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MEMOIRS
OF THE
AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
NUMBER 13

ELACHISTIDAE
OF
NORTH AMERICA
(MICROLEPIDOPTERA)

BY

ANNETTE F. BRAUN

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My
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SUNN 7

2 = u vg yer ee kn *%)
gE EN OF This publication is sent te
S establish cate of iseus

Be VTA i
Please stamp daie of fe sic:

and place in your Library.

PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
AT THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES
PHILADELPHIA

1948

\
ates

ao

MEMO] » |
OF THE
AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
a NUMBER 13

ELACHISTIDAE

OF

NORTH AMERICA

(MICROLEPIDOPTERA)

BY
ANNETTE F. BRAUN

im,
My

VY
Ui
Q

This publication is sent to
establisn date of issue
Please stamp date of receipt
and piace in your Library.

PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
AT THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES
PHILADELPHIA

1948

(Issued July 30, 1948.)

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

WICKERSHAM PRINTING COMPANY

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& ara eko
MEMOIRS
OF THE
AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
NUMBER 13

ELACHISTIDAE of NORTH AMERICA
(MICROLEPIDOPTERA)

By ANNETTE F. BRAUN

Cincinnati, Ohio

INTRODUCTION

The family Elachistidae as at present restricted, contains 25 to 30
genera, distributed in all parts of the world. However the majority
of the known species are found in North Temperate regions.

The relationships of the family are somewhat obscure. The pres-
ence of an additional branch of radius of the hind wing in some of the
genera suggests primitive affinities; however the retention of such a
character in some members of a group is not inconsistent with a high
degree of specialization of the group as a whole.’ Neither pupal charac-
ters nor genitalia bear out the assumption of a primitive position for the
family. Pupal characters indicate Gelechioid affinities with relationship
closer to the Oecophoridae, a view supported by certain features of the
genitalia. Meyrick (1927, Revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera,
p. 600) derives the family from Hyponomeutoid stock; this view is
supported by imaginal structure. I would derive the family from primi-
tive Hyponomeutoid stock, in which there is a tendency for preserva-
tion of additional branches of the radial sector of the hind wing (Braun

1 Compare the family Gracilariidae, in which the primitive members show a
branched radial sector of the hind wing, the more advanced members extreme special-
ization in vein reduction and in larval structure.

2 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

1933, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., L1x, p. 245), with development proceed-
ing along Gelechioid lines, but along the Oecophorid rather than the
Gelechiid branch, with considerable affinity to the Scythridae.

The group of genera herein treated comprises the North American
representatives of the family. Seven genera are recognized, of which
two are described as new. A total of fifty-seven species are included
in the family, of which 48 belong in Elachista. Eighteen new species
are described, sixteen of which are placed in Elachista.

Of the species listed in McDunnough’s Check List of the Lepi-
doptera of Canada and the United States of America, Part II, Micro-
lepidoptera (1939) under the Elachistidae, the following are excluded
from the family in the present treatment: bicristatella Chambers (No.
goo8 ), concolorella Chambers (No. gort), imornatella Chambers (No.
go12), metallifera Walsingham (No. 9018), and orichalcella Clemens
(No. gorg), all of which are Cosmopterygids; texanella Chambers,
which is a Scythrid. Aphigalia (Phigalia) ochremaculella Chambers
is omitted as an unrecognized species, probably not Elachistid.

In addition to my own collection (approximately 500 specimens)
which includes much reared material and is the source of all the data
here given on early stages and larval habits, I have received for study
specimens from several other collections. Material from the Canadian
National Collection, submitted by Dr. J. McDunnough, contains repre-
sentatives of several little-known species, and a number of new species,
eight of which are based only on material from this collection. To Mr.
Carl Heinrich I am indebted for many courtesies and for the loan of
material from the United States National Museum, which has yielded
a number of new species, valuable distributional data, and has enabled
recognition of hitherto doubtful or unknown species. From the authori-
ties of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, from Dr. Frank M. Jones
of Wilmington, Delaware, from Dr. E. P. Darlington of New Lisbon,
New Jersey, and Dr. J. R. Eyer, State College, New Mexico, I have
received material for study, and to them my thanks are also due.

All figures were drawn by the writer, except the seta map of the
larva of Elachista albicapitella (furnished by Alvah Peterson) and the
figures of the venation and the female genitalia of Elachista patriodoxa
from the type in the British Museum (by J. F. Gates Clarke). In the
case of the genitalia, the figures of the new species were made from

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 3

slides of the holotype and allotype, or from paratypes of the same series.
All of the male genitalia are drawn to the same scale, except Elachista
radiantella, solitaria and praelineata, and Dicranoctetes brachyelytri-
foliella, in which the magnification is one and one-half that of the others.
The magnification of the figures of the female genitalia is one-half
that of the male. All figures of venation (except the small figure of
Stephensia brunnichiella) are drawn to the same scale (approximately
x 15). Inthe case of the other figures the magnification is indicated
in the explanation of plates, when necessary. -

Abbreviations used in the text in referring to location of material
dre as follows: A. F. B. Coll. (A. F. Braun Collection), A. N. S: P.
(Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia), B. M. (British Mu-
seum), C. N. Coll. (Canadian National Collection), M. C. Z. (Museum
of Comparative Zoology), U. S. N. M. (United States National
Museum).

In listing the material from collections other than that of the author,
the data in most instances are quoted as they appear on the locality
labels, without attempt at interpretation.

CHARACTERS OF THE FAMILY

The characterization of the family as here given will include exotic
as well as American genera.”

Head usually smooth, rarely rough-scaled, side tufts sometimes roughened.
Tongue present, scaled at base; absent in a few exotic genera. Labial palpi
very short to moderately long, slender, curved, porrected or drooping, smooth
or with the second segment slightly thickened or loosely scaled toward apex,
third segment variable in length, shorter than the second, or rarely as long or
longer, pointed. Maxillary palpi minute, rudimentary or absent. Antennae
shorter than the fore wings, basal segment usually with pecten, stalk with two
whorls of scales to a segment, sometimes somewhat thickened in the male or
rarely ciliated. Ocelli present or absent. Posterior tibiae normally with long
hairs above or with long hairs above and below, or rarely with rough hair-scales
above and below, or entirely smooth. First pair of spurs of the posterior tibiae
usually before the middle, rarely beyond, but the position may be somewhat
variable within a genus.

Fore wings elongate, acute, rarely with scale tufts. Subcostal retinaculum
present in males (the usual frenulum hook); subdorsal retinaculum present

2Tt does not however cover such aberrant forms as Eretmograptis Meyrick,
described from the Belgian Congo (Parc National Albert).

MEM. AMER. ENT. Soc.,' 13.

4 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

sometimes in both sexes, but its function taken over by a subcostal retinaculum
in males and in the more specialized females.

All branches of R, M, and Cu present in the primitive forms; vein reduc-
tion brought about by the coalescence of one or more branches of media with
adjacent veins, and the coalescence of R, and R,. R, and R, stalked or coinci-
dent (or rarely separate), R, to costa; R, sometimes connate or short-stalked
with R,,,. M, separate (in primitive forms), or out of the stalk of R, 4, or
out of R, beyond R,, or rarely lost; M, coalescing with Cu,,; finally M, lost,
of rarely R,, R,, M,, M, and M, + Cu,, all stalked together. Cu,,, Cu,, both
strong; Cu,? well preserved distally. Anal Y-vein present, or with the upper
fork obsolete.

Hind wings from one-half to three-fourths the width of the fore wings,
lanceolate, rarely acuminate, costa usually without well-defined shoulder.
Frenulum single-spined in male, two-spined in female. Length of cilia from
two to four times the breadth of the wings.

All veins present in primitive forms, with cell closed; cell imperfectly closed
or open in reduced forms. Sc + R, reaching to or beyond middle of costa in
primitive forms, short in reduced forms; R, distant from Se + R,, extending
in a more or less straight line through or near the center of the wing, and often
forked near margin; M, stalked with R, (rarely separate) ; medial stem faintly
preserved lying close along side of radius; M, usually absent, when present
often associated with the radial stem, or arising together with M, from the obso-
lescent medial stem; M,, usually associated with the cubital stem or absent; Cu,,
and Cu,, present, or Cu, reduced to an unbranched vein; Cu, weak; 1A + 2A
forming the anal Y-vein; 3A sometimes distinguishable.

Abdomen sometimes “‘spined,” 7.e. the tergites bear patches of specialized
flattened, strongly sclerotized setae arising from specialized sockets (fig. 2).

Male genitalia symmetrical; uncus present or absent; socii reduced or ves-
tigial; gnathos usually one or sometimes two spined knobs, the knobs sometimes
absent, and then gnathos reduced to a band, the fused-at-tip arms; harpe vari-
ously formed, broadly attached to vinculum, often with free arm from median
area weakly articulating with anellus; cucullus well defined, setose; sacculus
well developed, in one group of genera with basal process, in the remaining
genera, the process absent or possibly fused with sacculus as indicated by a
doubtfully homologous lobe at apex of sacculus; anellus well developed, ventral
plate bilobed, membranous dorsally; transtilla rarely present; vinculum band-
like or more or less produced anteriorly; aedeagus with more or less swollen
base, entrance of penis dorsal, near the proximal end; cornuti present or absent.

3 Cubitus is regarded as three-branched, with the primary cubital fork close to
the base of the wine; Cu: dividing into Cura and Cun (Cu: and Cup respectively in
the Comstock-Needham system) ; Cuz is the 1A of the Comstock-Needham system.

“H. Stainton entdeckte die Raupe im April und Mai in den Blattern der Dactylis
glomerata.” This statement is, applicable only to an Elachista, as the species of
the genus with complete venation are not grass or sedge feeders. Janmoulle (1948,
Lambillionea, xtvi1, pp. 64-72) rejects Cycnodia as null and void, having been
based on no real object, but a mixture of two species. For the species with complete
yenation, Mendesia is the oldest available generic name.

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 5

Female genitalia: genital plate more or less well differentiated and sclero-
tized, ostium opening in the mid-line of the genital plate; ductus bursae long
or short, straight or coiled, often sclerotized near ostium, sometimes armed with
teeth; ductus seminalis arising from ductus bursae, or more rarely from pos-
terior end of bursa copulatrix; bursa copulatrix variously shaped; signum
present or absent.

The larvae are miners in leaves rarely in stems; the species of one
group of genera are restricted to members of the Gramineae, Cyperaceae
and Juncaceae; the species of the remaining genera feed on various
dicotyledonous plants. The egg, placed on the surface of the leaf, is
usually the primitive, elongate flattened type, rarely semi-erect. The
larvae are tissue feeders, hence without extreme modification. The pupa
is of the Gelechioid type.

In spite of differences in markings and the great structural differ-
ences between the most primitive and the most specialized genera of the
family, the moths have a common aspect which assists in placing them
in the family. The structure of the head and its appendages, the shape
of the hind wing, with Rs extending through or near the center of the
wing, and (in our species) the stalking of M, with it are the best recog-
nition characters. The species are small, with wing expanse rarely
exceeding a half inch, often much less.

But few generalizations on relationships within the family can be
made. Primitive genera are almost entirely absent from the American
Coelopoeta—are all veins present in both
wings, but it appears unrelated to other American genera. In the
remaining genera, the evolutionary trend in venation has followed one

fauna. In one genus only

direction, and venation can not be used as a criterion of relationship as
nearly identical venation may occur in genera, which on the basis of
genitalic characters belong in different groups. Again, the variation
in venation within a genus (e.g. Elachista) may be greater than the
difference between it and another genus. On genitalic characters, these
genera fall into three groups. One of these, Onceroptila, belongs in the
group with the genera Mendesia,* Perittia, Scirtopoda, etc., the more

4 Mendesia de Joannis is here accepted instead of Cycnodia H.-S. Herrich-
Schaeffer (1853, Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Eur., v, pp. 46, 47, p. 211, pl. xim, figs.
13, 14) proposed Cycnodia, giving in the text a composite description based on two
species before him, one with reduced venation (an Elachista), the other with com-
plete venation. He cites as the type cygnipennella Hbn., with figures of fore and
hind wing venation; these figures repeat the confusion of the text; the fore wing

represents a species with a vein absent, the hind wing represents a species with
all veins present. He further adds to the confusion by the statement (p. 211)

MEM. AMER. ENT. Soc., 13. z

6 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

primitive members of which have all veins present, and may be con-
sidered the primitive group of the family. These feed upon dicoty-
ledonous plants. A second group includes the known grass- or sedge-
feeding genera, Elachista, Cosmiotes, and Dicranoctetes, together with
Hemiprosopa, characterized in the male genitalia by the presence of
the basal process of sacculus. This group includes some of the most
specialized members of the family. Stephensia stands apart from the
other two groups, but appears to be more closely related to the grass-
and sedge-feeding genera.

Key to Genera Based on General External Structure

1. All veins present in both wings ............... 1. Coelopoeta Walsingham
At least one dorsal vein absent in each wing ............-.----+2+-seees 2;

2. Veins R,, R,, M,, M, and M, + Cu,, of the fore wing all stalked together
7. Dicranoctetes Braun

Veins M, + Cu,, and M, (if present) not out of the stalk of R, , ,andM,.. 3

3) Wabialépalpieminutes 4500 ae eee er eenoe 3. Stephensia Stainton
Labial palpi not minute; recurved, porrected or drooping ..............- 4

4. Anal Y-vein present in the fore wing (1b furcate) with both arms distinct;
head with loose pendant scales ........... 4. Hemiprosopa new genus

Upper arm of anal Y-vein absent (1b simple), head smooth-scaled, at most
side-tufts roughened aa. ee eo Cn Oe eee 5

oO: MivoutioteRSibeyondlhm eran seer ener 6. Cosmiotes Clemens
|) ) My tromijnear basetor middle of stall oie Ramm mse eae te eee 6

6. Third segment of the labial palpi as long as the second; head short
2. Onceroptila new genus
Third segment of the labial palpi much shorter than the second; head not
MORMOCAIDLY SMIOME goccccvcccdocccbacconcboonee 5. Elachista Treitschke

Key to Genera Based on Male Genitalia

Ie Wathiprocessatromybase! or sacculusioihanpelnenenneen teen een eens 2
W ithout- such! processiacisaanocc shaken ere Oe nee Ee oer eee 5
2. \Gnathos one on two spined| knobsianere re eerie renee eee 3
Gnathos merely a narrow band ............... 4. Hemiprosopa new genus

3. Uncus with widely separated claw-like lobes with acute apices
6. Cosmiotes Clemens
Uncus lobes not claw-like
4. Basal process of sacculus elongate and so closely appressed as to appear
fused with it; anellus lobes with tufted hairs .. 7. Dicranoctetes Braun
Basal process of sacculus never so closely appressed as to appear fused;
setae of anellus lobes inserted singly ......... 5. Elachista Treitschke

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 7

eM eLAOSAMUItMNS DIMeCUKMOD: erclc.sicr sleelevertia.cieeiaie alFalels-n stele, sic eye Ga el ancyer Re eo lS 6

Gnathos without spined knob ................. 1. Coelopoeta Walsingham

6. Uncus absent; aedeagus with conspicuous manica..2. Onceroptila new genus
Uncus divided into two widely separated conical lobes; no manica

3. Stephensia Stainton

Key to Genera Based on Female Genitalia
(Hemiprosopa omitted)

1. Posterior margin of seventh abdominal segment forming anterior and lateral
margins of ostium; signum with two large opposite spines

6. Cosmiotes Clemens

Ostium not fused with seventh segment; signa, if present, otherwise ..... 2

2. Ostium margined latero-posteriorly with two low papillae clothed with long

hairs; abdominal tergites “‘spined” (fig. 2) .. 1. Coelopoeta Walsingham

No such papillae; abdominal tergites not spined ......................- 3

3. Bursa copulatrix divided by a narrow constriction into a small smooth

anterior lobe and a larger posterior spiculate lobe; anterior apophyses

TIPGRNE JocteG nih REO Coie Oe ane oe eae 3. Stephensia Stainton

Bursa copulatrix not conspicuously bilobed; anterior apophyses not furcate . 4

4. Entire membranous portion of ductus bursae closely spirally coiled (6 or 7

coils) ; ostium wide ...................... 2. Onceroptila new genus
Ductus bursae usually not coiled, never coiled except in part of its length;
CUS HMMM DLO USSF otac FS <r pees nie Salone alete Siete ee © 5. Elachista Treitschke

; 7. Dicranoctetes Braun
1. COELOPOETA Walsingham
Coelopoeta Walsingham, 1907. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxxii, p. 217.

GENOTYPE: Coelopocta glutinosi Walsingham, 1907.

Head short, smooth-scaled; labia! palpi moderately long, smooth, slightly
curved, third segment much shorter than the second, acute; tongue well devel-
oped, scaled at base. Antennae two-thirds as long as the fore wing, pecten a
series of fine hair-like scales attached along nearly the entire length of the
scape.

Fore wing elongate, margins convex converging to the subacute apex; all
veins present; R, from near base of stalk of R, and M,, M, closely approximate
or connate with their stalk; cross-vein weak between M, and M,: medial stem
scarcely discernible; Cu, strong distally; 1A + 2A long forked at base (1b long
furcate).

Hind wing one-half the width of the fore wing; cilia nearly three times the
breadth of the wing; all veins present; Sc +R, to beyond middle of wing;
R, and M, long stalked; medial stem distinct to base, weak within the cell, fork-
ing into the strong tubular M, and M.,; Cu,, and Cu,, strong; no cross-veins,
cell open between M, and R, + M, and between M,, and Cu,,; Cu, and two anal
veins distinct.

MEM. AMER. ENT. Soc., 13.

8 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA)

Posterior tibiae with very long hairs above, shorter hairs below; first pair
of spurs somewhat above the middle.

Abdominal tergites “spined,” 7.c. with patches of flattened appressed special-
ized setae (fig. 2).

Male genitalia (figs. 55, 55a, 55b): uncus elongate, strongly sclerotized;
socii absent; lateral arms of gnathos uniting to form the upturned concave tip,
strongly sclerotized; harpes broad, nearly meeting on mid-ventral line, sacculus
broadly lobed apically, lobe setose; ventral plate of anellus shield-shaped, anel-
lus wholly membranous dorsally; vinculum abruptly and broadly produced;
aedeagus sinuate, produced at base, no cornutus.

Female genitalia (fig. 101): genital plate largely membranous, a pair of low
papillae clothed with long hairs posterior to the ostium, which opens near the
center of the genital plate; ductus bursae sclerotized, wide, with an abrupt
narrow constriction before flaring to the wide ostium; bursa copulatrix gourd-
shaped, signum a dentate patch.

Coelopoeta is the only American genus in which M, of the hind
wing is present; its origin together with M; from the weakened medial
stem and the approximation to the radial stem suggest a relationship
to those exotic genera in which M, is present but has lost its connection
with the medial stem and arises from the stalk of Rs + M,, and M, is
absent. In the other American genera of the family, in the course of
evolution M, is lost first and M; becomes associated with the cubital
stem.

The “spined” abdomen, and the different genitalia further indicate
that Coelopoeta bears no near relationship to the other North American
genera. Its general aspect is however distinctly Elachistid; the mouth
parts, antennal pecten, and general configuration of the venation at
once indicate its family position.

Coelopoeta baldella Busck is sunk as a synonym of C. glutinosi
Walsingham. The supposed color differences relied on by Busck to
separate the two species are individual and seasonal variations. The
food plant is the same. Genitalia show no such qualitative differences
as have been found throughout the family to separate species.

(1) Coelopoeta glutinosi Walsingham (Bigsaly 255) 5 5ay nobel Olle)
1907. Coelopoeta glutinosi Walsingham, Proc. U. S.

Types, 6, 2, California [British Museum].
1920. Coelopoeta baldella Barnes & Busck, Contrib. Nat. Hist. Lepid., tv, p.

248. Type, San Bernardino County, California [U. S. N. M.]. (New
synonymy. )

Nat. Mus., xxxutt, p. 218.

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 9

Head white, or in the darker specimens whitish ocherous with a slightly
darker speckling; palpi whitish, sometimes a few darker specks outwardly.
Antennae whitish, barred above with dark fuscous or black. Fore wings vary-
ing from pure white to faintly ocherous, dusted with darker scales, varying in
color from pale ocherous little contrasting with the ground color to dark
fuscous. In the palest specimens these dark scales are confined to the outer
half of the wing, in darker specimens they are more evenly distributed, but tend
to form an ill-defined darker patch toward the end of the fold; even in the
darkest specimens, a more or less triangular tornal spot remains immaculate.
Except for the dark patch on the fold, the darkest scales occur in the apical
fourth of the wing along the bases of the cilia and toward tornus. Cilia whit-
ish, sprinkled with darker scales. Hind wings (irrespective of sex) varying
from almost white to a dark fuscous gray. Underside of both pairs of wings
dark fuscous, darkest in the darker specimens. Legs whitish, with fuscous
shading on the fore and middle pair, and dark-tipped tarsal segments. Abdomen
whitish, the “‘spined” patches appearing as transverse shining naked bars.

Alar expanse: 10 to 14 mm.

Male genitalia (figs. 55, 55a, 55b) : suture between uncus and tegumen well-
defined; both uncus and gnathos strongly sclerotized; cucullus of harpe with a
low rounded setose elevation near apex, sacculus terminating in a rounded lobe
bearing a few setae.

Female genitalia (fig. 101) : the pair of papillae posterior to the ostium bear-
ing very long setae, and the posterior margin of the eighth segment lateral to
them with a broad band of similar long setae; within the ostium, a fan-shaped
sclerotized patch whose outer convex margin marks the upper margin of the
ostium; the narrower posterior part of the bursa copulatrix with longitudinal
lines of minute blunt teeth; signum in the anterior part, a small rounded dentate
patch; two depressed sclerotized pockets near the latero-ventral posterior mar-
gin of the seventh segment.

A large number of specimens (about 150) from various California
localities, with June and July dates, have been examined, including the
following :

Paratypes (6, 2) in the United States National Museum from
Walsingham’s type series from Mendocino, Lake, Colusa, Shasta, and
Siskiyou counties; some of these were reared from galls on leaves of
Eriodictyon glutinosum (probably E. californicum) ; the dates of the
type series extend from June 14 to September 1 (Walsingham, Proc.
U.S. N. M., xxxim, pp. 218 to 219); the type series of C. baldella
Busck from Camp Baldy, San Bernardino County, in June and July;
a series of specimens under C. baldella from the San Fernando Valley
(Grinnell) ; a series reared on Eviodictyon trichocalyx Heller, labeled

MEM. AMER. ENT. Soc., 13.

IO NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

Los Angeles Co., Calif., with dates of emergence, 16-VI—38 to 20-
VI-38, “Gall maker in Eriodictyon trichocalyx,’ C. Dammers, Coll. ;
all of the above in the United States National Musuem. A series
[A. F. B. Coll.] from the type locality of C. baldella reared from leaves
of Eriodictyon califormcum (H. & A.) Torr. under rearing record
B.812, with dates of emergence from June 24 to July 24.

The gall-like mine extends on each side of the midrib on the upper
side of the leaf, usually occupying the width of the leaf; the epidermis
is so wrinkled that the leaf is curled at the sides and end, and the mine
becomes almost hemispherical and gall-like in appearance. Within the
mine or gall, the frass is pushed to the roof and separated from the
roomy lower part by a thin sheet of silk. In this lower part, the thin
cocoon is spun, an elongate-ovate affair, with its anterior end prolonged
intoa tube which opens outwardly through a semicircular slit in the
epidermis.

Most of the paratypes of C. glutinosi in the United States National
Museum are darker than any of the type series of C. baldella; one how-
ever is as pale as any of the C. baldella. Of my reared series, those
specimens emerging later in the season are darker. In most of the
series on Eriodictyon trichocalyx from Los Angeles County, the hind
wings are very dark in both sexes; only occasional specimens of the
Camp Baldy series are as dark. Genitalia of these dark specimens are
no different from those of the type series of baldella. The identical
larval habits, with food plants closely related species of the same genus
make it probable that we are dealing with one variable species.

2. ONCEROPTILA new genus

Head short, smooth-scaled, tongue well-developed, scaled at base, palpi moder-
ately long, porrected or drooping, third segment as long as the second, acute;
antennae a little more than half the wing length, basal segment with a pecten
of ten or twelve long hair-like scales.

Fore wing (fig. 9) broad lanceolate; R,.., long stalked, M, from basal
third of stalk; medial stem faintly visible through the cell; M, and Cu,, coinci-
dent; 1A + 2A without any indication of basal forking (1b simple).

Hind wing (fig. 9) two-thirds the breadth of the fore wing in the basal half,
in the female abruptly tapering to the pointed apex with outer half of costa
slightly concave, in the male evenly tapering to the less pointed apex with outer
half of costa convex; radial sector sometimes with a short fork to costa, more
often with not more than an indication of forking; R, and M, long stalked; the

ANNETTE F. BRAUN it

medial stem close to radius, and cell closed; M, absent; Cu, and two anal veins
distinct.

Posterior tibiae with hairs above and below; first pair of spurs at about the
middle.

Male genitalia (figs. 53, 53a, 54, 54a) : uncus absent, socii reduced or absent;
gnathos a spined knob; harpe broad, cucullus narrower, with heavy spine-like
setae, costal area weakly sclerotized, sacculus more or less densely setose, the
arrangement of the setae suggesting fusion of the basal sacculus process of other
genera; anellus completely divided ventrally, the divisions subtended by a small
anteroventral plate; vinculum a narrow band; aedeagus with well-developed
manica, no cornutus.

Female genitalia (fig. 100): ostium very broad, abruptly narrowing to a
sclerotized section of the ductus bursae; ductus bursae spirally coiled, bursa
copulatrix indistinctly bilobed; signum present.

GENOTYPE: Aphelosetia cygnodiella Busck.

Onceroptila is very closely related to Perittia Stainton of the Euro-
pean fauna, agreeing with it in many of the characters of the male
genitalia. The conspicuously developed manica, with winged base, is
a distinctive character of Onceroptila, as well as of the related Men-
desia. In the fore wing, Ry and R; are long stalked in Onceroptila,
coincident in Perittia; LA + 2A without any indication of basal fork-
ing (1b simple) in Onceroptila, furcate in Perittia. The hind wings
in the two genera are essentially similar except that M, in Perittia tends
to be associated with the medio-radial stem.

Two species are recognized, both of arid regions of the West.
Nothing is known of the early stages, but the larvae are doubtless
miners of dicotyledonous plants, not of grasses or sedges.

(1) Onceroptila cygnodiella ( Busck) (Figs. 9, 54, 54a, 100.)

1921. Aphelosetia cygnodiella Busck, Canad. Ent., L111, p. 280. Type, 6, Vic-
toria, British Columbia [C. N. Coll.].

Head and face brownish fuscous, palpi with a few whitish scales, antennae
dark fuscous. Thorax dark fuscous. Basal fourth of fore wing dark fuscous,
outer three-fourths of the wing mostly whitish, the scales more or less fuscous-
tipped. On the fold at basal fourth a few dark brown scales, followed by a
whitish patch; on the middle of the fold an elongate blackish brown spot, fol-
lowed by a large patch of white scales extending to the dorsum; beyond these
white scales the whitish scales of the ground color are more broadly dark-tipped,
forming an ill-defined patch which reaches half-way to costa and more or less
obscures a smaller dark brown spot at the end of the cell; a few white scales
at extreme apex, and beyond these a few dark scales projecting into the cilia.

MEM. AMER. ENT. Soc., 13.

12 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

Cilia pale fuscous with a dark fuscous transverse line through the apical cilia
fading out along termen. Hind wing pale fuscous, cilia fuscous with yellowish
bases. Legs fuscous, without paler bands. Abdomen dark fuscous, anal tuft of
the male yellowish.

Alar expanse: 9 to 11 mm.

Male genitalia (figs. 54, 54a) : socii two nearly hemispherical setose papillae ;
harpe abruptly narrowing to cucullus and articulating with lobes of anellus near
their apices; sacculus well developed, its ventral margin distally elevated into a
setose lobe; transtilla present; anellus, two elongate flattened prongs, antero-
ventral plate crescent-shaped; vinculum broadening midventrally; aedeagus
nearly straight, somewhat produced at base and surrounded in its basal half by
the strongly sclerotized manica which apically projects as a hook, and ventrally
divides at base into two rectangular wings.

Female genitalia (fig. 100) : ostium very wide, shallow saucer-shaped, abruptly
narrowing to a short sclerotized section of the ductus bursae; ductus bursae
expanding after inception of ductus seminalis, and spirally coiled; bursa copula-
trix densely spiculate, signum large, two opposite dentate arms, one broad, the
other shorter and narrower.

Specimens examined: 11 6,5 °.

BritisH CoLumBIA: Victoria, 2 ¢ cotypes, 1 6, 23.1V.1920 (W. Downes),
fU. SAN. Male 1 Ss 2Z6:1Ve1920) (Ws Downes) [AS ES B= Colla oaveZzs
(E. H. Blackmore), [A. F. B. Coll.]; 2 2, 30.1V.1923 and 5.V.1923 (W. R.
Carter), [U. S. N. M.].

WasHINGTON: Whitman County, Pullman, Wawawai, Union Flat, and
Kamiack Butte, 5 6, 2 2, April 18 to 24, 1929, 1931, 1932 (J. F. G. Clarke),
[U. S. N. M. and A. F. B. Coll.].

CALIFORNIA: San Luis Obispo, 2 6, March (A. H. Vachell), [U. S. N. M.].

All of the eastern Washington and British Columbia specimens are
from the arid belt extending “from eastern Washington, down the
Columbia River, north again through the ‘arid prairies’ of western
Washington (Vancouver north to Tacoma and on the Olympic Penin-
sula at near sea level) to the southern end of Vancouver Island” (J. F.
G. Clarke). The two California specimens, as shown by male genitalia,
are specifically identical with the more northern specimens.

Food plant and early stages unknown.

(2) Onceroptila eremonoma new species (Figs. 53, 53a.)

Head and palpi whitish, with a faint ashy tinge, basal segments of antennae
whitish, shading to dark fuscous outwardly. Basal two-thirds of the fore wing
whitish, except for a gradually widening stripe along costa, and a few minutely
pale fuscous-tipped scales; costal stripe and outer third of the wing evenly

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 13

dusted with dark brown, the brown and white about equal; on the middle of the
fold a group of darker scales forms an irregular spot; this is followed by a
patch of clearer white scales which extends to dorsum; in the apical part of the
wing, the dark-tipped scales project irregularly into the cilia of the termen;
Opposite apex, dark scales form a short oblique bar; through the middle of the
cilia, the dark tips of projecting scales form a transverse line through the apical
cilia fading out along termen. Hind wings pale silvery fuscous, cilia yellowish
at their bases. Legs pale silvery fuscous. Abdomen fuscous.

Alar expanse: 9 mm.

Male genitalia (figs. 53, 53a) : socii absent; harpe broadly expanded, cucullus
a broad lobe, sacculus clothed inwardly with strong curved setae, broadly lobed
at apex; transtilla incomplete, with two setose papillae arising lateral to the
acuminate apices of the lateral lobes of the anellus, anteroventral plate of anellus
trapezoidal; aedeagus curved toward apex, manica with acute projection api-
cally and ventrally dividing at base into two narrow tapering diverging wings.

Type—é, Eureka, Utah, August 9, 1911, (Tom Spalding),
[U.S. N. M. Type No. 34825].

Paratype.—t 6, same data as the type.

Food plant and early stages unknown.

O. eremonoma is separated from O. cygnodiella by the pale base of
the fore wing, the even dusting of the outer third of the wing and the
absence of a discal spot at the end of the cell. In male genitalia it is
strikingly different (compare figs. 53 and 54) ; the female is unknown.

3. STEPHENSIA Stainton
Stephensia Stainton, 1858. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, (2) iv, pp. 269-270.

GENOTYPE: brunnichiella (Linnaeus).

Head entirely smooth-scaled; labial palpi short, in the American species
minute; tongue short, scaled at base. Antennal pecten of one or two fine hairs,
stalk sparsely ciliate in female, finely pubescent in male.

Fore wing (figs. 10, 11) lanceolate; R, and R, long stalked, and R, to costa
at apex, or, in the American species, R, absent; M, out of stalk of R,,,; M,
absent (or coincident with Cu,,); 1A + 2A not forked at base (1b simple).

Hind wing (figs. 10, 11) one-half to two-thirds the width of the fore-wing,
lanceolate, pointed; Sc + R, reaching costa near middle of wing; R, and M,
stalked, M, absent, M, and Cu,, approximate in the type of the genus, coinci-
dent in the American species; Cu, distinct and two anal veins discernible.

Posterior tibiae with short, stiff, more or less appressed hairs above; first
pair of spurs somewhat above the middle.

Male genitalia (figs. 52, 52a): uncus lobes conical, setose at apex; gnathos
a more or less elongate spined knob; harpe elongate, cucullus abruptly pointed,

MEM. AMER. ENT. soc., 13.

14 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

basal process of sacculus fused except at apex; ventral plate of anellus, two
conical lobes; aedeagus straight, no cornutus.

Female genitalia (figs. 102, 102a): anterior apophyses furcate; ductus
bursae coiled; bursa copulatrix bilobed, signum large, dentate.

Two species of the genus are known, one European, one North
American; both are miners in leaves of species of Labiatae.

The egg (of S. cunilae) (fig. 24) is a leaning cone, strongly ridged,
with the micropylar area vertically placed on the short side of the cone.

The full-grown larva (of S. cwnilae) is cylindrical with the head but
little flattened; the head capsule is broad, rounded, lying horizontal;
prothoracic shield transversely elliptical; a pair of small rounded sclero-
tized plates is present on the ventral surface of the first thoracic seg-
ment; the three pair of thoracic legs are well developed and functional ;
abdominal prolegs are present on segments 3, 4, 5, 6 and 10; the crochets
except on the anal prolegs form a complete circle, weakest toward the
meson and anterior; the crochets of the anal prolegs form an anterior
half circle; a small though well-sclerotized suranal plate is present ; setae
moderate in length.

There is no such extreme development of tubercles and spines in the
pupa of S. cumilae (fig. 33) as in the pupae of species of the grass-
feeding genera; the thorax bears merely low rounded humps and is
without the sculpturing characteristic of Elachista; the appendages are
fused to the body to the posterior margin of segment 7.

Meyrick (1927, Revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera, p. 711)
interprets the three stalked veins from apex of cell of fore wing in
S. brunnichiella as veins 5, 6 and 7 (M., M,, and R;), with 8 (R,)
absent. I prefer to homologize these veins with the similarly placed
veins in other genera of the family, 7.e. as 6, 7 and 8 (M,, R;, Rs) with
vein 7 (R;) reaching costa at apex. Vein 4 (M;) is then the vein
absent or coincident with vein 3 (Cu,,). In the American species, vein
8 (R,) is absent, the stalk dividing into two veins only, the upper by
its form apparently R, alone.

