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AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
NUMBER 47

REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF THE TRIBES
CURIINI LECONTE AND PLECTROMERINI
NEARNS & BRANHAM, NEW TRIBE
(COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE: CERAMBYCINAE)

By

EUGENIO H. NEARNS .
AND
Marc A. BRANHAM

PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
AT THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES
PHILADELPHIA

2008

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MEMOIRS
OE TEE
AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
NUMBER 47

REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF THE TRIBES
CURIINI LECONTE AND PLECTROMERINI
NEARNS & BRANHAM, NEW TRIBE
(COLEOPTERA: CERAMBYCIDAE: CERAMBYCINAE)

By

EUGENIO H. NEARNS
AND
Marc A. BRANHAM

ERTHSONIAy

JUN | 9 cuud

PUBLISHED BY THE AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
AT THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES
PHILADELPHIA

2008

Norman E. Woodley
Editor

Issued 1 March 2008

Composition by
Anne M. Landgraf
Brooklyn BookWorks
Brooklyn, Michigan

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

by
Sheridan Books
Chelsea, Michigan

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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MELO CULE OMI pe ct ceeneestaxsic yeh ononscsectey ceeds Rae ans, eneeete eeu orcustisuoasifes cestesntsoley essvodainfshe ic tote skers Guna 2
[LTSTENUERD INGVIOMT ooconnboooocoo0doD OHNO DeOOHCOEOUSHOONOFOODEGOOUD ODDO DONOD 2
Life History and Host Plant Associations ................. 0c cece eee eee eee 3
IR@SSil Shcy ne evan Tee iain ote ec tetos aeua Fae eater alsin) yopiat altel aye ereleueveseier share Sr gue eves enellays arene 4
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MEMOIRS
OF THE
AMERICAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
NUMBER 47

Revision and Phylogeny of the Tribes Curiini LeConte
and Plectromerini Nearns & Branham, New Tribe
(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae)

By

EuGENIO H. NEARNS & Marc A. BRANHAM

Department of Entomology and Nematology
University of Florida
P.O. Box 110620
Gainesville, FL 32611-0620
USA

ABSTRACT—A revision and phylogenetic analysis of the tribe Curiini LeConte is presented. A phylogenetic analysis of Curiini
employing 31 ingroup taxa, five outgroup taxa, and 39 morphological characters was conducted. Results of this analysis suggest
that the tribe is polyphyletic with respect to the outgroup taxa chosen. The genus Curius Newman is monophyletic and strongly
supported by five unambiguous synapomorphies. The genus Plectromerus Haldeman is monophyletic and results support inclu-
sion of the monotypic genus Curiosa Micheli as a member of the genus Plectromerus. The clade Plectromerus + Curiosa is strongly
supported by four unambiguous synapomorphies. Based on these results, the genus Curiosa is synonymized and the new combi-
nation Plectromerus dominicanus (Micheli) is proposed. To address the polyphyly of Curiini, the new tribe Plectromerini Nearns &
Branham is proposed and the genus Plectromerus is designated as the type genus. The previous synonymy of the genus Pen-
fomacrus White with Plectromerus is supported, as well as a previous transfer of Plectromerus punctatus (Fisher) to Curius. Eight
new species of Plectromerus are described and illustrated: Plectromerus dezayasi from Nicaragua, Plectromerus giesberti from
Guatemala, Plectromerus hovorei from Costa Rica and Honduras, Plectromerus josephi and Plectromerus turnbowi from the Domini-
can Republic, Plectromerus michelii from the Cayman Islands, Plectromerus morrisi from Panama, and Plectromerus thomasi from
Haiti. In addition, seven species are redescribed and illustrated: Curius panamensis Bates; Plectromerus distinctus (Cameron); Plec-
tromerus exis Zayas; Plectromerus fasciatus (Gahan); Plectromerus femoratus (Fabricius); Plectromerus pinicola Zayas; and Plectromerus
serratus (Cameron). The following new synonymies are proposed: Plectromerus costatus Cazier & Lacey = Plectromerus dentipes
(Olivier); and Plectromerus crenulatus Cazier = Plectromerus distinctus (Cameron). Diagnoses of all known species of Curius and
Plectromerus are presented with notes on distribution, diversity, and relationships. New country records are reported for P. exis
(Jamaica); P. fasciatus (Montserrat); Plectromerus pumilus Cazier & Lacey (Cuba); and Plectromerus wappesi Giesbert (Honduras, Ja-
maica). Keys to the four species of Curius and 27 species of Plectromerus are presented. A biogeographic analysis based on the re-
sults of our phylogenetic analysis suggests that more basal species of Curius and Plectromerus are of Antillean distribution while
more derived taxa are of Antillean, Central American, and South American distribution.

2 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURIINI AND PLECTROMERINI

INTRODUCTION

The longhorned beetle tribe Curiini LeConte
(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Cerambycinae), as
historically recognized, is a medium-sized group
of Nearctic and Neotropical cerambycid beetles.
As currently defined (Monné 2005), Curiini con-
sists of three genera (Curiosa Micheli, Curtus New-
man, and Plectromerus Haldeman) containing 23
extant and two extinct species. A fourth genus,
Pentomacrus White was synonymized with Plec-
tromerus by Giesbert (1985). A previous phyloge-
netic analysis of Curiini has not been conducted
and the monophyly of the tribe is untested.

Curiini are of predominantly Antillean distri-
bution and show a high level of endemism, with a
majority of species occurring in Hispaniola and
Cuba. They also occur in USA (eastern, southeast-
ern, and Great Plains), Caribbean, and range from
southeastern Mexico to Venezuela (Hovore 2002;
Monné & Hovore 2005; Nearns & Ray 2006). The
tribe has traditionally been defined by the pres-
ence of following morphological characters:
coarsely-faceted eyes; flat, transverse head; and
strongly clavate femora armed beneath with a
broad tooth.

The type genus of Curiini is Curtus Newman
which currently contains four species: the type
species for the genus C. dentatus Newman known
only from USA (eastern, southeastern, and Great
Plains); C. panamensis Bates known only from
Panama (Central America); C. punctatus (Fisher)
known only from Cuba (Greater Antilles); and C.
chemsaki Nearns & Ray known only from
Venezuela (South America) (Fig. 65).

The monotypic genus Curiosa Micheli is
known only from Dominican Republic (Greater
Antilles).

The genus Plectromerus currently contains 19
extant species (P. acunai (Fisher); Plectromerus
bidentatus Fisher; P. dentipes (Olivier); P. costatus
Cazier & Lacey; P. distinctus (Cameron); P. crenula-
tus Cazier; P. exis Zayas; P. fasciatus (Gahan); P.
femoratus (Fabricius); P. femoratus White; P. lingafel-
ter! Micheli & Nearns; P. navassae Nearns &
Steiner; P. ornatus Fisher; P. pinicola Zayas; P.
pumilus Cazier & Lacey; P. ramosi Micheli &
Nearns; P. serratus (Cameron); P. unidentatus
Fisher; P. wappesi Giesbert and two extinct species
(P. grimaldti Nearns & Branham + and P. tertiarius
Vitali +). Plectromerus are recorded from USA
(eastern, southeastern, and Great Plains), south-

eastern Mexico, Central America (Costa Rica,
Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama), Ba-
hamas, Greater Antilles (Cayman Islands, Cuba,
Hispaniola, Jamaica, Navassa Island, Puerto
Rico), and Lesser Antilles (Grenada, Montserrat,
St. Vincent, British Virgin Islands, U.S. Virgin Is-
lands). Eight new species of Plectromerus are de-
scribed herein. In addition, a new species of Plec-
tromerus from Barbados (Lesser Antilles), P.
louisantoini, was described by Dalens & Touroult
(2007) as this manuscript was going to press.

LITERATURE REVIEW

In his classic work on the Cerambycidae of
North America, Linsley (1963) redefined the tribe
Curiini based on the two species which occur in
USA (C. dentatus and P. dentipes) and redescribed
the genus Curius based on C. dentatus. Craighead
(1923) described and illustrated the larva of C.
dentatus. Fragoso (1978) illustrated the male and
female genitalia of C. dentatus in his analysis of
tribal classification within the subfamily Ceram-
bycinae. Nearns et al. (2005) transferred P. puncta-
tus to Curius based on an examination of the
holotype.

Plectromerus was first treated by LeConte
(1873a, b), and then by LeConte & Horn (1883) and
Leng (1885). Linsley (1963) designated Obrium den-
tatum J. E. LeConte as the type species (= P. dentipes
(Olivier)) and redescribed Plectromerus based on P.
dentipes. There has been some confusion about the
generic attributes of Plectromerus and Pentomacrus
(Linsley 1963; Micheli 1983; Micheli & Nearns
2005), but no previous revisionary work has been
done. Cameron (1910) described two species in
Pentomacrus and provided a key for species in this
genus only. Cazier & Lacey (1952) commented on
the taxonomic problem clouding these two genera
and included both in a key to 13 species. Later,
Giesbert (1985) stated that the differences were not
sufficient to justify two genera and thus syn-
onymized Pentomacrus with Plectromerus. Al-
though a few recent works mention both genera
(Pina et al. 2004; Poinar 1992; Vitali 2004; Vitali &
Rezbanyai-Reser 2003), revalidation of Pento-
macrus has not been proposed and we suspect
these authors were unaware of Giesbert’s syn-
onymy. Several workers provided keys to Curiini
(Arnett 1973; Turnbow & Thomas 2002; Cameron
1910; Cazier & Lacey 1952; Micheli 1983; Vitali
2004; Vitali & Rezbanyai-Reser 2003).

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 3

The monotypic genus Curiosa was created with
the description of Curiosa dominicana Micheli from
a single female specimen collected in the Domini-
can Republic. Micheli (1983) stated that this
species fit Linsley’s (1963) tribal definition with a
few exceptions, the most significant being the lack
of coarsely-faceted eyes (Curiosa has finely-
faceted eyes) and the number of antennomeres
(Curiosa has 10-segmented antennae, all other de-
scribed curiines have 11-segmented antennae).
Only two additional specimens are known to
have been collected since Micheli’s work, one fe-
male deposited at the National Museum of Natu-
ral History (USNM) and the other (gender unde-
termined) at the Museum of Comparative
Zoology (MCZWeb, 2007).

The genera of Curiini were first grouped to-
gether by LeConte (1873a) who included the gen-
era Curius and Plectromerus in “Group IV, the
Curii” and placed the tribe before the Obriini
Mulsant. LeConte (1873a) also provided a de-
scription of the unifying characters for the tribe.
In his Coleopterorum Catalogus, Aurivillius
(1912) listed Curiini and included the genera
Curius, Plectromerus, and Pentomacrus. Leng (1920)
and Blackwelder (1944) placed Curiini before Gra-
ciliini Mulsant. Arnett (1973) placed Curiini be-
tween Ibidionini Thomson and Hyboderini Lins-
ley. Linsley (1963) and Downie & Arnett (1996)
placed Curiini between Ibidionini and Obriini.
Recent literature placed Curiini between Calli-
diopini Lacordaire and Graciliini (Turnbow &
Thomas 2002; Monné & Hovore 2003; Peck 2005).
These differences in classification demonstrate the
need for a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis
of group.

Early workers provided brief, unspecific de-
scriptions of new species and illustrations were ei-
ther missing or of poor quality (e.g., Bates 1885;
Fabricius 1792; Newman 1840, 1841; Olivier 1790;
White 1855). Improved work began with Gahan’s
description of Pentomacrus fasciatus in 1895. Ga-
han (1895) also recognized that White (1855) and
other workers overlooked Fabricius’ description
with regard to Pentomacrus femoratus Fabricius (=
Plectromerus femoratus). Other notable workers in-
clude Fisher, Linsley, and Zayas. Fisher was a pro-
lific worker who described five new species of
curiines from 1932 to 1947. Zayas (1975) described
two Cuban species and provided illustrations to
all described Cuban curiines except P. ornatus and
P. pumilus in his revision of the family Cerambyci-

dae. Recent works on the curiines have been pro-
vided by Micheli & Nearns (2005), Nearns (2006),
Nearns & Branham (2005), Nearns & Ray (2006),
Nearns & Steiner (2006), Nearns & Turnbow
(2005), Nearns et al. (2005, 2006), Vitali (2004,
2006), and Vitali & Rezbanyai-Reser (2003).

Lire History AND Host PLANT ASSOCIATIONS

Little has been published about the life history
and host plant associations for the majority of
curiine species. With the exception of C. domini-
cana, all known curiine species have coarsely-
faceted eyes and are thought to be nocturnal. This
is supported by the observation that many species
of Curius and Plectromerus have been collected at
lights at night. The finely-faceted eyes of C. do-
minicana suggest that it may be diurnal.

Host plant associations for P. dentipes, a com-
monly collected species found in USA (eastern,
southeastern, and Great Plains) have been pro-
vided by Linsley & Chemsak (1997) and Ree
(2003). In general, curiines are collected by beat-
ing dead twigs and branches of various trees
(Giesbert 1985; Ree 2003; Zayas 1975). Plec-
tromerus pinicola is reported to have emerged from
cut pine branches (Zayas 1975), P. fasciatus has
been reared from girdled Inga ingoides (L.C. Rich.)
Willd. (Fabaceae) branches (Chalumeau &
Touroult 2005b), and P. ramosi has been reared
from Eugenia near ligustrina (Sw.) Willd. (Myr-
taceae) branches (Micheli & Nearns 2005). Fe-
males of C. dentatus were collected with
pheromone-baited traps in Illinois (Lacey et al.
2004). Life history and host plant associations are
not well understood for the majority of curiine
species and merit further study.

Sexual dimorphism in pronotal and/or
prosternal punctation has been noted in species
from several cerambycine tribes (e.g., Casey 1912;
Dusham 1921; LeConte 1873a; Linsley 1963; Mer-
mudes & Napp 2000, 2004; Micheli & Nearns
2005; Monné & Napp 2005; Nearns & Steiner
2006). Nearns & Ray (2006) included the presence
of male-specific pheromone gland pores as a mor-
phological character for C. chemsaki. Histology
and SEM studies of three cerambycine species re-
vealed that male-specific punctures contain gland
pores that are pheromone release sites (Iwabuchi
1986; Nakamuta et al. 1994; Noldt et al. 1995).
Nearns & Ray (2006) identified male-specific
gland pores (rounded, elevated tubercles with cir-

4 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURIINI AND PLECTROMERINI

cular median impressions) on the pronota and
prosterna of C. chemsaki (Fig. 2c), C. dentatus, C.
panamensis, and C. punctatus and suggested that
volatile pheromones may play a role in the repro-
ductive behavior of these species. In addition,
Nearns & Ray (2006) identified male-specific
gland pores with a different structure on the
prosterna of P. dentipes. Volatile pheromone pro-
duction by curiine species is supported by the
presence of C. dentatus in traps baited with syn-
thetic pheromone (Lacey et al. 2004). A recent mor-
phological survey by Ray et al. (2006) used SEM to
identify male-specific gland pores in 49 additional
cerambycine species, suggesting gland pores are
an informative morphological character that pro-
vides information about natural history.

FOSSILS

Dominican amber is renowned for its well-
preserved and highly diverse insect inclusions.
These ancient resins formed from extinct Hy-
menaea L. (Fabaceae) trees from the mid-Miocene,
approximately 17-20 MYO, and have yielded a
rich fauna of over 400 families and 1500 species of
insects (Grimaldi 1996; Grimaldi & Engel 2005).
However, specimens of the beetle family Ceram-
bycidae are not especially common in Dominican
amber. Linsley (1961) observed that although ce-
rambycid fossils were known from various parts
of the world, they were generally not well stud-
ied. Approximately two dozen species of ceram-
bycids were described from compression fossils of
the Florissant (Meyer 2003) and a cerambycid in
Dominican amber has been described by Martins
& Galileo (1999).

At least eight fossil Plectromerus specimens are
known from Dominican amber. Vitali (2004) de-
scribed the first curiine fossil, P. tertiarius, from a
partial specimen included in Dominican amber
(Fig. 18b). Nearns & Branham (2005) described the
second curiine fossil P. grimaldi, from Dominican
amber and provided additional notes on the holo-
type of P. tertiarius. Poinar (1992) states that speci-
mens of Plectromerus have been identified from
Dominican amber. Evans & Bellamy (1996: plate
41) illustrated a well-preserved Plectromerus fossil
which unfortunately was unavailable for study
during the course of this research (G. Poinar, pers.
comm.). Two additional Plectromerus fossils in ex-
cellent condition are deposited in the private col-
lection of E. Morone, Italy (D. Grimaldi, pers.

comm.) and another undetermined Plectromerus
fossil is deposited in the American Museum of
Natural History (No. DR-10-1857). Finally, two
fossil Plectromerus are deposited in the private col-
lection of F. Vitali (FVPC), identified by Vitali
(2006) as the second known specimens of P. tertia-
rius and P. grimaldi.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A phylogenetic species concept is applied in
this study. Species are defined as the smallest ag-
gregation of populations (sexual) or lineages
(asexual) diagnosable by a unique combination of
character states in comparable individuals (sema-
phoronts) (Nixon & Wheeler 1990).

Approximately 800 specimens from the fol-
lowing entomological collections were studied:

AMNH American Museum of Natural His-
tory, New York, New York, USA

BMNH The Natural History Museum, Lon-
don, United Kingdom

CMNH Carnegie Museum of Natural His-
tory, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

DHPC Daniel Heffern Private Collection,
Houston, Texas, USA

EFGC Edmund F. Giesbert Collection,
Gainesville (at FSCA), Florida, USA

EMEC Essig Museum of Entomology, Uni-
versity of California, Berkeley, Cali-
fornia, USA

ENPC Eugenio H. Nearns Private Collec-
tion, Albuquerque, New Mexico,
USA

FDZC Fernando de Zayas Collection, Ha-
vana, Cuba

FSCA Florida State Collection of Arthro-
pods, Gainesville, Florida, USA

FTHC Frank T. Hovore Private Collection,
Santa Clarita, California, USA

FVPC Francesco Vitali Private Collection,
Genova, Italy

IESC Instituto de Ecologia y Sistematica,
Havana, Cuba

INBio Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad,
Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa
Rica

JAMC Julio and Charyn Micheli Private Col-

lection, Ponce, Puerto Rico, USA

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 5

JEWC James E. Wappes Private Collection,
San Antonio, Texas, USA

LSAM Louisiana State Arthropod Museum,
Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA

MCZ Museum of Comparative Zoology,
Harvard University, Cambridge, Mas-
sachusetts, USA

MNDR Museo Nacional de Historia Natural,
Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic

MNHN Museo Nacional de Historia Natural,
Havana, Cuba

MNRJ Museu Nacional, Universidade Fe-
deral do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Ja-
neiro, Brazil

MZSP Museu de Zoologia, Universidade de
Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

REWC Robert E. Woodruff Private Collec-
tion, Gainesville, Florida, USA

RFMC Roy EF. Morris Private Collection,
Lakeland, Florida, USA

RHTC Robert H. Turnbow, Jr. Private Collec-
tion, Ft. Rucker, Alabama, USA

SDPC Sergio Devesa Private Collection, San
Vicente, Spain

TAMU Texas A&M University, College Sta-
tion, Texas, USA

UCRC University of California Entomology
Research Collection, Riverside, Cali-
fornia, USA

USNM National Museum of Natural History,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington,
District of Columbia, USA

WIBF West Indian Beetle Fauna Project,

Michael A. Ivie, Bozeman, Montana,
USA

Label redundancy among specimens is mini-
mized by not repeating identical localities within
a species treatment in Specimens Examined sec-
tions. Holotype and allotype label data are quoted
verbatim, and placed in quotes. Character state
observations of specimens were made using a
Nikon SMZ800 stereomicroscope with 20 eye-
pieces equipped with a drawing tube. Habitus
photographs were produced with a Microptics
Digital Lab XLT photography system, an Auto-
Montage Pro system, and a Nikon Coolpix 995
with an Optem microscope adapter. For detailed
study of sexually dimorphic pronotal and proster-
nal punctation, specimens were imaged with a
JEOL JSM-5510LV Scanning Electron Microscope
operated at 1.5kV.

Specimen Preparation.—Male specimens were
prepared for dissection by relaxing them in hot wa-
ter for one hour. The aedeagus was extracted using
a technique described by McDermott & Buck
(1959). The apex of a #0 insect pin was bent forming
a tiny hook. This was inserted into the abdominal
opening and carefully retracted so that the hook
caught the aedeagus, which is gently pulled from
the abdomen. Using this technique, the aedeagus
was extracted without damaging the exoskeleton.
The extracted aedeagus was then prepared using a
technique described by Lingafelter (1998) wherein
it was placed in 10% KOH solution and heated for
10 minutes. This procedure removed tissues that
would otherwise obscure the structures. It was ob-
served that leaving the aedeagus in KOH solution
longer than 30 minutes caused excessive clearing
of the structures and distorted the setae at the tips
of the parameres. The cleared aedeagus was placed
in a watch glass containing 95% ethyl alcohol and
the tegmen was separated from the median lobe
using forceps and a camelhair brush under a Nikon
SMZ800 stereo dissection microscope. A tempo-
rary slide was prepared to view the tegmen undera
compound microscope. The tegmen was placed on
a glass well-slide with the well filled with 95%
ethyl alcohol and covered witha cover slip and po-
sitioned by carefully sliding the cover slip over the
well, rotating the tegmen into the correct align-
ment. The temporary slide was viewed under a
Nikon Eclipse E600 compound microscope with
2x Plan Apo bright field, 10x DIC Plan Apo, and
20x DIC Plan Apo compound objectives fitted
with a drawing tube.

PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION

Although the family Cerambycidae has re-
ceived significant taxonomic attention over the
last century, few phylogenetic analyses have been
conducted to date on the group as a whole. Napp
(1994) employed adult and larval morphological
characters to test the phylogenetic relationships
among subfamilies. She found Oxypeltidae and
Disteniidae to be distinct from Cerambycidae.
Also, she proposed two monophyletic subfamily
groups within the Cerambycidae: Parandrinae +
Prioninae, and Spondylinae + Lepturinae +
Aseminae + Cerambycinae + Lamiinae (Napp
1994). Lingafelter (1998) conducted a generic-level

6 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURIINI AND PLECTROMERINI

phylogenetic analysis of the tribe Elaphidiini (Ce-
rambycinae) employing morphological characters
and implied weighting parsimony. He included
99 taxa and 70 characters and found that mono-
phyly of the tribe Elaphidiini was weakly sup-
ported by three characters (Lingafelter 1998).
Monné conducted a phylogenetic analysis on the
genus Coccoderus Buquet (Cerambycinae: Torneu-
tini) based on 31 morphological characters and 12
taxa and found that monophyly of the genus was
supported by five characters (M.L. Monné 2005).
Monné & Napp (2005) conducted a generic-level
cladistic analysis of the tribe Torneutini (Ceram-
bycinae) based on 72 morphological characters
and 31 ingroup taxa and found the tribe to be pa-
raphyletic. The monophyly of Curiini and genera
within the tribe has not previously been tested.

INGROUP TAXA

The ingroup taxa in our analyses consisted of
31 species of Curiini, including two fossil species
from Dominican amber, P. tertiarius and P. grimaldi
(Table 1). Due to specimen damage and obscured
views in the fossil P. tertiarius, 28 of 39 morpholog-
ical characters were coded as missing for this
taxon. This resulted in a considerable amount of
missing data (72%) for this taxon which severely
degraded resolution due to the taxon’s tendency to
group with other taxa in multiple, disparate places
because of ambiguities in coding (Table 1) (Nixon
1996). Therefore, this taxon was both included and
excluded from analyses to examine the effects of
doing so (e.g., Miller 2005).

OUTGROUP TAXA

A total of five outgroup taxa was selected from
tribes traditionally near Curiini in the subfamily
Cerambycinae (Nixon & Carpenter 1993). Obrium
maculatum (Olivier) (Obriini) was chosen as the
root taxon. In addition, the following outgroup
taxa were included: Coscinedes gracilis Bates (Cal-
lidiopini); Parommidion extricatum Martins (Calli-
diopini); Hypexilis pallida Horn (Graciliini); and
Perigracilia delicata Knull (Graciliini) (Table 1).

CHARACTERS AND THEIR STATES

A total of 39 morphological characters was
coded (19 binary, 20 multistate). Ten characters (27
states) were coded from the head, including eyes
and antennae; 10 characters (30 states) from the

prothorax; five characters (16 states) from the ely-
tra and scutellum; nine characters (24 states) from
the metafemora and metatibiae; four characters
(11 states) from the mesosternum; and one charac-
ter (four states) from male genitalic structures. All
characters were run as non-additive and un-
weighted (Table 1).

The following is a description of the morpho-
logical characters and their states used in the phy-
logenetic analyses. Morphological characters
were coded from both males and females (because
little sexual dimorphism is present) unless indi-
cated otherwise. Character and character state
numbers refer to data coded in the data matrix for
each taxon (Table 1). The data matrix was con-
structed and edited using the program WinClada
(Nixon 1999-2002). Inapplicable data was coded
as missing data (Strong & Lipscomb 1999).

1. Eye shape.
0 = ovate (Fig. 37a).
1 = ovate-emarginate (Fig. 37b).
2 = subreniform (Fig. 37c).
State 2 is the general condition in Plectromerus.

2. Longest antennomere(s).

0 = scape.
1 = third.
2 = fifth.

3 = eleventh.

4 = third and fifth longest.

This character has been used historically to
separate Curius and Plectromerus. Curiosa domint-
cana is unique among curiines for having the
scape as the longest antennomere. State 2 is the
general condition in Plectromerus. In Curius, the
third is longest (C. dentatus, C. panamensis, C. punc-
tatus) or the third is equal to the fifth (C. chemsaki).

3. Scape with long, suberect or erect setae on dorsal

surface.
0 = absent.
1 = present.

4, Base of scape with depression on dorsal surface.

0 = absent (Fig. 38a).

1 = shallow (Fig. 38b).

2 = deep (Fig. 38c).

This character is present in only three species:
P. femoratus, P. josephi new species, and P. turnbowi
new species, all from the Greater Antilles.

———

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 7

5. Length of third antennomere compared to fourth.
0 = about 1.3 times longer or less (Fig. 39a).
1 = about 1.5 times longer (Fig. 39b).
2 = about 1.7 times longer or more (Fig. 39c).

6. Length of fifth antennomere compared to fourth.

0 = about 1.3 times longer or less (Fig. 40a).

1 = about 1.5 times longer (Fig. 40b).

2 = about 1.7 times longer or more (Fig. 40c).

Curius dentatus and C. punctatus have the fifth
antennomere equal to or only slightly longer than
fourth. The fifth antennomere is about twice as
long as fourth in C. chemsaki and C. panamensis
and is a good character for separating those
species from the other two species in the genus.

7. Antennae annulate.

0 = absent (Fig. 41a).

1 = present (Fig. 41b).

State 1 is the general condition in all Curius
species but is also present in two Plectromerus
species (P. dentipes and P. exis).

8. Antennomeres 6-10 flattened.

0 = absent.

1 = present.

State 0 is the general condition in Curius. State
1 is the general condition in Plectromerus.

9. Antennomeres 6-10 produced externally at apices
on outer margins.

0 = absent (Fig. 42a).

1 = present (Fig. 42b).

State 0 is the general condition in Curius. State
1 is the general condition in Plectromerus.

10. Antennal length.
0 = less than 1.3 times as long as body.
1 = 1.3 times longer than body or more.

11. Pronotum with long, suberect setae anterolaterally.
0 = absent.
1 = present (Fig. 43a).
State 1 is the general condition in both Curius
and Plectromerus.

12. Pronotum, sub-medial, basal third of disk with 1-4
long, suberect setae arising from deep puncture.

0 = absent.

1 = present (Fig. 43b).

State 1 is the general condition in Plectromerus.

13. Pronotum, anterior portion of disk strongly

shining (glossy).
0 = absent.
1 = present.

14. Pronotum, dorsal surface.

0 = microsculptured with sparse, shallow
punctation (Fig. 44a).

1 = granulose (Fig. 44b).

2 = punctate with glabrous areas (Fig. 44c).

3 = microsculptured with punctures inter-
spersed (Fig. 44d).

4 = heavily, evenly punctate (Fig. 44e).

State 1 is the general condition in Curius.

15. Pronotum, dorsal surface setae.

0 = without scattered, long, suberect setae.

1 = with sparsely scattered, long, suberect se-
tae.

2 = with densely scattered, long, suberect setae.

16. Pronotum ornamented with distinct “inverted Y”
marking.

0 = absent (Fig. 45a).

1 = present (Fig. 45b).

The presence of this character is a synapomor-
phy of Curius and is not present in any known
Plectromerus species.

17. Pronotal sides.

0 = nearly parallel, slightly inflated (widest) at
middle (Fig. 46a).

1 = widest area distinctly behind middle (Fig.
46b).

2 = evenly rounded, nearly cylindrical (Fig.
46c).

3 = sides tuberculate or protuberate (Fig. 46d).

4 = globose, sides broadly rounded (Fig. 46e).

State 2 is the general condition in Curius; state
0 is the general condition in Plectromerus.

18. Pronotal constriction.

0 = somewhat evenly constricted at apex and
base (Fig. 47a).

1 = slightly more constricted at base than apex
(Fig. 47b).

2 = slightly more constricted at apex than base
(Fig. 47c).

3 = strongly constricted at base (Fig. 47d).

State 0 is the general condition in Curius; state
1 is the general condition in Plectromerus.

8 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURIINI AND PLECTROMERINI

19. Pronotal disk.

0 = without calli (Fig. 48a).

1 = with one slightly raised, median callus at
about the center, with two slightly raised, subme-
dial calli slightly anterior to center, and two
slightly raised, submedial calli slightly posterior
to center (Fig. 48b).

2 = with one moderately raised, median callus
at about the center, with two moderately raised,
submedial calli slightly anterior to center, and two
moderately raised, submedial calli slightly poste-
rior to center (Fig. 48c).

State 0 is the general condition in Curius.

20. Males with sexually dimorphic prothoracic
punctuation.

0 = absent (Fig. 49a).

1 = present (Fig. 49b-f).

The presence of sexually dimorphic, protho-
racic punctation in male cerambycines has been
noted by several workers.

21. Scutellum surface granulose.

0 = absent.

1 = present.

This character is present in two species of
Curius (C. chemsaki and C. panamensis).

22. Scutellum with dense setae.
0 = absent.
1 = present.

23. Elytral disk concave medially, subsuturally.
0 = absent.
1 = shallow.
2 = shallow to moderately deep.

24. Elytral apices.

0 = broadly rounded (Fig. 50a).

1 = narrowly rounded (slightly constricted or
pointed) (Fig. 50b).

2 = subtruncate / rounded (Fig. 50c).

3 = strongly truncate, straight across (Fig. 50d).

4 = strongly truncate, concave across (Fig. 50e).

5 = outer margins with large, acute spine (Fig.
50f).

6 = inner margins forming a blunt, curved
point (Fig. 50g).

25. Elytral setae.
0 = without scattered long, suberect setae.
1 = with scattered long, suberect setae.

26. Prosternal process between procoxae.

0 = thin, about 0.1 times width of procoxal cav-
ity (Fig. 51a).

1 = moderate in width, about 0.2 times width
of procoxal cavity (Fig. 51b).

2 = wide, about 0.3 times width of procoxal
cavity (Fig. 51c).

27. Procoxal cavities.
0 = closed (Fig. 52a).
1 = narrowly open, nearly closed (Fig. 52b).
2 = widely open (Fig. 52c).
State 2 is the general condition in the curiines.

28. Prosternal process between procoxae.

0 = nearly flat, not declivous (Fig. 53a).

1 = gradually declivous (Fig. 53b).

2 = abruptly declivous (Fig. 53c).

State 0 is the general condition in Curius; state
1 is the general condition in Plectromerus.

29. Mesosternum with broad mesocoxal process with
lateral extensions into mesocoxae.

0 = absent.

1 = present (Fig. 54).

30. Metafemoral armature.

0 = no tooth present (Fig. 55a).

1 = with one sharp tooth (Fig. 55b).

2 = with two sharp teeth (Fig. 55c).

State 1 is the general condition for Curiosa,
Curius, and Plectromerus.

31. If metafemur armed with one sharp tooth, then
tooth with serrations on posterior margin.

0 = absent (no serration peaks) (Fig. 56a).

1 = feebly serrate (small, indistinct peaks) (Fig.
56b).

2 = moderately serrate (moderate sized) (Fig.
56c).

3 = strongly serrate (deep, distinct peaks) (Fig.
56d).

32. Metafemur with long, erect setae.
0 = absent.
1 = present (Fig. 57a).

33. Metafemora: distal portion distinctly darker than
basal.

0 = absent.

1 = present (Fig. 57b).

State 1 is the general condition in Curius.

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 9

34. Basal (non-clavate) portion of metafemora
compared to metafemoral club.

0 = distinctly longer (Fig. 58a).

1 = about equal (Fig. 58b).

2 = distinctly shorter (Fig. 58c).

State 1 is the general condition in Plectromerus.

35. Metafemoral shape.

0 = gradually enlarged from base, not pedun-
culate-clavate (Fig. 59a).

1 = pedunculate-clavate (Fig. 59b).

State 0 is the general condition in Curius.

36. Metatibial shape.
0 = nearly straight (Fig. 60a).
1 = moderately sinuate (Fig. 60b).
2 = strongly sinuate (Fig. 60c).

37. Length of metatibia in relation to metafemur.

0 = about equal length (Fig. 61a).

1 =slightly shorter, about 0.7 times length (Fig.
61b).

2 = distinctly shorter, about 0.5 times length
(Fig. 61c).

38. Metatarsus with first tarsomere about twice as
long as second.

0 = absent (Fig. 62a).

1 = present (Fig. 62b).

The presence of this character is a synapomor-
phy of Curius.

39. Male genitalia.

0 = parameres with more than three short setae
projecting from tips of lateral lobes (Fig. 63a).

1 = parameres with two long setae projecting
from tips of lateral lobes (Fig. 63b).

2 = parameres with more than three long setae
projecting from tips of lateral lobes.

3 = parameres with three short setae projecting
from tips of lateral lobes.

Several authors have employed characters of
the parameres (e.g., Entwistle 1963; Fragoso 1978;
Franceschini 2002; Komiya & Nylander 2005; Lin-
gafelter 1998; Marques & Napp 2003; Mermudes
& Napp 2004; Micheli & Nearns 2005; MLL.
Monné 2005; Monné & Napp 2005; Veiga-Ferreira
1964). The morphological characters present in
the parameres of male Curiini were not found to
be useful for species identification. However, the
number and length of setae at the tips of the para-
meres were useful as a generic-level character. No

male specimens were available for dissection for
C. dominicana, P. acunai, P. femoratus, P. giesberti
new species; P. grimaldii, P. josephi new species, P.
michelit new species, P. serratus, P. tertiarius, P.
thomasi new species, and P. unidentatus. This char-
acter was coded as missing for these taxa.

PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS METHODS

Phylogenetic analyses were performed using
parsimony as the optimality criterion imple-
mented in TNT 1.0 (Goloboff et al. 2005) using tra-
ditional (heuristic) search. The commands “50
replications” and “25 trees saved per replication”
were used to find the most parsimonious trees.
Consistency Index (CI) and Retention Index (RI)
were calculated in WinClada. Bremer support val-
ues (Bremer 1994) were calculated using NONA
(Goloboff 1995) by reading in the consensus of the
most parsimonious cladograms and using the
commands “hold 1000; sub 1; find*”, “hold 2000;
sub 3; find*”, “hold 4000; sub 5; find*”, and “bsup-
port 10.” Bootstrap support values were calcu-
lated in NONA as implemented by WinClada us-
ing 1,000 replications, 10 search replicates, and
five starting trees per replicate without doing a
“max*” search and saving the consensus of each
replication.

