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E MAYFLOWER COMPACT AND ITS SIGNERS
WITH FACSIMILES
AND A LIST OF THE MAYFLOWER PASSENGERS
1620 mm^^m 1920
By GEORGE ERNEST BOWMAN Editor of The Mayflower Descendant
In Commemoration Of The
Signing Of The Compact
2 1 November 1620
/Raasacbuectts Society ot flSaigflowec DcsccnOants
Boston, Massachusetts 1920
THE MAYFLOWER COMPACT AND ITS SIGNERS
WITH FACSIMILES
AND A LIST OF THE MAYFLOWER PASSENGERS
By GEORGE ERNEST BOWMAN
Editor of The Mayflower Descendant
In Commemoration Of The
Signing Of The Compact
2 1 November 1620
/nbassacbuBctts Society ot /llba^flovver Descendants
Boston, Massachusetts 1920
.Blf5
Of a limited edition of fifteen hundred copies, printed from
«^
type, this is Number X/=wUO
^I'lny^
This brochure has been prepared and published, at the personal expense of the author, in commemoration of the Three Hundredth Anniversary of the Signing of The Compact.
A copy will be presented by him to each person attending the Twenty-Fifth Annual Dinner, of the Massachusetts Society of May- flower Descendants, on Monday evening, 22 November, 1920.
All copies not reserved for personal distribution have been pre- sented to that Society to be sold, and the proceeds used in its publication and research work.
Boston, Massachusetts 21 November, 1920
CONTENTS
Facsimile of Oldest Known Copy of The Compact . . . Page 6
The Mayflower Compact and Its Signers 7
Mourt's Relation 9
Facsimile of Oldest Known Manuscript Copy of The Compact io
Bradford's History ii
The Signers of The Compact I2
Facsimile of page 15 of "New-Englands Memoriall" . . 15
Facsimile of page 16 of "New-Englands Memoriall" . . 16
Why Did Only Forty-One Passengers Sign The Compact? 17
The Mayflower Passengers IQ
11
IN JMEIilCJ. 3 1
in oncbody, and to fubmit to fuch government and go vcr- ^
nours,as we fhould by common confent agree to make and |
chofc, and fet our hands to this that followes word for |
word, j
IN the name of God, Amen. We whofe names are vnder- written ,thc loy all Subieds of our dread ioverajgne Lord King I A M E s,by the grace or God of Great Bntaine^Franctf and /r^'/fjwfi King, Defender of the Faith, 6cc.
Having vnder-taken for the glory ef God, and advance- ment of the Chrillian Fai:h, and honour of our King and Countrey, a Voyage to plant the flrfl- Colony in the Nor- therne parts of V 1 1\ g i n i a, doc by thefc prcients lolcmnly ficmutcially in theprcfcnceofG^iandoneofanotherjCove- nant^and combine our fclues togeiher into a civill body po- litike, for our better ordering and prefervationjand furthe- rance of the ends aforefaid } and by vertue hereof to en- ad;, con(litute,andir*me fuch iuU andequall La vi'cs, Ordi- nances, ads, con ftitutionSjofhccs from timetotimcjas fliall be thought mofl meet and convcnicntfor the general! good of the Colony ;vnto which we promife all due fubmillion and obedience. In \^itncl^e whereof we haue here-vnder fubfcribedour namfef .(f«/'<'(fW 1 1 . oiNovembcry\v\ cheyeare oftheraigaeofour ibveraigneLord KingL^ME i, o\£»g~ land, Fm»ce.,2V\^ Ireland i^i. An^oi Scotland s^- ■^rMO Do' Ttsino 1620.
The fame day ^a foone as we could we fcta-fliore 1 5. or 1<5. men, wellarn.ed, with fomctofefch wood,for wcliad none left ; as alfo to (ce what the Land was, and ^^ hat Inha- bitants they could meet wich,thcy found it to he a {inall neck ofLind5onthis!idev,herewelayisthe7?..7.andchefi!rthcr fidethe Sea ; the .round or earth, fandhils, much iiketbe Downcsin HolL/^ri, but much better 5 the cruH of the earth a S>its depth, excclientbbckecartli-, all wooded with Okcs, plnes.SirMTas, juniper Bi'ch,Holly,Vines,fomeAfli, Wal- nut ; the woodfor the moll: part open and without vnder- wood, fit cither to goe or tide in : at mght our people retur- C 2 ncd,
THE MAYFLOWER COMPACT AND ITS SIGNERS
Where is the original Mayflower Compact, with its forty-one autograph signatures ?