The interpretation of the structures of the male genitalia here re-
ferred to as lobes of the uncus is open to some question; by some
authors they may be regarded as the socii; however a few setae near
the arms of the gnathos, elsewhere homologized with the socii, are
present in Stephensia.

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 15

(1) Stephensia cunilae Braun Ciiesn ll 24533192) 522,102) 1024.)

1930. Stephensia cunilae Braun, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Lv1, p. 9. Type é,
Adams County, Ohio [A. F. B. Coll.].

Head dark golden bronzy, palpi minute, basal third of antennae blackish
bronzy, each segment of outer two-thirds marked above with a silvery spot.
Thorax and extreme base of fore wing dark reddish bronzy; rest of wing dark
brown with a faint bronzy luster; markings pale golden. A broad subbasal
fascia, a second narrower fascia before middle, a perpendicular spot at tornus
reaching half way across the wing, a curved costal spot farther out connected
with an arrowhead-shaped mark in the apex of the wing; cilia dark brown.
Hind wings and cilia dark grayish brown. Basal segments of the legs with
silvery and bronzy reflections; tibiae and tarsi blackish brown; hind tibiae with
median and apical white bars. Upper side of abdomen dark bronzy, under side
pale golden.

Alar expanse: 6.5 to 7 mm.

Male genitalia (figs. 52, 52a): uncus lobes with a few apical setae; gnathos
ellipsoidal; harpe narrow, tapering, cucullus with erect setae, abruptly pointed,
sacculus narrow, fused sacculus process indicated by an apical lobe; ventral
plate of anellus with two rounded conical lobes; lateral to each anellus lobe,
a thin membranous bulbous sac; vinculum with a small anterior point; aedeagus
straight, truncate at base, at apex dorsally acutely produced.

Female genitalia (figs. 102, 102a): seventh abdominal sternite with two
internal narrow transverse sclerotized plates; ostium located at anterior margin
of the genital plate, here only well sclerotized, round, narrowing to the long,
coiled ductus bursae; bursa copulatrix bilobed, sharply constricted between the
lobes, the larger posterior lobe spiculate and bearing the broadly dagger-shaped
dentate signum, the anterior small lobe smooth, lying in the first abdominal
segment.

Specimens examined: 6 6,2 2.

Ox10: Adams County, Beaver Pond, 6 type, under rearing record B.1353,
imago September 6, 1928; Beaver Pond and Mineral Springs, under rearing
record B.1353, 2 6, 2 2 paratypes, imagoes July 11 to 18, 1928, 1.6 paratype,
September 10, 1928; 1 6, imago, July 15, 1931 [A. F. B. Coll., and 1 6 paratype
in B. M., Meyrick Collection].

Kentucky: Fleming County, Blue Bank, 1 6, under rearing record B.1353,
imago June 20, 1945 [A. F. B. Coll.].

INDIANA: Bartholomew County, larva and pupa only, June 30, 1945 [A. F. B.
Coll. ].

The larva mines leaves of Cunila origanoides (L.) Britton (Labia-
tae). There are two generations a year; mining larvae may be found
in June and in August, producing moths in late June, July and Sep-
tember ; the second generation apparently hibernating in the adult state.

MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 13.

16 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

The strongly ribbed, semi-erect egg (fig. 24), dark gray in color, is
deposited on the under side of the leaf near the midrib. The mine, at
first narrow, extends toward the tip of the leaf, expanding into a blotch
and occupying the outer half of a larger leaf; the leaf parenchyma is
entirely consumed and frass retained within the mine; a series of fine
folds in the lower epidermis, spreading out funnel-shaped from the
earlier part of the mine, crumples the leaf during the later feeding stages
of the cylindrical larva. The entire mine is characteristically grayish.
The larva is whitish, with a very slight tinge of green; head black, pro-
thoracic shield black, divided by a longitudinal white line. The larva
leaves the mine by a slit in the lower epidermis, and pupates in a fold
of a leaf beneath a fine, closely woven sheet of silk. The pupa is illus-
trated by figure 33.

Although the food plant is common in oak woods of the Allegheny
and Cumberland plateaus, S. cwmlae appears to be rare and local. It is
difficult to rear because of the resinous character of the leaves.

4. HEMIPROSOPA new genus

Eurynome Chambers, 1877. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., 111, p. 140; 1879, Journ.
Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., 11, p. 196 and fig. 45.

Not Eurynome Chambers, Cin. Quart. Journ. Sci., 1, 304, 1875; not Busckia
Dyas Bull525 Us Ss Nee pe 03s 1903:

GENOTYPE: Eurynome albella Chambers, 1877.

Head (fig. 4) clothed with long loose forwardly directed and pendant scales,
which hang down between the antennae partially concealing the eyes, but leav-
ing the lower part of the smoothly scaled face exposed. Tongue short, scaled
at base. Labial palpi short, drooping, second segment loosely scaled and appear-
ing as if enlarged at apex; third segment shorter than the second, abruptly
acute. Antennae a little more than half the length of the fore wings, basal
segment loosely scaled, bearing on its basal half a pecten of long slender scales.

Fore wing (fig. 5) lanceolate, acute; R, from base of stalk of R,,, and
M,; R, and R, coincident; medial stem faintly visible through the cell, M, and
Cu,, coincident; 1A + 2A forked at base (1b furcate).

Hind wing (fig. 5) two-thirds the breadth of the fore wing, lanceolate,
acute, evenly tapering, costa arched; Sc + R, to middle of costa, R, and M,
separating well before apex, M, absent, medial stem approximating the radial
stem, and cell imperfectly closed between M, and R,+ M,; Cu, weak, anal
veins distinguishable.

Posterior tibiae with fine hairs above and below, first pair of spurs some-
what below the middle.

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 17

Male genitalia (figs. 58, 58a): uncus absent; a pair of long setae on each
side lateral to the anal opening and above the gnathos; gnathos reduced to a
narrow band; harpe as in Elachista, with free outgrowth from middle and club-
shaped sacculus process, setose at apex, cucullus with long decumbent setae;
anellus deeply bilobed, arms diverging, setose at apex and outer margin to the
point of articulation with the free outgrowth of harpe; vinculum greatly pro-
duced and gradually tapering to the rounded point; aedeagus long, slender,
tapering, produced at base into an elongate blind sac; no cornutus.

Female genitalia not examined.

Under the generic name Eurynome Chambers (not Leach), Cham-
bers described two species; the first of these, /uteella, in 1875, in the
Cincinnati Quarterly Journal of Science, 1, p. 304; later (1877) in
the Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey, 11, p. 140, he
added the second species, albella, whose wing venation was examined.
For the preoccupied Eurynome, Dyar proposed the new name Busckia.
The two species are not congeneric; Busckia must be restricted to the
first described species, luteella. The new genus, Hemiprosopa, is erected
for the second species, albella, which is Elachistid. Busckia luteella
probably is properly placed in the Lyonetiidae, with the genus Busckia
a synonym of Philonome. Unfortunately, the head of the type of luteella
was missing when both Juteella and albella were examined by the writer
in 1922,” but Chambers’ comparison with Philonome clemensella sug-
gests a large erect tuft on the vertex as in Philonome.

Hemiprosopa is somewhat aberrant in the family in the absence of
the spined knob of gnathos. The loose scales of the head, which might
be described as forming an appressed tuft, are also unusual in the family.
The harpe with sacculus process, and anellus of the male genitalia, the
venation, and the scaled tongue place it in the Elachistidae. The charac-
ters of the male genitalia indicate affinity with the grass-feeding genera
rather than with the group of genera typified by Perittia and Mendesia.

(1) Hemiprosopa albella (Chambers) (Figs. 4, 5, 58, 58a.)

1877. Eurynome albella Chambers, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., 111, p. 140. Type @,
Edgerton, Colorado, altitude about 6500 feet. [Represented now only by a
slide of denuded wings in the U. S. N. M.].

5 At that time I noted that the head and one fore wing of the type of Juteella
were missing but that the species appeared to be Lyonetiid. Mr. Nabokov has in-
formed me (1947) that the type of albella is not now in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology. A slide of denuded wings in the United States National Museum labeled
“type” is all that remains of the type of albella.

MEM. AMER. ENT. Soc., 13.

18 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

1903. Busckia albella Dyar, Bull. 52, U. S. N. M., p. 563.
1939. Philonome albella McDunnough, Check List of Lepidoptera, Part 11,
p. 100.

Loose hairs of the head pure white; palpi white; scape and first few seg-
ments of antennal stalk white, outer part of stalk pale fuscous. Thorax and
fore wings white; a few pale ocherous scales form a faint spot at the middle
of the fold, a second similar spot at the end of the fold, and a smaller spot at
the end of the cell; the apex of the wing is faintly tinged with ocherous. The
ocherous spots may be nearly obsolete. Minutely fuscous-tipped scales project
into the cilia before and below apex, and beyond these, the minute fuscous tips
of scales form a more even fine line through the white cilia. Hind wings white,
shining; cilia faintly ocherous at their bases. - Legs white.

Alar expanse: 9.5 to 10.5 mm.

Male genitalia (figs. 58, 58a): slide from specimen from Association Camp,
Colorado (Slide #3, 15 Jan. 1941, C. H.), [U. S. N. M.].

Female genitalia not examined.

Specimens examined: 3 6, @ type.

CoLtorapo: Edgerton, 2 type,® altitude 6500 feet; Association Camp, 1 4,
June 1936, (Cockerell), [U. S. N. M.].

SASKATCHEWAN: Saskatoon, 2 6, June 8, 1939, “16446G, 1223AN” (Ken-
neth M. King), [Canadian National Collection, received for study from the
U. S. N. M.]; 1 ¢, June 20, 1939, “16446G, 1225AN,” slides of wings and
male genitalia only (received from the U. S. N. M. for study).

In the United States National Museum there is a slide of denuded
wings labeled “Busckia [Dyar] [Eurynome] albella Cham., Type. AB
ok,” presumably made from the type. The venation of these wings
agrees with figure 5, from one of the Saskatchewan specimens, except
that R; arises a little farther from the base of the stalk.

Food plant and early stages unknown.

5. ELACHISTA Treitschke

Elachista Treitschke, 1833. Schmett, Eur., 11, 177; genotype, bifasciella Tr.

Aphelosetia Stephens, 1834. Ill. Brit. Entom., Haust. tv, 287-288; genotype,
argentella Clerck.

Poeciloptilia H.S., 1853 (nec. Hbn.).

Phigalia Chambers, 1875. Canad. Ent., vir, 107; (pre-occ.) ; genotype, albella
Chambers.

Hecista Wallengren, 1881. Ent. Tidskr., 11, 95; genotype, argentella Clerck.

Aphigalia Dyar, 1903. Bull. U. S. N. M., no. 52, p. 544; genotype, Phigalia
albella Chambers.

6 Type examined December, 1922, [M. C. Z.]; now missing.

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 19

Head smooth scaled, slightly roughened posteriorly. Tongue present. Labial
palpi long, somewhat recurved, reaching the vertex, or sometimes nearly straight
and porrect or divergent; in the specialized species, much shorter, straight and
drooping; third segment shorter than the second. Maxillary palpi obsolete.
-\ntennae with scape short; the antennal pecten varies trom a conspicuous series
of long hair-like scales along half or more the length of the scape in the more
primitive species to a series of fewer short hairs and is finally reduced in the
most specialized species to as few as one or two slender hairs at the base of the
scape, stalk about three-fourths the wing length, or occasional.y shorter, often
s.ightiy thickened in the male. (Compare figs. 3, 6, 7, 8.)

Fore wing (plates II, II) narrow lanceolate to broad lanceolate, acute; R,
from near middle of cell, R, sometimes from base of R,,., R, and R, stalked
or coincident, M, out of the stalk of R,,,, medial stem usually faintly visible
through the cell, M, sometimes absent, M, and Cu,, united,’ 1A + 2A strong,
basal forking sometimes indicated by an obso:escent 1A.

Hind wing (plates II, II) one-half to two-thirds the width of the fore
wing, acute to acuminate; Sc + R, reaching costa near middle of wing, radial
sector to costa, with forking faintly indicated in primitive species, M, stalked
with R,, the medial stem approximating the radial stem distally, M, absent, cell
closed between R, + M, and M, in primitive species, open in others, M, when
present associated with the cubital stem, or M, absent, or both M, and Cu,,
absent.®

Hind tibiae with long hairs above, less hairy to nearly smooth below; posi-
tion of middle spurs varying from one-fourth to middle of segment.

Male genitalia (plates X to XIX): uncus present, usually bilobed, rarely
merely emarginate, setae dense, either short and curved, or long, or in the primi-
tive species very few or absent, suture distinguishable in the primitive species;
socii vestigial, reduced to small soft papillae bearing a few minute setae or
represented by a group of minute setae; gnathos either single or double, knob-
shaped or ellipsoidal, with transverse rows of comb-teeth; harpe broadly at-
tached to vinculum, and also loosely articulated with anellus by a free outgrowth
from middle or by a shorter free arm from base near costa; cucullus clothed
with long to very long decumbent setae, rarely margin prolonged into a strong

7 Homology determined from pupal tracheation (Braun 1933, Trans. Amer. Ent.
Soc., LIx, pp. 253, 254).

8 Since the British system of numbering veins 1 to 12 has been used more gener-
ally in Microlepidoptera, the following description of venation on that basis is here
included :

Fore wing 1b usually simple, upper fork sometimes faintly visible; 3 and 4 coin-
cident, 5 sometimes absent, 6 and 7 stalked, 8 out of 7 or absent, 9 sometimes from
base of stalk of 6, 7, and 8, 11 from near middle of cell. Hind wing 4 sometimes

absent, rarely 3 and 4 absent, 5 absent, 6 and 7 stalked, transverse vein sometimes
partly absent.

MEM. AMER. ENT. Soc., 13.

20 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

spine near apex; sacculus well developed, with process from base, also weakly
articulated with anellus; ventral plate of anellus bilobed, the lobes variously
formed and more or less setose; aedeagus usually nearly straight, with entrance
of penis on dorsal side of swollen base, or (in madarella group) elaborately
curved and pronged; cornuti, one to several short to long spines, rarely many
small spines, cornutus sometimes absent; vinculum usually more or less pro-
duced anteriorly.

Female genitalia (plates XIV, XXI to XXVI): bursa copulatrix usually
lying in the third and fourth and part of fifth abdominal segments, sometimes
extending into the second segment, membrane usually minutely spiculate, signum
either present or absent, when present, it consists of one or two (rarely three)
dentate patches or bands; ductus bursae usually moderately long, sometimes very
long and spirally coiled in part of its length, if sclerotized toward its posterior
end, ductus seminalis arising just anterior to sclerotized part; ostium opening
in the mid-line, usually at or near the anterior margin, rarely near the center,
or even nearer the posterior margin of the eighth segment; genital plate often
weakly sclerotized except along the ventral anterior margin of the ostium.

Sclerotized plates may be present in both sexes on the ventral or dorsal, or
both surfaces of some of the abdominal segments. In females of several of the
most specialized species, a strongly sclerotized plate on the tergum of the
seventh segment bears dense tufts of lusterless knobbed hairs.

The genus Elachista is represented in all parts of the world, with
the greater number of species in temperate North America and Europe.
It is most poorly represented in South America, from which region but
two or three species have been described. Many of our species have a
wide geographic distribution.

All of the species of Elachista here treated, in so far as the life
histories are known, are miners in leaves of species of Gramineae and
Cyperaceae. No North American species is known to mine in leaves
of Juncaceae, although such are known in Europe.

The egg® is flattened ovoid or ellipsoidal, closely appressed to the
leaf surface, iridescent, with parallel or sometimes irregularly branching
longitudinal ridges, which may be broken at intervals, thus producing
a rugose rather than a longitudinally ridged surface. (Plate III, figs.
DS, 26), ))

The larva upon hatching passes directly through the epidermis
beneath the egg into the leaf tissue. The larvae are tissue feeders,
therefore there is no extreme modification of head capsule or mouth-

9 Description made from egg-shell at beginning of collected mines.

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 21

parts (plate III, figs. 22, 22a, 23). The head is flattened dorso-
ventrally and lies horizontal, 7.e. in the same plane as the body. The
margin of the head capsule, mouthparts, tentorium (or endoskeletal
ridges), which are strongly sclerotized, and the black ocelli, contrast
with the otherwise pale head. Ocelli, three dorsal and two ventral; in
the more specialized species the dorsal ocelli become crowded together
and may be in contact. The body of the larva is flattened, the breadth
greater than the thickness dorso-ventrally, but retains the cylindrical
tissue-feeding form. The form and degree of sclerotization and hence
coloration of the prothoracic shield is fairly constant for the species.
Many species have in addition a pair of sclerotized patches on the ven-
tral surface of the first thoracic segment. Three pairs of thoracic legs
are present, the first pair often smaller than the others; in the flatter
larvae of the madarella group, both prothoracic and mesothoracic legs
are small or minute and apparently functionless. Prolegs are present
on abdominal segments 3, 4, 5, 6, and 10; on all except the anal prolegs,
the crochets are arranged in a uniordinal lateral penellipse, with the
opening toward the meson and anterior; on the anal prolegs the crochets
are arranged in an anterior half circle. A more or less well sclerotized
suranal plate is present in many species. The setae are sometimes very
short or minute, sometimes very long (e.g. radiantella). The seta map
(figure 21) is that of a typical member of Section II, in which the setae,
though short, are readily discernible. Comparative study of additional
species of Elachista and related genera is necessary for complete inter-
pretation; this is beyond the scope of the present paper.

The mine is at first thread-like, gradually and irregularly broaden-
ing, sometimes becoming a blotch (plate IV). Many species form
more than one mine, but are at no time external feeders. Within the
mine most of the parenchyma is consumed, with here and there patches
of green tissue remaining. Whether the mine is more apparent from
upper or lower side of the leaf depends on whether the uneaten tissue
is attached to upper or lower epidermis. Larval feeding is initiated
in many species in the fall, on the overwintering leaves of the grass or
sedge; such species remain dormant during the winter, with feeding
completed in the spring. In some species, the larva may form a very
short mine in the early part of the season, then lie dormant for several
months, resuming mining and reaching maturity in late fall. In other

MEM. AMER. ENT. soc., 13.

22 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

species development is continuous, with no dormant period. Most of
the species appear to be single-brooded; a few are known to be two-
brooded. Many of the species are confined to a single species of grass
or sedge.

Pupation takes place outside of the mine, and usually immediately
after feeding is completed. The pupa is either exposed, attached only
by the anal end and a silken girdle which passes over the abdomen,
lying in the suture between the fourth and fifth abdominal segments,
or is covered with a loose network of silk, the fibers sometimes very
regularly arranged (fig. 31). In general, when the pupa is exposed,
the cuticle is dull and opaque in appearance; when enclosed in a cocoon,
it is shiny. Forms intermediate between these two types occur. These
differences are adaptive and of no value in grouping of species.

The head and thorax of the pupa are characterized by rounded
tubercles with sculpturing of the vertex and mesothorax, longitudinal—
either continuous or broken—ridges of the mesothorax; in a few species
longitudinal rows of fine tubercles occur on the wings. The dorsal
surface of the abdomen is more or less depressed and usually shows
three distinct, often conspicuous, longitudinal ridges, one mid-dorsal
and one at each margin, the latter bearing the spiracles. The mid-
dorsal may or may not extend onto the thorax. A cremaster is present,
of various shapes, usually three-lobed. It may or may not bear setae,
but when present, these are usually hooked.

Vertex produced, sometimes projecting hood-like over the front;
epicranial suture present; maxillary palpi absent, maxillae concealing
the labial palpi; tibiae and tarsi of pro- and mesothoracic legs conceal-
ing the femora; tip of tarsi of metathoracic legs visible caudad of
antennae, between the tips of the mesothoracic wings; all of the appen-
dages are fused to one another and to the body to or a little beyond the
caudal margin of the fifth abdominal segment. No movable incisures.
The abdominal spiracles are sometimes produced.

Pupal characters are constant for the species, except for minor vari-
ations in size of tubercles and ridges of the mesothorax, and are reliable
criteria for species separation. Pupae of all species whose life histories
are known are figured on plates V, VI, VII.

Imagoes emerge from two to several weeks after pupation; the
period of emergence may extend over a considerable time.

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 23

Wing markings show great diversity. Species closely similar in
imaginal markings may be separated by pupal characters and by geni-
talia. In the males, reliable characters for species separation are found
in shape and length of harpe, in shape of sacculus process, in anellus,
and especially in the presence or absence of and character of cornuti,
the last being a determining and constant character. The shape of the
vinculum may vary somewhat within the species.

In the females, good characters are the shape of the dilated portion
of the ductus bursae before ostium, the length of the sclerotized portion
of the ductus before ostium, the presence or absence of teeth at the
inception of the ductus seminalis, the presence or absence of teeth along
the ductus bursae, and the signum.

On the basis of wing venation and genitalic characters the species
fall into three sections :

I. Cell of the hind wing closed (except in some patriodo.va). Uncus
lobes with few or no setae.

II. Cell of the hind wing open. _R., of fore wing farther from R, than
from R;. Uncus lobes densely setose.

III. Cell of the hind wing open; hind wing broad. R, and R; of fore
wing widely separated, farther apart than R, and R.; Cun,
Cu,, + M; and M, arising opposite the space between R,
and R;. Specializations of genitalia in both sexes.

Section I. Species 1-10

This section includes the primitive species of the genus, character-
ized in venation by the closed cell of the hind wing, with M; more or
less approximate to the radial stem (in patriodoxa only, the crossvein
closing the cell of the hind wing is usually absent, but the vein configu-
ration is typical of the section, with M; arching up toward the radial
stem) ; R, and R; of the fore wing may be stalked or coincident (figs.
13, 14, 15). The hind wings vary in breadth; they may be evenly
tapering or acuminate at apex. The antennal pecten is well developed,
with as many as 10 or 12 long hair-like scales; the labial palpi are
usually long and distinctly recurved (fig. 6).

In the male genitalia, the uncus lobes have few or no setae, they are
usually close together and often not cleft to the suture, which is distin-

MEM. AMER. ENT. Soc., 13.

Z4 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

guishable in this section; the free outgrowth of harpe is well developed
and from middle of inner surface.

There is greater diversity of structure of the female genitalia than in
the other two sections; the ductus bursae is often very long and may
be coiled, with bursa copulatrix lying as far anterior as the second
abdominal segment.

The immaculate or nearly immaculate white species are so similar
that they can be separated only by genitalic characters.”°

The life history of but two of the species here included 1s known.

Section II. Species 20-45

The cell of the hind wing is open; in the fore wing R, 1s much
farther from R, than from R;. The typical venation of the section is
illustrated by figure 17.

In the male genitalia, the tegumen is usually short, uncus lobes
densely setose. In the female, the bursa copulatrix lies in the third,
fourth, and part of the fifth abdominal segments, and the ductus bursae
is comparatively short; a signum is usually present.

Within this section, a small group of specialized species (radiantella,
solitaria, praelineata) is characterized by the further reduced wing vena-
tion, by the dense mass of elongate lusterless knobbed hairs attached to
the seventh abdominal tergite in the female, and by both male and fe-
male genitalic characters. In the male, the harpes are narrow, with
reduction of cucullus, and the sacculus processes are reduced to narrow
rods or minute spoon-like structures without setae; cornuti many small
spines. In the female, the genital plate is not differentiated, the ventral
margin only of ostium sclerotized, and the ductus bursae membranous
throughout; no signum.

On the whole, the species of this section form a homogeneous group
structurally. Exceptional in the section, but nevertheless properly be-
longing here are agilis, cucullata, leucosticta; salinaris and tanyopis,
with the strong apical spine of harpe; and the three specialized and
reduced species.

The type of the genus, bifasciella Trietschke belongs in this section.
10 In the descriptions of wings and antennae, differentiation of the species is

attempted. Where specimens have been relaxed for mounting, these structures may
be stained and hence of no value in discriminating species.

ANNETTE F. BRAUN

to
Laat

Section III. Species 460-48

The three species included in this section are characterized by the
greater breadth of the hind wing, and by differences in position of cer-
tain of the veins of the fore wing as compared to the two preceding
sections. Cu, Cui, + M;, and M, arise opposite the space between
R, and R;; and R, and R; are widely separated (fig. 18).

The short stiff setae of the uncus lobes, the shape of the anellus
lobes, the lobed and pronged aedeagus, the reduction of the free out-
growth of harpe to an acute projection from base near costa in the
male; the specialized genital plate, and row of strong setae fringing the
dorsal posterior margin of the eighth segment of the female are charac-
teristics of the section.

* * cS * xk

I have included 48 species in Elachista, of which 16 are described
as new. Of the 41 species listed under the genus in McDunnough’s
1939 Checklist, 11 have been removed from Elachista. Of these eleven,
bicristatella Chambers, concolorella Chambers, orichalcella Clemens,
metallifera Walsingham are Cosmopterygids; no type’ of inornatella
Chambers is in existence, but it is probably also a Cosmopterygid. Two
of the types of teranella Chambers at the Museum of Comparative Zool-
ogy, one bearing the name in Chambers handwriting, are Scythrids;
the third is probably a Cosmopterygid. The remaining five species of
the eleven belong in other genera of the Elachistidae. Jllectella is the
type of Cosmiotes Clemens, restricted, with praematurella a synonym,
and herbigrada Braun is transferred to Cosmiotes; brachyelytrifoliella
Clemens, of which angularis Braun is a synonym, is placed in Dicra-
noctetes Braun; cygnodiella Busck is made the type of a new genus.

Philopatris Meyrick is a synonym of irrorata Braun. Maritimella
McDunnough was added since the publication of the checklist.

Aphigalia Dyar (Phigalia Chambers) is sunk as a synonym of
Elachista and the first species described under it, albella Chambers,
transferred to Elachista. Phigalia ochremaculella Chambers, described
immediately after albella, is doubtfully Elachistid and is included as an

11 The imornatella type at the Museum of Comparative Zoology is Eulyonetia
inornatella Chambers, but is placed under Elachista.

MEM. AMER. ENT. soc., 13.

26

NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

unrecognized species. No type is in existence. Laverna albella Cham-

bers is transferred to Elachista from the Cosmopterygidae, and the new

name, adempta, proposed for the preoccupied albella. Texanica Frey
and Boll is doubtfully included in Elachista.

Key to the Species of Elachista Based on V enation
and Coloration”

I. Cell of hind wing closed (except some patriodoxa), M, arching up toward

N

10.

11.

12.

Hoe rachel GUST scosncaccndc0e00000000¢ Section I, species 1-19
Fore wing black or blackish, with transverse white marks ......... 2
DOS WwAbakee WHMUKS Ole YAMIN oosconsacceccanccucacannadecacogsonc 3
AVmedianswinitestasciason|lyineremreeecrtenceener core (18) hiberna

A median white fascia and costal and dorsal spots beyond
(19) patriodoxa

Kore wing immactlatespure white ph ancceern see ect eeere 4
Fore wing wath at least a few dark scales... 52....2.-4-55)06 9 8
Bastern. Species) @Accpkiscac een tee hoa eRe Coe Roo OEE 5
Wresteriy SpeGles;, . iced exaaucie cre acersnescase eevias olen em nie aa ae ae eee 6
Antennae dark gray, scape only white ........... (10) griseicornis
Antennae white, grayish only toward tips ........... (11) acenteta
Hind wing very acuminate, R, and M, very long stalked.. (15) sincera
Eindiwinesless|stronglysacuminatels a eeeeineee re ariereriene ite 7
Ovipositor large, lobes blade-like. conspicuous ......... (14) lamina
Owmipositor MonMall onccoccoscnsacacnancc0asacansoo (12) hololeuca

(13) purissima

some (6) aurocristata

some female (9) adempta

A few widely scattered dark scales on the fore wing, no other marks .. 9
Fore wing with more or less distinct plical and discal brown or black
spots, sometimes obsolete, or with more or less brownish fuscous

fab) oh oer nee eae irae inca the afcrc) otra Ga. ciamnob 66 11
Veins R, and R, of fore wing separate ........... (7) controversa
VeinssRyvand (Ron torjenwiteeunite dierent eee ee 10

Palpi longer, third segment slender, evenly tapering to acute apex

(8) albella

Palpi shorter, third segment abruptly acute ........... (9) adempta
Fore wing densely dusted with brownish fuscous ...............- 12
Fore wing white, with sparse or no dusting; a plical and a discal
brown or black spot, sometimes obsolete ................-4. 13
Dusting absent in a broad stripe from base along fold and outer mar-
gin Of celliic.. Sacer ee epee ae eee (17) coniophora

12 Not included in the key: ochremaculella Chambers.

tS:

14.

ANNETTE F. BRAUN

to

Ni

Entire wing evenly dusted; faint plical and discal spots

(16) parvipulvella

With a few dark scales projecting into the cilia at tornus ......... 14
Wy RINOVEE SOS MYCE Grea s olbieiacron ba co poi cnc o ce mec aoe 15
Hind wings white in both sexes; eastern ............. (3) orestella
Hind wings pale straw-colored; western ........... (2) symmorpha
Plical and discal spots distinct, or sometimes of only 2 or 3 dark scales 16
Plical and discal spots minute, pale, or sometimes obsolete ......... 17

Plical spot at two-thirds the length of the fold; western .. (4) synopla
Plical spot at four-fifths the length of the fold; eastern .. (1) epimicta
Microscopically ocherous-tipped scales in the costo-apical half of the

wing; brownish-tipped scales projecting into cilia at apex and

ellosaver (emaSat ais on onions Slo RGneitG Crore ERG eee era (5) spatiosa
Scattered brownish ocherous scales; a fine blackish line through the
UNE 5 5.516 8-8 DONO OIG oO ae aT teres (6) aurocristata

II. Cell of hind wing open, M, not arching up toward the radial stem; R,

10.

farther from R, than from R, (see also IIT)
Section II, species 20-45

MpPmeH ISTIC MULT CMDLESEME fone oper fsvssslePakese ose. 0.40 Sheushs © sale sielewrleniheie'emin’® 2
MENU NIDIC WATS CADSENT ote lc elorn cies mole io \o.e ae eleitieie's eens oe eieeciies 27
Ground color of the fore wing blackish or dark brown, or irrorated

UA MBE Pe Ceo ei rence st ovayie) inte) wi Sere siacn re Swen eae pin ees iatetle 3
Ground color of the fore wing white or pale ocherous, more or less

overlaid with fuscous or ocherous dusting .................. Le,
An orange spot at base of dorsum .................. (35) texanica
NomGrancerspotatibase,on Gorsum! =). een. ve ae eis oes 4
A white or silvery patch at or almost at base of fore wing ........ 5
No white or silvery mark at base of fore wing ................-- 11
A complete white or silvery median fascia ...................... 6
BASCIAmmecOM plete LO Ken OL neducedi mms. sce eee cece icicle 10
Basal white patch confined to dorsum ............ (27) stramineola
Basal white or silvery patch extending from costa to dorsum ...... 7
Silvery costal spot beyond fascia curving toward apex in the middle of

HLT CM WEL OMe mers tee ust paverexe esis veel ave etellel naeisivore for nhere nvdainie 'e bye e-Arer see 8
Silvery or white costal spot beyond fascia not produced toward apex.. 9
mpicaleuiin of antenna White ..% 0.2.0.0. .0. sees (30) sylvestris
Antennae dark gray throughout ................. (31) nitidiuscula
teadesilvenye Willits a2 air s/s 3 het: 2 od) acy seh ee (29) albicapitella
Head dark gray, face only creamy white .......... (28) leucofrons

Fascia silvery white, ending before reaching dorsal margin
(32) cucullata
Fascia reduced to scattered whitish scales
some male (27) stramineola

MEM. AMER. ENT. SOoC., 13.

11.

13.

14.

7

18.

19),

bo
is)

NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

Ac median: pal eatascias ia Aa.seiet ectelew erates ae eo 12
Noimedian pale-fascia. 22h acces ae nee ce idee eee rei eee 19
Median fascia silvery, followed by a costal silvery spot only
(25) maculoscella
Median fascia followed by a costal and a nearly opposite tornal pale
C10 eee ene ee nO CeO Aine Samedi en Ho cons oo alacba 66.60 06.0 13
Costal and tornal spots uniting to form a secohd similar fascia

(23) pusilla

Costal and tornal spots, if meeting, forming an angulated fascia ... 14
Thorax :whollydark: jasta hire aie ses erent oicae es aie eee 15
Tips of tegulae and mesothorax white or whitish, or if not contrasting

thenkentireuthonraxe pal eR orca eee ee eee eee eee 17

Fore wing much darker behind the fascia than before it
(24) unifasciella
Fore wing not darker behind the fascia than before it ........... 16
Fascia and spots shining white; veins M, and M, + Cu,, separate
(21) fuliginea

Fascia and spots white, not lustrous, often reduced in male; M, and

Mei Citys connate ois Shone stalked tener me rae (20) irrorata
Scales of fore wing creamy-white at base, general color pale gray,
palest in apical area; fascia obscure .......... (26) excelsicola

Scales of fore wing, if pale at base, broad'y tipped with dark brown or
gray; general color dark gray or brown, irrorated, not paler in
apical areas alse. saeco een ae ioe eee aioe Oe eee 18

A broad, well-defined creamy white fascia .... female (22) oxytypa

Fascia very narrow, ill defined, and sometimes nearly obsolete

male (27) stramineola

Fore wing with a white apical spot ............... (34) leucosticta
No white apical Spot, cic acacia seem aera aaa ce eee 20
An elongate white spot in fold near base, followed by the black plical

SPOE Fan Geccanteens Sacuetyin eine eR oR eee (40) inaudita
No: Suéh, Spots. sis. s,.euassskser ines Aerials & De AR ee ee Sena ee ee 21

Marks golden or silvery; a bar from basal fourth of dorsum to fold
(33) agilis
Marks grayish white; a bar from near middle of dorsum to fold or

beyond |. sje seo oclacee ee eee ene male (22) oxytypa
Plical spot present, black or very dark brown ..............--.-- 23
Plical: spot absent, icc%.c.s:5 dace andor ss eae oR ee ee Rae eee ee 24

Basal two-thirds of fore wing pure white, undusted; western
(42) salinaris
Fore wing more or less dusted, the dusting defining the white costal
andwiornalaspotseyeaste lila i yee ieee (41) tanyopis
Fore wing pale ocherous, with ill-defined paler fascia and costal and
tornal-Spots 5.0 oewk pena eee nena oe naa 25

25.

26.