RESULTS

Phylogenetic analyses of 36 taxa (including the
fossil P. tertiarius) and 39 morphological charac-
ters produced 19 most parsimonious trees of
length 180. The strict consensus of 19 most parsi-
monious trees is poorly-resolved within the Plec-
tromerus + Curiosa clade (Fig. 73). Phylogenetic
analyses of 35 taxa (excluding the fossil P. tertiar-
ius) and 39 morphological characters produced
two most parsimonious trees (L = 180, CI = 40, RI
= 61). The strict consensus of two most parsimo-
nious trees supports the genus Curius as a mono-
phyletic group that is characterized by five unam-
biguous synapomorphies (Fig. 75). The genus
Plectromerus is supported by four unambiguous
synapomorphies and is monophyletic with the
monotypic genus Curiosa as a derived member of
the Plectromerus clade. As historically defined, the
tribe Curiini is polyphyletic due to four outgroup
taxa (Coscinedes gracilis, Hypexilis pallida, Parom-
midion extricatum, and Perigracilia delicata) being
placed between the Curius and Plectromerus + Cu-
riosa clades (Fig. 75). Bremer support values

10 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURIINI AND PLECTROMERINI

Table 1. Data matrix for 36 taxa and 39 morphological characters used in cladistic analysis of Curius and
Plectromerus. inapplicable character states are marked with ‘-’ and unobserved character states with ‘?’

1 10 20 30

Obrium maculatum 121000100 0111210330 0001010000 0-11200010
Coscinedes gracilis 130000011 0000400410 2001302000 0-00210103
FAlypexilis pallida 130001010 1000330120 2000101210 0-00200010
Perigracilia delicata 130001000 1000100120 0001100210 0-00200002
Parommidion extricatum 130000011 0110300300 1011411211 0-10100012
Curius chemsaki 210022110 1100101200 1101601201 1101021110
Curius dentatus 110010110 0100101200 1001001201 1101200010
Curius panamensis 140022110 1100101200 1101101201 1101100110
Curius punctatus 110010110 0100101200 1002101201 1001200210
Plectromerus acunat 220022011 0111200010 1002501211 110110010?
Plectromerus bidentatus 220022011 0111200010 1002511221 2201101201
Plectromerus dentipes 220022111 0111200010 1002301211 1201111201
Plectromerus dezayasi new species 220022011 0110000011 1002001211 1301112101
Plectromerus distinctus 220012011 0111310010 1002111211 1200112201
Plectromerus dominicanus 001011011 0110310010 2010012111 101111000?
Plectromerus exis 120012111 1100300010 0002201211 1101010201
Plectromerus fasciatus 221022011 0110310010 1001331211 1110100001
Plectromerus femoratus 220222010 1110300410 0001001211 110021000?
Plectromerus giesberti new species 220012011 0110000010 2002001211 130011220?
Plectromerus grimaldii t 220022011 011?2?001? 2001271211 100010000?
Plectromerus hovorei new species 220022011 0110300010 1002001211 130011220?
Plectromerus josephi new species 220122011 0110300011 1002101211 110111120?
Plectromerus lingafelteri 220022011 0110300010 1002001211 1101111101
Plectromerus michelii new species 220012011 0110310010 2001111211 110011120?
Plectromerus morrisi new species 021012011 0111310010 1002011111 1311112201
Plectromerus navassae 221012011 0110310010 1001111211 1210211101
Plectromerus ornatus 220012011 0110300010 1002001211 1100210101
Plectromerus pinicola 220012011 0111200010 1002001211 1100200101
Plectromerus pumilus 220012011 0111200010 1002001211 1100111001
Plectromerus ramosi 220022011 0110200010 1002101211 1300101201
Plectromerus serratus 220022011 0110300010 1002101211 130011220?
Plectromerus tertiarius t 222222011 022222201? 222202222? 122222222?

Plectromerus thomasi new species 220002011 0111010021 2001001211 100111010?
Plectromerus turnbowi new species —- 220122011 0111300010 1001201211 1100200001
Plectromerus unidentatus 220012011 0111300010 1000001211 110011120?
Plectromerus wappesi 221012011 0110310010 1002211211 1210212201

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 11

ranged from 1 to 4. A relatively high Bremer sup-
port value of 4 was reported for the Curius clade
as well as the node containing C. chemsaki + C.
panamensis (within the Curius clade). Relatively
lower branch support values of 3 and 2 were re-
ported for the node containing P. dominicanus + P.
morrisi new species and the Plectromerus + Curiosa
clade respectively (Fig. 75). Bootstrap support val-
ues greater than 70% were reported for the Curius
clade, the node containing C. chemsaki + C. pana-
mensis (within the Curius clade), and the node
containing the two outgroup taxa from the tribe
Graciliini (Hypexilis pallida + Perigracilia delicata)
(Fig. 75).

DISCUSSION

Inclusion of the fossil P. tertiarius resulted in
decreased resolution within the Plectromerus + Cu-
riosa clade (Fig. 73). The lack of resolution appears
to be due to the fact that many characters for this
taxon could not be scored due to the condition of
the fossil (28 of 39 or 72% of characters were
coded as missing) (Nixon 1996). Phylogenetic
analysis of Curiini excluding the fossil P. tertiarius
produced a well-resolved strict consensus (Fig.
75) of two most parsimonious trees (Fig. 74). CI
and RI for the two most parsimonious trees are
both low (40 and 61, respectively), indicating high
levels of homoplasy among the characters coded.

Results suggest that the tribe Curiini, as histor-
ically defined, is a polyphyletic group regardless
of the outgroup taxon used as the root. Four out-
group taxa in the tribes Callidiopini and Graciliini
are placed within Curiini, between the Curius and
Plectromerus + Curiosa clades (Fig. 75). However,
traditional ideas of generic circumscription for
Curius and Plectromerus were supported. To ad-
dress the polyphyly of Curiini, the new tribe Plec-
tromerini Nearns & Branham is proposed below.
Relationships among ingroup and outgroup taxa
require a larger analysis within the subfamily Ce-
rambycinae, but that is beyond the scope of this
study.

Results support Giesbert’s (1985) synonymy of
the genus Pentomacrus with Plectromerus, with the
five species originally described within the genus
Pentomacrus (P. acunai, P. distinctus, P. fasciatus, P.
femoratus, and P. serratus) not supported as a
monophyletic group (Fig. 75). The transfer of P.
punctatus to Curius by Nearns et al. (2005) is also
supported (Fig. 75).

Interestingly, the monotypic genus Curiosa ap-
pears to be a highly derived Plectromerus species
(Fig. 75). While no known males of this species
have been collected and only three females speci-
mens were available for study, we think that syn-
onymizing Curiosa with Plectromerus is justified
based on the character data that places it within
Plectromerus. It is curious that Curiosa has been
traditionally treated as a monotypic genus, when
in fact this analysis, which is the first empirical
study of this group, suggests it is a highly derived
Plectromerus on a comparatively long branch of
seven characters. This long branch is evidence
that this species underwent significant evolution
in comparison to other Plectromerus species. This
may be due to the hypothesis that this species has
shifted from a nocturnal habit (a condition of all
other Curius and Plectromerus species) to a diurnal
habit.

BIOGEOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION

The Caribbean (Fig. 64) has a long and exciting
history of biogeographic study (Allen 1911; Dar-
lington 1938; Hedges 1996a; Hedges 1996b;
Hedges et al. 1992; Iturralde-Vinent & MacPhee
1999; Rosen 1975) with a focus on the large, moun-
tainous islands of the Greater Antilles (Cuba, His-
paniola, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico). Work in the
area has often reflected popular “notions” of the
time. Early workers proposed land bridges to ex-
plain distributions of the Caribbean mammal
fauna (Allen 1911). Subsequent workers sup-
ported a passive dispersal model of Caribbean
biogeography (Darlington 1938; Hedges 1996a;
Hedges 1996b). Recently, however, Iturralde-
Vinent & MacPhee (1999) discussed two main
models of faunal formation in the Greater An-
tilles: strict dispersal and strict continent-island
vicariance, and proposed a model that combines
dispersal and vicariance in a two-phase process.

Rosen (1975) argued for a vicariance model of
Caribbean biogeography which incorporated a
geophysical model based on Malfait & Dinkel-
man’s (1972) plate-tectonic model of Caribbean
evolution, in which the Caribbean was formed
from an original East Pacific Plate intrusion into
the western Atlantic. Rosen’s model predicts that
the biota of the Greater Antilles is relatively older
than that of the Costa Rican-Panamanian region

12 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURIINI AND PLECTROMERINI

(Rosen 1975: 455). It also predicts that lower Cen-
tral American taxa will be more closely related to
mainland (North and South American) taxa than
to those of the Antilles (Rosen 1975: 455).

Hedges (1996a, 1996b) and Hedges et al. (1992)
were critical of Rosen’s (1975) vicariance model
and argued for a passive dispersal model (e.g.,
rafting) of Caribbean biogeography. In this model,
water currents in the Caribbean generally move in
a west, north-west direction, moving water and
flotsam from the Amazon and Orinoco basins to
the Greater Antilles. Hedges predicts that it
should be very difficult to colonize islands against
the prevailing water currents (from Cuba to
Puerto Rico, for example), but very easy to go
with the current, for example from Hispaniola to
Cuba.

Iturralde-Vinent & MacPhee (1999) were criti-
cal of Hedge’s hypothesis of mostly over-water
dispersal and proposed the GAARIandia (Greater
Antilles + Aves Ridge) hypothesis which com-
bines elements of both vicariance and dispersal
(Iturralde-Vinent & MacPhee 1999; MacPhee &
Iturralde-Vinent 1995). The GAARIandia hypoth-
esis proposes that the developing northern
Greater Antilles and northwestern South America
were briefly connected by a “landspan.” The up-
lift event that created these connections was com-
pleted by 32 MYO which ended the GAARIandia
landspan phase. Subsequently, tectonic activity in
the Caribbean has resulted in the subdivision of
existing land areas (Iturralde-Vinent & MacPhee
1),

BIOGEOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS METHODS

The strict consensus of two most parsimonious
trees (Fig. 75) was used to create a taxon-area
cladogram by mapping geographic areas of distri-
bution for each ingroup taxon in the analysis (Fig.
76).

RESULTS

Results suggest that the more basal taxa within
the Curius clade are distributed in North America
(USA) and the Greater Antilles (Cuba) while the
more derived taxa are endemic to Central Amer-
ica (Panama) and South America (Venezuela) (Fig.
76). Within the Plectromerus clade, a similar pat-
tern is observed in which the more basal species
exhibit an Antillean distribution (Greater and
Lesser Antilles) while the more derived taxa occur

in North America (USA, Mexico), Central Amer-
ica (Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicar-
agua, and Panama), as well as the Greater and
Lesser Antilles (Fig. 76).

DISCUSSION

The Caribbean (Fig. 64) is a complex geo-
graphic region and home to a diverse flora and
fauna with a high rate of endemicity among in-
sects (Genaro & Tejuca 2001; Liebherr 1988;
Monné & Hovore 2005; Peck 2005). For example,
Swearingen (1999) estimated that as much as 30%
of the invertebrate fauna on Navassa Island
(Greater Antilles) is endemic, and Liebherr (1988)
reports that as much as 40% of Antillean ant
species are single-island endemics.

Like many vertebrate and invertebrate taxa in
the Caribbean, Curius and Plectromerus exhibit
high levels of endemicity (Table 2). The majority
of Curius and Plectromerus species are found in the
Greater Antilles, with 17 of 31 species (55%) oc-
curring on the islands of Cuba and Hispaniola
(Dominican Republic and Haiti). The highest level
of diversity is on Hispaniola, with 11 Plectromerus
species, 10 of which are endemic to the island.
From the two described Plectromerus fossils in Do-
minican amber, dated from mid-Miocene, a mini-
mum date of approximately 17-20 MYO is known
for the presence of Plectromerus on Hispaniola.
Cuba ranks second with seven species, including
four endemic species. Two endemic species of
Plectromerus occur on Jamaica. Navassa Island,
situated between Jamaica and Haiti, has one en-
demic species as do the Cayman Islands. Only
two species are presently known from the Lesser
Antilles (Table 2).

Four Curius and Plectromerus species are
widely distributed: C. dentatus is known from
USA and P. dentipes occurs in USA, Bahamas, and
Cuba. Plectromerus exis is fairly widespread in the
Greater Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, and Hispaniola).
Plectromerus wappesi, originally described from
southeastern Mexico, is the only species known to
occur in both the Greater Antilles (Jamaica) and
Central America (Honduras).

Rosen’s (1975) vicariance model of Caribbean
biogeography predicts that the biota of the
Greater Antilles is relatively older than that of
the Costa Rican-Panamanian region and that the
lower Central American taxa will be more closely
related to mainland (North and South America)

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 13

Table 2. Biogeographic distribution of Curius and Plectromerus.

Biogeographic Region
Greater Antilles Lesser Antilles Central America

3 Os
ge 2
oO 3 + S Gg + » lov}
4 Se) (qe) 7 oO oO
2 ° a « & Go oe e |S 8 2 &
@ aie Gl WS aly HS Mas ee) ea Se
E Sc a Sle 2 & & |e & ¢ E
is So gi os © & H| eq S os = ¢ ei EG
s Toler Cee emcee US Aeron Cus UG ac | bts aie Ce ek oR
eal OO ae SO er BES SS ea ON) Gy oa. I) ial

ees et tismen
Fe pets | ae

FE. pnamenss— [|

a

RA cote lilt rt sc oe
an
we

—SEl OPE roe oT ee
_ Rect sy alo oa | a ia a Vi i
| Ric teeter fry em me ae en
eRe an eee oe

_Ficats pel alfa en cl seal del eal ore |e a
ee ES Pd

HIPs reich eer

Jee aan ee
P. giesberti n. sp ee eee eee
emai Tt | Te
JE a nee
_!E 7 lle i lee a al al
piers add Sena oe
ep eeiisop | al ee cee ee ee =
EE gp hh hl] el ad i eal :
ee iw Aiaaewlioe dia ial] | leo ol ad —*
ise | alee ia ei Fh es ive 4 ot
cc Ml ele ieee
aa

ae

P. ramosi

P. serratus

eet COE
er EE

14 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURIINI AND PLECTROMERINI

taxa than to those of the Antilles (Rosen 1975:
455). Rosen’s (1975) model adequately explains
the results of a biogeographical analysis of Curius
and Plectromerus which suggests that the more
basal taxa within the Plectromerus clade exhibit an
Antillean distribution while the more derived
taxa occur in North America, Central America, as
well as the Antilles (Fig. 76).

SYSTEMATICS OF CURIINI
Tribe Curiini LeConte

Curii LeConte, 1873a: 304. Type genus: Curius New-
man, 1840.

Diagnosis.—Curiini is superficially similar to
Plectromerini new tribe but is easily distin-
guished by the third antennomere distinctly
longer than scape (third antennomere about as
long or distinctly shorter than scape in Plec-
tromerini); and prosternal process between pro-
coxae nearly flat, not gradually declivous
(prosternal process between procoxae gradually
or abruptly declivous in Plectromerini).

Redescription.—Form depressed, elongate.
Head with front small, declivous; eyes coarsely
faceted; palpi somewhat unequal; mandibles
small, acute; antennal tubercles not prominent to
strongly raised; antennae slender, annulated,
finely punctate and pubescent; third antennomere
about 1.5 times longer than fifth. Pronotal sides
evenly rounded, nearly cylindrical; pronotum or-
namented with a distinct “inverted Y” marking.
Prosternal coxae globose, prominent, nearly con-
tiguous, cavities open behind. Males with sexu-
ally dimorphic, prothoracic punctation. Femora
gradually clavate, armed beneath with a small,
acute tooth. Posterior edge of metafemoral tooth
is smooth or nearly smooth.

Remarks.—Results of a phylogenetic analysis
of Curiini suggest that the tribe, as traditionally
defined, is a polyphyletic group (see Phylogenetic

Analysis above). As redefined here, Curiini con-
tains only the genus Curius.

CHECKLIST

Curius Newman, 1840: 17.
chemsaki Nearns & Ray, 2006: 51.
dentatus Newman, 1840: 17.
concinnatus Haldeman, 1847: 43.
panamensis Bates, 1885: 268.
punctatus (Fisher, 1932: 55).

Genus Curius Newman

Curius Newman, 1840: 17. Type species, Curius dentatus
Newman, 1840, by monotypy.

Diagnosis.—see diagnosis for tribe above.

Redescription.—see redescription for the tribe
above.

Distribution—USA (eastern, southeastern,
Great Plains), Cuba (Greater Antilles), Panama
(Central America), and Venezuela (South Amer-
ica) (Fig. 65).

Remarks.—Results of a phylogenetic analysis
suggest that the genus Curius is a monophyletic
group that is characterized by five unambiguous
synapomorphies (Fig. 75).

Linsley (1963) redefined the genus based on
the only North American species, C. dentatus.
Based on Bates’ (1885) original description and
figure, Linsley (1963) expressed doubt about the
placement of the only other Curius species known
at the time of his writing, C. panamensis. During
the course of this revision, a new species of Curius,
C. chemsaki Nearns & Ray was described from
Venezuela and Nearns et al. (2005) transferred P.
punctatus to Curius. A detailed examination of the
pronotal and prosternal punctation of C. dentatus,
C. panamensis, C. punctatus, and C. chemsaki, re-
vealed a new synapomorphy for the genus over-
looked by previous workers, male-specific gland
pores (rounded, elevated tubercles with circular
median impressions) (Nearns & Ray 2006).

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 15

KEY TO SPECIES OF CURIUS

is Fifth antennomere equal to/or only slightly longer than fourth. .......00...... 00.0 e cece cece ees 2

Fifth antennomere about twice as long as fourth

2(1). Antennae not distinctly flattened; distal half of femora distinctly darker than basal half; body length

Fb AiO mims(USA) esse nso nseo eee

> SRR ea Se a ise C. dentatus Newman (Fig. 3a)

Antennae distinctly flattened; femoral knees distinctly darker; body length 9.0-125 mm

(@uiba) ees Aa es soeeton eee eter +

oo Oe MeO aY Bo Gd Seana C. punctatus (Fisher) (Fig. 5a)

3(1). Third antennomere armed with spine, equal to or slightly shorter than fifth; pronotum and elytra
clothed with short, pale, recumbent, moderately dense hairs; body length 6.5-15 mm

(Ramanan atc suorre coun eisere es tasace ceca:

een ee ep euc se Susy ochre gets Weegee ier C. panamensis Bates (Fig. 4a)

Third antennomere without spine, slightly longer than fifth; pronotum and elytra not as above; body

length 7.5-8.6 mm (Venezuela) ...........

Curius chemsaki Nearns & Ray
(Figs. la—b, 2a—d)

Curius chemsaki Nearns & Ray, 2006: 51.

Diagnosis.—This species is distinguished from
its presently known congeners by the following
characters: the third antennomere is longest,
slightly longer than the fifth and without a spine,
the fifth antennomere is about twice as long as the
fourth, and the elytral apices are separately
pointed. Curius chemsaki can be confused with C.
panamensis and the two species share similar
pronotal proportions and markings (Figs. 1a-b, le,
4a) as well as similar pronotal and prosternal
punctation and nodules. However, C. chemsaki is
distinguished by antennal morphology: both
sexes of C. panamensis have a strong spine at the
apex of the third antennomere (absent in C. chem-
saki) and the third antennomere is equal to or
slightly shorter than the fifth in C. panamensis (the
third antennomere is slightly longer than the fifth
in C. chemsaki). Also, the pronotum and elytra of
C. panamensis are clothed with short, pale, recum-
bent, moderately dense hairs (absent in C. chem-
saki) and the elytral apices of C. panamensis are
rounded (separately pointed in C. chemsaki).

Specimens examined.—Type material: Holo-
type gd, “VENEZUELA, Aracua Province, Ran-
cho Grande, II-14-21-1969, P. & P. Spangler, col-
lected at blacklight”’ (USNM). Allotype @,

ee Eee er C. chemsaki Nearns & Ray (Fig. 1a)

“VENEZUELA, ARAGUA PROVINCE, El Encantado,
30-VI1-2001, Cope collection” (JAMC).

Other material: VENEZUELA: Aracua PrRo-
VINCE: Rancho Grande, 1100 m, 17—20-I-1978,
blacklight, cloud forest, J.B. Heppner, 19
[paratype] (USNM); same except Geremba, 2050
m, VII-1991, 2° [paratypes] (MNRJ); same except
VII-1999, Alain Audureau, 16 (ENPC); same ex-
cept 22-XI-2002, 12 (ENPC); same except 23-IX-
2002, 12 (ENPC); same except VII-2002, 12
(RFMC); same except Magua, 28-V-2005, 2¢
(ENPC, FSCA). MERIDA PROVINCE: Parque Na-
cional Sierra Nevada, Est. La Mucuy, 08°37’'N,
71°02’W, cloud forest, 2380 m, 14-16-VI-1999, Rat-
cliffe, Jameson, Smith, Vilaboro, 12 (JEWC).

Distribution—Known from Aragua and
Mérida Provinces, Venezuela (South America)
(Fig. 65).

Remarks.—A discussion of sexual dimor-
phism in pronotal and/or prosternal punctation
in P. chemsaki is presented in the “Life history and
host plant associations” section above.

Lingafelter et al. (2007) provided a color habi-
tus photograph of the holotype. Twelve addi-
tional specimens of C. chemsaki have been re-
ported by Alain Audureau (Saint Gilles Croix de
Vie, France): Venezuela, Aragua Province,
Geremba, 2050 m, Alain Audureau, collection
dates: 12-IV-1999, 15-V-1999, 9-VI-2000, 29-IX-
2002, 15-II-2003, 7-IV-2003, 21-II-2004, 12-V-2005,
14-V-2005.

16 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURIINI AND PLECTROMERINI

Curius dentatus Newman
(Figs. 1c, 3a—c)

Plectromerus concinnatus Dejean, 1833: 332. Nomen
nudum.

Curius dentatus Newman, 1840: 17.

Plectromerus concinnatus Haldeman, 1847: 43. Attrib-
uted to Dejean.

Curius concinnatus: Melsheimer, 1853: 106.

Diagnosis.—This species is similar to C. punc-
tatus but is separated by the following characters:
eyes nearly subreniform (eyes ovate-emarginate
in C. punctatus); antennae weakly flattened (more
strongly flattened in C. punctatus); and femora
with distal half distinctly darker in most speci-
mens (femora with knees distinctly darker in C.
punctatus (Fig. 5c)).

Specimens examined.—USA: ALABAMa~: Bald-
win Co., reared from pecan, VII-1972, 13 (JEWC);
Mobile, at light, 12-V-1957, B.K. Dozier, 1d
(FSCA). District oF CoLumsia: Washington,
Henry Ulke, 5d, 22 (CMNH); MLL. Linell, 1°
(AMNRH); 20.6, Hubbard & Schwarz, 1¢ (USNM).
Ftoriwa: Alachua Co., Gainesville, 22-V-1983,
M.C. Thomas, 1d (FSCA); same except at light, V-
1964, Grace Thomas, 1 2 (FSCA); same except 2-IX-
77, 1.H. Atkinson, 36,12 (FSCA); Dade Co., Mi-
ami, V-1917, 134,22 (CMNH); same except IV-16,
1d (CMNH); Dixie Co., 4 miles N Old Town,
18-20-V-1978, E. Giesbert, 83, 12 (EFGC); same
except 11-12-V-1978, 23 (EFGC); Franklin Co.,
Apalachicola, Taxodium distichum reared, 10-XI-05,
W.F. Fiske, 22 (USNM); same except Juniperus
reared, 19-VI-05, 22 (USNM); Gadsden Co., As-
palaga Landing, UV light, 29-V-2005, Nearns,
Morris & Wappes, 12 (ENPC); Hernando Co.,
Withlacoochee State Forest, Croom Area, beating
dead branches, 26-VII-2003, E.H. Nearns, 12
(ENPC); Highlands Co., Archbold Biological Sta-
tion, 14-18-IV-1989, Chen Wen Young, 1°
(CMNH); Indian River Co., SR512 0.5 miles W I-95,
Fla. Med. Ent. Lab., Suction trap, 1-10-V-1977, 12
(FSCA); Lake County, Alexander Springs Camp-
ground, 6 miles S Astor Park, at UV black light, 21-
IV-1975, J.B. Heppner, 12 (FSCA); Leon Co., Tall
Timbers Res. Sta., Hammock Wood Yard, light
trap, 15-VIII-1972, 1 2 (FSCA); Liberty Co., Torreya
State Park, at UV light, flood plain forest, 22-V-
2004, E.H. Nearns, 1d (ENPC); Polk Co., vicinity
of Bartow, along Peace River, 29-IV-1990, R. Mor-

ris, 12 (FSCA); same except 24-IV-1990, 1d
(FSCA); Putnam Co., Crescent City, Hubbard &
Schwarz, 1¢ (USNM). Georcia: Clarke Co.,
Whitehall Forest, 2-VII-1973, R. Turnbow, 12
(AMNH); same except 14-VII-1976, 12 (FSCA);
same except ex. sweet gum, emerged VII-1974,1¢
(FSCA); same except Athens, 25-VI-1972, 1¢
(AMNH); same except window trap, 31-VII-6-
VIII-1976, 16 (AMNH); same except 6-13-VIII-
1976, 15, 12 (USNM); same except 20-27-VIII-
1976,22 (USNM); same except 24-31-VII-1976, 12
(FSCA); same except 25-VI-2-VII-1976, 22 (FSCA);
same except 16—23-VII-1976, 13,12 (FSCA); same
except 9-16-VII-1976, 1d (FSCA); same except
6—-13-VIII-1976, 15 (USNM); Dekalb Co., 13-VI-69,
12 (TAMU); same except 1-VIII-79, 12 (JEWC);
Grady Co., Beachton, 1-7-VII-1967, E.V. Ko-
mareck, 16 (USNM); Greene Co., reared from
pecan, VII-1972, 1d (JEWC); Jackson Co., Harde-
man Forest, 5-7-VIII-1975, R. Turnbow, 12
(AMNH); Marion Co., Buena Vista, 3-VII-46, John
Lutz, 1d (USNM); Sumter Co., host: pecan, 1982,
W.L. Tedders, 43, 32 (USNM); Griffen, Deodar,
reared, 1-VI-06, W.F. Fiske, 1¢ (USNM); same ex-
cept 3744, 18-VII-06, 1d (USNM); same except XII-
07, 16 (USNM); same except 3-VII-07, 19
(USNM); same except 26-VI-06, 23, 22 (USNM);
same except Jessup, Taxodium ditichum, 29
(USNM); same except Cupressus, 29-IV-03, 1d
(USNM). Lourstana: East Baton Rouge Parish, Ba-
ton Rouge, 22-X-1965, D.K. Pollet, 16 (LSAM);
same except 21-VII-22, O.W. Rosewall, 1¢
(LSAM); St. Martin Parish, 4 miles S of Belle River,
20-VII-1995, D.A. Duerr II, 1d (LSAM); St. Tam-
many Parish, Covington, 28-V, H. Soltau, 19
(USNM). MaryLanp: Balto Co., Towson, 7-VI-81,
J. Glaser, 1d (CMHN); Calvert Co., Sunderland,
ex. oak, 1981, J. Glaser, 1d (CNMH); same except
Battle Creek Cypress Swamp, 18-VIII-1987, A. & B.
Norden & D. Williams, 1d (USNM); Montgomery
Co., Plummer’s Island, 30-VII-10, E.A. Schwarz,
1d (USNM); same except 25-VII, H.S. Barber, 2?
(USNM). Mississippi: Hancock Co., 28-VIII, H.
Soltau, 16 (USNM). NortH Caro.ina: Catawba
Co., Hog Hill, black light trap, 20-27-VII-1976, R.
Turnbow, 3d (FSCA); Cleveland Co., 7—-19-VI-
1970, at light, J.S. Ashe, 12 (TAMU); Dare Co.,
Killdevil Hills, 27-VII-1955, K.V. Krombein, 12
(USNM); same except 24-VII-1955, 12 (USNM);
Tryon, Pinus reared, 3-X-06, W.F. Fiske, 3d
(USNM); same except 20-VIII-07, 23,12 (USNM);

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 17

same except 7-IV-06, 12 (USNM); same except 1-
VII-05, 23,12 (USNM); same except 8-VIII-05, 12
(USNM); same except 1-VIII-06, 1d (USNM); same
except 20-VIII-07, 23 (USNM); same except 18-VI-
06, 1¢ (USNM); same except 1-VIII-06, 19
(USNM). Ox taHoma: Latimer Co., VII-85, K.
Stephan, 12 (TAMU). PENNsyLVANIA: York Co., 5
miles NW Davidsburg, black light, 23-VII-1971,
PJ. Spangler, 1d (USNM). TEeNNEssEE: Giles Co.,
Pulaski, at light near farm, 8-VII-1946, 19
(USNM); Hardeman Co., Bolivar, emerged from
Cercis canadensis, VII-1974, R.D. Ward, 36
(CMNH); same except 20-24-V-1974, 12 (CMNH);
same except 4—11-VI-1974, 12 (CMNH); same ex-
cept emerged 1-III-1975, 1d (CMNH); same except
emerged 6-IV-1975, 27-III-1974,3¢ (CMNH); same
except emerged 8-III 1975, 27-XII-1974, 39
(CMNH); same except emerged 12-IV-1975, 27-III-
1974,435,22 (CMNH). Texas: Chambers Co., I-10
at Trinity R., reared from Taxodium distichum col-
lected 12-II-1993, emerged 28-IV-10-V-1993, D.J.
Heffern, 2d (TAMU); same except emerged 11-V-
31-V-1993,1d (TAMU); Montgomery Co., Jones St.
Forest, 8 miles S Conroe, Malaise trap, 21—-27-VI-
1987, R. Wharton, 1d (TAMU); same except The
Woodlands, 20-26-VI-1977, J.E. Wappes, 1°
(JEWC); Sabine Co., E Hemphill, “Beech Bottom”,
Malaise trap, 23-VI-2-VII-1989, R. Anderson & E.
Morris, 1d (TAMU); same except 9 miles E
Hemphill, flight intercept trap, beech-magnolia
forest, “beech bottom”, 25-VIII-10-IX-1989, 2d
(TAMU); same except 6-16-VIII-1989, 1d, 19
(TAMU); San Augustine Co., Piney Woods Con-
servation Center, 14 miles SE Broaddus, Malaise
trap, 15—21-VII-1993, E.G. Riley, 1d, 19 (TAMU);
Tyler Co., Kirby State Forest, 30°34.30'N,
94°25.03'W, Lindgren funnel trap, 20-VII-24-VIII-
2003, E.G. Riley, 2d (TAMU); same except 19-V-8-
VI1-2003, 12 (TAMU). Vireinia: Cape Henry, 2-VI,
J.N. Knull, 4d, 22 (AMNH); same except Pinus,
reared, A.D. Hopkins, 42 (USNM); Arlington Co.,
Arlington, 27-VI-1950, J.G. Franclemont, 19
(USNM); same except collected on suet cage, 2-
VII-32, F.W. Poos, 12 (USNM); Essex Co., 1 mile SE
Dunnsville, 37°52'N, 76°48’ W, Malaise trap, 24-VI-
9-VIII-1992, D.R. Smith, 22 (USNM); same except
14-VIII-2-IX-1993, 12 (USNM); Fairfax Co., Falls
Church, Acer rubrum, reared, 28-VIII-16, EC.
Craighead, 16 (USNM); same except Pinus,
reared, 3-VIII-14, H.B. Kirk, 16 (USNM); same ex-
cept 21-VII-14, 3d, 32 (USNM); Princess Anne

Co., Virginia Beach, Pinus, reared, A.D. Hopkins,
1g (USNM).

Distribution—Widely distributed in USA (Al-
abama, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia,
Illinois, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North
Carolina, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Tennessee,
Texas, and Virginia) (Fig. 65).

Remarks.—Curius dentatus is widely distrib-
uted in USA (eastern, southeastern, and Great
Plains) (Monné & Hovore 2005; Yanega 1996).
Lacey et al. (2004) collected a series of female spec-
imens in pheromone-baited traps in Illinois. Lins-
ley & Chemsak (1997) listed the following host
plants: Acer species (including A. rubrum L. (Acer-
aceae)), Celtis (Ulmaceae), Cupressus (Cupres-
saceae), Juniperus (Cupressaceae), Pinus (Pina-
ceae), and Taxodium distichum (Linnaeus) L.C.
Rich (Cupressaceae). Curius dentatus is attracted
to lights and has been collected in a variety of
traps (Lindgren funnel, Malaise, flight intercept,
and window) as well as reared from various hosts,
including Cercis canadensis L. (Fabaceae) and Ligq-
uidambar styraciflua L. (Hamamelidaceae). This
species is also associated with Citrus madurensis
Lour. (Rutaceae) and other Citrus (Rutaceae)
(M.C. Thomas, pers. comm.). Craighead (1923)
described and illustrated the larva of C. dentatus.
Fragoso (1978) illustrated the male and female
genitalia of this species in his analysis of the tribal
classification within the subfamily Cerambycinae.
Lingafelter (2007) recently included C. dentatus in
a key to cerambycids of eastern USA.

In Newman’s (1840) description of this species
he stated that the holotype “. . . is in the cabinet of
the Entomological Club.” Sharon Shute of the
BMNH stated that the holotype was included in
the material donated to the museum by the Ento-
mological Club in 1844. The holotype is a female,
8.1 mm in length, and in poor condition: the apical
segments of the antennae are absent, only the left
metaleg is complete, the remaining legs have miss-
ing tarsi and the right foreleg is missing the tibia.
The holotype bears the following labels: handwrit-
ten number 298 registration Ent. Club / [18]44—-12,
handwritten determination label in Newman’s
hand Curius Newm, / dentatus Newm; a second
handwritten label: Curius dentatus Newman type
in Arrow’s handwriting (S. Shute, pers. comm.).

This species ranges in size from 5.0-10.0 mm in
length. Male specimens examined measured:
length 5.0-9.2 mm, width 1.0-2.1 mm (measured

18 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURIINI AND PLECTROMERINI

across humeri); female specimens examined
measured: length 5.0-10.0 mm; width 1.2-2.3 mm
(measured across humeri).

Curius panamensis Bates
(Figs. le, 4a—-c)

Curius panamensis Bates, 1885: 268.

Diagnosis.—This species is most closely re-
lated to C. chemsaki (Fig. 75) but can easily be dis-
tinguished from all congeners by the presence of
the mesal spine on the third antennomere.

Redescription.—Male. Length 6.4-10.7 mm,
width 1.2-2.0 mm (measured across humeri).
Habitus as in Fig. 4a. General form small, narrow,
subcylindrical. Integument testaceous, with por-
tions of head, antennal apices, pronotum, elytra,
distal portions of femora and tibiae, and sternum
ferrugineus.

Head with front nearly flat, transverse, head
with a median, shallow groove from between eyes
to just beyond vertex; head concave between an-
tennal tubercles, which are strongly raised and
separated by about the width of two antennal
sockets; vertex granulose, with short, recumbent,
pale pubescence. Eyes coarsely-faceted, trans-
verse, ovate-emarginate, with deep indentations
around antennal insertions.

Antennae eleven-segmented, subcylindrical, al-
most twice as long as body; scape slightly bowed;
about as long as fourth antennomere; third anten-
nomere equal to or slightly shorter than fifth, al-
most twice as long as fourth, armed with acute
mesal spine; fifth antennomere equal to or slightly
longer than third. Scape and antennomeres 2-8
ciliate beneath with coarse, moderately long,
suberect, hairs.

Pronotum subcylindrical, about 1.7 times as
long as wide, evenly rounded at sides, widest at
middle, slightly broader at apex than base,
slightly constricted at basal third; disk convex;
each side of pronotum with one long, suberect,
pale hair anterolaterally. Surface opaque, granu-
late-punctate, with a dense field of gland pores
(rounded, elevated tubercles with circular median
impressions) (Fig. 4b); surface ornamented with
ferrugineus markings as follows: a narrow, longi-
tudinal, median vitta, extending from anterior
margin to middle, where it is divided into two
longitudinal vittae, which extend to the base, a

thinner longitudinal sinuate vitta on each side.
Lateral margins of pronotum ferrugineus.

Scutellum small, subquadrate, a little longer
than broad, granulose, with short, recumbent,
pale pubescence.

