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L, > S > MG 2 > = a Ui » = 2 N = 2 - n = n < w sl eS oe S gy NOHLNLILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS SAIUVYGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, NOILNLILSNI = z / ‘=;* ‘yy ( APR 29 a, MEMOIRS OF THE vent GAN ENEOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY NUMBER 27 A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF THE TRIBE PARYDRINI (DIPTERA: EPHYDRIDAE) BY PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY AT THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES PHILADELPHIA 1971 SELWYN S. ROBACK EDITOR (Issued Aapri=®O=—Biig ) APR 21 1979 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TABLE OF CONTENTS TRIGA: sole ech Ne rete, Ween) an AP DO Or oe TAK OIN(OIM Ga arr ses Beers Serie renin Scheer eee See ee Key to the Nearctic Parydra and Related Genera... GENUS Pan dra Stenhammar 25450) eee Key to the Species of the Genus Parydra Subgenus Parydra Stenhammar ....................0...00...... Subgenus Chaetoapnaea Hendel ....................0........... GENUS Callinapaea Sturtevant and Wheeler... Feo die Key to the Nearctic Species of the Genus Callinapaea .... GENUS vEuiaenionotum Oldenbers GEINWISER aio map aeae NN AnUIN yf ae. pe seen ete ee eee GKERATIORE CENED= 0 MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 wo A ee MEMOIRS OF THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY NUMBER 27 A REVISION OF THE NEARCTIC SPECIES OF THE TRIBE PARYDRINI (DIPTERA: EPHYDRIDAE) * ” BY Puitie J. CLAUSEN AND EDwInN F. Cook Department of Entomology, Fisheries, and Wildlife University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55101 INTRODUCTION Flies of the genus Parydra Stenhammar are rather humpbacked, acalyptrate Diptera belonging to the family Ephydridae or shore flies. The name Parydra is probably the result of an error in trans- literation of the Greek word zapvdpos (zap = par = by, near, be- side; and vdpes, masculine = hydra = water) and should have been spelled Parhydra. Nevertheless, the name Parydra, as it was origin- ally spelled, is the name we must use. The genus is world-wide in distribution and some species are apparently widely distributed. Little is known of the biology of either 1A modification of a dissertation by the senior author submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. 2 Paper No. 7168, Scientific Journal Series, Minnesota Agricultural Ex- periment Station, St. Paul, Minnesota 55101. MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 ida} || ws 2 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI the immatures or adults. As the name Parydra indicates, they are found on muddy shores where both adults and larvae may feed on algae. None are of any known economic importance. The classification of Ephydridae has been considered from the early 1900’s to 1949 in a multitude of papers by E. T. Cresson, Jr. and by Sturtevant and Wheeler in a 1954 paper. However, Wirth (1965a) indicates that more work is necessary in the subfamily Parydrinae and especially within the genus Parydra. Initially, Dr. Willis W. Wirth suggested that a comparative mor- phological study of the copulatory apparatus of selected nearctic species of the subfamily Parydrinae would contribute toward a better understanding of the group. After the senior author conducted this suggested study, it was apparent that a number of genera, including Parydra, seriously needed revision. It was also discovered that male genitalia offered excellent characters for species separation. Many of the difficulties encountered with Parydra seem to result from inadequate descriptions coupled with a lack of illustrations. Also, the adult morphology has never been discussed in detail and, as a result, the terminology has not been consistent. Intra-specific variation in characters has not been given enough consideration, and genitalic characters have been neglected. In consideration of these shortcomings, a revisional study of the nearctic species of the genus Parydra follows with sections on biology, adult morphology, and tax- onomy. ‘This study also includes three genera in addition to Parydra since the species within these genera were once placed in Parydra and certainly appear to be related to it. Parydra and these genera would all be placed within the tribe Parydrini as listed by Wirth (1965b). The taxonomic section contains keys to all genera, subgenera, species and subspecies described herein. Thirteen new species and one subspecies are described, while the existing nearctic species and subspecies are redescribed. Reference citations for all synonomies are provided except for catalogues and species lists. Illustrations of scutelli, and abdomens and genitalia of both sexes are provided in addition to wing pictures and distribution maps for most species. A total of 8,996 specimens were examined during the course of this study. Most specimens were borrowed from museums, institu- tions, and universities but many were collected locally. It should be understood that all nomenclatorial changes involved PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 3 in this paper are the sole responsibility of Clausen (not Clausen and Cook). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We wish to express our gratitude to Dr. Willis W. Wirth of the United States National Museum for suggesting a study of Parydra, and the senior author is most grateful to Dr. Michael G. Emsley formerly of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; Dr. Howard E. Evans of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Har- vard; Dr. Willis W. Wirth, Dr. Curtis W. Sabrosky, Mr. George C. Steyskal, and Dr. Allen Stone at the U.S. National Museum; and their staff for kindness and assistance provided during my visit to their institutions to examine types. For the generous loan of specimens, we offer our sincerest ap- preciation to Dr. Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., California Academy of Sci- ences; Dr. Warren T. Atyeo, University of Nebraska; Dr. G. E. Ball, University of Alberta; Dr. Edward U. Balsbaugh, Jr., South Dakota State University; Dr. W. F. Barr, University of Idaho; Dr. George W. Byers and Dr. Martin G. Naumann, University of Kansas; Dr. Brian H. Cogan, British Museum (Natural History); Dr. Howard E. Evans, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University; Dr. Roland L. Fischer, Michigan State University; Dr. Saul Frommer, University of California, Riverside; Dr. Leonara K. Gloyd, Illinois State Natural History Survey; the late Dr. Harold J. Grant, Jr. and Dr. Michael G. Emsley, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; Dr. Wilford J. Hanson, Utah State University; Dr. Karl-Johan Hedquist and Dr. Per Inge Person, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum, Stockholm; Dr. Charles L. Hogue, Los Angeles County Museum; Dr. Paul D. Hurd, Jr. and Dr. Jerry A. Powell, University of California, Berkeley; Dr. M. T. James, Washington State University; Dr. Jean L. Laffoon, Iowa State University; Dr. John D. Lattin, Oregon State University; Dr. Norman Marston, Kansas State University; Dr. Thomas E. Moore, University of Michigan; Dr. L. L. Pechuman, Cornell University; Dr. Donald K. Scharff, Montana State University; Dr. H. Schumann, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin; Dr. R. D. Shenefelt, University of Wisconsin; Dr. G. E. Shewell, Entomology Research Institute, Can- ada Dept. of Ag., Ottawa; Dr. Marion C. Smith, University of Mas- sachusetts; Dr. Charles A. Triplehorn, Ohio State University; Dr. V. MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 | we 4 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI R. Vickery, Macdonald College, Quebec; Dr. George E. Wallace, Car- negie Museum; Dr. Marshall R. Wheeler, University of Texas; Dr. Willis W. Wirth and Dr. Donald R. Davis, United States National Museum; and Dr. P. Wygodzinsky, American Museum of Natural History. Finally, the senior author wants to thank his wife, Lynette, and his sons for their help, encouragement, and patience during the prep- aration of this manuscript. METHODS All characters used by previous workers and a multitude of addi- tional characters were recorded on data sheets. The final data sheets, upon which the characters for each species were to be recorded, were 12 pages long. The first two pages provided space for recording the species name, types, type data, references to descriptions, notes on illustrations made, and biological data. On page 3, space was pro- vided for recording a number of measurements for the head, thorax, legs, wings, and abdomen of the type, 4 males, and 4 females. Space for wing vein ratios was provided on page 4. Pages 4-12 included a list of all of the characters of probable importance for the head, thorax, legs, abdomen, and wings with space provided to record the details of these characters for the type, 4 males, and 4 females. Attached to the data sheet were sheets upon which all of the locality data, sex, number, collector, and date was listed for each specimen of that species which was examined. From these data sheets it was pos- sible to determine the amount of variation present for each character listed. Adult specimens were borrowed from numerous institutions and some were collected in the field, and these specimens were then studied and separated into species groups, primarily on the basis of external characters. If any difficulties were encountered in identification, male and female abdomens and genitalia were examined in detail. Since almost all of the specimens for which the abdomens and genitalia were examined were pinned or point-mounted, it was neces- sary to relax the specimens prior to removing the abdomen to prevent damage. - Specimens were relaxed by sealing them for several hours in an airtight container with moist cotton treated with carbolic acid. PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 5) When the specimens were relaxed, the abdomens were removed from the thoraces using fine, jeweler’s forceps. The abdomens were then placed in small beakers containing a warm 10% solution of KOH for several minutes to dissolve the internal tissues. Abdomens were then transferred to distilled water where they were rinsed, and tracheae and gut contents were removed. The cuticle of many species was very dark and internal morphological details were often obscured. Consequently, the very dark abdomens were placed, for several sec- onds, in beakers containing warm 30% hydrogen peroxide. When sufficiently cleared, they were rinsed in distilled water and then placed in 95% ethyl alcohol to remove bubbles. Next, they were transferred to glycerin-filled, depression slides for examination and further dissection. In studying the general morphology, entire specimens, except wings, were cleared in the above manner. Any necessary illustrations were made while the specimens were in glycerin. Gross drawings were made first and then further dissec- tions were made where necessary. In females, the ventral receptacle was carefully removed from the abdomen and illustrated while in males the copulatory apparatus was removed and drawn. All draw- ings were made using a stereo dissecting microscope fitted with an ocular grid and heavy, tracing vellum with a grid paper beneath. All setae of no apparent value were omitted from the abdominal and genitalic illustrations. After examination and illustration, all dissected parts were placed in a microvial and returned to the pin which supported the remainder of the insect and data labels. Wings were photographed under a compound microscope, fitted with a single-lens reflex camera. The wing was removed from the specimen, placed on a microscope slide, when necessary wetted with water and unrolled, covered with a coverslip, photographed, dried, and cemented to a point which was placed on the pin with the re- mainder of the insect from which it was taken. BIOLOGY The biology of a few Ephydrids is well known, especially those species found in rather unusual habitats. For example, the biology MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 Ve 6 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI of Ephydrids which inhabit saline or alkaline lakes, those found in hot springs, some leaf-mining species, and of Helaeomyia petroli (Coquillett), which is found in crude oil pools, is well documented. However, very little is known of the biology of most Ephydrids and especially those of the genus Parydra. Nielson, Ringdahl, and Tuxen (1954) illustrate the larva of Parydra pusilla Meigen and mention that it is found in moist places such as bogs, rivulets, hot springs, and swamps. Dahl (1959) in- cludes a discussion of a number of Scandinavian Parydra (Napaea as he considers it) but mentions only the type of substrate upon which each species is found. Deonier (1965) apparently followed Dahl’s work and includes a number of species of Parydra for which he lists the percent presence and estimated abundance for each species on a number of substrates. In general, he found many species to be most abundant on the limnic wrack, mud shore, and sand shore habitats. Throughout these studies, the senior author has attempted to col- lect Parydra around swamps, ponds and lakes. He has had little suc- cess in these habitats and only an occasional specimen can be cap- tured. However, when one collects along streams or rivers, specimens of many species can be captured in great numbers. Consequently, it is believed that Parydra are generally stream-inhabiting forms, but Dahl (1959) and Deonier (1965) both fail to mention this. The adults can most commonly be observed on moist muddy sur- faces near or at stream margins. They prefer warm, sunny areas which are sheltered from the wind. Their movements while walking are slow and they appear to be reluctant to fly. If they do fly, it is only for short distances, and in flight they remain very close to the surface of the mud or water. Adults may often be seen walking on the water for short distances. They appear to graze the surface of the mud where they probably obtain algae as food. Thus far, we have been unsuccessful in determining what algae are included in the diet. An examination of gut contents is of little help since any algae contained therein are so badly damaged that they are unidentifiable. However, evidence does indicate that they feed on algae. Tuxen (1944) illustrates the pseudotracheae of Scatella thermarum Collin and discusses the function of the pseudotracheae in scraping several species of algae from rocks for food. Zavattari (1921) pictures the PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 7 pseudotracheae of Ephydra bivittata Loew and mentions its eating a species of algae. Ephydra subopaca Loew consumes algae as its major dietary constituent (Ping, 1921). Dahl (1959) and Deonier (1965) both present detailed discussions of the habitats upon which Parydra are found and they mention the fact that these habitats are rich in various algal species. Since Parydra have pseudotracheae much like those of algal feeding Ephydrids and they are abundant on algal rich substrates, it appears likely that their diet consists of living or dead algae. The senior author has observed several matings but has never seen any courtship or display performances. Males frequently pounce upon females or other males, apparently in an attempt to mate. When a male finds a receptive female, she spreads her wings. The male often taps or rubs her abdomen with his metathoracic tarsi and copu- lation ensues. During mating, the male perches on the thorax and abdomen of the female, but slightly behind the wing bases of the female. When the females of any of several species are confined to vials with about 1 centimeter of stream mud on the bottom, eggs are occa- sionally laid. The eggs are always placed on the side of the vial, about 1 centimeter or more above the surface of the mud. They are white and embedded in a cream-colored, granulose matrix. All the eggs in the cluster are parallel and identically oriented so that all larvae emerge on the same side of the egg mass. Parydra aquila aquila and P. quadrituberculata produce clusters of 1 to 8 eggs while P. brevi- ceps and P. parasocia deposit them in clusters of 1 to 3 eggs. The eggs of the former species are about 0.8 mm long and those of the latter are about 0.6 mm long. In the field, eggs are usually found on rocks along stream margins (Fig. 222), but. where there are no rocks they may be found on fallen tree leaves and branches. Whether placed on rocks, leaves, or branches, they are always above the level of the moist substrate. While walking along a stream, one can easily spot the tiny, white, egg masses which are very conspicuous against their darker backgrounds. The eggs usually hatch in 2 or 3 days but all attempts to rear the larvae failed. However, there are probably three larval instars with pupation occuring within the last larval skin, as is the case with other Ephydrids and higher Diptera. The tiny first instar larvae of P. quadrituberculata are white and MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 Ee ee eeeeeeeeEEeEooeeeeEeeEeeeEeEeEeEeEeews 8 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI covered with reddish-brown setae. Anteriorly, long mouth hooks are apparent while two, short, spiracular horns are conspicuous posterior- ly. The mouth hooks are separate and untoothed, and the spiracular horns are bare except for an apical ring of setae around the spiracular plate. In general, they are very similar to the larvae of P. pusilla as illustrated by Neilson, Ringdahl, and Tuxen (1954). ADULT MORPHOLOGY Most papers dealing with Ephydrid taxonomy fail to present any discussion on morphology except that included in the descriptions of taxa. The few publications with discussions on external morphology fall short of covering all aspects in detail. Zavattari (1921) presents numerous illustrations of internal and external morphology of all stages of Ephydra bivittata Loew. However, Zavattari’s drawings are rather crude, his terminology is primitive, and he fails to include adult chaetotaxy. Tuxen (1944) illustrates the head, mouthparts, wings, portions of legs, and male genitalia of several species of Sca- tella, but he fails to label drawings and his morphological discussion lacks detail. In 1959, Dahl includes some morphology on the head, mouthparts, legs, and male and female abdomens of many Ephydrids. He also presents limited illustrations on the chaetotaxy of the head and thorax of a generalized Ephydrid. Nevertheless, Dahl’s illustra- tions are diagrammatic, he fails to illustrate male abdomens or geni- talia, and his discussions lack detail. Deonier (1964) illustrates Ephydra riparia, labeling most of the significant setae of the head and thorax, and naming most of the pleural sclerites of the thorax. A number of authors have considered certain morphological areas of a few selected species of Ephydrids in detail. Peterson (1916) in- cludes drawings and discussion on the head and mouthparts of Ochthera mantis and Frey (1921) discussed the mouthparts of sev- eral species of Ephydridae. Strickland (1953) describes the ptilinal armature of four species of Ephydrids. Becker (1896 & 1926) and Griinberg (1910) illustrates the heads, wings and thoracic chaetotaxy of a number of species; Young (1921) included an illustration of the lateral aspect of the thorax and preabdomen of Parydra limpidipen- nis, Curran (1934) contains many drawings of heads and wings of many species; and Cresson (1934) illustrates the heads, wings, and PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 9 scutelli of several species of Beckeriella. Séguy (1934) included some drawings of heads, mouthparts, thoracic chaetotaxy, and many wing pictures. Cole (1927) illustrated and described the genitalia of several species of Ephydrids. Collin (1930) illustrated the tergite 9 + surstyli of three species of Scatella and used the differences as characters for separating the three species. Bolwig (1940) illustrated the internal and external reproductive organs of Scatophila unicornis but the drawings were crude. Later Wirth (1948 and 1964) and Frey (1958) illustrated portions of the genitalia and used them in separating species of several genera of Ephydrids. Grigarick (1959) illustrates male and female abdomens, wings, and setal placement on the thoracic dorsum of Hydrellia griseola but gives no morphological discussion. In view of the absence of detailed morphological studies on Ephydrids, a detailed study of Parydra quadrituberculata Loew will follow. It is hoped that this discussion will not only be useful in the included revision of the genus Parydra but also to taxonomists work- ing on other Ephydrids. It should be mentioned that the morphological terms contained herein are primarily those of Crampton (1942) and Kim and Cook (1966). Commonly used taxonomic terms are placed in parentheses after the morphological term. Sexual dimorphism is very slight except for differences in the postabdominal structure, and in one species of each of the genera Parydra and Callinapaea where there is a difference in setal density on the mesofemur. Head (Figs. 1, 2, 3, 6 and 8) The head capsule of Parydra, Callinapaea, Eutaenionotum, and Rhinonapaea is basically spheroidal, but compressed in the cervical region and truncate at the oral margin. Anteriorly the head capsule consists almost entirely of the frons (Fig. 6) which is divided above the antennae by the ptilinal suture into the upper area or postfrons (front) and the lower area or prefrons (face). The postfrons may be subdivided into two areas, the orbit and the front. The orbit is the narrow strip along the anterodorsal mar- gin of the eyes and the front is the area between the two orbits (Figs. 3 and 6). One distinct row of small to large setae is borne on the MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 (n ws 10 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI orbit near the margin of the compound eye and these are collectively called the orbital setae (orbitals or fronto-orbitals). Several indis- tinct rows of small setae are borne on the front near the orbital mar- gins and are called the frontal setae. Within the front lies an area known as the frontalia or frontal vitta which is poorly defined in Parydra and can most readily be noticed by color differences in the pruinosity of the frontalia and surrounding areas. The dorsal-most portion of the head is often called the vertex, and the vertex bears two pair of setae, the inner vertical setae and outer vertical setae (Fig. 3). Three ocelli are located on a raised area or tubercule on the vertex which may be called the vertical triangle or ocellar tri- angle. Several sets of setae are located on the ocellar triangle: an anterior pair of large ocellar setae, 1 or 2 pairs of interocellar setae, and several pairs of postocellar setae (Fig. 3). The ptilinal suture is the only anterior suture and extends from above the antennal bases to a point below the compound eye (Fig. 1). As several workers have mentioned (Crampton 1942, Ferris 1950, and Kim and Cook 1966), the ptilinal suture is not the frontal suture of lower insects as used by Peterson (1916). The prefrons (face) is very large and prominent. On the pre- frons, between the antennal foramina and the ptilinal suture, is a very narrow sclerite of questionable origin known as the frontal lunule. Between and slightly below the antennal foramina is the facial carina (facial protuberance used herein) which is not a keel or ridge in Parydra, Callinapaea, Eutaenionotum or Rhinonapaea as the name implies, but is reduced to a small rounded protuberance. Below the antennal foramina and on each side of the facial carina (facial pro- tuberance) are slight concavities, the facial cavities, in which the antennae often rest. A slight ridge is located along the lateral mar- gins of the prefrons, below the facial cavities. On each of these ridges (Figs. 1 and 6) there is a row of setae with the dorsal setae usually being the largest. At this point we encounter problems in naming the ridge and the setal row. One of the characters listed for the family Ephydridae is the absence of distinct oral vibrissae, and with this we must agree since there is no vibrissal angle. Cresson (1949) considers the above mentioned setal row as being on the faci- alia which is a term considered by Crampton (1942) as synonomous with facial ridge. If we consider the ridge as the facial ridge, the PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 1] setae borne thereon become vibrissae by definition. More recently Sturtevant and Wheeler (1954) and Wirth (1965a) consider the setae as facial setae. The senior author does not fully approve of this term because it gives no indication as to the location of these setae on the face, and many Ephydrids have setae placed elsewhere on the pre- frons. The term parafacial setae seems to be more descriptive, but the parafacial area by definition (Crampton, 1942) lies between the ptilinal suture and the compound eye, not on the facial side of the ptilinal suture. However, it seems possible that these setae are in fact the parafacials and the prefrons has expanded to encompass them. This seems especially likely since the prefrons is very large in Parydra and many other Ephydrids. The opening of the anterior tentorial pit is not apparent externally but is located below the gena, near the lateral-most extensions of the prefrons (Fig. 1). The area below the eye and above the posterior extension of the prefrons is the gena and may be subdivided into 3 areas, the supra-, infra-, and subgena. These areas are not at all well defined in Pary- dra but the infragena is marked by the location of the large, anterior- projecting, infragenal seta (Fig. 1). The antennae (Figs. 1, 3 and 6) are each composed of 3 large basal segments and an arista which appears to have 2 segments. The first segment, the scape, is very narrow and ring-like. The pedicel, which is the second segment, is much larger than the first and some- what conical in shape. Apically, the pedicel bears a large dorsal seta and several large ventral setae. The third segment, the flagellum (postpedical of Frey, 1921) is larger than the second and spheroidal. Dorsolaterally, the flagellum bears the arista. The arista consists of a small, short, ring-like, basal segment and a long, flagellate, terminal segment which is bare to slightly plumose. Posteriorly, the head capsule is composed of a median sclerite, the occiput, which extends dorsally from the occipital foramen to the vertex and laterally to the premandibular suture. The premandibular suture runs vertically from the occipital foramen to a point near the vertex where it angles outward towards the compound eyes. The large area lateral to the premandibular suture, extending laterally to the eyes and ventrally to the posterior tentorial pits, is called the postgena. The postoccipital suture (postoccipital sulcus of Snod- grass, 1960) circles the occipital foramen dorsally and joins to the MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 (Fp) Vs 12 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI posterior tentorial pits laterally. The suture has a sharp dorsomedial peak which projects into the occiput. The posterior tentorial pits are very long and narrow, and extend obliquely from the occipital fora- men towards the posterior-lateral margins of the head capsule. A small cervical condyle (Bonhag, 1951) is located on each side of the occipital foramen between the premandibular and _ postoccipital sutures. The hypostomal bridge (Snodgrass, 1935 and Bonhag 1951 equals the maxillary segment of Ferris, 1950 and Hoyt, 1952) con- nects the postgenae below the occipital foramen. The setae on the posterior of the head capsule are very small. There is a dense cluster of setae on the base of the occiput, just above the postoccipital suture on each side of the peak, which are the occipital setae (Ferris, 1950). A number of postorbital setae may be found on the postgena. The mouthparts are a large and conspicuous portion of the head of Parydra, and they are basically of the nonpiercing muscoid form. The mouthparts or proboscis may be subdivided into three parts; the basiproboscis or rostrum, the medioproboscis or haustellum, and the distiproboscis consisting of the labial palpi or labella. The basiproboscis is composed of the clypeus, fulcrum, maxillary palpi, cardo-stipital rods, maxillary endite, and the labrum (Figs. 1 and 8). The clypeus (tormae of Peterson, 1916) is a large, narrow sclerite which extends anteriorly and laterally around the oral margin of the head capsule, and is often partially withdrawn into the oral margin of the head capsule. The clypeus is attached by a membrane to the dorsal prefrons and ventral labrum. Posteriorly, the clypeus is fused to the fulcrum. The fulcrum (Figs. 1 and 8) of Parydra is an intricate internal sclerite which is mostly contained within the head capsule, but distally articulates with the proximal labial plate and the labrum. The maxillae of Parydra are very reduced. The maxillary palpi are present and long with one large subapical seta, and numer- ous Other long and short setae. The base of the palpus is very nar- row and pointed, and it seems to be associated with the Y-shaped, cardo-stipital rod or cardo-stipes (Hoyt, 1952) (Fig. 1). Fused to the anteroventral branch of the Y-shaped cardo-stipital rod is an elongate lobe which may be either the galea or lacinia. It is impos- sible to determine whether the lobe is the galea or lacinia but since it is definitely an endite lobe of the maxilla, we prefer to consider it as the maxillary endite (Hoyt, 1952 and Matsuda, 1965 = maxil- PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 13 lary lobe of Ferris, 1950). The base of the labrum articulates with the anterodistal lobe of the fulcrum. The labrum is basically tri- angular in shape, often with a pointed apex and bearing variously placed round sensillae (Fig. 1). The labrum forms the anterior or dorsal cover for the food channel as the epipharynx is formed by the sclerotized inner surface of the labrum. The oral opening is at the base of the labrum. The mandibles are absent in Parydra. The medioproboscis consists only of the sclerites of the labium, excluding the labial palpal segments. The sclerites of the medio- proboscis are the proximal labial plate, labial lonchus, anterior labial plate, and prementum (Figs. 1 and 8). The proximal labial plate is a small, ellipsoidal sclerite which connects the fulcrum and the an- terior labial plate. On the anterior surface and near the base of the anterior labial plate is a small triangular sclerite, the labial lonchus (Hoyt, 1952) called the hypopharynx by Peterson (1916), Frey (1921), Snodgrass (1935), and Crampton (1942). Ferris (1950) called it the salivary stylet, and Matsuda (1965) called it the hypo- pharyngeal stylet. Beneath the labial lonchus and attached basally to the proximal labial plate is a long, trough-shaped sclerite known as the anterior labial plate (Hoyt, 1952). At the apex of the anterior labial plate are two small, lateral sclerites of the distiproboscis known as the labial sclerites (labial sclerite of Kim and Cook, 1966). The posterior of the mediproboscis is enclosed by a very large, hemispheri- cal sclerite known as the prementum by Hoyt (1952) who indicates that the mentum is lost. The prementum of Parydra is covered with numerous small setae (Fig. 1). The distiproboscis is composed of the labial sclerites, 2 labial palpal segments, and the pseudotrachaea (Figs. 1 and 8). The labial sclerites are very small and connect the anterior labial plate with labial palpal sclerite 2. Hoyt (1952) considers these labial sclerites as fragments of the labial palpal segment 1. Labial palpal segment 1 may consist of either a single large sclerite which extends around the posterior of the proboscis or two lateral sclerites with a narrow suture on the midline of the posterior of the proboscis. Labial palpal segment 2 is divided into two lateral fragments which bear the pseudotracheae. Crampton (1942), Hoyt (1952), and Kim and Cook (1966) consider these segments as labial palpal segments 1 and 2, but Peterson (1916), Frey (1921), and Matsuda (1965) MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 — mn 14 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI consider them as the furca and epifurca respectively. The pseudo- tracheae are