5 2^455

MATERIALS AND MODELS

FOR

J. Y. SARGENT, M.A.

*t

FELLOW 'AND TUTOR 'OF MAGDALEN COLLEGE, OXFORD
AND

T. F. DALLIN, M.A.

TUTOR, LATE FELLOW, OF QUEEN'S COLLEGE, OXFORD

SECOND EDITION
Re-arranged with Fresh Pieces and Additional References

RIVINGTONS
Hontfon, ifottJ, anfc

MDCCCLXXV

RIVINGTONS

Waterloo Place.
High Street.
Trinity Street.

\_All rights resemed.]

CONTENTS.

TABLES OF GENERAL REFERENCES.

PAGB

I. HISTORICAL xi

II. CHARACTERS ......... xv

III. ORATORICAL xvii

IV. PHILOSOPHICAL . . . . . . . . xxxv

V. EPISTOLARY . . xliv

VI. MISCELLANEOUS xlv

PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN PROSE.

PART I.
HISTORICAL 1

PART II.
\
CHARACTERS 121

PART III.
ORATORICAL 152

PART IV.
PHILOSOPHICAL 230

PART V.
EPISTOLARY . 325

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

OIST issuing this Second Edition of " Materials and Models "
the authors think it well to explain more fully the mode
of using the book, which should be adopted as well by the
teacher as by the pupil, after first calling attention to the
improvements which have been introduced into the work, and
to some modifications of its original form.

1. It has been determined to publish the book for the future
in two separate volumes, one for Latin and one for Greek Prose
Composition, instead of combining both parts in the same volume.
The Latin portion is now published. The Greek portion will
soon be ready, and the authors intend shortly to issue a series
of selections for Verse Composition on the same plan.

2. The materials for Latin prose are now arranged in five
sections, as follows : Historical, Characters, Oratorical, Philo-
sophical, and Epistolary. The former Miscellaneous section has
been distributed into the others; the Characters have been
placed by themselves; and many passages have been omitted,
and replaced by others more illustrative of the plan of this book.
Many new passages have been added, and the bulk of the Latin
part has been much increased. This enlargement has enabled the
authors to develop more fully their original scheme, by grouping
together those passages which are similar in subject ; and thus, in
effect, making groups of sub-sections. A formal division into
sub-sections would have been a complicated and unnecessary

vi Preface.

detail ; but the careful reader will easily follow the arrangement.
Thus under the Historical (or Narrative) section are grouped
together, 1. Sieges ; 2. Battles by Land ; 3. Battles by Sea ; 4.
Single Combats, &c. ; and a similar arrangement has been carried
out in the other sections. This plan will be found, as the authors
believe, very convenient to the teacher, who will thus be enabled
to turn more readily to the kind of piece which he wishes to set
his pupil.

3. The references throughout have been carefully revised, and
great numbers of additional references have been added. In spite
of the care which has been taken to ensure correctness and uni-
formity in the references, it is possible that some inaccuracies
may remain undetected. Again, many parallelisms and appropriate
citations have doubtless escaped the notice of the authors, who
will be grateful to readers for any corrections or hints which
may increase still further the usefulness of the book.

4. An entirely new feature, and one which the authors ven-
ture to hope will be found very useful, is the Table of General
References, prefixed to the selections. This Table, like the
Materials which follow, is divided into sections. It is designed,
in the first place, to add to the variety of passages which may be
advantageously consulted by those who use this book. But the
authors believe that in this Table of References they have furnished
the teacher and pupil with an instrument which will be of great
service in translating any well-chosen passage whatever. Thus, if a
battle-piece has been chosen, the student may turn to the General
Table, and he will find there a list of typical passages with which
he may compare the English. He will make his selection from
these according as he wishes to study the manner, e.g., of Livy
or of Tacitus. In fact the addition of these Tables of General
Reference makes the scheme of the book capable of almost

Preface. vii

indefinite extension ; since by furnishing references to what
classical Latin authors have said on a given subject, they can
be used to equal advantage in the writing of themes and original
composition in Latin prose, a practice, it may be remarked, at
present too much neglected.

Moreover, the subject of every Latin passage cited in the
General Tables has been stated in order to help the student in
his choice of references^ With the view of making this part of the
work as complete as possible, great attention has been given to the
detailed arrangement of the Philosophical section. And under the
Oratorical section will be found a short Analysis of most of the
separate speeches in Livy, arranged under heads, according to
subjects, with a statement of their comparative length.

5. In the body of the book reference to subjects has been
further made easy,, by the prefix of a heading to every English
passage, describing its topic.

Such are the main alterations and improvements which have
been introduced into this new Edition of " Materials and Models."

The scheme of the work was thus described in the Preface to
the first edition of 1870 :

"The present work differs from preceding collections of the
kind, in two respects. First, the passages are arranged accord-
ing to style and subject-matter, for convenience of reference.
Secondly, to each English piece references are appended to
analogous or similar passages in classical authors of approved
merit, with the object of furnishing a model to the student
in his attempt to render them into Greek or Latin. As
the selections are mainly taken, from standard English authors,
and are not translations, the student must not expect to find
the same thoughts occurring in the same sequence, or
similarly expressed, in the passages to which he is referred;

Vlll

Prefc

ace.

but in all cases there will be found some analogy, by com-
parison or contrast in the subject, circumstances, or spirit of
the parallel passages, sufficient to furnish hints for the treat-
ment of the piece to be turned, and to suggest the style to be
adopted in turning it.

" All composition in a dead language must be by imitation of
forms already, as it were, stereotyped ; but that is the best which
insensibly recalls the tone of a classical author, without either
travestying his peculiarities or borrowing his phrases.

" It is thought that the following exercises, on the plan of
analogous passages, will be an aid towards forming a good style in
Greek and Latin prose, both by directing the student to the best
models, and by guarding against the waste of labour experienced in
working indiscriminately on ill-assorted or intractable materials."

In the present edition, as in the former, the kind and degree
of parallelism varies.

Some few passages are paraphrased more or less closely from
Latin originals. These have been sparingly introduced, forming,
as they do, a link between simple re-translation and the imitation
of classic diction. In other pieces there is much resemblance of
detail from the nature of the subject. Thus Hannibal's Crossing
of the Alps, described by Livy, presents some striking similarities to
General Macdouald's March over the Splugen, described by Alison
(p. 31). And the main incident in Eobertson's Account of the
taking of Dumbarton Castle, p. 1, is identical with that in the
Chapter of Sallust, cited on p. 2.

In another class of passages the treatment of the subject is
similar, leading naturally to a certain similarity of style. Thus no
one can doubt that much of Cowley's grand description of the
Funeral of Oliver Cromwell (p. 70) was suggested by the descrip-
tion in Tacitus of the Obsequies of Augustus and of Germanicus,

Preface. ix

while Tacitus himself had Virgil's Funeral of Pallas in his mind
when he wrote the latter scene. In other cases references have
been added, (a) where the spirit and tone of the passages are
similar ; (&) where the style is similar ; (c) where the subject
is similar, but not necessarily the tone or language ; (d) where
single thoughts or phrases recur ; (e) where there is a similar
arrangement of topics. Lastly, some passages have been com-
pared together, the language or sentiments of which are in striking
contrast.

The student should in all cases ascertain for himself the nature
and meaning of the references at the foot of each piece, and he
will be further aided by referring to the General Tables.

As a large proportion of the passages admitted are taken from
University and College Examination Papers, the standard of
difficulty is that required for Classical Scholarships, Honours, and
Prizes, at Oxford and Cambridge. There are still included (mostly
at the end of the Epistolary section) a few passages of greater
difficulty, because more unclassical in tone, than the rest. These
pieces are mainly examples of florid English, and a few references
to pieces of florid Latin will be found at the foot of each passage,
or in the General Table. Scholars who are familiar with the Latin
poets can enlarge the list for themselves. Seldom, except in
poetry, does the usage of the Latin language approximate to the
ornate and metaphorical diction, consciously appealing to the senti-
ment of the reader, which is common in the Jbest English prose of
modern days.

It does not fall in with the scheme of this work to add any
hints on composition, notes on idioms, or receipts for the con-
version of the English into the Latin sentence. An acquaintance
with the elementary rules of Latin syntax is taken for granted.
Beyond this, nothing but the careful reading of Latin authors, and

b

x Preface.

the learning by heart of suitable portions of their text, can aid the
student to master the niceties of a language which now exists only
in written literature. Of course the skilled teacher can guide his
pupil to the knowledge of much which inexperienced observation
would otherwise overlook. But this is the peculiar province of
oral instruction.

Passages may be selected to illustrate various points of syntax
and idiom, and various peculiarities of language and style. But
the discussion and explanation of these difficulties is best under-
stood and remembered when conveyed viva voce, that is, when the
rules are taught with a view to their immediate application, and
when a principle of composition can be enforced by an example on
the spot. Oral rules, and cautions in the use of his tools, are indis-
pensable to the young artist, and the fittest place for such instruc-
tion is the workshop. Collections of empirical formulae, without
oral interpretation, are generally useless, and often misleading.
But the reading of Latin is always useful to the most accomplished
master of composition, no less than to the beginner. He who
wishes to write Latin must, above all things, read Latin. That his
attention should be drawn to the Latin most suitable for his special
purpose is the main object of this book.

TABLE OF GENERAL REFERENCES.

I.

HISTORICAL.
SIEGES, ASSAULTS, ETC., OF TOWNS AND CAMPS.

Siege of Saguntum by Hannibal ....

* Siege of Syracuse by Marcellus and its defence by

Archimedes ........

Hannibal takes Tarentum by treachery . .

The Romans in like manner retake Tarentum

New Carthage assaulted by sea and land .

Siege and desperate defence of Abydus

Obstinate defence of the city of Atrax

[Site and\ Siege of Lcucas .....

*\_Site ana] Siege of Ambracia : mines, stinkpot, $c. .
Storming of Or ing is .......

Storming of Astapa : desperate resolution of the

citizens ............

Night attack upon Locri ......

Night attack upon Arpi .

Siege of Casilinum . . . . .

Siege of the Capitol by the Gauls ....

Capture of Veii ...*..
Destruction of Alba .......

Attack of the Gauls on the Roman station of

Aduataca : its brave defence .....
Attack and defence of Q. Cicero's camp
Ccesar takes Genabum. ....""..

* Caesar takes Avaricum ......

*Alesia beleaguered by Ccesar .....

Caesar takes Uxellodunum . . . .

*Trebonius besieges Marseilles .....

Storming of Camalodwmm by the Britons

Storming and sack of Cremona by Antonius

The Capitol burnt by Vitellianists . . . .

Siege and blockade of Vetera by Civilis

* Siege of Amida by the Persians ....

Siege of Singara by the Persians ....

LIVY, xxi. 78, 11-14.

xxiv. 33, 34.

xxv. 23-31.

xxv. 8-11.

xxvii. 15, 16.

xxvi. 44-46.

xxxi. 18.

xxxii. 17, 18.

xxxiii. 17.

xxxviii. 4-7.

xxviii. 3.

xxviii. 22, 23

xxix. 6.

,, xxiv. 46, 47,

,, xxiv. 19.

v. 39, sqq.

v. 7-21.
i. 29.

, Sell. Gall. vi. 35-41.
v. 42-52.

vii. 11.

vii. 22-25.

vii. 69-73.

viii. 40-43.

Bell. Civil, ii. 8-15.
TACITUS, Annals, xiv. 31,
32; Cp. Agric. 16.
Hist. iii. 30-34.
iii. 71-73.
iv. 21-30.
AMKIANUS MAECELLINUS,

xix. 1-9.

AMMIANUS MAECELLINUS,
xx. 6.

* These descriptions contain many details of engineering operations and the ancient
artillery.

C

Xll

Table of General References.

SIEGES, ASSAULTS, ETC., Continued.

* Siege of Aquileia by Jovinus
Siege of Perisabora by Julian
Siege of Maogamalcha by Julian

AMMIANTJS MARCELLINTJS, xxi .11,12.

xxiv. 2.

xxiv.

BATTLES BY LAND.

Alia, Gauls against Romans .

Romans against Samnites ....

Sentinum Romans against Samnites,

JEtruscans, $c. .

Trebia Hannibal against Romans
Lake Trasimene Hannibal against Romans .
Cannce Hannibal against Romans
Silva Lit ana Gauls against Romans .
Hibera Scipio against Hasdrubal
Beneventum Sempronius against Hanno
Hanno against Romans ....
Antorgis Hasdrubal against Scipios .
Marcellus against Hannibal
Metaurus Romans against Hasdrubal .
Baecula Scipio against Carthaginians.
Zama Scipio against Hannibal .
Cynoscephalce Flamininus against Philip .
Magnesia Scipio against Antiochus .
Pydna Paullus against Perseus .
Romans against Germans ....
Marobodutis against Arminius
Dolabella defeats Tacfarinas
Ostorius defeats Caractacus . . ...
Suetonius defeats Boadicea ....
Romans against Sarmato& ....
Defeat of Vitellianists near Cremona .
Defeat of Othonianists on the Padus
Defeat of Otho at Bedriacum
Antonius defeats Vitellianists
Civilis defeats the Romans ....
Cerialis defeats Civilis .....
Defeat of Germans by Cerialis
Ccesar defeats the Helvetii ....
Caesar defeats the Germans ....
Battle with Nervii .....
Combats with the Britons ....
Sabinus and Gotta cut off by Ambiorix
Repulse of Sicambri by Romans .
Vereingetorix defeated by Ccesar .
Ccesar defeats Afrandus in Spain .
Curio defeated by Sabura .....
Ccesar defeats Pompey at Pharsalia
Battle of Mutina, Consuls against M.Antony
Battle between Jugurtha and Metellus .
Defeat and death of Catiline .

LIVY, v. 37-39.
ix. 40.

x. 27-29.

xxi. 53-56,

xxii. 4-7.

,, xxii. 44-52.

xxiii. 24-25.

xxiii. 29.

,, xxiv. 14-16

xxv. 13,, 14.

xxv. 33-36.

,, xxvii. 13-15

,, xxvii. 46, sqq.

xxviii. 13-16.

xxx. 32-35.

xxxiii. 7-11.

xxxvii. 39-44.

xliv. 41, 42.
TACITUS, Annals, ii. 16, sqq.

\\ 44.46
,, ,, 11. * u.

iv. 24, 25.

xii. 33-36.

xiv. 34-37.

Hist. i. 79.

ii. 23-26.

ii. 34, 35.

ii. 40-43.

iii. 15-18; 22, 23

iv. 18.

iv. 77-78.

v. 15-18.

CESAR, Bell. Gall. i. 24, sqq.

i. 50, sqq.

ii. 18-27.

iv. 26, sqq.

v. 32, sqq.

vi. 37, sqq.

vii. 80, sqq.

Bell. Civil, i. 77, sqq.

ii. 39, sqq.

iii. 85-97.

CICEEO, Epist. ad Fam. x. 30
SALLUST, Jugurtha, c. 49, sqq

Catiline, c. 59, sqq.

Historical. xiii

BATTLES BY SEA.

Romans and Carthaginians at Lilybosum . LIVY, xxi. 49, 50.
,, near mouth of Ebro ,, xxii. 19, 20.
Tarentines and Romans at Tarentum . . ,, xxvi. 39.-
Rhodians and Romans against Syrians and

Carthaginians off Corycus. . . . ,, xxxvi. 43-45.
Rhodians and Hannibal at PhaseUs . . - xxxvii. 22-24.
Romans and Rhodians against Syrians at

Myonnesus ......,, xxxvii. 29, 30.

Romans against Carthaginians at Carteia . ,, xxviii. 30.

Veneti against Romans" (coast of SrittanyJ . C.2ESAB, Sell. Gall. iii. 13-15.
Ccesarians against Massilians ... ,, Sell. Civil, ii. 4-7.

Attack by sea upon Syracuse . . . LIVY, xxiv. 33, 34.

Sattle of Actium VIRGIL, ^Eneid, viii. 675, sqq.

FLOKTTS, iv. 11.

Assault of New Carthage by land and sea . LIVY, xxvi. 44-46.

SINGLE COMBA.TS,

T. Manlius and the Gaul . . .- . LIVY, vii. 10.

The Horatii and Curiatn . . . ', . i. 25.

Duels on horseback at the battle of Regillus . ,, ii. 19 r 20i.

Valerius and a Gaulish chief ,, vii. 26.

Claudius Asellus and Jubellius Taurea . . xxiii. 46, 12, 47.

Hares and Entellus ..... VIRGIL, ^Eneid, v. 426-484.

Turnus and Pallas ..... x. 445-506.

and Turnus .- . . . . }j xii. 710, sqq.; 887,

sqq.