How has the text of The Compact been preserved to the present day ?
How have the names of the Signers of The Compact been handed dowm to us?
The first of these questions cannot be answered, as I have not found, either in print or in unpubHshed records, any statement which indicated a knowledge of the location of the original manu- script of The Compact, after April, 1621, or even proved its exist- ence after that date.
The only later entry I have found, which might possibly refer to the original Compact, is in the Plymouth Colony Records, under date of 15 November, 1636. In the record of a meeting of the Governor, Assistants and others, as a committee to prepare a re- vision of the laws of the colony, we read : "Now being assembled . . . and having read the Combinacon made at [Cape] Cod the 11^'^ of Novbr 1620"; but there is nothing in this record to indi- cate that, when they "read the Combinacon", they had before them the original document. They may have had only an official copy of it.
According to the Old Style calendar, then used by the English, the Mayflower reached Cape Cod Harbor, now Provincetown, Mass., on Saturday, 11 November, 1620, which was the same day as Saturday, 21 November, 1620, according to the New Style cal- endar, with which the Pilgrims had become familiar in Holland, and which the English government finally adopted in 1752. It is incorrect, therefore, to claim that the Three Hundredth Anniver- sary of the Signing of The Compact will fall on Thursday, ii November, 1920, as three full centuries from the date of the Sign- ing will not be completed until Sunday, 21 November, 1920.
As the Mayflower Passengers had been forced by circum- stances to settle outside of their original grant from the Virginia Company, they drew up and signed, before they landed at Cape Cod, according to Governor Bradford's History, "a combination" which was "y^ first foundation of their govermente in this place".
[Page seven]
This "combination", which was called "The Compact" as early as 1793, was signed on the Mayflower, Saturday, 21 Novem- ber, 1620, New Style, by the forty-one passengers who were then of age and were free agents, and the original document, of course, remained on the ship until carried ashore at Plymouth.
The Third Exploring Party, composed entirely of men, set out from the Mayflower, on Wednesday, 16 December, 1620, New Style, in the shallop, and on Friday evening, 18 December, they were driven into Plymouth harbor in a storm, landing on Clark's Island; on Saturday, "this being the last day of y^ weeke, they prepared ther to keepe y^ Sabath" ; and on Monday, 21 December, long celebrated as "Forefathers' Day", they landed and explored the coast.
It should be especially noted that the Mayflower itself did not reach Plymouth until Saturday, 26 December, 1620, New Style. She left Cape Cod Harbor, for Plymouth, on Friday, 25 Decem- ber, 1620, New Style, but was driven back by a storm. The next day, Saturday, 26 December, she started again and reached Plym- outh the same day, just five weeks after she had sailed into Cape Cod Harbor. She remained at Plymouth through the winter, and in April, 1621, started on her return voyage to England, arriving there in May. When she left Plymouth, she must have had on board either the original Compact or an officially attested copy of it, but nothing has been found to determine which she carried.
In brief, the original Compact was on the Mayflower, at Cape Cod Harbor, from 21 November to 26 December, 1620; then was at Plymouth until sometime in April, 1621 ; then for about a month was either at Plymouth or again on the Mayflower, on its return voyage to England. From this point the history of the original document is entirely unknown, and we cannot say with certainty that any particular person has seen it, since the departure of the Mayflower from Plymouth.
The oldest copy of the text of The Compact, known at the present time, is that printed in "Mourt's Relation", in 1622.
The oldest manuscript copy of the text in existence, as far as known, is in Bradford's History, written between 1630 and 1646.
The oldest known list of the forty-one Signers of The Com- pact is found in "New-Englands Memoriall", printed in 1669.
William Bradford and Edward Winslow are the only Signers of The Compact who are known to have left any written or printed statement about it.
