m:

WH/:

MEMOIRS

OF THE

California Academy of Sciences

Volume I I

SAN FRANCISCO

Published by the Academy

1888 -1896

4^/7 0

CONTENTS OF VOLUME II.

Page
I. ON THE ANATOMY OP SUTROA KOSTRATA, A NEW ANNELID OF THE SUB-FAMILY LUM-

BRICULINA. By Gtistav Eisen 1

(Published January. 1888.)

II. ON SOME ANCIENT SCULPTURES FROM THE PACIFIC SLOPE OF GUATEMALA. By Oiixlav

Eisen 9

(Published July. 1S88.)

III. ON CALIFORNIA EUDRILID^. By Oustav Eisen 21

(Publi,shed February. 1894.1

rv. PACIFIC COAST OLIGOCH^TA. I. By Oustav Eisen 63

(Published March, 1895.1

V. PACIFIC COAST OLIGOCH^TA. II. By Oustav Eisen 123

(Published February. 1896.)

INDEX OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES .■ 199

Volume II.

Index of Scientific Names.

New names in heavy-faced type.

ACANTHODRILIDJS 144, 145, 146, 166
Acanthodrilus 45, 131, 139, 142
georgianus 45
tamajusi 123, 139, 140
Vasliti 123, 129, 139, 142, 144, 145, 172
Aleodrilus 145, 146, 149

Keyesi 123, 146, 169
AUolobophora 41, 128, 164

Argilophilus 21, 29, 41, 44, 45, 47, 48, 49, 53, 55, 56,
65, 68, 70, 81, 130, 148, 167
marmoratus 164
oruatus 44, 53
papillifer 44, 55

Benhamia 124, 125, 128, 129, 130, 131, 1.34, 138, 139,

145, 146, 147, 148, 164
Annaa 123

Bolavi 123, 124, 125, 129, 132, 134, 135, 136, 138
floresiana 123
Godeffioyi 123, 126
kafuruensis 137
malayana 123, 129
mexicaua 123, 124, 125
nana 123, 125, 127, 131, 132, 133, 134, 138
octonephra 123, 124, 126, 139
palmicola 123, 124, 125, 129, 131, 132, 133, 134,

135, 136, 1.38
papillata 123, 126, 135, 136
rugosa 123, 124, 126, 131, 134, 136, 1.38, 139
Stuhlmauni 134
Bombyx 149

Ckyptodrilid^ 21, 166

Deltania 21, 22, 23, 24, 40, 42, 43, 48, 52, 68, 81, 146
Benhami 22, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40
dubia 22, 24, 36, 40
elegans 22, 23, 24, 25, 29, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37,

39, 40, 146
Poultoui 22, 24, 40
Troyeri 22, 28, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, 39, 40, 170,

171
var. crassa 123, 169

lagunse 12.3, 170, 171
Diplocardia 146

communis 145

ECLIPIDRILID.E 84

Eclipidrilus 4, 89
frigidus 84

Eminiodrilus 130

Enohytraus 33, 49, 79, 129, 142, 168

Eudrilid* 21, 44

Eudrilus 21, 45

dubiiis 23, 24

GEObRILUS SINGULARIS 142, 144, 145

Gordiodrilus 63, 173

HaiMAGREGARINA 86
Heliodrilus 45
Hyperiodrilus 45

Kebria 6.3, 65, 68, 69, 70, 144
McDonaldi 70, 142

LiMTCOLi: 89
Limnodrilus 146
Lumbriculidre 1, 4, 84, 85, 89
LumbricuHna 1, 3
Lumbriciilus 1, 6, 89

Lumbricus 27, 33, 47, 48, 79, 81, 82, 128, 158, 163, 164
agricola 128

Mkroch^ta 32
Microscolecini 21
Microscolex 21, 22, 23, 24

algerieusis 22, 23

dubius 23, 40

modestus 22, 23

uov.TB-zelandiai 23

Poultoni 23, 24, 40
Moniligaster 65, 84, 89

indieus 43

Nannodrilcs 171

OCNERODRILIDiE 81

Ocnerodrilus 5, 28, 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 78,
81, 129, 171, 172, 173, 174

Beddardi .30, 67, 70, 72, 172

Heudriei 72

occideutalis 5, 32, 72
Oligochasta 1, 45, 47, 65, 67, 68, 72, 82, 84, 86
OligochiBtm 76, 77

PERICHiETA 54, 142

Phoenicodrilus 63, 68, 70, 72, 78, 81, 129, 171, 172, 173
taste 64, 66, 69, 71, 72, 12.3, 171, 172, 173, 174
tepicensis 123, 171, 172

200

CALIFOItNl.V ACADEMY OK SCIENCES

I'botodriluH 21, 22. 73, 82, 83
I'hriiatotbrii 4
IMiitelliiii 21. flO
I'liitellna 21, 4.1, 48, .15, .16
Poiitodriliiii 21

PoiitoJrilns 21, 22, 00. OS, 70. 7.1, 78, 7!l, 83. SO, IJ!I,
ISO, 167

areuii' 83

hesperiduni 76. 81, 83

iiisiilariH 83

littoral is 82, 83

MariuuiH 73, 83, 84

MichaeUeni 73, 78, 82. 83, 84

])hosplK>riMis 83
Poiitoscolcx 1.17

corethrurus 45

RllODODKILDS 21, 23
minatUB 22
uovto-zelauilifp 22

Khyuchelniis 2, 4, o, fi, 7, 104
limoselln 2, .3, 4

8PAROASOPIIII.IS 130. 1.11. 1.12, 1.1.3, 1.14, 155, 157, 158.

102, 103. 166. 167, 168
Benhami 12.3, 151, 152, 153, 154, 1.15. 156. 1.17.

1.18. 1.19. 160, 101. 102, 10.3. 10.1, 160, 107.

168, 169
cameus 123, 1.11, 1.13, I5;1. 108
Eisei.i 12.3. 151, 152. 1.1.3, 154. 156. 158, 159, 100.

107, 10!t
guatemalenais 12,3, 151, 1.1.3, 155. 101, 106, 107,

lOs, 109
Smithi 12.3, 129, Ml, 1.12, 1.1.3, 154, 1.1.1, 1.10, 158,

159, 160. 162, 105. 166, 167
sonomee 123, 151, 153, 154, 1.16, 1.59, 160
tamesis 12.3, 151, 15.3, 156. 157, 158, 159, 162. 163,

165, 160
tepiceusiii 129
Sutroa 2, 3, 4, 5, 0, 89, 168
rostrata 2, 3

Telmatourilps Veiuovskyi 90
Tericolro 89
Trichodrilina 1
Tubifei 89

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1. On the Anatomy of Sutroa rostrata, a Xew Annelid of tiiic Family of

lumbriculina.

B)^ (jUSTAV ElSEN.

The oligoclui'tous uiiiielid, which is tlie subject of this muiiogriiph, was hrst
I'ouuil by me some ten years ago in the small body of water known as Mountain
Lake, situated close to the ^larine Hospital, on the Reservation west of San
Francisco, California. During a recent visit to the same locality, in May, 1887,
1 found tlie same worm in exactly the same part of the ];ike, but, as before,
in very few specimens. Perceiving the necessity of creating a new genus foi- this
oligochtete, I have done myself the honor to dedicate the same to Mr. Adolph
Sutro, whose magnihcent public scientific library, marine aquarium and zoological
station on the Pacific Coast will in the near future become one of the most promi-
nent and valuable institutions of learning in this country.

OLIGOCH^TA.

Fuiiiily. Lumbriculidae.

A. Sub fiiiuily Tmchodrilina Vejd.

No solitary- albuminous gland opening on the ventral side of tlie body.

B :Sul) family Lumbeicolina Vejd.

A solitary albuminous uland opening on the ventral side of one of the ante-
rior segments. (Jf this sub-fauiily three genera are now known:

1. Lumbriculus (jiulic

Foui' paii-s of s(Mninal receptacles in segments 8, 10, 11 and 12. A solitary
albuminous gland in the ninth segment. The free secondary pei'igastric vessels
begin in the thirteenth segment, and are all pulsating. The [)i'ese[)tnl secondary
vessels not branching, the postseptal one branching. Spines not distinct!}- forked.*
Cephalic lobe not filifoi-m.

"Vejilov-ky, System, etc., <ler Olig c'aaeten, Pmgue, 18-i4, pag. 52.
Mkm. Vol. II. i. .Lauiwrv, I«68.

1 CALIFOUMA ACADEMY OK SCIENCES.

•1 Rliynchelmis Hoffm.

One |)iiir receptacles in the eighth segment. A s(»litary albuminous ghiml
in the ninth segment. Tiie postscptal secondary vessels are simple, the preseptal
ones are feathered ami branched. Spines are entire. Cephalic lobe filiform.*

3. Sutroa n. geu.

Seminal receptacles con-sist of several pair.s of h^bes, entire or forked, which
ail open in the so-called albuminous gland in the eighth segment. A solitary
aUnuninous gland in the eighth segment. Preseptal and interseptal secondary dor-
sal vessel are branching and feathered. Postseptal vessels are gastric, not feathered
nor brandling. Spines simple, not forked. Cephalic lobe filiform.

It will thus be seen that Sutroa is nearly allied to the two other genera of
the sub-family, the most prominent eharacteristic beiuu' the concentration of the
receptacles and their opening into the all)iiininoiis i;lanil. But the vascular system
also shows some great peculiarities, which will soon be fully described.

As only one species is known of tlie genus Sufroa, the generic and specific
characteristics will here necessarily be considered together.

Sutroa rostrata ii. j^en. et sp

HubiVit. — 1 have t'ouinl this species only in .Mountain Lake, near the Marine
Hospital west of San i'"i'aiicisco. ( 'alironiia. It occurs here only on the north
shore, just at the mouth of a small spring, which empties into the lake. It
lives in the richest niml, between the roots of acjuatic plants, probably with the tail
vibrating in the water. When captured and set free in the water, the worms swim
ra[)iiily tiirough a peculiar wavy motion of the body, showing to advantage its
really magnificent iridescent colors, found to the same degree in uo other fresh
water annelide. The color of the body is ver}' similar to that of Mhijnchelinis limo-
sellii, a lively llesliv red.

Tlie woi ni appears to be (juite rai-e. as 1 did not succeed in getting over a
dozen worm> during each excursion. It also seems quite restricted to a certain
part of the lake, where it lives in the rich mud at the margin ()f the bank. On
the soutii, east or West i']\t\:< of the lake I have looked for it in vain.

The egg capsule or cocoon.s of Stitrva are in size nearly similar to those of
liltijitcltdmis, but in .■-hape dillerent. They can nearest be compared to the hanging
nests of some bird.s — small, bag-shaped bodies, with a fiat, somewhat concave top —
suspended by a long semicircular membrane. Figure 15 gives an enlarged repre-

" Vujilovitliy, 1. u , piiy. Wi.

ANATOMY OF STTTROA ROSTRATA. 3

sentation of tlic same. I gciienilly rmiiid three eggs or young worms in the
capsule.

The worms appear full}- developed in July and August, at which time I
found mature specimens. In May only immature ones were found, hut as some
of those were quite small it is likely that the worms remain mature for a long
period, and that perhaps tlie projicr breeding season is during the winter luonths.

In size and fonn Suiroa roMruta nuudi resembles Rhynchelnm limoseUa. Iloirm.
Mature specimen reaidi a length of three incdies ami a width of one -eighth of aa
inch, hut generally are considerably smaller. The form is also similar to that of
the above worm. The body is round oi- quadilateral ; in many specinuMis the sides
are even concave (Fig. 3). The })osterior part of the body is again vei-y much flat-
tened out. quite transparent, and so brittle that care is necessary to get any entire
specimen.

The anterior part of the worm, or the cephalic lobe proper, is elongated and
filiform, its length exceeding the width of the body. This characteristic is
also found in Rhynchelmis Umosella, and indeed so similar are the two worms exte-
riorly that one may easily be mistaken for the other. Fig. 1 represents a Sutroa,
nat. size; Fig. 2, the anterior portion of the body; and Fig. 3, a transverse section
of a quadilateral specimen.

Vascular Systein. — The dorsal vessel (Figs. 4 and 5, v. d.) is pulsating. The
ventral vessel (Fig. 4, v. v.) is not pulsating. In the figures the pulsating vessel is
represented red, the non-pulsating one as blue. The ventral and dorsal primary
vessels ai-e connected in the cephalic lobe, where at the apex one vessel connects
directly with the other (Fig. 4, I). Between this cephalic plexus and segment
XIII no direct connection exists between the two primary vessels. But from
segment XIII toward the posterior end of the body, we find in everv one
a secondary gastric vessel which undoubtedly connects the dorsal and ventral pri-
mary trunks.

The dorsal primary vessel (Figs. 4 and '5, d. v.) is entire, not forked, as is
the case in the other genera of Lumhriculina. In every segment it emits secondary
vessels, which are of two kinds, gastric and jm'igastric. The [lerigastric vessels
occur in all the segments of the body; the gastric vessels only in the posterior,
beginning with segment YIII.

In each of the six anterioi' segments we find only one pair of perigastric ves-
sels, but each vessel shows a distinct forking, less so in segment I, but more dis-

4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

tiiict ill tlu' otiier.s. In segment \'l the forking is so deep that it nearly
divides tin- vessel in two (Fig. 4, 1 to VI). In .segment VII the forking is
perfect, antl from that tnuanl the end of the body wi; iind in every segment
two distinct pairs of lurigastric vessels. Each of these vessels again are forked at
the ai)ex, and feathered — that is, besides the forking at the apex, it emits two pairs
of side branches. All these secondary' perigastric vessels end blindly in the peri-
gastric cavity and do not connect directly with the ventral vessel (Fig. 5).

The ventral vessel is not pulsating. It is forked in segment ^'II1. the
forks again uniting with the dorsal vessel in the cq)halic lobe (Fig. 4). A similar
forking of the ventral vessel is known in tlie other genera of Lunibriculidie. The
two forks of the dorsal vessel are again connectetl by secondary perigastric vessels
(Fig. 4^ V. pr. v.). which, however, in no way connect with the dorsal vessel or its
secondary perigastric vessels, hi Rhytichehnis Umosella'^ as well as in Phrreatothrir f
the coiilrary takes place. Here the secondary ventral vessels connect the ventral
forks with tlie dorsal pulsating vessel. My ob.servations on the transparent Sutroa
satisfy nie jiositively that my above description is correct, and tliat tlie dorsal and
ventral vessels are not united in those segments. The blood in all the vessels is
lively yellowish-icil.

The (linnentanj aiiuil is exti-eiiicly simple, consisting of a simple duct. In tin'
twelve anterior segments this iluct is narrow and quite pellucid, but in liie thir-
teenth segment it is considerably enlarged and continues so toward the posterior
part of the body. In the same segment we lirst meet with gastric vessels.

The nervous si/stem resembles that of Ixhijnchelinis. The two ventral nerve
cords are, as in EclipklrUm, connected by numerous anastomosing commissures.
The cephalic yanylio II is rather long and narrow. No lateral nerves project from the
ventral nerve cord.

Generative Sysletn. — The sexual organs are of two kinds — c/enerative and recep-
tive. The generative include:

Testes, ovaries and allnnniniferoits (]laiul.

The re(;(.'|)tive are: h'(l'trtiit ilucls, with atriuiii and scnii mil reside; oriilucts and
7'ecejititcks.

*Vkjiiov»ky: AuutoiuiHcUe Htiiilieii. Ithynchtlmut. ZeitHoli, (. w. Zoi>l. IM. XW'II, 'rut. XXl, Fi^. 1.
tTlioHaiiie. Vvhex Phrtululhrix. Sniui', It.l. XXVII rnf XXXIX, Fib. 2.

ANATOMY OF SUTROA ROSTRATA. 5

The testes consist of one pair, situated in segment IX, and attached to
the dissepiment between segments VIII and IX. They present small bodies
of rather irregular shape (Fig. 14, test.).

The ovaries also consist of one pair, situated in segment X, and attached to
the dissepiment between segments IX and X. They are somewhat smaller than
the testes, and of a more regular form (Fig. 14, ov.).

The oviducts consist of one pair of small cup or funnel-shaped organs (Fig.
14, ovd., and Fig. 11). The exterior porus is on the ventral side of the body be-
tween segments XI and XII. The interior funnel-shaped part is extremely
delicate and translucent. I found the eggs quite frequently in the act of passing
out. The oviduct of Sutroa differs from that of Rkyncheimis, in being somewhat
more elongated, with a longer and narrower neck.

The efferent ducts are four, and their funnel-shaped interior openings are
all found in segment XI, freely projecting from the dissepiment between segments
X and XI (Fig. 17). These efferent ducts are extremely long, extending through
some twenty segments, or from XI to XXX or XXXI. They here enter
the atrium, which is similarly elongated, extending from segment X to XXXI.
The exterior porus of the atrium is situated very near the center of the
ventral side of the line between segments X and XI. This enormous devel-
opment of the efferent ducts and atrium was previously onl}^ found in
Ocnerodrihis.*'

The efferent funnels are comparatively small (Figs. 6, 7 and 14).

' I will here take occasion to correct an error in my former description of this latter genus, for which see
••OntheAnalo<vyi'fOcnerodrilus. Dpsala 1878.' The organs which I have there Atscnhei b& seminal receptacles axe
nudonbtedly nothing but the atrium. During a visil to Central America, I found four new species of Ocnerodrilus, and
a cursory micriscopic inve-tigation showed me immediately thut seminal receptacles existed in several pairs in some of
the auterior segments, which makes it evident that the large bodies which open in the same porus as the efferent
ducts must be ( outidered as atrium. In the Califoruian species which I described as Ooierodrilus occldenicdis, these
small seminal receptacles were evidently overlooked. Prolessor Fr. Vejdovsky, in his admirable work, "System der
OligochEeten," page !4i, takes tLie same view of these organs, and refers to them correctly as the atrium. I uow beg to
append a correct diagnosis of the genus Ocnerodrilus: Dorsal vestiel weakli) putsatimj, in segments IX and |X;
furnished w'th two pairs of stromjly pulsating hi arts. In the eighth segment it emits two iiie tranches which continue
toward the cephaic lobe. Ventral vessel is nc(/o»-i<(i, but contiauis Uhdicided to the buccalic stfjment. The stcondaiy
vessels are of tao kinds, gastric and perigastric. The perigastric oi.es only connrct with the ventral vtssel. The iffereiit
duels are not united with the airium, hut bulh open in the same porus. Semi.nal RECEPTAf'LE.s occur in puirs in scleral if
the anterior segments. Te.stes — Tico ])airs in ninth and tenth segments. Two ovidocts in fonrtetnth segment. Ovaries —
One pair in (iceljth segnunt. The genus Ocnerodrilus constitutes undoubtedly a distinct fnm ly.

0 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The exterior ixjiuhi of tlie atriiiin is in Siitroa surrounded by strong muscu-
lar swellings, and the atrium itself forms a kind of penis, which probably is to some
degree jtrojective. 'I'lic exterior surface of the atrium is nowhere covered with
glands, as is the case in Rhjnchelnm, but consists of a long, narrow duct of a
uniform width (Fig. G, atr., and Fig. 14, atr.). No basal glands.

The seminal vesicle consists of an enormous sac -like body, entirely filling
the twenty segments occupied by the atrium and the efferent ducts. 1 did not suc-
ceeil in linding the place at which it was attached to the atrium.

The most characteristic interior organ, however, is the solitary body, for
which 1 here adopt the name given by Vejdovsky, glandula albuminifera or albumi-
nous gland. I am, however, by no means fully satished of the functions of this
organ, and its structure seems somewhat dillerent from that of the albuminous
glands of Rhijnchelmis and Lumbriculus. The solitary albuminous gland of Siitroa
opens in the center of the ventral part of the eighth segment (Fig. 14, gl. alb., and
Fig. 10). It has the shape of a glolnilinis body, connecting by a narrow neck
with the body wall and opening through an external large porus. Hut tlie
histological construction of this gland is quite different from the gland described
by Vejdovsky in Lwnbrlcului^* and in R/u/ncItelmis.f

In till' latter two genera this organ is distinctly glandular, but in Sutroa it is
of nearly the same construction as the receptacles, being covered by smooth epithe-
lium, under which are found numerous long and narrow cells (Fig. 1"). 1 have,
however, no reason to doubt but that these organs are analogous in all the three
genera.

The receptacles in Sutroa consist of tjiree pairs. In Rhijnchelmis and Luinbricn-
luti we liiid the rece[itacles o[)en each in a separate porus; in Sutroa. however, there
exists the great anomaly that all the six seminal receptacles open into the narrow
neck of the above described solitary gland (Fig. 10, re. sem.). These receptacles
consist of long uari-ow sacks, containing full}' developed spermatozoa (Fig. 8).
Generally there are three pairs of receptacles, but in some specimens 1 found three
receptacles on one side and only two on the other. Sometimes the interior end of
a receptacle is forked; generally, however, they are entire. That these elongated
bodies are real receptacles is proved by their being full uf spermatozoa fully devel-

• Vejdovsky, Hystoin der Oligoohwteu. Tiif. XII, Ml ^. iilb.
t Slime. All stud. KbyDchelinis. Inf. Will, I''i>{. 17.

ANATOMY OF SUTROA ROSTRATA. 7

o])(_'(l. In the iilbuminous gland, however, I have searched in vain for any, though
I must cont'css the number of specimens at my disposal has been very small.

The seginental organs are found in all the segments posterior to XII. They
consist of long slender organs, the body of which is destitute of any glandular
appendices oi' cells similar to those found in Rhjiichelmls. The interior opening of
the organ is surrounded by brown glands, behind which there is a larger head-like
enlargement of similar structure to the duct proper (Fig. 12).

The spines are eight in every segment and occur in four pairs. They are
slightly S-shaped, entire, not forked (Fig. 1.3).

EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES.
Plate I.

Fig. 1. Sutroa rostrata, natural size.

Fig. 2. Front part of the worm, with the cephalic lobe, showing its filiform

elongation.
Fig. 3. Transverse section of the body of a quadrilateral specimen.
Fig. 4. The front part of the worm, showing the vascular or circulatory
system. The dorsal vessel is represented red ; the ventral
vessel, blue.

d. pr. v.: dorsal perigastric vessel.
V. pr. V. : ventral perigastric vessel.
Fig. 5. The twelfth to fourteenth segments, showing the vascular system
in those segments.

ac.: alimentary canal,
dv. : dorsal vessel,
d. pr. v.: dorsal perigastric vessel,
d. gr. v. : dorsal gastric vessel.
Fig. 6. The efferent ducts and atrium,
ps. : penis.

eff. d.: efferent ducts,
atr. : atrium.
Fig. 7. Efferent fuiuu'l more magnified and seen in different aspect.

8 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Pl.ATB II.

Fij^. 8. Ventral nerve trunk and cephalic ganglion.
I""ig. 9. Seminal receptacles and allnuiiinous gland.

re. seni.: seiniiuil receptacles.

gl. alb.: albuminous gland.
Fig. 10. Interior extremity of one of the receptacles, showing the sperma-
tozoa accumulat('(l in the same.

Fig. 11. One of the oviduct.-^, with eggs in the act of descending.
Fig. 12. The interioj- extremity of one of the segmental organs.
Fig. 13. One pair of spines.
Fig. 14. Interior view of the ventral part of the worm.

gl. alb.: albuminous gland.

re. sem.: seminal recoptarles.

test. : testes.

ov. : ovaries.

ovd.: oviducts.

utr. : atrium.

efT. d.: ell'iTi'iit ducts.

Fig. 15. One of the egg capsules or cocoons. In the interior are seen three
young worms, magnified about live times.

The Roman numerals everywhere indicate the segments. In numbering the
same 1 have everywhere in this pnp(M' referred to the first segment as segment
I, thus following Vejdovsky and others. In former papers 1 have always referred
to the (iist setigerous segment as segment 1, anil believe yet this way to be the least
confusing. Hut as uniformity in numerating • the segments is highly desirable,
and as every investigator seems to have his pet way, leading to endless misunder-
standing, I shall for the future accept the system used in this paper, hoi)ing all
other- investigators will do the same.

Mem. I.; ai.;v„aa, ii. im. ii.

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v., //

ext. ,

x'y

xm

xrv

ryir . ,

GuitavEisen del

%./y

Sutroa Tostrata , n. Gen.2^ sp.

XVI

On i>in\E Ancient Sculptures from the Pacific Slope of Guatemala.

By Gustav Eisen.

During my visit to Guatemala, Honduras and Salvador, in 1882, I made the
archfoological remains of the Mayas and the Aztecs in tliose countries my particu-
lar study. These researches were embodied in a paper presented to the Smithso-
nian Institute in 1883. This paper treated principally of the ruins of Copan and
Quirigua, in Honduras and Guatemala. Through an unfortunate mishap a portion
of this paper was lost in transferring from the Smithsonian Institute to the
Bureau of Ethnology in Washington, I). C. Tliis delayed the printing of the
same four years. In the meantime Mr. Alfred Maudslay, of London, carried on
extensive excavations in both the above places. His researches being so much
more extensive than my own, and now soon to be published, will in a measure
supersede them, and make their publication less desirable or entirely superfluous.

The following paper contains only those portions of my former researches
which refer to parts not visited by Mr. Maudslay. The historical traditions of
these localities are entirely lost, and instead of indulging in vague and at present
highly unsatisfactory speculations about possible relations, life, characteristics, etc.,
of the people who produced the sculptures found there, I shall mainly confine
myself to describing what I have seen, leaving future explorers, with more
material, to generalize and speculate upon the, of late, rather fashionable myths of
Tlalocs, Quetzalcoatle, Toltecs, etc. ; but this much I will say in regard to the people
who originated these sculptures — that they were, undoubtedly, of Aztec origin; the
worn gylphs yet to be distinguished show similarity to Aztec and not to Maya
writings.

EL PORTAL, PANTALEoN, LOS TARROS, SANTA RITA, SANTA LUCIA COTZUMALGUAPA AND

AGUNA.

In the above named places as well as in many others along the Paciiic Coast
of Guatemala, from the very slope of the volcanoes to the shores of the Pacific
Ocean, are found numerous traces of ancient civilization. So numerous seems the
population of the country to have once been that there is now scarcely a single
farm upon which is not fourid ruins or relics of some kind. But the monuments

Mem. Vol. IJ. g. July. J88B.