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 29

Fore wing white, with dark-tipped scales forming longitudinal lines . 26
Dusting usually sparse, but when present, evenly distributed; north-

CLINT ENTS wc ah ae oe earl eR oI (36) maritimella
Dusting denser, but absent in the dorsal half of the wing before the
LUG CICURPRWIE SUC Ta rceat iene nia orci eeceatesey olin token ts (37) staintonella
Fore wing white, the scales forming the longitudinal lines the only
Gam kesCall eSprstuens Mee Mato as rst sotoiay choriet aoa vets i sdene er ewe (38) cana
Scales of the fore wing white with pale gray tips; longitudinal lines of
daikens otraryars Call Sayateerry seerieotney ee ntvalsi meer ticles (39) amideta
Mankcemetallicisilvervnomooldenmarenneae action teams one 28
LATHES. WLDELUO” elo are Cente onetime Ree (43) praelineata
A small silvery gray spot at base of costa ........... (44) solitaria
An oblique silvery fascia almost at base .......... (45) radiantella

Ill. Cell of hind wing open; R, and R, widely separated; Cu,,, Cu,, + M,, and

M, arising opposite the space between R, and R,. Wing mark-

ings metallic golden or silvery ...... Section III, species 46-48
Apical fifth of antenna yellowish white ............ (46) madarella
Antennae dark brown or black throughout .....................-- 2

A silvery or golden spot in the middle of the wing near apex
(47) enitescens
No detached silvery spot near apex, but costal spot curving toward
apex in the middle of the wing ............... (48) argentosa

Key to the Species of Elachista Based on Male Genitalia’

I. Uncus lobes with few or no setae; setae if present, marginal; free out-

growth of harpe from near middle ...... Section I, species 1-19

Marginal setae of uncus long, exceeding the breadth of the lobes
(7) controversa

Wiareinalesetackoiuncuss i present ShOnt meee eee aera ee aac 2
Sacculus processes very short, half dumb-bell shaped; vinculum with

a broad quadrate anterior projection ......... (6) aurocristata
Sacculus processes and vinculum otherwise .....................- 3
Lobes of ventral plate of anellus narrow elongate, several times longer

SLT ANIM ID TRA Clipe preweyistrsp Seayeee oye ctece seep ed cutaueyiewe Tava eliatlemnsu ene Meme ete syaustawayreiti 4
ILO@Das Git ailing, sat kore, SOE MENTION 500000c0cc0cg0g000cn0000B00e 6
Lobes of anellus posteriorly produced into very long slender sclerotized

FROGS. Sy bi0o bd Hah ote eo RCC BETA Cree ears NCEE meee (19) patriodoxa
INfossuchusclerotizedenods tris cia crcshiue cucuvers srw ele etovie eam sehe lous vis) alels 5

13 Omitted from the key: spatiosa n. sp., lamuna n. sp., sincera Braun, parvipulvella
Chambers in Section I; pusilla F. & B., unifasciella Chambers, maculoscella (Clemens),
staintonella Chambers, texanica F. & B., inaudita Braun in Section II.

MEM. AMER. ENT. Soc., 13.

30

Il.

6.

8.

11.

12.

=

3.

NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

Anellus lobes. parallel-sided, truncate

SPA eee eb Ne (18) hiberna
Anellus lobes with produced rounded apices .......... (1) epimicta

Each lobe of anellus produced laterally into a long prong
(11) acenteta
INCSDES HOMES CUNSWAISE cosocaovcconcagevss000090000000005 00006 7

Each anellus lobe deeply sinuate and produced posteriorly at the side

into.an elongate lobe see eee tee (2) symmorpha
Anellusplobesmothenwiseie ane rneerre recone ae aoe eee eens 8
Aedeagus a short cylinder; no cornutus .......... (17) coniophora
Cornuti present; aedeagus not a short cylinder ................. 9
Cornnutusjasioneyslenderm acutesspine sameeren 10
GornutussblintroniacntenShontasen eee eer nae 11

Sacculus process broad, flattened ...

Sacculus process slender ..........

Cornutus arising from a sclerotized base ..............
Nowselerotized) base minccrotercerecn a Ona ee eee 14

(8) albella

(13) purissima

Sse agemee 12

Sclerotized. base broad and bluntly produced beyond origin of cornutus;

cornutus a curved stout spine ..

(9) adempta

Sclerotizedihasesnanroweeloncatenneemmane ean eer cee 13

Anellus lobes posteriorly broadly rounded; gnathos broadly ovate
(12) hololeuca
Anellus lobes obliquely truncate; gnathos elongate, tongue-like

(10)

griseicornis

Sclerotized lateral margins of anellus produced beyond posterior mar-

eam Oi CAEN HONS cocococncocuce

(3) orestella

Sclerotized lateral margins of anellus extended laterally at the dorso-
lateral angle of each lobe; lobes acutely rounded posteriorly

(4) synopla

Uncus lobes setose, the setae distributed over at least half the surface (see

IF

(4,

also! TIED) oc 5 Seeing aa eiees Section II, species 20-45
Gnathosiiworspinedtknobssseemee een eee een eee er eee 2
GCmETNOS A Shale gonmeal MIHOD concccoovscssvvas 0000006050500 00C 6
Ventral margin of harpe at apex produced into a strong spine ..... 3
PNY. Oi MAIO. HAWNCWIE SINE osconoedoccccoscvedovucova0cocKne: 4
Anellus lobes rounded at apex, a few short setae ..... (41) tanyopis

Posterior margin of anellus lobes thickened, broadly rounded, no setae
(42) salinaris
Uncus deeply cleft, lobes narrow, elongate, setose on posterior half

Oftliyin w.direkiyanece aera a eee
If uncus cleft, the lobes not elongate

(34) leucosticta

Uncus not cleft; outgrowth of harpe greatly developed, fusing with

costa to form an inflated pocket
Uncus cleft, outgrowth of harpe free

salslors baleae yoensens (3

CC ee

2) cucullata
(33) agilis

NI

10.

if.

13)

14.

18.

19.

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 31

Sacculus processes minute, spoon-shaped, without setae ........... 7
Sacculus processes not minute; elongate, club-shaped, or flattened .. 8
Cornuti a mass of microscopic spines ..............- (44) solitaria
Cornuti a row of minute spines .................. (45) radiantella
Sacculus process a slender rod without setae; cornuti a mass of micro-

SCOPIGPS PIRES is chose a: chev etcheve: ancl ome Dicer siaieee lsusjeretees (43) praelineata
Sacculus process setose; cornuti if present not a mass of microscopic

SPRUE Stem eee) nyo teee siete vere che sways es eraue ainne guehutiete louse siauatbytioe duets Y)
IN® CORRES cc 0 Boece COs OU coe OLIN Oa nO OREM Nor ieees ener 10
BaP ECSEM IS eareis heist ah cha ere cleats atarwishe » AOR ie Monit wees 12

Tip of aedeagus thickened, strongly sclerotized, and bifid
(20) irrorata
Tip of aedeagus, if emarginate, not thickened .......:...:.....- 11
Anellus lobes broad, obliquely truncate, dorso-lateral angle pronounced
(30) sylvestris
Anellus lobes narrow, dorso-lateral angle obsolete .. (31) nitidiuscula
Cornutus a single spine; anellus lobes tapering to the pointed apices,
dorso-lateralganelessobsolete = preacee-iaee sede cee oe nee 13
Cornuti two or more spines; anellus lobes either pointed or truncate . 16
SHeemiasiprocesses club-shaped ...i0c..2 sc eueweh es es ee cece ces 14
Sacculus processes broad, laterally flattened ....................; 15
Vinculum gradually tapering to an acute anterior projection; apex of
each anellus lobe posteriorly acutely produced .. (26) excelsicola
Vinculum with an abrupt blunt anterior projection .. (27) stramineola

Uncus lobes widely separated, the space between them quadrate, wider

iain LOR sdas Ooms EOE eee Reece (38) cana
Uncus lobes less widely separated, the space between them parabolic,
loner Wem Wh So ete ons ooo odoO ORE oe cmoomds (39) amideta
CorniiPanormonrethanetwO SPineS! seme eicee sie secs ec ece nae ce 17
Cornuti consisting of one spine, and a group of several spines .... 18

Cornuti, a broad-based acute spine and a similar minute spine beyond it
(22) oxytypa

Cornuti, a blunt tooth-like spine and a slender acute spine beyond it
(21) fuliginea
Anellus lobes tapering to the pointed apices; dorso-lateral angles obso-

Iie bhava Ge epee Ue Cea aE re a Reena (36) maritimella
Anellus lobes obliquely truncate; the lobes broad, dorso-lateral angles
PROMOMMCEMG rs seis, sells ars) ac\aie miwisyarere Sesh ois) a sraoyare/el sileyavensnevare aimee 19

Uncus lobes very widely separated; cornuti, one acute spine and a
couple of unequal blunt spines ............. (29) albicapitella
Uncus lobes less widely separated ; cornuti, one blunt spine and a cluster
of one longer and several shorter acute spines .. (28) leucofrons

MEM. AMER. ENT. Soc., 13.

32 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

III. Uncus lobes with short setae, either marginal or widely spaced; free out-
growth of harpe reduced to an acute projection at base of harpe;
aedeagus lobed at base, pronged or acutely produced at apex

Section III, species 46-48

1. Aedeagus with a blunt lobe or prong above middle; gnathos ovate or
broader thanclone 2aensce eemaaee Se ere Oe eee 2
Aedeagus without such prong; gnathos ellipsoidal ... (48) argentosa

2. Aedeagus short, wide, middle lobe of base tapering to a rounded point
(46) madarella

Aedeagus longer, slender toward apex; middle lobe of base quadrate
(47) enitescens

Key to the Species of Elachista Based on Female Genitalia™

[Se Bursa copulathixawithoutssi en tiniest eee eee eee Zi
Bursaicopulathixeawithecienim nae eene cee eer eee ene cree 9

2. Membrane of bursa copulatrix entirely smooth ....................... 3
Membrane of bursa copulatrix minutely spiculate ...................- 4

$, Osim very small, rowel oscoccccscc0cdccunocccacccs (45) radiantella
Osim joroaclhy ovall’s cooccccoosconcsccncccusuccansee (43) praelineata

4. Ovipositor lobes thin, blade-like, strongly sclerotized ....... (14) lamina
@vipositomlobesinormaliee eee eene eee eee Oren eenee 5

5. Bursa copulatrix elongate oval, gradually passing posteriorly into the short
GtTEtUISDURSAC) ahs ae a eee eee (17) coniophora

Bursa not elongate oval, or if more or less elongate, then ductus bursae
narrow at origin and much longer than the bursa ................. 6

6. Walls of posterior two-thirds of ductus bursae greatly thickened, ductus
ConStiHctedaheroneOsticmeusn nee ieee eee (15) sincera

Walls of ductus bursae, if sclerotized, not thickened .................. 7

7. Ductus bursae not dilated before ostium; ostium small, rounded ........ 8
Ductus bursae dilated before ostium; ostium wide; teeth of ductus bursae
MUMUte-sNUIMETOUS) Meee eee en ere (11) acenteta

8. Ductus bursae narrow immediately posterior to bursa and coiled in situ;
dentate strip a double row of teeth .................... (8) albella

Ductus bursae nowhere coiled; teeth in a single row ...... (9) adempta

9) Signa two: fast aoc cette ee Ae aE eI Ee oe Cea ea eee eee 10
SiemurmSinele ab ois othe see oe ceva ees ean mercer ae Gry ae 12
10, Signe ino soirall goimecl ames .co50s0c00ccc0cse000000 (6) aurocristata
Signa. not spiral cece ces lacs coe cesses ee oe ae ee a Ree 11

14 Omitted from the key: symmorpha n. sp., synopla n. sp., controversa Braun,
parvipulvella Chambers in Section I; pusilla F. & B., wnifasciella Chambers, maculos-
cella (Clemens), agilis Braun, staintonella Chambers, cana Braun, amideta n. sp.,
leucosticta n. sp., texanica F. & B., salinaris Braun, solitaria Braun in Section II.

17.

18.

19.

20.

ZANE

23s

24.

is)
on

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 33

Signa two elongate spindle-shaped finely dentate patches ... (18) hiberna
Signa two narrow acuminate marginally dentate plates .. (19) patriodoxa
Signum a dentate knife-like ridge on a sclerotized base ............... 13
SHEMAEN HOLE 2) COMBE Tole awd tau nooo conse oo com umaaee UEaee ane 14
Sclerotized base of signum diamond-shaped ............. (41) tanyopis
Sclerotized base of signum elongate oval ................ (40) inaudita
Dorsal posterior margin of the eighth abdominal segment fringed with

THONG SALE clas Sole COMO om Ge Bia cha HET COINS OID Neen reeset 5
No such setae on the dorsal posterior margin of the eighth abdominal seg-

DDGIE 2. cio'e ora sbin Sara Renee a eno eo ecePOncira Oe nC OE ae Eee ea 7
Bursa copulatrix small; signum a small oval dentate patch. . (47) enitescens
Bansal ancemsbilobeds signummlance: ar acme sien. sass seems c cs < ee: 16
Depressed membranous area around ostium emarginate posteriorly; signum

a), froerel Glomiiene loeinNGl 6 Soon ccusaucoouauoumonneoeee (46) madarella
Depressed membranous area around ostium evenly oval; signum a longer

narrow Gentate Dain oaceaccncoctsnoengssccos00008 (48) argentosa
Sigmunn & demigne laine! Or CHESCSNE ooo0esdocosssonssucouseuoboouGeUE 23
SU MUMECIECUIAIMO I TERE SULaTe ei acnta ae see eee sg) sis wos ane cov aera alee 18
Ductus bursae enormously dilated before ostium; ostium nearly as broad as

GINS CUI SSRN TE. 5 Ase cee ee ee ene ocean etic (5) spatiosa
Ductus bursae not abnormally dilated before ostium; ostium not over one-

EMindethelbreadth of the ershthysesment .-) 1a] s44 57cm] aoe ee 19

Ductus bursae very long, without teeth or at most with one or two teeth .. 20
Ductus bursae not unusually long, the membrane armed with longitudinal

PONVS MOND DING SHO LECUIN terest Cretan rcseac sa tous aieat) al eevee evens ean Slates las 21
Ductus bursae longer than the body and several times coiled; signum a
lageercinculamdenvate patch esee ne ce ete edness (1) epimicta
Ductus bursae not longer than the body; signum small, three of the teeth
Fapeermtinanmtheoullers 5456.0 saeco ee Bebe: (13) purissima
Outer surface of the ductus bursae for two-thirds its length with numerous
ClOSO=SEE OID olen oe Smee eee ee eee (3) orestella
Inner surface of the ductus bursae with a longitudinal row of teeth .... 22

Dilated part of ductus bursae before ostium cup-shaped .. (10) griseicornis
Dilated part of ductus bursae before ostium abruptly flaring, membranous
(12) hololeuca

Semaine hes Cellnl Cammny oeraenat creer? cunts erninahat nus siege tenenearcie res opkene tie 24
Siiecrrancsran ey EWAN: 9:6 seron ctlcan ler eateecs ancaies ona eaees ENaC ERC ee IE NER Stee ec ae 29
Signum an angled crescent; no teeth at inception of ductus seminalis .. 25
Signum not angled, narrow, elongate, acute at each end; four dentate knobs
At imceptonl on ductus seminalis .:-..+.-.-.-2.--- (26) excelsicola
Ductus bursae sclerotized from ostium anteriorly at least to middle of seg-
TTC Mla MMR Ree Iara, Wena rate ches har tet fone ie “be wiesioy oA omatiace wen bel beara wishes 26
Ductus bursae at most sclerotized from ostium only to posterior margin of
SESAME Lal OMe PMMA arse Renee eines ieee tlisy Suse aie estuairsre fave er eathninter slaemelters anupaian 28

MEM. AMER. ENT. Soc., 13.

34 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

26. Dilated part of ductus bursae before ostium cylindrical, sides parallel
(36) maritimella
Dilated part of ductus with the sides diverging toward ostium ........ 27
27. Ductus bursae sclerotized to middle of segment 6; ostium spinulate, the
spinules shorter than their distance apart ............ (20) irrorata
Ductus bursae sclerotized nearly to anterior margin of segment 6; ostium
spinulate, the spinules longer than their distance apart .. (21) fuliginea

28. Ostium at the anterior margin of the genital plate ........ (22) oxytypa
Genital plate produced at ostium as a strongly sclerotized anterior lobe;
hairslof ovipositor short andethickw sey eee eee (32) cucullata

29. Genital plate produced mid-ventrally, indenting the seventh segment, the
produced sides parallel; ostium at its anterior margin
(27) stramineola

Genital plate not so produced mid-ventrally ...............-..:..000- 30

30. Ventral margin of ostium deeply concave, two lateral acute rods; ostium
sclerotizedidorsally, Scie ea see eee eee 31

Ventral margin of ostium not deeply concave; ostium dorsally membranous,
finely, Spinulate, % wictiue dow ane aie ais Bes sees a ners ie aegnies Ce ee 32

31. Signum a broad, somewhat dumb-be!l shaped plate ...... (30) sylvestris
Sicnumpalknaniowasinuatesban disse een oee eee eer eereer (31) nitidiuscula

32. Dilated portion of ductus bursae before ostium a truncated cone; 3 teeth at
Inceptionnot Guctus)seminalisus sees eee (29) albicapitella

Dilated portion of ductus bursae before ostium tub-shaped; 2 teeth at incep-

HON Or CiCiHwis SOMIMINS scococcosanonoucnosooocce (28) leucofrons

Section I
(1) Elachista epimicta new species (Figs. 6, 15, 39, 61, 61a, 107.)

1920. Elachista orestella Braun (not Busck), Ohio Journ. Sci., xx, 171, 172.

1921. Elachista orestella Braun (not Busck), Ohio Journ. Sci., xx, 209.

1923. Aphelosetia orestella Forbes (not Busck) in part, Mem. 68, Cornell Univ.
Agric. Exp. Sta., p. 220.

1933. Elachista orestella Braun (not Busck), Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., LIx, pp.
238, 241, et al.

Head white, palpi white, the second segment outwardly shaded with dark
fuscous, more deeply so in the male; antennae whitish, with indistinct slightly
darker annulations, most noticeable in the female. Fore wings white, some-
times a faint ocherous shade along costa; on the fold at 4/5 its length a brown-
ish or blackish spot, variable in size and somewhat irregular; at end of cell a
similar spot, often smaller than the plical spot, and sometimes absent; except for
these two spots, the wings may be immaculate pure white, or there may be
widely scattered pale fuscous scales, which rarely (in males) tend to be arranged
in lines. Cilia white, the row of scales around apex minutely black-tipped, the

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 35

black tips forming a fine even line through the cilia; this line is at least partially
indicated even in the whitest specimens. Hind wings in the female varying
from almost pure white to faintly grayish ocherous tinged; much darker in the
male, pale ocherous fuscous. Legs yellowish white, the fore legs inwardly
shaded with dark fuscous. Abdomen white, shaded more or less with pale
ocherous fuscous.

Alar expanse: 10 to 13 mm.

Male genitalia (figs. 61, 61a): uncus lobes with a few short marginal setae;
gnathos ellipsoidal; aneilus very deeply cleft, the lobes slender and elongate,
obtusely angled dorso-laterally at the point of articulation with the outgrowth
from harpe, setose toward tip; sacculus processes long, slender; vinculum pro-
duced, the produced sides parallel; aedeagus large, broad at base, tapering to the
narrow apex; cornutus a very long acutely pointed spine.

Female genitalia (fig. 107): bursa copulatrix in the second abdominal seg-
ment, spiculate, signum a large nearly circular dentate patch; ductus bursae
very long (longer than the body), narrowing and several times coiled, then
gradually widening to near ostium where, after the inception of the ductus
seminalis, it abruptly narrows and is strongly sclerotized to the small circular
ostium.

Type—é, Cincinnati, Ohio, under rearing record B.g75, imago
May 12, 1918, [A. F. B. Coll.].

Allotype.— 2 , Cincinnati, Ohio, under rearing record B.g75, imago
May 16, 1918, [A. F. B. Coll.].

Paratypes—tio 6, 8 2, Cincinnati, Ohio, under rearing record
B.g75, with dates of emergence from May ro to 16, 1918, [A. F. B.
Coll. and A. N. S. P.]; 1 ¢, Cincinnati, Ohio, rearing record B.1032,
imago May 5, 1920, 1 2, rearing record B.1033, imago May 5, 1920;
4 6, 2 2, Cincinnati, Ohio, taken on the wing, May 16 to June 1,
Peere bb. Coll, and U.S. N. M.].

The preferred food plant is Hystrix patula Moench.; mines also
occur on Elymus spp. The larva mines the basal overwintering leaves
from October or November until May of the following spring. The
mine at first lies near the upper epidermis (which by a twist in the leaf
faces downward in Hystrix) ; part way along the length of this early
mine, the epidermis is wrinkled, drawing the leaf into a fold several
centimeters long where the leaf tissue is not consumed. Later the mine
broadens and may be several inches long; here the leaf tissue is con-
sumed and the epidermis of the mine grayish. Occasionally the larva
makes a second mine, entering at the tip of the leaf, and consuming all
the leaf tissue within the mine. The larva is pale greenish yellow or

MEM. AMER. ENT. soc., 13.

36 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE ( LEPIDOPTERA )

grayish; the prothoracie shield with two rather broad dorsal stripes,
posteriorly darkening and each ending in a black spot.

Pupa (fig. 39) ina slight cocoon, cuticle shining.

The figure (pl. IH, fig. 15) illustrates the typical venation of this
section, with veins R, and R; of the fore wing stalked, and cell of the
hind wing closed, with the medial stem partially preserved.

This is our broadest-winged white species.

Small females marked only with the plical and discal dots, and with
white hind wings are almost indistinguishable from E. orestella Busck.
In E. orestella, however, a few dark scales projecting into the cilia at
tornus are almost always present, and the plical spot is situated at 7%
the length of the fold. On genitalic characters the two species are
abundantly distinct. The usual wing expanse of epimucta is greater
than that of orestella.

Through an unfortunate misidentification of this species as orestella
Busck, a number of references to it as orestella have crept into the
literature; all of my previous remarks on eastern specimens under the
name orestella refer to E. epimicta. The remarks on the early stages
of E. orestella in Forbes, Lepidoptera of New York, apply to this spe-
cies, not to E. orestella.

(2) Elachista symmorpha new species (Figs. 60, 60a.)

Head white, palpi white, the third segment very slender and acute. Thorax
and fore wings white; a very faint ocherous tinge along costa and in the apical
third of the wing; in this costal area and in the apical half of the wing there
are scattered minutely brown-tipped scales. In the fold at two-thirds its length,
dark brown scales form an irregular spot; at the end of the cell a larger elon-
gate oval dark brown spot; on the dorsal margin obliquely basad of the discal
spot, an irregular group of dark brown sca‘es; scales at the apex of the wing
broadly dark brown-tipped, forming a more or less irrorated dark patch; scat-
tered dark scales along termen; the brown tips of the elongate scales at apex
and along termen form a distinct dark line in the cilia. Hind wings and cilia
pale straw-colored. Legs white, fore pair dark fuscous inwardly; tarsi except
tips inwardly fuscous. Abdomen pale ocherous, shaded with fuscous.

Alar expanse: 12 to 13 mm.

Male genitalia (figs. 60, 60a): uncus lobes very small; costal margin of
harpe nearly straight; sacculus processes very stout, setose, not exceeding the
anellus lobes; posterior margin of each anellus lobe strongly sinuate and pro-
duced at each side into an elongate posterior lobe, setose from apex to the
lateral angle; vinculum not produced; aedeagus produced into a blind sac at

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 37

base; cornuti consisting of an elongate sclerotized base bearing several small
teeth and culminating in a larger conical tooth, and a group of numerous minute
triangular spines near apex.

Type-—é, Monache Meadows, Tulare County, California, 8000
feet, July 1-7, [No. 34826, U.S. N. M.].

Paratypes——1 6, same data as the type, [U. S. N. M.]; 1 4, with-
out abdomen, same locality, July 11, 1917, [A. F. B. Coll. }.

Food plant and early stages unknown.

In wing markings this species comes nearest to the eastern orestella
Busck, agreeing with it in the presence of the cluster of dark scales on
dorsum near the end of the fold; it is, however, somewhat larger and
of different aspect. Differences in the male genitalia, especially in the
shape of the anellus lobes, in aedeagus and cornuti separate the two
species.

(3) Elachista orestella Busck (Figs. 62, 62a, 111, 11la.)

1908. Elachista orestella Busck, Canad. Ent., xt, 196. Type 2 (without ab-
domen), Oak Station, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, [U. S. N. M., Type
No. 11563].

1923. Aphelosetia orestella Forbes, Mem. 68, Cornell Uniy. Agric. Exp. Sta.,
p. 220 (in part).

Head and palpi typically pure white (second segment of palpus in male
sometimes shaded outwardly with fuscous) ; antennae white near base, shading
to fuscous at tips. Thorax and fore wings usually pure white, faintly shining,
rarely with a faint yellowish tinge especially along costa; at two-thirds the
length of the fold an elongate black spot, and obliquely above it at the end of
the cell, a similar, but usually smaller black spot; on the dorsal margin, just
basad of the end of the fold, a cluster of blackish or fuscous-tipped scales is
almost always present; there may be a few fuscous-tipped scales scattered over
the wing surface, usually confined to the apical third of the wing, but in one
male, the number of these dark-tipped scales is greatly increased, and they occur
over the entire wing surface and form ill-defined patches around the black spot
at end of cell, at apex and along termen near tornus. Cilia white, in the darkest
specimen pale fuscous toward tips; the marginal row of scales around apex and
along termen usually black tipped, the tips forming a fine dark line in the cilia
from costa before apex nearly to tornus. Underside of fore wings usually _
white, sometimes faintly ocherous. Hind wings and cilia white in both sexes;
rarely with a faint ocherous tinge. Legs white, more or less shaded with
fuscous, fore pair fuscous inwardly. Abdomen white, with slight fuscous
shading.

Alar expanse: 9.5 to 11 mm.

MEM. AMER. ENT. Soc., 13.

38 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

Male genitalia (figs. 62, 62a): uncus lobes with a few short marginal setae;
gnathos elongate oval; harpe broad, costal margin thickened, sacculus processes
stout, dorsally obtusely angulated; lateral margins of anellus strongly sclerotized
and produced beyond the posterior margin of each lobe, which bears a group
of a few short setae; vinculum broadly rounded; aedeagus tapering, cornutus
a curved spine.

Female genitalia (figs. 111, 1lla): bursa copulatrix pear-shaped, signum
consisting of three connected teeth and one or two smaller teeth on an elongate
spined patch; in addition, two elongate finely spinulate patches, one dorsal and
one ventral; outer surface of ductus bursae from the bursa into segment 7 with
a broad longitudinal dentate band; a short membranous portion follows, then
a sclerotized band before the opening into a spinulate depression of the genital
plate.

Specimens examined: 11 6,7 9.

PENNSYLVANIA: Oak Station, Allegheny County, ? type, June 11, 1907
(Fred Marloff), [U.S.N.M.]; 3 6, May 21, 1911 (F. Marloff), [U.S.N.M_],
1 6, same date, [M. C. Z.]; Hazleton, 1 2, 5-18-97 (W. G. Dietz), [M. C. Z.].

New York: Ithaca, 1 6, 11 Aug., 1924 [J. R. Eyer Coll.]; Perry, 1 6, 14
Aug., 1918 [J. R. Eyer Coll.] ; “Cent. N. Y.,” 2 2, 6-1-99 and 6-9-99 [M. C. Z.];
Ramapo, 1 ¢ May 27, 1900 (W. D. Kearfott), [U. S. N. M.].

New Jersry: Essex Co. Pk., 2 6, July 22 and Sept. 7, 06, Trap (W. D.
Kearfott), [U. S. N. M.].

MassacHusEtTTs: Cohasset, 2 ¢, July 2, 07 (Owen Bryant), [U. S. N. M.].

Quesec: “Westmt,” 1 2 (A. F. Winn), [U. S. N. M.].

ILuinors: Chicago, 2 2 [M. C. Z.].

Food plant and early stages unknown.

Elachista orestella may be separated on adult markings from E. epi-
micta by the more basad position of the plical spot, by the cluster of
dark scales on the dorsal margin near the end of the fold, and by the
white hind wings of both sexes. The single darker male (referred to
in the description) from Essex County Park, N. J., July 22, agrees
exactly in genitalic characters with typical white males. Genitalic
characters of both sexes suggest relationship to acenteta Braun.

In Forbes, Lepidoptera of New York, page 220, the description of
the adult moth applies to orestella, the remarks on food plant and early
stages apply to epimucta.

(4) Elachista synopla new species (Fig. 63.)
1925. Elachista orestella Braun (not Busck), Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 11, 210.

Head white, palpi white, antennae white at base, shading to gray at tips.
Thorax and fore wings white; at two-thirds the length of the fold, below but

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 39

close to it, a group of dark brown scales (sometimes reduced to two or three
scales) forms an irregular spot; a similar group of scales at the end of the cell.
There may be scattered minutely dark-tipped scales in the apical half of the
wing; dark-tipped scales may form a broken line in the cilia around apex and
scattered black specks in the cilia along termen toward dorsum; or these dark-
tipped scales may be absent, and the plical and discal spots only present. Hind
wings pure white or faintly dusted, cilia sometimes tinged with ocherous.
Under surface of both wings sometimes dusted with pale ashy seals Legs
white, more or less dusted with pale ashy scales.

Alar expanse: 11 to 12.5 mm.

Male genitalia (fig. 63): uncus lobes without setae; gnathos elongate; costal
area of harpe broad, sacculus processes clavate, slender at base; lateral margins
of anellus sclerotized and dorso-lateral angle of each lobe extended as a sclero-
tized acute projection, apex of each lobe sharply rounded, setose; vinculum
rounded; aedeagus tapering, cornutus an acutely pointed spine.

Type.— é , Logan Canyon, Cache County, Utah, altitude 6000 feet,
jolyeo. 1924 (A. F.B: Coll. |.

Paratypes.—2 4, same data as the type; 1 6, Yellowstone National
Park, Wyoming, near Old Faithful, July 4, 1924 [A. F. B. Coll. ].

Food plant and early stages unknown.

E. synopla is closely allied to orestella Busck and symmorpha
Braun; in wing markings it differs from both by the irregular plical
and discal spots, and absence of dark scales on dorsum at tornus; in
male genitalia by the different shape of the anellus lobes, the more
slender sacculus processes, and from orestella by the broader thinner
costal area of the harpe. From symmorpha it is further separated by
the excavated costa of the harpe and by differences in aedeagus and
cornuti.

(5) Elachista spatiosa new species (Fig. 109.)

Head, palpi white, antennal scape white, stalk with alternate white and pale
ashy fuscous annulations. Fore wings white, with a scattering of microscopi-
cally ocherous-tipped scales; these are most noticeable in the costo-apical half
of the wing. A few brownish scales form an ill-defined spot at 4/5 of fold;
a similar spot at end of cell. A few elongate brownish-tipped scales project
into the cilia at apex and along termen. Hind wings and cilia white with a
faint ocherous tinge in some lights. Legs pale ocherous-tinged with fuscous
shading on the fore and middle pair.

Alar expanse: 11 mm.

Male unknown.

Female genitalia (fig. 109) : bursa copulatrix spiculate, the signum a group
of longer and heavier spines on a thickened circular area; ductus bursae

MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 13.

40 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

minutely dentate near bursa, posteriorly somewhat inflated, with longitudinal
sclerotized strips; ductus seminalis spinulate, arising at a slight contraction of
the ductus bursae; the ductus bursae enormously enlarged before ostium, which
is nearly the breadth of the eighth segment and is margined by a strongly
sclerotized band widest mid-ventrally and interrupted mid-dorsally by a mem-
branous spinulate patch.

Type—2, Loma Linda, San Bernardino County, California, June
©, uEWT2 (Ga IR, lPillatee)), (LA. Je. 18, (Coll jj.

Food plant and early stages unknown.

E. spatiosa is nearest to E. aurocristata in wing aspect, but the very
different female genitalia at once separate the two species.

(6) Elachista aurocristata Braun (Figs. 66, 108.)

1921. Elachista aurocristata Braun, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., uxxii, 16.
Type 6, Glacier National Park, Montana [A. F. B. Coll.].

Head and palpi white, antennae white, shading outwardly to fuscous in the
male. Thorax white. Fore wings, R, +R, forking well before costa, white
with a scarcely perceptible creamy tinge; either immaculate or with a few
scattered brownish ocherous scales; one or two such scales at 4/5 of fold, at
end of cell, and at apex; a few scattered along termen; a fine faint blackish
line in the cilia around apex and along termen. Hind wings white or faintly
tinged with pale fuscous. Legs white, shaded with fuscous. Abdomen white,
shaded with fuscous, anal segments ocherous tinged.

Alar expanse: 12 mm.

Male genitalia (fig. 66) characterized by the distinctive shape of the pointed
lobes of the anellus, the very short, half dumb-bell shaped sacculus processes,
the quadrate anterior projection of the vinculum and the lobed base of aedeagus;
cornutus a heavy spine.

Female genitalia (fig. 108): bursa copulatrix smooth, elongate, gradually
narrowing into the tapering ductus which is sclerotized from the inception of
the ductus seminalis in segment 7 to the rounded ostium; signa, two spiral
spined bands; lobes of the ovipositor small and rounded.

Specimens examined: 26,2 9.

Montana: Glacier National Park, Glacier Park Station, 6 type, 1 6 para-
type, 1 2 paratype, July 29, 1920; 1 2 paratype, July 14, 1920 [A. F. B. Coll.].

Food plant and early stages unknown.

The moths were taken flying in the dry meadows at an altitude of
about 5000 feet.

Although the moths are superficially scarcely distinguishable from
the other white species, the very characteristic genitalia in both sexes
at once separate them from all other species.

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 41

(7) Elachista controversa Braun (Fig. 65.)

1923. Elachista controversa Braun, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xirx, 119.
Type ¢, Monache Meadows, Tulare County, California [A. F. B. Coll.].

Head and palpi white, antennae white at base, shading outwardly to gray.
Thorax white. Fore wings, R, and R, separating well before costal margin;
pure white, with a few light brown scales (from three or four to eleven or
twelve) scattered irregularly in the outer half of the wing. Hind wings very
pale gray, with a faint brownish tinge; cilia white, faintly ocherous-tinged at
bases. Under surface of both pair of wings darker. Legs white, fore pair
fuscous inwardly, middle and hind tarsi with a little fuscous shading. Abdomen
white.

Alar expanse: 11 to 12.5 mm.