[Pn^e eig/it\
MOURT'S RELATION
The Fortune arrived at Plymouth, New England, in Novem- ber, 1 62 1, and began her return voyage in December. She carried back to England an account of the colony, written by William Bradford and Edward Winslow, which was printed in London, in 1622, with the title: "A Relation or Journal of the beginning and proceedings of the English Plantation settled at Plimoth in New England".
On the third page of the first edition of this book, which is commonly called "Mourt's Relation", we find the oldest known copy of the text of The Compact, and this entire page has been reproduced, in the illustration on page six, through the courtesy of the John Carter Brown Library, of Providence, R. L
"Mourt's Relation", unfortunately, does not give the names of the forty-one Signers of The Compact.
Bradford was Governor of the Colony when the Fortune was at Plymouth, and probably all the official records, including either the original Compact or an attested copy, were in his care, conse- quently he and Winslow, both of whom had signed The Compact, were in a position to secure a careful transcript of it, to include in their "Relation"; but, unfortunately, there is nothing in this book to show whether the original Compact had been sent to England in the Mayflower, was in Plymouth when the Fortune sailed, or was taken to England by the Fortune.
I have not attempted to make a list of early printed copies of The Compact, my efforts having been devoted entirely to finding some reference to the existence of the original document; but it may be of interest to note that Samuel Purchas reprinted part of "Mourt's Relation", including The Compact, in "Purchas His Pil- grimes", published at London, in 1625.
\_Pa£-e nine]
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BRADFORD'S HISTORY
The oldest known manuscript copy of The Compact is found in Gov. William Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation, the original manuscript of which is in the State Library, in Boston. This History was first put into print in the year 1856.
In Bradford's handwriting, facing original page 4, of this man- uscript History, is a note, dated "Anno Dom : 1646", stating that he "first begane these scribled writings . . . aboute y^ yeare . 1630" ; and on page 57 is a statement that the peace with Massa- soit, which had been made in the year 1621, "hath now continued this . 24 . years", that is, until 1645 o^" 1646.
As Bradford's copy of the "combination", as he called The Compact, is found on page 54 of his History, it is evident that he wrote that page between 1630 and 1646, and probably it was much nearer to the latter date than to the former.
The entire fifty-fourth page of Governor Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation, on which is found the oldest manuscript copy of The Compact, has been reproduced in the illustration facing this page.
It is not possible to determine, at the present time, whether the copy of The Compact in Bradford's History was made from the original document, from an official copy of the original, from Mourt's Relation, or from some unknown source. Bradford of course had access to all official records of Plymouth Colony, as already stated, but apparently it did not occur to him that the names of the Signers of The Compact would interest those who might read his History.
[Page e/eveu]
THE SIGNERS OF THE COMPACT
The oldest known list of the forty-one Signers of The Compact is found in Nathaniel Morton's " New-Englands Memoriall", first printed at Cambridge, Mass., in 1669.
Morton had been one of the 156 inhabitants of Plymouth, on I June, 1627, New Style, as shown by the Division of Cattle on that date, and he must have been personally acquainted with the sixteen Signers then living at Plymouth, as follows : John Alden, Isaac Allerton, John Billington, William Bradford, William Brew- ster, Peter Brown, Francis Cooke, Edward Doty, Francis Eaton, Samuel Fuller, Stephen Hopkins, John Rowland, George Soule, Myles Standish, Richard Warren, Edward Winslow.
Three of these sixteen, John Alden, John Rowland and George Soule, were living in 1669, Alden and Soule at Duxbury, and Rowland at Plymouth ; and Alden, at least, was present, as an Assistant, when Plymouth Colony voted a contribution towards the expense of printing the "Memoriall".
Morton had also been Secretary (at first called Clerk) of Plym- outh Colony for more than twenty years, when his book was printed, and he presumably had in his care either the original Compact, with its autograph signatures, or an official copy ; and in "The Epistle Dedicatory" of his "Memoriall", he wrote: "the greatest part of my intelligence hath been borrowed from my much honoured Uncle, Mr. William Bradford, and such Manuscripts as he left in his Study, from the year 1620, unto 1646", and "Certain Diurnals of the honoured Mr. Edward Winslow, have also af- forded me good light and help".
