Historic, archived document Do not assume content reflects current scientific knowledge, policies, or practices. 594 Be 8 OF PLANTS BY INDIAN TRIBES OF NEVADA by mas ‘Divksion’ ‘of Plant. Exploration aud Introdjuction, Bureau of Plant. Incustryy BU. 3. ‘Department of Arriculture, A nia ch De Ce Werks Projects Peer re ‘of Newade : ee od ee Mrojects, 0.F) 6)-2-Ol-13, Wy P. 658; a cee PRA DP y 169 ZOOL, Wy PL 752, Po Collaborator é al University of Nevada. wae ee hi Gy ae y eck BP enc “UP: on ae ioultase, “tes CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARD A FLORA OF NEVADA. NO. 33. MEDICINAL USES OF PLANTS BY INDIAN TRIBES OF NEVADA by Percy Train, James R. Henrichs, and W. Andrew Archer PART II - (PAGES 62 - 129) December 1, 1941 Issued by The Division of Plant Exploration end Introduction, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, De Ce Works Projects Administration of Nevada Projects, 0.P. 65-2-04-13, wW. P. 658; O.P. 165-2-04-21, W. P. 752. Collaborator University of Nevada. Address all queries concerning this publication to of Plant Exploration and Introduction, Bureau of Plant U. S, Department of Agriculture, Washington, De Cr the Division Industry, 62 CREPIS ACUMINATA Nutt. Commpositae (S) ah-zah-div-o-wip; bee-sha-no-go, (E) hawksbeard. The seed, or the whole plant, are thoroughly crushed and ap- plied as poultices on breasts after childbirth, to induce milk flow, or to relieve sore or caked breasts (Austin - S). In one case the root of the plant was used as a means of remov- ing a foreign object from the eyeball of a patient. The root ground to a smooth powder, was sprinkled directly into the eye. Several days of applicetion were necessary to dislodge the im- bedded object but afterward the resultant inflammation cleared up rapidly (Ruby Valley - S). CREPIS SCOPULORUM Coville Compositae (S) ah-zah-div-oh-wip; bee-jee div-oh-wip. (E) hawks- beard. The root is made into a wash for sore eyes (Ruby Valley - S); the entire plant is mashed and applied as a poultice to caked breasts of women (Wells - S); and in one instance there wes a rew port that the latex could be applied to lessen the discomfort of bee stings or insect bites (Fallon - P). CUCURBITA FOERTIDISSIMA H. B. K. Cucurbitaceae (Moapa P) ahn-no-quav; arno-cup. (S) poo-nono. (ER) desert gourd. The large storage root of the plant is employed mainly as a cure for venereal diseases, apparently for both syphilis and gon- DUN ae eM , tee te rele olan i y u Ci 1, 63 orrhea (Beatty, Fallon, Lida, Moapa, and Tonopah - P&S). Many of the Indians warned of the poisonous nature of the plant and said that some deaths had occured from overdoses of the medicine. At Tonopah the exact method was indicated for preparing the medicine: pieces of the large root are roasted in hot ashes and rocks, being thoroughly dried afterward; a small piece, not much larger than a stick of chewing gum, is boiled in two quarts of water. One cup or less of the liquid constitutes a dose. It is said that it acts first as a continous emetic then as a physic. The seed sometimes are pulverized and applied as a dry powder on venereal sores (Moapa - P). It is also claimed thet the root decoction will kill maggots in wounds (Moapa - P). CUSCUTA spp. Convolvulaceae (P) canaza-kwee-sha; too-vah-saah. (E) dodder. The second of the Paiutes names given above is not the real neme of the plant but means literally - "woman without children". It ia believed that if a woman eats this material that she will not conceive. The plant is eaten from time to time when sterility is desired (Reno - P). CYMOPTERUS GLOBOSUS S. Wats. Umbelliferae (P) ye-duts; ye-luts. Unconfirmed data seemed to indicate that the water from boiled roots can serve as an insecticide (Fallon and Yerington - P), especially to kill mites on chickens (Schurz - P). CYPERUS ZSCULENTUS L. Cyperaceae See under Nicotiana attenuata. DALEA FREMONTII Torr. leruminoses (Moapa P) i-ere-midja. (S) quee-um-be; tuh-goo-buss-e-emp. To stop internal hemorrhages a tea was prepared from the boiled roots, according to one Indian, or from the boiled tops, according te another (Beatty - S), One Indian woman had heard that the root decoction could be taken for stomach trouble (Beatty - S). Other individuals gave a name to the plant and knew it was medici- nal but they could not say for what purpose (Moapa - P). DALEA POLYADENIA Torr. Leguminosae (P) ma-good-du-hoo; ma-good-tu-hoo; moh-goon-du-hoop; moh- goon-du-hoopie. (S) ma-good-tu-hoo; moh-goon-du-hue (E) smokebush. The plant is known generally over the entire State by all the tribes as a remedy for colds and coughs. The tea for this purpose is made usually from boiled stems, either fresh or dried, and ordi- narily is taken hot but there is one person who specified that the drink should be cold (Upper Reese River - S$). The Shoshones of Upper Reese River prepare a bitter solution by boiling together the smaller stems, the leaves and flowers; while those of Tcnopah gath- er the stems and dry them, using a handful to a quart of water for 6 ny ue @ N Wea i) M4 vit 65 the brew. The dosage apparently is never more than a cupful of the tea at a time (Upper Reese River - S) and some Indians specified that the quantity should be not more than a half-cupful (Winnemucca - P); others said that the twigs should be steeped only and not boiled (Rawhide - P). The stem decoction is especially favored as a pneumonia medi- cine (Fallon, Mason Valley, Schurz, and Yerington - P&S). In most instances it was indicated merely that the stems were boiled but in one case there was a specific reference to the use of young stems (Fallon - P), in another only the thick, basal stalks were utilized (Schurz - P), and one Indian preferred the tops of the plants (Schurz - P). The dosage in one community was a half-cupful taken three times a day (Schurz - P). The decoction was given also for tuberculosis (Rawhide, Smith Valley, and Upper Reese River - P & S), and for influenza (Monitor Valley and Nixon - P&S). Sugar was added to the drink for whoop- ing cough (Lovelock - P}. A number of communities resorted to the hot or cold tea for re- lief of stomach-aches (Fallon, Reno, Round Mountain, and Smith Valley - P&S). The medicine was mentioned several times in relation to kidney trouble. A tea from the boiled tops was said to induce urination (Smith Valley - P). A case was cited in which a patient hed been cured of pains in the back over the kidneys