Male genitalia (fig. 65): uncus lobes large, fringed on the outer margins
with long inwardly directed setae; gnathos large, broadly oval; costa of harpe
excavated, sacculus processes broadest before apex; anellus lobes setose at
apex, obliquely truncate, lateral angles somewhat produced; vinculum abruptly
pointed, not produced; aedeagus somewhat tapering, cornutus a short, broad,
blunt tooth-like spine, bent at apex, and bearing on its surface several minute
teeth.

Specimens examined: 9 8, 3 sex undetermined (without abdomens and
unspread ).

CALIFORNIA: Monache Meadows, Tulare County, 8000 feet, é type, 2
paratypes, july 10; 1917; 1S paratype, July 11, 1917 [A. EF. B. Goll-]; 5 ¢,
sex undetermined, July 1-7 [U. S. N. M.].

Food plant and early stages unknown.

From albella (Chambers) and adempta Braun, in both of which a
few darker scales are scattered over the outer half of the wing, contro-
versa is at once distinguished by the separation of R, and R,; well
before reaching costa; in both of the other species R, and R; are united
to the wing margin. In male genitalia, the large uncus lobes with long
marginal setae separate it from all other white species. The female is

cy
3

unknown.

(8) Elachista albella (Chambers) (Figs. 70, 121.)

1875. Phigalia albella Chambers, Canad. Ent., vit, 107. Type locality, Texas.

1880. Phigalia albella Chambers, Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., 11, p. 203, fig. 28.

1903. Aphigalia albella Dyar, Bull. 52, U. S. N. M., p. 544.

1939. Aphigalia albella McDunnough, Checklist of Lepidoptera, No. 9049.
Head white, palpi white, rather long and curved, the second segment slightly

swollen before apex, and sometimes shaded outwardly with fuscous, third seg-
ment slender, acute. Antennae white near base, shading outwardly to pale gray,

MEM. AMER. ENT. Soc., 13.

42 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE ( LEPIDOPTERA )

basal segment with pecten of long hair-like scales. Fore wings, R, and R,
coincident; white, with scattered brown scales in the apical half of the wing,
varying in number from a very few (in the female and in some males) to
fifteen or twenty (in some males), several of which may project irregularly
into the cilia of the termen. Cilia white. Hind wings and cilia pale fuscous
ocherous in the male, white in the female. Legs white, fore pair inwardly
fuscous, hind tibiae and hairs shining white. Abdomen pale fuscous ocherous.

Alar expanse: 12 to 12.5 mm.

Male genitalia (fig. 70): tegumen elongate between gnathos and uncus,
uncus lobes with a few marginal setae; gnathos elongate; sacculus processes
large, laterally flattened, broadest before apex, setose; anellus lobes with the
setae grouped at apex; vinculum rounded; aedeagus slender, cornutus a long
acute spine.

Female genitalia (fig. 121): bursa copulatrix with scattered spicules, no
signum; ductus bursae densely spiculate over one-half the surface near bursa,
then coiled im situ, membrane thickened in the coils; posterior to the coils
abruptly dilated, with a sclerotized strip dentate on each side; thence narrowing
at the inception of the granular ductus seminalis; ostium small, rounded; lobes
of ovipositor elongate.

Specimens examined: 9 6,1 2

CoLorapo: “Colo., 2139,” 1 6; “Colo., 2126,” 12 [U. S. N. M.]; Denver,
1 ¢, “197”; Fort Collins, 4 6, 6-16-96 [M. C. Z.].

ARIZONA: White Mts., Apache Ind. Res., el. 7000 ft., 1 ¢, 1-15 Jn. 25 (O. C.
Poling), [U. S. N. M.].

Iowa: Sioux City, 1 6, May, 1927 (C. N. Ainslie), [U. S. N. M.].

ALBERTA: Lethbridge, 1 ¢, 8.VII.32 (R. M. White), [C. N. Coll.].

Food plant and early stages unknown.

The type of Phigalia albella Chambers is apparently no longer
in existence; it could not be located at the Museum of Comparative
Zoology. Elachista (Phigalia) albella (Chambers) has priority over
Elachista (Laverna) albella (Chambers) by a few months.

Chambers’ generic description of Phigalia in no way disagrees with
characters of this section of the genus, in which veins R, and R; of the
fore wing may be coincident, and the second palpal segment thickened
or slightly roughened (cf. fig. 6) ; the venation and shape of the hind
wing as described is typically that of this section of the genus. The
figure given by Chambers shows veins Rs and M, of the hind wing sepa-
rate and closely approximate toward origin, an error easily accounted
for by Chambers’ poor draftsmanship.

The specimens herein identified as albella all agree with Chambers’
description of the species. In some of the specimens examined, there

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 43
is a slight bend in vein Ry+,; near costa, and the suggestion of a ves-
tigial spur.

Male genitalia of three specimens, ‘Colo. 2139,” White Mts., Ari-
zona, and Lethbridge, Alberta agree exactly.

The type locality of Phigalia albella, Texas, probably Bosque
County, is in a grassland region; all of the localities in which the speci-
mens listed above were collected are, with the possible exception of the
Arizona locality, in grassland regions.

Elachista albella and the following species (adempta Braun) are
very closely related; differentiating characters are given under that
species.

In both the United States National Museum and the Museum of
Comparative Zoology, Elachista albella has been erroneously identified
as Butalis (Scythris) albapennella Chambers, presumably by Walsing-
ham, as both the male and female at the United States National Mu-
seum bear his label, and one Fort Collins, Colorado male at the
Museum of Comparative Zoology bears his label, “273A, Wlsm.1808.”’
Butalis (Scythris) albapennella Chambers is a true Scythris, as an
examination of the type demonstrates.

Phigalia (Aphigalia) ochremaculella Chambers, described on the
same page with albella is listed under the unrecognized species; no type
is in existence. From the description, it does not appear to be an
Elachista.

(9) Elachista adempta nom. nov. (Figs. 71, 71a, 120.)

1875. Laverna albella Chambers (pre-oce.), Cin. Quart. Journ. Sci., 11, 295.
Type locality, Spanish Bar, Colorado.

1880. Neaera albella Chambers, Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., 11, p. 203, fig. 40.
1903. Mompha albella Dyar, Bull. 52, U.S. N . M., p. 541.
1939. Mompha albella McDunnough, Checklist of Lepidoptera, No. 7745.

Head white, palpi white, shorter than in albella and tending to droop, third
segment abruptly acute. Antennae white near base, shading outwardly to gray,
basal segment with a pecten of long hair-like scales. Fore wings, R, and R,
coincident; white, with a few scattered brown scales in the apical half of the
wing, in some males several in the apex of the wing and projecting into the
cilia, nearly or entirely immaculate in the female. Cilia white. Hind wings
and cilia white in the female, cilia faintly tinged with ocherous in the male.
Legs white, fore and middle pair shaded with fuscous, hind tibiae and hairs
white, hind tarsi shaded with dark fuscous. Abdomen white.

MEM. AMER. ENT. Soc., 13.

44 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

Alar expanse: 11 to 12 mm.

Male genitalia (figs. 71, 71a): tegumen short between gnathos and uncus,
uncus lobes with a few marginal setae; gnathos elongate; harpe shorter than in
albella, sacculus processes flattened, broadly expanded and setose on the flat
inner and outer surfaces; anellus lobes setose along the obliquely truncate pos-
terior margins from apex to near the lateral angles; vinculum with a short acute
anterior projection; aedeagus wider than in albella, cornutus a stout curved
spine arising from a large broad sclerotized base which is bluntly produced
beyond origin of the spine.

Female genitalia (fig. 120): bursa copulatrix lying in segments 3 and 4,
spiculate, no signum; the ductus bursae, which is nowhere coiled im situ, enters
in segment 3, the bursa appearing turned posteriorly; ductus in segments 3
and 4 with close-set, short, blunt nodules, then dilated, then gradually narrow-
ing to the inception of the ductus seminalis, narrow and sclerotized from thence
to the small rounded ostium; in the middle portion of the ductus bursae the
membrane is armed with a longitudinal series of small, blunt teeth, arising from
rounded sclerotized bases, anterior to these, a group of numerous minute teeth;
lobes of ovipositor rounded.

Specimens examined: 2 6,3 8.

CoLtorapo: Denver, 1 6, “97” [W. G. Dietz Coll. in M. C. Z.].

UrtaH: Stockton, 1 6, VIII-9-7; 3 2, V-20-7, VI-29-7, VII-1-7 (Tom
Spalding), [W. G. Dietz Coll. in M. C. Z.].

Food plant and early stages unknown.

The type of Laverna albella Chambers could not be found at the
Museum of Comparative Zoology. In describing the species, Chambers
expressed doubt as to its generic position saying: “Probably not a true
Laverna as the palpi are rather small and more like those of Phyl-
His figure of the venation is

”

locnistis. The vertex is short
that of an Elachista of this section of the genus. My identification of
the five specimens included under this species is based upon their short
palpi, which [in shape and position] resemble those of some species of
Phyllocmstis.

Elsewhere Chambers locates Spanish Bar at the mouth of the Fall
River, altitude 7800 feet.

E. adempta is very close to FE. albella, agreeing with it in wing
venation and the scattering of brown scales on the fore wing. It differs
from it by the shorter labial palpi; the palpi are about two-thirds as
long in adempta as in albella, straighter and scarcely or not recurved.
The greater length of tegumen and harpe in albella as compared to
adempta can be observed in the dried insect. Characters of the geni-

MEM. AMER. ENT. SoC., 13.

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 45

talia of both sexes differentiate the two species, namely in the male, the
very different cornuti and different arrangement of setae of the anellus
lobes ; in the female, the form and armature of the ductus bursae, which
in adempta is nowhere coiled.

This species has also been confused with Scythris albapennella
(Chambers). The Denver specimen bears that name on the label with
“Wism.” in red ink and the number “2764.”

(10) Elachista griseicornis Meyrick (Figs. 69, 115.)

1932. Elachista griseicornis Meyrick, Exot. Microlep., 1v, 218. Types, 3, 2,
Muskoka, Ontario [B. M.].

Head white, palpi white, second segment sometimes with a slight gray
shading beneath. Antennae dark gray, paler near base especially in the female,
scape white; segments in the basal half shorter than broad and closely placed
in the male with indication of serration only toward tip. Thorax and fore
wings pure white, cilia white. Hind wings evenly pale gray, cilia white. Fore
wings gray beneath, hind wings white beneath. Legs mostly white, some dark
shading on the fore and middle pair. Abdomen above fuscous, beneath paler,
posterior margins of segments whitish.

Alar expanse: 7 to 10 mm.

Male genitalia (fig. 69): uncus lobes cleft to suture, close together, a few
marginal setae; gnathos elongate, tongue-shaped and pointed; harpe broad, apex
broadly rounded; sacculus processes stout, laterally flattened, but appearing
club-shaped when viewed ventrally, setose; anellus lobes obliquely truncate and
fringed with short setae; sclerotized band of vinculum narrow, shortly produced
to a blunt point; aedeagus swollen at base, tapering to slender apex, cornutus
a heavy short spine arising from an elongate sclerotized base.

Female genitalia (fig. 115): bursa copulatrix lying in segments 3 and 4 and
projecting slightly into segment 2, spiculate, signum a sub-triangular patch of
large transversely placed teeth and numerous small teeth; ductus bursae long,
narrowing toward ostium, its anterior three-quarters membranous and armed
with longitudinally placed groups of strong teeth; posterior fourth sclerotized,
dilated portion before ostium cup-shaped and constricted at ostium.

Specimens examined: 4 6, 2 9.

Ontario: Blackburn, 2 6, 22-V—1941 (J. McDunnough) ; S. March, 2 2,
2-V1-1941 (T. N. Freeman), [C. N. Coll.].

Quepec: Kazubazua, 1 6, 7-10, VI, 1927 (J. McDunnough), [C. N. Coll.].

Minnesota: Chisago County, 1 6, 5/14, 22 (J. R. Eyer), [J. R. E. Coll.].

Food plant and early stages unknown.
The dark gray antennae with short and closely placed segments in
the male and the more evenly gray hind wings may serve to separate

MEM. AMER. ENT. soc., 13.

46 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

this species from the following superficially very close species. By
genitalic characters of both sexes they are at once easily separated.

Meyrick gives 7 to 9 mm. as the wing expanse; I have seen no
specimens with wing expanse as little as 7 mm.

(11) Elachista acenteta new species (Figs. 67, 67a, 114.)

Head white, palpi white, narrowly gray on the second segment below. An-
tennae white, pale gray beneath, and grayish toward tip in male, scape white;
slender, the segments longer than broad in both sexes, slightly serrate. Thorax
and fore wings pure white above, cilia white; evenly dusted on the underside
with pale ashy gray scales. Ground color of hind wings white, in the male
evenly and closely dusted with pale ashy gray scales above and below, but paler
~on the underside, the veins showing as darker lines; in the female the dusting
scarcely contrasting, the wings thus nearly pure white. Cilia white, with a faint
yellowish tinge, especially toward their bases. Legs mostly white, fore and
midd'e pair somewhat shaded with gray. Abdomen gray above, with posterior
margins of segments whitish; whitish beneath.

Alar expanse: 9.5 to 10 mm.

Male genitalia (figs. 67, 67a): uncus lobes angulate outwardly, a few setae
in the angles; gnathos broadly oval; free process of harpe overhanging a deep
depression, sacculus processes laterally flattened, broadest before apex, setose;
each lobe of anellus produced laterally into a long prong, setae in two groups;
vinculum rounded, not produced; aedeagus produced into a blind sac at base,
tapering to near the expanded apex; cornutus a branched leaf-like structure, one
branch lanceolate, the other heart-shaped.

Female genitalia (fig. 114): bursa copulatrix lying diagonally in segments
4 and 5, spiculate; an elongate patch of heavier spicules suggests a signum;
ductus bursae membranous in anterior third, a single coil near junction with
the sclerotized and broader posterior two-thirds through which a broad finely
dentate stripe runs; the ductus seminalis enters as a sclerotized tube just before
the dilated part of the ductus bursae before ostium; the dilation heavily scle-
rotized at base and sides; ostium large, situated at the anterior margin of the
genital plate.

Type.— 6 , Parrsboro, Nova Scotia, 29-V1I-1944 (J. McDunnough),
(GUNA Coll mivnesNossye45le

Allotype.— @ , same data as the type, [C. N. Coll., Type No. 5734].

Paratypes.—2 6,3 2%, same data as the types; 3 6, Ottawa House,
Parrsboro, 30-VI—1944 and 5—VII-1944 (J. McDunnough), [C. N.
Colles INO. B7/341]|.

The moths were taken on the marshes at Parrsboro, Dr. Mc-

Dunnough informs me.

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 47

Food plant and early stages unknown.

FE. acenteta and E. griseicornis are the only known pure white
eastern species; from griseicornis (as well as from all other species)
acenteta is at once separated in both sexes on genitalic characters,
especially the unique male genitalia with unusual shaped uncus lobes,
anellus and cornutus. Superficially, the dusting of the hind wings and
the paler, more slender antennae of acenteta are the only characters of
separation.

(12) Elachista hololeuca new species (Bisse /27Za iss)

Head and palpi white, antennae white above, grayish toward tip and gray
below. Fore wings shining white above, under surface pale gray. Hind wings
very pale gray in the male, white in the female, cilia white in both sexes. Legs
mostly white, some grayish shading on the fore and middle pair and on the
hind tarsi. Abdomen white with grayish shading, genital segments white.

Alar expanse: 9.5 to 10 mm.

Male genitalia (figs. 72, 72a): uncus lobes with a marginal double row of
short setae; cucullus of harpe narrow, sacculus processes elongate, densely
setose ; anellus lobes broadly rounded, upper margins with short setae; vinculum
broadly rounded, not produced; aedeagus but little enlarged at base, broadest
in the middle and tapering to apex; cornutus a blunt spine arising from an
elongate sclerotized base.

Female genitalia (fig. 113): bursa copulatrix occupying segments 3 and 4,
and extending into segment 2, spiculate, signum a dentate patch narrowing and
produced posteriorly, the teeth progressively smaller posteriorly; ductus bursae
with a spinulate streak near bursa and armed with a longitudinal row of teeth,
narrowing and sclerotized in segment 7, then abruptly and broadly flaring to
the wide ostium.

Type.—é6, Shingle Creek, Penticton (at the south end of Lake
Okanagan), British Columbia, 7-VI—1933 (A. N. Gartrell), [C. N.
Coll., Type No. 5735].

Allotype—?, Penticton, B. C., 7-VI—1933 (J. McDunnough),
jee N Coll, Type No: 5735 |.

Paratypes.—2 6, Penticton, B. C. (J. McDunnough), [C. N. Coll.,
No. 5735].

Food plant and early stages unknown.

This species and the following two are indistinguishable except on
genitalic characters.

In regard to the localities and habitats of these three species, Dr.
McDunnough writes: “All the localities are fairly close to each other

MEM. AMER. ENT. soc., 13.

48 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

at the southwestern end of Okanagan Lake in a semi-dry area. Pen-
ticton is at the extreme south end of the lake, Peachland and Summer-
land a little farther north on the western side and Garnett Valley is
merely part of a road leading into the foothills west of Summerland,
probably some five to ten miles distant.”

(13) Elachista purissima new species (Figs. 68, 68a, 112.)

Head and palpi white, antennae white above, very pale gray below, a little
longer and more slender toward apex than in the preceding species. Fore wings
shining white above, under surface pale gray. Hind wings very pale gray,
nearly white in the female; cilia white in both sexes. Abdomen white.

Alar expanse: 10 to 11 mm.

Male genitalia (figs. 68, 68a): uncus lobes small, a few short marginal
setae; cucullus broad, sacculus processes elongate, more slender than in holo-
leuca and with fewer setae; anellus lobes very obliquely truncate, the rounded
apex of each lobe with four setae; vinculum broadly produced; aedeagus
straight, evenly tapering, cornutus a long slender acute spine.

Female genitalia (fig. 112): bursa copulatrix small, lying in the third seg-
ment, spiculate, signum a small, circular, irregularly dentate patch; ductus
bursae narrow in segment 4, then widening to the middle of segment 7, thence
narrow and sclerotized to the small ostium; about the middle of its length it
bears a single strongly sclerotized tooth.

Type— 6, Garnett Valley, Summerland, British Columbia, 202-V—
NORA (CAX, ING (Geaaneellll)), \(C, IN. Coll, Wye INO, 57/36)|.

Allotype.— ? , same data as the type [C. N. Coll., Type No. 5736].

Paratypes.—2 8, same data as the type [C. N. Coll., No. 5736].

Food plant and early stages unknown.

As noted under the description of the preceding species, these im-
maculate white species are indistinguishable except by genitalia. On
these characters, the two species are amply distinct in both sexes.

(14) Elachista lamina new species (Fig. 110.)

Head white, palpi white, a little longer than in the two preceding species,
antennae white, very slender. Fore wings white, a little less shining than in
the two preceding species, under surface pale gray. Hind wings very pale gray,
with white cilia. Legs white. Ovipositor of the female large, strongly sclero-
tized, and conspicuously projecting, lobes blade-like.

Alar expanse: 10 to 11 mm.

Female genitalia (fig. 110): bursa copulatrix in segments 3, 4 and part of 5,
coarsely spiculate, no signum; ductus bursae spiculate near bursa, with one or
two teeth in the membranous portion, narrowing and becoming sclerotized in

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 49

segment 7; ostium small, round, near middle of well-sclerotized genital plate;
lobes of ovipositor very large, laterally flattened, thin and blade-like, very
heavily sclerotized.
Type—g, Peachland, British Columbia (on Okanagan Lake),
27—V l-1935 (A. N. Gartrell), [C. N. Coll., Type No. 5737].
Paratypes.—2 2, same data as the type [C. N. Coll., No. 5737].
Food plant and early stages unknown.
The ovipositor of this species is very similar to that of the Euro-

pean argentella."” However, in that species the hind wings are broad,
in lamina they are narrow and acuminate.

(15) Elachista sincera Braun (Fig. 116.)

1925. Elachista sincera Braun, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., L1, 210. Type 2, Logan
Canyon, near Logan, Utah, altitude 5500 feet [A. F. B. Coll.].

Head and palpi white; antennae white with pale fuscous annulations, darker
toward tips. Thorax and fore wings pure white; veins R, and R, coincident.
Hind wings very narrow, acuminate, veins R, and M, very long stalked, wings
and cilia white. Legs white, fuscous shading on fore and middle tarsi. Abdo-
men white.

Alar expanse: 9 mm.

Male unknown.

Female genitalia (fig. 116): bursa copulatrix diagonally placed, spiculate,
without signum; ductus bursae narrow in the section nearest bursa and armed
with longitudinal rows of minute teeth, once coiled just before entering a very
thick-walled section which lies in segments 6 and 7; the lumen of the ductus
slightly inflated in segment 7, and armed with a cluster of heavily sclerotized
teeth; just before ostium abruptly contracting, ostium opening in a nearly hemi-
spherical spinulate depression in the weakly sclerotized genital plate; lobes of
the ovipositor rounded. The ductus seminalis appears to arise from the bursa
copulatrix, a character aberrant for the genus.

Known only from the female type, which was captured on the wing
in Logan Canyon, Cache County, Utah, in an open Douglas fir and
juniper growth at 5500 feet, June 26, 1924.

15Jn Europe two species have been confused under the names argentella and
cygnipennella, one an Elachista, the other a Mendesia. The genitalia of Elachista
argentella Cl. (syn. cygnipennella Hbn.) are figured by Pierce and Metcalfe (Geni-
talia of the British Tineina, 1935, Plate xxvi1). The other species, with complete
venation and genitalia of the type of Onceroptila cygnodiella (Busck) (cf. Pl. vim,
fig. 54) should be known as Mendesia farinella Thnbg. (cf. Janmoulle, 1948,
Lambillionea, xiv, pp. 67, 71).

MEM. AMER. ENT. Soc., 13.

50 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

Food plant and early stages unknown.

E. sincera may be recognized by the pure white fore wings, the
narrow acuminate hind wings, with the unusually long stalking of veins
Rs and M,. The greatly thickened wall of the posterior two-thirds of
the ductus bursae is an unusual character for the genus, and the origin
of the ductus seminalis from the bursa is aberrant for the genus. How-
ever, simcera is best retained in Elachista unless discovery of the male
shows that a new genus should be erected.

(16) Elachista parvipulvella Chambers
1875. Elachista parvipulvella Chambers, Canad. Ent., vir, 56. Type (without

abdomen), Texas, collection of C. V. Riley, [U. S. N. M., Type No. 499].
1878. Elachista parvipulvella Chambers, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. of

Terr., Iv, 96. (A note under teranella.)

In a paper entitled ‘“‘Tineina from Texas,” Chambers (1875, Canad.
Ent., vil, p. 56) thus briefly characterized this species :

“White; a few ocherous scales scattered over the primaries, espe-
cially towards the apex. Al. ex. scarcely 4 inch. Season, May, July,
August and September.” ;

A few years later (1878, Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., tv, p. 96), in com-
paring parvipulvella with texanella, he says, “E. parvipulvella Cham.
has wider wings, is more creamy-white, and is distinctly dusted with
brownish-ocherous, and has the outer surface of the palpi brownish.”

Of all the supposed types of E. parvipulvella examined, only Type
499 (U.S. N. M.) is an Elachista, and it alone agrees with Chambers’
statement, “outer surface of the palpi brownish” ; hence Type No. 499
(U.S. N. M.) must be regarded as the type of E. parvipulvella Cham-
bers. This type bears four labels, viz. (1) Elachista parvipulvella
Cham., with “Texas” written in the lower left hand corner, presumably
in Chambers’ handwriting, (2) Collection of C. V. Riley, (3) a small
blue label with the numeral “1175,” some undecipherable pencil mark-
ing and also in pencil “1882,” (4) red type label U. S. N. M. No. 499.

I herewith give a more detailed description of this type:

Head white, slightly speckled; palpi white with fuscous dusting outwardly.
Fore wing white, the scales fuscous-tipped, the white ground color however pre-
dominating ; at end of fold and at end of cell, more broadly dark-tipped scales
form very small and obscurely defined fuscous dots. Hind wings and cilia
white.

ANNETTE I. BRAUN 51

An examination of the supposed types (4) at the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology all numbered 1513, and labeled ‘“Texas, Chambers”
showed that none of these is an Elachista; one is a Gnorimoschema, the
other three Scythrids, with coloration of the fore wing very similar to
that of Type 499 at the United States National Museum, but with hind

wings darker than the fore wings, and palpal structure and coloration

not in agreement with Chambers’ statement (in these supposed types
the palpi are dark, with a pale annulus at tip of second segment and
near tip of third segment). The venation of the hind wing as seen on
a slide of undenuded wings (presumably the right pair from one of
these supposed types) at the United States National Museum is that
of Scythris.

The type is the only representative of the species I have seen.

(17) Elachista coniophora new species (Figs. 64, 64a, 119.)

Head whitish, dusted with pale ashy fuscous, palpi whitish, second segment
more or less shaded with pale fuscous; antennae pale ashy fuscous, each seg-
ment minutely margined at apex with the whitish color. Ground color of the
fore wings white, so shaded 1and dusted with pale fuscous as to obscure the
white except in a broad stripe which extends from base along the fold to its
middle, and is thence bent upward, paralleling the outer cell margin, and diffuses
in the apical third of the wing. From near base, dark brown scales form a

_ dotted line through the white stripe along the fold, and margin its lower side
along the outer margin of the cell; occasionally these scales are few in number
and the dotted line not clearly formed. Brown scales are scattered in the apical
third of the wing and are usually concentrated at apex, forming a dusted brown-
ish patch. The dark line in the cilia extends from costa around apex in a
sharp curve, and fades out before tornus. Hind wings pale ashy fuscous,
dorsal cilia whitish toward the base of the wing. Fore and middle legs densely
dusted with the pale ashy scales, hind legs nearly pure white. Abdomen shaded
with pale fuscous above, white beneath.

Alar expanse: 9.5 to 10 mm.

Male genitalia (figs. 64, 64a): uncus cleft to suture, lobes large, a few
marginal setae; gnathos elongate; sacculus process rather small, with rounded
swollen apex, setae arranged in two groups, one half-way from base, the other
apical; anellus elongate, the lobes acutely rounded, strongly sclerotized and
bearing a few marginal setae; vinculum broadly rounded, almost truncate;
aedeagus a short wide cylinder, somewhat swollen at base, no cornutus.

Female genitalia (fig. 119): bursa copulatrix elongate, gradually narrow-
ing to the short ductus bursae, surface sparsely and minutely spiculate, no
signum; ductus bursae with a narrow sclerotized band preceding the abruptly
bowl-shaped widening before ostium; ovipositor lobes small and rounded,

MEM. AMER. ENT. soc., 13.

NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

On
bo

Type-—é, San Diego, California, April (Ricksecker), [U. S.
N. M., Type No. 34827].

Allotype.— ? , Colfax, Placer County, California, May 1-10 (A. H.
Wachell)) Ur SaNe Mesaiype Nome s27alp

Paratypes.—5 é, same data as the type [U. S. N. M.].

Food plant and early stages unknown.

The two localities, although about a thousand miles apart, are in
essentially the same vegetation region.

This species is easily distinguished from all other described Ameri-
can species of this section of the genus by the broad white undusted
stripe through the middle of the wing, marked with a row of dark
scales. In genitalia, it is equally distinct.

(18) Elachista hiberna new species (Figs. 14, 22, 22a, 25, 34, 73, 74.)

Head yellowish white to pale gray, becoming darker posteriorly; face yel-
lowish white; palpi white above and inwardly, second segment, except tip, dark
fuscous outwardly, third segment with a little fuscous shading outwardly near
tip. Antennae blackish fuscous in the basal half, paler in the outer half, with
annulations narrow and scarcely paler in the basal half, contrasting in the outer
half; antennal pecten of 10 or 11 long and short hairs. Thorax and fore wings
dark blackish brown, slightly irrorate; R, and R, coincident (fig. 14) ; a median
white fascia, usually a little wider on dorsum, a row of black scales projecting
into the cilia at apex and along termen; tips of cilia white opposite apex and
in the female half-way along termen, gray toward tornus. Hind wings brown-
ish gray, darker in the male. Legs dark blackish brown, extreme tips of seg-
ments whitish, posterior tibiae white inwardly. Abdomen dark fuscous above,
paler beneath.

Alar expanse: 9 to 12 mm., of type, 10.5 mm.

Male genitalia (fig. 74) : uncus lobes separated, a few setae apically; gnathos
ovoid; harpe broad, costa excavated, basal process of sacculus a flattened broad
flap, apex produced; anellus deeply cleft, lobes narrow, parallel-sided; vinculum
short, sclerotized band broad, not produced; aedeagus broad at base, curving
and tapering to narrow apex, no cornutus.

Female genitalia (fig. 73): ostium small, opening at the anterior margin of
the genital plate; inception of ductus seminalis near ostium; ductus bursae
membranous throughout, long, but im situ with a couple of coils; bursa copula-
trix in segments 4 and 5, membrane smooth, signa two, placed longitudinally
on opposite sides of the bursa, each a finely dentate elongate spindle-shaped
patch.

Type-—8, Shepherd Mountain, Pike County, Ohio, under rearing
record B.14o1, date of emergence June 2, 1940 [A. F. B. Coll. ].

ANNETTE PF. BRAUN 53

Allotype.— 6 , Cascapedia, Quebec, 21-VI-1933 (W. J. Brown),
[C. N. Coll., Type No. 5738].

Paratypes.—1 6 , Cascapedia, Quebec, 20-VI—1933 (W. J. Brown),
[C. N. Coll.]; 20 2, Shepherd Mountain, Pike County, Ohio, dates of
emergence from May 26 to June 4, 1940; 5 2, Rocky Fork, Scioto
County, Ohio, dates of emergence, June 3 to June 21, 1940, and May
12-13, 1946; 1 2, Cedar Falls, Adams County, Ohio, date of emer-
gence, May 14, 1939, all under rearing record B.1401 [A. F. B. Coll.] ;
meen £2 (without abdomens), “Wyo. Co., Pa., 23007, V1.17.06,
es Kearfott,” [U.S. N. M.].

A female of the reared series is chosen as the type, since all the data
on the life history were secured from this series, in which unfortunately
there are no males.

The two paratypes from Pennsylvania although in poor condition
are included in the type series because of the intermediate locality.

In addition to the localities in which moths were collected or reared,
I have observed mining larvae in the Red River Gorge, Menifee County,
Kentucky.

The following description of the life history is based on observations
made in Ohio; the larva may have other food plants elsewhere.

Soon after emergence of the moths, the eggs (fig. 25) are deposited
on the underside of the stem leaves of the grass, Diarrhena americana
Beauv., often in pairs, one each side of the midrib. The larva on hatch-
ing makes a short thread-like mine about one-half inch in length; then
follows a long resting period during which this early mine turns brown.
Feeding is resumed about October 1, and the larvae become full grown
late in November or early in December. The mine usually extends
toward the tip of the leaf, but sometimes doubles back on itself; it is
usually confined to one-half of the leaf; its length varies from 6 to 8
inches, depending on the breadth of the leaf and consequent breadth of
the mine. From the place where the larva is feeding at any time, a
faintly outlined tubular runway, lightly silk-lined, extends back to the
early part of the mine, where the frass is packed. The parenchyma is
consumed, and the mine is about equally visible from either surface.
The larva hibernates near the beginning of the tubular runway, which is
here more densely silk-lined. Pupation takes place outside the mine in

MEM. AMER, ENT. SoCc., 13.

54 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

early spring (March). The pupa is attached by anal end and silken
girdle, with a few lose strands of silk above it.

The nearly full grown larva (figs. 22, 22a) is of a dull olive green
color, prothoracic shield yellowish brown with a brown broadly anchor-
shaped mark, divided by a paler line; setae minute. Cuticle of the pupa
(fig. 34) shining.

This is the only known American species marked only with a
median fascia. The great variation in wing expanse doubtless reflects
the condition of the leaves of the food plant during the late fall when
drought or an early heavy freeze may have dried the tissues.

(19) Elachista patriodoxa Meyrick (Figs. 13, 75, 75a, 76, 76a.)

1932. Elachista patriodoxa Meyrick, Exot. Microlep., 1v, 216.
Type 2, Muskoka, Ontario, [British Museum].

Head posteriorly dark gray, shading to creamy white on the face; palpi
creamy white, second segment fuscous outwardly, third slightly shaded with
fuscous outwardly; antennae dark fuscous, blackish toward base. Thorax and
fore wings dark fuscous, slightly purplish tinged, the purple tinge more appar-
ent basad of the fascia; at one-third, an irregular-edged, shining white fascia;
an erect, narrowly triangular white spot at tornus and a similar spot on costa
slightly beyond it; both of these spots are larger in the female. Cilia dark
purplish gray, tips white opposite apex; marginal row of scales forming a con-
trasting line through them, best defined in the female. Hind wings dark brown-
ish gray, a little paler in the female. Legs dark fuscous, tips of segments
whitish, posterior tibiae white inwardly except for a narrow darker band near
apex. Abdomen dark gray, whitish ocherous beneath.

Alar expanse: 9 to 10 mm.

Mule genitalia (figs. 75, 75a): markedly different from all other American
species; lobes of uncus with apices converging and strongly sclerotized; ventral
plate of anellus prolonged into a pair of long sclerotized rods, anellus dorso-
laterally with a low setose papilla; aedeagus stout, cylindrical, cornutus con-
sisting of a large heavy posteriorly directed spine and a small anteriorly directed
spine arising from a sclerotized base. ;

Female genitalia (figs. 76, 76a, from type!®): ostium toward the posterior
margin of the eighth segment; ductus bursae short, sclerotized in the eighth
segment and abruptly constricted at the anterior margin of the eighth segment,
with lateral wing-like, strongly sclerotized margins before ostium and with the
edge at ostium turned inwardly (7.e. dorsad, then mesad) ; anterior to the con-
striction, ductus bursae abruptly widening, with inception of ductus seminalis

16 T am indebted to Mr. J. F. Gates Clarke for the figures of the female genitalia,
drawn from a slide made from the type in the British Museum.

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 5

un

in a slight sac-like production; from thence to the bursa copulatrix roughened
by minute nodules; bursa copulatrix elongate oval, extending to about the
middle of the third segment, membrane smooth, signa two, each a narrow
acuminate marginally dentate plate.

Specimens examined: 1 8, 1 2 without abdomen.

OnrTario: Trenton, 1 6, 15—VIJ-12 (Evans), [C. N. Coll.].

New HampsuireE: Hampton, 1 2 (without abdomen), X—27-1908 (S. A.
Shaw), [U. S. N. M.].

Food plant and early stages unknown.