10 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

on this coast are of an entirely different type from tliosc of Guirigua and Copan,
and it is perfectly evident that they were constructed by entirely different people,
who resembled each other, neither in regard to physiognomy, dress or ornaments,
nor in regard to the glyphs used for expressing their ideas, etc. The monu-
ments of the Pacific Coast are of several kinds, viz. :

1. Larger or smaller hills or mounds made of soil, or soil and rough or
rounded stones. Generally three or four of these mounds are grouped together
forming between them a kind of inclosed courtyard. Some hills are several thou-
sand feet in length and some twenty feet high; others only fifty to sixty feet longi
the height being the same as the former.

2. Smaller mounds, in which are seen a low foundation of rough stone, not
fixed with mortar.

3. Bridges and aqueducts made of cut stones, beautifully laid without mor-
tar, and wonderfully withstanding the destruction of time. Such are found
around Santa Lucia and Los Tarros.

4. Sculptured stones, representing heads of men or animals, in all grades of
skillful manufacture, some most beautifully made and designed, such as the large
head from Los Tarros; others again very primitive, like those of Aguna.

5. Hollow stones or fonts, richly ornamented, used either for baptism or
for sacrifices.

G. Sculptures in low relief, representing mythological or historical events,
or records of some kind.

7. Pottery of different kinds, such as dishes, vases, and musical instru-
ments with heads of beasts and man; also smaller idols of burnt clay. This pottery
is evidently from different epochs. The finest made wares are found near or on the
surface, while the poorest kinds are found deeper in the ground, as far down as
nine feet. I have this assertion from several gentlemen owning farms on the coast,
especially from Don Joaquin Durand, who has repeatedly found ancient pottery at
different depths on his farm — " Sapote," at the base of Yolcan de Fuego. In our
present time no such wares are worked by the Indians anywhere on this coast, nor
can the present crockery of the Guatemala Indians, in skillful workmanship or
even in the fineness of the clay used, compare with the ancient pottery found in
the ground. Only in the wiM uiul entirely unconquercd country of the Lacandres,
between Guatemala and Yucatan, have the natives to this day preserved the art of
finer pottery making. Kdward Ilockstroh, who made an expedition to this country

ANCIENT SCULPTURES OP GUATEMALA. 11

a few years ago, and who succeeded in penetrating far enough in the same to visit
several hamlets or raiichos, brought from there several idols well made. The
general form was a small dish, furnished at one side with a large head. These
objects were both idols and sacrificiary places. In the hollow of the pots was
placed incense or libation, and the god for which it was destined, was represented
by the head attached to the dish. Tliese heads, or faces, were in many regards
exactly similar to those found on the Pacific Coast, and bore also a remarkable
resemblance to the faces and heads of the Peruvian pottery. The ground color of
the pots was also a dark grayish-black, while the pottery from the Pacific Coast, as
well as that from Copan and other places of Maya origin, is yellowish-red, and
sometimes ornamented with painted glyphs.

In the "Instituto Nacional'' of Guatemala, is a fine and interesting collection
of pottery from different places of that Republic; but like everything else in that
country, it is in a deplorable state, the catalogue being missing, so that the nume-
rals on the different objects cannot be referred to. Nobody has charge of the
" museum," or takes any interest in the same. Mixed with the ancient Indian pottery
are some Egyptian idols, as well as pieces of unburnt European pottery, most
likely believed by the " authorities," to be of the same origin, and having as
much or as little interest.

The sculptured stone heads found all over the coast are all furnished with a
large conical projection, as can be seen by referring to the diff"erent figures appended.
This projection was evidently formed for insertion into the adobe or stone walls of
the respective temples, and served to keep the objects in position. They have no
connection with phallic symbols or worship. Most likely, when the sculptures
were in their original places, these projections were not seen, but were entirely
hidden in the walls.

In producing drawings of different sculptures, my intention was not, neither
did mv time permit me, to again draw stones which had once been drawn and pho-
tographed by former explorers. My intention was only to bring to notice what
was not previously known, and thus, as much as I could, complete the work so ably
begun by others. This especially refers to the sculptures of Santa Lucia, where
Dr. Habel and Prof. Bastian have already done considerable work. In regard to
the sculptures of the other places here referred to, I believe so far no accounts of
the same have been published, and I drew there as many as I could find, within the
limited time at my disposal.

12 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Ef. PORTAL.

Till' uliiivf is tlie name of a cofTee plantation ami farm, owneil b}- Don Maniid
Ilcrrcra. at the timu of my visit .Minister of Agriculture in the Government of
(luatemala. The plantation is situated onl}' a few minutes' walk from "Antigua,"
the old capilal of (Juateniala. The monuments of this place comprise a large natural
hill or miiiiiid several hundred feet high, and perhaps five hundred feet in diame-
ter. The top is covered 1)V three smaller mounds, artificially made. From the top
of one of these smaller mounds, and down the steep south side of the larger one, is
seen the very much ruined remains of a roughly made stairway, the stones once
composing its steps having neither been cut nor well fitted. Along the lower part
of this stairway, and also between the three small mounds at its top, were found all
the sculptures known from this place. At the base of the stairway is yet seen a
large basalt l)lock, in which can barely be made Out the figure in low relief of a
large tiger of natural size. A little higher up are seen several very rough heads of
animals, as well as a deer head, but they can hardly be called sculptures, the original
stones having somewhat resembled heads, and only been helped by the artist by the
addition of a line for the mouth or a hollow for the eye. All the better sculptures
were some time since removed to the near dwelling-house and here sheltered from
rain and destruction; Benor lierrera being one of the few native gentleman in (lua-
temala who takes interest in the ancient relics of the country. The following sculp-
tures are all which are at present known from this place. The numerals refer to
Uie figures appended only where "Fig." is put in front of them.

Figure 1. Large block of basalt with the u))per surface covered with a tiger
in Ijas-relief. The tongue is stretched out, and on the same is seen perched a bird
with long bill, very similar to an Alcedo. Size 5^ by 3i feet.

Figs. 2 and 3. Head of a male personage — Fig. 2 representing the i^ame
seen from the side, and Fig. 3 from the front. The face is serene and well made,
furnished with a beard. On the head is seen a kind of helmet, tlie original of
which was perhaps made of wood. In tliis helmet is seen a smaller face, and on
the side of it tiie two arms bent upward. Tiie back is furnished witii a [trojection.
Size of Fig. 2, 19 inches long by 14^ inches high. Size of Fig. 3, 14i inclies high
by 8i wide.

Fic. '1. Head of some animal, perhaps a snake, seen from the front. Rectan-
gular posterini' pnijcctinn. Size, 1 I J. inchi-s higli by 1."] inches wide. Rougiily
jiiade sculpture.

ANCIi'JNT SCULPTURES OF GUATEMALA. 13

Fig. 5. Head of another similar animal, but seen from the side. The up-
per surface of the skull has inscribed upon it two C's, a similar ornament often
being found in snakes. Size, 19 inches long by IH inches high.

Figs. 6 and 7. Head of some fictitious animal, perhaps modeled after a
tiger. Fig. 6 represents it seen from the front. Size, 13f inches broad by 19 inches
high. Fig. 7 is the same seen from the side. Size, 25| inches, long by 19 inches
high.

Fig. 8. Head of a fictitious aiiiuial. Behind is seen the remains of a hollow,
perhaps a font. Front view. Size, 13 inches broad by 8| inches high.

SANTA RITA OR CARMEN.

This place is situated between Santa Lucia Cotzamalguapa and Pantaleun.
So far only one sculpture is found in this place, represented in Figs. 9 and 10. The
lower part of the skull is wanting. Fig. 9 represents it seen from the front and
Fig. 10 from the side. This skull, as well as the heads from Pantaleon, have the
angle of the face very large. The sculpture is at present at Pantaleun.

PANTALEuN.

This place is situated one league southeast of San Lucia, and belongs at
present to Don Manuel Herrera. The sculptures found on this place are removed
from their original site, and now to be seen in a yard behind the main dwelling-
house. Originally, however, they were found on the ground between four small
mounds, enclosing between them a kind of courtyard, having the entrance on the
south side. The sculptures consist only of heads of male and female personages,
originally six in number, but one of them has been taken to Berlin, Germany, by
Dr. Bastian. I am, however, not aware of it having been described. The remain-
ing sculptures are all very well made, cut out of a dark basalt from Volcan de Fuego,
some thirty miles distant. The rocks, however, were most likely found on the
place, as rounded stones of similar nature are in some places abundant on the
ground. All the sculptures are furnished with a large posterior projection for
insertion in the wall.

Figs. 11 and 12. Head of an old woman, the face with very deep
wrinkles all over. Remarkable in all these heads is the head-dress, which is just the
opposite of the head-dresses worn b}' the idols of Quirigua and Copan. Instead
of being enormouslj'' large, it is extremely small, and evidently used more as

14 CAI.IFOKXIA ACADEMY OF SCIEN'CES.

ill) KniiiiiHiil tliaii as a protection. In lliis licail it consists of a small central bow,
from the sides of which extend two wings of feathers. Tiie whole seems attached
to some kind of frame, on cacii side of which hangs down two smaller ribbons and
one hirgi-r one. Fig. 12 shows this head-dress as seen from above.

Fig. lo. A head of a yonng woman, of handsome features. The hair is
abundant and seems to hang below the ears. These, as in all the rest of the sculp-
tures, are unnaturally large, most likely enlarged by some process. The head-dress
is ill the form of a crown, or at least ornamented as such. Tlie figure shows the
head from (ho front.

Figs. 14, 15 ami IG. Head of a very old woman, seen respectively from tlic
side, front and from above. The liair is laid in tliick tresses and covered by an
exceedingly small hat. The ears are enormously large, tiieir lower lobes extend-
ing and projecting forward. The most remarkable things to be seen in this face are
the eyeballs, which are hanging down outside on the cheeks. The upper lip is
small, while the lower one is very large and projecting. The nose is broken, but
enough is left to show its original large size.

Figs. 17, 18 and in. Head of an old woman, seen respectively from the
side, front and from above. The hair is ornamentally laid and covered by a very
small hat; by the same is seen a bow. The right eyeball is hanging on the cheek.
The nose is large and aquiline, not broken. Below the face is seen a kind of collar
extending from ear to ear.

Figs. 20 and 21. Head of an old man, seen from the side and from above.
The nose is partially broken. Forehead and face deeply wrinkled. Head covered
by a cloth and a very small hat. The ears have large ornaments.

The size of these five sculptures is nearly the same. Length, 32 inches,
bight 24, and width IG inches.

What these iieails lepiesent will at present remain only a conjecture. In
Yucatan criminals were punished Ijy the extraction of their eyes, but I am doubtful
about these heads representing criminals, as they then would most likely not have
been ornamented, as it seems, in so very fashionable a way. Besides, the expressions
of their faces are always noble and serene, which would not have been the case if a
criminal had been represented. Even those having their eyes extracted show no
signs of pain whatever. The faces represent evidently very old i)eople, at least
judging by the vi'iy ilctp wrinkles which cover their foreheads and cheeks. May

ANCIENT SCULPTURES OF (UJATEMALA. 15

not tliosc heads represent saints, sonic of whom liad martyreil tlioniselves and whose
images had since been set up for adoration ?

I was informed that similar sculptures are not uncomninu in the neighbor-
hood, but the above ones are said to bo much superior in execution. The following
localities are said to contain similar sculptures: Santa Ana or Mistan, about nine
leagues south of Pantaleon; Gomera, about ten leagues south of Pantaleon. Also
in the vicinity of Santa Lucia six heads were to be seen, which were said to exhibit
the peculiarity of having animals and bars projecting from the mouths. Even in
a place north of Pantaleon is said to be a large head more tlian six feet higli, in
similar st^'le with those removed to the house and described above.

LOS TARROS.

This place is situated northwest of Pantaleon a few leagues distant. I did
not visit the place, the time and weather not permitting it. One of the two sculp-
tures found on this place is removed to Pantaleon, and arrangements have already
been made to remove the other. Both sculptures are said to be nearly exactly
alike, the one remaining in its place only being a little larger. Originally both
sculptures stood on a plain facing each other, and 20 to 30 yards apart. Fig. 22
represents the smaller of the sculptures, seen from the front, and Fig. 23 the same
seen from the side. The size is: hight, 68 inches; width, 44 inches; thickness, 24
inches. The sculpture represents the bust of some prominent male personage,
standing out in bold relief from a stone slab, slightly ornamented. Above the. slab
is seen the head of a large fictitious animal, with a large hole perforating the base of
the same. The face of the personage is most serene and noble, and expresses great
kindness. The head-dress is very large, a kind of turban, very much inflated, iu
front furnished with an ornamental projection, in which is seen a face lying on the
side, and in front of this a smaller ornament like a gem. Behind the face
are seen three leaves, and behind them, extending towards the margin of the stone
slab on each side, a bunch of very long and rather narrow leaves, with a nervation
similar to that of Melastoma. The ears of the personage are large, furnished with
ornaments, in the middle of which is seen a hanging boss. On the breast is an
ornament with five small holes in the margin, and a human face in the center. The
fantastic head, hanging ominously above the slab, is of a wonderful effect, and the
perforation of its side breaks the heaviness of the sculpture. In elegance of design
and in workmanship this stone is undoubtedly one of the very finest ever found in.
Central America; and it is much to be regretted that it is not protected from the

n> CAI.IFOUNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENXES.

injurious influences of the tropical rains and sun. (Jriginally the stone had a hirge
posterior projection, Ixit tliis was cut off so as to facilitate transportation.

SANTA LUCIA COTZUMALGL'APA.

The sculptures from this place are pretty well known through the works of
Dr. Ilabel* and Dr. Bastian.** Some of the slabs have been removed to Berlin, but
the largest part is yet to been seen at the original place, but exposed to rain and
other bad treatment. Many of the sculptures are so faint that it is necessary to
draw up the lines with chalk before any complete idea can be had of the same.

The sculptures, when originally found, were covered by soil, the same being
thrown up into hills or mounds. At present the whole country around is covered
with these mounds of smaller and larger size, and as only a few of them have been
opened, it is not unlikely that the number of sculptures will be considerably in-
creased when a thorough search has been made. The way the sculptures were, or
are, hidden in the ground, is very peculiar. Some of them are lying down flat on
or near the top of the mound; others are standing upright, but covered with soil
up to their very tops. It is evident tluit tlio .soil has not accumulated slowly from
decayed vegetation, etc., l)ut it seems rather as if the sculptures have once pur-
posely been covered up, to be hidden, perhaps, at the approach of some enemy.
At the time of the Spani.sh conquest the whole of the Pacific Slope was here densely
populated, especially around and near Escuintla, from which Santa Lucia is only
distant some thirty miles.

Through the kiiiiluoss of Mr. Edward Rockstroh, I came into posession of
some lead pencil and ink drawings of sculptures from Santa Lucia, made by
the late Dr. Carl Herman Berendt, and received also permission to publish the
same. One of these drawings T had already a copy of, made by myself at Santa
Lucia; but as my drawing was wanting in the lower part — this part at my visit
being covered with soil — I prefer to give the drawing of Dr. Berendt as being more
perfect. As this as well as his other drawings, were not exactly in a state to
l)e lithographed, very often having corrections of minor details on tiie margins,
I recopied them, inserting the corrections, etc. It is to be regretted tiiat no notes
as to size accompanied tlie drawings, and only meager ones as to localities.

•3. HkIjpI.— TUe Soiilptiires i>f Siiitii Luoin Cotzuuinluaiipn, etc. Smith -ouinii Cjutributiou to Kiio vleilge.
2G9. Apr. 1870.

"The work of Dr. BosliiiD, in quarto, ;i pliiles. priiiii-.l in Uurliii? I1.1S uo title, nt l.u.it iiot tlie copy tUnt I
buve icflu.

ANCIENT SCCLPTrRES OF GUATEMALA.

17

Fig. 24. Large stone slab, al)Oiit nine feet high by six wide. The sculpture
represents some religious cereiuony. Two men are carrying between each other a
standard, and appear to deliver the same to a third person. The standard is orna-
mented by several appendices, one being especially large and circular, and having
ill its midst the face of a monkey. In the margin of the stone are seen several
round rings with glyphs or signs, but all are so effaced that no correct delineation
is possible. This slab is yet standing upright in a mound, and was originally entirely
covered with earth, but at present the larger part of the face is uncovered.

Fig. 25. Stone slab found in the grounds of Yirgilio Pais, on the plain of
Quayabo, near Santa Lucia. Drawing made after a sketch by Dr. C. H. Berendt.
The central figure represents a chief richly dressed, with a girdle round the waist,
one extremity of the bow ends in a snake-head extending toward the woman stand-
ing in front. One of the legs of the chief is ornamented ; the other bare. The head-
dress, behind which is seen a large bird, perhaps the common black vulture of
Central America, is large and ornamented with many feathers. In front of the man
stands a woman, evidently emaciated, as her ribs are plainly seen. She appears
entirely naked, except a girdle round the loins. Her hair is elegantly dressed and
tied with ribbons. Behind her is seen an evil spirit, or other mythical personage,
with claws on hands and feet, and a very pronounced male member. The chief has
his mouth covered with a bandage.

Fig. 26. Original from the grounds of Virgilio Pais; the drawing after a
sketch by Dr. C. H. Berendt. Represents a sepulchral tablet, on which are seen
the portraits of perhaps man and wife, their different head-dresses, etc., indicating
decidedly their diff'erent sexes. From the mouths of the respective portraits extend
as usual curved figures with notes or nodes. A similar speech writing is found in
all Mexican manuscripts, as can be seen by a reference to Lord Kingsborough's Mex-
ican Antiquities, for instance, Tom. Ill, p. 26. This writing is entirely unknown in
Maya sculptures and manuscripts, but is seen on some sculptures at Chichen,
Yucatan.

Fig. 27. From the same locality, and after a sketch by Dr. C. H. Berendt.
A stone tablet, most likely, like the former one, a sepulchral tablet, having in its
center a forced deadhead, with outstretched tongue. Above the same are seen two
crossed bars, perhaps meant to represent two crossed bones.

Figs. 28 and 29. The two sides of a sacrificial font or altar. The front is
twenty-four inches high, ornamented with a face like that of a dead man. The ears

18 CALIFORNIA ACADEMV OP SCIENCES.

are enormously largo. Above is seen a cavity in the margin, in which perhaps the
victims were made to place their heads at decajyitation. Tlie hollow posterior cav-
ity of tlie font, used for tliu recei)tion of the ciit-ofr head, is twenty-one inches
broad by twenty inches deep. Locality: Xata. (After a drawing by Dr. Berendt.)

AGUNA,

Situated some twenty miles iKntliwcst of Smita Lucia and owned by Dr.
Guillermo Rodiguez of Guatemala. The whole place is covered by artificial mounds.
About nine miles south of the main dwelling-house are seen, among other hills,
three smaller ones made of soil and rough stones. These mounds, perhaps fifteen
feet high and forty feet long, are placed so as to form a small courtyard. In this
courtyard were found the sculptures here represented, viz.:

Figs. 30 and 3L A stone sculptured as a head, with a posterior projection
for insertion in a wall. Tlie sculpture is represented both from the side and from
the front.

Figs. 32 and 33. A similar stone, with a forced deadhead in front and sev-
eral ornaments. In execution these heads do not compare with the sculptures of
Pantak'un, being very much inferior, both in design and workmanshi|i. Their size
is about four feet long Ijy two high.

EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES.

FROM EL PORTAL.

Fig. 1. Sculptured tiger in low relief. The tongue is outstretched and on the
same is sitting a bird.

2. Head of male personage, seen from the side.

3. Head of the same, seen from the front.

4. Head of fictitious animal, front view.

5. Head of an animal similar in size and shape to the above, but side view.
G. Head of a fictitious animal, seen from the front.

7. The same, side view.

8. Fictitious animal or deadhead, remains of a font, front view.

FROM SANTA RITA OR CARMEN.

0. Sculptured deadhead of man, seen f'ldin tlic fiout.
in. Tbe same, side view.

ANCIENT SCULPTURES OF GUATEMALA. 19

FROM PANTALEuN.

11. Sculptured head of woman, side view.

12. The former, seen from above, to sliow the head-dress.

13. Sculptured head of woman, front view.

14. Sculptured head of woman, side view.

15. The same, front view.

10. The same, seen from above, to show the head-dress.

17. Sculptured head of woman, seen from the side.

18. The same, front view.

19. The same, seen from above, to show the head-dress.

20. Sculptured head of woman, seen from the side.

21. The same, seen from above, to show the head-dress.

FROM LOS TARROS.

22. Large, sculptured stone slab, in the middle the bust of a male personage;

above, a fictitious animal's head.

23. The same, seen from the side.

FROM SANTA LUCIA COTZUMALGUAPA.

24. Large, sculptured stone slab, in very low relief, representing some relig-

ious or civil ceremony. Two male personages are seen carrying a
standard, and presenting it to a third.

25. A chief or other personage, in rich dress, and head-dress or helmet with

plumes. Behind the same is seen a bird; in front, a female figure,
and behind her a fictitious personage. The sculpture is in low relief.

26. Smaller sculptured slab, perhaps originally the cover of a tomb or made

in memory of the two personages whose portraits are seen on the
stone.

27. Sepulchral stone slab; in center the image of a deadhead surrounded

by many ornaments.

28. Sacrificial font, seen from the side. The font has a shield witli a sculp-

tured face.

29. The same as above, front view. The smiill cavity in the top was evidently

used for holding the victim's neck; the font behind receiving the
head when decapitated.

20 CAMFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

FROM AGUNA.

30. Sciilptuix'd stone head, with posterior projection; seen from the side.

31. The same; front view.

32. Sculptured stone lieiid — a forced deadhead, with uniaiiiuiits; front view.

33. The same; side view.

Mem. Cal Head. II. PL III.

c
S"

s
a

Mem. Cal Read. II. PL III.

GL'STAV PllSEN, del.
9/1S82.

ARTO. ORirTON A. R£V S F

Sculptures of Portal, Rutiqua ;
and Santa Rita or Carmen, Pantaledn , Guatemala.

Mem. Cal /lead. II PI. U.

it

GusTAV EiSEN, del.
9/1882.

Sculptures of Pantaleon. Guatemala.

ARTO, BRITTON & REV. S F

Mem. Cal. Head. II PI. UI.

GusTAv EisEN, del.
9/1882.

Sculptures af Pantalean, Guatemala,

ARTO. BRITTON & R£V. S F

Mem. Cal, Mead. II. PI. Jill.

m

Gl'stav EiSEN, del.

ARTO. BRITTON & REV S F

Sculptures of Los Tarros, Pantaleon, Guatemala.

Mem. Cal, Read. L

^ «

GusTAv EiSEN, in part, after sketch by Dr. IJerendt-

ARTO, BRITTON & REV. S F

4/ 1882.

Sculptures of Santa Lucia Cotzumalguapa, Guatemala.

lAem. Cal. Read. II. PI. IX.

I

\

-■-<mS^ V

/^K^i^J

GfSTAV ElSEN, after sketch by Dr. Uerendt.

8/1882.

ARTO BRITTON & REV, S F

Sculptures af SarAa Lucia Cntzumalguapa, Duatamala,

Mem. Hal Read. 11. PL X.

\

I iV ^'

\

GuSTAV ElsEN, after sketch by Dr. Derendt.

9/1882.

ARTO 8RITT0N & REV. S F

Sculpture of Santa Lucia Catzumalguapa. Guatemala.

1

Mem, Cal. Mead. II. PL XL

GusTAV EiSEN, del.
4/1882.

ARTO BHITTON & REV, S F

Sculptures of Jlguna, Cuatsinala,

ON CALIFORNIA EUDraLID.E.

RY GUSTAV EISEN.

The California Oligoclia'ts, to be described below, are all related to the well-
known genera Microseolex, Pontodrilus, Plutellus, etc., referred by Benliam, Rosa
and otbei'8 to the general family of Eudrili(be, and by Bcddard to his family Crypto-
drilid;e. I will not here discnss the relative merits of the respective families, as the
number of species belonging to them is hardly sufficient to enable us to as yet come to
any definite conclusion. For the jnx'sent, at least, I retain these genera in the family
of Eudrilid;e. But I must concede that this family, as defined by the above investi-
gators, contains two distinct main types — one represented by Eudrilus and the other
by Microseolex — and a separation in families should be made in reference to them,
though I am <iot prepared to make the separation as wide as Beddard has done. Our
California species ally themselves to the Microseolex group, and especially to JNIicro-
scolex and Plutellus. A species of Pontodrihis was found too late to be included. I
believe this family may be conveniently divided into several subfamilies based upon
the openings of the spermducts, prostates, penial sacs, as well as upon the location of
the nephridio-pores. Our C-alifornia forms may thus be grouped as follows:

PONTODRILIXI.

The eight setic are separate though in four couples on every somite.
CliteUum complete.
Male i)ore in somite xviii.

Nephridia — mega-nephriilia only — commence posteriorly to somite xiii; the pores are in line with set.i; 2',
not alternating in position.

The prostate receives the spermduct previous to its entering the maleijore.

No gizzanl, no typhlosole, no sulnieural vessel. Poxtodrilu.s E. P., 18S1.

PitoTODRiLu.s Girard, 1887.

iMICROSf'OLKt'INI.

Eight seta3, separate iu four couples ; the setro of the inner couples not always parallel.
Clitclhim complete.
\r.,i„ „..,.„ ;.. ;»„ ..«::

its entering the male pore; or opens separately iu the same

MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY.

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Given by L^t^c-^^^^^z^ .

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; the nephridia iu line with one of the seta) .3 or 4. The first
iv from the posterior ones.

BuoiiODRiLrs Beddard, 1889.

MicRosfOLEX Kosa, 1887.

Deltania Eisen, 189.3.

opens separately, hut iu the same pore,
on iu position either in front of or outside of the setaj.

Plutellus Pei-rier, 1873.

.\Ri:n.oi'iiiLUS Eisen, 1893.

ON CALIFORNIA EUDRILID.E.

r,Y OrSTAV EI«EN.

