15th of June, 1841. “Tt did not take the other fishermen long to get into this new way of fishing, and since that time this method of drag-fishing has been adopted along the coast of Maine and elsewhere.” [111] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY In 1873, 12 or 15 vessels from 15 to 25 tons were employed at Portland;, at present the number at this port is 18, and quite a fleet of the mack- erel-draggers also belongs to the vicinity of Friendship, Me.* Along the southern coast of Nova Scotia, and about the vicinity of the Straits of Canso, there is an extensive gill-net fishery for mackerel carried on with stationary nets, and, in a smaller degree, a similar fish- ery is prosecuted in some par ts of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence.t This fishery on the Nova Scotia coast is prosecuted when the mackerel are traversing the coast line in the spring and fall. ‘During the mackerel fishing season,” remarks Mr. J. Matthew Jones, “the people along shore appear to live in a state of much excitement, expecting every hour the ‘runs’ to come into their bays. The traveler who may desire a horse and wagon to get on from place to place will find hard work to prevail upon the people to hire one out to him with a driver. Lookouts are kept on some elevated spot so that the schools may be seen some distance off in order to give time for the fishermen to get off in their boats with the net.” As at Provincetewn, these nets are anchored only at one end, the other end being left free to swing with _ the current. They are sometimes set as far as ten or twelve miles from the shore, in water 20 to 50 fathoms in depth, care being taken to put them as nearly as possible in those forge ates which are known to lie in the “track” of the mackerel. The mackerel gill-nets are usually set with their upper lines close to the surface; sometimes, however, as much as 2 or 3 fathoms below. The position of the net in the water is regulated by the length of the buoy-ropes and the weight of the sinkers. As a rule, especially on the coast of Nova Scotia, they are, however, set close to the surface. In this region also there has been for many years an extensive seine fishery for mackerel corresponding to that which is elsewhere referred to as having been formerly carried on, two hundred and fifty years ago, on the shores of Cape Cod Bay. The principal points for the seine fish- ery are at Margaret’s Bay, west of Halifax, and at Chedabucto Bay, at the eastern part of Nova Scotia. Perley, writing in 1852, remarked: ‘In those harbors of Nova Scotia which are within the Straits of Canso mackerel have of late years been taken in seines capable of inclosing and securing 800 barrels, and in these seines 400 and even 600 barrels have been taken in a single sweep.” f In the same locality Perley refers to the use of the drift-nets, un- doubtedly meaning the set gill-net just described, remarking, however, * Friendship has 12 vessels, Cushing 5, Waldoboro’ 2, and Booth Bay and Bremen t each; the total from Maine, including those from Portland, being 39; the tonnage is 559.47; number of men, 133. + Schooner ‘‘ Yankee Lass,” of Boston, arrived home last week from a season’s mack- ereling trip around the Seven Islands of Saint Lawrence River, with 300 barrels, all large No. 1 mackerel, taken in [gill] nets.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, September 30, 1881.) t Fisheries of New Brunswick, 1852, pp. 13-16. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [112] that this mode of fishing is probably not so well understood on the coast of Nova Scotia as in England. He however quotes from Yarrell an account of drift-net fishing in England, which is altogether different from that used in Nova Scotia and corresponds precisely with the drag- net fishing also described in the beginning of this chapter. . It is worthy of mention that mackerel as well as herring, on the coast of Europe at the present time, are almost exclusively caught by the use of the drag-net, the only other method in use being the equally old- fashioned one of ‘‘drailing,” which was abandoned by our fishermen sixty-five years ago.* The antiquated method of drailing was, however, kept up by the fishermen of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence until 1860, or perhaps even to the present time, for the purpose of obtaining mackerel for bait to be used in the cod fisheries. F.—THE SPRING SOUTHERN MACKEREL FISHERY. The spring mackerel fishery is in reality a branch of the mackerel seine fishery, and the methods employed in it are identical with those described in the previous section of this chapter. In this place it is necessary only to add a history of this fishery, a description of the grounds frequented by the southern fleet, and a few statistical notes. 31.—FISHING-GROUNDS.« The fishing grounds frequented by the southern mackerel fleet lie between Cape Hatteras and the South Shoals of Nantucket. The fish- ing season is in the months of April and May. The first vessels go south about the middle of March or soon after; but until 1878 no mack- erel were ever taken before the 1st of April.t 32.—HARLY CATCHES OF MACKEREL, 1878 To 1881. The earliest catches of the three past years are shown in the following notes: EARLY CATCHES OF MACKEREL IN 1878. March 30.—Schooner “Lilian,” of Noank, Conn., Captain Latham, off Chincoteague. April 16.—Schooner ‘‘Sarah M. Jacobs,” of Gloucester, Capt. Solomon Jacobs, caught her first mackerel in latitude 36° 10’ N., longitude 74° 45’ W. April 18.—Schooner ‘‘ Alice,” of Swan’s Island, Me., Capt. Hanson B. Joyce, master, caught her first mackerel 25 miles southeast from Cape May. April 25.—Schooner ‘‘ John Somes,” of Swan’s Island, Me., Capt. J.S. Staples, mas- ter, caught her first mackerel 50 miles southeast from Cape May. : * Though drailing was abandoned so long ago by the professional mackerel fisher- men of New England, we are, nevertheless, told by Capt. Joseph Smith, of Gloucester, that this method of fishing is still practiced by the Block Island boat fishermen. tSchooners ‘‘Kdward E. Webster,” ‘‘ Nellie N. Rowe,” and “Ivanhoe” sailed for the south on Saturday (March 11) in pursuit of mackerel, the ‘‘ Webster” getting the start by sailing at 4 o’clock a. m., and the others following at 4 o’clock p.m. This is the earliest start ever made in the mackerel fishery. Last year the ‘‘ Edward E. Webster” sailed March 15, which was unusually early, and obtained a fare within a week there- after.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, March 17, 1882.) [113] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. EARLY CATCHES OF MACKEREL IN 1879. April 12.—Schooner ‘‘Sarah M. Jacobs,” of Gloucester, caught first mackerel in latitude 36° 35’ N., longitude 74° 50 W. April 13.—Schooner ‘“ Augusta KE. Herrick,” of Swan’s Island, Me., Capt. William Herrick, caught first mackerel (130 barrels) in latitude 37° 37’ N., longitude 74° 23/ W. April 13.—A few fish taken by schooner ‘‘S. G. Wonson,” of Gloucester, 75 miles south-southeast from Cape Henlopen. April 14.—Schooner ‘ Charles Haskell,” of Gloucester, caught first mackerel in lati- tude 38° 08’ N., longitude 73° 57’ W. April 19.—Schooner ‘‘ Alice,” of Swan’s Island, Me., caught first mackerel (140 bar- rels) in latitude 37° 50’ N., longitude 74° 03’ W. EARLY CATCHES OF MACKEREL IN 1880. April 1.—Schooner ‘‘ Edward E. Webster,” of Gloucester, Capt. Solomon Jacobs, caught the first mackerel of the season in latitude 35° 30’ N., longitude 74° 15’ W. EARLY CATCHES OF MACKEREL IN 1881. March 20.—Schooner ‘‘ Edward E. Webster,” of Gloucester, caught the first fish of the season, and the earliest on record, in Jatitude 37° 10’ N., longitude 74° 05’ W. A second trip was caught by the same vessel on April 18 in latitude 38° 38/ N., longi- tude 74° 00! W. ; May 16.—The schooner “Alice,” of Swan’s Island, caught 30,000 mackerel off Block Island. » 33.—THE VESSELS. The southern mackerel fishery is participated in by 30 or 40 of the Gloucester mackerel schooners and a number of vessels from Cape Cod and Maine. The total number of vessels engaged in this fishery in 1879-80 was 64, of which 23 were from Maine ports and the remain- der from Massachusetts. These are among the swiftest and best of the fleet, and are provided with the fullest amount of canvas for making a quick passage to and from the fishing-grounds. Nearly all of them have ice-houses arranged in the manner already described. 34.—APPARATUS AND METHODS OF FISHING. The apparatus is in every respect identical with that used in the summer fishery; the vessels, however, carry, as has been stated, a much smaller number of barrels than when engaged exclusively in salting the fish. The manner of fishing is the same as that already described, except that the fish being much searcer and their movements less regular than in summer on the more northern fishing grounds, a greater amount of vigilance and perseverance is required on the part of the fishermen. This is the season of the migration of the mackerel, and it is necessary that the fishermen should understand how to follow the schools of fish as they make their way northward, even if they are out of sight for days at a time. They cruise sometimes for weeks off the capes of the Delaware and Chesapeake, sometimes venturing farther south to the latitude of Cape Lookout, though they rarely find mackerel south of the REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [114] mouth of the Chesapeake. Sometimes weeks elapse before they find the fish. After the schools have made their appearance they follow them, and when they are not visible, usually allow five to fifteen miles a day for their northern progress, trying to keep among them as they make their way northward. When among the fish it is a common practice of the vessels to heave to and “jog” all night long in a north- erly direction, to keep pace with the movements of the fish. As soon as the first fare of fish is obtained, even if only a small one, the vessels make their way to New York with all possible speed; the ear- liest fish command much higher prices than those brought in later in the season. After mackerel become more plenty the vessels seldom go to market with less than 75 or 100 barrels, and it is not unusual for 250 to 300 barrels, the results of one day’s catch, to be taken in. The suc- cessful vessels often run into New York two or three times a week, especially when the fish are most abundant off Sandy Hook.* This method of fishing and marketing the fish is kept up until the schools have reached the shoals of Nantucket, and the spawning season in that locality begins. At the.close of the spawning season, when the fish again rise to the surface, or when the other schools are found on George’s Banks and in the Gulf of Maine, the vessels resort to the ordinary method of salting their fish, only a few continuing the practice through the summer of carrying their fish fresh into the markets of New York and Boston. Occasionally cargoes of fresh mackerel are taken in the spring and summer into Philadelphia, and also, later in the season, to Portland. The spring mackerel fishery, as just described, is of comparatively recent origin, not dating back much before 1870. 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(With tables ) From the earliest settlement of the country the mackerel fisheries have been extensively prosecuted by a large number of people living along the New England coast as well as by any of the inhabitants of the British Provinces. The catch has varied greatly from time to time, and seasons of extreme plenty have often been followed by those of remarkable scarcity. Various theories have been advanced to account for this fluctuation. Many have been inclined to attribute it to over- fishing or to the apparatus employed in the fishery, while others claim that the movements of the fish are affected by natural causes, such as temperature, currents, the presence or absence of food, and the like, over which man has little or no control. Whatever the causes that influence the movements of the fish, the fdet of great variation in the abundance of the species from time to time remains. In 1804, according to the returns of the various fish inspectors, 8,079 barrels of mackerel were packed in Massachusetts, while in 1814, only 1,349 barrels were putup. In 1851 the quantity was increased to 383,658, this being the largest amount ever inspected inthe State. A period of scarcity followed, and between 1839 and 1845 the inspection returns show an average of only 67,674 barrels annually. About 1860 the fish were again abundant, and for eight years the quantity packed averaged 246,877 barrels. This period of plenty was in turn followed by one of seareity, which culminated in 1877, at which time only 105,017 barrels were inspected, and the fishery was practically a failure, resulting in great loss both to fishermen and capitalists. Fortunately this condition of affairs is at an end, and the fishery is again in a prosperous condi- tion; the catch of the New England fishermen at present, if we include the fish sold fresh, being larger than at any time since the origin of the fishery. In 1880 the New England mackerel fishermen met with marked success, though those of the British Provinces were not so fortunate. By the mid- dle of March a number of the Maine and Massachusetts vessels sailed for the South to engage in the spring fishery, and by the 20th of the following month the last of the fleet, which consisted of 64 sail, averag- ing 65.66 tons each, were under way. The season opened with a haul of 25,000 mackerel taken off the Virginia capes on the 2d of April. These were carried to New York where they met with a ready sale at good figures. From that time mackerel were taken frequently, the fleet working northward with the fish as the season advanced, reaching Long Island about the last of April, and Cape Cod a few weeks later. The season was not a very satisfactory one for the Southern fleet, as the catch was small, and the fish were of poor quality, a majority of the vessels en- gaged making comparatively light stocks, while many of them scarcely paidexpenses. As the summer approached, the fishing improved greatly, the fish increasing both in number and @uality, and the Southern fleet REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [128] was joined by a large number of vessels from the various fishing ports. Later, as the vessels arrived from their trips to the codfish banks, many were fitted out to engage in the mackerel fishery, and by the 1st of August the fishing was at its height, the fleet numbering 468 sail, averaging a trifle over 50 tons apiece. Of this number 343 were provided with purse- seines for engaging in the off-shgre fisheries, while 125 fished with hook or net chiefly on the in-shore grounds. The value of this fleet, including the fishing gear and the outtits, reached $2,122,360, and 5,043 men were employed. BLOOG TAON 818 ‘OF 00 ‘Gog ‘T ; Bo Uber eee eh daar aoc" oor ak doqanyy Eee Ua SU I ela de RC San CHE YRC CECE CES o1lmejyaO 996 ‘BLT ‘ok OOCENUCE OU ai ses eee tas ais ste late ieee Set eee e100, Ee Bok. enog aon a = ie Se is © e ‘SOOUTAOIG g g S) uayn, qavayovu ayy fo anpnr pun hyrjuonb ayy Huimoys o1Qn7, [131] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. In the tables from which the above summary has been compiled, no allowance seems to have been made for local consumption. A rough estimate of the amount used in this way would be 18,000,000 pounds, making a total catch for the Provinces of about 88,000,000 pounds, worth, at prices current in the United States, not far from $1,620,000. Mackerel are not abundant in the waters of the Newfoundland coast, and tew are taken by the fishermen. The returns for the year ending July 31, 1881, show that only 181 barrels were exported. This quantity, which equals 54,300 pounds of fresh fish, doubtless represents the bulk of the mackerel taken, as few are consumed locally. Allowing an equal quantity for locai consumption, we have only about 110,000 pounds, valued at $1,650, taken by the islanders. By combining the catch of the New England, Canadian, and New- foundland fishermen, we have the total product of the mackerel fishery for the western Atlantic in 1880. This is found to be about 220,000,000 pounds of round mackerel, valued at $4,228,000. This value represents the fish as they are first placed upon the market. If the value to the consumer is desired, the figures must be nearly doubied, to inelude the transportation charges and the profits of the various middlemen who handle them. V—THE MACKEREL-CANNING INDUSTRY. By R. Epwarp EarR.Lt. J.—THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE MACKEREL- CANNING INDUSTRY. 43,—THE METHODS AND. STATISTICS OF CANNING. The first experiments in the canning of fish on the American conti- nent were conducted ate Halifax, Nova Scotia, by Mr. Charles Mitchell, a native of Aberdeen, Scotland, who came to America in 1840 to engage in this work. During his stay in Halifax he was engaged in the can- ning of salmon and meats of various kinds. Later he removed to the United States and continued the work, putting up lobsters, salmon, and such other fish as were thought desirable. It was in this way that the value of the mackerel as a canned fish came to be known to our people. Prior to 1850 a few were canned in Boston and small quantities were put up at the lobster canneries in the State of Maine. From that date the business has been continued on the Maine coast, though for many years it was very limited, as the qualities of the mackerel when prepared in this way were not at first fully appreciated. The trade, however, has increased slowly from year to year, until canned mackerel are now handled by the principal dealers of all of the larger cities throughout the entire country. | Prior to 1872 the only canned mackerel seen in our markets were fresh fish prepared in hermetically sealed cans by means of the ordinary pro- REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [132] cess. At this time it was found that there was a growing prejudice against salt mackerel, owing to the size and quality of the packages in which they were placed upon the market. The smallest packages known to the trade were kits holding from 15 to 25 pounds each. These con- tained more fish than the average family cared to purchase at a time; and after a package was once opened, unless if was properly cared for, the brine was apt to leak out, leaving the fish exposed to the air, thus causing them to rust and otherwise deteriorate. In the fall of 1872 Mr. Edward Pharo, of Philadelphia, obtained a patent covering the packing of salt mackerel in small hermetically sealed packages.* Tor some time the business was very limited, but later *We are indebted to Mr. A. Howard Clark for the following letter of specifications regarding Mr. Pharo’s patent: IMPROVEMENT IN PUTTING UP SALT MACKEREL AND SIMILAR FISH.