Mr. J. F. Gates Clarke has kindly examined the type of patriodoxa
(a female, not a male as stated by Meyrick) and has furnished me with
an accurate sketch of the venation. In the fore wing of the type (fig.
13) R, and R; are coincident, M: + Cu,, obsolete, represented only by
a stub; the cell of the hind wing is open, but M; arches up toward the
radial stem as in all species of the section. The male from Trenton,
Ontario, in the Canadian National Collection agrees exactly in venation
with this female type, except that M; + Cu,, is present as a distinct
vein. In the female from New Hampshire, the cell of the hind wing
is Closed.

In patriodoxa, the position of the fascia is somewhat basad of that
in similarly marked species of Section II. Meyrick allies patriodoxa to
untfasciella Chambers, presumably on the basis of different wing color
before and behind the fascia. Umnifasciella belongs in Section II of the
genus.

Section II]
(20) Elachista irrorata Braun (Pigs, 19, 37, Wa, 77, 772, sid, wil7a,))
1920. Elachista irrorata Braun, Ohio Journ. Sci., xx, 171. Type 2, near Cin-
cinnati, Ohio [A. F. B. Coll.].
1921. Elachista irrorata Braun, Ohio Journ. Sci., xx1, 209.
1923. Aphelosetia irrorata Forbes, Mem. 68, Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta.,

p. 223.

1932. Elachista philopatris Meyrick, Exot. Microlep., tv (Pt. 7), 216. Type @,

Muskoka, Ontario [British Museum]. [New synonymy. ]

Head dark gray, densely speckled with black (easily abraded, then appearing
as if shining gray); palpi blackish below, in the male whitish above, or some-
times gray above and scarcely paler than below, with the third segment swollen
and abruptly acute; in the female, paler above than in the male, with third seg-
ment scarcely swollen. Antennae black, paler above, slightly thickened in male,

MEM. AMER. ENT. Soc., 13.

56 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

with segments short. Thorax dark gray, black speckled. Fore wing rather
broad, veins M, and M, + Cu,, connate or short stalked (fig. 19); dark gray,
so densely speckled with black that the general aspect is nearly black. Just
beyond one-third, a narrow indented or angulated white fascia, distinct in the
female, but in the male often reduced to a few scattered white scales; at two-
thirds, a triangular white costal spot, its apex nearly touching a minute white
discal spot which is often absent; opposite it, a narrower white dorsal spot; both
spots often greatly reduced in the male. Cilia gray, with the marginal row of
black scales projecting into them in a curve so broad as to give the wing a
truncated appearance. Hind wing broad, with dorsal margin slightly convex
before tip; forking of R, indicated; gray, densely irrorated with black. Legs
blackish with tips of segments and a band near base of hind tibiae white.
Abdomen dark gray above,,becoming whitish beneath.

Alar expanse: 8.2 to 11 mm.

Male genitalia (figs. 77, 77a) characterized by the short tegumen and short
harpes, the latter not exceeding the uncus; broad, laterally flattened sacculus
processes; truncate lobes of the anellus; the strongly sclerotized, thickened and
bifid tip of aedeagus, and absence of cornutus.

Female genitalia (figs. 117, 117a): dilated portion of ductus bursae before
ostium broadly cup-shaped and flaring; ostium spinulate, the spinules shorter
than their distance apart; ductus bursae comparatively short, sclerotized to
middle of segment 6, then abruptly widening and minutely spiculate at inception
of ductus seminalis, thence gradually widening to the densely spiculate indis-
tinctly bilobed bursa copulatrix lying in segments 3, 4, and part of 5; signum
an angled, weakly sclerotized dentate crescent.

Specimens examined: 13 6, 10 @.

Oxuto0: Hazelwood (near Cincinnati), 2 type, July 22, 1919 [A. F. B. Coll.];
Cincinnati, 8 ¢, 8 9, under rearing record B.1037, with dates of emergence
from May 19 to June 10, 1920 [A. F. B. Coll. and A. N. S. P.].

PENNSYLVANIA: Philadelphia: 1 9 (F. Haimbach), [A. N. S. P.].

Ontario: Ottawa, 5 6, June 20, 25, 28, July 4, 1932; July 14, 1934 (C. H.
Young), [C. N. Coll.].

The larva commonly mines leaves of Glyceria striata (Lam.)
Hitche. (a grass of wet places) in April and May. The mine of the
type specimen occurred on Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerm. The
narrow indistinct pale yellowish green mine begins low down on the
leaf sheath (where the larva lies concealed during the day) and extends
toward the tip of the leaf; a short detached mine, untenanted during the
day, may be made near the tip of the leaf. Larva yellow when young,
glaucous above when full grown. Deserted mines, apparently of this
species, were observed on Glyceria at Sherburne Pass, Vermont, June

26, 1946.

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 57

The pupa (figs. 37, 37a) is attached near the base of the leaf with
head directed toward the stem; the cuticle is dull, body much flattened,
lateral ridges of abdomen projecting, tubercles on the mesothorax less
prominent than those of its allies of which the life history is known.

The connate or short stalked veins M. and M, + Cu,, of the fore
wing (fig. 19), a character found in no other species of the genus, the
broad curve of the scales around apex, the shape of the hind wing and
the bifid sclerotized tip of aedeagus with absence of cornutus separate
irrorata from all related species. This species alone of all examined has
the thickened bifid tip of aedeagus. FE. irrorata, E. fuliginea, E. oxy-
typa, E. leucofrons and E. albicapitella agree in the truncate lobes of the
anellus (cf. figs. 77, 79, 84, 86) and in the female, in the indistinctly
bilobed spiculate bursa.

The “small discal spot”? beyond the tip of the costal spot, mentioned
by Meyrick in the description of philopatris, is present in a goodly pro-
portion of the specimens. An examination of the wing venation of the
female type (not male, as stated by Meyrick) by Mr. J. F. Gates Clarke
confirms the synonymy of philopatris with irrorata.

The great amount of specific variation, especially between the sexes,
is a noteworthy character of the species.

A pair of specimens, Skyline Ridge, Mt. Baker, State of Washing-
ton (J. F. Gates Clarke) approach very closely to irrorata in genitalic
characters, but M, and M, + Cu,, are separate in the fore wing. The
specimens are in too poor condition for description.

(21) Elachista fuliginea new species (hes, 72), 7, 22.)

Head brownish black, darkest behind, face faintly lustrous, brownish; second
segment of palpi black in male, grayish brown in female, whitish above and
inwardly, third segment mostly whitish with extreme tip black, not thickened.
Antennae slender, black with faint paler annulations in the female. Thorax
black. Fore wing before the fascia sooty black with a faint purple tinge, very
slightly irrorated beyond fascia which lies just beyond one-third and is lustrous
white; just beyond two-thirds a rather broad lustrous white costal spot extends
to the middle of the wing, a little nearer base, a smaller dorsal spot; both may
be obliquely produced joining in the middle of the wing to form an angulated
fascia. A row of black-tipped scales around apex, with a sprinkling of dark
scales in cilia below apex; cilia dark gray, paler opposite apex. Underside of
fore wing blackish. Hind wing acuminate with the dorsal margin slightly
concave before apex, dark gray, irrorated with black. Legs dark gray, hind

MEM. AMER. ENT. Soc., 13.

58 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

tibiae with an oblique white band before middle andl tip white, inwardly whitish;
tarsi white-tipped. Abdomen dark gray above, paler beneath posteriorly.

Alar expanse: 9 to 10 mm. (6); 10 mm. (2).

Male genitalia (figs. 79, 79a) : harpes scarcely exceeding the uncus, sacculus
process rather broad, laterally flattened; anellus lobes truncate; aedeagus not
thickened at tip, emarginate; cornuti, a blunt tooth-like spine and a slender
acute spine beyond it.

Female genitalia (fig. 122): very similar to those of irrorata, except for the
greater length of the sclerotized portion of ductus bursae, with dilated part
before ostium deeper and ostium narrower, with spinules longer than their dis-
tance apart; signum as in 7rrorata.

Type-——é, Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts, VIII-7 (F. M.
JOneS))5 VAS We Sy 12.5 ype INO; 7S ||

Allotype-—?, Ottawa, Ontario, July 10, 1934 (C. H. Young),
[C. N. Coll., Type No. 5739]. The one female is associated with the
males on the basis of identical coloration and scaling, identical venation
and shape of hind wing.

Paratypes—14 6, Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts, June 29 to
September 4 (F. M. Jones), [10 paratypes, A. N. S. P., 2 paratypes,
F. M. Jones Coll., 2 paratypes, A. F. B. Coll.]; 1 6, Caldwell, New
Jersey, July 8, 1900 (W. D. Kearfott), [M. C. Z.].

In addition to the type material, one specimen in poor condition,
Caldwell, N. J., July 8, 1900 (W. D. Kearfott), [U. S. N. M.].

Food plant and early stages unknown.

This species is very close to E. irrorata and worn specimens of the
two species are superficially scarcely distinguishable. However, in
E, fuliginea, veins M, and M, + Cu,, of the fore wing are widely sepa-
rate, R; connate with the stalk of Ru, R; and M,, and the hind wing is
narrower and acuminate. The two species are easily distinguished in
the male by characters of the aedeagus, and less easily in the female
by differences in the ductus bursae and ostium.

(22) Elachista oxytypa new species (Figs. 80, 80a, 118.)

Head pale brownish gray, the scales tipped with dark brown; palpi pale
gray, outer side of second segment darker, silvery above, third segment mostly
pale, with tip blackish. Antennae gray, paler in the female. Thorax gray,
tegulae pale in the female. Fore wings gray, the scales pale at base, unevenly
tipped with dark brown, resulting in an irregularly irrorated dark grayish
brown appearance; near middle of dorsum, a somewhat oblique grayish white
bar extends to the upper margin of the cell in the male type; in the male para-

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 59

type, this mark is reduced in size and obsolete beyond the fold; in the allotype,
female, the corresponding mark is a creamy white fascia oblique on dorsum,
and curving toward base as it approaches costa. At tornus, a small triangular
spot, grayish white in male, creamy white in female; farther from base on costa,
a similar but larger spot. The scales at apex form a point, and the row of
scales projecting into the cilia extends around apex in a sharp curve. Costal
cilia gray, cilia below apex whitish at base in male, whitish in female except
at tips. Underside of wings densely irrorated with black. Hind wings broad,
tapering abruptly, gray, densely irrorated with dark brown; paler in female.
Legs dark brownish gray, with the usual pale bands and tips of segments not
sharply contrasting. Abdomen dark brownish gray above and below.

Alar expanse: 10.5 to 11 mm.

Male genitalia very similar to those of irrorata, but sacculus processes more
slender and harpe narrower (fig. 80), and tip of aedeagus unmodified; two
cornuti, a strong short, acute, broad-based spine, and a similar minute spine
beyond it (fig. 80a).

Female genitalia (fig. 118): dilated portion of ductus bursae deeply cup-
shaped, ductus bursae sclerotized only to anterior margin of segment 7; signum
as in trrorata.

Type—é, Bradore Bay, Quebec, 8,VIII,t930 (W. J. Brown),
[C. N. Coll., Type No. 5740].

Allotype—?, Bradore Bay, Quebec, 8,VIII,1930 (W. J. Brown),
[C. N. Coll:, Type No. 5740].

Paratype.— 6 , same data as the type [C. N. Coll., No. 5740].

Food plant and early stages unknown.

Superficially this species may be separated from its allies by its
grayish appearance, with weakly contrasting pale marks in the male,
by the point of scales at apex, and the sharp curve of scales around apex
with contrasting costal and terminal cilia. Veins M, and M, + Cu,
of the fore wing are separate. On genitalic characters, the cornuti of
the male, and shape and length of the sclerotized portion of the ductus
bursae distinguish it.

(23) Elachista pusilla Frey and Boll

1876. Elachista pusilla Frey and Boll, Stett. ent. Zeit., xxxvir, 215. Type
locality, Texas (Dallas ?). [Location of type unknown. ]

The type of this species could not be located; it is not in the British
Museum, where Frey’s material is supposed to be. It must remain at
present an unrecognized species.

MEM. AMER. ENT. soc., 13.

60 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

The following is a translation embodying the essential points of the
description:

Head dark blackish gray; face paler, leaden gray ‘and lustrous metallic like
the similarly colored palpi; legs pale whitish gray, the tibiae and tarsi of the
metathoracic pair spotted and annulate with black. Thorax, fore wings and
abdomen above blackish gray; abdomen paler beneath. At three-sevenths the
length of the fore wings, a double, crescent-shaped, outwardly convex trans-
verse white band.!* At three-fourths the wing length, a similar but moderately
broad transverse band. Toward apex, darker, blackish scales form an indistinct
spot. Cilia dark gray; at apex not noticeably different. Hind wings and cilia
gray.

Frey compared EF. pusilla with the European FE. exactella H.-S.;
of the size of the smallest specimen of that species, but stouter and
broader-winged.

(24) Elachista unifasciella Chambers

1875. Elachista unifasciella Chambers, Canad. Ent., vit, 147. Type locality,

“Canada.”

1923. Aphelosetia wiufasciella Forbes, Mem. 68, Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta.,

p. 223.

No type of this species is in existence, either in the Museum of
Comparative Zoology or in the United States National Museum, where
the types from the Belanger Collection, obtained from Laval Univer-
sity, Quebec, are now located, and I have seen no specimen which can
be thus identified.

I quote Chambers’ description and his remarks :

“Antennae brownish purple; palpi white. Head, thorax and fore wings
brownish purple, in some lights reddish purple. There is an oblique white
fascia just before the middle of the fore wings, which is a little nearer the base
on the costal than on the dorsal margin, and the color of the wing is much
deeper behind the wing [as printed] than before it. There is a small white spot
just before the dorsal ciliae, and a little behind it is a narrow costal white
streak, which passes obliquely backwards nearly across the wing. The legs and
tarsi are marked with brownish purple and yellowish white bands and spots.
Al, ex. + inch. The white markings on the wings are metallic in some lights.
I think it is not likely to be mistaken for any known species.”

17 The original description reads “Hier steht in drei Siebenteln der Flugellange
ein aus zwei (mit nach hinten gerichteter Convexitat geformtes) doppelt halbmond-
formiges weisses Querband.” As I interpret this, the “double transverse band”
is formed by a pair of opposite spots, joining in the middle of the wing.

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 61

Chambers’ description of the legs as banded would indicate that the
species is correctly placed in Section II of the genus, and is not allied
to patriodoxa Meyrick which belongs in Section I.

(25) Elachista maculoscella (Clemens)

1860. Cosmiotes maculoscella Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p.9. Type
6, Pennsylvania (Easton ?). [A. N.S. P., Type No. 7396.]

1872. Cosmiotes maculoscella Clemens, in Stainton, Tineina of No. Amer., p. 98.

1878. Elachista maculoseella Chambers, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. of

Terr., Iv, 139.

1903. Cosmnuotes maculoscella Busck, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., v, 197.
1923. Aphelosetia maculosella Forbes, Mem. 68, Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta.,

D, ZA

I quote Clemens’ statement of the venation, together with his
description of the species:

“Median vein of hind-wing three-branched. Apical vein forked on the
costa, with a nervulet to the inner margin.

“Labial palpi dull yellowish. Head dark brownish. Antennae fuscous.
Fore-wings shining silvery grayish, suffused with dark golden-brown, with a
rather obscure silvery band in the middle of the wing and a silvery spot on the
costa just before the tip. The extreme apical portion of the wing is blackish-
brown; cilia grayish-brown. Hind-wings grayish, dusted with dark brown;
cilia grayish brown.”

Alar expanse: 7 mm.

The type is considerably worn, with the left pair of wings missing,
but the ground color is in general dark brown, with bronzy tints, ap-
preciably darkening in the apical part of the wing; the fascia is before,
rather than in the middle of the wing; slightly basad of the silvery
costal spot, a few silvery scales are present on the dorsal margin in the
position of the usual dorsal spot.

Examination of the venation of the type shows that veins Cu,
Cu,, and M; are present in the hind wing, with the cell open between
M, and Rs + M,. This, together with the general type of markings
indicates its affinity with the ivrorata group.

I have seen no other specimens which can be identified as this

species.

MEM. AMER. ENT. soc., 13.

62 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

(26) Elachista excelsicola new species (Figs. 82, 82a, 123, 123a.)

Face pale yellowish gray, vertex a little darker; palpi whitish, shaded be-
neath and outwardly with dark gray; antennae gray, paler toward tips. Thorax
pale gray, with darker-tipped scales; tips of tegulae and mesothorax whitish.
Scales of the fore wing dirty creamy white at their bases, unevenly tipped with
gray, so that the resulting general color is a pale gray; the wing becomes paler
from base to apex. Just beyond basal third, an obscure pale fascia dusted with
the dark-tipped scales; at two-thirds a whitish costal and a nearly opposite
slightly larger dorsal spot are more clearly defined than the fascia. Costal cilia
pale gray, cilia at apex and for about half of termen whitish, toward tornus pale
gray; the scales forming the line through the cilia creamy white, at apex mi-
nutely dark-tipped, below apex very narrowly dark-tipped, so that the extreme
apex of the wing is predominantly creamy white. Hind wings broad, abruptly
tapering, pale gray, cilia creamy white at bases shading to pale gray, but mostly
creamy white around apex. Legs pale gray, pale bands of posterior tibiae
scarcely contrasting.

Alar expanse: 10 to 10.5 mm.

Male genitalia (figs. 82, 82a) characteristic; sacculus processes club-shaped ;
lobes of anellus elongate, each culminating in an acute posterior projection at
the margin of the cleft, laterally wrinkled; vinculum produced, gradually nar-
rowing to the acute anterior projection; aedeagus slender, cornutus a slender
curved spine.

Female genitalia (figs. 123, 123a) : genital plate weakly sclerotized, but with
an acute median projection into the clear membrane at ostium; ostium broad,
ductus bursae gradually narrowing from ostium and sclerotized nearly to the
anterior margin of segment 6, where at the inception of the ductus seminalis it
bears four oval sclerotized dentate knobs (fig. 123a), thence greatly widening
to the bilobed spiculate bursa copulatrix; signum an elongate narrow dentate
crescent.

Type.—é, Mt. Washington, New Hampshire, 17.VII.1929 (J. Me-
Dunnough), [C. N. Coll., Type No. 5741].

Allotype.— ? , same data as the type [C. N. Coll., Type No. 5741].

Food plant and early stages unknown.

In general appearance, this species comes closest to oxytypa, but in
excelsicola the fascia is obscure in the female as well as in the male.
In genitalic characters it 1s abundantly distinct from all other known
species.

(27) Elachista stramineola Braun (Figs. 83, 127.)

1921. Elachista stramineola Braun, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Lx xii, p. 16.
Type 2, Glacier National Park, Montana [A. F. B. Coll.].

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 62

Head varying from pale gray to dark gray, face rarely whitish; palpi whitish
above and sometimes inwardly in female, second segment blackish outwardly
(and in male inwardly), except at extreme tip, third segment blackish outwardly
and in male with some dark shading inwardly, base and extreme tip white,
slightly thickened in the male. Antennae in the female gray with narrow paler
annulations, in the male thickened, blackish, without paler annulations. Thorax
gray, tips of tegulae white, a pair of white dots, often confluent, at tip of meso-
thorax. Fore wings dark gray, more or less irrorated; at base of dorsum an
elongate whitish spot, not reaching costa and occasionally produced along
dorsum to the fascia, is more or less dusted with gray and in the male is usu-
ally obliterated by the dense dusting; just beyond one-third the wing length an
irregular white fascia, often angulated by indentation with ground color on its
basal side and nearer base on costa, broad in female, but in the male often
reduced to scattered whitish scales; at two-thirds a rather large white spot on
costa, and nearer base a similar, but usually smaller, white tornal spot; both
spots usually greatly reduced in the male. Scales along termen yellowish at
bases; the black-tipped scales projecting into the cilia palest immediately before
their dark tips. Cilia gray. Hind wings and cilia pale fuscous. Legs fuscous,
with the usual pale bands. Abdomen dark gray above, paler beneath posteriorly.

Alar expanse: 9 to 11.5 mm.

Male genitalia (fig. 83): harpes exceeding the uncus lobes; sacculus proc-
esses club-shaped, with setae borne inwardly as well as at the apex; anellus
lobes curving to the inwardly directed pointed tips, wrinkled laterally ; vinculum
with an abrupt blunt anterior projection; cornutus a single sinuate spine placed
almost at tip of aedeagus.

Female genitalia (fig. 127): genital plate sclerotized and produced mid-
ventrally, appearing to indent the margin of segment 7, the produced lateral
margins parallel; ostium at anterior margin of genital plate, spinulate; dilated
portion of ductus bursae before ostium deeply cup-shaped; ductus bursae shortly
sclerotized, with inception of ductus seminalis in segment 7; bursa copulatrix
bilobed, spiculate, signum a dentate sclerotized band.

Specimens examined: 8 6, 10 @.

Montana: Glacier National Park, 2 type, July 29, 1920 [A. F. B. Coll.].

WASHINGTON: Bellingham, 1 6, V—24-23 (J. F. Clarke).

BritisH CotumsiA: Victoria, 2 6, 2 9, 20-V-21, 20-V—22, 23-V-22 (E. H.
Blackmore), [A. F. B. Coll.]; 2 $, 14-7-1923; 1 6, 20-May-1922, 6 2, May 11
to June 18, 1922 and 1923 (W. R. Carter), [U. S. N. M.]; 1 9, 3-V-21 (E. H.
Blackmore), [U. S. N. M.].

CALIFORNIA: Yosemite National Park, 2 6, VII-26-15 [A. F. B. Coll.].

Food plant and early stages unknown.
This species appears to be the commonest species of the Pacific
Northwest, ranging south to California in the Sierras, and eastward

to Montana.

MEM. AMER. ENT. soc., 13.

64 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

Females of the British Columbia series agree exactly in genitalic
characters with the type; males collected at approximately the same
dates are associated with them. Males with obsolete markings are
superficially scarcely distinguishable from male irrorata; the whitish
tips of tegulae and mesothorax are constant and reliable separation
characters in even the darkest specimens of stramineola. In stramine-
ola, the costal spot is beyond the tornal spot. The whitish elongate
spot along base of dorsum characterizes the female. Veins M, and
M; + Cu,, of the fore wing are separate in stramineola.

In genitalia, the shape of the anellus lobes and the single sinuate
cornutus of the male, and the shape of the produced genital plate of the
female with its parallel margins characterize this species.

(28) Elachista leucofrons Braun (Figs. 17, 36, 84, 126, 126a.)

1920. Elachista leucofrons Braun, Ohio Journ. Sci., xx, 170. Type ¢, Cincin-
nati, Ohio [A. F. B. Coll.].

1921. Elachista leucofrons Braun, Ohio Journ. Sci., xx1, 209.

1923. Aphelosetia leucofrons Forbes, Mem. 68, Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta.,
p. 222.

Head blackish, slightly irrorated, with a creamy white patch across the face
below base of antennae, sometimes covering the whole face below the antennae;
palpi black below and at extreme apex, white above, the white completely en-
circling the base of the third segment and tip of the second; antennae gray,
with pale annulations which become white and more conspicuous toward tip in
female. Thorax blackish, with tips of tegulae white; fore wings blackish,
slightly irrorated, the irroration sometimes forming faint whitish lines of which
two, one below and one above the fold and parallel with it, are most often dis-
cernible. Wing from extreme base of costa across to dorsum narrowly white;
an irregular narrow white fascia just beyond one-third, oblique in its costal
half, nearly perpendicular in its dorsal half; an erect narrow white spot at
tornus, and nearer apex, a similar costal spot, sometimes nearly obsolete; a row
of black-tipped scales at base of the grayish black cilia. Hind wings and cilia
dark blackish brown. Legs except femora blackish, with tips of all segments
and basal half of hind tibiae, whitish. Abdomen blackish brown above, entire
body silvery beneath, with a yellowish tinge.

Alar expanse: 9 to 10 mm.

Male genitalia (fig. 84): gnathos rounded; harpes exceeding the uncus,
sacculus processes more slender than in irrorata; anellus lobes truncate ; vincu-
lum broadly rounded and bluntly produced anteriorly; vesica armed with a
heavy blunt spine and a cluster of one longer and several shorter sharp spines.

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 6

on

Female genitalia (figs. 126, 126a): dilated portion of ductus bursae before
ostium tub-shaped, preceded by a weakly sclerotized band, which in turn is pre-
ceded by a more strongly sclerotized segment, extending anteriorly to the middle
of segment 7. At the inception of the ductus seminalis in segment 7, the ductus
bursae bears two blunt teeth. Bursa copulatrix bilobed, and densely spiculate;
signum a strongly sclerotized rather broad dentate band.

Specimens examined: 22 6, 13 8.

Ounio: Cincinnati, 6 type, imago, May 12, 1919; 4 6 paratypes [A. F. B.
Coll.], 1 6 paratype [A. N. S. P.], under rearing record B.1002, with dates of
emergence from May 3 to May 9, 1919; 12 8,7 2, under rearing record B.1031,
with dates of emergence from May 19 to May 27, 1920 [A. F. B. Coll.]; 1 @,
same data [A. N. S. P.]; 1 6, “on Elymus,” imago, V.5; 2 6, 2 2, under rear-
ing record B.2033, imagoes from May 3 to May 11, 1943; one 6 flown specimen,
May 23, 1903 [A. F. B. Coll.].

Nortu Carorina: Black Mts., 1 9 without abdomen, VI, 17 [U. S. N. M.].

Cotorapvo: Alpine Lodge, Sangre de Cristo Mts., altitude 8800 feet, 1 2 with-
out abdomen, VII—16-1934 [A. F. B. Coll.].

New Mexico: Pecos Nat’! For., Alt. 10,000’, 1 2, Aug. 24, 1916 (C. Hein-
Tic) Oe Ss. IN. IM].

_ In the New Mexico specimen the extent of white is increased, with
confluence of the pair of spots at two-thirds the wing length, but the
genitalia indicate its position here.

The larvae mine leaves of wild rye, Elymus canadensis L. and E.
virgimcus L., and less commonly leaves of Hystrix. The large whitish
mine on Elymus starts near the tip of the leaf, extending downward and
broadening to the width of the leaf; it lies just beneath the upper epi-
dermis, and the tissue adjacent to the lower epidermis is not eaten, so
that the under surface of the leaf remains green. The larva is pale
grayish or greenish, with a narrow mid-dorsal and broad lateral lines
whitish; prothoracic shield marked posteriorly by a transverse brown-
ish mark, curving forward at each end.

The pupa (fig. 36) is not enclosed in a cocoon but lies close against
the leaf, attached by anal end and median silken girdle; dull yellowish
gray, elongate, with prominent dorsal and lateral ridges, mesothorax
with low rounded tubercles and characteristic sculpture, small tubercles
on front of head.

The species is apparently single-brooded. Mines were collected in
the latter part of March and early April, and it is probable that the
larvae had begun to mine during the preceding autumn.

MEM. AMER. ENT. Soc., 13.

66 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

The species is separated from albicapitella (its nearest ally) by the
peculiar markings of the palpi, the creamy white face, with absence of
white on the crown, and the duller white wing markings.

(29) Elachista albicapitella Engel (Figs. 7, 21, 38, 86, 86a, 124, 124a.)

1907. Elachista albicapitella Engel, Ent. News, xvii, 277. Type ¢, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania [U. S. N. M.].

1920. Elachista albicapitella Braun, Ohio Journ. Sci., xx, 170.

1923. Aphelosetia albicapitella Forbes, Mem. 68, Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp.
Stasepa 222s

Head silvery white; palpi silvery, second segment gray outwardly and be-
neath; antennae dark blackish brown, paler and gray toward tips, especially
in female. Collar, thorax and fore wing deep dark brown with faint purplish
reflections ; tegulae, tip of mesothorax and base of fore wing from base of costa
across to dorsum silvery white. Just beyond one-third the wing length, a slightly
outwardly curved silvery white fascia from costa to dorsum; just beyond two-
thirds, an outwardly oblique silvery spot to the middle of the wing, broadest in
the female; nearer base, a similar but less oblique dorsal spot. Cilia dark gray,
paler opposite apex in the female; a row of dark scales around apex at base of
cilia. Hind wings and cilia dark brownish fuscous. Legs dark brown, with
spurs, a band near base of hind tibiae, and tips of tibiae and tarsal segments
whitish. Abdomen dark brown above, paler beneath posteriorly.

Alar expanse: 8 to 9 mm.

Male genitalia (figs. 86, 86a) : lobes of uncus very widely separated; gnathos
rounded; harpes exceeding the uncus, sacculus processes rather slender; anellus
lobes truncate; vinculum elongate, anteriorly produced; aedeagus slender, vesica
armed with a single sharp spine and two unequal blunt spines.

Female genitalia (figs. 124, 124a): dilated portion of ductus bursae before
ostium a truncated cone, this preceded by a weakly sclerotized band, which is in
turn preceded by a short more strongly sclerotized section; ductus bursae widen-
ing in segment 7, and at inception of ductus seminalis bearing three blunt teeth;
bursa copulatrix bilobed, densely spiculate, signum a broad dentate sclerotized
band.

Specimens examined: 40, 6, @.

PENNSYLVANIA: Pittsburgh, é type, VI.1.06 (Henry Engel), [U.S.N.M.]:
New Brighton (Merrick), Oak Station, Allegheny Co., June 4, 1908 (F. Mar-
loff), 9 specimens [U. S. N. M.]; Oak Station, Allegheny Co., 2 6, June 17,
June 23, 1909 [A. F. B. Coll.]; Hazelton, 1 specimen, 6-30-99 (W. G. Dietz),
ME, C3 Zod.

Onto: Cincinnati, 6 6, 5 2, under rearing record B.1001, with dates of
emergence from May 3 to May 6, 1919 [A. F. B. Coll. and A. N. S. P.]; 3 2,
under rearing record B.2093, with dates of emergence February 8, 12 and 21,

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 07

1944 [A, F. B. Coll.]; 6 ¢, 5 9, flying, May 20 to June 12 [A. F. B. Coll.];
Clermont County, 1 2, June 6, 1919 [A. F. B. Coll.].

Nova Scotia: Baddeck, 1 2, 22-VI-1936 (J. McDunnough), [C. N. Coll.].

The larvae mine the overwintering leaves near the bases of the
stems of tufts of Poa sylvestris A. Gray.. Ina mild autumn, they may
be found nearly full-fed at the end of November; such larvae under
rearing conditions pupate in December and produce imagoes in Febru-
ary. More generally however, they are not full grown until the latter
half of March. The dates of emergence vary greatly, depending on the
season.

The larva makes several mines, with the parenchyma in the early
mine partially consumed; it may mine down into the leaf sheath, from
which it enters another leaf. In later mines the leaf blade becomes
rather inflated and the parenchyma nearly all consumed. The larva is
pale yellowish, prothoracic shield marked with two posteriorly broaden-
ing and darkening dorsal stripes, ending in confluent or nearly confluent
blackish spots. The pupa (fig. 38) lies beneath a slight cocoon of
transversely placed threads; cuticle shining, with prominent rounded
tubercles on the mesothorax, and sculptured dorso-lateral ridges, but
mid-dorsal area smooth.

This species is characterized by the silvery white head, silvery white
wing markings, with white basal patch and complete fascia.

(30) Elachista sylvestris Braun (Figs. 28, 35, 81, 128, 128a.)

1920. Elachista sylvestris Braun, Ohio Journ. Sci., xx, 169. Type 6, Cincin-
nati, Ohio [A. F. B. Coll.].

1923. Aphelosetia sylvestris Forbes, Mem. 68, Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta.,
D, LZ

Face and head silvery gray, with a slight yellowish tinge, occasionally dark-
ening to leaden metallic and shading to go'den brown or dark gray behind; palpi
silvery, with the lower and outer surface of second segment blackish, third seg-
ment toward apex with a little black outwardly. Antennae blackish brown,
apical fifth whitish in both sexes. Thorax and fore wings blackish brown with
a faint golden brown luster; tips of tegulae and tip of mesothorax silvery; a
silvery patch at base of wing broadest on dorsum; a slightly irregular silvery
fascia just before middle, its costal half a little oblique; a silvery tornal spot
reaching middle of wing and a costal silvery spot a little beyond it reaching to
or slightly beyond middle of wing and curving a little outwardly in the middle
of the wing. Cilia dark brown, a little paler opposite apex; scales around apex

MEM. AMER, ENT. SOC., 13.

68 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

forming a contrasting line. Hind wings narrow and acuminate, dark brown.
Legs dark brown, tips of segments silvery and a silvery band around basal third
of hind tibiae. Abdomen dark brown above, silvery beneath.

Alar expanse: 8 to 8.5 mm.

Male genitalia (fig. 81): gnathos rounded; sacculus processes rather broad,
laterally flattened; anellus broad, the lobes obliquely truncate and acutely pro-
duced at apex; vinculum anteriorly bluntly produced; aedeagus slender, no
cornutus.

Female genitalia (figs. 128, 128a): dilated portion of ductus bursae before
ostium funnel-shaped; ventral margin of ostium deeply concave, the membrane
sclerotized dorsally and laterally bearing two acute rods; ductus bursae sclero-
tized into segment 6, at inception of ductus seminalis two opposing teeth; bursa
copulatrix minutely spiculate, signum a broad dumb-bell-shaped dentate plate.

Specimens examined: 14 6,19 @.

Ouio: Cincinnati, 6 type, rearing record B.1007, imago, May 30, 1919 [A. F.
B. Coll.]; 7 6, 15 2 paratypes, rearing record B.1007, imagoes May 30 to June
6, 1919 [A. F. B. Coll. and A. N. S. P.]; 4 6, rearing record B.1007, imagoes
May 22 to May 27, 1920; 1 6, on “Poa sylvestris,” imago May 21, 1945; 1 9,
flying, June 5, 1909; Clermont County, 2 2, rearing record B.1007, imagoes May
26 and 29, 1938 [A. F. B. Coll.].

ILLINOIS: Oconee, 1 2, June 16-23 [U. S. N. M.].

New HampsuireE: Hampton, 1 6, VI-25-1907 (S. A. Shaw), [U.S. N. M.].

The larva mines the stem leaves of Poa sylvestris A. Gray in April
and early May. No egg-shells were found on any of the mined leaves ;
the earliest mine observed was an inconspicuous linear mine one and
one-half to two inches in length along the margin of the leaf (fig. 28).
The larva deserts this mine, entering a leaf near the tip and mining
downward, consuming most of the parenchyma; this mine is white and
extends across the leaf blade; it may be as much as three inches long.
The larva is entirely pale yellow. Pupa (fig. 35) without cocoon, but
with a few irregularly placed strands of silk; cuticle yellowish, shining
only toward head; thorax beaded and sculptured, tubercles, particularly
one pair, prominent; vertex lobed and emarginate.

This species is fairly common and the mines are easily observed
on this common woodland grass in early May.