The California Oligochivts, to bo described below, are all related to the well-
known g'enera Microseolcx, Pontodi-iUis, Plutellus, etc., referred by Benham, Rosa
and others to (he genei'al family of Eudrilida^, and by Beddard to his family Crypto-
drilidu'. I will not here discuss the relative merits of the respective families, as the
number of species belonging to them is hardly sufficient to enable us to as yet come to
any definite conclusion. For the present, at least, I retain these genera in the family
of Eudrili(he. But I must concede that this family, as defined by the above investi-
gators, contains two distinct main types — one represented by Eudrilus and the other
by Microscolex — and a separation in families should be made in reference to them,
though I am not prepared to make the separation as wide as Beddard has done. Our
California species ally themselves to the Microscolex group, and especially to Micro-
scolex and Plutellus. A species of Pontodrihts was found too late to be included. I
believe this family may be conveniently divided into several subfamilies based upon
the openings of the spermducts, prostates, penial sacs, as well as ujion the location of
the nephridio-pores. Our California forms may thus be grouped as follows:

PONTODRILINI.

The eight seta3 are separato though in fonr couples on every somite.
Clitellnm complete.
Male pore in somite xviii.

Nephi'idiii — mega-nephridia only — commence posteriorly to somite xiii; the pores are in line with setaj 2',
not alternating in position.

The prostate receives the sperraduct previous to its entering the maleijore.

No gizzard, no typhlosole, no subneural vessel. Poxtodrilu.s E. P., I8S1.

Photodrilus Girard, 1887.

MICROSCOLECINI.

Eight setaa separate in four couples ; the set;n of the inner conples not always parallel.

Clitellum complete.

Male pore iu somite xvii.

The pi-ostate receives the spermduct previous to its entering the male pore; or opens separately iu the same
somite.

The nephridia commence anterior to somite v; the nephridia in line with one of the setas S or 4. The first
few anterior pores may open iu front of a diflerent seta> from the posterior ones.

No gizzard, no typhlosole, uo subneural vessel. Kkododrilus Beddard, 18S9.

Microscolex Rosa, 1SS7.
Dbltania Eisen, 189.'<.

Pl.UTEI.LINl.

Set:e eight, iu couples or equidistant.
Clitellum perfect or imperfect.
M.ale poi"es iu xviii.

The prostate either receives the spermduct or it opens separately, but in the same pore.
The uephridio-pores show a systematic .alternation in position either iu front of or outside of the seta).
A gizzard; a small typhlosole may be present Plutellus Perrier, 187.S.

Aroiloi'iiilus Eisen, 189.1.

22 CAMKOKNIA Af'AKKMY OK SCIKXCKS.

The senera rt'latc'<l to Microscolex inav Ix- arnuigcfl as follows:

I. Miilo pore in sniuito xviii. No|)bri<liii commences posterior to somite xiii.

PosTouRii-rs nud PnoroDRiLrs, etc.

II. Male pore in somite xvii. Nepliriilin eommeiioes in the (interior Homites ii to v.

a. SpernidnctH open inilepmiilontl.v of the prostates. Riioi>or>Bli.DS.

Kp.: minulim; novte-zetandiir.
I). Spermdiiets open in the prostate, close to the body-wall.

1. The sotio of the inner conplcs (setio 1 nnd 2) in the vicinity of the clitcUnm are parnllel with
each other nnd do not converge toward any one of the genital pores. Nephridia commence
ill ii to iv. Mk'Iio.sc'Oi.ex.

Sp.: moflenttis; titijerirnKiA.

2. The setie of the inner conples (setio 1 nnd 2) in the vicinitj' of the clitellnm converge townrd
one or b'lth nf the giMiital pores. Nephridia commence in somite ii to v. Dklt.ama.

Sp.: rfrr/atin: Troi/tri; Srtihftmi; Poultou!; iltihitt.

DELTANIA.

JJe/tunia Ei.'^on, Zoe, iv, 2-)0, October, 1803.

Prostomiiini fiicroaclic.^ on somite i. ICii^lit .■^ctrc in four eonplos ventral and
lateral, hegimiino; in somite ii. The .setie of the inner couple- in the genital region
converging toward the male pore. Tiie seta? of the outer couple.s are further apart
than those of tlie inner couples. There are a huceal cavit}', pharynx, oesophagus and
sacculated intestine, but no gizzard, thyphlosole, or a^sojdiageal pouches. Clitel-
lnm, which is perfect, contain.^ three large somites and two outside smaller ones,
extending from xiii to xvii. No dorsal grooves. Testes in x and xi, free. Sperm-sacs
present, free. Spermatheca present or absent, vaii;ibl<' in position and shape.
Ovary one pair in xiii. Oviduct one pair in xiv. Two pair of ciliated rosettes in
X and xi. Spermducls open in xvii together with a large prostate which is placed
parallel to the segmental grooves. The spermducts join the muscular part of the
pro.state at the point where it enter.s the body-wall. The glandular part of the prostate
consists of two layers of cells. Penial sette open in the .same duct as the pro-state.

The dorsal vessel with three pair of lateral hearts in x, xi and xii. No sub-
neural vessel. Only very few blood vessels on the nephritlia.

Nephridia are of two slightly different kinds. Those in the first few anterior
somites, commencing in .eomite ii,opiMi in fioiit of nnd a little interior to the 4th seta,
wliilc tho.se po.steriiir to the former open in front of and a little lateral to the oil seta.
Tlic nephridia begin generally in ii, rarely in v. AH ne|du'idia furnished with a large
terminal bladder which in the posterior nephridia develop a ctecal prolongation.

Small, transparent-glassy, more or less colorless worms with orange coloreil
elitellum, and living in moist, especially sandy soil.

iSystemalic j)o$Uio)i. Under tlic genus Deltania I group all .species which
would otherwise be referred to Microscolex llosa, but which agree in having a ileltoid
arrangement of the ventral seta' surrounding the generative and especially the male
pores. With this character I believe a closer investigation of the species of Microscolex
will join others, principally in regard to the nephridia wiiicli have not l)een sulliciently
studied, probably on account of llic scarcity of specimens for research.

Among species wbieli niiisl be icferred lo the genus besides those describetl

CALIFORNIA EU Hit I I.m.K. 23

below are Microscole.v dubius of Rosa and Eadrilns diibius of Fletcher. T will fii'st
refer to the latter. Fletcher's description is sufficiently minute to allow us with cer-
tainty to refer it to the genus, but the details are wanting to such an extent, that it is
dillicult to uiuliisluiid its further relationshi[). There are three points in the descrip-
tion which are of special interest.

1. Absence of speruiatheca'.

2. The l)eginniiig of the nephridia in v.

.S. The junction of the spermduct and the prostate half-way between the
glandulnr part and tlu' body-wall.

As to the tu'st of these the spermatheca^ may be really wanting or it may have
a substitute similar to the one found in Ddtniwi dcgaan as described below. At any
rate this character brings the species EadrUns duhiuti close to Deltnaui decjana as well
as to Beddard's Microscokx Poultoni.

The beginning of the nephridia in somite v brings E. dubiuH close to Beddard's
species but separates it distinctly from Ddtanln dc.ijuas in which the nephridia com-
mence in ii, as will be shown below.

The third character requires to be reaffirmed and described more in detail.
The joining of the spermduct and the prostate is always of the utmost imi)ortance and
interest and a mere general statement will not suffice for properly characterizing a
species, especially when the group is little known.

Kosa at first considered E. dnhia>i to be identical with his Jlicroscole.i: mod-
esiiis, but a later investigation of new material convinced him of the distinct char-
acter of the species and he then describes both as two diflferent species of Microscolex.
It must therefore be considered certain that the deltoid arrangement of the ventral
setie does not occur in Jlicroscole.v inode>>fn!<. In regard to the respective species of
E. dubius and 31. dubius described by Rosa and Fletcher, I am not fnlly persuaded
that both actually belong to the same species, and I believe that nothing short of an
actual comparison of the specimens can decide if they do so.

Beddard has at two difTerent times described species of the genus Microscolex,
but which difl:'er from each other in several im[)ortant points. Mkroscole.v novre-zelaa-
dke resembles the old genus Rhododrilus in the independent opening of the spermduct.
Instead of referring the above species to Microscolex, and merge Rhododrilus in the
latter genus, I consider it more proper and convenient to retain Rhododrilus and re-
fer M. novre-zdandlai to it, as the independent opening of the spermduct appeal's to
me of sufficient ini^wrtance to be considered a generic character. Another species,
Microscolex algeriensis, also described by Beddard, can, I believe, best be retained in
the genus Microscolex, as it evidently possesses the settB parallel throughout the
ventral side of the clitellum.

Microscolex Poulfoni however is probably a true Deltania and Beddard's excellent
description leaves no important characters in doubt.

In his description of Microscolex Poultoni, Betldai'd refers especially to the
deltoid arrangement of the setiB in the clitellial somites. He .says: "From segment

24 CALII'OKMA ACAMKMY OK SCIENCES.

xix liiukwiinl mid Irion soj^nu-iit xiii for\v;ii<l, the distance hctwccn llic two ventral
sctie of eaeli .-^ide gradually increases."

Ilixfiilnifioii (iiul Iniliiliil. The species of the genus iJcltania (lescril)c<l hclow
are nndoubtedly natives of the Pacific Coast of North America, and more itarticnlarly
of California. Tiie species arc found not only in llic (lolden Gate Park of San Fran-
cisco, where llicv niii:;lit have been introduced, but also in localities distant from
gardens, and in which no cultivation has ever taken place. Thus I have species
from Perkeley, Santa Rosa, Lake Chabot, Mount Diablo, etc. Moreover, since this
|)a]K'r was finished in ]\IS., I have found species of J)eltania in localities so far from
civilization lli;il llieie can lie no donl)t as to the native habitat. I refer to species
found in the high mountains of the Cape region (in the vicinity of Cape San Lucas)
of P>aja California, at an altitude of 4,00U feet, in almost inaccessible localities. A
.species has also been found in a gulch or river-bed at Ensenada, Baja California,
thus proving the extensive territory over which the genus extends. The description
of these species must be deferred to another paper.

As regards Btlfanin duhin {lEndrlhis dubiu^ Fletcher) and Deltauin PouUoni
{Mirrosmk.r /-"o^Z/on/, Beddard) it may be possible that the former, at least, is an
introduction from abroad. The locality where the latter is found shows the genus to
possess a wide neotropic extension.

M'hile it is thus certain that species of Deltania are natives of the new world
and llie Atlantic islands, and especially of the Pacific Coast of North America an<l
Mexico, the distribution of Microscolex must yet remain undecideil. Whether it
was imported from the Argentine Kcpublic to the Alediterranean region, or vice
versa, must ivmain an open (|iiestiiiii. though llie finding of two species iu the Medi-
terranean countries seems to point to the probability of thai region being its real
luibitat.

N/yectc\s. (^f the genus Deltania, California now possesses at least three species
with the very great probability of a discovery of new. species, as .soon as a wider area may
have been exjdored. All the species appear very sensitive to dryness and heat and
disappear with the lirsl warm and dry weather, hence the difliculty of finding them
excei)t at their pro[)er season which appears to be limited to February to April in the
vicinity of San Francisco. The s|)ecies in Baja California were found in September
and ( )ctober.

Deltania elegans.

Figs. 1 2U, 4;> o.s.

Delia nin ele(/an)f Eisen, Zoe, iv, 248, October, 18*J3.

Size about 2 to 4 inches by from /,; to ^ inch wide. Septal glamis very Miiall. liic
po.sterior one the smallest. S])ermatlie(;e very pellucid, minute, and irregular in their
])osition both as regards somite and the place in the .•somite, but generally opi-ning be-
tween viii and ix. Spcrm-.sacs comparatively small, dei-ply lobi'd, one pair in .\i and

CALIFOHXI.X KUDKILIU.K. 25

one ill xii. Prostate is at llic top liclix'-likc t'oldod. Poiiial |i:ipilhr proiniiuMit, with
two or inoi'c [X'liial seta' in each sac.

'I'hc worm is very paU', glass}'-, semi-transpareiil with re(l<lish-oraiige clitelhiin.
and witii the dorsal vessel showiiii; prominently ihrongh the body-wall. It is very deli-
cate, succumbs readily to heat and can only with diflieult}' be kept alive. It is the
largest of the species l)clonging to tliis genus as far as known.

IliibiliU.. Ikltdjiia eh(i(i,nii is so far only found around 8an Francisco, Califor-
nia, and at Santa Kosaand Mount Diablo, especially under decaying manure in natural
hollows in the (loldeii ( iate Park. It is common immediately north of Strawberry
Hill in the sandy hollow where rain water collects and keeps the soil sufficiently moist.
The worm is not found in the water, l)ut at the water's edge, the water, however, being
only temporary during the rainy season. A few specimens also found in Bei'kelc}'^
along the creek. In the locality in Golden Gate Park the worms congregate in large
masses, always in the sandy soil. At Santa Rosa and Mount Diablo I found only few
specimens, the season being at my visit in May far advanced and the soil was drying
fast. Mature in April and INIay.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION.

Erteilnv chriracferi^tlcs. The worm varies considerably in size, but averages
about three inches in length, by a wndth of from two to three lines, tapering consid-
erably towards the tail. The color is pale flesh, with a bluish cast, and quite trans-
parent, glassy, with a yellowish clitellura. Altogether, the exterior appearance of the
worm is one of great delicacy, greatly heightened by its semi-transparency.

The cephalic prostomium is prominent, and divides the peristomium about |
of its width (flg. 3). This, the first somite, is wider than any of the following.
Somites ii and iii are next in size, and about equal in width. Somites iv to xi are
smaller, about equal in width, slightly decreasing backward. Somites xii and xiii are
smaller than any of the other anterior somites, and of about the same respective width
(fig. 2). No dorsal ])ores.

The clitellum (figs. 2 and lo) commences with somite xiv, though xiii is gen-
erally somewhat thickened. The clitellial somites xiv, xv and xvi are very wide,
about as wide as somites ii and iii, and of the same size. Somite xvii is much .smaller.
This somite carries the male pores and papilhr (fig. 15). These are situated in the
posterior part of the somite, almost on the edge of the inter.segmental groove (fig. 15).
The papilhe are slightly raised around the opening of the sac in the penial setic. The
papilUe are situate close together very near the median line of the body, a short dis-
tance only from the ventral ganglion. The papilla is oblong, sigmoid, with a pore
for the settB at inner end. Between it and the intersegmental groove is seen the slit
in which ojien the prostate and the spermduct. It is situated- slightly to the outside
of the penial ])apilla (fig. 14).

The oviducal pores are in the anterior part of xiv, generally in a depression
anterior to and more ventrally located than the inner couple of seta'. Spermathecal
pores are variable, not peree])tible. The nei)hridio-pores are in front of the third seta^,

2f> CAFIIdllM A ACAI'KMY Ol' SCI ICNCKS.

wliilc the tliroe anterior pt'iito-iicpliridio-iioies arc in front of the fonrtli seta- (fig 2).
( "lilclliini is i'ons|»ici()us, oocti|)yin<; somites xiv to xvii, cncroacliini: >lit:litly on xiii
(li<,^ -1 and 1-")).

In viewing tlie caiiilMl end nt' I lie live worm a nnmlxr of irregular white spots
are seen in mature sjiccinuiis. These are row.s of mature ova wliieh agglomerate there
sometimes in large quiintitiis. Ifuwllicy finally find llicir way through the ovithn-t
is not readily exj)lained.

Sdd' (figs. 2 and 4). As usual the seta' hegin in somite ii. All except
those in the penial sacs, are sigmoid an<l arranged in rouplcs of two, eight in each
somite. The ventral setse are about ^ closer than the l;il( nil ones. Thus if we con-
sider the distance between the inner and outer couples to l)e ;jO, that between the
seta' of the outer couple is 30, that between the setic of the inner couj)le 22, that be-
tween the inner couples 40. This being the distance in somite xxvii, where it may
be said lobe nonnul. In the icgion of the clitelluni, and posterior to it, the inner
setaj are uneijually distant in the respective somites. Thus we may consider the inner
setif 1 and 2, to have the normal distance from each other in somites xii to xxvii.
From these two somites the set.e in the inner couples converge toward somite
xviii in which the seta' iwa about ^ as far apart as in xii and xxviii. In xvii the sette
of the inner couples are wanting.

The innermost or row No. 1, forms a continuous line from one end of the body
to ihi' other, while the row No. 2, forms an angle with somites xvii and xviii at the
apex. The setfe in rows 3 and 4 are parallel and normal. The seta 1 in xviii is pre-
sent (pi. xii, lig. 4).

This arrangenu'iit of the setai appears very constant, and is characteristic of
the species, the details being somewhat dilferent in the other species of the genus,
while the general characteristics are the same. The normal set:e (lig. IG) of the
clitelluni are not smaller than those of other parts of the body. The ])enial seta* are,
however, very nnieh the largest.

/'enial seUe (fig. 17). The two pairs of sacs containing the peiiial seta' are situated
in front of the spermiducal pore in somite xvii. They open immediately in front of
that pore, in n slit, at either end of which is situated a pore, each pore being the
outlet for the respective fork of the penial sac. The two sacs are connected at the
ii|i|M r nnirgin as nsiial by Micifoiiu muscles. Each satt contains not less than two, and
soinctiniis three oi- four scla', straight or slightly curved, but not sigmoid. The seta-
vary considerably as rcgai'ds shape, but resemble each other in not being senlptured,
and are only mnrked by rings. The penial sac I'eachcs to the upper pai't of the mus-
cular j)art of the piostate.

iNTKKioi; ( iiai;a(Ti:i;s.

The S,'i,f,i iicgin between somites iv and v. Tliosi' between vii and viii, and
following as far back as soniile x'w, are slightly ihicUencd, all. ho\ve\er, itcing of the
a nu' general thickness.

The /'"(/'/"■"// contains the usual liiyers. The hypodermic is sligiitly thinner

(•.\i,iI''()i;ma KriuMi.in.K.

than the cirriilar museiiliir layer, and this again is thinner than tlie longitndinal
mnsonlar layer. The clitelhim is perfect, bnt somewhat thicker on (he npper part.
The glandular layer is very thirk, lieing about ten times thicker than the two nnis-
cular layers combint'd. The longitndinal fibres are nowhere arranged in such
I'eatlier-like bunches as in Lumbricus, liul niiicli more irregidar, with a faint ten-
dency to feathcr-likc bunching. This is th(> rule both in the clitelluni and elsewhere.
This stratum of haigiludinal Hbres i.s, as usual, interrupted in four places by the setal
grooves, though there are also fibres between the seta'. In the center, between
these grooves, the layer is thickest, frdui lluic gradually tapering towards the setic.
The under side, or the ventral part, of tiie layer is soujewliat thicker tiian tiic dorsal
part.

The clitellar glands are less regularly paired than in Ijumbricus (hough
the general arrangement is that of two or three rows of glandular cells together. The
clitellum is veiy thick and developed all around the body.

Alimentary canal (fig. 1). The buccal cavity is eversible to a remarkable de-
gree, so much so that it is often projected like a large sac or bladder, covering hiore
or less perfectly the ]irostomium and part of the peristomium. Its walls are very
thin and transparent. The pharynx commences with the prostomium and covers
somites i, ii, iii, but is only dorsally developed. It is much and irregularly folded, the
sinuses being sac-like and not parallel, the largest ones being in somites ii and iii.
The muscles of the pharnyx are thickly covered with salivary glands. Ru[)eriorly
these glands project along the under side of the muscular bands, which extend back-
ward, thus forming three rows of parallel projections tapering from base to apex. The
anterior of these salivary glandular masses is the largest, the third, or the most posterior
one, the shortest (figO). The jjosterior half of the salivary glandular mass forms one
single projection equal to all the anterior ones together. This gland is connected with
and partially rests on two muscular bands attached to the body-wall between somites
vii and viii.

GSsnphayus commences between iii and iv, extending backward to somite xvi,
being slightly differentiated in xiv, xv, and part of xvi, as a tubular intestine (fig. 1).
ffisophagus is much sacculated, first rising upward and forming a sigmoid jdexus in
somite vii, after which it lowers itself somewhat in viii and then extends gradually
backward to the sacculated intestine, at the same time gradually diminishing in size.
The tubular pait in xv or between xv and xvi is the narrowest part of the oesophagus.
The glandular ejiithelium of the (jesophagus is very narrow in the anterior somites, or
those in front of the clitellum, and the blood sinuses in them are narrow. In the
anterior part of the clitelluni the epithelial villi become greatly elongated with in-
creased blood sup])ly, while in the central part of the clitellum these blood sinuses be-
come very large, occujiying the largest part of the epithelial lobes. The nuclei in those
epethelial cells are everywhere round.

The sa cat 1(1 ted infedini', fig. 1, .s. i., commences in xvi, is generally al)out four or
lU'v times wider than the tubular intestine. It does not increase gradually, but at

2y CAI.irolIMA ACADK.MV I'l' SCIICNCES.

oiifo, ill wliicli it ilifTcr.^ frmn tlie corrcsiioiiding orfi;:iii nf the two other species de-
sciilxd licic.

Septal (jlands (fig. 1). The septal glands of the n'?;ophiign« are foniid jiaircil in
somites vi, vii, viii and ix. They arc all comparatively small and very thin and
Hat. The posterior ones are smaller, Imi tlic dillVrcnce hetween the glands is not
so great as for in.stance in some species of Ocnerodriliis, or as in DuUnnin Troycri.
They are more nearly of the same size, and they extend all around the o'sophagii.s
and arc more or less divided in several separat<' lolics. Wc can, however, always
distinguish one pair in each somite connected witii the septnm hidow the alimentary
canal, extending upward with its free upper lohes, which do not connect.

Nephridvt (figs. 11) and IJO). 'i'hc iicpiiridia cDnunciice in somite ii, an<l are
found in all po-tciior somites. The thice anterior nephridia — in ii, iii and iv — arc
slightly dift'erent as to size and mitward form, and may he considered as a kind of
pepto-ncphridia. They open, also, difi'crently fnjm other nephridia, their pores
being in front of and a little interior (nearer the ventral ganglion) to seta 4, while
all other nephridia open in front of and interior to the third seta. The nephridio-
pores of the clitellnm are considerably larger than the purcs in the other somites, and
appear like large, transparent discs when viewed from the outside. All nephridia
possess a vesicle or bladder next to tiic body-wall. A small collar of tubular cells
surround the nephridio-pore. The vesicle is smaller in the anterior pe|)to-ncpbridia,
gra(hially increasing in size backwai'd, l)eing largest in the post-clitcllar nephridia,
where it is several times larger than in the pcpto-nephridia. In the three pairs of
|Hpt(>-ncphiidia, the vesicles are almost circular, and of the same size in the three ne-
phridia. That of the first common nephridium in somite v is of about the same size
us the pepto-nephridial vesicles, but from this on the bladders increase gradually, hut
slowlv, in size to the end nf the clilellinu. J'>ut in somite xviii and following to the
end of the body, the vc^sicles are niiicli largei-, about twice as large as those in the
clitellnm. Tims the ne|)hi'idio-vcsieh's in the ciitelhnii ai-e about three to four times
shorter than the tnl)idar pai-t, while the post-cditellar vcsi(dcs are half, or more than
half, as long as the tubulai- part or duct, when oidinarily folded, in the pepto-
nephridia, the vesicle is about five times shorter tiian the folded tube, and the tubular
duct extends more backward than in the other nephridia — esi)ecially .so in the first
nephridium — encroaching on the next posterior somite, reaching diagonally across the
somite, while all the other nephridia run paialhd with the inlcrsi-gmcntal grooves.
This diagonal position of the nephridia is, however, not always constant, except in
the most anterior nephridium. The vesicle in the posterior nephridia consists of two
more or less distinct lobes, the posterior one (to the duct), which is more rounded
and bladder-like, forming a co'cum, and the anterior, which is elongated or deltoid.
This difference is more pronounced in the [losterior than in the anterior nephridia.
most so in the nej)hridium in soiute xviii, which nephridium is generally the largest
of all. From this somite the nephridia diminish somewhat in size, both anteriorlv
and posteriorly. The posterior margin nf the vesicle is considerably lobed. and in

CALIKOKNIA ICP DKILID.K . 29

general outline eoiivcx. i'lie anterior margin is eonvex-deltoid, with tiie apex at the
exterior pore.

The single (hicl from tiie vesicle leaves []iv. vesicle in a dilVerent manner in
the respective ne[)hri(lia. In the |)e[)to-nephri(lia it aseends from the center of the
vesicle; in the anteelitellar vesicles it leaves from the apex of the deltoid longer part
of the vesicle, \\\n\r. in the post(dit(dlar nephridia it leaves from the side of the vesicle
l)(do\v the apex. The inner stiiictnre of the ne|)liridia corresponds almost exactly
with that of the nephridiiun of Argilophilus, which gcunis, however, does not [)ossess a
vesicle. With this exception, the nephridia of the two genera might be considered as
almost identical. The most characteristic feature is that the short single duct from
the nephridio-stome after joining the nephridial body, does not enter it as a single tube,
but as a .spongy duct full of irregular and connecting ductules, which later on join
into one larger branching- canal, the ductules, or arms of which enclose the two reg-
ular underneath-lying ducts. At the inner bend of the duct the ductules disappear and
the returning lobe contains three main canals, one of which is ciliated. This arrange-
ment remintls us greatly of the one observed in certain leeches and described by
Bourne. The vesicles consist of an outer muscular layer, which extends all around
the bladder, and from it, along the duct through the clit(dlnm or body-wall, to the
exterior pore. Between it and the c(jecal epithelium there is a continuous row of
connecting chambers probably analogous with the ductules of the ducts. This epithe-
lium is furnished with some few blood-vessels. The duct from the bladder to the
nephridio-pore is not otherwise differentiated, the glandular cells of the clitellura joining
directly on the muscular duct. Before reaching the pore but while in the body-wall,
the duct is enlarged, forming a small pear-shaped urinai'y bladder, which again opens
into a narrow duct surrounded by a row of long tubular cells, which open directly
into the duct. These cells form a veritable collar, the upper cells lining the inner
surface of the nephridio-pore (fig. 49). This in the clitellar nephridia. In the
nephridia posterior to the clittellum, the long tube between the vesicle and the pore
is entirely wanting, the bladder connecting directly with the collar of tubular cells
(fig. 50). The tubules, or vacuols, in the vesicle collect into at least two tubes, which
run downward between the muscular and glandular layers of the vesicle and appar-
ently open on either side at the beginning of the collar at the nephridio-pore (figs. 40
and oO). The secretion from this glandular layer of the bladder may be of such
nature as to facilitate the ejection of coarse matter such as calculi which are found
often in enormous quantities in the vesicle or seen as just ejected through the pores.
The single duct which leads from the bladder to the nephridial body proper or the
folded canals, apparently does not connect directly with the ductules or vacuols of
the bladder, but opens directly into the large central chamber of the bladder, which
again connects directly with the collar of the nephridio-pore. For a more detailed
account of the canals of the nephridia in these two genera see the description of next
genus, Argilophilus. Below the nephridial collar in Delinnia clcr/ansis found a large
branching body, probably a ganglion. It sends out branches to the nephridial collar,
though in my sections I have not seen their actual connection with the collar. In

30 fAI.Il'OKNIA ACADEMY OV SflEXCES.

lij;. ')()/;., tlu! >^ofti()ii is iiiiuU; lliioiij^li llii- jiiiiclioii of tlic iic|iliri<lii)-\ (-.-iclu ami (lie
I'oUiir, and the gaii<;;lii)ii (n. ijl.) ht-low is small, not yet l>ranc]ic(l. In li<^. o(J'', the
st'c-tinn is made close to the pore win ic llie ganglion {n. ijl.) is liranehed. Tiiese
I III! ncln-f^ always extend towards the collar, never the other way. Both these sections
'rom wlii(di (he drawings were made are not <|nile in right angle to the longitndinal
nuiscular layer, but slightly slanting.