Elytra about 3 times as long as width at
humeri, about 2.3 times as long as pronotal
length, about 1.2 times broader basally than
pronotum at widest (at middle); sides moderately
sinuate around middle; elytral apices separately,
narrowly rounded, forming a blunt point; epi-
pleural margin moderately sinuate. Elytral disk
nearly flat; base of each elytron slightly raised.
Elytral surface opaque; with three irregularly
shaped, broad, ferrugineus, lateral maculae
arranged as follows: one at basal third, one at api-
cal half, and one at apical third not quite reaching
elytral apices. Elytral punctation nearly uniformly
spaced, moderately dense, deep at basal third;
punctures becoming shallower towards apex and
sides, almost obsolete at apical third; each punc-
ture with a short, recumbent, pale hair.

Venter with prosternum slightly shining, gran-
ulate-punctate, with raised nodules interspersed
among a dense field of gland pores (rounded, ele-
vated tubercles with circular median impressions)
(Fig. 4b); prosternal process between procoxae
nearly flat; narrowest area of prosternal process
about 0.2 times as wide as procoxal cavity, and
about 0.5 times the width of apex of process which
is subtriangular; procoxal cavities open behind.
Mesosternum surface shining, densely and finely
punctate. Metasternum surface shining, densely
and finely punctate, with scattered deeper punc-
tures and a few long, suberect, pale hairs.
Metepisternum clothed with short, recumbent,
pale pubescence. Abdomen shining, clothed with
short, recumbent, pale pubescence; abdomen
densely and shallowly punctate; with a few long,
suberect, pale hairs; fifth sternite broadly subtrun-
cate, slightly shorter than preceding sternite.

Legs with femora gradually clavate; distal por-
tion of femora and tibiae distinctly darker than
base; meso- and metafemora slightly arcuate,
weakly shining, clothed with recumbent, short,
pale pubescence; underside of each femoral
club with a small, acute triangular tooth with pos-
terior edge weakly serrate, nearly smooth; metati-
biae nearly straight, slightly sinuate (Fig. 4c);
metatibiae clothed with fine, recumbent, pale pu-
bescence, becoming longer distally; metalegs with

=

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 19

first tarsomere about twice as long or longer than
second.

Female. Length 8.5-13.0 mm; width 1.7-2.7
mm (measured across humeri). Similar to male
except pronotum not as elongate; pronotum and
prosternum lacking gland pores; prosternum with
sparse, shallow punctures each with a short hair
(e.g. Fig. 2d). Abdomen with terminal sternite
evenly, broadly rounded, slightly longer than pre-
ceding sternite.

Specimens examined.—PANAMA: PANAMA
Province: Canal Zone, Barro Colorado Island,
09°09’N, 79°51'W, 11-V-1997, Pickering-Windsor,
23 JJEWC); same except 29-I-1997,13,192 (JEWC,
USNM); same except Altos de Pacora, 4—10-I-94,
E. Giesbert, 22 (EFGC); same except J.E. Wappes,
12 JEWC); same except Cerro Azul, 2200 ft., 4-9-
I, 2d, 12 (EFGC); same except vicinity Ft. San
Lorenzo, 5-1-1983, 14, 32 (EFGC); same except 2-
II-1983, 16 (EFGC); same except Cerro Azul,
emerged 26-XII-1991, R. Turnbow, 1d, 12
(RHTC); same except 20-30-I-1992, 1° (RHTC).

Distribution.—Known only from Chiriqui and
Panama Provinces, Panama (Central America)
(Fig. 65).

Remarks.—Curius panamensis is endemic to
Panama and nothing is known about the biology
of this species. The holotype is deposited in the
BMNH, the type locality is Panama, Chiriqui: Tolé
(Monné 2005).

Curius punctatus (Fisher)
(Figs. 1d, 5a—-c)

Pentomacrus punctatus Fisher, 1932: 55.
Plectromerus punctatus: Giesbert, 1985: 80.
Curius punctatus: Nearns et al., 2005: 172.

Diagnosis.—This species is similar to C. denta-
tus but is separated by the following characters:
eyes ovate-emarginate (eyes nearly subreniform
in C. dentatus); antennae more strongly flattened
(slightly flattened in C. dentatus); and femora with
knees distinctly darker (Fig. 5c) (femora with dis-
tal half distinctly darker in most specimens of
C. dentatus).

Specimens examined.—Type material: Holo-
type d (Fig. 5a), “CUBA, SANTIAGO DE LAS VEGAS,
Habana, E.E.A. de Cuba No. 9399, Sep. 7/30, Type
No 43736 U.S.N.M.” (USNM). Allotype 9,
“CUBA, SANTIAGO DE LAS VEGAS, Habana, E.E.A.

de Cuba, No. 9399, Nov.29/30, Allotype No 43736
U.S.N.M.” (USNM).

Other material: CUBA: SANTIAGO DE LAS VEGAS
ProvINCE: Habana, Estacion Experimental Agro-
nomica de Santiago de Cuba, 29-XI-30, 1d, 12
[paratypes] (AMNH, USNM); same except J.
Acuna, 12 (IESC); same except 1 specimen [gen-
der undetermined] (IESC). CIENFUEGOS PROVINCE:
Minacarloza, 1-XII-27, Wilson, 12 (FSCA). SANCTI
Spiritus PROVINCE: Topes de Collantes, Casa de
Visita FAME, luz, 5-VI-2002, R. Nufiez, 16
(ENPC); Sierra Maestra, Rio Yao, 25-X-41, J. Acuna,
1 specimen [gender undetermined] (IESC).

Distribution—Known from Cienfuegos, Ciu-
dad de la Habana, Granma, Sancti Spiritus, and
Santiago de las Vegas Provinces, Cuba (Greater
Antilles) (Fig. 65).

Remarks.—Male specimens examined: length
8.9-12.0 mm, width 2.0-2.7 mm (measured across
humeri); female specimens examined: length
8.3-11.0 mm; width 2.0-2.5 mm (measured across
humeri). This species is most closely related the C.
dentatus (Fig. 75). Nearns et al. (2005) transferred
this species to Curius from Plectromerus. Fisher
(1932) stated that the eight specimens in the type
series emerged from native (Cuban) wood but the
host plant is not reported. Fisher (1932) also stated
that this species is allied to P. femoratus, but it is
clear that he never saw the type specimen of that
large, distinct species (Fig. 16a). Pina et al. (2004)
listed this species from the Trinidad Mountains,
Cuba.

SYSTEMATICS OF PLECTROMERINI

Plectromerini Nearns & Branham, New Tribe
Type genus: Plectromerus Haldeman, 1847.

Diagnosis.—Plectromerini is superficially sim-
ilar to Curiini but is easily distinguished by the
third antennomere about as long or distinctly
shorter than scape (third antennomere distinctly
longer than scape in Curiini); and prosternal
process between procoxae gradually or abruptly
declivous (prosternal process between procoxae
nearly flat, not gradually declivous in Curiini).

Description.—Form cylindrical, elongate.
Head with front small, declivous; eyes coarsely or
finely faceted; palpi somewhat unequal; man-
dibles small, acute; antennal tubercles not promi-

20 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURIINI AND PLECTROMERINI

nent; antennae slender, finely punctate and pubes-
cent; fifth antennomere about 1.5 times longer
than third. Anterior coxae globose, prominent,
cavities narrowly closed to open behind. Femora
gradually to suddenly clavate, armed beneath
with a small to large, acute tooth. Posterior edge of
metafemoral tooth smooth to strongly serrate.

Remarks.—Results of a phylogenetic analysis
suggest that Curiini, as traditionally defined, is a
polyphyletic group (see Phylogenetic Analysis
above). The new tribe Plectromerini Nearns &
Branham is proposed and contains only the genus
Plectromerus.

CHECKLIST

Plectromerus Haldeman, 1847: 43.
Pentomacrus White, 1855: 297.
Plectromerus LeConte, 1873a: 304.
Curiosa Micheli, 1983: 262. New synonymy.
acunai (Fisher, 1936: 344).
bidentatus Fisher, 1942: 16.
dentipes (Olivier, 1790: 268).
dentatum (J.E. LeConte, 1824: 172).
scambus (Newman, 1841: 79).
costatus Cazier & Lacey, 1952: 30. New syn-
onymy.
dezayasi Nearns & Branham. New species.
distinctus (Cameron, 1910: 186).
crenulatus Cazier, 1952: 1. New synonymy.
dominicanus (Micheli, 1983: 262). New combi-
nation.
exis Zayas, 1975: 123.
fasciatus (Gahan, 1895: 109).
femoratus (Fabricius, 1792: 316).
femoratus (White, 1855: 297).
giesberti Nearns & Branham. New species.
t grimaldii Nearns & Branham, 2005: 19.
hovorei Nearns & Branham. New species.
josephi Nearns & Branham. New species.
lingafelteri Micheli & Nearns, 2005: 25.
michelii Nearns & Branham. New species.
morrisi Nearns & Branham. New species.
navassae Nearns & Steiner, 2006: 63.
ornatus Fisher, 1947: 34.
pinicola Zayas, 1975: 125.
pumilus Cazier & Lacey, 1952: 33.
ramosi Micheli & Nearns, 2005: 30.
serratus (Cameron, 1910: 185).
t tertiarius Vitali, 2004: 453.
thomasi Nearns & Branham. New species.
turnbowi Nearns & Branham. New species.
unidentatus Fisher, 1942: 17.
wappesi Giesbert, 1985: 81.

Genus Plectromerus Haldeman
Plectromerus Dejean, 1833: 332. Nomen nudum.
Plectromerus Haldeman, 1847: 43. Type species, Obrium

dentatum J.E. LeConte, 1824 [= Callidium dentipes
Olivier, 1790], by designation of Linsley (1963: 135).
Attributed to Dejean.

Pentomacrus White, 1855: 297. Type species, Saperda
femorata Fabricius, 1792, by monotypy.

Plectromerus LeConte, 1873a: 304. Type species, Curius
scambus Newman, 1841, by monotypy. Preoccupied,
junior homonym of Plectromerus Haldeman, 1847.
Attributed to Dejean.

Curtosa Micheli, 1983: 262. Type species, Curiosa domini-
cana Micheli, 1983, by original designation. NEW
SYNONYMY.

Diagnosis.—see diagnosis for tribe above.

Redescription.—see redescription for tribe
above.

Distribution.—Bahamas, Central America,
Greater Antilles, Lesser Antilles, Mexico, and
USA (Figs. 66-72).

Remarks.—Results of our phylogenetic analy-
sis suggest that the genus Plectromerus is sup-
ported by four unambiguous synapomorphies
and is monophyletic with the monotypic genus
Curiosa as a derived member of the Plectromerus
clade (Fig. 75).

During the course of this revision, several tax-
onomic problems in the genus Plectromerus were
identified: P. distinctus was revalidated by Micheli
& Nearns (2005); P. crenulatus was found to be a
junior synonym of P. distinctus; and P. costatus was
found to be a junior synonym of P. dentipes. Our
phylogenetic analysis (see above) suggests that
Curiosa dominicana Micheli is a highly derived
member of Plectromerus (Fig. 74). Therefore, a new
combination, Plectromerus dominicanus (Micheli) is
proposed, and the generic name Curiosa is syn-
onymized with Plectromerus. In addition, 12 new
species of Plectromerus were noticed among speci-
mens borrowed from various entomological col-
lections. Of these, four have been described dur-
ing the course of this research: P. lingafeltert, P.
ramost, Plectromerus grimaldt +t; and P. navassae.
The remaining eight new species of Plectromerus
are described herein.

Keys to the species of Plectromerus have been
provided by several workers (Cameron 1910;
Cazier & Lacey 1952; Vitali 2004; Vitali &
Rezbanyai-Reser 2003). The following key treats
all 27 presently known species of Plectromerus in-
cluding eight new species described herein.

4(2).

5(4).

6(5).

7(6).

8(6).

9(8).

10(4).

11(10).

12(11).

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 21

KEY TO SPECIES OF PLECTROMERUS

Antennae 10-segemented; scape is longest antennomere (Dominican Republic) ......................
Bias eee nis ou seteer sub)ey suldueys lapatic yet a ee) o) eco! (ev emesis (6i-steul (eis au, nua eget r ioveueassy/elateus (P. dominicanus (Micheli) (Fig. 13a)
Antennae l-sesmented, mfthior third antennomere is lOMeesty. ... oe eh se see a oa. 2
Outeganelesotelyirdlapices tonmacttelspine (EIZ) O06) yates saeco oe ce ini iyi) ese 3
Outer angles of elytral apices variable (rounded, subtruncate, or truncate), not as above .............. 4
Metafemora with two distinct teeth (Fig. 7b) (Dominican Republic)............. P. bidentatus Fisher
(Fig. 7a)
Metafemora withoneldistinettooth(iie..6c)) (Guba)... sa. 2. ss oe eae oi P. acunai (Fisher)
(Fig. 6a)
Elytra with scattered, long, pale, erect or suberect setae throughout (e.g., Fig. 15a) ................... 5
Elytra without scattered, long, pale, erect or suberect setae throughout .........................05- 10
Apical half of elytra and abdominal segments distinctly dark brown or black (Fig. 28a, d) (Navassa Is-
Lely Gli) Fes een ee ene Ee eI gaan naa co, epee rie insta a P. navassae Nearns & Steiner (Fig. 28a)
Elytral and abdominal coloration variable, apical half of elytra and abdominal segments not distinctly
darkgbrowmbon blacker arcane aise ve cus asus on cliy sunrepeyeoibioie Glsaers aituieln-o ot alta alae BBO iene otspsucgees 6
Metafemoral club gradually clavate (e.g., Fig. 59a); metafemoral teeth with posterior edge nearly smooth,
WieAlNhy eine Snowy Siete (CEH ESO) oo eo omnsosbe span osesodiosxosdcoddosboootobosco™ 7
Metafemoral club abruptly clavate (Fig. 59b); metafemoral teeth with posterior edge moderately to
SioOme vasemrates (C22 iPS DOC) swags eee sina s ae 5 acon, 0. ayaa ses sebastian base eee ce EaR aan see OIE erin wun = 6 8
Metatibiae nearly straight (e.g., Fig. 60a); metatibiae nearly as long as metafemora (e.g., Fig. 61a) (Lesser
NTRS YN CLS NS ey ah eh one onset 8 ee ar P. fasciatus Gahan (Fig. 15a)
Metatibiae slightly sinuate (Fig. 26b); metatibiae distinctly shorter than metafemora (e.g., Fig. 61c) (Cay-
IW AEVELGLATNAS) rsa vous arcs ys uo yaa see 5's easton (ays P. michelii Nearns & Branham, new species (Fig. 26a)
Scape and metafemora usually without scattered, long, pale, erect setae; metafemoral teeth with posterior
edge strongly, deeply serrate, with about 14-17 nearly uniform serration “peaks”; metatibiae strongly sin-
uate, about half as long ametafemora (Panama) .. . P. morrisi Nearns & Branham, new species (Fig. 27a)
Scape and metafemora with or without scattered, long, pale, erect setae; metafemoral teeth with posterior
edge moderately to strongly, deeply serrate, with about 10-12 irregular serration “peaks”; metatibiae
moderately to strongly sinuate, more than half as long as metafemora ..................00.0.005. 9
Metafemora with basal portion about as long as clavate (clubbed) portion; scape and metafemora without
scattered, long, pale, erect or suberect setae (Dominican Republic) .. . P. distinctus (Cameron) (Fig. 11a)
Metafemora with basal portion distinctly shorter than clavate (clubbed) portion (Fig. 36c); scape and
metafemora with scattered, long, pale, erect or suberect setae (southeastern Mexico, Jamaica, Hon-

Glial S) Brea eae acarogae eee ar cae ac ar aie nates So cnc) src cre shoe Be ee P. wappesi Giesbert (Fig. 36a)
Pronotal disk with single distinctly elevated tubercle medially (Fig. 14b) (Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ja-
TMV CAN) rere erence ee TR Se RICU Pe RTs Se oe ea ee P. exis Zayas (Fig. 14a)

Pronotal disk without single distinctly elevated tubercle medially; if pronotum with median callus pres-
ent, then accompanied by pair of submedial calli immediately posterior to center, and two submedial
calliishiobtlveanter ortorcenter (Clee bigs 46D, OC) sce tray acie Maroarei vse tm chen aloes) Sieh «sy 1

Integument usually dark reddish-brown (e.g., Fig. 24a); pronotal surface opaque, microsculptured; meta-
femoral teeth with posterior edge nearly smooth, weakly serrate; elytral maculation forming a distinct
“X” pattern (e.g., Fig. 24a) (Dominican Republic) ........... P. lingafelteri Micheli & Nearns (Fig. 24a)

Integument not dark reddish-brown; pronotal surface variable; metafemoral teeth with posterior edge
variable; metafemoral teeth with posterior edge variable; elytral maculation variable; not with above
GOmm PimatlOMVOL Ch atid CLUS cage cee ogee ay dg ose Pag oA ents Og fay) es MSR Be ee eke Lap MR cs cas ieee eas 12

Pronotum distinctly broader at base than apex (Fig. 33a); elytra about 3.5 times as long as pronotal length,
about 1.7 times broader basally than pronotum at widest point; metafemora with basal portion dis-
tinctly longer than metafemoral club (Fig. 33c); metafemoral teeth with posterior edge nearly smooth
(Elanti) eer ere cee awn stink cesta ccm P. thomasi Nearns & Branham, new species (Fig. 33a)

Pronotum not distinctly broader at base than apex; if elytra about 3.5 times as long as pronotal length,
then elytra less than 1.7 times broader basally than pronotum at widest point (at base); length of
metafemoral base variable; metafemoral teeth with posterior edge variable ..................... lg)

22

13(12).

14(13).

15(14).

16(15).

17(14).

18(17).

19(18).

20(19).

21(20).

22(21).

23(18).

REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURIINI AND PLECTROMERINI

Pronotal disk with only two distinct, small, round, dark, granulose maculae (Fig. 31a); metafe-moral teeth
with posterior edge nearly smooth; prosternum in males without patch of coarse punctures in front of
procoxae (Fig. 31c); small species (approx. 3-5 mm) (Bahamas, Cuba) ...............-.eseeeeeeeee

re oe eres EEO hoe EOC oc Ut old didlo sao P. pumilus Cazier & Lacey (Fig. 31a)

Pronotal disk maculation variable, but without two distinct, small, round, dark, granulose maculae;
metafemoral teeth with posterior edge variable; males with patch of coarse punctures in front of pro-

coxae; size Variable(approxs 9-17 mn) rea i eee eee see ol ae ee 14
Dorsal surface of scape with shallow to deep depression at base, depression approx. one third to one half
length ofseape (e.¢., Figs. 38, C) Pia aba ys «asi. wysrncsias ay Seger tao fs, geno kan 15
Dorsal surface of scape simple, without depression at base .............-.eseceee cece eee eeeeneaes 7,

Large species (approx. 17 mm); dorsal surface of scape with deep depression at base (Fig. 16b); antennae
about twice the body length in males; pronotal disk without moderately raised calli (e.g., Fig. 48a) (Ja-
HVAT CAN ce ose abeeschcuteendee tats concur Nace Mikaela hey lsat axon Gee ewan P. femoratus (Fabricius) (Fig. 16a)

Small to medium-sized species (approx. 6-9 mm); dorsal surface of scape with shallow to moderately
deep depression at base (Fig. 38b); antennae at most 1.5 times the body length in males; pronotal disk
with one moderately raised, median callus, with two moderately raised, submedial calli slightly ante-
rior to center, and two smaller slightly raised, submedial calli slightly posterior to center (e.g., Figs.
ABD, C) Bea ace micreiee sonra Seesae shia re Olameeu a etrnetat t= ante AMSG se hone cd anes On en eee ee 16

Elytral apices subtruncate (Fig. 50c); metasternum strongly shining, with moderately dense, deep punc-
tures (Fig. 34c); metafemora unicolorous (Dominican Republic) ...................... esse eee eeee

BH seni te onc Cee RNS Cee Bee oR NO eNO a ePCR LE TUNONS P. turnbowi Nearns & Branham, new species (Fig. 34a)

Elytral apices narrowly rounded (Fig. 23a); metasternum moderately shining, without moderately dense,
deep punctures; metafemora with apical portion distinctly darker than basal portion (Dominican Re-
PUBIC) 55 ne eseryeite = seckanikers srntscrs eto cee aE EER P. josephi Nearns & Branham, new species (Fig. 23a)

Elytral apices strongly truncate (Fig. 50d), rarely subtruncate (e.g., Fig. 50c); metafemoral teeth large, with
posterior edge moderately serrate; pronotum strongly shining; metasternum strongly shining, with

sparse, shallow punctures (Bahamas, Cuba, USA) ...................- P. dentipes (Olivier) (Fig. 9a)
Notwithabovecombination(of chatactersi.... ase nee eerie aia ee eine 18
Metafemoral teeth with posterior edge moderately to strongly serrate, with 10 or more distinct serration
OAS aoe a Mca wlan dele aie a aetye nye ore Dinas Wie eges eG seers cle a ee eek eg ee ee 19
Metafemoral teeth with posterior edge nearly smooth, at most weakly serrate...................... 23
Metafemoral teeth with posterior edge moderately serrate, with about 20-24 serration “peaks” (Guat-
Cinta ay een alert teen a ee a Rn ce eee P. giesberti Nearns & Branham, new species (Fig. 17a)
Metafemoral teeth with posterior edge moderately to strongly serrate, with about 10-14 serration
ba) <- ere eee ee AAR ts ro teed hin i GitenG on Maco ungidc oa20500% 20

Elytral apices broadly rounded; metafemoral teeth with posterior edge strongly, deeply serrate, with
about 14 serration “peaks” of uneven height and distribution (Fig. 10c); metatibiae slightly sinuate,
nearly straight; (Nicaragua) ................. P. dezayasi Nearns & Branham, new species (Fig. 10a)

Elytral apices variable; metafemoral teeth with posterior edge strongly, deeply serrate, with about 10-14
serration “peaks” of even height and distribution; metatibiae moderately to strongly sinuate ..... 21

Elytral apices narrowly rounded; pronotal surface moderately shining, often with fine wrinkles, sparse to
moderately densely, shallowly, moderately coarse punctation on disk (Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands) . . .

Freer a raced N ROIS is nly Aik, or fein IPR ER eA RE, oie aay Spb iN P. ramosi Micheli & Nearns (Fig. 24d)

Elytral apices variable; if elytral apices narrowly rounded, then pronotal surface not moderately
=) 9° nl ear ney Aa Poe RRP ee AUR AP A ete a RUA Nae AN Gi aietaloco- 00.0.0 0 0 « 22

Elytral apices broadly rounded to subtruncate (Fig. 22a); elytra with two major macular regions: basal
third of each elytron with a ferrugineus, oblique, narrow, macula beginning below humerus and reach-
ing sutural midpoint; apical third of each elytron with a ferrugineus, arcuate-transverse, narrow mac-

ula (Costa Rica, Honduras) .................. P. hovorei Nearns & Branham, new species (Fig. 22a)
Elytral apices narrowly rounded (Fig. 50b); elytra usually uniformly testaceous, without distinct macular
Regions) (Fig..32a) (Dominicanykepu biG) semen ener ieee eae P. serratus (Cameron) (Fig. 32a)
Metafemoral tecthvlarge (ele, Riggs GUC O50.) meee eerste titi eee ere ee 24

Metatemorall teeth smallli(elos bigs sl9Cr3 0) ieee ene ee 2S)

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 23

24(23) Mesosternum with deep punctures; metafemora suddenly clavate; metafemoral teeth with posterior edge
weakly, irregularly serrate metafemoral teeth (Fig. 35b) (Jamaica) ..... P. unidentatus Fisher (Fig. 35a)
Mesosternum without deep punctures; metafemora gradually clavate; metafemoral teeth with posterior
edeeismaathymobtserate, (Culsa) faeeeeane. rere acre se 42 erie P. pinicola Zayas (Fig. 30a)
Small species (approx. 5 mm); pronotum with five to nine distinct, small, dark maculae (Fig. 29a)
(GUISE rch camer cic © Beenie REAR St ann cr onecib oo RREMRe er cto okey Chem an er PRIOR ee P. ornatus Fisher (Fig. 29a)
Medium-sized species (approx. 6-8 mm); pronotum variable, but without five distinct, small, dark macu-
VXC ia YEP SPN AE Ger NIP R SETS cea si cece ec SMS IE i ate anlt lcs abhi vas oa neP a vista eee RSE Se CPG) onc. 26
Elytral apices broadly rounded (fossil in Dominican amber) ............. P. tertiarius Vitali t (Fig. 18b)
Elytral apices subtruncate (fossil in Dominican amber) ...... P. grimaldii Nearns & Branham t+ (Fig. 18a)

25(23)

26(25)

Plectromerus acunai (Fisher)
(Figs. 6a—c)

Pentomacrus acuriai Fisher, 1936: 344.
Plectromerus acunai: Giesbert, 1985: 80.

Diagnosis.—This species most closely resem-
bles Plectromerus bidentatus Fisher, 1942 but is eas-
ily distinguished by the metafemora armed witha
single acute tooth (metafemora with two distinct
acute teeth in P. bidentatus). From P. dentipes, this
species is easily distinguished by the apex of each
elytron armed with a strong, acute spine (elytral
apices subtruncate to strongly truncate in P. den-
tipes).

Specimens examined.—Type material. Holo-
type ° (Fig. 6a), “CUBA, Loma del Gato, Sierra
del Cobre, Oriente, July 4-7/36, J. Acuna, col.,
E.E.A. Cuba, Ento. No.10815, Type No. 51749
U.S.N.M.” (USNM).

Other material. CUBA: CIENFUEGOS PROVINCE:
Soledad, 16-XI-1927, Gavinas Wilson, 16, 12
(FSCA). Sancti Spiritus Province: Topes de Col-
lantes, Casa de Visita FAME, luz, 30-IV-9-V-2002,
Garcia, 12 (IESC); same except R. Nufiez, 1d
(IESC). SANTIAGO DE CUBA PROVINCE: Cardero,
Pico Turquino, X-1966, Garcia, 22 (IESC); same
except Estacion Experimental Agrondmica de
Santiago de Cuba, 3750 ft., 10-29-VI-36, J. Acuna,
1d [paratype] (IESC); 17 specimens [gender unde-
termined] (FDZC).

Distribution.—Known from Cienfuegos, San-
cti Spiritus, and Santiago de Cuba Provinces,
Cuba (Greater Antilles) (Fig. 72).

Remarks.—This species is endemic to Cuba.
Zayas (1975) redescribed this species in his revi-
sion of the family Cerambycidae and stated that
he had collected a series at the following localities:

Sierra Cristal, Gran Piedra, Loma del Gato,
Buenos Aires, and Topes de Collantes. Pina et al.
(2004) listed this species from the Trinidad Moun-
tains, Cuba. The holotype measures: length 8.7
mm, width 1.8 mm (measured across humeri).

Plectromerus bidentatus Fisher
(Figs. 7a—c)

Plectromerus bidentatus Fisher, 1942: 16.

Diagnosis——The prosternal process between
the procoxae is distinctive in this species, being
abruptly declivous instead of gradually declivous
and not expanded distally as in all other known
Plectromerus species (Fig. 7c). Plectromerus bidenta-
tus most closely resembles P. dentipes but is easily
distinguished by the apex of each elytron armed
with a strong, acute spine (elytral apices subtrun-
cate to strongly truncate in P. dentipes). Plec-
tromerus bidentatus and P. acunai both have the
apex of each elytron armed with a strong, acute
spine however, P. bidentatus is easily distin-
guished by the metafemora armed with a two dis-
tinct acute teeth (Fig. 7b) (metafemora with one
acute tooth in P. acunai).

Specimens examined.-DOMINICAN RE-
PUBLIC: DuarreE PROvINcE: Reserva Loma,
Quinta Espuela, Camelo, 13.2 km NNE San Fran-
cisco de Macoris, 19°24.46'’N, 70°09.52’W, 515 m,
edge of wet broadleaf forest, canopy trap, 6-IV-
2004, C. Young, R. Davidson, J. Rawlins, 2d, 3°
(CMNH); same except 13.1 km NNE San Fran-
cisco de Macoris, 19°24.44'N, 70°09.47'W, 512 m,
burned patch in broadleaf forest, canopy trap, 1d
(CMNH); La VgEGA Province: Cordillera Central,
4.1 km SW EI Convento, 18-50-38N, 70—42-51W,
1733 m, montane forest with pines near pasture,
canopy trap, 31-V-2003, J. Rawlins, R. Davidson,

24 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURIINI AND PLECTROMERINI

C. Young, C. Nufez, P. Acevedo, 16 (CMNH);
same except ca. 10 km E Constanza, 1295 m, 31-
VIII-1988, beating in pine, guava forest, M.A. Ivie,
T.K. Philips & K.A. Johnson, 1d (WIBF); Mon-
SENOR NOUEL PROVINCE: Cabo Vito, 19°01.165'N,
70°31.197'W, beating, 4-VII-2004, C.J. Micheli, 1d
(JAMC).

Distribution.—Known from Duarte, La Vega,
and Monsenor Nouel Provinces, Dominican Re-
public (Greater Antilles) (Fig. 68).

Remarks.—This species is endemic to Hispan-
iola and has been collected beating vegetation and
in canopy traps. Male specimens examined meas-
ured: length 6.2-8.5 mm, width 1.5-1.9 mm (mea-
sured across humeri); female specimens exam-
ined measured: length 7.8-8.1 mm; width 1.7-1.8
mm (measured across humeri).

The holotype (deposited in the MCZ) was not
available for examination. The type locality is: Do-
minican Republic, Constanza: Loma de la Pena,
northwest of Constanza, No. 23773 (Monné 2005).

Plectromerus dentipes (Olivier)

(Figs. 8a-b, 9a-c, 21e)

Callidium dentipes Olivier, 1790: 268.

Obrium dentatum J.E. LeConte, 1824: 172.

Plectromerus dentatus Dejean, 1833: 332.
nudum.

Curius scambus Newman, 1841: 79.

Plectromerus scambus: LeConte, 1873a: 304.

Plectromerus dentipes: LeConte, 1873b: 189.

Plectromerus costatus Cazier & Lacey, 1952: 30. NEW
SYNONYMY.

Nomen

Diagnosis.—This species most closely resem-
bles P. acunai and P. bidentatus but can easily be
separated from both by the subtruncate to
strongly truncate elytral apices (apex of each
elytron armed with a strong, acute spine in P. acu-
nai and P. bidentatus). In addition, the metafemora
of P. dentipes are armed with a single acute tooth
(metafemora armed with two distinct acute teeth
in P. bidentatus).

Specimens examined.—Type material: Curius
scambus Newman. Holotype ¢ [no label data]
(BMNH).

Plectromerus costatus Cazier & Lacey. Holotype
3 (Fig. 8a), “BAHAMAS: SoutH BIMINI ISLAND,
B.W.L., 25-V-1951, Cazier & Gertch” (AMNH).