ASSASSINATIONS, MUEDEES, AND EXECUTIONS.

Sccevola assassinates Porscnna' s secretary . LIVY, ii. 12.
Murder of Tarquinius Priscus . . . ,, i. 40.
Hieronymus assassinated xxiv. 7.

Execution of Brutus' sons . . .- . ,, ii. 5.

Demetrius . . . . xl. 24.

Assassination of Datames .... COENELIUS NEPOS, Datames, c. x. xi.

A murder described PLINY, Epist. iii. 14.

,, and its discovery .... CICEEO, pro Cluent. 179-181.
Execution of Trebonius by Dolabella . . Philipp. xi. 5-10.

Murder of Galba TACITUS, Hist. i. 40, 41.

Vitellius . . . . 5> iii- 84, 85.

L. Piso iv. 49, 50.

P. Clodius, a " chance medley" . CICERO, pro Milone, 27-30.

Attempt to assassinate Eumenes . . . LIVY, xlii. 15, 16.
Massacre at Leontini .....,, xxiv. 30.
Henna xxiv. 39.

XIV

Table of General References.

SEDITIONS AND MUTINIES.

Secession of Plebs to Mons Sacer .
The infantry refuse to fight .
Appius army mutiny and run away .
Decemviral troops seize the Aventine Hill
Mutiny against Postumius .
Sedition in the First Samnite War
Mutiny of Scipio's troops in Spain
Mutiny of the legions in Pannonia and on the
Rhine ......

Mtttiny of Praetorians against Galba .
Revolt in Germany : murder of Vocula

LIVY, ii. 32.

ii. 43.

ii. 58, 59.

iii. 50.

iv. 49, 50.

vii. 38-42.

xxviii. 24, sqq.

TACITUS, Annals,\. 16, sqq.; i. 39, sqq.
Hist. i. 36, sqq.
iv. 55, sqq.

SITES.

Syracuse . . . .

New Carthage ....
Croton, and Temple of Juno Lacinia
Myonnesus ....
Henna ....
Mount Hcemm: its passage by Philip
Capsa .....
Greek Cities, Athens, Corinth, etc
Sanctuary of Apollo at Delos
Byzantium ....
Sirmio ....
A Formian Villa
The Alps ....

CICEEO, in Vcrrem, Act. ii. lib. iv.

e 117, sqq.
LIVY, xxvi. 42.

xxiv. 3, cp. xlii. 3.

xxxvii. 27.

CICEEO, in Verrem,A.c,i ii.lib. iv. 48.
LIVY, xl. 21, 22.
SALLUST, Jugurtha, 89.
LIVY, xlv. 27, 28.

,, xxxv. 51.
TACITUS, Annals, xii. 63.
CATULLUS, xxxi.
MAETIAL, x. 30.
SILIUS ITALICUS, Punic iii. 479, sqq.

TABLE OF GENERAL REFERENCES.

II.
CHARACTERS.

Mucianus

Vinius Laco .

Galba

Otho

Antonius Primus

Flavins Sabinus

Vitellius

Helvidiits Priscus

Domitian
Germaniciis .
C. Salhistius .

Scianus .
Tiberius .

Poppaa Sabina
Burrus .

Seneca .

C. Petronius .
Hannibal

Hasdrubal

Sempronius
Flaminius

Minucius
Fabius Maximus

L. Papirius Cursor
Terentius Varro

Pacuvius Calavius ,

L. Bantius
Hieronymus ,
Dasius Altinius
Philippus

Contradictions in his nature

Energetic minister .

His mediocrity ....

His death redeemed his life

A turbulent soldier of fortune .

His indecision at the last .

Indolent and generous

An upright statesman and
philosopher ....

His hypocrisy ....

A virtuous and lamented prince

A courtier, hiding vigour un-
der the mask of sloth .

Ambitious and unscrupulous
minister. ....

Gradual development of his
vices . . . . .

Accomplished but immoral

The good minister of a bad
prince

TACITUS, Hist. i. 10.

i. 48.

i. 49.

ii. 47, 50.

ii. 86.

iii. 75.

iii. 86.

iv. 5, 6.

iv. 86.

ii. 72, 73.

iii. 30.

iv. 1, 2.

vi. 51.

xiii. 45.

Ditto

" Elegantiarum arbiter." .

His military skill in handling
troops : great vices and virtues

A cautious and clever governor
of barbarians

A rash and impetuous general .

A politician, becomes an incap-
able general ....

A rash, insubordinate lieu-
tenant .....

His cautious policy as a gene-
ral ......

His great qualities as a general

His grim humour

A demagogue ; brave though
bad general ....

An artful, successful, political
leader

A dashing dragoon (cp. Murat)

A young tyrant

A traitor .....

A cruel king

Antiochus EpiphanesA. magnificent monarch

xiv. 51, cp.

xiii. 2.

xiv. 52; cp.

xiii. 2 ; xv. 65.
xvi. 18, 19.

LIVY, xxviii. 12; xxi. 4.

xxi. 2.

xxi. 63.

xxi! 63.

xxii. 12, ad fin. 27.

xxii. 25-30.

xxiv. 9.

ix. 16.

xxii. 25, 26, 44.

xxiii. 2-4.

xxxiii. 15.

xxiv. 5, 6.

,, xxiv. 45.

xl. 3, 4.

xli. 19, 20.

xvi Table of General References.

Cato the Censor . His acts ..... LIVY, xxxix. 40, 41, 44.

Philipptts . . His vices . . . . xxvii. 31.

Fabius Maximus . Summary of his exploits . . xxx. 26.

Licinitis . . ......,, xxx. 1.

P, Conic/ins Scipio

Africanus . . His personal appearance . . xxviii. 35.

His enthusiasm and greatness . ,, xxvi. 19.

He is praised by Hannibal . xxx. 29.
Reflections on the close of his

career . . ... . .. xxxviii. 53.

Ditto ..... xxxix. 52.

M. Livius J)r t usus . An -honest statesman, misun-
derstood by those he sought

to serve ..... VELLEIUsPATEECULUS,ii.l3.

M. Cato, the Younger His uprightness and energy . ii. 35.

C. Julius Ctesar ....... ii. 41-43.

. ...... CICEEO, Philipp. ii. 116.

C. Curio. . . An unprincipled partisan . . VELLEiusPATEECULUS,ii.48.
ScHtMs Pompeius . Rough and crafty ... ii. 73.

Plot cm . . .A traitor and turncoat . . ii, 83.

Maroboduus . . Accomplished barbarian chief-

tain ..... ii. 108, 109.

Seianus . . .A singular minister ... ii. 127.

C. Pompeius Magnus ...... ii. 40.

Alcibiades . . Compound of virtues and Vices . CORNELIUS NEPOS, Alcib, i.

xi.
Cimon . . . His generosity .... Cimon, ix.

Iphicrates .. . A disciplinarian ... Iphici. i.

Epaminondas . . His many accomplishments . ,, Epam.G. 1-3.

Phocion . . . Good and poor statesman . . Phocion, i.

Cato, the $lder . Author and censor ... Cato,c. ii.iii.

et passim.
Atticus ... ......

xiii-xviii.
C. Marius . . ...... SALLUST, Jttffwrtha, c. 59.

L. Sulla . . . Ambitious, learned, liberal,

affable ..... Jugurtha, c. 90, 91.

Cicero . . . Remarks on his death and

glory ..... VELLEIUS PATEECULUS, ii.

66.
Q. Fabius Maximus . . .. . . .' CICEEO, De Senect. 4.

Lucullns . . Splendid, versatile Academ. Prior, ii.

1, 2.

Sulpicius . . Eulogy of departed worth . Pkilipp. ix.
M. Antonius . . His life reviewed and vilified . ii. 44, sqq.

Hortensius . . Eulogy, with lament for death

of famous orator and friend,

although rival . . . ,, de Oratoribus, 1,2.
Dionysius of Syra-

cuse . . .A jealous and unhappy tyrant . Tusc. Disp. v. 20.
Sassia . . .A murderess and unnatural

mother ..... pro Clucnt.\ 188-194.

Sempronia . . ...... SALLUST, Catiline, c. 25.

Q. Cm-lit* . ....... c. 23.

L, Crassus . . Reflections on death of a great

orator, patriot, and states-

man ..... CICEEO, de Orator, iii. 1-12.

TABLE OF GENERAL REFERENCES.

III.
ORATORICAL.

SPEECHES IN LIYY (Madvig's text 4 Vols., Svo., 1862, is referred to.}

I. PERSUASIVE.

By whom and to whom spoken.

Mettius Fufetius, Dictator of Alba,
to Tullus Hostilius, King of Rome.
i. 23.

Appius Claudius, Military Tribune,
to the Roman people.

v. 3-6.

Cornelius Lentulus, Chief of the
Embassy of the Romans, to the Consuls
and army.

ix. 4.

Decius Mus, Consul, to the people.
x. 7-8.

Abehix, a Spanish Noble, to Bostar,
Punic Governor of Saguntum.
xxii. 22.

M. Minucius, Master of the Horse, to
his own army.

xxii. 29.

M. Junius, in name of the soldiers
captured at Cannes, to the Senate.
xxii. 59.

Subject of speech and its length in lines.

Urging reconciliation and peace
between the Albans and Romans.
17 lines.

About continuing the war and
keeping the soldiers in their winter
quarters during the siege of Veil, in
opposition to the Tribunes of the
Plebs. [Discipline and perseverance
advocated.]

165 lines.

Recommending a voluntary sur-
render to the Samnites at the Cau-
dine Forks, since there was no hope
of escaping.

28 lines.

Advocating that augurs and
pontiffs should be made out of the
number of the plebeians.
50 lines.

Persuading him to return the hos-
tages to their several States which
Hannibal had caused to be sent into
custody at Saguntum.
8 lines.

About joining his camp to that of
Fabius, by whom he and his army had
'been saved, after having suffered de-
feat from Hannibal.

13 lines.

Praying that they may be ransomed,
excusing their own surrender, and
appealing to the necessities of the State
and the pity of their countrymen.
61 lines.

XV111

Table of General References.

By whom and to whom spoken.

Subject of speech and its length in lines.

Varro, the Consul, to Ambassadors of
the Ca)p(inl<ois who offered supplies.
xxiii. 5.

Fabius Maximus to the people.
xxiv. 8.

Publius Sulpicius, the Consul^ to the
people.

xxxi. 7.

Aristanus, Generalissimo of the
Acheeans, to the Council of the Achaean
league.

xxxii. 20-21.

M. Porcius Cato, the Consul, to the
Senate.

xxxiv. 2-4.

Hannibal to the Council of King
Antiochus.

xxxvi. 7.

Q. Cacilius Metellus to the Censors
M. JEmilius Lepidus and M. Fulvius
Nobilior.

xl. 46.

M. Servilius to the tribes in their
Assembly.

xlv. 37-39.

Urging- them to fight Hannibal
themselves, reminding them of the
benefits they had received from Rome
and of the cruelty of the Carthaginians :
urging the duty of fidelity.
40 lines.

Against electing Otacilius Consul.
They ought to select some one capable
of conducting the war against Hanni-
bal : the qualifications required.
63 lines.

About transferring the war with
Macedonia and bringing aid to the
Athenians against Philip. Best to wage
war in the enemy's country.
47 lines.

Recommending that they should es-
pouse the cause of the Romans against
Philip, as their own interest clearly
required.

130 lines.

For maintaining the law, which
Oppius had carried in the 2nd Punic
war for restraining the luxury of
women, against the nobles and Tri-
bunes of the Plebs, who strove to re-
peal it.

124 lines.

Advocating alliance with Philip, and
showing how the war against the
Romans ought to be carried on.
62 lines.

Urging them to be reconciled one to
the other, and to abandon their private
quarrels for the public good.
32 lines.

In favour of granting a triumph to
L. .ZEmilius Paullus after his conquest
of Macedonia : against S. Sulpicius
Galba, and Paullus' own soldiers, who
complained of the smallness of the
booty.

153 lines.

N.B. The text of this speech is very
corrupt.

II. DISSUASIVE.

Cn. Marcius Coriolamis to the Sena-
tors.

ii. 34.

Against allowing corn to be sold
at the old price to the plebeians.
10 lines.

Oratorical.

xix

ichom and to whom spoken.

Subject of speech and its length in lines.

Attius Tullius, prince of the Volscians,
to the Roman Consuls.
ii. 37.

Appius Claudius Crassus to the
people.

vi. 40-42.

T. Manlius Torquatus to the Senate.
xxii. 60.

Q. Fabius Maximus to the Senate.
xxviii. 40-42.

L. Valerius, Tribune of the People, to
the Comitia Tributa.

xxxiv. 5-7.

Against allowing the Volscians to
be present at the games.
13 lines.

Against the Licinian Rogations,
which proposed that one Consul should
be a plebeian, etc.

114 lines.

Against ransoming the Roman pri-
soners taken by Hannibal at Cannae,
accusing them of cowardice and pre-
mature surrender,

85 lines.

Against sending Scipio to conduct
the war in Africa. The war in Italy
must be finished first, and the interest
of the State consulted before Scipio' s
reputation.

164 lines.

Against the principle of sumptuary
laws, in reply to Cato, who had op-
posed the abrogation of the Lex
Oppia.

141 lines.

III. HORTATORY.

Tanaquil to her son-in-law, Servius
Tullius.

i. 41.

Julia to her husband Tarquinius.

i. 47,

Attius Tullius to the Volscians.
ii. 38.

Certain Seniors to the Senate.
iii. 52.

Valerius and Horatius to the people
on the Sacred Mount.

iii. 53.

Valerius, Consul, to his soldiers.
iii. 61.

Horatius, Consul, to his army.
iii. 62.

Inciting him to seize the vacant
throne.

7 lines.

That he should make himself king.
11 lines.

Exciting their indignation against
the Romans, who had expelled them
from the Games.

16 lines.

That the Decemvirate be abolished,
and Tribunes of the people again made.
14 lines.

That now their immediate object
had been gained by the abdication of
the Decemvirs, the Commons should
return to the city.

16 lines.

To fight bravely against the .ZEqui
and Volsci, and show themselves worthy
of their liberties.

24 lines. [Mostly Orat. obliq.~\

To fight decisively against the
Sabines.

10 lines. \jCp. sup.~\

XX

Table of General References.

By whom and to whom spoken.

C. Canukius, Tribune of the Ple&s, to
the Commons of Rome.
iv. 35.

Subject of speech and its length in lines.

In favour of his own proposal that
intermarriage should be allowed be-
tween patricians and plebeians, and
that one Consul should be a plebeian.
119 lines.

(Arguments against the measure in
Orat. obliq. in the preceding chapter).

IV. DEHORTATORY.

Vettus Messius to his Volscian coun-
trymen.

iv. 28.

Mamercus JEmilius, the Dictator, to
his men.

iv. 33.

Sex. Tempanius to the Roman cavalry.
iv. 38.

[That they should resume the offen-
sive and] to cut their way through the
Roman army.

9 lines.

Not to be afraid of the blazing
missiles of the Fidenates.
8 lines.

To follow his lance for a flag.
5 lines.

Camillus in exile to the people of
Ardea.

v. 44.

Camillus, Dictator, to his troops.
vi. 7, 8.

A. Cornelius Cossus, Dictator, to his
troops.

vi. 12.

M. Manlius Capitolinus to the Roman
Commons.

vi. 18.

M. Popillius Lcenas to his men.
vi. 24.

M. Valerius Corvinus, Consul, to his
army.

vii. 32.

P. Decius, Tribunus Militum, to A.
Cornelius, the Consul.
vi. 34.

That he should lead them against
the G-auls now besieging the Capitol
of Rome. His own skill. The Ro-
man benefits, the hosts of the G-auls.
26 lines.

Not to be afraid of the numbers of
the allies against them, but to trust
his fortune.

17 lines.

To stand fast against the attack of
their numerous foes until the Roman
cavalry take them in flank.
13 lines.

To make use of their strength and
numbers, and shake off the yoke of
the patricians : he will himself lead
them.

31 lines.

To slay the Grauls like wild beasts.
8 lines.

To regard the Samnites as no invin-
cible foes, and to follow his own
example.
36 lines. [Orat. obliq. the 1st part.]

To allow him to seize a commanding
position, and so save the army.
8 lines.

Oratorical.

xxi

By whom and to whom spoken.

P. Decius to his officers and soldiers.
vii. 34, 35.

M. Valerius Corvus to the army of
Campania, who had formed a plot for
seizing Capua.

vii. 40.

Titus Quinctius to the same.
vii. 40.

L. Annius, of Setia, to the Council of
Latin Prcetors.

viii. 4.