Thii nephndio-sfoine is rather large, but very transparent and (piite dillieult to
detect. It is flat, rosettc-liUe and placed half-way between seta' 1 and *J. 'IMic duct
descending from it is remarkably thin, straight and never winding. The nephridio-
stome is normally situated, piercing the aiitciior septum as usual. There is no central
cell and nucleus larger than the (diier, l)ut several smaller cell nuclei are visible in
the center below the large marginal cells, which are about Ki to 18 in number and its
usual placed in a crescent. Jietween these cells and the real margin of the lip there
is a row of smaller cells and nuclei, the latter being slightly lower than the inner
large nuclei, l)ut sufficiently situated in the same plane to be .seen at the same time.

7('s/e.s consist of two pairs of small bodies, as usually situated in somites x and
xi, attached to the septum close to the body-wall in the anterior part of the somite.
They are deeply lobed and the lobes are very narrow, parallel and gcnciallv three or
foui' in numlx-r. The testes are free, not enclosed in the sperm-sacs.

iSperm-sacs (figs, o and <i). There are two pair of sperm-sacs, one pair in
somite xi and one pair in xii, attached to the anterior septum in the somite, rather
high up, but below the (esophagus. The four sperm-sacs are of about the same size,
comparatively small, and deei)ly lobed very much like the posterior sperm-sac in
Or/nerndrUiiH Beddardi, etc., none of the lobes being very much larger than the other.
It must lie remarked that the s|)erm-sacs are not situated in the .same .somites as the
testes, somite x possessing testes, but no sperm-.sacs, anil somite xii possessing sperm-
.sacs, but no testes. The respective sperm-sacs are not connected with each other and
there is no median sperm pouch. The trabecula or muscular divisions of the sperm-sacs
are numerous and llic chambers enclosed by them are comparatively small.

S/wrinditcffi II ltd roset(e>i (figs. 7,8, 11). There are two pair of ciliated rosettes,
one in xi and one in xii, as usual. They are very large and folded, deeply crumpled and
very prominent, occupying about \ of tlu; .somite. Tln' funnels are wide, wiili a
slight posterior swelling. The spermducts run backward and sideways, connect in
xii, and continue to somite xvii, where they leave the l)ody-wall, ascen<l slightly and
connect into one single duct, which opens out jointly with the prostate, in the
po.sterior part of the somite. The duct does not enter the piostate, but lioth opi'u
jointly in one slit, running parallel to the intersegmental furrow. The spermdurl is
thi'ougbout of the same size, only wiilening out just previous to entering the rosette.
The lower descending part of the duct, between the spermiducal poie and the bend
where it starts forward, is slightly narrower than the anterior part.

CAMPOItNIA IM'niUI.TO.'K. 31

Prti^liilf (fig. <S). Tlicrc is one pair ol' prostates of rather proininciit size ex-
tciuliiig i)afallel witii tlie intonsegiiiciital groove reacliing almost across tlie somite.
Tlie sliiipc of the prostate resemhU's at the top somewliat a curved fcatlier, the inner
apex I)eing helix-like, cnrving backwards. This form appears quite constant and while
r fonmi liie length and tlie width of the prostate to vary,! never fonnd one, wliieli did
not sliDW the helix-like, convolution. The thickness of the prostate varies considei'-
ably. In some specimens it was almost twice as thick as in others, the increased
thickness being caused by a gradual widening toward the inner apex. In some speci-
mens the prostate was longer, more slender and its longitudinal sides almost parallel,
but the convolution was generally always thickened. In most instances the convolu-
tion could bo considerably straightened out by a pushing with a needle, but it would
when released assume its natural helix-like form. The spermduct connects with the
muscular jtart of the prostate in the muscular layer of the body-wall. The sac con-
taining the peinal setiT) is situated immediately anterior to the prostate and somewhat
closer to the ventral ganglion in line with the regular seta?, but opens in the same pore
with the prostate and spel-mduct. (Figs. 8, 51, 52, 53.)

X cross section of the glandular part of the prostate shows that it is composed
of two layers of cells, the outside one containing large cells of flask-like shape, the
inner are narrower rectangular cells. The contents of both layers resemble each
other greatly and are difficult to discern. Both layers of the prostate contain nu-
merous blood vessels arranged like radii in a circle, penetrating both of the cellular
layers. But the inner layer is seen to also possess a vascular system of its own with
many smaller vessels similarly arranged. These vessels are generally wider at the
periphery of the prostate and narrow toward the center, many if not all collecting in a
network of capillaries spreading on the inner surface of the prostate (figs. 55 and 5(!).
Otherwise these vessels do not anastomose. All these vessels are fed by a branch from
the ventral vessel of the body, which divides on the prostate into two or three large
branches which again fork toward the apex of the prostate in many smaller ones, as
in Deltanin Troyeri (fig. 45).

This junction of the various male organs is afTeeted in this manner. The two
spermducts run jointly on the top of the inner longitudinal muscular layer of the
body-wall. When reaching the lower or muscular part of the prostate they turn and
run pai-allel to it. Immediately before reaching the place where the prostate enters
the wall, the two spermducts fuse into one duct, the lumen of which then is wider
than the adjoining part of the prostate. This duct joins the prostate in the longitudi-
nal muscular layer of the body-wall. After reaching the transverse muscular layer
this duct joins the pore of the penial setje (figs. 51, 52, 53).

Sj)ermafhecn (fig. 13). The spermathecaj consist of very minute botlies, pear-
shaped in outline, and of extremely delicate structure, without any differentiation of
the wall in a muscular and glanduLir layer. In size, the spermatheca is not much,
if any, larger than one-half the width of the somite, when contracted in alcohol. But
the most peculiar feature of this organ is that it is variable in number and position.

CAI.II'lHiNIA ACADKMY dl' SCIKNCKS.

Ill line >|)tTiiiuii I Iduiid mily inic siicrinatlicca, .sitii;it('(| in ilic rentfr ul' the vi-iiti:il
line, liotween somites ix ami x, but in x. Aiiotlicr sjiccinicii li;i(l two sporniatlicca-,
OIK' ill ix /x, another on the left aldo, between x and xi. Another had two speinia-
tlieea' l)etweeeii x and xi, one on eacli side. Another had two H|)erinalheeie between
ix and x, one in center of median line, and one on the rij:;ht side, always attached to
tile iiit(isep;mental wall. This arrangeimnt mikI variability of the sperniatheea'
reminds us of the spermathecic in Microclneta, where the number varies on either
side; but in other respects there is no similarity lietween the two. The exterior
spermathceal pores are not eonspienoiis. ami not percept ilile when viewing the out-
side of the body, nioiiiitcd, for iiistnncc, in i;lyceriiie. As will be seen, the sperma-
thcea in this species differs very nuieli from those in ])eUiinin Troijcri and licnhmni,
in wliieh two species this orn;an is constant, and furnished with two diverticula each.
The spermatheca in Deitania ek.f/ans resembles greatly in structure a sperm-sac, from
which it only differs in size and in position. It reminds rac greatly of the peculiar
organ descril)ed l)y nic in Ocnerodrilus occidental^, where, apparently, the posterior
testes have become modilied, and assumed the fiiiielion of spermatlicr:e, with a dis-
tinct and ciliated duct perforating the body-wall.

The i^permatozoa are always found agglomerated in sphiierical nia.sses in the
spermatheca, hardly regulai' enough to be designated as spermatophores. The tails are
long, either extending straight out, or arranged screw-like in the same direction
around the sperm-ball. These lialls vary greatly in size, some being twice as large as
others, l)ut lliey are always round and apparently globular (fig. ]'■)).

Ovary ami Or'nlm-t (fig. !*)• As usual the ovary is foumi in xiii. It ofTers no
great peculiarities. It is rather deeply lobed and very large. The oviduct opens in
xiv, with its funnel in xiii. The ovidiical funnel is very thick, substantial and loimd.
with a circular and very regular outline. The ligures (."> and 0) give correctly its
outline, but the depressed folds hsive been too distinctly marked. Tliei'c is no ovisac,
and the ovary and oviducts are entirely free.

Itload rcaxi'lx. The dorsal vessel emits three pairof hearts in x, xi, xii, and the
ventral vessel is forked between somites ix and x. The blood is yellowish-red, more
decidedly ycdlow than red. There are but few blond Msselsnn the nephridio-tubes and
none on the iiepliridio-xcsicle.

The iiiiliiil lurvc-cord is considerably wider in the posteiioi' part of the
somites where it emit-- the ciistoiiinry pair of lu'ive (ilieis. In the iinteiior part
where the single sept;il nerve pair is eiiiitte(|, the nerve-cord is ipiite narrow. In
Dillan'id 7'nii/fii the neive-cord is (|nile iiniform without any nodular eiilargenienls,
as wide at tln' anterior as at the posterior end of the somite. The luain is narrow,
slightly curved and the posterior sinus shallow. It is situated in sdinile ii ( lig. (•).

CALIFOKNIA EU DRILTD.K. 33

Deltania Troyeri.
Figs. 21 to 39.

I)rll(i iiiii 7)-iit/cri Eisc'ii. /oc, iv, 2")], OotolxT, 180;^.

Size iiboiit 1 J inch hy I line. Septal glands comiiaralivcly laii;c, the one in
vi the larg.wt. One pair ol lara;e, opacjiie wpormatlieca, funiislicd with one pair of
divciticula, wliicli are about h or more longer than the spcrraatheca proper. Spcrni-
sacs ill X and xi, not lohed. One developed seta in eaeh sac of penial seta'. Pros-
tate is tiiltnlar, not lii'lix-like, with the top eitlier straight or bent at right angle, pro-
jecting Itackward. 'I'lie exterior penial [japilhe not as iironiineiit as in the preeetl-
ing species. The inner couples of setie ai'e further apart than in the following species.

ITahUnl. This species was first brought to my attention by Professor Carlos
Troyer, of San FranciseO; who found it, together with the preceding species, in the
Golden Gate Park, in San Francisco, immediately north of Strawberry Hill. It
occurred there in sandy depressions, where the rain and drainage water had moist-
ened the soil in March and April. Afi the soil dried uj) the worms disappeared.
The worm is very scarce at any time, and not one specimen is found to every hun-
dred of J)('/t/inia e/egans.

Evterior chnracteristics. Exteriorly this species is characterized at once from
Deltania ekgaii^i by being very much sraallei', as much so as an Enchytneus is
smaller than an average medium-sized Luinbricus. The length in the largest speci-
mens is about two inches, when stretched to its full capacity, though the average ones
hardly reach one inch. The width is less than one line at the clitellum and less than
h line at the tail end. The first somite is much longer than any of the following.
The second somite is next in size, while all the others are smaller and of very much
the same pro|iortions as in Deltania elegans. Thus iii, iv and v, are larger than the
following, and those between v and xiii are smaller and of about the same size.

The clitellum occupies the same somites as in Deltania elegans, or from xiv
to xvii, with the two outside somites smaller than the central ones, llie body tapers
towards the tail end, the last somites being somewhat larger than the others and
rather obtuse.

The color is pale flesh, with a darker, 3'eilowish clitellum. 'i'he whole body
is very transparent, just as the former species, but much less so than in the following.
It is a very tender worm indeed, and can only be brought home alive with great
care, as the least increase of temperature is apf to kill it. In no instance did I suc-
ceed in keeping it alive more than a couple of days. In this respect, however, all
the species of the genus are very much alike, and if there is any difference the larger
species is the most tender.

t'^da: (tigs. 21, 24 and 30). The general arrangement of the setie is similar to
that of Deltania eleyau^, but the two inner setse are much less close together, in compari-
son with the two outer ones, than in the latter species, but not as close by one-Iialf as in

34 CAMKOKNI A AnADEMY OF SriKMf'ES.

Ddtanin Benhnmi. In llic <>;eiiitjil region, the distiincc between tlic two inner seta?
(liniinislies toward tlio male j)ore, almost in tiie same way as in Ddtanin elec/au^, with,
liowcver, a slight hut charaeteristic (lifTcicnce. Tlie inner or first seta in xviii is
((tleii, but not always, wanting, probably falling out when young, before its full devel-
opment, as more frequently a rudimentary seta is seen in place of a fully developed
one.

The first and second seta' in xix and xx are closer together than normally, but
already in xxi the setse have regained their |)roper distance. Again, anterior to the
male pore, the setse 1 and 2 in xi to xvi are closer than normally, those in xiv to xvi
are equidistant, while those in x to xiv lapidly approach. If we thus compare with
Di'lfdnia eler/iiiis, we lind that I lie an'angement relatively in front and behind the
male pore is reversed. While in J)i'lt<ini(i i'Jr(/nit!<, the anterior setic (piickly eon-
verge, the posterior ones ajiproach slowly. In Di'ltunhi 'I'lOijiTi, the opposite is the
case.

The shape of the setse in the two species is very similar. Compared again
with the arrangement of the setas in Tk'ltanin Benhnmi, we find that in the present
species the seta' in tlie ventral couples, as well as those cou]>les themselves, are
much further apart than in Dcltunid BcnJianii. The deltoid arrangement, also, is
ilillcrenl in liie two species, of which the figures give a better idea than any lengthy
descrii)tion (figs. 24, 39, 40).

Tile !«icf< (if jicnhtl x('ti( (fig. ;>.'>) are found as usual in the vicinity of the male
pore in xvii. Tiiere are seldom more than one seta in each sac. This seta is long,
slender, almost straight, occupying the whole length of the sac. Now and then there
is a rudimentary seta in the same sac, but never more than one devidoped seta. In
De/liniia r./ct/anx there are three or four setic in each sac.

Alunt'iitdi// ciiiHil (figs. 2G and 27). The Imeeal cavity extends superiorly to
ii, interiorly to v. Tiie phaiynx ends in v, and is much less ilevelopeil than in
Dplhinin ekf/nni<. The upper fold is, however, very large. There are one pair of
long and narrow snlivary glands in each of iii mid iv, and one paii' vei'v large com-
pact ones in iv. Tile u'soplingiis eonimences in v, and I'ises to a sigmoid plexus in
viii. It is greatly contracted at the sepia. In \v and xvi it narrows down to a tubu-
lai' intestine.

The saccnlatcil inlcslinc commences in xvii, imt attains its full widlli (irst in
xix or XX. Theri' is no gizzard, no calciferous glands nor pom-lie^ of any kind at-
tached to the alinieiilary canal.

NervoiiH Sijs/cvi (fig. 2(S). The characteristic feature of the nervous svstem is
the even width of the ventral ganglion, the two sides being nearly parallel throughout,
with almost iniperc(q)tible contiiictions at the septa. In J)c/t(ini(t c/ii/aits this contrac-
tion is very prominent, and the ganglion is almost twice as wide in the posterior part
of tlu! segment as in the aiileiior one. This chaiacteiislic appears constant. In
/)('/li>iii(i /Icn/idnii the ganglion is narroweil sonu'what at the septa, but the posterior
part in each segment is not any wider llian the aiitcrim- part.

CAI.IFOKNIA KUDKILID.E. 35

Septal Gl/iiuh (Hgs. 2(5, 27, '2U). When the worm is laid opon and the cavity
viewed t'roin above, it is seen that there are 4 pair of septal glands siirroiiii(Hii<;- tlie
oesophaf;iis in somites v, vi, vii and viii. In liiis view the anterior i;iand appears the
hirgest, and tiie posterior one in viii the smaUest. 'I'his is, iiowevcr, only nn ilhisionary
a|)pearanee, caused l)y the position of the glands. There is in reaHty not any very
consich'rahh' difi'erenee in their size, as may he seen wlien separated and spread out.
Seen in a slightly eccentric longitudinal section, the gland in vi appears the largest lioth
ahove and hcdow the (jesophagus, though in sonu; sections the lower part is not as large
as the lower part of the gland in vii. The anterior gland in v is short hnt hioad. The
one in vii is larger than those in v and viii, hut smaller than the one in vi. The
upper part of the gland in viii is larger than the corresponding part of v, the lower
part of the latter heing the smallest. As will i)e seen, all the glands -.[w develdped,
both superiorly and inferiorly, as regards the (esophagus, but the glands on either side
in the somite do not connect, but only touch. There is a slight, but irregular lobing
of the glands, frcHjuently unequal on either side, as one gland may be almost entire,
while the other again is furnished with three indentations. On the under side of
each main gland there is a smaller lobe, almost entirely separated from the rest (fig.
29). The glands are furnished with blood from the subresophageal longitudinal blood-
vessel wliich jirojects a branch to each gland, on which it again divides in two or
three parts (Hg. 2i)). I may add that the septal glands are very large, almost lilling
the re.spective somites, and as compared with those of Ddtania elegans, about three
times as large, considering however the relative size of the two species. The glands
are nearly similar to those of TJe.Itunia Beiiha/iii, but with more unequality as to size.

Salivnvij or Pharynyeal Glands (fig. 26). These glands resemble those of the
preceding species, Delfanln ekf/nns, in general appearance. There are two very long
glands behind the brain, attached on the underside of the two long muscular bands
which stretch upward. The anterior one of these is the smallest and rather short, the
second in order from the brain is the longest. The posterior gland, which forms the
posterior projection of the pharynx, is much shorter, more compact and roundetl
than the corresponding gland in Deltnnin degan)i. The whole mass of glands projects
much less posteriorly than the glandular mass of the pharynx in that species.

SjKrmafheca (figs. 30, 31, 32 and 30). These organs are prominent and char-
acteristic of the species. There is one pair in somite ix opening in the inter-
segmental groove between that somite and viii. The external pore is in front of the
inner couple of setfe, but not interior to the setse. The organs are thick, opaque and
of the form of pointed sacs, each one with two diverticula, one on each side, which
connect with the main sac close to the external pore. The outline of the sac is irreg-
ular in some places, toward the inner apex assuming the appearance of one or more
warty diverticula, which, however, never assume the size of the diverticula. Of tliese
latter there are one pair which are slender, cylindrical, of more or less irregular out-
line with the apex sometimes slightly wider, sometimes heli.K-like, turned on itself.
The lower part of the spermatheca is muscular, but this muscular part is quite small,

3f'> CAMFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

not I'Xtcinliiij; ;i1m)vc ilic iiiiiclioii willi llu; divcrticiil.i. In j^ciicnil I'uiin llic .-|miiii;i-
tlieca resfiiihlcs licit of llic l'(illi)\viii<^ species, I). Bi'iilunn[,\t\\i the niitliiie ut the iii;iiii
sac is loss regular ami (lie ilivertieiila are larger, being ah<»ut one-iiall as long ii-s the
main sac ( ligs. oO to 32).

Testoi. As usual there are two |i;iii- ul .-mall testes oceu|iying somite- x ami
liev (liflcr in nolhiiii^ jiardciilar I'rom those ot" the other two species of the

XI. I

iicnus.

S'fK-rni-sdfx. Tlicic are I wo pair ol s|ierm-sacs, one eacli in -omites x ami xi.
Tlicv are loM<;, not veiv o|pa(|iic liodies, occupying a large part of lIu! somite, though
not llllim; it closely- The spermatophorie spherules are comparatively large,
"loliular. Tlie siierm-sacs are not gi'eatly lolx'd, extend consideraltiv in leniith from
the ilorsal to the ventral side, and are of more undecided shape than the sperm-sacs
of Deltanin ekf/aux and Benhami. They are also, comparatively, nimli larger (prin-
cipally higher) than in that species. It will he noticed that the sperm-sacs occupy
.somites x and xi, while in />(fnnln deynna, Ben/uuiii and ilnhln they occupy somites

XI and xu.

(hiinj and Oviduct (figs. 35, 36, 37, 38). As might be expected the ovary is
situated in xiii. It ofTors no characteristics of interest. There is no ovisac. The
oviduct is as usual funnel-shaped, either deeply cut or folded on one side, the inner
funnel in xiii, the ovipore in xiv. Close to the ovidm-t in xiv tliere is a very peculiar
sac (figs. '6oets('(j.),(>i the size of the oviduct or smallci-. It does not open directly in the
oviduct, and ithas the general shape of a septal gland with many rounded lobes arrangi-d
as the petals in a rose. The epidermal covering does not closely cover the inui'r cells
which are irregidar, apparently not closely packed, of uneven size and shape, round
or conical, each with a roniul nucli'us, and grainy cell contents. This gland does not
connect with the opening of the oviduct funnel, fnjm which it is separated l)y the
septum between .xiii and xiv. There is one pair of those glands, one Ixdiiml each
oviduct. The gland is allixed to the posterior part of the anterior se[)tum in xiv. A
similar gland does not exist in Dallanin elcf/niiK. As to the nature of this organ I can
sav nothing definite, and I hesitate to considei' it as an ovisac, until a more extensive
nuiteiial will allow other investigations.

Speniidiii-f mid I'mxtitti' (fig. \V.\). As in the preceding ami following specie-,
the spermdnct and prostate open in the -ame pole in somite x\ii. The speiimlucl
opens slightly posterior to the [)rostate and also more outwardly, though I »olh organs
closely join at the pore. The s[>ermdiK'l is (juilc wavy throughout its lengtli to the
ciliated rosettes, which as usual are found in x and xi, 'i'he rosettes are less folded
and crenale than those in DeUarda deyniis. The prostate dilTers .sonicwhal from the
one in the latter sjiecies. The muscular duel is not helix-like at its upper end, either
straight or bent at right angle to itself, with the distal end pointing i)a(dcward, being
parallel to the longitudinal axis of the body. The relative size of the prostate is in

C.U.IFdltMA ICrDIMI.TIi.i:. 37

this species iniieli l;ii-<i-er llniii in I lilln iiht r/ti/miK. whieli ;i|i|ieiii-s to l)c cliiii-actcristic
also with nearly all the other organs. The uppei' <;l:ui(hilar part of the prostate is
abfiiit three times wider than the lower mn^iciilar pari. The latter is alxmt equal in
length to the ptMiial seta' ami their saes.

Genital (ir exterior iiinti- zone (fig. 2">). In somite xvii there is a jiair ol' ven-
tial papilhe elose to the ventral ganglion, and sitnated in the transverse median line
of the somite. In these papilhe open the penial setie, in the place which otherwise
wonlil he oeenpied by the regular setu'. P.etween these papilhe and the ventral
median line of the body, somewhat nearer to the posterior margin of the somite, are
seen on either side a eireidar eup-shaped depression, from the eenter of whieh is spread
backward a large fan-shaped branch of muscles connecting with the posterior inter-
segmental groove. In the center of this suctorial organ, and at the very point from
whieh the fan-shaped muscular fascicle starts, is sitnated the exterior opening of the
s[)i'rnuluct and the prostate. Tn the median line l)etween the suctorial cups is a smaller
triangular depression. The anterior part of the somite is raised and thicker than the
posteiior pait, m- rallier lliei'e are two large anterior folds, and several smaller posterior
ones in the vicinity of the male pores (fig. 25).

Deltania Benhami.

Plates XV and xvi, figs. 40-48.

Deltania Benhami Eisen, Zoe, iv, 212, October, 189o.

Size about 1 inch by ^V- The inner couples of seta? as well as the setae in the
inner couples are much closer together than in any other species. The spermatheca
are large, opaque, situated in ix, and opening between ix and viii, with two diverticula,
which are less than h as large as the main spermathecal sac. A small species, in
many respects i-esembling Deltdvia Trnijeri, but very distinct by the above character-
istics.

Hahifat. T have found this worm only in a gulch or canon at the outlet of the
waterworks and dam, known as Lake C'habot, east of Alameda and San Leandro, in
Alameda Co., California. The worm is very scarce and lives under damp leaves in
the very top layer of the soil around the roots of trees. The exact locality is to the
right of the gate which closes the reservation, down by the creek, not far fi-om the
wire fence. It occurs here alone, not mixed up with any other species, and to all ap-
pearances this species is a true native and not introduced. It is an exceedingly deli-
cate worm, almost transparent, white, with yellowish clitellum, very impatient of
being handled and can only be kept alive with great care. It is much more trans-
parent than any of the other species.

Krienor cltaracters. In general appearance, the worm resembles Deltania
Iroi/eri, but is slightly larger in size. The second somite is much narrower than in
that species, being larger than the third somite. But it is especially as regards
position of the setie that the greatest external difTerence exists (fig. 40). The ven-
tral setie in one species are much closer together than in the other species of the

.■;s I- \i.ii<(1:nia acakkm y ok sciences.

>;eiiiis. and iiv(!ra<^c altoiit twice or three times as close as in D.ltnnia Troijeri.
This is a |>iuiniiu'iit aiul cDiisfaiit characteristic. The chaiactciistie feature of the
iffiius. whicli consists in the nariowing together of the ventral selic on i)oth sides
and hiwards the male pore in xvii, is readily seen in lliis .species. ()n account of
the ali'cadv very close approach of the ventral seta' of eacdi couple, this narrowing
liigcther is, however, less perceplilde in our present species, l)ut it is still (MHisider-
ahle and readily seen. The iigure (fig. 40) will illustrate this hetter than any
lengthy description. Not only does this approacdi of the setse exist on hoth sides of
the male pore. Iiul il is also seen towards the spcrmatliecal pore, though here in a
>iiiallrr degree. In Dalldnin IVoi/cri, there i.s not a trace of such an increa.sed ap-
proach of the ventral setic towards the spermathecal pore. Another characteristic as
regards the seta* is that the ventral or inner cou|)les are mnch closer together than
in tlu; other two .species di'scrilicil here, so close thai the main hodies of the spernia-
theciv almost (ondi.