This is our only species with narrow acuminate hind wings and
white-tipped antennae. In the fore wings vein Rs (g) is connate with
the stalk of Rs, R; and M,.

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 69

(31) Elachista nitidiuscula new species (Figs. 78, 125, 125a.)

Face pale silvery gray, becoming darker on vertex; head dark bronzy brown
posteriorly; palpi outwardly blackish, pale silvery gray inwardly and above;
antennae dark gray. Thorax dark bronzy brown with the posterior half of the
tegulae and mesothorax silvery gray. Fore wings narrow, dark bronzy brown
with silvery white or faintly golden tinged markings; a silvery patch at base
of wing, broadening toward dorsum and sometimes somewhat produced along
it; a rather broad, slightly oblique silvery fascia before middle; a triangular
silvery spot at tornus, and beyond it on costa, a larger silvery spot curving to
the middle of the wing, where it usually expands and may send toward base
a fine line of silvery scales which joins the apex of the tornal spot. Cilia dark
brownish gray, a little paler opposite apex, with the row of dark scales well
defined and contrasting. Hind wings narrow, acuminate, brownish gray, faintly
bronzy. Legs dark bronzy brown, with the usual bands and tips of segments
silvery. Abdomen dark bronzy brown above with some silvery shading, silvery
beneath.

Alar expanse: 6.5 to 7 mm.

Male genitalia (fig. 78): uncus very deeply cut, base of sinus lower than
outer margins of the lobes; sacculus processes broad, much flattened, thus
appearing slender when viewed ventrally (cf. the figure); anellus narrow, its
lobes tapering to their produced apices; vinculum produced into a long parallel-
sided prong; aedeagus slender, no cornutus.

Female genitalia (figs. 125, 125a): ostium and ductus bursae closely resem-
bling the corresponding parts in sylvestris, except that the ductus bursae bears
a group of four teeth at the inception of the ductus seminalis; bursa copulatrix
spiculate, signum a sinuate band bearing five or six teeth toward each end.

Type—é6, Cincinnati, Ohio, July 3, 1907, in a swamp (A. F.
Bram), A. &. B. Coll. ].

Allotype.—, same data as the type.

Paratypes.—1 6, Cincinnati, Ohio, June 27, 1907, in the same
swampy area as the type [A. F. B. Coll.]; 5 ¢, Ottawa, Canada,
27.V.1900, 31.V.1906, 1.V1.1906 (2 specimens), July 21, 1934 (C. H.
Young); 1 ¢, Black Rapids, Ontario, 26,V,1927 (G. S. Walley),
[C. N. Coll., No. 5742]; 1 3, Nantucket, Mass., July (Cockerell),
[U. S. N. M.]; 1 4, Winnipeg, Manitoba, 22.VI. (Fredk Knab, Col-
leetor), (U.S. N. M.].

Food plant and early stages unknown.

In appearance this species suggests a diminutive and narrow winged
sylvestris, but is at once separated from that species by its entirely dark
antennae. The genitalia indicate the near relationship to sylvestris,

MEM. AMER. ENT. sSoc., 13.

70 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

In size and wing pattern it resembles radiantella, but in mtidiuscula the
venation is not reduced (1.e. in mitidiuscula M., M; + Cu,, and Cur,
are all present in the fore wing, and M;, Cu,, and Cu,, in the hind
wing). In solitaria, the only other small species similarly marked, the
metallic basal patch does not reach the dorsum, and M, of the hind wing
is absent.

(32) Elachista cucullata Braun (Figs. 40, 40a, 41, 90, 90a, 130.)

1921. Elachista cucullata Braun, Ohio Journ. Sci., xx1, 206. Type 6, Cincin-
nati, Ohio [A. F. B. Coll.].

1923. Aphelosetia cucullata Forbes, Mem. 68, Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta.,
p. 222.

Face and head silvery white, collar black; palpi white, second segment dark
brown outwardly, third sometimes with dark shading outwardly; antennae black.
Thorax black, tip of mesothorax white. Fore wings, M, from base of R,4,;
dark brown, nearly black, with a faint golden or bronzy luster; almost at base,
a silvery fascia broadest on dorsum; just before middle, a curved silvery white
fascia ends abruptly before reaching the dorsal margin; this fascia is sometimes
reduced to a bar from costa to the middle of the wing, with a detached spot on
fold; a triangular silvery spot at tornus, and beyond it a longer curved and
oblique silvery costal spot. Cilia grayish brown, with the row of black scales
around apex contrasting. Hind wings and cilia dark grayish brown. Legs dark
brown, with the basal segments, tips of segments, and a broad band on the hind
tibiae silvery. Abdomen blackish, silvery beneath.

Alar expanse: 8 to 9 mm.

Male genitalia (figs. 90, 90a): uncus not divided, slightly emarginate, with
short heavy sinuate hairs; gnathos two spined knobs, the spines long; free proc-
ess from harpe greatly developed and forming an inflated pocket, sacculus
process arising from a broad base, narrowing, then broadly and flatly expand-
ing; anellus lobes with tufts of long hairs at apex, lateral margins strongly
sclerotized and thickened; vinculum broadly rounded, not produced; aedeagus
tapering, armed at tip with several short spines, and before tip with two long
very slender spines.

Female genitalia (fig. 130) : hairs of the ovipositor lobes shorter and thicker
than usual; at the anterior edge of ostium the genital plate is produced as a
strongly sclerotized lobe; ductus bursae sclerotized nearly to segment 6, abruptly
widening at inception of ductus seminalis, thence very gradually widening to the
bilobed spiculate bursa copulatrix; signum a narrow dentate, very obtusely
angled plate.

Specimens examined: 29 6, 23 2.

Ounto: Cincinnati, ¢ type, rearing record B.1026, imago May 19, 1920; 1 6,
1 @ paratype, under rearing record B.1026, imagoes, May 13, May 26, 1920

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 7 1

[A. F. B. Coll.]; 14 4, 7 2 paratypes, under rearing record B.1030, imagoes
May 20 to May 25, 1920 [A. F. B. Coll., U. S. N. M., A.N. S. P.]; 2 8,4 8,
flying, June 5 to 26 [A. F. B. Coll.].

PENNSYLVANIA: Hazelton, 4 6, June 19 to June 30, 4 2, July 5 (W. G.
Dietz) EM.-C. Z.])-

New Jersey: Essex County Park, 5 6, 2 2, June 17 to July 7 (W. D. Kear-
fott), [U.S. N. M.].

Ontario: Ottawa, 1 6,5 2, July 24, 1933 and 1934 (C. H. Young), [C. N.
Coll.].

New Mexico: Ruidoso Canyon, | 6, June 30, 1939 [A. F. B. Coll.].

The larvae mine leaves of several narrow-leaved species of Care,
especially Carex Jamesu Schwein. During the autumn, the larva makes
a narrow linear mine from the tip downward along the midrib; in the
spring the mine is enlarged and occupies most of the breadth of the leaf,
with parenchyma consumed and midrib of the leaf elevated into a ridge
on the upper side, so that the mine appears inflated. By the middle of
April (in the latitude of Cincinnati) the larvae are full grown. The
full-grown larva is predominantly red; head brownish red, thorax with
mid-dorsal line, and abdomen with mid-dorsal and lateral lines paler,
pinkish. The pupa is attached by the anal end and held by a median
silken girdle. It retains the coloration of the larva, with median and
lateral ridges pinkish. It belongs to the elongate type with dull cuticle.
The median dorsal ridge (figs. 40, 40a, 41) is elevated into a high
sharp keel, which extends onto the thorax, joining the vertex, which
forms a pointed hood projecting over the face; lateral ridges and lateral
thoracic tubercles also prominent.

This species is easily separated from all other known American
species in all stages. The coloration of the larva, the extreme elevation
of the median ridge of the pupa contrasting with other species, wing
markings and genitalia are all distinctive. The most apparent marks
of identification of the moth are the abrupt ending of the median fascia
before attaining the dorsum, and the dark ground color at the extreme
base of the wing preceding the silvery basal fascia.

(33) Elachista agilis Braun (Fig. 93.)

1921. Elachista agilis Braun, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vxx111, 16.
Type 6, Glacier National Park, Montana [A. F. B. Coll.].

Head dark leaden gray, shining; palpi dark brown, slightly paler above,
grayish; antennae dark brown. Thorax dark leaden metallic. Fore wings dark

MEM. AMER. ENT. soc., 13.

iP NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

brown, with golden reflections, and metallic silvery or golden markings; at
basal fourth on dorsum an oblique spot reaching the fold; at middle of costa a
transverse spot reaching nearly to fold, and beneath it a small roundish spot
below fold; a spot at tornus and near apex a curved costal streak nearly en-
closing the apex. Cilia brown, row of scales around apex defined against the
cilia. Hind wings and cilia brownish gray. Legs dark brown, with the femora,
apex and spurs of hind tibiae only, and tips of tarsi silvery. Abdomen dark
brown, silvery beneath.

Alar expanse: 7 mm.

Male genitalia (fig. 93): uncus divided, lobes approximate, with short stiff
setae; gnathos two knobs, each broadly elliptical, spines long; costal area of
harpe expanded, free process of harpe short and broad, sacculus process slightly
enlarging toward apex; anellus lobes broad, truncate, lateral margins thickened;
vinculum broad, anteriorly broadly rounded, not produced; aedeagus tapering,
cornuti three equally spaced weak spines at tip of vesica.

Known only from the male type and male paratype [A. F. B. Coll.];
Goat Mountain, Glacier National Park, Montana, altitude 5000 feet,
July 18, 1920.

Food plant and early stages unknown.

Very distinct from all other American species, but approaching the
European trapeziella Stainton. Venation typical of the section.

(34) Elachista leucosticta new species (Figs. 89, 89a.)

Head shining dark yellowish gray; palpi dark brown, whitish inwardly and
above; antennae dark brown. Thorax and fore wing dark brown; on the
middle of the dorsum an irregular white spot reaching the middle of the wing,
indented on the fold with a suggestion of a black plical spot (stigma) ; at two-
thirds of costa an oblique white bar to middle of wing and a little beyond it, a
smaller and triangular tornal spot; extreme tip of wing white; cilia dark gray,
with the scales around apex very elongate and scarcely contrasting with the
cilia. Hind wings and cilia dark brownish gray. Legs dark brown, with a
broad white band on hind tibiae; tips of segments white.

Alar expanse: 6.5 mm.

Male genitalia (figs. 89, 89a) : uncus deeply divided, lobes narrow elongate,
with short stiff setae on upper half only; gnathos, two elongate elliptical knobs,
each borne on a long arm; costal area of harpe expanded, free process small,
sacculus reduced, basal processes rather short, club-shaped, with a few scattered
setae; anellus lobes curved, deeply concave laterally; vinculum triangular;
aedeagus short, tapering to a point, no cornutus.

Type.— 6, Constance Bay, Ontario, 21.VI.1933 (G. S. Walley),
[Go N. Golly type Nos s744i5
Food plant and early stages unknown.

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 73

By the male genitalia, this species is allied to the European serrt-
corms Stainton.

(35) Elachista texanica Frey and Boll

1876. Elachista texanica Frey and Boll, Stett. Ent. Zeit., xxxvir, 216. Type
locality, Dallas, Texas. [Location of type unknown. ]

Doubt as to the generic position of this species was expressed by
Frey. As the type is not in the British Museum where Frey’s material
should be, it is impossible to determine whether or not it is an Elachista.
The species was thus characterized :

A plump little creature with retreating head, but in palpi, an Elachista. Its
color is a dark lusterless brown. Head, thorax and abdomen dark brown. Face
and palpi lighter and more shining gray; antennae gray, with darker annula-
tions. Legs dark shining gray-brown, spotted with white; tarsi annulate with
white. The fore wings dark brown, here and there with single scattered lighter
yellow scales, and so peculiarly marked as to remind one of a Gelechia. At the
base of the dorsal margin, a convex orange spot. A second, large and ill-
defined, occupies the apical part of the wing; it begins on the costal margin
at one-third the wing length. Cilia pale gray, around apex with a double darker
line. Hind wings and cilia brownish gray, not especially dark.

If texanica is an Elachista, it is very distinct from all American
species. When rediscovered, it should be easily recognized by the
characteristic markings and coloration.

(36) Elachista maritimella McDunnough (Figs. 85, 85a, 132.)

1942. Elachista maritimella McDunnough, Canad. Ent., Lxxiv, 224.
Type 6, Bathurst, New Brunswick [No. 5269, Can. Nat. Coll.].

Head whitish; palpi wholly white in the palest specimens, varying to dark
fuscous on the lower and outer sides of the second segment in darker, dusted
specimens; antennae brownish, with pale annulations. Fore wings very pale
ocherous, with faintly indicated whitish irregular fasciae before the middle and
at two-thirds; in darker specimens, in which the scales of the ground color are
brownish-tipped, the median fascia is better defined, and the second fascia is
broken into the usual pair of costal and dorsal spots. Cilia yellowish; in the
darkest specimens a row of narrowly dark-tipped scales toward tornus. Hind
wings pale smoky; in the darker specimens darkened and irrorate with grayish
brown. Both pairs of wings beneath varying from immaculate whitish ocher-
ous to densely grayish brown dusted. Legs whitish, more or less shaded with
fuscous, in proportion to the general darkening of the wings. Abdomen usually
pale yellowish, but in the darker specimens, entirely fuscous, except the anal
tuft.

MEM. AMER. ENT. Soc., 13.

74 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

Alar expanse: 9 to 10 mm.

Male genitalia (figs. 85, 85a): of the usual type of the section; lobes of
uncus large; gnathos a small spined knob; sacculus processes club-shaped;
anellus lobes tapering to a point; vinculum produced into a point; aedeagus
produced basally into a short blind sac; cornuti, one short broad-based spine
and a group of minute spines.

Female genitalia (fig. 132): lobes of ovipositor elongate; ductus bursae
sclerotized well into segment 6, its not-greatly dilated part before ostium cylin-
drical; ostium spinulate; bursa copulatrix spiculate, signtm crescentic, arms
dentate.

Specimens examined: 22 6, 11 2.

New Brunswick: Bathurst, 1 ¢ paratype, 24.VI.1941 (T. N. Freeman),
[A. F. B. Coll. ex type series]; 1 6 paratype, 24.VI.1941 [in U. S. N. M. ex
type series].

Nova Scotia: Parrsboro and Ottawa House, Parrsboro, 20 ¢, 11 2,
29.V1.1944 to 8.VII.1944 (J. McDunnough), [C. N. Coll.]. -

Food plant and early stages unknown.

In the original description Dr. McDunnough wrote: “The [type]
series was taken on the salt coastal meadows a few miles north of
Bathurst.”

Maritimella can not be allied to the European subalbidella Schlag.,
as McDunnough suggests, as this latter species by genitalia (see Pierce
and Metcalfe, Genitalia of the British Tineina, 1935, Plate XXV)
belongs in Section I, in which the cell of the hind wing is closed. In
wing markings, darker specimens of maritimella resemble staintonella
Chambers.

(37) Elachista staintonella Chambers

1878. Elachista staintonella Chambers, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. of
Terr., 1v, 96. Type 6, Texas [M. C. Z., Type No. 1514].

1880. Elachista staintonella Chambers, Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., 11, p. 204,
fig. 49.

Head and palpi creamy white, antennae creamy white with faint fuscous
annulations toward apex. Fore wings pale ocherous, with brownish dusting ;
an irregular angulated creamy white fascia before middle and a faintly defined
narrower acutely angulated fascia at two-thirds, narrowed toward dorsum, its
angle reaching nearly to apex. The ocherous basal third of the wing is dusted
only in the costal half, and dorsally shades into the whitish fascia; the dusted
ocherous band between the two whitish fasciae is widest on costa; dusting
somewhat denser at apex. Cilia pale ocherous, with the brown-tipped scales
projecting into them around apex and along termen.- Hind wings yellowish
white, with fuscous dusting; cilia pale ocherous.

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 75

Alar expanse: somewhat greater than the “three lines” given by Chambers.

Known only from the male type in the Museum of Comparative
Zoology.

The venation of this species is not correctly delineated by Chambers
in his figure of the wings; vein M, is out of the stalk of R,+,; in the
fore wing; in the hind wing, M; is present (not absent) although very
indistinct ; the hind wing is rather narrow (as figured by Chambers).

E. staintonella appears to be related to maritimella McDunnough;
the denser brownish dusting defines the markings more clearly than in
that species. >

(38) Elachista cana Braun (Fig. 87.)

1920. Elachista cana Braun, Ohio Journ. Sci., xx, 172. Type ¢, Tolland,
Colorado [A. F. B. Coll. ].

Head white; palpi white, shaded with fuscous beneath; antennae white,
shading to dark fuscous at tip. Thorax and fore wings dull white. Base of
costa fuscous; wing slightly dusted with pale ocherous fuscous-tipped scales,
which, when not too sparse, are seen to be arranged in three lines, one below
costa from basal third and running into the cilia at apical third, a second along
middle of fold and passing upward and outward nearly to apex, a third below
the fold and running into it near the margin. Apex of the wing sometimes
faintly ocherous tinged and with a few minute dark specks in the extreme apex.
Cilia white with a slightly darker bar opposite the dusted apex. Hind wings
pale gray, cilia darker. Legs white, tarsi fuscous. Abdomen fuscous above,
white beneath.

Alar expanse: 8.5 to 9.5 mm.

Male genitalia (fig. 87): uncus lobes rather small, widely separated, the
space between them quadrate, and wider than long; gnathos ovoid; sacculus
processes broad; anellus narrow, its lobes tapering, transversely wrinkled ;
vinculum produced in a blunt lobe; aedeagus tapering, cornutus a short spine.

Specimens examined: 5 ¢.

Cororavo: Tolland, 9000 feet, ¢ type, 2 6 paratypes, August 10, 1919; Sangre
de Cristo Mountains, Alpine Lodge, 8800 feet, 2 6, July 6 and July 11, 1934
[A. F. B. Coll.].

Food plant and early stages unknown.

The white ground color and the lines of darker scales separate this
species from all others of this section of the genus, except the following
species, in which however, the scales of the ground color are minutely
gray-tipped.

MEM. AMER. ENT. Soc., 13.

76 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

(39) Elachista amideta new species (Fig. 88.)

Head pale gray (the scales white, minutely tipped with gray) ; palpi white,
the second segment dark gray beneath and outwardly, third segment gray out-
wardly except at base; antennae pale gray, fuscous toward tips. Scales of the
thorax and fore wings white with pale gray tips, producing the effect of a pale
gray ground color; the costal area, especially near base, from costal margin to
the upper margin of the cell is somewhat darker than the remainder of the
wing; darker and more broadly gray-tipped scales form indistinct longitudinal
lines on the wing; one of these lies just above the fold, and is directed toward
apex, nearly joining a short line of dark scales which extends to the extreme
tip of the wing and is continued as a dark pencil in the apical cilia; a third dark
line runs below the fold, meeting it at the wing margin. Cilia grayish white
except opposite the apex. Legs pale gray, tips of segments white. Abdomen
gray mid-dorsally, elsewhere white.

Alar expanse: 9.2 mm.

Male genitalia (fig. 88) similar to cana, but with the space between the
uncus lobes parabolic in shape; harpe more slender; anellus broader with more
transverse wrinkles; aedeagus much more slender in the outer half, cornutus
a short bent spine, stouter than in cana.

Type.— é , Ottawa, Ontario, May 15, 1933 (C. H. Young), [Can.
Nat. Coll., Type No. 5743).

Paratype.— 6 , same data as the type [C. N. Coll., No. 5743].

Food plant and early stages unknown.

In the type the longitudinal lines of darker scales on the fore wing
are more apparent than in the paratype. EE. amuideta is nearest to E.
cana from which it is distinguished by the general gray color in con-
trast to the white color of that species; in the male by differences in

genitalia, as noted.

(40) Elachista inaudita Braun : (Figs. 43, 129.)

1927. Elachista inaudita Braun, Canad. Ent., tx, 56. Type 2, Sparrow Lake,
Ontario [A. F. B. Coll.].

Head and appendages dark brassy brown; palpi paler above. Fore wings
at base brassy brown, shading outwardly into dark blackish brown in the apical
half, with a faint purple luster replacing the brassy luster of the base of the
wing; an elongate creamy white spot in the fold near base; a large white spot
on dorsum at the beginning of the cilia reaching to middle of wing; between
these two spots the fold is darkened (plical stigma) ; a triangular oblique curved
white spot on costa beyond the dorsal spot. Cilia purplish black. Hind wings
and cilia dark brown. Legs dark brassy fuscous, spurs and tips of tarsi whitish.
Abdomen brassy brown, posterior margins of segments beneath whitish.

ANNETTE F. BRAUN

NI
NI

Alar expanse: 10 mm.

Female genitalia (fig. 129): lobes of the ovipositor small, rounded; dilated
part of ductus bursae before ostium deeply cup-shaped, spinulate, ostium scarcely
wider ; ductus bursae gradually less sclerotized from ostium anteriorly into the
sixth segment; the ductus seminalis enters near the anterior margin of seg-
ment 7; bursa copulatrix pear-shaped, minutely and sparsely spiculate, signum
a narrow dentate ridge on a weakly sclerotized elongate oval plate.

Known only from the female type, Sparrow Lake, Ontario, reared
from a miner of leaves of Scirpus sp.; larva July 16, imago August 6,
1926, under rearing record B.1283.

The nearly full grown larva makes a rather broad gradually widen-
ing brownish mine extending toward the tip of the leaf; probably earlier
and narrower mines are made by the younger larva. The pupa (fig.
43) is attached by anal end and held by a median girdle, with a few
strands of silk placed irregularly across it. It is slender and very elon-
gate, with cuticle dull and brownish, between the dorsal ridge and each
lateral ridge, a dark brown stripe; the median dorsal ridge is elevated
and extends forward onto the head, lateral ridges less prominent ; meso-
thoracic tubercles low and rounded.

Very distinct from any other described American species. Rela-
tionship to tanyopis is suggested by the very similar female genitalia,
and to salinaris by the similar slender pupa, in spite of the very different
coloration.

(41) Elachista tanyopis Meyrick (= t-ce) ee ye)

1932. Elachista tanyopis Meyrick, Exot. Microlep., 1v, 218. Type 6, Parry
Sound, Ontario, Canada [British Museum].

Head white tinged with ocherous in the darker specimens; palpi white,
second segment brownish gray outwardly; antennae ocherous-gray, basal seg-
ment white. Thorax whitish or ocherous tinged, slightly darker than the head.
Fore wings whitish ocherous, with the costal margin near base dark brown;
more or less dusted with brownish ocherous scales, which are densest in the
costal area and toward the pair of pale spots at two-thirds and acutely produced
between them, thus defining their inner margins; an elongate black plical spot
(stigma), the area before and beyond it sparsely or not at all dusted with darker
scales. The pale spots at two-thirds are more or less obscured by dusting out-
wardly, the dorsal spot may have a group of darker scales at its outer margin.
Cilia whitish ocherous, the marginal scales forming a dark line through them,
which is broken on costa at apex by a white bar (more or less distinct) which
may extend as a gradually narrowing white streak along the termen toward

MEM. AMER. ENT. Soc., 13.

78 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

tornus. Hind wings gray, contrasting by their dark color with the fore wings;
cilia brownish, pale at bases. Underside of both pair of wings dark brown.
Fore and middle legs mostly dark brown, hind legs whitish ocherous, with some
dark shading faintly defining the usual pale bars and tips of segments. Abdo-
men brownish gray, with the terminal segments and underside whitish ocherous.

Alar expanse: 9 to 10 mm.

Male genitalia (fig. 91) : uncus lobes with rather short curved setae ; gnathos,
two elliptical spined knobs; cucullus of harpe terminating apically in a strong
spine, costal apical area semicircular, free process of harpe short, sacculus
basally with a large circular depression fringed distally with inwardly directed
hairs, sacculus processes broad at base and little widening outwardly, somewhat
truncate viewed laterally; anellus lobes diverging, apex rounded with a few
short setae; vinculum triangular; aedeagus tapering, cornutus a short spine
arising from a greatly elongated sclerotized base.

Female genitalia (fig. 131): ovipositor lobes small and rounded; dilated part
of ductus bursae before ostium deeply cup-shaped, sides straight, spinulate;
ductus bursae sclerotized to the middle of the long segment 7; bursa copulatrix
bulging to the right, smooth, signum a dentate knife-like ridge on a sclerotized
diamond-shaped base.

Specimens examined: 10 6,12.

Onrario: Bobcaygeon, 5 6, 22-VI-'31 (3 specimens), 15-VI—31, 17-VI—31
(J. McDunnough), [C. N. Coll.].

Marne: Alton, 2 6, 1 2, June 28, 1938; 1 6, Southwest Harbor, July 5,
1937; Bangor, 1 6, June 24, 1938 (E. A. Brower), [A. N.S. P.].

New Jersry: Whitesbog, 1 ¢, at light, June 22, 1940 (E. P. Darlington),
[Ao IN Ss Pelle

Food plant and early stages unknown, but the larva is probably a
miner of some species of sedge or rush.

E. tanyopis is allied to the western salinaris Braun and to the
European rhynchosporella Stainton, with which it agrees closely in
characters of the genitalia. It is the only eastern North American
species of Elachista in which the cucullus of harpe terminates in a spine,
a character observable in the dry specimen. The contrastingly dark
hind wings and different venation separate the palest specimens from
any of the white species with dark plical spot.

(42) Elachista salinaris Braun (Figs. 45, 92.)
1925. Elachista salinaris Braun, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., tt, 210. Type ¢,
Bear River Bay, Great Salt Lake, Utah [A. F. B. Coll.].
Head white; palpi white, second segment fuscous outwardly; antennal scape

white, stalk pale fuscous. Thorax and ground color of fore wings white; ex-
treme costal edge near base black; a narrow brownish shade along costa from

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 79

base to two-thirds where it broadens to form a triangular costal patch which
is continued as an oblique jagged brown line across the wing to the termen; a
large, elongate deep velvety brown spot (plical stigma) on the middle of the
fold; a few brownish scales below the fold and a cluster of brownish scales on
dorsum before tornus opposite the costal triangular patch; in the apical part
of the wing, a few brownish yellow scales beyond the jagged brown line. Cilia
white, faintly yellow-tinged, a row of brownish-tipped scales extending into
them from a point opposite the apex to the tornus. Hind wings and cilia dark
fuscous. Underside of both pairs of wings dark fuscous. Legs pale fuscous,
hind pair white inwardly. Abdomen mid-dorsally fuscous, paler at tip and
sides, whitish beneath.

Alar expanse: 11 mm.

Male genitalia almost identical with those of tanyopis; the only appreciable
difference is in the shape of the lobes of the anellus (fig. 92); the upper mar-
gins are thickened, evenly and broadly rounded and without setae, the lateral
margins more deeply concave.

Specimens examined: 6 type, 6 paratype.

UrtaH: Bear River Bay, Great Salt Lake, ¢ type, 6 paratype, under rearing
record B. 1141, imagoes June 29, 1924 [A. F. B. Coll.].

The larva is a miner of leaves of Scirpus paludosus A. Nelson. The
mine is long, irregular, varying in width from one to three millimeters ;
in some places nearly transparent, elsewhere packed with frass; its early
portion is scarcely visible, later, the parenchyma is consumed and the
mine more apparent. The mines from which the types were reared
were collected June 14, when the larvae were nearly full grown.

The pupa (fig. 45) is very slender, elongate, cuticle dull; median
dorsal ridge low, but extending onto the thorax, lateral ridges promi-
nent; thorax sculptured along mid-dorsal line, the usual tubercles low,
rounded and inconspicuous. The pupa is remarkable in that the spira-
cles of the first abdominal segment are visible. No cocoon; the pupa
is attached to a leaf by anal end and a median girdle.

Nearest to tanyopis, but easily separated from it by the pure white
ground color of the fore wings, with absence of dark dusting.

(43) Elachista praelineata Braun (Figs. 30, 44, 99, 99a, 134, 134a, 134b.)

1915. Elachista praclineata Braun, Canad. Ent., xtvi, 106. Type 2, Cincin-
nati, Ohio [A. F. B. Coll.].

1916. Elachista praelineata Mosher, Bull. Ill. State Lab. Nat. Hist., x11, Art. 11,
p. 106, Pl. xxv1, fig. 100.

1923. Aphelosetia praelineata Forbes, Mem. 68, Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta.,
Dp. ZZ,

MEM. AMER. ENT. soc., 13.

80 ° NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

Face pale gray, darker speckled, head gradually darkening to grayish black
posteriorly; paipi dark fuscous beneath, paler above with tip of second segment,
a broad band and extreme tip of third segment blackish, these markings more
sharply defined in the female. Antennae black with paler annulations, last one
or two segments pale. . Thorax black, with tips of tegulae and mesothorax white.
Fore wing, venation typical; black; from base of costa to dorsum narrowly
white with a slight yellowish tinge; before middle, a curved white fascia, nar-
row in male; at tornus, a triangular white spot, and nearly opposite on costa,
a similar costal spot. Apical row of scales black and sharply contrasting with
the cilia which are white around apex, dark gray elsewhere. Hind wing, M,
absent; dark gray. Legs black, inwardly silvery; tarsal segments white-tipped,
hind tibiae with the median silvery band broad. Abdomen dark fuscous above,
silvery beneath, the dense abdominal tuft of the female pale yellowish gray, with
a greater or less admixture of dark gray in the median line.

Alar expanse: 6.5 to 7.5 mm.

Male genitalia (figs. 99, 99a) : uncus lobes widely separated, incurved, sinus
quadrate; gnathos ellipsoidal; harpe extremely narrow and long, with cucullus
greatly reduced, sacculus process a slender rod; lobes of anellus slender, curving
to the pointed tips; aedeagus bifid at tip, cornuti a mass of microscopic spines.

Female genitalia (figs. 134, 134a, 134b): genital segments largely mem-
branous; lobes of ovipositor pointed; bursa copulatrix small, smooth, without
signum; ductus bursae membranous throughout, abruptly dilating to the wide
ostium, which is minutely spiculate dorsally and sclerotized on its ventral margin
only. Seventh tergite with sclerotized plate bearing a dense mass of knobbed
hairs, with four clusters of still more densely packed hairs (figs. 134a, 134b).

Specimens examined: 5 6,8 @.

Ouio: Cincinnati, 2 type, under rearing record B.836, imago August 8, 1914;

3 6, 4 @ paratypes, B.836, with dates of emergence August 2 and 4, 1914 [A. F.

B. Coll. and U. S. N. M.]; 2 6, 2 @, rearing record B.836, with dates of emer-
gence July 31 to August 6, 1919 [A. F. B. Coll.]; 1 2, rearing record B.1016,
imago September 2, 1919 [A. N.S. P.].

The larva is a miner of leaves of Hystrivx patula Moench. (and
rarely of Elymus) in July. By a twist of the petiole, the true upper
side of the leaf of Hystrix faces downward; the following description
of the mine, and the figure (fig. 30) give the aspect as seen in the field,
viewing what is in fact the lower side of the leaf. The early mine is
a narrow line scarcely visible above; it gradually enlarges into an elon-
gate blotch, with the greatest width about 4 mm.; except in the widest
portion of the mine, the parenchyma is only consumed adjacent to the
true upper epidermis and the mine as seen from above is green; even in
the blotch, patches of green tissue remain. Below, the mine is whitish

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 81

and distinctly visible throughout; the tissue adjacent to the true upper
epidermis has been completely consumed. The specimens under B.836
were reared on Hystrix, the single specimen under B.1016 on Elymus,
all from the same locality in a dry hillside woods.

Pupa (fig. 44) shining, attached at anal end and by a median girdle
and covered by a few criss-cross silken threads. Vertex and pro-
thorax strongly tuberculate, the usual mesothoracic tubercles prominent,
with additional associated small tubercles; wings with lines of small
tubercles.

In general appearance, F. praelineata resembles E. leucofrons, but
is easily distinguished from it by the smaller size, reduced venation of
the hind wing, early stages and genitalic characters; the last definitely
place it in the radiantella group.

(44) Elachista solitaria Braun (Figs. 26, 29, 46, 46a, 97, 97a.)

1922. Elachista solitaria Braun, Canad. Ent., trv, 93. Type ¢, Powell County,
Kentucky [A. F. B. Coll.].

Face silvery gray, shading to dark brown on the head posteriorly; palpi
drooping, longer than in radiantella, silvery gray, third segment blackish out-
wardly; antennae dark brown, slightly thickened in the male, with outer half
serrate, without pecten (or if present concealed by the scales overlapping the
base of the scape). Thorax silvery gray with bronzy reflections, except anterior
border, which is dark brown. Fore wing, venation typical; dark brown, with
a scarcely distinguishable reddish luster; a small silvery gray spot at base of
costa not reaching below fold; a slightly curved brilliant silvery fascia just
before middle; a narrow perpendicular silvery spot at tornus, and beyond it
near apex, a larger curved silvery costal mark dilated in the middle of the wing
and extending almost to the tip. Apical scales in the male of equal length and
forming an even line in the cilia which are white opposite the apex, dark brown
elsewhere. Hind wing, M, absent; dark brownish gray. Legs dark brown,
femora, tips of segments and a broad band around hind tibiae silvery. Abdomen
dark brown above with bronzy luster, silvery beneath in the male (female
unknown).

Alar expanse: 5 to 5.5 mm.

Male genitalia (figs. 97, 97a) : uncus lobes widely separated, incurved, but
sinus between them shallow; gnathos knob-shaped; harpe elongate, narrow,
cucullus greatly reduced, free process thus seeming to arise near apex and setose
for half its length; sacculus processes very minute, spoon-shaped; anellus lobes
obliquely truncate; aedeagus produced at apex into a hook, cornuti a mass of
microscopic spines.

MEM. AMER. ENT. Soc., 13.

82 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

Specimens examined: 5 6.

Kentucky: Powell County, ¢ type, under rearing record B.1068, with emer-
gence of the imago July 10, 1921; 1 6, rearing record B.1084, imago, June 11,
1922; 2 6, rearing record B.1085, June 15, 1922 [A. F. B. Coll.].

Oxuto: Mineral Springs, Adams County, 1 6, under rearing record B.1415,
imago, July 10, 1931 [A. F. B. Coll.].

The larvae mine leaves of several species of Panicum. Mining
larvae may be found from the end of May to the end of June, depend-
ing on the season; the mine of the type was collected June 26, the
mines, B.1084, B.1085, May 28, and the mine, B.1415, June 27. The
ege (fig. 26) is flattened ovoid, with branching and anastomosing
ridges, and is placed on the upper side of the leaf. The mine (fig. 29)
at first very narrow with a conspicuous line of frass, later enlarges into
a whitish translucent blotch.

