mm $ LIBRARY OF THE MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE SOURCE- Qc 1 Q^e. C76 :-S^- This book may be kept out; TWO WEEKS only and is subject to a fine of TWO CENTS a day thereafter. It will be due on the day in- dicated below. 2 ^AHo Meat, Milk and Money How to produce the latter by increasing the former. BY WM. G. CROCKER Manager Feed Department Washburn-Crosby Co. MinneapoHs Buffalo Louisville St. Louis COPYRIGHT, 1904 Washburn-Crosby Co. U. S. A. -s, *. ^^^^^i^. Th C e ow T HERE is nothing . , ,, title, but think of what we \'l without her and we would quickly change Richard III.'s exclamation to: '*A cow, a cow, my kingdom for a cow." From time immemorial the good old faithful cow has been an object of interest and necessity. In Bible times, long before the Christian Era, we read of the herds of different ones, and. so on down until the present period. But as time has progressed, so indeed has the study of economic prin- ciples, affecting the breeding and raising cf cattle, especially during the past generation. The United States Census Bureau shows that in 1900 there were 17,135,033 dairy cows in this country. Each one of these cows is in reality a milk factory. Like all other manufacturing enterprises, the great desire is to produce the largest output at the least expense, and right here is where scientific research enters the arena. There are cows and cows, good, bad and indiffer- ent; fancy stock, common and scrubs. Even the latter can be made a paying proposition when treated on a business basis. In ad- dition to the above number of dairy cows^ the 1900 Census Report showed that there were 35,268,195 other cattle, and including calves and stock under two years old, the grand total was 69,335,832 neat cattle, val- ued at' $1,516,307,270. From this it is evident that the cow is the basis of a very important industry, not only for the pro- duction of milk, but also for that of beef. NATURE has been very good and con- siderate to man and beast. As there are great varieties of necessities and lux- uries for the one, there is, indeed, a wide scope for the other. But no one would for a moment contend that a man could exist 1 n 6 always on fruit cake, or even potatoes ; so C* J a cow would have a hard time of it on a diet of simply corn and hay. The man might (and probably would) subsist for a time; but think of the indigestion. Of course the cow could live, but she would not give full value received. If you are not, therefore making a study of the economic feeding of your cow or your herd, please read this through and then get to thinking. We \vant you to know more about Wheat Mill Feed; buy more of it; use more of it. You will say that our motive is a selfish one. If it is, we give you full measure and running over for your money. 2,y o £C .« fi . Vj to £C So- " to O 03 0.0 2i a a oSo EX. k:- <'^ 12;"^ Ph- pL,'-' w^ C3 870 779 10 1.2 14 .9 1.1 2.8 3.7 1 .65 Corn silage, green .82 Beets, sugar (is 820 8.1 1.7 .8 3.7 .88 Mangel-wurzel... 873 12.2 1.7 .9 3.8 .90 Wheat straw 80 136 53.0 .64 2.2 6.3 .94 Potatoes 197 750 11. 1.4 1.6 5.7 1.04 Brewer's grains. wet loS 762 12.4 6.2 4.2 .5 2.16 55 145 57. 1.9 2.8 17.7 2.38 Corn fodder with ears — 92 37.4 4.0 2.9 14.0 2.64 Corn stover 15!) 45.3 2.7 3.8 IH.4 2.57 Timothy hay. 69 143 41.1 4.4 5.0 14.1 2.95 Mixed hav 393 149 137 130 64.5 14.8 9.9 12.6 4.1 5.7 13.2 3.7 4.33 Indian Corn 4.34 Buckwheat 20 141 27.7 12.3 6.9 3.0 4.34 Hominy feed 89 22.1 12.0 9.8 4.9 4.68 Buckwheat bran.. 5 156 28. 118 4.2 12.7 4.82 1128 560 257 143 133 134 24.8 31.0 19.8 13.9 14.7 15.8 7.9 6.9 8.6 4.8 4.8 5.8 5.04 Oats 5.16 Rye 5.72 Wheat 1358 93 134 132 17.1 58.0 16.3 19.5 8.7 26.9 5.5 15.2 5.84 Wheat Bran 9.24 —From Ithaca Bulletin No. 154. Starch The intelligent buyer of feeding stuffs who has his barns well filled with hay, corn fodder and silage will have very little use for these feeds low in pro- tein content. — Maine Bulletin No. 80. Purchasers are advised, however, to give the pref- Not erence to those articles branded with the names of reputable manufacturers or to examine the article closely before buying in order to note the quality. — but Massachusetts, Hatch Bulletin No. 78. Protein There is so much profit in selling ground corn cobs and broom corn at the price of wheat bran, that the consumer must ever be on the watch against this fraud. The safest thing is to buy only well known, reliable brands of this class of goods. If consum- ers will see to it that all of this class of feeds which they buy carries the name of the miller, there will be little likelihood of their being defrauded. — Maine Bulletin No. 92. It is poor economy for the farmer to purchase starchy feeds, since he can produce them more eco- nomically.— Massachusetts, Hatch Bulletin No. 93. Bran from our flouring mills makes the ideal grain dairy feed. It is obtainable in almost all sec- tions, is good combined with other grains and comes Dfan nearest to making a successful ration of any grain Safe fed alone. It is a safe feed when used in large ra- tions and continuously. From our experience we find a mixture of bran and corn better when the animals are on full feed. The proportion averaging best is about 3 parts bran to 2 parts ground corn. If the animal is too fat the proportion of corn should be reduced. In summer when on pasture and it is desired to feed a small amount of grain, we found bran alone to average better than a mixture of corn and bran. — Kentucky Bulletin No. 106. On the other hand, bran is bought not simply as a desirable bulky and laxative food, but especially because, on account of its percentage of protein be- ing much higher than that of corn, the nutritive ratio of an ordinary mixed food may be narrowed by its use. The digestion experiments compiled by Lind- sey (Report of Massachusetts Agricultural Experi- ment Station 1896), while too few to be conclusive, nevertheless indicate an appreciably higher digesti- bility for the protein of spring wheat bran. Fur- thermore, existing analyses indicate that spring wheat is, on the average, one per cent richer in pro- tein than are the winter varieties. In all wheat the Spring Wheat Bran richer in Protein than Winter p<- n- ' - ■ ' >. 1 h ui of the '4 is so con- ;' I ' lie true skin, also most '- :- proteid aleuronc byer, it won ; Ov .-.,.^.1^.. ^.,..^ u.iC bran from spring wheat would prove considerably richer in protein; so that, both because of its digestibility and its com- position, it would be expected to stand superior to that from winter wheat. — Pennsylvania Bulletin No. 48. WT?fTER W'lIEAT ERAX. No of Per Cknt Protein Analyses. Av. High. Low Maine (Bartlett) 9 14.60 15.70 13.C0 Massachusetts (Lindsey) 4 16.18 17.25 15.50 Combined 13 15.09 17.25 IS.eO SPRING WHEAT BRAN, Maine (Bartlett) 11 15.60 16.20 15.10 Massachusetts (Lindsey) 18 16.51 17.52 15.50 Combined 29 16.16 17.52 15.10 Grouping all figures for protein, 23 analyses of winter brans show 15.14 per cent, and 58 analyses of spring brans show 16.23 per cent. These data lead clearly to this conclusion : That, on the average, despite the 'higher market price, winter bran furnishes a smaller quantity of nitrogenous ' nutrients to the animal because of its inferiority in composition, and, possibly, of its lower digestibility. — Pennsylvania Bulletin No. 48. 