L. Annius to the Roman Senate,
viii. o.

Q. Fabius, Dictator, to Ms army.
ix. 23.

Verginia, wife of Volumnius, to the
Plebeian matrons.

x. 23.

Alorcus, a Spanish noble, to the
Saguntines.

xxi. 13.

P. Cornelius Scipio, Consul, to his
army.

xxi. 40, 41.

Hannibal to his soldiers.
xxi. 43, 44.

Subject of speech and its length in lines.

Explaining his plan of cutting their
way out through the Samnite camp by
night, and encouraging them to follow
his lead.

44 lines (2 speeches}.

Appealing to their patriotism and to
their sense of his own merits to pre-
vent them from striking the first blow
against their own country.
39 lines.

Exhorting them to peace and obe-
dience to the powers of Rome.
11 lines.

The Latins must claim their rights
from the Romans, and demand one
Consul, and a proportionate share of
the Senate to the troops they fur-
nished.

38 lines.

He demands union on the terms
above stated.

18 lines.

To sally out of their own camp and
so drive the Samnites from their posi-
tion.

14 lines.

Let the women of the two orders
contend in chastity as the men in
valour.

5 lines.

That they should surrender to Han-
nibal, as there was no hope of escape.
Hard terms were better than none.
30 lines.

Boldly to fight the Carthaginians, so
often conquered by their fathers. In-
gratitude, cruelty, and weakness of the
enemy. The only hope of Rome lay
in themselves. Rome expected them
to do their duty.

83 lines.

They must conquer or die but vic-
tory was certain. They were as supe-
rior to the Roman army as he was to the
Roman general. The difficulties they
had surmounted would teach them
how to rebuke Roman insolence. Rich
booty would reward the conquest.
79 lines.

XX 11

Table of General References.

By whom anil to whom spoken.

P. Scmpronius Tuditanus to Roman
soldiers after Cannes.

xxii. 50.

L. Pinarius to the legates from Henna
(<ind their reply],

xxiv. 37.

L. Pinarius to his own men.
xxiv. 38.

L. Marcius to the Roman army.
xxv. 38.

Scipio to his soldiers in Spain r
xxvii. 18.

Scipio to his soldiers, on taking the
command in Spain.

xxvi. 41.

M. Porcius Cato to his men.
xxxiv. 13.

T. Quinctius to the Greek allies.
xxxiv. 34.

JTf. Acilius Glabrio, Consul, to his
army.

xxxvi. 17.

Rhodian Ambassadors to the Roman
Senate.

xxx vii. 54.

Cn. Manlius, Consul, to his men.
xxxviii. 17.

Perseus, King of Macedonia, to his
Court and his army.

adii. 52.

Subject of speech and its length in lines.

To pluck up spirit, and fight their
way to Canusium through the enemy.

13 lines.

Refusing to give up the keys of the
town gates.

\_0rat. obliqJ]

They must anticipate the plot formed
to massacre them by strong measures,
and put to the sword the people of
Henna.

36 lines.

That they should sally out of their
camp and attack Hasdrubal, and so re-
venge the death of the two Scipios.
67 lines.

To fall upon Hasdrubal, whose trust
was only in his strong position.
12 lines \_0rat. obliq.~\

They must follow up the successes
already achieved, by driving the Car-
thaginians out of Spain.

73 lines.

To recover Spain on the Ebro side
from the rebellious tribes.

14 lines.

Assenting to the proposed siege of
Lacedsemon, he points out its dis-
advantages.

17 lines.

That King Antiochus is not so for-
midable a foe as was Philip. Now is the
opportunity for making Rome's empire
universal.

47 lines.

That, in recompense of the Rhodian
fidelity, the Romans should restore
their liberty to the Greek States which
they had conquered, as allies of the
Rhodians.

74 lines.

Not to be afraid of the Asiatic
G-auls, who were not so fearful as the
real Gauls, but easily daunted, and who
had been often conquered by kings in-
ferior to the Romans.
57 lines.

Setting forth how excellent are his
prospects of victory over the Romans.
35 lines.

Oratorical.

XXlll

By ivhom and to whom spoken.

Subject of speech and its length in lines.

Camillus to the Roman people.
v. 51, 52.

Pacuvius Calavius of Capua to his son
Perolla.

xxiii. 9.

Vibius Virrius to the -Capuans.
xxvi. 13.

L. JEmilius Paulus to his soldiers.
xliv. 34.

Against the proposal of the Tribune,
that the Romans should abandon the
ruins of the city and migrate to Veil.
94 lines.

That he should not assassinate Han-
nibal, his father's guest and the pro-
tector of his country.
23 lines.

Against surrender to the Roman be-
siegers, although the case was despe-
rate : it were better to die by poison.
55 lines.

Not to criticise their general's tac-
tics. The duties of soldiers and of
their general.

13 lines \_0rat. obliq.~\

V. MONITORY.

Tullus Hostilius to the Romans.
i. 28.

Valerius and Horatius to the Com-
mons.

iii. 54.

Appius Claudius, the Decemvir, to the
Assembly.

iii. 56.

Verginius in reply to Appius.
iii. 57.

M. Duillius, Tribune, to the Senate.
iii. 59.

The Dictator of Tusculum to the
Roman Senate.

vi. 26.

T. Quinctius Cincinnatus, Dictator, to
Sempronius, Master of the Horse.
vi. 29.

Camillus to the people.
vi. 38.

Fabius and Licinius Stolo to certain
of the Senators.

vi. 36, 37.

Denouncing
Mettius.

the treachery of

16 lines.

Proclaiming that Tribunes should
again be formally created.
8 lines.

Appealing from his accusers to the
people and indicating his own motives.
He was really a patriot, but misunder-
stood.

24 lines \_0rat. obliq.~]

The laws ought not to shelter such
a wretch : let the people remember his
misdeeds.

16 lines \0rat. obliq."]

Promising that there shall be no
more State prosecutions.
8 lines.

Protesting their innocence and de-
claring they will not resist should the
Romans attack them.

17 lines.

Directing the tactics of the battle
against the Prcenestines.
8 lines.

Against the abuse of the Tribunicial
power.

10 lines.

Arguments in support of the Licin-
ian rogations and the extension of the
power of the Commons.
50 lines.

XXIV

Table of General References.

By whom and to whom spoken.

Subject of speech and its length in linen.

Ambassadors from Campania to the
Roman Senate.

vii. 30.

The Roman Senate to the Campanians.
vii. 31.

L. Furius Camillus to the Senate.
viii. 13.

Posturnius, Consul, to the Senate.
ix. 8.

The same to the 1 same.
ix. 9.

Hannibal to his Spanish troops.
xxi. 21.

Q. Fabius Maximus to ^Emilius
Paullus.

xxii. 39.

Hannibal to his men.
xxvii. 12.

P. Scipio to King Masinissa.
xxx. 14.

T. Quinctius Flamininus to the as-
sembled Greek allies.

xxxiv. 22.

Sulpicius to Minnio, Ambassador of
King Antiochus.

xxxv. 16.

T. Quinctius to the Ach&ans.
xxxvi. 32.

Offering to become allies of the
Romans, and urging the advantages
of such alliance.

72 lines.

Bidding them not make war on the
Samnites (with their reply and offer to
become Roman subjects.)
11 lines.

They must determine at once upon
their policy towards the conquered
Latins, whether of cruelty or clemency :
the Latins ought not to be kept in
suspense.

28 lines.

Advising that he should be given up
to the Samnites in satisfaction of the
treaty.

26 lines.

Justifying his views of the law of
nations and the virtue of an oath.
80 lines.

Explaining that he intends
transfer the war into other lands.
10 lines.

to

Warning him of Varro's character,
and advising him of the right system
of warring with Hannibal delay.
65 lines.

To defeat Marcellus.

5 lines \0rat. obliq.~\

"Warning him against making So-
phoniba his wife, contrary to the
laws of morality and the rights of
Rome.

25 lines.

Asking whether war should be
levied against Nabis for his occupation
of Argos.

20 lines.

That there is no analogy between
the Greek subjects of Rome in Italy
and the Greek cities subject to An-
tiochus.

21 lines.

That, for the good of the Achaean
league, the Romans will not admit
their claim, to Zacynthus.
10 lines.

Oratorical.

xxv

By whom and to whom spoken.

Subject of speech and its length in lines.

T. Quinctius to M. Acilius.
xxxvi. 34.

T. Quinctius to the JEtolians.
xxxvi. 35.

King Eumenes to the Prcetor ^Emilius.
xxxvii. 19.

Pointing out that his attention
should be given to Philip and to
sparing the ^Etolians.
9 lines.

He will use his good offices on their
behalf, though they did not deserve it.
. 8 lines.

That he ought not to accept An-
tiochus' terms of peace without the
command of the Senate and people.
13 lines.

VI. PETITIONING.

P. Licinius Calvus to the Roman
tribes.

v. 18.

Faliscan legates to the Senate.

v. 27.

Dictator of Tusculum to the Senate of
Rome.

vi. 26.

Sextus Tullius to the Dictator C.
Sulpicius.

vii. 13.

Campanian Ambassadors to the Roman
Senate.

vii. 30.

L. Annius, of Setia, to the Roman
Senate.

viii. 5.

Q. Fabius Maximus, Consul-designate,
to the people.

x. 13.

Minucius to Fabius, the Dictator.
xxii. 30.

Sophoniba, wife of Syphax, to King
Masinissa.

xxx. 12.

Hannibal to King Antiochus.
xxxv. 19.

Asking them to make his son
Military Tribune instead of himself.
14 lines.

Requesting them to receive the sur-
render of Falerii.

9 lines.

Suing that the Romans should keep
the peace, etc.

16 lines.

Beseeching him to lead his troops to
instant battle and certain victory.
35 lines.

Praying for aid against the Samnites
and offering themselves as subject
allies of the Romans.
71 lines.

Praying for an equality of right be-
tween the Romans and Latins.
18 lines.

Requesting that he might be allowed
to nominate as his own colleague P.
Decius, so as to work well together.
15 lines. [Some Orat. obliq.~\

Praying that he and his people may
serve once more under Fabius' orders.

Praying that he will not suffer her
to be placed at the disposal of the
pride and cruelty of any Roman.
16 lines.

That the King should regard him as
among his chief supporters against the
Romans, after his thirty-six years'
warfare with them.

15 lines.

xxvi Table of General References.

y whom and to whom spoken. Subject of speech and its length in lines ,

Zcuxis, Ambassador of Antiochus, to Requesting fair conditions of peace.
Scipio Africanus. 8 lines.

xxxvii. 45.

Eumenes, King of Pergamus, to the Imploring them to recompense fitly

Roman Senate. and fully his devotion and fidelity to

xxxvii. 53. Rome out of the spoils of King

Antiochus.

84 lines.

Romulus to Jupiter Stator.
i. 12.

VII. PRECATORY.

Praying that he will aid the Romans
against the Sabines.

10 lines.

Q. Fabius, Prefect of the City, to tJie Beseeching them to prevent the
Tribunes of the Plcbs. passing of Terentilius' bill for defining

the Consuls' powers by law.
10 lines.

iii. 9.

Camillus, Dictator^ to Apollo cmd
Juno.

v. 21.

P. Decius, Consul, to the >Gods of
Rome.

viii. 9.

Verginius to Tiis fellow soldiers.
iii. 50..

Aristanut, Pr&tor of the Achaans,
to T. Quinctius Flamininus.
xxxiv. 24.

Praying them to be his allies at the
siege of Veii.

6 lines.

Devoting himself for his country.
9 lines.

Imploring their sympathy and pity
that he should have been forced to slay
"his own child.

17 lines.

Imploring that the Romans may
deliver Greece from Nabis and the
^Etolians.

12 lines.

VIII. THANKSGIVING.

Romulus to Jupiter Fcretrius.
i. 10.

Dedicating spoils and a temple.
5 lines.

Saguntine Ambassadors to the Roman Returning thanks for aid, and con-

Senate.

xxviii. 39.

gratulating the Romans on their
victories.

50 lines.

IX. DENUNCIATORY.

C. Mucius Sccevola to King Porscnna.
ii. 12.

Confessing his design to kill the
king.

11 lines.-

Oratorical.

xxvn

X. CONGRATULATORY.

By whom and to whom spoken.

Subject of speech and its length in lines.

Papirius Cursor, Dictator, to the
people.

viii. 35.

Syracusan Ambassadors to Mareellus.
xxv. 29.

T. Quinctius Flaminvnus,to the Envoys
of the Greek States.

xxxiv.-49.

Pardoning the insubordination of
young Q. Fabius, who had' fought
against orders.

13 lines.

In surrendering their city they pro-
test the innocence of the people at
large, and congratulate the con-
querors.

28 lines.

He bids them farewell, with advice
to agree together, to use liberty with
moderation, and to hold fast to the
Romans.

30 lines.

XI. COMMENDATORY.

Scipio to Aluccius,* Prince of the Cel-
tiberians.

xxvi. 50.

Sp. Ligustimis,- a centurion, - to the
people of Sjome.

xlii. 34.

Restoring to him his betrothed, he
bids him be the friend of the Romans,
who are his true friends.
16 lines.

Recounting his own merits and long'
service, he recommends obedience by his'
own example.

65 lines.-

XII. LAUDATORY.

Hannibal to Scipio.

xxx. 30.

Philip, King of Maccdon, to Anti-
gonus.

xl. 56.

Praising the great qualities and ex-
ploits of his adversary, he desires an
equal peace.

88 lines.

Offering to leave him the kingdom,
instead of his own unworthy son, Per-
seus.

10 lines.

XIII. VITUPERATIVE.

A. Verginvtfs to' the Plebs.
iii. 11-.

Condemning Cseso Fabius.
5 lines.

Camillas to the schoolmaster of Falerii. Condemning his baseness,. and ref us-

v. 27.

Posttimius, Consul, to the Roman
people.

xxxix. 15, 16.

ing to profit by it.

11- lines.

Exposing the horrid practices of the
Bacchanalians,, warning the people
against superstition, and declaring that
he and his colleague will put down the
strange rite with their full powers.
83 lines.

d

XXV111

Table of General References.

XIV. ACCUSATORY.

y whom and to whom spoken.

Q. Quinctius Cincinnatus, Consul, to
the people and Tribunes.
iii. 19.

Verginius to the people.
iii. 56.

Subject of speech and its length in lines.

Against Aulus Vergmius and the
other Tribunes, denouncing them as
factious, dishonest, and unpatriotic
demagogues.

35 lines.

Impeaching Appius, the Decemvir.
10 lines.

. Sextius, Tribune of the PJebs, -to Denouncing the haughtiness of PoS-

the people.

iv. 49.

T. Manlius, Consul, to his son.
viii. 7.

.C. Mcenius, Dictator, to the assembly.
ix. 26.

P. 'Sempronius, Tribune of the Plebs,
to the people.

ix. 33.

tumius Regillensis, Military Tribune.
12 lines.

Condemning him to death as the
penalty of insubordination.
15 lines.

Being accused by certain nobles of
treason, he retorts the charge, and
courts investigation.

25 lines.

Charging Appius the Censor with
violating the ^Emilian law, which limi-
ted his term of office : inveighing
against the pride, etc., of Appius and
his family.

76 lines.

XV. ACCUSATOEY.

Hanno to the Carthaginian Senate.
xxi. 10.

P. Scipio to his mutinous soldier)/.
xxviii. 27-29.

Ambassadors of King Philip to the
Council of the JEtolians,
xxxi. 29.

Athenian Ambassadors to the Council
of the JEtolians.

xxxi. 30.

L. Furius Purpurio and L.
Paulus to the Senate.

xxxviii. 45, 46.

Against Hannibal and the war party,
advocating that Hannibal should be
given up as the breaker of the treaty
with Rome, as the Roman legates de-
sired.

41 lines.

Upbraiding them with their sedition
and mutiny and want of patriotism :
the ringleaders alone shall be punished
with death.

123 lines.

Recounting the cruelty and bad go-
vernment of the Romans towards con-
quered States.

44 lines.

The crimes and profanities of Philip
in Attica.

29 lines, \0rat. obliq.~\

Against granting a triumph to Cn.
Manlius, whom they accused of exceed-
ing his powers, and of needlessly pro-
longing and extending the war in a
spirit of vainglory and irreligion.
74 lines. [Orat. obliq. c. 45.]

Oratorical.

xxix

By whom and to whom spoken.

Subject of speech and its length in lines.

Perseus to King Philip, his father.
xl. 9-11.

Marcius, Roman Ambassador, to Per-
seus, King of Macedon.
xlii. 40.

Alexander, Prince of the JEtolians, to
Philip, King of Macedon.
xxxii. 33.

Accusing his brother Demetrius of
treason and attempted parricide.
96 lines.