It is certain, therefore, that Morton had ample opportunity to obtain an accurate list of the Signers, and it is unfortunate that he did not make any reference to the existence or the location of the original Compact.
I have found no manuscript or printed reference to any list of the Signers antedating that given by Morton, and the fact that his "Memoriall" is our sole authority for the names of the Signers should be emphasized, because he does not state the order in which the names were affixed to the original document, and does not number the Signers.
In the first edition of the "Memoriall", The Compact is found on page 15, with the names of twenty-one Signers at the bottom
IPa^e tiveh'c]
of that page, in three cokimns, and the remaining twenty names, also in three columns, at the top of page i6. In the following copy the names are arranged as printed in the "Memoriall".
[At the bottom of page 15
John Carver William Bradford Edward Winslow William Brewster Isaac Allerton Myles Standish John Alden
[At the top of page
John Turner Francis Eaton James Chilton John Crakston John Billington Moses Fletcher John Goodman
Samuel Fuller Christopher Martin AA'illiam Mullins \\'illiam White Richard Warren John Rowland Stephen Hopkins
16]
Degory Priest Thomas Williams Gilbert Winslow Edmund Margeson Peter Brown Richard Britterige Georsre Soule
Edward Tilley John Tilley Francis Cooke Thomas Rogers Thomas Tinker John Rigdale Edward Fuller
Richard Clarke Richard Gardiner John Allerton Thomas English Edward Doty Edward Leister
The first person to number the Signers seems to have been Rev. Thomas Prince, of Boston, in 1736, in "A Chronological His- tory of New-England"; but he distinctly stated that his list of the names was taken from Morton's "Memoriall". Prince ar- ranged the names in two columns, the first containing the twenty- one names at the bottom of page 15 of the "Memoriall", the second containing the names at the top of page 16. In each case Prince took first the seven names in the left-hand column, then those in the central column, then the right-hand column. The names in his own first column he numbered from one to twenty- one, and those in his own second column from twenty-two to forty-one.
As we do not know either the shape or the size of the paper, or parchment, on which the original Compact was written, it is impossible to determine whether the forty-one signatures were arranged in two, three or four columns. Even if we had the original Compact before us, and found that there were only two columns of signatures, it would still be impossible to determine the exact order of signing; and it is also doubtful if we should
[Pa^-e thiriceit]
be able to determine whether the first signature was at the top of the right-hand column or at the top of the left-hand column.
Nathaniel Morton himself probably did not know the exact order of signing, and it is unfortunate that Prince, writing sixty- seven years later, put numbers before the names of the Signers, because subsequent writers, supposing that he knew the actual order of signing, have followed his numbering, with the result that many persons believe they are descended from "the fourth Signer", or from "the seventeenth Signer", or from "the thirty- fifth Signer", etc., accepting as correct the numbers assigned by Prince one hundred and sixteen years after The Compact was drawn up.
Through the courtesy of the John Carter Brown Library, of Providence, R. I., we are able to present herewith reproductions of the entire fifteenth and sixteenth pages of Morton's "New- Englands Memoriall", and these two pages follow, printed back to back, exactly as they appear in the first edition of that book.
[Page/ou rteen]
An.i620, New-Eng.lands Menmidl.
I
bv a genera! Confcnt from time to time be made choice of, and afftnted unto. The Concents whereof followeth.
N the N,mecf Cod, Amen. We whofc Names |'j^p^;^,;J; ■ are under-written, the LoyA Subje^s of our dread ,f ,i,c cov.r.:- ^v>eraign Lord King ^ames, by the grace ot God of '!-^^Ji^- Creat Britain, France and Ireland^ King, Dtfendor of the Fditfh &^' Having undertaken tor tlic glory of God, and advancement of the Chriftian Faith, and the Ho- nonrof our K ngandCoumrcy, a Voyage to plant thQ firft Colony in the Northern parts of Firginia j Do by thcfe Preknts folemnly and mutually, in the prcfence of God and one another , Covenant and Combine our felves together into a Civil Body Poliiiclc, for our better ordering and prefervation, and furtherance of the ends cforcf-ud : and by virtue hereof do cna<rt,iConftitute and frame fiich juft and equal L3ws,0 dmanccsj Ads, Con- ftitutions and Officers, from' time to time, as (hall be thought moft meet and convenient for the general good of the Colony 5 unto which we promifc all due fubmif- fion and obedience. In witncfs whereof we have here- unto fubfcnbed our Names at Cafe Cod, the eleventh of Novemixr t\ti the Reign of our Sovtr:.ign Lord Ktng fimes, of EttgUnd, France and JrtUnd the eighteenth, - andof Scotland iht fifty fourth, AnnsDim, idiO.