13 One of the finest farms in this country is that of Air. Hamilton McK. Twomhly of New York City— Florham Farms at Madison, N. J., under the very able management of Mr. J. L. Hope, who \vrites us as follows under date of April 15th, 1904: Of all the cereal by-products, wheat bran is the one I should like the least to be without. I consider it indispensable in the rearing of dairy calves and as the main feature in the ration for cows around calving time. Its laxative properties and palatabil- ity make it especially desirable and incline one to give it a preference over everything else. Outside of its value as determined by analysis, it performs a useful part in giving added bulk to the heavy concentrated feeds like cotton-seed and oil m.eals, and rendering the latter much more safe to feed. Unimpeach- able Testimony Mr. J. L.Hope Figures talk, so look at the following records of two cows belonging to Mr. Twombly's herd : The World's Year's Butter Fat Record Broken. Guernsey Cow, Imp. Charmante of the Gron 14442, Adv. R. 74 Makes Official Record from Oct. 11, 1902, to Oct. 10, 1903, of 11,874.76 lbs. Milk, 676.46 lbs. Butter-fat. Charmante of the Gron, No. 14442, was imported by Mr. H. McK. Twombly in igoi from the herd of Mr. E. A. Hambro of Kent, England. She was dropped July 7, 1856, and is registered on the Island as 3944 P. S., R. G. A. S. Her sire is His Majesty 952 P. S., R. G. A. S., and her dam was Charmante 5th, 2619 P. S., R. G. A. S., known in England as McCharmante 4890 E. G. H. B. She was bred by Mr. J. Bourgaize, Gron, St. Savior's, Guernsey. Charmante of the Gron is a very well marked cow, of good dairy conformation, with excellent udder, and a great credit to the breed and to Mr. Twom- bly's choice herd. She dropped a bull calf Oct. 6, 1902, and he is developing into an animal of much promise, and is known as Florham King, No. 8401. Her year's record began Oct. 11, 1902, and the requirements for her admission to The Advanced Register were 10,000 lbs. milk; 360 lbs. butter-fat. The results of her year's work are as follows: Figures IMP. CHARMANTE OF THE GRON. fbs. Il3s Butter % Butter Milk. Fat. Fat. Oct. 11-31 693.56 33.98 4.9 Nov 1194.94 63.33 5.3 Dec 1142.25 61.68 5.4 Jan 1121.06 68 38 6.1 Feb 1019.25 58.10 5.7 March 1108.50 62 08 5.6 April 997.40 59.84 6.0 May 1078.20 66.85 6.2 June 1013.00 56,72 5.6 July 864.85 49.30 5.7 Aug 769.45 43.86 5.7 Sept 710.25 42.62 6 0 Oct. 1-10 162.05 9.72 6.0 Total 11874.76 676.46 Av. 5.7 Not Guess Work This record was supervised in connection with the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station. Not only does the work of the year greatly exceed the requirements of the Register, but it is the best year's record of a cow of any breed in the world, where public supervision has been given same. It is equivalent to 7S9.2 lbs. of butter, or an average of 2.16 lbs. of butter a dav. 14 Mr. J. L. Hope, the able superintendent of Mr. Twombly's Florham Farms, gives the following data as to the feed consumed by the cow during the year : Bran, 1726 lbs. Gluten, 833 " Cotton Seed Meal, Linseed Meal, Corn Meal, . . . Middlings, . . . 160 134 58 58 Total, 2969 lbs., or 8 lbs. a day. For roughage she had corn ensilage, beets or mangels and mixed haj in winter. In summer, in addition to pasturage, she had in season, oats and peas, green clover, alfalfa and corn fodder. This record is certainly a credit to the cow and her owner, and to the careful management which Mr. Hope has given her.— TJie Herd Register and Breeder's Joitriial. Year's Record of liip. Pretoria, Xo. 14443. -^-dv. R. 73. 11,528.84 lbs. Milk; 595.35 lbs Butter-fat. Among the many good cows at Florham Farms, owned by ]\'Ir. H. AlcK. Twombly at Madison, N. J., is the cow, Imported Pretoria 14443, which was registered on the Island as R. G. A. S. 4416 P. S. She was bred by J. G. Browning of St. Martin's Parish, being dropped Jan. 12th, 1808. Her sire was Moderator 1051 P. S., and dam May Lady 3rd Bran 58% 15 2461 p. S. She was imported from the Island by Mr. 'i'wombly at the same time Charmante was, and is in markings and conformation a very worthy follower of the latter cow. She was fresh Oct. ist, 1902, and commenced her record Oct. 5th. In the following twelve months she gave as follows : , IMP. PRETORT.'V I4443. ADV. K. y2>- lbs. ]l)s. Butter % Butter Milk. Fat. Fat. Oct 5-31 .' 1028.94 41.16 4.0 Nov 1076.94 49.54 4.6 Dec 1068.75 55.58 5.2 Jan., 190,1 1028.31 53.47 5.2 Feb 955.30 46.81 4 9 March 1002.90 52.15 5.2 April 934.70 49.54 5.3 Mav 1045.70 59.60 5.7 June 1023.15 53.20 5.2 Julv 875.95 48.18 5.5 Aug 793.80 44.45 5 6 Sept 627.65 37.66 6.0 Oct. 1-4 66.75 4.01 6.0 Total 11528.84 595 35 Av. 5 3 She being fully a year and a half younger than Charmante her requirements for admission were only 9,631.75 lbs. milk and 350 lbs. butter-fat. She equalled her requirements and also produced enough more to entitle her to third place in the list of official records. Her management and care was similar to that of Charmante. The rough fodder being the same. The grain fed during the year : Bran 1450 lbs. B Gluten 685 " f ^I^ Cotton Seed Meal . 135 " ^fifiL Linseed (Oil) Meal . 116 " ■^^ Corn Meal .... 44 " Middlings 44 " Total 2480 lbs., or 6.79 lbs. daily This is practically another two-pound-a-day but- ter record for a year. — TJie Herd Register and Breeders' Journal. These are official. What did it? Bran cer- tainly zvas the largest item in the concentrates, being ^8 per cent in each case. Was this simply a guess on the part of Mr. Hope ? We hardly think so. 16 Please read the following- from Air. James J. Hill, president. Great Northern Railway Co. : St. Paul, Minn., May gth, 1904. Washkurn-Crosby Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Gentlemen : — Repl3'ing to ' 3-our letter of the 5th instant, in regard to the use of bran for animal food, I beg to sa}' that I consider zvhcat bran as the best basis of mixture for animal food rations. While its value as food is good, its use adds to the value of other foods bj- facilitating digestion and assimila- tion. This applies generally to feeding in all its branches. Yours truly, (Signed) JAMES J. HILL. Is this a g-uess en the part of Mr. Hill? AMiy does it have any significance? Simply because it shows that this master-mind adopts all methods that are improvements to anything in Avhich he may he interested, whether it be food for his herd on his splendid farm at Vad- nais Park. Minnesota ; a new style locomotive ; an increased capacity car : or a new mammoth steamer for the Orient. Mr. Hill started in life a poor man ; he improved his opportuni- ties : he grasped the situation and today is a recognized leader in the railroad and financial world. If he with his great enterprise has time to look" into details and economic condi- tions of his farm, zvon't it pay you to do so. Mr. Jas. J. Hill Bran the best Basis 17 Mr.Wm. H. Dunwoody Bran Indispensable Following is a letlci i ■ -" William H. Dunwood}", f'"re>;i(leiit -,1 u _ ^Northwestern National Bank, also Prch-ideni cl the St. An- thony & Dakota Ekvatur Co., as well as Vice President of and Director in a half dozen prominent institutions of J^.linneapolis, He has been eminently successful in . business, and therefore at his Woodhill Farm he feeds his stock on bran — because it is economy and wisdom to