—(Letters Patent No. 132,316, October 15, 1872.) Heretofore salt mackerel have been put up in wooden barrels, kegs, and kits. The form or kind of vessel was made necessary by the tact that it was difficult or practically out of the question to make a square water-tight box. Hence, also, the size of the package was limited; that is, no package smaller than the kit—which holds, say, about 25 pounds of fish—could be conveniently employed. The result was that many families were deprived of purchasing from first hands, as even the smallest- sized package—a kit—is much too large for many persons to buy. Another objection was on the part of dealers who, not selling in bulk, were obliged to open the packages and handle the mackerel, a necessity particularly disagreeable to country dealers, who keep stocks of silk and dry goods which are soiled by a contact with brine. The odor, too, arising from an open barrel of salt mackerel is held in extreme repugnance by many people. To obviate these several objections I have devised a method whereby salt mackerel can be put up in any sized packages, so as to come within the reach of persons of limited incomes, which will enable the dealer to keep on hand a stock whence no offensive odor arises, and which can be disposed of without breaking pack- ages. My invention, then, consists in putting up salt mackerel in hermetically sealed packages, preferably in metallic boxes. The boxes are made of any size and shape, though I prefer to make them cubical in form, and of dimensions to hold, say, five, ten, or fifteen pounds of mackerel. When metal is employed in the construction of the boxes, I desigu using a wash or varnish to protect the same from the action of the pickle. When metal is not used, but instead some material which may not be acted upon by the brine, this wash may be dispensed with. Although metal is deemed the most suitable material for the boxes, India rubber or some other substance may be advantageously employed. 3esides those already enumerated, another advantage of this method of putting up salt mackerel is that the purchaser pays only for what he gets. Thus a quarter barrel of mackerel is supposed to run fifty pounds, and a purchaser, in buying a package of that size, imagines that he gets that quantity. Frequently, however, the packages run short; a quarter barrel, for instance, of ‘‘repacked” containing generally only about thirty-five pounds. When, however, he buys by the pound, as he must do in this case, he pays, as already remarked, only for what he gets. Still another ad- vantage of this method is that, as I design using only the best quality of fish, the inter- est of the purchaser is consulted, which is not always the case now, as the packer, not having a due regard for reputation, puts up an inferior quality of goods, and does not give full weight. What I claim as my invention, and desire to secure by letters patent, is the herein- described method of putting up salt mackerel, namely, in a hermetically sealed box. EDW. A. PHARO. * * # [133] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. the fish dealers of the principal cities began to realize the importance of this method for increasing the demand for salt mackerel, though, as far as we can learn, the fact that a patent had been issued bas from the first been entirely ignored. In the spring of 1879 Henry Mayo & Co., of Boston, engaged extensively in mackerel canning, utilizing the ordinary salt fish, which were put up in tin cans holding from five to ten pounds each. qoramsdy ees" -g70dAING MONT a ee OSE 009 ‘T 009 00L 008 Ose clea cee ee g soce's | 2062 oen'2 | fe09'2 | Seee's see's | geigs | ugnt | Suce'n |e--- CIE her (eet no a ee pee eo Se es Re ey ey at ‘18107, “g ‘Ga |\Sanepe | Stevo, "g % T [e100 °g 4 ‘T ‘9081 “CO8T - “POST ['sTo1rvq 093 poonpa. sesexovd ro][VUs pus spolueq 10j1enb pus yey) "ISBT 2 POST woul spasnyonssnyy wn pajoadsm jasayovu papyoud fo fixyonb yova fo sjasing fo saqunu ay2 s240d fig bumoyg¥—'T LNDAALVLS ‘SLLASNHOVSSVW NI NOLLOAdSNI THAAMOVIN = “MOTOOdsu JO J10g FISHERY. 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Ban asadcaad)|aosapucaon|ldooounaoda | laoneadooodiooeusocanS 15/8 ria lelessiri| e/etnlsic iti aye sicselnieoehotnj ol Picislele eitiaieyel|& Sis ieimia Gist ieiecielc ie racin|ieieicin eso eer cielaidcivejcigainsiscls suucleininenecel SUMO TOTO) Seonoosesolloocacesacollacoscanscalloosacondes|Fooondcog6 Siento iin eit incl iC rire iment ease ae ee ea Seo reine sess) eOB Ue AS pase: eee panies a ap : bi --=-"n9810TLOG CODSSOn O00 SoCo GaGo0D sis sigisivinieisieieleis/oin elei-izin}e\e/elejalsiclats/ plolpeg MON oe ce aan eget | eae ete aagh| eet ep ee ae ae a SS ee Se eae eee AVEC ULC Sere Tt BOG BOGOR AOD SOO aA BORO SRO CBHEOOS TUN ON ilats) sel PSEC OD ASD OCHSOOCUOO Heb iON BINE BOSD OD A8 PG O909 dc ono deco a OSsnS Sans as aN SOSSRAOS USA ip OLA SPIER ELINA CO PEN CVD) Ot) See ge UPR ae EEE EES VO (Tt OO MOS OEE CIOL I OOO Pete a es ct adele OS SOV CAN TU ED BT ee “ TURyyeyy TLS f6bP Hieusstie zis sis)e e\nislerejaie.s si¢ieiz slelsie2 rin ese TT ANOLON OEE Sears qjuowae 7 “= 9[Geyst.leg OSES OOS TAU DINIAS! $910 ‘T $e pale aa eee eee 00 OLA s--> Armqxnqg Dias Bete ees 9YLNITOS yee JOSSLTILOH ae 2 UUs TET $806 §a¢ POSSI ALE POSSESS O25 Ef NUONOUIANS) AUN sesenasans||assacoaccs see ER ega re eootess oe ardiity Baononssosissyoodcens nie e(ninininie AINGXOY pus 1ojsoto.1og. fe0z ‘ep Hy 6 6 Rink Ch A a tate en ee LOS OS 2 aise peel twoys0g weer eer c [eee tee ene eee eee ee eee eee WMOJSIpIVYO Saas wef e ence cee | ee eee ee eee eee eee ee eee ee eee PLOT PITT proyqo[qieyy £009 6S¢ Soee ‘g for 'S $078 ‘T BD a te OEE SIS eso MOTwS ABO ASSESS OOSaS0 OBOSO oS eonasac = -7 7-7 KPTOAIT pie tere stein ae IR ate Co Soe BS ORS ss 2 1I9ISIOULyAL $ce66 ‘ye | $998 ‘or RGOW S/T | se0 CaO) ea gaat as eee aaa se DORERARSHOOIOSOATE TEINS IN HOES) eee rsa Aeoos Swotelolelalefmia|eiaiatinictm)sialets!|lelet=imi=instala)=\{=lmtatar a! elem ee we mene lsw een cee >>> g10d 3903} slomeisicisiniccts qorasdy 69¢ T&L EPEC : PERSIE SOS RESIST OLS UNITING NE #168 ‘92 | $ecr‘9 $81 ‘8T bp €8 ve g9 Gye. $660 ‘IT LOL “TT Ley € eer ‘Ie | $8188 EVGOuLeGe |ECCPAEO = | FOOOROT: | tSSCueO |e eee meena tesa pupae eee nagms smemamme [CIC ear ‘soe | ¥ez0 ‘oct | feog ‘por | Egos ‘LF LLG ‘GZS | S69 “F6 ToL | ‘€ x6 a TeOL € G aL ‘Te}0.L € G ‘T ‘MOTJOVUSUT Jo .I0g *O€8T “6C8T “88T "PONUIIMON—spasnyoussvyy ur woyoodeur po1ayovyI—] LNAWELVLS THE MACKEREL FISHERY. HISTORY OF [173] “Tame Sepnypouy o wee ns ces lsoc cer cces|ascewsesecelcosesceses|scoceceswe/= eelecce eee (eee ee ee iio terry wes eriese/-°- =" 19g TOU0G ecw ece cscs |sor rece -lsceenee cen |soes cee woeleoeeccseesl(scuseemensler ss ee wean soun an 4.100989 AA NAHI I BoB SSRN teal | eet era alec ea acces pam nape ccs 621 Feri “--*"-gnoungi1e qd 28 | Be BB. sciciss PaCubed MON Ra ce hie PALADIN TIO FA UE FE Le Boge sat A | Caen a eel | SS ok Se S| pea ee | eer ea a B 7" TT MOUS PH ST ees fre a Oe eas deca ae ae eA SP oe eal ar eempiaa| ear ie ee OL UNG are Foe Epona eel pesecnnaa mao saiaunia nt Se ae ae sh] ae cee Se ee s1aueqd 0ZL BESO SOS ODS ANNALS) ST §Z01 PAIR SO FOS OIO 22 149i) 19K) Scqh‘T |" 7°" 7777 WALOJooUTAOIg snoccoma|lasseoce.so) lc omzy, -Sne--e-| aq TT ===" 9990 H 119 AA Sees SnD eSOrS sal a1nim\nisielei~ = t| ease e ee sense eae BOWE COE PO SOT SS YANS INC [ ares BE9 % 620 ‘T STO UE aS "| $28 ‘¢ GhPG €18 ‘G PLOGE =o. |(Seeee ea “ oTquysureg 80g ‘8 896 ‘8 SI ST 86 F018 ‘ZL | ¥218 3 anal (is hci yay 2 Ro} bu Gr) ca é a a : : ieee Bais aD gan P oc pre 30s || Dor Gah er Pace pages eG CMRI apo aeddS asec glicns el2‘T | #196 T | #e8¢ a eg qynouATg ee oon 'F gc0‘2 | #L6‘T | L9b% Set one ee: rane tea S| ae) Me | A) he SESS =7>==--| S75e (ep 2c9'6 =| « S8er ‘2 CROCE aes ewer reat JOSSBUOD +s SSPE SOM nacho pshonG 8 SSE Conca o occ DS Poo}OU AS SOe OG eos 2boeTesone Sadie)! | sft olei mace sae beings WNW Le AA ele seleies! acces oe wlewie|| a on ia Sy (ee eee ee DEO BSS Oo oe/Naynahan yy) Sia SISsallogsdaceosa | anosrco men) omc sere Slececac ----|- Kingxoyy pur 1eysoyo 10g $796 ScL | Tek Ip | Srl 09 | $860: 20 | 9 “=> = 1O}sOg, 4260 | #168 | FELT ore 'F | $122'S | 62L‘T | $S920‘0L | $888 oLE ‘S €9c‘2E | s18‘c | $178 ‘9 GOCE eu lipase ee Oe | as one ee | ae ee ee: Cea SCE SONI: [OCs ra (ES amen | SRO ROMUES cleo ean seers Bear Ales ce beet nc ance| boo stccrac ls waaeror cer coc ray Aa5| it Sees Uy, G9 BOG Gas Bdrm les OLte 0B ELL 10g 3 | £022 $890 'T cg | so" pesqe[qie yy ns | p18 % ggg GL0'T | $689 pea tC LEG 897 ‘T 66L ‘T ¥191‘L | ¥180'e | #196 Z | §8cr igual ates coerce c= WEEN apie al ee oe Seo aoe REEF BBES SC oe RROSE Sees Ay EGLL 816 ae ae | OOE &¢ 16 $06 nee one eA TOROS Fae coal Ueda aie sa Sa acpi wise en rapa a 2 tht | HP A Ua ne Core Ue cee ea ipa epee ce spsletafale\ mis) etal 2foxe\ellmiaim tel tela eres shee - inde sear mi ital | Shon ioe ell her eee eae eee OL SOU CCU EIAs Bee's | 929 "ch | F684 'ST | Fc00'6T | 682 TT | TIS "e | FOcL’6e | 98 /OT | EscB ‘oT Th6"¢ | fooh'69 | Fech'62 | 060162 | 460 TE oes) 2erso52 BOS SOC KROC ROO CS OO Sbany GS OSES OCIS A090 || POcoc OSS SO IOS AL KOE OWLS pois ACE lig atid laa “+ qorasdy, PEO-Ge | Sezy Ona $GSeucle | 8eG zie | COLO) eer stete ee qrod ding Mo Ny g 6ST ‘T 96F ‘0G | $6LF'F GL6 ‘6 £186 ‘¢ F26‘T | $P9L ‘Ts 0F9 ‘L 60L ‘6 Grr ‘el | $ce6 ‘zee | Ectr‘G9 | Fxz6's6 | ¥ocG‘FG | oFs‘zt | ccPr‘zes | Seco ‘96 | F613 ‘26 ose ‘PL | ¥apc ‘ess | Fror‘Zpr | 98L‘TAL | 86E‘0L |------ 7-777 Te0n Soy | Tn z % T | eBoy | “Teqor, zs % T | s8ey | “Teq0L, 13 % cI “MOTjOOdsul JO q10q “6881 “CE8T “TE8T “ponulyuogn—sposnyovssnyy wr woyjoadsur jo1ayonvy[—] LNAWALVLS [174] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. ce em enn nen|s see me seos|se ee menace |s ce sew mene | $639 ‘TT F019 ‘FT TI6 ‘PT 682 Tre 60S ‘2B LO1P ‘PLT *sporzeq gpur ¢ Te}0L T $c99 ‘eg eens |r O09 F10P ‘6P 6688 SIL ESE ‘3% $008 ‘F6T Sphs ‘IT 26 ‘16 8L 00T #108 TSz ‘8 FILS ‘LS eee eee 802 FOLT ‘E S12 ‘OT $68 G09 ‘SF T 669 geese TT AgtS FLLL ‘LG $0 6&8 ‘ET Apes ‘e1 61 ‘T9 PIL 0TZ 678 ‘9 GoL ‘st | 628 ‘ces | $268 ‘BL "s[oreq, Spaz] TOL te) “GEST oe G AE *sjearTeq # puet TeIOL °g x6 FeS¢ ‘86 §eer ‘08 1 “PONUIZMOQ—sp9SnYODSsVPT Ut UOYoodsur 12L2{00TT—" “PE8T J INENULVLY soe seseees"=-8T MOY 107IO cot esss-" BOSTRAG Sl Gaerne Seg TOULOS Sacesecercis A TOa ISO AN -">-*-qqnoulIeq soosemesen=-NIOTPOT MON JES ORES SOS aye NMNAG L PODS OSS OD OT UNM OIGL SoS 55 To OMOM Ue NG woeeeeereneeess Gnome st eeseceereeeeee=* grOTmOCy -=* TOM ICEL wt eees serene TENE soo eteses** TMOJOOUIAOI PSS059°3 OTA), eresns-*==-=>= "49TH OWN BESISEOO OS OOD S OT ISVMEHES PIO SIDS S56 pi AN OLED), Sage aaeenD (RIS UM EET eos ee esses sees OTM pug qinouds, gy eewuee FOS CUSSED TAGE Roane mene eee Oo VURITOS OASIS BOG OO Yal IHU (YG) SRONSS 92 89200 ama esAaM A | ~---==-q9nourfo A PORTO ASDA SDERGE AVaVaRTALH) Ainqxoxy pue 1ojseqo10q m10}80q TAOISOLIVTD “> "=> DLOTPOTT peoyo(qieyy >>> TLOTBQ ~+-- KTIOAOG *-*>"> JoqSOqOUL AL PIIOOIAS GOONS AMSA O}ES) -=--qrodyoo03y eaee SIRS SIOR SIS (US OL sea seeseee=-qg ToC KINGMON senses seesees-TeIOT, ‘TOTLOGdsUI JO 910g ‘ HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. [175] bpp ‘Tr 7908S ‘8 $892 ‘FL TeIOL $810 ‘0g ¥LE0 ‘22 ELIS ‘GS iE co ¥0L0 ‘ET Te1OL FOPL ‘OLT 1 F866 ‘2 88S ‘8c § x6 “BE8T 2 £601 ‘¢ 7896 ‘LE T SEED yg te | a Poet ceria | Rea rae eee | aed corre ipa ana een gra | eerie Sed sale tel ea aa ope nema ecaea S ULAN' OSL OU | (0), EoohoR ECE olfocaocaocas|sos6.20a800| Pn as990809/fACINOe505|[AG0COS OACSSIN6 9 OSO9O9 920 SSO S007 FES TANS eee ecmaamme|sweceenccaslecesaccanelscasaacess ise igi aaah ean eas atta shoe mites 1 ON LO LL OS BOCES EES BEPC OSES POSE Se Seo GOS OoE ESS COOCCCO Eg COO o eS aoEo oe eo oo ooo occen kite 1y “STO.LIvG, = put ‘htacdemrenie ty afl LOO 96T “Erg ‘gel | Euc¢ ‘eg ‘TeOL & “LEST TL Gacina she ier ne te Raa a cea ee TOULG By ““pioypod MON, oe cee ele ee cee w nln e-em seen |- se ewe w een la eo were seems ween tee een=---- WOALT UV Se i i iis PABCOOROROESS CORSO FESO OOOO NOM HOGE 120 ‘T9 6 §2z9 109 ELS ‘FG ms Cas 5 “gos Onqae SOOOUCOOCOASSSOSE Fgh a(aynTiC EL Pcie eo iano ee LLL (CT S829 PHINNS SOR AISOSTADCOOSNSSS SOTA UAMTI TOT lea Digan genie perenne ge ee Ir ny aie aoa aL UPPER LD EQ) “* TMOJOOULAOI BREIBOCDSON SPARE ECONO CON NAR aRa COS STAT, toe nte cee sere eee sete sense = AQ QTTTTO AL HISeSOn Roma gaSIROsR OMCECOGHOCSOOO Rm MIsaANe Cay secon eee sees reese ew eeee en ess TNOTTIG A CBE ONOGOGA050 weecsrees == -OTguIsaIed oo eet reser reneeee essen eee eee == OTM DOES Sgersciehe nice cisco ciciec rst iccec rua noulAy efi -- AIngxnq aact sine “esas la taiern te sieve Sea cele OGR MTOR Pecg eine ae nome sera ren Sn ORSCY OU PSS RIGSOAGHASoedSCSOIMONGOISSOS aE eh aL peoeeacle cae =e tOUINS eee teers eee eee ee Aourm sorsecscoe--se--KINQxXOY pues 104seT910q. ab ns otnie\cislejcloininieleve/e isis cisicai ei ciel aod ROG GI SCOTS ISOS GOGO ISS SIOGOONY PUAN NIS2) PUCLILG) Bins Shire ietisnonieisicin eas rene cee lOT DOIN : “"** peoye[qre yy BOCBOOS AIG RDB ROB OOOO SOOORCOGOSST 1s} (AS| sible icleielayei ers jeiciavalsreiencie ios eat ieliee AT TOAOG ===" JoqSoTOURL 7-22" =">19]890N0L9 5 =5=-qrad 3x00 settee eee ceeceeeee ss eeeensees- TOTMBGT BEDI CORSE OODOS ORCS SOIL ayo UA UaXe INE) NE fees e eee ce eee e eee eeeeese sre . “MOTJOOUSUT JO 110g “PONUIMOH—s7IEnYyoossvTT Ur woyoodsuy poLayovyT—"T INENWELVLS [176] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. *IOJSOONOTH) JO JIvd B@ BVA OFET OF rOpId yrodyooy pw ewervews|ee coon we el eer ce can es [ewe en se oelee mc ccc serlee ce see sew|se~ see esas 896 090 'T ach LE TLE £016 19S | s0 'é 69P ‘T &2L : ; nee up oe eee See 198 ‘8 089 ‘6 €CL Lh 0g9 08s ‘g £98 ‘62 4608 ‘¢ L6L‘T | $600 ‘T $167 ‘og Ges ‘T GL6 679 ‘OT LPL ‘8S LIL’S TPIT ‘Te P92 @ 789 6% BPS ‘GL 96P ‘2% 160 ‘0 670 ‘TL f1¢e ‘61 THIOL te 6 T TROL ‘€ 6 T ‘T?40.L ‘$ G “Tr8T “OF8T T fae mo roy mie ata airaeen heer aioe eee NUN OTE TOUT () : -=*""BOSTBMG worersseese-nogToMOG rerrene= "9 T00980 AA POIGO0 Ae SSRDO RSIS HAO SISONOONc OSSC OST TAU HTA TL SOO DODODEGHOOBOCRG OSAOIG 0 OOO SC OSS TONGS MNGINT ““" TOAGTLAIIG DES e@0 2095000505 OOO sOnRONSUICOR FMR MA AAG SPTIRETIS STR Sisiele sc.erininc erin nisiciS coer ee eq OM On GENE BEE OBO GS 0 S9CC265- CSOSA IEGNeS SSS SHON hpi HaTRON ET E\s Sis Sle siaieis nie is.cis. «SiR Seis. niciadrisisiaieiei sieves ill Ta GE GIO SCSI ST OMA SL HBSS IIE IOVOSD, OGOOS ISIS OG IASI ISIE yy (HT ITANIG) poEngudedoosOB5UNES wee eer cress “= “TMOJOOUTAOI Rcicislnie stn)eieisiete miei asinicizisieh=(eininseieisinieepele elie ice ratag OLIN SSeS Snel lee TOO MTN ciel SeisinPises 1OSMOIG, SO BBE SB SOBONIO9 BIQROSI ACA ORGS 2 OOS GANT. POE ASSIS OCG OS SS OOS OSORIO) (eat sp ie sy 25526555 TOT poe =ioipisie/njnfninimieles ols ie)a\e in el (nlnr is nfen ime eloicele ery ATT OMA ETE SGOT SS AUIS PUAGE See aioe = ADEE G9 FIQS OC ONISG COCCI Se ATT LTS BODO Sao tte bes SOE SOD EDO T=) <151-11 (11) GODS SOO SS rie iaje4g sp ter cr rere ens eer ceccsees son secersee-tanouTsG M cette ee neers cece ern ee cere net eee nen Aourng potter rreseccemarcsse9-KINGKOW pus 10,89 0L0q, Spy OOO GIAO IU OOD SOTA SORA OPA A Hes fafey POE aE) OB KON OE) ANE sores =-pBoqo[qlepy epee wees SPOUSE SSIS OTSEGO CSOCEORIOS SSG Eyl tener cree eect ee tee were nr ene sereren ees KIQAOT -leqsooUR LL Seer nies Be atthe EIen (slilsielay (0) 5) --9 910030037 weet eect er eee ees wee e eens en esse eees e222 - =“ TOTMSOT seen ncee score eter eee ee cree sos 22> a OC LING MON Bsictleivis alse clea eel SSeS ae as eee eee CPOE “MOTJOOdSUI JO L0G *ponuryuoj—spesnyovsspyy Ur WONIedEUr JaLayoDIT—"| LNANALVLG HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. [177] "8 ‘ON ‘0ZG ‘8 ‘ ‘96988 T ON ‘980‘8¢ SOATS TAINJor [eUTSIIO OTT, 9 ule ee GL6 Fert ‘01 48PL (oT 668 ‘61 *g ‘ON ‘ezg'Fe ‘3 ‘ON ‘CTG'2e ‘1 ‘ON ‘gh8'8¢ poansy st uanger [eursTI0 oT, q Sino es HSU AOT TIONING) Sr ceesoo ne BOSUENS DRAB OR OBOE BSIORAG TSH GAIUS sinintecelsicoic ete 4100480 AA ima LION Dig f “="* pLOFpo_ AVON -r >=) TOARTAIR TT SAGO BOG ODI OGIO TUN TIO) OG pea ae ae aeons] ORL NE PIES COISSISOCSSSS (AONE (EEL ~ Srumeq, “> (OIMaeyy SESE OOS SOSH (NE ANG) YOrapurg “yanowAl, Saale sim aie ee ACLEN CTEROTL (VUE achiahe tte eeO PELE LOR “77777 >" -qosseTyog, Bate etneoiegs § Teeee aaa eae UL MOULAONG PEAR onRnogor ¢ Aout?) ak AINGKOY pure 19}89T]9.10(T PES bean ee erOIsOSh Troscssse= === TMOISOPIVILO SAORI PROS EIE.S plozypay “=> proyorqavyyr Soiree WIa[VS -- > ApLoA0g nn rel OPS OC OQUUGI TIE ¥ITL ‘sh | e160 ‘6t | Ec6L ‘ce | treR'9 | $196 ‘9T | ¥2¢0'9 LoL LL '9 | 826 OT | BB'S Sees eae seer ay: esa LONSOONOLS) P68 ‘8 {616 € | TPOL's T1e'T | fe86'L 019 o6P E1E8 196 “TL pelts POPPER EE SCKOBR SAAD IM @LIbinOKyL ag pate | ee peed | eee aa ; aan le eS nap lest SF Seat |\ omen yee eapeneel (se Siesta ks e< GIOuia “> YOrMsdy £190 ‘IL e6h'G | hGL'2 FI8's | ¥900°L LE8 'S 128 ‘T | ¥c%8 ‘82 | I9e‘G £0F ‘T so rersrrss esses aod ang Mo Nr £G08 ‘206 | ¥96G‘c8 | 6z9'88 | fes0'sa | ¥I8e‘98 | ezo'ce | SIS‘ca | fers‘sc | Ish't9 | FOO'sT | 880 ‘ET qu hag jooscinpscodcenemecconssasaccosencanbcaSe Tye; [ROL 9 *g % ‘T ‘[e90L, 9 48 % “it “RIOT "8 % a ‘moTjOodsuL Jo 410g “CPST PPST “SPST *ponuryUu0cg—spasnyonssnyy wi uoyoodsur jasayovjy—']T LNUNOEVLS [178] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. ‘Ysy poyoodsutar oulos sopnypouy q "€ ‘ON “LL8'F9 2 ‘ON “2086°69 *T ‘ON ‘F808'Zh PoJOOy ST MNJ [BUISIIO OY, D SP1P FL AGO LO KOLA JOO CA oalep |00. NO On D (Sono Ot 11D 3 & & OD ‘Arma ot eisaeoses CER SE GS Bent ia sso F == STEM OP TOMI) “77> -BOSTBMG "===" "998 100L0G SESS TS Sees CeenT Odd SOR IAG and aaa cee TN OUI CE “=== pLOTpog MONT "rs TQ ABT ILB FT eB OP RBG SGOT ESOS APM OMI KSH OEE POSS Gs Re Serie ses esses en OsONGUeINE Sia alte eben aot accede NET OULL] NYE says "c55°>>-Srmmeqd Gels eee CORI OS A pay ofa ap PIES SO: S SS SERRE Ie aici WVyAVyD Si eae TNO D UAC Mee -- olny, FOOBTIP AL PaSePTS Ts SSeS TON NORGE BO BIBER OSS SOCOM ANIKI THT .C "eT quysureg ~YOTM pues “--- YQnourdAy stigtiees esi ie i eeenesie sie TINO Ge pes) S15 5 Srlsie See Saale rie 917BN410G ---gosseyog SOOSSOSIS pn AICohONG OL SSSR OD ~72="""TANOGIAD AA Drip Ps oreaeca erie SOUT) *-7-°KInqGxOy puB IoYSoyOIO, priest Geismar srt ocie soe WOISOg eicis ioe sro - EMO SOTIVYO Bet ppannodanooa ood FNGoaSocoannyocoS PLOJ PITT seed Ss emma (1122.0 fo) £0 U3 1. #00S ‘e¢ | #ce9 ‘oz | f1oe‘zt | Scoc‘cr | ¥x0n‘Tp | eer ‘tt | Sore‘st | S26¢ ‘pr | ¥roe‘ep | gocher | S00r‘st | Bue6'6 |----toccccctc ~-- deqysaono[y, BOGL ‘L ------qr0dyoory rs ss ine Se RSS Eeias alee ie pelosi esicieliriccc ste BEHAS piohe ie heteiesela [eis ioisie teks FOS2 DOS AMOAT S166 ‘9G- £650 ‘L £682 Fece ‘eg $o2 6 $186 ‘8 ST9L ‘¢ Fig ‘st | tore 's 1g9 ‘L PRUE Gia PAPE ERE Seine sles SEERA C RIE IO 922 DOS SOA CTS UTITAG LNEIINE S08T ‘008 $616 64 | 760 ‘SIL | $216 ‘TSs | B09 ‘TL | $900‘92 | B0GT ‘FOL | #1Ty ‘6LT 7772" OT; ‘12100, g te “iE 12IOL g ¥, aT ‘Te}OLY € % T = ‘moTpoodsur jo 410g ‘SPST “LEST ‘OST . ‘PoONUTWOA—sppasnyovssv]T wr woyoadsur paLayooyyT—"] LNAWALVLG HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. [179] sre tacce “=-*> STMO} LOTIO E BEDI C GEO REDO SOOT eT AIG ONS pee ia ieee ee ae SI OULO 4100389 \A\_ Peo oacceeTMOULM IEG toeresoo==7"" NloTpeg MON BEDS ASSES OCICS = TaN POHL --"- TMOWUVSP "7--> goyON}Ue NT Pees ioe soos set UL OM Git BOB SOCIO IS SIOO FON HONIEL GE sinciricicin'sineisisiceoeinds Orme YT ----> MWUVyVyO - MMOJOOULAOL BOSD E RSS SQ SSS SRO SOMO ATLINIG, 777 7* F90BTTO M. 77> LOISMOLT. --> > YgnouLre 7 Hasek -o[qeuysuairg AEE SOIT OOS OOD AIIAN POS! 