Other material. BAHAMAS: Anpros ISLAND:
San Andros, 22-VI-1976, J.W. Smith and F.D. Ben-
nett, 1d (TAMU); Nicoll’s Town, beating palmetto

& slash, 6-VI-2001, M.C. Thomas, 1d, 12 (FSCA);
Bowen Sound, beating, 8-VI-2001, M.C. Thomas,
12 (FSCA). ELeUTHERA ISLAND: Rainbow Bay,
Malaise trap, XI-1986, D.B. & R.W. Wiley, 16, 19
(FSCA); same except 1-VII-1987, J.R. Wiley, 49
(FSCA); same except IX-15, Wickham collection,
12 (USNM). Great AsBaco IsLtAND: Man-O-War
Cay, near Abaco, 15—24-VIII-1971, H. & A. How-
den, 2d, 12 (WIBF). New PROVIDENCE ISLAND:
Nassau, Gladstone Road, 24-XI-1959, A.M.
Nadler, 26 (AMNH). SoutH Bimini IsLanp: VI-
1951, M. Cazier, C. & P. Vaurie, 14, [paratype of P.
costatus] (AMNH). CUBA: CAMAGUEY PROVINCE:
19-VII-1923, J. Acufia, 2d (IESC); same except 1¢
(USNM); same except finca La Ciegas, vino a luz
por noche 26—21-IX, J. Rutz, 12 (IESC); same ex-
cept Loma la Llaga, Najasa, X-1964, Zayas, 1d
(IESC); same except V-1964, 12 (IESC). HoLGuin
Province: 1904, Sharp, 1d (WIBF); Cayamas, 1-VI,
E.A. Schwarz, 16 (USNM); same except 10-1, 1d
(USNM); same except 12-V, 1d (USNM); same ex-
cept 10-VI, 2d (USNM); same except 6-VI, 19
(USNM); same except 14-II, 1d (AMNH); same
except 29-V, 1d, 22 (USNM); same except 23-V,
1d, 12 (USNM). CrENFUEGOS PROVINCE: Soledad,
2-VI-1925, 1d (EMEC); same except V-1936, Dar-
lington, 16 (USNM); same except Las Villas,
Jardin Botanico, V-1986, Coralia Sanchez, 2¢
(FSCA, IESC). MATANzAS PROVINCE: Ciénaga de
Zapata, Playa Larga, 15-X-1999, Sergio Devesa, 1
specimen [gender undetermined] (SDPC); same
except Las Villas, V-1963, Alayo-Garcia, 2d, 1°
(IESC). Sancti Spirirus PROVINCE: Estacion Jarico,
Banao, 15-III-2006, Sergio Devesa, 1 specimen,
[gender undetermined] (SDPC). Santiago DE
Cusa Province: Florida Bianca, near Alto Songo,
23-24-V-1959, M.W. Sanderson, 12 (WIBF); same
except Cuabitas, VII-1950, P. Alayao, 12 (IESC).
VILLA CLARA PROVINCE: Cayo Canuco, Caibarien,
L.V., 11-1974, L.E Armas, 16 (I[ESC); Port Moa,
Smithsonian Parish Expedition, 8-II-1930, 1d
(USNM); Oriente, Niguero Cabo Cruz, VI-1965,
Zayas-Valdés, 1 (IESC); San Felipe, Arroyo
Blanco, L.V., 10-IV-1975, L.F. Armas, 16 (IESC);
Oriente, Tortuguilla, XII-1965, Zayas-Garcia, 1d
(IESC). USA: ALABAMA: 16-V-1948, W. Rosenberg,
1d (USNM); same except 19-V-1949, 1d, 19
(USNM); same except 6-V-1949, 12 (USNM);
same except 14-V-1948, 12 (USNM); Baldwin Co.,
reared from pecan, 1971, 16 (JEWC); same except
1972,13,12 EWC, USNM). CALirorniaA: Orange
Co.: Palos Verdes Peninsula, inside hotel restau-

a ee

a

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 25

rant, alive on tabletop, walking on butter, VII-
1995, ET. Hovore, 16 (FTHC). FLoripa: Alachua
Co., Gainesville, at light, 14-V-1947, H.V. Weems,
1d (FSCA); same except 5-II-1947, 12 (FSCA);
same except in window-pane trap with ethanol in
hardwood hammock, 2-IX-77, T.H. Atkinson, 1°
(USNM); same except Doyle Conner Building,
light, 6-VIII-1990, P. Skelley, 1d (FSCA); same ex-
cept NW 42nd Terrace (Frontalin + Turp. Lind-
gren Funnel), IX-2000, J.L. Foltz, 12 (ENPC); Bay
Co., St. Andrews State Recreation Area, 13-V-1984,
R. Turnbow, 1d (FSCA); Bradford Co., S of Key-
stone Heights, 13-X-1979, G.B. Edwards, 1d
(FSCA); Brevard Co., Merritt Island, calamondin,
1-XII-81, EA. Smith, 12 (FSCA); Broward Co.,
Hollywood, ex. Citrofortunella microcarpa, 4-V-
1994, B. Coy, 12 (FSCA); same except Pampano,
on P. clausa, 17-V-1937, D.R. Paulson, 2d (FSCA);
same except Ft. Lauderdale, 26-IX-1962, 19°
(FSCA); same except Hallandale, 1-VII-1962, B.K.
Dozier, 16 (FSCA); Charlotte Co., Charlotte Har-
bor, Jackson trap, 11-IV-1991, S. Wilson, 1°
(FSCA); Collier Co., Marco Island, 19-IV-12, 2d,
22 (AMNH); same except from Sapodilla, 17-IV-
12, Wm. T. Davis, 16, 22 (AMNH); Dade Co., 5-
X1-1911, 12 (AMNH); same except F.F.D trap, 3-X-
1988, D. Gruber, 1d (FSCA); same except
Matheson Hammock, 15-XII-1978, E. Giesbert, 1d
(EFGC); same except 16-XII-1978, 12 (EFGC);
same except 15-II-57, D.R. Paulson, 12 (FSCA);
same except 8-V-1990, E.G. Riely, 1d (TAMU);
same except Jackson Trap, 16-IV-84, L.D.
Howarton, 12 (FSCA); same except 15-XII-1961,
B.K. Dozier, 12 (FSCA); same except 27-V-1963,
32 (FSCA); same except Virginia Key, 13-VI-1963,
8d, 22 (EMEC); same except 1-VI-1963, 1d
(FSCA); same except South Miami, in Cassia pod,
17-IV-45, 12 (USNM); same except Miami Beach,
sticky board in Terminalia catappa, 16-X1-1989, W.
Franchillon & D. Storch, 12 (FSCA); same except
Camp Mahachee, 8-IV-1991, M.C. Thomas, 1¢
(FSCA); same except Miami, 26-III-49, O.D. Link,
12 (FSCA); same except Homestead, 12-VIII-
1960, R.M. Baronowski, 1¢ (FSCA); same except
Coral Gables, IV-57, from Jamaica, R.W. Swanson,
1d (FSCA); Dixie Co., 4 miles N Old Town, 18-20-
V-1978, E. Giesbert, 16 (EFGC); Escambia Co.,
Santa Rosa Island, Ft. Pickens, 30°19.5'N,
87°17'W, MV UV light, 27-28-V-2003, A.K. & M.A.
Tishechkin, 1d (LSAM); same except beating
dead twigs, 28-V-2003, 1d (LSAM); Flagler Co., in
window-pane trap with ethanol in slash pine

plantation, 23-V-78, T.H. Atkinson, 12 (USNM);
same except 22-VI-78, 12 (USNM); Franklin Co.,
Apalachicola, reared Taxodium distichum, X-05,
W.E. Fiske, 12 (USNM); same except reared Ju-
niperus, 19-VI-08, 16, 22 (USNM); same except
reared, evergreen scrub oak, 1-VI-05, 1d (USNM);
same except 8-V-05, 1d (USNM); Hernando Co.,
Withlacoochee State Forest, beating dead oak
branches, Croom Motorcycle Area, near
Brooksville, 26-VI-2003, E.H. Nearns, 2d, 29
(ENPC); Highlands Co., Highlands Hammock
State Park, 7-VII-94, R.E Morris, 12 (USNM);
same except Archbold Biological Station, 8 miles S
of Lake Placid, blacklight trap, 7-VII-1988, P. Skel-
ley, 1d (FSCA); same except UV light 1-X-1977,
L.L. Lampert, 12 (FSCA); same except 18-X-1980,
1g (FSCA); same except 29-IX-1980, 1d, 19
(FSCA); same except 20-IV-1976, 1d, 1 (FSCA);
same except 24-IX-1978, 1d (FSCA); same except
25-IX-1978, 1d (FSCA); same except 17-IX-1975,
13 (USNM); same except beating bushes, 30-VI-
1988, P. Skelley, 12 (FSCA); same except insect
flight trap, 14-18-IX-1978, H.V. Weems & Fred E.
Lohrer, 12 (FSCA); same except Lake Placid, 13-
VII-1948, B.T. McDermott, 12 (EMEC); Hillsbor-
ough Co., Tampa, 21-IV, Hubbard & Schwarz, 1d
(USNM); Indian River Co., Sebastian, 10-II-1919,
A. Wetmore, 1d (USNM); Jackson Co., at light, 4-
VIlI-54, FW. Mead, 12 (FSCA); Jefferson Co., Au-
cilla Wildlife Management Area jct. hwys 59 & 98,
11-VI-1988, R. Turnbow, 26,12 (FSCA); Lake Co.,
Mascotte, in Steiner Trap, 20-V-63, C.L. Felshaw,
22 (FSCA); Lee Co., Royal Palm Park, 9-IX-31, L.
Bottimer, 12 (USNM); same except Fort Myers,
20-IV-12, 12 (AMNH); same except 3-5-V-08, Van
Duzee Wickham, 1d (USNM); Levy Co., Sea
Horse Key, at black light, 7-IX-57, H.A. Denmark,
49 (FSCA); same except at light, 9-IX-55, H.V.
Weems, 1d (FSCA); Manatee Co., in Steiner Trap,
30-V1-64, D.C. Chancey, 2° (EMEC); same except
Palmetto, on weed, 8-VI-45, 12 (USNM); same ex-
cept 21-V-64, East Bradenton, D.C. Chancey and
Frederick, 12 (EMEC); Monroe Co., Key Largo,
beating hammock vegetation at night, 3-IV-66,
H.V. Weems, 1d (FSCA); same except Key Largo,
ex Mastichodendron foetidissimum (Jacq.) Cron-
quist, emerged 11—20-VIII-1979, R. Turnbow, 12
(FSCA); same except emerged 24—31-XII-1976, R.
Turnbow, 12 (FSCA); same except ex brush pile,
23-24-III-1973, J.S. Ashe, 1d (TAMU); same except
23-III-1973, J.R. Ables, 36 (TAMU); same except
UV light, 16-III-1972, J. Wappes, 12 (FSCA); same

26 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURIINI AND PLECTROMERINI

except 22-III-1971, 12 (AMNH); same except 7-
XII-66, R.E. Woodruff, 1d (FSCA); same except
UW light, 18-10-1972, 1. Lampert) 12 (FSG@A);
same except 2-V-57, FW. Mead, 12 (FSCA); same
except Upper Key Largo, 3-5-VI-1993, Androw,
Brattain, Keeney & Morris, 16 (CMNH); same ex-
cept 10-VI-1994, R. Morris, 12 (FSCA); same ex-
cept 13-15-V-1979, E. Giesbert, 12 (EFGC); same
except M.A. Cazier, 1d (AMNH); same except
John Pennekamp State Park, 17-VI-1965, L. & C.W.
O’Brien, 1¢ (EMEC); same except 18-III-1972, 1d,
12 JEWC); same except Long Key, Cotton Bloom,
11-XI-32, C.F. Rainwater, 12 (USNM); same ex-
cept 24-VIII-70, 12 (TAMU); same except Cudjoe
Key, in McPhail trap, 4-V-71, W.H. Pierce, 12
(FSCA); same except Flamingo, Florida Bay, 26-
XI-1990, S. Thompson, 22 (CMNH); same except
6-VII-1961, Big Pine Key, lights, C.F. Harbison, 1d
(EMEC); same except Big Pine Key, 1-V-1977, E.
Giesbert, 16, 12 (EFGC); same except emerged
19-X-1977, 1d (EFGC); same except emerged I-
1978, 12 (EFGC); same except Cactus Hammock,
night beating, 15-V-1990, E.G. Riley, 1d, 19
(TAMU); same except 5-V-1990, M.C. Thomas, 12
(FSCA); same except Watson’s Nature Trail &
vicinity, 14-V-1990: E. Riley, 1d (TAMU); same ex-
cept Marathon, Point Crane Hammock, 5-V-1990,
M.C. Thomas, 12 (FSCA); same except 10-VII-
1971, 12 (AMNH); same except 24-V-1971, 12
(USNM); same except Knights Key, 1-XII-1970, 12
(USNM); same except 1-II-1971, 12 (JEWC); same
except Sugarloaf Key, along CR 939, beating man-
grove & buttonwood, 26-III-2005, Nearns & Leav-
engood, 1d (ENPC); same except Big Pine, ex
Rhacoma crossopetim, 1919, Schwarz & Barber, 1°
(USNM); same except 3 miles NE Tavernier, Plan-
tation Key, 12-XII-1985, M.A. Ivie, 1d (WIBE);
same except Key West, IV, Hubbard & Schwarz,
1d (USNM); same except Key West, 20-III-12, E.A.
Schwarz, 1d (USNM); same except Fla. Keys, 3-5-
IV-1953, E.L. Mockford, 2d (FSCA); same except
Everglades, 9-IV-12, 12 (AMNH); same except
Everglades National Park, Flamingo Prairie, 4-
XII-1961, C.F. Harbison, 12 (EMEC); Okaloosa
Co., Destin, in Steiner Trap, 10-V-62, G.W. Desin,
2¢ (FSCA); same except 16-V-60, R.E. Woodruff,
1d,2¢ (FSCA); Orange Co., Florida Fruit Fly Trap
Survey, 28-29-V, H Clark, 16 (USNM); same ex-
cept Orlando, bred from pecan, 15-V-08, Russell,
1d (USNM); same except 25-X-61, J.R. Woodley,
12 (FSCA); Oscelola Co., Kissimmee, 19-XI-61,

R.E. Vild, 12 (FSCA); Palm Beach Co., Jupiter, 17-
XII-38, EE. Watson, L.J. Sanford, 12 (AMNH);
same except Lake Worth, IV-1918, H. Klages, 1d,
12 (CMNH); Pascoe Co., Holiday, 10-X-1993,
W.H. Yackley, 12 (CMHN); Pinellas Co., St. Pe-
tersburg, calomondin, 10-VI-1982, K. Hickman,
1d (FSCA); same except in Steiner Trap, 10-X1-64,
W.E. Wynn, 12 (EMEC); same except in Steiner
Trap, 9-X-64, W.C. Carroll, 12 (FSCA); same ex-
cept in McPhail trap, 12-XI-64, 5.0. Storms, 1d
(FSCA); same except Weedon Key, 7-IV-1995, W.
Lu, 16 (ENPC); Polk Co., Babson Park, in Steiner
Trap, 12-X-61, R.E. Vild, 1¢ (FSCA); Putnam Co.,
Crescent City, 24-IV-08, Van Duzee, 1d (AMNH);
St. Johns Co., St. Augustine, C.W. Johnson, 1d
(USNM); St. Lucie Co., St. Lucie, 20-IV, Hubbard
& Schwarz, 1d (USNM); same except Fort Pierce,
Jackson trap, 31-XII-80, E.W. Campbell, 1°
(FSCA); Seminole Co., Sanford, 26-IV-08, Van
Duzee, 12 (AMNH); same except Longwood, in
Steiner Trap, 18-X-61, G.W. Desin, 12 (FSCA);
Sumter Co., Center Hill, in Steiner Trap, 20-IV-65,
E.W. Holder, 2d, 12 (FSCA); same except Wild-
wood, in Steiner trap, 6-V-65, E.W. Holder, 1d
(FSCA); Taylor Co., Williams Landing, 24—25-VII-
1967, R. Smith, 1d (USNM); Volusia Co., 11-VIII-
56, H.A. Denmark, 12 (FSCA); same except De-
Land, 10-X-61, G.W. Desin, 12 (FSCA); same
except Ormond Beach, in Steiner Trap, 3-XI-67,
John N. Pott, 12 (FSCA); same except Orange
City, in Steiner Trap, 9-X-61, G.W. Desin, 1d
(FSCA). Georaia: Clinch Co., reared from pecan,
VI-VII-1972, J. Wappes, 12 (JEWC); Greene Co.,
reared from pecan, V-1972, J. Wappes, 12 EWC);
Glynn Co., Brunswick, Cupressus, 25-IV-03, W.F.
Fiske, 16, 12 (USNM); Lowndes Co., VII-62, 1d
(FSCA). Louistana: Cameron Parish, Grand Che-
nier, dead limbs collected 11-III-82, reared from
dead limbs, emerged 10-—20-VIII-1982, E. Riley,
13,12 (TAMU); same except emerged 9-V-1982,
13 (TAMU); East Baton Rouge Parish, 26-IX-1972,
D.F. Andrews, 12 (LSAM); same except Baton
Rouge, attrahent butyraldehyde, 18-VIII-28, CE
Smith, 12 (LSAM); same except LSU Campus,
hand collected at lights, 28-V-2001, A. Tishechkin,
12 (ENPC); same except near LSU campus, ex.
Quercus virginiana, 31-VII-2003, D. Henne, 12
(ENPC); same except Baton Rouge, 6-VII-1982, R.
Levy, 16 (LSAM); same except VI-1987, E.G. Ri-
ley, 12 (TAMU); same except reared from dead
cypress, T. disticum, 12 (TAMU); same except col-

————

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 27

lected at light, 9-11-V-1986, D.A. Rider, 1d, 19
(LSAM); Grant Parish, Boll Weevil Sex Attractant
Trap, 23-3-V-1972, 1d (LSAM); Iberia Parish, New
Iberia, 16-VI-45, H. Soltau, 1¢ (USNM); Latourche
Parish, near Chackbay, 10-XI-2000, Sadie L.
Granier, 12 (ENPC); Orleans Parish, New Or-
leans, in Cercis canadensis, 31-II-45, Rau, 16, 1°
(USNM); same except 24-IX-1974, V.A. Brou, 1d
(FSCA); Rapides Parish, 6-V-1973, Boll Weevil Sex
Attractant Trap, 1d, 12 (LSAM); St. Landry
Parish, in soy beans, 18-V-1974, C.E. Eastmand,
1d (LSAM); same except 13-VI-1974, 12 (LSAM);
same except 30-V-1974, 12 (LSAM); West Feli-
ciana Parish, 5 miles E Hwy 61; cabin, MV light,
15-IX-2000, A.R. Cline, 1d (ENPC). Texas: Brazos
Co., College Station, Riley Estate, 30°35.18'N,
96°15.12’W, emerged by IX-2003, ex. Juniperus vir-
giniana limbs cut, IV-2001, E.G. Riley, 20d, 292
(TAMU); same except emerged by 15-V-2002, 2d,
12 (TAMU); same except Lick Creek Park,
Malaise trap, 31-X-11-XI-1998, M. Yoder, G.
Gorena, B. Rodriguez & I. Warriner, 12 (TAMU);
Same except 2-3-IX-1995, R.R. Garces, 29
(TAMU); same except 23-30-IX-1995, 12 (TAMU);
Orange Co., Orange, 30°10.25'N, 93°45.36’W, 25-
V-1997, E.G. Riley, 12 (TAMU).

Distribution.—Widely distributed in Bahamas
(Great Abaco, Andros, Eleuthera, New Provi-
dence, and South Bimini Islands), Cuba (Cam-
agiiey, Cienfuegos, Guantanamo, Holguin, Santi-
ago de Cuba, and Villa Clara Provinces), and USA
(Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas)
(Fig. 72).

Remarks.—This species is widely distributed
in USA, Bahamas, and Cuba (Monné & Hovore
2005; Yanega 1996). A single specimen collected in
California is believed to be introduced (ET. Ho-
vore, pers. comm.). Lingafelter (2007) recently in-
cluded this species in a key to cerambycids of
eastern USA. Zayas (1975) stated that P. dentipes is
commonly collected throughout Cuba. Browne et
al. (1993) and Thomas & Turnbow (2007) listed P.
dentipes from Bahamas. Linsley & Chemsak (1997)
listed the following host plants: Carya illinoinensis
(Wangenh.) K. Koch (Juglandaceae), Cercis
canadensis L. (Fabaceae), Conocarpus erectus L.
(Combretaceae), Crossopetalum rhacoma Crantz
(Celastraceae), Lysiloma latisiliquum (Linnaeus)
Benth. (Fabaceae), Metopium toxiferum (Linnaeus)
Krug & Urban (Anacardiaceae), and Quercus (Fa-
gaceae). Plectromerus dentipes is attracted to lights

and has been collected in a variety of traps (boll
weevil sex attractant trap, Jackson trap, flight in-
tercept, FFD, Lindgren funnel, McPhail trap,
Steiner trap, traps baited with attrahent Bu-
tyraldehyde, and traps baited with “frontalin +
turp”), and associated with various plants (Citrus
madurensis Lour. (Rutaceae), Clusia rosea Jacq.
(Clusiaceae), Cupressus (Cupressaceae), Juniperus
virginiana L. (Cupressaceae), Avicennia (Verbe-
naceae), Sideroxylon foetidissimum Jacq. (Sapo-
taceae), Pinus clausa (Chapman ex Engelm.) Vasey
ex Sarg. (Pinaceae), Manilkara zapota (L.) van
Royen (Sapotaceae), sticky board in Terminalia ca-
tappa L. (Combretaceae), and Taxodium distichum
(L.) L.C. Rich. (Cupressaceae). Ree (2003) list this
species as attacking pecan (Carya illinoensis (Wan-
genh.) K. Koch (Juglandaceae)).

Plectromerus dentipes ranges in size from 4.3
mm-9.0 mm in length. Male specimens examined
measured: length 4.3-8.7 mm, width 1.0-2.2 mm
(measured across humeri); female specimens ex-
amined measured: length 4.5-9.0 mm; width
1.0-2.1 mm (measured across humeri).

The depository of type material of Callidium
dentipes Olivier is unknown (Monné 2005) and
therefore, types were unavailable for study. The
type locality is listed as USA: Georgia (Monné
2005). Plectromerus dentipes is the only Plectromerus
species recorded from USA and the identity of this
species is not in question. Article 75.2 of the ICZN
(1999) states “a neotype is not to be designated as
an end in itself, or as a matter of curatorial routine,
and any such neotype designation is invalid.”
Therefore, aneotype designation is not warranted.

Cazier & Lacey (1952) described Plectromerus
costatus and stated that it was most closely related
to Plectromerus dentipes but could be separated
from it “. .. by the much larger and more densely
placed punctures on the pronotal disk and by the
non-serrate, or but slightly serrate, posterior mar-
gin of the femoral spine” (Cazier & Lacey 1952: 32).
After careful examination of the holotype of P.
costatus (Fig. 8a) and approximately 400 specimens
of P. dentipes from USA, Bahamas, and Cuba, the
characters mentioned by Cazier & Lacey (1952)
were found to be variable in P. dentipes. In P. den-
tipes, metafemoral tooth serration ranges from
slightly serrate to moderately serrate. The size and
density of pronotal punctation in P. dentipes is also
variable, suggesting one species instead of two
(Fig. 8b). We believe these two taxa are conspecific.

28 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURIINI AND PLECTROMERINI

Plectromerus dezayasi Nearns & Branham,
new species
(Figs. 10a-c)

Diagnosis.—From congeners, P. dezayasi is dis-
tinguished by the combination of the following
characters: intricate elytral pattern; pronotal disk
with moderately raised calli; fifth antennomere al-
most 4 times longer than fourth and about 1.5
times longer than third; and strongly, deeply ser-
rate metafemoral teeth. Plectromerus exis (Figs.
14a-c), P. josephi new species (Figs. 23a-c), and P.
lingafelteri (Figs. 24a—c) also have rather intricate
elytral patterns, however, P. exis can easily be dis-
tinguished by the distinct tubercle in the center of
the pronotum (Fig. 14b) and weakly serrate (al-
most smooth) metafemoral teeth in both P. josephi
new species and P. lingafelteri.

Description.—Male. Length 9.9 mm, width 2.2
mm (measured across humeri). Habitus as in Fig.
10a. General form small, narrow, subcylindrical.
Integument testaceous, with head, basal anten-
nomeres, portions of pronotum, venter, and
femoral apices ferrugineus; each elytron testa-
ceous with three major macular regions as fol-
lows: (1) basal third with a ferrugineus, oblique,
narrow, irregular macula beginning below
humerus and reaching sutural midpoint; (2) a fer-
rugineus, oblique, narrow, irregular macula from
sutural midpoint to about apical third, not reach-
ing margin; and (3) apical third testaceous, with
broader, ferrugineus, oblique, irregular macula
from just below apical third to about below suture
midpoint.

Head with front nearly flat, transverse, with a
median, shallow line from between eyes to just
beyond vertex; head slightly concave between an-
tennal tubercles, which are slightly raised and
separated by about the width of two antennal
sockets; vertex microsculptured, with dense, shal-
low punctures; vertex with short, recumbent, pale
pubescence. Eyes coarsely-faceted, transverse,
subreniform, with shallow indentations around
antennal insertions.

Antennae eleven segmented, slightly longer
than body; scape bowed; third antennomere
about as long as scape, about twice as long as
fourth; fifth antennomere longest, almost 4 times
longer than fourth, about 1.5 times longer than
third; antennomeres 6-10 becoming progressively
shorter; eleventh slightly longer than tenth; basal
antennomeres subcylindrical, from fifth moder-

ately flattened; apices of antennomeres 5-10 pro-
duced externally. Scape with short, recumbent,
pale pubescence; antennomeres 2-8 ciliate be-
neath with coarse, moderately long, suberect, pale
hairs.

Pronotum subcylindrical, about 1.3 times as
long as wide, widest at middle, slightly broader at
apex than base; pronotal sides broadly inflated,
arcuately constricted at basal third, with a slight
inflation just before apex; basal margin moder-
ately arcuate; disk convex, slightly flattened, with
one moderately raised, median callus at about the
center; disk with two moderately raised, subme-
dial calli slightly anterior to center, and two mod-
erately raised, submedial calli slightly posterior to
center; lateral margins of pronotum with patch of
coarse, deep punctures, and two long, suberect se-
tae anterolaterally. Basal third of disk with two
long, pale, recumbent setae positioned submedi-
ally, arising from deep punctures. Surface mi-
crosculptured, with dense, shallow punctures.

Scutellum small, rounded, almost as long as
broad, impunctate.

Elytra about 3 times as long as width at
humeri, about 3.3 times as long as pronotal
length, about 1.3 times broader basally than
pronotum at widest point (at middle); sides
nearly parallel, slightly sinuate around middle,
somewhat evenly rounded to apex; elytral apices
individually, broadly rounded; epipleural margin
strongly sinuate. Elytral disk moderately concave
medially, subsuturally, creating a distinct costa on
each elytron; base of each elytron moderately
raised. Elytral surface strongly shining; elytral
punctation moderately dense, coarse, and deep at
basal third; punctures becoming more shallow to-
ward apex and sides, almost obsolete at apical
third; each puncture with a short, fine, pale hair.

Venter with portions of prosternum strongly
shining; one irregular patch of coarse, deep punc-
tures front of and spanning the width of the pro-
coxae; narrowest area of prosternal process be-
tween procoxae about 0.2 times as wide as
procoxal cavity, and about 0.3 times the width of
apex of process which is subtriangular with
rounded corners (Fig. 10b); prosternal process be-
tween procoxae gradually declivous; procoxal
cavities open behind. Mesosternum surface shin-
ing, sparsely and shallowly punctate. Metaster-
num surface shining, sparsely and finely punc-
tate, with scattered deeper punctures and sparse
suberect, pale hairs interspersed. Metepisternum

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 29

sparsely clothed with short, recumbent, pale pu-
bescence, which is denser posteriorly. Abdomen
shining; finely, shallowly punctate; abdomen with
sparse long, suberect, pale hairs and punctures
each with a short, fine, pale hair; fifth sternite
broadly subtruncate, slightly shorter than preced-
ing sternite.

Legs with femora pedunculate-clavate; basal
portion of metafemora slightly shorter than
metafemoral club; meso- and metafemora slightly
arcuate, shining, clothed with moderately densely,
recumbent, short, pale pubescence; clavate por-
tion darker than base; underside of each femoral
club with a broad, acute triangular tooth;
metafemoral teeth with posterior edge strongly,
deeply serrate, with about 14 serration “peaks” of
uneven height and distribution, each peak with a
short, curved, pale hair; metatibiae slightly sinu-
ate, nearly straight, slightly flattened, about 0.8
times as long as metafemora; metatibiae gradually
expanded distally; clothed with moderately
dense, fine, recumbent, pale pubescence, becom-
ing longer and coarser distally (Fig. 10c).

Etymology.—This species is named in memory
of the late Fernando de Zayas (1912-1983), for his
many contributions to the study of the Cuban cer-
ambycid fauna. Fernando was an entomologist at
the Cuban Academy of Sciences and a prolific col-
lector of Coleoptera. The Zayas collection remains
the most complete representation of Cuban ce-
rambycids known (Nearns 2006). The epithet is a
noun in apposition.

Specimens examined.—Type material: Holo-
type d (Fig. 10a), “NICARAGUA, El. 1400m,
Cerro Chimborazo, 13°02'N, 85°56’W, 20 Nov. 71,
Stockwell, beating dead branches” (EMEC).

Distribution.—Known only from Jinotega De-
partment, Nicaragua (Central America) (Fig. 66).

Remarks.—This species is described from a
single male specimen, collected beating dead
branches at 1400 m elevation. The holotype de-
scribed herein represents the only known speci-
men and nothing is known about the biology of
this species.

Plectromerus distinctus (Cameron)
(Figs. 8d, 1la—c, 21a, 21c, 28b, 28h)

Pentomacrus distinctus Cameron, 1910: 186.

Plectromerus distinctus: Giesbert, 1985: 80.

Plectromerus crenulatus Cazier, 1952: 1. NEW SYN-
ONYMY.

Diagnosis.—Plectromerus distinctus is one of
the smallest species in the genus, ranging in
length from 4.0-6.7 mm. From congeners, P. dis-
tinctus is distinguished by the combination of the
following characters: elytra with scattered long,
suberect setae; pronotal disk granulose; and
metafemoral teeth moderately to strongly, deeply
serrate. This species is similar to P. wappesi but is
distinguished by the granulose pronotal disk
(pronotal disk with dense, round, shallow punc-
tures in P. wappesi).

Redescription.—Male. Length 4.0-6.0 mm,
width 0.9-1.3 mm (measured across humeri).
Habitus as in Fig. 11a. General form small, narrow,
subcylindrical. Integument testaceous, with por-
tions of head and pronotum ferrugineus; each
elytron testaceous with two vaguely defined mac-
ular regions as follows: (1) basal third with one nar-
row, transverse to slightly oblique, ferrugineus,
macula not reaching epipleural margins, and (2)
apical third with one broader, subcircular, ferrug-
ineus, macula not reaching epipleural margins.

Head with front nearly flat, transverse, with a
median, shallow line from between eyes to just
beyond vertex; head slightly concave between an-
tennal tubercles, which are separated by about the
width of two antennal sockets; vertex with dense,
shallow punctures; vertex with short, recumbent,
pale pubescence. Eyes coarsely-faceted, trans-
verse, subreniform, with shallow indentations
around antennal insertions.

Antennae eleven segmented, about as long as
body; scape bowed; third antennomere equal to or
slightly shorter than scape, a little longer than
fourth; fifth antennomere longest, about twice as
long as fourth, slightly longer than scape; basal
antennomeres subcylindrical, from fifth slightly
flattened, from sixth progressively shorter; apices
of antennomeres 5-8 slightly produced externally.
Scape with short, pale, recumbent pubescence,
rarely with long, suberect setae; antennomeres
2-6 ciliate beneath with coarse, moderately long,
suberect, pale hairs.

Pronotum subcylindrical, about 1.5 times as
long as wide, widest at middle, slightly wider at
apex than base; pronotal sides slightly inflated,
nearly parallel, slightly constricted at basal third,
with a slight inflation just before apex; basal mar-
gin slightly arcuate; disk convex; lateral margins
of pronotum with patch of coarse, deep punc-
tures, with one long, recumbent seta anterolater-
ally. Surface with portions microsculptured, mod-

30 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURIINI AND PLECTROMERINI

erately shining; disk with granulose punctures
(e.g. Fig. 11b); basal third of disk with two long,
pale, recumbent setae positioned submedially,
arising from deep punctures.

Scutellum small, rounded, almost as long as
broad, impunctate.

Elytra about 2.8 times as long as width at
humeri, about 2.8 times as long as pronotal
length, about 1.3 times broader basally than
pronotum at widest point (at middle); sides
nearly parallel, slightly sinuate, evenly rounded
to apex; elytral apices individually, broadly
rounded to nearly subtruncate; epipleural margin
slightly sinuate. Elytral disk slightly concave me-
dially, subsuturally, creating a faint costa on each
elytron; base of each slightly raised. Elytral sur-
face strongly shining; elytral punctation moder-
ately dense, rather evenly spaced, deep at basal
third; punctures becoming finer towards apex and
sides, almost obsolete at apical third; punctures
each with a short, fine, pale, recumbent hair, with
sparse to dense scattered long, suberect setae
(each about as long as scape).

Venter with prosternum strongly shining; one
irregular patch of coarse, deep punctures in front
of each procoxa; narrowest area of prosternal
process between procoxae about 0.2 times as wide
as procoxal cavity, and about 0.5 times the width
of apex of process which is subtriangular with
rounded corners; prosternal process between pro-
coxae gradually declivous; procoxal cavities open
behind. Mesosternum surface strongly shining,
sparsely punctate with coarse, shallow punctures.
Metasternum surface strongly shining, with
sparse, fine punctures, with a few suberect, pale
hairs interspersed. Metepisternum sparsely
clothed with short, recumbent, pale pubescence,
which is denser posteriorly. Abdomen strongly
shining; finely, shallowly punctate; with sparse
long, suberect, pale hairs and punctures each with
a short, fine, pale hair; fifth sternite broadly
rounded, slightly longer than preceding sternite.

Legs with femora pedunculate-clavate;
metafemoral club slightly longer than basal por-
tion; meso- and metafemora slightly arcuate, shin-
ing, clothed with sparse, recumbent, short, pale
pubescence; underside of each femoral club with
a broad, acute triangular tooth; metafemoral teeth
with posterior edge moderately to strongly,
deeply serrate, with about 10 irregular serration
“peaks”; each peak with a short, curved, pale hair;
metatibiae strongly sinuate; metatibiae slightly

flattened, about 0.7 times long as metafemora,
gradually expanded distally; clothed with moder-
ately dense, fine, recumbent, pale pubescence, be-
coming longer and coarser distally (e.g. Fig. 11c).

Female. Length 4.1-6.7 mm; width 0.9-1.5 mm
(measured across humeri). Similar to male except
pronotal sides lacking coarse punctures and
prosternum lacking irregular patch of punctures
in front of each procoxa. Abdomen with terminal
sternite evenly, broadly rounded, about 1.5 times
longer than preceding sternite.

Specimens examined.—Type material: Pentoma-
crus distinctus Cameron. Holotype ¢ (Fig. 11a),
“HAITI, Dr. Cameron” (BMNRF).

Plectromerus crenulatus Cazier. Holotype @,
“HAITI, about 60 ft. alt. F 4629 L., Manville, Feb.
6.10.1922” (AMNH).

Other material DOMINICAN REPUBLIC:
BARAHONA PROVINCE: 4.5 km S Barahona, 17-V-
1992, R. Turnbow, 23,8 (RFTC); same except 22-
V-1992,635,2¢ (RFTC); same except M.C. Thomas,
53,12 (FSCA); same except 16-V-1992, R. Turn-
bow, 12 (RFTC); same except 13-VII-1996, 1d,12
(RFTC); same except Punta Prieta, 13-VII-1996, 13
(RFTC); same except hill above Barahona, beating
at night, 75 m, 19-VII-1999, M.A. Ivie, 12 (WIBF);
same except E of Cachon, Hotel Oasis, at light,
18°14.029'N, 71°08.379'W, 26-VII-1999, M.A. Ivie &
K.A. Guerrero, 2d, 22 (WIBF); same except 5 km
SE Polo, slopes of Loma la Torre, 18°03’N, 71°16'W,
980 m, disturbed forest with coffee, Carnegie Mu-
seum Specimen Number CMNH-239,093, 18-VI-
1992, C. Young, R. Davidson, S. Thompson, J. Rawl-
ins, 1d (CMNH); same except 32 km S Barahona,
near coast, 29-VIII-1988, on dead logs, M.A. Ivie,
T.K. Philips & K.A. Johnson, 12 (WIBF). La Atta-
GRACIA PROVINCE: Parque Nacional del Este, Boca
de Yuma entrance, 18°21.904’N, 68°37.087’ W, beat-
ing vegetation, at night, 5-VIII-1999, M.A. Ivie,2¢d,
12 (WIBBF); same except 6-VIII-1999, 12 m,
18°21.904'N, 68°37.094'W, 13 (WIBF); same except
2m, at light, M.A. Ivie& K.A. Guerrero, 1d (WIBF);
same except Boca de Yuma, 3-20 meters, beating,
27-V1-2005, Nearns & Lingafelter, 1 specimen [gen-
der undetermined] (ENPC); same except Punta
Cana near Ecological Reserve, 0-5 meters, beating,
12-VI-2005, Nearns & Lingafelter, 5 specimens
[gender undetermined] (ENPC), same except 5 km
W La Laguna Nisibon, citrus, 17-VI-98, R.E.
Woodruff, 16 (REWC). Monte CrisTI PROVINCE: 13
km N Villa Elisa, 31-V-1994, M.C. Thomas, 16
(FSCA). PEDERNALES PRovINCE: 14.5 km N Cabo

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 31

Rojo, 165 m., 18°03’N, 71°39'W, arid thornscrub,
26-27-IX-1991, C. Young, S. Thompson, R. David-
son, J. Rawlins, 1d (CMNH); same except 19-VI-
1990, J. Rawlins, C. Young, S. Thompson, 12
(CMNH); same except 26 km N Cabo Rojo,
18°06’N, 71°38’W, 730 m, 13-VII-1990, 16
(CMNH); same except Cabo Rojo, “Alcoa” head-
quarters, blacklight trap, 10-VI-1998, RE.
Woodruff, P.H. Freytag, 12 (REWC); same except
25.5 km N Cabo Rojo, 21-V-1992, R. Turnbow, 1°
(RFTC); same except 24 km N Cabo Rojo, 610 m,
wet forest at light & night beating, 21-VIII-1988, M.
Ivie, Philips & Johnson, 22 (WIBF); same except
3000 ft., blacklight trap, 2-VII-98, R.E. Woodruff &
R.M. Baranowski, 12 (REWC); same except 26 km
N Cabo Rojo, 760 m, 17-VI-1987, J. Rawlins, R.
Davidson, 12 (CMNH); same except along Rio
Mulito, 13 km N Pedernales, 18°09'N, 71°46’ W, 230
m, riparian woodland, 17-VI-1992, J. Rawlins, S.
Thompson, C. Young, R. Davidson, 16 (CMNH);
same except P.N. Sierra de Baoruco, Las Abejas,
1240 m, 18°09.023'N, 71°37.387'W, 9-VIII-1999,
M.A. Ivie, 12 (WIBF); same except Sierra de
Baoruco, Aceitillar, 25.2 km ENE Pedernales,
18°05.29'N, 71°31.16’W, 1272 m, dense broadleaf
forest, pine, UV light, sample 42212, 14-V1-2003, C.
Young, J. Rawlins, C. Nunez, R. Davidson, P.
Acevedo, M. de la Cruz, 12 (CMNH); same except
Parque Nacional Jaragua, trail to Carlitos ca.6kmS
of Hwy 44, 106 meters, blacklight, 17°48.932’N,
71°28.271'W, 8-VII-2004, Perez, Lingafelter, 1d
(USNM). PERaAvIA PROVINCE: 2 km N Nizao, Aug. 5,
1979, G.B. Marshall, 1d (JAMC). Purrro Piata
Province, 14 km W Puerto Plata, 11-V-1985, J.E.
Wappes, 12 (USNM). SAN PEDRO DE Macoris
PROVINCE: 13 km E Boca Chica, 27-V-1992, M.C.
Thomas, 12 (FSCA); same except R. Turnbow, 29
(RFTC); same except 15-V-1992, M.C. Thomas, 1¢
(FSCA); same except 4 km, E Tintero, 15-V-1992,1°
(FSCA); same except R. Turnbow, 26 (RFTC); same
except near Juan Dolio, 13—-18-V-1985, J.E. Wappes,
13,32 JEWC); same except 12 km W San Pedro de
Macoris, 5—19-V-1985, E. Giesbert, 36,22 (EFGC).

Distribution.—Known from Haiti and Domini-
can Republic (Barahona, La Altagracia, Monte
Cristi, Pedernales, Puerto Plata, and San Pedro de
Macoris Provinces) (Greater Antilles) (Fig. 70).