do so. Don't you think you better get in line? Woodhill Farm, Wayzata, Minn. June 24, 1904. Washeurn-Crosby Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Dear Sirs :■ — I regard the use of Bran indis- pensable in feeding either dairy, breeding or fatten- ing stock. In our special case, raising high class Scotch Short Horns, we use it as the basis of all of the various rations. The mixture is at times ground corn, oats or barley, and at other times en- silage or roots. In every instance we start with a good proportion of Wheat Bran. Our animals al- ways do well and prove by their condition the value of our method of feeding. (Signed) WM. H. DUNWOODY, Proprietor Woodhill Farms. Agricultural College, Mich , April 7, 1904. Washburn-Crosby Co., Minneapolis, J\Iinn. Gentlemen : — I have your letter of the 4th inst. and beg to reply as follows : The value of a feeding stuff can hardly be meas- ured by chemical analysis even when that analysis is accompanied by careful digestion experiments. Other factors of supreme importance to be consid- ered in measuring a food beside its chemical com- position and its digestibility and ultimate effect of food upon the animal is not measured by its chemi- cal composition and its digestibility alone. The physiological effect of a feeding stuff includes its chemical composition and digestibility and the in- dividual characteristics and peculiar qualities of the food itself, characteristics and peculiarities which cannot be determined by long courses of feeding but which after all point out the real values of the material. Wheat bran, formerly despised and re- jected, has become almost a cornerstone of dairy feeding. There are feeds that are richer in pro- tein, like cottonseed meal and linseed meal, but none of them possess that peculiar adaptability to the wants of iJie dairy cozu' that characterizes wheat bran. Other feeding stuffs, like corn meal and oats, approach wheat bran in chemical composition and digestibility, but they too lack that peculiar principle that adapts them to the wants of the dairy cow. The long continued experience of dairymen in Wiscon- sin, Michigan, Iowa, Illinois, New York and Penn- sylvania, has increased the just popularity of wheat Prof. C. D. Smith Bran the Corner-stone 19 Here is Economy Middlings and Bran for Calves lut chemical require- .-es the desired physio- logical ifftri -( n-ni of the tow that the dairymen -> I do not s.'u in.it a ration cannot be combined of the coarser grains, like corn and oats with clover hay and silage, which will not be eminently satisfactory. I know that such a ration can be combined because I have succeeded in making up such combinations of them and have found them satisfactory. No claim can be made that wheat bran or any other of the by-products of the flouring mills are indis- pensable, but it is undoubtedly true that a more satisfactory ration can be made with wheat bran as a basis than can possibly be made without it. A farmer who has corn and oats will seldom find a time when, at current prices, he can afford to feed his oats rather than exchange at least a part of them for wheat bran. For instance, with oats at 32c per bu., he would better sell them and buy bran if lie can get it at anything less than ^24.00 per ton. He will get his protein cheaper, and besides will get the advantage of the peculiar physiological effect of the wheat bran itself. What is true of wheat bran for dairy cows is true of middlings for pigs and calves. I know that theoretically if you are to take the cream from the milk you should supply its place with something- containing a large per cent of oil, but if you are feeding young calves I have never found anything- better than linseed meal one part, wheat. bran one part, middlings one part and whole oats two parts, as a combination .grain feed for calves from four weeks old up as long as they are fed skim-milk, the grain feed being fed not in the milk, but sepa- rately and dry in a trough and given to the calves as soon as they have finished drinking their por- tion of the skim-milk. I have found that the calves take to this combination with avidity, and eating it just after drinking the skim-milk satisfies their natural instinct to suck something. I should hardly know how to bring up calves on skim- milk without bran and middlings. I have tried corn meal ground fine, raw and boiled, but the mill- feeds have, in my experience, de)nonstrated their superiority. For young pigs, too, I know of noth- ing to take the place of middlings with the skim- milk. Here we add some corn meal, but never feed young pigs on corn alone. I remember trying on my own farm, the feeding of more condensed protein with the corn and skim-milk, but have never had so good success with pigs under one hundred pounds in weight as when I fed middlings two parts and corn meal one part with the skim-milk, and of the two it would be better to omit the corn than the middlings. All through the corn belt, therefore, middlings are practically indispensable for young pigs. With early lambs, coming in December for the early spring trade to be sold at a weight of fifty pounds or thereabouts, wheat bran is also indispen- sable. The young lambs are fed in a pen separate from their dams, on a variety of grains, oats, cracked corn, wheat bran and a very little linseed meal with the half of a mangel nailed against the wall for dessert. The wheat bran regulates the bowels of the young Middlings Indispensable for Pigs F^'T^Bc^ 21 !- ' cems quite to do. F t-iise with the bran if we Have clover nay and corn. In the absence of clover ha}', v/heat bran is well nigh indispensable as a bowel regulator where timothy hay and corn stalks form the ration. My experience with low grade flours is too lim- ited to make my opinion of any value. Yours respectfully,- ( Signed) C. D. SMITH. Director Michigan Experiment Station. Bran the Standard College of Agriculture and Agricultural Ex- periment Station, Cornell University. Ithaca, N. Y., April 8th, '04. Mr. W. G. Crocker, Care Washburn-Crosby Co., Minneapolis, Minn. De.'Vr Sir : — Yours of April 4th, to Prof. Rob- erts, has been referred to me. It seems hardly nec- essary at this late date to say very much in reply to your question. Bran and other wheat by-prod- ucts, when clean and of good quality, are so stand- ard a food all over the country as to require no tes- timonials as to their value. Yours very truly, (Signed) H. H. WING,' Professor of Animal Plusbandry. WoosTEE^ Ohio, April i6th, '04. Washburn-Crosby Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Gentlemen: — Replying to yours of the nth, I have to say that Wheat Bran seems to be practi- cally indispensable to profitable feeding of cattle. We use it as the basis of all our rations, mixing with it whatever other materials we may desire to use ; using it not only for its nutritive value, but for the further value which we believe it has of separa- ting the finer particles of other feeds, thus enabling the digestive fluids to act upon them more effectu- ally. You will see that this last reason for using bran will not apply to other forms of mill feed, and therefore we do not use any other wheat products than bran, preferring corn meal, oil meal, etc., for the completion of our rations. Yours