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PEO OR OOD ial tered ea ale na aS | cea ces ean am es reas | reed Sores ttl [oct sai ci ae | en ie | met ecg aha (Nec ma id | rane age Sa Se ISS AROMA OU, 1 SE N8 (EY 0) good Songs Sage BOSTPMS YOO OO CONIO O99 OG CCN OSS/ SF 20D OAS RAN D0 POOR AIO ESO oO GOODS SO GO SOD OOS OOD OO NIP OO COR SOCSDOOS DOD COO OND 0 Oban oa) G000050 Han so0oK qoS1VULOG sosnncecon Bee : syetceesssses = TOrMpuesg sooo sess =- anoMAT A, wwccee Ci . : Z - p92 RODS NoS OSOKS SATO DRAG, Reo Se ouer oe ~~ 97BN4I0S $169 ‘2 EPLT | 288 § FLOL ‘T #108 | $8092 G6P ‘T $66 ‘8 : “qjasseyog LBG‘G £66 #629 ‘3 =| Foee‘T | Flas‘ | eezs‘9 | $120‘ | e0L0‘e nosboncanos wey OTT ster eheaci hake ed ee s/sacirlo‘ secre s= "=" 9NOTIAD AA ver teeece : si eiokepetesekmtndet| [sr etobonslalm tales IOGeODHGISSs “> AOuM~ PIC RU IEEE Ra coneae ee eee eC BRE eae | Pee a Ren ROCCO aS nbs aaa OD SoG Anqxory pur 1o}soqo10g TOF6 ‘8 i -=7=--= TO9SOgT BERS “UMOISALIVYD QO OO. OI GORS D2 SESE ROSS S= PA MONN ASI NE PEORASOIIS “oot s ts puotelarelnt psa 5 " Joxyong We NT a ee COM ear eae SOI OAS SY GL a Ue es es GOAT Ts meagey “=> TMOJOOUIAOI Pa PORE SOS ONT tp See eek SOO UTTOIAN "sot * > 1ogsMorg ses" TNA x “= =" 91qRqstTLIVg, ones TOLMER ESOS OSS COIL THM AOKI at erees> AINGXUC “= 99eng1og -- gessvqon PaO SURCRPRSSnoc WVyoUl_L "s5>"7>>-ganomAo aS erase koutnty “AINGXOY pure 1oyseyo10q. posit oie ~~ =>" 10]80q soo reesesn = TMOISOPILIED a PLOW ONAL - peoyoTqiv yy 57, UIes BS uuradors soo->) ATIOAOg “so TOQSO OUR, =*="""> JoISaONOT “4.tod 39037 ~-- qorasdy sors seesss azodAing Mo jt 08S SLO TEA ‘morjoodsut Jo 410g [182] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. “Z1OdqoIMIVAy pue TorMaey £699 E66 $8¢0 ‘S 00F nyo TGLG G keen lit nc oy = co oO oD Ke fo wi PPS Oe f Ses en c= MAN OG LOUIO --"-> BOSTBAG DOPE OOSIOOGUSOIE e ys GUTS) Gioia iol telel=tsiniSeG nT OC SOYANG “+ >> qynowgiVg “paozpog ANT So Roos === TOME LLG vostest sss" TMOLIVOP A soe cescsssss== goon TUB NT --- YQnomypey Iss srmmaqy peas TOIM.e Ey omen uclt B®) -- MMOJZONOUTAOL S220c52 (Op qnity f, aoe i JOO TIO A Heiss \pierelaineiel eras TOYSMOL, POSES OSS Tp ATTA AC ~ 9[quystavg Brno TOrIMpurg PS OARSSOHONOSOS Ty MOON al EP SOOS to t>> Aunqang Sees UMOWSILAIVYD ces e eee eee ee eee proypoyL ets sesosos-= ToISeTOUC AL AD FIIOSI Oo mask 10K0) 0) > - god yoo. iesehscnknss) ish hae ae qormsdy #¢08 ‘9 $¢8 $288 ‘T $eGu ‘T £08¢ ‘¢ £1¢8 ‘9 ¥c9 79eG ‘T ¥eeo ‘T £612 'F as => gaod Kg. Avo NT H 3 ‘ | poOOoS ators! $qg9 ‘cea | SIPP‘e | S8LG ‘0g ugg ‘zet | $8ce ‘so | tz ‘66 | stl ‘r | ¢x0z ‘ce | fo90‘cr | ose 19 ®f209 ‘Tel, cee ‘LT, 2icee'se | *w6c6 ‘1G | oTLPE GL 18100, : ; : : ; a 5 d : : a 5 ip 2 1 Te}OT, P g z T OL P g Zz I THIOL if saoniddeutsaneee “098 "6°81 “SC8T. ‘ponutyMopH—spjasnyovssvyy U2 uoyoodsur javayov]{[—*] INAWALVIS Leggs I 4 HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHI [183] 218 $090 ‘F Toss s "=" SEMOF LOIO Peace ee Scie aBORIIC ANG proncces soe "- QO810TLOG PRE CORIO OSS GH COLONSAY eocax0 -="-> YQnowlyre¢. srsser ==" NIOTPOT AO NT rect ee et ane ene TOABTILC POPE RODS COMISS HUNAN OU L possisletetot stelelsint= Joyon}UV jy — = ---= (qnomlen Boesco SERS Oono Dos (shinier Sq OuoeTsupaseos TOrM Ivy cores Tey UMOJOOULAOL Rete oan.ly, gaa Bee Se OO PLO ANG FESSOR CISION SAIS 4 AUKSYNGUCAT 9969 2055 SIGSe ain aoNEIO dE AC “=> 9]quqSulve, 797" =- YOTMpURG AER EARS coors yqnoutAT car ieee AGLI OESGUL (Ot -=- 9jRngTog SEC CIRCE JoSsvyoy Ssiiekeisici rele *- CURT UTA, poscinieCieteiset qynousy A ZSIEESE SEE? ge sonones Nayotian tj) -LINGXoY purv 1oysoyo10 (Ty icine Saga ror-- WOjSOg. FRE PALS LSS WHOSE) LEO) “555° DIOT pon > proyeTqaryyr SSS UO ES 086 a 69 6ST as Saeko 70S E11Z Cee ee eee Aproaog Ber Ae eS ee ete SAI hd TCSII PH PAS OSCE CEA a) OA aI EAN re eo cet Cenacanee st Memes a RES FES SE SOG OBO SSIS ARS TNS HE HO ON ONE] AL ¥126 ‘92 | fe96‘TL | ces ‘te | Bxez‘ort | ¥est | frog ‘es | Est ‘ee | Zo0g‘ec | Fcc ‘06 | tee | FL0x'9 | feeo ‘cP "77 soo os= Tagsoonoyy) 082 ‘T GOLF‘ 706 00T ‘9 @L 696 ‘T ELPG T TILL @ £686 ‘Pb ST $616 SOPL‘S gon oo Oa Fe seers en| eee | CU ee ie BOL el ae i Se cap ee One een ee Persstase eecees orcas TOTABGT 2286 ‘9 9 EEO 4908 ‘G #c0¢ ‘T ELLE ‘L eg | €161 ¢ 2268 ‘2 2626 T 2081 ‘2 §Z fez ‘T f6G1 ‘tb seeess grodAamq.Ao NE GPG ‘908 | 083 E109 ‘Zor | Sexo ‘get| $¢96‘z9 | Fr98‘09z | Boog | tro ‘oor | Sese‘sz | Eove‘ts | fesc‘tet | $ee9 | gsp‘ze | £982 ‘vor Sass > [e0n | TROL a7 g iG T RIOT a7 g %E "ir TLIOL ? g Z aT / ‘toloodsul Jo 410g “G9ST. ‘SO8T ‘TOSI “poenuryuopj—sppasnyovssvyy wr uonoodsur pawayony[T—'T LINUNDLVLS [184] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. foce ‘es 81% OL too ey Ye) S oy “SUMO} LOTIO sic \sisininie’s ticle BISTBAG a inant! esp e}0 (0s POOH BSPO SISOS] (OYOUISE) AMA 2s5s 5 GInowq1eET “prozpog MONT sisieicie cia WOAVTALR YT, Fess -- TM OFIvO POL 7+ >>> QOxONGUB NT --5-- NOUR Siejsicvin oi STIS (lh ORR. Soh Sisisls-)- TO TALE ETE so ese TOBTVYO UMOJOOULAOI B2SS2 9090 (HHMI, eed terre QOOTTIOM. pla Mietetshess soo J9IS MOLT. --- qqnouie 7 > o[qeqsMieg, --- OTA purg BOO rooereo >: Enos, ee=--- Kimgxng 7777 OYVNYTOS -*--- gossvyog POSSE OSSSOP COCO aT ea rold) 8 soescenssss-2-gqnourho AA poietic ze ----- Kouin® ‘£INGXoy pus 194s9qo10q sisieivaieisizie/eicl= ----"> TOYSOT. trrstrr 7s TMOISOTIVYD "255> PlOoypeL - proyoTqreyy = PB S005 Way [AS re--=> ATTOAOT. Io}SOTOUR TL cee ‘eI | Seue‘se | EPLt ‘66 | “tSe6 ‘PST --- Jaqsoonopy {9FG 216° ¥0L6 ‘P -----qrodyooy peas Sree ed8ac “> 77> YOLMSAT S121 ‘T grod Aang. Mo NT 81969 ‘Tes | $696 gy ‘tr | tere ‘9e | Beze‘ost| fen ‘9cz | erz | 299% ‘ee | Foc‘e9 | Fecn‘ecT | fuGe ‘PLe| FFT Sore ‘eg | Bopy ‘Ler| Fess ‘e9 Dp OnOESHOO OA TAO) E 12I0.L a7 3 % ar THIOL 2 8 iG; air TeOL a g % "f "MOTyOOdSUT JO I10g “998T. | “COST “P98 “PonUIWWODN—sppasnyovssnyy WwW uovyoadswe pavayonyyT — "JT LINAWHLVIS HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. [185] FGEI ‘FE FLIL ‘C9 FOCT ‘€T £P26 CL SELIG ‘GL 2092'S nijo 1920 ‘OST 24280 ‘% 01 16 a z LLO ‘VP 9ST o G £7160 ‘86 fo STPLE ‘01Z Ieicalst 409 100 £5808 ‘261 “-STM0} 10710 “7--> BOSTBAG “77> goSdouLog “==> -q.10d 489 AA. qynowyrvg “plop pog AON 7 TOAVY LIV HT -- UMO}LVS poy JoyONGUB \T “7 YQnowyRy pee Seed ose a STUD (fi CE SiclP Slee O10 (3) Na Ge) 8 Bae ae eee wWLyI wy) UMOJIOULAOL aos 2 (ONAUATT, 7777" $000 TOM. soos JagsMorg - YNoaL1Ty _ -- o[quysmarng “77 YOLMpueg “--> ygnouts,g 7o-> AImgxnd “ egeng1ag -* gossryon SRP STOSOISGOSO™ safe aL sees > TQNOULAD AA -- Loum’) -AINGXoY pus 1oeysoyo10q SEE so sso5= TO9SOg, roostessesss TMOS[IVTD torrets" DLOTPOTL “77> pRotporqay pr Scouse Weds) FODOOSSRN00 ----> APIOAOT, tocces sooo TOERSSTOUVYAL pasado -=--> JOIsaONO[Y -ee-> qrodyooyy POSS GOOCSTCTGGH SS Yornsdy sorrse> s+ grodAang Ao NT soese SiS € ‘T sTe}0L € ‘T 12901, T “6981 “898T “LOST “ponulyuoj—spasnyonssvyy wi woyoadsur pavyovyT—'] INAWALVLY ‘morjoodsul JO 410g [186] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. “STAOT, 10790 Bee AOSuURAG PROS IOI ION ORO MAIER ieee ee ceo TOOT SOY ANG “79> Wqnomjzeqg “7* pLoypog AVONT pce or se=o 5 -- TQABY LICHT eerie "77-7" TMOVIR. DOL -7-* goxongTe NT “o> TENOR SoeReO Se stTumoe(y HSE Rass TOMAR yy es wegyeyo UMOJOIULAOI Sesser saya yf, See ee ea OTT OUAN SSCS RSET RS LOIS MO LT Seige qQuowmaie x -7- O[QRIsmIRE ECS TOIMpueg Stns yynow sy gy 200205 _Aanqxuq 97eNy}IOG qossvyoy -- WIVILSUlpy Rete anor Soe so50e= Nayodni ys) AIM X0y pure .1o}soypo.10¢y REITs 10}SOq, susiggierieias WAOJSOTIVYD Se sistbiets nig wa ariel PLOFPOTAL seen nonce! aceqgunqua|scnoneaseoforemoe co|looacgrscralfpoosaeoccs >> proyo[qiryy B86) aoe conan aoe mayeg piesa sre es ; Fae abe 3 Seg ee aay SS ATIOAOT “-* Jo, soTpoue PAL Ong tg = fegesecce 8916 ‘T 2919 ‘OL | $42 “109 ‘F “| 81Fe I TET) ‘OL z Tt296 9 £82G ‘CT 096 ‘ZL | “sor ‘0z -- raysaon0Ly 1h AOS IL | AOL | RAR PePSsesool hae | yea pay nat esescoosl epee i realy | Eien eoeeoemossosas=: 410d y9037, SOOO SnOOo| ane ssh sect iets rete voter e ee |e eee ee ee ee}. - 2 -----]---- = ---- : D : BO CSO ISOC OOO OOS pRooe nS qormsdy EPLO POLE “T Sega‘, |--->----| Spee 'g | 22e0'e | 9%pg0'e [77-77 ===> + q70d LING MON 8¢09 ‘cg | 88028 46 | 9F998 ‘re. | E9LP ‘66z| #88 2rUe ‘89 | GEL98 ‘G8 | SEL8L ‘GOT S9F0 99 |-=7 7-7 ets TRIOL 2CGP ‘681 [R10 7, - "e % 1 [e870 7, 7 g %G ale ‘e109, D € G “|e MOT}JIOdSUI JO 410g “GLB ‘TL8T “OL8T “ponulyuog—sppasnyovssvyy Ur woryoadsiur pavayovyy— "| LNAWALVLS . ? MACKEREL FISHERY. OF THE HISTORY [187] 22290 ‘OST A192 ‘F T816 rae | 226CP ‘GL | St0L2 ‘6I St G18 ‘9cg, +) 4 7 ) 0ce T TOL ae £192 'S TEll6 ‘OIL srr 'F a ‘ LFELz ‘€ $8PL ‘GST SEG6L ‘LE eee T 2 £396 27606 ‘E 9186 99 ‘c F096 (L god I “8656 'T 7189 ‘68 PILI DS DOSS SATO UANO NL OEP we eee ee eee BISURMG PERE ORGS SOCIO iy (tte faq(OS| wore eee 4a0dysa AA > Ynouyiwg Ploppog AO NT a ae: DOA ALE UMO}IVO PA JON] WV NE qynowywop SIUM (T rales => TOTMIe mrypaey” -MWMOJOOULAOT On T, JOOT LOAN “79575 Laqgas og, TQNOUIV O[qVIsureEg TOM purg 77> YQnoulA Tg AINGXn( o7RN410G JOSSLyOD BOR UE Seo “= WRT O ULL TE MOMMA A Aum) “Aang xoy pur zoqysaya.1od woisog. WOSofAVyO, D1OJ PITAL * pBota[ Cie pL ula[eg AT LOAN, > TOYSOTPPUBPL JojSoono0[y “> qrodyooay BS BREA ONS SO aA IN SOL 410d KANGA NT SRS) (AONE; (CIO, ay “e Zz TR}OL T Te70.L € a “GLBT PL8T “EL8T penuyUu0g—'sppasnyonsspyy ue uoryjoadsur pasayovyY—"T LNANWALVILS ‘moljoodsut Fo 410g [188] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 9918 'T 27806 ‘GC ars 1606 ‘T ee APPL | ALLL TE | 4908 T | 1STL'@ | escl | tr166 OL | ipl | €6a'9 6 “RBISUBMG QOSLOWOY 4.100} S9 A -- GymowjaVy “Tose es 555" NIOFPI_{ MONT pope aeR nous 225 WIARILUB ST PES OTS UMOVIVS PH ===> QoyouqUe AT pets aD ISIS SULA (T eleralster shai YOIM.B FY ee a Wey} -UMOJIOULAOL pee Saree ON, Sass JO9B (TIAL Bona LOJSMOLT - TMow1e paSEeoue OL QVIsniwd pinise Scere sors" OTM PLRG Ge GEM Qc ote yQnouts | J SSE 0RSE ciate POPS 29222 HI TNG PRY AL Secenel| OS sobs) Cee no ora|ebooeoonn jes As enol po|Hoqodo scone nas ba,os 6 OGnote) ApantSd Soc! SoQ0uDs INE |nsasoqadDhondsacs OPRITIG T 3 DUCA eiaiereec eas JoSsvyo,) soceee SSO 209009095 (NAM NISL oane pr corecs as = = GMLOULAO AY teeeeee BODO Do SEO SDD ta ll m tents Hgts poznesese Varsity) socosasedullonpaacos Beene DES COR 8S 9 CeO soa po} s Osan soeo/(secocoeesa Por eososce| AMEDCO [NUBTEMST ALOT oce ‘| F209 ‘ST EGLL ‘SL | £4068 ‘GE | Tec9s ‘F ees TOISOg alsaeeesecies SSeel| S29 So asne|locSooShoco|s50 s25occcllogea Soba |) oF TaocSbllesosoGKboe|| == “ssqnool/nocoognaar||sesq00n0||banna0 —\ |jsancac == UMOJSOPLVYD vette eles eee eee fr eee] meee ree ele noe eee |e eee |e eee |e eee eee fe ee eee eee eel |e eee REP "75> POT POTL so ceee fee eee ee] ee ee eee eee |ee eee eee ef eee eee eee else ee eee eee] ee ee eee | one eee ee] cee cree ee] eee ee sete] eee ee eee |--------]---- 2 eee: nos proyo[ ley sR | Sey SEA 7 OOS IOD ORIOL SS TWOTBS ASO SO AENGP es Seal stale a eacle inc cates ONO STE seers ee feces cree |e esse eee |e eee eee ef serene oe ee reef ee eee eee fee ree [eee ee eee fees e fee eee ee ef eee eee |e eee So so= === TOISaToOuUe IL OF F780 ebMalo= eos ee ee 19} S0OUOTY) Econ Gee aca en ean LO UST OON|E rig tpeswg hte | Cseaeecbeeheceal| iaragey cola | clara ycloleoia PERCHES yorasdy 8 2700 cfealina ees. --- grod Aang vo Nv 906 ‘FRE | $¢8L‘TL| SLT ‘OL °F 160 ‘GOL 8¥60‘ZI| 22002 ‘ze | S298z‘ze | #sT0‘st | Sicte'ces FeIs’y | Sir 82698 ‘08 |""~" NY, [BIOL P e % T [RIOT - 48 G T THIOL 'P as un T “uoTqOodsSUr JO 410g “SL8T “LLBT “9OL8T *‘paonulzuUuo;)—sposnyonssn]y wr uoyoadsur roLayovjy—] INANALVLG MACKEREL FISHERY. HISTORY OF THE [189] £602 ‘SIT 163 ELPO ‘OT 8008 ‘ OL ¥LE9 ‘9 FL ‘OIL $866 $686 ‘ee soo ssso 7s """- ST MOF IOTIO ae “77> BOSTVAG Poleferc eb cle nesh cee Jos.1oT0G p aelolsicia nacheaciaie eT OCLOSOIAAY sors sesso TQ NOMIQILCL -- \paozpog? AV NT sesicmeriens "7 TOARTLATR IT wre tee oss" TE MOLICS DO eats qoyoujue Ny pig ro eas ae OOULIEIT rine Rinse =

TOSoTOURB]L PRA SS cis “77> LaJSOOUOT +) --qg10dyooyy SST qoumsay soresceees- g7odAINGMON BEL1 ‘9c 98¢ ‘eel | 86g ‘st | Feca ‘ere | Foro ‘et | Bpcc ‘ee | Sper ‘por | fecp‘oz | #260 ‘set | Fece #908 ‘FS | ¢8IL‘IG | 8¢c0‘6 |------ 7" TRIO, TROL a7 g £6 ‘T TeyOL, a7 § %E, a 1290.L + °g 18 NPE *MOTZOodsUt Fo JIOT “T3881 0881 “6181 *ponulyu0j—spasnyonssvyy wi uorjoadsur pavayovjy—"| LNANALVLY REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [190] MACKEREL INSPECTION IN MASSACHUSETTS. STATEMENT II.—Showing the total number of barrels of each quality of pickled mackerel inspected in Massachusetts from 1804 to 1880, and the total value of each year's inspection from 1830 to 1880. Barrels of mackerel inspected. | Year. Total value. is 2: 3. 4. Total. 1, 6314 GOOG BUA UM we AS cells acts ok 7, 807%, |.) 1, 787 2, 518% ARO O SRE NI MCiNe iMac! 8.5788 i Uae 2, 5634 2,756 SMOOTH Kilts pee ean RN 829620 oe ae 2, 8534 2, 462 AWACOL MNS mE 9.3050 Jo 1, 305% 2, 4134 SUOMOR Tee yey NR 7.629%) EL ae 2, 2742 3, 078 BEAT Rae pal Ns 8,825.) || Ee eee 2, 5404 4,770 poy AW WER MAN. Ske 12/5592. | ea 1, 3684 6, 023 TOVOOSE yaaa 17.4000.) ae 1, 0004 2, 1544 STOO Tae er ae 5, 8810!" |) Coes eae 900% Th Bal PAGES iene este 3: 756k ble eee 89 5464 703 ee 1,339) ee 3, 225% 5, 4563 TASTER | Pigeon 16.0592 4 8, 6948 9, 2644 ASHOLOM, Wisp 30/969" 7) bei ae 10, 4064 5, 267% Pate (Oketsy tel eae alee 3362) ee ae 14, 410 11, 1624 DO MTT ane Meo Sane” 46,348) ale eae 19, 614 36, 5214 ESEOT SRN eee 100-1) || Ea eae 12, 455 34, 8114 (GOES ese coos case Ib 64 | ne ee See 7, 4002 32, 1034 7A O55 a ar ere ht 009 05 | eee 20, 03 66, 6814 TAGS were oe li eG 029 435 | eee ane 19, 804 62, 0474 G35 4 ees aera [ales O08 lesaclecesc- 45, 246% 75, 221 FAST GS NS eth aan a Ot (650300 |e 29, 640 109, 840 TE CO eee oad aoe 25) 384k |e 43, 499 80, 58d SANG 5 Ma eae rear 115851740 | eee 81, 3574 69 335 ZOMG TOM Ip aun muaes 1905804350) Sone eens 63 2354 110, 6663 BLO No os wacuseos ORY BPEL We yea 54 184 77, 098 GACGOD mani eeepc nea 245, 977 ae 47, 8684 104, 5694 EG, QW Ioscosoesonce 308, 4634 | $1,119, 470 70, 198 171, 186 1D WBA Wonca e eke 383, 5484 1, 589, 936 28, 679 97, 2193 QO R55 SR ite eee 222, 452 797, 795 54, 5598 98, 9274 A, ae Wosesccacasec 222, 9324 976, 935 80, 4334 98, 5534 GOES Wecaoudeosece 252, 8794 1, 165, 842 45, 605 57, 2714 QUO 24 pera eens 194, 8003 1, 030, £69 58, 6054 60, 558 CONS7e, eee es 174, 4104 1, 268, 388 24, 573 61, 027 B2 HOEY Nokesscseana- 138, 1574 803, 658 37, 9684 28, 588 ARICA AUN ae ne 110, 7404 925. 002 22, 2174 22, 0374 Bi), OEY. “Wogasuasdeons 74, 2682 719, 204 19, 3514 11, 049 QOROOI Halle see Hee 50, 4914 473, 345 23, 747. 10, 649 DAN elo See ne eee 55, 537 518, 3u0 29, 363 22, 496 DSYGSAM all yea see 75, 543 493, 979 32, 759 13, 088 TELGOA GbeahokooeeN| GA ear 549, 419 28, 8434 22, 515 5540.23 ents | aoa eet 86, 3814 634, 502 28, 0833 88, 6234 OG GOES Noesscosguase! 202, 3022 1, &83, 669 44, 430% 70. 005 GSAOTEM eee en 179, 511% 1, 094, 585 104, 1503 76, 006% Gi TORS HASSE Li 251, 9174 2, 259, 958 113, 0932 79, 979% NO, OH” losscoeécsec. 300, 1308 1, 858, 500 61, 404 81, 962 G55 Aim anes aes 208, 950 1, 560, 126 88, 401 44, 909 87, 604 21,658 | 242.572 1, 777, 517 90, 7658 102, 4674 35, 5974 4142 | 329, 2442 2,249, 511 84, 0303 67, 0714 44, 8082 2,210 198, 120 1, 491, 923 49, 0152 24, 584 39, 897 19, 843% | 133, 3403 1, 207, 975 30, 5952 46, 2494 55, 1338 38,3782 | 135, 3492 1, 313, 535 29, 3022 91, 1228 90, 193% 1, 338% 211, 9563 2, 129, 084 89, 3333 76, 8193 47, 981% 178 214, 3128 2, 064, 581 84, 5193 45, 218 88, 2578 711 | 168, 7052 2, 162, 738 75, 3472 21, 9298 32, 33218 1,9924 | 131, 602.5, 1, 729, 546 61, 330 12, 0604 29, 2074 4, 1183 99, 7152 1, 255, 073 58, 8284 | 122, 837 50, 5782 3, 4412 235, 6852 2, 251, 067 70, 8778 100, 2868 22, 486 633% | 194, 2828 1, 116, 851 81, 9022 78, 3883 100, 011 5622 | 260, 864% 1,597, 4 6 67,9853 | 186,075, | 102, 601% 280 306, 942-9, 2, 878, 777 1038, 8833 | 187, 7463 33, 2122 144 | 274, 3574 5, 935, 525 1538, 7234 63, 5624 39, 26632 2444 256, 7963 4. 729, 840 150, 3222 36, 31918 44, 7848 2698 231, 696%, | 4, 824, 790 122, £082; | 46,038,% | 41, 04841 41ah 210, 314,45 2, 961, 933 93, 09131 | 42,262.7,| 44,07723 6253 180, 05621 | 9, 522,151 72, 9242 92, 0194 65, 717 38,5492 | 934 210% 8, 248, 315 66, 0464, | 189, 4928 63, 0198 333 318, 5212 | 3, 744, 197 105, 18733 85, 86728 68, 32217 384 259, 4162 2, 238, 055 71, 86622 54, 87082 55, 6033 1153 181, 9562; | 1, 948, 416 83, 6874 63, 88822 37, 79522 3762 185, 7484 2,799, 083 112, 97123 71, 44222 (BOGS edsus Goecee 258, 37918 2, 657, 616 33, 106% 19, 27013 73, 42427 4,261.7, | 130, 06224 1, 310, 140 30, 86922 96, 7232 93, 48133 4, 8184 225, 94245 | 1, 650, 306. [191] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. MACKEREL INSPECTION IN MASSACHUSETTS.—Conutinued. STATEMENT II.—Showing the total number of barrels inspected, §c—Continued. Barrels of mackerel inspected. Year. —_—_—_|Total value. il 2 3. 4, Total. SU MpRciate ae) sala aiel= aisle we cictemeeere 18, 0154 37, 28623 37, 70037 12,0942 | 105, 0977, | $1,137,516 LUGS. COS CACHE SEE Een nes 14, 094% 48, 1708 70, 1754 11, 7854 | @144, 2263 1, 084, 144 TEED): Sea ee a rE 9,0253 | 91, 1134 54, 8064 3524 | *155, 2973 892, 957 SRO ete rs Sicisin clcix hs /Mevatele ete eS 20,4534 | 104, 4844 99, 5542 19, 516% | 248, 9582 1, 474, 152 ISL GSS BR eee SCORE Se Seo 15, 5984 139, 586 98, 8614 2, 1273 256, 1734 1, 601, 081 aThe reports of the Boston fish bureau give the number of barrels packed in Massachusetts in 1878, 144,205 barrels ; in 1879, 156,125 barrels ; in 1880, 255,986 barrels ; in 1881, 269,495 barrels. These figures for 1880 and 1881 are probably nearer than the inspection returns to the actual product of the fishery, since some 5 per cent. of the catch escapes inspection. [192] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. “MOTRS 4B peqnodsutar g ‘ON JoIIVq ¥ sopnyouy a ‘UMOPOOUIAOIg 7v poqocdsuted ‘g ‘ON STorIvq F pur ‘% ‘ON SpolaL #ETE ‘TL “ON S]o1aVq GEg sopnyouT p 5 ‘A[ToAog 7% poqoodsuied ‘Z ‘ON Tole [ pur ‘T ‘ON Sporsyq #2 Sopupouy 2 ‘qossBl[o,) Vv poqoovdsuta ‘[ ‘ON Spodaeq 4 Sopnpouy q ‘JOOPT1O MA 78 poqoodsutar 'Z ‘ON “Spotaeq ye pue ‘T ON Spodavqg Gz sopnpuy v 2020 ‘6% | O00T | Seu Fh69 Tl vege | ee 00 8st ‘g | #crg‘2 | f090'S |---T8sr SePL ‘83 | PF pp | #00¢| tezs | #oe¢ eee | ECCCEO | rN Pe ee CO Cee leiea oe QU de, Pee 36 So) tplp | 6ee 1) ve £966 ‘06 |-27 77 “--| E00P ‘2 GSI ‘6 | g018‘'g | 618. #188 ‘2a | $Pt0 ‘% ct | #326] tote | $ee¢ fe66 ‘I | £pes‘L | 8188'9 | fhrL‘e |-° BL81 ae eal epee Bs corer | ee ae al ag aC SE eee alee Se eee eee “Pee ner PEGS IL | #886 EL | “STIS TE | -37 7 allies Rees 8a #8966 | ~~ | f¥e98 | TE00T T) #h6e ‘Lert TOPE |'GECLE ‘OL AYe Es iI | Fe9T8 ‘6 | °° OL8E BOLL EL | Sehle OT | sehr PE | #93 |7-]o7 |e t ¥9c6 | 96 | $906 | 2tF8P ra FL SERFS ‘GE | TEL00‘9T teO86 ‘EL | “SL8T ayelG ‘OL | 11S ‘CE | L898 GE | #69 |*|""-"-7| SIE] eS | te600'% |---| Seer | tore 699 ‘T) 29 SL OL | 2eGL8 FT | S920‘ | FASE $2169 6 | geele ‘PE | “tee6 ‘Zt | #16 |-°\7-77 7 Celt {P38 eoch'L| ~~ | S008 | 2299b | sto99 | SP See vcs Bel 7 7681 ‘Sl |" S280 ezeGh CL | 22681 ‘L1 | e9SL ‘GT | T$8ct |") 1 28 | S60L | Ziec‘t |---"| cea] #819 | F819 | e900 ‘9p | ---7~- echy SL | Zbho OL | 21bse ‘PL |” e281 ae Syec69 9 |Tee9PG ET | 300 TT | EGST |--\ec OT |Ge ea | fccr | Yt9cc‘T | ~~ | SI | iss | Bear | ¥ : ‘S19 9 | exohP CL | SLOG ‘OL |" TLeT te St6PL ‘L FGcG ‘LT | 41902 ‘6 AIL eel Pecos = “SLT | $261 f9ce |---| E60 $60 ¥a8L SZO8L 'L ZE08 ‘LE | 319168 |" ~-OLRT eo fern ‘9 | g2e¢0‘6 | 239666 | “888s |--|777777 8 | €h&G (ifd3.0=|| eee eo eee eae Se 0Sg | et rst '9 | #090'6 | Scrc'6 |°" Gost ge SISL 6 | stage | ‘ence ‘br | Stare |-- 74 | $108 BSS ogee pres ce tect aH: ‘SIGL @ | Ele 'S | 16 “*- 898T 2 “1129 | ¢ rh Be FA gue | See slat: EOOL f1tz‘9 | Zspo‘It | £9 "L983 8 E06P Pb | 986 ‘F P= recs aie | eae FPP 7 £608 ‘PF 1987 | +e > 9981 te ‘3 fecc‘L | ELG8‘8T ) #0 ~~ GOST ELGG L | ot eit {Ps ok $nec‘L | 49cL 11 | 0 "$981 St0sg a | feee', | Sung'6 | ---o7\-- 08S '¢ | #886 2 || el ~~ €98T #068 € | & us : Ec6e € | #688'¢ | ¥6 > 6981 Fepc @ | 861P ‘9 oe &% FePL '& | ELE6'S 96 *-198T i086 '¢ | ¥6 oe teh $o86‘G | ese 's | ee 7-098 *680 ‘OE | “st sie Spells eee esata Ml 681 pee eee sc : ° ~--8¢8T Ra oeean eaeaae =| sae Sanaa kcae eee legsemaaoalece ---s0RT See Ocre it ae eas Sl sere eles ee SSS aeA sees eae sheen == gder eases eee Bh See appeal eeeos sleseosesanlesee -- -GagT See era = Bey ees | eSiele FER 126% ag SOF : ECR $08 ‘8 ee goes age > B68 eGG ‘T Collooanoolsceaca siululate[a)al|iloforatetatolora! oocolloccaadallsooudchan Nisiolsielalals}|(sleleloistalaisiatel|falalai=igiet=tea|(«inc=Selatmialnimtal|i-tolmrata| wane omen wwwnes SeaTCan 690 ‘Z ee ee ee ed ee ie es ieee Cie ns ie ee nary Cees i ee i arn aes sete eel te ee ew ew lee ee ee eee - 0G8T 12701, a7 € % T TROL | "fe % T HON, | 97 | % a0 “18707, + 8 %6 iE = -| "L207 ‘ ‘[B}O} puwsry *yt0d A.M M0 NT *19}SIONOTY) “U0SOg. S “IRGT 02 OG8T Wolf spasnyoussyyy fo y10d yona ur papoadsurde pasayanw pajyoud fo haywonb yova fo sjatung fo saqunu ay2 Guimoygy— TI] INGWALVIG SLLASOHOVSSVIT NI NOLLOUdSNIGUY THURSO VIN [193] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 47.