borne on labial palpal segment 2 and are very complex structurally. Ephydrid pseudotracheae have been illustrated by Peterson (1916), Frey (1921), Zavattari (1921) and Tuxen (1944). The thickenings of the pseudotracheae are very long and appear to be similar to those illustrated by Tuxen (1944) with a hair-like process near the tip but no apical spines. Tuxen called the thickenings “scrapers”. The head is attached to the thorax by means of two triangular sclerites, the cervical sclerites (Figs. 1, 3 and 6), which articulate anteriorly to the cervical condyles of the head capsule and posteriorly to pre-episternum I of the thorax. Though the cervical sclerites are believed to be of prothoracic origin, we have discussed them in con- nection with the head because they have been so illustrated in the plates. Thorax (Figs. 2, 4 and 5) The terminology used here follows that of Ferris (1940 and 1950), Matsuda (1960) and Kim and Cook (1966). As in Diptera in general, the prothorax and metathorax are greatly reduced in Parydra, Callinapaea, Eutaenionotum and Rhinonapaea, and the mesothorax with the powerful flight muscles constitutes the bulk of the thorax. The only sclerites of the prothorax that can be recog- nized are the pre-episternum, humerus, and katepisternum. The pre-episternum is a narrow sclerite surrounding the anterior thoracic foramen, and the humerus or humeral callus is found on each side of the prescutum anterior to the mesothoracic spiracle. A number of small setae are found on the humerus. The katepisternum is a triangular sclerite located between the coxa and the midventral line. The two katepisternal sclerites meet along the midventral line, and in P. quadrituberculata each bears a large curved spine, the katepister- nal spine, on the margin adjacent to the coxa (Fig. 5). The mid- ventral line may indicate the point of invagination of the sternal sclerites (Kim and Cook, 1966). The mesothorax may be divided into a dorsal area, the mesono- tum, and a pleural area, the mesopleuron. The mesonotum covers most of the dorsal surface of the thorax and may be divided into four regions: the prescutum, scutum, scutellum, laterotergite (meta- PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 15 pleuron), and mediotergite (postscutellum) (Figs. 2 and 4). The prescutum is bounded anteriorly by the prescutal suture, laterally by the notopleural or dorso-pleural suture, and posteriorly by the incom- plete intrascutal suture. On each side of the prescutum, there is a cluster of small posthumeral setae, several small and often one large presutural setae, and two large notopleural setae with the posterior seta being the largest. The scutum lies behind the prescutum above the wing bases, and anterior to the scutellum. Laterally, the scutum bears several rows of small intraalar setae with a large posterior intraalar seta. This large posterior intraalar seta has previously been known as the supra-alar seta by many authors (recently, Dahl, 1959; Deonier, 1964; and Wirth, 1965a) but I believe that this seta in Parydra is situated too far to the pos- terior to be the supra-alar. Evidently, Cresson (1949) believed this also as he lists no supra-alar setae in his morphological discussion of his genus Parydra but instead lists postalar setae. Cresson’s interpre- tation seems to agree with those of Sturtevant (1921) and Ferris (1950) on Drosophilidae and that of Kim and Cook (1966) on Sphacroceridae. However, the senior author maintains that this seta is actually a member of the intraalar series and not separate as indi- cated when called the postalar seta. On the scutum but near its junction with the scutellum, there is a large seta placed between the intraalar series and the dorsocentral series. The senior author has named this seta the prescutellar seta. Recently Dahl (1959), Deonier (1964), and Wirth (1965a) call this seta an intraalar, but Cresson (1949) indicates it as being the prescutellar dorsocentral. Since it is prescutellar in position but clearly not in line with the dorsocentral row, the senior author pre- fers to consider it as the prescutellar seta. The scutellum (Figs. 2, 4 and 5) is a large, posterior-projecting sclerite which extends well beyond the junction of the thorax and the abdomen. Two pairs of large setae and a number of small setae are borne on the scutellum. The two large setae located near the apex of the scutellum are the apical scutellar setae, and the two lateral or dorsolateral setae are the lateral scutellar setae. Boh of these pairs of setae may have large tuberculate bases. The apex of the scutel- lum, between the apical scutellar setae, may have a small to large, variously-shaped, process which we have termed the apical scutellar MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 16 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI process. Cresson (1949 and in many previous papers) calls this process the “apical, unarmed, scutellar tubercule” and Sturtevant and Wheeler (1954) consider it as the apical papilla. Since Cresson’s name for the process may be confused with the armed or setose tuber- cules, and since the word papilla means “a soft projection” which the apical process certainly is not, we prefer the term, apical process. The postnotum is located below the scutellum and the posterior portion of the scutum. The postnotum is divided into two lateral sclerites, the laterotergites (metapleuron), and a large median scler- ite, the mediotergite (postscutellum), which posteriorly joins the two laterotergites (Fig. 2). The pleural area of the mesothorax consists of an anterior area, the episternum, and a posterior area, the epimeron, which are sep- arated by the pleural suture. The episternum is subdivided into the anepisternum, pre-episternum, and katepisternum and all three are evident (Figs. 2 and 5). The anepisternum (mesopleuron) is de- fined dorsally by the notopleural or dorsopleural suture and ventrally by the anepisternal suture. The pre-episternum is a large lateroven- tral sclerite delineated dorsally by the anepisternal suture, anteriorly by the coxal cavity of the prothorax, posteriorly by the pleural and precoxal sutures, and medially by the midventral line. The katepi- sternum is a very narrow, ventral sclerite located just anterior to the mesothoracic coxal cavity, and defined anteriorly by the precoxal suture and posteriorly by the coxal cavity. The anepisternum and pre-episternum both bear a number of small setae and often one seta is very large on each sclerite. The anepisternal setae are called the sternopleural setae (Fig. 2). The epimeron is subdivided into the anepimeron and the kat- epimeron (Fig. 2) by the anepimeral suture. Near the antero-dorsal margin of the anepimeron is a small sclerite known as the prealar apophysis while near the posterior-dorsal margin is a triangular sub- alar (Fig. 2). No mesothoracic sternites are visible. The metathorax is considerably reduced, but anteriorly a small anepisternum, below the katepimeron II, and a large, ventral epi- sternum are still evident (Figs. 2 and 5). Posterior to the pleural suture which extends from the spiracle to the coxal cavity is a long, narrow, triangular sclerite which is all that remains of the epimeron (Figs 2 and 5). No metathoracic sternites remain. PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 7) The legs of Parydra are typical of those of most acalyterate Dip- tera and each possesses a coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and five tarsal segments (Fig. 9). The only setae of apparent taxonomic importance are those located at the apex of the tibia of each leg and the posterior flexor row of setae of the mesothoracic legs. In Parydra, the wing venation and color often provide good spe- cific characters. The terminology used herein for wing venation fol- lows the Comstock-Needham system (Fig. 184). The costa extends to the Mi+.2 and has two breaks, 1 near the humeral crossvein (h) and one near the Junction of Ri and the costa. The subcosta is rather indistinct but can be seen lying close to the Ri, just beyond the humeral crossvein. The Ri is short and distinct. The R» and Rz are fused to form the Re+3, and likewise the Rs and Rs are fused to pro- duce the Ris. The first two medial veins are fused, forming the Mi+2. The third medial vein has fused with the cubital vein to pro- duce the Ms;,Cu1. In addition to the humeral crossvein, two other crossveins are found. The r-m or anterior crossvein joins the R4+5 with the M:+., and the m or posterior crossvein joins the Mi +»2 with the Mz3;Cui. Numerous setae are found along the costa but none appear to be of any taxonomic importance. The wing base of Pary- dra is very complex and I have not attempted an interpretation of its morphology. In some specimens of some species, there is a small appendage situated near the apex of the Re:3. The presence of this appendage has been used as a character in species recognition in the past, but there is considerable variability in the occurrence of this appendage. It seems to be usually present in some species, usually absent in others, totally absent in some, and occasionally a specimen is en- countered with the appendage present in one wing but lacking in the other. Consequently, it is not a reliable character for species identification. The metathoracic halteres (Fig. 7) are composed of a scabellum, pedicel, and a capitellum. The basal scabellum and the basal portion of the pedicel both have two small sclerites and a set of sensoria. The sensoria appear to be very complex in structure and similar to those illustrated by Kim and Cook (1966). The capitellum is mem- branous and without any sclerites, but it bears 2 sets of tiny setae and is covered with microtrichia. MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 18 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI Abdomen (Figs. 10-143) In this section, the senior author has almost exclusively used the terminology of Crampton (1942) except that he has used the term gonites rather than gonopophyses and gonal arch for a sclerite which posteriorly connects the paired gonites. Crampton considered that primitive Diptera have 11 abdominal segments with the first 8 segments each having a pair of spiracles. However in Parydra and related genera, one can observe a maximum of 8 tergites, 9 sternites, and the cerci in the females of some species; and 6 tergites, 7 sternites, and the cerci in the males of some species. Both males and females have only 6 pairs of spiracles with 1 pair in or associated with each of the first 6 segments. The abdomen of both males and females may be divided into the preabdomen and postabdomen (Crampton, 1942). The preabdomen consists of the first 5 segments and the segments posterior to the fifth are contained in the postabdomen. The postabdomen of males is highly modified while that of the females is reduced, and such is the case with Parydra. The preabdomens of both males and females are morphologically the same and will be discussed together, but the postabdomens will be discussed separately. The preabdomen of both sexes consists of 5 segments and the tergites of these segments are always present. Tergite 1 is never fused to the second as was illustrated by Young (1921), but has a narrow dorsal sclerite and two, somewhat triangular, lateral sclerites. Tergites 2 through 5 are similar and extend around the dorsum and pleurum. There appears to be a fine lateral suture across tergites 2 through 5 in some specimens of most species (Figs. 14 and 16 for example). Spiracle 1 is located in the membrane near each of the triangular lateral sclerites, and spiracles 2 through 5 are situated within their respective tergites but near the ventral tergal margins. Sternite 1 is occasionally missing or greatly reduced, and when pres- ent may be variously shaped. Sternites 2 through 5 are apparently always present but variously shaped. Sternite 5 in some species is closely associated with the genital apparatus. The male postabdomen of Parydra and related genera is highly modified and most of the segments are no longer apparent. There is no rotation of the postabdomen but tergites 6 through 8 are ap- PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 19 parently absent. The only visible tergite is that of 9 and with it are fused the paired surstyli (Figs. 10-43 and 76-111). In Callinapaea aldrichi the paired surstyli are not only fused to tergite 9 but are also fused to each other along the midventral line (Figs. 41 and 109). Sternite 6 is apparently present in some species of Parydra, Eutaeni- onotum guttipennis, and Rhinonapaea metallica and closely associated with the paired gonites. Apparently in Callinapaea aldrichi, sternites 6 and 7 are present but only 7 is connected to the gonites (Fig. 109). The only visible postabdominal spiracle is that of segment 6 which lies in the membrane between tergites 5 and 9. The genitalic com- ponents are the aedeagus, aedeagal apodeme, paired gonites, in some species a gonal arch, and in a few species an accessory aedeagal sclerite of unknown origin (Figs. 76-111). In some species the aedeagus and aedeagal apodeme are fused, and this is usually the case in the species of the subgenus Chaetoapnaea. A gonal arch, which posteriorly joins the paired gonites, is usually present in the subgenus Parydra but usually absent in Chaetoapnaea. From what the gonal arch is derived is unknown. The paired gonites are vari- ously shaped and sometimes bear long setae. The genitalic com- ponents provide excellent characters for species separation. The postabdomen of females of Parydra and related genera (Figs. 44-75) is considerably reduced, but not elongated as in many higher Diptera (Crampton, 1942). Tergites 6 through 8 are present but usually much narrower than those of the preabdomen. Only the paired cerci remain posterior to tergite 8. Sternites 6 through 8 are always present and variously shaped, and in a few species a ninth sternite may be found. The genital opening lies posterior to sternite 8 and anterior to 9 where present. The only postabdominal spiracle is that of segment 6 and it is found in tergite 6 near the ventral tergal margin. Internally one finds a single sclerotized receptacle which Sturtevant (1926) calls the ventral receptacle. He notes that in ad- dition to the sclerotized ventral receptacle there are two dorsal, un- sclerotized spermathecae but the only sperm found are contained in the ventral receptacle. The ventral receptacles of Parydra and related genera (Figs. 112-143) are variously detailed but basically mush- room-shaped and consist of a large, inward-folded sack. The ster- nites of the postabdomen and ventral receptacles provide reasonably useful characters for species separation. MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 20 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI TAXONOMY Key TO THE NEARCTIC PARYDRA AND RELATED GENERA 1. Anterior crossvein (r-m, Fig. 184) located directly below junction of R, and costa, and/or anterior crossvein intercepting R,,; at 1/5 or less of distance from junction of Ry,; and Ry, 3 to costa, costal section of wing from R,; to Ryi3 2.8 to 6.0 times distance from Ro,3 to R415, Wings as in Figs. 218 through 221, rare ...............csseccceceesecereeeeeeeee 2 Anterior crossvein located distinctly beyond junction of R, and costa, and anterior crossvein intercepting R,,; at 1/4 or more of distance from junction of Ry,; and Ry, to costa, costal section of wing from R, to R,,3 0.6 to 3.3 times distance from Ry,3 to R4y.5, wings as in Figs. L85ethrouchs 217/- icommiom eee sscesseeee cece eee Parydra 2. Costal section of wing from R, to Ry 3 2.8 to 3.9 times the distance from Roig to Rais, wings) as int Figs, 220) and) 22 1 eer. seen eee 3 Costal section of wing from R, to Rg.3 4.7 to 6.0 times distance from Ro13 to R45, wings as in Figs. 218 and 219 ................ Callinapaea 3. Orbital setae small, about 1/6 the length of either inner or exterior vertical setae, male abdomen and genitalia as in Figs. 42 and 110, female abdomen and ventral receptacle as in Figs. 74 and 142, wing as in Fig. 220 .... Eutaenionotum [Eutaenionotum guttipennis (Stenhammar)] Orbital setae large, subequal in length to either inner or exterior vertical setae, male abdomen and genitalia as in Figs. 43 and 111, female abdo- men and ventral receptacle as Figs. 75 and 143, wing as in Fig. 221 .... Ja ee Rhinonapaea [Rhinonapaea metallica (Cole) ] Genus PARYDRA Stenhammar Napaea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830:799. (preocc. Hiibner, 1819:pl. 34, as listed in Hemming 1937 (1): 330, 339-340, 413, 442 and Hemming 1937 (2): 87, 98, 100, 122, 228). Type-species, Napaea stagnicola Robineau- Desvoidy, 1830:799-800 = Ephydra coarctata Fallén (Westwood 1840: 153). Haliday 1939:407; Hendel 1910:312; Cresson 1918:64; Tullgren and Wahlgren 1920-1922:542; Becker 1926:98-99; Mercier and Tolmer 1928:33; Cresson 1930:105-107; Hendel 1930:147-150; Cresson 1934: 211-212; Séguy 1934:441; Duda 1942:36-37; Cresson 1949:226-228; Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:216-217; Dahl 1959:130-131. Napaea sensu Rondani nec Napaea Robineau-Desyoidy, Rondani 1856:130. Ephydra Fallén (partim). Fallén 1813:246; Fallén 1823:3; Meigen 1830: 113-114; Macquart 1835:535-536; Westwood 1840:153; Zetterstedt 1840: 715; Zetterstedt 1846:1805-1806; Walker 1853:259. Ephydra sectio Parydra Stenhammar 1844:187. Type-species, Ephydra aquila Fallén (Coquillett 1910:585). Parydra Stenhammar. Loew 1860:31; Loew 1862:164; Schiner 1864:33; Becker 1896:208-209; Grinberg 1910:291-292; Cresson 1930:105-106; Cresson 1931:103; Cresson 1934:214; Cresson 1949:238-240. PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK Al Parhydra |= Parydra Stenhammar] Hendel, 1930:149; Hendel 1931:15-16. The nomenclature of the genus Parydra is rather complex and deserves a detailed discussion at this point. Early taxonomists described a number of species within the genus Ephydra, some of which were ultimately placed within the present genus Parydra. Fallén (1813) described aquila and coarctata as species of Ephydra and he discusses them again in 1823. In 1830, Meigen listed these species and added others. The genus Napaea was established by Robineau-Desvoidy (1830) and two species were described within this genus. The first species was stagnicola which included variety A (Napaea major) and variety B (Napaea minor). From his description, it seems certain that more than one species was involved. Haliday (1839) lists variety A as being synonomous with Ephydra coarctata Fallén and B as synonomous with E. fossarum Haliday. Since Robineau-Desvoidy’s specimens were not preserved, it will never be definitely known what species were actually involved and we can only assume that Haliday was correct in his synonomies. The second species described by Robineau-Desvoidy was pygmaea and its identity remains unknown. In 1840, Westwood designated E. coarctata as the type-species of the genus Napaea as Haliday failed to do so. Macquart (1835) considered Napaea as a synonym of Ephydra and Haliday (1839) used it as a subgenus of Ephydra. Zetterstedt (1840) made no mention of Napaea and placed aquila and coarctata in Ephydra. In 1944, Stenhammar described Parydra as “‘sectio 3” of Ephydra and much later Coquillett (1910) designated Ephydra aquila as the type species. Zetterstedt (1846) followed Stenhammar and placed Parydra as “sectio 3” of Ephydra. Parydra was not mentioned by Walker (1853) but he considered Napaea as a subgenus of Ephydra as did Haliday (1939). Loew (1860 and 1862) used Parydra and made no mention of Napaea, but apparently he considered it to be a synonym of Parydra, and undoubtedly Griinberg (1910) also con- sidered Napaea as a synonym though he did not mention it as such. Hendel (1910) reinstated the older name, Napaea. Then Ron- dani (1914) incorrectly used Napaea as a genus based on the type- species, Ephydra quadrata Fallén, and used E. coarctata as the type- species of Ephydra. MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 af? Dp THE TRIBE PARYDRINI In 1918, Cresson regarded Parydra as a synonym of Napaea, but on the basis of the type-species, he thought both might be distinct at the subgeneric level. Tullgren and Wahlgren (1920-1922), Becker (1926), and Mercier and Tolmer (1928) each placed Parydra as a synonym of Napaea. Hendel (1930) also considered Parydra as a synonym of the older name but spelled it Parhydra. By 1930, we find that Cresson was apparently convinced that Napaea and Parydra were each distinct genera and he described species in both until his death. Hendel (1931) appears to be the first to discover that Hiibner had used Napaea as a generic name for a species of Lepidoptera (Napaea frequens actoris) in 1819. Hendel thus concluded that Napaea was not available as a genus of the family Ephydridae and that Parydra Stenhammar would automatically become the correct generic name. Apparently, Hendel (1930 and 1931) discovered that the spelling of Parydra by Stenhammar was an error in trans- literation of the Greek zapvdpos and believed it should be corrected to Parhydra. Cresson (1934 and 1949) did not think the spelling should be corrected, and we find that according to Article 32 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature it should not be cor- rected. Cresson (1934) also maintained that Hiibner’s use of Napaea was not binary or binominal and therefore was not valid. Evidently Cresson’s argument was satisfactory and accepted up until 1954, at which time, the International Commission on Zoological Nomencla- ture in Opinion 276 (Hemming, 1954 and 1958) ruled that the generic and specific names (the first and last names of the tri- nominal) of Hiibner’s were acceptable and available. As a result of this ruling Napaea is no longer available as a generic name in Ephy- dridae and Parydra Stenhammar becomes the valid name. Prior to Opinion 276, Séguy (1934) and Duda (1942) both regarded Parydra as a synonym of Napaea. Cresson (1949) con- sidered both Napaea and Parydra as valid genera but divided Napaea into two subgenera (Napaea and Chaetoapnaea). Sturtevant and Wheeler (1954) used only Napaea and regarded three subgenera (Napaea, Parydra, and Callinapaea), but they did not recognize Chaetoapnaea. Dahl (1959) followed Sturtevant and Wheeler in their classification and apparently was unaware of Opinion 276. PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 23 In this paper, the senior author has divided the genus Parydra into two subgenera, Parydra and Chaetoapnaea. The subgenus Pary- dra, as considered here, agrees for the most part with Cresson’s genus Parydra and Sturtevant and Wheeler’s subgenus Parydra while the subgenus Chaetoapnaea, contained herein, roughly corresponds to Cresson’s genus Napaea and Sturtevant and Wheeler’s subgenus Napaea. However the senior author has elected to raise the sub- genus Callinapaea Sturtevant and Wheeler to the generic level. Diagnosis. — Head when viewed in profile with anterior oral margin ex- tending beyond antennal bases, facial protuberance (carina) near antennal bases and not extending beyond anterior of oral margin; oral margin without setae; arista well-developed and slightly plumose; orbital and occular setae present; parafacial setae present, first pair usually longer than others. Wings with costa reaching M,,.; anterior crossvein (r-m) located distinctly beyond the junction of R, and costa, and the anterior crossvein intercepting the R,,; at 1/4 or more of the distance from the junction of the Ry,5 and Ryi3 to the costa; costal section from R, to Ry,3 0.6 to 3.3 times the distance from Ry,3 to Ry.5. Legs of prothorax not raptorial. Description. — Shining black flies with golden, coppery, and greyish pruinosity. Head when viewed in profile with face straight to concave or con- vex, anterior oral margin extending beyond antennal bases, facial protuberance (carina) near antennal bases and not extending beyond anterior oral margin; oral margin without setae; ocellar triangle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae divergent; orbital setae small or large; inner vertical setae convergent; ex- terior vertical setae divergent. Face shining black; rarely with background luster; usually with dense coppery, golden or silvery pruinosity; 1 or 2 large pairs and several smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus visible when head is viewed in profile. Antennae with well-developed, slightly plumose arista. Thorax shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity, becoming grey- ish on lower areas of pleura; often with greyish stripes laterally along dorso- central setae, between acrostichal and dorsocentral setae, and medially be- tween acrostichal setal rows; occasionally with white to greyish spot at intra- scutal suture; acrostichal and dorsocentral setae small or large, often several pairs of dorsocentrals are larger than others; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; 2 large pairs of notopleural setae, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of pos- terior intraalar setae; mesopleural setae present. Scutellum shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity; 2 well-developed pairs of setae; apical and lateral setae which often have tuberculate bases; apical scutellar process some- times present but unarmed. Legs not raptorial; shining black, reddish, or with reddish parts with golden to greyish pruinosity; apex of prothoracic tibiae with long setae; apex of mesothoracic tibiae variously setose, usually with a spur; apex of metathoracic tibiae variously setose anteriorly but with a pos- MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 24 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI terior comb. Wing clear or clouded, usually with darkened areas around crossveins which often are bounded by light spots; costa reaching M15; Rois sometimes appendiculate near apex; anterior crossvein (r-m) located distinctly beyond the junction of R, and costa, and anterior crossvein intercepts R415 at 1/4 or more of the distance from the junction of Ry,; and Rs.3 to the costa; costal section from R, to R23 being 0.6 to 3.3 times the distance from Roi3 to R445. Abdomen shining black with golden, coppery or greyish pruinosity. Male abdomen with tergites 1 through 5 present, tergite 1 consisting of a dorsal and 2 pleural sclerites, tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent; tergite 9 fused to short surstyli; sternites 1 through 6 usually present and variously shaped; genites present; gonal arch present or absent; aedeagus often fused to aedeagal apodeme. Female abdomen with tergites 1 through 8 present, tergite 1 as in males, ter- gites 2 through 8 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; sternites 1 through 8 usually present and variously shaped; genital opening posterior to sternite 8 or between sternites 8 and 9; sternite 9 sometimes present; ventral receptacle mushroom-like in shape. KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS PARYDRA 1. Face convex when head is viewed in profile (Fig. 1); scutellum usually with tubercules and/or an apical process; male genitalia with aedeagus not fused to aedeagal apodeme, gonites rounded apically, gonal arch usually | present: \i.i.cs.cccessacasisvectavstences caccsexssecuaveneneececreteentens tee oe eeeeeeeees DZ, Face straight to concave when head is viewed in profile (Fig. 187); scut- tellum usually lacking tubercules or an apical process; male genitalia with aedeagus usually fused to aedeagal apodeme, gonites usually pointed apically, gonal arch usually absent. ................ccccsscscceceeneeres 17 2. Lateral scutellar tubercules present and orbital setae short, 1/3 or less the MOEN: CNAME OE WS CVO. coccoonsscoscs0ss0aqssooe sosoagasosonssssaogsvoSasaesosINI8e8 3 Lateral scutellar tubercules absent and orbital setae long, subequal to 1/2 the shortest diameter Of the CYE ...........c:cccccsesssccceesstccecessnscececesenseeeesnne i 3. Distance between apical scuteJlar tubercules distinctly greater than their length, katepisternal spine absent .............cc:cccesscccesscccensceceencecsssseenes 4 Distance between apical scutellar tubercules less than their length, kat- episternal spine present (Fig. 5), male abdomen and genitalia as in Figs. 21 and 87, female abdomen and ventral receptacle as in Figs. 55 and) 123) sie eee teenitoaeaece ee quadrituberculata Loew 4. Facial pruinosity golden, white, or sometimes coppery; legs of males without dense posterior flexor row of setae on mesofemur (Fig. 180); female abdomen with sternite 8 lacking posterior notch (Fig. 46); male abdomen and genitalia as in Figs. 12 and 77; female receptacle as in Fig. 114; generally distributed in North America .. aquila (Fallén) 5 Facial pruinosity dark coppery; legs of males with dense posterior flexor row of setae on mesofemur (Fig. 181); female abdomen with sternite 10. iam 13}. PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 25 8 deeply notched posteriorly (Fig. 51); male abdomen and genitalia as in Figs. 18 and 83; female ventral receptacle as in Fig. 119; found in WESIGN INO ANATENIEA 5.coscoocognnnoccososononnnoesoeceooa incommoda Cresson Facial pruinosity golden to coppery, ground color of face black ........ 6 Facial pruinosity white, ground color of face metallic blue .................... SSdagoodgaqnobonseeUcodbod SEpuSE CBee RACE occa Rea o Teen enC Ree RerEn subsp. papulata Cresson Femora and tibiae black, generally distributed in North America ............ sob apbcbdscOdOséSEEdDoGBCOR CATE REL cer APEC GLE TEER EEE: RETR EE eam subsp. aquila (Fallén) Femora black except apex reddish and tibiae reddish, found in western UNortihibA tie rt Cal ree back. sexreseeeexs dee chaedess ve aasea soon ease subsp. tibialis Cresson Apical scutellar process present and large .............::ccccsccsesscceeneeeeenceeeers 8 PAPC AS CULE) alta PEOCESS A DSCIG Is saeeeeesee- caves s.ceres-steceedecoecveesceeteerecestaseesee 11 Apical scutellar tubercules present and distinct ..........:ccccsceeceeereeeeees 9 Apical scutellar tubercules absent (Fig. 153); facial pruinosity grey; male abdomen and genitalia as in Figs. 17 and 84; female abdomen and ventral receptacle as in Figs. 53 and 121 ............ penabbreviata n. sp. Wings with crossvein joining the R,,3 and Ry,; near apex of R53, R53, also appendiculate near apex, female abdomen and ventral re- ceptacle as in Figs. 58 and 126, male unknown .. vanduzeei (Cresson) Wings without crossvein joining R.,3 and Ry,;, and without appendicu- ects Neon uate veers Serie onc ceelsne aiowesccceseascatriwtc sates lasndbuee ase sesesenoneneaeseses 10 Tibiae black except for very small areas at base and apex; scutellum with apical process short and broad (Fig. 157), often appearing knobbed; male abdomen and genitalia as in Figs. 23 and 89; female abdomen and ventral receptacle as in Figs. 57 and 125 .. unituberculata Loew Tibiae reddish; scutellum with long, narrow apical process (Fig. 150); male abdomen and genitalia as in Figs. 16 and 82; female abdomen and ventral receptacle as in Figs. 50 and 118 .............. imitans Loew Apical scutellar tubercules present, costal section of wing from R, to Rs 3 0.9 or more times distance from Roi 3 tO Rai 5 -ceeeeeeeeeees 12 Apical scutellar tubercules absent, costal section of wing from R, to Rois 1.3 or less times distance from Ry.3 to R45, wings as in Fig. 185, male abdomen and genitalia as in Figs. 10 and 76, female abdomen and ventral receptacle as in Figs. 44 and 112 ........ abbreviata Loew Apex of scutellum rounded or blunt (as in Figs. 145, 148, 149, 154, or IESG) are een rere cea e een e cece cach os won eae aooat nvseicvectevaccuven ashaverevecesta%s 13 Apex of scutellum distinctly pointed (Fig. 147), male abdomen and geni- talia as in Figs. 13 and 79, female abdomen and ventral receptacle as AINE MO San eet LW LUMED sos cases Srecvace sas oseaessesiecievideodeasvisesee-eoes aurata Jones Femur black (apex may be reddish), tibiae black or reddish, tarsi red- IIS aa ee Mie corre em seresase ah tcc svass susan dadeusenaivasstts car tccndséceseosavaresane 14 Femur, tibiae and tarsi reddish; male abdomen and genitalia as in Figs. 15 and 81; female abdomen and ventral receptacle as in Figs. 49 and ANT cbeeecbereGlscaO CORA ROLE oro ee RERECE EE RCE ECE CECE PCRECOCEETEEE humilis Williston MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 26 14. 15. 16. 17. 19. 20. 