and incontinence of urine by drinking large quantities of the strong tea for several days (Upper Reese River - S). Another medicine for kidney ailments a) S eet aes EMME) A was prepared by boiling the stems and tops of the smokebush with twigs of Juniperus utahensis (Austin - P & S). An important treatment seems to be that for smallpox. For this the tea is given internally in small doses and the solution is used externally as an antiseptic bath (Austin and Elko - §), or only the external treatment is employed (Schurz - P). At Austin finely chopped twigs of Juniperus utahensis sometimes form part of the brew. The tea was mentioned twice as a treatment for venereal dis- eases but as usual the long period of time, necessary in this treatment, was stressed (Fallon and Monitor Valley - P & S). For measles the tea was taken internally (Fallon - P) but sometimes the treatment consisted in using the solution as an ex- ternal, antiseptic wash (Schurz - P). A tea was taken for muscular pains (Smith Valley - P), anda strong tea for diarrhea (Reno and Yerington - P&S). The stems were chewed for toothache or face neuralgia (Nixon - P), and a hot solution served as a wash for rheumatism (Schurz - P). In the treatment for sores, the stems were dried, pulverized and used as a powder (Lovelock and Nixon - P) or in one case the crushed fresh stems were rubbed on and then sprinkled with a dry red earth, known as 'pee-sha-pee! (Reno - P). DATURA METELOIDES DC. Solanaceae (Moapa P) moh-mopee (S) moh-eep. (E) jimson weed. Apparently none of the Nevada Indians employ the plant for 66 every ne) dW { 67 medicinal purposes although they do know that a narcotic tea can be secured from the roots (Beatty, Moapa, and Tonopah - P & S). DESMANTHUS ILLINOENSIS (Michx.) MacM. Leguminosae (Moapa P) pah-oh-pimb. A single report indicated that trachoma could be relieved by placing five seed of the plant in each eye at night. The eyes were washed with clear water each morning (Moapa - P). DYSSODIA THURBERI (A. Gray) A. Nels. Compositae (S) ahn-dah-gah nut-tah-zoom. The root decoction taken as a tea served as a physic (Beetty - bg = * ELYMUS CONDENSATUS Presl Gramineae (P) oh-hoe-buh wah-hava; sah-wah-havva; wah-havva. (S) pav-wah-guave; wy-ron-zip. (E) rye grass. The sharp edges of the leaf blades are emplcyed to scrape granulated eyelids, in fact this was the old method of treating trachoma (Fallon, Ft. McDermitt, Lovelock, Owyhee, Reno, Wells, and Winnemucca - P & S). Of doubtful efficacy are washes for sore eyes prepared by either boiling or merely soaking the leaves (Fallon and Owyhee - P 2S). ENCELIOPSIS NUDICAULIS (A. Gray) A. Nels. Compositae (S) anga-go-ahp (at Beatty and Lida); coo-see ah-kuk (at Tonopah). Was " eet en RAR 68 Apparently the plant is not common in Nevada and for this reason the Indians are said to go to Hornsilver, a place near Lida, in order to secure material for their remedies. A tea from the boiled roots is taken for bloody diarrhea (Beatty and Tonopah - S), for venereal disease (Lida and Tonopah - §), and a tee from the boiled leaves is used for coughs (Beatty - S). EPHEDRA NEVADENSIS S. Wats. Gnetaceae (Moapa P) tu-tupe. (S) coo-see too-roombe. (E) joint fir; Mormon tea; blue ephedra. This species is employed almost entirely in the treatment of venereal diseases, the method being merely to drink a tea brewed from the twigs and branches (Moape and Tonopah - P&S). At Tonopah no distinction was made as to the disease but at Moapa gonorrhea was specifically mentioned. At the latter locality the medicine could be compounded by boiling Gilia congesta with the Ephedra twigs. (See further under Gilia congesta and Larrea divaricata). , The tea was taken also as a stimulation for urination (Beatty - S) and the powdered twigs and branches were made into poultices for sores (Fallon - S). EPHEDRA VIRIDIS Coville Gnetaceae (P) soo-roop-ee; too-roop-ee; too-toop-ee. (S) too-roombe; too-toom-be. (W) mag-gel; mah-gah. (E) joint fir; formon tea; Indian tea. ACO) UN) Angas ae ine 69 In the treatment for syphilis one informant said that the small stems only were the ingredients of the tea (Fallon - S); for gonorrhea the dried twigs were mixed with the inner bark of Purshia tridentata to make a tea for drinking (Smokey Valley - 3); while other remedies, not specifying which venereal disease, recommended a tea of the Ephedra twigs alone (Winnemucca - P), or the stems were mixed with Gilia aggregata (Austin - S). “As a reguletor for kidney, or sometimes bladder disorders, a steeped or boiled tea is prepered from the twigs or branches (Ely, Fallon, Hawthorne, Monitor Valley, Nixon, Schurz, and Ton- opah - P& S). Usually no dosage was indicated but in a few cases the quantity of tea to be imbibed was said to be 'tseveral cupfuls! a day. For colds the same tea was recommended (Elko, Fallon, and Nixon - P & S) and in the first named locality it wes said that the tea should be boiled down to a thick consistency before taking. The tea is favored in nearly all communities as a tonic or blood purifier. In fact it is believed that the tea aids the circulation of the biood and for that reason is given to old people (Belmont and Fallon - P&S). The tea is taken also for delayed or difficult menstruation (Dresslerville, Gardnerville, and Minden - W); for stomach dis- orders (Fallon, Lovelock, Schurz, and Winnemucca - P & S), For stomach ulcers the tea is drunk instead of water (Schurz - P). In one community the tea is taken regularly as an aid in the . . \ . 