truly, (Signed) CHAS. E. THORNE, Director Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station. Bran the Basis College Park, Prince George Co., Md., April 18, 1904. Washburn-Crosby Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Gentlemen : — In answer to your inquiry of recent date, would say that the great value of Wheat Bran, and all the wheat by-products, as stock food has been demonstrated by numerous chemical analy- ses and digestion experiments, and these results Confirmed by the Cow hazr been eoniirmcd^-l live stock. There wort higher evideiict- luinired m con'' the merits of these standard iVi <','- Very truly y (Signed) H. J. PATTERSON, Director, Maryland Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion. Bran always Reliable Burlington, Vt.. April 8th, 1904. Washburn-Crosby Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Gentlemen : — Replying to yours of the 5th would say that our idea as to the value of wheat bran is, perhaps, as well expressed by our deeds as by our words. We buy, and have bought for the past ten years, two cars yearly to feed our cows. / should not care to try to make up a dairy grain ration without including bran as the basis thereof. Similarly I may say for middlings that we have used these for years in connection with skim-milk in the growing of pork, and believe them eminently adapted to the purpose. I cannot speak so favorably for the so-called "mixed feed" as I can for either bran or middlings. We do not use it, and are inclined to believe that it is less satisfactory in the long run, taking one brand with another, than is either the straight bran or straight middlings. Yours trulj', (Signed) JOSEPH L. PULLS. Director. University of Vermont and State Agricul- tural College, Agricultural Experiment Station. Office of John H. Albin, Attorney and Counsellor at Law. Concord, N. H., April 28, 1904. Washburn-Crosby Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Gentlemen: — Yours of the 22d inst. from Mr. John Jhl. your Feed Department, asking me to write you my Albin opinion with reference to "feeding values of spring wheat bran and other by-products" is received, and contents noted. I disposed of my farm some ten 3-ears ago, and since then have not had occasion to feed, but prior to that time I used to feed large quantities of wheat middlings. I generally mixed the same. My herd was a dairy herd and I thought that the bran was very valuable for my cows. // Bran insured a good quantity and a good quality of milk. p . and at the same time, I thought it was a preventive of garget and kindred difficulties with which the darget dairy Jersey breed was especially apt to be afflicted. I think I nsver had a case of that kind in my herd of about sixty head unless I could trace it to ani- mals that had been fed on other feed than wheat bran and middlings, or oats. When corn to any extent and other feeds had been used, / found I had to exercise great care to prevent garget, milk fever and the like. Yours truly, J. H. ALBIN. St. Anthony Park, Minn., May 5th, 1904. Mr. W. G. Crocker, Care Washburn-Crosby Co., Minneapolis, Minn. My Dear Sir : — Replying to yours of the 4th Prof."Wm. M. ult, would say that wheat bran and other wheat by-products in general are hel.d in high favor ,by all feeders of live stock. I quote from Director Jordan's work, "The Feeding of Animals," page 228: "No commercial feeding stufifs are regarded with greater favor or are more widely and largely purchased by American feeders than the by-products from milling wheat. Wheat bran and middlings are cattle foods of stand- ard excellence whether we consider composition, palatableness, or their relation to the quality of dairy produce." Prof. Hecker says that wheat bran is the recog- nized standard milk food and considering cost there is nothing better. Liggett 25 Bran also produces valuable Fertilizer Director Henry of the Wisconsin Experiment Station also speaks in the highest terrns of wheat bran as an animal food, and his statements are based largely upon careful personal observation. Prof. Snyder states, as to the comparative value of wheat bran, corn, oats and other grains : "It is difficult to make a definite statement because of the lack of sufficient data upon which it can be based. In all the feeding trials which have been made, wheat bran has made a good showing. The chief value from the feeding of bran is undoubtedly se- cured in feeding it with other foods. Too fre- quently there is a lack of variety in the grain ra- tion and animals tire of their food." Wheat bran can be combined advantageously with any grain or farm product. The use of bran is not to be measured alone by the amount of milk or meat it will produce. It also produces a most valuable fertilizer. The fertil- ity of the soil needs to be kept up. There is no better way of doing this than by keeping live stock and utilizing all of our mill products, particularly bran, to the best advantage. Very respectfully yours, (Signed) WM. M. LIGGETT, Dean and Director, The University of Minn. College and School of Agriculture, Agricultural Experi- ment Station. 26 Greenville, Maine, April 21, 1904. Mr. W. G. Crocker, Manager Feed Dept. Washburn-Crosby Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Dear Sir : — In answer to your favor of the i8th inst., just received. While I have never made a thorough test in the Winter and Spring wheat bran and middlings, I am thoroughly convinced that there is a large difference in same and always pur- chase Spring wheat bran and middlings, and specify that in all my orders. It is needless for me to add that I like the Washburn-Crosby goods, and when it is possible get your goods, even at a little ad- vance. I have used the flour made by your company ever since we went to housekeeping, some seventeen years ago. Yours very truly, (Signed) LYMAN BLAIR, Prop., Hillside Farms. Mr. Lyman Blair Spring Bran Preferable Belfast^ Ireland, December 9th, 1903. Messrs. Washeurn-Crosey Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Gentlemen : — In- replying to yours of the 27th ult. Ireland has been for very many years a strong- hold for bran, a higher price often being paid for it than for wheat, so you will see our farmers know the worth of bran as a food for cattle. Yours very truly, (Signed) MUNSTER, SIMMS & CO. " A word from Ireland Another word from Ireland Belfast, Ireland, December Qth, 1903. Messrs. Munster, Simms & Co., City. Dear Sirs : — Many thanks for the reading of enclosed letter. Evidently your friends are only recognizing now what has been known in this country for the past thirty years and more, viz : the good properties of bran as a food for cattle, es- pecially for milch cows. If they come- to the United Kingdom market value of this article, they will have no difficulty in selling all they wish to export. Yours A'cry truly, (Signed) JAMES McCAUGHEY & CO. Bran measures efficiency of other Feed New H.A.VEX, Conn., April 19th, '04. Washburn-Crosby Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Gentlemen : — Replying to your inquiry of April 14th. Bran and other by-products from the manufacture of flour are standards for dairymen by which they measure the efficiency and value of other feeds. When these wheat feeds are clean and pure they are safe and nutritious, and on most of our dairy farms constitute the