Accusing him of divers violations of
the treaty with Rome, and demanding
redress.

38 lines.

Reproaching him that his method of
making war was more destructive to
his friends than to his foes. Either
peace must be made, or the war must
be waged with vigour.

18 lines, \_0rat. olliq.~\

XVI. DEFENSIVE OR APOLOGETIC.

M. Manlius to Cornelius Cossus, Dic-
tator, and the senators.
vi. 15.

Spurius Postumius to the Senate.
ix. 9.

Hanno to the Carthaginian Senate.
xxi. 12, 13.

Deputies of the soldiers who had
fought at Cannae to M. Marcellus.
xxv. 6.

M. Marcellus to the Senate.
xxvi. 31.

P. Cornelius Scipio to the Senate.
xxviii. 43, 44.

Hannibal to the Carthaginian Senate.
xxx. 44.

Defending himself from the charge
of appropriating the treasures of the
Gauls, and bringing counter charges
against the Dictator.
26 lines.

Against the Tribunes of the Plebs,

who tried to invalidate his view of the

surrender to the Samnites, by urging

that his own surrender will be enough.

61 lines.

Defending his own peace-at-any-
price policy, and warning them not to
put trust in Hannibal's victories.
50 lines.

Protesting against the ignominy
which had been inflicted on them by
the Senate, with petition for better
treatment.

70 lines.

Defending himself from the charge
of undue harshness to the Syracusans,
and justifying his plunder of their
city.

37 lines.

In answer to Q. Fabius Maximus he
pleads that he may be sent into Africa,
urging his own zeal for the service, the
feasibility of finishing the war, and the
advantages of transferring it to the
enemy's country.

112 lines.

Justifying himself for laughing
when the rest wept, and foretelling the
future miseries of Carthage.
19 lines.

xxx Table of General References.

fly whom and to whom spoken. Subject of speech and its length in lines.

Roman Ambassadors to the Council of
the JEtolians.

xxxi. 31.

Philip, King of Macedon, to the
JEtolians and others.

xxxii. 34.

Nabis, tyrant of Lacedtemon, to T.
Quinctius Flamininus.

xxxiv. 31.

On. Manlius, Consul, to the Senate.
xxxviii. 47-49.

Lycortas, prcetor of the Achceans, to
Appius Claudius and the Roman envoys.
xxxix. 36, 37.

Demetrius, son of King Philip, to his
father.

xl. 12-15.

Arclw to the Achaean Council.
xli. 24.

King Perseus to Q. Martins, the Roman
envoy.

xlii. 41, 42.

Q. jEmilius Paulus, Consul, to the
people.

xliv. 22.

ilius Paulm to his army.
xliv. 38, 39.

In answer to the charges brought
against Rome by Philip's embassy,
they justify the policy of Rome to her
subjects, and urge the JEtolians to
espouse the cause of Rome rather than
that of the impious Philip.
72 lines.

Defending himself from the charge
of injuring his own allies, promising
redress, and making counter-charges
against them.

37 lines.

Appealing to the good faith of the
Romans, he defends his annexation of
Argos, and vindicates his democratic
policy at home.

50 lines.

He defends himself from the charge
of needlessly attacking the Gauls, and
managing the war badly : and vindi-
cates his own just claims to a triumph.
126 lines.

Justifying the Achaean attack on
Sparta, and the severities inflicted after
the surrender by the example of
Roman conduct on like occasions.
78 lines.

He defends himself from the charges
of treason and conspiracy to kill his
father.

162 lines.

Against adopting an unfriendly
policy towards Perseus, the new King
of Macedon, whom he defends, while
peace still exists.

56 lines.

Explaining his alleged breaches of
the treaty : his acts had been only in
self-defence : he had given no real
cause for war.

80 lines.

Declining to be influenced by public
opinion in his conduct of the war with
Macedon, he invites them to help him
by disbelieving rumours and criticisms.
He will do his best to conclude the

war.

47 lines.

Explaining to them his reasons for
not fighting a battle on the day before.
67 lines.

Oratorical.

xxxi

By whom and to whom spoken.

Scipio to Hannibal.

xxx. 31.

P. Horatius to the people.
i. 26.

Subject of speech and its length in lines.

In refusing- Hannibal's offer of
peace, now too late, he excuses the
Romans from the charge of having
provoked war.

30 lines.

Reproaching them with ingratitude
for condemning his son to death.
11 lines.

XVII. INVECTIVE.

T. Quinctius Cincinnatus, Consul, to
the Senate.

iii. 21.

C. Pontius to the Samnites.
ix. 1.

C. Pontius to the Roman envoys.
ix. 11.

M. Minucius to the Roman officers.
xxii. 14.

T. Quinctius Flamininus to Nabis,
tyrant of Lacedcemon.

xxxiv. 32.

Refusing to allow himself to be re-
elected Consul contrary to the law.
16 lines.

Denouncing the vengeance of the
gods on the pride and injustice of
Rome. Justice of their own cause.
28 lines.

Exposing their perfidy in not carry-
ing out the Caudine convention.
37 lines.

Attacking the timid and cautious
tactics of Fabius, who left Sinuessa to
its fate : advocating boldness.
41 lines.

Denouncing his tyranny, crimes,
perfidy, and hypocrisy : repudiating
his proffered alliance.
56 lines.

XVIII. EXPOSTULATORY.

Veturia to her son Coriolanus.
ii. 40.

Minnio, minister of King Antiochus,
to Sulpicius, Roman envoy.
xxxv. 16.

Senators to the Censor Q. Fulvius
Flaccus.

xlii. 3.

P. Valerius Publicola to the people.
ii. 7.

A Senator of Carthage to the Roman
Ambassadors.

xxi. 18.

Reproaching him for becoming the
leader of his country's foes.

14 lines.

Reproaching the Romans with in-
consistency, and with seeking cause
for war.

15 lines.

Expostulating with him for using
the materials of the Temple of Juno at
Croton to build a temple of Fortune
at Rome.

12 lines, \0rat. obliq.~\

Clearing himself from the charge of
aiming at the kingdom, because he
had built on the Velian hill.
10 lines.

Maintaining the good faith of the
Carthaginians, and shifting on to the
Romans the charge of seeking to renew
the war.

25 lines.

XXX11

XIX.-COMPLAINING.

By whom and to whom spoken.

Subject of speech and its length in lines.

Lucretia to her husband and father.
i. 58.

P. Valerius Publicola, Consul, to the
Tribunes and people.

iii. 17.

T. Quinctius Capitolinus, Consul, to
the people.

iii. 67, 68.

Perolla to his father Pacuvius, chief of
the Campanians.

xxiii. 9.

Decius Magius io the people of Capua.
xxiii. 10.

Envoys from the Samnites to Han-
nibal.

xxiii. 42.

Locrian Envoys to the Roman Senate.
xxix. 17, 18.

Philip, King of Macedon, to the Roman
Envoys.

xxxix. 28.

Philip to his sons and friends.

xl. 8. "

Callicrates to the Council of the
Achaans.

xli. 23.

Denouncing the crime of Sextus
Tarquinius.

11 lines.

Complaining of their unpatriotic
conduct in attending to legislation
while Appius Herdonius had seized
the Capitol : appealing to them in the
name of all the outraged gods of
Rome.

20 lines.

Remonstrating with them for being
immersed in schemes of reforming the
constitution while the enemy was
ready to attack them : exhorting them
to concord and to take up arms against
the common foe.

80 lines.

Complaining that he had thrice
betrayed his country.
8 lines.

Their liberties are violated in his
own person by Hannibal.
6 lines.

Pleading their own merits, thej
reproach him for abandoning them to
the Romans, and implore aid.
40 lines.

Against Q. Pleminius, commander of
the Roman garrison, setting forth the
grievous wrongs they had suffered
from him and his soldiers.
125 lines.

Complaining that the Romans did
not treat him as an ally and friend,
but encouraged his enemies and re-
volted subjects.

45 lines.

His own miseries in having to judge
between two sons who were enemies to
one another. He upbraids his sons for
their unnatural feeling.
38 lines.

Recounting the misdeeds of the
Macedonians and Perseus, and warning
the Achseans not to be misled by the
king's overtures.

40 lines.

Oratorical.

xxxin

By whom and to whom spoken.

L. ^Emilius Paulus to the people.
xlv. 41.

Subject of speech and its length in lines.

Contrasting hia glories as a general
with, his domestic bereavements, which
reduced him to the level of Perseus,
his conquered foe, in misfortune.
40 lines.-

XX. OBJURGATORY.

Volscian Spaniards to the Roman
legates.

xxi. 20.

M. Marcellus to his soldiers.
xxviii. 13.

Aristcenus, Prcetor of the Achceans,
to the Achaean League.

xxxii. 20.

L. jflmilius Paulus to Perseus, King
of Macedon.

xlv. 8.

The Roman conduct towards Sagun-
tum was no encouragement to take
their side.

7 lines.

Upbraiding them with cowardice in
yielding panic-struck to the assault of
Hannibal.

20 lines.

Reproaching the Council with their
silence on the question of peace or war
with Philip and the Romans.
13 lines.

His folly in' contending against
Rome : he was, however, expected to
be treated with clemency. His fate an
example of the vicissitudes of human
fortune.

19 lines.

XXI. DEPRECATORY.

Verginius to his fellow-soldiers.
iii. 51.

T. Manlius, Consul, to the Senate.
viii. 6, 7.

Refusing to be elected Decemvir.
5 lines.

He appeals to the gods against
entertaining the proposal to admit
Latins to the Senate, and sees the
finger of Providence in the fall of
T. Annius.

14 lines.

XXII. THREATENING.

Icilius to Appius, the Decemvir.
iii. 45.

Verginius to Appius, the Decemvir.
iii. 47.

Warning him of the consequences
if he persisted in ordering that Ver-
ginia should be given up.
18 lines.

The soldiers will not stand his
tyranny.

5 lines.

Cornelius Cossus, Dictator, to M. Man- He shall be imprisoned unless he

lius Capitolinus.

vi. 15.

reveals where are the treasures of the
Gauls.

13 lines.

xxxiv Table of General References.

By tvhom and to whom spoken. Subject of speech and its length in lines.

Q. Fabius, Dictator, to his army.
xxii. 29.

P. Cornelius Scipio to L. Ccecilius
Metettus and others.

xxi. 53.

T. Sempronius Gracchus to his army.
xxiv. 14.

T. jSempranius Gracchus to mutineers
and others.

xxiv. 16.

Pointing out the consequences of
the rashness of Minucius.
5 lines.

He swears to kill any one who
deserts his country in her peril.
7 lines.

If any of them run away they shall
be punished as slaves ; but the brave
soldier shall be suitably rewarded.
10 lines, \_0rat. obliq.'}

Imposing a nominal punishment in
consideration of subsequent good con-
duct.

10 lines.

XXIII.-INQUIEING.

C. Junius, Tribune of the Plebs, to
Tempanius.

iv. 40.

M. Manlius Capitolinus to the gods of
Eome.

vi. 16.

L. Papirius Cursor, Dictator, to Q.
Fabius, Master of the Hcrse.
viii. 32.

Philip, King of Macedon, to T. Qutnc-
tius Flamininus, Consul.
xxxii. 36.

About Sempronius, the Consul, who
had shamefully deserted his camp in
the war against the Volscians.
13 lines.

Will they allow the defender of
their temples to be chained ?
5 lines.

Whether he had disobeyed the
orders of his superior officer.

16 lines.

Conference about the terms of peace.

17 lines.

TABLE OF GENERAL ^REFERENCES.

IV.

PHILOSOPHICAL.

I. MORAL.
A. GOD, DEATH, IMMORTALITY, THE SUPERNATURAL.

Proof of the existence of God
From the universal consent of mankind

From contemplation of the works of God

Excellence, power, omniscience of God

Piety towards God

Good gifts come from God

Temples

Punishment of the wicked

CICERO, Tusc. Quest, i. 30.

de Nat. Deor. i. 43, 44;

ii. 68 ; i. 29, 63.
SENECA, Epist. cxvii.
CICERO, Tusc. Quast. i. 70.

de Arusp. Resp. $ 19.

de Legg. i. 24, sqq.

de Nat. Deor. ii. 15, 90.

de Nat. Deor. ii. 121, 4, 5,
60, 25, 45 ; iii. 92.

Tusc. Qutest. i. 66.

,, pro Roscio Amer. 131.
SENECA, Nat. Queest. vii. c. 30 ; i.

free/at, vii. c. 30.

de Benef. iv. c. 8 ; iy. c. 4.
CICERO, de Divinat. i. 117.

,, de Legg. ii. 15.
SENECA, Epist. Ixxxiii.
CICERO, de Off. ii. ad Jin.
SENECA, Epist. Ixxvi,
CICERO, de Nat. Deor. i. 4.

de Legg. ii. 71.
SENECA, Epist. cxvi.

de Benef. c. 6.
CICERO, de Legg. ii. 19, 25.
JUVENAL, Sat. xi. 116.
CICERO, de Leyg. ii. 41.

pro Cluent. 194.
SENECA, Epist. xcv.

xc., xli., Ixxiii.

de Benef. iv. c. 6.
CICERO, de Nat. Deor. ii. 165, 79.

de Legg. ii. 26.

de Nat. Deor. iii. 83.
LIVY, xxxi. c. 18, 19, 21.

XXXVI

Table of General References.

Prayer ....
Man, the noblest work of God

Death not an evil ....
Nature of the soul ; its immortality

Heaven and hell .
Ghosts .

SENECA, Epist. x.
VALEBIUS MAXIMUS, vi. c. 2.
JUVENAL, Sat. x. 347.
. CICEEO, de Legg. i. 22, 27, 59.
OVID, Met am. i. 84.
SENECA, de Benef. vi. c. 23 ; ii. c. 29.
SALLUST, Bell. Jugurth, c. 2.

Catilin. c. 1.
CICEEO, de Fin. ii. 39.
de Off. i. 14, 3.
SENECA, Epist. Ixxvi.
. CICEEO, Tusc. Qucest. i. 9, sqq. ;

93, sqq.
Tusc. Qucest. i. 18-70;

ii. 47 ; v. 68.
Tusc. Qucest. i. 72.
de Divinat. i. 57-59.
PLINY, Epist. vii. 27.
VIEGUL, Aen. ii. 270, sqq. ; i. 350 ;

iii. 148, sqq.

Parts of the body, showing evidence of design CICEEO, de Nat. Deor. lib. ii. 134.
Senses, perception by means of . Academ. Qucest. iv. 19.

B. MAN, HIS ATTEIBUTES AND DUTIES.

Desire of the knowledge of the truth

Excellence of learning .

Faults to be avoided in learning .

The best knowledge is how to live well
Teaching and learning .

Honour paid to literary excellence .

Books and libraries

CICEEO, de Off. i. 25, 17, 18.

Tusc. Qucest. i. 44.

de Fin. v. 48, 87.

Academ. iv. 127.

,y Tusc. Qucest. ii. 13.
VITEUVIUS, lib. vi. Prcefat.
CICEEO, pro Archid, 16.

de Fin. v. $ 53.

deOff.ii. 2, 3; iii. 1.

Tusc. Qucest. i. 5.
PLINY, Epist. viii. 19.
CICEEO, de Off. i. 18, 153.

de Fin. v. 49.
SENECA, de Brevit. Vit. c. 13, 14.

Epist. xlviii.

cxvii.

de Benef. vi. c. 1, 2.
CICEEO, de Fin. iii. 65.
SENECA, Epist. vi. r cviii.
CICEEO, de Orator, ii. 75, 76.

de Senect. 26, 22.
VALEBIUS MAXIMUS, viii. c. 7.
SENECA, Epist. Ixxvi.
CICEEO, pro Archia, 25.
SUETONIUS, 7. Ccesar, c. 42.
LIVY, iv. c. 35.
TACITUS, Ann. xi. c. 7.
VITEUVIUS, lib. ix. Prcefat.
SENECA, Epist. Ixiv.

Ixxxiv., ii., xlv.

PLINY, Epist. iii. 5.

Philosophical.

xxxvn

Books and libraries

Memory improved by cultivation .

Philosophy made practical by Socrates
Praises of philosophy .
Justice

The chief of the virtues

Ought to be observed in spite of consequences

Sin and innocence depend upon the intention
and motive ....

Justice and expediency .
Ambition

Duty to one's neighbour

Calumny

Lying and dissimulation

Forgiveness of injury .