3 = ae 5 ; see 3 se : x : . op cure of rheumatism (Yerington - P). As a physic the stems are boiled in salted water (Beatty - S) or sometimes only the roots are employed (Lida - S). For childrens! diarrhea a warm tea is prepared by combining this plant with the scraped bark of Cercocarpus ledifolius (Reno - P&S). The dried and pulverized stems are applied as a powder to cure sores (Nixon and Schurz - P & S) or the finely ground material may be mixed with the pitch of Pinus monophylla and used as a salve (Austin - S). For burns the powder is moistened slightly and functions as a poultice (Battle Mountain - S). EQUISETUM spp. Equisetaceae (S) bah-see-noo; kah-wah-quah-see. (E) horsetail rush. The plant is boiled for about thirty seconds and the decoc- tion taken for kidney trouble (Ely - S). ERIGERON CAESPITOSUS Nutt. Compositae (P) booie na-tizuah; kah-noop-ah. The roots are boiled and the cooled solution employed as an eyewash (Fallon - P). Also the roots are boiled to make a strong red tea, and of this a cupful is said to be sufficient to stop diarrhea (Upper Reese River - P). ERIGERON CONCINNUS var. APHANACTIS A. Gray Compositae (P) dootsie tah-bah-she-up; too-bee-man-ob. (S) boo-ee nut-zoo. (E) brass buttons. | way NUN Satan The whole plant is boiled and a half-cupful or less of the brew taken for stomach-aches and cramps (Ft. McDermitt, Schurz, and Tonopah - P & S), the function of the medicine epparently be- ing that of ) physic. However, there seemed to be no egreement ameng the Indians as to the degree of action produced by the de- coction. Some claimed that the medicine was not a physic (Tono- pah - S), others said it was only 2 mild physic (Schurz - P). On the contrary some individuals warned that the tea acted as 2 violent emetic and physic; and for this reason the remedy is con- sidered as an appropriate treatment for chronic constipation (Hawthorne - P). The decoction was used also as an eyewash, three drops at a time, repeated at intervals during the day (Peavine Creek = S). ERIODICTYON ANGUSTIFOLIUM Nutt. Hydrophyllaceae (Moapa P) wee-poo-en-ub. (S) wee-pah-got-um. (E) mountain balm; yerba santa. The leaves, or the young shoots, are brewed and the solution taken in small doses for colds and coughs (Beatty and Moapa - P & s)* honey is sometimes added to the drink (Las Vegas - P). The brew made from the leaves or tops is said to be an excellent expectorant and for thet reason to be a suitable medi- cine for pulmonary troubles or early stages of tuberculosis (Las Vegas and Moapa - P & S). The brew is a counteractive for vomiting and diarrhea (Moapa - Pix 1. hie HD A brew of the boiled leaves is taken to relieve stomach-aches, and also as a drink in the cure of venereal disease (Beatty - S). The young stems, the leaves, and flowers are boiled and the liquid used in hot compresses for rheumatic pains (Beatty - S). ERIOGONUM MICROTHECUM Nutt. Polygonaceae (P) pee-wee-guy-womb-mutz-zee. (S) ahn-ga-see-ga wee-ub; anga-kah-sah-rumba. (E) wild buckwheat, The roots, and sometimes the tops, are boiled as e tea for treating tuberculosis (Beatty and Tonopah - P&S). At the lat- ter town, it is claimed that this medicine is a definite cure for tubercular coughe To prepare the solution one first dries the roots and the tops and then boils a large quantity. Since the liquid keeps well, it is stored in bottles until needed. The patient must drink the solution instead of water and the treatment must continue steadily for as long as a year. The stems and leaves are boiled for a tea to treat bladder trouble (Smith Valley - P). The whole plant is used to prepare a boiled solution which serves as a wash or for hot compresses in treating lameness or rheumatism (Ely and Wells - S). ERIOGONUM OVALIFOLIUM Nutt. Polygonaceae (P) ya-paw-taw-the. (S) naka-donup. (E) butterballs. A tea from the boiled roots is employed to cure colds (Fallon - P&S). i te \ ¢ ERIOGONUM SPHAEROCHPHALUM Dougie. ex Benth. Polygonaceae (P) ya-paw-taw-the. (E) sulphur flower, The root decoction is used for colds (Winnemucca = P) and to stop diarrhea (Elko and Ft. McDermitt - P&S). ERIOGONUM UMBELLATUM Torr. Polyzgonaceae (P) na-ka-donip; wadda-e-goh. (S) bah-hoe-zee; naka- donune (=) sulphur flower. The leaves, sometimes combined with the boiled roots, are mashed for poultices which are used for lameness or rheumatism (Ely and Yerington - P&S). A decoction of the roots is prepared and taken hot for colds (Beatty, Owyhee, and Summit Lake - P&S). The same solution serves also for stomach-aches (Nixon - P). ERYNGIUM ALISMAEFOLIUM Greene Umbelliferae (P) momono-kaiyu. (—) button snekewood. The whole plant is steeped and taken as a tea for diarrhea (Owyhee - P). Apparently the plant does not have a wide distribu- tion in the State, having been collected by us only once in Elko Countye EUPHORBIA ALBOMARGINATA T. & G. Euphorbiaceae (S) nah-com-boot-zip. (E) spurge. The whole plant is crushed and applied as a poultice on snake bites (Lida - S). The boiled plant furnished a tea to be taken as 74 a tonic for general debility (Lida - S). EUPHORBIA ARENICOLA Parish Euphorbiaceae (Moapa P) tah-wee-carib. (=) spurge. The plant is employed in medicinal remedies infrequently. Water from the boiled plant serves as an eyewash, and a poultice of the mashed plant is supposed to reduce swellings (Moapa - P). EUPHORBIA POLYCARPA Benth. Euphorbiaceae (S) nah-comb-boh-zip; neh-wah-go bud-zip. (E) spurge. The plant can be made into a tea drink as a tonic for any general, indisposed feeling or the solution can be used es an eye- wash (Beatty - S). EUROTIA LANATA (Pursh) Moa. Chenopodiaceae (P) boo-see-ah-wah-be; she-shu-bah. (S) shee-shub; tuh- veep. (E) white sage; winter fat. In early times a hot solution made from this plant was used by the Indians to rid their hair of lice, in fact one of the Paiute names, 'boo-see-ah+wah-be' means - 'head lice plant’. As a matter of fact the boiled decoction is employed still as ea hair and scalp tonic (Battle Mountain, Beowawe, Ely, Fallon, and Yerington - P&S). — is a belief that this treatment will prevent or check falling hair (Tonopah - S), or even that constant use of the liquid would act as a hair restorer in beldness (Beatty- S), and also that it prevents the hair from turning gray (Sehurz-- P). all WLAN vi Lice dt i By et AERA on Can Shen MMe i Cai ARAL Mie Ah Vieni) IUieAbhs AAW The solution prepared from boiled leaves, or from stems and leaves, wes deemed beneficiel for eye soreness, either as a wash or in the form of a compress (Ely and Reno - P&S&). FORSELLESIA NEVADENSIS (A. Gray ) Greene Celastra Q it) rN) e (S) bas-un-dook nut-zoo. This plant was recognized by one Indian, who said that his mother had used it some forty years ago to cure a number of Smokey Valley Shoshones suffering from the early steges of tuberculosis. The shrub is boiled and the decoction given as a tea in doses of several cupfuls daily over a long period of time (Round Mountain - §). So far as our experience goes this is the only record of the plant being utilized by Nevada Indians. However there were other Indians who recognized the plant. For instance Mazsgie Jack, of Manhattan, had seen the plant growing along a trail leading to South Twin River and she had heard of its use as a tuberculosis medicine. Long Haired Bill, of Monitor Valley, said that the Shoshones of Death Valley in California