21. ijbe 23% THE TRIBE PARYDRINI Tibiae reddish, costal section of wing from R, to Ry.3 1.6 or less times distance fromm the Ronwsu LOM Rae tna ceenrssecever = ceneete eee eee ee ere 15 Tibiae black, costal section of wing from R, to Rz.3 2.0 or more times the distance from Ry,3 to Ry,;, male abdomen and genitalia as in Figs. 11 and 78, female abdomen and ventral receptacle as in Figs. AS aid, WS ee ress caeetrsee eect ere saa alpina (Cresson) Facial pruinosity grey, white, OF COPPeLy ........--..:::cseecceeereceseeeeeesnesees 16 Facial pruinosity golden or bright coppery, male abdomen and genitalia as in Figs. 14 and 80, female abdomen and ventral receptacle as in 1 SD eks Ree tegmt2 1016 Jd U O}nancreimancecseene sccsacosubacecnsscecececacoocsancéoccens breviceps Loew Facial pruinosity dense grey, white or silvery, with ground color not ap- parent; eastern North America; male abdomen and genitalia as in Figs. 20 and 86; female abdomen and ventral receptacle as in Figs. 54 and DD eid scics BSc tailed icccec cee een e Ee pinguis (Walker) Facial pruinosity sparse grey, white or silvery with metallic ground color very apparent; Florida; male abdomen and genitalia as in Figs. 22 and 88; female abdomen and ventral receptacle as in Figs. 56 and 124 .... viasiisasd laaebecea cbsaleaisandldecbessyevesuusnvouunncsea ts mareeseesaucnleaetas transversa Cresson Abdomen with 6 visible tergites (Figs. 10 through 40) .... males ...... 18 Abdomen with 8 visible tergites (Figs. 44 through 71) .... females (this portion of the key is difficult and males should be used if available) .. sdvaa delay euteasasune lathe cage PQeeoeedte wa uceeeie euctiem secret eae cara eat aeey ceaeats eee eee 39 Aedeagus and aedeagal apodeme fused, gonites pointed or rounded apically chi levs.vesnacosiesbvavetadaenceeonsaudseameus cueweensceursedtteere es ea eeee eee Dee Aedeagus and aedeagal apodeme not fused, gonites rounded apically .. 19 Gonal: arch: presemt-.5.ccccossecene se ccenssetacesSecossseeesseeeesieee se een ee 20 Gonal arch absent, tergite 9 + surstyli with or without a deep cleft (Figs. 93 and 94), male abdomen and genitalia as in Figs. 27 and 94 ........ RR ee ence ae eAB OTOH AE GEL EDEET HoeBees nadeomouoadcecnad borealis (Cresson) Apical process present on scutellum (Fig. 152), facial pruinosity, grey; male abdomen and genitalia as in Figs. 17 and 84.. penabbreviata n. sp. Apical process absent on scutellum; facial pruinosity, golden or coppery savas vudiewst sara nudegaudueteraeengssadeeetaecvereneaeuearee sustty cs Care Ron ee eee eee 21 Costal section of wing from R, to Ry, 3 1.5 or more times distance from Ry,3 to Ry,5, wing as in Fig. 195, male abdomen and genitalia as in Bigs: 19 and a85) pe ieee oe ee lynetteae n. sp. Costal section of wing from R, to Roi 3 1.3 or less times distance from Ry 13 to Ry,;, wing as in Fig. 185, male abdomen and genitalia as in Figs. 10: and 76: o-.cns-8-sesi essai abbreviata Loew Apex. of gonites, pointed! coc oan.cocccseeeee heceet oes sere eee eee 26 Apex of gonites, broad, flat and rounded (Figs. 91, 98, and 108) .... 23 Tergite 9 + surstyli acutely angled midventrally (Figs. 29 and 98), aedea- gus blunt but with posterior projecting hooks (Fig. 98), male abdomen AS 1M) TEU 29) jac aster canara ce tee cose se eee eee hamata n. sp. 24. BS. 26. Dale 28. 29. 30. 31. 3, PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 27 Tergite 9 + surstyli rounded or obtusely angled midventrally (Figs. 25, Gra Ome One O2 eam all OSI) i restceasswke ever cece teteescasessstee cutee s sareeeonseaea ne Seaed 24 Aedeagus with apex rounded (Fig. 108) or blunt and forked (Fig. 92), with a large anterior opening, sometimes with a small posterior open- TWN (LEMS S72) pea cae a tee eee eet 25 Aedeagus with apex hooked, large posterior opening (Fig. 91); male abdomien) asm imeigs Dy eiisescectssvsctecesssescessesesceses appendiculata Loew Aedeagus with apex rounded, no posterior opening; when viewed from posterior, aedeagus is wide with sides parallel from the base to near apex where they converge abruptly (Fig. 108); male abdomen as in Eg Om Ad ten wane ees ieee a ones ets sae Ldle ceed seek Seeneonasessueetee as vulgaris Cresson Aedeagus with apex blunt and forked, small posterior opening present; when viewed from posterior, aedeagus is narrow with sides converging abruptly at base and then slowly converging to apex (Fig. 92); male ALCON 8 Tin IE 2X9) cccocosscosssceasssocapacoodosbossosscouenn6d5000600 arctica N. sp. Gonites short, broad, and somewhat hooked at apex (Figs 104 and IOS) > \cececcneaianssdedbousanacadoovoearicontou sanceesacc rec setat paceareraecacereaceteceecr ec ease rere 27 Gonites long, narrow and usually not hooked ...............0...ccccesseceeeeenoe 28 Tergite 9 + surstyli bearing two large dorsal projections which extend posteriorly beyond cerci (Fig. 106); male abdomen and genitalia as in JVENIGA Bite} a Fern (aN OY Sy ersciatcr se Saas a paeeceo sea iaecooaaeseceaea aecccce tens spinosa fn. sp. Tergite 9 + surstyli without dorsal projections, male abdomen and geni- talia as in Figs. 36 and 104 oo... ceccesceeeesteeeeeees quadriloba n. sp. Anterior-ventral areas of tergites 3, 4 and 5 elongated into finger-like PROCESSES GEIGs 65 SANG SON) Mees sseaceccee cess ceae eoceds ce cseeas te inencsteeceereteteene 29 Anterior-ventral areas of tergites 3, 4 and 5 not as above but rounded or Sommew lateral edie tous seeeees ene cuaoccceccccessscet eons cu sues toten diet orueoseavewsmrteseesess 30 Tip of tergite 9 + surstyli rounded and curving outward from midventral line (Fig. 35); aedeagus, long, broad and dagger-like (Fig. 103) ........ eS ee eee eee aaa cies nels ears ciciocleatsaiarvendrtcesassGeceecseuasevssnstnese ess penisica Nf. sp. Tip of tergite 9 + surstyli rounded and curving slightly towards mid- ventral line (Fig. 33); aedeagus, long, narrow, somewhat “S” shaped with rounded hook at tip (Fig. 101) ...........eeeeeeeeeeeee paullula Loew Costal section of wing from R, to R,,3 0.8 or less times distance from the Ry. 3 to R,,;; aedeagus, long, narrow and pointed (Fig. 90); male abdomen aS ings 24. s....cccctcccsecsseccuonst east cetavsscconssdsoveeoeeene acuta Nn. sp. Costal section of wing from R, to Ry,3 1.2 or more times distance from (IM IRojaug UO Luks soosensetecennsnoecsocaogooooe deeconcuoggosceacsecacvacecucecocasacoccdaco4cd 31 Gonites tapering gradually to apex and not sharply curved at apex .. 32 Gonites tapering abruptly at apex and sharply curved posteriorly at apex (Fig. 92), male abdomen and genitalia as in Figs. 26 and 92 ........ MIE ieee Daten ee sce ccen wet attra: ec weunncannnusoansedae galyellelstsneseenaeaveeeetys arctica Nn. Sp. Gonites tapering gradually and evenly from base to apex (as in Fig. 99) Bae aero Se eet Recetas hee cs bee acts x ceaacdeee ceae nabs vay euuiewe bani dadie suvenseunetersmeteseesss 33 MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 28 33. 34. 35. 36. Bile 38. 39). 40. 41. THE TRIBE PARYDRINI Gonites tapering unevenly, taper in basal half more abrupt, distal half thus very long and slender (as in Figs. 100-102) .................... 36 Aedeagus broad and flat when viewed from above and having a shallow apical groove (Figs. 31 and 99) .........eeesccceeesseeeeeeeeeee lingulata n. sp. Aedeagus narrow when viewed from above and having a deep apical eroove: (Figs: 95°96. and 97). cccscccecoses sos cecse cece ante teeteee Oe 34 Aedeagus knife or sheath-like when viewed in profile (Fig. 95), male abdomiemias) im Figs028) siccccncecsooccestesasoseeecestors eeteecereer saeco copis 0. sp. Aedeagus gouge-like when viewed in profile (Figs. 96 and 97). ............ ee ee ena rire eee eer bociiccaonon atancetoccdotraocccs halteralis (Cresson) .... 35 Aedeagus slender and uniformly shaped in apical one-third (Fig. 96) .... see tadas Shane clec esis Vedi es uepeas cadtcaden Oot tees eateaee eee eee n. subsp. joaquinensis Aedeagus slender but thickened in apical one-third (Fig. 97). ................ aida tt ae ebesaa/cbalatoaivulvenvanaaeataeememeseesaerevencenessceess subsp. halteralis (Cresson) Aedeagus curved and slightly hooked at apex (Figs. 102 and 107) .. 37 Aedeagus not curved or hooked at apex (Figs. 100 and 105) ............ 38 Aedeagus with sclerotized bridge dividing open posterior (Fig. 102), male abdomen asim Pip: 134: (ic cececeeoeececeneteero en ote eres pedalis n. sp. Aedeagus without sclerotized bridge dividing open posterior (Fig. 107), male abdomen as in Fig. 39 .00.........ceesceceeeeeeeteceeeeenneees succurva 0D. sp. Aedeagus with a large, flat, keeled apex (Fig. 100); metatibiae each with 1 or 2 very large spines on anteroventral apex, one of which extends far beyond apex of tibia (Fig. 183), male abdomen as in Fig. 32 .... ws sdis cde dgninals edie Seletta teats aaa te aga ont wadomere ct oleate nace sme eeaeemeceeee maa parasocia 0. sp. Aedeagus with apex somewhat rounded to blunt (Fig. 105); metatibiae each with several small spines on anteroventral apex which extend at most only slightly beyond apex of tibia (Fig. 182), male abdomen as F101) aN Cees Wi aetna Cerne Ga censea rarer en acetone suacacoceosooonn0dead socia (Cresson) Abdomen with eighth sternite consisting of a large median sclerite and ~ One small lateral sclerite on each side (Figs. 63, 64, 66, and 67) .... 40 Abdomen with eighth sternite consisting of only a large median sclerite OG of tonlye2 small Slaterallisclenttesieesssssscssecereeeseee seater eee eee 44 Costal section of wing from R, to Ry.3 1.3 or less times distance from Ry13 to Ry,;, abdomen and ventral receptacle as in Figs. 66 and 134 viecgi aha d bees se asha te Soe eae a paullula Loew Costal section of wing from R; to Ry, 3 1.6 or more times distance from Roig CORY aig oll isolieclose be cpccse stan sees setscnaepee eens beds oe Ae a nese 41 Sternite 8 with median sclerite distinctly triangular and lateral sclerites comma-shaped, abdomen and ventral receptacles as in Figs. 67 and UBS i Wadedeasaewete taco tear ete aaNet eees orcas eee eee Re enema penisica 0. sp. Sternite 8 with median sclerite subtrapezoidal, not triangular, and lateral Sclenites oval (EigssiGSiam G4) mesceeeseseteesastee teen eee ne 42 Ventral receptacle large, total length of abdomen about 9 times length of cap of ventral receptacle; abdomen and ventral receptacle as in Figs. 63 and 130 (females can be separated to subspecies only on basis of 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 29 localityadeata) malt eralism CTESSOM! a..s-cessereeseevecessesesoeeeecctemtees eeres see sces 43 Ventral receptacle small, total length of abdomen about 14 times length of cap of ventral receptacle; abdomen and ventral receptable as in Figs. GA earn Cl BES 2 Fea wa ect cases See esso ects Sccsenc Wa van cesc once bast MMe echoes lingulata n. sp. From San Joaquin Valley of California ................ n. subsp. joaquinensis Not from San Joaquin Valley .................... subsp. halteralis (Cresson) Sternite 8 with a deep, narrow, posterior notch (Figs. 52 and 53) .... 45 Sternite 8 without a posterior NOtCH ...............cccceseceessseeessseessseeesssecesscece 46 Sternite 7 without an anterior notch (Fig. 52), ventral receptacle with a very large cap which covers all but apex of receptacle (Fig. 120) .... TES Sn Cee Nene eee ns la dsc Sauls doilcilca veswttaanaud land glsdivdba hae deetasaciees lynetteae n. sp. Sternite 7 with a large anterior notch (Fig. 53); ventral receptacle cap smaller, covering only about 2/3 of receptacle (Fig. 121) ................ eee cen oa eae neh aa sae vice ba eaanadndeeewsbeavaaguaeW@ecaeaseveees penabbreviata n. sp. Costal section of wing from R, to Ry,3 1.1 or less times distance from Rz,3 to Ry,;, sternite 8 divided into 2 lateral fragments (Fig. 44), ventral receptacle as im Fig. 112 .0...........ceceeesenseeeeeee abbreviata Loew Costal section of wing from R, to Ry,3 1.1 or more times distance from Rz13 to R45, sternite 8 seldom divided into 2 lateral fragments .. 47 Sternite 8 much wider than sternites 6 or 7 and broadly concave anteri- orly with a blunt posterior (Fig. 60) or divided medially to form two aterallsinacmiemts Gigs Will)a cccssescssceestencscoces seesacecscces coctetecces. seacetececeeess 48 Sternite 8 usually subequal or narrower than sternites 6 or 7 and blunt to convex anteriorly, usually with slight concavity on posterior lateral margins of each side (Figs. 59, 61, 62, 65, 69 and 70); if wider than other sternites then with an anterior “V” notch and a rounded pos- ETO Tage CET es SI) peer sees esac aoe we aac eae sae eas sss en eaG oye MERGE Miicotiueectlese eetaeseoeeses 49 Ventral receptacle with cap about 1/2 total length of receptacle (Fig. 128), sternite 8 not divided (Fig. 60) ...................s0000000 arctica n sp. Ventral receptacle with cap about 2/3 total length of receptacle (Fig. 139), sternite 8 often divided into 2 lateral fragments (Fig. 71) ........ cobobeooanoe ace bop oso EESSEA De OBLEC EE PER SERED LEER OnE ee CUREC SER CEn cree Coe vulgaris Cresson Sternite 8 subequal or narrower than sternites 6 or 7 and blunt to convex anteriorly, usually with a slight concavity on posterior lateral margins of each side (Figs. 59, 61, 62, 65, 69 and 70) ........... te eeeeeeeeeeeeeee 50 Sternite 8 wider than sternites 6 or 7 and with an anterior “V” notch and rounded posterior (Fig. 68); ventral receptacle as in Fig. 136 .... SeonbosbccKGosadaSaSe EEA BRCEROEEOCECE CoE ECGS ECEEC EER ESET eRe CeREE PT CEEPE CEES quadriloba n. sp. Sternites 6, 7 and 8 much wider than other sternites (Fig. 70); ventral OCR DIAG aS iia) TEMG, IBS Gaocososecocsdoondesqoseqsoccceacondenea0045006 succurva 0. sp. Sternites 6, 7 and 8 subequal in width to other sternites .................... 51 Costal section of wing from R, to Ry.3 1.7 or less times distance from Rong 1) Ties .cocaeodepseeaconeepnaundue coo: <1 absaseaceceaacaosvadctoeocoogaccarb0680sra0300050 52 Costal section of wing from R, to Rs,3 1.9 more times distance from MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 30 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI Ry+3 to Ry,5, abdomen and ventral receptacle as in Figs. 62 and 131 EE er ee ere ercinrpor fea Bt ororeroc bor brs con eecosoacgpsacos oo hamata n. sp. 52. Sternite 5 round to oval (Fig. 59), ventral receptacle usually with top of cap narrow and appearing somewhat pointed (Fig. 127), Ro13 usually appendiculate near tip (Fig. 202) .............eeeee appendiculata Loew Sternite 5 not round or oval, subtriangular with an anterior notch or round with an anterior projection (Figs. 61, 65 and 69); ventral re- ceptacle with top of cap rounded, not narrow and appearing somewhat pointed (Figs. 129, 133 and 137); Ro.i3 with or without appendicu- | Eee 00 Oeceerteeeree preset ecrecrese cose cececcre ce sococa-codeaciscsubecoscopacoatecoocsasSdsccoccooce 53 53. Ventral receptacle with internal fold of cap not constricted near top, cap about 2/3 length of receptacle, ventral receptacle as in Fig. 129, female AlCKONOTEN AS WO TENE Olly cconcoccspssooopcgocsccececocons9acoses borealis (Cresson) Ventral receptacle with internal fold of cap constricted near top, cap about 3/4 length of receptacle, ventral receptacle as in Figs. 133 and UBT. szentesyasbeniadl te castes nsdecteneccsaes arses Oana poet CERES eT eee 54 54. Metatibiae each with one very large spine on anteroventral apex which extends far beyond apex of tibia, female abdomen and ventral re- Ceptacle ass inw Rigs: G5) ancien 3S peecereeeteeeeeee eee parasocia 0. sp. Metatibiae each with several small spines on anteroventral apex which extend at most only slightly beyond apex of tibia, female abdomen and ventral receptacle as in Figs. 69 and 137 .................... socia (Cresson) Subgenus PARYDRA Stenhammar See generic synonomies. Diagnosis. — Face convex when head is viewed in profile; head setae small or large; scutellum usually with tubercules and/or an apical process; male genitalia with aedeagus not fused to aedeagal apodeme, gonites rounded apically, gonal arch usually present. Description. — Generally large (1.87 to 5.47 mm long), shining black flies with golden, coppery and greyish pruinosity. Head with ocellar triangle raised; ocellar setae small or large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae small, divergent; orbital setae small or large; eyes red, oval; 1 large or small pair of convergent inner vertical setae; 1 large or small pair of divergent, ex- terior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipitals small. Face convex when viewed in profile; shining black with golden, coppery, greyish, or silvery pruin- osity; facial depressions small to large and long, from antennal base to first parafacial seta; 1 or 2 large pairs and several smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Thorax shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity, becoming grey- ish on lower areas of pleura; often with greyish stripes laterally along dorso- central setal rows, between acrostichal and dorsocentral setal rows, and medi- ally between acrostichal setal rows; occasionally with white to greyish spot at intrascutal suture; acrostichal and dorsocentral setae small or large, often sev- eral pairs of dorsocentrals are larger than others; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; 2 large pairs of notopleural setae, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 31 posterior intraalar setae; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with grey- ish pruinosity; katepisternal spine usually absent. Scutellum shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity; apical process present or absent; apical tubercules usually present: lateral tubercules often presert; apical and lateral scutellar setae present and large. Legs black, partly black with greyish pruin- osity; apex of prothoracic tibiae with long setae; apex of mesothoracic tibiae variously setose, usually with a spur; apex of metathoracic tibiae variously setose anteriorly but with yellow comb posteriorly. Wéing clear to clouded, usually with darkened areas around crossveins which may be bounded by light or white spots; Ro. 3 usually not appendiculate near apex. Abdomen as in generic description except as follows: Male genitalia with aedeagus not fused to aedeagal apodeme; gonites rounded apically; and gonal arch often present. Parydra (Parydra) abbreviata Loew Parydra abbreviata Loew, 1861:357; Loew 1861:51; Loew 1862:168; Loew 1864?:51. Napaea (Chaetoapnaea) abbreviata (Loew), Cresson 1949:236. Napaea hulli Cresson, 1934:212. Napaea (Chaetoapnaea) hulli Cresson, 1949:236. Napaea (Napaea) abbreviata (Loew), Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954: 221-222. Type. — This species was described from a single, male speci- men (type 11166) bearing the labels, Penn. and Loew Collection. This is deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard. Diagnosis. — Lateral scutellar tubercules and apical scutellar tubercules absent, apical scutellar process absent, orbital setae long, face convex to con- cave when viewed in profile, and costal section of wing from R, to Rois 1.3 or less times distance from R513 to R415. Description: MALE. — Total body length 1.87 to 2.79 mm; shining black with coppery and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with coppery pruin- osity except where noted; length 0.48 to 0.58 mm; ocellar triangle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae small, divergent; 2 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with coppery pruinosity above, becoming golden below; 1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; post- orbitals and occipitals very small; gena black with golden or dull coppery pruinosity. Face shining black with dull, coppery pruinosity; convex when viewed in profile; facial depressions long, from antennal base to first parafacial seta; 1 large pair and 3 to 5 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with dull, coppery pruinosity; mouthparts with grey pruinosity. Antennae dark, brown to black with coppery pruinosity; arista black, plumose. Thorax shining black with golden to coppery, pruinosity; faint, greyish spots at intrascutal suture; faint greyish stripes laterally along dorsocentral MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 32 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI setae, between dorsocentral and acrostichal setal rows, and medially between acrostichal setal rows; scutum length 0.58 to 0.71 mm; many long acrostichal setae; many long dorsocentral setae with 3 pairs being larger than others, 1 pair at intrascutal suture and 2 pairs farther posterior; 1 long pair of prescu- tellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1 larger pair; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with dull coppery pruinosity above, becoming greyish below, 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 144) shining black with dull coppery to golden pruinosity, length 0.24 to 0.31 mm, apical process absent, apical tubercules present, apical scutellar setae large, lateral tubercules absent, lateral scutellar setae large. Legs black except tibiae, tarsi, trochanters and apex of femurs reddish; legs covered with greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 3 large, black anterior setae; apex of metathoracic tibiae with an anterior cluster of black setae and a reddish, posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 185) clouded, darkened areas around crossveins bounded by clear to whitish spots, one whitish spot posterior to medial crossvein and one spot near middle of M,,.; veins brown; length from humeral crossvein 1.43 to 1.80 mm; width 0.71 to 0.82 mm; distance from h to R, 0.41 to 0.51 mm; R, to Ry,3 0.41 to 0.54 mm; Ros to Ry; 0.56 to 0.68 mm; Ry,5 to My. 0.24 to 0.27 mm; length of R,4,; 0.78 to 0.99 mm; length of M1. 0.41 to 0.48 mm; costal section from R, to Rz,3 0.6 to 1.1 times dis- tance from Ry,3 to R4.5; halteres yellow to light brown. Abdomen as in Fig. 10 except where noted; shining black with coppery pruinosity anteriorly and medially, becoming greyish posteriorly and laterally on tergites. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent. Sternite 2 variable, broad U-shaped, anterior notch with narrower, blunt posterior, sometimes subcordate with or - without a lateral constriction; sternite 4 round or elongate oval. Genitalia as in Fig. 76. Note the paired gonites with long, narrow, rounded apices, fused to sternite 5 anteriorly, connected to gonal arch posteriorly. Gonal arch nar- row with long, narrow, medial projection connecting with aedeagus. Aedeagus boat-shaped, not fused to aedeagal apodeme. FEMALE. — Total body length 2.31 to 3.03 mm. Head, thorax, legs and wings as in males except where mentioned. Head \ength 0.54 to 0.71 mm; parafacial setae, 1 large pair and 3 or 4 smaller pairs. Thorax with scutum length 0.68 to 0.78 mm; scutellum length 0.27 to 0.44 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 1.56 to 2.11 mm; width 0.78 to 1.02 mm; distance from h to R, 0.41 to 0.61 mm; R, to Ry. 3 0.48 to 0.75 mm; Ry.3 to Ry; 0.58 to 0.75 mm; Ry,; to M,.,» 0.24 to 0.34 mm; length of Ry,5 0.82 to 1.22 mm; length of M,,» 0.44 to 0.58 mm; costal section from R, to Ro, 3 0.8 to 1.3 times distance from R23 to Ry, 5. PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 3)3) Abdomen as in Fig. 44 except where mentioned. Tergites 3 through 6 sometimes with small, anterior fragments. Sternite 2 with shallow, broad, V-shaped or sometimes deep V-shaped anterior notch with narrower, truncate posterior; sternites 3 through 6 elongate oval or elliptical, sometimes with anterior fragments and small anterior or posterior notches; sternite 7 some- times with anterior fragments and small anterior or posterior notches; sternite 8 usually divided into two lateral fragments but sometimes continuous. Ven- tral receptacle as in Fig. 112. Distribution. — Eastern and Southeastern United States (Fig. 228). Specimens examined. — 23 specimens (14 ¢ é and 9 2 2) with the following data: Pennsylvania, holotype ¢; Agawam, Massachu- setts, April 20, 1916, H. E. Smith, 1 ¢ and 2 2 2; same as previous data but April 21, 1916, 2 2? 2; W. Springfield, Massachusetts, April 6, 1916, H. E. Smith, 1 2; same data as previous but April 7, 1916, 1 2; Cranberry Glades, Pocahontas Co., West Virginia, July 16, 1955, C. W. Sabrosky, 1 6; Mount Vernon, Virginia, April 19, 1917, W. L. McAtee, 1 ¢; Great Falls, Virginia, June 21, 1913, A. L. Melander, 1 2; D.C., Loew, 1 ¢ and 1 2; Mosquito Cr., on Ga. Hwy. 97, Decatur Co., Georgia, March 20, 1954, George Steyskal, 1 é; Agriculture College, Mississippi, Aug. 18, 1922, 1 ¢; Torreya State Park, Liberty Co., Florida, March 23, 1954, George Steyskal, 5 6 6; same as previous except Sweetwater Creek near old “Camp Torreya”’, 2 6 é. Parydra (Parydra) alpina (Cresson) Napaea alpina Cresson 1924:163. Parydra alpina (Cresson) 1949:247. Napaea (Napaea) alpina Cresson, Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:222. Types. — Holotype ¢ and allotype, Longmire’s Springs, Mt. Rainier, Washington, Aug. 2, 1905. The holotype and allotype are deposited in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Diagnosis. — Lateral scutellar tubercules absent, apical scutellar tuber- cules present, apical scutellar process absent, orbital setae long, tibiae black, and the costal section of wing from R, to R»,3 2.0 or more times distance from Ry.3 to Ry. 5. Description: MALE. — Total body length 3.57 to 4.08 mm; shining black with golden, coppery and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with coppery pruinosity except as stated; length 0.71 to 0.88 mm; ocellar triangle MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 34 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and post- ocellar setae small, divergent; 2 or 3 large pairs and occasionally 1 small pair of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with coppery pruinosity above, becom- ing golden below; 1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipitals very small; gena black with golden or coppery pruinosity. Face shining black with grey or silvery pruinosity; convex when viewed in profile; facial depressions small, not reaching first parafacial setae. Clypeus with silvery pruinosity. Antennae dark, brown to black with coppery pruinosity; arista black, plumose. Thorax shining black with coppery pruinosity; no greyish spots at intra- scutal suture; faint greyish stripes between dorsocentral and arostichal setal rows: scutum length 0.95 to 1.12 mm; many long arostichal setae; many long dorsocentral setae, 1 longer pair at intrascutal suture; 1 long pair of prescu- tellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae short and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1 larger pair; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity above, becoming greyish below; 1 large pair of meso- pleural setae; sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 145) shining black with coppery pruinosity, length 0.41 to 0.48 mm, apical process absent, apical tubercules present, apical scutellar setae large, lateral tubercules absent, lateral scutellar setae large. Legs black ex- cept trochanters and tarsi reddish; legs covered with greyish pruinosity; pro- thoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 3 large, black anterior setae; apex of metathoracic tibiae each with 1 large and 1 smaller anterior setae and a yellow, posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 186) clouded, darkened areas around crossveins bounded by clear to whitish spots: no spots posterior to medial crossvein or near middle of Mj. 9; veins brown; length from humeral crossvein 2.55 to 3.03 mm; width 1.16 to 1.29 mm; distance from h to R, 0.68 to 0.88 mm; R, to Ry,3 1.29 to 1.53 mm; Ry,3 to Ry. 5 0.65 to 0.68 mm; Ry; to M;,» 0.31 to 0.34 mm; length Ry,5 1.63 to 1.80 mm; length M,,» 0.99 to 1.09 mm; costal section from R, to R,.3 2.0 to 2.2 times distance from Ry;3 to Ry,5; halteres yellow. Abdomen as in Fig. 11 except where noted; shining black with greyish and coppery pruinosity. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent. Sternite 2 variable, cordate with rounded or V-shaped anterior notch; sternite 3 elongate oval, with or without an anterior fragment; sternite 4 oval, with or without a projection and/or a posterior notch; sternite 5 rounded anteriorly, wider and truncate posteriorly, may have 1 to many strongly sclerotized areas appearing like fragments. Genitalia as in Fig. 78. Note the tergite 9 + surstyli with some- what curved, pointed apices. Paired gonites with long, narrow, rounded apices, fused to sternite 6 anteriorly; gonal arch not complete. Aedeagus boat-shaped, not fused to aedeagal apodeme. FEMALE. — Total body length 4.08 to 4.45 mm. Head, thorax, legs, and wings as in males except where indicated. PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 35 Head length 0.88 to 0.95 mm; parafacial setae, 1 large pair and 3 to 5 smaller pairs. Thorax with scutum length 1.19 to 1.33 mm; scutellum length 0.44 to 0.54 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 3.06 to 3.50 mm; width 1.26 to 1.53 mm; distance from h to R, 0.82 to 0.99 mm; R,; to Ry,3 1.56 to 1.80 mm; Rz,3 to Ry; 0.68 to 0.75 mm; R45 to My... 1.12 to 1.26 mm; costal section from R, to Ry, 3 2.1 to 2.3 times distance from Rg,3 to R45. Abdomen as in Fig. 45 except where noted. Sternite 3 sometimes with notched anterior; sternite 4 oval, oval with straight sides, or oval with small anterior projection; sternite 5 rounded anteriorly with or without a projection, wider and truncate to blunt posteriorly. Tergites 5 and 6 sometimes lacking anterior fragments. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 113. Distribution. — Northern United States and Southern Canada from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans (Fig. 232). Specimens examined. — 74 specimens (32 64 and 42 2 2?) from Colorado, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Oregon, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming, Alberta, Labrador, Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec. Collected from March through October. Parydra (Parydra) aquila (Fallén) Synonomies listed under each subspecies. Parydra aquila is the most common species of the genus and is undoubtedly found throughout most of the northern hemisphere, north of latitude 30 degrees. Parydra aquila was described as the Palearctic species while the Nearctic aquila, as the senior author con- siders it, was divided into a number of species. Loew (1862) de- scribed P. bituberculata, and later Cresson (1915, 1916, and 1949) described P. nitida, tibialis, and papulata. A detailed examination of the types and many specimens of these species has convinced the senior author that they are all conspecific with Parydra aquila. Sturtevant and Wheeler (1954) indicated that their examination of specimens of P. aquila from various European localities suggested that P. aquila and P. bituberculata were of the same aggregate species. However, they did not make the synonomy. The senior author has examined Fallén’s type series (3 2 2) of P. aquila, designated a lec- totype, and believes bituberculata and aquila to be synonomous. Also, the senior author is convinced that P. nitida is synonomous with bituberculata and aquiia. This synonomy was suggested by MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 36 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI Cresson (1949) where he discovered the difficulty in separating nitida and bituberculata and mentioned the improbability that nitida was a distinct species. Sturtevant and Wheeler (1954) discussed this but retained nitida as a subspecies of bituberculata. However, there appears to be reason to retain nitida as even a subspecies since there are no morphological differences nor any geographical separation. Sturtevant and Wheeler (1954) placed papulata as a subspecies of bituberculata and with this the senior author will agree. However, they retained P. tibialis as a distinct species but similar to P. bituber- culata. After detailed genitalic examinations of the types and many specimens, the senior author is sure that P. tibialis and P. papulata are also P. aquila. Since tibialis and papulata can both be separated by distinct color differences and both have more restricted distribu- tions than the remaining aquila, these are to be retained as sub- species of aquila. Diagnosis. — Lateral scutellar tubercules present; apical scutellar tuber- cules present and distance between them distinctly greater than their length; apical scutellar process absent; orbital setae short; facial pruinosity white, gold- en Or sometimes coppery; katepisternal spine absent; legs of males without a dense posterior flexor row of setae on the mesofemur; and females with ster- nite 8 lacking a deep posterior notch. Description: MALE. — Total body length 3.77 to 5.44 mm; shining black with golden, coppery, white and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity except where specified; length 0.85 to 1.12 mm; ocellar triangle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar, interocellar, and postocellar setae small, divergent; orbital setae small but 2 or 3 pair larger than others, 2 to 6 smaller pairs; eyes red, oval; vertex with coppery pruinosity above, be- coming golden below and laterally, whitish centrally; 1 small pair of conver- gent, inner vertical setae; 1 small pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipitals very small; gena black with golden pruinosity. Face shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity or metallic blue with white pruinosity; convex when viewed in profile; facial depressions long, from anten- nal base to first parafacial setae; 1 large pair and 3 to 10 smaller pairs of para- facial setae. Clypeus with white, coppery or golden pruinosity; mouthparts with grey pruinosity; arista black, slightly plumose. Thorax shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity; no greyish spots at intrascutal suture; faint greyish stripes between dorsocentral and acrostichal setal rows; scutum length 1.16 to 1.53 mm; many short acrostichal and dorso- central setae; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral, posthumeral and presutural setae small and fine; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with golden PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 37 pruinosity above and anteriorly, becoming greyish below and posteriorly; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepisternal Spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 146) shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity, length 0.44 to 0.61 mm, apical process absent, apical tubercles present but distance between them being distinctly greater than their length, apical scutellar setae large, lateral tubercules present, lateral scutellar setae large. Legs black except reddish tarsi or black except apex of femora, tibiae and tarsi reddish; legs covered with greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 3 large, black anterior setae; apex of metathoracic tibiae with an anterior cluster of black setae and a yellow, posterior comb. Wing (Figs. 187-189) almost clear, slightly darkened around crossveins, not bounded by whitish spots, no spot posterior to medial crossvein or near middle of M, 42; veins brown; length from humeral crossvein 2.89 to 3.88 mm; width 1.22 to 1.67 mm; distance from h to R, 0.92 to 1.09 mm; R, to Ry,3 1.53 to 2.11 mm; R213 to Ryis 0.54 to 0.78 mm; Ryi5 to My.. 0.31 to 0.41 mm; length of R,,5 1.80 to 2.45 mm; length M,,» 1.16 to 1.56 mm; costal section from R, to Rj.3 2.1 to 3.3 times distance from Ry,3 to R4,;; halteres yellow. Abdomen as in Fig. 12 except where indicated; shining black with golden pruinosity. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent. Sternites 2 through 5 somewhat variable in shape but similar to those of Fig. 12, anterior fragments present or absent. Genitalia as in Fig. 77. Note the paired triangular gonites with rounded apices, fused to sternite 6 anteriorly, connected to gonal arch posteriorly. Gonal arch usually complete, narrow, with triangular medial fragment. Aedeagus boat-shaped, not fused to aedeagal apodeme. FEMALE. — Total body length 4.42 to 5.47 mm. Head, thorax, legs and wings as in males except where indicated. Head \ength 0.88 to 1.12 mm; parafacial setae, 1 large pair and 4 to 11 smaller pairs. Thorax with scutum length 1.26 to 1.60 mm; scutellum length 0.51 to 1.02 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 3.30 to 4.11 mm; width 1.33 to 1.84 mm; distance from h to R, 0.99 to 1.26 mm; R,; to Ry.3 1.77 to 2.24 mm; Ry.3 to Ry; 0.61 to 0.82 mm; Ry;; to My. 0.31 to 0.41 mm; length R,, 5 2.04 to 2.55 mm; length M,,» 1.29 to 1.60 mm: costal section from R, to Ry.3 being 2.5 to 3.2 times the distance from Ry13 to R415. Abdomen as in Fig. 46 except where mentioned. Sternites 2 through 8 somewhat variable but usually very similar to those in Fig. 46, may be with or without anterior fragments on sternites 2 through 4. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 114. Distribution. — Northern North America, and probably Europe and Asia, above latitude 30 degrees North. MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 38 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI Parydra (Parydra) aquila aquila (Fallén) Ephydra aquila Fallén 1813:247; Fallén 1823:4; Macquart 1835:537; Meigen 1830:117-118; Zetterstedt 1840:716; Zetterstedt 1846:1819-1820. Parydra aquila (Fallén), Stenhammar 1844:187-188; Loew 1860:32; Schiner 1864:259; Becker 1896:211-212; Griinberg 1910:293; Cresson 1930: 105-106. Napaea aquila (Fallén), Haliday 1839:407; Becker 1926:99-100; Séguy 1934: 442; Tullgren and Wahlgren 1920-1922:542. Napaea (Parydra) aquila (Fallén), Dahl 1959:131. Parydra bituberculata Loew, 1862:165; Cresson 1949:245-246. Parydra nitida Cresson, 1915:70; Cresson 1949:246. Napaea (Parydra) bituberculata bituberculata (Loew), Sturtevant and Wheel- er 1954:227; Dahl 1961:39. Napaea (Parydra) bituberculata nitida (Cresson), Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:227-228. Types. — Fallén’s type series is composed of 3 female specimens deposited in the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseum in Stockholm, Sweden. The senior author has designated one specimen as the lectotype and the remaining two as paralectotypes. The specimens bore no locality or collection date. The lectotype bore the label 416-68, Riksmuseum Stockholm and the paralectotypes 417-68 and 418-68, Riksmuseum Stockholm. The lectotype also was labeled E. aquila é (actually 2), one paralectotype (417-68) was labeled E. aquila 2 and the other paralectotype had no determination label. Diagnosis. — This subspecies can be distinguished from the other sub- species of aquila by the presence of golden to coppery facial pruinosity and black tibiae. Description: MALE. — As in the species description except total body length 3.81 to 5.20 mm. Head \ength 0.85 to 1.12 mm. Face shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity. Thorax with scutum length 1.16 to 1.43 mm; scutellum length 0.51 to 0.61 mm. Legs black except tarsi reddish. Wing (Fig. 187) length from humeral crossvein 3.23 to 3.74 mm; width 1.33 to 1.63 mm; distance from h to R, 0.92 to 1.02 mm; R, to Ry,3 1.67 to 2.07 mm; Roi3 to R45 0.54 to 0.78 mm: R4,; to M,,»5 0.34 to 0.41 mm; length R,,; 1.94 to 2.24 mm; length M,,. 1.19 to 1.43 mm; costal section from R, to Ry 3 2.1 to 3.3 times distance from Ry. 3 to Ry. 5. FEMALE. — Total body length 3.54 to 4.96 mm: remainder as in males except where noted. Head \ength 0.88 to 1.12 mm. PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 38) Thorax with scutum length 1.26 to 1.50 mm; scutellum length 0.51 to 0.68 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 3.53 to 3.91 mm; width 1.39 to 1.70 mm; distance from h to R, 0.99 to 1.09 mm; R, to Ry: 3 1.87 to 2.11 mm; R23 to Ry,; 0.68 to 0.82 mm; R4.;5 to M,,» 0.34 to 0.41 mm; length R,,;5 2.14 to 2.45 mm; length M,,» 1.33 to 1.50 mm; costal section from R, to Rg.3 2.5 to 2.8 times distance from Ry13 to Ryis Distribution. — Northern North America, Europe, and perhaps Asia, above latitude 30 degrees North (Fig. 223). Specimens examined. — 2,346 specimens (991 4 6 and 1,355 2 2) from Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, D.C., Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, lowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennes- see, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming, Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. In addition, the senior author has examined Fallén’s types from Europe, 1 6 and 1 2 probably from another European locality, and 1 ° from Austria. This subspecies is collected from March through December. Parydra (Parydra) aquila papulata (Cresson) Parydra papulata Cresson, 1949:247. Napaea (Parydra) bituberculata papulata (Cresson), Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:228. Types. — Holotype 3, allotype, 2 male paratypes, and 2 female paratypes from Friday Harbor, Washington. The holotype, allotype, and two paratypes (1 ¢ and 1 ¢) lack a collection date. A male paratype was collected July 6.05 and a female paratype was collected 7.23.05. No collector was indicated on any of the types. The holo- type and allotype are deposited in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and the paratypes are deposited in the U.S. National Museum. Diagnosis. — Distinguishable from the other subspecies of aquila by the presence of a face with white pruinosity and black tibiae. Description: MALE. — As in the species description except total body length 4.45 to 5.44 mm. Head \ength 1.02 mm. Face shining metallic blue with white pruinosity. MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 Sf OS eee 1A Pee L Bert ph. Sf wy NN ee 40 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI Thorax with scutum length 1.43 to 1.53 mm; scutellum length 0.54 to 0.61 mm. Legs black except tarsi reddish. Wing (Fig. 188) length from humeral crossvein 3.57 to 3.88 mm; width 1.53 to 1.67 mm; distance from h to R, 1.02 to 1.09 mm; R, to Ry. 3 1.94 to 2.11 mm; Ro,3 to Ry,;5 0.68 to 0.75 mm; Ry; to M;4»5 0.37 to 0.41 mm; length R4,; 2.21 to 2.45 mm; length M,,.5 1.36 to 1.56 mm; costal section from R, to R2,3 2.6 to 3.0 times distance from Ry13 to R415. FEMALE. — Total body length 4.69 to 5.47 mm; remainder as in males except where specified. Head \ength 1.02 to 1.09 mm. Thorax with scutum length 1.43 to 1.60 mm; scutellum length 0.58 to 1.02 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 3.94 to 4.11 mm; width 1.63 to 1.77 mm; distance from h to R, 1.09 to 1.26 mm; R, to Ry,3 2.18 to 2.24 mm; Rei3 to Ry,;5 0.68 to 0.81 mm; R4y,; to Mj, 0.37 to 0.41 mm; length Ry,5 2.45 to 2.55 mm; length M,,. 1.53 to 1.60 mm; costal section from R, to Rg, 2.8 to 3.2 times distance from Ry:,3 to R445. Distribution. — Northwestern U.S. and Southwestern Canada (Fig. 224). Specimens examined. — 114 specimens (45 6 6 and 69 2 2) from Oregon, Washington, 1 specimen from Wyoming at 6,500’, and British Columbia. Collected June through August. Parydra (Parydra) aquila tibialis (Cresson) Parydra tibialis Cresson, 1916:150; Cresson 1949:248-249. Napaea (Parydra) tibialis (Cresson), Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:229. Types. — Holotype ¢, 3 6 and 5 2 paratypes from Oak Creek Canon [sic!], Arizona, 6,000’, Aug. F. H. Snow. The holotype is deposited at the University of Kansas. Two paratypes (14 and 1?) are deposited at the U.S. National Museum, and the remaining 6 paratypes are to be found at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Diagnosis. — Distinguishable from the other subspecies of aquila by the presence of a face with golden to coppery pruinosity, and the apex of the femora and tibiae reddish. Description: MALE. — As in the species description except total body length 3.77 to 4.90 mm. Head \ength 0.95 to 1.02 mm. Face shining black with golden to cop- pery pruinosity. Thorax with scutum length 1.22 to 1.39 mm; scutellum length 0.44 to 0.51 mm. Legs black except apex of femora, tibiae and tarsi reddish. Wing (Fig. 189) length from humeral crossvein 2.89 to 3.20 mm; width 1.22 to PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 41 1.36 mm; distance from h to R, 0.82 to 0.95 mm; R, to Ry,3 1.53 to 1.77 mm; Ry; to Ry; 0.58 to 0.65 mm; Ry,; to M;;. 0.31 mm; length Ry; 1.80 to 1.94 mm; length M,,.5 1.16 to 1.29 mm; costal section from R, to Ro; 2.4 to 2.8 times distance from Ryi3 to R415. FEMALE. — Total body length 4.42 to 5.10 mm; remainder like males except as follows: Head length 1.02 to 1.09 mm. Thorax with scutum length 1.36 to 1.53 mm; scutellum length 0.51 to 0.54 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 3.30 to 3.50 mm; width 1.33 to 1.56 mm; distance from h to R, 0.99 to 1.05 mm; R, to Ry,3 1.77 to 1.87 mm; Ro,3 to R4,; 0.61 to 0.68 mm; R,,; to M;,» 0.31 to 0.34 mm; length R,.5 2.04 to 2.28 mm; length M,,» 1.29 to 1.33 mm; costal section from R, to Ry,3 2.6 to 2.9 times distance from Ry13 to R415. Distribution. — Western U.S. and Canada (Fig. 225). Specimens examined. — 296 specimens (126 é 4 and 170 2 2) from Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Wash- ington, Wyoming, British Columbia, and Manitoba. Collected from April through November. Parydra (Parydra) aurata Jones Parydra aurata Jones, 1906:154-155; Cresson 1949:241-242. Napaea (Napaea) aurata (Jones), Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:222. Types. — Cresson (1949) mentioned that P. aurata was described from San Francisco and the holotype (No. 4106) and the allotype (No. 4107), “present selection” are in the collection of the Cali- fornia Academy of Sciences. He also mentioned a paratype at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. The senior author has secured two specimens from the California Academy of Sciences, a male labeled “lectotype” and a female labeled “allotype” and both bearing the labels San Francisco, Cal. with a date (v.27708) which was scratched out. The lectotype bears the number 974 and the allotype number 712. The senior author was assured that these were the types of Parydra aurata but why Cresson lists a “holotype” and why the numbers he lists are different from those on the types observed remains unknown. One paratype is located at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, as Cresson (1949) stated. This male specimen also bears the labels San Francisco, Cal. with the date (v.27’08) scratched out and the number 712. MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 42 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI Diagnosis. — Lateral scutellar tubercules absent, apical scutellar tuber- cules present, apical scutellar process absent, apex of scutellum distinctly pointed, orbital setae long, costal section of wing from R, to Ryoi3 0.9 or more times distance from the Ry.3 to R415. Description: MALE. — Total body length 3.64 to 4.15 mm; shining black with golden and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with golden pruin- osity except where noted; length 0.85 to 0.97 mm; ocellar triangle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae small, divergent; 3 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with golden pruinosity; 1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae: 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipitals very small; gena with golden pruinosity. Face with golden pruinosity; convex when viewed in profile; facial depressions shallow but long, from antennal base to first para- facial seta; 1 large pair and 3 to 5 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with golden pruinosity, mouthparts with golden to greyish pruinosity. Antennae dark, brown to black with golden pruinosity; arista black, somewhat plumose. Thorax shining black with golden pruinosity; faint greyish spots at intra- scutal suture; faint greyish stripes anteriorly between dorsocentral and acros- tichal setal rows; scutum length 1.05 to 1.22 mm; many long acrostichal setae; many long dorsocentral setae with 1 larger pair at intrascutal suture; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine; pre- suturals long and fine, 1 larger pair; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with golden pruinosity above, becoming greyish below and posteriorly; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 147) shining black with golden pruinosity, length 0.51 to 0.61 mm, apical process absent but apex appears distinctly pointed, apical tubercules present, apical scutellar setae large, lateral tubercules absent, lateral scutellar setae large. Legs black except trochanters, tibiae, and tarsi reddish; legs covered with golden pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yel- low setae at apex; mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 2 or 3 large, black anterior setae at apex; apex of metathoracic tibiae with an anterior cluster of black setae and a yellow, posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 190) clouded, darkened areas around crossveins bounded by clear to whitish spots, very faint clear spot posterior to medial crossvein, no spot near middle of M,,»5; veins brown; length from humeral crossvein 2.79 to 2.89 mm; width 1.22 to 1.36 mm; dis- tance from h to R, 0.78 to 0.85 mm; R, to Ry,3 1.26 to 1.43 mm; Ry. 3 to R45 0.75 to 0.82 mm; Ry,; to M;,». 0.37 to 0.41 mm; length of Ry,; 1.53 to 1.70 mm; length of M,,» 0.88 to 0.99 mm; costal section from R,; to Rs+3 1.6 to 1.9 times distance from Ry. 3 to Ry 5; halteres yellow. Abdomen as in Fig. 13 except where specified, shining black with mostly golden but some greyish pruinosity. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dor- sally or with fine lateral sutures; tergite 6, 7 and 8 absent. Genitalia as in Fig. 79. Note the paired gonites, rather short, narrower at base with rounded apices, fused to sternite 5 anteriorly and gonal arch posteriorly. Gonal arch PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 43 narrow and complete. Aedeagus large, boat-shaped with deeply lobed pos- terior margin, acute projections anteriorly, not fused to aedeagal apodeme. FEMALE. — Total body length 3.91 to 4.28 mm. Head, thorax, legs, and wings as in males except where indicated. Head \ength 0.88 to 0.99 mm. Thorax with scutum length 1.12 to 1.26 mm; scutellum length 0.51 to 0.61 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 2.82 to 3.06 mm; width 1.22 to 1.43 mm; distance from h to R, 0.78 to 0.85 mm; R, to Ry. 3 1.39 to 1.46 mm; Ry,3 to Ry; 0.78 to 0.81 mm; Ryi; to M,,5 0.37 mm; length of R,,;5 1.63 to 1.77 mm; length of M,,. 0.91 to 1.02 mm; costal section from R, to Ro,3 1.8 to 1.9 times distance from Ry13 to R415. Abdomen as in Fig. 47. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 115. Distribution. — Far western U.S. and southwestern Canada (hig) /228')). Specimens examined. — 461 specimens (210 3 é and 251 2 2) from Arizona, California, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Baja California, and British Columbia. Collected all months of the year except January and March. Parydra (Parydra) breviceps Loew Parydra breviceps Loew, 1862:167; Cresson 1949:223-224. Parydra limpidipennis Loew, 1878:201-202. Parydra vicina Cresson, 1940:9-10; Cresson 1949:224-225. Napaea (Napaea) breviceps breviceps (Loew), Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:223. Napaea (Napaea) breviceps vicina (Cresson), Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:223. The senior author has examined the holotype ¢ of P. limpidi- pennis (Type 11170, D.C., Loew Coll., deposited at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard) and it is certainly synonomous with P. breviceps. This was recognized previously by Cresson (1949) and Sturtevant and Wheeler (1954). In 1949, Cresson mentioned the possibility that P. vicina might be a subspecies of P. breviceps. Sturtevant and Wheeler (1954) made the synonomy and retained vicina as a subspecies based on an indistinct color character and a distributional difference (breviceps, Arizona and eastward; vicina, Arizona and westward). The senior author’s examination of the types and many specimens of each con- vinces him that they are synonomous and there appears to be no rea- son to retain vicina as a subspecies. MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 44 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI The holotype é and 11 paratypes (4 ¢ 6 and 7 2 2) of vicina labeled Berkeley Hills, Alameda Co., Cal., [V.11’08 are located in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Though Cresson (1940) mentioned 13 paratypes (5 4 é and 8 2 2), it is possible that 2 paratypes are lost. However, there are 2 females which lack paratype labels but bear the same locality labels. Perhaps these were considered as types by Cresson. Type. — This species was described from a single female speci- men (Type 11174) labeled Middle St., Loew Coll., and deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard. Diagnosis. — Lateral scutellar tubercules absent, apical scutellar tuber- cules present, apical scutellar process absent, apex of scutellum rounded or blunt, orbital setae long, facial pruinosity golden or bright coppery, femora black (apex may be reddish), tibiae and tarsi reddish, and costal section of wing from R, to Rz.3 1.1 to 1.6 times distance from Ry.3 to R415. Description: MALE. — Total body length 2.55 to 3.40 mm; shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity. Head shining black with coppery pruin- osity except as indicated; length 0.58 to 0.68 mm; ocellar triangle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae small, divergent; 3 large pairs and 1 or 2 small pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with coppery pruinosity above, becoming golden below, some- times greyish below and medially; 1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipi- tals small; gena shining black with golden pruinosity. Face shining black with golden or bright coppery pruinosity; convex when viewed in profile; facial depressions small; 1 large pair and 4 to 6 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with golden or bright coppery pruinosity; mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Antennae dark reddish to black with coppery pruinosity; arista black, slightly plumose. Thorax shining black with coppery pruinosity; faint greyish stripes lateral- ly along dorsocentral setal rows, between dorsocentral and acrostichal setal rows, and medially between acrostichal setal rows; scutum length 0.71 to 0.88 mm; many long acrostichal and dorsocentral setae of about the same length; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1 large pair; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity above, becoming greyish below; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 148) shining black with golden and coppery pruinosity, length 0.34 to 0.41 mm; apical process absent and apex rounded or blunt, apical tubercules present, apical scutellar setae large, lateral tuber- cules absent, lateral scutellar setae large. Legs black except trochanters, apex PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 45 of femora, tibiae, and tarsi reddish; legs covered with greyish pruinosity; pro- thoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 3 large, black anterior setae; apex of metathoracic tibiae with an anterior cluster of black setae and a yellow posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 191) lightly clouded, very slightly darkened areas around crossveins but not bound- ed by spots; veins brown; appendage rarely present at apex of R23; length from humeral crossvein 2.04 to 2.58 mm; width 0.85 to 1.09 mm; distance from h to Ry, 0.58 to 0.75 mm; R, to Rs.3 0.78 to 1.12 mm; Rois to R45 0.65 to 0.75 mm; R4y,5 to M,,». 0.24 to 0.27 mm; length R,,; 1.19 to 1.46 mm; length M,,» 0.65 to 0.85 mm; costal section from R, to Ro,3 1.1 to 1.6 times distance from Ry,3 to Ry,5; halteres yellow with light brown capitellum. Abdomen as in Fig. 14 except where mentioned; shining black with grey- ish pruinosity posteriorly and laterally on tergites. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent. Sternites 3 and 4 sometimes with 2 small anterior fragments, sternite 5 closely attached to sternite 6 and with 2 or 4 strongly sclerotized lateral fragments, sternite 6 sometimes with lateral projections. Genitalia as in Fig. 80. Note the long paired gonites with rounded apices, fused to sternite 6 anteriorly, fused to gonal arch posteriorly. Gonal arch complete dorsally and with a large triangular dorsal plate associated closely with dorsum of aedeagus. Aedeagus long and boat-shaped, not fused to aedeagal apodeme. FEMALE. — Total body length 3.13 to 3.57 mm. Head, thorax, legs and wings as in males except as noted. Head length 0.68 to 0.75 mm; parafacial setae, 1 large pair and 3 to 7 smaller pairs. Thorax with scutum length 0.88 to 0.95 mm; scutellum length 0.41 to 0.48 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 2.48 to 2.75 mm; width 1.09 to 1.22 mm; distance from h to R, 0.71 to 0.85 mm; R, to Ry:3 0.95 to 1.19 mm; Rz,3 to Ry,; 0.78 to 0.92 mm; R,,;5 to M;,» 0.27 to 0.31 mm; length R,.; 1.43 to 1.60 mm; length M,_,5 0.82 to 0.92 mm; costal section from R,; to Rg.3 1.2 to 1.5 times distance from Rs.3 to R415. Abdomen as in Fig. 48 except sternite 8 sometimes blunt anteriorly, without broad “U” notch. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 116. Distribution. — North America between latitudes 30 and 50 de- grees North, uncommon in Rocky Mountains. Specimens examined. — 1,293 specimens (551 4 é and 742 2°) from Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, D.C., Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minne- sota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Penn- sylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 46 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Baja California, Ontario, and Quebec. Collected all months of the year except November and January. Parydra (Parydra) humilis Williston Parydra humilis Williston, 1897:7; Cresson 1934:214. Napaea humilis Williston, Cresson 1918:64. Parydra humeralis Cresson, 1931:104. Type. — This species was described by Williston (1897) from 2 specimens from Rio de Janeiro (Smith). One specimen is a male and from Williston’s wording the other is probably a female. We have tried to locate the type or type series (2 specimens) but without success. The senior author has examined 5 specimens from Rio de Janeiro and believes that Williston’s description is sufficient to iden- tify these specimens as P. humilis. Also examined are 107 other specimens from various localities in North and South America and there is no question but that these fit Williston’s description. Among the total of 112 specimens examined one @? specimen in Cresson’s collection at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- delphia bears the following labels: comp’d W. Type? Parydra humilis Will. det. E. T. Cresson, 1918;192; Cartago, Costa Rica; 25.V ’09; P. P. Calvert. Another ¢ in Cresson’s collection is labeled “Topo- type” Parydra humilis W.; Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 9-934; H. Souza Lopes. Diagnosis. — Lateral scutellar tubercules absent; apical scutellar tuber- cules present; apical scutellar process absent; apex of scutellum rounded or blunt; orbital setae long; femora, tibiae and tarsi reddish; and costal section of wing from R, to Ry. 1.6 to 2.1 times distance from Ry,3 to R415. Description: MALE. — Total body length 3.16 to 3.91 mm; shining black with golden pruinosity. Head shining black with golden pruinosity except where mentioned; length 0.65 to 0.75 mm; ocellar triangle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae small, divergent; 3 large pairs and 1 small pair of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with golden pruinosity; 1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipitals small; gena with golden to greyish pruinosity. Face shining black with golden pruin- osity; convex when viewed in profile; facial depressions small; 1 large pair and 6 to 8 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with golden to greyish pruinosity; mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Antennae dark brown to black with golden pruinosity; arista black, somewhat plumose. PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 47 Thorax shining black with golden pruinosity; very faint, greyish stripes laterally along dorsocentral setae, between dorsocentral and acrostichal setal rows, and medially between acrostichal setal rows; scutum length 0.92 to 1.02 mm; many long acrostichal setae; many long dorsocentral setae with 3 pairs being larger than others, 1 pair at intrascutal suture and 2 pairs pos- terior; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1 larger pair; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with greyish and some golden pruinosity; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 149) shining black with golden pruinosity, length 0.34 to 0.44 mm, apical process absent and apex rounded or blunt, apical tubercules present, apical scutellar setae large, lateral tubercules absent, lateral scutellar setae large. Legs reddish except base of coxae black; legs covered with greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 2 large, black anterior setae; apex of metathoracic tibiae with an anterior cluster of dark reddish to black setae and a yellow posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 192) clear, sometimes very lightly darkened around crossveins, no white spots; veins brown or reddish; length from humeral crossvein 2.21 to 2.58 mm; width 0.88 to 1.12 mm; distance from h to R, 0.61 to 0.75 mm; R, to Ry.3 1.05 to 1.22 mm; Ryi3 to Ry,5 0.54 to 0.68 mm; R,,; to M;,»5 0.24 to 0.34 mm; length R,,; 1.36 to 1.67 mm; length M,.»5 0.85 to 1.05 mm: costal section from R, to Ry, 1.7 to 2.1 times dis- tance from Ry.3 to R,.;: halteres yellow. Abdomen as in Fig. 15 except as noted; shining black with coppery pruinosity on anterior and posterior margins of tergites, greyish pruinosity in middle. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent; anterior fragment of tergite 8 sometimes fused with tergite. Genitalia as in Fig. 81. Note the long, narrow, paired gonites with blunt apices, fused to sternite 5 anteriorly. Gonal arch absent or incomplete dorsally. Aedeagus slipper-like, not fused to aedeagal apodeme, with a dor- sal accessory sclerite. FEMALE. — Total body length 3.33 to 4.15 mm. Head, thorax, legs, and wings as in males except where indicated. Head length 0.71 to 0.81 mm. Thorax with scutum length 1.09 to 1.16 mm; scutellum length 0.44 to 0.48 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 2.75 to 2.92 mm; width 1.16 to 1.22 mm; distance from h to R, 0.71 to 0.78 mm; R, to Ro. 3 1.26 to 1.43 mm; Ry.3 to Ry,5 0.75 to 0.78 mm; Ry,; to M; +». 0.31 to 0.34 mm; length R,,; 1.70 to 1.73 mm; length M,,» 1.09 to 1.16 mm; costal section from R, to Ry,3 1.6 to 1.8 times distance from Ry,3 to R4+5. Abdomen as in Fig. 49. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 117. Distribution. — North and South America from southern Cali- fornia to central Argentina (Fig. 231). MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 48 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI Specimens examined. — 112 specimens (57 6 6 and 55 2 2) from the following countries: U.S. (California), Mexico, West Indies, Cuba, Costa Rica, Panama, Ecuador, Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Argentina. Collected in every month except August. Parydra (Parydra) imitans Loew Parydra imitans Loew, 1878:201; Cresson 1949:242-243. Napaea (Napaea) imitans (Loew), Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:223-224. Napaea (Napaea) trituberculata Sturtevant and Wheeler, 1954:225. An examination of the holotype ¢ and 83 specimens of Parydra imitans and the holotype é and 4 specimens of P. trituberculata con- vinces me that they are synonomous species. The holotype ¢ of trituberculata from Coden, Alabama, Oct. 15, 1924 is deposited in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Sturtevant and Wheeler (1954) mentioned a paratype from Gulfport, Mississippi (sex not indicated) deposited in the Cornell University collection. The senior author has not seen this paratype but has seen one specimen from the Cornell University collection labeled Napaea n.sp. and from the same locality with the date June 14, 1917. This may be the paratype to which Sturtevant and Wheeler (1954) referred. Type. — This species was described from a single male specimen bearing the labels Type 11169, Mass., and Loew Collection. This holotype is deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard. Diagnosis. — Lateral scutellar tubercules absent; apical scutellar tuber- cules present and distinct; apical scutellar process long and narrow; orbital setae long; wings without a crossvein joining Ry,3 and Ry.5, Ryi3 not appendiculate at apex; and tibiae reddish. Description: MALE. — Total body length 3.13 to 4.32 mm; shining black with golden, coppery and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with golden pruinosity except where specified; length 0.68 to 0.88 mm; ocellar triangle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and post- ocellar setae small, divergent; 3 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with golden pruinosity above, becoming golden to greyish below; 1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, ex- terior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipitals small; gena shining black with greyish but some golden pruinosity. Face shining black with greyish pruin- osity, sometimes with golden or coppery pruinosity; facial depressions Jong, from antennal base to first parafacial seta; 2 large pair and 2 or 3 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with silvery grey to golden pruinosity; mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Antennae reddish with coppery pruin- PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 49 osity; arista black, somewhat plumose. Thorax shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity; faint greyish stripes laterally along dorsocentral setae, between dorsocentral and acrostichal setal rows, and medially between acrostichal setal rows; scutum length 1.02 to 1.22 mm; many long acrostichal setae; many long dorsocentral setae with 3 pairs being larger than others, 1 pair at intrascutal suture and 2 pairs farther posterior; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1 larger pair; 2 large pairs of noto- pleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with greyish pruinosity, golden below wing base; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 150) shining black with golden pruinosity, length 0.51 to 0.71 mm, apical process long and narrow, apical tubercules present, apical scutellar setae large, lateral tubercules absent, lateral scutellar setae large. Legs with coxae and femora black; trochanters, tibiae and tarsi reddish; legs covered with greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 3 large, black anterior setae; apex of metathoracic tibiae with an anterior cluster of black setae and a yellow posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 193) slightly clouded, darkened areas around crossveins bounded by faintly lighter areas, no lighter areas posterior to medial crossvein or near middle of M,..; veins brown; length from humeral cross- vein 2.48 to 3.30 mm; width 1.09 to 1.33 mm; distance from h to R, 0.75 to 0.92 mm; R, to Ry,3 0.95 to 1.39 mm; Ry,3 to R4,5 0.78 to 0.99 mm; R,,; to M,,,5 0.31 to 0.37 mm; length R,,; 1.39 to 1.90 mm; length Mj,» 0.82 to 1.12 mm; costal section from R, to Ry;3 1.1 to 1.5 times dis- tance from Ry,3 to R4,;; halteres yellow. Abdomen as in Fig. 16 except as noted; shining black with greyish pruin- osity, denser pruinosity on posterior half of tergites. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent. Sternite 4 variably shaped, basically oval with anterior or posterior notches, with or without 2 anterior fragments; sternite 5 with or without 2 anterior fragments. Genitalia as in Fig. 82. Note the somewhat triangular, paired gonites with curved, pointed apices; fused to sternite 5 anteriorly; not fused to gonal arch. Gonal arch large with curved, pointed apex. Aedeagus long and pointed with small accessory sclerite, not fused to aedeagal apodeme. Aedeagal apodeme very large. FEMALE. — Total body length 3.33 to 4.01 mm. Head, thorax, legs and wings as in males except where mentioned. Head \ength 0.78 to 0.88 mm. Thorax with scutum length 1.12 to 1.32 mm; scutellum length 0.58 to 0.71 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 2.79 to 3.33 mm; width 1.16 to 1.36 mm; distance from h to R, 0.82 to 0.95 mm; R, to Ry: 3 1.19 to 1.53 mm; Rg.3 to Ry; 0.92 to 1.02 mm; Ry;; to M;+»2 0.34 to 0.37 mm; length R,4.; 1.73 to 1.97 mm; length M,,, 1.02 to 1.16 mm; costal section from R, to Ry, 1.2 to 1.6 times distance from Ry,3 to Ry +5. MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 50 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI Abdomen as in Fig. 50. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 118. Distribution. — Eastern U.S. and Canada, Atlantic and Gulf Coastal areas (Fig. 227). Specimens examined. — 87 specimens (38 3 6 and 49 22) from Alabama, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Maine, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, New Bruns- wick, and Nova Scotia. Collected from March through October. Parydra (Parydra) incommoda Cresson Parydra incommoda Cresson, 1930:81; Cresson 1949:247-248. Napaea (Parydra) incommoda (Cresson), Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:228. Types. — Described from a holotype ¢, allotype and 7 paratypes (3 ¢ 4 and 4 2 2 ) collected from Moscow Mt., Idaho on 12.VI.10. The holotype, allotype and 1 ° paratype are deposited in the Acad- emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and the re- maining paratypes are deposited in the U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. Diagnosis. — Lateral scutellar tubercules present, apical scutellar process absent, apical scutellar tubercules present and the distance between them dis- tinctly greater than their length, orbital setae short, facial pruinosity dark cop- pery, katepisternal spine absent, mesofemora of males with a dense posterior flexor row of setae, and females with sternite 8 deeply notched on posterior. Description: MALE. — Total body length 4.08 to 4.69 mm; shining black with coppery, golden and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with cop- pery pruinosity except as noted; length 0.95 to 1.05 mm; ocellar triangle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae small, divergent; interocellar and post- ocellar setae very small, divergent; 2 or 3 small pairs of orbital setae, 1 very small pair; eyes red, oval; vertex with coppery pruinosity above, becoming golden below but whitish to greyish below and medially; 1 small pair of con- vergent, inner vertical setae; 1 small pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipitals very small; gena shining black with golden to cop- pery pruinosity. Face shining black with dark coppery pruinosity; facial de- pressions long, shallow, from antennal base to first parafacial seta; 1 large pair and 4 to 6 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with coppery pruinosity; mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Antennae brown to black with coppery pruinosity; arista black, somewhat plumose. Thorax shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity; faint greyish stripes between dorsocentral and acrostichal setal rows; scutum length 1.26 to 1.33 mm; many small acrostichal and dorsocentral setae; 1 long pair of pre- scutellar setae; humeral, posthumeral and presutural setae very small and fine; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 51 intraalar setae; pleura shining black with golden pruinosity above, becoming greyish below and posterior; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 151) shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity, length 0.54 mm, apical process absent, apical tubercules present and farther apart than their length, apical scutellar setae large, lateral tubercules present, lateral scutellar setae large. Legs black except trochanters and tarsi reddish; legs covered with greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic femora of males with a dense posterior flexor row of setae (Fig. 181); meso- thoracic tibiae each with a spur and 3 small black anterior setae; apex of meta- thoracic tibiae with an anterior cluster of black setae and a yellow posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 194) very slightly clouded, slightly darkened at crossveins, not bounded by whitish spots, no other whitish spots present; veins brown; length from humeral crossvein 3.30 to 3.67 mm; width 1.43 to 1.53 mm; dis- tance from h to R, 0.95 to 1.09 mm; R, to Ry,3 1.70 to 1.90 mm; Rz,3 to R,,5 0.68 to 0.71 mm; R45 to Mj. 0.37 to 0.41 mm; length Ry,5 1.94 to 2.21 mm; length M,,. 1.26 to 1.39 mm; costal section from R, to Ro,3 2.5 to 2.7 times distance from Ry; to R4,5; halteres yellow. Abdomen as in Fig. 18 except where specified; shining black with golden pruinosity. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent. Sternites 2 and 3 with or without anterior fragments. Genitalia as in Fig. 83. Note the paired gonites which are sharply bent upward at middle, fused to sternite 6 anteriorly, connected to gonal arch posteriorly. Gonal arch narrow and complete dorsally. Aedeagus pointed and curved, not fused to aedeagal apodeme. FEMALE. — Total body length 4.35 to 4.93 mm. Head, thorax, legs and Wings as in males except as noted. Head length 1.02 to 1.09 mm; parafacial setae, 1 large pair and 5 to 8 smaller pairs. Thorax with scutum length 1.29 to 1.43 mm; scutellum length 0.54 to 0.62 mm. Wing length from humeral crossyein 3.64 to 4.25 mm; width 1.46 to 1.70 mm; distance from h to R, 1.02 to 1.16 mm; R, to Rz,3 1.70 to 2.11 mm; Ry,3 to Ry,5 0.75 to 0.78 mm; Ry; to M;+. 0.37 to 0.41 mm; length R,,; 2.24 to 2.45 mm; length M,.»5 1.39 to 1.46 mm; costal section from R, to Ry,3 2.3 to 2.7 times distance from R213 to R415. Abdomen as in Fig. 51. Note sternite 8 with the deep U-shaped pos- terior notch. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 119. Distribution. — Western U.S. and Canada (Fig. 227). Specimens examined. — 353 specimens (127 6 é and 226 2 2 ) from Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, Wyoming, Alberta, and British Columbia. Collected from May through October. MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 52 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI Parydra (Parydra) lynetteae n.sp. Types. — Holotype ¢, 1 ¢ and 5 2 paratypes from 2.5 mi. E. Chilpancingo; 5 mi. S. Guerreo; Mexico; Aug. 5, 1962; N. Marston-6. 2 6 paratypes with same data except Aug. 3, 1962; N. Marston-4a; and 1 ¢ paratype with same data except Aug. 4, 1962; N. Marston-5. One é paratype (Aug. 3, 1962; N. Marston-4a) retained in the author’s collection and 1 4 paratype with this data is deposited in the collection of the U.S. National Museum. The remaining holo- type 6, 1 6 and 6 @ paratypes are deposited in the collection of Kansas State University at Manhattan, Kansas. Also, 1 4 paratype from Sonora Alamos, Mexico, 25.1].1963, P. H. Arnaud, Jr. is de- posited in the collection of the California Academy of Sciences. Diagnosis. — Lateral and apical scutellar tubercules absent, apical scu- tellar process absent, orbital setae long, face concave when viewed in profile, facial pruinosity golden or coppery, costal section of wing from R, to Rois 1.5 or more times distance from Ryi3 Ry,;. Male with gonal arch present and aedeagus not fused to aedeagal apodeme. Female ventral receptacle with large cap which covers all but the apex. Description: MALE.— Total body length 3.06 to 3.30 mm; shining black with coppery, golden and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with coppery pruinosity except where noted; length 0.61 to 0.65 mm; ocellar tri- angle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae small, divergent; 2 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with coppery pruinosity above, becoming greyish below; 1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipitals very small; gena black with golden pruin- osity. Face shining black with golden pruinosity; concave when viewed in profile; facial depressions large, from antennal base to first parafacial seta; 1 or 2 small anterior pairs, followed by 1 large pair, and 8 to 11 small pos- terior pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with golden pruinosity; mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Antennae dark, brown to black with coppery pruin- osity; arista black, somewhat plumose. Thorax shining black with coppery pruinosity; faint, greyish stripes lat- erally along dorsocentral setae and between dorsocentral and acrostichal setal rows; scutum length 0.75 to 0.99 mm; many long acrostichal setae; many long dorsocentral setae with 3 pairs being larger than others, 1 pair at intrascutal suture and 2 pairs farther posterior; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1 larger pair; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with coppery to golden pruinosity above, becoming greyish below and posteriorly; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 53 152) shining black with coppery pruinosity; length 0.31 to 0.34 mm; apical process absent, apical tubercules present, apical scutellar setae large, lateral tubercules absent, lateral scutellar setae large. Legs black except trochanters, apex of femora, tibiae and tarsi reddish; legs covered with golden and greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 3 large, black anterior setae; apex of metathoracic tibiae with an anterior cluster of black setae and a yellow, posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 195) lightly clouded, darkened areas around crossveins bounded by faintly lighter spots, no lighter areas posterior to medial crossvein or near middle of M,..5; veins brown; length from humeral crossvein 1.97 to 2.35 mm; width 0.85 to 1.05 mm; distance from h to R, 0.54 to 0.65 mm; R, to R513 0.88 to 1.05 mm; Ryi3 to R4y,; 0.58 to 0.61 mm; Ry,; to M,42 0.24 to 0.27 mm; length of Ry,; 1.19 to 1.36 mm; length of M,,»5 0.75 to 0.88 mm; costal section from R, to Ry,3 1.5 to 1.7 times distance from R2,3 to R,,;; halteres yellow. Abdomen as in Fig. 19 except where mentioned; shining black with gold- en pruinosity anteriorly, becoming greyish posteriorly on tergites. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent. Genitalia as in Fig. 85. Note the paired gonites with rounded apices, fused to sternite 5 anteriorly and gonal arch posteriorly. Gonal arch narrow with short lateral projections connecting with aedeagus. Aedeagus boat-shaped, not fused to aedeagal apodeme. FEMALE. — Total body length 3.64 to 3.71 mm. Head, thorax, legs and wings as in males except where mentioned. Head length 0.75 to 0.82 mm. Thorax with scutum length 1.09 to 1.16 mm; scutellum length 0.37 to 0.44 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 2.65 to 2.75 mm; width 1.16 to 1.19 mm; distance from h to R, 0.71 to 0.78 mm; R, to Rsi3 1.26 to 1.33 mm; Rj,3 to Ry; 0.65 mm; Ry,; to M;,» 0.31 mm; length of Ry; 1.60 to 1.63 mm; length of M;.. 0.95 to 0.99 mm; costal section from R, to Ro+3 1.9 to 2.1 times distance from Ry13 to Ry,5. Abdomen as in Fig. 52. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 120. Distribution. — Western Mexico (Fig. 227). Specimens examined.— 11 specimens (5 66 and 622, 1 holotype é and 10 paratypes) with data as listed previously for types. Parydra (Parydra) penabbreviata n.sp. Types. — Holotype ¢ from Falls Church, Virginia; July 1954; M.R. Wheeler. 1 2 paratype from same locality but collected July 13,54; M. R. Wheeler. The holotype and paratype are both depos- ited in the collection of the U.S. National Museum. Diagnosis. — Lateral scutellar tubercules and apical scutellar tubercules absent; apical scutellar process present and large; orbital setae long; face con- MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 54 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI vex to concave when viewed in profile; facial pruinosity grey. Male with gonites rounded apically, gonal arch present, aedeagus and aedeagal apodeme not fused. Female with sternite 8 consisting of a single median sclerite with a deep posterior notch, sternite 7 with a large anterior notch. Description: MALE. — Total body length 2.86 mm; shining black with golden, coppery, and grey pruinosity. Head shining black with coppery pruin- Osity except where indicated; length 0.61 mm; ocellar triangle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae small, divergent; 2 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with coppery pruinosity above, becoming golden below; 1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipitals very small; gena black with golden pruinosity. Face shining black with grey pruinosity; convex to concave when viewed in profile; facial depressions long, from antennal base to first parafacial seta; 1 large pair and 3 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with grey pruinosity medially, becoming golden laterally; mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Antennae dark, brown to black, with coppery pruinosity; arista dark brown, plumose. Thorax shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity; greyish spots at intrascutal suture; greyish stripes on anterior and posterior of thorax, appear- ing as spots, laterally along dorsocentral setae, between dorsocentral and acrostichal setal rows, and medially between acrostichal setal rows; scutum length 0.82 mm; many long acrostichal setae; many long dorsocentral setae with 3 pairs being larger than others, 1 pair at intrascutal suture and 2 pairs farther posterior; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1 larger pair; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with dull coppery to golden pruinosity above, becoming greyish below; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish pruin- osity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 153) shining black with coppery pruinosity medially, becoming greyish on anterolateral angles; length 0.37 mm; apical process present and large; apical tubercules absent; apical scutellar setae large; lateral tubercules absent; lateral scutellar setae large. Legs black except trochanters, apex of femora, tibiae and tarsi reddish; legs covered with greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex: mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 3 large, black anterior setae; apex of metathoracic tibiae with an anterior cluster of black setae and a red- dish, posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 196) clouded, darkened areas around cross- veins bounded by clear to whitish spots, one such spot posterior to medial crossvein and one near middle of M4», one whitish spot at tip of appendage of Ryi3: veins brown; length from humeral crossvein 1.90 mm; width 0.88 mm; distance from h to Ry 0.58 mm; R, to Ro,3 0.48 mm; Ry,3 to R415 0.71 mm; R4y,; to M,,. 0.37 mm; length of R,,; 0.68 mm; length of M,,5 0.48 mm; costal section from R, to Ry, 3 0.7 times distance from Ry, to Ry. 5; halteres with yellow base and reddish capitellum. PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 55 Abdomen as in Fig. 17 except as noted; shining black with coppery pruinosity anteriorly and medially, becoming greyish posteriorly and laterally on tergites. Tergites 2 through 5 with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent. Genitalia as in Fig. 84. Note the paired goniies with long, narrow, rounded apices, fused to gonal arch posteriorly, connected to sternite 5 anteri- orly. Gonal arch narrow with long, wide, medial projection connecting with aedeagus. Aedeagus boat-shaped, not fused to aedeagal apodeme. FEMALE. — Total body length 3.09 mm. Head, thorax, legs and wings as in males except where mentioned. Head \ength 0.68 mm; parafacial setae, 1 large pair and 3 or 4 smaller pairs. Thorax with scutum length 0.85 mm; scutellum length 0.41 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 1.94 mm; width 1.02 mm; distance from h to R, 0.68 mm; R, to Rsg,3 0.51 mm; Roi3 to Ry,5 0.71 mm; Ry; to M4. 0.34 mm; length R,,; 0.99 mm; length M,,. 0.48 mm; costal section from R, to R:,3 0.7 times distance from Ry,3 to R415. Abdomen as in Fig. 53. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 121. Distribution. — Virginia (Fig. 232). Specimens examined. — Holotype 3 and 1 paratype @ with the same data as listed previously for types. Parydra (Parydra) pinguis (Walker ) Ephydra pinguis Walker, 1852:409. Parydra pinguis (Walker), Loew 1878:199. Parydra pinguis Loew, Cresson 1949:244. Napaea (Napaea) pinguis (Walker), Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:224-225. Type. — This species was described by Walker (1852) and the locality was listed as the United States. Loew (1878) redescribed pinguis placing it in the genus Parydra but he made no mention of seeing Walker’s type. The senior author has been unable to locate Walker’s type or type series but has examined the specimens that Loew apparently had before him when redescribing pinguis. Walk- er’s description of pinguis includes: “head ...covered with white down in front: ...legs black with knees and shanks ferruginous”. These characters should be sufficient to indicate that he was describ- ing the same species as Loew. Loew’s specimens at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard are as follows: 1 é and 1 ? labeled D.C., Loew Coll. and 1 2 labeled Texas, Febr., Loew Coll. Diagnosis. — Lateral scutellar tubercules absent; apical scutellar tuber- cules present; apical scutellar process absent; apex of scutellum rounded or MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 56 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI blunt; orbital setae long; facial pruinosity dense grey, white or silvery without apparent ground color; femora black except reddish apex; tibiae and tarsi red- dish; and costal section of wing from R, to Ry:3 1.1 to 1.3 times distance from Ry, 3 to R415. Description: MALE. — Total body length 2.92 to 3.23 mm; shining black with golden and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with golden pruin- Osity except where indicated; length 0.68 to 0.75 mm; ocellar triangle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae small, divergent; 3 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; 1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipitals very small. Face shining black with dense grey, white or silvery pruinosity; no ground color apparent; convex when viewed in profile; facial depressions small; 1 large pair and 6 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with dense grey, white or silvery pruinosity; mouth- parts with golden to somewhat greyish pruinosity. Antennae reddish to brown with golden pruinosity; arista reddish to brown, plumose. Thorax shining black with golden pruinosity; no greyish spots at intra- scutal suture; very faint greyish stripes laterally along dorsocentral setae, be- tween dorsocentral and acrostichal setal rows, and medially between acrostichal setal rows; scutum length 0.92 to 0.99 mm; many long acrostichal and dorso- central setae; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine; presuturals long and fine, usually 1 but sometimes 2 larger pairs; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with golden pruinosity above, becoming greyish below; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with grey- ish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 154) shining black with golden pruinosity, length 0.41 to 0.48 mm, apical process absent, apex rounded or blunt, apical tubercules present, apical scutellar setae large, lateral tubercules absent, lateral scutellar setae large. Legs black and reddish; coxa and all but apex of femora black, trochanters, apex of femora, tibiae and tarsi reddish; legs covered with golden and greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 3 large, black anterior setae; apex of metathoracic tibiae with an anterior cluster of black setae and a reddish, posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 197) cloud- ed, darkened areas around crossveins; no whitish spots; veins brown; branch vein at apex of Ro,3 present or absent; length from humeral crossvein 2.14 to 2.31 mm; width 0.99 to 1.02 mm; distance from h to R, 0.68 to 0.71 mm; R, to Ry, 3 0.88 to 0.92 mm; Ry.3 to Ryi;5 0.65 to 0.75 mm; Ry,5 to My 0.24 to 0.27 mm; length of Ry,; 1.22 to 1.33 mm; length of M,+,»2 0.65 to 0.75 mm; costal section from R, to Ry,3 1.2 to 1.3 times distance from Ryi3 to R4y,5; halteres yellow. Abdomen as in Fig. 20 except where specified; shining black with golden pruinosity anteriorly becoming greyish posteriorly on tergites. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent. Sternite 4 somewhat variable, with an anterior projection or an PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 57 anterior notch, truncate to concave posteriorly. Sternite 5 with or without an anterior fragment. Genitalia as in Fig. 86. Note the paired gonites with rounded apices, fused to sternite 6 anteriorly and gonal arch posteriorly. Gonal arch narrow, without projections. Aedeagus boat-shaped, not fused to aedeagal apodeme. FEMALE. — Total body length 3.09 to 3.64 mm. Head, thorax, legs and wings as in males except where noted. Head \ength 0.78 to 0.92 mm; parafacial setae, 1 large pair and 5 to 8 smaller pairs. Thorax with scutum length 1.09 to 1.12 mm; scutellum length 0.44 to 0.54 mm; presuturals, 1 long pair. Wing length from humeral crossvein, 2.58 to 2.72 mm; width 1.02 to 1.22 mm; distance from h to R, 0.78 to 0.85 mm; R, to Ro:3 0.95 to 1.05 mm; Rz13 to Ry,; 0.82 to 0.88 mm; Ry,; to My;2 0.27 to 0.31 mm; length of Ry,; 1.39 to 1.50 mm; length of M,,». 0.78 to 0.82 mm; costal section from R, to Ry ,3 1.1 to 1.3 times distance from Ro13 to R45. Abdomen as in Fig. 54. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 122. Distribution. — Eastern half of the United States (Fig. 227). Specimens examined. — 48 specimens (21 6 and 27 2 2) from District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Kansas, Louisi- ana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. Collected from February to October. Parydra (Parydra) quadrituberculata Loew Parydra quadrituberculata Loew, 1862:165-166; Cresson 1949:249-250. Napaea (Parydra) quadrituberculata (Loew), Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954: 228-229. Types. — This species was described from a holotype ¢ and 3 or 4 2 paratypes. Loew (1862) indicated that he observed male specimens but none in Loew’s collection were labeled “Middle States” but there is 1 6 and 1 @ bearing only the label “Osten Sacken Coll.”. Cresson (1949) mentions the presence of the holo- type ° and 4 paratopotypes but the senior author could find only 3 in the M.C.Z. collection. The holotype ¢ bears the labels Middle St., Loew Coll., and Type 11172. The paratype females bear the same labels except Type 2, 3 and 4; each with 11172 also. The holotype and paratypes are deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard. Diagnosis. — Lateral scutellar tubercules and apical scutellar tubercules MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 58 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI present, distance between apical scutellar tubercules distinctly less than their length, orbital setae short, and katepisternal spine present. Description: MALE. — Total body length 3.64 to 3.84 mm; shining black with coppery, golden and greyish pruinosity. Head (Figs. 1, 3, 6 and 8) shin- ing black with coppery pruinosity except as noted; length 0.88 mm; ocellar triangle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae small, divergent; 2 or 3 small pairs and 4 to 6 very small pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with coppery pruinosity above, becoming golden below; 1 small pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 small pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipitals very small; gena black with golden pruinosity. Face shining black with grey to white pruinosity; occasionally with some light yellow pruinosity; convex when viewed in profile; facial depressions small; 1 large pair and 3 or 4 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with grey to white pruinosity; mouthparts (Fig. 8) with greyish pruinosity. Antennae dark, brown to black with cop- pery pruimosity; arista black, bare or very slightly plumose. Thorax (Figs. 2, 4 and 5) shining black with golden to coppery pruin- osity; faint greyish stripes laterally along dorsocentral setae and between dorso- central and acrostichal setal rows; stripe not apparent between acrostichal setal rows; no spot at intrascutal suture; scutum length 1.09 to 1.22 mm; many short acrostichal and dorsocentral setae; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae small and fine; presuturals short and fine; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of pos- terior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with golden pruinosity above, be- coming greyish below; mesopleural setae small; sternum with greyish pruin- osity; katepisternal spine present (Fig. 5). Scutellum (Figs. 4, 5 and 155) shining black with golden pruinosity, length 0.48 to 0.51 mm, apical process absent, apical tubercules present and distance between them being less than their length, apical scutellar setae large, lateral tubercules present, lateral scutellar setae large. Legs (Fig. 9) black except trochanters, tibiae, and tarsi reddish; covered with greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 3 large, black anterior setae at apex; apex of metathoracic tibiae with an anterior cluster of black setae and a yellow, posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 198) clear to very slightly clouded; no darkened areas around crossveins; no white spots; veins brown; length from humeral crossvein 2.99 to 3.33 mm; width 1.18 to 1.27 mm; dis- tance from h to R, 0.81 to 0.85 mm; R, to Ry.3 1.67 to 1.84 mm; Ry13 to R45 0.54 to 0.68 mm; R415 to M;,»5 0.27 to 0.31 mm; length of R4,;5 1.80 to 2.07 mm; length M,,. 1.19 to 1.43 mm; costal section from R, to Ro13 2.5 to 3.1 times distance from Ry,3 to R415; halteres (Fig. 7) yellow. Abdomen as in Fig. 21 except where mentioned; shining black with gold- en pruinosity, becoming greyish posteriorly on tergites. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent. Sternite 5 narrow and straplike or small and broadly elliptical. Genitalia as in Fig. 87. Note the short paired gonites with rounded but somewhat angular PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 59 apices, fused to lateral remnants of gonal arch posteriorly and connected to sternite 6 anteriorly. Gonal arch consisting of 2, triangular lateral fragments fused with gonites, not complete dorsally, connected to aedeagus at apex of fragments. Aedeagus boat-shaped, not fused to aedeagal apodeme. FEMALE. — Total body length 4.15 to 4.59 mm. Head, thorax, legs and wings as in males except where specified. Head \ength 0.88 to 1.02 mm; 2 to 4 small pairs and 3 to 5 very small pairs of orbital setae; 1 large pair and 3 to 6 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Thorax with scutum length 1.29 to 1.46 mm; scutellum length 0.58 to 0.61 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 3.23 to 4.15 mm; width 1.37 to 1.57 mm; distance from h to R, 0.88 to 1.09 mm; R, to Ry,3 1.80 to 2.14 mm; Ry.3 to Ry; 0.68 to 0.71 mm; Ry.5 to M,.» 0.31 to 0.34 mm; length Ry, 5 2.04 to 2.52 mm; length M,,. 1.39 to 1.67 mm; costal section from R, to Ry, 3 2.5 to 3.0 times distance from Roi 3 to Ry, 5. Abdomen as in Fig. 55 except where mentioned. Sternite 2 sometimes with anterior notch and sternite 3 sometimes with small anterior process. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 123. Distribution. — Eastern half of the U.S. and Canada (Fig. 226). Specimens examined. — 1,498 specimens (616 6 46 and 882 2 2) from Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Mon- tana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennes- see, Texas, Virginia, Wisconsin, Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. This species is collected in every month but November. Parydra (Parydra) transversa Cresson Parydra transversa Cresson, 1940:10; Cresson, 1949:245. Napaea transversa (Cresson), Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:220. Types. — This species was described from the holotype 3 and 4 paratypes (listed by Cresson as 2 6 6 and 2 2 2 but actually 3 é 6 and 1 2) all in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sci- ences of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. All of the types bear the fol- lowing data: St. Petersburg, Florida; II.15.1924; (E. T. Cresson, Jr.). The holotype bears the type number 6601 but the type num- ber indicated by Cresson (1940) was 6547. Diagnosis. — Lateral scutellar tubercules absent; apical scutellar tuber- cules present; apical scutellar process absent and apex of scutellum appears MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 lw SAAN Nm bod SLAASON) ee) BRR ON WW SL ASYM NS AAASONI™N TF SAaASON 60 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI rounded or blunt; orbital setae long; facial pruinosity sparse, grey, white or silvery with apparent metallic ground color; femora black except apex red- dish; tibiae reddish; and costal section of wing R, to Ry; 0.9 to 1.1 times distance from Ry,3 to Rg+5. Description: MALE. — Total body length 3.13 to 3.57 mm; shining black with golden, coppery and greyish to silvery or white pruinosity. Head shining black with golden pruinosity except as mentioned; length 0.75 to 0.78 mm; ocellar triangle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; inter- ocellar and postocellar setae small, divergent; 3 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with coppery to golden pruinosity above, becoming lighter golden below; 1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipitals small; gena shining black with golden pruinosity. Face shining black to reddish with metallic reflections; sparse grey, white or silvery pruinosity; convex when viewed in profile; facial depressions large, appearing as two, one small depres- sion at base of antenna and a large transverse depression near first parafacial seta; 1 large pair and 3 to 5 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with dense grey, white or silvery pruinosity; little metallic ground color apparent; mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Antennae brown to reddish with coppery pruinosity; arista brown to black, plumose. Thorax shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity; faint greyish stripes laterally along dorsocentral setae and medially between acrostichal setal rows; faint greyish stripes more pronounced between dorsocentral and acros- tichal setal rows, sometimes appearing as spots near posterior of thorax; no spot at intrascutal suture; scutum length 0.99 to 1.09 mm; many long acros- tichal setae; many long dorsocentral setae with 1 larger pair at intrascutal suture; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1 larger pair; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with golden pruinosity above, becoming greyish below; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 156) shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity; length 0.44 to 0.58 mm; apical process absent, apex appearing rounded or blunt; apical tubercules present; apical scute!lar setae large; lateral tubercules absent; lateral scutellar setae large. Legs with coxae and all but apices of femora black to brown; trochanters, apices of femora, tibiae, and tarsi reddish; legs covered with greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long reddish setae at apex; mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 3 large, black anterior setae at apex; apex of metathoracic tibiae with an anterior cluster of black setae and a yellow, posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 199) clouded, darkened areas around crossveins bounded by whitish spots, one whitish spot posterior to medial crossvein, One whitish spot at junction of Ry,3 and Ry,5: veins brown; Ro, 3 sometimes appendiculate at apex; length from humeral crossvein 2.45 to 2.65 mm; width 1.09 to 1.19 mm; distance from h to R, 0.75 to 0.82 mm; R, to Ry +3 0.82 to 0.99 mm; Rpi3 to Ry; 0.88 to 0.95 mm; Ryis5 to My». 0.31 PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 61 to 0.37 mm; length Ry,; 1.43 to 1.53 mm; length M,,»5 0.78 to 0.85 mm; costal section from R, to Rg,3 0.9 to 1.1 times distance from Ry. 3 to R415; halteres yellow. Abdomen as in Fig. 22; shining black to brown with golden pruinosity, becoming greyish posteriorly and laterally on tergites. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent. Genitalia as in Fig. 88. Note the paired gonites with long, bluntly rounded apices, connected to sternite 6 anteriorly and the gonal arch posteriorly. Gonal arch composed of two fused, lateral, triangular plates; connected to aedeagus at apex. Accessory aedeagal sclerite present and U-shaped. Aedeagus com- posed of two lateral, triangular plates; connected to gonal arch dorsally and accessory aedeagal sclerite posteriorly; not fused to aedeagal apodeme. FEMALE. — Total body length 3.60 to 4.01 mm. MHead, thorax, legs and wings as in males except as noted. Head \ength 0.82 to 0.85 mm; 1 large pair and 3 or 4 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Thorax with scutum length 1.19 to 1.26 mm; scutellum length 0.54 to 0.58 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 2.82 to 3.06 mm; width 1.26 to 1.29 mm; distance from h to R, 0.88 mm; R, to Rg,3 1.05 to 1.09 mm; Ro,3 to Ry,5 0.95 to 1.09 mm; Ry,; to Mj. 0.34 to 0.41 mm; length R,,; 1.60 to 1.80 mm; length M, 5 0.85 to 0.95 mm; costal section from R, to Ro,3 1.0 to 1.1 times distance from Ry,3 to R415. Abdomen as in Fig. 56. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 124. Distribution. — Florida (Fig. 225). Specimens examined. — 23 specimens (10 6 ¢6 and 13 22) with the following data: St. Petersburg, Florida, II.15.1924, (E. T. Cresson, Jr.), holotype ¢ and 4 paratypes (3 6 6 and 1 2); Tampa, Florida, 20 March 33, A. L. Melander, 1 ¢ and 2 2 2; Port St. Joe, Gulf County Beach, Florida, March 17, 1954, George Steyskal, 1 ¢ and 6 2 2; Flamingo, Florida, 26 Jan. 1939, A. L. Melander, 1 32; and 7 specimens from St. Augustine, Florida, C. W. Johnson Collec- tion (2 6 6 and 1 2, IV.21.19), (1 ¢ and 1 2, IV.27.19), and (Z® @. IDV IO MO). Parydra (Parydra) unituberculata Loew Parydra unituberculata Loew, 1878:200; Cresson 1949:242. Napaea (Napaea) unituberculata (Loew), Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:226. Types. — This species apparently was described from two female specimens. The holotype (type 11173) and the paratype? (type 2, 11173) both bear the labels D.C. and Loew Collection. These types are both deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard. MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 Faw FT A ae >, ee op SARA SS 62 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI Diagnosis. — Lateral scutellar tubercules absent; apical scutellar tuber- cules present; apical scutellar process present, short and broad, often knobbed; orbital setae long; wings without a crossvein joining Ry,3 and R45, Rsi3 not appendiculate at apex; and tibiae black except small reddish areas at base and apex. Description: MALE. — Total body length 2.92 to 4.08 mm; shining black with coppery, golden and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with coppery pruinosity except where mentioned; length 0.78 to 0.85 mm; ocellar triangle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae small, divergent; 2 large pairs and 1 or 2 small pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with coppery pruinosity above, becoming golden below; 1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipitals small; gena black with golden pruinosity. Face shining black with golden pruinosity; convex when viewed in profile; facial depressions divided into 2 pair, 1 small pair below antennae and 1 large, transverse pair near first parafacial setae; 1 large pair and 3 to 5 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with golden pruinosity; mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Antennae dark, brown to black with golden pruin- osity; arista black, plumose. Thorax shining black with golden pruinosity; faint greyish spot at intra- scutal suture; faint greyish stripes laterally along dorsocentral setae and be- tween acrostichal and dorsocentral setal rows; sometimes faint, greyish stripe between acrostichal setal rows; scutum length 0.99 to 1.12 mm; many long acrostichal and dorsocentral setae; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1 pair larger; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with golden pruinosity above, becoming greyish below; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish pruin- osity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 157) shining black with golden pruinosity; length 0.54 to 0.61 mm; apical process present, short and broad, often knobbed; apical tubercules present; apical scutellar setae large; lateral tubercules absent; lateral scutellar setae large. Legs black except base and apex of tibiae reddish, tarsi reddish; legs covered with greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 3 large, black anterior setae at apex; apex of metathoracic tibiae each with 1 large black anterior seta and a yellow, posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 200) clouded, darkened areas around crossveins bounded by whitish spots, one such spot posterior to medial crossvein and one near middle of M,4.; veins brown; length from humeral crossvein 2.55 to 2.82 mm; width 1.12 to 1.19 mm; distance from h to R, 0.71 to 0.78 mm; R, to Ry, 3 1.02 to 1.16 mm; Rp,3 to Ry,5 0.82 to 0.85 mm; R4,; to M,,. 0.34 to 0.37 mm; length Ry,; 1.50 to 1.67 mm; length M,,, 0.71 to 0.85 mm; costal section from R, to Rj, 1.2 to 1.4 times distance from Ry,3 to R45; halteres yellow. Abdomen as in Fig. 23 except where noted; shining black with grey pruin- osity centrally and posteriorly on tergites, becoming golden laterally. Tergites PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 63 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent. Sternites 2 through 4 with rounded or concave posterior margins; sternite 5 inverted U-shaped, sometimes with lobes and appearing to be a syn- sternite of 5 +. Genitalia as in Fig. 89. Note tergite 9 + surstyli with round- ed apices. Paired gonites with rounded apices, fused to sternite 5 anteriorly and posteriorly to lateral remnants of gonal arch. Gonal arch not complete dorsally, 2 lateral fragments fused to gonites, lateral fragments with pointed ventral projections connected to aedeagus. Aedeagus boat-shaped, not fused to aedeagal apodeme. FEMALE. — Total body length 3.88 to 4.08 mm. Head, thorax, legs and wings as in males except where indicated. Head \ength 0.85 to 0.92 mm; 1 large pair and 2 to 5 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. eae Thorax with scutum length 1.16 to 1.36 mm; scutellum length 0.71 to 0.75 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 3.06 to 3.33 mm; width 1.33 to 1.43 mm; distance from h to R, 0.85 to 0.95 mm; R,; to Rg,3 1.29 to 1.43 mm; Ry,3 to Ry,;5 0.88 to 1.05 mm; Ry,; to M;;. 0.37 to 0.44 mm; length R,,5 1.70 to 1.94 mm; length M,,. 0.82 to 0.99 mm; costal section from Ry to Ro,3 1.3 to 1.5 times distance from Ry,3 to R415. Abdomen as in Fig. 57. Ventral receptacle as in Fig 125. Distribution. — Eastern half of United States (Fig. 225). Specimens examined. — 75 specimens (29 4 2 and 46 2 2?) from Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Indiana, Louisi- ana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, and West Virginia. Collected from March through November. Parydra (Parydra) vanduzeei (Cresson) Napaea vanduzeei Cresson, 1933:68-69. Parydra vanduzeei (Cresson), 1949:241. Napaea (Napaea) vanduzeei Cresson, Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:226. Types. — Cresson (1933 and 1949) lists the holotype 2 from Niagara Falls, New York; July 21, 1913; M. C. Van Duzee; deposited in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia; and two é paratypes from East Aurora, New York; July 28, 1912; M. C. Van Duzee (no deposition site indicated). Cresson also indi- cates that the holotype and one paratype each have an additional crossvein in the wings. Sturtevant and Wheeler (1954) mention that they have seen one male paratype, “(California Academy of Sci- ences collection)”, and on this basis included it in their key. From MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 64 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI this, one would assume that one or both male paratypes were at the California Academy of Sciences, but Dr. Paul H. Arnaud of the Academy assures us that neither of the paratypes is there. Dr. Arnaud wrote letters to both Sturtevant and Wheeler to see if these paratypes are in their collection but such was not the case. Dr. M. R. Wheeler, after mentioning that the paratypes were not in his collection, wrote that his notes read “Parydra vanduzeei Cr. Para- type. keys to unituberculata.” The senior author has examined the female holotype and it is probably an aberrant specimen, at least with regard to wing venation and perhaps in other ways. The wings have a crossvein near the apex of Re+3 which joins Re;3 and Ra;5. Most characters seem to agree with those of unituberculata but the scutellar shape (especially the shape of the apical process), shape of the abdominal sternites (especially sternite 8), shape of the ventral receptacle, color of facial pruinosity, and of course the wing venation do not agree with those of unituberculata. Consequently, the senior author is hesitant in considering vanduzeei as being conspecific with unituberculata. It is most unfortunate that the holotype is a female but it is even more regrettable that the male paratypes are apparently lost. An examination of the male genitalia would determine definitely the identity of the paratypes and give additional evidence of the prob- able identity of the holotype. However, in the absence of such evi- dence, we feel it best to consider vanduzeei as a distinct species, realiz- ing that it is most certainly related to and may be ultimately found to be conspecific with unituberculata. Diagnosis. — Lateral scutellar tubercules absent, apical scutellar process present and large, apical scutellar tubercules distinct, orbital setae long, face convex when viewed in profile, wings with a crossvein joining Ry: 3 and Ry. >;. Description: MALE. — unknown! FEMALE. — Total body length 4.08 mm; shining black with golden, cop- pery and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with golden pruinosity ex- cept where stated; length 0.82 mm; ocellar triangle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocel- lar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae small, divergent; 2 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with coppery pruinosity above, becoming golden below to whitish centrally; | large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; post- orbitals and occipitals small; gena black with greyish to golden pruinosity. Face shining black with grey pruinosity except golden between antennae; con- PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 65 vex when viewed in profile; facial depressions divided into 2 pair, 1 small pair below antennae and 1 small, transverse pair near first parafacial setae; 1 large pair and 4 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with grey pruinosity; mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Antennae dark, brown to black with coppery pruinosity; arista black, plumose. Thorax shining black with coppery pruinosity; spots and stripes not appar- ent; scutum length 1.29 mm; many long acrostichal setae; many long dorso- central setae with 3 pair longer than others, 1 longer pair at intrascutal suture and 2 other pairs farther posterior; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1 pair larger; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with golden pruinosity above, becoming greyish below; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish pruin- osity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum shining black with golden to cop- pery pruinosity; length 0.54 mm; apical process present, short and pointed; apical tubercules present; apical scutellar setae large; lateral tubercules absent; lateral scutellar setae large. Legs black except base and apex of tibiae reddish, tarsi reddish; legs covered with greyish pruinosity; apex of prothoracic tibiae with long setae; apex of mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 2 large, black anterior setae; apex of metathoracic tibiae each with 1 large, black anterior seta and a yellow, posterior comb. Wing clouded, darkened areas around crossveins bounded by white spots, one such spot posterior to medial crossvein and one near middle of M,..; veins brown; Ry13 with an appendage near apex, preceded by a crossvein which connects the Ry13 with R4.5; length from humeral crossvein 2.99 mm; width 1.36 mm; distance from h to R, 0.91 mm; R, to Roi3 1.22 mm; Ro.3 to Ry,; 0.88 mm; R4y,; to M,,5 0.41 mm; length R,,; 1.73 mm; length M,1. 0.88; costal section from R, to Ro13 1.5 times distance from Ry.3 to R45; halteres yellow but capitellum slightly darker than rest. Abdomen as in Fig. 58; shining black with greyish pruinosity, becoming golden on lateral margins of tergites. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 126. Distribution. — Niagara Falls, New York (Fig. 233). Specimens examined. — 1 specimen, the holotype female with data as listed under types. Subgenus CHAETOAPNAEA Hendel Chaetoapnaea Hendel, 1930:150. Type-species Napaea pusilla (Meigen), Hen- del 1930:149-150. Cresson 1949:232; Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:216. See generic synonomies! Diagnosis. — Face straight to concave when head is viewed in profile; head setae large; scutellum usually lacking tubercules or an apical process; male genitalia usually with aedeagus and aedeagal apodeme fused, gonites usually pointed apically, gonal arch usually absent. MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 66 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI Description. — Generally small (1.43 to 4.28 mm long); shining black flies with golden, coppery and greyish pruinosity. Head with ocellar triangle raised; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae small, divergent; orbital setae large; eyes red, oval; 1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipitals small. Face straight to concave when head is viewed in profile; shining black with golden, coppery, greyish, or silvery pruinosity; facial de- pressions large and long, from antennal base to first parafacial seta; 1 large and several smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Thorax: shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity, becoming grey- ish on lower areas of pleura; often with greyish stripes laterally along dorso- central setal rows, between acrostichal and dorsocentral setal rows, and medi- ally between acrostichal setal rows; often with a white to greyish spot at intra- scutal suture; acrostichal and dorsocentral setae large, often several pairs of dorsocentrals are larger than others; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; 2 large pairs of notopleural setae, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intra- alar setae; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity; apical process minute or absent; apical tubercules usually absent or very small; lateral tubercules absent; apical and lateral scutellar setae present and large. Legs black, or black and reddish with greyish pruinosity; apex of prothoracic tibiae with long setae; apex of mesothoracic tibiae variously setose, usually with a spur; apex of metathoracic tibiae variously setose anteriorly but with a posterior comb. Wing usually clouded with darkened areas around crossveins which usually are bounded by light or white spots; Rji3 often appendiculate near apex. Abdomen as in generic description except as follows: Male genitalia usually with aedeagus and aedeagal apodeme fused; gonites usually pointed apically; and gonal arch usually absent. Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) acuta n.sp. Types. — Holotype é from White River, Mt. Rainier, Washing- ton, 28 Aug. ’34, A. L. Melander. Paratype é from Berkely Park, Mt. Rainier, Washington, 23 Aug. 1934, A. L. Melander. The holotype is deposited in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, and the paratype in that of the U.S. Nation- al Museum. Diagnosis. — Tergites 3, 4 and 5 with anterior ventral areas rounded or somewhat angled; costal section of wing R, to Ry,3 0.6 to 0.8 times distance from R5z,3 to Ry,;5; and gonites long, narrow and pointed but not hooked at apex. Description: MALE. — Total body length 2.21 to 2.65 mm; shining black with golden, coppery and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with cop- PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 67 pery pruinosity except where stated; length 0.58 to 0.65 mm; ocellar triangle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocel- lar setae small, divergent; 2 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with coppery pruinosity above, becoming golden below; 1 large pair of con- vergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipitals small; gena black with golden pruinosity, ground color with metallic blue or green reflections. Face shining black with golden to greyish pruinosity, ground color with metallic blue reflections; straight to concave when viewed in profile; facial depressions long, from antennal base to first parafacial seta; 1 large pair and 3 or 4 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with golden pruinosity; mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Anten- nae dark brown to black with coppery pruinosity; arista black, plumose. Thorax shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity; faint greyish stripes between dorsocentral and acrostichal setal rows; greyish to white spot at intrascutal suture; scutum length 0.58 to 0.75 mm; many long acrostichal setae; many long dorsocentral setae with 1 pair larger at intrascutal suture; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1 pair larger; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with golden pruinosity above, becoming greyish below; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 158) shining black with coppery pruinosity; length 0.24 to 0.34 mm; apical process small, pointed; apical and lateral tubercules absent; apical and lateral scutellar setae large. Legs black except trochanter and tarsi dark brown; legs with greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic tibiae each without a spur but with 1 or 2 large anterior setae at apex; apex of metathoracic tibiae with anterior cluster of brown setae and a brown, posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 201) clouded; darkened areas around crossvein bounded by white areas, sometimes appearing purplish; one white spot posterior to medial crossvein; no spot near middle of M,, 5; veins brown; length from humeral crossvein 1.70 to 2.04 mm; width 0.88 to 0.99 mm; dis- tance from h to R, 0.54 to 0.58 mm; R, to Ry:3 0.68 to 0.88 mm; Rz3 to R,.5 0.51 to 0.58 mm; Ry, 5 to M;,» 0.31 mm; length of Ry,; 1.02 to 1.29 mm; length of M,_,» 0.54 to 0.68 mm; costal section from R, to Rj; 0.6 to 0.8 times distance from Ry,3 to Ry,;; halteres brownish yellow. Abdomen as in Fig. 24; shining black with golden pruinosity. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent. Genitalia as in Fig. 90. Note the long, pointed, paired gonites; fused to sternite 5 anteriorly. Gonal arch absent. Aedeagus long and pointed at apex, fused to aedeagal apodeme. FEMALE. — Unknown! Distribution. — Western Washington (Fig. 229). Specimens examined. — 2 specimens (both ¢@ é), the holotype and paratype with data as previously mentioned under types. MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 68 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) appendiculata Loew Parydra appendiculata Loew, 1878:202-203. Napaea appendiculata (Loew), Cresson 1949:230-231. Napaea (Napaea) appendiculata (Loew), Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:222. Type. — This species was described from a single female speci- men bearing the labels Texas, Febr., Loew Coll., and Type 11167. This holotype ? is deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard. Diagnosis. — Costal section of wing from R, to Ry:3 1.4 to 1.7 times distance from R,,3 to Ry,;. Male with tergite 9 + surstyli rounded mid- ventrally; gonites rounded apically; aedeagus with hooked apex and a large posterior opening. Female abdomen with sternite 5 round to oval; sternites 6, 7 and 8 subequal in width to other sternites; sternite 8 consisting of a single median sclerite without a posterior notch, convex posteriorly. Description: MALE. — Total body length 2.24 to 2.48 mm; shining black with coppery, golden and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with cop- pery pruinosity except as mentioned; length 0.47 to 0.54 mm; ocellar triangle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and post- ocellar setae small, divergent; 2 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; ver- tex with coppery pruinosity above, becoming golden below; 1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipitals small; gena black with golden pruinosity. Face shining black with coppery pruinosity; straight to concave when viewed in profile; facial depressions long, from antennal base to first parafacial seta; 1 large pair and 4 or 5 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with coppery pruinosity; mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Antennae dark brown to black with coppery pruinosity; arista black, plumose. Thorax shining black with coppery pruinosity; faint greyish stripes lat- erally along dorsocentral setal rows and between acrostichal and dorsocentral setal rows; faint greyish spot at intrascutal suture; scutum length 0.54 to 0.65 mm; many long acrostichal setae; many long dorsocentral setae, 1 pair larger at intrascutal suture; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1 larger pair; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with golden pruinosity above, becoming greyish below; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepister- nal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 159) shining black with coppery pruinosity; length 0.27 to 0.31 mm; apical process absent; apical and lateral tubercules absent; apical and lateral scutellar setae large. Legs black except trochanters and tarsi dark reddish; legs covered with greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 3 large, black anterior setae at apex; apex of metathoracic tibiae with an anterior PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 69 cluster of black setae and a posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 202) clouded; dark- ened areas around crossveins bounded by faint whitish spots; one whitish spot posterior to medial crossvein; Ry, 3 usually appendiculate near apex and usually with a darkened area around the appendage or at apex of Roi3, not bounded by whitish spots; veins brown; length from humeral crossvein 1.67 to 1.84 mm; width 0.75 to 0.78 mm; distance from h to R, 0.48 to 0.54 mm; R, to Rj,3 0.71 to 0.78 mm; Ro, to Ry,; 0.44 to 0.51 mm; R4y,5 to M,,2 0.20 to 0.24 mm; length R,,; 0.99 to 1.09 mm; length M,.» 0.58 to 0.61 mm, costal section from R; to Ry,3 1.4 to 1.7 times distance from Ry,3 to R45; halteres yellow. Abdomen as in Fig. 25 except where noted; shining black with coppery pruinosity anteriorly, greyish posteriorly on tergites. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent. Sternite 2 somewhat variable, anterior “V” notch with a constriction near the anterior end or near middle, sometimes narrower at posterior, posterior round- ed or truncate. Genitalia as in Fig. 91. Note the paired gonites with round- ed apices, connected anteriorly to sternite 5. Gomnal arch absent. Aedeagus with hooked apex, large posterior opening, fused at base to aedeagal apodeme. FEMALE. — Total body length 2.35 to 3.16 mm. Head, thorax, legs and wings as in males except as indicated. Head length 0.58 to 0.65 mm; 1 large pair and 4 to 6 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Thorax with scutum length 0.65 to 0.75 mm; scutellum length 0.27 to 0.34 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 1.94 to 2.21 mm; width 0.82 to 0.95 mm; distance from h to R, 0.54 to 0.61 mm; R, to Rg.3 0.88 to 1.02 mm; Ry.3 to Ry,; 0.54 to 0.65 mm; R4,5 to M,1. 0.27 to 0.31 mm; length R,,; 1.16 to 1.33 mm; length M,,. 0.65 to 0.71 mm; costal section from R, to Ro,3 1.5 to 1.7 times distance from Ry,3 to Ry4>;. Abdomen as in Fig. 59 except sternite 2 somewhat variable, anterior “V” notch, sometimes with constriction at middle of sclerite and narrower posteri- orly, blunt to truncate posterior. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 127. Distribution. — Western Mexico, throughout U.S. except the southeast, and in Canada (Fig. 229). Specimens examined. — 1,144 specimens (555 464 and 589 2 2) from Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Kan- sas, Michigan, Minnesota, New Mexico, New York, Nevada, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, Wyoming, Baja California, Sonora, Labrador, Manitoba, Northwest Territory, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan and Yukon. Collected all months of the year. Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) arctica n. sp. Types. — Holotype é and 1 ¢ paratype from Canada, NWT, 70 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI Salmita Mines, 64°05’N., 111°15’W., both collected by J. G. Chill- cot. The holotype was collected 16.VI.1953 and the paratype 12. VI.1953. Both deposited in the Canadian National Collection at Ottawa. In addition, there are 10 other paratypes. 1 6 and 2 2 9 from Cambridge Bay, NWT, Canada 18.VI.1950, E. H. N. Smith; 1 6 with same data but collected 7.VIIT.1950; 1 6 and 1 2 from Coral Harbour, Southampton Is., NWT, Canada, P. R. Ehrlich, 2 collected 10.VI.1952 and ¢ 17.VI.1952; 1 é from Frobisher Bay, Baffin Island, Canada, 9.VIII.1948, F. G. Di Labio; and all are deposited in the Canadian National Collection at Ottawa. Two para- types (1 é and 1 2) are from Aklavik, NWT, Canada, May 18, 1931, Bryant, Lot 212, and the ¢ is deposited in the U.S. National Museum while the ¢ is deposited in the collection of the California Academy of Science at San Francisco. The remaining paratype ¢ is from Aklavik, NWT, Canada, Sept. 12, 1930, Bryant, Lot 142, and is deposited in the California Academy of Science Collection. Diagnosis. — Costal section of wing from R, to Ro,3 1.6 to 2.3 times distance from Ry,3 to R4y;;. Male with tergite 9 + surstyli rounded mid- ventrally; gonites broad, flat, rounded or pointed apically; aedeagus with apex blunt and forked, large anterior opening, sometimes a small posterior opening, when viewed from the posterior the sides converge abruptly at base and slowly at apex. Female abdomen with sternite 8 consisting of a single median sclerite without a posterior notch, much wider than sternite 6 or 7; ventral receptacle with cap being about 1% total length of receptacle. Description: MALE. — Total body length 2.58 to 2.72 mm; shining black with coppery, golden and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with cop- pery pruinosity except where stated; length 0.58 to 0.61 mm; ocellar triangle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae small, divergent; 2 large pairs and 2 or 3 small pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with coppery pruinosity above, becoming greyish below; 1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipitals small; gena black with golden pruin- osity. Face shining black with golden pruinosity, straight to concave when viewed in profile; facial depressions long, from antennal base to first para- facial seta; 1 large pair and 3 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with golden pruinosity; mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Antennae dark, brown to black with coppery pruinosity; arista black, slightly plumose. Thorax shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity; faint greyish spot at intrascutal suture; faint greyish stripes between acrostichal and dorsocentral setal rows; scutum length 0.58 to 0.68 mm; many long acrostichal setae; many long dorsocentral setae with 2 pairs being larger than others, 1 pair at intra- PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 71 scutal suture and 1 pair further posterior; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1 larger pair; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with golden puinosity above, be- coming greyish below; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 160) shining black with coppery pruinosity, length 0.27 to 0.31 mm, apical process absent, apical and lateral tubercules absent, apical and lateral scutellar setae large. Legs all black or very dark brown with greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic tibiae each with 3 black anterior setae, no spur at apex; apex of metathoracic tibiae with 3 black anterior setae and a yellow posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 203) clouded, slightly darkened areas around crossveins; no white spots; veins dark brown to black; length from humeral crossvein 1.70 to 2.11 mm; width 0.78 to 0.88 mm; distance from h to R,; 0.48 to 0.51 mm; R, to Rsy,3 0.75 to 1.02 mm; Ry.3 to Ry,; 0.48 to 0.58 mm; R4y.; to M;,. 