The spermathecal |)ore is situated in the intersegmental groove hetween viii
and i.\, in front of seta 1. In lJi;/fiinia 7)-ot/i'ri, the spermathecal pore is in front of
the corresponding seta 1, hut considerably more lateral, and on account of the
greater distance of the ventral coui)les of setic, the .spermathecu' in that .species are
much further apart, and do not crowd the ventral ganglion. Ovidiical pore as usual
in xiv. Penial sctse on papilhe in xvii, opening in the male pore. The clit(dhim
comprises three full and wide somites, xiv, xv, xvi, and two smaller ones, xiii and
xvii, as in other species.

The genital region (fig. 4(S) around the male papilhe is niiu-li simpler than in
DcUrinln I'roijcrl. The two papdhe are situated much closer together, and there are
no suctorial depressions with their fan-shaped arrangement of muscles. The penial
seta' are very slender, sickle-like, bent at the free apex, with a narrowed and sharp
poinl. There are a dozen or more external fd)res of exceeding thinness stretching
from the anterior part of somite xvii to the posterior part of xviii. These
threads, however, exist only in the longitudinal groove lietween the papilla', all run
parallel with each other and with the long axis of the body (fig. 4S). As to their
nature I am not at all certain. They are apparently too (liin to he muscles. The
clitcllnni proper in this as in (he preceding species ends at the papilhe (tr male pore.
Anterior lo it liic clitellum consists of regular flask-like cells; po.sterior to it again
the body-wall has assumed its regular appetiranee. In Dcltditin Troijeri the (ditellar
thickening slops just befoi'c it reacdies the pa[)ilhe, but in Pi'ltdnin Hi'ii/uiiiil it stops
just as it reaches the male pore. The papilhe, however, continue lo the posterior end
of the somite.

The length of I he species is about 1 and 1 J inch, by ,',., to ^ inch wide, taper-
ing towards the caudal end. In fact the general form and size does not dilYi-r from
llie preceding species. In all I found some lifteen speeiinen<, but lliey wei'e, un-
forliinalely, in poor corHlilion when 1 arrived honn-. and llie pari po-h^rier lo llie
clitellum had already iieguri lo decompose. The following account of llie anatomy
is, iherelorc, not .i- hill a- de-iiable, bill eiiouuli is known lo perfeclU eliar.aclerize

CALIFOKNIA KUnHIIJn.K. 30

the species. Tiicic m-v Umv \k\\v of septal <;laii(l.s in v, vi, vii and viii. The inlands,
an far as I t-an iu(l"e from dissections only, arc of ahnosl (Miual size, sonicwhal lonirei'
there than in Dc/findu Troijcri. They arc ('(pially (h'vclopcd on the lower and nppcr
side of the (cso])liagns. The alimentary canal olfcis no great peculiarities. The
sj)ecimens were all very nuicli stretched, ami I am not certain if the form of the
oesophagus will prove constant. Howevt'r, the contractions at the septa were much
smaller than in any other species. The (esophagus from somite ix narrowed down
fowartl somite xii, here it began to gradually increase in width, hut the sacculated
intestine begins evidently lirst in xvii, increasing in width gradually baclvwarils until
it reaches the region between xxvii and xxxv, where it suddenly narrows und con-
tinues as nai'row to the end of the bod}'.

Spennathecn (figs. 42 and 4o). There is one pair in ix, opening between viii
and ix, of the same general appearance as in DaltaHla Troyeri with minor character-
istic details. The main sac is ovoid and somewhat lunate, pointed, with very smooth
outline and with no trace of warty excrescences. Theie are two diverticula allixed
halfway between the base and the glandular part. They are much smaller than
those of Deltania Trorjeri, being less than one-third as long as the main sperraatheca,
while in Deltania I'voyeri the diverticula are one-half or more as long as the main
spermatheca, and affixed to the muscular part close to the base. The spermathecae
open in front of the 1st setse and .are situated much closer together than those in
D. Troyeri. The opaqueness of the sperraatheca is the same as in the latter species.
There is, however, a decided diflference in the location of the spermatheca. In
D. Troyeri they are situated so far apart that they do not touch the ventral ganglion.
In D. Benluuiu, however, they crowd it, this a[)proach being caused partly by the
closer proximity of the ventral or inner couple of setfe, partly by the situation of the
spermathecal pores which in our present form are more ventral to the set;c.

I'he sperm-sacs (fig. 41) are of a very characteristic form. They are larger in
proportion than those of D.eleyans, hut not quite as large as in JD. Troyeri. There are
two pair, one each in ix and xii, and they do not connect with each other.
Each one consists of a very large flesh-like lobe, at the base of which are seen half ::

a

dozen smaller and globular sacs, all connected at the place of adherence to the an-
terior septum. These different lobes, the lai'ge one as well as the small ones, are
full of rounded, oblong or irregular spermatophoric sphscrules. The sperm-sacs do not
by far fill the somites. The form of the sj)erm-sacs varies to some extent, but the
main character is the same in all, a large, rounded or flask-like lobe, at the base of
which are several smaller ones.

Spermdud and filiated rosettes as in D. Troyeri. The prostate offers the char-
acteristic of having the lower part of the glandular sac considerably swollen, conical
and gradually diminishing in size towards the apex, which again is slightly enlarged
like a knob. There is only one long slightly bent or almost straight seta in each of
the penial seta-sacs, both setse opening on a small papilla, and which as far as I can
see more resembles that of D. Troyeri than D. eteya.ns. The blood is very pale yellow,
paler even than in the other species. There are three strongly pulsating hearts in

40

rALri'OKNIA AIAUKMY ol" SCIKNCKS.

somites x, xi iiiid xii, ciiiuu'ctiii<i tliu dorsal and vciitnil vessels. There are also
eoiiiiections lietwcen those two vessels in ix, x and xiii as in tlic other species, but
those fonncctioiis consist of rej^nlar secondary vessels narrow and tnhnlar, and in no
way resenililinii lioarts. Tlierc is no snhnenral vessel. The ventral vess(d is divided
in somite vi.and in llir aiitciini- six -uniites there is a heavy capillary system connect-
ir)g the ventral and dorsal vessels.

Tn tile following I have endeavored to give a comparative tul)lc ot llic species
wliicli I refer to Di'/ldiiin. As far as concerns those species wiiich I have not myself
investigated the tal)le must be considered tentative, especially so in regard to the char-
acter of Z). f^<6i«, the description of which liy I'Ictclicr i< somewhal in>iifru;ieiit. 1 need
here hardly add that Ddtanln Poii/luni. is the species described from Maderia l)y Jied-
dard as Mlrrosrd/a.r. ponUoni. The description given for D.dnfnii is taken from Rosa's
description of Mlrroncok.t; dnhins Fletclier, and not from F'letcher's own.

DELTANIA.

Septal i/laiiih[ux
Sperm-nacn in
Spermalheca

D. ekijans n. sp. D. Troycri n. sp.

vi, vii, viii, ix. v, vi, vii, viii.

xi, xii. X, xi.

Very small aud Large, apiiit, with
pellucid. No di- 2 diverticula each.
j verticula. Opaiiue.

The rtH</vti or inwer Only a little closer Only a little closer
w(<p in each couple together than the together than
exclusive of those set m of the outer those of the outer
in the genital re- couple. couple.

gion, arc:

/';-o.</«V(', thegland-jHelix-likc at the Not helix-like; tub-
ular part I top. Muscular ular, straight or
part nut very bent,
short.

D. Bnihnmi n. sp. D. PouUoni Bedd. D. duhin Rosa.

v, vi, vii, viii. Not present.

xi, xii. xi, xii. xi, xii.

Large, close togeth- Not present. Not present.

er, with 2 diverti-
cula each. Opaijne

Several times closer Several times clos- Several times clos-
together than er together than cr than the outer
those of the outer the outer conple.i couple,
couple.

Oizzaril

None.

None.

Not helix-like; tub-
ular and broad at
the base. Top en-
larged knob-like.

None.

None

Helix-like at the
top. Muscular
part very short.

Rudimentary.

Divert!' iiln of the
apcrmatheca

Absent. More than .J as large .Vbiuit i as large as

as the spormathe- the spermathecal
cftl pouch. pouch.

Two on each side. Two on each side. Two on each side. One on each side. Two on each side.

Peninl selas

X r ji h )■ id ill com'
niencc in

Nephridio-poros in 4tli and .'Id setie.
front of and little Prominent in the
interior to clitellum.

S/nrtniluctu

4th and .'id sotie.

4th and .Id sotiD.

3d seta. M setie.

Not prominent iu
the clitellum.

Remain separatc^Uemaiu separate up Kemain separate up Keniain separate I'nite to form one
up to the atria. | to the atria. to the atria. up to the atria. lube on each side

which opens in
the muscular part
of the atrium.

I'l.sl.rii.rly to tin-
clitellum the setie
have regained their,
nornuil <listance in|
somite

xxvi and xxvii.

xxiii and xxiv.

CAMFOKNiA Ei'i>i;ir,ri>.i:. 41

ARGILOPHILUS.

Ar(/i/np/ii/ns Eiscii, Zoc iv, '2r)2, October, 1893.

Prosldiniiiiii ciicidMcIifs (III somite i. l*]ii;lit sctic in Iniir couples, ventral,
laU'iiil ami dorsal, coiiiiiu'iiciiii;' in somite ii. The seta' ol the inner couple nol con-
vergiiii;' luwanls the male pore, hut closer set than the setic ol' the outer couple, 'i'lie
alimentary canal consi.sts of an eversil)le huccal cavity, a pharynx, (V'sophagus, gi/zard,
tuhnlar intestine, sacculated intestine, typhlosole, hut no lesophageal glands or pouches,
('litelliiiii not develoj)ed venti'allv, occupies somites xiii toxviii.

Siiermathecal pores, one pair vii viii and one pair viii/ix. Ovipores in xiv-
Male pore in xviii. One or two rows of ventral intcu-segmeiital papilhe. Two pair
of spermatheca'. Testes in x, xi. Sperm-sacs paired in x, xi, xii, generally enclos-
ing the ciliated funnels and testes, 'i'wo pair of ciliated funnels. Two pair of sperm-
ducts, which join a pairof very large, tuhnlar-coiled prostatesin xviii, at the upper end
of the muscular duct. Two peiiial sctie open in the same pore, but not in the same
duct as the pro-statc.

Dorsal vessel and vential vessels connected by o pair of hearts in xiv to x. No.
subneural vessel. Blood red. Many l)lood vessels on the nephridia. No pepto-nephri-
dia. The nephridio-pores variable as to location, the majority open in front of or lateral
to the 4th setiP, though many o]ien interior to the 4th setie. No cfjecal bladder at the
exterior pore. Large earthworms with thick round bodies, of pale flesh color, mar-
bled bluish.

T)ldributifin nncl hahifat. The genus Argilophiliis appears to be an undoubted
native of the Pacific C*oast. Specimens have been found in the San Joaquin Valley
in California, and as far north as British Columbia (Vancouver Island). In California
these worms are our most common earth worms, a[)pearing close to the surface with
tlie advent of the rains in the autumn and disappearing deep in the soil with the dry
weather in INIay, after which time they are not any more found in even locally moist
places. During the summer months I have sometimes dug up these worms from a
depth of 5 to (i feet or more, each worm tightly rolled up as a little ball and appear-
ently encysted in a chamber of clay, the inner surface of which is smooth and hard.
In these cysts the worms pass the dry season. These worms are hardly ever found
outside of heavy adobe or clayey soil; the more clayey the soil, the better the worms
appear to thrive, provided also the soil is rich and fertile. In poor soil the worms are
seldom seen, and the best indorsement for a soil is that it contains worms of this genus-

The color of the worms of this genus is fleshy pink, thickly marbled, with steel
or slate gray, (fig. 132). The clitellum is yellowish red, and the whole anterior part
is pinkish. The color of these worms is very handsome and distinguishes them from
the deep brown Allolobophora so common in moist or swampy places in this State.

Exterior chai-acierlstics (figs. 125-131). The most prominent extei'ior feature
of this genus is the color which has just been described. Another is the frequent
eversion of the lining of the buccal sac (fig. 130). As to size the worm must be

-J2 CALIFOKXIA AfADKMV n|- SCIENCES.

C()ii>i(l(i((l 11- oin larj^cst f;ulliwcimi, lliuiij^li very variable, a- iiii>:;lil Ijc ex|H'cttnl.
Tlic smallest ailiill wniiiis iiieasure alxiiit 1.^ inches by :5 lines, llie iarj^est again (!
inches bv I lo 1.', lines, ihe size appears t(j(le|)en(l greatly un the loealitv and richness
(»!" the soil. The j)iost(>ininni divides somite i to about A or jf (lig. I'iU). Somiles vii,
viii, ix, are larger than the other aiitcrioi- xmiites. The clit(dlar somites (figs. 12o to
l.".l) all' large, the post-clitellar ones are veiv niiicli -iiiiillii-. The s|)ermathecal
pores arc ni<pic or less conspicuous (lig. 1U!> syVA.), sometimes hardly visible, at times
again elevated and appearing as small round rings. They are situated just lateral to
seta' *_', but of course in the intersegmental grooves between vii viii and viii ix. The
ovipnrcs aic closer together, situated a little more ventrally than seta- 1, sometimes, if
not generally, coiiiiecled by a (le]>ressi(in. The clilclliim is diily dcNcloprd dorsally
and laterally, the ventral part between tiie male pores ining normal and appearing as
considerably depressed, in hardened specimens the depression reaching as far foi'ward
as to the center of somite xiv or the ovipores.

The male pores which open in line with seta' 2, are situated oneitherside on an
elongated |)apilia, which again is more or less surrounded by a circular depression,
outside of which is seen a high semi-circular ridge, which is thicker anteriorlv ami
posteriorly than laterally (lig. 2"), 120). The penial set;e are one pair in each
pore, and are seen protruding through the male-pore.

The regular set;e are sigmoid, not greatly bent. The seta: of the inner couples
are closer than those of the outer couples; all the setie are in parallel rows (fig. 24).
The nephriilio-pores are didicult to view from the outside. Their arrangement is
variable, but the majority are found outside of, or more lateral than the fourth row of
setie. The three anterior ne|)hridio-pores arc seen in front of seta; 4 (fig. 24). A
more detailed descrij)tion will be given further on.

Scfd . The ordinary seta' have been ali'eady described as sigmoiil. There
arc two sacs of penial setu' attendant to each ]irosl;itc, and npcning in the same pore,
but not in (he same duct, as that organ. There is only one seta in each sac. This
seta is sickle-like, much more curved than those in Deltania. The point is needle-
like, and curved (iigs. 122, 12;!). The very point is void of sculpture, but the part
back of the point and up lo ilie sac is sculptured as in the lignre \'2'->. The largest
pari of llie seta is smoolb, mdv >li(iwiiig the rings for- the attachment of the muscles.
The inirer' corrples of st'ta' of the (dil(dlirnr are somewhat r'aised, ihorrgh otherwise not
dillereiitiated.

ANATOMrc Ai, sTiM'crri;!:.

The /»/f///-/'7/// (Iigs. ill. I l."i, lie, 117, MS). The body-wall i)rrl-idc of the
clilellnrir shows tin; usual sets of layers. The irrrierrrrosl vascular layer', which covi'rs
llic lorrgilirdiri;il rirrrseirlar' layer-, is very thick anil pr-omineiit, though not very
cr-owded with bhxjd vessels (lig. 111). Iridcr- tlii- layer-, aird l)etweerr it aird the
longitudirral nuiscles, passes the spermducl, almost throughout its length, from the
place where the two ilucts unite to the one where they rise to join the spernuluct.
'J'his layer is less pronounced anterior- to (dilellrirrr. and ajipears aiiseni irr the vicinity

OAI.iroKNIA RUnUILID.-'F. 43

(if tlic s|)ci-iii;iilicc;i iiiul antcrioi' lo them. In llic clitoUni' somites this vascular layer
i.s t'speci;illy proiniiiciit. The muscles of the loii<;itutliiKil muscular layer in this
<;-ciius, as well as iu Dellauia, are arranged in groups or projecting lol)cs, between
which pass projections of the vascular layer, as well as transverse iiniscles in certain
places. These lobes varv in widtii, ;inil on tlu' ventral side below tlu! ganglion ai'c^
arranged fan-like (fig. 1().'5. r. /<.), diverging from tiie median line. The longitudinal
nniscles are never arranged around a central axis, as is the case in .so many lum-
bricides, though they show :i faint trace of .symmetrical arrangement. The zone of
the transverse muscles is much thinner, five or six times narrower than the longi-
tudinal zoni' (117).

The hypodermis is thick, with large, glandular cells of a flask-like or spindle-
like shape. In the (ditellar somites these glands become irregular, club-like, and
project as tar inside the layer of clitellai' glands as the hypodermis is thick, or more
(fig. 110).

Till' i-riliHinii is develo])ed only dorsally. The glandular laj'er is much
thicker laterally and dorsally, tapering towards the ventral side, and ceasing entirely
at a line drawn outside of the male papilla and paiallel with the ventral ganglion.
The glanilular layer of the clitellum is very thin, and as eompai'cd with that of
Deltania, about ^ narrower. The cells of this layer are, however, very wide and
long, there being generally eight or nine in the row. They are irregularly grouped
in twos or threes, separated by nai'row blood vessels, which, at rather regular inter-
vals, are thicker. They are supplied with blood from sinuses situated between the
transverse muscles, and which connect through these branches with a capillary net-
work on the hypodermis (figs. 11-3 and 110).

Trans^veme mvsrkx (figs. 118 and 119). There are numerous sets of trans-
verse muscular bands in the clitellar somites, quite similar to those described by
Benham in Mniri/ujaster indicuH. They are more numerous and prominent' in the
somite of the oviduct than elsewhere, and form there three distinct muscular l)ands
the ventral ends of which terminate at the inner couple of seta» (fig. 119); the lateral
ends again terminate on the latei-al side of the body wall.

The posterior band is the .smallest of the three and begins in the posterior and
ventral [lail of the somite, in line with, but slightly posterioi' to the inrier setJE, stretch-
ing from there diagonally across the somite, ending laterally at the seta 8 (fig.
119, /»1).

The next band is much larger antl begins in the anterior ])art of the somite
also in line with the inner setse and stretches diagonally backwards ending po.sterior to
but in line with seta 4 (fig. 119, m 2.) The third muscular band is of the same
size and runs in the same general direction as the last, begins and ends in front of it,
ending in front of the fourth seta (fig. 119, m 3.) A fourth muscular band of a
somewhat similar (diaracter connects the posterior part of the oviduct with the bodv-
wall tei'ininating in front of the muscular band just described as m 1, on the figure
(fig. 119, 111 4.) Similar muscles as the oviducal one, are common in all earthworms,

44 CAtJI'OUNIA ACAKK.sn "I SCIKNCKS.

eoiiiiccting the various rirj^ans with tlic Ixuly-WMll ami ictniirc licic no particular nicii-
tioii.

Ill till- olhcr flitcllar r^oniitcs we- liiul l>iiiiil> ol traii.sver.sc inusclcs wliii-h
stretch (liafionaily (fig. 118) across the body wall from the ventral part, almost ini-
iiu'<liat('ly hehnv the ventral ganglion, lo liic vicinity ol' liic onter seta-. The crxls of
these muscles penetrate between the lobes of the longitudinal muscular layer (fig.
lis, /. //(.) These muscles are not contiiiMons through the somite l)nt are grouped in
bands.

Ventral pnpif/n (figs. 120, 125 to 131). Aigilophilus is readily distingui.shed
from other Califoi'nia EndrilidiC so far known, by its ventral papilla', occupying the
ventral side of the intersegmental grooves from the spermatheea U) the segments next
posterior to the clilellum. In Ai-fjilophi/ns ii/inijioratin* orudtnn we meet sometimes with
as many a.s 7 or 8 pairs, while in A. ni. jjn/iil/l/'ri we find as high a nuniln r in a single
median row, under the ventral ganglion. In no instance did T (ind a papilla on the
segment itself, all invariably occnricd rising from the groove between the .somites,
beinii' in other words iiitersci'-mental. From cross-sections it will be seen that the
papilla consists of two distinct jiarls, one extiTioi' ami latci-al, consisting of elongated
hypodermic su[)porting cells, which more or less fully enclose the interior main Ixtdy
of the papilla. Tliis central part consists of larger or smaller gland-like bodies, vary-
ing in size and number according to the size and age of the pa])iila, etc. In some
papilhe these bodies fill the larger ])art of the papilla, in others they are confined to
the bolt(Mn or very center of the organ. As to the nature of these organs 1 am, as yet,
somewhat in doubt, though they certainly must be considered as sen.sory organs
of some kind. Staini'd with osmic acid the bodies present in sections a darker center,
which appears of ganglionic nature, around which are grooped larger .sacs which
again are compo.sed of smaller, light-refractive granules, giving the idea of a reticu-
lated protoplasm. Numerous nerve fibres connect with those bodies, and evidently
penetrate to the gaglionic center. Long tube-like cells butt directly on these gland-
idous bodies, while others grooi)eil in lyundles penetrate between them connecting with
nerve ganglia. The transition between the supporting cells and the drainpipe cells
of the papilla is sudden and not gradual. In fact llic line of demarcation iietween the
two is (juite prominent. The suj)|)orting cells in the young papilla, entirely enclose
the papilla, while in the larger and full grown papilla, tlu'V are pushed towards the
side leaving the whole center to the drainpipe cells and the glands.

When stained with safranine the nuclei of tlie glandular cells l)ecome prominent,
less so when staineil with luematoxylon. The nuclei vary greatly in size and ninuber.
In some of the glandular bodies there are from one to three nuclei, in otlu'rs none. In
sections there are always less nuclei than divisions (cells?) apparently lying on the toji of
the reticulated mass. The nuclei may be seen directly above the nerve center, but
generally lliey aic found onlsidc of it. ll seems as if these glandulous bodies are
modified agglomeralioii> of hypodeiinic glands.

'i"he airaniiemenl ol ihe iilamlnlous bodies and the lube-like cells i> verv

CALIFORNIA ICI'Dnil.ID.i:. 45

)liiig siiKill siij;;ir-l<)Mvus standing in a mw, willi llic I'lin-lilvc
iUTaiiged tubniai- cells between them (fig. J 20). In some sections a Imnch of nerve
fibers is seen on either side touching the papilla, connecting on the other hand with
the ventral ganglion. As to the natnre of (he pa[iilla Dr. Miclia'lsen snggests that a
somewhat similar <trgan in AcanthodrUus (jeorgvinus is a taste or " Wollust" organ,
ll is, however, not nidikely that the minnte light-refractive bodies are glandnlons.

JNIany of the tnbular cells contain a line granulated secretion in varying (pian-
titics, which stain dark red with cosine. The fact that the whole papilla is concave in
the center speaks also strongly for the glandnlons natnre of the organ. The figure of
the ■' Augenapfela"'-like organ of Acanthodrilus, given by Michajlsen, may })0ssibly have
been taken from a young pa[)illa in which the glandulous bodies had not yet developed.
Organs of a somewhat similar nature have also been described by Horst from Ponto-
^role.i: corefhriiriis which, however, he does not figure in connection with nerve fibres.
It is not improbable that all the sensory organs in the genital somites of the higher Oligo-
chseta arc of an analogous nature. Among such organs would be included the tuber-
cnla pnbcrtatis, the puberty grooves, as well as some other epidermal structures in
Heliodrilns, Hyperiodrilus and Eudrilus described more in detail by Beddard. How-
ever all the organs require re-examination by the aid of other methods, as one single
method of staining will not suffice to reveal their true nature.

Se2}ta (fig. 86). The anterior septa are greatly pouched, generally to such
an extent that in cross-sections the various organs appear to lie several somites further
back than they really do. Thus the gizzard and the posterior spermatheca may be
seen in the same ci'oss-section and this is also the case with the oviduct and the sperm-
sacs. This pouching is principally restricted to the septa 5 to 13. These septa are
also slightly thickened especially those bounding somites viii to xi.

Nephridbt (figs. 59 to 77). The position of the iiephridio-pores places Argilo-
pliilus very close to Plutellus. There are one pair of nephridia in each somite as usual.
The first pair of nephridia are found in somite ii and others follow in all the posterior
somites. The first five or six nephridia are somewhat larger than the others and open
in front of the fourth sette. All the following open irregularly in front either of the
third or fourth set;e, or in the space between and anterior to them, or even outside of,
or more lateral than seta four. Those which open laterally of seta four do not even
open in the same row, as we find one nephridio-pore say as far out laterally from
the fourth seta, as that seta is distant from the third, wdiile others are half-way or one-
third of the way between the fourth seta and the most lateral nephridio-pore. There
is no regularity as regards this succession, though rarely two successive nephridia open
in line behind each other. For instance, one nephridium opens in front of seta
3; the second as far outside of 4 as 4 is distant from 3; the third nephridio-pore is
in front of seta 4, the following half-way between seta 4 and the most lateral pore,
the following f of the distance from seta 4 to the most lateral pore, the following in
front of seta 4, the following again | of the distance from seta 4 to the most lateral
nephidio-pore, etc. (Fig. 124 up. p.)

Mkmoir;<, Vol. II, 3. Jauuary, ISU-l.

Iti CAI.ll DUMA AIAI>KMV nl x IKM'Ks.