employed the decoction regularly to treat tuberculosis. FRASERA ALBOMARGINATA var. INDUTA (Tidestr. )Card Gentianaceae (no name known) The roots are boiled to make an eyewash (Beatty - S). i ' he ay 1 Mee 76 FRASERA SPECIOSA Dougl. Gentianaceae (S) coo-see div-oh-savva. (E) deer's tongue. The Shoshone word 'div-oh-savva' more properly belongs to Varatrum californicum, a plant having reputed contraceptive properties. In fact the literal meaning of the word is ‘sterile! or 'childless woman!, The Indians offer no explanation for applying the name to the Frasera, unless it be due to a fancied resemblance between the two plants. The decoction of the Frasera roots is taken as a tonic for any general weakness or feeling of illness. The dose is said to be a half-cupful taken 'once in a while.! (Manhattan - S). GILIA AGGREGATA (Pursh) Spreng. Polemonicceae (P) pah-wah-gopish; para-give; soh-noy tah-cun-oh-queh. (S) enga-mo-wanya; enga-mutz-oh-y-newie; tem-piute; tin-ah-piute. (EZ) scarlet gilia; timpiute. The Paiute word, 'soh-noy tah-cun-oh-quah! means - 'little bird food!, while the Shoshone 'enga-mutz-oh-y-newie! means - 'red flowers hanging down on each side of stem!. For this reason it may be that neither is to be considered as a specific Indian name for this particular plant. An amusing sidelight to be noted is that practically all of the Shoshones, when questioned, recognized this plant immediately as ‘the big Paiute bad disease medicine!, while on the other hand scarcely any of the Paiutes would admit that they had ever seen the plant or that it had any use, By far the principal employment of the plant, in the Shoshone eid eel Tay a iy bates (2 Fa NOG ek Mle iy hah a ba jis) wie eats by ET Da tan Ah eT pe yes ae 7? communities at least, is for the treatment of venereal. diseases, both gonorrhea and syphilis being mentioned in this connection. The whole plant is boiled for the purpose and the solution can be taken as a tea or used as a wash. The Indians agreed that a long period of treatment was necessary to effect a cure. The dosage, when indicated, varied from a half-cupful three times daily (Upper Reese River) to a half-cupful once a day (Peavine Creek). See also under Ephedra viridis. Both Paiutes and Shoshones, throughout the State, use the plant as an emetic and physic. For this purpose the whole plant, or sometimes the root only, is boiled to make the tea. A half-cup- ful was the usual dose. Scattered reports indicated that a brew from the whole plant was taken as a blood tonic (Austin and Upper Reese River - S), a drink for colds was We aee from boiled roots (Nixon - P), ora decoction of the whole plant was a disinfectant wash for the itch (Upper Reese River - S). The whole plant is crushed and made into a poultice for rheu- matic aches (Lida - S). As a medicine to induce vomiting, see under Aquilegia formosa. - GILIA CONGESTA Hook. Polemoniaceae (P) quoy-hee nooma natiz-u-ah. (S) bas-oh-nup; be-he- vah; bee-ah-du-hu; bee-hee-vah; hoe-ni; hoo-na; hoo-ni; sah-tone-zee; sah-tonerzee-yung, (W) wem-see. WA or aN? veya A wy Wu 4 Wen i ane y BN ae A ia psa From the data secured it would appear that this is a plant em- ployed predominantly by the Shoshones, there being but two reports from the other tribes. During the interviews, about half of the Shoshones indicated that a decoction of the plant was taken as a blood tonic, or as many of them expressed it - 'to clean the blood!. There is reason to believe that in these cases the answers were dis- simulative due to modesty. In other words, these people were asham- ed to say frankly that the decoction was used for venereal diseas- es. The experience with one family in Ely would tend to prove this point because upon meeting them the first year as strangers, they gave the stock answer - !to clean the blood! in describing the med- icinal properties of the plant, but in the second encounter with the same people they admitted that the members of the colony employ- ed the plant in the treatment of venereal diseases. In five localities the treatment was mentioned definitely in re- lation to gonorrhea (Austin, Elko, Moapa, Smokey Valley, and Tonopah - P & S), and at Moapa the informant remarked that the medicine would not serve for syphilis. The data from the remainder of the lo- calities were not specific and indicated the treatment to be merely for venereal disease (Beatty, Monitor Valley, Owyhee, Round Mount- ain, Tonopah, and Upper Reese River - S). Ordinarily the treatment consists of drinking the decoction but usually no exact dosage was indicated. One Indian said that the drink should be taken a half-cupful at a time over a long period (Upper Reese River - S), while another remarked that often the twigs of Ephedra nevadensis are added to the brew in order to 74 4 : es hal a ea aad To a hs) i ant ean haa iae PES) buen i) | aut She 19 lessen the disegreeable flavor of the medicine (Moapa - P). The seme man went on to say that the tea must be taken hot but that the patient must lie down afterward to prevent nosebleed and also so that the medicine not act as an emetic. According to still others the plant can be mashed with raw Penstemon deustus and applied as a wash to dry up gonorrhea (Smokey Valley - S); or the plant alone, mashed to make a poultice, will heal venereal sores or eruptions (Elko - §S). All of the Indians employ the plant as a physic and emetic, in fact it may be that these are the properties of the medicine which are utilized in the relief of a number of disorders, such as colds, diarrhea, indigestion, and stomach trouble. The decoction was mentioned specifically in treating influenza (Reese River and Smokey Valley - S), one Indian claiming that it was a better medicine than that prepared from Leptotaenia miltifida. He said the dose was & cupful at a time taken two days in success- ion. The decoction was taken for liver trouble (Ruby Valley ~ S) end for kidney complaint (Ely - S). For dropsy the tea was drunk and poultices of the crushed plant applied (Dresslerville - W). The boiled decoction, or sometimes the cold water infusion, also served as an eyewash (Beatty and Upper Reese River - S). The decoction is considered to be beneficial as an antiseptic wash for wounds, cuts, bruises, pimples, and sores (Austin, Beatty, and Smokey Valley - S). An outstanding case was cited as an example in which the patient had been afflicted for two years with chronic Wai aes 80 ulcers. It was