Remarks.—This species is endemic to Hispan-
iola and has been collected at UV light and beat-
ing vegetation.

Vitali & Rezbanyai-Reser (2003) synonymized
P. crenulatus and P. distinctus with P. serratus with-

out comparing type specimens. Micheli & Nearns
(2005) restored P. distinctus from synonymy. The
type specimens of P. crenulatus (Fig. 8c) and P. ser-
ratus (Fig. 32a) were examined carefully and dif-
ferences between them suggest two species in-
stead of one. The two species are similar but are
distinguished by the following characters: P.
crenulatus has long, suberect hairs on the elytra
and granulose punctures on the pronotum,
whereas P. serratus lacks the hairs and granules
and has microsculpturing on the pronotum.

In addition, the type specimens of P. crenulatus
(Fig. 8c) and P. distinctus (Fig. 8d) were carefully
examined and P. crenulatus was found to be a jun-
ior synonym of P. distinctus. Both type specimens
are females, collected in Haiti, and have long,
suberect setae on the elytra, granulose punctures
on the pronotum, similar metafemoral serrations,
and metatibial curvature. Based on these charac-
ters, we think these two taxa are conspecific and
we synonymize P. crenulatus herein.

Plectromerus dominicanus (Micheli)
(Figs. 12, 13a—d)

Curiosa dominicana Micheli, 1983: 262.
Plectromerus dominicanus, NEW COMBINATION.

Diagnosis.—The combination of the following
characters make this the most distinctive species
in the genus: antennae with 10 segments, scape
distinctly longest antennomere, finely-faceted
eyes, and each elytron ornamented with a small,
yellowish marking.

Specimens examined.—Type material: Holo-
type 2 (Fig. 13a), “DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: La
VEGA: 20 km. SE. Constanza, 26-V-1978, C.W. &
L.B. O’Brien & Marshall” (USNM).

Other material. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: La
VEGA PROVINCE: Pico Duarte Trail, 8000 ft., below
La Comparticion, beating vegetation, 19°02.254'N,
70°58.155'W, 1-VII-2004, S.W. Lingafelter, 19
(USNM); same except trail from La Comparticion-
La Pelona, P.N.A. Bermudez, 2450-3070 m, 18-VII-
2002, D. Perez, B. Hierro, R. Bastardo, 1 specimen
[gender undetermined] (MCZWeb 2007).

Distribution——Known only from La Vega
Province, Dominican Republic (Greater Antilles)
(Fig. 70).

Remarks.—Micheli (1983) described Curiosa
dominicana from a single female specimen, noting
that it presented unusual characters for a curiine.

32 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURIINI AND PLECTROMERINI

Indeed, C. dominicana possesses several autapo-
morphies which are unique within the tribe, such
as antennae with 10 segments (11 segments in
Curius and Plectromerus), scape distinctly longest
antennomere (third or fifth distinctly longer than
scape in Curius, fifth distinctly longer than scape
in Plectromerus), finely-faceted eyes (coarsely-
faceted in Curius and Plectromerus), and each
elytron ornamented with a small, yellowish mark-
ing (absent in Curius and Plectromerus). However,
phylogenetic analysis of Curiini suggests that C.
dominicana is a highly derived Plectromerus (Fig.
75). Based on this analysis, a new combination,
Plectromerus dominicanus (Micheli) is proposed.

Plectromerus dominicanus is endemic to Hispan-
iola and is known only from three specimens, all
collected at high altitude in the Cordillera Central
region of the Dominican Republic. Lingafelter et
al. (2007) provided a color habitus photograph of
the holotype. This species has been collected beat-
ing dead Pinus occidentalis Swartz (Pinaceae)
branches (S.W. Lingafelter, pers. comm.). The
finely-faceted eyes of this species suggest that it
may be diurnal. All other known Curius and Plec-
tromerus species have coarsely-faceted eyes and
are thought to be nocturnal.

Plectromerus exis Zayas
(Figs. 14a-c, 21f)

Plectromerus exis Zayas, 1975: 123.

Diagnosis.—This species is easily distin-
guished from all other presently known con-
geners by the distinctly elongate pronotal dimen-
sions and single elevated tubercle on the pronotal
disk (Fig. 14b).

Redescription.—Male. Length 6.7-8.2 mm,
width 1.3-1.5 mm (measured across humeri).
Habitus as in Fig. 14a. General form small, nar-
row, subcylindrical. Integument testaceous, with
head, apices of antennomeres 3-11, portions of
pronotum, elytra, and femoral apices ferrugineus.

Head with front nearly flat, transverse, with a
median, shallow line from between eyes to just
beyond vertex; head concave between antennal
tubercles, which are slightly to moderately raised
and separated by about the width of two antennal
sockets; vertex microsculptured, with dense, shal-
low punctures; vertex with short, recumbent, pale
pubescence. Eyes coarsely-faceted, transverse,

subreniform, with deep indentations around an-
tennal insertions.

Antennae eleven segmented, antennomere 8
surpassing elytral apices; scape bowed; third an-
tennomere slightly longer than scape, about twice
as long as fourth; fifth antennomere longest,
slightly longer than width of elytra at humeri,
about 3 times longer than fourth, about 1.5 times
longer than third; antennomeres 6-10 becoming
progressively shorter; eleventh slightly longer
than tenth; basal antennomeres subcylindrical,
from fifth slightly flattened. Scape with short, re-
cumbent, pale pubescence; antennomeres 2-7 cili-
ate beneath with coarse, moderately long,
suberect, pale hairs.

Pronotum subcylindrical, about 1.8 times as
long as wide, widest at middle, slightly broader at
apex than base; pronotal sides nearly parallel, ar-
cuately constricted at basal third, with a slight in-
flation just before apex; basal margin slightly ar-
cuate; disk convex, with one strongly raised,
median tubercle (Fig. 14b); lateral margins of
pronotum with two long, suberect setae anterolat-
erally. Surface strongly microsculptured, with
scattered, shallow punctures; surface ornamented
with a narrow, longitudinal, irregular, ferrugineus
vitta on either side of median tubercle; median tu-
bercle ferrugineus.

Scutellum small, rounded, distinctly longer
than broad, impunctate.

Elytra about 3 times as long as width at
humeri, about 2.5 times as long as pronotal
length, about 1.5 times broader basally than
pronotum at widest point (at middle); elytral
sides strongly sinuate around middle; elytral
apices individually, broadly rounded; epipleural
margin moderately sinuate. Elytral disk slightly
concave medially, subsuturally, creating a faint
costa on each elytron; base of each elytron moder-
ately raised. Elytral surface microsculptured, with
portions glabrous and strongly shining; puncta-
tion moderately dense, coarse, and deep at basal
third; punctures becoming more shallow toward
apex and sides, almost obsolete at apical third;
each puncture with a short, fine, pale hair.

Venter with prosternum strongly shining, with
moderately dense, fine punctures; narrowest area
of prosternal process between procoxae about 0.1
times as wide as procoxal cavity, and about 0.3
times the width of apex of process which is subtri-
angular with rounded corners; prosternal process
between procoxae gradually declivous; procoxal

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 33

cavities open behind. Mesosternum surface
strongly shining, sparsely and finely punctate.
Metasternum surface strongly shining, sparsely
and finely punctate, with scattered deeper punc-
tures and sparse suberect, pale hairs interspersed.
Metepisternum sparsely clothed with short, re-
cumbent, pale pubescence, which is denser poste-
riorly. Abdomen shining; finely, shallowly punc-
tate; abdomen with sparse long, suberect, pale
hairs and punctures each with a short, fine, pale
hair; fifth sternite broadly subtruncate, slightly
longer than preceding sternite.

Legs with femora pedunculate-clavate; basal
portion of metafemora distinctly longer than
metafemoral club; meso- and metafemora slightly
arcuate, shining, clothed with moderately
densely, recumbent, short, pale pubescence;
clavate portion darker than base; underside of
each femoral club with a small, acute triangular
tooth; metafemoral teeth with posterior edge
nearly smooth, weakly serrate; metatibiae slightly
sinuate, nearly straight, slightly flattened, about
0.7 times as long as metafemora; metatibiae grad-
ually expanded distally; clothed with moderately
dense, fine, recumbent, pale pubescence, becom-
ing longer and coarser distally (Fig. 14c); metalegs
with first tarsomere about twice as long or longer
than second.

Specimens examined.—Type material: Holo-
type 6, “CUBA, OriENnTE, col. F. de Zayas, Loma
del Gato, 6-1959” (FDZC).

Other material: CUBA: GRANMA PROVINCE:
Sierra Maestra, Turquino, VIII-1964, F. de Zayas,
13d (FDZC); same except Oriente, Pico Turquino,
VI-1964, Zayas-Gracia, 1d (IESC); same except
Oriente, Jiguani, F. de Zayas, 1 specimen, [gender
undetermined] (FDZC). HOLGUIN PROVINCE: Ori-
ente, Sierra Cristal, VI-1959, F. de Zayas, 2 speci-
mens [gender undetermined] (FDZC). PINAR DEL
Rio Province: P. Guijaibon, V-1953, 1d (FDZC).
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: PEDERNALES PROVINCE:
25.5 km, N Cabo Rojo, 20-V-1992, R. Turnbow, 1d
(RHTC). DajaBon Province: 13 km S Loma de
Cabrera, 27-V-1978, O’Briens & Marshall, 16
(JAMC). JAMAICA: MancuesTerR ParisH: Man-
deville, 13-IV-1937, 2000 ft, C. Roys, 12 (MNRJ).

Distribution—Known from Cuba (Granma,
Holguin, Pinar del Rio, and Santiago de Cuba
Provinces), Dominican Republic (Dajabon and
Pedernales Provinces); and Jamaica (Manchester
Parish) (new country record) (Greater Antilles)
(Fig. 67).

Remarks.—Zayas (1975) stated that this
species was common throughout Cuba and that
all of the type specimens collected were perching
on vegetation, but no host information was pro-
vided. Nearns (2006) listed P. exis and Nearns et al.
(2006) provided a color habitus photograph of the
holotype deposited in the FDZC. Nearns & Turn-
bow (2005) provided the first record of this
species outside of Cuba. Subsequently, a color
photograph of a specimen collected in Jamaica
was provided to us by F. Vitali (FVPC).

Plectromerus fasciatus (Gahan)
(Figs. 15a—-c)

Pentomacrus fasciatus Gahan, 1895: 109.
Plectromerus fasciatus: Giesbert, 1985: 80.
Plectromerus sp.: Chalumeau & Touroult, 2005b: 113.

Diagnosis.—This distinctively large species is
most similar to P. turnbowi in several characters in-
cluding antennal segment proportions, gradually
clavate metafemora, and weakly serrate meta-
femoral teeth. However, P. fasciatus differs in hav-
ing the pronotum with dense, confluent, shallow
punctation (pronotum with dense, moderately
deep, somewhat evenly spaced punctation in P.
turnbowt), elytral apices strongly subtruncate to
truncate (rounded to weakly subtruncate in P.
turnbowi), elytra with scattered to moderately
dense, long, pale, suberect setae (elytra with few
long, pale, suberect setae in P. turnbow1).

Redescription.—Male. Length 8.0-10.2 mm,
width 1.9-2.2 mm (measured across humeri).
Habitus as in Fig. 15a. General form small, nar-
row, subcylindrical. Integument testaceous, with
portions of head, pronotum, and elytra ferrug-
ineus.

Head with front nearly flat, transverse, with a
median, shallow line from between eyes to just
beyond vertex; head slightly concave between an-
tennal tubercles, which are slightly raised and
separated by about the width of two antennal
sockets; surface of vertex microsculptured, with
moderately dense, irregular, shallow, punctures.
Eyes coarsely-faceted, transverse, subreniform.

Antennae eleven segmented, about 1.3 times
longer than body; scape bowed; third anten-
nomere slightly longer than scape, more than
twice the length of fourth; fifth antennomere
longest, more than 3 times longer than fourth; an-

34 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURIINI AND PLECTROMERINI

tennomeres 6-11 becoming progressively shorter,
basal antennomeres subcylindrical, from fifth
slightly flattened; apices of antennomeres 6—10
produced externally. Scape with few long,
suberect, pale hairs; antennomeres 2-7 ciliate be-
neath with coarse, moderately long, suberect, pale
hairs.

Pronotum subcylindrical, about 1.3 times as
long as wide, widest at middle, slightly broader at
base than apex; pronotal sides moderately in-
flated, arcuately constricted at basal third, and a
slight inflation just before apex; basal margin
slightly arcuate; disk convex, with scattered, long,
suberect, pale hairs arising from deep punctures;
each side of pronotum with coarse, deep punc-
tures laterally and one or two long, suberect setae
anterolaterally. Surface microsculptured, densely,
shallowly punctate, slightly shining.

Scutellum small, rounded, almost as long as
broad, impunctate.

Elytra about 2.8 times as long as width at
humeri, about 2.8 times as long as pronotal
length, about 1.3 times broader basally than
pronotum at widest point (at middle); elytral
sides nearly parallel, slightly sinuate around mid-
dle, evenly rounded to apex; elytral apices
strongly subtruncate to truncate; epipleural mar-
gin moderately sinuate. Elytral disk slightly con-
cave medially, subsuturally, creating a faint costa
on each elytron; base of each elytron slightly
raised. Elytral surface moderately shining; punc-
tation moderately dense, coarse, and deep at basal
third; punctures becoming finer towards apex and
sides, almost obsolete at apical third; each punc-
ture with a short, fine, pale hair; elytra with mod-
erately dense, scattered, long, suberect, pale hairs.

Venter with prosternum strongly shining; one
irregular patch of coarse, deep punctures in front
of procoxae; narrowest area of prosternal process
between procoxae about 0.2 times as wide as pro-
coxal cavity, and about 0.5 times the width of apex
of process which is subtriangular with rounded
corners; procoxal cavities open behind. Mesoster-
num surface strongly shining, sparsely and finely
punctate. Metasternum surface strongly shining,
sparsely and finely punctate, with few deeper
punctures and suberect, pale hairs interspersed.
Metepisternum sparsely clothed with short, re-
cumbent, pale pubescence, which is denser poste-
riorly. Abdomen strongly shining; finely, shal-
lowly punctate; abdomen with sparse, long,
suberect, pale hairs and punctures each with a

short, fine, pale hair; fifth sternite broadly sub-
truncate, slightly longer than preceding sternite.

Legs with femora gradually clavate; meso- and
metafemora slightly arcuate, shining, clothed
with sparsely to moderately densely, recumbent,
short, pale pubescence and with scattered,
suberect, pale hairs arising from shallow punc-
tures; underside of each femoral club with a
broad, acute triangular tooth with posterior edge
weakly serrate, with irregular, indistinct “peaks”;
meso- and metatibiae nearly straight, clothed
with moderately dense, fine, recumbent, pale pu-
bescence, becoming longer and coarser distally
(Fig. 15c).

Female. Length 7.3-10.2 mm; width 1.7-2.2
mm (measured across humeri). Similar to male
except pronotal sides lacking coarse punctures
and prosternum lacking irregular patch of punc-
tures in front of procoxae. Abdomen with termi-
nal sternite evenly, broadly rounded, slightly
longer than preceding sternite.

Specimens examined.—TIype material: Lecto-
type d (Fig. 15a), “GRENADA, Balthazar, (Wind-
ward side), W.I., H.H. Smith, 107” (BMNH) [des-
ignated by Chalumeau & Touroult, 2005a: 112].

Other material: MONTSERRAT: Cassava
Ghaut, Beattie House, UV. light, 632 ft.,
16°45.91'N, 62°12.95'W, 23-03-IV-III-2002, A.
Krakower, 12 (WIBF); same except 4—11-III-2002,
33,22 WIBF); same except Malaise trap, 8-17-IV-
2002, 15, 12 (WIBF); same except 5—15-II-2002,
13,12 (WIBF); same except light trap, 14—21-VI-
2002, 15 (WIBF); same except UV light, 21-I-15-II-
2002, 16 (WIBF); same except 30-V-6-VI-2002, 12
(WIBF); same except 11—23-III-2002, 1d, 12
(WIBF); same except trail from Cassava Ghaut
south to waterpipe, 22-V-2003, K.A. Marske, 1d
(ENPC); same except Cassava Ghaut to Lawyer’s
Mountain, 28-V-2003, M.A. Marske, 12 (WIBF);
same except between Anne-Maries and Beattie
house, 28-V1-2002, M.A. Ivie, 12 (ENPC).

Distribution.—Known from Grenada, St. Vin-
cent, and Montserrat, new country record (Lesser
Antilles) (Fig. 70).

Remarks.—Plectromerus fasciatus is endemic to
the Lesser Antilles and has been collected at UV
light and in Malaise traps. Chalumeau & Touroult
(2005b) provided a color habitus photograph and
stated that this species had been reared from “pois
doux” (Inga ingoides (L.C. Rich.) Willd. (Fabaceae))
branches girdled by Oncideres amputator (Fabri-
cius, 1792) (Cerambycidae: Lamiinae: Onciderini)

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 35

collected on Saint Vincent at 450 m elevation.
Chalumeau & Touroult (2005a) designated the lec-
totype for this species and Woodruff et al. (1998)
listed this species from Grenada.

A series of specimens from Montserrat (WIBF),
mentioned by Chalumeau & Touroult as “Plec-
tromerus sp.” (2005b: 113), was examined by the
authors and identified as P. fasciatus. Although the
Montserrat specimens have less dense setae on
the elytra, femora, and tibiae compared to the lec-
totype of P. fasciatus, the series otherwise has sim-
ilar antennal segment proportions, pronotal and
elytral punctation, elytral apices, metafemoral
club shape, and metafemoral tooth serrations.
Three additional specimens collected on Mar-
tinique (moist forest near Fort-de-France,
emerged VI-VII 2006) are also believed to be P. fas-
ciatus (J. Touroult, pers. comm.).

Vitali (2004) correctly noted that Zayas’ (1975)
listing of P. fasciatus from Cuba was incorrect.
Chalumeau & Touroult (2005b) also commented
on this in their treatment of P. fasciatus. The speci-
mens in the FDZC were examined by the authors,
confirming Vitali’s (2004) statement that these
were instead P. pumilus (e.g., Fig. 31b).

Plectromerus femoratus (Fabricius)
(Figs. 16a-c)

Saperda femoratus Fabricius, 1792: 316.

Pentomacrus femoratus White, 1855: 297.

Preoccupied, secondary homonym of Saperda femoratus
Fabricius, 1792.

Plectromerus femoratus: Giesbert, 1985: 80.

Diagnosis.—At 17 mm, P. femoratus is dis-
tinctly larger than any other species in the genus.
In addition to its size, the combination of the fol-
lowing characters will serve to distinguish this
species from all congeners: antennae in males
about twice the body length; scape with deep de-
pression on dorsal surface (Fig. 16b); fifth anten-
nomere distinctly longer than pronotum; prono-
tum globose, sides strongly, evenly rounded; and
metafemoral club gradually clavate, distinctly
elongate (Fig. 16c).

Redescription—Based on male holotype P.
femoratus. Length 17.0 mm, width 4.0 mm (mea-
sured across humeri). Habitus as in Fig. 16a. Gen-
eral form medium-sized, narrow, subcylindrical.
Integument testaceous, with head, portions of

scape, anterior portion of pronotum, and portions
of elytra ferrugineus.

Head with front nearly flat, transverse, with a
median, shallow line from between eyes to just
beyond vertex; head concave between antennal
tubercles, which are moderately raised and sepa-
rated by about the width of two antennal sockets.
Eyes coarsely-faceted, transverse, subreniform.

Antennae eleven segmented, about twice as
long as body; scape bowed; third antennomere al-
most twice the length of scape, about twice the
length of fourth; fifth antennomere longest, more
than twice as long as fourth, distinctly longer than
pronotum; antennomeres 6-11 becoming progres-
sively shorter; seventh slightly bowed; sixth
through eleventh distinctly longer than scape; an-
tennomeres subcylindrical, 4-11 weakly flattened;
apices of antennomeres 5-6 weakly produced ex-
ternally. Scape with distinct dorsal and ventral de-
pression at base (Fig. 16b); scape with sparse,
short, pale, recumbent pubescence; antennomeres
2-3 ciliate beneath with coarse, moderately long,
suberect, pale hairs.

Pronotum globose, about as long as wide,
widest at middle, slightly broader at base than
apex; pronotal sides broadly and evenly rounded,
abruptly constricted at basal third, with a slight
inflation just before apex; disk convex, somewhat
flattened, with one slightly raised, median callus
immediately posterior to center, about as long as
pedicel; disk with two slightly raised, submedial
calli slightly anterior to center, and two smaller
slightly raised, submedial calli slightly posterior
to center; basal third of disk with two long, pale,
recumbent or suberect seta positioned submedi-
ally, arising from deep punctures; lateral margins
of pronotum with patch of coarse, deep punc-
tures, and one or two long, suberect setae antero-
laterally. Surface opaque, microsculptured,
weakly shining, with dense, shallow punctation.

Scutellum small, rounded, almost as long as
broad, impunctate.

Elytra about 2.8 times as long as width at
humeri, slightly more than 3 times as long as
pronotal length, about 1.2 times broader basally
than pronotum at widest point (at middle); elytral
sides nearly parallel, slightly sinuate around mid-
dle, evenly rounded to apex; elytral apices indi-
vidually, evenly rounded; epipleural margin
moderately sinuate. Elytral disk slightly concave
medially, subsuturally, creating a faint costa on
each elytron; base of each elytron slightly raised.

36 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURIINI AND PLECTROMERINI

Elytral surface opaque; elytral punctation moder-
ately dense, rather evenly spaced, and deep at
basal third; punctures becoming finer towards
apex and sides, almost obsolete at apical third;
each puncture with a short, fine, pale hair.

Venter with prosternum moderately shining;
one irregular patch of coarse, shallow punctures
in front of procoxae; narrowest area of prosternal
process between procoxae about 0.2 times as wide
as procoxal cavity, and about 0.7 times the width
of apex of process which is subtriangular with
rounded corners; prosternal process between pro-
coxae gradually declivous; procoxal cavities open
behind. Mesosternum surface moderately shin-
ing, sparsely and shallowly punctate. Metaster-
num surface moderately shining, microsculp-
tured, sparsely punctate, with short, pale,
recumbent seta arising from each puncture.
Metepisternum sparsely clothed with short, re-
cumbent, pale pubescence, which is denser poste-
riorly. Abdomen moderately shining, finely, shal-
lowly punctate; abdomen with sparse long,
suberect, pale hairs and punctures each with a
short, fine, pale hair; fifth sternite broadly sub-
truncate, slightly longer than preceding sternite.

Legs with femora gradually clavate; clavate
portion distinctly elongate, distinctly longer than
base (Fig. 16c); meso- and metafemora slightly ar-
cuate, shining, clothed with sparse, recumbent,
short, pale pubescence; underside of each femoral
club with a small, acute triangular tooth;
metafemoral teeth with posterior edge weakly
serrate, with about 12 small and irregular serra-
tion “peaks”; each peak with a short, curved, pale
hair; metatibiae nearly straight, slightly sinuate,
slightly flattened, about as long as metafemora;
metatibiae gradually expanded distally, clothed
with moderately dense, fine, recumbent, pale pu-
bescence, becoming longer and coarser distally.

Specimens examined.—Type material: Holo-
type d (Fig. 16a), JAMAICA: handwritten label
states: “this specimen is almost certainly the type
of Saperda femorata Fabr., Ent. Syst. I. 2. P. 316”
signed “C.J.G.” (BMNH).

Distribution——Known only from Jamaica
(Greater Antilles) (Fig. 67).

Remarks.—The holotype is the only known
specimen and nothing is known about the biology
of this species. A handwritten label on the holo-
type, signed CJ.G., is believed to have been
placed by C.J. Gahan, who stated that the “Fabri-
cian description of this species seems to have been

overlooked by White and other authors. I have lit-
tle doubt that one of White’s type specimens was
the original type described by Fabricius (who
states that it was in the British Museum). The
species is one that may be easily identified” (Ga-
han 1895: 109).

Plectromerus giesberti Nearns & Branham,
new species

(Figs. 17a-c)

Diagnosis.—From congeners, P. giesberti is dis-
tinguished by the combination of the following
characters: pronotal surface with moderately
dense, short pubescence; each elytron with two
distinct oblique maculae and one arcuate-trans-
verse macula; and metafemora strongly peduncu-
late-clavate with moderately serrate teeth. Plec-
tromerus giesberti is most similar to P. hovorei new
species (Figs. 22a—c) but is distinguished by the
moderately serrate teeth with about 20-24 serra-
tion “peaks” (strongly, deeply serrate with about
10-14 serration “peaks” in P. hovorei new species)
and the three distinct maculae per elytron (two
distinct maculae per elytron in P. hovorei new
species).

Description.—Female. Length 7.2-8.0 mm,
width 1.7-2.0 mm (measured across humeri).
Habitus as in Fig. 17a. General form small, nar-
row, subcylindrical. Integument testaceous, with
portions of pronotum, scutellum and femoral
apices ferrugineus; each elytron testaceous with
three major macular regions as follows: (1) basal
third with a ferrugineus, oblique, narrow, macula
beginning below humerus and reaching sutural
midpoint; (2) a ferrugineus, oblique, narrow, mac-
ula from sutural midpoint to just above apical
third; and (3) apical third testaceous, with ferrug-
ineus, arcuate-transverse, macula.

Head with front nearly flat, transverse, with a
median, shallow line from between eyes to just
beyond vertex; head nearly flat between antennal
tubercles, which are slightly raised and separated
by about the width of two antennal sockets; vertex
microsculptured, with moderately dense, shallow
punctures; vertex with short, recumbent, pale pu-
bescence. Eyes coarsely-faceted, transverse, sub-
reniform, with shallow indentations around an-
tennal insertions.

Antennae eleven segmented, about as long as
body; scape bowed; third antennomere about as
long as scape, about 1.5 times longer than fourth;

a

a ———

————

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 37

fifth antennomere longest, slightly more than
twice as long as fourth, about 1.3 times longer
than third; basal antennomeres subcylindrical,
from fifth slightly flattened; apices of anten-
nomeres 6-10 produced externally; eleventh an-
tennomere slightly longer than tenth. Scape with
short, pale, recumbent pubescence; antennomeres
2-6 ciliate beneath with coarse, moderately long,
suberect, pale hairs.

Pronotum subcylindrical, about 1.5 times as
long as wide, widest at middle, slightly broader at
apex than base; pronotal sides broadly inflated,
arcuately constricted at basal third, with a slight
inflation just before apex; basal margin slightly ar-
cuate; basal third of disk with two long, pale, re-
cumbent setae positioned submedially, arising
from deep punctures; lateral margins of prono-
tum without patch of coarse, deep punctures, but
with one long, suberect seta anterolaterally. Sur-
face opaque, microsculptured, sparsely and shal-
lowly punctate, with a slightly raised median cal-
lus; surface with moderately dense short,
recumbent, pale pubescence.

Scutellum small, rounded, almost as long as
broad, impunctate.

Elytra about 2.8 times as long as width at
humeri, about 2.6 times as long as pronotal
length, about 1.3 times broader basally than
pronotum at widest point (at middle); elytral
sides moderately sinuate around middle (Fig.
17c), evenly rounded to apex; elytral apices indi-
vidually, broadly rounded; epipleural margin
strongly sinuate. Elytral disk moderately concave
medially, subsuturally, creating a distinct costa on
each elytron; base of each elytron slightly raised.
Elytral surface strongly shining; elytral puncta-
tion moderately dense, coarse, and deep at basal
third; punctures becoming finer towards apex and
sides, almost obsolete at apical third; each punc-
ture with a short, fine, pale hair.

Venter with prosternum moderately shining;
area in front of procoxae without patch of coarse
punctures; narrowest area of prosternal process
between procoxae about 0.3 times as wide as pro-
coxal cavity, and about 0.5 times the width of
apex of process which is subtriangular with
rounded corners; prosternal process between
procoxae gradually declivous; procoxal cavities
open behind. Meso- and metasternum and sur-
face moderately shining, sparsely and finely
punctate, with dense, short, recumbent, pale pu-
bescence. Metepisternum sparsely clothed with

short, recumbent, pale pubescence, which is
denser posteriorly. Abdomen moderately shin-
ing, finely, shallowly punctate; abdomen with
sparse long, suberect, pale hairs and punctures
each with a short, fine, pale hair; fifth sternite
broadly rounded, slightly longer than preceding
sternite.

Legs with femora pedunculate-clavate; basal
portion of metafemora slightly longer than
metafemoral club; meso- and metafemora moder-
ately arcuate, shining, clothed with sparsely to
moderately densely, recumbent, short, pale pu-
bescence; underside of each femoral club with a
broad, acute triangular tooth; metafemoral teeth
with posterior edge moderately serrate, with
about 20-24 serration “peaks”; each serration
peak with a short, pale, curved hair; metatibiae
strongly sinuate, slightly flattened, about half as
long as metafemora; metatibiae gradually ex-
panded distally, clothed with moderately dense,
fine, recumbent, pale pubescence, becoming
longer and coarser distally (Fig. 17b).

Etymology.—This species is named in memory
of the late Edmund F. Giesbert (1931-1999) who
collected the first known specimen this species.
Edmund’s many contributions to the study of
Neotropical cerambycids are a source of inspira-
tion to us. The epithet is a noun in apposition.

Specimens examined.—Type material: Holo-
type 2 (Fig. 17a), “GUATEMALA, DeEPARTMENTO
DE IZABAL, Cerro Negro Norte, 15°21’'N, 88°41’W,
1180m, 18-19. vii. 2001 DCH, DY, Univ. Calif.
Riverside, Ent. Res. Museum, UCRC ENT 68968”
(UCRC). 12 paratype: GUATEMALA: IzaBat DeE-
PARTMENT, 25 km SE Morales, 900 m, 31-V-2-VI-
1997, E. Giesbert, J. Monzon (FSCA).

Distribution—Known only from Izabal De-
partment, Guatemala (Central America) (Fig. 71).

Remarks.—This species is described from two
females and the male is unknown. The type series
described herein represents the only known spec-
imens and nothing is known about the biology of
this species.

Plectromerus grimaldii Nearns & Branham t
(Figs. 18a, 19a—d, 20b, 20d)

Plectromerus grimaldii Nearns & Branham, 2005: 19.
Diagnosis.—From other congeners, P. grimaldi

is distinguished by the following combination of
characters: the shape and punctation of pronotum

38 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURIINI AND PLECTROMERINI

(widest at middle, alveolate-punctate), the elytral
punctation (dense, coarse), the glabrous prono-
tum and elytra, and the small, non-serrate
metafemoral tooth (Fig. 19c). Curius punctatus and
P. exis also have small metafemoral teeth which
are not serrate, however these species are distin-
guished by having the third antennomere longest
(fifth longest in P. grimaldii) and different pronotal
dimensions: in C. punctatus the pronotum is al-
most as wide as long, in P. exis the pronotum has a
distinct tubercle in the center and the length is
about 1.8 times the width (1.5 times as long as
wide in P. grimaldit).

Plectromerus grimaldti superficially resembles
P. tertiarius in pronotal shape and elytral puncta-
tion. They differ, however, with respect to elytral
apices (subtruncate in P. grimaldii, evenly rounded
in P. tertiarius) and visible abdominal ventrite rela-
tionships (first ventrite as long as next three visible
abdominal ventrites combined in P. grimaldii, first
ventrite slightly longer than next two visible ab-
dominal ventrites combined in P. tertiarius). In ad-
dition, significant differences are seen in anten-
nomere morphology. These differences exceed the
variation in antennal morphology seen in extant
species and across gender in Plectromerus. In P.
grimaldi, the fifth antennomere is about 1.9 times
longer than the tenth (about 1.6 times longer in P.
tertiarius), fifth antennomere about 1.5 times
longer than seventh (about 1.1 times longer in P.
tertiarius). In P. tertiarius, the seventh antennomere
is slightly longer than the sixth (subequal in P.
grimaldii) and the eleventh antennomere is slightly
longer than the tenth (subequal in P. grimaldit). In
addition, antennomeres 5-10 are distinctly pro-
duced externally in P. tertiarius, whereas in P.
grimaldu, antennomeres 6-10 are only moderately
produced externally (Figs. 20b— d). Additional
comments on this species based on a second speci-
men are provided by Vitali (2006).

Specimens examined.—Type material: Holo-
type 2, DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: No. DR-
16-535 (AMNH).

Distribution.—Known only from Dominican
amber fossils, Dominican Republic (Greater An-
tilles) (Fig. 66).

Remarks.—The holotype of P. grimaldii is in-
cluded in a piece of Dominican amber (Oligo-
Miocene). The specimen is amber yellow-brown-
ish, moderately clear; cut and polished to a flat,
oval shape, measuring 18.5 X 15.0 X 8.0 mm.

Specimen is in good condition except damage to
left antenna: antennomere 7 is incomplete, anten-
nomeres 8-11 are missing. Although gender can-
not be determined conclusively, we believe the
holotype of P. grimaldti to be female based on the
evenly, broadly rounded fifth visible abdominal
ventrite and the lack of an irregular patch of
coarse punctures in front of each prosternal coxa
(a male characteristic seen in many extant species
of Plectromerus).

Plectromerus hovorei Nearns & Branham,
new species
(Figs. 22a-c)

Plectromerus n. sp.: Hovore, 2002: 13.

Diagnosis.—From congeners, P. hovorei is dis-
tinguished by the combination of the following
characters: pronotal surface opaque, microsculp-
tured; each elytron with one distinct oblique mac-
ula and one arcuate-transverse band; and
metafemora strongly pedunculate-clavate with
strongly, deeply serrate teeth. Plectromerus hovorei
is most similar to P. giesberti new species (Figs.
17a-c) but is distinguished by the strongly, deeply
serrate teeth with about 10-14 serration “peaks”
(moderately serrate with about 20-24 serration
“peaks” in P. giesberti new species) and the two
distinct maculae per elytron (three distinct macu-
lae per elytron in P. giesberti new species).

Description.—Male. Length 5.8-6.8 mm, width
1.4-1.7 mm (measured across humeri). Habitus as
in Fig. 22a. General form small, narrow, subcylin-
drical. Integument testaceous, with portions of
head, pronotum ferrugineus; each elytron testa-
ceous with two major macular regions as follows:
(1) basal third with a ferrugineus, oblique, narrow,
macula beginning below humerus and reaching
sutural midpoint; (2) apical third with a ferrug-
ineus, arcuate-transverse, narrow, macula.

Head with front nearly flat, transverse, with a
median, shallow line from between eyes to just
beyond vertex; head shallowly concave and
nearly flat between antennal tubercles, which are
slightly raised and separated by about the width
of two antennal sockets; vertex microsculptured,
with scattered, shallow punctures; vertex with
short, recumbent, pale pubescence. Eyes coarsely-
faceted, transverse, subreniform, with shallow in-
dentations around antennal insertions.

<=

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 39

Antennae eleven segmented, slightly longer
than body; scape bowed; third antennomere about
as long as scape, about twice as long as fourth; fifth
antennomere longest, about 3 times longer than
fourth, about 1.5 times longer than third; basal an-
tennomeres subcylindrical, from fifth slightly flat-
tened; apices of antennomeres 6-10 produced ex-
ternally. Scape with short, pale, recumbent
pubescence; antennomeres 2-7 ciliate beneath
with coarse, moderately long, suberect, pale hairs.

Pronotum subcylindrical, about 1.3 times as
long as wide, widest at middle, slightly broader at
apex than base; pronotal sides broadly inflated,
arcuately constricted at basal third, with a slight
inflation just before apex; basal margin moder-
ately arcuate; lateral margins of pronotum with
patch of coarse, deep punctures, and one or two
long, suberect setae anterolaterally. Surface
opaque, microsculptured, sparsely and shallowly
punctate, with a slightly raised median callus;
basal third of disk with one or two long, pale, re-
cumbent setae positioned submedially, arising
from deep punctures.

Scutellum small, rounded, almost as long as
broad, impunctate.