The pupa (figs. 46, 46a) is covered by a very slight cocoon, and is
attached to the pupating surface by the anal end and a silken median
girdle; cuticle shining. It resembles that of radiantella, but differs
from it in the more prominent ridges of the abdomen, larger meso-
thoracic tubercles, in sculpturing of thorax and head, and, principally,
by the presence of lines of tubercles on the wings.

There are probably two generations a year as in radiantella.

A rare species, probably of more restricted range than FE. radian-
tella, its nearest ally, from which it is distinguished by venation—M, of
fore wing present and cubitus of the hind wing forked; by basal wing
markings and by differences in male genitalia. The female is unknown,
but when discovered will doubtless possess the dense abdominal tuft
present in the other two species of the group.

(45) Elachista radiantella Braun (Figs. 8, 20, 23, 42, 98, 98a, 133, 133a, 133b.)

1922. Elachista radiantella Braun, Canad. Ent., tiv, 92. Type 2, Washington,
ID), Co (We Ss No ee

Face silvery or leaden gray, slight!y opalescent; head dark brown above,
with faint reddish luster; palpi very short (fig. 8), drooping, silvery gray, dark
brown outwardly; antennae dark brown, paler toward tip in female, somewhat
thickened in male, pecten reduced to a few short hairs near base of scape.
Thorax dark brown, tips of tegulae and mesothorax silvery. Fore wing, M,
absent, R, , , united (fig. 20); dark brown with a faint golden luster, markings

silvery with golden and opalescent luster (especially marked in the female) ;
an oblique fascia almost at base; a nearly perpendicular fascia just before

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 83

middle; a silvery transverse spot at tornus, and beyond it on costa near apex
a larger curved silvery spot extends nearly to termen below apex and in the
female often expands below apex. In the female the apical scales are short
and of equal length, and form a sharply defined broadly curved line around
apex, contrasting with the paler cilia; in the male, these scales are of uneven
length, some nearly as long as the cilia, and there is no defined line in the cilia.
Hind wing, M, absent, and Cu, unbranched (fig. 20); brownish gray, darker
in the male. Legs dark brown, femora, tips of segments and a broad band
around hind tibiae silvery. Abdomen dark brown above, silvery beneath;
seventh segment in the female with a large dense dorsal tuft of long knobbed
dark brown hairs concealing the tip of the abdomen.

Alar expanse: 5.5 to 6.4 mm.

Male genitalia (figs. 98, 98a): uncus lobes widely separated, incurved;
gnathos knob-shaped; harpe narrow, free process setose to its tip, sacculus
process spoon-shaped and closely appressed; anellus lobes broad, oblique!y trun-
cate, aedeagus produced into a curved spine at apex, cornuti a row of minute
spines.

Female genitalia (figs. 133, 133a, 133b): genital segments largely membra-
nous; lobes of ovipositor rounded; ductus bursae membranous and of equal
diameter throughout; ostium no broader than the ductus, minutely spiculate, its
ventral margin only sclerotized; bursa copulatrix smooth, no signum. Seventh
tergite with sclerotized plate bearing closely packed knobbed hairs (figs. 133a,
133b), concealing the genital segments.

Specimens examined: 19 6, 202.

District oF CoLuMBIA: Washington, 2 type, on Panicum, record number
8844, iss. July 18, 99 (A. Busck), [U. S. N. M.]; 1 6 paratype, record number
8844, iss. July 20, 99 [U. S. N. M.]; 1 2 paratype, same data as the type [A. F.
BaGollil:

Vircinia: Falls Church, 1 6, May 8-15 (Wm. Middleton), [U. S. N. M.].

Outo0: Clermont County, 13 6, 13 2, under rearing record B.1411, with
dates of emergence from June 28 to July 3, 1931; 1 6, 1 2, under B.1412,
imagoes June 28, June 29, 1931; Brown County, 1 ¢, 1 2, under rearing record
B.1429, imagoes March 29, 1933 [A. F. B. Coll.].

Kentucky: Powell County, 1 2, rearing record B.1086, imago June 10,
1922; Fleming County, 1 6, 1 2, rearing record B.1902, imagoes July 25, 1941
LAL 1, 1B, Coble].

Maine: Monmouth, 1 6, 1 2, VI-20-06, “reared,” (C. A.’Frost), [U.S.

N. M.].

The larvae mine leaves of various species of Panicum, most com-
monly Panicum dichotomum L. and P. clandestinum L. The egg is
broadly ovoid, flattened, similar to that of E. solitaria (fig. 26), and 1s
placed on the upper side of the leaf. The mine is at first a narrow

MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 13.

84 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

thread, then rather abruptly enlarges into a blotch, in which the leaf
tissue is consumed, with frass irregularly scattered; the blotch may
obliterate the early linear mine. The mines of E. radiantella and E.
solitaria (fig. 29) are indistinguishable and may occur in the same area.
The larva differs from other species examined in the longer head cap-
sule, heavier prothoracic shield, and the very long setae (fig. 23).

The pupa (fig. 42) is of the shining cuticle type; it is attached to a
surface by the anal end and a silken girdle and lies beneath a few irregu-
larly placed silken strands. The lateral abdominal ridges are promi-
nent, dorsal ridge not extending onto the thorax; in addition to the
sculpturing and tubercles of thorax and head shown in the figure, there
are prominent tubercles on the front of the head; the wings are without
tubercles (compare solitaria).

More than one generation a year is indicated by the dates of collec-
tion of mining larvae. Larvae mining basal overwintering leaves, col-
lected February 22, produced imagoes March 29, suggesting that the
eggs had been deposited the previous summer or autumn. Mines under
B.1411 and B.1412, collected June 17; B.1086, May 28, and B.1902,
July 12, were apparently made by larvae hatching from eggs deposited
in the spring, as all were on stem leaves of the grasses.

In venation, EF. radiantella is the most reduced of any known species
of the genus. Its extreme specialization is further indicated by the
difference in aspect between male and female, especially in brilliance of
markings, and scale structure and arrangement at the apex of the fore
wing, and by the specialized scales of the abdominal tuft of the female.

Section III

(46) Elachista madarella (Clemens) (Figs. 3, 18, 32, 48, 95, 95a, 135.)

1860. Cosmiotes madarella Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. p. 9. Type
9, Pennsylvania (? Easton) [A. N. S. P., Type No. 7397].

1872. Elachista (Cosmiotes) madarella Stainton, Tin. No. Am., p. 98.

1878. Elachista madarella Chambers, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Sury. of
Terr., 1v, 139.

1903. Cosmiotes madarella Busck, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., v, 197.

1921. Elachista madarella Braun, Ohio Journ. Sci., xx1, 208.

1923. Aphelosetia madarella Forbes, Mem, 68, Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta.,
p. 221.

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 85

Head dark silvery gray, lower part of face paler, and posterior margin of
head dark shining brown; palpi nearly straight (fig. 3), dark gray, paler above
and concolorous with the face; antennae dark brown, apical fifth yellowish
white. Thorax dark brown in anterior half, dark bluish metallic in posterior
half. Fore wing dark brown, with faint golden reflections; base of wing silvery
gray, with bluish reflections on costa and golden reflections toward dorsum;
before middle a slightly oblique brilliant silvery or pale golden!® metallic band,
which is often extended along the wing below fold, or sometimes this extension
represented by a small detached silvery or golden dot; at two-thirds the wing
length, a silvery or pale golden costal spot, and opposite it a similar dorsal spot;
beyond these in the middle of the wing near the apex, a silvery spot. Cilia
grayish brown, paler around apex; the apical row of scales black-tipped and
forming a sharply contrasting line. Hind wings grayish brown, cilia somewhat
darker especially in the female; wing broader in the male. Legs dark silvery
gray, hind tibiae mostly silvery in male, brown except at apex in the female.
Abdomen dark brown with some metallic luster above, yellowish white beneath.

Alar expanse: 8 to 9 mm.

Male genitalia (figs. 95, 95a): uncus lobes with sparse short stiff setae;
gnathos broader than long; free outgrowth of harpe reduced to a short projec-
tion at base, sacculus processes erect, stout, cylindrical, setose, arising near
ventral angle; anellus lobes very broad, each lobe produced posteriorly into a
broad setose lateral arm (concealed behind the sacculus process) ; the narrow
ring-like sclerotization of the vinculum produced posteriorly in the mid-ventral
line; aedeagus stout, three-lobed at base, a dorsal prong, apex pointed, manica
apparently present; no cornutus.

Female genitalia (fig. 135): genital plate specialized, its anterior margin
a heavily sclerotized concave band indenting the seventh segment; from its
median posterior part an acute projection toward ostium, which opens in a large
depressed membranous area; ventral margin of ostium sclerotized, laterally two
weakly sclerotized recurved lines form a pair of semi-ellipses; the dorsal pos-
terior margin of the eighth segment bears a row of strong setae (shown in the
figure as broken lines beneath the lobes of the ovipositor); bursa copulatrix
weakly bilobed, spiculate, signum a broad dentate band with slight median con-
striction; ductus bursae very wide, abruptly narrowing to the small ostium,
with inception of ductus seminalis close to ostium.

Specimens examined: 23 6, 14 2, 7 sex undetermined.

PENNSYLVANIA: ? Easton, 2 type [A. N. S. P.]; Hazelton, one specimen,
6-9-04 (W. G. Dietz), [M. C. Z.].

New Jersey: Essex Co. Pk., 1 6, July 1, 2 2, June 24 (W. D. Kearfott),
WAS. No ME:

New York: “Cent. N. Y.,” 7 specimens, mostly without abdomen, 6—-9-99,
6-30-99, 7-1-99 [M. C. Z.].

18 With age the silvery metallic marks tend to acquire a golden tinge.

MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 13.

86 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

Onto: Cincinnati, 8 6, 7 2, on leaves of Carex spp., under rearing records
B.1028, B.1029, B.1035, B.1040, with dates of emergence from May 20 to June
28, 1920 [A. F. B. Coll. and A. N. S. P.]; 6 6, 2 9, on leaves of Scirpus atro-
virens, under rearing record B.1039, with dates of emergence from June 1 to
June 15, 1920 [A. F. B. Coll.]; 6 6,1 2, captured on the wing from June 6 to
July 19 [A. F. B. Coll.].

Ontario: Sparrow Lake, 1 2, July 17, 1926 [A. F. B. Coll.].

The larvae may be found early in the spring on Carex spp. and
Scirpus spp., feeding on the overwintering leaves, indicating that min-
ing was initiated during the preceding autumn. The larva mines down
the old leaf, finally entering the leaf sheath of one of the new inner basal
leaves, then working upward toward the tip of the leaf, feeding only at
night and retiring down into the leaf sheath near the root-stalk during
the day (fig. 32). Several leaves may be thus mined. The larva is
whitish or pale green, prothoracic shield with a pair of conspicuous
L-shaped dark marks.

Pupation takes place commonly on the upper side of a leaf over the
midrib; the cocoon is a flat sheet of silk formed of two series of obliquely
placed parallel threads crossing one another at an acute angle (as in
enitescens, fig. 31). The dorsal abdominal surface of the pupa (fig.
48) is flattened, median and lateral ridges absent, spiracles produced;
mesothorax delicately sculptured, and vertex transversely beaded.

FE. madarella is easily separated from all other species except enites-
cens and argentosa by wing venation (fig. 18); from both of these it
differs in the white tips of the antennae.

(47) Elachista enitescens Braun (Figs. 31, 47, 96, 96a, 136.)

1921. Elachista enitescens Braun, Ohio Journ. Sci., xx1, 207. Type 6, near
Cincinnati, Ohio [A. F. B. Coll.].

1923. Aphelosetia enttescens Forbes, Mem. 68, Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta.,
p. 221.

Palpi and entire head dark leaden metallic, almost black; antennae grayish
black throughout. Thorax and base of fore wing leaden metallic, with a reddish
and purplish luster which is most decided at base of dorsum, where the leaden
color is sometimes replaced by metallic golden or silvery scales like those of the
fascia and spots. Fore wing dark brown, faintly shining; an oblique silvery or
golden metallic fascia with reddish and purplish luster before the middle of the
wing, broader in its dorsal half and sometimes produced outwardly below the
fold; at two-thirds a silvery or golden metallic costal and an opposite dorsal
spot; beyond them in the middle of the wing near the tip a silvery or golden

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 87

spot. These markings in some directions of light show a distinctly bluish luster.
Cilia gray, with the apical scales forming a dark line through them. Hind
wings dark brown, broader in male. Legs dark gray, hind tarsi paler tipped.
Abdomen dark gray, underside yellowish.

Alar expanse: 7 to 8 mm.

Male genitalia (figs. 96, 96a): uncus lobes with short stiff setae near the
outer margins; gnathos knob-shaped; free outgrowth of harpe reduced, sacculus
processes erect, more slender than in madarella, and much exceeding the lateral
arms of the anellus; anellus broad, lateral arms of lobes short with a few setae
apically ; vinculum with mid-ventral sclerotization (as in madarella) ; aedeagus
three-lobed at base, middle lobe truncate; a blunt projection near apex, apex
acutely acuminate; no cornutus.

Female genitalia (fig. 136): genital plate specialized, narrowly strongly
sclerotized along anterior border, without median projection into the depressed
membranous area in which the small ostium opens; lateral lines broadly curving
from ostium; dorsal posterior margin of eighth segment fringed with long
setae; bursa copulatrix very small, spicules scattered; signum a small dentate
patch; ductus bursae tapering to ostium, inception of ductus seminalis near
ostium.

Specimens examined: 36,42.

Onto: near Cincinnati, 6 type, rearing record B.1036, imago June 8, 1920;
2 $, 2 2 paratypes, under B.1036, imagoes May 13 to June 7; 1 2, “on Scirpus,”
June 8, 1921; Clermont County, 1 2, under B.1036, imago June 14, 1922 [A. F.
B. Coll.].

In March and early April, the partially grown larvae are mining the
old overwintering leaves of the bulrush, Scirpus atrovirens Muhl.; later
the larva enters a new leaf at its base; the mine extends from the base
of the leaf upward and may be four or five inches in length. The larvae
feed only at night, retiring during the day to the base of the leaf, some-
times beneath the surface of the water. The larva is yellow with a
pair of ill-defined irregular dark patches on the prothoracic shield pos-
teriorly.

Pupation takes place over the midrib, beneath a flat cocoon (fig. 31)
consisting of two series of obliquely placed parallel silk threads, crossing
one another at an acute angle. The pupa (fig. 47) is very similar to
that of madarella, but lacks the delicate sculpturing of the mesothorax
and tubercles of the vertex.

E. enitescens differs from madarella in the wholly dark antennae,
and in genitalic characters in both sexes.

MEM. AMER. ENT. Soc., 13

88 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

(48) Elachista argentosa Braun (Figs. 27, 49, 94, 94a, 137.)

1920. Elachista argentosa Braun, Ohio Journ. Sci., xx, 168. Type ¢, Clermont
County, Ohio [A. F. B. Coll. ].

1923. Aphelosetia argentosa Forbes, Mem. 68, Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta.,
page

Face and head silvery gray, with a bluish metallic luster; palpi silvery gray
inwardly, fuscous beneath and outwardly; antennae deep blackish brown
throughout, slightly thickened in male. Thorax deep golden brown, shading to
metallic gray and silver behind. Fore wings almost black with faint golden
brown reflections in some lights; markings metallic silvery, with golden and
bluish reflections; base of wing silvery; a fascia just before middle produced
a little toward tornus on dorsum; opposite costal and dorsal streaks at two-
thirds, the costal curving outwardly in the middle of the wing and sometimes
slightly dilated at its tip before apex, and rarely met by the dorsal streak. Cilia
dark brown, apical scales forming a contrasting line. Hind wings broader in
male, grayish brown, becoming bluish along costa near base. Legs silvery
gray, middle tibiae and all the tarsi dark brown, and brown shading on the
hind tibiae; tips of segments silvery. Abdomen shining fuscous above, silvery
beneath.

Alar expanse: 7 to 8 mm.

Male genitalia (figs. 94, 94a): uncus lobes small, not separated at base, a
few short setae near their outer margins; gnathos ellipsoidal; free outgrowth
of harpe reduced, basal process of sacculus short, club-shaped, with long setae;
posterior margin of anellus strongly sclerotized, each lobe prolonged into a
finger-like process; vinculum broad, with a short anterior projection; aedeagus
(fig. 94a) with an elongate dorsal, and a shorter ventral basal enlargement, apex
dorsally produced into a long curved acutely pointed process; manica present;
no cornutus.

Female genitalia (fig. 137): genital plate specialized, its median anterior
margin strongly sclerotized and indenting the seventh segment; ostium opening
in a broadly oval membranous area in the genital plate; the lateral lines from
ostium nearly straight, but little divergent; dorsal posterior margin of eighth
segment bearing about ten strong setae; bursa copulatrix large, bilobed, spicu-
late, signum an elongate dentate band; ductus bursae gradually narrowing to
the small ostium, and sclerotized just before ostium; inception of ductus semi-
nalis just anterior to this sclerotized ring.

Specimens examined: 12 6,8 2.

Onto: Clermont County, ¢ type, under rearing record B.1008, imago June 1,
1919; 2 6 paratypes under B.1008, imagoes June 2 and June 3, 1919; 3 2, under
B.1083, imagoes June 1, June 7, 1922; Cincinnati, 8 ¢, 4 2, under rearing
records B.1008, B.1034, B.1041, with dates of emergence from May 24 to June
13, 1920 and 1922; 1 6, 1 9, captured on the wing, June 7, 1906, and June 23,
1904 [A. F. B. Coll.].

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 89

The larvae mine leaves of species of Carev, most commonly the
narrow-leaved species, during April and early May. The mine (fig. 27)
extends from the tip of the leaf downward and lies nearer the upper
side ; the parenchyma is partially consumed and the mine appears green-
ish except near the point of exit over the midrib where the parenchyma
is consumed and the epidermis wrinkled, forming a tunnel opening by
a transverse slit to the outside; the larva may mine beyond this point,
returning to the tunnel. When a new mine is made, as sometimes
occurs, a little silk is spun over the entrance and the same tunnel-
shaped exit constructed before feeding is resumed. The larva is pale
yellowish white, with head and thoracic shield pale brown; a darker
spot on each of the fourth and fifth abdominal segments.

The pupa (fig. 49) is enclosed in a very open irregular meshwork.
The dorsal abdominal surface is less flattened than in the two preceding
species, the spiracles but little produced; the head and thorax are more
elaborately tuberculate than in the other species of the section; the
dorsum of the mesothorax bears four rows of bead-like tubercles ; there
are lines of fine tubercles on the wings.

In venation the fore wing of E. argentosa differs from that of
madarella in that Cu, arises opposite the origin of R., but R. and R;
are farther apart than are R, and R,, as in madarella. The dilated tip
of the costal streak corresponds in position to the pale golden or silvery
spot in the middle of the wing before apex in E. madarella and E.
emitescens.

6. COSMIOTES Clemens
Cosmiotes Clemens, 1860. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 8.

GENOTYPE.—C osmuotes illectella Clemens, 1860.

Head smooth-scaled; labial palpi long, diverging and somewhat recurved,
third segment much shorter than the second, acute; antennal pecten consisting
of a few fine hairs near base of scape.

Fore wing (figs. 16, 16a, 16b) lanceolate, acute; R,, R; and M, stalked
together, R, out of the stalk before the forking of R, + M,, sometimes the three
veins separating close together; M, absent, M, and Cu,, united; 1A + 2A with-
out basal forking (1b simple).

Hind wing (fig. 16) one-half the width of the fore wing; acute; M, stalked
with R,, M, and M, absent; cell open between Cu,, and R, + M,.

Hind tibiae with long hairs above, shorter hairs below; middle spurs before

the middle of the segment.

MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 13.

go NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

Male genitalia (figs. 56, 56a, 57, 57a) ; lobes of the uncus widely separated,
c'aw-like, apices directed inwardly, setose on the inner surfaces; socii, two small
drooping papillae; gnathos, a small spined knob; harpe very long, produced into
an acute spine at apex; without free arm; sacculus process long, slender, apex
somewhat enlarged, concave and setose inwardly; ventral plate of anellus with
two broadly diverging arms at base, deeply cleft at apex into two blunt conical
setose lobes; anellus anteriorly produced into a large membranous pouch; vincu-
lum abruptly narrowing into a long point; aedeagus long, slender, evenly taper-
ing, curving near apex, a keel-shaped projection at base; no cornutus.

Female genitalia (figs. 103, 103a, 104, 105); seventh abdominal sternite
strongly sclerotized and modified, its posterior margin with a deep median sinus,
on each side of which it is produced as a thickened lobe; the margins of the
sinus form the ventral anterior and lateral borders of the ostium; ductus bursae
short, sclerotized through the seventh segment; inception of the ductus semi-
nalis at the posterior end of the finely spiculate bursa copulatrix; signum a
circular sclerotized patch, from which projects a pair of opposite heavy spines,
with one or more smaller accessory spines.

The species of Cosmiotes are miners in leaves of many species of
grass, and are not specific as to food plant.

The eggs, larvae and mines are very similar to those of the typical
species of Elachista of Section II. The pupa agrees with that of
Elachista in general structure, in the tubercles of head and mesothorax,
and with the more specialized species in the produced spiracles, but may
be distinguished from all pupae of that genus by the pair of backwardly
directed spines on the vertex (fig. 50).

In describing Cosmiotes, Clemens wrote: “the subcostal nervure

sends from the angle of the disk a trifid branch, which is either
forked on the costa by an exceedingly short branch before the tip, and
gives rise at about its middle to a branch to the inner margin, or is trifid
at its extreme tip. The median is two- or three-branched near its end.”
Of the hind wing he wrote: “The median is well indicated, with two
or three short approximated branches about the middle of the inner
margin.”

As the type of idlectella, the first of the three species described at that
time, is not in existence, it is necessary to deduce its structure from
Clemens’ statements. In the fore wing, the alternative, median two-
branched, is applicable to ilectella alone, as in both of the other species
described at the same time (of which the types are in existence), Ms,
M, + Cu,, and Cu,, of the fore wing are all present (7.e., median vein
three-branched). Jllectella is thus characterized: “Median vein of hind-

ANNETTE F. BRAUN Ol

wings two-branched. Apical vein trifid at tip,” that is, M, of hind wing
absent, and Ry, R; and M, of the fore wing separating close together
from the common stalk (cf. fig. 16b, ? ).

The unique and characteristic genitalia, together with the different
venation, warrant the removal of Cosmiotes from synonymy with Ela-
chista, and its restriction to the species posessing those characters. In
addition to the three American species, the European stabilella Frey
and nigrella Haworth belong here. They form a closely related group
of species of similar aspect, distinguished from one another by slight
differences, best by characters of the female genitalia.

Key to the Species of Cosmiotes

Males
1. Face creamy white, vertex or even entire head sometimes creamy white;
lobes of anellus with a few strong setae ..........-. (3) scopulicola
Face not creamy white, fuscous, or if pale, silvery or grayish, vertex and
DECPUE MUSCOMS Oe Merona Ay Secaces cnoosesodecoeaunoenaddgs 2
2. Setae of anellus lobes numerous, fine; wing expanse 8.5 mm.
; ° (2) herbigrada
Setae of anellus lobes few, but fine; wing expanse under 8 mm., usually
§. i@, FD, GID, - os A ee TE ne ney ere (1) illectella
Females

1. Face creamy white, vertex or even entire head sometimes creamy white;
ductus bursae evenly tapering from ostium; ostium not spinulate; one
pair of accessory spines of signum half the length of the major pair

(3) scopulicola

Face fuscous, or if pale, silvery or grayish white, vertex and occiput fuscous
or irrorated gray; ductus bursae not evenly tapering, swollen in segment

7; ostium spinulate; accessory spines of signum small or absent ..... Z

2. Ostium and sclerotized portion of ductus bursae densely spinulate; sinus of
the seventh segment less deep than in herbigrada; wing expanse 6.5 to

PTMERATELY OMS | <0). ce eee swe Se en een Ee (1) illectella
Ostium and ductus bursae less densely spinulate; sinus of seventh segment
BecHMMIceXPAnsSe OO) MMs 06 4.1020. ene ee ee nee (2) herbigrada

(1) Cosmiotes illectella Clemens (Figs. 16, 16a, 16b, 50, 103, 103a.)

1860. Cosmiotes illectella Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. p. 9. Type
locality, Pennsylvania (? Easton).

1872. Elachista (Cosmiotes) illectella Stainton, Tineina of No. Amer., p. 98.

1903. Elachista illicitella Dyar, Bull. 52, U. S. N. M., p. 536 (misspelling).

MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 13.

g2 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

1923. Aphelosetia illectella Forbes, Mem. 68, Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta.,
p. 223.

1860. Elachista praematurella Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p. 172.
Type ¢, Pennsylvania [A. N. S. P., Type No. 7398]. (New synonymy.)

1872. Elachista praematurella Stainton, Tineina of No. Amer., p. 133.

1874. Elachista praematurella Chambers, Canad. Ent., v1, pp. 76-77.

1903. Elachista praematurella Busck, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., v, 203.

1914. Elachista praematurella Braun, Ent. News. xxv, 114.

1922. Elachista praematurella Braun, Canad. Ent., viv, 94.

1923. Aphelosetia praematurella Forbes, Mem. 68, Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp.
Sta., p. 223.

1876. Elachista cristatella Chambers, Canad. Ent., vir, 172. Type 6, Ken-
tucky [M. C. Z.]. (New synonymy.)

1880. Elachista albapalpella Chambers, Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., 111, p. 294.
Type ¢, Amherst, Massachusetts [U. S. N. M., Type No. 1035]. (New
synonymy. )

Head fuscous, irrorated with dark gray, face sometimes paler, more or less
silvery, but scales usually tipped with dark gray; palpi fuscous, paler and some-
times whitish above, a black spot at base of third.segment above; antennae dark
fuscous with narrow paler annulations. Fore wing, male: fuscous, densely
dusted, the paler bases of the scales grayish white; just before middle a slightly
oblique irregular narrow fascia (in the form described as cristatella, much re-
duced and indicated only by a broken line) ; posterior to the fascia below the
fold an elongate patch of black slightly raised scales, not contrasting in the
darkest specimens; at two-thirds, a white costal and an opposite dorsal spot,
occasionally obsolete, a few black scales sometimes separating their apices;
usually a few white scales at extreme apex; cilia fuscous, whitish around apex,
the marginal scales projecting into them conspicuously black-tipped. Fore
wing, female: darker than in the male, more evenly dark brown or black, but
when irrorated, paler before the fascia, especially in the late fall and early
spring generations; fascia broad, silvery white, dorsal and costal spots silvery
white, never reduced in size; cilia fuscous, white around apex, the black-tipped
marginal scales white at base around apex, and forming a more or less con-
spicuous white transverse mark in the cilia. Hind wings and cilia fuscous,
darker in the female. Legs gray, hind tibiae with a white band before middle
and at apex. Abdomen fuscous, genital segments of male clothed with long
yellowish white hairs.

Alar expanse: 6 to 7.5 mm., rarely 8 mm.

Male genitalia: as in scopulicola (figs. 56, 56a), except that the setae of the
anellus lobes are somewhat shorter and finer.

Female genitalia (figs. 103, 103a) : ostium and sclerotized portion of ductus
bursae densely spinulate, ductus bursae as wide as the ostium through most of

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 93

segment 7, then abruptly narrowing at the anterior margin of segment 7; sig-
num a pair of opposite large spines, accessory spines absent or minute.

More than a hundred specimens of both sexes have been examined.
C. illectella is represented in collections from Ontario, Massachusetts,
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Kentucky, Ohio and
Michigan (in both the Lower and Upper Peninsula) and probably
occurs throughout the eastern United States and Canada.

The mines are found on leaves of many species of grass, among
them Poa pratensis (Kentucky Blue Grass), Poa spp., Agrostis spp.,
Hystrix sp., Elymus sp., Orysopsis sp., Bromus sp., and Phleum
(timothy). . Mining larvae may be found almost throughout the year,
even in the winter, and produce imagoes within a few weeks. The
mine starts as a fine line, gradually increases in breadth and on the
narrow-leaved grasses, occupies the width of the blade. It is usually
whitish, with parenchyma all consumed, and is about equally visible
from either leaf surface.

The larva varies in color to some extent with the food plant, but is
usually greenish yellow, with the prothoracic shield marked posteriorly
with a transverse brownish bar on either side of the mid-line, and
fainter longitudinal markings down each side of the mid-line. Pupa-
tion takes place beneath a dense white meshwork of irregularly placed
silk strands. The pupa (fig. 50) is characteristic of the genus, with
the two backwardly pointing spines of the vertex; specifically it is dis-
tinguished from that of scopulicola by the two small tubercles of the
prothorax.

The marked sexual dimorphism is responsible in part for the syno-
nyms. The description of illectella applies to the female; in the type,
apparently, veins Ry, R; and M, separated from their stalk close to-
gether, a condition occurring rarely in the female (fig. 16b) ; the more
usual condition is that shown in figure 16. In the male (fig. 16a), the
point of separation of R, is usually farther basad than in the female.
The type of praematurella is a male with the fascia and costal and dorsal
spots distinct, and a few white scales projecting from the extreme apex
of the wing. Albapalpella by genitalia of the female type is a synonym;
cristatella is a pale irrorated male, with obsolescent white marks and
conspicuous patch of black raised scales near dorsal margin beyond the
fascia.

MEM. AMER. ENT. Soc., 13.

94 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

(2) Cosmiotes herbigrada (Braun) (Figs. 57, 57a, 104.)

1925. Elachista herbigrada Braun, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., 11, p. 211. Type 2,
Providence Lake, Wasatch Mountains, Utah, altitude 8600 feet [A. F. B.
Coll. ].

Face pale, yellowish tinged, with some of the scales gray-tipped; head above
pale grayish, the scales more or less broadly tipped with dark gray; palpi
fuscous, whitish above, the third segment black at extreme base, irregularly
fuscous-dotted beneath; antennae gray, with narrow paler annulations. Thorax
and fore wings fuscous, irrorated, the bases of the scales whitish; more evenly
dark in the female. Fore wings narrow elongate; a whitish spot at base of
dorsum in female; a white fascia before middle a little oblique, broadest in the
female; at two-thirds, a pair of opposite costal and dorsal spots, joining in the
female to form a broad fascia, constricted in the middle; in the male, one line
of darker scales extends through the cell, crossing the fascia, and a second line
below the fold forms a black dash beyond the fascia. Cilia whitish at apex,
elsewhere fuscous; a few marginal scales only at extreme apex white with black
tips. Hind wings and cilia pale gray. Hind tibiae gray, with the apex white
and a broad white median band including the spurs. Abdomen fuscous, the
hairs clothing the genital segments pale.

Alar expanse: 8.5 mm. (4), 9.5 mm. (2 ).

Male genitalia (figs. 57, 57a): setae of anellus lobes numerous and very
fine; vinculum more abruptly narrowing and the produced point more rounded
than in the other two species.

Female genitalia (fig. 104): ostium spinulate, but spinules fewer and more
minute than in illectella; ductus bursae swollen in segment 7, and abruptly
narrowing at anterior margin of segment 7; sinus of the seventh segment deep;
signum with several minute accessory spines.

Specimens examined: 1 6,1 8.

Uranu: Providence Lake, Wasatch Mountains, Cache County, altitude 8600
feet, 2 type, June 24, 1924 [A. F. B. Coll.].

Cotorapo: Rocky Mountain National Park, Hidden Valley, 1 6, August 12,
1929 [A. F. B. Coll.].

Food plant and early stages unknown.

This species is very close to C. ilectella; the larger size, the nar-
rower wings, and the tendency toward the arrangement of dark-tipped
scales in longitudinal lines in the male, and the shght differences noted
in the genitalia will aid in separating the two species.

A specimen from Colorado, foot of Gray’s Peak, altitude about
11,200 feet, doubtfully referred by Chambers to Elachista praematurella
(Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. of Terr., m1, 143, 1877) probably
belongs to this species.

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 95

(3) Cosmiotes scopulicola new species (Figs. 56, 56a, 105.)

Face creamy white, the white usually extending onto the vertex and often
over the entire head, except for a few dark-tipped scales; palpi conspicuously
white above, with a minute black spot at base of third segment, second segment
fuscous beneath, third segment dotted with fuscous beneath; antennae gray with
narrow pale annulations. Thorax and fore wings dark gray, irrorated, the
bases of the scales white; the male usually paler and more conspicuously irro-
rated than the female, the ground color in the female often a little paler before
the fascia. Tegulae and a small spot at base of dorsum often white. Before
middle, a narrow white fascia (seldom narrower in the male), and at two-thirds
a pair of opposite costal and dorsal spots; black dash beyond fascia not con-
spicuous except in the palest specimens. Cilia white except toward dorsum,
the black-tipped marginal scales white at base at tip of wing, elsewhere gray,
their black tips forming a conspicuous line through the cilia. Hind wings gray,
irrorated. Hind tibiae blackish, with apex and a broad band near base white.
Abdomen mixed fuscous and white in the male, with pale yellow hairs clothing
the genital segments, blackish in the female.

Alar expanse: 6 to 8 mm.

Male genitalia (figs. 56, 56a) : setae of anellus lobes few and heavy.

Female genitalia (fig. 105): ostium not spinulate, sclerotized portion of
ductus bursae gradually tapering from ostium to anterior margin of segment 7,
not swollen in segment 7; one pair of accessory spines of signum half or more
than half as long as the major pair.

Type.—¢, Huron Mountains, Michigan, along bluffs of Lake Su-
perior, imago August 24, 1943, under rearing record B.2051 [A. F. B.

Coll. ].
Allotype.— @ , same data as the type, except imago August 17, 1943
fae. Bs Coll.).

Paratypes—16 6,4 @, under rearing record B.2051, with dates of
emergence from August 9 to August 25;7 46,6 2, same locality, under
rearing record B.2056, with dates of emergence from August 10 to
August 28; 2 6, same locality, under rearing record B.2057, imagoes
August 15, August 17 [A. F. B. Coll. ].

The series under B.2051 was reared from Poa sp., that under
B.2056 from Agrostis sp.; the two under B.2057 from an unidentified
grass. The mine gradually widens from the early thread-like mine,
with parenchyma entirely consumed. The mines on Poa sp. were white,
those on Agrostis sp. somewhat brownish. Larva with head black,
prothoracic shield with only the center pale, and the body yellowish or
green, depending on the food plant. Pupation takes place under a dense

MEM. AMER. ENT. Soc., 13.

g6 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

silk meshwork. The pupa is scarcely distinguishable from that of ilec-
tella, except that the pair of tubercles of the prothorax of that species
are lacking in scopulicola.