—STATISTICS OF MAINE. The mackerel inspection of the State of Maine is exhibited in two statements, showing the total number of barrels of pickeled mackerel packed within the State for a series of years. The first statement shows in detail the number of barrels of each erade of mackerel inspected in the several inspection ports.of the State during the years 1804 to 1820, and from 1864 to 1878, and was compiled by Mr. Starbuck from the original returns of the inspectors, deposited in the office of the secretary of state. Until the year 1820 Maine was a district of Massachusetts, but since that year has been a separate State. For the years from 1820 to 1864 the original returns could not be found, and it is probable that the returns of many years between 1864 and 1878 exhibit not more than 50 per cent. of the actual number of barrels of mackerel packed in the State. The second statement shows the total number of barrels of each grade of mackerel packed in the State during a series of years, and is com- piled from the following sources: 1804 to 1820, from the official inspec- tion returns; 1825, 1834, 1836 to 1838, and 1851, from Sabine’s report on the American fisheries ; 1864 to 1878, from the official inspection re- turns; 1879 to 1881, from the annual reports of the Boston fish bu- reau. A review of the statement indicates that the mackerel industry of the State was more extensively prosecuted in 1881 than during any pre- vious year. [194] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. for | 60T ‘TROT, °E *608T TROL 4 $0L¢ ‘T “8080 tes “LOST *908T TROL *€ AE GGG ‘TRIOL| “Ss “SO8T 9€ € SES Sceehoce pueyiog pe Sta yjeAisdie py soores|esmeccteces soweeSinasddiy gd eas b Bcicie siligsicie's “*- MM0995.1004) | tosectostssss ss" aT0dq80 AA sesetinces s2"*- a 10dqINOG FEROS SOROS SOO E OOS ES ANCL (UN HYOfa Giaie e | eaicieaa | ice SUN TTORUIO UIA Sissi eicics **=*-TOISeuoy, Ty, sseeorissssect==- TOISVMIOGT, FING elses oie) Siclele ol ie iaietel alate WOAVYTVULA seerer|scesestoreres> TOARH Y4I0 NT 5583 Sasso Soc msinecss ote pues) SaStot) sitieccs|sieteelees=*t-qsp ioc: 2G DHD | PROSSRPS RASS O35 Ty arehi chap Se OG BROOD CCSD Sip aE eg eek ICCC E Ra lays hit f pels s2)\Sictcisic || lsinicis pans jrodsyong SenRnee soils puro Pesiessleiticiesis|siriee sei Om 4 8B) gaeoet [eles sss |gritietet OT gT 1OOGh rises creeee tases" nUelsy SEAS vemecstjccceos|sorees -qrosoq JUNOTL “"|oo***9]sy ArLequerg gLOF HULA sr rees== QOQITT roesseecces -aTOdISUIT pes TIO “moryoodsut JO 410g “P08T [‘s[or1eq, 03 poonpor soseyoud JoT[eUs pue SspolIeg J[eyT] "BLT 02 POST WoLf pup “OZBT 07 PORT wouf cumyy wr pajpoadsur pauayonwu pajayoud fo Kaynnb yono fo spating fo uaqunu oy2 sztod fig bumoygy—'T INEWALVIS ‘UNIVW NI NOLLOGdSNI THERMO VA MACKEREL FISHERY. HISTORY OF THE am rr “TROL *SI8L LUZ 967 ty 9ST GG —_——— GL “GI8L ‘TI8T *ponnyu0og—iunyyr ws noyoodsur pauayovyT—'*T LNAWALV.LS [R10 seeeer oreo DITRTIIO EccnLCOGES cnn ~orreses: Sinqsddiygy aes GV 77 2*"""" TMOIOTIOIL) seeercece== a T0dq80 cee ee=-=-g70d qT nog toorresses Ave TZ00g, Shas cores STLOTULPE TL sor se-s=--OUSBULOY,T, “--TOysenOyY, FINeG SOBDOOOS° TOAVY[VUL A erress= TOAVHT GILONT pa Ne ae ote an (142) OLIN ) rrerececses* = -nSRTTOg socreeserrs TOPdUeAL soeeereresee=- TOSURT cross TOMOIEL sorseeenes aTOdSYOU OCA ICO oF G3) 0) cecnce esers* OTIISVD SSOAOCDI SSS 9ST L09qD sree" - NUVIsyT § UCAS se-"-"-q7980q JUNOPL ess" orpy AIioq ued) somsress=--170TUBIT * A aes gee ore OU ELG TE sewreesce 9A T0CISUAL eR WON Morpoodsur JO 910g a ee eee [196] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. ee eboe ee 166 912 ‘g | 0&9 69L §9 286 SOIT #8 §C6I | CST | EOL SE a I OOO S OSI OOP ANTS EU NOOK SSEET A ates eo cae eee eee OTT “7 ->>-"TOJSBUOLOTL.L 259629 | 2a eee) OPS OLO TT INOS sivieisieir | eivis eeisisnse esses oa OAC UL CULN : “-MOAVAL YION SESS “77""-"TepoRed ssrca, Snsultiness yess Seuss SEN Og a uopdarey, 8 S Psinpslesi 2 SS Sashes Ce TO OUU ST Pie ieiS Si brim .mie ecsseioisiese sis sini inicusin aT ONO ey ores reerenes en TOdSyONg crt este" NULLLO SUS. 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[197] *YOIMSpoS 7v poyoodsur sored TLT sopnpouy v ELEL‘LT | f0er ‘08 |---77-""| S8TL‘T | eepo's | Fo29'0% | F994 ‘22 8'6 LE | £618 |” “77 puRyytog £908 py ye Pee222°91 (aye lp pee Ge oy aon6S58 noeAnalae oso S0OSqoo0o55 SoCSH0 jFByANstiNiOaL wae eene| nae e nc ee lon mec eee|-n anne neee [eee - nn ene sorersereron- Singsddiy en eee See OL: verses sss "MOVOTO Brees cleicicle sie a TOC ISON: ECL | HOPL [ss -c2 7S = == nrodnanog 918 EBS : 25 - Avg yoo FesT oe aal:) io) ei 01) 1g Joes one ee OUSE COU ey WoOIsvmMoYT, TInog eL PESOD RSE OT2 2 AYN AUT AL EOeS toto s 29 -TOAVTT YLON, DIDOGIEO RS So 1013) 000 ) 6¢9 pice gheeieaee sae ea SP OCT Gini ie ieee ROO OS oa y ors lueda} 4 SBT EE SE ROODSSIO OSE F(aFSIOLS [ IOMODT Bee oe al rene ane wees aoe LOU SS OCT LES OIL sciintciseisci Se Sea DUGIG) Smeg ats | ea meee aren aan | er ie --- oUIISeD Se pad OLE F8L'— | F8GL"@ |oseens------==--OTey LoOqe cit OOL rreceecse=* DTUIST § UBM a oe sea | eee aie qr9soqy JUNO, PST 1? soreeones- grey ATIOqQurIg tener aor aia eaters eee ee OOOO OCP OOOS OM KONA T G & (3) aslo eteir om (cloister Og ay Gy kaplan F1Ge $06 ° sersess9-- g10098ue $129 ‘bh | EST £062 ‘9 t1FL ‘9 TEL ‘le | $912 ‘Fa 9 #ceg ‘g 898 ‘é ¥co0z ‘78 | Len ‘er | Fy £188 ‘p FILL 08 | FLL9 PE J--=--------=--jeqon, £ecP ‘% 8CPL ‘¢ G06 bee ecw wees 88 FLL Repo eeee P68 COO} ices cus £20c ‘8 #100 ‘F 9 8211 £093 | Species ae 8292 'T | f6a0 ‘3 2909 ‘¢ 900‘T | €e62'% | ¥FST'T EE REDEEEE SING 568% e299 RE OOB S25 (1 81 +P 921 IST GBs 966 ‘T 816 666 €83 ‘T £GFS OL 0g &66 tP29 ‘T TOL | > € % i 0n | + g % T TOG |e B % ii *M01}00d8UI JO 410g “998T “GOST “POST *panurjyu0ojg—auwyy Ww uonoodsur pasayouyy—'T LNAWALVLG [198] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. —— #608 ‘06 TOOL ‘LE TRL SELL ‘8 TST Gg 'T fe ¥18 £410 ‘OT "20h S6EP °#069 ¥6 £168 SOL 8 ‘T bey G T Soar ‘6 TOLCWH le |e amend lea GCOEG thes ‘8 FrLl ‘8S F601 F084 oll Saat BSR OSS eg ROTO irae 496 $910 ‘IT GOL £019 {216 1066 8 T IGL9 ‘86 #68 93 &T 2096 S18 ‘2 19 0G oot #9 Sesswasoe- F3L1 1649 swec ss asee = PODDEID GSODEOOM FTG) ¢ proses reese Tram sdaepT Sanqsddigg seccmecenctotsseter = 29" “M0790 100K} EEN Na SI aT OCA SO) Ns Srinnn eh oSioiehr ent TOM UMM OS, PISO COCs Aoi Kelotg ¢ seer erece 9 4* STO B IAL sosees esses == TOISBULOg coosecoresineses= -HOISBULOY,T, [NOG soroeees 9" ROARTTBUL A, Ses “MOAT 910 NT sotorbre wlemietes cl OLB G) set eeeseeerse er genta tepdueyy emo se eenw- leew emn sana ween sann~ LOSUUST BSCR OOD BIRT COMES Cay Neh Kay -grodsyong pecteeeeee|seeroeeers ceeete= DURTIO océ Die eee IESG) 98'S | os Os] 100T SPL sossees = -NTVRIST §,UVMYg sreccscwcctocces seo -deso(T JUNOT, Zo “>>> gjsy Arzoqueig Sinlereieisic ite Sinise eee PTO LMU ULI we ece cere c|oe eens eeeenenee n= Q0qTTT i76 FCCEACSCCH SIS 329 FOGG) esseoe- eee e es cee Seen or) foo0 ‘TG. |ooo¢7 7277 1eHOL TeIOL, ‘6 6 t TOL v a3 ‘G “6981 E40, v T “898T *penulyquogj—aUwyT wy woryoadsuy padayonyyT—"] LNANALYLG " ‘tonsedsur jo 410g HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. [199] #608 ‘GT 19% G T €IT 7810 ‘OL -soss---| Slope ty | 9) 60 ‘gz 4818 6 | Frog ‘ze |---- 7-7] Foea‘g | “ero ‘ze EUCOLOW |2 gens arses sD OCOD BODES PEO RD COC COR ODEO SS A aynidbuig. serererssses Singsddry Bees sores Uquer setts tress MOTTO L) Sees ans = Ein OdENOVANG qaodygnog Tess ceccss = Aven TTO0g: Sele nimi nsindcicinicna STOUT TALE FIFI OSS IIIIN GON HCAIOCOAILY Ly “"" UORSVULOYT, TING Poercees= i TOAVITUULA sree rerass=-TQABH UJLONT soto" TIOptUaVy) ip pea Rahon ois =| WEA Sed ent Aree eee LEAN OLEATE Ssitit/sie sini [= cicieinie clean TOUS SON -* puUrpl() seieiineeicesins=/s USAC [VOL A, owen cccers|. Fogg [no ttt tts MOAR TT YRLONT 1007. 6 | oo ee tb ee eebopurua) sees eseres|en “" 48vFTOg eorcees--- Topdmuyy SOHOSS UOTE SO aoe MEAT 9929800000150 00905000)Foa a0 o005 {550000 s0as009nIO00 jG Kg] GET 61S °B PISA FOB OOOOH COULD] (INEST si PORICS= hoc) r2"="-9TTISBC) "7" puvsy, LoOCy soectesere= NUDIST S UTA sreresscce-aTosoq JUNOT ---- oysy Artoquesag cores se= - 1 OTUBI PRBS CARNAGE en ey qiodysugy 2692 ‘CT AIO NINE (NON fh “EL8T ‘ponuyuUu0g—oupyy ur uoroolsrue patayovyy—'T INUNWALVES ‘moTZ00A8UT JO J1Og ——————— ; [201] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. ‘Tjems ‘e ‘ON spoaaeg Fozg‘g foS1xy ‘eg ON Sporreq Tz ‘T[Vus ‘g ‘ON STOLIV BOT % y ‘T[etus ‘g ‘ON sporavq cco‘e B ‘Tleas ‘g “ON sporseg 000'T £ 6cT 6cL ‘8 Epep ‘ez TROL ‘BL81 GES ‘LT $816 7 Ely ‘tT | Fag7 ‘22 as “TP40.L ese ‘8 COL 'S 189 ‘9Y 6ST L GTO ‘Tp $Etp ‘6 “Trews ‘eg ‘ON GLO ‘8T ease 8F0 ‘T §6cp ‘3 sore 99¢' weer eacer ls ccc aw cess lene vscee ‘[LeUs 'g “ON SforsVE |EFE ‘ O[PprUL 'g ‘oN SformeY FoF6'S ‘odaL] ‘gs *N STormEq ZO 6 *6 ‘ON Spoared Foz) ‘8 foSavy ‘g “ON s[oaauq 79 some eceeecl|s oe mess ene|s ce ccass|- eeuae =|. £066 ‘TT ‘T[VUIS ‘2 ‘ONT S[OITVG FZ 7) LP ‘T[eUs ‘g ‘ON ToIIV T 2 ( BAJXO,, STOLIVG 9 Q Z 0 och‘, | S19] |tecsttr-7+e*-"*" poeprog [mew wwe mse else ren swe sl/eeensses ae wane TOAsdaiv yy verses Sanqsddiy Gg GbouBeonoEree Weg seo" TM0}0G1004) 4100980 A. g20dqqn0g “777 Avg wq00¢g “""° SMOTULV PL IB00p *"** T1OSBULOTL EF, tocccerenctoensns* HOISVOON TL, YINOG weeeteeees|eeeeeeeeees es TOAUHIUUTA PEO 9 O0B090/ [SO FOOS OSS OO AUN SE HONE (OH Ra— ==}; 29800 Seen SSS TOPulEg: we tateees[esereccnerereneoes agUTTOE coer weewne| sew ec enc eeeens vopdwmeyy weeceeowee DOCDOR DIORA COMMS 4 (oehiete Pent “-* purplO °° OUT}SBD) se=e"" O18] 100 * puULIsy Ss, WUAG “*- gioseq JUNOT Sopp soeseesens Orgy ALLOQUeI) BOO//2 262039605] bO 00009 OSO555 ONC DINAN | meee ene won| sm om eee we PSOBOD OO GCOSNOIOOG yay qld f we wm ew reese lee gent ewe seo ee esaeeescounD 4100, 80 fe6z'6 | #c06*E eo tees-=TeOTT, v € THIOL v ti % tT “LLBT “OL8T "TMOTjOOdsuL JO JOG ““ponunu0g—ouwyy wr woroodsur pawoyoopT—'T LNAWALV.LY REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. MACKEREL INSPECTION IN MAINE, [202] STATEMENT II.—Showing the total number of barrels of each quality of pickled mackerel inspected in Maine from 1804 to 1820, and from 1864 to 1881. Year. Barrels of mackerel inspected. a The returns of the Boston Fish Bureau give the inspection this year 48.263 barrels. b From returns of the Boston Fish Bureau. The State inspection returns for 1879 could not be found. For 1880 the returns by the inspectors to the secretary of state give the number of barrels at 72,7143, which is believed to be inaccurate. 48.—STATISTICS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. The statistics of mackerel inspection in New Hampshire are in a single statement which shows the total number of barrels of mackerel packed in Portsmouth, the only inspection port of the State, during the years 1830 to 1852, 1861 to 1881. These facts are compiled from the following sources: 1830 to 1852, from Sabine’s Report on the American Fisheries; 1861 to 1877, from original returns of inspectors copied by Mr. Starbuck; 1879 to 1881, from official documents signed by the secretary of state of New Hampshire. In a foot-note is given the number of barrels packed in the State during the years ending December 31, 1878 to 1881, as re- ported to the Boston Fish Bureau. [203] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. Statement showing the total number of barrels of pickled mackerel inspected in New Hamp- shire from 1830 to 1852, and from 1861 to 1881.a Year. Barrels. Year. Barrels. Year. Barrels. MASP esi iciominiciscvcds Sas PAD AND hi ek Sy otemadGaccedesone AN ACTA See Se 572 RS MMe scjote e's See tain DIAS PSIG eee acacia SCO GIL SOS Soe eek Se a el een ae TIGBP) CSR SAE mene ee PAST D eye cone sdacoueecdease ZTOOSMT SEQ eee cules ae eae 157 IMSS) )S0cGRReeeeEeeeeee DOYS OM MUSCLE seteiesiteralejaeeaisieo siete 2NAO OATS TO eee ee a ea eee 3, 700 Gh See B SS Bee eeeSeobE TS20 0 USS Oo alent imate elects PAE ae NT ARS ay aE Re ies ee 2,071 Pe Pees esis cisiciats cic alente TOWSON LOU neta snertatletsstee rate ate SLAOMMELS (acetone ce sees 1, 878 MAO esis se! o =< cieicce oe wate Oy S10 |i) Webi edotcsoobadacedenc BOMB | LOlOneaweaiesocte cee ee sts 2, 398 TSEY) G6 eR GRE BER Eee Ouy2con |i Gomeeesemasacisisse ees 240) | AST4 oa a Sosy ees 5, 519 LSE Gc B AB aS eeeeeees 8, 420 VETO Sees eke oe Gee 8,415 LSB) ~- S32 eee ee aeees OOM LSGle es aecele ww cniewn aoe QA STG eee Ea 5, 351 HA Oe tisicicje cecicletisiin aes GSO! USG2E ew eeaterelacinetecirere TUS ae) SIE egteacneapae eae aE 643 SME os csicn viceo cs DSL OOM LSE Seis aeree ts sisiaceen cere Ca}o yt | Vat Reyr ees re ee ek 62, 252 MEDI E eo oss LislSuaiates PSO50M SEE sees scot ae resale SOOR ESTO Eee cee mes sae b3, 4354 it! 2 2S RS eee eneenae LTO EB OD sa ee wysenicieros cae gM | [a Rete eS eer ene A b 5, 967 1G Cee Sa eee eee TNO St: Saobecasseseosecno 2OON NSS Ls see ok loa eet b5, 885 a The inspection year ends on May 1, from 1869 to 1877, and on June 1 in subsequent years. b The annual report of the Boston Fish Bureau gives the number of barrels packed in New Hamp- shire in years ending December 31, 1878, 4,000 barrels ; 1879, 6,225 barrels; 1880, 7,350 barrels; 1881, 5,400 barrels. 49.—STATISTICS OF THE UNITED STATES.—TOTALS. The mackerel industry of the United States, as far as pickled mack- erel is concerned, is exhibited in a series of statements which show the ‘total number of barrels packed in the United States, and the im- ports of mackerel from the Dominion of Canada. Several statements gathered from Canadian sources are also included to show the mack- erel industry of the United States as compared with that of Canada. Statements I tolII show the number of vessels employed by the New England States in the Bay of Saint Lawrence and American coast fisheries, and the total catch of salt mackerel by these fleets during the years 1879, 1880, and 1881. Statement IV shows the quantity and value of pickled mackerel pro- duced by the fisheries of the United States for the years 1831, 1834 to 1838, 1851, 1864 to 1881. From this statement it appears that more mackerel were packed in the year 1881 than in any year, with the excep- tion of 1831, in the history of this fishery. If to the quantity of mack- erel salted there be added the quantity sold in a fresh condition, which was from 150,000 to 175,000 barrels, the total catch of mackerel by the American fleet in 1881 represents not less than 150,000,000 pounds of round fish, a larger amount by 30,000,000 pounds than was ever before: taken in a single year. Statement V shows the total quantity and value of pickled mack- erel produced by the fisheries of the United States as compared with the production of Canadian fisheries during the years 1873 to 1880, from which it appears that during this period the United States have pro- duced 1,809,333 barrels, valued at $16,083,453, and the Canadian fish- eries have produced 1,320,217 barrels, valued at $12,717,576, making the total for both countries 3,129,550 barrels, valued at $28,801,029. Of _ the American production not over 260,000 barrels, valued at about REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [204] $2,500,000 were taken by American vessels in the Bay of Saint Law- rence. . Statement VI shows the number of barrels of pickled mackerel re- ceived at Boston from United States and foreign ports during each month of the years 1878 to 1881, also the total receipts during the year 1877. From this statement it appears that the mackerel industry of Boston is increasing in importance, especially in the receipts of Ameri- can mackerel. Statement VII shows the price per barrel of the several grades ot mackerel during the first week of September in each year from 1830 to 1881. These values may perhaps be generally taken as the average value for the year, though in some years, as in 1881, the price rapidly increased later in the year, when a large part of the product was placed upon the market. Statement VIIT shows the number of barrels of pickled mackerel im- ported from the British North American provinces during the years 1821 to 1841, and from 1850 to 1881, also the value of each year’s impor- tation from 1850 to 1881. Besides the quantity of mackerel imported in 1872 from these prov- inces there were 1,504 barrels, valued at $11,214, received from England, Scotland, British West Indies, France, and Portuguese possessions, making the total importation 79,235 barrels, valued at $449,625. In the year 1873, 1,191 barrels mackerel, valued at $4,679, were received -from the Danish West Indies and England, making the total importa- tion for that year 90,889 barrels, valued at $610,457. The entire impor- tation of pickled mackerel for the years subsequent to 1873 has been from the British North American provinces. The quantities of dutiable mackerel imported since June 30, 1873, and included in the tabulated statement, are as follows: 1874, 190 barrels, $1,550; 1875, 59 barrels, $553; 1876, 7 barrels, $48; 1877, 14 barrels, $148; 1878, 6 barrels, $67; 1879, 2 barrels, $14; 1880, none specified; 1881, 9 barrels, $97; total, 287 barrels, $2,477. The quantities of pickled mackerel imported from the provinces free of duty under the treaty of Washington since June 30, 1873, are as follows: 1874, 89,503 barrels, $800,920; 1875, 77,479 barrels, $584,283; 1876, 76,531 barrels, $695,412; 1877, 43,066 barrels, $372,260; 1878, 102,148 barrels, $907,246; 1879, 101,420 barrels, $649,721; 1880, 112,468 barrels, $493,059; 1881, 120,288 barrels, $614,729; total, 722,903 barrels, $5,117,630. Statement IX shows the quantity and value of pickled mackerel im- ported into the United States from the British provinces during the years 1856 to 1872, being the time of the operation of the reciprocity treaty, and from the close of