Elytra about 3 times as long as width at
humeri, nearly 3 times as long as pronotal length,
about 1.3 times broader basally than pronotum at
widest point (at middle); elytral sides moderately
sinuate around middle, evenly rounded to apex;
elytral apices individually, broadly rounded; epi-
pleural margin strongly sinuate. Elytral disk mod-
erately concave medially, subsuturally, creating a
distinct costa on each elytron; base of each elytron
slightly raised. Elytral surface strongly shining;
punctation moderately dense, coarse, and deep at
basal third; elytral punctures becoming finer to-
wards apex and sides, almost obsolete at apical
third; each puncture with a short, fine, pale hair.

Venter with prosternum moderately shining;
one irregular patch of coarse, deep punctures in
front of each procoxa (Fig. 22b); narrowest area of
prosternal process between procoxae about 0.2
times as wide as procoxal cavity, and about
0.3 times the width of apex of process which is sub-
triangular with rounded corners; prosternal
process between procoxae gradually declivous;
procoxal cavities open behind. Mesosternum sur-
face moderately shining, sparsely and finely punc-
tate. Metasternum surface moderately shining,
sparsely and finely punctate, with sparse deeper

punctures and suberect, pale hairs interspersed.
Metepisternum sparsely clothed with short, re-
cumbent, pale pubescence, which is denser poste-
riorly. Abdomen strongly shining; finely, shal-
lowly punctate; abdomen with sparse long,
suberect, pale hairs and punctures each with a
short, fine, pale hair; fifth sternite broadly subtrun-
cate, slightly longer than preceding sternite.

Legs with femora pedunculate-clavate;
metafemoral club about as long as base; meso-
and metafemora moderately arcuate, shining,
clothed with sparsely to moderately densely, re-
cumbent, short, pale pubescence; underside of
each femoral club with a broad, acute triangular
tooth; metafemoral teeth with posterior edge
strongly, distinctly serrate, with about 10-14 ser-
ration “peaks”; each serration peak with a short,
pale, curved hair; metatibiae strongly sinuate,
slightly flattened, about 0.7 times as long as
metafemora; metatibiae gradually expanded dis-
tally; clothed with moderately dense, fine, recum-
bent, pale pubescence, becoming longer and
coarser distally (Fig. 22c).

Female. Length 6.2-6.8 mm, width 1.5-1.7 mm
(measured across humeri). Similar to male except
pronotal sides lacking coarse punctures and
prosternum lacking irregular patch of punctures
in front of each procoxa. Abdomen with terminal
sternite evenly, broadly rounded, slightly longer
than preceding sternite.

Etymology.—This species is named in memory
of the late Frank T. Hovore (1945-2006), for his in-
spiration and encouragement, and for making
most of the type series available for study. Frank
unexpectedly passed away during the course of
this research and will be greatly missed by the ce-
rambycid community. The epithet is a noun in ap-
position.

Specimens examined.—Type material: Holo-
type d (Fig. 22a), “HONDURAS: Francisco
Mora4ZAn, El Rincon, 1-XII-1995, R. Turnbow”
(FSCA). Allotype 2, “COSTA RICA: PROVINCE
GUANACASTE, Est. Cacao, 1000-1400m, Lado
suroeste del Volcan Cacao, Malaise trap, 1990, L-N
323300, 375700, INBIO CRI000 070459” (INBio). 15
paratypes as follows: COSTA RICA: GUANACASTE
PROVINCE: Est. Cacao, 1000-1400 m, Lado suroeste
del Volcan Cacao, Malaise Trap, VII-1989-III-1990,
L-N-323300, 375700, INBIO CRI000 258383, 1d
(INBio); same except 258362, 1d (INBio); same ex-
cept 258102, 1 5 (INBio); same except 258096, 1d

40 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURIINI AND PLECTROMERINI

(INBio); same except GNP Biodiv. Survey 247525,
1d (USNM); same except 168806, 12 (ENPC);
same except 258213, 1d (INBio); same except
258079, 12 (INBio); same except 168868, 12 (IN-
Bio); same except 1988- 1989, 103614, 12 (INBio);
same except 073785, 12 (USNM); same except
168807, 1d (INBio); same except Est. Maritza, 600
m, lado O Vol. Orosi, I-IV-1992, L-N 326900,
373000, 377644, 1d (FSCA); same except P. Cam-
pos, II-1992, 888519, 12 (FSCA); same except
377788, 13 (ENPC).

Distribution.—Known from Francisco Mora-
zan Department, Honduras and Guanacaste Pro-
vince, Costa Rica (Central America) (Fig. 66).

Remarks.—This species is described from 17
specimens and the type series described herein
represents the only known specimens. All speci-
mens except the holotype were collected in
Malaise traps, most at 600-1400 m elevation. Ho-
vore (2002) listed this species from Costa Rica and
Thomas et al. (2007) provided a color habitus pho-
tograph of the holotype.

Plectromerus josephi Nearns & Branham,
new species
(Figs. 23a—-c)

Diagnosis.—From congeners, P. josephi is dis-
tinguished by the combination of the following
characters: scape with shallow depression dor-
sally; pronotal disk with moderately raised calli;
and metafemoral teeth weakly serrate (almost
smooth). Plectromerus josephi is most similar to P.
lingafelteri (Figs. 24a-c) but is distinguished by the
moderately raised pronotal disk calli (more
weakly raised in P. lingafelteri), testaceous integu-
ment (darker in P. lingafelteri), and vertex of head
with moderately dense, coarse, shallow puncta-
tion (vertex of head with sparse, smaller, more
shallow punctation in P. lingafelteri).

Description.—Male. Length 5.6-7.0 mm, width
1.3-1.5 mm (measured across humeri). Habitus as
in Fig. 23a. General form small, narrow, subcylin-
drical. Integument testaceous, with portions of
head, pronotum, and antennae ferrugineus; each
elytron testaceous with three major macular re-
gions as follows: (1) basal third with a ferrug-
ineus, oblique, narrow, irregular, vaguely defined,
macula beginning below humerus and reaching
sutural midpoint; (2) a ferrugineus, oblique,
thicker, irregular, vaguely defined, macula from
sutural midpoint to about apical third, not reach-

ing margin; and (3) apical third testaceous, with
narrow, ferrugineus, oblique, irregular, vaguely
defined, macula from just below apical third to
about below suture midpoint.

Head with front nearly flat, transverse, with a
median, shallow line from between eyes to just
beyond vertex; head somewhat concave between
antennal tubercles, which are moderately raised
and separated by the width of about 2.3 antennal
sockets; vertex microsculptured, with dense,
coarse, shallow punctures; vertex with short, re-
cumbent, pale pubescence. Eyes coarsely-faceted,
transverse, subreniform, with shallow indenta-
tions around antennal insertions.

Antennae eleven segmented, slightly longer
than body; scape bowed; third antennomere
slightly longer than scape, nearly twice as long as
fourth; fifth antennomere longest, almost 3 times
longer than fourth; antennomeres 6-10 becoming
progressively shorter; eleventh antennomere
slightly longer than tenth; basal antennomeres
subcylindrical, from fifth slightly flattened; apices
of antennomeres 5-10 produced externally. Scape
with short, pale, recumbent pubescence; scape
with shallow depression dorsally; antennomeres
2-6 ciliate beneath with coarse, moderately long,
suberect, pale hairs.

Pronotum subcylindrical, about 1.5 times as
long as wide, widest at middle, apex about as
wide as base; pronotal sides broadly inflated, ar-
cuately constricted at basal third, with a slight in-
flation just before apex; basal margin slightly ar-
cuate; disk convex, somewhat flattened, with one
moderately raised, median callus immediately
posterior to center, and two moderately raised,
submedial calli slightly anterior to center; disk
with two smaller slightly raised, submedial calli
slightly posterior to center (Fig. 23b); basal third
of disk with two long, pale, recumbent setae posi-
tioned submedially, arising from deep punctures;
lateral margins of pronotum with patch of coarse,
deep punctures, and two long, suberect setae an-
terolaterally. Surface opaque, microsculptured,
feebly shining, with portions of calli granulose.

Scutellum small, rounded, almost as long as
broad, impunctate.

Elytra about 2.8 times as long as width at
humeri, about 2.5 times as long as pronotal length,
about 1.3 times broader basally than pronotum at
widest point (at middle); elytral sides nearly paral-
lel, slightly sinuate around middle, evenly
rounded to apex; each elytron individually, evenly

_—_—————

I

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 41

rounded; epipleural margin moderately sinuate.
Elytral disk slightly concave medially, subsutu-
rally, creating a moderately raised costa on each
elytron; base of each elytron slightly raised. Elytral
surface moderately shining; elytral punctation
moderately dense, coarse, and deep at basal third;
punctures becoming finer towards apex and sides,
almost obsolete at apical third; each puncture with
a short, fine, pale hair.

Venter with prosternum moderately shining;
one irregular patch of coarse, deep punctures in
front of procoxae; narrowest area of prosternal
process between procoxae about 0.2 times as wide
as procoxal cavity, and about 0.5 times the width
of apex of process which is subtriangular with
rounded corners; prosternal process between pro-
coxae gradually declivous; procoxal cavities open
behind. Mesosternum surface moderately shin-
ing, sparsely and finely punctate. Metasternum
surface moderately shining, sparsely and finely
punctate, with sparse deeper punctures and
suberect, pale hairs interspersed. Metepisternum
sparsely clothed with short, recumbent, pale pu-
bescence, which is denser posteriorly. Abdomen
strongly shining; finely, shallowly punctate; ab-
domen with sparse long, suberect, pale hairs and
punctures each with a short, fine, pale hair; fifth
sternite broadly subtruncate, slightly longer than
preceding sternite.

Legs with femora gradually clavate; meta-
femoral club about as long as base; meso- and
metafemora slightly arcuate, shining, clothed
with sparsely to moderately densely, recumbent,
short, pale pubescence; underside of each femoral
club with a broad, acute triangular tooth;
metafemoral teeth with posterior edge nearly
smooth, weakly serrate, with indistinct and irreg-
ular serration “peaks”; metatibiae moderately sin-
uate, slightly flattened, about 0.7 times as long as
metafemora; metatibiae gradually expanded dis-
tally; clothed with moderately dense, fine, recum-
bent, pale pubescence, becoming longer and
coarser distally (Fig. 23c).

Female. Length 9.2 mm; width 2.1 mm (mea-
sured across humeri). Similar to male except
pronotal sides lacking coarse punctures and
prosternum lacking irregular patch of punctures
in front of each procoxa. Abdomen with terminal
sternite evenly, broadly rounded, slightly longer
than preceding sternite.

Etymology.—This species is named in memory
of the first author’s father, Joseph Eugene Nearns

(1929-1988), who enlisted in the US Navy at the
age of 14 during World War II and served aboard
the amphibious attack transport ship USS Pon-
dera (APA-191) as a radioman in the Pacific the-
ater. Joseph remains a role model and inspiration
to EHN. The epithet is a noun in apposition.

Specimens examined.—Type material: Holotype
3 (Fig. 23a), “DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, La
Cumbre de Puerto Plata, 2000’, May 8-9, 1985, E.
Giesbert, Col.” (FSCA). Allotype 2, “DOMINI-
CAN REPUBLIC, Puerto Piats, R.D., La Cumbre,
26-XII-1978, cols. Dominguez-Silfa, M.N.H.N.”
(MNDR, to be deposited at USNM). 2 paratypes:
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: 16, same data as
holotype (ENPC); Puerto PLATA Province: La
Cumbre Research Station, 2000 ft., 8-9-V-1985, J.E.
Wappes, 1d EWC).

Distribution—Known only from Puerto Plata
Province, Dominican Republic (Greater Antilles)
(Fig. 71).

Remarks.—This species is described from four
specimens. The type series described herein repre-
sents the only known specimens and nothing is
known about the biology of this species. Thomas
et al. (2007) provided a color habitus photograph
of the holotype.

Plectromerus lingafelteri Micheli & Nearns
(Figs. 24a—c, 25a)

Plectromerus lingafelteri Micheli & Nearns, 2005: 25

Diagnosis.—This species is distinguished from
the presently known congeners by the combina-
tion of the following characters: the opaque, mi-
crosculptured, finely punctate pronotum, the
smooth metafemoral tooth, and the elytral macu-
lation. At first glance, P. lingafelteri resembles P.
dentipes (Fig. 9a) but P. dentipes has a shiny prono-
tum, the metafemoral tooth is serrate, and the ely-
tral apex is moderately subtruncate (rounded in P.
lingafelteri). Another species with a rather intricate
elytral pattern is P. exis (Fig. 14a), but P. lingafelteri
is easily recognized by the shape and length of the
pronotum, the length of the third antennomere,
and the elytral punctation. In P. exis, the pronotum
has a distinct tubercle in the center and the length
is about 1.8 times the width (1.5 to 1.6 in P. lingafel-
teri), the third antennomere is distinctly longer
than the scape (subequal in P. lingafelteri), and the
elytral dark areas are opaque and microsculp-
tured (not so in P. lingafelteri).

42 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURIINI AND PLECTROMERINI

Specimens examined.—Type material: Holo-
type 6 (Fig. 24a), “DOMINICAN REPUBLIC,
Pico Duarte Trail, 3300 ft., Los Tablones, beating,
19°08.222'N, 70°27.736'W, 29 June 2004, S. Lin-
gafelter” (USNM). Allotype 2, “DOMINICAN
REPUBLIC, PEDERNALES PROVINCE, PN Sierra
Baoruco, Las Abejas, 18°09.011’N, 71°37.342'W,
1150 meters, 11 July 2004, blacklight, C. J. Micheli,
col.” (USNM). 14 paratypes as follows: DOMINI-
CAN REPUBLIC: Azua PROvINCE: E side of crest,
Sierra Martin Garcia, 7 km WNW Barrero,
18-21N, 70-58W, 860 m, cloud forest adjacent to
disturbed forest, 25—26-VII-1992, C. Young, R.
Davidson, S. Thompson, J. Rawlins, 12 (CMNH).
BARAHONA PROVINCE: 4.5 km S Barahona, 22-V-
1992, R. Turnbow, 1d (RHTC). Haro Mayor
PROVINCE: Parque Nacional Los Haitises,
bosque humido, W Sabana del Mar, 1-2-IV-1992,
M. Ivie, D. Sikes, Lanier, 26 (WIBF). LA VEGA
PROVINCE: same data as holotype, except day col-
lected, 16 (USNM); same except Pico Duarte
Trail, Ciénaga to Los Tablones, beating,
19°08.222’N, 70°27.736'W, 29-VI-2004, Cl.
Micheli, 26 (JAMC); same except 3300 ft., Los
Tablones, blacklighting, 17-VII-2004, S.W. Lin-
gafelter, 2d, 12 (USNM). PEDERNALES PROVINCE:
Parque Nacional Sierra Baoruco, Las Abejas, 1150
m, 18°09.011’N, 71°37.342'’W, ex. dead log with
white fungus, 11-VII-2004, S. Lingafelter, 1d, 1°
(USNM); same except 25.5 km N Cabo Rojo, 21-V-
1992, R. Turnbow, 16 (RHTC); same except 12-21-
V-1992, M.C. Thomas, 16 (FSCA).

Distribution.—Known from Azua, Barahona,
La Vega, and Pedernales Provinces, Dominican
Republic (Greater Antilles) (Fig. 66).

Remarks.—The intensity and breadth of macu-
lations seem to be variable among specimens.
Some specimens are mostly ferrugineus without
any dark areas but with the described light elytral
pattern. Lingafelter et al. (2007) provided a color
habitus photograph of the holotype.

Plectromerus michelii Nearns & Branham,
new species
(Figs. 26a-c)

Diagnosis.—From congeners, P. michelii is dis-
tinguished by the combination of the following
characters: elytra with scattered long, suberect se-
tae; pronotal disk microsculptured with dense,
shallow punctation; and metafemoral teeth
weakly, irregularly serrate. This species is similar

to P. wappesi and P. unidentatus in several charac-
ters including antennal segment proportions,
pronotal disk punctation, shape of elytral apices,
and metafemoral and metatibial shape. However,
P. michelii is easily be distinguished from P. uniden-
tatus by the scattered long, suberect setae on the
elytra (elytra without long, suberect setae P.
unidentatus), and from P. wappesi by the weakly, ir-
regularly serrate metafemoral teeth (moderately,
evenly serrate in P. wappesi), and lack of scattered
long, suberect setae on scape, pronotal disk, and
metafemora (scape, pronotal disk, and meta-
femora with long, suberect setae in P. wappesi).

Description.—Female. Length 6.7 mm, width
1.5 mm (measured across humeri). Habitus as in
Fig. 26a. General form small, narrow, subcylindri-
cal. Integument testaceous, with portions of an-
tennae, and pronotum ferrugineus; head dark
reddish-brown; each elytron testaceous with two
vaguely defined macular regions as follows:
(1) basal third with one narrow, transverse, fer-
rugineus, macula not reaching epipleural mar-
gins, and (2) apical third with one thicker, subcir-
cular, ferrugineus, macula not reaching epipleural
margins.

Head with front nearly flat, transverse, with a
median, shallow line from between eyes to just
beyond vertex; head nearly flat and slightly con-
cave between antennal tubercles, which are sepa-
rated by about the width of two antennal sockets;
vertex microsculptured, with dense, shallow
punctures; vertex with short, recumbent, pale pu-
bescence. Eyes coarsely-faceted, transverse, sub-
reniform, with shallow indentations around an-
tennal insertions.

Antennae eleven segmented, about as long as
body; scape bowed; third antennomere about as
long as scape, a little longer than fourth; fifth an-
tennomere longest, about twice as long as fourth,
about 1.5 times as long as third; basal anten-
nomeres subcylindrical, from fifth slightly flat-
tened; apices of antennomeres 5-8 slightly pro-
duced externally (antennomeres 9-11 missing on
left antenna, and 5-11 missing on right). Scape
with short, pale, recumbent pubescence; anten-
nomeres 2—7 ciliate beneath with coarse, moder-
ately long, suberect, pale hairs.

Pronotum subcylindrical, about 1.3 times as
long as wide, widest at middle, about as wide at
base as apex; pronotal sides slightly inflated,
slightly constricted at basal third, and a slight in-
flation just before apex; basal margin slightly ar-

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 43,

cuate; disk convex, somewhat flattened, with two
slightly raised, submedial inflations slightly ante-
rior to center, and two smaller slightly raised, sub-
medial inflations slightly posterior to center; lat-
eral margins of pronotum without patch of coarse,
deep punctures; lateral margins with one long, re-
cumbent seta anterolaterally. Surface opaque, mi-
crosculptured, slightly shining, with dense, shal-
low punctation, basal third of disk with two long,
pale, recumbent setae positioned submedially,
arising from deep punctures.

Scutellum small, rounded, almost as long as
broad, impunctate.

Elytra about 2.8 times as long as width at
humeri, about 2.8 times as long as pronotal length,
about 1.3 times broader basally than pronotum at
widest point (at middle); elytral sides nearly paral-
lel, slightly sinuate, evenly rounded to apex; ely-
tral apices individually rounded, nearly subtrun-
cate; epipleural margin slightly sinuate (Fig. 26c).
Elytral disk slightly concave medially, subsutu-
rally, creating a faint costa on each elytron; base of
each slightly raised. Elytral surface moderately
shining; punctation moderately dense, coarse, and
deep at basal third; punctures becoming finer to-
wards apex and sides, almost obsolete at apical
third; punctures each with a short, fine, pale, re-
cumbent hair, with scattered long, suberect setae
(each about as long as scape) (Fig. 26c).

Venter with prosternum moderately shining;
with scattered, coarse, shallow punctation; nar-
rowest area of prosternal process between pro-
coxae about 0.2 times as wide as procoxal cavity,
and about 0.5 times the width of apex of process
which is subtriangular with rounded corners;
prosternal process between procoxae gradually
declivous; procoxal cavities open behind. Meso-
sternum surface moderately shining, sparsely
punctate with coarse, shallow punctures. Meta-
sternum surface moderately shining, with moder-
ately dense, deep punctures, with a few suberect,
pale hairs interspersed. Metepisternum sparsely
clothed with short, recumbent, pale pubescence,
which is denser posteriorly. Abdomen moderately
shining; finely, shallowly punctate, with scattered
coarse punctures; abdomen with sparse long,
suberect, pale hairs and punctures each with a
short, fine, pale hair; fifth sternite broadly
rounded, slightly longer than preceding sternite.

Legs with femora pedunculate-clavate; meta-
femoral club slightly longer than base; meso- and
metafemora slightly arcuate, shining, clothed

with sparse, recumbent, short, pale pubescence;
underside of each femoral club with a broad,
acute triangular tooth; metafemoral teeth with
posterior edge weakly, shallowly serrate, with
about 16 irregular serration “peaks”; each peak
with a short, curved, pale hair; metatibiae nearly
straight, slightly sinuate, slightly flattened, about
0.7 times long as metafemora; metatibiae gradu-
ally expanded distally; clothed with moderately
dense, fine, recumbent, pale pubescence, becom-
ing longer and coarser distally (Fig. 26b).
Etymology.—This species is named in honor of
Julio A. Micheli, professor of fine arts and fore-
most expert on the cerambycid fauna of Puerto
Rico, for his friendship, encouragement, and ad-
vice. The epithet is a noun in apposition.
Specimens examined.—Type material: Holo-
type 2 (Fig. 26a), “CAYMAN ISLANDS, Granp
CayMan, West Bay (Town Hall Cresent), 21-VII-1-
VIII-1986, Diderot Gicca, blacklight trap” (FSCA).
Paratype: 12, CAYMAN ISLANDS, Granp Cay-
MAN, 24-II-1962, C.B. Lewis, P. Price (MZSP).
Distribution—Known only from Grand Cay-
man, Cayman Islands (Greater Antilles) (Fig. 69).
Remarks.—This species is described from two
female specimens, one collected in a blacklight
trap. The type series described herein represents
the only known specimens and nothing is known
about the biology of this species. Thomas et al.
(2007) provided a color habitus photograph of the
holotype.

Plectromerus morrisi Nearns & Branham,
new species
(Figs. 27a—d)

Diagnosis.—This species is unusual among
Plectromerus species in having the procoxal cavities
narrowly open behind (Fig. 52b), similar only to P.
dominicanus. From congeners, P. morrisi is distin-
guished by the combination of the following char-
acters: pronotal disk opaque, moderately granu-
lose; elytral apices individually, sinuately
rounded; and metafemoral teeth strongly, deeply
serrate. This species is most similar to P. wappesi but
differs from it in having the pronotal disk some-
what wrinkled, nearly granulose (microsculptured
with dense, round, shallow punctation in P.
wappesi), strongly, deeply serrate metafemoral
teeth (moderately, evenly serrate in P. wappesi), and
elytra apices individually, sinuately rounded
(jointly rounded to subtruncate in P. wappesi).

44 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURIINI AND PLECTROMERINI

Description.—Female. Length 5.0-6.8 mm;
width 1.1-1.5 mm (measured across humeri).
Habitus as in Fig. 27a. General form small, nar-
row, subcylindrical. Integument testaceous, with
portions of head, pronotum, elytra, and femoral
apices ferrugineus.

Head with front nearly flat, transverse, with a
median, shallow line from between eyes to just
beyond vertex; head slightly concave between an-
tennal tubercles, which are slightly raised and
separated by the width of about two antennal
sockets; vertex microsculptured, with dense, shal-
low punctures; vertex with short, recumbent, pale
pubescence. Eyes coarsely-faceted, transverse,
ovate, with shallow indentations around antennal
insertions.

Antennae eleven segmented, slightly longer
than body; scape bowed; third antennomere
about as long as scape, about 1.5 times longer than
fourth; fifth antennomere longest, slightly more
than twice as long as fourth, about 1.5 times
longer than third, only slightly longer than sixth
and seventh; eleventh slightly longer than tenth,
about as long as scape; basal antennomeres sub-
cylindrical, from fifth slightly flattened; apices of
antennomeres 6-10 produced externally. Scape
with short, pale, recumbent pubescence; anten-
nomeres 2-5 ciliate beneath with coarse, moder-
ately long, suberect, pale hairs.

Pronotum subcylindrical, about 1.5 times as
long as wide, widest at middle, slightly broader at
apex than base; pronotal sides broadly inflated,
arcuately constricted at basal third, and a slight
inflation just before apex; basal margin slightly ar-
cuate; disk convex, with scattered, long, suberect,
pale hairs; basal third of disk with two long, pale,
recumbent setae positioned submedially, arising
from deep punctures; pronotal sides lacking
coarse punctures; lateral sides of pronotum with
two long, suberect setae anterolaterally. Surface
opaque, slightly shining; pronotal disk somewhat
wrinkled, moderately granulose.

Scutellum small, rounded, almost as long as
broad, impunctate.

Elytra about 2.8 times as long as width at
humeri, about 2.3 times as long as pronotal length,
about 1.3 times broader basally than pronotum at
widest point (at middle); elytral sides slightly sin-
uate around middle, evenly rounded to apex; ely-
tral apices individually, sinuately rounded; epi-
pleural margin strongly sinuate. Elytral disk

slightly concave medially, subsuturally, creating a
faint costa on each elytron; base of each elytron
slightly raised. Elytral surface strongly shining;
punctation moderately dense, coarse, and deep at
basal third; punctures becoming finer towards
apex and sides, almost obsolete at apical third;
each puncture with a short, fine, pale hair; elytra
with scattered, long, suberect, pale hairs.

Venter with prosternum strongly shining; lack-
ing irregular patch of punctures in front of each
procoxa; narrowest area of prosternal process be-
tween procoxae about 0.2 times as wide as pro-
coxal cavity, and about 0.3 times the width of apex
of process which is subtriangular with rounded
corners; prosternal process between procoxae
gradually declivous; procoxal cavities narrowly
open behind (Fig. 27b). Meso- and metasternum
surface strongly shining, sparsely and finely
punctate. Metepisternum sparsely clothed with
short, recumbent, pale pubescence, which is
denser posteriorly. Abdomen strongly shining,
sparsely and finely punctate, abdomen with two
long, suberect, pale hairs per sternite; fifth sternite
evenly, broadly rounded, about 1.5 times longer
than preceding sternite.

Legs with femora pedunculate-clavate; meta-
femoral club slightly longer than base; meso- and
metafemora slightly arcuate, shining, clothed
with sparsely to moderately densely, recumbent,
short, pale pubescence and with sparse, scattered,
suberect, pale hairs arising from shallow punc-
tures; underside of each femoral club with a
broad, acute triangular tooth; metafemoral teeth
with posterior edge strongly, deeply serrate, with
about 14-17 serration “peaks”; each peak with a
short, curved, pale hair; metatibiae moderately
sinuate slightly flattened, about 0.5 times as long
as metafemora; metatibiae gradually expanded
distally; clothed with moderately dense, fine, re-
cumbent, pale pubescence, becoming longer and
coarser distally (Fig. 27d).

Male. Length 6.2 mm, width 1.4 mm (mea-
sured across humeri). Similar to female except
prosternum with one irregular patch of coarse,
deep punctures in front of each procoxa (Fig. 27c);
lateral margins of pronotum with patch of coarse,
deep punctures. Abdomen with terminal sternite
fifth sternite broadly subtruncate, slightly longer
than preceding sternite.

Etymology.—We take pleasure in naming this
species for Roy F. Morris II, for his friendship, ad-

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 45

vice, and companionship on many collecting
trips. Roy has collected extensively in the Nearctic
and Neotropics and has contributed greatly to our
knowledge of Cerambycidae. The epithet is a
noun in apposition.

Specimens examined.—Type material: Holo-
type (Fig. 27a), “PANAMA, Pan. Pr., 12 km N
El Llano, 24 Jan 1993, ET. Hovore, col.” (USNM).
Allotype <4, “PANAMA, Pma Province, Cerro
Campana 850m, 8°40’N, 79°56’W, 12 Mar. “71, W.
Biven” (USNM). 3 paratypes as_ follows:
PANAMA: Coc té PROVINCE, El Valle, 1-III-1992, E.
Giesbert, 12 (FSCA). PANAMA PROVINCE: Liano-
Carti Rd., Km-9, elevation 350 m, 16-II-91, Stock-
well, 12 (ENPC); same except Canal Zone, Dia-
blo, 2-IV-78, Wm. Biven, 12 (RFMC).

Distribution —Known from Coclé and Panama
Provinces, Panama (Central America) (Fig. 70).

Remarks.—This species is described from one
male and four females. The type series described
herein represents the only known specimens and
nothing is known about the biology of this
species. A female specimen was chosen as the
holotype since the only male specimen known is
damaged (left antenna missing antennomeres
4-11). Lingafelter et al. (2007) provided a color
habitus photograph of the holotype.

Plectromerus navassae Nearns & Steiner
(Figs. 28a, 28d—g)

Plectromerus navassae Nearns & Steiner, 2006: 63.

Diagnosis.—This species is distinctive from
the known congeners and can be distinguished by
the combination of the following characters: the
alveolate-punctate pronotum, the presence of
long, suberect hairs on elytra, apical half of elytra
and abdominal segments dark brown or black,
and moderately serrate metafemoral teeth. Three
other known species, P. distinctus (Fig. 11a), P. fas-
ciatus (Fig. 15a), and P. wappesi (Fig. 36a) also pos-
sess long, suberect elytral hairs and serrate
metafemoral teeth. From P. distinctus, the new
species can easily be recognized by the alveolate-
punctate pronotum (granulose punctures in P. dis-
tinctus) and elytral coloration (elytra with small,
ferrugineus fasciae in P. distinctus and P. fasciatus).
From P. wappesi, the new species can easily be rec-
ognized by elytral coloration (elytra with small,
ferrugineus fasciae in P. wappesi). The clavate

metafemora and slightly sinuate metatibiae in P.
navassae (Fig. 28g) are somewhat similar to P. dis-
tinctus (Fig. 28h) but differ significantly from
P. wappesi which possess pedunculate-clavate
metafemora and more strongly sinuate metatibiae
(Fig. 28i).

Specimens examined.—Type material: Holo-
type 6 (Fig. 28a), “NAVASSA ISLAND, near
lighthouse, 80 m., 18°23.82'N, 75°00.74'’W, 3 Au-
gust 1998, Collrs. W.E. Steiner, J.M. Swearingen, et
al., at black light in open weedy scrub near mixed
forest (Ficus, Metopium, Thrinax) on limestone and
red oolitic soil” (USNM). Allotype, 2, “NAVASSA
ISLAND, central forest area, 70 m., 18°24.08'N,
75°00.69’W, 28 July 1998, Collrs. W.E. Steiner, J.M.
Swearingen, et al., at black light in gap of mixed
forest (Ficus, Metopium, Thrinax) on limestone”
(USNM). 15 paratypes as follows: NAVASSA IS-
LAND: same data as allotype, 12 (USNM); same
except central forest area, 70 m, 18°23.99'N,
75°00.67'W, 26-VII-4-VIII-1998, Malaise trap in
gap of mixed forest (Ficus, Metopium, Coccoloba,
Sideroxylon, Thrinax) on limestone, W.E. Steiner,
J.M. Swearingen, et al., 2d (USNM); same except
central forest area, 1d (UCRC); near lighthouse,
80 m, 18°23.82'N, 75°00.74'W, 24 July-4 Aug. 1998,
taken in Malaise trap, edge of open weedy scrub
and mixed forest (Ficus, Metopium, Thrinax) on
limestone, 16,12 (FSCA); same except near light-
house, 80 m, 26-VII-1998, at black light, on lime-
stone and red oolitic soil, 1d [dissected] (ENPC);
same except 31-VII-1998, 12 (ENPC); same except
2-VIII-1998, 12 (CMNH); same except E end of
east savanna, 65 m, 18°23.75'N, 75°00.52’W, 1-
VIII-1998, 15 (CMNH); same except forest west of
lighthouse, 75 m, 18°23.91'N, 75°00.81'W, 30-VII-
4-VIII-1998, Malaise trap in moist depression of
mixed interior forest (Ficus, Sideroxylon, Metopium,
Coccoloba), 12 (EMEC); same except 30-VII-1998,
at black light, 22 (AMNH, WIBF); same except
bluff of SW rim, 65 m, 18°23.75’N, 75°00.94’W,
25-30-VII-1998, Malaise trap in open mixed forest
(Ficus, Metopium, Coccoloba) at rim of upper ter-
race on limestone and red oolitic soil, 1 @
(TAMU); same except 7-V-1999, S. Navarro, 1 ¢
(USNM).

Distribution—Known only from Navassa Is-
land (Greater Antilles) (Fig. 69).

Remarks.—Plectromerus navassae is believed to
be endemic to Navassa Island and the type series
represents the only known specimens. Lingafelter

46 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURIINI AND PLECTROMERINI

et al. (2007) provided a color habitus photograph
of the holotype.

Plectromerus navassae is recorded from the fol-
lowing plants: Sideroxylon foetidissimum Jacquin
(Sapotaceae), Ficus populnea Willdenow var. brevi-
folia (Nuttall) Warb (Moraceae), Coccoloba diversifo-
lia Jacquin (Polygonaceae), Metopium brownei
(Jacquin) (Anacardiaceae), Thrinax Sw. (Are-
caceae).

Plectromerus ornatus Fisher
(Figs. 29a-c)

Plectromerus ornatus Fisher, 1947: 34.

Diagnosis——From congeners, P. ornatus is dis-
tinguished by the combination of the following
characters: antennomeres 5-11 equal to or longer
than third; pronotum microsculptured, with scat-
tered, large, shallow punctures; pronotum with
distinct, small dark maculae; metafemoral gradu-
ally clavate; metafemoral teeth small, not serrate.

Specimens examined.—Type material: Holo-
type do (Fig. 29a), “CUBA, OrtenTE, Moa, Nov.
3-16 / 45, J. Acufia, Col, Type. No. 58119
U.S.N.M.” (USNM).

Other specimens: CUBA: MATANZAS PROVINCE,
Ciénaga Zapata, at Playa Larga, collected in
Malaise trap, 11—-12-II-1981, P. Spangler, A. Vega,
2¢ (WIBE).

Distribution—Known from Holguin and Ma-
tanzas Provinces, Cuba (Greater Antilles) (Fig. 69).

Remarks.—Fisher (1947) described this small
species (approximately 5.5 mm) from a single
male specimen and Lingafelter et al. (2007) pro-
vided a color habitus photograph of the holotype.
This species is rarely collected and only three
specimens were available for study (including
two females collected in Malaise traps). No speci-
mens were available for study in the three largest
collections in Cuba (FDZC, IESC, MNHN) and
Zayas (1975) stated that he had never collected it.

Plectromerus pinicola Zayas
(Figs. 30a—c)

Plectromerus pinicola Zayas, 1975: 125.

Diagnosis.—From congeners, P. pinicola is dis-
tinguished by the combination of the following
characters: strongly shining integument; meta-
femora with teeth weakly serrate, nearly smooth;

metatibiae nearly straight (Fig. 30c). This species
is most similar to P. pumilus but is easily distin-
guished by its larger size, lack of two dark prono-
tal maculae (present in P. pumilus), and prosterna
in males with patch of coarse punctures in front of
procoxae (prosterna in males without one distinct
patch of coarse punctures in front of each procoxa
in P. pumilus).

Redescription.—Male. Length 6.0-6.7 mm,
width 1.5-1.6 mm (measured across humeri).
Habitus as in Fig. 30a. General form small, nar-
row, subcylindrical. Integument testaceous, with
head, basal antennomeres, portions of pronotum
ferrugineus; each elytron testaceous with three
major macular regions as follows: (1) basal third
with a ferrugineus, arcuate, broad, irregular mac-
ula beginning below humerus and not reaching
elytral suture; (2) a ferrugineus, transverse, nar-
row macula not reaching elytral suture; and (3)
apical third testaceous, almost entirely occupied
by a large, ferrugineus, irregular macula.

Head with front nearly flat, transverse, with a
median, shallow line from between eyes to just
beyond vertex; head slightly concave between an-
tennal tubercles, which are slightly raised and
separated by about the width of two antennal
sockets; vertex weakly microsculptured, with
scattered, deep punctures; vertex with short, re-
cumbent, pale pubescence. Eyes coarsely-faceted,
transverse, subreniform, with shallow indenta-
tions around antennal insertions.