C. scopulicola was reared only from grasses growing along the
bluffs of Lake Superior, a more extreme habitat with accompanying
more northern vegetation than the forest away from the lake border.
All specimens reared on grasses in the forest are C. illectella.

The creamy white of face and vertex and the clearer black and white
wings of scopulicola, with white bases of scales may be used to differ-
entiate this species from ilectella, but the only certain means of identifi-
cation is the smooth ostium and the narrow, evenly tapering ductus
~ bursae in the seventh segment in the female.

7. DICRANOCTETES Braun

Dicranoctetes Braun, 1918. Ent. News, xxix, p. 250.

GENOTYPE.—Dicranoctetes angularis Braun, 1918 [== Elachista
brachyelytrifoliella Clemens, 1864].

Donacivola Busck, 1934. Ent. Amer., x1tt, p. 169.
GENOTYPE.—Donacivola saccharella Busck, 1934.
Dicranoctetes Braun, 1935. Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., Lx1, p. 47.

Head smooth, face flattened, strongly retreating; eyes small, concealed from
above and partially covered by the appressed scales of the face; maxillary palpi
absent; labial palpi very long, slightly curved, divergent, smooth-scaled, second
segment twice the length of the acute third segment; tongue well developed,
scaled only at extreme base; antennae two-thirds (¢) to three-fourths (2 )
the length of the fore wing, with short fine ciliations in the male, scape not
enlarged, no pecten.

Fore wing (fig. 12) ovate-lanceolate, apex produced, acuminate and up-
turned; cell narrow, R, from near middle of cell, cell open between R, and R,,
R, from apex of cell at base of stalk of R,, R,, M,, M,, and M, + Cu,,, R, and
R, out of M,, M, and M, + Cu,, out of M, before R,, M, + Cu,, from near
base of stalk; Cu,, strong, distant; Cu, weak; 1A +2A not forked at base
(1b simple).

Hind wing (fig. 12) half as broad as the fore wing, lanceolate, pointed;
Se +R, reaching costa before middle, R, and M, long stalked, M, and M,
absent, cell open between Cu,, and R, + M,; Cu, and the anal veins obsolescent.

Posterior tibiae with fine stiff hairs above and below; middle spurs before
the middle.

Male genitalia (figs. 59, 59a) : uncus lobes widely separated, densely setose;
socii vestigial; gnathos a spined knob; cucullus of harpe with long decumbent

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 97

setae, sacculus process elongate, very closely appressed, concave at tip, setose
on the concave inner surface; anellus produced into two elongate papillae bear-
ing tufted hairs; vinculum with a short blunt anterior projection; aedeagus a
short straight cylinder, no cornutus.

Female genitalia (fig. 106) : genital plate reduced to a narrow marginal band
with diverging arms; ductus bursae short, broadly funnel-shaped and sclerotized
near the wide ostium; a short membranous contracted section separates this
dilated part from a short sclerotized section just anterior to which the ductus
seminalis arises; bursa copulatrix elongate oval, obscurely bilobed, spiculate ;
signum an elongate, slightly bent, dentate band.

Dicranoctetes is the most specialized of the grass or sedge feeding
genera. The two known species of the genus are miners in leaves of
Gramineae; the Cuban species (saccharella) a miner of sugar cane.
The American species shows a preference for species of Muhlenbergia.

The egg of Dicranoctetes is similar to that of Elachista, elongate
ellipsoidal, flattened, with many longitudinal parallel ridges. In the
more specialized larva, the head capsule is very elongate, flattened, with
the ventral pair of ocelli as well as the three dorsal ocelli crowded to-
gether and in contact; the first two thoracic segments very broad, twice
the breadth of the head, the third thoracic narrower and from thence
the body tapering; the incisures so deep that the segments appear almost
moniliform; setae long. Prothoracic shield circular, weakly sclerotized
and contrastingly darkened only posteriorly; prothoracic legs absent,
meso- and metathoracic legs well developed; abdominal prolegs on seg-
ments 3, 4, 5, 6 and 10, crochets on all except the anal prolegs arranged
in a posterior uniordinal transverse row, on the anal prolegs in an
anterior half circle; suranal plate not differentiated.

The pupa (fig. 51, 2) is an extreme specialization along the line
indicated in Elachista and Cosmiotes. The body is flattened, abdomen
slightly concave dorsally and the lateral ridges are produced into long
curved acute spines; the posterior forks of the abdominal spines bear
the spiracles at their summits; a pair of long acute spines projects for-
ward from the vertex; similar spines arm the sides of the head and the
mesothorax. The appendages are fused to one another and to the body,
the wings extending to the caudal margin of segment 7. The spining
of the ninth and tenth segments varies with the sex; in the male the
anterior pair of spines is reduced to blunt projections.

MEM. AMER. ENT. Soc., 13.

98 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

(1) Dicranoctetes brachyelytrifoliella (Clemens) (Figs. 12, 51, 59, 59a, 106.)

1864. Elachista brachyelytrifoliella Clemens, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., p.
425. Type, Clemens No. 218, Easton, Pennsylvania [A. N. S. P., Type No.
7399].

1872. Elachista brachyelytrifoliella Stainton, Tin. No. Amer., p. 248.

1903. Elachista brachyelytrifoliella Busck, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., v, 217.

1923. Aphelosetia brachyelytrifoliella Forbes, Mem. 68, Cornell Univ. Agric.
Exper. Sta., p. 221.

1918. Dicranoctetes angularis Braun, Ent. News, xxrx, 251. Type 6, Moun-
tain Lake Park, Maryland [A. F. B. Coll.]. (New synonymy.)

1935. Dicranoctetes angularis Braun, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc., xt, 47.

Face silvery, with faint golden luster; head above dull gray; palpi white,
some fuscous shading on the second segment beneath, third segment with base,
a spot beyond middle and tip black; antennae gray. Thorax and basal third of
fore wing gray, shading abruptly outwardly to dark blackish brown. From
near base of costa a white line follows the costal margin, widening at one-fourth
and diverging from the costa as a short very oblique streak ending just within
the dark brown portion of the wing; just beyond the middle, a pair of more or
less triangular oblique silvery white spots, their apices sometimes nearly meeting
in the middle of the wing; a large black apical spot partially.projecting into the
cilia. Costal and apical cilia white, margined basally by black scales, and
divided by two perpendicular black lines in the costal cilia, and a longer black
streak at apex extending outwardly from the apical spot. Cilia below the apex
gray and marked with two parallel black lines, formed by the tips of projecting
scales, and a third fine silvery line, formed by the tips of the outermost row of
scales. Hind wings and cilia dark brownish gray. Legs silvery white, hairs
on upper side of posterior tibiae dark gray. Abdomen dark fuscous, silvery
beneath, except segments 7 and 8 of the female wholly black.

Alar expanse: 5.5 to 7.5 mm.

Male genitalia (figs. 59, 59a); female genitalia (fig. 106): described under
the generic characterization.

Specimens examined: 10 6, 13 2; type (without abdomen).

PENNSYLVANIA: Easton, type [A. N. S. P.].

Maryitanp: Mountain Lake Park, 6, July 26, 1906 [type of angularis
Braun, A. F. B. Coll.]. ;

VirGiniA: White Oak Canyon, Shenandoah National Park, 1 6,1 2, under
rearing record B. 1661, with dates of emergence August 12 and 13, 1938 [A. F.
1, Colles RAS Cammmenm, WG. Amel 27, NOUS, C. ish Cobh, IU. S. INS LI.

Kentucky: Carter Caves, Carter County, 2 ?, under rearing record B.1427,
imagoes April 11 and May 11, 1937 [A. F. B. Coll. and U. S. N. M.]; Mam-
moth Cave National Park, 4 6, 6 @, under rearing records B.1844 and B:1845,
with dates of emergence September 28, 1940 (1 6) and April 16 to May 28,

ANNETTE F. BRAUN Q9

1941 [A. F. B. Coll.]; 2 6, 2 9, under rearing record B.1842, imagoes April 16
to April 20, 1941 [A. F. B. Coll.].

ARKANSAS: Carroll County, 1 6 under rearing record B.1634, imago July 22,
1938 [A. F. B. Coll.].

Micuican: Cecil Bay, Emmet County, 2 2, under rearing record B.1987,
with dates of emergence March 30 and April 2, 1943 [A. F. B. Coll.].

A comparison of reared material of D. angularis Braun with Clemens’
type of brachyelytrifoliella establishes the synonymy.

Clemens’ type was reared on Brachyelytrum aristatum (= erectum
(Schreb.) Beauv.). The species however shows a decided preference
for Muhlenbergia spp., and all of my reared specimens except the two
under rearing record B.1842 were miners of leaves of various species
of Muhlenbergia. The mines may be found from early July to October.
A fine linear mine an inch or two in length, often following the margin
of the leaf, precedes the elongate blotch, which may be two inches or
more long. At first the parenchyma is eaten in patches, later it is com-
pletely consumed and the mine is conspicuously white above, but greener
below. Occasionally a second mine is made, distinguished from the
original by the absence of a linear part. Pupation takes place in a
crevice beneath two layers of silk, the inner consisting of a sheet of
criss-cross threads close to the pupa, the outer layer more open, with
the threads all placed transversely. The extraordinary pupa (fig. 51)
has been described under the generic heading.

The females under B.1842 were reared from mines on Untola lati-
folia Michx. The mines on this grass were greener than those on
Muhlenbergia, with the parenchyma left along the side of each vein.

D. brachyelytrifoliella is a widely distributed and apparently not a
rare species, as the mines often occur in considerable numbers and are
conspicuous because of their whiteness. From the only other species
of the genus, saccharella Busck from Cuba, it is distinguished by the
sharply defined white costal streak from near base, which in that spe-
cies is merely indicated by a paler shade adjacent to the darker and
irrorated outer two-thirds of the wing. In genitalia the two species
are scarcely distinguishable ; in the male genitalia slide of D. saccharella
in the United States National Museum the sacculus process is so closely
appressed to the harpe as to appear fused with it nearly to its tip.

MEM. AMER. ENT. soc., 13.

100 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

List oF GENERA AND SPECIES
(Synonyms in italics)

1. Coelopoeta Walsingham
1. glutinosi Walsingham
baldella Barnes and Busck
Onceroptila new genus
1. cygnodiella (Busck)
2. eremonoma new species
3. Stephensia Stainton
1. cunilae Braun
4. Hemiprosopa new genus
Eurynome Chambers of 1877, not of 1875
1. albella (Chambers )
5. Elachista Treitschke
Aphelosetia Stephens
Poeciloptilia H. S. (not Hbn.)
Phigalia Chambers
Hecista Wallengren
Aphigalia Dyar
1. epimicta new species
orestella Braun (not Busck)
2. symmorpha new species
3. orestella Busck
4. synopla new species
orestella Braun (not Busck)
5. spatiosa new species
6. aurocristata Braun
7. controversa Braun
8
9

w

albella (Chambers) (as Phigalia albella)
adempta nom. nov.
albella (Chambers) (as Laverna albella)
10. griseicornis Meyrick
11. acenteta new species
12. hololeuca new species
13. purissima new species
14. lamina new species
15. sincera Braun
16. parvipulvella Chambers
17. coniophora new species
18. hiberna new species
19. patriodoxa Meyrick

ANNEDTE F. BRAUN

irrorata Braun
philopatris Meyrick
fuliginea new species
oxytypa new species
pusilla Frey and Boll
unifasciella Chambers
maculoscella (Clemens )
excelsicola new species
stramineo!a Braun
leucofrons Braun
albicapitella Engel
sylvestris Braun
nitidiuscula new species
cucullata Braun

agilis Braun

leucosticta new species
texanica Frey and Boll
maritimella McDunnough
staintonella Chambers
cana Braun

amideta new species
inaudita Braun
tanyopis Meyrick
salinaris Braun
praelineata Braun
solitaria Braun
radiantella Braun
madarella (Clemens )
enitescens Braun
argentosa Braun

6. Cosmiotes Clemens

te

12.
%.

illectella Clemens
illicitella Dyar
praematurella Clemens
cristatella Chambers
albapalpella Chambers
herbigrada (Braun)
scopulicola new species

7. Dicranoctetes Braun
Donacivola Busck

Il.

brachyelytrifoliella (Clemens)
angularis Braun

MEM. AMER. ENT. Soc., 13. s

IOL

102

NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

Plate I

1.—Coelopoeta glutinosi Walsingham, venation. San Bernardino County,
Calif.

2.—Coelopoeta glutinosi Walsingham, abdominal spines (modified setae).
San Bernardino County, Calif.

3.—Elachista madarella (Clemens), lateral view of head, male. Cincin-
nati, Ohio.

4.—Hemiprosopa albella (Chambers), lateral view of head, male. Saska-
toon, Saskatchewan.

5.—Hemiuprosopa albella (Chambers), venation. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.

6.—Elachista epimicta new species, lateral view of head, male. Cincin-
nati, Ohio (paratype).

7.—Elachista albicapitella Engel, lateral view of head, male. Cincinnati,
Ohio.

8.—Elachista radiantella Braun, lateral view of head, male. Clermont
County, Ohio.

Plate II
Venation

9.—Onceroptila cygnodiella (Busck), female. Victoria, B. C.

. 10.—Stephensia brunnichiella (Linn.), male.
ig. 11.—Stephensia cunilae Braun, female. Adams County, Ohio (paratype).
ig. 12.—Dicranoctetes brachyelytrifoliella (Clemens), female. Mammoth Cave,

Ky.

. 13.—Elachista patriodoxa Meyrick, type, female. Muskoka, Ontario.

. 14.—Elachista hiberna new species, female. Pike County, Ohio (paratype).
. 15.—Elachista epimicta new species, male. Cincinnati, Ohio (paratype).
ig. 16.—Cosmiotes illectella Clemens, female; 16a, tip of fore wing, male; 16b,

tip of fore wing, female, showing “apical vein trifid at tip.” All
from Cincinnati, Ohio.

Plate II]

-. 17.—Elachista leucofrons Braun, venation. Cincinnati, Ohio.
ig. 18.—Elachista madarella (Clemens), venation. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Fig.

19.—Elachista irrorata Braun, venation. Cincinnati, Ohio,

ANNETTE F,. BRAUN 103

“

. 20.—Elachista radiantella Braun, venation. Clermont County, Ohio.
. 21.—Elachista albicapitella Engel, seta map of larva. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Fig. 22.—Elachista hiberna new species, dorsal view of larva; 22a, lateral view
of larva (X 10). Pike County, Ohio.
Fig. 23.—Elachista radiantella Braun, dorsal view of head and thoracic segments

of larva (xX 15). Clermont County, Ohio.

. 24.—Stephensia cunilae Braun, egg, greatly magnified. Adams County,
Ohio.

. 25.—Elachista hiberna new species, egg, greatly magnified. Pike County,

oo

Ohio.

. 26.—Elachista solitaria Braun, egg, greatly magnified. Adams County,

Ohio.

Plate IV

27.—Elachista argentosa Braun, mine on Carex (X 2). Cincinnati, Ohio.

¢. 28.—Elachista sylvestris Braun, mine on Poa sylvestris (natural size). Cin-

cinnati, Ohio.

. 29 —Elachista solitaria Braun, mine on Panicum clandestinum (natural

size). Adams County, Ohio.

. 30.—Elachista praelineata Braun, mine on Hystriv (natural size). The

figure shows the mine as it appears when viewed on the plant,
i.e. lower epidermis up. Cincinnati, Ohio.

. 31.—Elachista enitescens Braun, cocoon on Scirpus (xX 5). Cincinnati,

Ohio.

. 32.—Elachista madarella (Clemens), mine on Carex (34 natural size).
Cincinnati, Ohio.
Plate V
Pupae

All figures X 15 unless otherwise stated

. 33.—Stephensia cunilae Braun (X 20). Adams County, Ohio.

ig. 34.—Elachista hiberna new species. Pike County, Ohio.

. 35.—Elachista sylvestris Braun. Cincinnati, Ohio.

. 36.—Elachista leucofrons Braun. Cincinnati, Ohio.

. 37.—Elachista irrorata Braun; 37a, cross section through middle of third

abdominal segment. Cincinnati, Ohio.

. 38.—Elachista albicapitella Engel. Cincinnati, Ohio.
. 39.—Elachista epimicta new species. Cincinnati, Ohio.

MEM. AMER. ENT. Soc., 13.

104

NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE ( LEPIDOPTERA )

Plate VI
Pupae

All figures X 15 unless otherwise stated

. 40.—Elachista cucullata Braun, dorsal view; 40a, cross section through

middle of fourth abdominal segment. Cincinnati, Ohio.

. 41.—Elachista cucullata Braun, lateral view. Cincinnati, Ohio.

. 42.—Elachista radiantella Braun (X 20). Clermont County, Ohio.

. 43.—Elachista inaudita Braun, pupal skin of type. Sparrow Lake, Ontario.
ig. 44.—Elachista praelineata Braun (x 20). Cincinnati, Ohio.

ig. 45.—Elachista salinaris Braun, pupal skin of type. Bear River Bay, Great

Salt Lake, Utah.

Plate VII
Pupae

. 46.—Elachista solitaria Braun, dorsal view of pupal skin of type (xX 20);

46a, ventral view of the same. Powell County, Ky.

. 47.—Elachista enitescens Braun (X 15). Cincinnati, Ohio.

ig. 48.—Elachista madarella (Clemens) (X 15). Cincinnati, Ohio.
ig. 49.—Elachista argentosa Braun (xX 20). Cincinnati, Ohio.

eg. 50.—Cosmiotes illectella Clemens (X 20). Cincinnati, Ohio.

g. 51.—Dicranoctetes brachyelytrifoliella (Clemens), female (x 20). Cecil

Bay, Mich.

Plate VIII
Male Genitalia

ge. 52.—Stephensia cunilae Braun, paratype, ventral view; 52a, aedeagus.

Adams County, Ohio.

. 53.—Onceroptila eremonoma new species, type, ventral view; 53a, aedeagus.

Eureka, Utah.

. 54.—Onceroptila cygnodiella (Busck), ventral view; 54a, aedeagus. Vic-

toria, B. C.

. 55. —Coelopoeta glutinosi Walsingham, lateral view, with left harpe

removed; 55a, ventral view of anellus, vinculum and bases of
harpes; 55b, aedeagus. San Bernardino County, Calif.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.
Fig.

Fig.

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 105

Plate IX

Male Genitalia (most of left harpe omitted)

. 56.—Cosmiotes scopulicola new species, type, ventral view; 56a, aedeagus,

dorsal view. Huron Mts., Mich.

. /.—Cosmiotes herbigrada (Braun), ventral view; 57a, aedeagus, lateral

view. Rocky Mountain National Park, Colo.

. 58.—Hemiprosopa albella (Chambers), ventral view; 58a, aedeagus. Asso-

ciation Camp, Colo.

. 99.—Dicranoctetes brachyelytrifoliella (Clemens), ventral view; 59a,

aedeagus. Mammoth Cave, Ky.

Plate X

Male Genitalia (most of left harpe omitted)

. 60.—Elachista symmorpha new species, type, ventral view with left saccu-

lus process removed; 60a, aedeagus. Monache Meadows, Tulare
County, Calif.

61.—Elachista epimicta new species, paratype, ventral view; 6la, aedeagus.
Cincinnati, Ohio.

62.—Elachista orestella Busck, ventral view with left sacculus process
removed; 62a, aedeagus. Cohasset, Mass.

Plate XI

Male Genitalia (most of left harpe omitted)

. 63.—Elachista synopla new species, type, ventral view. Logan Canyon,

Cache County, Utah.

. 64.—Elachista coniophora new species, paratype, ventral view; 64a, aedea-

gus. San Diego, Calif.

. 65.—Elachista controversa Braun, paratype, ventral view. Monache

Meadows, Tulare County, Calif.

. 66.—Elachista aurocristata Braun, paratype, ventral view. Glacier National

Park, Montana.

Plate Dor
Male Genitalia (most of left harpe omitted)

67.—Elachista acenteta new species, type, ventral view with left sacculus
process removed; 67a, aedeagus. Parrsboro, Nova Scotia.

68.—Elachista purissima new species, type, ventral view; 68a, aedeagus.
Summerland, B. C.

69.—Elachista griseicornis Meyrick, ventral view. Blackburn, Ontario.

MEM. AMER. ENT. Soc., 13.

106

NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

Plate XIII

Male Genitalia (most of left harpe omitted)

. 70.—Elachista albella (Chambers), ventral view. Lethbridge, Alberta.
. 7/1.—Elachista adempta nom. nov., ventral view ; 71a, aedeagus. Stockton,

Utah.
72.—Elachista hololeuca new species, type, ventral view; 72a, aedeagus.
Penticton, B. C.

Plate XIV

Male and Female Genitalia

. 73.—Elachista hiberna new species, paratype, ventral view of female geni-

talia. Pike County, Ohio.

. 74.—Elachista hiberna new species, paratype, ventral view of male geni-

talia. Cascapedia, Quebec.

. 75.—Elachista patriodoxa Meyrick, ventral view of male genitalia; 75a,

aedeagus. Trenton, Ontario.

. 76.—Elachista patriodoxa Meyrick, type, ventral view of female genitalia;

76a, one signum greatly enlarged. Muskoka, Ontario.

Plate XV

Male Genitalia

. 77.—Elachista irrorata Braun, ventral view, left harpe omitted; 77a, detail

of apex of aedeagus. Cincinnati, Ohio.

g. 78.—Elachista nitidiuscula new species, type, ventral view, left harpe

omitted. Cincinnati, Ohio.

. 79.—Elachista fuliginea new species, type, ventral view, left harpe omitted;

79a, aedeagus. Martha’s Vineyard, Mass.

. 80.—Elachista oxytypa new species, paratype, right harpe; 80a, aedeagus.

Bradore Bay, Quebec.

. 81—Elachista sylvestris Braun, paratype, ventral view, left harpe omitted.

Cincinnati, Ohio.

Plate XVI

Male Genitalia (most of left harpe omitted)

. 82.—Elachista excelsicola new species, type, ventral view; 82a, aedeagus.
Pp J

Mt. Washington, New Hampshire.

. 83.—Elachista stramineola Braun, ventral view. Victoria, B. C.
. 84—Elachista leucofrons Braun, ventral view. Cincinnati, Ohio.

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 107

Plate XVII

Male Genitalia (most of left harpe omitted)

Fig. 85.—Elachista maritimella McDunnough, paratype, ventral view; 85a,
aedeagus. Bathurst, New Brunswick.

Fig. 86.—Elachista albicapitella Engel, ventral view ; 86a, tip of vinculum viewed
laterally. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Fig. 87.—Elachista cana Braun, paratype, ventral view. Toiland, Colo.

Fig. 88.—Elachista amideta new species, paratype, ventral view. Ottawa, On-

tario.

Plate XVIII

Male Genitalia (most of left harpe omitted)

. 89.—Elachista leucosticta new species, type, ventral view; 89a, aedeagus.
Constance Bay, Ontario.

. 90.—Elachista cucullata Braun, paratype, ventral view with left sacculus

process removed to show the strongly sclerotized and thickened
lateral margins of the ventral plate of the anellus; 90a, aedeagus.
Cincinnati, Ohio.

. 91.—Elachista tanyopis Meyrick, ventral view. Bobcaygeon, Ontario.
g. 92.—Elachista salinaris Braun, paratype, ventral plate of anellus. Bear

River Bay, Great Salt Lake, Utah.
. 93.—Elachista agilis Braun, paratype, ventral view. Glacier National Park,
Montana.

Plate XIX

Male Genitalia (most of left harpe omitted)

. 94.—Elachista argentosa Braun, ventral view; 94a, aedeagus. Cincinnati,

Ohio.

. 95.—Elachista madarella (Clemens), ventral view; 95a, aedeagus. Cincin-

nati, Ohio.

. 96.—Elachista enitescens Braun, paratype, ventral view; 96a, aedeagus.

Cincinnati, Ohio.

. 97.—Elachista solitaria Braun, ventral view ; 97a, aedeagus. Powell County,

Ky.

. 98.—Elachista radiantella Braun, ventral view; 98a, aedeagus. Clermont

County, Ohio.

. 99.—Elachista praelineata Braun, paratype, ventral view; 99a, aedeagus.

Cincinnati, Ohio.

MEM. AMER. ENT. Soc., 13.

108 NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

Plate XX
Female Genitalia

Fig. 100.—Onceroptila cygnodiella (Busck), ventral view. Wawawai, Wash.

Fig. 101.—Coelopoeta glutinosi Walsingham, ventral view. San Bernardino
County, Calif.

Fig. 102.—Stephensia cunilae Braun, paratype, ventral view; a, signum. Adams
County, Ohio.

Fig. 103.—Cosmiotes illectella Clemens, ventral view, with ovipositor and bursa
copulatrix omitted; 103a, signum. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Fig. 104.—Cosmuotes herbigrada (Braun), type, ventral view. Cache County,
Utah.

Fig. 105.—Cosmuiotes scopulicola new species, allotype, ventral view, with ovi-
positor omitted. Huron Mts., Mich.

Fig. 106.—Dicranoctetes brachyelytrifoliella (Clemens), ventral view. Mam-
moth Cave, Ky.

late Ox

Female Genitalia

Fig. 107.—Elachista epimicta new species, allotype, ventral view with ovipositor
omitted. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Fig. 108.—Elachista aurocristata Braun, paratype, lateral view. Glacier National
Park, Montana.

Fig. 109.—Elachista spatiosa new species, type, ventral view. Loma Linda, Calif.

Fig. 110.—Elachista lamina new species, paratype, latero-ventral view, bursa
copulatrix omitted. Peachland, B. C.

Fig. 111.—Elachista orestella Busck, ventral view; 11la, greatly enlarged sec-
tion of the ductus bursae to show the dentate outer surface.
Westmount, Quebec.

Plate XXII

Female Genitalia

tor omitted. Summerland, B. C.

Fig. 113.—Elachista hololeuca new species, allotype, ventral view with oviposi-
tor omitted. Penticton, B. C.

Fig. 114.—Elachista acenteta new species, allotype, ventral view. Parrsboro,
Nova Scotia.

Fig. 115.—Elachista griseicornis Meyrick, ventral view with ovipositor omitted.
S. March, Ontario.

Fig. 116.—Elachista sincera Braun, type, ventral view. Cache County, Utah.

Fig. 112.—Elachista purissima new species, allotype, ventral view with oviposi-

a

Fig.

ANNETTE F. BRAUN 109

Plate XXIII

Female Genitalia

. 117.—Elachista irrorata Braun, ventral view; 117a, ostium and sclerotized

portion of ductus bursae further enlarged. Cincinnati, Ohio.

. 118.—Elachista oxytypa new species, allotype, ventral view with ovipositor

and bursa copulatrix omitted. Bradore Bay, Quebec.

. 119.—Elachista coniophora new species, allotype, ventral view with oviposi-

tor omitted. Colfax, Placer Co., Calif.

g. 120.—Elachista adempta nom. nov., ventral view with ovipositor omitted.

Stockton, Utah.

. 121.—Elachista albella (Chambers), ventral view with ovipositor omitted.

Colorado.

. 122.—Elachista fuliginea new species, allotype, ostium and sclerotized por-

tion of ductus bursae (to same scale as Figure 117a). Ottawa,
Ontario.

Plate XXIV

Female Genitalia

123.—Elachista excelsicola new species, allotype, ventral view; a, group of
teeth at inception of ductus seminalis, greatly enlarged. Mt.
Washington, New Hampshire.

. 124.—Elachista albicapitella Engel, ventral view with ovipositor omitted;

a, teeth at inception of ductus seminalis, greatly enlarged. Cin-
cinnati, Ohio.

g. 125.—Elachista mtidiuscula new species, allotype, ventral view with ovi-

positor omitted; a, teeth at inception of ductus seminalis, greatly
enlarged. Cincinnati, Ohio.

. 126.—Elachista leucofrons Braun, ventral view with ovipositor and bursa

copulatrix omitted; 126a, signum. Cincinnati, Ohio.

. 127.—Elachista stramineola Braun, type, ventral view. Glacier National

Park, Montana.

. 128.—Elachista sylvestris Braun, paratype, ventral view; 128a, greatly

enlarged section of ductus bursae showing opposing teeth at
inception of ductus seminalis. Cincinnati, Ohio.

MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 13.

1 fe)

Fig.

Fig.

NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA )

Plate XXV
Female Genitalia

129.—Elachista inaudita Braun, type, ventral view. Sparrow Lake, Ontario.

g. 130.—Elachista cucullata Braun, paratype, ventral view. Cincinnati, Ohio.
r. 131.—Elachista tanyopis Meyrick, ventral view. Alton, Maine.
ig. 132.—Elachista maritimella McDunnough, ventral view. Parrsboro, Nova

Scotia.

Plate XXVI

Female Genitalia

ig, 133.—Elachista radiantella Braun, ventral view; 133a, seventh tergite,

showing area of insertion of knobbed hairs; 133b, knobbed hairs
from tuft of seventh tergite, greatly magnified. Clermont County,
Ohio.

. 134.—Elachista praelineata Braun, ventral view; 134a, seventh tergite,

showing area of insertion of knobbed hairs, with four denser
tufts indicated; 134b, knobbed hairs from tuft of seventh tergite,
showing close insertion, greatly magnified. Cincinnati, Ohio.

135.—Elachista madarella (Clemens), ventral view; the setae fringing the
dorsal posterior margin of the eighth segment represented by
broken lines. Cincinnati, Ohio.

136.—Elachista enitescens Braun, ventral view; setae fringing the dorsal
posterior margin of the eighth segment indicated by fine broken
lines. Cincinnati, Ohio.

. 137.—Elachista argentosa Braun, ventral view; ovipositor removed to show

the strong setae fringing the dorsal posterior margin of the eighth
segment. Clermont County, Ohio.

Mem. Amer. Ent. Soc., No. 13. Pil,

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BRAUN—NORTH AMERICAN ELACHISTIDAE

INDEX
New genera, species and names are indicated by bold face numerals.
Names cited in synonymy are in ttalics.

acenteta, Elachista, 46
adempta, Elachista, 48
agilis, Elachista, 71
albapalpella, Elachista, 92
albella, Aphigalia, 41

Busckia, 18

Eurynome, 17

Laverna, 43

Mompha, 43

Neaera, 43

Phigalia, 41

Philonome, 18
albella, Elachista, 41

Hemiprosopa, 17
albicapitella, Aphelosetia, 66
albicapitella, Elachista, 66
amideta, Elachista, 76
angularis, Dicranoctetes, 98
Aphelosetia, 11, 18, 34, 55, 60, 61, 64,

66, 67, 70, 79, 84, 86, 88, 92, 98

Aphigalia, 18, 41
argentosa, Aphelosetia, 88
argentosa, Elachista, 88
aurocristata, Elachista, 40

baldella, Coelopoeta, 8

brachyelytrifoliella, Aphclosctia, 98
Elachista, 98

brachyelytrifoliella, Dicranoctetes, 98

cana, Elachista, 75
Coelopoeta, 7

coniophora, Elachista, 51
controversa, Elachista, 41
Cosmiotes, 89

Cosnuotes, 61, 84
cristatella, Elachista, 92

MEM. AM. ENT. Soc., 13.

cucullata, Aphelosetia, 70
cucullata, Elachista, 70
cuniiae, Stephensia, 15
cygnodiella, Aphelosetia, 11
cygnodiella, Onceroptila, 11

Dicranoctetes, 96
Donacivola, 96

Elachista, 18

Elachista, 91, 92, 94, 98
enitescens, Aphelosetia, 86
enitescens, Elachista, 86
epimicta, Elachista, 34
eremonoma, Onceroptila, 12
Eurynome, 16

excelsicola, Elachista, 62

fuliginea, Elachista, 57

glutinosi, Coelopoeta, 8
griseicornis, Elachista, 45

Hecista, 18
Hemiprosopa, 16
herbigrada, Cosmiotes, 94
herbigrada, Elachista, 94
hiberna, Elachista, 52
hololeuca, Elachista, 47

ilectella, Aphelosctia, 92
Elachista, 91
illectella, Cosmiotes, 91
inaudita, Elachista, 76
irrorata, Aphelosetia, 55
irrorata, Elachista, 55

lamina, Elachista, 48

il

Laverna, 43

leucofrons, Apkelosctia, 604
leucofrons, Elachista, 64
leucosticta, Elachista, 72

maculoscella, Aphelosetia, 61
Cosmuiotes, 61

maculoscella, Elachista, 61

madarella, Aphelosetia, 84
Cosmiotes, 84

madarella, Elachista, 84

maritimella, Elachista, 73

Mompha, 43

Neaera, 43
nitidiuscula, Elachista, 69

Onceroptila, 10

orestella, Aphelosetia, 34, 37
Elachista, 34, 38

oresteila, Elachista, 37

oxytypa, Elachista, 58

parvipulvelle, Elachista, 50
patriodoxa, Elachista, 54
Phigalia, 18, 41
philopatris, Elachista, 55
Poeciloptilia, 18

praelineata, Aphelosetia, 79

praelineata, Elachista, 79

pracmaturella, Aplelosetia, 92
Elachista, 92

purissima, Elachista, 48

pusilla, Elachista, 59

radiantella, Elachista, 82

salinaris, Elachista, 78
scopulicola, Cosmiotes, 95
sincera, Elachista, 49
solitaria, Elachista, 81
spatiosa, Elachista, 39
staintonella, Elachista, 74
Stephensia, 13
stramineola, Elachista, 62
sylvestris, Aphelosetia, 67
sylvestris, Elachista, 67
symmorpha, Elachista, 36
synopla, Elachista, 38

tanyopis, Elachista, 77
texanica, Elachista, 73

untfasciella, Aphelosetia, 60
unifasciella, Elachista, 60

By Ezra T. Cresson.
I pp, apace $3.00. No. 2, The Blattidae of North America,
he Mexican Boundary. By Morgan Hebard. 1917. 284
rice $5.50. No, 3. A Venational Study of the Suborder
( donata ), with Keys for the Identification of Genera. By

iz. 1919. 78 pp., 20 pls. Price $2.00. No. 4. The
1a. By Morgan Hebard. 1920. 148 pp., 60 pls.
“e The Pile oF agit eat ae in the cine of

rid: of N ake and Central toned iGdoactay’ By
- 1929. 68 pp., 4 pls. Price $2.00. No. 7, A Re
: TOUS ae aye oee ome in the United |

28250. N 0. ic The Generic N ‘ames MG the Spheenid
Napa ‘Vv. oo L. i poe 105 Pp.

ridae. ie Hees: K. Patines he 1944. 925. pp.
Jo. 12. The Biology and Identification of Trypetid
Tarris Phillips. 1946. 161 pp., 16 pls. Price.
chistidae of North America (Microlepidoptera)..
n. EL ePae 26 pls. Niele be

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relat eto pabicatons, address: .

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