that treaty to the beginning of the treaty of Washington. The statement also shows what would have been the duty on these imports during the period of reciprocity. These statistics are compiled from sheets published by W. R. Clark, and believed to be copied from United States custom-house returns. [205] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. Statement X shows the quantity and value of foreign pickled mack- erel entered for consumption in the United States during the years ended June 30, 1872 to1881. Comparing this Statement with statement VIII, it appears that the total imports from the Dominion of Canada, from 1872 to 1881, amount to 890,619 barrels, valued at $6,164,295, and the total consumption of Canadian mackerel during the same period amounts to 836,218 barrels, valued at $5,900,649. This shows that nearly the entire merereetiion of foreign mackerel is consumed in this country; and such would naturally be the case since the imports are the best qualities of Canadian mackerel that are too fat for export to the West Indies or other foreign countries. Statements XI to XV, inclusive, show the production of mackerel by the fisheries of the Dominion of Canada, and the exports of mackerel from that country during a series of years. They are compiled from the annual reports of the department of marine and fisheries of the Domin- ion of Canada, the documents and proceedings of the Halifax Commis- sion, and a report by United States Consul-General Jackson, of Halifax, on the fisheries of Canada, and their value to the United States, printed in commercial reports of the Department of State for January, 1881. The first three of these statements show the total value of pickled and fresh mackerel, the value of mackerel exported to all countries, and the value of mackerel exported to the United States during the period from 1873 to1879. From these statements we see that the production is valued at $10,654,528, and the exports amount to $5,481,493, of which the United States receives nearly three-fourths, or $4,090,139 worth. Of the entire production only $115,918 worth of fresh or canned mackerel is included, of which $26,018 worth was exported to the United States, as follows: 1873, none specified; 1874, from Nova Scotia, 26,390 pounds fresh, $2,689 ; 1875, trom Nova Scotia, 1,008 pounds fresh, $126; 1876, from Nova Scotia, 22,760 pounds fresh, $4,632; 1877, from Nova Scotia, 8,976 pounds preserved, $1,051; from New Brunswick, 703 pounds fresh, $62; 1878, from Nova Scotia, 54,200 pounds fresh, $1,266, 4,365 pounds preserved, $4,287; from New Brunswick, 87,883 pounds fresh, $5,099, 9,448 pounds preserved, $693; from Quebec, 10,738 pounds fresh, $654; 1879, from Nova Scotia, 39, 700 pounds fresh, $2,632, 266 pounds preserved, $818; from New EROS. 52,786 souls est $2,009; total value, $26,018. The total yield of fish and fish anedawis, by the fisheries of Canada, from 1873 to 1879, as given in official documents, was valued at $82,094,962, of this amount $40,802,322 worth was exported to all coun- tries, including $11,695,530 worth exported to the United States. Statement XIV shows the quantity and value of mackerel produced by the Canadian fisheries from 1869 to 1880, including those of Prince Edward Island since its entry into the Dominion in 1873. Statement XV shows the quantity and value of pickled mackerel exported from the Dominion cf Canada to the United States from 1873 - to 1879, also from Prince Edward Island from 1857 to 1873, and from REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [206] Newfoundland from 1853 to 1876. From this statement it appears that the total exports of pickled mackerel to the United States amounts to 528,272 barrels, valued at $4,068,925. Comparing this quantity and value with the imports into the United States during the same period as given in Statement VIII, by the United States Bureau of Statistics, we find the imports amount to 580,123 barrels, valued at $4,618,000. Part of the discrepancy between those two statements may be ac- counted for from the fact that the United States returns are for the fis- cal years ended June 30, while the Canadian returns may be for the calendar years. NEW ENGLAND MACKEREL FLEET, 1879. STATEMENT I.—Showing the number of vessels and their catch of salt mackerel in the Bay of Saint Lawrence and American shore mackerel fisheries for the season of 1879, as re- ported to the Boston Fish Bureau. [Compiled from annual report for 1879. ] Vessels. Barrels of mackerel. Bay. | Shore. | Total.| Bay. Shore. Total. MASSACHUSETTS. Newburyportssceencssececnseseniceeses selene 6 2 8 721 870 1, 591 ROG pORi preseason ets ecise aaeeeaaatseslsrstsietetae 8 Gilodacespssallscoosessas|loceseses 2c Gloucesterse! ce eee fee es ae 85 111 7, 125 47, 085 54, 210 Boston ft -. 4 85 39 1, 310 48, 103 49, 413 Cohasset. - 6 @ }iosaco0se44 4, 900 4,900 Wellfleet ..... 22 P| |S a A 17, 200 17, 200 Provincetown . ae 5 eek Sn at 4, 354 4, 354 Chatham ..... BS é 7 O ooadesoase 5, 688 5, 688 Harwich..... Sci 11 BO eh a see neo 10, 938 10, 938 Dennis .......- e 10 11 240 7, 290 7, 530 IY ANIME Se reeia eee aicioe = Seaensesemnicscsesneh ee ceece 2 PB NeShossease 301 301 Total te! else Le a Valen 37| 193| 230| 9,396| 146,729] 156,195 NEW HAMPSHIRE ham TROYES Ow ths Pes Ue ee Na ah ee ee Oe ee 9 £0 DLN EE 6, 225 6, 225 MAINE een Meeriislee eee hee ee a eee ae ee ee eee ceane aC aa 3 I a tal rT Gierrr orn UA RE ETA TTS A 3 pave 1, 020 1, 020 IN@UUID, 18 YG esos canasoeecabeSseoaseoadboodalecobacad 6 @ |jsoscasudH6 1, 278 1, 278 Booth Bayes ohe ees ee eR ce ee a ae 9 9 bisa teas 3, 951 3, 951 Portlan ae eee ees A a OE a 5 60 65 1, 400 50, 600 52, 000 Motel Meese Ne OVNI ge Bb 861 1,400] 56,849| 58249 Total for New England. ...--..--..-...- 42 283 325 10,796 | 209, 803 220, 599 * Vessels packed out away from home. t+ Numerous vessels packed out in addition to home fleet. + Vessels mostlv nacked out away from home. FISHERY. 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Oumoygy—']] INANWALVLG ‘0881 ‘LADIA TAYAMOVW GNVIONT MAIN [208] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. ‘Tes 4YS1o-LJOUIM PUL POAPUNY OM JOoH SLOTS [0}0} Of} SULYVUA ‘810JVA OSOT]} UI OSIN.ID [NJSSAOONSUN ATOTI WLOIF pouANgor fay r9qye ‘yop Avg TION pur Urey, oT} popps oq AvUI TotITA oF ‘OBTO OCIOT MON poTsSH vq} spossoa oq} ATMO o1v OAOGR PoTOI]UOM Jooy o10Ts PUGIE et AON OU — TLON ‘sj1od oml0y Jv poxovd DAIS JUMOMY ‘“puLpIOg puL uOySsog 4v popuLy yo}v0 04} Jo JIVG {i “popnyouUr sy10d 1oqJ0 OTT S[OSsoA SHOIOWUN\T | “410d ewmoy 48 poxord ouON ~ “sporauq pojocdsuy | L¢9 ‘Tee | FOP‘LS | E8L‘e9e | OLb BGG ‘P 86 &6 0% @ 9 [ooo puepsapy MON Toy TeJoT, t | 007 ‘¢ 002 ‘T O00 Chee |e 90T 8 g G PASSA SS oe ales ee weoesse sess Tg NOUIS} 10g ee Eee ea Se ae ‘HUIHSINVH MAN BOL ‘OTL | 83L's 668 ‘IL | OFT ren 8 LT Tissot | ely Ge ieee ee ee = BOSSES [RENOT be f GRNS See ees Cease ep anim ang et ere ema ee aaa PEL [LO ee t T I = sare “7 HOTAD peg ‘TIvs Wormrepy Aq papury osoyy Fo sporreq oor‘gt 8 8 ge isiciols Kee Reser srses55* g1odqgnog t éI 6 v < ey + AI oa Avg 300g it OT G G RR Be Ne ata a BID OSI OO SO ORY ATO [UO AT, 68 g ReC ECG a = OS oe Se er Se ae pane uepurE,) “eI popelrygd pur ALO MoN 3 popuvy qo}eo usroy nog!) gos 'z E23 | 083 ‘2 SSSR SSH (oh Zz T De a= eee Se eae ee D DOE so 555° OTST 100 00L‘T 002 ‘T SHO eee Saat ae OST Ll Zz OI =: —2|see55| 855 See eee aoe wan rie [SIGS LENS po ame | eamatienl koe. | eanreeretnad | en So ellen aeeten | wom eae | *aNIVIL G6F ‘69S | 186'e | F8L‘9FG | OE 16 ‘Z 902 eh 0&T g ya psec et acne pees eee =) LOND ‘qq ON’O OOM SToIIVg gEec'T | 0Zz ir SPC UCESG)||-§ fe Sat IBoPmce/( Oo ssicisicietclcijeeecesioccs oso ToACu Ile QPS ‘e g OOO OOS = Fe Se ee ge eng a -- qiodstmueq: ‘[vuor}ippe Avg qJoog 4e popury sporreq oOT'9 | 88s ‘6 6 egQgagoo : sicieieleis sinisis sie-seric cag cola OCALL BE a O1F ‘OT G T SORDID SNES ORE DARI SOL UMOU TEU) UMNO) “QYSNB) TA AA | OLT SEGAGOOAaSgcOSOG|aGq000 a0 Reiss Sie ici lene lnseieiolc cine Sherine etek Livichophcio gg) ‘MOSO_g Juv poyoed Tres g | GET ‘9 GS] aca ROCOROS g sailor isigisinieoisis pelnceis -="" UMOJOOUTAOI “Ho WO ye poyovd [les ¢ | LIF ‘TE 98 e pe ee Oe ea: ela earteie eearimeicra CON OVANG e100 ‘8 ih SHaponeo|f= 8 jlonbocd|pecdeasuSSobcanRo 505° 2 SISIOD OOOH SA((Q) } | 699 '69_ | 119 ig 89L'89 | 062 966 itd g oT [Ges | ee poe Sees caus 1s te eS OT f + | L€9 Gor | 0006 L6G OGL | OF 8PS ‘T 90 oF 6¢ I pee ners peoKe ee OOOO) ‘s[oqreq 06g‘e Wo9eV9 [wIOT,t | 06 ide ="! 06Z PBS 9 5 55a] GB) 9 Se IRI O fears ms fe | eee Si gaeeee is Sees errs > gtod yoy Pipa Ra eae OC Ce so Siesta re lataisterere 6S P Cae PBDcIO OOH pres serene lela AS aol iio 410d Arg v0 NT “SLLIASNHOVSSVIL 4 Q cs td ae 8 2 cot fe) Bf eee et ee | Re eas “Sy IVULOY = p =e feels Fe e ofa Au Be _ *[SLOYIVUL JO SpoLiVeg_. a B *S[2889 A. [Isst 1oy yxodor [enuue uro01Z potrduroy| "NDIMNT YSiT WOOT IY} 02 paj.toda.t sv ‘TaQaT fo uosvas ay? Lof sartaysiyl pavayonU Ulayynogy 247 pun ‘aloys punjbugy may. ay) ‘sousunnT yuwy fo hvg ay, wr jasayoou 708 Jo Yona way? pun sjassaa fo saqunu ay, Gumoyy—'TI] INHNALVLY ‘IS88T ‘SLAGTA THTAMOVN GNVIONG MON [209] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. MACKEREL FISHERY OF THE UNITED STATES. STATEMENT IV.—Showing the number of barrels and value of pickled mackerel produced by jisheries of the United States for the years 1831, 1834 to 1838, 1851, 1864 to 1881.* Massachu- * New Hamp-| Total quantity and Years. setts. Maine: shire. val Sale: Barrels. Barrels. Barrels. Barrels. Value. 283, 5488 44, 9514 21,450 | 449, 950 $1, 862, 793 252, 8793 40, 661 18,200 | 311, 7404 1, 437, 123 174, 410 25, 228 9, 450 209, 088 1, 520, 069 138, 1574 22, 462 5,225 | 165, 8444 965, 214 110, 7404 24, 312 3,420 | 138, 4723 1, 156, 243 329, 2442 31, 472 3,073 | 363, 7894 2, 484, 679 274, 857+ 49, 7974 300 324, 454% 7, 001, 098 256, 7964 54, 215% 45 811, 056% 5, 729, 851 231, 6962, | 44, 6274 200 | 276,52315 | 5, 161, 261 210,314, | 38, 6754 572 | 24456133, | 3, 174, 180 TO ORG | DEVAS Weotecodcee se | 208, 83022 | 2, 924, 987 234, 2102 37, 1664 157 | 271, 534% 3, 762, 985 318, 5213 5Y, 304,45 3,700 | 374,525,7, | 4, 400, 563 259, 416% 48, 6033, 2,071 | 310, 0912 2, 668, SL 181, 956.3, 22, 178 1, 878 206, U07.)5 2, 205, 761 185, 7484 29, 19338 2,398 | 210,350, | 3, 167, 948 258, 37918 | 43, 7412 5,519 | 307, 64024 | 8, 163, 701 130, 06224 9 5024 8, 415 142, 98023 a1 1, 489, 315 225, 94227 22, 4294 5, 351 253, 72287 1, 853, 103 105, 097, | 22, 157% 643 | 127,8982. | 1,384, 223 144, 205 48, 263 4, 000 196, 468 1, 408, 675 156, 125 58, 249 6, 225 220, 599 1, 268, 444 255, 986 86, 838 7, 350 349, 674 2, 398, 004 269, 495 116, 762 5,400 | 391, 657 2, 447, 556 *The figures for the years 1834 to 1838 and 1851 are from Sabine’s Report on the American Fisheries; for the years 1864 to 1877 from the State inspection returns ; reports of the Boston Fish Bureau. for the years 1878 to 1881 from the annual MACKEREL FISHERY OF THE UNITED STATES AND OF THE DOMINION Or CANADA. STATEMENT V.—Showing the number of barrels and value of pickled mackerel produced by the fisheries of the United States from 1873 to 1881, and by the fisheries of the Dominion of Canada from 1873 to 1880. Year. Total 1873 to 1881. Total 1873 to 1880. United States. Dominion of Canada. Total. Barrels. Value. Barrels. Value. Barrels. Value. 210, 3500 $3, 167, 948 159, 530 $1, 615,552 | 369, 88035 | $4, 783, 500 307, 64014 3, 163, 701 161, 096 1,559,551 | 468,736!4 | 4, 723 252 142. 98033 1, 439, 315 123, 6544 1,230,545 | 266,63422 | 2) 675, 860 253, 72227 1, 853, 108 104, 356 992,794 | 35807827 | 2, 845, 897 127, 898.2; 1, 384, 223 163, 916 1,639,160 | 291,814.22 | 3 028, 383 196, 468 1, 408, 675 183, 919 1, 766,226 | 380, 387 3,174, 901 220), 599 1, 268, 444 190, 076% 1, 745,490 | 410, 6754 3, 013, 934 349) 674 2) 398, 044 233, 669. 2,162,258 | 583, 343 4, 560, 302 391, 657 Sa Erk Tat a OAR A A NR 3) Hii) SAW || os GAN WUD es eee Se alle DESL ge, |e Fc BY 1, 809, 33383 | 16,083,453 | 1,320,217 | 12,717,575 | 3, 129,55083 | 28, 801, 029 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [210] MACKEREL INDUSTRY OF BOSTON, MASS. STATEMENT VI.—Showing the number of barrels of pickled mackerel received in Boston JSrom home and foreign poris, from 1877 to 1881, as reported to the Boston Fish Bureau. {Compiled from annual reports of Boston Fish Bureau. ] 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881 Se Bese Be ge | sa es | ee Se eee i i = mR os i i sy i) = | & i i i i=) Blemany oe se cM meals ere 272 | 480| 611| 1,484] w7| 3,576] 211] 1,179 ON yo oatee se Nbece ee cei te 371 | 1,132] 1,417] 1,490] 709| 3,947| 1,202| 2,065 LOGROT Gta ARSCNE Lla AC AURS eal 842 | 1,555 | 3,868! 4,577| 331] 2,012) 3,252| 7,269 PAST Same se ye See cial|eree seme ellos eecrarel 740 50 1, 606 1, 878 184 138 464 4, 482 Ee ee IRN sce ea 3,077"| 2,160*| 1, 183 95| . 945%] 178] 2,161 | 1,725 Sarit) Aoeptts Mae eS ae RL Ca 2,299; 5,037| 2,843; 779] 1,679; 6,283| 3,269) 2,366 Eyre yee poe ey aU EO 774 | 5,341| 1,505 | 6,450] 4,166 | 8.292] 10,943 | 5, 766 DACs sean Sava es |e a 5,472 |-21,495 | 5,158 | 12/290 | 10,158 | 14,891 | 12,678 | 3, 931 September..____-- Pr idige CCHBE gata 4,533 | 12,109 | 5,085 | 13,878 | 9,412 | 19,713 | 20,868) 12, 902 Octoperia te uae, Wea 7,025 | 15,092 | 4,934 | 25,600 | 4,934 | 30,033 | 10,391! 11, 550 November. WA Sener eo 5,039 | 9,383 | 2,495 | 12,180) 2,495 | 11,532] 6,574 | 5,356 Scere UE ye ee ee 1,437 | 4,405 | 3,233 | 3,512| 1,701| 5,205| 1,640| 3,259 Catch of Boston iter uaa ea (20,,139)|.----- BEAR |[uaediace AD 2H eae oh. 5 An 002) eee 69, 669 |... ... ————S— oe a ff | Ro tale eeeee 55, 668 | 86,356 | 64,339 | 78,689 | 83,231 | 84,213 | 90,763 |105, 730 [143,319] 61, 850 Grand total.| 142, 024 143, 028 167, 444 196, 493 205, 172 \ « New. PRICE OF MACKEREL IN MASSACHUSETTS. STATEMENT VII.—Showing the price per barrel of each grade of pickled mackerel in th first week of September, from 1830 to 1881. [Compiled from the files of the Gloucester Telegraph and the Cape Ann Advertiser.] Year. No.1. | No.2. | No.3. Year. No.1 No.2. | No.3 ASSO Bsa eeilescmisisaeeinem cle $5 00 $4 50 PANGZ TN BH OE sees cle atelaystoeeereiste $14 50 | $12 59 $8 50 itp ee Seco cS ee eRe Ae aere 5) (5) 4 75 2AG2 TH MSG Oe eee ere ee 16 00 8 50 5 00 TORR oe te Aah Least 5 00 4 00 PAR alls tS le ete ee econ eae 8 50 4 50 275 TSB en See oe Sere S Sete 5 72 4 72 Qe Sou MBC2 Mee eee wae ye claret 8 25 6 00 4 50 TOBA eerie a Sis Siva abet 572 4 72 BO) | Ie oc ccc codesdeosecsaes 14 00 9 25 6 50 CB pees te tee eaeaere as 7 00 6 00 AO Oeil lel SGA wees ee perce eret Bil) (0) FAD) lense cee - TSE Gers ee Sate ovat mis eco 9 00 8 00 SROOMHMISGS Sweep ee aee ee aer ease 22 00 15 00 9 75 SST ec cme cies ooo 1B) 6 50 AON 2 WSC OS sees tea Gettin cena 22 75 16} 25) Jncsc =< ICE eo oleae Sate Reser 11 00 9 25 HOON MSCs sates cis elace ee eee 17 00 12 25 7 50 IG ae See ene Ae oeerer 12 50 10 50 BOO) WABSGS i ee ee oacenele ee siaa 17 00 IIB} OW Ns sasese = Ce cies Seer sr eases 12 75 10 50 5 Obl WS GO esses ah tere Ce 23 00 11°50" || ae Tf ee era aerate 12 00 10 00 6 00 |) 1870—bay ----.----------. 21 50 11) 00%) 232235 NSA Reeser en ice eae occa 9 00 6 00 4 00 SHOLEM= asl eisee eee 23 00 OS se ae PBA Be oa sari tae ere ine 10 12 8 12 @ (0) |} aeirAl—weny — odoncasssesscc 10 50 vis\)) 5 50 PBA Ge Rete Siok ie ee ee pees etnias 9 50 7 50 5 50 Shores see eee ise iil Bs 2) 6 25 BEC A eerste ciate 13 00 10 50 GROT Bie —aiyesa= see sae eee 11 50 9 25 7 00 SG eM es eens cas 9 12 6 25 3 87 SHOTC etme ces 14 50 ) BO jens ; BA ee eres hoe onions 12 75 8 25 AS2 ole Siia—Deyasomnceee see ee 14 75 W225 9 00 SAS Ws eas Sects Spe es eee O00) 6 00 3 37 SHOLEcsaciiecleceers 20 00 120207 |e eee NESEEG The Pye tere erie aan en ore 12 00 7 00 3750) || STi —baiysa eee see eee 15 00 8 00 7 00 ISS ORME Sein Shee See ae 10 12 8 12 5 00 Shorep ocean wee 1325 9 00 7 00 TaN Se CO se ee ee eiceaes 10 00 6 50 Slee O75—baivis-seceeeeee nee 14 00 ATCOOS|Eaaeee 3 TS erepe ee mera acetate es 9 00 7 00 by 7/3 | SHORE ee ceeee ere 16 25 10 25 7 50 Thee a AC Eee eine 11 50 9 50 EAD OVW SIG Lercrae2o)- Sea epema ces 15 00 6 75 5 50 a SF Ee a ed Ae Sa 15 00 12 25 SO OW Wal aitiectarcies sree oe epee eee | 16 50 12) 50 8 00 APBD eeerete sinc hee crsniomeisieres 19 00 11 00 Ge2SuIUST Boss ene acess ee | 18 00 8 00 5 00 NSD OMe ase SSeS close ceee eee 13 00 8 00 @ ON) |i) Wee soe pita eeeieeemeeee | [16 00] 5 00 3 00 TS BY(G Bee eso eeaE SOB ace secs 15 00 | 12 50 SCHOO MISS O Meath a enae etree Cree 14 00 7 00 4 00 q hela te\eeac/ 3 eae RN Ree eee 15 50 12 50 BUSA S Slicers eye ele Seelam 14 00 6 00 4 00 [211] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. UNITED STATES IMPORTS OF PICKLED MACKEREL. STATEMENT VIII.—Showing the number of barrels of pickled mackerel imported into the United States from the British North American Provinces from 1821 to 1841, and from 1850 to 1881, and also the value of same from 1850 to 1881.* Year. | Barrels. Year. Barrels. SoscCds Seeee aerate 1834 223 Bee (aiee||[oe eae ciec 1835 8, 153 ee sail aiaicte si paeee 1836 6, 037 1821 7 1837 1, 256 1822 337 | 18388 182 1823 67 1839 7, 046 1824 790 1840 11, 828 1825 242 1841 10, 877 1826 STs Wastes eee vee 1827 SO || cesarean CS LE 3 1828 3B. Aen anor ese 1829 tl ees Ese ea SCS eae 1830 Be Sl eee eres legos ets 1831 AE 59)a| (Rema ON Hea Daa 1932 5p [See GS 1833 PAH cere sets Cec ese Year. 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 Barrels. | Barrels. | Value. || Wear. Value. 75, 326 | $335, 309 | 1866 56,613 | $528 270 102, 394 | 548, 553 1867 77, 503 675, 986 78, 334 | 327, 613 | 1868 41, 655 364, 429 54,407 | 329, 216 1869 99,701 327, 079 61,815 | 470, 916 1870 30, 712 346, 956 80, 012 27, 283 1871 | 29,333 254, 986 62,606 | 492, 802 | 1872 77, 731 438, 410 49,477 | 457, 074 | 1873 89, 698 605; 778 67, 345 | 664, 852 | 1874 89, 693 802, 470 49,086 | 565, 029 | 1875 77, 538 385, 836 63,549 | 588, 969 1876 76, 538 695, 460 38, 023 | 269, 399 1877 43, 080 372, 408 37,710 | 247, 678 | 1878 | 102, 154 907, 313 62,767 | 402,178 | 1879 | 101, 422 649, 735 80, 665 | 599, 109 | 1880 } 112,468 493. 059 120, 067 1881 | 129, 297 614, 820 957, 411 *The statistics in this statement are obtained from the following sources: For the years 1821 to 1841 from Sabine’s ‘‘ Report on the American Fisheries”; for the fiscal years ending June 30, 1850 to 1855, 1867, 1868, and 1872 to 1881, from theannual reports of the United States Bureau of Statistics; for the years 1856 to 1866, 1869, 1870, and 1871, from sheets published in 1879 by W. R. Clark, and believed to be compiled from United States custom-house records. Mr. Clark’s statistics are the most reliable we have obtained for the years for which we quote them, as the returns of the United States Bureau of Statistics do not give the desired details tor those years. [212] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES, Bb SCL £16 ‘L9¢ 126 ‘T9 Z60 ‘89% 00L ‘SFL ‘LT | 9FO ‘FST 9h ‘see‘t | sop ‘269‘S | 8Le ‘699 818 ‘G9 C10 ‘LIE 606 ‘Ze F3P é SSL ‘PL GPL T 9FS OL G68 ‘0G 821 '8 .