basis, and often the larger part of the grain ration. Very truly yours, (Signed) E. H. JENKINS, Pii. D. Director Conn. Agricultural Experiment Station. Mr. Frank R. Sanders Laconia, N. IL, April 5tli, 1904. Washeurn-Crosey Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Gentlemen : — Yours of March 31st at hand. I have always advised liberal use of wheat bran in feeding and wheat feeds. We have fed large quan- tities of your Bran for years, even when nearby farmers valued bran about as mucli as sazvdust. But they feed bran nozv. It should form the basis of all dairy rations, to lighten heavy feeds, and in- crease the protein content. Very truly, (Signed) FRANK R. SANDERS, - Wayback Farm. Prof. Henry has been very courteous to us and given us permission to quote freely from his excellent treatise entitled "Feeds and Feed- ing." We therefore beg to call your attention to the following articles as they appear in this book : Article 46. In studying the digestibility of a given feed, the chemist first determines by analysis the percentage of each of the nutrients it contains. Art. go. We have learned that the substances which enter the body as food can be grouped under three great divisions : protein, carbohydrates and ether extract. Art. g8. Taking the experiments here presented and many others by the investigators for guidance, we may conclude that in the exercise of force there is greatly increased expenditure of the non-nitro- genous constituents of the food (carbohydrates and ether extract), and but little of tl>e nitrogenous. At the same time the importance of nitrogenous food must not be under-estimated, for, as Wolff tells us . "No one expects much zvork from men or animals fed on a diet poor in nitrogen, such as potatoes and nee. Fatness of body is never considered a sign of muscular strength." Art. 107. In 1884, Sanborn, of the ^Missouri Agricultural College, observed more lean ar.d Ie->s fat in the bodies of pigs fed ship-stuff (middlings) than in those of pigs fed corn meal. He wrote: "Does a food rich in carbohydrates and fat tend tr. pro- duce an mcreased proportion of fat to flesh ? I have Digestibility of Feeding Stuffs The source of muscular energy Sanborn's Findings The first Feeding Table The first Feeding Standard Introduction of Standards in America heretofore <'b- • ship-stuff (middhngs) \vi-.i- nLiitly better muscular developnii '. Experience convinces me that the cxcU.j:: ," us.: of corn meal for a feeding ration is detrimental to a viQorous and healthy muscular development, producing a pig easily subject to disease, distasteful to our consumers, and more costly than is necessary." Art. 138. The first attempt to systematically compare various feeding stuffs one with another was by Thaer, who in 1810 published a table giving what he termed "hay equivalents." Art. 139. In 1859 Grouven proposed the first feeding standard for farm animals, based on the total quantity cf protein, carbohydrates and ether extract found by analysis in feeding stuffs. This standard fell short of requirements, since it considered the total nutrients instead of the digestible portions. Art. 143. Feeding standards were first brought to the attention of Americans by Atwater in 1874, and the efforts of this teacher and investigator have fortunately been continued in the same line to the present time, greatly to the advancement of scientific agriculture in this country. Armsby's Manual of Cattle Feeding, based on Wolff's book on the same subject, appeared in 1880 and marked an area in the educational development of this topic. From these sources the students in our agricultural col- leges, writers and lecturers have come to know of feeding standards, and through them, thousands of feeders have learned to calculate rations for farm animals. WHEAT AND ITS BY-PRODUCTS IN MILLING. (Page 126.) DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS AND FERTILIZING CONSTITUENTS. DigestibleNutri- ents in 100 lbs. Fertilizing Con- stituents in 1000 lbs. Name of Feed B o u ■pes o c" ha O u g o o' a o Whpat lbs. 895 87.6 87.6 90..3 88.1 88.5 87.7 88.2 87.9 88.4 lbs. 10.2 8.9 8.2 13.5 12.2 12.9 12.3 12.2 12.8 9.8 lbs. 69.2 62.4 62.7 61.3 39.2 40.1 37.1 fO.O 53 0 51.0 lbs. 1.7 0.9 0.9 2.0 2.7 3.4 2.6 3.8 3.4 2.2 lbs. 23.6 18.9 28.9 31.8 26.7 lbs. 7.9 2.2 5.6 21.4 1:8.9 lbs. 50 High-grade flour. Low grade flour.. Dark feedi'g flour Wheat bran Wheat bran, spring wheat... Wheat bran. 1.5 3.5 10.9 16.1 Wheat shorts AV'heat middlings Wheat screenings 28.2 26.3 24.4 13.5 9.0 11.7- 5.9 6.3 8.4 Art. iC6. Compared with corn, wheat carries a higher percentage of starch, less ether extract and more protein. Thus it more clearly furnishes a balanced ration for farm animals. It follows that this grain meets the requirements of young and growing animals better than corn, a statement which is corroborated by the experience of feeders. Art. 175. Wheat bran carries, as we have seen, a considerable amount of crude fiber, somewhat re- sembling .straw in this particular. It differs from straw in that the inner surface of the Bran flakes is made up of the aleurone layer of the wheat grain, which is very rich in protein and in addition carries some starch. Understanding its character and com- position, we are in a position to make the best use of this abundant by-product in feeding farm stock. With some horsemen bi"an is fed only occasionally, being supplied once or twice a week in the form of a "mash," made by scalding with hot water, in which case it is a mild laxative and very beneficial. Bran has, however, become a common feed in many well managed stables. At the Stanford horse farm, a few years since, the writer found it being fed in moderate quantity to horses of all ages, from wean- lings to stallions and brood mares. Bran is quite commonly used in feeding omnibus and cab horses. Hard-worked horses, which have neither the time nor the energy to digest feeds with much bulk, should Wheat Grain Bi Desirable for Horses Bran par Excellence characliT <',)(, \. ,, lions i-'m 1)( ft-il •'/;•, heca'iiM' I'i ihc Irtfjc a. protein it contain^, iis it with tlu'se animal =. admirahlv with corn i •i'-.- its coarse, fibrous 1(1 mares and stal- . th excellent results ifiMiit lit mhieral matter and \ Ml'ime not working against In -teer feeding bran serves n anv form. Fed with this grain it gives bulk, supplies protein, and keeps the animal from cloying, as it may when long maintained on a single kind of feed, such as corn. The stock- man feeding corn to his steers will find them mak- ing better gains and showing, better condition by using bran for one-third of the concentrates. The light character of the bran is well shown in cases of over-feeding. Though a horse or a cow may be gorged with bran, it usually suffers no marked in- convem'ence therefrom, while an over-feed of corn or cotton-seed meal may produce fatal gastric disturb- ances. Bran is par excellence a leading feed for the dairy cow, furnishing not only bulk, a desirable qual- ity in this case, but protein and ash matter, which are so much needed in the formation of milk. As a complementary food to corn meal, the combination of bran and that grain is not to be excelled. For young pigs bran is too course and straw-like, and middlings should be substituted for it. For brood sows and older animals some