War and peace .
Good faith, oaths

Duties of masters and slaves

SENECA, de TranquilL c. 9.
ViTBtrvnrs, lib. vii. Prcefat.
CICEEO, de Ftn. iii. 2

ad Attic, lib. i., Epist. iii.,

vi., viii.,ix., x.
QUINTILIAN, lib. xi. c. 2.
CICEEO, Academ. iv. 2; ii, 104.
SENECA, Controvers. lib. i.
AUCTOE ad Herennium, iii. 28, sqq.
CICEEO, Academ. Qucest. i. 16.

Tusc. Qucest. v. .5.

de Off. ii. 28 ; i. 10.
COENELIUS NEPOS, in Aristide.
in Chabriad.

SENECA, Epist. cxiii., Ixxxi.

de Benef. iv. c. 1.
SALLTJST, Catilin. c. 54.
CICEEO, de Legg. i. 41, 48, 49.

de Of.i.56; ii. 33,41,38,
SENECA, Epist. Ixxvi.
CICEEO,. de Legg. i. 28.

de Off. i. 14, 20, 21 ; iii,
27, 22, 42, 29, 30, 23,

JUVENAL, Sat. xiii. 195.
SENECA, Epist. xcv.
CICEEO, de Off. i. 30, 18, 37.
de Legg. i. 50, 51.
de Orat. i. 194.
pro Roscio Amer. 70.
de Off. iii. 37, 38.

iii. 15, 18, 64.
i. 62, sqq.

SENECA, Qiicest. iii. in procem.
Epist. xciv. liii.
,, de Benef. vii. c. 20, 21.
CICEEO, de Off. i. 23, 27 ; iii. 18 ;

i. 11.

HOEAT. Sat. i. 4.
CICEEO, de Off. i. 134.
pro Plancio, 57.
de Off. i. \ 23, iii. 58, 66,

63, 64, 69 ; i. 150.
pro Roscio Comced. 46.
SENECA, de Otio, c. 28.

de Irdy lib. ii. c. 32 ; iii. 5,
CICEEO, pro Ligurio, 25,
SUETONIUS, /. Ccesar, c. 23.
CICEEO, de Off. i. 34, 38.

i. 13; iii. 26,27,

31, 33.

pro Balbo, 12.
de Off. i. 51.
SENECA, de Clement, i. c. 18.
de Ira, iii. c. 40.
Epist. xlvii.

xxxviii Table of General References.

Duties of masters and slaves

Patriotism .

Duty to parents ......

Parricide .......

Love of offspring. Duty of parents to chil-

Education of children .

Duties of teachers

Husbands and wives ....
Friendship can only exist between good men

Friendship, value of .

Choice of friends. ....

PLINY,

; Epist. v.
vii. 1 and

Epist. ii. 16
19 ; Epist.
16.

CICEEO, Epist. ad Fam. lib. xvi.
SENECA, Epist. xlvii.
VALEEIUS MAXIMUS, vi. c. 8.
CICEEO, de Off. i. 57, 58, 59.

pro Sextio, 47.

pro Plancio, 90.

de Orator, i. 196.
OVID, de Ponto, i. 3.
LIVY, i. c. 56 ; viii. c. 6-9.
VALEEIUS MAXIMUS, v. c. 6.
LIVY, x. c. 28 ; v. c. 33, 21.
SENECA, de Benef. vi. c. 24.
CICEEO, de Amicitid, 70.

de Off. iii. 31.
LIVY, vii. c. 4, 5 ; ii. c. 35, sqq.
VALEEIUS MAXIMUS, v. c. 4.
CICEEO, pro Eoscio Amerino, 37,
63, 64, 70.

de Fin. iii. 62.

Tusc. Qucest. v. 79.

de Orator, ii. 168.

,, in Verrem, ii. 153.

Philipp. ix. 12.
SENECA, Epist. xxxi.
CICEEO, in Verrem, iii. 159.
JUVENAL, Sat. xiv. 70.
QUINTILIAN, lib. i. c. 3.
TACITUS, de Or at. c. 28-32.
CICEEO, de Orator, iii. 141, 25.
QUINTILIAN, lib. i. c. 1, 2, sqq.
SENECA, de Ira, ii c. 11, 21.
CICEEO, Brutus, 210.

de Divinat. ii. 2., 4.
SENECA, de Tranquill. c. 3.
QUINTILIAN, lib. ii. c. 2, 3.
CICEEO, ad Fam. xvi. Epist. xxi.

lib. xii. 16.
SENECA, de Benef. vi. c. 15, 16, 17.

de Ira, c. 32.
QUINTILIAN, i. c. 2, 3, 4 ; ii. c. 2.
PLINY, Epist. iii. 3.
SENECA, de Clement, i. c. 16, 17.
CICEEO, de Orator, i. 5.

de Off. i. 53, 54.
VALEEIUS MAXIMUS, iv. c. 6.
CICEEO, de Off. ii. 74.

de Amicitid, 20, 18, 100.

de Off. i. 52.
SALLUST, Jugurtha, c. 31.
CICEEO, de Amicitid, 17, 22, 102,

86.

62, 78.
SENECA, de Tranquill. c. 7.

Philosophical.

xxxix

Love of friends

Respect between friends

True friends scarce
Benevolence
Natural to man

Must be tempered by diserction .

True kindness consists in tke motive
Gratitude

Courage
Of two kinds
Warlike .

Domestic .
Self-control .

Avoidance of temptation
Avarice

Contentment

CICEEO, de Fin, i. 67.

de Off. iii. 45 ; i. 56.

,, de A.micitia, 12.
SENECA, Epist. iii.
CICEEO, de Off. iii. \ 43, 44.

de Amicitin, 39, 40, 44,
62, 88, 91.

,, pro Plancio, 5.
SALLUST, Catilin. c. 20.
SENECA, de Benef. vi. 29, 31,. 32.-

CICEEO, de Off. i. 40, 42 ; it. 63.

Tusc. Qucest. i. 32.

,, pro Ligurio, 37.
VALEEIUS MAXIMTTS, iv. c. 8.
CICEEO, de Off. ii. 32.

i. 42, 49.
SENECA, de VitaBeatd, c. 20^23, 24.

de Benef. iv. c. 10,, 11.
PLINY, Epist. ix. 30.
SENECA, de Benef. ii. c. 16,. 17.

i. c. 6-8; iv. c. 3,

14, 11, 25.
CICEEO, de Off. i. c. 48, 49.

pro Plancio, 80.
SENECA, de Benef. vi. c. 27, 28 ; vii.
c. 30, 31 ; i. c. 12.

CICEEO, de Off. i. 66, 62.
i- 77, 75.
LIVY, ii. c. 9, 10 ; xxii. c. 60
CICEEO, de Fin. 27.

de Off. i. 76.

,, pro Domo.

pro Balbo.

pro Plancio 1 *

de Off. i. 67.

pro Mar cello, 8.
SENECA, Epist. cxiii.

,, Nat. Qutest. iii. in Prcefat,

de Benef. v. c. 7.
LIVY, xxx. c. 14.

,, xxiii. c. 2, 4, 18 ; xxiii. 45.
SENECA, Epist. Ii.
CICEEO, de Off. i. 68 ; ii. 38.

,, Tusc. Qucest. iv. 24.
SENECA, Epist. cxv.
OVID, Fast. i. 195.
HOEAT. Od. iv. 9 ; ii. 16.
CICEEO, de Senect. 55.
SENECA, Epist. v.

de Benef. vii. c. 8, 12.
CICEEO, dtOf.ii.$7l.

Tusc. Qucest. v. 89, 90,

92, 20.
SENECA, de Benef. v. c. 4, 6.

xl Table of General References.

IticJws, an evil

Ambition

( 'ontempt of death and pain . .

Good life better than long life

A good man will meet death cheerfully

Burial .
fain, endurance of

Patience, taught by comparing the woes of
others with one's own .

Anger. ...

llepression of anger
T/tc tongue to be kept in check
Humility ....
Flattery ....

Ostentation and vanity

SALLUST, Catilin. c. 10, 12.
SENECA, de Constantid, c. 5.
CIOEEO, Paradox, i.

de Off. i. 63.
LIVY, x. c. 13 ; xxvi. c. 22.
CICEEO, de Off. i. 84.
SENECA, de Constantid, c. 19.
CICEEO, Tusc. Qucest. iii. 43 ;
ii. 2.

de Senect. 20.

Tusc. Qucest. i. 91, 95.
SENECA, Epist. Ixxvi.

de Brevit. Vit. c. 1, 2.

Epist. Ixx., xcvii., ci.
CICEEO, de Senect. 69, 70.

Tusc. Qucest. i. 109.

de Orator, i. 231.

Tusc. Qucest. i. 116; iii.

71.

SENECA, Epist. xxiv., Ixx.
COENELIUS NEPOS, in Phocion.
SENECA, de Tranquill. c. 14.
,, de Vitii Beatd c. 15.
CICEEO, Tusc. Qucest. i. 103-109.
SENECA, de Tranquill. c. 14.

,, Epist. xcii.
CICEEO, de Legg. ii. 62.

Tusc. Qucest. iii. 43 ; ii.

53-58; v. 76.
LITY, ii. c. 12.
CICEEO, Tusc. Qucest. ii. 35, 66.

VALEEIUS MAXIMUS, vii. c. 2.
CICEEO, ad Fam. iv. Epist. v.

de Off. i. 69.
SENECA, de Ira, i. c. 1 ; ii. c. 35 ;

iii. c. 4.
CICEEO, de Off. i. 89.

Tusc. Qucest. iv. 78.
SENECA, de Ira, iii. c. 12.
CICEEO, de Off. i. 88.
SENECA, de Ira, i. c. 16.

iii. c. 11 ; ii. c. 23 ;

iii. c. 8 ; iii. c.
22, 24.
CICEEO, de Off. i. 137.

Epist. ad Fratr. i.
VALEEIUS MAXIMUS, vi. 2.
LIVY, xlv. c. 8.
SENECA, de Benef. v. c. 25.
SUETONIUS, Vespasian, c. 12.
CICEEO, de Off. i. 91.
SENECA, Epist. xxix., cxxiii.

Nat. Qucest. vi. c. 23.

dc Ira, iii. c. 14.
AUCTOE ad Ilerenniiim, v. 63, sqq.

Philosophical.

xli

Resignation .

Good men dear to God ....
Temperance Reason the guide of life .

Happiness consists in perfect control over
emotions . ...

Popular errors concerning happiness

Government of the body and the appetites

Contentment

Bodily pleasures .

Health

Luxury and frugality .
Agriculture .

Music ......

Poetry and the drama .

Respect to age .

Influence of authority and example
Wit, humour, raillery, jokes, etc. .

the

SENECA, de Consolat. ad Helv. c. 13,

6,9.

Epist. Ixxix., civ.
de Benef. vi. c. 37.
,, de Provident, c. 1,2.
CICEBO, Tusc. Qucest. ii. 47 ;

v. 42.

de Fin. i. 47.
de Off. i. 93.

Tusc. Qucest. v. 15, 34.

de Fin. i. 58, 59.
SENECA, de Vita Beatd, c. 3, 4.

,, ,, C. 1, 2.

JUVENAL, Sat. x.

SENECA, Epist. xxiii.,xiv., lxv.,xcii.,
viii., xc., Ixxviii., cxi.

Epist. cxix., iv.

de Consolat. ad Helv. c. 9.
CICERO, de Off. ii. 105.
SENECA, de Benef. vii. c. 2.
CICEEO, de Off. ii. 86.
VALERIUS MAXIMUS, ii. c. 5.
AULUS G-ELLIUS, ii. c. 14, 2.
SENECA, Epist. Iviii., xcv., Ixxxvii.,
Ixxxvi.

de Tranquill. c. 8, 9.

Epist. xc., Ixxii., Iv., Ivii.

de Benef. vi. c. 10.
CICEEO, pro Roscio Amerino, 75, 51.
PLINY, xviii. c. 6.

OLUMELLA, lib. i.

CICEEO, de Legg. 38.

QUINTILIAN, lib. i. c. 10.

CICEEO, Tusc. Qucest. v. 61 ;

ii. 27.

SENECA, Epist. cxv.
CICEEO, pro Quint. 78.

de Off. i. 122 ; ii. 46.
de Senect. 26, 63.
JUVENAL, Sat. xiii. 54.
PLINY, Epist. viii. 14.
SENECA, Epist. xii.

xciv xi

CICEEO, de Of. i. 146, 147.
PLINY, Epist. i. 23.
CICEEO, de Orator, ii. 219-287.
SENECA, de Tranquill. c. 15.
CICEEO, de Off. i. 122, 148, 153.
SUETONIUS, Tiber, c. 28, 52.

,, de Gramm. c. 22.

CICEEO, de Orator, ii. 276, 280,

282, 262, 278.

ad Fam. lib. vii. Epist. xxx.
,, Tusc. Qucest. v. 63.
LIVY, ix. c. 16.
QUINTILIAN, lib. vi. c. 4.

xlii

Emulation

Table of General References.

Stings of Conscience

Duties of magistrates and rulers r

Duties of judges

Duties of citizens and subjects

QUINTILIAN, lib. i. c. 3.
CICEEO, de Fin. v. 61.

Tusc. Qucest. iv. 43;
7, 3, 4.

pro Archid, 24.
SENECA, Epixt. xliii ; xcvii.
CICEEO, pro Milone, 61.

Tusc. Qucest. v. 61, 62.
SALLUST, Catilin. c. 15.

Jugurtha, c. 72.
TACITUS, Ann. vi. 6.
CICEEO, de Leqg. iii. 2, 5.

de Off. i. 85, 86.

,, Epist. ad Quint, i.

de Off. ii. 77, 79; i.

156, 88, 89.

SENECA, de Ira, i. c. 15, 16.
CICEEO, de Off. ii. 51.

,, ^ Attic, lib. i. Epist. xiv.
QUINTILIAN, lib. ii. c. 17 ; vi. c. 1 ;

v. c. 9.
CICERO, de Off. iii. 43.

pro Cluent. 159.

> jpro Rabirio Postumio, 12.

efe -Z^y. ii. 9, 11.

Philipp. ii. 28.
LJVY, xxxiv. c. 4.
TACITUS, Jww. iii. c. 26.
CIGEEO, pro Ccecina, 73.
Paradox, v.

II. POLITICAL.

Origin of human society
Origin of law and right
Religion necessary for ^society
Magistrates the mouthpiece of the law
Growth of the Roman empire

-^ Inventione Rhetor, i. 2.
de Legg. i. 18, sqq.

ii. 30.
iii. 2.

LIVY, Preface.

See also references in Oratorical section.

III. LITERAEY, CRITICAL,' &c.

Style, virtues and faults of

Eloquence, its origin
Orator, qualities necessary for a good
Orator, special knowledge necessary
Ideal in art ....
Witticisms ....
Oratory, usefulness of .

flourishing period of

decline of

Poetry compared with oratory
Poetry, praise of .

CICEEO, de Orator, iii. 96, 155.
AUOTOE ad Herennium,iv. 17, sqq.
CICEEO, de Inventione, i. 27, 30.

i. 2-6
de Orator, i 16, 201.

i. 59.
Orator, 8.
de Orator, ii. 219-287.
TACITUS, de Orat. c. 5.
c. 36.

c. 39,40, 41.
c. 9, 12.
c. 11.

Philosophical. xliii

IV. PHYSICAL.

The study of Nature elevates the human mind SENECA, Nat. Qucest. Pr&fat.M}). 1.

Meteors i. c. 1.

Rainbows, reflections ..... ,, ,, i. c. 2, 6.

The atmosphere ii. c. 6.

Thunder and lightning ii. c. 12, sqq.

Prognostics ...... ,, ii. c. 32.

Fate and foreknowledge . .... ,, ii. c. 37.

Thunder and lightning in Roman religion . ii.c. 39, sqq.

Water, its nature . .....,, ,, iii. c. 1 , sqq.

Ebbing and flowing wells ,, iii. c. 16.

Hot springs, geysers, etc. ....,, ,, iii. c.24,.^^.

The universal Deluge ...... iii.c. 27, 28,

29.

The River Nile . . . . , . iv. c. 1,2.

Snow, hail, rain iv. c. 3.

Winds. ....... ,, ,, v. c. 1, sqq.

Caverns, mines ...... ,, ,, v. c. 15.

Pompeii destroyed by an earthquake ,, vi. c. 1.

Causes of earthquakes vi. c. 4, sqq.

TABLE OF GENERAL REFERENCES.

V.

EPISTOLARY.

(Arranged according to Topics.}

On political subjects (various)

On retirement and home life

Commendatory

^Consolatory and sympathetic

Congratulatory
Literary topics (various]

Desponding or anxious in tone
Jocular and bantering letters

On travels .
Local descriptions

CICERO, ad FamiL iii. 2 ; v. 30.
ad Att. i. 17.
ad Q. Fratr. ii. 16.
PLINY, Epist. iii. 20 ; iv. 25 ; vi.