claimed that a cure was completed in a month by external and internal treatments with the decoction, alternating with short exposures to sunshine (Austin - S). The plant is boiled, drained, mashed and used as a plaster for erysipelas, especially of the face (Upper Reese River - S). Poul- tices of the raw, crushed plant aid the healing of back sores of horses (Elko - S). GILIA EREMICA var. ARIZONICA Craig Polemoniaceae (P) eck-quee-hu-binga. The steeped plants are employed as a tea for tuberculosis of children (Nixon and Reese River - P). GILIA EREMICA var. ZIONIS Craig Polemoniaceae A single report indicated that the plant decoction was taken as a stomach medicine and to stop diarrhea (Summit Lake - P). GILIA FILIFOLIA var. SPARSIFLORA (Eastw.) Macbr. Polemoniaceae (P) sigh-yah-gava; si-yah-gum; too-bee man-a-ba; too-bee too-ben-aba; too-man-aba. (S) din-ah-ee-goom; duh-na-ce- go; duh-nah-eye-go. Paiutes and Shoshones in general recognize this plant as the one employed in making the decoction which is taken either es a physic or emetic. Apparently the medicine has a drastic action and for this reason the dose is usually indicated to be less than ' one-half a cupful. te ty u PRA velit ANY Ha Sa tele fA ARE mM Ro ee aly g1 Aside from the purpose mentioned above there were only two other remedies mentioned; the decoction was taken as a drink for venereal disease (Tonopah - S) and Johnnie McCann claimed that the boiled plants used as a tub bath would relieve rheumatic pains (Upper Reese River - S$). GILIA PUNGENS (Torr.) Benth. Polemoniaceae (S) duh-nah-eye-gum; tin-ah-ee-go. Our data would show that only a few Shoshones know this plant and that it is emplcyed only as a wash for swellings or soreness of the eyes. Two said that the whole plant was boiled for this pur- pose (Austin and Beatty), while two others specified a decoction of the roots only (Fallon and Tonopah). One prepares a cold water in- fusion by merely soaking the roots and stems (Lida). GRINDELIA SQUARROSA var. SERRULATA (Rydb.) Steyerm. Compositae (P) oha tonega; sah-nah tonegan. (S) sah-nah cav-oh-no-ah; sah-nah-goop-ah-rah; woh-ah-gum. (E) gum plant. There is another species, Grindelia nana Nutt., which occurs in the State together with the one named above and apparently the Indians do not distinguish between the two and employ both indis- criminately in their remedies. The plant decoction, according to a number of Indians, was of value in curing smallpox; the doses were small but were taken rezu- larly every day (Elko and Ruby Valley - S). At the latter place, it was specified that the dose should be one teaspoonful, three times < day. The dose for measles, was less than @ half-cupful, three times daily (Ruby Valley - S). In the treatment for venereal disease the same solution was in- dicated although the amount to be taken varied from !smll doses! to a helf or two cups daily (Elko, Ruby Valley, and Wells - S). Most of the people explained also that in the case of this disease, a long period of time was required for the treatment. For pneumonia it seemed that the younger, more resinous, por- tions of the plant were preferred for the decoction (Fallon and Owyhee - P). The dosage was said to be less then e half-cupful, taken hot. The decoction is said to be a good expectorant and for this reason is popular as a cough medicine (Elko, Owyhee, Ruby Valley, and Tonopah - P & S). ne tea is taken also as a remedy for several other disorders; for bladder trouble (Elko and Owyhee - P & S); for stomach-ache or as an emetic (Lida and Wells - §S). A poultice of the boiled plant serves for swellings (Ruby Valley - S)s In the seme community was cited the case of a patient with a broken leg bone. Warm poultices were applied on the wound, being changed every day for four weeks. Also the solution in which the plant had been boiled was used as an antiseptic wash to aid in the healing. GUTIERREZIA SAROTHRAE (Pursh) Britt. & Rusby Compositae (S) see-gupe; too-goot~se-ooh-goope; toom-bee-see~bupe. &2 (Z) snakeweed. The Indian word 'sse-gupe', in its variable spellings, is a general term applied to several shrubby plants with yellow flowers, such as Chrysothamnus or Tetredymia. One informant used the boiled leaves, wrapped in a cloth, ag a poultice for sprains or rheumatism. It was said that the applica- tion created enough heat to burn the skin (Summit Lake - P}. There was one report that the decoction of the plant could be taken as an aid in curing a cold (Austin - 8). As an antiseptic wash for measles the plant was boiled with finely cut needles of Pinus monophylla (Austin - §). To stop a nosebleed, one Indian claimed that the boiled leaves, applied in a wet cloth to the top of the head, would suffice (Nixon - P). HEDEOMA NANA (Torr.) Bric. Menthaceae (E) pennyroyal. One Indian made e drink from the boiled plant as a physic and for indigestion (Beatty - S). HELIANTHELLIA UNIFLORA (Nutt.) T. & G. Compositae (P) @h-kuh. (S) ah-kuh; ah-kuk. (E) little sunflower. The word 'tah-kuh! is applied to other sunflower-like plants with large, edible seed. The root only is employed, usually as a poultice. In one case the mashed substance was heated on the stove and epnlied hot for swellings and sprains (Fallon - P). In another the substance was 83 apy Pe Tne gin Boy (hs Vie a shh : Ube Na ‘ian él used without heating as a counter-irritant for rheumatism cf the shoulder or knee (Beowawe - S). A cold water infusion of the mashed root when used as a wash or in a cold compress gives relief from headache (Austin - S). HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L. Compositae (P) bah-kuk. (EH) common sunflower. In a single instance the root decoction was reported to be enm- ployed as a warm wash for rheumatism (Smith Valley - P). HELIOTROPTUM CURASSAVICUM Boraginaceae var. OCULATUM (Heller) Tidestr. (P) tube-manabe; tu-ma-nabe. (S) i-yah-oh-ho; i-yeah-oh-ho; tu-man-ah-be. (E) heliotrope. Anna Downington, a Paiute of the Reno colony, said that the word - 'tube-manabe! meant - '!growing among rocks! and that prob- ably it was not the real Paiute name for the plant. In one locality a number of Indians were in agreement that a decoction of the plant was administered as a tea in case of reten- tion of urine (Beatty - P & S). Two informants specified that only the roots were to be used. Only small quantities of the potion are needed and it is said that the action is quite rapid. One Indian woman boiled only the tops of the plant to make a potion which is believed to be an aid in measles by bringing out the skin eruptions (Lida - S). One family claims that the boiled solution can be administered for venereal disease (Beatty - S). The root decoction was reported once as a gargle for sore throat (Beatty - P&S). Emetic properties also are asvigned to the decoction in some communities (Beatty, Fallon, Schurz, Winnemucca, and Yerington -P&S).