bran may be fed with profit, and may prove very useful if the remainder of the ration is to be in concentrated form, for volume is necessary with the feed of such animals. This by-product is also very satisfactory in the sheep- 3'ard, being relished by fattening sheep, breeding ewes and growing lambs. Art. 1/6. We learn from the table (See page 263. Table and Article 414 as later appear) that the wheat grain is somewhat richer in nitrogen and Fertilizing mineral matter than corn. The by-products of Ingredients wheat in milling are much richer in these particu- lars than the grain from zvhich they are derived. High-grade fiour is not rich in nitrogen or mineral matter. Low-grade flour is rich in nitrogen but low in mineral matter. Dark feeding flour is rich in nitrogen and mineral matter. Bran and shorts carry all the elements of fertility in a large quantity, and for this reason are highly appreciated by those feed- ers whose interest reaches beyond their cattle to the lands they till. When very low in price, bran may he used as a fertilizer by direct application to ihe land, but such perversion should not be tolerated. It should be first fed to animals, and, through their droppings, it will reach the land almost undiminished in fertility. The great Northwest is now largely devoted to Avheat growing. Here the farmers are gathering into the wheat grains the fertility which has been accumulating for ages. Prudent farmers and stock- men further east, knowing of the fertilizing ingre- dients in the by-products of the flouring mills, are making large use of them, and by carefully saving the droppings from their cattle and applying them to the land, are transferring the great fertility of the Northwest to other districts. In this depletion of the soil of the Northwest by almost exclusive Avheat growing, and in transferring the fertility taken up by this crop to other regions in the by- products of milling, we are experiencing one of the greatest economic changes ever witnessed in Ameri- can agriculture. Art. 413. Phosphoric acid and potash are the Essentia two mineral compounds which are not always held constituents of by the soil in sufficient quantity to give profitable p rtiliyprs crops and must be supplied in the form of manure or fertilizers. Art. 4x4. The quantity of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash found in the various feeding stufifs is given in Table No. 3 of the Appendix. The ex- amples presented below are abstracted from that table for the purpose of illustration : XTS IN 1.000 Commercial Fertilizers Feeding Stuffs Kiirog-cn Piio-Til)'iric A. id. Potash Wheat straw Timothy hay Clover hay...... Corn LI)?. 5.!) 12.6 20.7 18.2 23.6 26 7 51.3 Lb.s. 1.2 5.3 3 8 7.0 7.9 2.-^0 IGIJ Lbs. 5.1 9.0 22.0 40 Wheat 5.0 16.1 Oil nieal,0. P - .. 13.7 From this table we learn that wheat straw con- tams 5.9 pounds of nitrogen, and timothy" hay more than twice as much, or 12.6 pounds. Clover hay is richer than timothy hay in nitrogen, and especially in potash, though poorer in phosphoric acid. We observe a larger quantity of all fertilizing constit- uents, especially phosphoric acid and potash, in zvheat bran than in the zuheat grain, from which bran is derived. This is because the starchy part of the wheat grain used for flour holds little fertility, while the outside portion of the grain which goes into the bran contains most of the nitrogen and ash. Art. 420. The soil in parts of our country is now so depleted that farmers and planters are forced to make large use of commercial fertilizers in order to secure remunerative crops. The commercial fer- tilizers sold in the United States during the year 1896 amounted to 1,355,000 tons. Placing a value on these of $20.00 per ton, a reasonable estimate, 34 we have a total of over $27,000,000 paid out by farmers and gardeners living mainlj' in the Atlantic and Gulf states for commercial fertilizers in a single 3-ear. For the year 1895 the farmers of Connecticut expended over $700,000, and those in New Jersey $io75)000 for commercial fertilizers. The market value of com.mercial fertilizers is based on their content of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash. Because of the enormous quantity of fertilizers used, each of their three valuable con- stituents has a definite market value. The average price of these ingredients in the wholesale market is as follows: Nitrogen, 15; phosphoric acid, 7; and potash 4.5 cents per pound. The prices of these articles do not fluctuate any more than do those of other standard articles of commerce. Art. 421. If we follow the plan adopted by some Eastern Stations of placing the same values on nitroeen, phosphoric acid and potash in feed- ing stuffs that these constituents bring when sold in commercial fertilizers, we are in a position to compare the fertilizing values of the several feed stuffs. Wheat bran and corn are compared in the table below : VALUE OF THE FERTILIZING CONSTITUENTS IN 1,000 POUNDS OF WHEAT BEAN AND CORN. Valuation of Fertilizer constituents in Feeding Stuffs Wheat Bran Corn Constituents a o o o m -a § CD Nitrogen 26.7 28.9 16.1 Cts. 15 7 4.5 Dols. 4.00 2.02 .72 18 7 4 Cts. 15 7 4.5 Dols. 2.70 Ptiospboric Acid .49 .18 Total 6.74 3.37 From the above we learn that the value of the fertilizing constituents in i,ooo pounds of bran is $6.74, and in the same weight of corn one-half as much, or $3.37. By dojbling these figures we have the following; Value of fertilizing constituents in i ton of wheat bran $1348 Value of fertilizing constituents in i ton of corn •• . . 6.74 Value of Farm Manure per ton Art. 422. The farmer will ask if it is here taught that he can get returns of $13.48 by the application of one ton of bran to his land as a fertilizer. Such a deduction is not the purpose of these figures. They mean, however, that a ton of bran contains nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash in such amount that if bought in the form of commercial fertilizers they ■would cost at least the sum named. They mean that the farmer Avho harvests a ton of corn and seeks to return to the field the same amount of fertility that was abstracted bj^ this crop must pay not less than $6.74 for the requisite fertilizers if bought in the market. Virgin soil as a rule con- tains a large amount of available fertility, and pioneer farmers, drawing upon Nature's store, give little consideration to the subject. . The Western farmer cultivating prairie lands^ when marketing corn con- siders that in so doing he is selling labor and per- haps rent of the land ; but rarely does he realize that he is also selling fertility, to replace which would cost as much. and often more than the crop .brings. The Eastern farmer and Southern planter are now cultivating soils which have been so de- pleted of available plant food that the subject of fertilizers is a matter of the deepest concern to them. Art. 424. It should be borne in mind that the value of farm manures depends primarily upon the character of the feed given, and, in the second place, upon the animal to which the feed is supplied. Manure which originates from the use of concen- trated feeding stuffs usually has a high value, be- cause such feeds are rich"- in nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash. Manure resulting from the use of straw and coarse forage has a correspondingly low value. 