19 ; ix. 13.

SENECA, Epist. Mor. cxviii.
CICERO, ad FamiL vii. 1, 28; ix.

1,20.

ad Att. xviii. ; xi. 6.
PLINY, Epist. i. 3, 6, 9 ; v. 14 ;

ix. 6, 15, 36, 40 ; iii.

1, 5 ; vi. 36, 40.

SENECA, J?j?is. Jfor.lxxxiii., Ixviii.
CICERO, ad FamiL v. 5 ; vii. 5 ;

xiii. 1, 28.
PLINY, Epist. ii. 13 ; v. 19 ; ix. 21 ;

iv. 27.
CICERO, ad FamiL iv. 5 ; v. 14,

17; vi. 3.

PLINY, Epist. v. 8, 16.
SENECA, de Consolatione. Epist.

Mor. xcix., Ixiii.
CICERO, ad FamiL v. 7, 12.
PLINY, ix. 7, 19.
CICERO, ad FamiL v. 12.
,, ad Att. xiii. 13.
ad Q. Fratr. iii. 5, 6.
PLINY, Epist. i. 8, 13 ; ii. 10, 19 ;

v. 10; vi. 33; vii. 33;

viii. 4 ; ix. 23.
SENECA, Epist. Mor. cxiv.
CICERO, ad FamiL v. 15 ; xiv.

1,2,4.

ad Att. iii. 7, 5 ; xii. 14.
PLINY, Epist. viii. 16 ; vi. 4.
SENECA, Epist. Mor. Ixxiv.
CICERO, ad FamiL vii. 10, 12, 18,

32 ; xv. 16.
ad Att. xiii. 52.
PLINY, Epist. i. 15 ; iii. 2.
SENECA, Epist. Mor. Ixxxvii.
CICERO, ad Att. v. 10.
SENECA, Ep is t. Mor. xxviii., Ixxviii.,

liii.

CICERO, Tusc. Disp. v. 64.
PLINY, Epist. ii. 17 ; v. 6 ; viii. 8,

20 ; ix. 39 ; iv. 30.
SENECA, Epist. Mor. Ixxxvi., Iv.

TABLE OF GKENEBAL BEFEBENCES.

VI.

MISCELLANEO US.

Anecdotes
Art

Florid style

The luxury of the age
The ideal in art
Fire at Lyons .
Music of the spheres .

Eruption of Vesuvius

The Flood

A Tiburtine villa,

A Surrentine villa .

Roman triumph and games

PLINY, Epist. ii. 20 ; vii. 27 ; ix. 33.

iii. 6.
MAETIAL, ix. 44.
CICEEO, de Off. iii. 58.

SENECA, Epist. Mor. Ixxxix., xc.
CICEEO, Orator. 3-22.
SENECA, Epist. Mor. xci.
CICEEO, Somnium Scipionis (De

Republica^ lib. vi.)
PLINY, vi. 16.

SENECA, Nat. Qucest. lib. iii. c. 27.
STATIUS, Silv. 1, 2.
2, 3.
CLAUDIAN, Cons. Honor. vi.

PASSAGES FOR TRANSLATION INTO LATIN.

PART I.

HISTORICAL.

DUMBARTON CASTLE TAKEN BY SURPRISE. A.D. 1571.

THE situation of the castle on the top of a high and almost
inaccessible rock, which rises in the middle of a plain,
rend3red it extremely strong, and, in the opinion of that age,
impregnable ; as it commanded the river Clyde, it was of great con-
sequence, and was deemed the most proper place in the kingdom
for landing any foreign troops that might come to Mary's aid.
The strength of the place rendered Lord Fleming, the governor,
more secure than he ought to have been, considering its importance.
A soldier who had served in the garrison, and had been disgusted
by some ill-usage, proposed the scheme to the Regent, endeavoured
to show that it was practicable, and offered himself to go the fore-
most man on the enterprise. It was thought prudent to risk any
danger for so great a prize. Scaling ladders, and whatever else might
be necessary, were prepared with the utmost secrecy and despatch.
All the avenues to the castle were seized, that no intelligence of
the design might reach the governor. Towards evening Crawford
marched from Glasgow with a small but determined band. By
midnight they arrived at the bottom of the rock. The moon was

B

Materials and Models

set, and the sky, which hitherto had been extremely clear, was
covered with a thick fog. It was where the rock was highest that
the assailants made their attempt, because in that place there were
few sentinels, and they hoped to find them least alert.

The first ladder was scarcely fixed, when the weight and eager-
ness of those who mounted brought it to the ground. None of the
assailants were hurt by the fall, and none of the garrison alarmed
by the noise. Their guide and Crawford scrambled up the rock,
and fastened the ladder to the roots of a tree which grew in a cleft.
This place they all reached with the utmost difficulty, but were
still at a great distance from the foot of the wall. Their ladder
was made fast a second time ; but in the middle of the ascent, they
were met by an unforeseen difficulty. One of their companions
was seized with some sudden fit, and clung, seemingly without life,
to the ladder. All were at a stand. It was impossible to pass
him. To tumble him headlong was cruel ; and might occasion a
discovery. But Crawford's presence of mind did not forsake him.
He ordered the soldier to be bound fast to the ladder, that he
might not fall when the fit was over ; then turning the other side
of the ladder, they mounted with ease over his belly. Day now
began to break, and there still remained a high wall to scale ; but
after surmounting so many great difficulties, this was soon accom-
plished. A sentry observed the first man who appeared on the
parapet, and had just time to give the alarm, before he was
knocked on the head. The officers and soldiers of the garrison ran
out naked, unarmed, and more solicitous about their own safety,
than capable of making resistance. The assailants rushed forwards,
with repeated shouts and with the utmost fury ; took possession of
the magazine ; seized the cannon, and turned them against their
enemies. Lord Fleming got into a small boat, and fled all alone
into Argyleshire. Crawford, in reward of his valour and good
conduct, remained master of the castle. Robertson.

SALLTJST, Bell. Jugurth. c. 92, 93, 94. LIYY, xxiv. c. 3, 46.
xxv. c. 23, 24. ix. c. 24, 37.

For Latin Prose Historical. 3

SIEGE OF PLATA? A WORKS AND COUNTERWORKS.

THE mode of attack which Archidamus chiefly relied upon
was the same which had been employed by the Persians
against the Ionian cities. He attempted to raise a mound to a
level with the walls. It was piled up with earth and rubbish,
wood and stones, and was guarded on either side by a strong
lattice-work of forest timber, the growth of Cithseron. As the
mound rose, the besieged devised- various expedients for averting
the danger. First they surmounted the opposite part of their wall
with a superstructure of brick taken from the adjacent houses 7
which were pulled down for the purpose secured in a frame of
timber, and shielded from fiery missiles by a curtain of raw hides
and skins, which protected the workmen and their work. But
as the mound still kept rising as fast as the wall, they set about
contriving plans for reducing it. And first, issuing by night
through an opening made in the wall, they scooped out and
carried away large quantities of the earth from the lower part
of the mound. But the Peloponnesians, on discovering this
device, counteracted it, by repairing the breach- with layers of
stiff clay, pressed down close on wattles of reed. Thus baffled,
the besieged sunk a shaft within, the walls, and thence working
upon a rough estimate dug a passage underground as far as the
mound, which they were thus enabled to undermine. And
against this contrivance the enemy had no remedy, except in
the multitude of hands, which repaired the loss almost as soon
as it was felt. Thirlwall.

LlYY, xxxviii. c, 7. CAESAR, Bell. Civil, ii. c. 8, sqq.

SIEGE AND DEFENCE OF PLATsEA.

BUT the garrison, fearing that they should not be able to
struggle long with this disadvantage, and that their
wall would at length be carried by force of numbers, provided
against this event by building a second wall, in the shape of a

4 Materials and Models

half-moon, behind the raised part of the old wall, which was
the chord of the arc. Thus in the worst emergency they secured
themselves a retreat, from which they would be able to assail
the enemy to great advantage, and he would have to recommence
his work under the most unfavourable circumstances. This
countermine drove the besiegers to their last resources. They
had already brought battering engines to play upon the walls.
But the spirit and ingenuity of the besieged had generally
baffled these assaults, though one had given an alarming shock
to the superstructure in front of the half-moon. Sometimes
the head of an engine was caught up by means of a noose ;
sometimes it was broken off by a heavy beam, suspended by chains
from two levers placed on the wall. Now, however, after the
main hope of the Peloponnesians, which rested on their mound,
was completely defeated by the countermine, Arehidamus resolved
to try a last extraordinary experiment. He caused the hollow
between the mound and the wall, and all the space which he
could reach on the other side, to be filled up with a pile of
faggots, which, when it had been steeped in pitch and sulphur,
was set on fire. The blaze was such as had perhaps never
before been kindled by the art of men \ Thucydides compares it
to a burning fQiest.Thirlwall.

LlVY, xxxviiL . H. C^SAB, Bell. Civil, ii. e. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12.

THE ESCAPE FROM PLAT^A.

THE contrivers of the plan took the lead in the enterprise.
Scaling ladders of a proper height were the first requisite ;
and they were made upon a measurement of the enemy's wall, for
which the besieged had no other basis than the number of layers
of brick, which were sedulously counted over and over again by
different persons, until the amount, and consequently the height of
the wall, was sufficiently ascertained.

A dark and stormy night in the depth of winter was chosen

For Latin Prose Historical.

for the attempt. It was known that in such nights the sentinels
took shelter in the towers, and left the intervening battlements
unguarded; and it was on this practice that the success of the
adventure mainly depended. It was concerted, that the part of
the garrison which remained behind should make demonstrations
of attacking the enemy's lines on the side opposite to that by
which their comrades attempted to -escape. And first a small
party lightly armed, the right foot bare, to give them a surer foot-
ing in the mud, keeping at such a distance from each other as to
prevent their arms from clashing, crossed the ditch, and planted
their ladders, unseen and unheard ; for the noise of their approach
was drowned by the wind. The first who mounted were twelve
men armed with short swords, led by Ammeas, son of Coroabus.
His followers, six on each side, proceeded immediately to secure
the two nearest towers. Next came another party with short
spears, their shields being carried by their comrades behind them.
But before many more had mounted, the fall of a tile, broken off
from a battlement by one of the Plataeans, as he laid hold of it,
alarmed the nearest sentinels, and presently the whole force of the
besiegers was called to the walls. But no one knew what had
happened, and the general confusion was increased by the sally of
the besieged. Tliirlwall.-

LlVY, xxiv. c. 46. xxv. c. 23, 24. v. c. 39, sqq. xxi. c. 56, 58.

STORMING OF THE TEMPLE OF JERUSALEM BY TITUS.

TV /T EANWHILE Titus advanced his engines to the outer wall ;

JLVJL but the strength of its compacted masonry still defied the
battering rams. He undermined the gates; his engines shook
their sustaining bulwarks; but though the surface crumbled, the
mass stood firm, and barred ingress. He applied ladders, and the
Komans mounted without opposition. On the summit they were
met by a remnant of the defenders, who still, in the fury of their
despair, found strength to hurl them headlong. Finally, the

6 Materials and Models

assailants brought fire to the gates, and, meeting again with no
resistance, succeeded in melting the silver plates which encased
them, and in kindling the wood beneath. The flames now cleared
the way for their advance, and swept from pillar to pillar till they
enveloped all that was yet standing of the interior porticoes.
Hundreds of Jews perished in this storm of fire. Titus called
his chiefs together, and deliberated on the fate of the sanctuary.
"Destroy it utterly," exclaimed some; ^-retain it for ransom,"
suggested others ; but Titus himself, so at least we are assured by
his panegyrist, was anxious at all events to save it. Perhaps
lie regarded -it as a -trophy of victory ; possibly he had imbibed in
"his Eastern service some reverence for the mysteries it enshrined ;
and even the fortunes of his family disposed him to superstition.
He ordered the flames to be quenched ; but while the soldiers were
employed in checking them, the Jews sallied from their inner
stronghold : a last struggle ensued. Titus swept the foe from the
court with a charge of cavalry, and, as they shut the gates behind
them, a Roman, climbing on his comrade's shoulders, flung a blazing
brand through a latticed opening. The flames shot up : the Jews
shrank shrinking and yelling from the parapets. Merivale.

TACITUS, Hist. iii. c. 71, 72, 73. iii. c. 29-33. Ann. xv. c. 38, 39, 40.

CAPTURE OF DUREN.

THE town was strong, and powerfully garrisoned. A storm
was thought impossible ; and the stores of provisions within
the walls would last till the winter, when a besieging army would
be driven from the field. The herald was told scornfully that
he might take his proclamation to those from whom it came ; the
soldiers of Duren know no reading; he pretended to come from
the Emperor ; the Emperor had fed the fishes of the Mediterranean
when he was seeking to return from Algiers, and from him they
had nothing to fear. Before forty-eight hours had expired, they
found reason to know that neither was Duren impregnable, nor the

For Latin Prose Historical. 7

Emperor a delusion. The second morning after their reply, the
Spaniards were led up to the walls, and after a struggle of three
hours, the garrison broke and fled. Seven hundred were killed.
The rest, attempting to escape on the other side of the town, fell
into the hands of the Prince of Orange. Charles, coolly merciless,
refused to spare a man who had borne arms against him. The
commander was hanged before the gates : the other prisoners were
variously executed. Froude.

TACITUS, Hist. iii. c. 30, 31. LIVY, xxxiii. c. 17, 18. xxiv. c. 19.
xxv. c. 19. CAESAR, Bell. Gall. vii. c 11.

SIEGE OF LEYDEN.

ON the other side, the king's men were not wanting in securing
their forts, and repairing them with earth, hay, and what-
soever else they could come by of most commodious ; and hoping
that the waters would swell no higher, they persuaded themselves
that they should, within a few days, finish their business. They
very well knew the townmen's necessities ; and that all their
victuals being already spent, the affairs within were drawing to
great extremity. While both sides were in these hopes and fears,
the time came wherein Nature, by way of her hidden causes, was
likewise to work her effects. About the end of September the sea
began to swell exceedingly, according as she useth to do in that
season of the year; and pouring in at the high tides, no longer
waves, but even mountains of waters, into the most inward
channels and rivers, made so great an inundation as all the country
about Leyden seemed to be turned into a sea. It cannot be said
how much the rebels were hereby encouraged, and the king's men
discouraged. The former came presently forth with their fleet,
which consisted of about one hundred and fifty bottoms, a great
part whereof were made like galleys : and to these were added
many other boats which served only to carry victuals. Bentivoglio.

CAESAR, Bdl. Gall. iii. c. 9. Bell. Alex. c. 2. TACITUS, Ann. ii. c. 8.

8 Materials and Models

SIEGE OF LEYDEN.
"Una salus victis nullam sperare salutem."

THE tidings of despair created a terrible commotion in the
starving city. There was no hope either in submission or
resistance. Massacre or starvation was the only alternative. But
if there was no hope within the walls, without there was still a
soldier's death. For a moment the garrison and the able-bodied
citizens resolved to advance from the gates in a solid column, to cut
their way through the enemy's camp, or to perish on the field. It
was thought that the helpless and the infirm, who would alone be
left in the city, might be treated with indulgence after the fighting
men had all been slain. At any rate, by remaining, the strong
could neither protect nor comfort them. As soon, however, as this
resolve was known, there was such wailing and outcry of women and
children as pierced the hearts of the soldiers and burghers, and
caused them to forego the project. They felt that it was cowardly
not to die in their presence. It was then determined to form all
the females, the sick, the aged, and the children, into a square, to
surround them with all the able-bodied men who still remained, and
thus arrayed to fight their way forth from the gates, and to conquer
by the strength of despair, or at least to perish all together.

, Bell. Gall. vii. c. 77, 78. LIVY, v. c. 42. xxi. c. 7-15.
xxviii. c. 22, 23. TACITUS, Ann. i. c. 70.

SIEGE OF GENOA SCARCITY OF FOOD.

WINTEK passed away, and spring returned, so early and so
beautiful on that garden-like coast, sheltered as it is from
the north winds by its belt of mountains, and open to the full rays
of the southern sun. Spring returned, and clothed the hill sides
within the lines with its fresh verdure. But that verdure was no
longer the mere delight of the careless eye of luxury, refreshing the
citizens by its liveliness and softness when they rode or walked up
thither from the city to enjoy the surpassing beauty of the prospect.
The green hill sides were now visited for a very different object ;

For Latin Prose Historical. 9

ladies of the highest rank might be seen cutting up every plant
which it was possible to turn to food, and bearing home the
common weeds of our road sides as a most precious treasure. The
French general pitied the Distress of the people, but the lives and
strength of his garrison seemed to him more important than the
lives of the Genoese, and such provisions as remained were reserved
in the first place for the French army. Scarcity became utter want,
and want became famine. In the most gorgeous palaces of that
gorgeous city, no less than in the humblest tenements of its hum-
blest .poor, death was busy ; not the momentary death of battle or
massacre, nor the speedy death of pestilence, but the lingering and
most miserable death of famine.