- HERACLEUM LANATUM Michx. Umbelliferae (P) bee-ah-bogo; dotse-toneg-e-ga; pi-yah-pah. (S) be-ah boh-quyh; boh-quah. (W) comb-ho. (E) cow parsnip. In the few sources of data relative to this plant there were only two in which the remedy was the same. Members of two different tribes treat toothache by inserting pieces of the raw root in tooth cavities to stop the pain (Austin, Dresslerville, and Gardnerville -S&W). For sore throat the raw root was mashed, soaked in water, and the infusion used as a gargle and the mashed root substance was applied as a poultice around the throat (Austin - S). A metnod of preparing a remedy for coughs and chest colds con- sisted of burning whiskey in 4 saucer to remove the alcohol, then boiling it with roots of the plant and taking the decoction as a tea. For head colds there was recommended the inhalation of smoke from roots, mixed and burned with the pitch of Pinus monophylla (Austin - S). Other scattered data indicated that a half-cupful of the root decoction as a tea would stop diarrhea (Gardnerville and Dressler- ville - W), or that the same decoction, if taken over a long period ' s rf. ute polices of time, would cure tuberculosis (Round Mountain - S), that the mashed roots served as a poultice for rheumatism (Winnemucca - P), and that a salve made from the root would aid in healing wounds (Owyhee - P). HERMIDIUM ALIPES S. Wats. Nyctaginaceae (P) he-wov-bee; hewovey. (E) four-o'clock. This is employed commonly by the Paiutes in the treatment of headaches; in fact, the remedy name applied by them to the plant is 'spee-ge-nooma na-tiz-u-ah! meaning - ‘headache medicine’. The us- ual method consists in using the hot or werm water from the boiled root as a wash for the head (Fallon, Schurz, and Yerington). Only two individuals claimed that the solution could be given as a tea for headaches (Fallon and Schurz). In these same two communities an additional aid for curing headaches consisted in making come. peeaaes or poultices of the fresh crushed leaves to bind on the head. The root solution was employed as a wash on the face and head for delirium (Reno) and to relieve neuralgia (Fallon). For faint- ing spells, dizziness and nausea the wash could be applied exter- nally to the head or a half-cupful of the solution administered as a tea (Schurz). For healing purposes the peeled roots were dried, pulverized, and the powder applied dry to sores (Reno and Yerington), made into a paste for burns (Hawthorne), or into a wash for impetigo (Schurz). The mashed leaves are sometimes made into poultices for swell- ings (Schurz). &6 aM es Ni ah Hi} fl Vata a br " ‘7 ny CME ihn Wee A + Tes 87 A single report indicated that less than one-fourth cupful of the solution from boiled roots would act as 2 physic (Fallon). Apparently the Shoshones are addicted to physic medicines while on the contrary the Paiutes appear to use such remedies infrequently. HEUCHERA RUBESCENS Torr. Saxifragaceae (S) toya-dimba-weh-rumb; zee-guoy. (E) alum root. The two names given above were not used by three of the groups from oem data was secured; instead, they knew the plant by the term - 'be-ah nut-zoo' which signifies merely - ‘big medicine!, This is rather curious because ordinarily if a plant is not called by its own name the Indian substitutes one of the specific remed- ial terms. A tonic from the boiled roots is used a great deal in some families for general systemic debility (Elko - S), sometimes even being prepared in quantity and bottled. The dose is a half-cupful every day. According to one report the root decoction is quite effective in reducing high fevers (Round Mountain and Smokey Valley - S). The dose is a half-cupful given three times daily. There were two reports of the root decoction being taken as a eure for venereal disetse, the dose in one case being a half-eupful each morning (Hawthorne and Manhattan - P & 8). The boiled root decoction in one instance was taken as a tea for heart trouble (Beatty - S). A cold water infusion from the soaked roots served as an eye- Via Boel l] i cd ee a em hte 7 as rial vee wash (Fallon - P). The same cold water infusion was taken in an unspecified amount to stop diarrhea, and in 'small doses! for sev- eral days to relieve liver trouble or biliousness (Beowawe - S). Soaked roots were given to horses and cows for cramps (Beowawe - S). Awash for saddle sores on horses was made from mashed and boiled leaves (Tonopah - §). HOLODISCUS DISCOLOR var. DUMOSUS (Nutt. ex Hook.) Dip. Rosaceae (P) oh-na-nut-tiz-u-wabbe; tah-see-vuh; wah-poose-ch-guay. (S) tot-zip; toya-huhnabbe. (E) rock spirea. In the treatment of venereal disease, one informant recommended that a cup of the decoction from boiled leaves be taken three times a dey (Manhattan - S) while another varied by using only the stem decoction, the dose being less than a half-cupful daily (Smokey Val- ley - S). In both cases the treatment needed a lone period of time. A decoction made from the leaves and stems was taken a$ a dose of a half-cupful for stomach-aches (Smokey Valley - S), or a decoc- tion of the boiled roots as a remedy both for stomach disorders and to stop diarrhea (Nixon - P). However, a half-cupful of decoction from the leaves acted as an emetic (Round Mountain - S). Tea from boiled stems helped to cure colds (Mason Valley - P). One woman prepared an antiseptic wesh for external purposes by boiling together leaves, flowers and upper stems (Lida - S). She also employed the solution internally to treat a vague condition arising from an undefined cause. The feeling was that of internal organs having swollen thus causing such symptoms es shortness of 8 As HN A | Hn O Die eat eet wae) ue Wired 1 Nk Re, Puen Hite ers) ba Ne x, ys pill Revita ae Fi) AV ahaa A : ul Pinys iti te 3 , ot 4 ii breath and the inability to bend over or to lie down. For this condition the tea was taken in doses of one-half to a full cup, three times a day for a week, HYPERICUM SCOULERI Hook. Guttiferae (P & S) andra-vitch-gwanna. (E) St. John's wort. All but one of the remedies obtained from this plant were for external applications. In two communities the water from boiled plants was used as a bath for aching feet (Eureka and Wells - P & Sie As a healing agent for sores, or to reduce swellings, the boil- ed plant was applied direct or as a poultice (Ruby Valley and Wells - S); for cuts or bullet wounds the dried plant was pulverized end applied as a powder (Upper Reese River - S). The dried root was kept at hand, in one household, as a tooth- ache remedy but the manner of application was not revealed (Beowawe =! 