| O18 6 000 ‘662 GGT ‘OF 168 ‘Ze 920 ‘9 696 PL0‘L I8P 088 ‘S BLE ‘6 OFG6 099 ‘OF 089 ‘LST 086 ‘3% 966 € 16f ‘TL ‘als 06 9 496 6 PES 1G 286 ‘T OPS 6P 26 “ELE EL9 ‘FZ 11 ‘LE GI ‘s 09 GOL P 608 090 ‘9 6S “er 080 OPP GP BL ‘6S GGL FZ FOL 8L Sor VY 922 T GSS ‘9 g19 ose ‘eI Poh ‘eG GLL‘9 08G ‘eS 069 ‘8% GOL ‘9% 080 ‘68 SG0kGe Sale Speer ee waete “S987 9c¢ 6 S60 FP SLL PF 796 ‘8T GEL ‘88 Z8P 6 806 ‘F8 068 ‘29E PSG ‘GP TES ‘8 Oi Galcwe © Cee See See “LOST $86 9 TLI ‘98 C6P‘S HES ‘L 19% 8% LI9 ‘ 068 ‘G6 $88 ‘LP cP ‘OF 199 ‘08 GES ‘Z 998T 909 ‘FL 163 ‘29 $08 ‘L 9G ‘Lb G29 “E81 BLL ‘ES G19 ‘P91 0g8 ‘169 908 ‘28 860 ‘96 Fle 3 “G98T PPG GL 921 ‘LP GLE 9 $26 FP 636 ‘9LT GOP ZS 088 ‘96 OLL ‘OFE OPP ‘8F GLO ‘8G G28 ‘3 “POST GOEL 68S ‘CB 199 ‘¢ FOL ‘FG 088 ‘LL GSE ‘GL 0¢9 ‘G8 TI9 ‘993 GZ8 ‘GP 118 ‘9% LLL'T €98T 906 6 69L FS £96 7 PLO ‘IT 086 ‘6 LEGG 899 ‘OF 196 ‘ZPL PEE 8 084 LT 619 T “C98 29S ‘PL €68 “8S 182 ‘L POP LT 686 ‘PL GEL ‘8 $16 LE 998 ‘ZT 1&6 ‘81 GPO % 088 “198 FOL IL 966 8S GGG ‘¢ 86 11 90L ‘OL 698 FL ‘86 OSL ‘68F 296 ‘6P 66 ‘E 19 Pi ic | OSI Ses eas 098T BLP ‘9 LOF ‘88 683 ‘6 969 1 910 ‘6L 861 9 CLL S 006 ‘0c 988 ‘98 LOG ‘S Dc pepeccae mes atta as oe ate eee es 6981 888 ‘L GLP 87 vt6 S 89% FI GGr OL 661 P81 ‘66 896 ‘88h GOS ‘6F 168 &L 68‘ Sse 2 teh fellG 929 1S G69 “GP G18 088 ‘OLS 19g ‘098 OPPS BOL ‘6h 019 ‘LIE 199 ‘98 966 6 TORE ESA valbeeae x cere eee eam LG8T 869 ‘OTS 69P ‘Sh$ (eg yes peeeredy |eeeane oes Bees | Sree 00L ‘FES 066 ‘Paes 0S8 ‘LP OFT ‘es IGE ue |e a ee 9g8T 2a A aE Goel Pe B OUCE eee a sn eeeelse se Soe eee em eseaal bre ate She ne ea ieee sey Oe eS | ere = omdeoses|hiSaeo Seaeee == 2-=-- GGT ‘ANG ‘One A BS) ene ete § “LING ‘ont eA BS) en edihe § “AVE “OnTe A “‘spoliEg “AING ‘one A “‘s[o1llEg : "Ivo ‘eruvalAsuue “YO A M9 NT “SUPOSNTOVSSVYL “OULBYL e = : ) [‘saqour g1 Aq gt (A 0} V) Sqo9ys 8. TIVIO “TM Aq ‘619T reek oy} ur ‘ssorSttog fo jov 0} Burproose podojzus ‘oAISHpOUL ‘Z1ST OF OCT * SdDOUIAOIG OY} WoIZ YS JO WorezzodmMy Jo sonsyrys ,, tory popiduoy] “BLT 02 OGRT ‘saouaoud ysyiwg ayy WOLf so;vIS payug ey2 O71 paycodunr jasayonu pajyord fo anjyna pup figy,wonb ay, Gmimoyg—' X{ INDNALVLY ‘TAPOMOVI GATINId JO SLYOMWI SULVLS GALINA HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. [213] ‘QUILT pue S}JOSNyOeSssey_ JOpUN popnypous y GoP GLB ‘T #8c Fc0 ‘8 | TTL ‘Le6 9F6 ‘GE 610 ‘9ST €16 ‘LT 829 ‘006 ‘T | Tor ‘ehs ‘F | PIE ‘009 416 ‘82 T6L ‘862 LGP ‘68 869 ‘C1 LLL 'TOv P28 ‘C9 926 ‘¢ 988 ‘FL £9L % P18 OL G86 ‘Tee LEP ‘Ge ggg 'T 86 'b BLL 776181 999 ‘8S 986 ‘PSG GEE ‘6% OPPS CEL IT 663 ‘T 008 ‘18 8Le ‘60T 006 ‘ST 8s % 806 ‘ZI IL T Diag oa eee tee a AT LO Par ‘19 GIL 08 022 ‘¢ 110 ‘08 019 ‘% CEP ‘6G 804 ‘FOL 9TL PT GLP T 806 ‘IT 98 GOP ‘69 610 ‘L28 TOL ‘66 0&L 'S €9G ‘LT coe ‘T 989 ‘98 128 ‘98T EPs ‘81 9LE £08 ‘T 88L 820 ‘OL ISL ‘GFE FL0 ‘88 969 ‘9 GL ‘88 BI ‘8 H0G ce L$8 ‘9ST GOT 9T 926 | GFL SG €9L eh ‘SIL 66g ‘LI¢ 616 ‘6g Org 806 T GST 6G ‘Rg 9ST ‘6S 9LT ‘66 #16 % 188 ‘CL L8¢ T 966 ‘EIT 012 G8 E19 ‘99 #88 ELL ‘& GPP PPO LL 016 ‘698 GGG ‘BE 890 'T 182 PEG Te Se So eee OOO PEL ‘OFS TLP ‘166 190 ‘021. 06T 166 G6 009 ‘FEL 866 ‘Peg 008 ‘L9 GE68 LEG ‘Ee 99 F See GE 2S ORO CONS GT 08s ‘LOT GOL ‘66S 699 ‘08 096 ‘¢ LPL ‘FS 086 Bch ‘16 SLB ‘SHE PIL SP GE6 T G19 ‘S 996 “"=" "$987 $86 ‘C2L SLT ‘COP hon ‘ZO 0g8 £09 ‘3 GCP 960 ‘0L EGS ‘TI 8P0 ‘SE Pak PF WD, IGE COL % "7" €98T OG ‘GL 8L9 (LFS OTL LE SPP 826 ikea 80h ‘66 89L (18 POL PT oot Fh 868 ‘GL G12 ‘3 begencoel 9F0 ‘OL 666 ‘693 £20 ‘88 966 &2g SPL 7 | sce"re 9F0 ‘06 GLI ‘LT OPE |G 909 FI E19 @ ge eel o SE 860 ‘LAL 656 ‘88S 6PS ‘69 FOP 666 ‘T GES GE9 ‘T8 0¢0 ‘PLE 9T8 ‘OF O19 'F REL ‘OT COG Greremel | SaSincess see SITS 2 Sees 000) GLI ‘86 620 ‘G9S 980 ‘6P 788 6P9 ‘T TPP PPL 68 G16 ‘068 CLG ‘IP P69 ‘8 6EE ‘TS L¥8 1 --°5 °° 698T 069 ‘PSL 298 ‘99 GPS ‘19 089 L6L ize FPO ‘C9 069 ‘218 GGG ‘GE 00L ‘6 GE9 ‘LE 0&8 'F heeds sean $66 ‘86 FL0 ‘LF LLP ‘6P 81a G16 60T 885 ‘T9 0&8 ‘8Lz P6L 08 b29 ‘9 Gol ‘LZ FANE Bc orcoten FADES na Ree ae CON ZS G3Ls €08 ‘Z6FS 909 ‘29 SGP 90PF ‘T FIG Z16 ‘68 £99 ‘GFE 966 ‘FP GLE “61S P06 ‘Z9$ 989 ‘6 Ge ae ae ka arm OCeL Sie eo be ao Feo BLL ‘TH Gor ‘Gh 688 960 ‘al Geo ‘T6E8$ €1g ‘19 bri a mitt (heii ar ag ede sae Se teae | OOO Ie RBA SCOR CROIO# ker ‘Ayn ‘One A. “S[OLLE “Aqng ‘ONT eA “Spode: “syng ‘OnTR A “spore “AVN ‘One A. “sO LIV J “189 A “[e407, , puRy1og ry , WOISO_ ‘pur faeyy ‘ponurju0og— af ‘sang pang oyp opur pazwodwr jasayovu papyoud fo anjna pun fyyuond ay; Bumoyy—X]T LNANALVLG REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [214] CONSUMPTION OF FOREIGN MACKEREL IN THE UNITED STATES. STATEMENT X.—Showing the number of barrels and value of foreign mackerel entered for consumption in the United States, 1872 to 1881. [Compiled from reports of United States Bureau of Statistics. ] Year ended June 30— Free of duty. Dutiable. Total. Barrels. Value. Barrels. Value. Barrels. Value. 7 ae AR a A PAR Del RRO a eg 39,572 | $247, 796.251 39, 572 $247, 796,25, TUS Na hs UN I Te AN SP SRM Be a Se 70, 65157, | 523,35725,| 70,6514, | 523, 35725, DG CN Ae Sees ete ee 89, 3762 $793, 764 1, 4962 3, 325 90, 8734 807, 089 SSIs Svea OS aie ES 78, 0914 586, 825 41 524 78, 1324 587, 3849 TSG. Ue hea RE CIA 76, 582,85] 695, 847 16 70 76, 598,85] 695, 917 TICS Nee OB DS 44, 1693 373, 79288 gt 105 44,178 373, 89738, SS f ee ae care oe Cisse eo mates 101, 995 907, 013 6 67 102, 001 907, 080° TUCO eG Sa a eh Ne 101, 450 650, 04843, 2.88, 19;55| 101, 452,88] 650, 06728, SSB Oma RIA aia Sar ENT 112, 3854 492, 80734 12 127 112, 3974 492, 934 40, TES CEE a 120, 3524 615, 06329; 83 98.62; 120, 361 615, 161-88, NM Se AC ORM 724, 40335,| 5,115, 160,25! 111, 814.75.) 785, 480,85,| 836, 218,8,| 5, 900, 649,88, UD typ at Ce ee ea Oise ee ee HEV pe eee $223, 629579, Notre.—All the consumption of foreign mackerel as given in the above table for the year 1877, and subsequent to that time, and nearly all, if not the entire consumption for the year prior to 1877, is the product ot the British North American provinces. MACKEREL FISHERY OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. STATEMENT XI.—Showing the total value of the production of the mackerel fishery of the Dominion of Canada, 1873 to 1879. , . New Prince Kd- Year. Quebec. Nova Scotia. RS. Ie eel Total. Wat cooacocoooopacseoosnobuooad $61, 700 $1, 411, 676 $35, 447 $111, 512 $1, 620, 335 FS OUR ans a ee 72, 780 1, 234, 649 51, 280 221, 761 1, 580, 470 1875 . S00 aheo ps6 cedesiloscococesessse sddoce detabsac|lassoces Seas ccee eee 1, 245, 752 NOW Be sot edssoooeppaseasoae 49, 750 714, 263 30, 610 203, 064 997, 687 TIE OE RAS NL 53, 579 1, 155, 140 54, 476 404, 620 1, 667, 815 TOTS MUN Gym CHARS AMS 87, 360 1, 307, 611 97, 372 291, 976 1, 784, 319 MeO cess escoseoaeoncoupasboscoe 60, 420 1, 019, 640 114, 676 563, 411 © 1, 758, 150 Atouenl MEEVEE Sogdooood lsoooaacoSco aos lbeoaabeobooeaallbocoouuoanoon:|\ladooangondascé 10, 654, 528 MACKEREL EXPORTS OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. STATEMENT XII.—Showing the total value of mackerel exported from the Dominion of Canada to all countries, 1873 to 1879. . New Prince Hd- Year. Quebec. Nova Scotia. Rian eiicloes | cananstar a: Total. 1ST ee is eG $2, 076 | $673, 894 $10, 232 $29, 830 $716, 032 Web osieocsoocdtdcecsoddosuesos 984 615, 992 25, 123 73, 329 715, 428 USS soocssocanakdsocossosesode 953 509, 117 30, 338 252, 839 793, 247 WSO == sosadoacessseobicsosusosce 206 582, 155 56, 979 108, 832 747, G72 MAY sa cehoguaenoonnas Booeseena$ 65 442, 306 46, 179 98, 383 586, 933 NEE sa5tso ddseodoadssoasbosesas 1, 078 677, 550 85, 289 279, 568 1, 048, 435 ESTO RR hae caren re UE a 1, 665 651, 037 83, 946 145, 098 881, 746 Total 1873 to 1879.......-.. 7,027 | 4, 152, 051 338, 036 987, 379 5, 481, 498 | [215] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. MACKEREL EXPORTS OF THE DOMINION OF CANADA. STATEMENT XITII.—Showing the total value of mackerel exported from the Dominion of Canada to the United States, 1873 to 1879. | < New Prince Ed- Year. Quebec. Nova Scotia. Pama, || seeslciendk. Total. $940 $502, 226 $10, 232 $20, 440 $533, 838 984 518, 809 25, 128 | 73, 279 618, 195 860 242, 704 28, 978 251, 232 523, 774 206 415, 148 56, 274 108, 332 579, 955 21 216, 170 46, 023 97, 359 359, 573 1, 088 473, 571 84, 682 279, 402 838, 743 1, 394 406, 024 83, 605 145, 038 636, 061 5, 493 2, 774, 647 334, 917 975, 082 4, 090, 139 [216] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. : ‘onfea oyertiooe sot ogg Apqeqord st top ‘oTe'ece 14 ‘T1e@T Aeok onf4 IoF ATOYSH Sty} JO yonpord o9 Jo onpea oy4 BAAIS //gT dof SotaoysT_ jo Jotiorsstiti0 OH et} Jo y10do1 JenuUY oY) UT MOTAOA @ OSTS S¥ ‘TOISSIMIMOL) X¥ITTVE 9Y} IV poyuosoad so1yW87 -yeys 94} ING “208 018 “S$ ye pony ‘spo1Vq EZF “6EZ ‘AIOYSY JoLeyoeM oT} Jo yonpoad o4} seats [LET avod OY} 10z SOLLOYST puL oulaEPL Jo uouivded oy Jo y10doa [euuUR ONY, « 996 ‘811 ‘% 804 ‘OL 896 ‘ZOT ‘Z| 699 ‘eaz 095 ‘099 099 GI | 8F0'9 | OcE F9C T | ep ‘9cE |-*=77>> "| 848 ‘OP | LT0‘G |-----------*- -oger OST ‘8¢4 ‘T 099 ‘21 06h ‘GPL‘T | $920 ‘061 089 ‘09¢ 088 OL | 0S0'F | 066 STO LT | 6E¢‘TOL |-72----- 0GP 09 | #6SS LZ |. -7>>" eee GLO Ge ‘f84 ‘T €60 ‘8T 966 ‘991 ‘T 616 ‘E81 968 ‘162 0806 | TE9 ‘OL | 086 ‘962 'L | 869 ‘92r | OLL 06998 | 69'S |-- Seam ISK GT8 ‘199 ‘1 GEQ ‘8 OOT ‘689 ‘T 916 ‘E9T 029 ‘FOF CLh P | GhL‘8L | Sse ‘pet ‘T |¥seo‘elt | PPI Ger ss | feng ‘s 189 ‘166 £68 “P #61 766 998 ‘FOL | $00 ‘602 €0'S | 29h | OF9 ‘60L 9G (eee secee 0SL 6h | C16 'P GGL CPST L066 Gilg ORS ie | Mingle) Seen eee ooo safe = = ocRs #9 oe (rere geen ING Ce eal G ppc hic eg | oe OLP 08S ‘T 616 ‘0 TSS 6Sg ‘T A) eye err ner ee T9L ‘122 £6 F | 690 ‘ZE | 089 ‘cee ‘T | Sez ‘eZr 084 ‘tL GEE ‘029 ‘T 68h 7 6S ‘G19 'T 08S 6ST |°--"°*> 7] BES ‘TTIS 622 | 929'18 | OSO‘OTP‘T | C00 ‘THT 002 ‘19 Z1Z GLO 'T GOL ‘OT OIL ‘G99 ‘L 6h ‘GEL | DWARG= PAS 2E $68 ‘$29 LT | S€8 ‘CIT 069 ‘LT OTE “SES ‘T $89 'E$ 289 ‘6FE ‘T C08 ‘OPT 689 h 5s Sieg EC CORO GGmlnan Gc O80 Clam imme maans 086 ‘OL ZUCROGO Milian 0G ‘660'T | §1% ‘6 GSB POPP AD AD TS || aes teks} PPP ONS NJ) B \|POmecceec cone @ypary OIL ‘0gs$ soe sencO2st ge Wiss TTT O Safa iadeechcecheal licences Bsa Speech |e gees eat eae ee S20 PCB losis Goa cata al rane diesels aaa peak Ea RS saree alee Sa OOS eo <4 ‘ ic) rg ° a ap, = y 5 3 ees 5 Cees) s y Be eg Es ey Be a 4 BS ET 5 me = e BS =} e Ba S ie =" Qo ® @ 2Oo SI @ ie) @ © 20 ® © 25 ) © <4 ae) i a Bis 2 a Ris : a =) om 5 om = aes : mag : go : =i g BS ; 5 a a Bet oH a2 cane 3 came came DGG) ane ‘Taio Ko Lae *Joqe = of “TQ. faci 0) Is I os 5 ¥ oO af Z5 [P1OIVUI popeyorg 5 2 ovum = paryorg 2 Za spouu payor = A [eLoyovul popyorg 5 e -youmt poryorg S Pealas ae a 7 ‘TeJOJ puvszy ‘puv[s] paivapy oot g “YOIMSUNAIG AKO NT “BIJOOR BAO NT ssaqonty "CLOT U2 WolUnUo”T ay? OWL qua S]l avUIs pUunIsST pLom “PH Mumig bupnyow “Qg2t o2 ‘ppyuvg fo uomog ayr fo sarwaysyl ayy hig paonpoud jatayonwm fo anjpa pun kKyyunnb ay, buimoygy— LNANWALVL id 1 O88 97 698T VpywnO tuod ay YY YF NQ poonp Jotoy 190 p q Y UNoysi—* ATX S ‘VGYNVO JO NOTNIWNOG WHL AO AVAHSIA THAAMOVN [217] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. MACKEREL EXPORTS OF BRITISH PROVINCES. STATEMENT XV.—Showing the quantity and value of pickled mackerel exported to the United States from the Dominion of Canada, 1873 to 1879, also from Prince Edward Island, 1857 to 1873, and from Newfoundland, 1853 to 1876. : : New Prince Edward | Newfound- n Quebec. Nova Scotia. Brunswick. Island. land. Total. Year. : ; o oO re Oo oo oO oO || Ag & = & AE, 2 = a & Z fe 2 GS ) 3 =) eS 2 Cs 2 Es fe) GS —Q > Q & ia) a faa) e faa) & -Q & "17, 420. $502, 226 | 1,276 $10, 232 $538, 838 58, 385 | 516,120 | 2,561 | 25, 123 58 BO ttcaecllwsdecs 67, 693 | 615, 506 35, 568 | 242578 | 3.375 | 28,978 | 31, 466 | 251,232 |.....|....... 70, 555 | 523, 648 49,407 | 410,511 | 7,122 | 56,274 | 13,276 | 108,332 |.....|......- 69, 841 | 575, 323 27,285 | 215,119 | 5,049 | 45,961 | 10,867 | 97,359 |.....|..-... | 43, 204 | 358, 460 61, 812 | 473, 018 | 7,437 | 78,890 | 31,702 | 279,402 |.....|..-.... 101, 022 | 881, 744 65, 949 | 402, 574 | 9,952 | 81,596 | 18,526 | 145,038 |.....|......- 94, 655 | 630, 602 VIIL—MATERIALS FOR A CHRONOLOGICAL HIS- TORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY OF NORTH AMERICA. M.—EXTRACTS FROM RECORDS AND REMINISCENSES OF FISHERMEN. 50.—SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. - The mackerel fishery has been of great importance to the United States boti from a commercial standpoint and as a motive for the forma- tion of treaties with the Government of Great Britain and the establish- ment of rates of tariff intended to regulate the importation of mackerel from the British provinces. Its history from year to year has been so varied, the conditions under which it was prosecuted in successive years so changeable, that it seems worth while to present here a series of notes chronologically arranged which have been gathered from various sources and which illustrate the changes in method and in result which have been recorded by observers from 1620 to the present time. 1629 To 1635.—ABUNDANCE OF MACKEREL ON THE COAST OF NEW ENGLAND IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. Francis Higginson, in his “Journal of His Voyage to New England,” 1629, speaks of seeing ‘‘many schools of mackerel, infinite multitudes, REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [218] on every side of our ship” off Cape Ann, June26. [Young’s Chronicles, 232.) Richard Mather, in his “ Journal,” 1635, speaks of the seamen taking abundance of mackerel off Menhiggin (p. 470). 1671.—EARLY FISHING ON GAPE COD. In 1671 the code of laws for the government of the colony was revised and ordered to be printed under the title of ‘“‘The Book of the General Laws of the Inhabitants of the Jurisdiction of New Plymouth.” Under these laws, or “General Fundamentals,” as they were called, provisions were made, as, has been suggested, ‘‘for the better improving of fishing for mackerel, &e., at the Cape.” Penalties were imposed for taking them at other than specified times, licenses were to be granted, &e., We. It was now ‘ordered that the charges of the free schools, £33 per an- num, shall be defrayed by the treasurer out of the profits arising from the fishing at the Cape until such time as the minds of the freemen be known concerning it.” At this time, also, ‘‘certain persons belonging in Hull petitioned the government for perniission to fish at Cape Cod for mackerel, they hav- ing discovered a new method of fishing with nets by moonlight.”— (Freeman’s Hist. of Cape Cod, Boston, 1862, vol. i, p. 266.) 1677.—RENTAL OF THE CAPE COD FISHERY. In July, 1677, the records of the Plymouth colony show that the Cape Cod fishery was let for 7 years, at thirty pounds per annum, to seine mackerel and bass, to certain individuals who are named. They were restricted to take in the Plymouth colonists with them, and if none otter, to admit strangers. The profits of the hire which accrued to the colony were sometimes distributed to the schools.—(Massachusetts Historical Collections, iii, ; 220. . ! 51.—NINETEENTH CENTURY. 1802.—MACKEREL FISHING IN CAPE COD BAY. The following paragraph is taken from the Gloucester Historical Col. lections, vol. viii, 1802, p. 199: ‘¢ PROVINCETOWN, 1802. “The first mackerel which are taken to Boston market in the spring are taken in the harbor and yield a handsome profit, though the Boston marketmen purchase them at about 4 of what they are sold for. 300 barrels are every year pickled and sent to Boston. The mackerel, bass, and herring are caught with seines, of which there are about 50 in the town, and which cost $100 each. Another seine, worth six dollars, is made use of for catching mackerel in the spring, and herring for bait.” 1804-1832.—PRICE OF MACKEREL IN BOSTON MARKET. The average price of fresh mackerel in Boston market from 1804 to 1822 was six to eight cents apiece, sometimes ten; they were always sold by counts.—(Captain Merchant.) | [219] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 1804.—SHORE MACKEREL FLEET OF CAPE ANN. “From 1804 to 1822,” remarks Capt. E. W. Merchant, of Glouces- ter, “Cape Ann had a considerable fleet of vessels engaged in the shore mackerel fishery for the sole purpose of supplying the Boston market; seven oreight from Gloucester Harbor, seven or eight from the north side of the Cape.” They preserved their fish in a peculiar way, which will be described under the proper heading. It is stated that the first shore mackerel fishing was prosecuted by the small boats, about the year 1800. The mackerel were caught mostly on the Inner Bank, and carried fresh to Boston market through the summer. Only the largest were saved, and these were sold for 5 or 6 cents apiece, and sometimes as high as 10 cents. Hach boat was bal- lasted with pebbles; on this were placed hogshead tubs, each having a hole with a plug in it. These tubs were filled with salt water, and as soon as the mackerel were dressed they were put into the tubs, and the water changed every hour by drawing the plugs and allowing it to run off, until sufficient were caught to start for market, the changing of the water continuing until the boat arrived above the Castle, where it is said the water loses its coolness. The great object after catching the mackerel was to get them to market before daylight, in order to have the cool of the morning to sell them im. If a boat with three men and two boys stocked fifty dollars a week, it was considered satisfactory. 1804.—THE INTRODUCTION OF HAND-LINING FOR MACKEREL FROM THE DECKS OF VESSELS. According to Capt. E. W. Merchant, the first man to introduce this mode of fishing was John Story, of Rockport, about the year 1804. 1818-1821.—The first voyages made for the purpose of salting mack- erel was in the summer of 1818, by Capt. Simeon Burnham, in the schooner “ President,” on a trip to Cashe’s; consequently to Captain Burnham belongs the honor of being the pioneer in this branch of the fisheries. It was considered quite an important event at the time, so much so that Capt. Benjamin Tarr was hired to go as navigator. Sev- enty barrels were caught on this trip, and they were packed in Boston. Two years after, this branch began to increase, and in 1821 several other jiggers * were added to the fleet. They carried six hands, and were ab- sent about a week. The jiggers were stowed with butts and wash- barrels, and no mackerel were headed up on board until about 1820. In 1821, Samuel Wonson, Elisha M. Oakes, Robert Marston, Simeon Burnham, Samuel Brown, Nathaniel Blatchford, John Wonson, George *The name ‘‘jigger” was first applied to the vessels engaged in jigging mcakerel. As these vessels were all, or nearly all, pinkeys previous to 1830, the name in later years came to have a more special reference to the style of craftthan to the particular branch of fishery in which she was engaged. Thus the term ‘‘jigger” came to be synonymous with ‘‘pinkey,” and was often used in that sense by the fishermen. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [220] Wonson, James Merchant, Epes Merchant, were the skippers of the jiggers which comprised the chief part of the mackerel fleet. These jiggers ranged in tonnage from twenty seven to forty-five tons. Prior to 1818 there were but few mackerel packed in Gloucester, that part of the business being mostly done in Boston. Moses Gilbert was the only inspector in town until 1828, and his accommodations were quite limited. At this date several other inspectors were appointed, and the mackerel fishery began to assume quite a business importance.—(Fisherman’s Memorial and-Record Book.) 1815.