TACITUS, Hist. iv. c, 60. LIVY, xxiii. c. 19, 30.
CJESAR, Bell. Civil, iii. c. 58.

SIEGE OF SIENA CONSTANCY AND COURAGE OF THE

DEFENDERS.

WITH this view he fortified his- own camp with great care,
occupied all the posts of strength round the place, and
having entirely cut off the besieged from any communication with
the adjacent country, he waited patiently until necessity should
compel them to open their gates. But their enthusiastic zeal for
liberty made the citizens despise the distresses occasioned by the
scarcity of provisions, and supported them long under all the
miseries of famine. Monluc, by his example and exhortations,
taught his soldiers to vie with them in patience and abstinence ;
and it was not until they had withstood a siege of ten months,
until they had eaten up all the horses, dogs, and other animals in
the place, and were reduced almost to their last morsel of bread, that
they proposed a capitulation. Even then they demanded honourable
terms ; and as Cosmo, though no stranger to the extremity of their
condition, was afraid that despair might prompt them to venture
upon some wild enterprise, he immediately granted them conditions
more favourable than they could have expected. Robertson.

LiVY, xxiii. c. 19, 30. C,a3SAB, Bell. Civil, iii. c. 58.

io Materials and Models

SIEGE OF BAZA COURAGE AND DEVOTION OF THE

WOMEN.

IV T OTWITHSTAKDING the vigour with which the siege
JL ^1 was pressed, Baza made 110 demonstration of submission.
The garrison was, indeed, greatly reduced in number; the ammu-
nition was nearly expended ; yet there still remained abundant
supplies of provisions in the town, and no signs of despond-
ency appeared among the people. Even the women of the place,
with a spirit emulating that of the dames of ancient Carthage,
freely gave up their jewels, bracelets, necklaces, and other per-
sonal ornaments, of which the Moorish ladies were exceedingly
fond, in order to defray the charges of the mercenaries.

The camp of the besiegers, in the meanwhile, was also greatly
wasted both by sickness and the sword. Many, desponding under
perils and fatigues, which seemed to have no end, would even at
this late hour have abandoned the siege ; and they earnestly
solicited the queen's appearance in the camp, in the hope that she
would herself countenance this measure on witnessing their suffer-
ings. Others, and by far the larger part, anxiously desired the
queen's visit, as likely to quicken the operations of the de^e, and
bring it to a favourable issue. There seemed to be a virtue in her
presence, which, on some account or other, made it earnestly desired
by all. TF. Irving.

LIVY, xxv. c. 26. xxi. c. 18. xxviii. c. 22, 23. FLOEUS, ii. c. 12.

OBSTINATE DEFENCE OF THE MOORS.

THE Moors, unshaken by the fury of this assault, received the
assailants with brisk and well-directed volleys of shot and
arrows ; while the women and children, thronging the roofs and
balconies of the houses, discharged on their heads boiling oil, pitch,
and missiles of every description. But the weapons of the Moors
glanced comparatively harmless from the mailed armour of the
Spaniards ; while their own bodies, loosely arrayed in such habili-

For Latin Prose Historical. 1 1

ments as they eould throw over them in the confusion of the night,
presented a fatal mark to their enemies. Still they continued to
maintain a stout resistance, checking the progress of the Spaniards
by barricades of timber hastily thrown across the streets ; and, as
their entrenchments were forced one after another, they disputed
every inch of ground with the desperation of men who fought for
life, fortune, liberty, all that was ' most dear to them. The con-
test hardly slackened till the close of the day, while the kennels
literally ran with blood, and every avenue was choked up with the
bodies of the slain. At length, however, Spanish valour proved
triumphant in every quarter, except where a small and desperate
remnant of the Moors, having gathered their wives and children
around them, retreated as a last resort into a large mosque near the
walls of the city, from which they kept up a galling fire on the
close ranks of the Christians. The latter, after enduring some loss,
succeeded in sheltering themselves so effectually under a roof or
canopy constructed of their own shields, in the manner practised
in war previous to the exclusive use of fire-arms, that they were
enabled to approach so near the mosque as to set fire to its doors ;
when its tenants, menaced with suffocation, made a desperate
sally, in which many perished, and the remainder surrendered at
discretion.

LIVY, xxi. c. 8, 11. TACITUS, Hist. iii. c. 29, 30, 71.
, Bell. Gall. v. c. 43.

SURPRISE AND STORMING OF ZAHARA.

IN the midst of the night an uproar arose within the walls of
Zahara, more awful than the raging of the storm. A fearful
alarm-cry, "The Moor! the Moor!" resounded through the streets,
mingled with the clash of arms, the shriek of anguish, and the
shout of victory. Muley Aben Hassan, at the head of a powerful
force, had hurried from Granada, and passed unobserved through
the mountains in the obscurity of the tempest. When the storm
pelted the sentinel from his post, and howled round tower and

1 2 Materials and Models

battlement, the Moors had planted their scaling ladders, and
mounted securely into both town and castle. The garrison was
unsuspicious of danger until battle and massacre burst forth within
its very walls. It seemed j to the affrighted inhabitants, as if the
fiends of the air had come upon the wings of the wind, and pos-
sessed themselves of tower and turret. The war-cry resounded on
every side, shout answering shout, above, below, an the battle-
ments of the castle, in the streets of the town ; the foe was in
all parts, wrapped in obscurity, but acting in concert by the aid
of preconcerted signals. W. Irving.

TACITUS, Hist. iv. c. 29. LIYY, xxiii. c. 35, ad ftn. T. c. 39, sqq.

xxi. c. 58. xxiv. c. 46.

STORMING OF THE BREACH AT BAD A JOS.

NOW a multitude bounded up the great breach as if driven by
a whirlwind, but across the top glittered a- range of sword-
blades, sharp-pointed, keen-edged on both sides, and firmly fixed in
ponderous beams, which were chained together and set deep in the
ruins ; and for ten feet in front, the ascent was covered with loose
planks, studded with sharp iron points, on which the feet of the
foremost being set the planks moved) and the unhappy soldiers,
falling forward on the spikes, rolled down upon the ranks behind.
Then the Frenchmen, shouting at the success of their stratagem,
and leaping forward, plied their shot with terrible rapidity, for
every man had several muskets; and each musket in addition
to its ordinary charge contained a small cylinder of wood stuck
full of leaden slugs, which scattered like hail when they were
discharged.

Again the assailants rushed up the breaches, and again the
sword-blades, immoveable and impassable, stopped their charge,
and the hissing shells and thundering powder-barrels exploded
unceasingly. Hundreds of men had fallen, and hundreds more
were dropping, but still the heroic officers called aloud for new
trials, and sometimes followed by many, sometimes by a few,

For Latin Prose Historical. 13

ascended the ruins ; and so furious were the men themselves, that
in one of these charges the rear strove to push the foremost on to
the sword-blades, willing even to make a bridge of their writhing
bodies, but the others frustrated the attempt by dropping down ;
and men fell so fast from the shot, that it was hard to know who
went down voluntarily, who were stricken, and many stooped un-
hurt that never rose again. Napier.

LIVY, xxxyiii. c. 5-7. xxiv. c. 46. xxv. c. 9, 10.
TACITUS, Hist. iii. c. 29, 7L C.ESAR, Bdl. Gall. v. c. 42, 43.

BATTLE OF NIEUPORT MAURICE OF NASSAU
ENCOURAGES HIS TROOPS.

IT was a bright warm midsummer day. The waves of the
German Ocean came lazily rolling in upon the crisp yellow
sand, the surf breaking at the very feet of the armies. A gentle
south-west wind was blowing, just filling the sails of more than a
thousand ships in the offing, which moved languidly along the
sparkling sea. It was ail atmosphere better befitting a tranquil
holiday than the scene of carnage which seemed approaching.
Maurice of ISTassau, in complete armour, sword in hand, with the
orange plumes waving from his helmet, and the orange scarf across
his breast, rode through the lines, briefly addressing his soldiers
with martial energy. Pointing to the harbour behind them, now
again impassable with the flood, to the ocean on the left where
rode the fleet, carrying with it all hope of escape by sea, and to the
army of the Archduke in front, almost within cannon range, he
simply observed that they had no choice between victory or death.
They must either utterly overthrow the Spanish army, he said, or
drink all the waters of the sea. Either drowning or butchery was
their doom, if they were conquered, for no quarter was to be
expected from their insolent foe. He was there to share their
fate, to conquer or to perish with them, and from their tried valour
and from the God of battles he hoped a more magnificent victory
than had ever before been achieved in this almost perpetual war.

14 Materials and Models

The troops replied with a shout that they were ready to live or die
with their chieftain, and eagerly demanded to be led upon the
enemy. Whether from hope or from desperation they were con-
fident and cheerful. Motley.

TACITUS, Ann. ii. c, 15. LIVY, xxi. c. 43. xxii, c. 5. xxxiv. c. 14.

xli. c. 2.

BOADICEA ATTACKS THE ROMANS.

BUT flushed with victory, impatient for the slaughter, animated
with desperate resolution to die or conquer, the Britons
cast no thought or look behind them. Boadicea herself drove
from rank to rank, from nation to nation, with her daughters
beside her, attesting the outrage she had endured, the vengeance
she had already taken, proclaiming the gallant deeds of the queens
before her, under whom British warriors had so often triumphed,
denouncing as intolerable the yoke of Roman insolence, and
declaring that whatever the men might determine, the women
would now be free, or perish. The harangue of Suetonius, on the
other hand, was blunt and sarcastit. He told his men not to mind
the multitudes before them, nor the noise they made ; there were
more women among them than men : as for their own numbers, let
them remember that in all battles a few good swordsmen really did
the work ; the half-armed and dastardly crowds before them would
break and fly when they saw again the prowess of the Eoman
soldiery. Thus encouraged, the legionaries could with difficulty be
restrained to await the onset ; and as soon as the assailants had
exhausted their missiles, bore down upon them in the wedge-
shaped column which had so often broken Greeks, Gauls, and
Carthaginians. The auxiliaries followed with no less impetuosity.
The horsemen, lance in hand, pierced through the ranks which
still kept their ground. But a single charge was enough. The
Britons were in a moment shattered and routed. Merivale.

TACITUS, Ann. xiv. c. 35, 36.

For Latin Prose Historical. 15

BATTLE OF CRECY.

r I ^HERE were of the Genoese cross-bows about a fifteen thou-
J- sand ; but they were so weary of going a-foot that day a
six league armed with their crossbows, that they said to their con-
stables, " We be not well ordered to fight this day, for we be not
in the case to do any great deed of arms, as we have more need of
rest." These words came to the Earl of Alenon, who said, " A
man is well at ease to be charged with such a sort of rascals, to be
faint and fail now at most need." Also at the same season there
fell a great rain and eclipse, with a terrible thunder ; and before the
rain there came flying over both battles a great number of crows,
for fear of the tempest coming. Then anon the air began to wax
clear, and the sun to shine fair and bright, the which was right in
the Frenchmen's eyes, and on the Englishmen's backs. When the
Genoese were assembled together and began to approach, they
made a great leap and cry to abash the Englishmen ; but they
stood still, and stirred not for all that.

TACITUS, Hist. iii. c. 23, 56. LIVY, xxii. c. 45.
CAESAR, Bell. Gall. vi. c. 39, 40.

SITE OF THE BATTLE OF TRASIMENE.

HEEE at our feet lay the Trasimene, a broad expanse of blue,
mirroring in intenser hues the complexion of the heavens.
Three wooded islets lay floating as it seemed on its unruffled sur-
face. Towns and villages glittered on the verdant shore. Dark
heights of purple waved around ; but loftier far and far more dis-
tant the Apennines reared their crests of snow. Such was the
scene on which the sun shone on that eventful day when Eome
lay humbled at the feet of Carthage, when fifteen thousand of her
sons dyed yon plain and lake with their blood. From the height
of Monte Gualandro the whole battle-field is within view. At the
foot of the hill, or a little further to the right, on the shores of the

1 6 Materials and Models

lake, Flaminius, on his way from Arretium, halted on the eve of
the battle. Ere the sun had risen on the morrow he entered the
pass between this hill and the water, and marched on into yon
crescent-shaped plain, formed by the receding of the mountains
from the lake, unconscious that he was watched from those very
heights on which we stand by Hannibal's Balearic slingers and
light-armed troops, and that the undulating ground at our feet
concealed the enemy's horse. Dennis.

*

PLINY, Epist. lib. viii. 8, 20. LIVY, xxii. c. 4.

BATTLE OF TRASIMENE.

SEEING the foe in front, he marched on through the pass
till it widens into the plain, and there, enveloped by a
dense mist which arose from the lake, he was suddenly attacked
on every side by Hannibal's main force in front, and by the
cavalry and other ambushers in the rear. Flaminius then saw he
was entrapped, but nothing daunted he made a more desperate
struggle for victory ; and so furious was the contest that ensued, so
intent were all on the work of destruction, that an earthquake
which overthrew many cities in Italy, turned aside the course of
rapid rivers, and cast down even mountains 'in mighty ruin, was
unknown, unfelt by any of the combatants. For three hours did
the Romans maintain the unequal contest, till at length when their
leader Flaminius fell they broke and fled, rushing some to the
mountain steeps, which they were not suffered to climb, others
to the lake, in whose waters they vainly sought safety. Six
thousand, who had broken through the foe at the first attack, and
had retired to a height to await the issue of the fight, effected their
escape only to be captured on the morrow. Ten thousand scattered
fugitives carried the news to Rome. Dennis.

LIVY, xxii. c. 5, 6.

For Latin Prose Historical. 17

DISASTROUS RETREAT OF THE ENGLISH FROM CABUL.

IT took two days of disorder, suffering, and death, to carry the
army, now an army no more, to the jaws of the fatal pass.
Akbar Khan, who appeared like the Greeks' dread marshal from
the spirit-land at intervals upon the route, here demanded four
fresh hostages. The demand was acquiesced in. Madly along the
narrow defile crowded the undistinguishable host, whose diminished
numbers were still too numerous for speed : on every side rang the
war-cry of the barbarians : on every side plundered and butchered
the mountaineers : on every side, palsied with fatigue, terror, and
cold, the soldiers dropped down to rise no more. The next day, in
spite of all remonstrance, the general halted his army, expecting
in vain provisions from Akbar Khan. That day the ladies, the
children, and the married officers were given up. The march was
resumed. By the following night, not more than one-fourth of the
original number survived. Even the haste which might once have
saved now added nothing to the chances of life. In the middle of
the pass a barrier was prepared. There twelve officers died sword
in hand. A handful of the bravest or the strongest only reached
the further side alive : as men hurry for life, they hurried on
their way, but were surrounded and cut to pieces, all save a few
that had yet escaped. Six officers, better mounted or more fortu-
nate than the rest, reached a spot within sixteen miles of the goal :
but into the town itself rode painfully on a jaded steed, with the
stump of a broken sword in his hand, but one.

LIVY, xxi. c. 2o, 7-10. xxxv. c. 30. xxiii. c. 24.
CLESAR, Bell. Gall. v. c. 35-37.

DEFEAT OF CHARLES THE BOLD AND MASSACRE OP HIS
TROOPS AT MORAT.

IN" such a predicament braver soldiers might well have ceased
to struggle. The poor wretches, Italians and Savoyards, six
thousand or more in number, threw away their arms and made

c

i8 Materials and Models

*

pitiable attempts to hide themselves from the merciless foe. In
the village they crept into chimneys and ovens. To smoke them
out or to smother them in their holes, afforded excellent sport
to the hunters. Others climbed the huge walnut trees that lined
the road, seeking concealment in the foliage. A cry of " Crows ! "
was immediately raised, and the arquebusiers, gathering in a circle,
picked them off one by one, while calling to them to spread their
pinions, or asking if there was not air enough to sustain them.
But the great mass was driven into the lake, men and horses
struggling together and trampling each other down, a few getting
rid of their armour and swimming out till they sank from exhaus-
tion, the rest when they had waded up to their chins, standing
in a dense crowd, their faces wild with terror, their arms thrown
up, their voices sending forth screams for mercy, which were
answered with derisive yells. " Ha, they are thirsty ! they are
learning to swim ! " While the spearmen waded after them or
collected boats, the arquebusiers calling to each other to mark
"the ducks," poured in their fire from the bank. For two hours
the slaughter went on, nor ceased until the water over a space
of miles was incarnadined with blood. Kirk.