Antennae eleven segmented, slightly longer
than body; scape bowed; third antennomere
about as long as scape, almost twice as long as
fourth; fifth antennomere longest, about 2.5 times
longer than fourth, about 1.5 times longer than
third; antennomeres 6-10 becoming progressively
shorter; eleventh slightly longer than tenth; basal
antennomeres subcylindrical, from third moder-
ately flattened; apices of antennomeres 5—10 pro-
duced externally. Antennae with short, recum-
bent, pale pubescence; antennomeres 2-11 ciliate
above and beneath with coarse, short, suberect,
pale hairs.

Pronotum subcylindrical, about 1.3 times as
long as wide, widest at middle, slightly broader at
apex than base; pronotal sides slightly inflated, ar-
cuately constricted at basal third, with a slight in-
flation just before apex; basal margin slightly ar-
cuate; disk convex; each side of pronotum with
patch of coarse, deep punctures laterally. Basal
third of disk with one long, pale, recumbent seta

ae

—=—

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 47

positioned submedially, arising from a deep
puncture; one long, recumbent seta anterolater-
ally. Surface weakly microsculptured, sparsely,
finely, shallowly punctate, strongly shining.

Scutellum small, rounded, almost as long as
broad, impunctate.

Elytra about 2.7 times as long as width at
humeri, about 2.7 times as long as pronotal
length, about 1.3 times broader basally than
pronotum at widest point (at middle); elytral
sides nearly parallel, evenly rounded to apex; ely-
tral apices broadly rounded; epipleural margin
moderately sinuate. Elytral disk slightly concave
medially, subsuturally, creating a faint costa on
each elytron; base of each elytron slightly raised.
Elytral surface strongly shining; punctation mod-
erately dense, coarse, and deep at basal third;
punctures becoming finer towards apex and
sides, almost obsolete at apical third; each punc-
ture with a short, fine, pale hair.

Venter with prosternum strongly shining; one
irregular patch of coarse, deep punctures in front
of each procoxa; narrowest area of prosternal
process between procoxae about 0.2 times as wide
as procoxal cavity, and about 0.5 times the width
of apex of process which is subtriangular with
rounded corners; procoxal cavities open behind.
Mesosternum surface strongly shining, sparsely
and finely punctate. Metasternum surface
strongly shining, sparsely and finely punctate,
with few deeper punctures and suberect, pale
hairs interspersed. Metepisternum sparsely
clothed with short, recumbent, pale pubescence,
which is denser posteriorly. Abdomen strongly
shining; finely, shallowly punctate; abdomen with
sparse, long, suberect, pale hairs and punctures
each with a short, fine, pale hair; fifth sternite
broadly subtruncate, about as long as preceding
sternite.

Legs with femora gradually clavate; meso- and
metafemora slightly arcuate, shining, clothed
with sparsely to moderately densely, recumbent,
short, pale pubescence; underside of each femoral
club with a broad, acute triangular tooth with
posterior edge nearly smooth, weakly serrate,
with irregular, indistinct “peaks”; meso- and
metatibiae nearly straight; metatibiae clothed
with moderately dense, fine, recumbent, pale pu-
bescence, becoming longer and coarser distally
(Fig. 30c).

Female. Similar to male except pronotal sides
lacking coarse punctures and prosternum lacking

irregular patch of punctures in front of procoxae.
Abdomen with terminal sternite evenly, broadly
rounded, slightly longer than preceding sternite.

Specimens examined.—Type material: Lecto-
type d, “CUBA, P. Rio, Hochmut, Malas Aguas,
det F. de Zayas, 3-1969” (FDZC) [designated by
Nearns et al., 2006: 2].

Other material: CUBA: PINAR Det Rio
PROVINCE: 12 1/2 K., S of Pinar Rio, 12—23-IX-13,
236 (AMNH, USNM); same except Bermejales,
Pinar Galalon, Los Palacios, Pinus tropicalis,
1980-1981, IV-III Marz, 1d (IESC); same except
(Morelet), V-IV Apr., 22 (IESC); same except VII-
II May, 1d (IESC); same except Malas Aguas, III-
1969, Hochmut, 3 specimens [gender undeter-
mined] (FDZC); same except El Moncada, Vinales,
15-V-2003, Sergio Devesa, 1 specimen [gender un-
determined] (SDPC).

Distribution—Known only from Pinar del Rio
Province, Cuba (Greater Antilles) (Fig. 69).

Remarks.—Plectromerus pinicola is endemic to
Cuba and known only from Pinar del Rio
Province in the western portion of the island. Za-
yas (1975) stated that this species was reared from
cut pine branches and label data indicates that Pi-
nus L. (Pinaceae) is a probable host. Nearns (2006)
listed P. pinicola and Nearns et al. (2006) studied
the four specimens in the syntype series at the
FDZC, designated the lectotype, and provided a
color habitus photograph of the lectotype.

Plectromerus pumilus Cazier & Lacey
(Figs. 31a—d)

Plectromerus pumilus Cazier & Lacey, 1952: 33.
Pentomacrus fasciatus: Zayas, 1975: 127. Misidentifica-
tion.

Diagnosis.—From congeners, P. pumilus is sep-
arated by the combination of the following char-
acters: pronotal disk with two distinct, small,
round, dark, granulose maculae; strongly shining
integument; males with lateral margins of prono-
tum with patch of coarse punctures, but proster-
num without patch of coarse punctures in front of
procoxae (Fig. 31c); and metafemora with teeth
nearly smooth, weakly serrate (Fig. 31d). This
species is similar to P. dentipes but is easily distin-
guished by the two dark pronotal maculae (absent
in P. dentipes); metafemoral teeth with edge nearly
smooth, weakly serrate (metafemoral tooth
slightly serrate to moderately serrate in P. den-

48 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURIINI AND PLECTROMERINI

tipes); prosterna in males lacking patch of coarse
punctures in front of procoxae (prosterna in males
with one distinct patch of coarse punctures in
front of each procoxa in P. dentipes).

Specimens examined.—Type material: Holo-
type 6 (Fig. 31a), “BAHAMAS, SoutH Bimini Is-
LAND, B.W.L., June 1951, M. Cazier, C. & P. Vaurie
collectors” (AMNH).

Other material. BAHAMAS: Anpros ISLAND:
Behring Point, 8-VI-2001, R. Turnbow, 22
(RHTC); same except 5-VI-2004, 13, 1 (RHTC);
same except 5-VI-2004, M.C. Thomas, 12 (FSCA);
same except beating, 8-VI-2001, 12 (FSCA); same
except Maidenhair Coppice, 11-VI-2004, 192
(FSCA); same except Bowen Sounds, 8-VI-2001,
1d EWC); same except Maidenhair Coppice, 4-
VI1-2001, 1d (RHTC); same except Money Point, 7-
VI1-2004, 13 (RHTC); same except Mastic Point, 9-
VI-2004, 16 (RHTC); same except Forfar Field
Station, 6-VI-2004, 12 (RHTC). ELEUTHERA ISLAND:
Rainbow Bay, Malaise trap, 1-VII-1987, D.B. &
R.W. Wiley, 1¢,52 (FSCA); same except 11-XI-19-
XII-1986, 16 (FSCA); same except XI-1986, J.R.
Wiley, 15, 12 (FSCA); same except 5—10-XI-1986,
J.R. Wiley, 22 (FSCA); same except 16—26-X-1985,
12 (FSCA); same except 21-X-1985, 1d (FSCA).
Exuma IsLAND: Hummingbird Cay, W of George-
town, 11-VI-1968, B.K. Dozier, 1¢, 12 (FSCA).
NEW PROVIDENCE ISLAND: 5 miles E Clifton Pier,
10-11-IV-65, B.D. Valentine & R.W. Hamilton, 1d
(WIBF). RaGceD ISLAND RANGE: Buena Vista Cay,
22-III-65, B.D. Valentine & R.D. Hamilton, 1d
(WIBF). SouTH BIMINI ISLAND: 14-VI-1967, B.K.
Dozier, 2d, 12 (FSCA, EMEC); same except 15-
V1-1967, B.K. Dozier, 2d, 12 (FSCA). CUBA: La
HABANA PROVINCE: Camping Penas Blancas, Jiba-
coa, Santa Cruz del Norte, a la luz (250 W vapor
Hg), 7-IV-2003, Sergio Devesa, 2 specimens [gen-
der undetermined] (SDPC); same except Boca de
Canasi, 24-IX-2004, 1 specimen [gender undeter-
mined] (SDPC). MATANZAS PROVINCE: Ciénaga de
Zapata, V-1962, F. de Zayas, 1 specimen [gender
undetermined] (FDZC). PINAR DEL RIo PROVINCE:
Pen. Guanacahabibes, VII-1955, F. de Zayas, 3
specimens [gender undetermined] (FDZC); same
except V-53, P. Mendoza, 1 specimen [gender un-
determined] (FDZC).

Distribution.—Known from Bahamas (Andros
Island, Eleuthera, Exuma, New Providence, Rag-
ged Island Group, and South Bimini) and Cuba,
new country record (La Habana, Matanzas, Pinar
del Rio Provinces) (Greater Antilles) (Fig. 72).

Remarks.—This species has been collected at
lights, beating vegetation, and in Malaise traps.
Vitali (2004) correctly noted that Zayas’ (1975) list-
ing of P. fasciatus from Cuba was instead P. pumilus
(e.g. Fig. 31b). Zayas (1975) stated that this species
was not commonly collected in Cuba and did not
list any host information.

Plectromerus pumilus is the smallest species in
the genus, ranging in size from 3.5-5.2 mm in
length. Male specimens examined measured:
length 3.5-5.1 mm, width 0.9-1.2 mm (measured
across humeri); female specimens examined
measured: length 3.8-5.2 mm, width 0.9-1.3 mm
(measured across humeri).

Plectromerus ramosi Micheli & Nearns
(Figs. 24d—h, 25b)

Plectromerus ramosi Micheli & Nearns, 2005: 30.
Plectromerus sp.: Chalumeau & Touroult, 2005b: 113.

Diagnosis.—This species can be confused with
P. serratus is be distinguished by the punctation of
the pronotum: in P. serratus, the pronotum is im-
punctate and dull, whereas P. ramosi has a shiny
pronotum and distinct punctation. Also, the fifth
antennomere in P. serratus (Fig. 24i) is distinctly
pronounced externally at apex whereas in P.
ramosi (Fig. 24h) it is only slightly expanded.
Some small, light specimens of P. ramosi are simi-
lar to P. distinctus but the latter species has long,
suberect hairs on the elytra and granulose punc-
tures on the pronotum, both lacking in P. ramoszi.
From other congeners, P. ramosi is distinguished
by the following combination of characters: the
shape and punctation of pronotum (widest at
middle, shallow, moderately coarse punctures),
the punctation and macular pattern of elytra, the
glabrous pronotum and elytra, and the serrate
metafemoral tooth.

Specimens examined.—Type material: Holo-
type ¢, “PUERTO RICO, Maricao, Rd. 120, Km.
13.8, 26-IV-1980, J. & N. Micheli, col., beating fo-
liage” (USNM). Allotype 2, “PUERTO RICO,
Maricao, Rd. 120, Km. 15.9, ex twigs Eugenia nr.
ligustrina, col. 17-X-1981, emerged XII-81, J.
Micheli, col.” (USNM). 56 paratypes as follows:
same data as holotype, 12 (JAMC); same except
beating dead foliage, 3-V-1980, J. Micheli, 16
(JAMC); same except 10-V-1980, 16 (JAMC); same
except km 15.9, ex twigs Eugenia near ligustrina,
collected 17-X-1981, emerged XI-81, J. Micheli, 3d

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 49

(JAMC, ENPC); same except emerged XII-81, 14d,
22 AMC, USNM, ENPC; 2 dissected); same ex-
cept emerged II-82, 1d, 12 (JAMC); same except
IlI-82, 46, 42 (JAMC, ENPC; 1 dissected); same
except km 15.9, 18-X-1981, beating foliage, J.
Micheli, 1d (JAMC); same except Water Filtration
Plant, 18°09'N, 66°59'W, 17-VI1-2002, Turpenia pa-
niculata, Steven W. Lingafelter, 1d (USNM); same
except Bosque Estatal de Maricao, 3.3 km SW
Maricao, 18-09-39N, 67—00-05W, forest, 550 m,
10-11-VI-1996, J. Rawlins, C. Young, R. Davidson,
W. Zanol, S. Thompson, M. Klingler, 12 (CMNH);
same except Hwy 120, km 16.2, headquarters
Maricao State Forest, 8-VIII-1999, C.W. O’Brien,
12 (DHPC); same except K10H2, Maricao For.
Res., 26-VII-1979, L.B. O’Brien, 12 (JEWC); same
except Gudnica Forest, ex dead log, 6-IV-2001,
Charyn J. Micheli, 1¢ JAMC); same except Bal-
lena trail, beating, 17°58.49'N, 66°51.74'W, 16-VI-
2002, Steven W. Lingafelter, 12 (USNM); same ex-
cept UV light, 27-VII-2004, Nearns & Lingafelter,
13 (ENPC); same except Ponce, Rd. 132, km 20, at
lights, 26-V1-1972, J. Micheli, 16 AMC); same ex-
cept Ponce, dry forest at Holiday Inn, 17°58'N,
66°38'W, 20-VI-2002, beating, Steven W. Lingafel-
ter, 2d (USNM, ENPC; 1 dissected); same except
1-VII-2002, Thouinia portoricensis, 16 (USNM);
same except Guanica, Bosque Estatal de Guanica,
3.6 km E Guanica, 17°58.11'N, 66°52.28’W, thorn-
scrub, 100 m, 12-VI-1996, J. Rawlins, R. Davidson,
C. Young, M. Klingler, W. Zanol, S. Thompson,
2d, 22 (CMNH); same except 17°56.50'N,
066°51.48’W, Guanica, Bosque Estatal de Guanica,
just W Punta Ballena on Rt. 333, beating, 9-VIII-
1999, P.W. Kovarik, 12 (WIBF); same except Hu-
macao Dist., Casa Cabuy, Hwy. 191 near Florida,
MV & UV lights, 31-VII-2-VIII-1999, J.E. Eger, 1°
(RFMC). US VIRGIN ISLANDS: St. JOHN:
Lameshur Bay-VIERS, 9-III-1984, at UV light, W.B.
Muchmore, 12 (WIBF); same except VIERS, UV
light, 21—-28-VII-1994, M.S. Becker, 15,19 (WIBF);
same except Est. Caneel Bay, Lind Point, XII-1992,
J. Comisky, 12 (WIBF). BRITISH VIRGIN IS-
LANDS: Guana Istanp: Sugarloaf trail, 100-800
ft., 9-X-1994, M.A. & L.L. Ivie, 2d (WIBF).
Distribution.—Known from British Virgin Is-
lands (Guana Island), Puerto Rico, and U.S. Virgin
Islands (St. John) (West Indies) (Fig. 68).
Remarks.—Micheli & Nearns (2005) stated
that specimens exhibited variation in color and
slight variation in the shape of pronotal margins,
pronotal texture, punctation on pronotum and

mesosternum, and proportion and shape of the
prosternal process. Specimens collected in the wet
forest of Maricao were quite dark and the pale
maculae on the elytra tended to be compact (Fig.
24d). Those from the drier areas of Guanica and
Ponce (in Puerto Rico) and the Virgin Islands were
lighter colored with the pale areas on the elytra
more like fasciae (Fig. 24g). Except for color, other
variation was slight and there was much overlap.
To further investigate the possibility of two dis-
tinct species, dissections of male genitalia of sev-
eral specimens from each phenotype were made
by Micheli & Nearns (2005). Detailed study of the
tegmen including the parameres (lateral lobes)
and phallobase (basal piece) revealed no consis-
tent morphological characters (Fig. 25b). No sig-
nificant differences were found between speci-
mens from “wet” and “dry” areas, and only a
single species was proposed. Lingafelter et al.
(2007) provided a color habitus photograph of the
holotype.

Plectromerus serratus (Cameron)
(Figs. 21b, 21d, 24i, 32a—c)

Pentomacrus serratus Cameron, 1910: 185.
Plectromerus serratus: Giesbert, 1985: 80.

Diagnosis.—Plectromerus serratus is distin-
guished from congeners by the combination of the
following characters: head with vertex mi-
crosculptured, sparsely, finely punctate; pronotal
disk microsculptured; elytra testaceous, without
ferrugineus maculae; and metafemoral teeth
strongly, deeply serrate. This species is most simi-
lar to P. giesberti new species but is distinguished
by the pronotal surface with sparse, short, recum-
bent, pale pubescence (pronotal surface with
moderately dense short, recumbent, pale pubes-
cence in P. giesberti new species), elytra with faint
costae (elytra with distinct costae in P. giesberti
new species), and the metafemoral teeth with
12-18 serrations peaks (metafemoral teeth with
20-24 serrations peaks in P. giesberti new species).

Redescription—Male (based on holotype).
Length 5.4 mm, width 1.2 mm (measured across
humeri). Habitus as in Fig. 32a. General form
small, narrow, subcylindrical. Integument testa-
ceous.

Head with front nearly flat, transverse, with a
median, shallow line from between eyes to just
beyond vertex; head nearly flat between antennal

50 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURIINI AND PLECTROMERINI

tubercles, which are slightly raised and separated
by about the width of two antennal sockets; vertex
microsculptured, with a few sparse, fine, shallow
punctures; vertex with sparse, short, recumbent,
pale pubescence. Eyes coarsely-faceted, trans-
verse, subreniform, with shallow indentations
around antennal insertions.

Antennae eleven segmented, about as long as
body; scape bowed; third antennomere slightly
longer than scape, almost twice as long as fourth;
fifth antennomere longest, about twice as long as
fourth, slightly longer than third; basal anten-
nomeres subcylindrical; from fifth slightly flat-
tened; apices of antennomeres 5-10 produced
externally. Scape with short, pale, recumbent pu-
bescence; antennomeres 2-7 ciliate beneath with
coarse, moderately long, suberect, pale hairs.

Pronotum subcylindrical, about 1.3 times as
long as wide, widest at middle, slightly broader at
apex than base; pronotal sides broadly inflated,
arcuately constricted at basal third, with a slight
inflation just before apex; basal margin slightly ar-
cuate; basal third of disk with two long, pale, re-
cumbent setae positioned submedially, arising
from deep punctures (left seta is broken); lateral
margins of pronotum with patch of coarse, deep
punctures, with one long, suberect seta anterolat-
erally. Surface microsculptured, weakly shining,
sparsely, faintly, and shallowly punctate, with a
slightly raised median callus, and two slightly
raised, submedial calli slightly anterior to center
(Fig. 32b); surface with sparse, short, recumbent,
pale pubescence.

Scutellum small, rounded, almost as long as
broad, impunctate.

Elytra about 2.6 times as long as width at
humeri, about 3.5 times as long as pronotal
length, about 1.3 times broader basally than pro-
notum at widest point (at middle); elytral sides
nearly parallel, evenly rounded to apex; elytral
apices individually, narrowly rounded; epipleural
margin strongly sinuate. Elytral disk shallowly
concave medially, subsuturally, creating a faint
costa on each elytron; base of each elytron slightly
raised. Elytral surface strongly shining; puncta-
tion moderately dense, coarse, and deep at basal
third; punctures becoming finer towards apex and
sides, almost obsolete at apical third; each punc-
ture with a short, fine, pale hair.

Venter with prosternum strongly shining; area
in front of procoxae with patch of coarse punc-
tures; narrowest area of prosternal process be-

tween procoxae not visible (specimen glued to
board); procoxal cavities open behind. Meso- and
metasternum surface strongly shining, sparsely
and finely punctate, with sparse, short, recum-
bent, pale pubescence. Metepisternum sparsely
clothed with short, recumbent, pale pubescence,
which is denser posteriorly. Abdomen moderately
shining, finely, shallowly punctate; abdomen with
sparse, long, suberect, pale hairs and punctures
each with a short, fine, pale hair; fifth sternite
broadly rounded, slightly longer than preceding
sternite.

Legs with femora pedunculate-clavate; basal
portion of metafemoral about as long as
metafemoral club; meso- and metafemora moder-
ately arcuate, shining, clothed with sparsely to
moderately densely, recumbent, short, pale pu-
bescence; underside of each femoral club with a
broad, acute triangular tooth; metafemoral teeth
with posterior edge strongly serrate, with about
12 serration “peaks”; each serration peak with a
short, pale, curved hair; metatibiae strongly sinu-
ate, slightly flattened, about half as long as
metafemora; metatibiae gradually expanded dis-
tally; clothed with moderately dense, fine, recum-
bent, pale pubescence, becoming longer and
coarser distally (Fig. 32c).

Female. Length 6.5 mm; width 1.5 mm (mea-
sured across humeri). Similar to male except
pronotal sides lacking coarse punctures and
prosternum lacking irregular patch of punctures in
front of each procoxa. Narrowest area of prosternal
process between procoxae about 0.2 times as wide
as procoxal cavity, and about 0.5 times the width of
apex of process which is subtriangular with
rounded corners; procoxal cavities open behind.
Abdomen with terminal sternite evenly, broadly
rounded, slightly longer than preceding sternite.
Metafemoral teeth with posterior edge strongly
serrate, with about 18 serration “peaks.”

Specimens examined.—Type material: Holo-
type ¢ (Fig. 32a), HAITI [no label data] (BMNRH).

Other material: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: La
VEGA PROVINCE: 9 km NE Jarabacoa, 2000 ft., 8—12-
V-1985, E. Giesbert, 12 (EFGC).

Distribution.—Known from Port au Prince,
Haiti; and La Vega Province, Dominican Republic
(Greater Antilles) (Fig. 67).

Remarks.—Cameron (1910) stated that the
holotype was collected “sweeping near Port au
Prince, Haiti, in February, 1908” but the holotype
specimen does not bear this information. This

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 51

species is rarely collected and nothing is known
about its biology.

Plectromerus tertiarius Vitali t
(Figs. 18b, 20a, 20c)

Plectromerus tertiarius Vitali, 2004: 435.

Diagnosis.—Ventral habitus as in Fig. 18b (dor-
sal habitus completely obscured), length approxi-
mately 7 mm (exact measurement not possible
since abdomen is bent up through open elytra), in-
cluded in a piece of Dominican amber (Lower
Miocene) from the Dominican Republic. Amber
yellow-brownish, partially obscured by numer-
ous, small bubbles; cut and polished in a near-oval
shape, measuring 42 X 22 x 15mm. The specimen
is damaged as follows: metathoracic legs are miss-
ing except coxae and trochanters; left antenna is
damaged, missing part of antennomere 8, com-
pletely missing antennomeres 9-11. One impor-
tant character in particular, the prosternal process
between coxae, is not visible due to position of pro-
and mesothoracic legs. Elytral punctation can be
inferred from ventral view due to open elytra
which are semi-translucent.

Specimens examined.—Holotype ¢ (Fig. 18b),
“DOMINICAN REPUBLIC, Lower Miocene
(25—20.000.000 BP), ex. col. Y.R. Goldman” (FVPC).

Distribution—Known only from Dominican
amber fossils, Dominican Republic (Greater An-
tilles) (Fig. 68).

Remarks.—Vitali (2004) stated that the holo-
type is a male, however, Nearns & Branham
(2005) noted that the broadly rounded fifth ab-
dominal segment is more indicative of a female
Plectromerus (irregular patches of coarse punc-
tures in front of each prosternal coxa are also not
visible but the view is partially obscured). Vitali
(2004) also states that the first abdominal ventrite
is 3 times longer than other visible ventrites, how-
ever, measurements show it to be about 2 times
longer (Nearns & Branham 2005). Additional
comments on this species based on a second spec-
imen are provided by Vitali (2006).

Plectromerus thomasi Nearns & Branham,
new species
(Figs. 33a—c)

Diagnosis——This species is distinctive from
known congeners and can easily be distinguished

by the combination of the following characters:
third antennomere only slightly longer than
fourth; pronotal disk with dark reddish-brown to
black maculae and with strongly raised calli; and
metafemoral club small, with tooth weakly serrate.

Description.—Holotype, female. Length 8.5
mm, width 2.1 mm (measured across humeri).
Habitus as in Fig. 33a. General form small, nar-
row, subcylindrical. Integument testaceous, with
portions of head, pronotum, and femoral apices
ferrugineus; pronotum with dark reddish-brown
to black maculae; each elytron testaceous with
two large, irregular, ferrugineus macular regions,
one at basal third, the other at apical third, elytral
apices testaceous.

Head with front nearly flat, transverse, with a
median, shallow line from between eyes to just
beyond vertex; head moderately concave between
antennal tubercles, which are somewhat raised
and separated by the width of about 2.5 antennal
sockets; vertex microsculptured, with moderately
dense, shallow punctures; vertex with short, re-
cumbent, pale pubescence. Eyes coarsely-faceted,
transverse, subreniform, with shallow indenta-
tions around antennal insertions.

Antennae eleven segmented, slightly longer
than body; scape bowed; third antennomere about
as long as scape, only slightly longer than fourth;
fifth antennomere longest, almost twice as long as
fourth, about 1.3 times longer than third; anten-
nomeres 6-10 becoming progressively shorter;
eleventh slightly longer than tenth; basal anten-
nomeres subcylindrical, from fifth slightly flat-
tened; apices of antennomeres 6-10 produced ex-
ternally. Scape microsculptured with dense,
shallow punctation; antennomeres 2-7 ciliate be-
neath with coarse, moderately long, suberect, pale
hairs.

Pronotum subcylindrical, about 1.3 times as
long as wide, widest at base, broader at base than
apex; pronotal sides nearly parallel, slightly con-
stricted at basal third, with a slight inflation just
before apex; disk convex, with one strongly
raised, median callus at about the center; disk
with two strongly raised, submedial calli slightly
anterior to center, and two moderately raised,
submedial calli slightly posterior to center. Basal
third of disk with one long, pale, suberect seta po-
sitioned submedially on each side, arising from a
deep puncture (setae broken off); lateral margins
of pronotum without patch of coarse, deep punc-
tures; lateral margins with one slightly raised cal-

52 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURIINI AND PLECTROMERINI

lus just anterior to middle; pronotum with two or
three long, suberect setae anterolaterally. Surface
strongly shining, microsculptured, with sparse,
shallow punctation.

Scutellum small, rounded, almost as long as
broad, impunctate.

Elytra about 2.8 times as long as width at
humeri, about 3.5 times as long as pronotal
length, about 1.7 times broader basally than
pronotum at widest point (at base); elytral sides
nearly parallel, slightly sinuate around middle,
evenly rounded to apex; elytral apices individu-
ally, evenly rounded; epipleural margin slightly
sinuate. Elytral disk slightly concave medially,
subsuturally, creating a faint costa on each
elytron; base of each elytron slightly raised. Ely-
tral surface shining; punctation moderately
dense, coarse, and deep at basal two-thirds; ely-
tral punctures becoming finer towards apex and
sides; each puncture with a short, fine, pale hair;
elytra with scattered, long, suberect, pale hairs.

Venter with prosternum strongly shining; with
sparsely and finely punctate, short, pale pubes-
cence; narrowest area of prosternal process be-
tween procoxae about 0.3 times as wide as pro-
coxal cavity, and about 0.5 times the width of apex
of process which is subtriangular with rounded
corners; prosternal process between procoxae
gradually declivous; procoxal cavities open be-
hind (Fig. 33b). Meso- and metasternum surface
strongly shining, sparsely and finely punctate.
Metepisternum sparsely clothed with short, re-
cumbent, pale pubescence, which is denser poste-
riorly. Abdomen strongly shining, finely, shal-
lowly punctate; abdomen with few long, suberect,
pale hairs and punctures each with a short, fine,
pale hair; fifth sternite broadly rounded, slightly
longer than preceding sternite.

Legs with femora pedunculate-clavate; basal
portion distinctly longer than metafemoral club;
meso- and metafemora slightly arcuate, shining,
clothed with sparsely to moderately densely, re-
cumbent, short, pale pubescence; underside of
each femoral club with a broad, acute triangular
tooth; metafemoral teeth with posterior edge
nearly smooth; metatibiae slightly sinuate, slightly
flattened, about 0.7 as long as metafemora, gradu-
ally expanded distally; metatibiae clothed with
moderately dense, fine, recumbent, pale pubes-
cence distally (Fig. 33c).

Etymology.—This distinctive species is named
for Michael C. Thomas with appreciation for his

friendship, encouragement, and _ inspiration.
Michael has collected extensively in the Caribbean
and has contributed greatly to our knowledge of
Cerambycidae. The epithet is anoun in apposition.

Specimens examined.—TIype material. Holo-
type ¢ (Fig. 33a), “HAITI, Morne Guimy, 22km.,
SE Fond Verrettes, 19 Jul 1956, 6500’ B.&B. Valen-
tine, Foret des Pins, Hardwood cloud forest, beat-
ing” (WIBE, to be deposited at USNM).

Distribution—Known only from Morne
Guimy, Haiti (Greater Antilles) (Fig. 71).

Remarks.—This species is described from a
single female specimen collected beating at ap-
proximately 1980 m elevation. The holotype de-
scribed herein represents the only known speci-
men and nothing is known about the biology of
this species. Lingafelter et al. (2007) provided a
color habitus photograph of the holotype.

Plectromerus turnbowi Nearns & Branham,
new species
(Figs. 34a—d)

Diagnosis.—From congeners, P. turnbowi is
separated by the combination of the following
characters: scape with shallow to moderately
deep depression dorsally; pronotal disk with
slightly to moderately raised calli; metafemora
gradually clavate; and metafemoral teeth weakly
serrate. This species is most similar to P. fasciatus
in several characters including antennal segment
proportions, gradually clavate metafemora, and
weakly serrate metafemoral teeth. However, Plec-
tromerus turnbowi differs in having the pronotum
with dense, moderately deep, somewhat evenly
spaced punctation (pronotum with dense, conflu-
ent, shallow punctation in P. fasciatus), and elytral
apices with few long, pale, suberect setae (elytra
with scattered to moderately dense, long, pale,
suberect, setae in P. fasciatus).

Description.—Male. Length 8.5-10.2 mm,
width 1.9-2.4 mm (measured across humeri).
Habitus as in Fig. 34a. General form small, narrow,
subcylindrical. Integument testaceous, with por-
tions of head, antennae, and elytra ferrugineus.

Head with front nearly flat, transverse, with a
median, shallow line from between eyes to just be-
yond vertex; head shallowly concave between an-
tennal tubercles, which are slightly raised and sep-
arated by the width of about two antennal sockets;
vertex lightly microsculptured, with scattered,
moderately deep punctures; vertex with short, re-

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 53

cumbent, pale pubescence. Eyes coarsely-faceted,
transverse, subreniform, with moderately deep in-
dentations around antennal insertions.

Antennae eleven segmented, slightly longer
than body; scape bowed; third antennomere about
as long as scape, more than twice as long as fourth;
fifth antennomere longest, more than 3 times
longer than fourth; basal antennomeres subcylin-
drical, from fifth slightly flattened; apices of anten-
nomeres 5-10 produced externally. Scape with
short, pale, recumbent pubescence, with shallow
to moderately deep depression dorsally (Fig. 34d);
antennomeres 2-7 ciliate beneath with coarse,
moderately long, suberect, pale hairs.

Pronotum subcylindrical, about 1.3 times as
long as wide, widest at middle, slightly wider at
base than at apex; pronotal sides broadly inflated,
arcuately constricted at basal third, with a slight
inflation just before apex; basal margin slightly ar-
cuate; disk convex, somewhat flattened, with one
slightly raised, median callus immediately poste-
rior to center, about as long as the fourth anten-
nomere; disk with two moderately raised, subme-
dial calli slightly anterior to center, and two
smaller slightly raised, submedial calli slightly
posterior to center; basal third of disk with one
long, pale, recumbent or suberect seta positioned
submedially, arising from deep punctures; lateral
margins of pronotum with patch of coarse, deep
punctures, and one or two long, suberect setae an-
terolaterally. Surface opaque, microsculptured,
moderately shining, with dense, moderately deep,
somewhat evenly spaced punctation.

Scutellum small, rounded, almost as long as
broad, impunctate.

Elytra nearly 3 times as long as width at humeri,
about 3 times as long as pronotal length, about 1.3
times broader basally than pronotum at widest
point (at middle); elytral sides nearly parallel,
slightly sinuate, evenly rounded to apex; elytral
apices individually rounded to weakly subtrun-
cate; epipleural margin moderately sinuate. Ely-
tral disk slightly concave medially, subsuturally,
creating a faint costa on each elytron; base of each
slightly raised. Elytral surface moderately shining;
punctation moderately dense, coarse, and deep at
basal third; punctures becoming finer towards
apex and sides, almost obsolete at apical third;
each puncture with a short, fine, pale hair; elytral
apices with few long, pale, suberect hair.

Venter with prosternum strongly shining; with
scattered, coarse, deep punctation, one irregular

patch of 2-3 coarse, deep punctures in front of each
procoxa; narrowest area of prosternal process be-
tween procoxae about 0.2 times as wide as pro-
coxal cavity, and about 0.5 times the width of apex
of process which is subtriangular with rounded
corners; prosternal process between procoxae
gradually declivous, procoxal cavities open be-
hind. Mesosternum surface strongly shining,
sparsely punctate with coarse, deep punctures.
Metasternum surface strongly shining, with mod-
erately dense, deep punctures, with a few sub-
erect, pale hairs interspersed (Fig. 34c). Metepi-
sternum sparsely clothed with short, recumbent,
pale pubescence, which is denser posteriorly. Ab-
domen strongly shining; finely, shallowly punc-
tate, with scattered coarse punctures; abdomen
with sparse long, suberect, pale hairs and punc-
tures each with a short, fine, pale hair; fifth sternite
broadly subtruncate, slightly longer than preced-
ing sternite.

Legs with femora gradually clavate; meta-
femoral club slightly longer than base; meso- and
metafemora slightly arcuate, shining, clothed with
sparse, recumbent, short, pale pubescence; under-
side of each femoral club with a broad, acute trian-
gular tooth; metafemoral teeth with posterior edge
weakly serrate, with indistinct and irregular serra-
tion “peaks”; each peak with a short, curved, pale
hair; metatibiae nearly straight, slightly sinuate,
slightly flattened, about as long as metafemora;
metatibiae gradually expanded distally; clothed
with moderately dense, fine, recumbent, pale pu-
bescence, becoming longer and coarser distally
(Fig. 34b).

Female. Length 7.4-10.2 mm; width 1.8-2.4
mm (measured across humeri). Similar to male
except pronotal sides lacking patch of deep,
coarse punctures and prosternum lacking irregu-
lar patch of punctures in front of each procoxa.
Abdomen with terminal sternite evenly, broadly
rounded, slightly longer than preceding sternite.

Etymology.—We are pleased to name this
species for Robert H. Turnbow, Jr. for his many
contributions to the study of cerambycids and
who collected part of the type series. The epithet
is a noun in apposition.

Specimens examined.—Type material: Holotype
3 (Fig. 34a), “DOMINICAN REPUBLIC: Peper-
NALES, PN Sierra de Bahoruco, Las Abejas, 1150 m
at tree fall, EH. Nearns & S.W. Lingafelter 18-VI-
2005” (USNM). Allotype 2, “DOMINICAN RE-
PUBLIC: Independencia, Sierra de Bahoruco,

54 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURIINI AND PLECTROMERINI

north slope, 13.5 km SE Puerto Escondido,
18-12-18N, 71-31-08W, 1789 m. 24—26 Mar 2004,
R. Davidson, J. Rawlins, C. Young, C. Nunez, M.
Rial, ecotonal Pinus grassland, malaise trap, Sam-
ple 41183” (CMNH). 7 paratypes as follows: DO-
MINICAN REPUBLIC: PEDERNALES PROVINCE:
Las Abejas, 38 km NNW Cabo Rojo, 18°09'N,
71°38'W, 1160 m, 13-VII-1987, J. Rawlins, R. David-
son, 1d, 22 (CMNH); same except Parque Na-
cional Sierra de Baoruco, Las Abejas, 18°09.011'N,
71°37.342'W, 1150 m, at blacklight, 18-VI-2005, S.
Lingafelter, 1d (USNM); same except 1240 m,
18°09.023'N, 71°37.387'W, 9-VIII-1999, 22 (WIBF);
Payaso, 13-VII-1996, R. Turnbow, 1d (RHTC).