6), As a remedy for manarbal dtsedee a tea was prepared from the tops and taken in doses of less than a half-cupful daily over a long period of time (Ruby Valley - S). IRIS MISSOURIENSIS Nutt. Iridaceae (P) pah-see-toob-ah; poo-gocey-roop; poo-gooey-rub. (S) pah-seg-ee-dah; pah-sag-ee-duh; pah-sag-e-dump; psah- sag-gee-gee; sag-e-dump. (FE) wild iris. The most extensive use for this plant is as a toothache remedy being so reported from most of the Paiute end Shoshone communities. 89 bh big a ee a AN iste SASS 4B ONE 90 The usual procedure was merely to insert entire pieces, or a por- tion of the pulped, raw root directly in the tooth cavity, but some of the people said that the pulped root would serve just as well if placed against the gum. Information secured during the first year of this work included statements from several Indians that the root decoction was a specific remedy for gonorrhea (Austin, Elko, Ft. McDermitt, Owyhee, and Ruby Valley - P & S) but the data was not subsequently verified, the nearest approach being a single record in which the pulped root was applied as a salve on venereal sores (Stillwater - S). For bladder trouble the roots were boiled to produce a whiskey- colored liquid, with a bitter taste, but no dosage was indicated (Bt. McDermitt and Stewart - P). The only other internal remedy employing the decoction, was for stomach-aches, less than a half- ecupful being drunk as a warm tea (Ruby Valley and Winnemucca - P & S)-. To cure earaches a2 little of the boiled root solution was drop- ped, a small quantity at a time, into the ear. The liquid was ap- plied luke warm (Fallon and Ruby Valley - P&S). There was a single instance of treating rheumatic pains with a poultice of the mashed roots (Manhattan - S). The seed though generally considered to be poisonous, were ad- ministered as a paste to sores (Smith Valley - P) and to burns (Battle Mountain - S). In both cases ripe seed were specified. IVA AXILLARIS Pursh Compositae (P) quee-duh-tee-nava; too-ha-babba. (S) du-du-zip; too- du-zip. (E) poverty weed. bs bby gin i nie i'n ie 91. From this very common weed, the Shoshones secure one of their favorite remedies for stomach-aches or cramps (Battle Mountain, Belmont, Beowawe, Eureka, Round Mountain, Ruby Valley, and Wells - S). It is recommended especially for young children. The solu- tion is prepared variously, by boiling or steeping the whole plant, only the roots, or leafy stems. Although the dosage was not always indicated, it was sometimes said to be a half-cupful, or a smell or a weak doseée The same decoction was an important remedy among most of the Shoshones in treating diarrhea, the dosage being much the same as that indicated for stomach-aches.e. In addition the tea was mentioned twice as being suitable for curing children's colds (Eureka - S). According to one report the root can be eaten rew, roasted or boiled for indigestion (Round Mountain - S). The Paiutes, apparently, favor the plant for external purposes only and even then infrequently. The leaves alone are utilized: mashed as a plaster for sores, boiled es a wash for sores end skin irritations, or they may be rubbed vigorously on rashes end itches (Lovelock and Schurz - P). JUNIPERUS COMMUNIS var. SAXATILIS Pall. Pinaceae (Moapa P) pah-wap-o-ruitz. (P) dootsie pah-wap-pee; wah- pee. (S) mah-hav-wa. (EF) alpine juniper. It is said that the young growth from the ends of the branches, when boiled, produces a reddish liquid. This is taken as a potion in small quantities as a blood tonic (Beatty - S). ierealaysy Bs Wad ARM Aisa ies “ | est i) a Seale st : rhs ‘ Mi pesiedn " * t phkoenee au ay ane Ara I 92 The solution from boiled twigs is taken as a cold tea for venereal disease (Moapa - P). In one family the fruits are dried, the fleshy outer portion discarded, and the seed eaten every day as a blood tonic, and es- pecially for lumbago (Schurz - Pb). JUNIPERUS MONOSPERMA (Ergelm.) Sarg. Pinaceae (P) wah-pee. (S) sah-msh-be. (EH) one-seeded juniper. A remedy for colds is prepared by boiling one cup of the young twigs in a quart of water. Tre solution is drunk freely. In add- ition fumes from burning branches may be inhaled (Reno - P&S). The same two tribes in this vicinity are known to relieve the dis- comfort of measles by rubbing heated twigs on the eruptions. JUNIPERUS OCCIDENTALIS Hook. Pinaceae (P) weh-pee; wah-puee. (S) sah-mah-be; sam-sh-bec, (W) puh-ahl. (E) western juniper. See under Juniperus utahensis. JUNIPERUS SCOPULORUM Sarg. Pinaceae (P) bah-sah-mabe; bas-um-ah-be. (EH) rocky mountain red cedar. A single report indicated that the terminal twigs were boiled to make a tea, This was taken internally in the usually indicated dosage of less than a half-cup daily over s long period for vene- real disease (Elko - S). avy eMAN ie AWA nih dan Sie Sind a f h } eae JUNIPERUS UTAHENSIS (Engelm.) Lemmon Pinaceae (P) wah-pee; wah-puee. (S) sahn-eh-poh; sam-ah-bee, (W) puh-ahl. (E) Uteh juniper. This species of juniper has a wide distribution in Nevada and is the one most commonly encountered. Where the other species. coincide in range with this one it is appavent that the Indians do not always distinguish among them. At any rate the Indians names and the remedial applications are much the same for all the species. With this in mind it is to be assumed that the data presented in this report under Juniperus utahensis can apply equally to J. occi- dentalis. The Shoshones and Paiutes sre partial to this plant as the basis cf cold and cough remedies. Usually a tea is made simply by boiling the young, terminal twigs but there were some variations, such as adding the berries to the brew (Ruby Valley - S) or even using the boiled berries only (Fallen - P),. and one report suggest- ed the use of green fruits (Stewart - P). According to one report the leaves were smoked and the fumes