36 Art. 463. Shepperd compared bran and oats as a feed for work horses and mules in summer, eight horses and four inules beinsj used. The animals were divided into two even lots, all receiving good prairie hay for roughage. To one lot was fed oats, while the other received a mixture of bran and shorts, equal parts by weight. The horses averaged somewhat more than seven hours' work per day, the labor being quite severe : Bran and Shorts compared with Oats BKAN AND SHORTS, EQUAL PARTS BY WEIGHT, COMPARED WITH OATS— NORTH DAKOTA STATION. Grain Gain or Work Eaten Loss in Done Weight Feeding- Bran and Shorts- Lbs. Lbs. Hours Total, equal to 876 horsesoneday 12910 Loss 10 5705 Weekly average, per horse. 103 Loss 1-12 46 Feeding- Oats- Total, equal to 79? horsesone day 11838 Gain 10 4796 Weekly average, per horse 105 Gain 1-12 42 It is shown that the horses fed bran and shorts ate somewhat less concentrates per week, lost a little in weight, but did three and one-half hours more work per week each than these fed oats. Upon the zvhole, bran and shorts proved of equal ivorth to oats for feeding horses and mules. Art. 505. Bran has come into general use as part feed for the horse. Shorts or Middlings may be used to the extent of two or three pounds per day. Art. 544. An experiment is reported from Min- neapolis in which the lightest bran made was fed with hay to fifteen common steers for a period of four months. Each animal was fed separately, all feed being weighed. The steers were allowed exer- cise in a small yard. The steers weighed from 800 to 1,100 pounds at the time the experiment began in May, 1886. The following summarizes the re- sults : Pounds Total bran fed 24,064 Total hay fed 28,925 Total gain in weight, 15 steers 3,545 Average gain in weight (four months) 236 Feed for 100 pounds gain | '^^^ ^J^ These satisfactory gains show that bran may be successfully used for fattening steers. Feeding the Work Horse Bran for Steers Bran is Cooling Wheat Bran compared with Mixed Grain was at first Gradually the steer feedc. , ••irr-ction with other grain ii' its bulky character and .'^imy la.^auvx proper- ties, bran is n i dilutent for corn meal, cotton-seed mi -uxi heavy food substances. Art. 646 ( - • i.-^sl in Kentucky Bulletin No. 106.) During the \ears 1893-4 extensive feeding trials were conducted by the Copenhagen Experi- ment Station on the estates of dairy farmers. In these trials 447 cows were used. One lot of cows on each estate was fed a mixture of barley and oats ; a second was fed one-half wheat bran and one-half grain mixture ; while a third lot received wheat bran only. The results briefly summarized were as fol- lows : FEEDING MIXED GRAIN AND WHEAT BRAN TO 447 DAIRY COWS — COPENHAGEN (DENMARK) STATION. Average milk yield per cow, pounds Average per cent solids in milk.. Average per cent fat in milk Mixed Grain 21.9 11.66 3.04 One-half Grain. one- half Bran 22.1 11.75 3.11 Wheat Bran Only 22.1 11.77 3.12 These results agree closely, and from them we may assume that wheat bran is of equal feeding value for milch cows with a mixture of barley and oats. The findings of this test, are of great value be- cause of the large number of cows used in it and from the further fact that the animals were on various large farms under normal conditions, while all the observations were taken and recorded by Station officials. Art. 719. Next to corn, wheat bran is the great cow feed of this country. Rich in ash and protein, carrying a fair amount of starchy matter, its light, chaffy character renders it the natural complement of heavy corn meal. Though its nutritive constitu- ents approximate those of cotton-seed meal, it mixes well with that feed, causing it to lie more lightly in the stomach. The large amount of mineral matter in bran is another factor of much importance in milk produc- tion. In milk there is much mineral matter, placed there for the frame work of the calf, and bran sup- plies this more abundantly than most feeding stuffs. Middlings, like bran, are extensively fed to dairy cows. Being themselves heavy in character, they do not mix well with heavy feeds like cotton-seed meal and corn meal. Dairymen will find middlings much relished by coWs and yielding satisfactory re- turns. Bran and middlings are conceded by all who have fed them to favorably affect the flow of milk. Cows may be fed as much as six to eight pounds of bran daily and from four to six pounds of mid- dlings. Art. 854. At the Wisconsin Station, the writer fed three lots of three pigs each on corn meal and middlings, giving the first corn meal, the second middlings, and a third the mixture of the two, equal parts. At the Missouri Agricultural College, Sanborn conducted two trials with middlings in comparison with corn and corn meal. The results of these trials are summarized below : Wheat Bran and Middlings Middlings 39 COMPAnATIVE VALUE OF ^^DDI,r^'GS AND COKN MEAL FOK riG FEEDING— WISCONSIN STATION AND MISSOURI AGEI- rULTUEAL COLLEGE. Station and Feed Wisconsin Station- Lot 1, corn meal Lot 2, middlings Lot 3. equal parts mid- dlings and corn meal Missouri College Lot 1, corn meal Lot 2, middlings Missouri College- Lot 1, corn Lot 2, middlings Days led 42 116 116 Feed Eaten Lbs. 559 501 470 1G12 1524 397 334 Gain Lbs. 104 m 107 250 252 79 91 Feed for 100 lbs. Gain Lbs. 537 522 439 f!45 605 502 3'J7 In these trials middlings proved superior to corn, Sanborn's second trial showing a remarkably high value for this feed. This investigator, commenting on this by-product of v^heat milling, writes .' "The economy of ship-stuff (middlings) compared with corn has been noted by me every year for seven years, the figures of which are as loS to loo." The economy of feeding middlings and corn meal in combination instead of separately is shown in the Wisconsin trial, where 439 lbs. of the corn- middlings mixture proved as valuable as 522 of mid- dlings or 537 of corn meal when fed separately. While middlings were superior to corn when fed alone, a combination of the two proved twenty per cent more economical than middlings alone. One more word about Bran Art. 923. Bran may be fed with good result:? to breeding stock and to a limited extent to fatten- ing swine, the amount in the latter case being re- stricted, lest the volume of the feed be too much increased. Harris recommends that bran be sup- plied to pigs in a separate trough, where they can eat it at will. BRAN : We have already said much to you on this product and still one-tenth of its goodness has not been told. It will pay you well to in- vestigate Bran and experiment with it as against other feeds. After you have tired of all the rest in this book read the "Bran" part again — it means dollars and cents to you. SHORTS OR STANDARD MIDDLINGS: This grade is a little heavier than Bran, consisting of fine particles of the Bran, together with a small percentage of Low Grade Flour. It, therefore, contains slightly more protein than Bran, also a higher percentage of fat. It is an excellent feed to be mixed with Bran for cattle, and is especialUy desirable for fatten- ing young swine. MIXED FEEDS.' This grade is the mill run of Bran, Shorts and Low Grade (or so-called "Red Dog'') Flour. It contains a nigher per- centage of protein than