fdhnCa*vir. Sajnttil Fuller. Edward Ti'lj,
fVH^iam Br^tdford. Ckriflcfher Martin. fohttTillj.
EdreM-dH-inJloyv, mllamMfdlint, Francis Cook..
jyillAmByCfvfier. William H'hlte, Tkbmas Rn'Trrs.
Jkac Allmm. ; Richard JVatren. Thomas Tlnk:r. )
Mil s Stanclifii John HowU'd. fohn RuitrdaU.
phnAldi-ni -^ hiVenHofi^.^ Edward Fuller.
f«hn
16 'H<:\v-]i\)o]ar\ds MfmorulL AnA6T.o^
John Turner. Dignj Pnrfi. Rich.jrd CUrk.
Francis Eatcf). Thomas ml/um. Rich.irc\ G^rdtrur.
Jams Chilton. Ciikn PP-i>:Jlow. J.,hn AlUrton.
' J^hn Craxton. Tuimoyid Margffin. Thomas EngitpK
John Billinqton, Ptur Brorvn. EdwArADotcn.
Jofes Fleukr. Richard Bituridge. Edw-trd Lie(}cr.
■ John Goodman. George SomIc.
M:: TrhnCir. AfcM tliis, they thokUt.Jobi Carver, a man godly and
vcyth:f,AGu wdl-approved amoiicft tlicm, to be their Governour for that
7,.,r.y.^rj(,ri pf year.
/vrAi'ji'ii.uih Nccefllcynow calling them to look out a place for Hibica- lion, as Well as the Mafter and Mariners imporcunicy urging them cliereunto ^ while their Carpenter was trimming up of iht'ir Boat, fixteen of their men tendred themfelves to go by land and difcover thofe neareft places -, which was accepted :^ and they being well armed, were fsnt forth on the fixceenth of jVezTrt/kr 1620. and having raarclied about a mile by the Sea- lide, they efpisdfive Indians, who ran away from them, and . they followed them all that day fundry miles, but could not come to fpeech wich them : fo night coming on, they becook thcmfelves to their Rendezvouz, and fet out their Sentinels, and rclted in quiet that night -, and the next morning they followed the I/iJuws trufts, buc could not finde them nor their dwellings, but ill length lighted on a good quanaty of dear ground near to a Pond of frefli water, where formerly the hidiens had plant- ed iKdiun Corn,at which place the)' faw fundry of their graves • and proceeding furtl)er, they found new Stubble wliere lyidiim Corn had been planted the fame year •, alfo they found where iaLtly an houfe had been, where fome Planks and a grea: Kettle was remaining, and heaps of fand newly paddled with cheir lunds, which they digged up, and found in them divers fair IkJim Baskets filled with Corn, fome whereof was in Ears t.-ir and good of divers colours, which feemcd to them a very goojlv fight, having feen none before: Of" wliich Rarities they co.k Ibaic CO carry CO their friends on Shipboard, Ijke as the
Jfratlitcs
WHY DID ONLY FORTY-ONE PASSENGERS SIGN THE COMPACT?
Some years ago a speaker at one of the meetings of the Massachusetts Society of Mayflower Descendants said that it was very singular that only forty-one of the Mayflower Passengers signed "The Compact," and stated that no explanation had been found for this apparent discrimination. As others have labored under the same impression, it has seemed advisable to state the facts very concisely.
The voyage of the Mayflower ended at Plymouth, New Eng- land, and her passenger list contained one hundred and four ( 104) names in all ; but William Butten died before Provincetown was reached, and Peregrine- White (William^) was not born until about the second week in December.* On 21 November, 1620, therefore, the number of passengers on board the Mayflower, at what is now Provincetown, was one hundred and two (102). Of this number, twenty-nine (29) were females, as follows: eighteen married women accompanying their husbands ; seven unmarried daughters with their parents ; three young unmarried women ; one little girl with Edward Winslow's family.