TACITUS, Ami. ii. c. 17, 18. Hist. iii. c. 83. LIYY, xxii. c. 4, 6.

xliv. c. 42. iv. c. 33.
x

BATTLE IN- THE MARSHES DEATH OF DECIUS.

IN the beginning of the action, the son of Decius, a youth of the
fairest hopes, and already associated to the honours of the
purple, was slain by an arrow in the sight of his afflicted father,
who, summoning all his fortitude, admonished the dismayed troops
that the loss of a single soldier was of little importance to the
Republic. The conflict was terrible, it was the conflict of despair
against grief and rage. The first line of the Goths at length gave
way in disorder ; the second, advancing to sustain it, shared its
fate ; and the third only remained entire, prepared to dispute the
passage of the morass, which was imprudently attempted by the

For Latin Prose Historical. 19

presumption of the enemy. Here the fortune of the day turned,
and all things became adverse to the Romans ; the place deep with
ooze, sinking under those who stood, slippery to such as advanced ;
their armour heavy, the waters deep ; nor could they wield, in that
uneasy situation, their weighty javelins. The barbarians, on the
contrary, were inured to encounter in the bogs, their persons tall,
their spears long, such as could wound at a distance. In this
morass the Roman army, after an ineffectual struggle, was irre-
coverably lost ; nor could the body of the Emperor ever be found.
Such was the fate of Decius in the fiftieth year of his age ; an
accomplished prince, active in war, and affable in peace ; who,
together with his son, has deserved to be compared, both in life
and death, with the brightest examples of ancient virtue. G-ibbon.

TACITUS, Ann. i. c. 68, 70. ii. c. 14. CJESAK, Bell. Oall.il c. 9, 18, 19.

;, xxi. c. 5. xxii. c. 4-6.

IVRYTHE BATTLE RETRIEVED.

THERE was a panic. The whole royal cavalry wavered ; the
supporting infantry recoiled ; the day seemed lost before the
battle was well begun. The King and Marshal Biron, who were
near each other, were furious with rage, but already doubtful of the
result. They exetted themselves to rally the troops under their
immediate command, and to reform the shattered ranks. However,
the German riders and French lancers under Brunswick and Bas-
sompierre had not done their work so thoroughly as Egmont had
done. The ground was so miry and soft that, in the brief space
which separated the hostile lines, they had not power to urge their
horses to full speed. Throwing away their useless lances, they
came on at a feeble canter, sword in hand, and were unable to
make a very vigorous impression on the more heavily armed
troopers opposed to them. Meeting with a firm resistance to their
career, they wheeled, faltered a little, and fell a short distance
back. The King, whose glance on the battle-field was like inspi-

c 2

2O Materials and Models

ration, saw the blot, and charged upon them in person, with his
whole battalia of cavalry. The veteran Biroii followed hard upon
the snow-white plume. The scene was changed, victory succeeded
to impending defeat, and the enemy was routed. The riders and
cuirassiers, broken into a struggling heap of confusion, strewed the
ground with their dead bodies, or carried dismay into the ranks of
the infantry as they strove to escape. Motley.

CAESAR, Bell. Civil, ii. c. 41. Sell. Gall. vii. c. 80. viii. c. 48.
LIVY, x. c. 28. xxii. c. 28, 29.

HEROIC DEATH OF DUNDEE AT THE BATTLE OF
KILLIECRANKIE.

LOCHIEL knew with how much difficulty Dundee had been
able to keep together, during a few days, an army composed
of several clans ; and he knew that what Dundee had effected with
difficulty, Cannon would not be able to effect at all. The life on
which so much depended must not be sacrificed to a barbarous
prejudice. Lochiel therefore adjured Dundee not to run into any
unnecessary danger. " Your lordship's business," he said, " is to
overlook everything, and to issue your commands. Our business
is to execute those commands bravely and promptly." Dundee
answered with calm magnanimity, that there was much weight in
what his friend Sir Ewan had urged, but that no general could
effect anything great without possessing the confidence of his men.
" I must establish my character for courage. Your people expect
to see their leaders in the thickest of the battle ; and to-day they
shall see me there. I promise you, on my honour, that in future
fights I will take more care of myself." ... At the beginning of
the action Dundee had taken his place in front of his little band
of cavalry. He bade them follow him, and rode forward. But
it seemed to be decreed that, on that day, the Lowland Scotch
should in both armies appear to disadvantage. The horse hesi-
tated. Dundee turned round, stood up in his stirrups, and, waving
his hat, invited them to come on. As he lifted his arm his cuirass

For Latin Prose Historical. 21

rose, and exposed the lower part of his left side. A musket ball
struck him : his horse sprang forward and plunged into a cloud
of smoke and dust which hid from both armies the fall of the
victorious general. A person named Johnstone was near him and
caught him as he sank down from the saddle. " How goes the
day V 1 said Dundee. " Well for King James," answered John-
stone ; " but I am sorry for your lordship." " If it is well for him,"
answered the dying man, " it matters the less for me." He never
spoke again ; but when half an hour later, Lord Dunfermline and
some other friends came to the spot, they thought that they could
still discern some faint remains of life. The body, wrapped in two
plaids, was carried to the castle of Blair. Lord Macaulay.

LIVY, xxii. c. 49. CICERO, de Finibus, ii. 96, 97. CAESAR, Bell.
Afric. c. 16. CORNELIUS NEPOS, Epaminondas, c. 9.

BATTLE-FIELD OF ALBUERA.

A TEMPESTUOUS night closed the memorable day of
Albuera. The rain, which during the action had fallen
heavily at intervals, became more constant and severe as evening
advanced ; and the streams which rolled down the heights and
mingled with the waters of the river, were not unfrequently
observed to be deeply tinged with blood. The village of Albuera
had been plundered and destroyed by the enemy every house was
roofless every inhabitant had disappeared ; and had there been a
place of shelter near, there was neither carriage nor beast of burden
by which the wounded could have been removed. Throughout the
night, and during the following day, the dead and the disabled
lay upon the field as they had fallen ; and nothing could be
more painful than the groans and complainings of the wounded.
Almost every man who had escaped unhurt was wanted for picket-
duty ; and the few who remained otherwise disposable were quite
imable to afford assistance to half the sufferers who required it.

Napier.

LlVY, xxi. c. 56, 58. xxiv. c. 46.

22 Materials and Models

FIELD OF WATERLOO IMPOSING ARRAY OF THE FRENCH
STEADINESS AND COURAGE OF THE ENGLISH
ACKNOWLEDGED BY SOULT.

NEVEE, was a nobler spectacle witnessed than both, armies
now exhibited ; its magnificence struck even the Penin-
sular and Imperial veterans with a feeling of awe.

On the French side eleven columns deployed simultaneously, to
take up their ground ; like huge serpents, clad in glittering scales,
they wound slowly over the opposite hills amid an incessant clang
of trumpets and rolling of drums, from the bands of 114 battalions
and 112 squadrons, which played popular French airs. Soon order
appeared to arise out of chaos ; four of the columns formed the first
line, four the second, three the third. The formidable forces of
France were seen in splendid array ; and the British soldiers con-
templated with admiration their noble antagonists.

Two hundred and fifty guns, stretched along the crest of the
ridge in front, with matches lighted and equipment complete, gave
an awful presage of the conflict which was approaching. The
infantry in the first and second lines, flanked by dense masses of
cavalry, stood in perfect order. Four-and-twenty squadrons of
cuirassiers, behind either extremity of the second, were already
resplendent in the rays of the sun ; the grenadiers and lancers of
the guard in the third line were conspicuous from their brilliant
uniforms and dazzling' arms ; while, in the rear of all, the four-and-
twenty battalions of the guard, dark and massy, occupied each side
of the road near La Belle Alliance, as if to terminate the contest.
The British army, though little less numerous, did not present so
imposing a spectacle to either army, from their being in great part
concealed by the swell of the ridge on which they stood. They
were drawn up in two lines, some in squares, with the cavalry
in rear, and the artillery in front skilfully disposed along the
summit of the ascent. No clang of trumpets or rolling of drums
was heard from their ranks ; silently, like the Greeks of old, the
men took up their ground, and hardly any sound was heard from
the vast array but the rolling of the guns, and occasional words of
command from the officers. Napoleon had been afraid that the

For Latin Prose Historical. 23

English would retreat during the night, and expressed the utmost
joy when their squares appeared in steady array next morning,
evidently with the design of giving "battle. " I have them, these
English ! " said he ; " nine chances out of ten are in our favour."
" Sire," replied Soult, " I know these English ; they will die on
the ground on which they stand before they lose it." Alison.

LlVY, xxiii. c. 29. xxvii. c. 14. xxx. c. 33. ix. o. 40. xxi. c. 45, 46.

NIGHT BEFORE THE BATTLE OF AGINCOURT.

TO the English it was a night of hope and fear, of suspense
and anxiety. They had been wasted with disease, broken
with fatigue, and weakened by the many privations which must
attend the march of an army through a hostile country, and in
the presence of a superior force. But they were supported by the
spirit and confidence of their gallant leader, and by the proud
recollection of the victories won in similar circumstances by
their fathers. As men, however, who had staked their lives on
the issue of the approaching battle, they spent the intervening
moments in making their wills, and in attending to the exercises of
religion. The king himself took little repose. He visited the
different quarters of the army, sent as soon as the moon arose
officers to examine the ground, arranged the operations of the next
day, ordered bands of music to play in succession during the night,
and before sunrise summoned the men to attend at matins and mass.
From prayer he led them into the field, and arrayed them after his
usual manner in three divisions and two wings ; but so near to each
other, that they seemed to form but one body. The archers, on
whom he rested his principal hope, were placed in advance of the
men-at-arms. Their well-earned reputation in former battles, and
their savage appearance on the present day, struck terror into their
enemies. Many had stripped themselves naked ; the others had
bared their arms and breasts, that they might exercise their limbs
with more ease and execution. Lingard.

LIVY, xxxvii. c. 47. xli. c. 3. TACITUS, Ann. i. c. 65.

24 Materials and Models

A FIELD OF BATTLE IN THE RUSSIAN CAMPAIGN, 1812.

THE emperor then inspected the field of battle ; and never was
there any that exhibited a more frightful spectacle. Every-
thing concurred to increase the horrors of it : a lowering sky, a cold
rain, a violent wind, habitations in ashes, a plain absolutely torn up
and covered with fragments and ruins : all round the horizon the
dark and funereal verdure of the north, soldiers roaming in every
part among the bodies of the slain, wounds of a most hideous de-
scription : noiseless bivouacs ; no songs of triumph, no lively nar-
rations; but a general and mournful silence. Around the eagles
were the officers, and a few soldiers, barely sufficient to guard the
colours ; their clothes were torn by the violence of the wind, and
stained with blood ; yet notwithstanding all their rags, misery and
destitution, they displayed a lofty carriage, and even on the appear-
ance of the emperor, received him with acclamations of triumph.
These, however, seemed somewhat rare and forced ; for, in this
army, which was at once capable of discrimination and enthusiasm,
each individual could form a correct estimate of the position of the
whole.

The soldiers were annoyed to find so many of their enemies
killed, such vast numbers wounded, and nevertheless so few pri-
soners. The latter did not amount in all, to eight hundred. It
was by the number of these that they estimated their success. The
slain proved the courage of the conquered, rather than the victory.
If the rest retired in good order, under little discouragement, and
even with a firm and warlike attitude, what was the advantage of
gaining a mere field of battle? In a country of such immense
extent, there was ground to furnish these in endless succession.
Ireland Scholarship, 1851.

TACITUS, Hist. ii. c. 70. iv. c. 72. Ann. i. c. 61, 62.
LiVY, xxi. c. 56, 58.

For Latin Prose Historical. 25

BATTLE OF SEMPACff, A.D. 1386 HEROIC DEVO TION OF
ARNOLD VON WINKELRIED.

WHEN" he came within view of Sempach, however, the
standards of the Confederates were already planted on
the heights, and their defenders ready for the charge. This was
an unexpected sight ; but goaded on by revenge and his natural
impetuosity, Leopold determined to make the attack forthwith.
As the infantry had not yet come np, and apprehensive lest his
cavalry, from the nature of the ground, should be thrown into con-
fusion, he ordered his horsemen to dismount to the number of
several thousands. This done, he formed them into dense columns,
whose serried spears and polished mail presented a wall of iron,
and commanded them to charge the Confederates. An electric
shout responded to the word, and an easy victory seemed to await
them ; but the exulting shouts of the nobles were gravely checked
by the Baron Hassenburg, who better knew the men with whom
they had to contend. " Pride," said he, " will here avail us
nothing ; it will be time enough to proclaim the victory when it
is won. A strong arm is better than strong language." " But
here," added Leopold, impassionately, "here will I conquer or
die ! " And with these words they made an impetuous charge
upon the Confederates, who received the shock on their impene-
trable phalanx without receding a step.

Their entire force did not exceed one thousand four hundred
men, and these very indifferently armed in comparison of the
steel-clad veterans to whom they were opposed. The combat was
maintained for some time with desperate courage ; they fell one by
one, not unavenged but still with fearful havoc on the part of the
half-armed Swiss, upon whom the heavy mass of their opponents
pressed with deadly effect. They were discouraged. Already
some faint symptoms of wavering were manifested, when a voice
like thunder restored them to courage, and once more stemmed the
tide that was now setting so strongly in upon them. " Brothers
kinsmen confederates ! " exclaimed the voice, " be mine the
task to open for you a passage to freedom ! Protect my wife and

26 Materials and Models

children, and from my example learn that your only path to glory
is through the enemy's front ! " As he uttered these words, he
rushed forward, and seizing in his powerful arms a sheaf of the
spears directed against him, entangled them in his own body, and
expired with them in his grasp. By this heroic sacrifice a tem-
porary gap was formed ; the Confederates, rushing over the dead
body of their comrade to the breach, broke the enemy's file, and
with their iron clubs and maces carried havoc and consternation
into the very centre.

The heroic individual who thus, like a second Decius, "devoted"
himself to his country, and, by one of the most extraordinary
exploits on record, snatched the victory from an overwhelming
force, was Arnold Yon Winkelried, a knight of Unterwalden.
Seattle.

CJESAR, Bell. Gall. iv. c. 25. ii. c. 25, 27. vi. c. 38. LIVY, viii.
c. 9. ix. o. 28, 29. CICERO, Tusc. Disp. ii. 54, 59. TACITTJS,
Ann. ii. c. 20. YIRG. ^En. x. 365, sqy.

ROUT OF AN ARMY OCCASIONED BY A SWARM
OF FLIES.

THEEE was a .silence both in the city and in the field for a
few moments, and then followed a low sound at a distance
like the wind playing with the branches in June. It became
louder and stronger ; and presently a little cloud appeared in the
west. Darker and darker grew the sky, more and more fearful
grew the sound ; and in a few short minutes the heaven was black
with millions of flies. But the swarm passed over the city and
settled on the camp of the Persians. Then you might have seen
the horses stung into fury, dashing from their masters and gallop-
ing over the plain ; the elephants with their trunks raised in the
air, their broad ears flapping like sails, and their tails scourging
their sides, rushing madly through the ranks, bearing down men
and standards and tents before them, bellowing for pain and carry-

For Latin Prose Historical. 27

ing destruction right and left. You might have seen the soldiers
rolling on the ground to crush their tormentors, or tearing off their
armour in agony. And within an hour the tents and the scattered
helmets, and shields of the flying, were the only traces of the great .
army that had so lately in all its pomp and glory surrounded the
city.

LIYY, xxvii. c. 14. C^SAR, Sell. Afric. c. 84.

THE FRENCH UNDER LOUIS VII. DEFEATED BY
THE TURKS.

IN the mean while, the Turks, who had kept by the side of
them, at a small distance, being covered from their sight by
some rising grounds, were informed by their scouts that the two
parts of the Christian army were separated so far as not to be able
to assist each other : upon which, with great expedition, they went
and possessed themselves of the top of the mountain, where the
French van-guard had been ordered to encamp. Then, having
formed a line of battle, they suffered the rear-guard to advance
unmolested, till their foremost squadrons had almost reached the
summit of the ascent, and the rest were far engaged in the deep
hollow ways which embarrassed the middle of the hill. Having
thus drawn them on to inevitable destruction, they made a sudden
attack upon them, first with showers of arrows and then sword in
hand ; which threw them immediately into the greatest confusion.
For, as they expected no enemy, but imagined that the troops they
saw over their heads had been their own van-guard, they marched
in a very careless, disorderly manner ; and many of them, to ease
themselves of the weight of their arms, had thrown them into the
waggons that carried the baggage.