Tlic sinicliiic lit tlic n(|pliri<liiiiii is foii.sidenihly complicalcil. 'I'hc iic|iliri<li()-
stome, t'oiiiKl ill front of the ventral .sct.e, is unusually minute, and leads to a eom-
|>ailivelv short duct, which connects with the hody of the nepridinin proper, at the
point where the sin<;le-tul)ed outlet leiives the folds. Tiiis tuhe is not eorivoluteil ( lij^.
")I)(T)), hut almost straight, very liard and solid, widening toward the l)asc. When
it reaches the folds it does not at once enter a tuhe, hut forms a long, cylindrical,
spoiigv mass (fig. (>'S), which extends the whole side or one-third of the length of the
nephridium. In'fore it assumes the proper shape of a clear canal (lig. ."iiJ, 0 to 0,
and fig CA). In the beginning at 0, this mass shows no regidar lumen, hut a inim-
her of irregidar pores and tuhes, which might best be compared to the inner canals
of a common washing sponge (fig. 04, 0, 0, 0). In the center of this mass are
imbedded the two j)arallel folds of the main nephridial canal (fig. HA, n and li). At
first the spongy tube is located princi[)ally above the two canals, but soon the mass is
shifted and the canals become imbedded in the center of the mass, or very nearly so
(fig. G4, 0to0). The small connecting tubules at 0, which were at first so ir-
regular, soon assume a greater degree of regularity at 0, while at the same time two
longitudinal lumens are formed — one on the upper 0 and one on the under side
(0, fig. 04) of the two central canals {n and A). At first these canals 0 and 0
are indistinct and irregular, but soon they assume the character of regular longitudinal
canals (from 0 to 0, 0 and 0). From 0 to 0 these canals 0 and 0 are
connected by the transverse tubules, which completely surround the two central
canals 0 and 0. At 0 the lower canal 0 becomes narrower, anil the trans-
vei>>e ducts drop into the main canal 0, while the former lower canal 0 ixssumes
tlu! character (»f a i-alher thick, epithelial lining. The general effect of this arrange-
ment is, that, seen with a lower power, the spur between 0 and 0 appears to con-
sist of four distinct parallel canals, while from 0 to 0 the fold contains only three
paralhd canals. At 0 these canals become very crowded, the whole fold being nar-
rower. The length of this narrower pai't varies, but generally already at 0, or
shortly before entering on the bent plexus at 0, the fold has regained its original
width. At 0 the canals turn; that is, 0 connects with 0 and the central canal
folds upon itself, and for a short distance we have four almost parallel canals. At
0 the formerly central canal (from 0 to 0, 0 and 0) leaves the lobe and crosses
over to the other' fold, and at 0 becomes the original canal 0, which runs its
course all through the two folds, at 0 turning downward, becoming the lower canal,
which again at 0 becomes canal 0, from there on pressing backward and again
forward from 0 to 0, at which jwint it separates itself from the fold, and, running
along the inner body-wall, forms the outlet duct opening al ilic I'Xterior pore at 0.
The connecting bridge between the two main folds, or ratlur- ln'tween one fold and
the fre(! lobe of the other, between 0 and 0, is very narrow at 0, suddenly
increasing at 0, gradually ta[)eriug toward 0. As regards the ciliation of the
canal, it may be stated that it does not extend all through the tube. It appears that the
canal is ciliated at places where the passage of the excretions is diflicidt. The narrow
duct fr.iin the funnel to 0 is ciliated as well as the funnel itself, .\gain, the ciliation

CALIFORNIA EUDKII.ID.K. 47

begins at tlic |Hiiiit of leciirrciicc at (j), but ceases at'tei' the duct has assumed its straight
course at (^; it begins again at (>«), and is with a certainty found between @ imd
@, and possibly i)etween (jj) and @, where, however, I am not quite certain of
its presence. Tlie wliole nephridial fold is inil)edded in a wing-like cellular and
fil)rous mass, which at either end becomes thicker, supporting large pellucid perito-
neal cells, such as found in the nephridia of many Oligochicta (fig. ('A, per. c), and a
eom|)lex systeui of blood-vessels, which branch and form capillary loops partly on the
folds, but princi[)ally between the spongy tubes and the two central canals (iigs. ~)d,
(53, G4, 67, hi.). The blood-vessels originate from a branch of the ventral vessel as in
Lumiiricus.

Scattered over the peritoneal cells are masses of free cells, generally agglom-
erated in separate heaps. Km-U cell is (h^eply crenate, as if it consisted of several in-
dividual cells, but in each such small agglomeration there is only one round micleus
(Hg. 80).

If we recapitulate, we find that the nephridum of Argilophilus consists of the
following distinct pai'l from the ncphridio-stonie to the ne^widio-pore:

1. Xcphridio-stome, engaged in the anterior se])tura.

2. Narrow duct, which connects the nepliridio-stome with the body of the ne-
jihridium ]iroper, especially with the spongy tubules.

o. (Spongy tubules, which are at first irregular, but which soon fuse into one
main-tube with many branching tubules.

4. Main nephridial canal, which, recurring on itself several times, forms two
distinct folds and one spur. The posterior fold contains besides the tube and tubules
two turns of the canal, one of which is recurring. The anterior fold contains three
turns of the canal, two of which ai"e recurring. Part of this anterior fold disengages
itself from the main nejihridial mass and forms the

5. Spur. This spur contains four canals, two of which are recurring, the
point of recurrence for all four being at the distal end. One of the recurring canals
of the spur is connected with the posterior fold by the

0. Bridge, a part of the canal much narrower than tlie other, spanning the
distance between the two folds.

7. The wide duct leading to the nephridio-pore, directly connected with the
recurring canal of the posterior fold. In different nephridia this wide duct is of
varying length.

8. Nephridio-pore, apparently without urinary bladder or collar.

9. A large wing-like, but rather thin, mass of peritoneal cells.

10. A complicated and extensive system of capillary blood vessels on the va-
rious parts of the nephridium.

Compared to the nephridium of Lumbricus as described by Benham we find
a few more important differences, especially in the post-septal part. Thus the post-
septal part of the narrow tube after reaching the first loop assumes the shape of a

-is CAMI'OliNIA At'ADKMY OK SCIES(;ES.

Iul)iiliir iiftwork, wliicli only ynnliiiilly fuses itself into one duct with nnincmus
l)riin('IiinL^ diictnlis, while in Lunilnieus the sintfle duct e"ntinu(!s tliiou^^h the difTer-
cnl loltcs iind in recurring winds around itself. The tuhidcs in Argilophilus eni-
liriici' ihc two tiihcs liut cease after leaving the lir-t fold, 'i'lic muscular duct which
is so |ironiinent in Ijumhricns is not represented in Argilopliihi-, Itiit is replaced hy an
elongalion of the single wide IiiIm' ((Mrcspondiug lo ihc " wide lulu- of the od lolte " in
Liiinhricus.

Compared agiiin with the ncpliridimn of Dcllaiii.i, we iind that the principal
difference consists in tin- ah.sence of tlie urinary Madder and the collar at the ne-
|diridio-pore as well as in the absence of a Cfxical Madder. The irregular or alternate
locations of the nephridio-pores distinguish Argilophilns and Plntellns from all other
earthworms, as far as known.

Alimcntnnj rnnnl (fig. 87 to 02). The Imcnil, cnvlti/ is, jis has been stated,
greatly ever.-il)le, and generally remains everted after the worm is dead. The
phnryn.r is only developed siiperinily tlinngli I here is a slight thickening of the lower
wall ol llie liiieeai cavity at llie junction willi llie le-opliagns, at which place numer-
ous muscles are seen to connect with the lower part of the body-wall. The pharynx
is as usual furnished with numerous salivary glands (fig. 8(), aL (/I.), extending from
the vicinity of the brain to the posterior part of somite iv, the mo.st posterior glandular
mass being the largest (fig. .SCi). The various glandular lobes offer some characteristics,
wliicb if carefully noted and compared may be I'ouud to be constant enough to serve
us species characteristics.

The n^'ji^opluuivii begins in iii and occupies somites iii. iv and v, (fig. cSr>, .1. n .)
forming first a narrow tul)e, which widens out, and rising upwards connects with a
very hii'ge gizzard (72.). This r/izzard occupies in reality oidy somite vi, but its great
length causes it to j)ush fai- bacdcward to such an extent that it actually occupies the
space covered by viii and sometimes by ix. The gizzard is compres.sed from above,
but widened laterally wliicdi makes it ajipear very much larircr when viewed from
above than when seen in vertical section. It connects posteriorly, in vii, with a very
long narrow li/lin/iir infcxfinc, which extends to somite xii, luil wliieli in sduiites xiii
to XV is strongly nipjied by the septa and e(aisideral)l\' enlarged (tig. 8(», s,) withoiU,
howevei', being st rietly saccudated.

'i'lie ii(ii-ciil(il('d intestine ])roper, however, begins first in xvi, an<l is mu(di wider
than the other part of the alinu-ntary canal. The structure of the pharynx oilers
nothing of iiiuisual interest. The wall of the gizzard contains the usual layers, biU they
are poor in blood vessels. The longitudinal muscular layer is ihiidcesi, and on the
widest pari of the gizzard it is live or six limes as thick as tlu' epithelinm, gradually
diminishing in size anterioi'ly and posteriorly (ligs. 8(5, 87, 88, 8U).

/'iiti-s/nipcd ity ( '/u//ii!i ( '/iinii/icrs. Beginning ininndialely lieliiinl the gizzard,
and extending throughout tin Inludar intestine, wi' liinl imliediled between the
cpilheli;d folds nnmerons pe:ir-~liapei| organs of duniilful lunctioti. In pronouui'iug

CALIFOKNIA EUinaLlD.K.

49

these iis eliyliis cliiiiiiht is, I do so with much hesitation, as I am not at all satisfied but
llial inslcnd of heing organs of absorption, they may not in i-eality i)e organs of dis-
cdiai-ge, or in other words, glands. I found these ehanibers always empty, appearing
entirely transparent in sections of the intestine, aiul they never stain, apparently
showing a want of contents, tiiough tins may be a tempoi'ary condilioii, owing to
the state of the worms wiien killed, at which time these organs may have happened
to have been temporarily empty. As regards location, they are found princi[)ally in
somites vii to xii, and seldom extend further back than that somite. It is to be re-
memliercd tliat in somile xiii the tubular intestine changes its form and becomes
considerably sacculated. In somites vii to xii tliis tubular part is very poor in blood
vessels, or rather in large blood siinises, while in xiii these simises begin to appear in
large number and of large size. Thus, witii no blood sinus in the e])ithelial folds, there
arc many pear-shaped chambers, while on the contrary, the cessation of pear-sliaped
chambers is accompanied by numerous and large blood sinuses (fig. 03). The pear-
shaped chambers are imbedded between the epithelial cells, and j^robably all of them
reach the inner cavity of the alimentary canal, though, from the sections made, this is
not (]uite evident, h^omc of them, however, do, as will be seen from the figures 00 and
01. They are une(jually distributed; in some places they fairly crowd out the (ipithelial
cells, as in fig. 01, which is drawn from a longitudinal section, showing an unusually
large inuuber. Fig. 02 represents a surface view where they are less numerous,
and fig. OU represents a camera drawing from a transverse section of the gut. Each
chamber consists of six, seven, or, in some instances, of only two or three cells, arranged
as the clefts in an orange, around a central pore or short tube, which, however, does not
extend all through the papilla, but ends blindly. At the lower end these individual
chambers connect with numerous smaller and more irregular cells, which join
each other close to the transverse musculai- layer. The small central pore stands
frequi'iitly in connection with the alimentary cavity. In the smaller and inner
chambers this pore is less pronounced or entirely wanting. At the base of the
chambers are seen a number of small glandular masses, with grainy and opaque
contents (fig. 00 (jL). As regards the distribution of the chambers among the epithelial
folds of the same somite, it may be noted that they are principally nnmei'ous in the
dorsal and ventral regions, disappearing in the lateral regions (fig. 133, ep. and c. r.).
This is the case in all the somites where these chambers appear in the tubular intestine.
Chylus canals have been described by IMichaelsen as present in the intestine of En-
chyti'icus, but the difference between their structure and those of Argilophilus is
quite great. In Enchytneus these canals are principally intercellular, and connect
with bloodvessels or sinuses, while the pear-shaped organs in Argilophilus are extra
cellular, and occur in ])arts of the intestine especially poor in blood vessels. The im-
possibility to procure fresh worms will necessitate a closer study of these organs, to
be deferi'ed to a more opportune time.

Ti/ph/nsoli: The typhlosole and tyj)hlosolar region is small, and not especially
pronounced in front of and in the clitellar somites. Anterior to somite xix the

50 CAI-IKOUNIA ACADEMY Ol' SflENCES.

tv|)hl<)sol;ir vessel, whicli is entirely dorsal, is many times smaller than the l()ii<i;itndi-
nal dorsal vessel, hut posterior to that somite the typhlosolar vessel assumes a larj^er
size, almost eijualliiij^ the main dorsal vessel. In the anterior somites the typhlosolar
region does not project down in the intestine, hut is only somewhat wider than the
halanee of the intestinal wall. The typhlo.sole in this part appears to he filled with a
lihroiis and spongy mass, in which, h(»wever, T have seen no distinct nu(dei (fig. 1:54,
c. /•.). The.se cavities are more ohlong at the walls, more round or angular at the
center, where several larger cavities are seen. At the upper margin of the typhhj-
solc this lihrons hody gives room to Iwn liirgc and scvcial sniallci- longitudinal canals,
one at each extremity of the typhlo.sole, all .separated hy muscular fihers or cell-like
chand)('rs. Tn fig. loH the fihroiis nature of the interior of the typhlosole is somewhat
inoic jironoiinced than it sIkjuUI he, the (ihers appi-aring rather more regular than in
reality, though the appearance is always as if the majority of the fihere radiated in a
fan-like way from the central s))ongy mass. This |)art of I lie po.sterior typhlo.sole is
in c-ross-section deltoid, with the point projecting into the cavity of the intestine
(lot), ///). The size of the typhlosole varies with the individual specimen.

Spermnflieca (figs. cSl to <S(!). There are two |i;iii- of >|i(iniatheea' in viii and
i.\ ojH'uing in the intersegmental grooves hetweeu vii and viii and viii and ix. The
spermthecal pores are found in front of and slightly outside of the second seta-. As
regards the size the spermathecje may he said to he very large, hut unequal, a.s we
seldom lind two of the same size. One or two are generally developed at the
expense of the others and fill all the availahle space in the somites, frequently pushing
the septa into the nearest somites. 8een in a transverse section of a segment the
larger spermatheca may he occupying as much as three-fourths of the cavity (fig. 8(i).
The spermatheca consists of two distinct parts, of whicli the upper is h^' fai' the largest,
rounded in outline or potato-like with comparatively thin walls (fig. 82 <i). This part,
though somewhat warty, carries no diverticula and there are no smaller cavities for
the storing of the spermatozoa. The lower muscular part is twisted, and setohli(|uely
to \\\v foi'mer, hut can in no way he said to form any kind of a diverticulum (figs. 81
and 8l2). The muscular layer, which is a direct contiiuiation of the lougitiulinal layer
<>! the hody-wall, is only arranged in one way forming a circular muscular stratum of
the spermatheca nnich thicker at the hase than at the top (fig. 82 /. m). This nniscular
layer extends to the upper part of the .spermatheca (82 a), hut is here quite narrow,
'i'he inner glamlular layer is singularly well developed (figs. 82, cjl. c: 84 (jl. ep. and
83), projecting inwards in large folds like the epithelial folicles of the inti-stine.

S(!cretions acciuuuhite ;is n large whitish mass in the upper part of the sperm-
atheca, and ai'e seen to he sparingly mixed oi" streaked with spermatozoa. Hut
the most characteristic part of the spermatheca is the interlacunary system for the
storage of the spermatozoa in the lower or muscular part. A section of this part shows
(figs. 82, 83 and 84, /. ,s.) a niw of ehamhers iniliedded heiweeii the epitludial cells,
or hetween them and the muscular layer, and which connect more or le.ss directlv
with the cavity of the sperniatheea l)v nutans n{ nairnw passages (iig. 8.'> fi.) Some

CALIFORNIA EtrHRILIP.E. 51

of tlu' chambers sliiiid alsd in coiuicctioii willi each other as at SI s/i. />. and cSM.
In tlicse chainhers are .stored the sperinhalls proper, one in (^aeh, rarely occnpy-
ing the whole spaec; of the ehami)er, hut leaving considerable, of the laennary room
enijity, it never containing any free spermatozoa, only agglomerations or sperinballs.
These spermlialls mav also he seen as while o[ia((ue glohnles from llic outside ol the
spermatheca as represented in figs. 81 .1 and /)', s/i. h.

Teates (figs. 1)4, 95, !)''>.) There are two pair of testes, one in somite x, one in
xi, as usual post-septal. The anterior testes are enclosed in the sperm-sac, the jxts-
terior ones are generally free. Cross-sections sliow the testes to be deeply multilolied,
with the lobes spreading. As regard the enclosing of the anterior testes it may be
remarked that it is more or less complete, evidently depending on the size of the
sperm-sac. Tu some specimens the testes were entirely enclosed, in others only the
posterior ai)ex was invested in the sperm-sac. Tn most sjieeimens the testes were
found pressed close ^o the body-wall and projecting backwards, the point of adherence
to tile anterior septum being immediately above and adjoining the ciliate<l funnel of
the nephridium in line with the ventral setne.

iSperiu-s(ii-fi. There are three sperm-sacs, more or less Init generally paired in
somites x, xi and xii, the one in the latter somite being much more lobed than the
anterior ones, and more fre(]uently paired. The two anterior sperm-sacs are much
the largest (fig. 96 and 97). They fill the whole somites, are not always paired, l)ut
the lobes connect all along the dorsal body-wall. The anterior sac closel}' invests the
testes and ciliati-d rosettes in x and furthei'more often encloses the ventral ganglion (fig.
9() and 97). The sperm-sac in xi is also often closed on the dorsal side, but it does not
invest the testes nor the sperm funnels of that somite (fig. 98). The sperm-sac in xii
differs from the other by being deeply lobed in the plane of the trabeculse which are
arranged in a fan-like shape from the alimentary canal. This sperm-sac which is
seldom paired, does not extend below the alimentary canal as the anterior ones do,
but so to say rests entirely on the intestine (figs. 8(5 and 99). The anterior sperm-sacs
are also traversed by numerous trabecuUe, which however are irregularly arranged
(fig. 100). The sperm-sacs are frequently infested with parasitic coccidise of round
shape and with from one to three germ cells (fig. 100, coc) In size the sperm-sacs
are so large that they i)usli far l)ackwartls, the one pair covering the other, the
whole mass often reaching as far back as to touch the prostate, thus entirely covering
the ovary and ovidncts. This is especially evident in transverse sections when the
ovary, oviduct and the three sperm-sacs may be seen at once.

The ovnry is, as usual, found in xiii and offers no great peculiarities. It is
generally deeply lobed, and in cross-section shows the same projecting lobes us the
testes.

The ocidud is rather thin and characterized by a thick and long npper lip
(fig. 103 u. L), which generally is bent to one side. In one instance the upper lip
was forked (as in fig. 103, c). The muscle attaching the upper part of the oviduct to
tlie body-wall is unnsually strong (fig. 103, vi. s.).

;)2 n.M.Il-OKNIA ACADK.MY DK SCIKNCES.

S/ti'r))idiiiis Mid j/rn^lnti's (lij;s. lOo to 113). There are two pair of .sperm fiiiinel«
and iliuts, the iliict.s joined toj^ctlicr. The ciliat(;(l rosettes or s|ierin fiiiiiiels are
t'ouiul ill \ and xi. The; anterior pair is engaged in ihe speiin-siic of that .somite
((ig. {)7), while the posterior pair is generally free (fig. !)rS). I have, however, seen
the sperm-.-acs uttacdied to the fiiniicls in lhe.se somites in some speeimeiis, and tliere
appears in this res|)ect to lie coiisidcrahh' variation; generally, however, the roseltes
are free (lig. !><S) in somite xi. Also with the anterior funnel there is .some variation.
In some specimens the funnels were entirely enclosed in the sperm-sacs, in others the
spernj-sae was meri-ty attaetie<l to the free surface of the funnel, wiiile in others again
one-half of the funnel was imheddt'd in the sj)erin-sae, while the other half was free.
I'^igs. !<7 and i'.S show eross-seetions with the sperm funnels or ciliated I'osette.s free or
imiiedded.

The sjirnji(liir/fi join in xii and eontiniu' in a dinet line to the pi'cjslale, which
they enter in s(miite xviii. The point of junction is in the lower part of the glandular
pari close to llie nuisculai- duct (fig. 80, e.). The duct runs hetween the very thick
vascular layer and the longitudinal mu.seular layer of the body (figs. 117 and 118, .sy>.).
The two duets are never fused together, hut eontiinie distinct ami separate, though out-
wardly joined, as to the very entrance in the muscular part of the prostate (ligs. J 12
and 1 lo). While the junction of the .spermduct and the prostate is, to all appearances,
in the glandular jiart of the ])rostate (figs. IK) and 11^!), the real point of entrance is
in the muscular duct (fig. 113, ><ji<J.). After having touched the glandular part, the
spermducts heiid and cro.ss the intervi-ning s])ace to the muscular pnjstate which they
enter in a slanting direction, then passing consich'rahly downward enclosed in the
muscnlar part of the prostate, before enlt'ring the Innieii proper (ligs. 1()C>, |(I7, IIK,
ill. III', 113). Fig. Il^) represents a cross-section in which the spermducts have
been cut twice. Part of tlu; spermduct is seen free clo.se to the glandular part of the
prostati', part again is seen just at the fusion of the ducts with the lumen of the
mnseular jtart. The ductclosesl to the humii ha.s been partly diflterentiated, the cells
having lo.st their nuclei.

The jiiiixhilc consists of a very large cylimlrical, Iml greatly coiled, duel (ligs.
IdC, and 107 and 1 I. which generally lii's pressed Hat to the imdy w;ill of xviii (lig. ^i\,
jir.) ll opens outwardly in xviii in thi' posterior part of the soniile in the same pore
as the penial setic.

There are two layers of cells in the glandular pari, Iml appannlly no inn>iular
layer between them. 'I'lie outermost layer consists of large glamlnlar lobes c((niaiiiing
glandular c(dls which pa.ss between the inner cell layer, and discharge in the lumen of
the prostate (see ligs. 108 and 10!>). There is a large systi'in of blood vessels which
[lenelrate both of the cellular layers, but which is not developed to the .same I'Xtcnt as
in Deltania.

In cross-.section of the body-wall (lig. 103 .1) the prostate is seen to open
laterally to the penial seta', though in tln' same pore, situatcfl at the very jnnclion of
the glandulai- elilelluui and (he ventral zone (''./'.) of the body (lig. lOi! .l.>5).

CALIKOKXIA EUDIUI.ID.K. 53

Vascii/'ir xii^itciii (fii--. SfJ />' iiml J HM. Tlu' lolldwiiiji' remarks (in the vasculiir
sj'stem can only be considered as prcliiniiiarv, a more detailed report being reserved
for a future study of living spccimciis. TIic main system CDUsists of two longitudinal
vessels, one dorsal and one ventral. There is no subneural vessel. Three i>air of
stout, oblong, thrico-contracted and sac-like hearts connect the ventral and dorsal ves-
sels in X, xi and xii. The typlilosolc has already been described.

The secomlary vessels are characterized by numerous bead-like constrictions
luul swellings of the smaller branches, especially of those surrounding the funnels of
the nephridia, and of the secondary vessels of the ventral longitudinal vessel.

Of the genus Argilopliil us there are two rather distinct forms in California, which
however, only differ externally, and, strange enough, have not, as a rule, been found in
the same locality. Through careful dissection and sectioning I have not been able to
distinguish any anatomical differences between the two species, though I have never
seen any transitory forms as regards to the external markings. According to our
l)resent knowledge of earthworms we always expect to find internal specific charac-
teristics of the species, and if such are not found we must hesitate to consider the re-
spective forms as different species. Under such circumstances I will here refer to
the two forms of Argilophilus only as varieties or subspecies, leaving to further inves-
tigations, if possible, to detect any internal differences.

Argilophilus marmoratus ornatus,

Figs. 125 to 129.
Argilophilus jiKtrmoratns ornatus Eisen, Zoe, iv, 253, October, 1893.

There are two rows of ventral papilhie between some of the somites in the vi-
cinity of the clitellnra, interior or posterior to it, or both. These papilhe are always
more or less in line with setie i, of rounded or slightly oblong form, and generally
more or less of the same size. The number of papillte varies, and frequently one
papilla in a pair is wanting.

Hnhitnt. I have found this worm only in the vicinity of Santa Rosa, Sebasto-
pol, etc., north of San Francisco Bay. It occurs there in rich heavy soils, and con-
stitutes the most common earthworm of the district. In the vicinity of Sebastopol I
found this subspecies both in manure piles and in the wet, soggy places near the la-
goon, places which part of the year must be covered with water from the slough or
lake. Among several hundred worms collected in the month of May during one day,
I found only one single specimen with median papillie; all the other's possessed lateral
papilla? (fig. 125 to 128).

The hodij is thick, cylindrical, and only slightly tapering toward either end
(fig. 132). As usual, the anterior segments are much wider than the post-clitellar
ones. The prostomium frequently pi-otrudes like an inverted sac hanging over the
peristomium (fig. 130), as is probably the case with most genera of this family.
While the anterior somites are well set off, the clitellar somites are less distinct,

54 fAMI-UKNIA ACAUKMV DK S( I |:N( KS.

tliotii^li tliev can always be made out. Tlie clitclluiu comprises somites xiii to xviii.
tlinii'jli tlic |ios(ciior \ of xii is freiicnilly also somewhat tliickciicd. Of the aiiti-
clitellar somites vii, viii, ix are thicker than the others, and as thick as the somites
of the clitelliim. All the somites are deeply segmented, except the clitellar somites
;imi lliKse anterior to ill. Tiie external pores are situated as follows: Spermathecal
pores, two pairs, between vii/viii and viii/ix, a little lateral of the seta 2. Ovidncal
]>ores in xiv in front of seta 1, "generally in a slight depression, bordered by a swelling
of the body-wall. The male pore and pore for [)enial setic combined in one, open in
line with seta 2 in xviii. The male pore is characterized l>y being situated on an ele-
vated papilla more or less oblong. This papilla is surrounded by a circular depression
which encroaches on the two adjoining somites (xvii and xix), and this depression
is again surrounded by a lunar ridge, open ventrally, and extending from the center
of xvii to the center of xix, thus reaching slightly outside of the clitellum (fig. V2U).
The clitellar glands do not extend further ventrally than to a line running from the
center of the lunar ridge jmrallel to the sette. The ventral part of the clitellum is
depressed.

Ventral popilke. One of the most interesting features of this genus are the inter-
sogmeiifal glands occurring on the ventral side and which in our present species are
paired. Tliey have possibly the same general function as the tul)creula j)upertatis of
the [vuv Lumbricids, or the ventral papillie of Perichieta, etc., which latter they
greatly resemble, but unlike the former they are variable in position, sometimes oc-
curring to the number of as many as seven pairs. In other specimens again they are
reduced to one solitary tubercle, situated on one side of the ventral median longitud-
inal line. Th(! most common form is as follows:

< )ne pair between viii/ix.
( )ne [)air between ix/x.
One pair between xv/xvi.
One pair between xvi/xvii.
One pair l>etween xix/xx.

Other specimens ])ossessed in addition to tlii'se pairs:
One between xx/xxi.
(^ne between xxi/xxii.