0.24 mm; length R,,; 1.02 to 1.29 mm; length M,+.2 0.61 to 0.78 mm; costal section from R, to Rg, 3 1.6 to 1.9 times dis- tance from R5,3 to R4,5; halteres brown, slightly darker capitellum. Abdomen as in Fig. 26; shining black with golden pruinosity anteriorly, becoming greyish posteriorly on tergites. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent. Genitalia as in Fig. 92. Note the paired gonites which may be broad, flat with posteriorly curved, pointed apices as in Fig. 92 or with rounded, slightly curved apices; connected to sternite 5 anteriorly. Gonal arch absent. Aedeagus with blunt, forked apex; large anterior opening; sometimes a small posterior opening; fused to aedeagal apodeme. FEMALE. — Total body length 2.79 to 3.03 mm. Head, thorax, legs and wings as in males except where specified. Head \ength 0.61 to 0.68 mm; 1 large pair and 3 or 4 small pairs of parafacial setae. Thorax with scutum length 0.68 to 0.78 mm; scutellum length 0.27 to 0.31 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 1.87 to 2.17 mm; width 0.85 to 0.99 mm; distance from h to R, 0.51 to 0.61 mm; R, to Ry. 3 0.95 to 1.02 mm; Ry,3 to Ry,;5 0.44 to 0.58 mm; Ry,; to M; 4.2 0.24 to 0.27 mm; length of Ry,,; 1.09 to 1.36 mm; length of M,,». 0.65 to 0.82 mm; costal section from R, to Ry, 3 1.8 to 2.3 times distance from Ry, to R4_5. Abdomen as in Fig. 60 except where mentioned. Sternites 7 and 8 somewhat variable; sternite 7 with or without an anterior notch, posterior truncate or with a deep notch; sternite 8 either with “V” shaped or “U” shaped, broad, anterior notch. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 128. Distribution. — Far northern North America (Fig. 229). Specimens examined. — 12 specimens (8 4 6 and 4 22) in- cluding the holotype ¢ and 11 paratypes with data as listed previ- ously for types. MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 U2 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) borealis (Cresson) Napaea (Chaetoapnaea) borealis Cresson, 1949:235-236. Napaea (Napaea) borealis (Cresson), Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954;223. Types. — This species was described by Cresson from a holotype 6, 5 paratypes (1 ¢ and 4 2 2), and 2 female specimens he con- sidered to be conspecific with the types. The senior author has exam- ined the holotype and one paratype (listed below). Cresson made no mention of where the paratypes were deposited. The senior author has observed specimens not bearing paratype labels but with identi- cal data labels as the paratypes in question and these may or may not be the paratypes Cresson mentioned. The holotype ¢ bears the labels; Priest Lake, Idaho, 1 Aug. ’16, A. L. Melander, Type, Napaea borealis, E. T. Cresson, Jr., and #1124. The paratype @ that has been observed has the labels Ilwaco, Washington, July 1917, A. L. Melander, and a paratype label. This paratype and the holotype are deposited in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Diagnosis. — Costal section of wing from R, to Ry,3 1.1 to 1.7 times distance from R»,3 to Ry,;. Male with tergite 9 + surstyli with or without a deep cleft; gonal arch absent; aedeagus not fused to aedeagal apodeme. Female abdomen with sternite 5 subtriangular, usually with an anterior notch; sternite 6, 7 and 8 subequal in width to other sternites; sternite 8 consisting only of a large median sclerite without a deep posterior notch, blunt to con- vex anteriorly, slight concavity on posterior lateral margins of each side; ven- tral receptacle with rounded cap, internal fold of cap not constricted near top, cap about 2/3 length of receptacle. Description: MALE.— Total body length 2.75 to 3.23 mm; shining black with coppery and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with coppery pruinosity except as specified; length 0.68 to 0.71 mm; ocellar triangle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae small, divergent; 2 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with cop- pery pruinosity above, becoming golden below; 1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; post- orbitals and occipitals small; gena black with coppery pruinosity. Face shin- ing black with coppery, golden or greyish pruinosity, straight to concave when viewed in profile; facial depressions long, from antennal base to first para- facial setae; 1 large pair and 4 or 5 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with coppery, golden or greyish pruinosity; mouthparts with greyish pruin- osity. Antennae dark, brown to black with coppery pruinosity; arista black, somewhat plumose. PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 73 Thorax shining black with coppery pruinosity; distinct white spot at in- trascutal suture; faint greyish stripes, laterally along dorsocentral setal row, between dorsocentral and acrostichal setal rows, and medially between acrosti- chal setal rows; scutum length 0.71 to 0.85 mm; many long acrostichal setae; many long dorsocentral setae with 1 longer pair at intraseutal suture; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine; pre- suturals long and fine, 1 pair larger; 2 pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity above, becoming greyish below; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 161) shining black with coppery pruinosity, length 0.31 to 0.41 mm, apical process absent, apical and lateral tubercules absent, apical and lateral scutellar setae large. Legs mostly black except trochanters reddish, sometimes apex of femur and base and apex of tibiae reddish, tarsi usually nearly black but sometimes dark reddish; legs covered with greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; apex of mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 3 black anterior setae; apex of metathoracic tibiae with an anterior cluster of black setae and a yellow posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 204) clouded, darkened areas around crossveins bounded by white spots; one white spot posterior to posterior crossvein; veins brown; length from humeral crossvein 2.14 to 2.52 mm; width 1.02 to 1.16 mm; distance from h to R, 0.58 to 0.68 mm; R, to Ro,3 0.95 to 1.05 mm; Rz,3 to Ry,; 0.61 to 0.82 mm; R,,; to M;,. 0.27 to 0.34 mm; length of R,,; 1.26 to 1.43 mm; length of M, 42 0.71 to 0.75 mm; costal section from R, to Ry: 1.2 to 1.7 times dis- tance from Ry; to R4,;; halteres yellow with brownish or greyish capitellum. Abdomen as in Fig. 27 except where noted; shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity, becoming greyish on posterior lateral margins of tergites. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent. Sternite 1 absent or consisting of 2 small circular frag- ments. Genitalia as in Fig. 93. Tergite 9 + surstyli may be with a deep cleft as in Fig. 93 or without as in Fig. 94. Note (Fig. 93) the short, paired gonites with rounded apices, fused to sternite 5 anteriorly. Gonal arch absent. Aedeagus long with rounded apex, not fused to aedeagal apodeme. FEMALE. — Total body length 3.33 to 3.94 mm. Head, thorax, legs and wings as in males except where indicated. Head \ength 0.78 to 0.92 mm; 1 large pair and 4 to 6 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Thorax with scutum length 0.85 to 0.95 mm; scutellum length 0.37 to 0.48 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 2.21 to 2.92 mm; width 1.12 to 1.29 mm; distance from h to R, 0.61 to 0.92 mm; R, to Ry, 3 0.92 to 1.26 mm; Ro,3 to Ry.; 0.65 to 0.92 mm; Ry,; to M,;,». 0.34 to 0.37 mm; length of Ry,, 1.26 to 1.70 mm; length of M;,. 0.68 to 1.02 mm; costal section from R; to Rg,3 1.1 to 1.5 times distance from Ry, to Ry_;. Abdomen as in Fig. 61 except where mentioned. Sternite 1 very small, MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 74 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI short and wide, or absent. Sternites 3 and 5 sometimes with a small anterior notch. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 129. Distribution. — Pacific Northwest, northern U.S. and southern Canada (Fig. 234). Specimens examined. — 15 specimens, (9 6 6 and 6 2 2) in- cluding the holotype and one paratype, with the following data: Holotype é, #1124, Priest Lake, Idaho, 1 Aug. *16, A. L. Melander; 1 paratype ¢?, Ilwaco, Wash., July 1917, A. L. Melander; 1 2, Berkely Park, Mt. Rainier, Washington, 23 Aug. 1934, A. L. Mel- ander; 1 2, Toledo, Washington, 27 June *35, A. L. Melander; 1 ?, Corvallis, Oregon, May 10, 1936, N. P. Larson; 1 ¢, 10 mi. SE, Anchorage, Alaska, 8 IV 48, R. I. Sailer; 1 é, Isle Royale, Michi- gan, Aug. 3-7, 1936, C. Sabrosky; 1 ¢, Stinson Lake, White Mts., New Hampshire, 23 July 1961, W. W. Wirth; 1 4, Frankonia, New Hampshire, Mrs. Slosson; 2 6 6 and 1 2, Terrace, B. C., Canada, 2.VIII.1960, W. R. Richards; 1 6 and 1 ¢, Cypress Hills, Sask., Canada, 26.V.1955, J. R. Vockeroth; and 1 ¢, Thunder Bay, Quebec, Canada, 11.VI.1929, W. J. Brown. Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) copis n. sp. Types. — Holotype ¢ from Everett, Washington, 4 July 1924, A. L. Melander and 3 é paratypes from the following localities; Adna, Wash., July 10, 1917, A. L. Melander; Lk. Crescent, Pied- mont, Wash., July 26, 1917, A. L. Melander; and Vashon, Wash., May 28, 1917, A. L. Melander; all deposited in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Also 2 4 paratypes from Lake Cushman, Wash., 22 July °17, A. L. Melander; and Marshfield, Oregon, 14 Sept. 34, A. L. Melander; both deposited in the U.S. National Museum. Diagnosis. — Costal section of wing from R, to Ry,3 1.2 to 1.4 times distance from Ryi3 to R45; anterior-ventral areas of tergites rounded or somewhat angled, without finger-like processes; gonites long, narrow, pointed, tapering gradually and evenly from base to apex, not sharply curved at apex; aedeagus and aedeagal apodeme not fused; and aedeagus narrow when viewed from above, with a deep apical groove, knife or sheath-like in profile view. Description: MALE. — Total body length 3.23 to 4.05 mm; shining black with coppery, golden, and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with cop- pery pruinosity except where indicated; length 0.82 to 0.85 mm; ocellar tri- angle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK ID postocellar setae small, divergent; 2 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with coppery pruinosity above, becoming golden below; 1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipitals small; gena black with golden or coppery pruinosity, white or greyish below eye. Face shining black with coppery, golden and greyish pruinosity, straight to concave when viewed in profile; facial depressions long, from antennal base to first parafacial seta; 1 large pair and 4 to 6 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with golden, coppery, or greyish pruinosity; mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Antennae dark, brown to black with coppery pruinosity; arista black, slightly plumose. Thorax shining black with coppery pruinosity; distinct white spot at intra- scutal suture; faint greyish stripe laterally along dorsocentral setal rows, be- tween acrostichal and dorsocentral setal rows, and medially between acrosti- chal setal rows; scutum length 0.82 to 0.88 mm; many long acrostichal setae; many long dorsocentral setae with 1 pair larger at intrascutal suture; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine; pre- suturals long and fine, 1 larger pair; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with coppery to golden pruinosity above, becoming greyish below; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 162) shining black with coppery pruinosity, length 0.48 to 0.51 mm, apical process absent, apical and lateral tubercules absent, apical and lateral scutellar setae large. Legs black except trochanters, base and apex of tibiae, and tarsi reddish; legs covered with greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; apex of mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 2 or 3 black anterior setae; apex of metathoracic tibiae with anterior cluster of black setae and yellow posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 205) clouded, darkened areas around crossveins bounded by white spots; one white spot posterior to posterior crossvein; vein R,,3 appendiculate near apex; veins brown; length from humeral crossvein 2.52 to 2.65 mm; width 1.19 to 1.29 mm; distance from h to R, 0.68 to 0.75 mm; R,; to Ro.3 1.02 to 1.12 mm; Ryi3 to Ry.; 0.75 to 0.85 mm; Ry; to M,,.5 0.34 to 0.37 mm; length of R,,;5 1.50 to 1.60 mm; length of M,,» 0.71 to 0.78 mm; costal section from R, to Ry,3 1.2 to 1.4 times distance from R,,3 to Ry,;; halteres yellow. Abdomen as in Fig. 28; shining black with golden pruinosity. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent. Genitalia as in Fig. 95. Note the long, narrow, pointed gonites fused anteriorly to sternite 5. Gonal arch absent. Aedeagus laterally com- pressed, knife or sheath-like in side view, fused to aedeagal apodeme. FEMALE. — Unknown. Distribution. — Coastal area of Pacific Northwest (Fig. 226). Specimens examined. —6 4 specimens including holotype and 5 paratypes. Localities as listed previously under types. MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 76 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) halteralis (Cresson) Males of this species can be divided into two groups on the basis of the shape of the aedeagus which, in one form, appears to be cor- related with the locality from which it was collected. Consequently, the senior author has chosen to retain these two forms as subspecies of P. halteralis. Diagnosis. — Costal section of wing from R, to Rz,3 1.6 to 2.1 times distance from R,,3 to Ry,;. Male with anterior-ventral areas of tergites 3, 4 and 5 rounded or somewhat angled, without finger-like processes; gonites long, narrow, pointed at apex, tapering gradually and evenly from base to apex, not sharply curved at apex; and aedeagus gouge-like in side view, nar- row when viewed from above, having a deep apical groove. Female with sternite 8 consisting of a large, subtrapezoidal, median sclerite and one small, oval, lateral sclerite on each side; and ventral receptacle large, cap being about 1/9 the total length of abdomen. Description: MALE. — Total body length 2.11 to 2.86 mm; shining black with coppery, brassy, golden, silvery, and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with golden to brassy pruinosity except where mentioned; length 0.54 to 0.58 mm; ocellar triangle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae small, divergent; 2 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with coppery to brassy pruinosity above, becoming golden below; 1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipitals small; gena black with golden to brassy pruinosity. Face shining black with silvery pruinosity; straight to concave when viewed in profile; facial depressions long, from antennal base to first parafacial seta; 1 large pair and 4 or 5 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with silvery pruinosity; mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Antennae dark, brown to black with brassy pruinosity; arista black, somewhat plumose. Thorax shining black with brassy to coppery pruinosity; faint greyish spot at intrascutal suture; faint greyish stripes laterally along dorsocentral setal row and between acrostichal and dorsocentral setal rows; no greyish stripe between acrostichal setal rows; scutum length 0.61 to 0.68 mm; many long acrostichal setae; many long dorsocentral setae with 2 pairs larger than others, 1 pair at intrascutal suture and 1 pair farther posterior; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1 larger pair; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with brassy pruinosity above be- coming greyish below; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 163) shining black with brassy pruinosity, length 0.24 to 0.34 mm, apical process absent, apical and lateral tubercules absent, apical and lateral scutellar setae large. Legs all black or dark brown with brassy and greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK Wi with long yellow setae at apex; apex of mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 2 or 3 black anterior setae; apex of metathoracic tibiae with anterior cluster of yellow setae and yellow posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 206) slightly clouded, darkened areas around crossveins bounded by faint white spots; 1 faint white spot posterior to posterior crossvein; veins Ry,3 and M,,»5 bound- ed by darkened areas near apices; apex of Ry, 3 appendiculate; veins dark brown; length from humeral crossvein 2.07 to 2.41 mm; width 0.95 to 1.09 mm; distance from h to R, 0.51 to 0.61 mm; R, to Ry. 3 0.99 to 1.19 mm; Ry,3 to Ry; 0.54 to 0.61 mm; Ry,5 to M;i» 0.27 to 0.34 mm; length of R,.5 1.26 to 1.43 mm; length of M,,. 0.68 to 0.75 mm; costal section from R, to Ry, 1.6 to 1.9 times distance from Ry, 3 to Ry,;; halteres dark brown. Abdomen as in Fig. 30; shining black with brassy pruinosity. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent. Genitalia as in Figs. 96 or 97. Note the paired gonites with pointed apices, connected to sternite 5 anteriorly. Gonal arch absent. Aedeagus narrow and gouge-like, either tapering evenly to apex (Fig. 96) or becoming much wider near apex (Fig. 97), with deep apical groove, fused to aedeagal apodeme. FEMALE. — Total body length 2.69 to 2.82 mm. Head, thorax, legs and wings as in males except where specified. Head \ength 0.58 to 0.65 mm; 1 large pair and 3 to 5 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Thorax with scutum length 0.71 to 0.75 mm; scutellum length 0.31 to 0.34 mm. Wing with or without R,,3 being appendiculate; length from humeral crossvein 2.28 to 2.52 mm; width 0.99 to 1.09 mm; distance from h to R, 0.61 to 0.65 mm; R, to Ro,3 1.12 to 1.26 mm; Ryi3 to R45 0.58 to 0.65 mm; R45 to M;.,5 0.27 to 0.34 mm; length of Ry; 1.39 to 1.53 mm; length of M,,» 0.75 to 0.85 mm, costal section from R, to Ro;3 1.7 to 2.1 times distance from Rz.3 to R415. Abdomen as in Fig. 63 except where noted. Sternite 1 absent or con- sisting of 2 small, round fragments. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 130. Distribution. — Western United States (Fig. 226). Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) halteralis halteralis (Cresson) Napaea halteralis Cresson, 1930:81; Cresson 1949:230; Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:220. Types. —In the original description, Cresson mentions a holo- type ¢; Type No. 6369 from Pullman, Washington; October 17, 1915; (A. L. Melander) and “two topotypical females collected May 12 and June 15, I consider to be paratypic with the type”. The senior author has examined the holotype and the May 12 female men- tioned by Cresson but this female bears an allotype label of which MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 78 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI Cresson makes no mention. The holotype and allotype are deposited in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia and the whereabouts of the June 15 female is unknown. Diagnosis. — This subspecies can be distinguished from joaquinensis by the slender aedeagus, thickened in the apical one-third; widely distributed in western United States. Description: MALE. — As in the species description except total body length 2.11 to 2.69 mm. Head \ength 0.54 mm. Thorax with scutum length 0.61 to 0.68 mm; scutellum length 0.27 to 0.31 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 2.07 to 2.14 mm; width 0.99 mm; distance from h to R, 0.51 to 0.58 mm; R, to Ro,3 0.99 mm; Roi3 to R4,5 0.61 mm; Ry,; to M,,. 0.27 mm; length of Ry; 1.26 to 1.29 mm; length of M,,. 0.71 mm; costal section from R,; to Ry, 3 1.6 times distance from Ryj,3 to R445. Abdomen with Genitalia as in Figs. 96 and 97 but aedeagus as in Fig. 97. Note the thickened portion of the aedeagus in its apical one-third. FEMALE. — Total body length 2.75 to 2.82 mm; remainder as in males except where mentioned. Head \ength 0.58 to 0.65 mm. Thorax with scutum length 0.71 to 0.75 mm; scutellum length 0.31 to 0.34 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 2.28 to 2.38 mm; width 0.99 to 1.05 mm; distance from h to R, 0.61 to 0.65 mm; R,; to Rs,3 1.12 mm; Ro13 to Ry,5 0.58 to 0.65 mm; Ry.; to M;,»5 0.27 to 0.31 mm; length of R,,; 1.39 to 1.43 mm; length of M,,. 0.75 to 0.78 mm; costal section from R, to Ry,3 1.7 to 1.9 times distance from Roi3 to R415. Abdomen as in species description except sternite 1 always present, con- sisting of two, small, round fragments. Distribution. — Western U.S. (Fig. 226). Specimens examined. — 14 specimens (4 ¢ 6 and 10 2 2) in- cluding the holotype ¢ and allotype with their data as mentioned previously under types. The data on the remaining 12 specimens are as follows: 2 ¢ ¢, Miller Can., Huachuca Mts., Arizona, 1.V.48, A. L. Melander; 1 2, Garden Vly., Eldorado Co., California, V.3. 1952, E. I. Schlinger; 1 ¢, Mammoth Lakes, California, VII.29. 1940, L. J. Lipovsky; 1 ¢, Tehachapi, California, 15 Mar. °35, Mel- ander; 1 2, Moores Lake, Idaho, VI.10.07; 1 2, Moscow Mt., Idaho, 29 June 1918, A. L. Melander; 1 ¢, La R., Pyramid Lake, Nevada, March 28, 1952; 2 2 2, Tajique, New Mexico, VI.25.40, D. E. Hardy; 1 é, Sta. Catalina Mts., Arizona, May 25, 1937, Bryant, Lot 41; and 1 2 with the same data as holotype but without a collector. PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 79 Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) halteralis joaquinensis n. sub. sp. Types. — Holotype é and 3 paratypes (2 6 6 and 1 2) from San Joaquin Expt. Stat., Madera Co., California, IJ.22.53, P. D. Hurd. The holotype and 1 2 paratype deposited in the collection of the University of California, Berkeley, California and 2 4 paratypes deposited in the collection of the U.S. National Museum. Diagnosis. — This subspecies is distinguishable from halteralis by the slender evenly shaped aedeagus, not thickened in the apical one-third; ap- parently confined to the San Joaquin Valley of California. Description: MALE. — As in the species description except total body length 2.18 to 2.86 mm. Head \ength 0.54 to 0.58 mm. Thorax with scutum length 0.65 to 0.68 mm; scutellum length 0.24 to 0.34 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 2.11 to 2.41 mm; width 0.95 to 1.09 mm; distance from h to R, 0.58 to 0.61 mm; R, to Rois 0.99 to 1.19 mm; Ry,3 to Ry, 0.54 to 0.61 mm; R45 to M,,.5 0.31 to 0.34 mm; length of Ry,; 1.29 to 1.43 mm; length of M,,»5 0.68 to 0.75 mm, costal section from R,; to Ry.3 1.7 to 1.9 times distance from Ro13 to R445. Abdomen with Genitalia as in Fig. 96. Note the uniformly shaped aedeagus in its apical one-third, not thickened as in Fig. 97. FEMALE. — Total body length 2.69 mm; remainder as in males except where stated. Head \ength 0.61 mm. Thorax with scutum length 0.75 mm; scutellum length 0.34 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 2.52 mm; width 1.09 mm; distance from h to R, 0.61 mm; R, to Ry,3 1.26 mm; Ry,3 to Ry,; 0.61 mm; R4,5 to M, +5 0.34 mm; length of R,,; 1.53 mm; length of M,,»5 0.85 mm; costal section from R, to Rj. 3 2.1 times distance from Ry13 to R415. Abdomen as in species description except sternite 1 absent. Distribution. — San Joaquin Valley of California. Specimens examined. — 4 specimens (3 ¢ 6 and 1 ?) with data as listed for holotype and paratypes. Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) hamata n. sp. Types. — Holotype ¢ from Desert Edge, San Diego Co., Calli- fornia, Apr. 15, 718, M. C. Van Duzee, with “var.” label, deposited in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Also, 1 6 paratype from Deep Springs Lake, Inyo Co., California, III.9.1966, T. W. Fisher and R. E. Orth; and 1 ° paratype from MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 80 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI Temecula, Riverside Co., California, V.25.65, T. W. Fisher. Both paratypes are deposited in the collection of the University of Cali- fornia, Riverside, California. Diagnosis. — Costal section of wing from R, to Rji3 1.9 to 2.1 times distance from Ry,3 to Ryi;5. Male with tergite 9 + surstyli acutely angled midventrally; apex of gonites broad, flat and rounded; aedeagus blunt but with posterior, projecting hooks. Female abdomen with sternites 6, 7 and 8 sub- equal in width to other sternites; sternite 8 consisting only of a large median sclerite, without a posterior notch, blunt to convex anteriorly with a slight concavity on the posterior lateral margin of each side. Description: MALE. — Total body length 3.64 to 3.84 mm; shining black with coppery, golden and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with cop- pery pruinosity except where noted; length 0.78 mm; ocellar triangle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae small, divergent; 2 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with coppery pruinosity above, becoming golden below; 1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; post- orbitals and occipitals small; gena black with greyish pruinosity. Face shining black with coppery pruinosity, straight to concave when viewed in profile; facial depressions long, from antennal base to first parafacial seta; 1 large pair and 5 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with coppery pruinosity; mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Antennae dark brown to black with cop- pery pruinosity; arista brown to black, slightly plumose. Thorax shining black with coppery pruinosity; small, greyish to white spot at intrascutal suture; faint greyish stripes between acrostichal and dorso- central setal rows; coppery stripe between acrostichal setal rows; scutum length 1.02 mm; many long acrostichal setae; many long dorsocentral setae with 2 pairs being larger than others, 1 pair at intrascutal suture and 1 pair farther posterior; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1 larger pair; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with coppery pruinosity above, becoming greyish below; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepis- ternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 164) shining black with coppery pruin- osity; length 0.37 to 0.48 mm; apical process small, appearing as a small bump or point; apical tubercules small, if present; lateral tubercules absent; apical and lateral scutellar setae large. Legs mostly black except trochanter, apex of femur, apex and base of tibiae, and tarsi reddish; legs covered with greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long reddish setae at apex; meso- thoracic tibiae each with a large spur and 4 black anterior setae at apex; apex of metathoracic tibiae with 3 black anterior setae and a yellow posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 207) clear, slightly darkened areas around crossveins; no white spots; Ro,3 with or without appendage near apex; veins brown; length from humeral crossvein 2.86 to 3.06 mm; width 1.19 to 1.29 mm; distance PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 81 from h to R, 0.82 to 0.85 mm; R, to Ry, 1.43 to 1.56 mm; Ro,3 to R415 0.68 to 0.82 mm; R4,;5 to M;,». 0.37 to 0.41 mm; length of R,,; 1.67 to 1.84 mm; length of M, 1,5 0.95 to 0.99 mm; costal section from R; to Rj,3 1.9 to 2.1 times distance from Ry13 to R45; halteres yellow. Abdomen as in Fig. 29; shining black with golden pruinosity. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent. Genitalia as in Fig. 98. Note the paired gonites with broad, flat, rounded apices; connected to sternite 5 anteriorly. Gonal arch absent. Aedeagus blunt, with posteriorly projecting hooks, fused to aedeagal apodeme. FEMALE. — Total body length 3.91 mm. Head, thorax, legs and wings as in males except where specified. Head length 0.92 mm. Thorax with scutum length 1.09 mm; scutellum length 0.54 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 3.13 mm; width 1.33 mm; distance from h to R, 0.85 mm; R, to Ro, 3 1.67 mm; Ry. 3 to Ry 5 0.82 mm; R45 to My». 0.37 mm; length of R,,; 1.90 mm; length of M,,,5 1.09 mm; costal section from Ry to Ro. 3 2.0 times distance from Ro.3 to R415. Abdomen as in Fig. 62. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 131. Distribution. — Extreme southwestern U.S. (Fig. 230). Specimens examined. — 3 specimens (2 4 6 and 1 2 ), the holo- type 6 and two paratypes, with data as listed under types. Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) lingulata n. sp. Types. — Holotype é and 29 paratypes (14 6 6 and 15 2 2) from Emerald Lake, Gunnison Co., Colorado, VIII.27.1961, D. L. Deonier, in wet meadow. The holotype and 29 paratypes are de- posited in the collection of Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. Diagnosis. — Costal section of wing from R, to Rz,3 1.7 to 2.1 times distance from R,,3 to Ry,5. Males with anterior-ventral areas of tergites 3, 4 and 5 rounded or somewhat angled, without finger-like processes; gonites long, narrow, pointed, tapering gradually and evenly from base to apex, not hooked or sharply curved at apex; aedeagus broad and flat when viewed from above, having a shallow apical groove. Female abdomen with sternite 8 con- sisting of a large, trapezoidal (not triangular), median sclerite and one, small, oval, lateral sclerite on each side; ventral receptacle small, cap about 1/14 length of abdomen. Description: MALE. — Total body length 2.24 to 2.38 mm; shining black with coppery, golden, and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with cop- pery pruinosity except as indicated; length 0.51 mm; ocellar triangle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae small, divergent; 2 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with cop- pery pruinosity above and below; 1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 SLL — [aa Air 2an ST oF FEN VI > a9. lh f/f 82 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipi- tals small; gena black with golden pruinosity. Face shining black with greyish pruinosity, appearing somewhat brassy; face straight to concave when viewed in profile; facial depressions long, from antennal base to first parafacial seta; 1 large pair and 5 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with greyish pruinosity, appearing somewhat brassy; mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Antennae dark brown to black with coppery pruinosity; arista black, some- what plumose. Thorax shining black with coppery pruinosity; no white spot at intrascutal suture; very faint greyish stripes laterally along dorsocentral setal rows, and between acrostichal and dorsocentral setal rows; scutum length 0.51 to 0.55 mm; many long acrostichal setae; many long dorsocentral setae, 1 larger at intrascutal suture; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1 larger pair; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with light golden, almost greyish, pruinosity; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with light golden, almost greyish, pruinosity; Katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 165) shining black with coppery pruinosity, length 0.24 to 0.27 mm, apical process absent, apical and lateral tubercules absent, apical and lateral scutellar setae large. Legs all black with greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; meso- thoracic tibiae each with a spur and 3 black anterior setae at apex; apex of metathoracic tibiae with anterior cluster of black setae and a yellow posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 208) lightly clouded, darkened areas around crossveins bounded by very faint whitish spots; veins dark brown; length from humeral crossvein 1.73 to 1.80 mm; width 0.85 to 0.88 mm; distance from h to R, 0.41 to 0.44 mm; R, to Ry,3 0.85 to 0.92 mm; Ry,3 to Ry,; 0.44 to 0.51 mm; Ry; to M,,»5 0.24 to 0.27 mm; length of Ry,; 1.05 to 1.09 mm; length of M,,.5 0.65 mm; costal section from R, to Ry,3 1.7 to 2.1 times distance from Ry.3 to R4y,5; halteres dark brown. Abdomen as in Fig. 31; shining black with light golden to greyish pruin- osity. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent. Genitalia as in Fig. 99. Note paired gonites with pointed apices, connected to sternite 5 anteriorly. Gonal arch absent. Aedeagus broad and flat with shallow apical notch or groove, fused to aedeagal apodeme. FEMALE. — Total body length 2.45 to 2.89 mm. Head, thorax, legs and wings as in males except as noted. Head \ength 0.54 to 0.61 mm; 1 large pair and 4 smaller pairs of para- facial setae. Thorax with scutum length 0.58 to 0.65 mm; scutellum length 0.24 to 0.27 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 1.80 to 1.94 mm; width 0.75 to 0.92 mm; distance from h to R, 0.44 to 0.51 mm; R, to Rs.3 0.92 mm; Rois to Ry,5 0.44 to 0.51 mm; Ry,; to Mj,» 0.24 to 0.27 mm; length of Ry; 1.09 to 1.12 mm; length of M,,» 0.65 to 0.68 mm; costal section from PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 83 R, to Ry,3 1.8 to 2.1 times distance from Ry,3 to R445. Abdomen as in Fig. 64 except sternite 1 may be absent or consist of two, small, oval fragments. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 132. Distribution. — Southwestern U.S. (Fig. 226). Specimens examined. — 34 specimens (15 ¢ 6 and 19 2 2), in- cluding the holotype é and 29 paratypes with data as listed under types. The 4 remaining females have the following data: Deadman Pass, 10856’, California, 25.6.53, A. L. Melander; Harry Creek, Marshall Pass, Colorado, 9000’-10850’, 16-18 Sept. ’17; Marshall Pass, Colorado, July 28, °08, J. M. A., [VG2; and Ruidoso, New Mexico, VI.26.1940, L. C. Kuiteri. Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) parasocia n. sp. Types. — Holotype ¢ and 44 paratypes (34 3 6 and 10 2 2) from Sidney, Iowa, May 2, 1946, D. E. Hardy. All types deposited in the collection of Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa. Diagnosis. — Costal section of wing from R, to Ry, 1.2 to 1.4 times distance from R13 to Ry,;; metatibiae each with 1 or 2 very large spines on anteroventral apex, one of which extends beyond apex of tibia. Male with anterior-ventral areas of tergites 3, 4 and 5 rounded or somewhat angled, without finger-like processes; gonites long, narrow, pointed, tapering unevenly, taper in basal half more abrupt, distal half thus very long and slender, not hooked or sharply curved at apex; aedeagus with large, flat, keeled apex. Female with subtriangular sternite 5; sternites 6, 7 and 8 subequal in width to other sternites; sternite 8 consisting only of a large median sclerite without posterior notch, with a slight concavity on the posterior lateral margins of each side; rounded cap of ventral receptacle with the internal fold constricted near top, cap about 3/4 length of receptacle. Description: MALE. — Total body length 2.65 to 2.96 mm; shining black with golden and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with golden pruin- osity except where specified; length 0.61 to 0.75 mm; ocellar triangle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae small, divergent; 2 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with golden pruinosity above and below; 1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipi- tals small; gena black with greyish pruinosity. Face shining black with golden pruinosity, straight to concave when viewed in profile; facial depressions long, from antennal base to first parafacial seta; 1 large pair and 4 or 5 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with golden pruinosity; mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Antennae dark, brown to black with coppery pruinosity; arista black, somewhat plumose. MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 wm S ataxsUAls, y ye Poe eS 84 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI Thorax shining black with golden pruinosity; no greyish spot at intra- scutal suture; very faint greyish stripes laterally along dorsocentral setal rows, and between dorsocentral and acrostichal setal rows; scutum length 0.71 to 0.75 mm; many long acrostichal setae; many long dorsocentral setae, 2 pairs larger than others, 1 pair at intrascutal suture and 1 pair farther posterior; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1 larger pair; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with golden pruinosity above, becoming greyish below; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 166) shining black with golden pruinosity; length 0.31 to 0.34 mm; apical process very small, appearing as a small bump; apical and lateral tuber- cules absent; apical and lateral scutellar setae large. Legs mostly black except apex of coxa, trochanter and apex and base of tibia reddish; tarsi yellowish to reddish; legs covered with greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 3 black anterior setae at apex; apex of metathoracic tibiae each with 1 or 2 large black anterior setae, one of which extends beyond apex (Fig. 183), and a yellow posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 209) clear to very lightly clouded, slightly dark- ened areas around crossveins, sometimes bounded by faint whitish spots; R513 usually without an appendage at apex; veins dark brown; length from humeral crossvein 2.07 to 2:41 mm; width 0.95 to 1.09 mm; distance from h to R, 0.65 to 0.68 mm; R, to Ro:3 0.95 to 1.02 mm; Ry.3 to R45 0.68 to 0.85 mm; Ry,5 to M;,» 0.27 to 0.34 mm; length of Ry,5 1.39 to 1.53 mm; length of M4». 0.78 to 0.85 mm; costal section from R, to Ry,3 1.2 to 1.4 times distance from Ry,3 to Ry,;; halteres yellow to light brown. Abdomen as in Fig. 32; shining black with golden pruinosity. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent. Genitalia as in Fig. 100. Note paired gonites which are long, nar- row, pointed and taper more abrupt in basal half; connected to sternite 5 anteriorly. Gonal arch absent. Aedeagus with large, keeled apex, fused to aedeagal apodeme. FEMALE. — Total body length 3.03 to 3.23 mm. Head, thorax, legs and wings as in males except where mentioned. Head \ength 0.65 to 0.71 mm. Thorax with scutum length 0.75 to 0.85 mm; scutellum length 0.31 to 0.34 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 2.41 to 2.58 mm; width 0.99 to 1.12 mm; distance from h to R, 0.68 to 0.75 mm; R, to Rz.3 1.02 to 1.09 mm; Roi3 to Ry.5 0.71 to 0.82 mm; Ry.5 to M,,.5 0.27 to 0.31 mm; length of R4,; 1.39 to 1.56 mm; length of M,,. 0.82 to 0.88 mm; costal sec- tion from R, to Ro,3 1.3 to 1.4 times distance from Roig to R45. Abdomen as in Fig. 65. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 133. Distribution. — Northern North America (Fig. 230). Specimens examined. — 410 specimens (185 ¢ é and 255 ¢ ¢), PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 85 including the holotype é and 44 paratypes, collected from Alaska, California, Colorado, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Min- nesota, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Northwest Territory, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec, and Saskatchewan. Collected every month from February through November except March. Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) paullula Loew Parydra paullula Loew, 1862:167-168; Coquillett 1900:462. Napaea (Chaetoapnaea) paullula (Loew), Cresson 1949:232-233. Napaea (Napaea) paullula (Loew), Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:224: Dahl 1961:39. Type. — Loew, in the original description of P. paullula, men- tions only a 2 with no locality. Cresson (1949) mentions that the type appears to be an immature male, not a female, and is labeled “Middle States”. The senior author’s examination of the type con- firms Cresson’s belief that the specimen is a male. The type which is teneral, bears the data Middle St., Type 11171, Loew Coll., and is deposited in the collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard. Diagnosis. — Costal section of wing from R, to Ry; 1.0 to 1.3 times distance from Rz,3 to R45. Male with tergites 3, 4 and 5 having the anterior-ventral areas elongated into finger-like processes; tergite 9 + surstyli rounded or curving slightly towards the midventral line; gonites long, narrow, and pointed, not hooked; aedeagus “S” shaped with rounded hook at tip. Female abdomen with sternite 8 consisting of a large median sclerite and one small lateral sclerite on each side. Description: MALE. — Total body length 1.43 to 2.11 mm; shining black with coppery and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with coppery pruin- osity except as specified; length 0.44 to 0.48 mm; ocellar triangle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae small, divergent; 2 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with cop- pery pruinosity above, becoming golden below; 1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; post- orbitals and occipitals small; gena black with greyish pruinosity. Face shining black with greyish pruinosity above, becoming golden below; straight to con- cave when viewed in profile; facial depressions long, from antennal base to first parafacial seta; 1 large pair and 3 or 4 smaller pairs of parafacial s¢tae. Clypeus with golden pruinosity; mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Anten- nae dark, brown to black with coppery pruinosity; arista black, slightly plumose. MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 atAsAl, ™ > 1cvus ~~ y Priel 86 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI Thorax shining black with coppery pruinosity, without faint greyish stripes or spots; scutum length 0.44 to 0.54 mm; many long acrostichal setae; many long dorsocentral setae with 2 pairs being larger than others, 1 pair at intrascutal suture and 1 pair farther posterior; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1 larger pair; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity above, becoming greyish below; 2 large pairs of mesopleural setae, upper pair largest; sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 167) shining black with coppery pruinosity, length 0.17 to 0.20 mm, apical process absent, apical and lateral tubercules absent, apical and lateral scutellar setae large. Legs entirely dark brown to black with grey- ish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 2 or 3 black anterior setae at apex; apex of meta- thoracic tibiae with a cluster of black anterior setae and a yellow posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 210) lightly clouded, slightly darkened areas around cross- veins bounded by clear to whitish spots, no spot posterior to posterior cross- vein; veins dark brown; length from humeral crossvein 1.46 to 1.70 mm; width 0.58 to 0.82 mm; distance from h to R, 0.34 to 0.37 mm; R, to Rois 0.51 to 0.68 mm; Ro13 to R415 0.51 to 0.58 mm; Ry,5 to M;,. 0.20 to 0.27 mm; length of Ry,; 0.85 to 1.02 mm; length of M,1.5 0.48 to 0.65 mm; costal section from R, to Ry,3 1.0 to 1.3 times distance from Ry,3 to R415; halteres dark brown. Abdomen as in Fig. 33 except where indicated, shining black with greyish pruincsity. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent. Sternite 1 absent or consisting of 2 small, round fragments. Genitalia as in Fig. 101. Note the long, narrow, paired gonites with pointed apices; connected to sternite 5 anteriorly. Gonal arch absent. Aedeagus “S” shaped with a rounded, hooked tip; fused to aedeagal apodeme. FEMALE. — Total body length 1.90 to 2.28 mm. Head, thorax, legs and wings as in males except where noted. Head \ength 0.48 to 0.51 mm. Thorax with scutum length 0.48 to 0.54 mm; scutellum length 0.20 to 0.24 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 1.53 to 1.90 mm; width 0.68 to 0.88 mm; distance from h to R, 0.37 to 0.44 mm; R, to Ry, 3 0.58 to 0.82 mm; Ro13 to R45 0.58 to 0.65 mm; R,,; to My. 0.24 mm; length of R,,5 0.88 to 1.19 mm; length of M,,» 0.51 to 0.71 mm; costal section from R,; to Ry, 1.0 to 1.3 times distance from R13 to R445. Abdomen as in Fig. 66. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 134. Distribution. — Northern North America (Fig. 233). Specimens examined. — 54 specimens (28 6 6 and 26 2 ¢) in- cluding the holotype ¢, from Alaska, Connecticut, Iowa, Massachu- setts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 87 Wisconsin, British Columbia, Manitoba, Northwest Territory, On- tario, and Quebec. Collected from March through October. Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) pedalis n. sp. Types. — Holotype ¢ and 1 paratype é¢ from Canada, B.C., Horseshoe Bay, 0-300’, 29.V.1961, J. R. Vockeroth, both deposited in the Canadian National Collection of the Entomological Research Institute, Canadian Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, Canada. Also two é paratypes from Washington, Mt. Rainier, White River, 28 Aug. 34, A. L. Melander. One of these paratypes is deposited in the collection of the U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. and the other in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Diagnosis. — Costal section of wing from R, to Ry.3 being 1.6 to 1.8 times the distance from Ry,3 to R4,5; anterior-ventral areas of tergites 3, 4 and 5 rounded or somewhat angled, without finger-like processes; gonites long, narrow and pointed at apices, not sharply curved at apex, tapering gradually to apex but taper more abrupt in basal half, distal half thus very long and slender; aedeagus gouge-shaped, slightly curved and hooked at apex with a sclerotized bridge dividing the open posterior. Females unknown. Description: MALE.— Total body length 2.92 to 3.84 mm; shining black with coppery, golden, and greyish pruinosity. Mead shining black with coppery pruinosity except where mentioned; length 0.71 to 0.78 mm; ocellar triangle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae small, divergent; 2 large pairs and sometimes 1 or 2 much smaller pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with coppery pruinosity above, becoming golden below; 1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipitals small; gena black with golden pruinosity. Face shining black with golden pruinosity, straight to concave when viewed in profile; facial depressions long, from antennal base to first parafacial seta; 1 large pair and 4 or 5 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with coppery pruinosity; mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Antennae dark, brown to black with coppery pruinosity; arista brown, slightly plumose. Thorax shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity; greyish spot at intrascutal suture; faint greyish stripes laterally along dorsocentral setal rows, between acrostichal and dorsocentral setal rows, and medially between acros- tichal setal rows; scutum length 0.88 to 0.99 mm; many long acrostichal setae; many long dorsocentral setae with 2 pairs being larger than others, 1 pair at intrascutal suture and 1 pair farther posterior; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1 larg- er pair; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with golden pruinosity above, MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 88 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI becoming greyish below; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with grey- ish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 168) shining black with golden pruinosity, length 0.44 mm, apical process small and pointed, apical tubercules small, lateral tubercules absent, apical and lateral scutellar setae large. Legs all black or dark brown except reddish tarsi, covered with greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; meso- thoracic tibiae each with a spur and 3 black anterior setae at apex; apex of metathoracic tibiae with 3 or 4 black anterior setae and a yellow posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 211) clear, slightly darkened around crossveins; no white spots; Ro, 3 sometimes with appendage near apex; veins dark brown to black; length from humeral crossvein 2.52 to 2.99 mm; width 1.12 to 1.26 mm; dis- tance from h to R, 0.78 to 0.88 mm; R, to Ry:3 1.19 to 1.29 mm; Ry: 3 to Ryi5 0.68 to 0.82 mm; Ryi; to Mj,,. 0.34 to 0.44 mm; length of R,,5 1.46 to 1.80 mm; length M,,. 0.85 to 0.95 mm; costal section from R, to Ro,3 1.6 to 1.8 times distance from Ry13 to R415; halteres light brown to yellowish. Abdomen as in Fig. 34 except where noted; shining black with golden pruinosity anteriorly, becoming greyish posteriorly on tergites. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent. Sternite 1 somewhat variable with rounded anterior margin or with a broad anterior “V” notch; sternite 4 sometimes with a small anterior frag- ment. Genitalia as in Fig. 102. Note the paired gonites with long, pointed apices, with more abrupt taper at basal half, distal half thus long and slen- der; fused anteriorly to sternite 5. Gonal arch absent. Aedeagus gouge- shaped, curved at apex, and with a narrow sclerotized bridge dividing the open posterior; fused to aedeagal apodeme. FEMALE. — Unknown. Distribution. — Extreme northwestern U.S. and southwestern Canada (Fig. 226). Specimens examined. — 4 specimens (all males, holotype and 3 paratypes) with data as listed under types. Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) penisica n. sp. Types. — Holotype ¢ and 1 ¢ paratype from Tyee, 27 mi. E. Pr. Rupert, B.C., Canada, 24.VI.1960, J. G. Chillcott; 2 $ para- types with the same data except one collected by W. W. Moss and the other by B. S. Heming; and 3 ¢ and 7 & paratypes from Kitimat, B.C., Canada, 4.VIII.1960, C. H. Mann. The holotype and all paratypes are deposited in the Canadian National Collection of the Entomological Research Institute, Canadian Department of Agricul- ture, Ottawa, Canada. PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 89 Diagnosis. — Costal section of wing from R, to Rj:3 2.1 to 2.6 times distance from Ry,3 to Ry,;. Male with anterior-ventral areas of tergites 3, 4 and 5 elongated into finger-like processes; tip of tergite 9 + surstyli rounded and curving outward from midventral line; gonites long and narrow with pointed apices; and aedeagus long, broad and dagger-like. Females with ster- nite 8 consisting of a large, distinctly triangular, median sclerite and one small, comma-shaped, lateral sclerite on each side. Description: MALE. — Total body length 3.40 to 3.84 mm; shining black with coppery, golden and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with cop- pery pruinosity except where mentioned; length 0.68 to 0.75 mm; ocellar triangle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae small, divergent; 2 large pairs and 2 or 3 small pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with coppery pruinosity above, becoming greyish below; 1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipitals small; gena black with golden pruinosity, greyish below eye. ace shining black with brassy pruinosity, straight to concave when viewed in profile; facial depressions long, from antennal base to first parafacial seta, with bluish-grey pruinosity; 1 large pair and 4 to 6 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with bluish-grey, greyish or golden pruinosity; mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Antennae dark, brown to black with greyish to golden pruinosity; arista black, slightly plumose. Thorax shining black with coppery to golden pruinosity; no greyish spot at intrascutal suture; faint greyish stripes between acrostichal and dorsocentral setal rows; scutum length 0.85 to 0.95 mm; many long acrostichal setae; many long dorsocentral setae with 2 pairs being larger than others, 1 pair at intra- scutal suture and 1 pair farther posterior; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1 larger pair; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with golden puinosity above, becoming greyish below; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with grey- ish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 169) shining black with golden pruinosity, length 0.34 to 0.37 mm, apical process absent but scutellum is somewhat pointed, apical and lateral tubercules absent, apical and lateral scutellar setae large. Legs all black or very dark brown and covered with greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 2 or 3 black anterior setae at apex; apex of metathoracic tibiae with 1 or 2 black anterior setae and a yellow posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 212) lightly clouded, slightly darkened areas around crossveins; no white spots; veins dark brown to black; length from humeral crossvein 2.55 to 3.06 mm; width 1.09 to 1.26 mm; distance from h to R, 0.78 to 0.85 mm; R, to Ro.3 1.36 to 1.56 mm; Ro,3 to Ry,5 0.58 to 0.68 mm; Ry; to M,1. 0.31 to 0.41 mm; length of Ry; 1.63 to 1.87 mm; length of M,,» 0.88 to 1.09 mm; costal section from R, to Ry,3 2.3 to 2.4 times distance from Ry.3 to Ry.5; halteres brown. MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 90 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI Abdomen as in Fig. 35; shining black with coppery and golden pruin- osity. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent. Genitalia as in Fig. 103. Note long, pointed, paired gonites with subapical processes, connected anteriorly to sternite 5. Gonal arch absent. Aedeagus long and dagger-like, fused to aedeagal apodeme. Tergite 9 + surstyli with rounded, outward-curving, lobes. FEMALE. — Total body length 3.54 to 4.28 mm. Head, thorax, legs and wings as in males except where specified. Head \ength 0.75 to 0.82 mm. Thorax with scutum length 0.99 to 1.05 mm; scutellum length 0.37 to 0.44 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 2.99 to 3.16 mm; width 1.22 to 1.33 mm; distance from h to R, 0.85 to 0.88 mm; R, to Ro:3 1.50 to 1.67 mm; Ryi3 to Ry,;5 0.65 to 0.71 mm; R4y:; to Mj,» 0.37 to 0.41 mm; length of R45 1.77 to 1.94 mm; length of M,1. 0.95 to 1.09 mm; costal section from R, to Ry,3 2.1 to 2.6 times distance from R513 to R415. Abdomen as in Fig. 67. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 135. Distribution. — Northwest Pacific coast (Fig. 230). Specimens examined. — 15 specimens (7 6 6 and 8 2 2) in- cluding the holotype and 13 paratypes with data as listed under types. Also, 1 2 specimen from Eureka, California, 7.24.51, Marshall R. Wheeler. Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) quadriloba n. sp. Types. — Holotype ¢ and 1 4 and 8 2 paratypes from Tacoma, Washington, 27 Aug. 11. The holotype, 1 ¢ and 6 2 paratypes are deposited in the U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C. and the remaining 2 2 paratypes are deposited in the collection of the Acad- emy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Also 3 ¢ and 2 2 paratypes from Everett, Washington, 4 July 1924, A. L. Melander of which 3 é 4 and 1 2 are deposited in the U.S. National Museum and the remaining @ is deposited in the Academy of Nat- ural Sciences of Philadelphia. Diagnosis. — Costal section of wing from R, to Rj:3 1.2 to 1.7 times distance from Ryi3 to Ry.;5. Males with tergite 9 + surstyli lacking dorsal projections which extend posteriorly beyond the cerci; gonites short, broad, pointed, and somewhat hooked at apex; aedeagus enlarged apically into 4 rounded lobes. Females with sternite 8 consisting only of a large median sclerite without a deep, narrow, posterior notch; sternite 8 slightly wider than sternite 6 or 7 but with an anterior “V” notch and rounded posterior. Description: MALE. — Total body length 2.99 to 3.91 mm; shining black with coppery, golden and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with coppery PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 91 pruinosity except where noted; length 0.71 to 0.78 mm: ocellar triangle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae small, divergent; 2 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with coppery pruinosity above, becoming golden below; 1 large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; post- orbitals and occipitals small; gena black with golden pruinosity, greyish below eyes. Face shining black with greyish pruinosity, straight to concave when viewed in profile; facial depressions long, from antennal base to first parafacial seta; 1 large pair and 3 to 5 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with coppery pruinosity; mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Antennae dark, brown to black with greyish pruinosity on segments 1 and 2, coppery pruin- osity on segment 3; arista black, slightly plumose. Thorax shining black with coppery pruinosity; greyish spot at intrascutal suture; faint greyish stripes laterally along dorsocentral setal rows, between dorsocentral and acrostichal setal rows, and medially between acrostichal setal rows; scutum length 0.71 to 0.85 mm; many long acrostichal setae; many long dorsocentral setae, 1 larger pair at intrascutal suture; 1 long pair of prescutel- lar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1 larger pair; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with golden to coppery pruinosity above, becoming greyish below; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 170) shining black with coppery pruinosity; length 0.37 to 0.44 mm; apical process small and pointed; apical and lateral tubercules absent; apical and lateral scutellar setae large. Legs with coxae and femurs black; trochanters, tibiae and tarsi reddish; covered with greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 3 black anterior setae at apex; apex of metathoracic tibiae with an anterior cluster of black setae and a yellow posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 213) clouded, darkened areas around crossveins bounded by white areas, sometimes appear- ing purplish; one white spot posterior to medial crossvein; R,,3 with appendage near apex; veins brown; length from humeral crossvein 2.58 to 2.82 mm; width 1.19 to 1.29 mm; distance from h to R, 0.78 to 0.85 mm; R, to Roi 3 1.05 to 1.29 mm; Ry, 3 to R4,5 0.82 to 0.85 mm; Ry,; to My4. 0.37 to 0.44 mm; length of Ry, 5 1.63 to 1.80 mm; length of M,,»5 0.78 to 0.92 mm; costal section from R, to R,.3 1.3 to 1.5 times distance from Ry, to R415; halteres yellow. Abdomen as in Fig. 36; shining black with golden pruinosity. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent. Genitalia as in Fig. 104. Note the short, slightly hooked, pointed gonites connected anteriorly to sternite 5. Gonal arch absent. Aedeagus with enlarged apex forming 4 rounded lobes, fused to aedeagal apodeme. Tergite 9 + surstyli angled and lobed at apex. FEMALE. — Total body length 2.96 to 3.71 mm. Head, thorax, legs and wings as in males except as indicated. MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 <7 -45v_. < a, . or aS > iwi. ff atisUvAs, Sttio) TPs A” CWA, 92 THE TRIBE PARYDRINI Head \ength 0.75 to 0.82 mm. Thorax with scutum length 0.85 to 1.02 mm; scutellum length 0.37 to 0.44 mm. Wing length from humeral crossvein 2.45 to 2.99 mm; width 1.19 to 1.36 mm; distance from h to R, 0.68 to 0.85 mm; R, to Ry,3 1.02 to 1.29 mm; Ry.3 to Ry,; 0.68 to 0.88 mm; Ry,; to M;;,5 0.37 to 0.48 mm; length of R45 1.46 to 1.90 mm; length of M,,»5 0.65 to 0.92 mm; costal section from R, to Ry: 3 1.2 to 1.7 times distance from Ry13 to R415. Abdomen as in Fig. 68. Ventral receptacle as in Fig. 136. Distribution. — Northern U.S. and Southern Canada from coast to coast but more common in the Pacific Northwest (Fig. 225). Specimens examined. — 124 specimens (54 ¢ 6 and 70 2 2?) including the holotype and 14 paratypes, collected from Alaska, Calli- fornia, Idaho, Massachusetts, Michigan, Montana, New Hampshire, Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, New Brunswick, Ontario, and Quebec. Collected from March to October except in April. Parydra (Chaetoapnaea) socia (Cresson) Napaea socia Cresson, 1934:213; Cresson 1949:232; Sturtevant and Wheeler 1954:225. Types. — Cresson described this species from a holotype ¢, al- lotype, and 9 paratypes (7 6 @ and 2 2 2) from Berkeley Hills, Alameda Co., California, [V.11.08. All types are deposited in the collection of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Diagnosis. — Costal section of wing from R, to Rz,3 1.4 to 1.6 times distance from Ry,3 to R415; metathoracic tibiae each with several small spines on the anteroventral apex which extend, at most, only slightly beyond apex of tibia. Male with anterior-ventral areas of tergite 9 + surstyli rounded or somewhat angled; gonites long, narrow and pointed, tapering unevenly to apex, taper more abrupt in basal half, thus distal half is very long and slender; aedeagus somewhat rounded or blunt, not curved or hooked at apex. Female with sternite 5 subtriangular with an anterior notch; sternites 6, 7 and 8 sub- equal in width to other sternites; sternite 8 consisting only of a large median sclerite without a deep, narrow, posterior notch; sternite 8 blunt to convex anteriorly. Description: MALE. — Total body length 2.55 to 3.37 mm; shining black with golden, coppery and greyish pruinosity. Head shining black with golden pruinosity except where stated; length 0.65 to 0.75 mm; ocellar triangle raised; 3 round ocelli; ocellar setae large, divergent; interocellar and postocellar setae small, divergent; 2 large pairs of orbital setae; eyes red, oval; vertex with golden pruinosity above, becoming lighter below, whitish centrally; 1 PHILIP J. CLAUSEN AND EDWIN F. COOK 93 large pair of convergent, inner vertical setae; 1 large pair of divergent, exterior vertical setae; postorbitals and occipitals small; gena black with golden pruin- osity. Face shining black with golden pruinosity, straight to concave when viewed in profile; facial depressions long, from antennal base to first parafacial seta; 1 large pair and 4 to 6 smaller pairs of parafacial setae. Clypeus with golden pruinosity; mouthparts with greyish pruinosity. Antennae dark, brown to black with golden and coppery pruinosity; arista black, slightly plumose. Thorax shining black with golden pruinosity; faint greyish spot at intra- scutal suture; faint greyish stripes between acrostichal and dorsocentral setal rows; scutum length 0.82 to 1.02 mm; many long acrostichal setae; many long dorsocentral setae with 1 larger pair at intrascutal suture; 1 long pair of prescutellar setae; humeral and posthumeral setae long and fine; presuturals long and fine, 1 larger pair; 2 large pairs of notopleurals, posterior pair larger; 1 large pair of posterior intraalar setae; pleura shining black with golden pruinosity above, becoming greyish below; 1 large pair of mesopleural setae; sternum with greyish pruinosity; katepisternal spine absent. Scutellum (Fig. 171) shining black with golden pruinosity; length 0.41 to 0.44 mm; apical process small and pointed; apical and lateral tubercules absent or very small; apical and lateral scutellar setae large. Legs with coxae, femurs, and middle of tibiae black; trochanters, base and apex of tibiae, and tarsi reddish; legs covered with greyish pruinosity; prothoracic tibiae with long yellow setae at apex; mesothoracic tibiae each with a spur and 3 black anterior setae at apex; apex of metathoracic tibiae each with several small, black, anterior setae which extend only slightly beyond apex of tibia (Fig. 182) and a yellow posterior comb. Wing (Fig. 214) lightly clouded, darkened areas around crossveins bounded by lighter areas; Ry, with an appendage near apex; veins brown; length from humeral crossvein 2.45 to 2.65 mm; width 1.05 to 1.19 mm; distance from h to R, 0.65 to 0.75 mm; R,; to Ry, 1.09 to 1.22 mm; Ryi3 to Ry,5 0.75 to 0.82 mm; R4y.5 to M,,. 0.31 to 0.34 mm; length of R4,5 1.60 to 1.63 mm; length of M,.. 0.82 to 0.92 mm; costal section from R, to Ry.3 1.4 to 1.6 times distance from Ro13 to R415; halteres yellow. Abdomen as in Fig. 37 except as indicated; shining black with greyish to golden pruinosity. Tergites 2 through 5 continuous dorsally or with fine lateral sutures; tergites 6, 7 and 8 absent. Sternites 1 through 4 somewhat variable; sternite 1 small and semicircular or broadly elliptical; sternite 2 with a broad “U” notch or “V” notch anteriorly, rounded or blunt posteriorly; sternite 3 with an anterior notch, small anterior projection, or a small anterior fragment; sternite 4 with or without 2, small, anterior fragments. Genitalia as in Fig. 105. Note the long, narrow, pointed gonites, connected anteriorly to a rolled sternite 5. Gonal arch absent. Aedeagus large and blunt at apex, fused to aedeagal apodeme. FEMALE. — Total body length 3.09 to 3.47 mm. Head, thorax, legs and wings as in males except as noted. Head \ength 0.71 to 0.85 mm. MEM. AMER. ENT. SOC., 27 =A, » 2 op) SDS ow ZaeOUNL Ww SNAIM ™N SLKOYUN TN my ug SA «