Bran, necessarily more expensive, but a very popular feed, and is more of a substitute for an assorted ration. This is a comprehensive name, so look out for imitations. Some of the so-called "Mixed Feeds" offered by the oat meal mills, being mixtures of wheat Red Dog, oat hulls, chaff, etc., are comparatively worthless and dan- gerous. FLOUR MIDDLINGS : This grade is composed of Shorts and Red Dog Flour, carries a high percentage of protein as well as fat, and is especially adapted to the fatten- ing of swine and young cattle. This name also covers a wide latitude of grades. It is an ex- cellent substitute for corn and its products, and gives more satis- factory results. RED DOG FLOUR : This grade consti- tutes the lowest class of Flour, is the heaviest feed, contains the highest percentage of protein and fat, and is used chiefly for fattening young swine. The kind of Wheat Feed and their Uses Average Chemical Analyses W- :mill feed. BR-..,. Protein 16.82% Carbohj-drates, 61.64 Ash 6 42 Fat 4.46 SHORTS: Protein 19.62% Carbohydrates 61. G2 Ash 4.73 Fat 6.28 MIXED FEED: Protein 18.87% Carbohydrates 60 84 Ash 5.17 Fat 5.13 FLOUR MIDDLINGS: Protein 20.51% Carbohydrates 59.02. Ash 3.90 Fat 5.90 RED DOG: Protein 21.06% Carbohydrates 60 11 Ash 3 38 Fat '. 6.16 j.t is easy to answer the question, Why Use Bran ? Because, considering its merits, it is the cheapest concentrated food on the market. Because it is an aid to digestion. Because of its high fertilizing qualities. The United States Census Bureau showed that in 1000 there were 5,737,3(32 farms in the United States, and that in 1899 there was paid out for commercial fertilizers ^51,783,757, or $10.00 per farm. Stop buy- ing these comviercial fertilizers and feed- more Bra?i. Its manurial value is worth 50% of its cost in the Eastern states and 75% in the west. Because it is pure and palatable. Because experience proves that it is a paying proposition. Because the best authorities advise its use. Because the most practical feeders use it. Because Agricultural Experimetit Sta- tions w411 tell you that it should constitute an important part of the food ration. Why Use Bran? DON'T TAKE OUR WORD FOR IT,. BUT STUDY THE BUULETINS. 4 ,. ^ 43 ashburn- Crosby A Mill WE HAVE nearly finished, but we want to add a few more facts. We have spoken of the cow, the man, the food, and now just a v/ord about the Great Mills that produce this feed. Our plant is the largest and most per- fect in the world; our capacity being greater than that of any other Milling Company; namely, 87,000 barrels of flour per day, which means an output of 2,590,000 pounds of Mill Feed per day. Inconceivable as this may seem, it is not bombast, but actual fact. To make this amount of flour and feed requires 175,750 bushels of wheat each 24 hours and 500 cars to handle the products in and out of our mills. Were our goods not of the very highest quality we certainly would not need so large a capacity to care for our constantly increasing trade. If you are not already using our flour you are missing one of the luxuries of life, and if you are not buying Washburn- Crosby Co.'s different grades of Mill Feed you are not getting the best value for your money. We candidly admit that we are anxious for your patronage and in re- turn we promise to give you full value re- ceived. Remember, please, that every pack- age of our feed bears our full name, "Wash- burn-Crosby Co.," and is pure, sweet and fresh ground. Also kindly bear in mind that you \vant the genuine article. Do not be satisfied with brands which 3^our dealer may say are "just as good." If they are just as good, get the original and take no chances. This is important, and let us, therefore, caution you again to be sure that "Washburn- Crosby Co." appears on the package. 1 3 ; 3 3 S C J , 45 WASHBURN-CROSBY'S MINNEAPOLIS PLANT. Remember This WHIJ^E tlie great Minneapolis Mills are producing 10,000,000 barrels of flour per annum for man, incidentally the)- are turning out about 1,120,000,000 pounds of feed for beast. C. Volumes have been written about Washburn-Crosby's floiir and its merits. It is known in every civil- ized corner of the globe and is shipped to every country on the face of the earth. The by-products (which are about 30% of the wheat) constitute what might be called an independent industry. As man cannot live by bread alone, neither can beast live on hay alone ; that is, to secure the best results. About fifty years ago English feeders realized the importance of wheat by-pro- ducts as a valuable feed for the dairy cow and stock in g^eneral. Economic condi- 46 tions made it necessary for him to feed his cattle on scientific principles. As our own country developed we took the cue from good old England, and about twenty years ago Agricultural Experiment Stations were established in the Eastern States. These have grown until nearly every state in the Union is making a study of everything per- taining to the farm. Nothing has done more to show the value of wheat feeds than these same colleges. It is now an acknowledged fact, that to secure the best results from a herd Bran must be a valuable portion of the feed ra- tion, and used continually. Bran is as nec- essary to the farmers barn as bread is to his table, This commodity, on account of its con- stituents, is the cream of feed for the dairy cow; containing a much higher percentage of protein than general farm feed. It is clean, pure and highly digestible; and, on account of its coarseness and bulk, is desir- able as a vehicle in feeding the more con- centrated feeds which the farmer may deem advisable to give from time to time, such as Cotton-Seed Meal, Oil Meal, Corn Meal, etc., too heavy in themselves to feed alone. In this connection it is also an excellent ra- tion for horses. The heavier grades of feed and Red Dog are especially adapted to the fattening of cattle and swine; being more desirable in some ways than corn or its products. During the high prices two years ago many Eastern farmers used substitutes cheaper in- price, but found to their regret that it was false economy. Incidentally, the experiments at tlie Agricultural Stations prove the superiority of Spring over Winter Wheat Feed. It is now a fact, fully established, that the feeder or dairyman who tries to do with- out Bran and the other grades of Mill Feed is being seriously handicapped. The lay feeder never stops to discriminate, or even consider the fact that one kind of feed is not as good as another. His father and his grandfather used mostly corn, oats, barley, and their products. But his progressive brother studies the Agricultural Reports (which can be obtained on application) and makes a decided success of what other- wise might prove a drudgery and an unen- viable existence. In Denmark, the greatest dairy country in the world, Bran is highly esteemed, sup- plies being obtained from the Argentine Republic, Russia, England and Canada, and at times within the past few years from the United States. Thus, in conclusion, it must be readily conceded that while flour is the staff of life for man, wheat feed is the staff of life for beast. 48 >5^L.-t^' ■77 I ' i V iiiiiiiiiH^^^ liillllll: iiiiii ilK, i',l!;:i'! |il!li!iiiii!|!l|!ilpi; ;,ijMiiiilHM!tf6ii!: » ;i!!'s;iE'.a !!}i!»i;):)ot«?5?! •■ilii'K, 'mmmwmmm^miiiry :^mmmmmmib..