To show the vai'iabililv of tiiesc pnpill;e 1 ni\'e ibeir jilaccs in ,i tew iridi vid mil-
j)iekeil out at ramloni, and 1 oulv add thai (itli<i- variations occur, as may l»e expected,
from what is shown here. .\ II these specimens weic taken the same day ami al the
same locality:

No. 1. One pair, viii/ix.
One pair, ix/x.
One pair, xv/xvi.
One pair, xvi/xvii.
( )ne pair, xix/xx.

CALIFOKNTA KirOUIMD.K. 55

No. 2. One piiir, ix/x.

One single, xv/xvi, loft side.
No. 3. One pair, ix/x.

One pair, x/xi.

One single, xiv/xv, right side.

One pair, xv/xvi.

One pair, xvi/xvii.

One pair, xx/xxi.

One pair, xxi/xxii.
No. 4. One pair, x/xi.

One pair, xv/xvi.

One pair, xix/xx.
No. 5. One pair, x/xi.

One pair, xix/xx.

The strneture of these papilhe has been referred to in connection witii the
hody-wall, and apparently does not dift'er in the two forms.

Argilophilus marmoratus papillifer.
Fig. 131, Aand-B.

Argi/ojjhilus marmoratuf^ papUllfer Eiseu, Zoe, iv, 253, October, 1803.

The ventral side of the somites with one single median row of ventral pa[)illiie,
which are generally largest between the clitellar somites, diminishing gradually in
size toward the anterior somites. The papilhe of this form are generally, but not al-
ways, more oblong than in the preceding form, vvhere they are much more rounded.
The clitellar papilla^ are frcfpiently diamond-shaped (fig. 131). The papilla' vai'y
greatly in number and size in various individuals, but they are always median, never
paired. Sometimes there are G to 7 papillae posterior of the clitellum.

Habitat. This worm is very common in the vicinity of San Francisco Bay,
south of Santa Rosa, where the former form begins. I have also this form from Santa
Clara County, Monterey County, Fresno County, etc. It is common in the foothills
of the Sierra Nevada, in Nevada County. Among many hundred sjiecimens col-
lected there was ©nly one which possessed the paired papilhe of the former form.

Systematir. 'positinn. The peculiar variation of the nephridio-pores places
Argilophilus in undoubted proximity to Plutellus, both as described by Perrier and
Benham. The extra chtetal pores in Argilophilus warrants however the forma-
tion of a new genus, even if no other important characteristics would help to make it
yet more distinct. As is well-known, Perrier's description of the ovaries, etc., in
Plutellus have always been considered doubtful, and by Benham have been shown to
be incorrect. This of course only in the case that Benham's worm really belongs to
the same genus as the one described by Perrier. I do not douI)t that this is so, be-
cause the positions assigned to the ovaries by Perrier is so al)nornial that it is more

m

lAllliiUMA AIAUKMI' UK SCIKNCES.

lliiiii likclv that :i iiiislakc- Wii.s iniuU-, as Ik-iiliaiii has already pointotl out. IJiit on the
othiT hand 1>( iiham's worm camo from (^uccii Charlotte's Islands in the Pacific, while
I'erricr's worm came from the Atlantic Coast, many thousand miles away, and it will
always he impossihle to with certainty decide upon the position of the ovaries in
Terrier's Plutellus until the orij^inal worm has again heen investigated. That it will
Itc found to entirely agree with the normal type I do not douht.

From I'hitellus our Argilophilus differs in several important points besides the
location of the luphridio-pores. First, in regard to the luimher oi the ciliated rosettes —
in I'lulellns only one ])air, in Argilo{)liilus two pair. One pair of sperm-sacs in PI u-
lilhis, ihice pail- ill Argilophilus. One pair of testes in Plutellus, two pair in Argilo-
philus. l-'oiir pair of small speiniatheea in Phitellus, two very large ones in Ai'gilophilus.
Perfect clitellum in Plutellus in at least two somites, ventrully im])erfcct clitellum in
Argilophilus. In other respects the two genera resemble each other greatly, and
through the respective arrangement of the nephridio-pores, they form a distinct tribe
oi- sub-family foi' which T propose the name I'/titc/Zivi.

The following table will show the principal characteristics of the two genera:

Proslomium ilovctnilin;,' the peri-
stoniuiu

Clildlum

Nephridio-pores.

Gizzard in , .
Spermalhtcu

Sjtirm-finniri

Tenien

Sprrm-nacH

Onary nnil oriiliirl in

Ofi/iorr ill

Afnii porr in

Prostate

Ari/ifojthihis.

rartly.

Ventrall.Y imperfect.

lu front of setii' .3, 4, and outside of 4; gen-
erally the latter, the arrangement being
in-egular.

Sfphriilid eoninjonce in.

iVipltriilial lilfidilrr at tlip pntraneo
lo tJK' bcHlywall

\'iiilnil impillii nil till- K'icly wall

('itptilitti)nj Mi^tn

TjiphloHolc . .

Two very large pair in vii and viii.

Two )iair in x and xi.

Two pair in x and xi.

Three ])aiv in x, xi, xii.

xiii.

xiv.

xviii.

Very large, coiled, extending through several
somites.

AliHent, tile iliict lieiug Hinglp and straight.

Present in pairs or in a single one.

Present.

A siiihII typhliiHolc present.

I'luteUus.

Completely.

Veutr.illy perfeet in at least two
somites.

In front of ."i and 4, alternating
rather regularlv.

Four or live pair in vi, vii, viii
and ix.

One pair in x.

One pair in x.

One pair in xi.

xiii.

xiv.

xviii.

Straight, tubular, not very large,

eontiiietl to one somite.

Large, but of varying size in the
I two series of nephridia.

Absent.

Ahs.Mit.

No typhloside.

CALIFORNIA EUDRILID^E. 57

PAPERS REFERRED TO.

Bkiiiiam, W. Blaxlanii. An Attempt to Classify Earthworms. Quarterly .loiiniiil of Microscopical Science, vol.
xxxi, pt. ii.

Bkniia.m, W. Blaxland. The Nei>hriiliiim of Lumbricnis, etc. Quarterly .Jouniiil of Mierosciipical Science, xxx,
ii, 1891, 29:i.

Bexiiam, W. Blaxland. Description of Three New Species of Earthworms. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of
Loudon, Feb. 10, 1802.

Beddari), Frank E. The Classifioatimi and Distribution of Earthworms. Proceedings of the Royal Physical
Society, Edinb., 1891.

Bf.hdarij, Frank E. On the Earthworms collected in Algeria and Tunisia. Proceedings of the Zoological Society
of Loudon, January.'}, 1892.

Bkooarii, Frank E. Some New or Little Known Uligocha'ta. Proceedings of the Royal Physical Society, Edinb.,
Juno i;{. 189.3.

Bo0BN, A. G. The Nephridia of Leaches. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, vol. xxxiv, 592.

EisE.N Gi'.sTAV. California Earthworms of the family of Eudrilida^. Zoe, a Biological Journal, S.an Francisco, Cali-
fornia, vol. iv, No. 3, 1893, pp. 248-2.'i4.

Fletcher, J. J. Notes on Australian Earthworms. Proceedings Linneau Society of New South Wales, vii, .374.

MiriiAEL.SEX, W. Oligoch.-pteu von SiUl Georgien. .Jahrbuch der Wissenschaftlichen Anstalteu zu Hamburg, 1887.
Hamburg, ISSS.

Ro.SA, Dr. Daniele. I Terricoli Argentini, etc. Aunali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale de Genoa, ser. 2,
vol. ix, 309, 1890.

Ro.SA, Dr. Daniele. Sui Generi Pontodrilns, Microscolex, Photodrihis. Bol. Musei, etc., di Torino, No. 39, vol.
iii, 18S8.

Rosa, Dr. Daniele. Microscolex Modestus. Bol. Musei, etc., di Torino, No. 19, vol. ii, 1887.

EXPLANATION OF THE FIGURES.
deltania elegans, Pigs. 1-20.

1. A medium sized worm, natural size.

2. The anterior part magnified, seen from the ventral side, to show arrangement of seta' and the exterior pores of

various organs, p. n. p. the tii-st three pepto-nephridio-pores in somites ii, iii and iv. n. p. nephridio-pores
of the following somites, opening in front of the 3d setfe, the pepto n. p. oijeuing in front of the 4th setw.
o.p. ovipore. s. pd. p. spermiducal pore.
In order to show the outer setis, the body has been slightly flatteued out. In reality the outer seta' should be
slightly more dorsal than what apj^ears.

3. The prostomium with somites i and ii.

4. Schematic view of the arrangement of the setrt: on both sides of the male pore. The italic numerals indicating

the order of the seta\ the roman numerals indicating the number of the somites.
."). The interior of the ventral surface of the genital somites viewed from above, showing the arrangement of

the generative organs, etc. s/)<A. spermathecaa. c. r. ciliated rosettes, sp.s. sperm-sacs. sp.d. spermducts.

ov. ovary, od. oviduct, p. s. penial seta> and sacs. pr. prostate, v. >/l. ventral ganglion. /. testes.
6. Longitudinal section of the anterior part of the Ijody. The posterior section is a little more eccentric than

the anterior, hr. brain, si. r/t. salivary glands, s.ijl. septal glands, phx. pharynx, s. plx. sigmoid i)lexus

of the (fcsophagus. Kp. x. sperm-sacs. h. hearts, do. dorsal vessel. I. i. tubular intestine, s. /. sacculated

intestine, pr. prostate, s. ps. sacs with penial setie. v. <jl. ventral ganglion, as. oesophagus. splh.

spermatheca. (. testes, c. r. ciliated rosettes, ov. ovary, od. oviduct.

8. Prostate and male aj^paratus. pr. prostate, sp.d. spermduct. /<.•■■. peuial seta> and sacs. nu. longitu-

dinal muscular layer of the body wall.

9. Oviduct in xiv and xiii.

58 CALIFORNIA ACADKMV OF SCIENCES.

10. Ouc of the septal gliiuilK iu soiuite-B vi, vii, viii niul ix.

11. Cilintod rosettes.

12. Ovary. -

13. Sperniathecn.

14. Exterior male-pore and peiiial papilln>. ! male-pore. /<. ». peiiial set«- and papilla.

\r>. Exterior view of the clitelliim seen from the ventral side. o;/. ovipore. J male and prostate pore.

10. One of the regular seta'.

17. Peuial set.-C' from somite xvii.

18. Testis from somite x.

19. Nephridiuiii from somite xv.

'J0.\. Anterior nepliridiiim from somite ii.

•JOU. A uephridio-stome from one of the posterior nephridia.

DKLTAXIA TKDVEEI, FigS. 21-.38.

■Jl. niaf;raniatic view of the regular aiTaugcmeut of the setu' in several somites posterior to the clitelhnu.

'J'JA. A medium size worm.

22B. The largest specimen.

2.1. The anterior part seen from above, showing prostomium and somites i, ii, iii.

24. Schematic view of the an-augemeut of the inner setro in the region on both sides of the male-pore. o»/y. ovi-
pore. /). .«. penial setiv. i male-pore.

2.>. The outside of the male genital region. /. folds iu the body-wall. p. s. penial seta>. ]>.}>. penial seta? papilla.
]ir. and .; prostate and malo-pore. r. d. cupshaped concave region or sucker near the male-pore. r. r.
central cavity between the male-pores, m. st. place for missing seta) No. 1. ». st. seta No. 2. //. m. penial
muscles, arranged fanshaped, connecting the male-pore with the intersegmental groove.

20. Lougitndinal section of the anterior part of the body. b. c. buccal cavity, phnx. pharynx, xl. gl. salivary or
pharyngeal glands, br. brain, s. ijl. septal glands, s. plit. sigmoid plexus of the oesophagus, sp. «. sperm-
sacs, as. (esophagus, t. testes, upth. spermatheca.

27. Somewhat schematic view of the alimentary canal seen from above, les. oesophagus and pharynx. «/. ;//.

salivary gland, k. ijl. septal gland. </. c. dorsal vessel. A. hearts. I.i. tubular intestine, s.i. sacculated
intestine.

28. Brain and ventral gaugliou.

29. One pair of the septal glands (vi).

30. Spermatheca from ix. Side view.

31. Spermatheca seen from below.

32. Spermatheca seen from above.

33. Male apparatus, pr. prostate, ji.s. penial sacs and seta>. sp. it. spermduct. m)>. muscles of the body-wall.

34. Nephridium from somite xv.

35. Oviduct and ovisac, left side.

.30. The same from the same individual, but from the right hand side of the ventral ganglion.

■37. The same sac seen from above.

.38. Detail of the same.

■39. Arrangement of the setaa surniunding the spermathecal pores.

DELTANIA IIKNIIAMI, FigS. 40-48.

40. Arrangement of the setaj surrounding the spermathecal aiul mali -pons. The same proportion and scale as in

the preceding figure.

41. Sperm -sac.

42. Spermatheca, left side.

43. Spermatheca, right side of the same individual.

44. Oviduct.

45. Prostate gland and penial setii'. v. v. blood vessel covering the prostate.

40. Alimentary canal, /ihx. pharynx, sl.ijt. salivary glands. ».(//. septal gland, ifs. resophagus. «. i. saccu-
lated intestine, c i. contracted part of the intestine generally commencing somewhere between somites xxvii
to xxxvi and continuing towards the tail. In the lirst six somites the contraction is geuemlly much narrower
than in the following.

47. The worm natural size.

4K. The male papillii' on somite xvii, showing the projecting pi'uial seta\ The upper shaded part is tin- clitellum
proper which ends at the center of the somite iu line with the male-pore.

CALIFUKNIA EUI)i;iLIl).K. 59

DKI.TAXIA EI.KliANS, Figs. 4!)-r)(i.

49. Thi' lumen and civral part of the nophiiiliiun in transverse section to the body. Jl. c. <:. flask-like f;hiuduhir
cells of elitolluui. hi. v. blood-vessels in thi' transverse muscular layer, t. m. transverse or circular muscu-
lar layer. /. m. longitudinal muscular layer. I. n. hunou of ccecal i)art of the nephridium. /. l. interior
lining of the nephridium. r/l, glandular outer layer of nephridium. ml. calculi projected liy the nephridnmi.
gt.r. glanilular cells of the clitellum. atr. urinary bladder or large contractile (?) chamber near the exterior
poi'e of the nephridium. m.i. muscular layer of the nephidial duct joining the tlask-like cells of the cKtel-
lum. col. collar of the nephridium forming the exterior pore and consisting of regular layers of largo, almost
rectangular cells.

r>OA. Section through the body -wall and the lower part of a nepliriiliuni in somite xviii, but pcjsterior to the clitellum.
)i. fl. nephridio-duct. r. u. cci;cal nephridio-bladder. /. iii. longitudinal muscles, c. jh. circular muscles.
(•/). epidermis and cuticle.

oOB. Section through the body-wall and the nephridial collar in a somite post<'rior to the clitellum, illustrating the
large ganglion ( ?), below the nephridial collar. The section shows the beginning of the nephridial collar and
the place where it joins the ccecal vesicle.

50C. Section closely following the former nearer the nephridio-pore, showing a larger i)art of the ganglion. (. c
interior chamber or tubule, probably opening into the nephridial coecum. c. h. inner lining of the cwcal
bladder, jm. h. muscular layer of the bladder. c. n/i. collar of nephridium. ii. i/l. nerve ganglion. /. in.
longitudinal muscular layer of the body-wall. I. m. transverse layer of the body-wall. h. liypodcrmis.

51. Lower part of the prostate and peuial sac, section through the male-pore, showing the junction of one of the

penial sacs with the prostate. p. s. s. penis sac with setas. p. s. one of the penial setiu broken. ///-.
and i>s. prostate and male-pore. ]]r. d. prostate duct.

52. Section through the male-pore, cross-section through the bodj'-wall, showing junction of the two spermducts,

and prostate, and one of the penis sacs. «/). d. spermducts. j. up. junction of spermducts. pr. prostate.
j. sp. and pr. junction spermduct and prostate, s. pn. sac of penial setiB. _;. pr. and p. s. junction of prostate
and penal setse. $ male-pore. ep. epidermis, c. m. layer of circular muscles, body-wall. I. m. layer of
longitudinal muscles, body-wall. it. c. nerve cord from ventral ganglion, p. p. penial papilla.

53. Section through the male-pore showing junction of the two penis sacs with the prostate. /«. the two

branches of the penis sac with the penis sheaths and penial setie. pr. prostate. c. m. circular muscles.
I. VI. longitudinal muscles, i male-pore. atr. atrium, or junction between the penis sacs and the prostate.

54. Section through the muscular part of the prostate. gl. inner glandular layer. »j. outer muscular layer.

hlv. blood-vessels and cuticle.

55. Section through upper end of prostate, blv. bloodvessels. <:. r. vessels between the inner and outer layer of

cells, i. V. inner capillary vessels, lining the inner surface of the prostate.

56. Section through prostate at the junction of the muscular and glandular part. m. pr. muscular prostate; other

letters same as in Fig. 54.
57A. Section through intestine in somite xv. rh. I. chloragogic layer. /. m. I. longitudinal muscular layer. e. I.

vascular layer. Idr. blood-vessel of the epithelium, rp. epithelial layer.
57B. Section through intestine, somite xiv.
57C. Section through intestine, somite xvi.

58. Cross-section through the clitellum, showing the relative size of the various layers.

ARGILOPHILPS MARMORATIS ORNATOS, FigS. 59-1.30.

59. A nephridium from one of the somites posterior to the clitellum. " o, inner orifice or uephridiostome engaged

in the muscular dissepiment d. 1, narrow duct connecting the funnel with the fold. p. f. posterior
fold. a.f. anterior fold. u. upper part of the spongy duct, which at 15 stands in direct connection with
thenarrow tube 1. I. lower part of the sijougy duct gradually increasing in size towards 5. n. upper main
canal. //. lower main canal, both the upper and the lower being different ends of the same canal, o. c.f.
point of recurrence, p. r. peritoneal cell covering or support of the nephridium. n. p. nephridio-pore.
c. t. capillary tubules of the spongy duct. hi. blood-ve.-isels. cap. capillary blood-vessels surrounding the
canals a and h. 1 to 17 mark places from which the detail drawings are taken. The nephridium is longer in
proportion to its thickness than what is shown in the tigure. If the part between the two parallel lines at
18 was increased to about one-third or one-fourth the entire length of the nephridium the proportion would
be correct. If the whole nephridium had been drawn the figure would have been too long for the plate.

60. Nephridio-stome, front view.

61. Nephridio-stome, side view.

62. Nephridio-stome, end view.

* Letters and figures in full-face tyjje refer to those in rings on the plates.

60 CALIFOKXIA ACADEMY OK SCIENCES.

fi.'J. Inner part of ui'phriilinni nicire liij^lily ma-fniliiil. Tlu' niiuicrals inrlicuti' the snmc plaecs mi iu Fig. 59. The
letters are the same as in the above tignre.

K4. Part of the same more highly magnified in oriler to show tlie eapiUaries and their ooniiection with the inner
duet of the tulic. l.f. tul)e leading to nepliridio-stonie. «. npper eaiial. h. lower<^inal. i. /. iuuerlumen
of the duct which connects at c. with the capillaries, r.l. capillary tulies, longitudinal view. r.t.r. capil-
lary tubes seeu iu cross-sectiou. kji.c. spongy canal or tube directly connecting with the duct 1 aud con-
taining the cnpillaricK. o. c. outer caual leading to the uephridio-pore. c. hr. the narrow bridge conueetiug
the two main folds. /». c. point where ciliatiou begins. ht. r. blood-vcsgols, connecting with capillary
blood-vessels surrounding the two inner canals a and A .• only a part of the blood-vessels are drawn. This
figure was carefully drawn with camera lucida, though, on account of the minuteness and numbers of the
ductules c. Ic. and <•. t., it was impossible to delineate all, almost one-lifth having been left out in places where
they crowded each other.

<).">. View of the spongy dnct between 3 aud 4 showing the inner canals a aud /< aud the connectiug dnctules;
letters indicate the same as iu previous ligures.

(iti. The same spongy duct near 4, end view, aud partly cross sectiou.

(i7. The posterior fold as seen at 5, the crosses -|- and X indicate the respective point corresponding on lig. .'>»,
in order to show the direction of the tube, which is contrary to the one shown on hg. 59. k/k t. the spongy
tube with the upper aud lower ducts, connected by ductules r. (. hi. bloodvessels, rap. capillary blood-
vessels, some of which surround the inner (canals, others the outer fold. At the place marked with a X the
ductules begin to connect the upper spongy tube with the lower nuiin canal instead of with the lower part
of the s])ongy tube, as at r. I.

68. A somewhat larger figure of the last taken at the eml X, where the lower part of the spongy tube has almost
vanished and become bereft of its tubules c I., capillary tubes entering caual b. r. chambers on the central
caual in the spongy tube, which send off tubules on the other side of the two maiu canals, and which also
enter the caual. h. I. lumen of the spongy tube. In this aud the previous figure will be seeu how the tubules
of the spongy t\ibe shown in figs. 6.'5 aud 66 have been found forming a more regular lumeu /, which in the
next figure will be seeu to emerge into or change to a regular caual.

(i!l. I'art of the upper fold at 7, showing the tubules of the spongy tube to cease, the tube itself to become more
regular, fusing itself in caual h. The arrows show the direction of the fluid or excretions from the uepridio-
stouie to the pore.

70. Di.igramatic sectiou of the uiaiu fold at the place where the capillaries of the spongy mass have ceased, and at

the very point of the outer ban I marked fig. 59 o. c.f. The spougy mass surrounding the cauals is now void
of tubules.

71. View of the anterior fold at 10, showing the inner ciliated canal — formerly the lumen of the spongy tube —

and the two canals a and h, which are enclosed by a common glandular mass, a continuation of the spongy
tube. The lower fan-shaped lines are possibly openings or valves iu the tube, connecting with the glandular
mass. As will be seen, the glandular mass is not contiuuous, but seemingly separated by lumeus — I — which
may prove to be canals connecting with the tube at the slits above referred to.

7'2. .V part of same fold between 9 and 10. Tlie lumeu is here void of cilia, aud the glaudiilous niass is smaller

73. The main fold as seen at the narrow place 9. I- lumeu void of cilia, a. oue of the canals a or li seen ou the
other side of the lumon. 6/. v. bloodvessels surrounding the lumen aud its glandular walls.

74A. Cross sectiou of the posterior maiu fold taken at 3, before the maiu central lumen in the spougy duct was
formed.

74B. Cross section of the posterior duct at 7, showing the bliud ending of the tubules.

7"). A longitudinal section of the fold at 5, showing only oue of the central canals.

76. The same, the under side of the lumen being iu focus.

77. A longitudinal section near 3; here also oue of the canals has been cut away.

78. Peritoneal cells of the ncphridial supporting covering from /). c. fig. 59.

79. The same, end view. /». c. masses of jierigastric cells,
so. One of the perigastric cells more highly magnified.

81. One of the spormathecip, exterior view.

82. Cro88 section of a spermatheca. <i. upper sac like part. I>. lower muscular part. m. muscular layer of the

sac-like part. I. m. longitudinal muscular layer of the body-wall. c. /«. circular muscular layer of the
si)ermatheca. ijl. ep. glandular e]iithclium. i. inner cavity of the spermatheeji. s/j. A. sperm balls. I. h.
lacuuary system, or chambers for the storage of the spermatozoa. «. m. secreted mass with streaks of sperm-
atozoa, n/iz. spermatozoa. I. m. trausvei'se muscular layer of the body-wall. H/tlh. ji. spernuilhecal-pore.

83. A longitudinal section of the spcrnuitheca nuiro highly magnified, showing the lacuuary system aud its position

to the epithelial cells. Letters as in the last figure.

84. Cross soetiou of the muscular part of the spermatheca, showing the arrnngcnient of the storage chambers oc-

cupied by sperm balls. Letters as in fig. 8.'}.

CALII'OKNIA KUDRILID.E. Gl

85. One of the sperm Imlls more hif;lily mafjnilied. Of these never more than one occupies the same chamber.

S6A. A somewhat ilia^ramatic view of tlie anterior somite, conii)ose(l from several sections, in order to show the h)-
cation of the organs, theirrelative size, etc <■/. clitelhim. hr. lirain. r. h)wer commissure of ventral ganglion.
phx. pharynx, sl.gl. salivary glauils. if. (usophagus. ijz. gizzard. I.i. tubular intestine, .s. /. sacculated
intestine, n/ih. cross section of the anterior nephridia in somites ii, iii, iv. The other nephridia are not
shown, .iph. spermatheoie. ups. sperm-sacs. I. ups. lobed sperm-sacs in xii. oi\ ovary, ovil. ovidnct.
c. r. ciliated rosettes, up. tl. spermdnct; the connection with the ciliated rosettes not shown, i male
pore. /))•. prostate, p. ?. sacs with penial setit> oijening in the same pore, but move vcntrally than the pros-
tate, e. the place where the spermdnct enters the prostate.

8015. The body opened from above and the interior organs exposed to view. A partially diagramatic view. The
dotted lines indicate the organs covered by others, and which could not be seen except by removal of overly-
ing organs. Letters indicate as in the preceding figure.

S7A. Diagiamatic longitudinal section of gizzard.

87B. Diagramatic transverse section of gizzard, to show its compressed shape.

88. A part of the epithelium and muscular layer of the gizzard seen in longitudinal secticm. ip. epidermis, ipt.
epithelium. I. m. longitudinal mnscles.

Si). A transverse section of the gizzard. (Letters as in fig. 88.)

90. A transverse section of the alimentary canal adjoining the gizzard posteriorly, t. m. transverse muscles.
/. m. longitudinal mnscles. ep. epithelium cells, ehii. supposed chylus chambers, c. c. chloragogic cells.
(fl. glands, hi. bloodvessels.

111. The same in longitudinal section. (Letters as in fig. 90.)

92. Surface view of the same, showing the arrangement of the chylus chambers. (Camera drawing.)

93.\. Section of a part of the dorsal vessel in somite xvi. m. muscular layer, hi. blood clot. c. c. chloragogic
cells.

n.^iB. Section through the alimentary canal in somite xiv.

94A. One of the testes.

94B. Right testis in cross section.

94C. Left testis in the same somite xi in cross section.