—_THE HINGHAM MACKEREL FISHERY. In 1815 there were packed in Hingham 5,615 barrels mackerel, and in 1828, 32,313 barrels. There were 54-vessels employed, some for the season and some for a shorter time. There were 15 employed for the whole season, averaging 1.027 barrels each. The average number of hands were 8 to each vessel, making 432 in the whole. The quantity of salt used in striking and packing, allowing 18 hogsheads to 100 barrels, would be about 6,000 hogsheads. a There is a company formed in this town who carry on this fishing to some extent, besides several vessels fitted out by individuals. We un- derstand there is a mackerel company in Wellfleet, in this county, extensively engaged in this fishery. We would like to hear with what success.—(Barnstable Journal, July 16, 1829.) 1815.—INVENTION OF THE MACKEREL JIG. The mackerel jig is said to have been invented about the year 1815 by Abraham Lurvey, of Pigeon Cove, Cape Ann; according to other authority, by one Thurlow, of Newburyport. 1817.— BEGINNING OF THE SOUTHERN MACKEREL FISHERY. Capt. John Parsons, of Rockport, Mass., went South after mackerel in the schooner Defiance; went as far south as Cape May, and took 60 barrels of fish, all of which were caught by drailing. 1821.—_ THE LARGE VESSELS OF THE GLOUCESTER FLEET. About 1821 the fleet began to enlarge. The “ Volante,” of 37 tons, a pinkie built by Mr. Epes W. Merchant, was considered a very ‘large vessel; then came the Independence, and afterwards the Columbus, a square-sterned vessel of 43 or 44 tons, built by George Friend, which was considered a very large vessel. These vessels went after mackerel to salt. Previous to that the entire Gloucester fleet had ’tended the fresh-fish market. Plymouth, Scituate, and Cohasset began salting mackerel in advance of Gloucester.—(Statement of Capt. EH. W. Mer- chant.) [221] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 1818-1836.—MACKEREL FISHERY OF HINGHAM. Mackerel Fishery.—We believe the extent to which this fishery is car- ried on from the towns of Massachusetts is not generally known. For ourselves we were not aware of it and of the importance of encouraging this branch of industry, which not only furnishes the means of employ- ment to a large number of persons, but is of great consequence to the commercial interests of the country in affording a good nursery for sea- men. We have seen a pamphlet recently printed containing ‘‘A state- ment of the quantity of mackerel packed from Hingham vessels from 1818 to 1828 inelusive.” It appears from this statement that there has been in that town a gradual increase during the above period of ten per cent. a year. In 1815 the number of barrels packed in that town was 3,615; in 1828, 33,313. During the last year 54 different vessels were employed from that place in the business, some for the season and some for a shorter period. There were 15 employed the whole season, aver- aging 1,027 barrels each, the highest vessel having packed 1,725}. The average number of persons was 8 to each vessel, making 432 in the whole, to which if the number employed in coopering, packing, &c., be added, would exceed 500. The quantity of salt used in salting and packing, allowing 18 hogsheads to 100 barrels, would be nearly 6,000 hogsheads. The number of barrels packed in that town during the above period of years, 225,3314. The salt consumed for the same, 45,559 hogsheads. We have been informed that this fishing is carried on at Scituate, in this county, about as largely as in Hingham, and several vessels from other towns in this vicinity on the bay. A bill is now before the legislature of this State which provides for the repeal of the law requiring a reinspection of mackerel packed in other States when brought into this market.—(Gloucester Telegraph, July 18, 1829.) 1821.—Mackerel-fishing with the hook commenced in the province of Nova Scotia, and was prosecuted with great success in some of the har- bors of the Bay of Fundy.—(Journal and Proceedings of the House of Assembly of the Province of Nova Scotia, 1857, Appendix 79.) 1822._ FIRST MACKEREL VOYAGES FROM CAPE ANN TO GEORGE’S BANKS. In the year 1822, Capt. William Marshall caught a few mackerel on George’s, which were the first, so far as we can ascertain, ever caught there by a Cape Ann skipper.. Mackerel have been caught there every year since, more or less, and rank in quality among the best.—(Fisher- man’s Memorial and Record Book.) 1823.—INTRODUCTION OF THE MACKEREL GAFF. The mackerel gaff was introduced about 1823.—(Fisherman’s Me- morial and Record Book.) ~ REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [222] 1823.—INTRODUCTION OF BAIT-MILLS. Bait-mills were first generally used by the Massachusetts mackerel fishermen about 1823. Previous to that time toll-bait had been cut with hatchets. ; 1825.—MACKERELING IN THE GULF OF MAINE. In 1825, Captain Merchant went mackereling in the “ Hornet,” a schooner of 52 tons. The season began May 15, the vessel having been previously engaged in cod-fishing. During the season the crew of 7 men and a boy landed and packed 1,304 barrels. They caught 700 barrels in Massachusetts Bay in seven weeks’ time, and packed them in Boston. The season continued until the 24th of November, and by that time the crew were entirely worn out by their continued labor. sea-packed barrels. Our fishing ground was from Barnegat to Block Island, though we caught but few mackerel south or west of Fire Island. At this time all of the vessels belonging to Northern New Hugland ports salted their spring catch of mackerel, and generally packed them north of Cape Cod. A considerable number of sloop swacks, belonging at Noank and New London, Conn., engaged in the spring mackerel fishery to supply the New Souk iene taking the fish in alive in their wells. Their crews fished with poles, as anglers do for trout, being thus enabled to drop the mackerel into the well without touching them, even from the extremities of this vessel. In June we went to the Bay of Saint Lawrence, where we caught about 150 barrels, being absent from home nearly seven weeks. The mackerel were of large size that year in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, but not very abun- REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [254] dant. Off the New England coast they were very plentiful and in fine condition, though of medium size, scarcely any, or none, being large enough to pack for No. Vs. After returning from the Gulf we fished off the New England coast from Mount Desert Rock to Cape Cod, though we did the best off and around Monhegan Island during the month of August and early in September. At that time a large fleet was fishing off the Maine coast. 1852.—MACKEREL FISHERY OF NEW BRUNSWICK IN 1892. Perley, in his Report on the Fisheries of New Brunswick for 1852, says: ‘It must be considered settled that the mackerel fishery as a branch of business cannot be said to exist in New Brunswick, although the eastern shores of the province and the whole Bay of Chaleur offer the greatest facilities and most abundant supply of fish. ‘“Ttis highly desirable that something should be done to encourage and promote this fishery, which evidently offers such ample reward to the energy, enterprise, and industry of the people.”—(Page 16.) 1853.—THE ARMAMENT IN PROVINCIAL WATERS FOR BREAKING UP THE AMERICAN MACKEREL FISHERY. The St. John New Brunswicker, of the 31st ultimo, announces the ar- rival at St. John of H. M. ketch “‘ Netley,” which is to be stationed in the Bay of Fundy for the protection of the fisheries this season. H. M. screw steamship ‘ Plumper,” fitting out in England, is also expected to be stationed in the bay. HH. M. steamers “ Basilisk,” “Vixen,” and “ Dey- astation” are to be stationed at Newfoundland and in the Gulf; and four brigantines or schooners are to be immediately fitted out at Halifax for the Gulf, each under the command of a lieutenant in the navy, with twenty-five picked men in each from the flag-ship “*Cumberland.” These vessels, says the Brunswicker, with other arrangements for an efficient boat service at several of the most favorable resorts in the Gulf for American mackerel fishers, will doubtless prove the means of preventing encroachments this season, and tend greatly to break up the American mackerel fishery in the Saint Lawrence.—(Gloucester Telegraph, June 4, 1853.) 1853.—MACKEREL IN WESTERN NOVA SCOTIA. The Yarmouth Herald says: ‘““We are glad to hear that mackerel have been abundant at the Tusket Islands during the past week. In two days two seines secured over 600 barrels. Within the last few days a considerable quantity of small mackerel and fat herring have been caught in this harbor.”—(Gloucester Telegraph, July 16, 1853.) 1853.—FIRST ARRIVAL FROM THE BAY—REPORTED SCARCITY OF MACKEREL. The “Leonard McKenzie” arrived at this port on Sunday from the Bay of Saint Lawrence; reports mackerel as not being very plenty, and the vessels were not doing much.—(Gloucester Telegraph, July 20, 1853.) [255] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 1853.—MACKEREL IN GLOUCESTER HARBOR. A large school of mackerel has been in our harbor this week, which has given our shore fishermen a good benefit, and many of them have improved it. The fish are larger than those here a week or ten days previous.—(Gloucester Telegraph, July 30, 1853.) 1853.—SUCCHESSFUL PURSH-SEINING ON NEW ENGLAND SHORE. The Newburyport Union states that the schooner ‘‘ Ada” Jarrived] at that port on Wednesday with 320 barrels of mackerel. This is her second trip in our bay, in both of which she has taken 560 barrels; most of them have been caught with a seine. What other mackerel vessel has done as wellas that this year ?—(Gloucester Telegraph, August 3, 1853.) The Newburyport Union states that the schooner‘‘Ada” has completed her third trip in eleven days, with 300 barrels, making a total of 850 barrels in less than two months. We do not recollect that any vessel from this place has ever done so well before; and at the present prices of mackerel she will pay a handsome profits to her owners.—(Gloucester Telegraph, August 13, 1853.) 1853.— ARRIVALS AND REPORTS FROM THE RAY. There were several arrivals yesterday from the Bay of Saint Lawrence. * * * In some parts of the bay mackerel were plenty, in others they were scarce.—(Gloucester Telegraph, August 17, 1853. 1853.—SUCCESS OF THE SWAMPSCOTT MACKEREL SEINERS. The schooner “ Romp” and the schooner “ Vanguard” of Swampscott arrived home last week, having been engaged in mackerel fishing oft Boone Island a few days past with remarkable success. One of the boats took at one haul of the seine ninety-four wash-barrels of mackerel. In one day she took 155 barrels.—Lynn Bay State.—(Gloucester Tele- graph, August 31, 1853.) 1853.—RECEIPTS AND PRICES. Mackerel remain without change. The arrivals continue moderate for the seasen. Sales of large for $15.00, $11.50, and $8.124, and shore at $11.75, $9.72, and $7.50 per barrel.—(ZD.) 1853.—EXTREME HIGH PRICES CONSEQUENT UPON THE SCARCITY OF MACKEREL. The scarcity of this article (mackerel), and the poor prospect, both in the bay and off our coast, has caused the prices to reach a higher point this season than ever before known. 1861.—THE SHORE FLEET.—ITS SUCCESS.—REPORTED SCARCITY OF MACKEREL IN THE BAY. Three hundred sail of fishermen in the harbor last Saturday ; the fleet have done well of late, and report mackerel of good quality and quite plenty. Advices from the bay report mackerel scarce.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, October 11, 1861.) The shore fleet did well last Saturday; some of the vessels got 90 wash-barrels. Quite a number got 30 to 50 wash-barrels of large, fat mackerel. Some 20 sail from the bay have arrived during the week, and report hard luck. The mackerel season, take it all in all, has not proved very profitable this year.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, October 25, 1861.) 1861.—CLOSE OF THE MACKEREL SEASON.—ADVANCE IN PRICES. The mackerel fishing business is closed for the season; vessels are hauling up. The catch this season has been 25 per cent. below that of last year, and prices have ruled very low. Within a few weeks prices have advanced. No. 1 mackerel, which were worth only $7 per barrel October 25, at this date sold for $13. No. 2’s, now selling for $9, brought only $5 in October.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, November 23, 1861.) 1861.—REMINISCENCES OF CAPT. J. W. COLLINS. In the summer of 1861 medium-sized mackerel were very abundant off the New England coast, and some of the hookers obtained a catch of about 1,000 barrels or more, though the price was so extremely low, owing to the distracted condition of the country at the beginning of the war, that the fishermen obtained but little remuneration for their labor. Large mackerel were exceedingly rare, however, and as a consequence of much greater value than the smaller ones. In the Gulf of Saint Law- rence, also, mackerel were fairly plentiful, and there being a greater percentage of large fish, some of the vessels did; much better, finan- cially, than those which fished off our own shore. This was especially the case with those which remained late in the bay, or made their home passages in a leisurely manner, since, during November, the prices ad- vanced very rapidly, so much so, indeed, that mackerel nearly doubled in value in the short space of two or three weeks. On the 16th day of August I left Rockport, for the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, in the schooner “Sarah B. Harris.” At first we fished about the Magdalen Islands i] REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [280] and the north side of Prince Edward Island, and around its eastern point. Later in the fall we obtained some very good catches of mack- erel off Cape Saint George, where there was a large fleet collected. Other vessels, however, about the same time, took a considerable quan- tity of mackerel about Margaree Island and Cheticamp. We left Port Hood for home on the 1st day of November and met with very boister- ous weather, causing us to lay in harbor on the Nova Scotia shore for some days. Our passage was also further retarded by strong head- winds, while at sea, so that we did not arrive home until the 19th day of November. In the mean time, while we had. been making our pas- sage, mackerel had risen from $7.50 to $12 per barrel, and by the time we were ready to sell we were able to get $13.50 for our best fish. My own share amounted to $100, which was a sum rarely obtained from one trip by any fisherman in 1861. 1862.— UNCERTAINTY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY COMPARED WITH THAT FOR COD. Some of the Georgians make shares of $30 to $50 per man. The mackerel fishery is quite uncertain, and if the fishermen make a poor season’s work at mackerel, then George’s Bank is made to dis- count, and from this source they draw the cash, in the shape of codfish and halibut. George’s Bank furnishes them with the ready cash, promptly paid, and dollars would be scarce indeed among them, were it not for this source of revenue.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, March 7, 1862.) 1862.—_SOUTHERN MACKEREL FISHERY.—FITTING AWAY OF THE FLEET. Quite a number of vessels are now being fitted out to prosecute the early mackerel fishery in southern waters. This branch of the fisheries has been prosecuted for several years past with but indifferent success, the vessels not making enough to pay for their outfit The vessels en- gaged in this business do not follow the George’s fishing, but spend a month or six weeks in Southern waters, prior to going to the bay, in order to help make out a good season’s work. The mackerel are gen- erally small and poor, and the prices realized are not very lucrative— (Cape Ann Advertiser, April 25, 1862.) 1862.—VESSELS ANS MEN ENGAGED IN THE GLOUCESTER MACKEREL FISHERIES. About 350 sail of vessels engaged in the fishery, from this port, aver- aging twenty men to a vessel, making an aggregate of more than 4,000 men that are required to man the fleet.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, May 8, 1862.) [281] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 1862.—FLEET FITTING FOR THE BAY.—SUCCESS OF THE SOUTHERN MACKEREL FISHERY.—LARGE FLEET IN GLOUCESTER. Quite a large fleet of vessels will be ready to start for the bay imme- diately after the 4th. The southern mackerel fleet have mostly returned from their first trips with average fares, and many have gone on a second trip, as mackerel are plenty. Shore mackereling will be prosecuted quite extensively this season. Large fleet of mackerelmen were in port on Wednesday, mostly south- shore vessels fishing on the shore. It is unusual to see a fleet of mack- erel catchers in our harbor at this time of year.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, June 27, 1862.) 1862.—THE EARLY BAY FLEET. Quite a number of vessels are fitting for an early trip to the bay; will be ready to start June 1; no arrivals yet from the southern mack- erel fleet.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, May 23, 1862.) 1862.—_THE MACKEREL FISHERY IN THE GULF OF SAINT LAWRENCE.— FAVORABLE REPORTS. Advices from the bay report vessels doing well. July1“ Bridget Ann” had 150 barrels; “Cyrena Ann,” 175; ‘“‘ Wide Awake,” 130; ‘ Electric Flash,” 120; “Ocean Gem,” 60. Weather unfavorable the past fortnight, and the mackerel taken thus far were rather poor.—(Cape Ann Adver- tiser, July 25, 1862.) 1862.—FIRST ARRIVAL FROM THE BAY. One fare of 200 barrels of mackerel has arrived from the bay. Sold at $42 and $3% per barrel for large and medium 3’s. The shore ficet have not done much of late.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, July 18, 1862.) 1862.—GOOD FARES FROM THE BAY.—PRICES AND QUALITY OF MACK- EREL BETTER THAN IN 1861. There has been quite a number of arrivals from the bay during the past fortnight, bringing in good fares. The quality of mackerel is said to be vastly superior to those of last season, andthe prices are higher than last year.—(Cape Aun Advertiser, September 12, 1862.) 1862. MACKEREL ABUNDANT IN IPSWICH BAY AND AT CAPE COoD.— TEN ARRIVALS FROM THE BAY. Shore mackereling good the past week. Ipswich Bay has been swarm- ing with mackerel, and the mild, pleasant weather has been very favor- able. A large school of mackerel have made their appearance at Cape Cod. Previous to the present month the catch has been small. Bay wt REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [282] trips arrive slowly, as most of the fleet will remain late in order to fill up with fat mackerel.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, October 10, 1862.) Mackerel were quite plenty in the bay on Wednesday, and the shore fleet did a good day’s work, some of them catching as high as 70 wash- barrels. The mackerel are quite large, and the best of them sell readily at $11 per barrel.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, October 17.) The Newburyport Herald says: ‘The mackerel have been swarming in our bay for the last ten days; 200 vessels and any number of small boats were fishing. Vessels take from 5to 40 barrels apiece. On Tues. day the fleet numbered 4,000 vessels, and the fish were so plenty that the ‘Live Yankee,’ with only 4 hands, brought in 10 barrels.”