Of the seventy-three (7^) males on the Mayflower, 21 Novem- ber, 1620, but forty-one (41) signed "The Compact." Why do we not find the signatures of some of the other male passengers? The question is easily answered.
More than two-thirds of the thirty-two (32) who did not sign were under age, and their signatures would have had no value. There were seventeen (17) minor sons of passengers, one (i) minor nephew of a passenger, and five (5) boys who were not with their own parents. Therefore, twenty-three (23) of the males who did not sign were minors in the care of their parents or of other persons.
Nine (9) males are still to be accounted for. In his list of the Mayflower Passengers, Gov. Bradford says: "Ther were allso other . 2 . seamen hired to stay a year here in the country, William Trevore ; and one Ely. But when their time was out they both returned." As Trevore and Ely were bound by a seaman's con- tract, which in those days was exceedingly strict, it is evident * Between 7 December and 10 December, 1620, New Style. [Page seventeen^
that neither of these two men was free to sign "The Compact." And it was not necessary that they should sign, as they could be controlled by their contracts, without reference to the later "Compact."
All of the other males, seven only, are distinctly called servants by Gov. Bradford, and there can be no question that the terms of their contracts with their respective masters were such that they were not free agents, even if they were twenty-one years old. Their ages have not been discovered, and possibly some of these seven were too young to sign, even if they had not been servants.
In brief, every male passenger, without a single exception, who is known to have been of legal age and also a free agent, signed "The Compact"; and every male passenger who did not sign it was either a minor or a servant under some form of con- tract which undoubtedly did not leave him free to sign, or which made his signature unnecessary.
[Pa£-e eighteen']
THE MAYFLOWER PASSENGERS
There were only one hundred and four (104) Mayflower Passen- gers. Every one of them is included in the two lists following. There were no other passengers.
[The 50 P.\ssENGERS FROM Whom Descent Can Be Proved]
John' Alden Isaac' Allerton
wife Mary
daughter Mary^
daughter Remember' John' Billington
wife Eleanor
son Francis' William' Bradford William' Brewster
wife Mary
son Love" Peter' Brown James' Chilton
wife ■
daughter Mary' Francis' Cooke
son John'
[The 54 Passengers from Whom We Ca
Bartholomew' Allerton Moses Fletcher John Allerton Richard Gardiner
John" Billington John Goodman
Dorothy Bradford William Holbeck
(istwifeof William') John Hooke
Edward' Doty Francis' Eaton
wife Sarah
son Samuel' Edward' Fuller
wife
son Samuel' Dr. Samuel' Fuller Stephen' Hopkins
2d wife, Elizabeth
son Gyles' (by 1st wife)
daughter Constance" (by 1st wife) John' Rowland Richard More
Wrestling' Brewster Richard Britteridge William Butten Robert Carter John Carver Katharine Carver
(wife of John) Maid servant of the
Carvers
Richard Clarke
^ Humility Cooper
John' Crakston
son John'
Ely
Thomas English
Damaris" Hopkins Oceanus' Hopkins John Langmore William Latham Edward Leister Edmund Margeson Christopher Martin
wife
Desire Minter Ellen More Jasper More [a boy] More Joseph' Mullins Solomon Prower
William' Mullins
wife Alice
daughter Priscilla' Degory' Priest Thomas' Rogers
son Joseph' Henry' Samson George' Soule ]\Iyles' Standish John' Tilley
wife
daughter Elizabeth' Richard' Warren ■ William' White
wife Susanna
son Resolved'
son Peregrine' Edward' Winslow
NNOT Prove Descent]
John Rigdale
wife Alice Rose Standish
(ist wife of Myles') Elias Story Edward Thomson Edward Tilley
wife Ann Thomas' Tinker
wife ■ —
son ■
William Trevore ^ , John' Turner
son •
son
Roger Wilder Thomas Williams Elizabeth Winslow
(istwifeof Edward') Gilbert Winslow
[/V^c ninctieu}
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