inhaled for head colds (Summit Lake - P). For other admixtures ree under Artemisia tridentata, — The decoction of young twigs serves also for a number of other ailments, It is taken internally as a tea for a blood tonic (Sch- urz - P), as a general tonic (Elko and Wells - S), as a hot tea for hemorrhages (Fallon - P), to reduce fevers (Smith Valley - P), for stomach-aches (Mason Valley and Smith Valley- P), for kidney trou- ble (Elko - P & S), and for influenza (Mason Valley - P). For 93 yet Vu i ida SSR RR Whee mal NAIA AY Ney Ni ane Brave La pay a A ot this last disease see also Leptoteenia multifida. For smallpox and kidney ailments see under Dalea polyadenia. A plain twig decoction was given for venereal disease (Bettle Mountain and Fallon - P & S) but one remedy wes made by boiling the resin of either Pinus monophylla or Abies concolor with the cracked juniper berries (Schurz - P). A cold water infusion of finely ground terminal twigs was strain- ed, and the solution taken internally to rid the alimentary tract of worms (Elko - 8). The finely round twigs, also, were heated over 2 fire and bound in a hot cloth against the neck for a sore throat. The material wes reheated from time to time (Smokey Velley - S$). In a similarly prepared treatment, the leaves were pounded up, moistened end ticd in a cloth with a hot rock. This wes held to the jaw for swollen and sore gums, or for toothaches (Beatty - S). Other external remedies utilizing the twigs were reported. A strong solution of the boiled material was esteemed as an antiseptic wash for measles and smellpox (Bettle Mountain and Monitor Yalley - S) or for sores (Lovelock - P). The mashed young twigs were made into poultices for burns (Ruby Valley - S), and for swellings (Austin and Eureka - P & S), or the same material when boiled served as 4 poultice for rheumatism and the cooled solution used as 2 wesh (Schurz - P), In a number of settlements the branches (or once the berries only) were burned as a fumigant after illness (Dresslerville, Fal- lon, Gardnerville, Monitor Valley, end Upper Reese River - P, § & W)e The fumes from burning twigs, when inhaled, were believed to a Oa dee Labiadl tage . pia HAE ie eee iy ese ee ite eI ry! ROT RAT Ee clear up headaches and colds (Dresslerville, Fallon, and Gardner- ville -P&W). For treatment of boils see under Pinus monophylla. The preparation of the Indian sweat bath was described by indiv— iduals in two localities. In this instance the treatment was recom- mended for rheumatism or heavy celds. A fire was kept burning ina specially made excavation until the ground became heated. The fire was then raked out and replaced with a layer of young juniper twigs. The patient reclined on top and wes covered with blankets to induce sweating (Nixon and Schurz - P). The root of the plant was mentioned but once and in thet in- stance it was said that the dried material was shaved finely and boiled as a tea to be taken for venereal disease (Schurz - P). The boiled berries were taken as a tea for kidney ailment, and especially to induce urination (Lovelock, Reno, Ruby Valley, and Stewart - P & S). The method of preparation, as described in one of these reports, consisted in boiling nine berries in ea quart of waters The dose was a half-cupful three to four times a day. in one remedy the green berries were recommended for making the tea. See also under Pinus monophylla. The liquid from the boiled berries had other uses too. The cold tea, in doses of less than « half-cupful a day for a week, was a blood tonic (Fallon = Py & cupful daily was teken for heart trouble (Tonopah - S), less than a half-cupful was given for menstrual cramps (Smith Valley - P). For rheumatism the berrics were boiled in a small amount of water and the tea teken several times a day; and the solution was applied also as hot packs to the afflicted WATE OA Le Pro UREA le 9 wiea Ml a itd ie vane “ane Avvo nd M goa f i Wm Subadt 3 | ae rae iy, ! 7 Lalas ey F } ay ON nee 5, Ee 2 Bada ed i Me. ne Eh » Ny TAWA i a ated Nar Whee (Ret A eh i ee ea Sl ] san berrtald a an 3 9 Pte parts (Hawthorne - P). KRAMERTA GRAYI Rosé & Painter Leguninosae (Moapa P) nah-kah-vah dah-tohnub. (S) nah-gee too=nah-nib. Only the root is used. It can be boiled and the decoction em- pleyed as a wash or, when dried and pulverized, applied as a powder to sores (Moapa - P). The root is ground and made into a cold water infusion as a wash for swellings (Beatty - S) and also for gonorrheal sores and gonor- rheal eye infections (Las Vegas - P). An Indian at this last nemed town also claimed that the decoction could be taken internally for gonorrhea. LARREA DIVARICATA Cav. Zygophyllaceae (Moapa P) yah-temp. (S) ya-temp. (E) creosote bush. This shrub, occuring commonly in the southern part of Clark County, is the most favored source of remedies by the local Indians. At Beatty, the Shoshones drink a tea from boiled leaves for venereal disease, for colds, and to stimulate urination. At Moapa, the Paiutes consider the plant to be a cure-all, For rheumatism the leaves are soaked in water and the liduid used in the form of a bath or wash, ant the same procedure serves for chicken pox. , us : ND, ff RY, Gi Hetty Bt A ett eR Oi) Mts * As 129 RHUS TRILOBATA Nutt. Anacardiacease (Moapa P) see-a-wimp. (E) squawberry. The fruits are dried and powdered as an astringent for small- pox sores (Las Vegas - P). RIBES AUREUM Pursh Saxifragaceae (P) bo-gumbe; poh-oh-bis. (S) bo-gumbe. (E) golden currant. Most of the data indicated that the inner bark is dried, pul- verized, and applied as 2 powder to cure sores (Ft. McDermitt - P) but there was one report of its being made into a tea to be taken for leg swellings (Owyhee - P & S). ROSA WOODSII Lindl. Rosaceae (P) see-avvie. (S) see-avvie; see-am-bip. (W) pet= soom-a-lee; pet-su-mah-le. (£) wild rose. A tea from the steeped leaves is highly valued everywhere as a beverage, and there are some Indians who take the drink regularly . in the spring as a tonic (Fallon and Mason Valley - P). (See data under Populus trichocarpa). Many individuals make a tea from the boiled roots, or inner bark of the stems, as a cure for colds (Aus- tin, Elko, Minden, Nixon, Owyhee, Rene, Schurz, and Summit Lake - P, S & W). In the use of the plant as a tonic or cold remedy, as indicated in the preceding paragraph, the benefit sought by the Indians may well be that of a physic. However, the root decoction has been re=