Distribution.—Known from Barahona and Pe-
dernales Provinces, Dominican Republic (Greater
Antilles) (Fig. 68).

Remarks.—This species is described from nine
specimens, several of which were collected be-
tween 1150-1789 m elevation. The type series de-
scribed herein represent the only known speci-
mens and nothing is known about the biology of
this species. Lingafelter et al. (2007) provided a
color habitus photograph of the holotype.

Plectromerus unidentatus Fisher
(Figs. 35a—c)

Plectromerus unidentatus Fisher, 1942: 17.

Diagnosis.—Plectromerus unidentatus is most
similar to P. wappesi but is distinguished by the
weakly, irregularly serrate metafemoral teeth (Fig.
35b) (moderately, evenly serrate metafemoral teeth
in P. wappesi), elytral punctures somewhat elongate
and evenly spaced (elytral punctures rounded, not
evenly spaced in P. wappesi), and scape, pronotal
disk, and metafemora without long, suberect setae
(scape, pronotal disk, and metafemora with long,
suberect setae in P. wappesi).

Specimens examined.—JAMAICA: KINGsTON
ParIsH: Kingston, at light, 16-VI-1958, M.W.
Sanderson, 1d (WIBF). MANCHESTER PARISH: Man-
deville, A.E.Wight, 12 [paratype] (USNM). Port-
LAND ParisH: Hardwar Gap, 4000 ft., 21-VII-1966,
A.T. Howden, 26 (WIBF). SAINT CATHERINE
ParisH: Mt. Diablo, Hollymount, 2754 ft., 21-24-
IV-73, Don & Mignon Davis, 13, 12 (USNM).
SAINT ELIZABETH ParisH: Balaclava, 24—27-III-1937,
M. Savariau, 12 (USNM). SAInT JAMes ParisH:
Spring Garden, westlich Montego Bay, LF 100 m,

8—20-III-2002, L. Rezbanyai-Reser, 3 specimens
[gender undetermined] (JAMC). TRELAWNY
ParisH: Barbecue Bottom, 10-VIII-1966, A.T. How-
den, 15 (WIBF).

Distribution—Known from Kingston, Man-
chester, Portland, Saint Catherine, Saint Elizabeth,
Saint James, and Trelawny Parishes, Jamaica
(Greater Antilles) (Fig. 71).

Remarks.—This species is endemic to Jamaica
and has been collected at lights. Nothing else is
known about the biology of this species. Males
specimens measured: length 5.4—-7.4 mm, width
1.3-1.5 mm (measured across humeri), female
specimens measured: length 6.3-7.4 mm, width
1.4-1.7 mm (measured across humeri). Unfortu-
nately, the holotype of this species was unavail-
able for study from the MCZ. Fisher (1942) did not
report the gender of the holotype, but stated that
it measures: length 7.0 mm, width 1.6 mm, and
was described from five specimens collected by
A.E. Wight, at the type locality: Jamaica, Manches-
ter Parish, Mandeville (MCZ).

Plectromerus wappesi Giesbert
(Figs. 28c, 281, 36a—c)

Plectromerus wappesi Giesbert, 1985: 81.

Diagnosis.—This species is similar to P. michelti
new species in several characters including anten-
nal segment proportions, pronotal disk puncta-
tion, shape of elytral apices, and metafemoral and
metatibial shape. However, P. wappesi is distin-
guished from P. michelii by the moderately, evenly
serrate metafemoral teeth (weakly, irregularly ser-
rate metafemoral teeth in P. michelii new species),
and scape, pronotal disk, and metafemora with
long, suberect setae (scape, pronotal disk, and
metafemora without long, suberect setae in P.
michelti new species).

Specimens examined——HONDURAS: inter-
cepted under bark of unidentified wood at Mobile,
Alabama, from Honduras, 19-XII-1939, 19
(USNM). JAMAICA: CLARENDON ParisH: Portland
Ridge, near Jackson Bay Cave, 40 ft., 4-V-1973, Don
& Mignon Davis, 16 (USNM). TRELAWNY PARIsH,
Duncans, 9-VIII-1966, A.T. Howden, collected at
light, 12 (WIBF); W.I., C.M.Acc.2522, Rae Town,
16-VII-99, 12 (CMNH). KiIncsTon PARisH:
Kingston, Tip Top Hotel, Ruthven Rd., R.E.
Woodruff, 7-V-69, blacklight trap, 2d (WIBF, on

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 55

loan from FSCA). SAINT JAMES ParIsH: Spring Gar-
den, westlich Montego Bay, 8—20-III-2002 LF 100 m,
L. Rezbanyai-Reser, 3 specimens [gender undeter-
mined] (JAMC). MEXICO: QuINTANA Roo: 15-18
km N Tulum, 11-12- X-1982, J.E. Wappes, 4d, 4°
[paratypes] (EFGC, FSCA, JEWC, USNM, RFTC);
same except 10 km N Puerto Morelos, 15-16-VI-
1983, E. Giesbert, 4d [paratypes] (EFGC); same ex-
cept 15 km W Puerto Morelos, 12-18-VI-1993, 13
(EFGC); same except 14 miles NE Tulum, 8-VIII-
1974, C.W. & L. O’Brien & Marshall, 16 (TAMU);
same except Cancun, Moon Palace, ex. Button-
wood girdles, emerged 25-V-02, R. Morris, 15,1
(ENPC).

Distribution.—Known from Honduras, new
country record (Central America); Jamaica, new
country record (Greater Antilles); and Quintana
Roo, Mexico (Fig. 67).

Remarks.—Giesbert (1985) stated that this
species was collected beating dead branches. It
has also been collected at lights and reared from
buttonwood (Conocarpus erectus L. (Combre-
taceae)) girdles (R.F. Morris II, pers. comm.). Gies-
bert (1985) also commented on the variability of
the elytral markings, stating that ”. . . ina number
of specimens the two dark fasciae are reduced to
four indistinct ferruginous spots” and that”... in
the Cozumel specimen, the markings are darker
and more distinct” (Giesbert 1985: 81).

The holotype is a male specimen, type locality:
Mexico, Quintana Roo, 10 km N Puerto Morelos,
15-16-VI-1983 (EMEC).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work is in partial fulfillment of the first
author’s MS degree from the University of
Florida’s Department of Entomology & Nematol-
ogy. For their inspiration and assistance, EHN
thanks Steven W. Lingafelter, Michael C. Thomas,
James E. Wappes, Roy F. Morris II, Miguel A.
Monné, Marcela L. Monné, Charyn J. Micheli,
Julio A. Micheli, John A. Chemsak, Ian Swift, Ann
M. Ray, and the late Frank T. Hovore. For their
friendship and encouragement, EHN is grateful
to J.C. Marvin, Shane Bouchard, Roberto Pandolfi,
José Luis Aramayo, Julieta Ledezma Arias, Anto-
nio Bonaso, Teresita de Zayas, Jennifer M. Zaspel,
Seth M. Bybee, Kyle A. Buecke, Joseph E. Nearns,
Bruna P. Nearns, Bobbie Jo Nearns, and Sally B.

Nearns. Finally, EHN thanks his wife, Jodi
Nearns, for her support and encouragement.

We are especially grateful to Kelly B. Miller
(University of New Mexico) for discussions and
thoughtful criticism of this manuscript. We also
thank Norman E. Woodley and two anonymous re-
viewers for helpful comments on earlier incarna-
tions of this manuscript. Chris Thompson pro-
vided expert advice on several nomenclatural
issues. For collecting permits in the Dominican Re-
public, we are grateful to Kelvin A. Guerrero and
the Departamento de Investigaciones de la Subsec-
retaria de Areas Protegidas y Biodiversidad. We
appreciate specimen loans and assistance from the
following individuals and institutions: Michael C.
Thomas and Paul E. Skelley (Florida State Collec-
tion of Arthropods, Gainesville, Florida), Robert
Davidson and Bob Androw (Carnegie Museum of
Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), John
A. Chemsak and Chery] Barr (Essig Museum of En-
tomology, Berkeley, California), Sharon Shute (The
Natural History Museum, London, United King-
dom), Lee Herman and David Grimaldi (American
Museum of Natural History, New York, New
York), Ed Riley (Texas A&M University, College
Station, Texas), Victoria Bayless (Louisiana State
Arthropod Museum, Baton Rouge, Louisiana), An-
drew R. Cline (California Department of Food &
Agriculture, Sacramento, California), James E.
Wappes (San Antonio, Texas), Roy F. Morris II
(Lakeland, Florida), Robert H. Turnbow, Jr. (Ft.
Rucker, Alabama), Frank T. Hovore and Ian Swift
(Santa Clarita, California), Steven W. Lingafelter
and Warren Steiner (National Museum of Natural
History, Washington, D.C.), Charyn Micheli (Uni-
versity of Maryland, College Park, Maryland),
Julio A. Micheli (Ponce, Puerto Rico), Douglas
Yanega (University of California Entomology Re-
search Collection, Riverside, California), Michael
A. Ivie (West Indian Beetle Fauna Project, Boze-
man, Montana), Angel Solis (Instituto Nacional de
Biodiversidad, Santo Domingo de Heredia, Costa
Rica), Nayla Garcia Rodriguez and Ileana Fernan-
dez Garcia (Instituto de Ecologia y Sistematica, Ha-
vana, Cuba), Alejandro Barro and Rayner Nunez
Aguila (Universidad de la Habana, Havana,
Cuba), the Zayas family (Havana, Cuba), J.
Howard Frank (University of Florida, Gainesville,
Florida), Daniel Heffern (Houston, Texas), Fran-
cesco Vitali (Genova, Italy), Robert E. Woodruff
(Gainesville, Florida), Miguel A. Monné and

56 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURIINI AND PLECTROMERINI

Marcela L. Monné (Museu Nacional, Universidade
Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janiero, Brazil),
Kelvin A. Guerrero (Santo Domingo, Dominican

Republic), Sergio Devesa (San Vicente, Spain),
Julien Touroult (Paris, France), and Alain Au-
dureau (Saint Gilles Croix de Vie, France).

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Cuba. 443 pp.

60 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURINI AND PLECTROMERINI

Fig. 1. Four species of Curius. a, Curius chemsaki Nearns & Ray, holotype male, dorsal habitus. b, Curius chemsaki
Nearns & Ray, allotype female, dorsal habitus. c, Curius dentatus Newman, male, dorsal habitus. d, Curius punc-
tatus (Fisher), holotype male, dorsal habitus. e, Curius panamensis Bates, male, dorsal habitus.

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 61

Fig. 2. Curius chemsaki Nearns & Ray. a, holotype male, closeup of prosternum. b, allotype female, closeup of
prosternum. c, holotype male, prosternal gland pores (430 magnification). d, allotype female, prosternal
punctation (400 magnification).

62 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURINI AND PLECTROMERINI

Fig. 3. Curius dentatus Newman, male. a, dorsal habitus. b, closeup of prosternum (125 magnification). c, closeup
of metafemur and metatibia, ventral view.

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 63

Fig. 4. Curius panamensis Bates, male. a, dorsal habitus. b, closeup of prosternum (84 magnification). c, closeup of
metafemur and metatibia, ventral view.

64 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURINI AND PLECTROMERINI

Fig. 5. Curius punctatus (Fisher). a, holotype male, dorsal habitus. b, holotype male, closeup of pronotum. c, male,
closeup of metafemur, ventral view.

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 65

ete
ie

iat asitg

Fig. 6. Plectromerus acunai (Fisher). a, holotype female, dorsal habitus. b, male, closeup of prosternum. c, holotype
female, closeup of metafemur and metatibia, ventral view.

66 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURINI AND PLECTROMERINI

Fig. 7. Plectromerus bidentatus Fisher, male. a, dorsal habitus. b, closeup of metafemur, ventral view. c, closeup of
prosternum.

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 67

Fig. 8. Three species of Plectromerus. a, Plectromerus costatus Cazier & Lacey (= P. dentipes (Olivier)) holotype male,
dorsal habitus. b, Plectromerus dentipes (Olivier), female, dorsal habitus. c, Plectromerus crenulatus Cazier, holo-
type female, dorsal habitus. d, Plectromerus distinctus (Cameron), holotype female, dorsal habitus.

68 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURINI AND PLECTROMERINI

Fig. 9. Plectromerus dentipes (Olivier), male. a, dorsal habitus. b, closeup of prosternum. c, closeup of metafemur and
metatibia, ventral view.

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 69

Fig. 10. Plectromerus dezayasi, new species, holotype male. a, dorsal habitus. b, closeup of prosternum. c, closeup of
metafemur and metatibia, ventral view.

70 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURINI AND PLECTROMERINI

Fig. 11. Plectromerus distinctus (Cameron), holotype female. a, dorsal habitus. b, closeup of pronotum, dorsal view.
c, closeup of metafemur and metatibia, dorsal view.

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM

Fig. 12. Plectromerus dominicanus (Micheli), dorsal habitus, illustration by Julio Micheli (1983).

71

72 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURINI AND PLECTROMERINI

Fig. 13. Plectromerus dominicanus (Micheli). a, holotype female, dorsal habitus. b, holotype, female, lateral habitus.
c, female, closeup of metafemur and metatibia, ventral view. d, holotype female, closeup of head.

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 73

Fig. 14. Plectromerus exis Zayas, male. a, dorsal habitus. b, closeup of pronotum, lateral view. c, closeup of metafe-
mur and metatibia, ventral view.

74 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURINI AND PLECTROMERINI

Fig. 15. Plectromerus fasciatus (Gahan). a, holotype male, dorsal habitus. b, male, closeup of pronotum, ventral view.
c, male, closeup of metafemur and metatibia, ventral view.

a

a

a

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 75

Fig. 16. Plectromerus femoratus (Fabricius), holotype male. a, dorsal habitus. b, closeup of scape with dorsal depres-
sion. c, closeup of metafemur and metatibia, ventral view.

76 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURINI AND PLECTROMERINI

Fig. 17. Plectromerus giesberti, new species, holotype female. a, dorsal habitus. b, closeup of metafemur and metati-
bia, ventral view. c, lateral habitus.

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 77

Fig. 18. Two Plectromerus species in Dominican amber. a, Plectromerus grimaldii Nearns & Branham t, holotype, dor-
sal habitus. b, Plectromerus tertiarius Vitali t, holotype, ventral habitus.

78 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURINI AND PLECTROMERINI

Fig. 19. Plectromerus grimaldii Nearns & Branham t, holotype. a, closeup of mesosternum, ventral view. b, closeup
of prosternum, ventral view. c, closeup of right metafemur and metatibia, ventral view. d, closeup of pronotum
and elytral punctation, dorsal view.

Sa

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 79

Fig. 20. Comparison of antennal morphology. a, Plectromerus tertiarius Vitali t, illustration of antennomeres 4-11, ar-
row points to fifth antennomere. b, Plectromerus grimaldii Nearns & Branham +, illustration of antennomeres
4-11, arrow points to fifth antennomere. c, Plectromerus tertiarius Vitali t, holotype, right antenna, ventral view,
arrow points to fifth antennomere. d, Plectromerus grimaldii Nearns & Branham t, holotype, right antenna, dor-
sal view, arrow points to fifth antennomere.

80 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURINI AND PLECTROMERINI

Fig. 21. Four species of Plectromerus. a, Plectromerus distinctus (Cameron), holotype. b, Plectromerus serratus
(Cameron), holotype. c, Plectromerus distinctus (Cameron), view of pronotum and base of elytron. d, Plec-
tromerus serratus (Cameron), view of pronotum and base of elytron. e, Plectromerus dentipes (Olivier). f, Plec-
tromerus exis Zayas.

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 81

Fig. 22. Plectromerus hovorei, new species, holotype male. a, dorsal habitus. b, closeup of prosternum, ventral view.
c, closeup of metafemur and metatibia, ventral view.

82 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURINI AND PLECTROMERINI

Fig. 23. Plectromerus josephi, new species, holotype male. a, dorsal habitus. b, closeup of pronotum, lateral view. c,
closeup of metafemur and metatibia, ventral view.

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 83

Fig. 24. Two species of Plectromerus. a—c, Plectromerus lingafelteri Micheli & Nearns. a, holotype. b, closeup of
: prosternum, male. c, closeup of prosternum, female. d—h, Plectromerus ramosi Micheli & Nearns. d, holotype. e,
closeup of prosternum, male. f, closeup of prosternum, female. g, lighter phenotype. h, closeup of fifth anten-
nomere. i, Plectromerus serratus (Cameron), closeup of fifth antennomere of holotype.

84

REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURINI AND PLECTROMERINI

0.25 mm
0.25 mm

b

Fig. 25. Tegmen and parameres, ventral view. a, Plectromerus lingafelteri Micheli & Nearns. b, Plectromerus ramosi

Micheli & Nearns.

a

——

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 85

Fig. 26. Plectromerus michelii, new species, holotype female. a, dorsal habitus. b, closeup of metafemur and metati-
bia, ventral view. c, lateral habitus.

86 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURINI AND PLECTROMERINI

Fig. 27. Plectromerus morrisi, new species. a, holotype female, dorsal habitus. b, holotype female, closeup of proster-
num. c, allotype male, closeup of prosternum. d, holotype female, closeup of metafemur and metatibia, ventral
view.

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 87

Fig. 28. Three species of Plectromerus. a, Plectromerus navassae Nearns & Steiner, holotype male, dorsal habitus. b,
) Plectromerus distinctus (Cameron), holotype female, dorsal habitus. c, Plectromerus wappesi Giesbert, paratype
male, dorsal habitus. d—g, Plectromerus navassae Nearns & Steiner. d, holotype male, lateral view. e, holotype
male, closeup of prosternum. f, allotype female, closeup of prosternum. g, holotype male, metafemur and
metatibia, ventral view. h, Plectromerus distinctus (Cameron), holotype female, metafemur and metatibia, ven-
tral view. i, Plectromerus wappesi Giesbert, paratype male, metafemur and metatibia, ventral view.

88 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURINI AND PLECTROMERINI

Fig. 29. Plectromerus ornatus Fisher. a, holotype male, dorsal habitus. b, holotype male, closeup of pronotum, lateral
view. c, female, closeup of metafemur and metatibia, dorsal view.

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 89

Fig. 30. Plectromerus pinicola Zayas, male. a, dorsal habitus. b, closeup of prosternum. c, closeup of metafemur and
metatibia, ventral view.

90 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURINI AND PLECTROMERINI

ER ira see

Fig. 31. Plectromerus pumilus Cazier & Lacey. a, holotype male, dorsal habitus. b, specimen from FDZC, dorsal habi-
tus. c, male, closeup of prosternum. d, male, closeup of metafemur and metatibia, ventral view.

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 91

Fig. 32. Plectromerus serratus (Cameron), holotype male. a, dorsal habitus. b, closeup of pronotum, lateral view. c,
closeup of metafemur and metatibia, dorsal view.

92 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURINI AND PLECTROMERINI

Fig. 33. Plectromerus thomasi, new species, holotype female. a, dorsal habitus. b, closeup of prosternum. c, closeup
of metafemur and metatibia, ventral view.

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 93

Fig. 34. Plectromerus turnbowi, new species, holotype male. a, dorsal habitus. b, closeup of metafemur and metati-
bia, ventral view. c, closeup of metasternum. d, closeup of scape depression, dorsal view.

94. REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURINI AND PLECTROMERINI

Fig. 35. Plectromerus unidentatus Fisher, paratype female. a, dorsal habitus. b, closeup of metafemur and metatibia,
ventral view. c, closeup of pronotum.

95

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM

closeup of

y

©

closeup of prosternum.

,

b

tus.

i

paratype male. a, dorsal hab

y
1ew.

iesbert
ventral v

J

1
ia

tib

Fig. 36. Plectromerus wappes
metafemur and meta

96 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURINI AND PLECTROMERINI

Fig. 37. Character 1: eye shape. a, ovate (Plectromerus dominicanus). b, ovate-emarginate (Coscinedes gracilis). c, sub-
reniform (Plectromerus fasciatus).

Fig. 38. Character 4: scape with depression on dorsal surface (arrow points to depression). a, absent (Plectromerus
acunat). b, shallow (Plectromerus turnbowi, new species). c, deep (Plectromerus femoratus).

Fig. 39. Character 5: length of third antennomere compared to fourth (arrow points to fourth antennomere). a,
about 1.3 times longer or less (Plectromerus thomasi, new species). b, about 1.5 times longer (Plectromerus exis). c,
about 1.7 times longer or more (Plectromerus dezayasi, new species).

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 97

Fig. 40. Character 6: length of fifth antennomere compared to fourth (arrow points to fourth antennomere). a, about
1.3 times longer or less (Curius punctatus). b, about 1.5 times longer (Plectromerus dominicanus). c, about 1.7 times
longer or more (Plectromerus femoratus).

Fig. 41. Character 7: antennae annulate. a, absent (Plectromerus turnbowi, new species). b, present (Curius chemsaki).

Fig. 42. Character 9: antennomeres 6-10 produced externally at apices on outer margins. a, absent (Curius dentatus).
b, present (Plectromerus dezayasi, new species).

98 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURINI AND PLECTROMERINI

Fig. 43. Characters 11 and 12 (arrows point to setae). a, pronotum with long, suberect setae anterolaterally (Plec-
tromerus hovorei, new species). b, pronotum, sub-medial, basal third of disk with 1-4 long, suberect setae arising
from deep puncture (Plectromerus acunat).

Fig. 44. Character 14: pronotum, dorsal surface. a, microsculptured with sparse, shallow punctation (Plectromerus
thomasi, new species). b, granulose (Curius dentatus). c, punctate with glabrous areas (Plectromerus acunai). d,
microsculptured with punctures interspersed (Plectromerus turnbowi, new species). e, heavily, evenly punctate
(Coscinedes gracilis).

Fig. 45. Character 16: pronotum ornamented with distinct “inverted Y” marking. a, absent (Plectromerus turnbow1,
new species). b, present (Curius chemsakt).

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 99

Fig. 46. Character 17: pronotal sides. a, nearly parallel, slightly inflated (widest) at middle (Plectromerus fasciatus).
b, widest area distinctly behind middle (Hypevxilis pallida). c, evenly rounded, nearly cylindrical (Curius denta-
tus). d, sides tuberculate or protuberate (Obrium maculatum). e, globose, sides broadly rounded (Plectromerus
femoratus).

Fig. 47. Character 18: pronotal constriction. a, somewhat evenly constricted at apex and base (Curius dentatus). b,
slightly more constricted at base than apex (Plectromerus fasciatus). c, slightly more constricted at apex than base
(Plectromerus thomasi, new species). d, strongly constricted at base (Obrium maculatum).

Fig. 48. Character 19: pronotal disk. a, without calli (Curius panamensis). b, with one slightly raised, median callus
at about the center, with two slightly raised, submedial calli slightly anterior to center, and two slightly raised,
submedial calli slightly posterior to center (Plectromerus serratus). c, with one moderately raised, median callus
at about the center, with two moderately raised, submedial calli slightly anterior to center, and two moderately
raised, submedial calli slightly posterior to center (Plectromerus josephi, new species).

100 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURINI AND PLECTROMERINI

Fig. 49. Character 20: males with sexually dimorphic prothoracic punctation. a, absent (Plectromerus exis). b, pres-
ent (Plectromerus dezayasi, new species). c, present (Plectromerus pinicola). d, present (Curius punctatus). e, pres-
ent (Parommidion extricatum). f, present (Plectromerus pumilus).

Fig. 50. Character 24: elytral apices. a, broadly rounded (Plectromerus dezayasi, new species). b, narrowly rounded
(slightly constricted or pointed) (Plectromerus serratus). c, subtruncate / rounded (Plectromerus turnbowi, new
species). d, strongly truncate, straight across (Plectromerus dentipes). e, strongly truncate, concave across (Parom-
midion extricatum). f, outer margins with large, acute spine (Plectromerus bidentatus). g, inner margins forming a

blunt, curved point (Curius chemsaki).

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 101

Fig. 51. Character 26: prosternal process between procoxae. a, thin, about 0.1 times width of procoxal cavity
(Obrium maculatum).b, medium, about 0.2 times width of procoxal cavity (Plectromerus fasciatus). c, wide, about
0.3 times width of procoxal cavity (Curius punctatus).

Fig. 52. Character 27: procoxal cavities. a, closed (Coscinedes gracilis). b, narrowly open, nearly closed (Plectromerus
morrisi new species). c, widely open (Plectromerus turnbowt, new species).

Fig. 53. Character 28: prosternal process between procoxae. a, nearly flat, not declivous (Coscinedes gracilis). b, grad-
ually declivous (Plectromerus dentipes). c, abruptly declivous (Plectromerus bidentatus).

102 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURINI AND PLECTROMERINI

Fig. 54. Character 29: mesosternum with broad mesocoxal process with lateral extensions into mesocoxae (Plec-
tromerus turnbowt, new species).

Fig. 55. Character 30: metafemoral armature. a, no tooth present (Parommidion extricatum). b, with one sharp tooth
(Plectromerus dentipes). c, with two sharp teeth (Plectromerus bidentatus).

Fig. 56. Character 31: if metafemora armed with one sharp tooth, then tooth with serrations on posterior margin. a,
absent (no peaks, edge is smooth) (Curius punctatus). b, feebly serrate (small, indistinct peaks) (Plectromerus
michelii, new species). c, moderately serrate (moderate sized) (Plectromerus distinctus). d, strongly serrate (deep,
distinct peaks) (Plectromerus dezayasi, new species).

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 103

Fig. 57. Characters 32 and 33: metafemora. a, metafemora with long, erect setae (Plectromerus wappesi). b,
metafemora: distal portion distinctly darker than basal (Curius dentatus).

Fig. 58. Character 34: basal (non-clavate) portion of metafemora compared to metafemoral club. a, distinctly longer
(Plectromerus exis). b, about equal (Plectromerus serratus). c, distinctly shorter (Plectromerus femoratus).

Fig. 59. Character 35: metafemoral shape. a, gradually enlarged from base (Plectromerus fasciatus). b, pedunculate-
clavate (Plectromerus morrisi, new species).

104 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURINI AND PLECTROMERINI

Fig. 60. Character 36: metatibial shape. a, nearly straight (Plectromerus pinicola). b, moderately sinuate (Plectromerus
josephi, new species). c, strongly sinuate (Plectromerus morrisi, new species).

ae

Fig. 61. Character 37: length of metatibia in relation to metafemur. a, about equal length (Plectromerus dominicanus,
b, slightly shorter, about 0.7 times length (Plectromerus thomasi, new species). c, distinctly shorter, about 0.5
times length (Plectromerus josephi, new species).

Fig. 62. Character 38: metalegs with first tarsomere at least twice as long as second. a, absent (Plectromerus dentatus).
b, present (Curius panamensis).

|

\

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 105

Fig. 63. Character 39: male genitalia. a, parameres with several short setae projecting from tips of lateral lobes
(Curius dentatus). b, parameres with two long setae projecting from tips of lateral lobes (Plectromerus dentatus).

Nee
7 Cayman
Islands —

Mexico

Guatemala Honduras “

Nicaragua

e!

OMC - Martin Weinelt

ae

a Q site Bahamas
ue

eee

> Dominican
Navassa Fait Republic pyerto
Islanc — . fRico.~" —_, British Virgin Islands

Jamaica US Virgin Islands “\ 5

Montserrat. ee
9
& Martinique
4
St. Vincento &
See > Barbados
= : Grenada |

¢ < Costa Rica a Gate
‘ Ja)
OSS ‘ —« a
% ei Ree

Fig. 64. Distribution of Curius and Plectromerus. Named countries represent those from which collection records

exist.

106 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURINI AND PLECTROMERINI

OMC - Martin Weinelt

Fig. 65. Curius species, distributions. Ml, C. chemsaki. A, C. dentatus. @, C. panamensis. ®, C. punctatus.

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 107

OMC - Martin Weinelt

Fig. 66. Plectromerus species, distributions. Ml, P. dezayasi, new species. A, P. lingafelteri. @, P. hovorei, new species. &,
P. grimaldii t.

108 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURINI AND PLECTROMERINI

OMC - Martin Weinelt

Fig. 67. Plectromerus species, distributions. ll, P. exis. A, P. femoratus. @, P. serratus. &, P. wappesi.

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 109

OMC - Martin Weinelt

Fig. 68. Plectromerus species, distributions. Ml, P. bidentatus. A, P. ramosi. @, P. tertiarius t. ©, P. turnbowi, new species.

110 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURINI AND PLECTROMERINI

OMC - Martin Weinelt

Fig. 69. Plectromerus species, distributions. Ml, P. michelii, new species. A, P. navassae. ®, P. ornatus. ©, P. pinicola.

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 111

OMC - Martin Weinelt

Fig. 70. Plectromerus species, distributions. @, P. fasciatus. A, P. distinctus. ®, P. dominicanus. ©, P. morrisi, new
species.

112 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURINI AND PLECTROMERINI

OMC - Martin Weinelt

Fig. 71. Plectromerus species, distributions. @, P. josephi, new species. A, P. giesberti, new species. @, P. unidentatus.
©, P. thomasi, new species.

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM

OMC - Martin Weinelt

Fig. 72. Plectromerus species, distributions. Ml, P. acunai. A, P. dentipes. @, P. pumilus.

113

114 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURINI AND PLECTROMERINI

Obrium maculatum
Curius dentatus
Curius punctatus
Curius chemsaki
Curius panamensis
Parommidion extricatum
Coscinedes gracilis
Hypexilis pallida
Perigracilia delicata
Plectromerus femoratus
Plectromerus dentipes
Plectromerus dezayasi
Plectromerus exis
Plectromerus giesberti
Plectromerus hovorel
Plectromerus josephi
Plectromerus lingafelteri
Plectromerus ornatus
Plectromerus pinicola
Plectromerus pumilus
Plectromerus ramos!
Plectromerus serratus
Plectromerus tertiarius +
Plectromerus thomasi
Plectromerus unidentatus
Plectromerus acunal
Plectromerus bidentatus
Plectromerus turnbowi
Plectromerus fasciatus
Plectromerus grimalaii +
Plectromerus michelii
Plectromerus distinctus
Plectromerus navassae
Plectromerus wappesi
Plectromerus dominicanus
Plectromerus morrisi

Fig. 73. Strict consensus of 19 most parsimonious trees (L = 180 steps, CI = 40, RI = 61) resulting from cladistic
analysis of Curius and Plectromerus including the fossil Plectromerus tertiarius.

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 115

2 3 1314 15 18 25 32
(e=(=)=(ie(=()
Pea 2oteSiit at

Obnum maculatum

Curius dentatus

5 12 16 17 30 233
(KERIO eed
202

rorzt Pay Curius punctatus

24 35 36 : 3
(== Curius chemsaki
1

So =

Curius panamensis

22 24 25 32.34
Oeie(el=(
14111

Parommidion extricatum

14 24 26 27 28 35 37 39
Hotel tal,

Coscinedes gracilis
43200113

11122429
(ee
0010

279428339

Hypexilis pallida

3013102

Perigracilia delicata
17 18 20 38 ive
0

4100 0 Plectromerus femoratus
0

413 a
(k= Plectromerus turnbowi
ih
24 32

1 2 45 25 34

1314
01 (=(}

Plectromerus unidentatus

Plectromerus dentipes

KK
Plectromerus acunai

Plectromerus wappesi

26 223206%37 --
0 Plectro. dominicanus

Plectromerus lingafelteri

Plectromerus ramosi

Plectromerus serratus

Plectromerus hovorei
Plectromerus giesberti
Plectromerus dezayasi

Plectromerus thomasi

Plectromerus pinicola

a7 Plectromerus ornatus

f= Plectromerus fasciatus
1

Plectromerus grimaldii +

Plectromerus exis

Plectromerus pumilus

Plectromerus unidentatus

Plectromerus michelii

419
i=)

13
(==Plectromerus distinctus
1

BI
rik Plectromerus navassae
hu
24
* Ei Plectromerus wappesi
2 6 223% 337

(ele lel)
10200

-&e

124273133 Plectro. dominicanus
Ie atoll u

001014 8
O
1

1
<i
f= Plectromerus morrisi
3

Plectromerus josephi
37 i 3
0 Plectromerus lingafelteri
1

v1

i
(k= Plectromerus dentipes
13 14.24 12

36 37
2435 Put==Plectromerus acunai
01

25 28 30
0 Plectromerus bidentatus
Ae2n2)

50
Plectromerus ramosi
Plectromerus serratus
Plectromerus hovorei
Plectromerus giesberti
Plectromerus dezayasi

0 193337

Plectromerus thomsai

Fig. 74. Two most parsimonious trees (L = 180 steps, CI = 40, RI = 61) resulting from cladistic analysis of Curius and
Plectromerus excluding the fossil Plectromerus tertiarius, one arbitrarily chosen cladogram showing all taxa in
analysis, with characters mapped using ACCTRAN (fast) optimization. Oblique line indicates clade in which
there are multiple alternative equally parsimonious arrangements of taxa. Black hash marks indicate unam-
biguous changes, white hash marks indicate homoplasious changes or reversals. Numbers above hash marks

are character numbers, those below hash marks are character states.

116 REVISION AND PHYLOGENY OF CURINI AND PLECTROMERINI

Obrium maculatum

Curius dentatus

Curius punctatus
82] 1 Curiini
4 Curius chemsaki
a Curius panamensis
Parommidion extricatum
) Coscinedes gracilis
{
3 Hypexilis pallida Outgroups
; 76 Perigracilia delicata

Plectromerus femoratus
Plectromerus turnbowi
Plectromerus fasciatus
Plectromerus grimaldil +
Plectromerus pinicola
Plectromerus ornatus
Plectromerus exis
{ Plectromerus pumilus
Plectromerus unidentatus Be
Plectromerus josephi
Plectromerus lingafelteri
{ Plectromerus dentipes
1 Plectromerus acunai
Plectromerus bidentatus
Plectromerus ramosi
Plectromerus serratus
Plectromerus hovorei
{ Plectromerus giesberti
2 r= Plectromerus dezayasi
Plectromerus thomasi

Plectromerus michelii

: Plectromerus distinctus
2 { Plectromerus navassae
2 Plectromerus wappesi
3 Plectromerus dominicanus

Plectromerus momisi_/

Fig. 75. Strict consensus of two most parsimonious trees (L = 180 steps, CI = 40, RI = 61) resulting from cladistic
analysis of Curius and Plectromerus excluding the fossil Plectromerus tertiarius. Bremer support values are re-
ported above the branches, bootstrap support values (> 70%) are reported below the branches.

EUGENIO H. NEARNS & MARC A. BRANHAM 117

Obrium maculatum
USA (C. dentatus)
Cuba (C. punctatus)

Curiini
Venezuela (C. chemsaki)

Panama (C. panamensis)

Parommidion extricatum
Coscinedes gracilis
Hypexilis pallida CUETEUE

Perigracilia delicata

Jamaica (P. femoratus)
| Hispaniola (P. turnbow/)

| Grenada, Montserrat, St. Vincent (P. fasciatus)
} Hispaniola (P. grimaldii +)
Cuba (P. pinicola)

Cuba (P. ornatus)

| Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica (P. exis)
Bahamas, Cuba (P. pumilus)
Jamaica (P. unidentatus)
Hispaniola (P. josephi) Plectromerini
Hispaniola (P. lingafelteri)
Bahamas, Cuba, USA (P. dentipes)
Cuba (P. acunai)
Hispaniola (P. bidentatus)
| Cayman Islands (P. michelii)
| Hispaniola (P. distinctus)

Navassa Island (P. navassae)

Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico (P. wappesi)

Hispaniola (P. dominicanus)

/

|

| Panama (P. morrisi)

| Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands (P. ramosi)

Hispaniola (P. serratus)
Costa Rica, Honduras (P. hovorei)
Guatemala (P. giesberti)
Nicaragua (P. dezayasi)

Hispaniola (P. thomasi)

Fig. 76. Area cladogram based on the strict consensus tree of two most parsimonious trees (L = 180 steps, CI = 40,
RI = 61) resulting from cladistic analysis of Curius and Plectromerus excluding the fossil Plectromerus tertiarius.

Thin

YT 1 oy:

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5. dows

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i E
|
i
F
i
D

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