—(Barn- stable Patriot, October 14, 1862.) 1862.—A BIG CATCH BY A HOOKER. Schooner “ Nor’ Wester” arrived from the Bay of Saint Lawarence yes- terday. The day before leaving she took 123 wash-barrels of mackerel, the value of which is $1,000.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, July 14, 1862.) 1862.—REMINISCENCES OF CAPT. J. W. COLLINS. In the season of 1862 mackerel were quite plentiful in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, where the larger part of the fleet were engaged in this fishery. Off our own coast there was a school of mixed mackerel—much the greater portion being undersized—while among them were some very large fish. After making two trips’ cod fishing to George’s | took charge of the schooner ‘‘ Hattie Lewis” and sailed for the Gulf of Saint Lawrence on a mackerel trip early in June. We fished principally on Bank Bradley, about the North Cape of Prince Edward Island, off Point Miscou and in the vicinity of Point Escuminac, taking a part of our fare, however, in the latter locality. On our first trip we caught 208 sea-packed barrels, which were nearly all No. 3’s, and started for home early in July. After landing our fish we went back on a second trip to the Gulf; obtained a fare of 200 barrels and left the bay early in October. In the latter part of the fall we fished off Cape Ann and around Cape Cod. On one occasion we found mackerel quite plenty off Chatham and got 50 wash-barrels in one day ; though the majority of these were undersized fish there were a few among them remark- ably large; some specimens which I weighed, after they had been salted for a number of weeks, turned the scales at 24 pounds. The following day we could find no fish in the same locality but struck mackerel in the afternoon about 25 miles in a southerly and easterly direction from Chatham, nearly down off the fishing-rip. These fish, which were moving quite rapidly in a southerly direction, were quite different from those caught the day before, since we did not find any large sized ones among them. On the third day the mackerel were gone, and although we ran to the southward 15 or 20 miles farther we [283] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. did not succeed in finding them. I have never, at any other time, with the experience of twenty-two years in the mackerel fishery, caught mackerel so far south in the fall as we did on this occasion. The exact date of this last catch I do not now remember, and can only say that it was some time about the middle of November. 1863.—FIRST MACKEREL IN MASSACHUSETTS BAY. The first mackerel were taken in the vicinity of Gloucester May 26. X 1863.—SOUTHERN ‘MACKEREL FISHERY. There will be but few vessels engaged in this branch of the fishery the present season, owing to the low price of poor mackerel and the great expense which attends fitting out vessels for this business. Salt . which sold last year for $2 is now worth $4 per hogshead. Barrels have also advanced considerably; in fact, everything in shape of outfits for mackerel trips has nearly doubled in price. There is but one vessel fitting away at the present time, and we are informed that not more than six vessels at most will prosecute the business this season.—(Barn- stable Patriot, June 9, 1863.) In May, 1863, the southern mackerel fleet was reported as doing a good business. The first vessels came into Gloucester June 1; average, 100 barrels each, which sold for $9 and $6. 1863.—NEWBURYPORT MACKEREL FISHERY. The mackerel fleet have all arrived with good fares, which have all commanded good prices. We have had fewer vessels in the bay this season than for several years before; we think only eleven. The busi- ness had been too poor, the wages and outfits were too high, and there was at one time great danger from Confederate pirates, but the busi- ness has been very prosperous to those engaged. Other places have also fewer vessels this season; the aggregate catch, therefore, notwithstand- ing the success that has attended them, will be small, and consequently the market is very active. The number of barrels packed here will not be far trom 6,000. As we are constantly having new markets open for our fisheries, the prices will be likely to advance even upon the present high rates. The last sales were $28 for mess, $12.25 for 1’s, $10.25 for 2's, $8 for large 3’s, and $5.56 for small 3’s. Captain Brown, of the ‘Sea Spray,” considering the time engaged, made the best trip, stocking $6,200.—(Barnstable Patriot, November 17, 1863.) 1863.—DEARTH OF EXPERIENCED MACKEREL FISHERMEN. In 1863 there was a decided dearth of experienced fishermen at Glou- cester and other New England ports on account of the numerous enlist- ments in the Army. The three hundred vessels fitted out that year for the mackerel fishery in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence were obliged to fill up a large portion of their quota of 4,000 men from green hands. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [284] 1863.—REMINISCENCES OF CAPT. J. W. COLLINS. In the summer of 1863 mackerel were abundant in the gulf of Saint Lawrence and comparatively scarce on the New England coast. In July I started from Gloucester in the schooner “ Sea- Witch” on a mackerel trip to the Gulf. We fished about Bank Bradley, North Cape of Prince Hd- ward Island, and the Magdalens, securing a full fare of 250 barrels in four weeks. The last catch of the trip was made off to the eastward of Entry Island, Magdalens; we got more than 60 wash-barrels; not only enough to fill all the barrels we had on board, but also our yawl-boat and every other receptacle we could find which would hold the fish. Returning again to the Gulf on our second trip, we found good fishing off the Magdalens for a few days, when, the mackerel slacking off, we ran down to Sydney, on the east side of Cape Breton Island, where the year previous some of the mackerel catchers had obtained good fares. There we also met with good success, as did the fleet of some 60 or 70 vessels which were fishing in that locality. Again we obtained a full fare of 275 barrels in about four weeks’ fishing. After returning home and packing out our mackerel we spent the remainder of the fall, some four or five weeks, in fishing off Cape Ann and Cape Cod, but mackerel being scarce we succeeded in taking only about 30 barrels. The fleet off our own coast engaged in the mackerel fishery that fall compared with that in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence was small and unimportant. 1864. HARWICHPORT MACKEREL FISHERY. Our mackerel catchers are beginning to report themselves. The fol- lowing schooners have arrived at Harwich Port: The “ Diadem,” Rob- bins, with 90 barrels; “D. Ellis,” Baker, 110 barrels; ‘ Prince Laboo,” Nickerson, 175 barrels; “EK. 8. Hammond,” Cahoon, 150 barrels; “S. Smith,” Taylor, 110 barrels; the “Electric Spark,” Godfrey, 125 barrels. Others are expected soon, besides several George’s fishermen, which are reported to have good fares.—(Barnstable Patriot, June 13, 1864.) 1864.—MACKEREL FISHERY. OUR BAY FLEET.—A bout twenty-five of our bay fleet have arrived since our last issue, bringing full fares, and several fares have been sent honte by vessels remaining in Bay Saint Lawrence. The prospects seem good for a fair season’s catch. The market is active, mackerel being in demand at prices much in advance of those of any year within the memory of the oldest inhabitant. The expense attending the prosecu- tion of this business is larger by one-half than in ordinary times, all kinds of -vessel’s gear and supplies of every description being held at enormous rates, and unless good prices for fish are sustained there will be but a small margin for profit. But with present prices and good luck in the way of a catch, we may set the season as a good one.—(Barnsta- - ble Patriot, September 13, 1864.) [285] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. 1864.—MACKEREL FISHERY IN THE GULF OF MAINE. Mackerel appeared on the coast in great abundance during the early « part of the autumn. The crew of the little fishing schooner “‘ Minnehaha,” of Swampscott, on the 18th of September, off Boone Island, caught 350 barrels, and the crew of the ‘“‘ Flying Dart,” of the same place, at another point, took 130 barrels in some four hours.—(History of Lynn, Lewis & Newhall, p. 478.) 1864.—GULF OF SAINT LAWRENCE MACKEREL FISHERY. FROM THE BAY.—Quite a number of baymen have arrived the present week, and a large portion of the fleet are on their way home. They report mackerel very scarce for the present month and but little doing. In view of these facts the market has been a little more active for the past week, and quite a number of transactions have been effected at $12 -and $15. Shore has also advanced in price, and the prospect now is that still better prices will be obtained the coming month. Mackerel are a staple, and there will doubtless be quite an active demand for them during the fall and winter months. Our fishing firms acted very wisely in not sacrificing their mackerel at panic prices, as we believe they will yet obtain a fair equivalent for them and be enabled to make a very good season’s work.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, October, 1864.) 1864.—REMINISCENCES OF CAPT. J. W. COLLINS. Mackerel have rarely or never been more abundant in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence than they were in 1864, while on the New England coast but little was done in this fishery. I sailed for the bay for mackerel in the schooner ‘‘Sea- Witch” early in July, passing through Canso about the 10th of the montb. We fished over the same ground that we did on the first trip the previous year, obtaining a full fare of about 275 bar- rels short of four weeks. We were absent from home five weeks and three days. My own share, exclusive of captain’s commission, was $175. We returned again to the bay, having secured another fare about the last of September, and learning that the prospect on our own coast was poor, we went to the Strait of Canso, where we shipped 200 barrels of our fish on board a freighter and sent them home, while we refitted and returned again to the bay. During the last of September and early part of October the weather was stormy and the mackerel did not appear to take the hook so well as they had previously. A few of the vessels, however, in the mean time, had found very good fishing off Cheticamp, but that locality being so dangerous in the fall, when heavy gales are liable to come on very suddenly, and losses had so frequently occurred in previous years, that the fishermen, as a rule, did not care to take the risk of venturing on that inhospitable shore. For about two weeks after refitting in Canso we did poorly, getting only 60 barrels mackerel, but immediately after we, together with 50 or 60 other vessels, struck a / REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [286] heavy body of mackerel at Margaree, on the north shore of Cape Bre- ton Island. Our vessel was small, being 49 tons, new measurement, *but with a crew of ten men we caught 100 wash-barrels the first day at Margaree, while several of the larger schooners, carrying crews from sixteen to nineteen men, secured catches ranging all the way from 100 to 150 wash-barrels. Strong winds and stormy weather prevented us from fishing for a couple of days after this, but in the two or three fine days which occurred during the week we succeeded in obtaini@g more than enough mackerel to fill all the barrels we had on board. Our catch for the season, from July to October 20, amounted to about 775 sea- packed barrels. Some of the largest vessels of the fleet, which re- mained in the bay the entire season, landing their fish and refitting at Canso, were reported as catching 1,200 or 1,500 barrels. These vessels, however, began their season’s work early in June. The great abun- dance of mackerel brought down the prices very much in the fall, so that No. 1 fish, which brought more than $20 per barrel at midsummer, were sold for about $14 in November. In the chapter on ‘Financial profits of the mackerel hook-fishery,” printed above, may be found an account of several large stocks made by vessels fishing in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence in 1864. 1865.—FIRST ARRIVALS FROM THE BAY OF SAINT LAWRENCE. There have been five arrivals from the Bay of Saint Lawrence the pres- ent week, all bringing good fares. The mackerel are mostly 3’s and will meet with a ready sale, as the market is quite bare. The prospect for a successful season’s catch is most encouraging.—(Cape Ann Adver- tiser, July 21, 1865.) . 1865.—ABUNDANCE OF MACKEREL ON THE COAST OF MAINE.—BIG CATCHES WITH A PURSE SEINE. The Portland Argus of Wednesday says that mackerel. were never more plenty than at present. A vessel went out last Thursday and secured 110 barrels, returned to Portland, discharged, and was off again on Saturday. On the latter day she secured 120 barrels. They were caught by seining, and the top of the water is said to be literally cov- ered with fish.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, July 21, 1865.) 1865.— ARRIVAL OF BAYMEN.—PRICES.—THE SHORE FLEET. The baymen have arrived pretty freely the past week, with good fares. The mackerel are mostly poor, and do not bring very remunera- tive prices. Last season the first trips were sold at $13 and $11 for the large and medium 3’s; this year they have been sold for $8.50 and $6.50. Most of the vessels will return home to refit instead of landing their mackerel at the bay, as was the case last year—a project which resulted very unfavorably to those engaged in the business, as the expense of [287] HISTORY OF THE MACKEREL FISHERY. freighting the mackerel home and the bad condition in which most of them were in on their arrival here materially lessened the profits of the voyage. Fat mackerel have not yet made their appearance in the bay. The shore fleet are doing moderately well, and the mackerel are- of much better quality than those brought from the bay.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, August 4, 1865.) Twenty-four hundred and three barrels of mackerel have arrived here from the bay this week, having been freighted home. They have found a ready market.—(Cape Ann Adver- tiser, September 29, 1865.) The bay fleet have come home along quite freely the present week, some hundred sail having arrived in port, and the balance are now on their way home. Although the weather of late has been such that but few mackerel have been caught, yet the fleet, on the whole, will make very good trips, and the season wind up prosperously for those engaged in the business. Mackerel are now selling at very fair prices (No. 1 at $16.50, No. 2, $13.50), and the prospect is that they will advance rather than decline. The shore fleet have not done much of late, but they may have a streak of luck yet if the weather continues favorable.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, November 3, 1865.) The baymen have all arrived home, the last of the fleet arriving yes- terday. Last year at this time there were 35 sail in the bay, the last vessel arriving as late as the 12th of December.—(Cape Ann Adver- tiser, November 17, 1865.) 1865.—ABUNDANCE OF MACKEREL IN IPSWICH BAY. A large school of extra fat mackerel have made their appearance in Ipswich Bay, and the fishermen are paying their respects to them in a most complimentary manner. They are real “bloaters,” and fetch the highest price. The weather is all that can be desired, and the fisher- men will take every advantage which the season offers. The shore fleet are doing better and the mackerel are working up this way.—(Cape Ann Advertiser, October 6, 1865.) 1865.—REMINISCENCES OF CAPT. J. W. COLLINS. The year of 1865 was another remarkable season in the mackerel fishery of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, and in this respect it almost rivaled the previous year. About the middle of June I sailed for the bay in the schooner “ Mary Ellen,” hailing from Halifax, Nova Scotia, but owned in the eastern part of the province. We caught three fares of mackerel during the summer, making a total of above 900 barrels. The fish during the early part of the year were, as usual, found most plentiful about the North Cape of Prince Edward Island, along the west shore and on Bank Bradley. I recall one occasion, while lying becalmed between North Cape and Point Escuminac, of seeing a e REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISI AND FISHERIES. [288] remarkable display of schooling mackerel. As far as the eye could ex- tend from aloft, in every direction not bounded by the land, large bodies of mackerel could be seen at the surface of the water like dark- ened spots on a disk of silver. The previous year I had witnessed such a display on the north side of the eastern point of Prince Hdward Island, when, for at least a distance of 20 miles up and down the island, and, perhaps, even farther, mackerel could be seen schooling in great bodies at the surface of the water; their frequent rushing sounding like the noise made by heavy showers striking on the water. For a greater part of the month of August and until the middle of September, in 1865, the weather was extremely rough in the bay, and the mackerel catchers were, in consequence, prevented from fishing a considerab!e portion of the time, the catch during this period being slight compared with other portions of the season. During the fall an immense school of biting mackerel were found on the north side of Prince Edward Island along its entire extent, but more especially in the vicinity of Malpec, where had gathered a fleet of perhaps 300 or 400 sail of vessels. Indeed, so abundant were the mackerel off Malpec in October, and so eagerly did they take the hook, that some of the schooners secured almost a full fare in a few days’ fishing. The only trouble was to be able to catch and cure the fish fast enough, and at the same time secure an oppor- tunity of stowing them below. Nearly every vessel in the fleet could be seen with their decks filled with barrels of fish, which werd stowed in every available place. Great risks, too, were taken by the fishermen in remaining on the fishing-grounds at night, since at that season a heavy gale was liable to spring up at any time, and should they have been caught on a lee shore in their lumbered-up condition there is no doubt but what the result would have been extremely disastrous. As it was, however, no losses were met with in thiscase. The last impor- tant catches of the season were obtained between the eastern point of Prince Edward Island and the Cape Breton shore, at which time the fish were moving very rapidly to the southward. There can be no doubt but that this school of mackerel could have been followed much farther had the weather not obliged the fishermen to seek shelter. In the paragraph on the financial profits of the hook-fishery is an ac- count of the “ Kit Karson” bringing home to Gloucester 591 barrels of mackerel on her first trip, which she made in about ten weeks. Her net stock amounted to $6,542. 1866.—REPORTED ABUNDANCE OF MACKEREL ON THE NEW ENGLAND COAST. 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