95. Ovary.

96. Section of the body in somite x, through testes.

97. Section of the body in somite x through tbe sperm funnels, very close to the septum.

98. Section through somite xi.

99. Section through somite xii. sps. x. sperm sac in x. sps. xi. sperm sac in xi. xps. xh. sperm sac iu xii.

III. longitudinal muscles connecting various organs with the body-wall. ;'. intestine, tl. v. dorsal vessel.
c. V. ventral vessel, h. hearts, t. testes, v. gl. ventral ganglion, .s. septum,

100. Part of the sperm-sac. roc. parasitic ooccidin?.

101. One of the sperm-sacs separated.

102. Oviduct a and h, front view. c. side view of an abnormal oviduct with two, instead of one, upper lips. u.l.

upper lii5. s. septum, m. muscular band.
10.3A. Cross section of the body-wall through the male-pore, showing sections of prostate and penial set*, pr. gl.

sections of glandular j^art of prostate, pr. m. muscular part of prostate, p. .s. penial seta; and their sacs.

V. vascular layer of the bod\--wall. /. m. longitudinal layer of muscles, t. m. transverse layer of muscles.

c. gl. glandular layer of clitellum. h. hypodermis. g. ganglion, v. p. ventral pai't of the worm.
103B. Detail of former, nuclei in the muscular part of the prostate.

104. One of the ciliated funnels freed from the attached sperm-sacs.

10."). Diagramatic section through prostate, showing relative size of spermducts where they join the prostate.
100. Diagramatic representation of the prostate, showing its natural position when the body-wall is spread out.

pr. glandular prostate, spd. sjiermduct. p. .i. penis-sacs. m. pr. muscular prostate. i\ I. vascular

layer, v. ventral side.
107. Detail of the above, to show junction of spermdnct and prostate.

105. Cross section of prostate, hi. r. blood vessels, o. gl. outer glands or prostate proper. /. (//. inner gland

or ati-ium.

109. Detail of the former, showing the way the outer glands opeu into the atrium between the inner cell layer.

110. Ill, 112, 113. Successive sections through prostate and spermdnct, illustrating the junction of the two. In

the first figure the spermducts have not yet entered the muscular part of the prostate. In the three follow-
ing figures ttiis junction is progressing, and finally almost accomplished. /. m. I. inner epithelium of the
muscular part of the prostate, pr. glandular prostate, sptl. spermdnct. /)/. v. blood vssels. m. I.
muscular layer of the spermdnct. In 110 the spermdnct has been sectioned twice, as it is here convoluted.
114, Cross section through the body-wall in somite xix. v. I. vascular layer. I. m. longitudinal layer of muscles.
t. m. transverse muscles, h. hypodermis.

(;2 CAMFOUNiA acadp;my ok sciencks.

II.'). Cross spi-tion tlirough clitellnin. ;//. Kliin<Uilftr cells with fine secretions, r. .//. (•Ifinds from tlie liypoilcrniis

priijoetiM}' into the (ornicr layer, hi. v. hloml vessels.
110. Detail of the former, illnstraliny the hypoileriual inlands, etc.

117. Cross section tliron'jh 1. oily-wall, somite xii. Lt-tters same as above, illustrating the arrangement of the

lonnitniliual muscle.s. k/iU. sperniihict.

1 18. Cross section through body-wall somite xvii, ilhistratiny the transverse mnscles.

Il>l. Somite xiv laid open, illustrating the diagonal muscular baud. oiv/. oviduct. «. septum xiii xiv. or/), ovi-
pore. i. -'..?. ^. sette. m.l.^'.S. diaKOual muscular band, beginning and ending on the body-wall.
HI. .',. muscular band connecting the oviduct and septum with the Imdy-wall. n.f. nephridio-fnuuel.
w. (/. intersegmental groove. i\ d. ventral blood-vessel. A. ventral part of the hearts. I. v. lateral vessel
spreading on the body-wall and supplying the uephridiuni. r. ;/. ventral ganglion.

I20A. Cross secliion through one of the ventral jiapill* of Argilophilus maruioratns pai>illifer. /. r. tubular cells
butting on the central glandular masses, c. r/l. supporting and protecting cells, with coarse grainy con-
tents. A. common supporting cells of the hypodernial layer. /. m. longitudinal muscles. I. m. trans-
verse muscles, v. I. inner vascular layer. «/. nerve ganglions, connecting the glandular masses with the
ventral nerve ganglion, o. glandular papillic with central nerve ganglia.

120B. The corresponding organ, or ventral papilla in Argilophilus marmorutus oruatus; letters indicate the same.

121 A. Detail of the last figure showing the most lateral of the glandular masses, o. glandular mns.ses with a
central nerve ganglion.

121B. Detail of the same figure showing the most centrally located glands.

122. One of the common setof.

123A. One of the peuial sette.

123B. The tips of the former more highly magnified.

124. A part of the body-wall viewed from the inner side. A semi-diagramatic figure illustrating the arrangement
of the seta) and the nephridio-pores over a certain space. 1, ,?, 3, 4, the various rows of seta?, np. p.
uephridio-pore.s, indicated by round circles. Two of the nephridia are drawn in order to show their position,
as well as the relative size of the ducts.

12.'). 12(). 127, 128. The anterior part of the body seen from the ventral side. Various specimens to show the
variation in position and number of the ventral piipilhe. .i/j/h. spermathecal-pores. ovil. oviducts.
' male-pores. The ovals indicate the ventral papilhe.

l2f).V. The clitellar and some of the anterior somites, viewed from the ventral side, showing the various pores and
the genital zone. Letters indicate the same as in the preceding figures. /). s. peuial seta> protruding
from the male-pores.

I2H15. The twenty-three anterior somites of a specimen killed in alcohol gradually increased iu strength and hardened
in strong alcohol, showing the spermatheeal, 9 and ? pores, the ventral pai)ill.-p, etc.

1290. The most anterior somites seen from above.

i:iO. The two and three anterior somites of two diflereut specimens, showing the inverted bnccnlic sac, the prosto-
mium, etc. a. and r. ventral; r. <l. niu\/. dorsal; i . lateral view.

.AKOII.OI'niI.rs MAKMOR.4TUS PAl'il.I.IFKR, Figs. l.'il-l.'!(i.

LSI. The anterior somites viewed from below showing the single row of ventral papilhe, diminishing in size an-
teriorly. The outlines at the side represent the shape of thepapillie ns found in the figured specimen.

i:t2.\. A medium size specimen preserved iu strong alcohol. The specimen was first killed in au increasing solu-
tion of corrosive sublimate.

i:i2U. A large specimen of the former figured while alive.

\Xi. Section of the intestine and dorsal vessel in somite ix, in order to show the typhlosolar vessel. /. r. lyphlo-
golar vessel in the intestine. (/. r. dorsal longitudinal vessel. cA. <•. chloragogic cells of the intestine.
e. p, epithelial folds of the inner lining, void of chylus glands, r. r. the chylus region of the inner
epethelial lining.

134. The typhlosolar region of the intestine, detail from the last figure more highly magnified. /. r. typhlosolar

lining. /. m. longitudinal muscles of the intestine, r. tn. circular muscular layer of the same. Other
letters as in the last figure.

135. C!ross section of the intestine ami dorsal vessel in somite xxiv illustrating the typhlosole. .«. i. sacculatetl

intestine, hi. ». blood-sinuses. Ii/. typhlosole.
130. Detail of the former, showing the typhlosole proper, greatly magnified. </. r. doi-sal vessel. /;/. typhlosole.
01. r, blood sinuses in the intestine. /. »;i. longitudinal muscles. .•. m. and < . /•. circular musules nud
epithelial lining of the intestine.

4.
r 2

MEM, CAL. ACAD. U. _ PLATE Xtt

" '■■ 5

xin

XIV

-

xv-

XVI

• ^ •

«-

XVI!

xvm

XIX
XX
X'J

XXII

xxin

• ■

xxi\-

xx\

XXVI

XXi'll

XWIii

.>jcu--.

/

9.

; I.

av
xn

1 lA

#

/ II.

10.

.WMJf I

III

w i V j VI VII j/- I IX / X! Jxir\y^ xn i xni i xiv

n

U

y'

XV XVI . xv/r^ xviii

y^^55*I* Sy^E^. 2>£Z

uTM.BxiTmtAiieT jr.

Deltania elegans Fig's. ItoH.

IE.

21.

16.

17 , 17.

18.

22A.

22 B.

20.
A.

20.B.

1m

24.

3vsr^v siSEff, z>£:i.

DELTANLA. EliEGANS FiG'S. _12 TO 20.

un.BWTrMftfter a.p.

MEM.CAL.ACAD.il. PLATE XT,'

25.

/>f

r /■'•■■

v.

««-•

28.

J.i.

«i..rf.

\.,s

jT DC i VhT^^T^v

■^■'

■<S:>/

VI V IV

fjtny.

26.

/ 30.

^QIk-

^^ 34.

XVI

32.

SZ^" SISEff. Z3EI..

Deltania Troveri Fig"s.-25 to 34-.

um.BRriTMkKer s f.

35.

, x; V

39.

.MEM.CAL.ACAD.il. i

35.

37.

-V't-

38. ^®%p V

2 1 IE 3

40.

•mi
;x

X

■■•J
:ai

XVI

y.Ti
.v-on

48.

46.

c±>

XIII

.^..-.J

47.

43.

41.

42.

'ii

' Ef-^E/r. JiJTJ.

%■•»

M'

-MEM. CAL. ACAD. II . . PLATE XVI

50. A.

/i:

.Vi.

■^

'y-J-^^^

49.

50.B.

■ ii-'..A^

N/''

50.C.

6^^:'(^0;vC^':in

„^^

SCrsTj^i' S^T^Ef/^ z>sz..

Deltania elegans Fig's... 4-9

UTii.BiiiTi3n»ii£r j.r.

/"■ /v-

. MEM. CAL. ACAD. II. _ PLA.TE XVn
54-. T

»..■

U.,:

vv

\l

51.

53.

4 '■'' /■'

56.

.A

r;

jte'

//».

,55.

Ik

I

h \:

V

■ l.m/.

57.A.

./■y>

•"X

.(•j**;.:'.* «

/ yf"/":

57.C.

58.

-y>«"*y"

.i<,-.

52.

UTH BKiTTOrffr

. Deltania elegans- Fig's. .51 io 58.

MEM. CAL.Av_a:

60,

62.

■^VSTAV sj-j:e// ^.-^

6I.A.

6I.B.

uTv.itnituKAittt 3 r.

65,

MEM. CAL.ACA:

^ATE XIX

6+.

66. i

'f

68.

5

69.

72.

70.

•

74A.

76.

77.

SVSTMr ^I&£7r, DEI..

MEM.CAL.ACAD.il.. PLATE XX

80.

8IA.

- ^?^'■/^

81 B.

83.

SIC.

■r.'yj

y

82.

:lp:

85.

m y

-y.^

■%\

r

^

■y'-\

,,i

I i

84.

\^^

. *SirSTJW XZPETf, VEI..

iJTH,8ftrTT0K*hcf r r.

r-J»IORATUS OHNATUS FiG'S. 7G T

86. B.

87. B.

A

\

vn

yy/.

~f" ///

87. A.

88.

MEM.CAL.ACAD.il. PLATE XXI

'./,>'..

II ( „

IV (;••

-mk

:--'\

■Y"

VI {

VJIf

Vili

//..■

86 A

t? b

Wl!

89.

a ■

x;ii:

XIV (i ig^'^^

Y ; - fv*

XV\ 1
XVI (

xvn/'i rr- "v^^

"/"^ Vr

XVIllo/i

-^^ I

unt.HnriTsnmcr ; '

90.

MEM. CAL.A

91.

X!

33.A.

948.

94 A

^:D"

95 B

Cr

94-G.

95 A

^??^^vC^^^^eC^erf

StrSTAV ^ISSK. DX2..

■t±\

ARGILOPHILUS MARJvIOFtATUS . ORNATUS Fl'fl'-

Cl""! T- 3 5.

MEM. CAL.ACAD.

96.

98 ,

97.

100.

■ yx-XI

•i

101.

XI

9p^

■^V.-iXAl' S/S^M. .P^i ,

Argilophilus mak-mcratus crnatus Fig's. .96 to 101,

UTM.BniTTMAfieT I.F.

„'.

MEM. CAL.ACAX;

I ATE XXIV

;' 104.

102 A .

I02C.

/"" ,

y,,/

107.

\

102 B.

105.

1 !-■ i
I03.B.

avsTjkV ArsEjr.^xs..

I /-

I03.A.

mn.aniTToi»KCT <,f.

ArGIIjOFHT:

MEM. CAL.ACAT). II. . PLATE XX'/

108.

S

1/

III.

V

ll

\

112.

;«^tf

,i ■\

I

113.

U

/*

H

^irOTAV KtSETt. Z>S^.

= ■■ OPHILUS MARMOK^.:

ll'^.

Ft 3':-. 108 TO 114-.

imt-an-TrMfcRCY :

115.

m;

ACAD. IJ

Li.

i{M.

I . ,

117

-^UJi^-'

I20.A.

118.

I20.B.

JKJX4f jsy^^jy.jxe-^

I. .... /: ,./:
ARGILOPHILUS MARMORATU;-

UTh.BRlTTOlIillCT S.T.

MEM. CAL. ACAD, LATE XXVII

121. A.

122.

I2I.B. "r

123. B.

I23.A.

I24-.

V 7

' ?

r.<i- jeiSE^, r^ji.

Ak-ti!.::-;

131 TO I24-

un.*RiiT9«ftmzTi.v.

125.

126.

127.

I28A.

I28.B.

131. A.

131 B.

129.

XIV
'.<V
XVI
XVII

xvm

XIX

132.A. ;3

131. C.

130.

^

132. B.. :|t

■ p

m

. G:^STjiV jsisj^.X r>Ei'.

Argilophilus marworatus ornatus Fia's. ,125 to 130

AR3ILOPHILUS MARHORATUS PAPILLIFER PiG'S. -.131 & 132

unt.BitiYTOfiftRer xr.

MEM.CAL.ACAD.il. 1 .XIX

-I

133. A.

133. B.

I34-.

136.

'Si^."7X:' ■'^.^.r^.v. jtgZ_.

AR3IL0PH1I.US MARMORATUS PAPILLI e h.-.

i/iH-SfttTTattyntr ^

•
#

PACIFIC COAST OLIGOCIIyETA.

I.

Phcenicodrilus taste: Pontodrilus mich.elseni; Eclii'idhii.us krkjidus.

BY GUSTAV EISEN.

PHCENICODRILUS nov. gen.

Small slender terrrcstrial oligochaetje closely allied to Ocnerodrilus from which
genus they differ only in the absence of a prostate. In Ocnerodrilus the organ
known as a prostate, or by some as atrium, is a prominent and important characteristic
also shared with such genera as Kerria and Gordiodrihis. These genera which form
a natural group have been chiefly characterized by one or more prostates, opening
either with or independently of the spermducts. Our present form resembles
Ocnerodrilus in all principal characteristics which distinguish that genus fi"om Ker-
ria and Gordiodrilus, with the exception that it has not even a trace of a prostate.
There are also some other minor characteristics as will be seen from the description,
but with the knowledge of only one species it is yet impossible to know if these are
genus or species characteristics. For the present the following genus' diagnosis may
suffice:

Small, terrestrial oligochsetse inhabiting damp soil.

Clitellum imperfect; comprises the oviduct and the male pore.

SpermatheciC with rudimentary diverticula at the inner free end — in ix. The
sperraatheeal pore between viii and ix.

No differentiated penial sette. The common setae sigmoid, 8 in each somite in
4 couples.

Nephridia paired, those posterior of the clitellum surrounded by large peri-

MARINE BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY.

Received

Accessio

Given by -^^-t^^i^s^a,;^ ^^ Ua.

Place,

'<2..<^

\*Ho book o- pamphlet is to be removed from the Uab-

oratory vj.thout the permission of the Trustees.

ird and typlilosole, but witli one pair of large
tubular intestine in the posterior part of the
V, vi, vii and viii.

.nd ventral vessel connected by hearts in x and
i from each of the diverticula. Blood yellowish-
Large sperm sacs in ix, x, xi, xii. Ovaries in
liated rosettes in x and xi. S])erm ducts not
I xvii. No prostate.

PACIFIC COAST OLKJOCH.ETA.

I.

Phcenicodrilus taste: Pontodrilus mich.elseni; Eclipidrilus frigidus.

by gustav eisen.
PHCENICODRILUS nov. gen.

Small slender terrrestrial oligocha^tse closely allied to Ocnerodrilus from which
genus they differ only in the absence of a prostate. In Ocnerodrilus the organ
known as a jirostate, or by some as atrium, is a prominent and important characteristic
also shared with such genera as Kerria and Gordiodrilus. These genera which form
a natural group have been chiefly characterized by one or more prostates, opening
either with or independently of the spermducts. Our present foi'm resembles
Ocnerodrilus in all principal characteristics which distinguish that genus from Ker-
ria and Gordiodrilus, with the exception that it has not even a trace of a prostate.
There are also some other minor characteristics as will be seen from the description,
but with the knowledge of only one species it is yet impossible to know if these are
genus or sjiecies characteristics. For the present the following genus' diagnosis may
suffice:

Small, terrestrial oligochsetge inhabiting damp soil.

Clitellum imperfect; comprises the oviduct and the male pore.

Spermathecse with rudimentary diverticula at the inner free end — in ix. The
spermathecal pore between viii and ix.

No differentiated penial sette. The common setae sigmoid, 8 in each somite in
4 couples.

Nephridia paired, those posterior of the clitellum surrounded by large peri-
toneal cells.

Alimentary canal without gizzard and typhlosole, but with one pair of large
diverticula in ix, connecting with the tul)ular intestine in the posterior part of the
somite. Four pair of septal glands in v, vi, vii and viii.

No subneural vessel. Dorsal and ventral vessel connected by hearts in x and
xi. Lateral vessel projected anteriorly from each of the diverticula. Blood yellowish-
red.

Testes two pair, in x and ix. Large sperm sacs in ix, x, xi, xii. Ovaries in
xiii. Oviduct in xiv. Two pair of ciliated rosettes in x and xi. Sperm ducts not
fused, open in the male pore in somite xvii. No prostate.

64 CAMl'OKMA ACAKKMV OK SCIEXCKS.

Phcenicodrilus taste n. sp.

The size is that of a very large Ocnerodrilus though even fully matured speci-
mens varied greatly as to length. My largest specimens, which first had heen slowlv
killed hy dropping solution of corrosive suhlimate in the water dish and then extended
before being hardened with alcohol, reached 2| inches b}^ 1^ line in thickness at the
clitellum. Average-sized specimens were considerably over 2 inches long. Tiiis refers
to the mountain specimens collected in the Sierra El Taste; the lowland specimens
from Pescadero were much smaller not reaching the 2-in(!h mark. The body is
slightly tapering towards the tail end. The somites are well set, those of the clitellum
are hardly distinct. The prostomiura is not long, but broad, dovetailing the peristo-
mium about one-half. From here on the somites gradually, though slightly, increase
in size until somite x which is a little the largest, xi, xii and xiii are smaller. The
somites posterior to the clitellum are slightly larger than somite x, except the last few
posterior ones.

Clitellum comprises somites xiv to viii. Vertically it ends at a line drawn
halfway between setae 2 and 3, slightly receding in somite xiv. Strictly speaking the
clitellum does not enclose the male pore, as the pore is situated more venti-ally than the
thick clitcllar layer, and between that and the pore there is no connecting ridge or
papilla.

An accessory copulatory swelling is seen around the outer couple of setae in
somite xiv (fig. 26. c. c), the body-wall here being raised like a small mound, with
the sette slightly outside of its center, from which the cells are arranged as radii in a
circle.

The male pore is surrounded only by a very small ridge or papilla, not high
enough to be seen witli a magnifying glass sufficiently strong to reveal the elevated
papillic of the oviducts. But the whole zone around the male pore is often considerably
elevated, turned inwards or towards the median line of the body and rounded
forming a longitudinal groove.

Exterior pores. The spermathecal pore is situated in the intersegmental groove
between somites viii and ix, in front of and slightly outside of seta 2, the inner angle
of the pore being in line with that seta, while the body of the papilla is situated more
dorsally. The ovipore is situated close by, in front of, but not outside of seta 2. The
male pore is situated in xvii exactly in a line with seta^ 1 ami 2 according to the lon-
gitudinal muscular fibres, but as the body-wall is slightly contracted in this somite the
pore appears as if situated slightly more ventrally; the exact location is, however, the
jjlace left vacant by the absence of the ventral couple of setic. This couple (setje 1
and 2) are never, at least not in adult specimens, found developed in this somite,
though the tips of the young reserve setic are sometimes seen in their sac close to the
pore.

Nephropores open in line with seta 2, and are situated in the anterior one-
third of the s|)ace between the seta' and (he anteiinr septum. The pores are large,
round and easily distinguished.

PACIFIC COAST OLIGOCH^TA. 65

Body-wall. The various layers ofler nothing of great interest. The longitud-
inal muscular la^'cr is slightly thicker at the dorsal part, and so is the part situated
between the od and 4th seta". The muscles in this layer do not show any feathery
arrangement around a central fiber, but are irregularly distributed. There are no
dorsal pores. The body-wall in somites xi and xii istliinner than the anterior somites.

Arciform muscles. The inner .surface of the body-wall in somites xvii and
xviii, and partially also in xvi, are covered with numerous arciform muscles which
sti'ctch transversely or diagonall}^ across the body cavity, connecting the region run-
ning through the outer couple of set;io with that of the male pore and the inner setjc.
The number of muscular bands in these somites is very great and they vary in length
and thickness. There is also a slight variation in different specimens, the main fasci-
cles being, however, always in the main the same. These muscles are best viewed
when seen from above, the body wall being spread open and the sacculated intestine
removed. As will be seen from the drawing, which is a careful representation of the
principal muscular bands, most of the bands begin or are attached to the body-wall on
a line running througli setse 1 and 2 and ending in a line running through setie
3 and 4. But there are some which begin more ventrally and end more dorsally
than cither couple of settc. In somite xviii most of the fascicles run in right angle
to the median line, but the most posterior one as well as one or two more run diag-
onally backwards. In somite xvii there is one large group of fascicles beginning
around the male pore and running transversely sideways, while another group of fas-
cicles run diagonally forward connecting the male region with the anterior part of
the somite. There are also longer fascicles anterior of the male pore which run much
further sideways than the outer setae. In somite xvi there are but few fascicles,
much smaller and shorter. The male i5ore and spermducts are so entii'ely covered
up by these muscular fascicles that they can only be seen with the greatest difficulty
when viewed on the spread body-wall. In the figure (fig. 7), only the principal mus-
cles of one side ai'e drawn. The shaded bands which are seen crossing the median
line are slight ridges in the body-wall, connecting the principal muscle fascicles. The
objects of these muscles are of course to elevate and depress the male zone. Similar
muscles were first described by Benham in Moniligaster, and later by myself in Argi-
lophilus. They no doubt exist in most species of 01igoch«ta but are of great interest
and value as species characteristics.

The septa begin between somites v and vi, and gradually increase in size
toward somite ix. The most anterior septum, however, is not unusually thick. The
following three septa are very thick, that between viii and ix being the thickest.

Alimentary canal. The buccal cavity is very large and occupies somites i and
ii. Pharynx begins in iii or posterior part of ii and extends to the posterior part of
iii. It is only developed superiorly and merely attached to the oesophagus in the pos-
terior part of ii. Qilsophagus consists of one in the beginning narrow and compara-
tively even duct, which in iv rises upwards and then becomes considerably sacculated

GO CAMI'lHtMA ACADK.MV Ol' SCIENCES.

in somites v, vi, vii and viii, again to assume a more tubular form in ix. In the pos-
terior part of this somite it is joined by tlie two diverticula. The tul)u]ar intestine
proper occupies the two somites x and xi. In xii begins the sacculated intestine. The
diverticula of the oesophagus are very long, narrow and slender, more so than in any
species of Ocuerodrilus which f have seen. These exterior features offer nothing
peculiar. Tiie lateral blood vessels issue, as usual, from the anterior points of the
diverticula.

These diverticula of tliq oesophagus originate in the j)Osterior part of the
somite, and not in the anterior part as in Kerria. The structure of these diverticula
corresponds with that of the same organ in Ocnerodrilus. Only in that genus the
rule a2>pears to be that tiie interior of the diverticiilnni consists of one single chamber
encroached on by a few parallel ridges. Tlie diverticulum of P/m uicodrUuri tnxti' is
in the central part four to eight chambered, divided off longitudinally, presenting the
same appearance as an orange when cut through crosswise (figs. 14-16). The number
of chambers varies, as in one specimen I found the right hand diverticulum to have
four chambers, while the left one had five chambers. In sections near to either end
these chambers fuse further and finally only two and one chambers are left.

But this fusion is unequal at the two respective ends. In the end nearest the
junction witb the alimentary canal there is only one chamber found, and a little
further forward there are two chambers, the number increasing until generally eight
chambers are found in the center. From there on no increase is made, but the cham-
bers decrease in width, and at the anterior end suddenly fuse into one which is small
and narrow, not thicker than a blood vessel. The longitudinal blood vesssels are very
much the same as in Ocnerodrilus, but generally more in number.

The number of blood vessels in each diverticulum varies with the place where
located in the diverticulum. The section nearest to the posterior septum of the ali-
mentary canal shows the two laterals from the dorsal vessel entering the diverticula.
To begin with, they are seen on the outside of the cellular mass of the diverticulum,
while in succeeding sections they appear like a few blood vessels scattered on the out-
side of the e|)itlielial cells. In succeeding sections these vessels are seen to increase
in number until in the center of the diverticulum they number about one hundred.

The blood supply for these organs come from branches of the dorsal vessel and
not from collective vessels from the alimentary canal.

Salivnrij (jlands are as usual found attached to the muscles of the pharynx, Imt
they are smaller and less numerous than in Ocnerodrilus, the pharynx being less
lobed and more compact than in that genus. These glands open through ducts, which
follow muscular strands into the pharyngeal cavity in a similar way as will lie more
in detail described in Pontodrilus. In fact it is probable that all the suprapliniyngeal
glands in the respective genera of Lumbricids open similarly and without any great
variation as to detail (fig. 1<S). Tlu' narrow ducts from tiie gland penetrate the pha-
ryngeal epithelium and form at its outer edge small ovoid po(d<els for temporarily
storing a small amount of the salivary secretion. These ducts end with the pharynx.

PACIFIC COAST OLIGOCII.KTA. 67

the cesopbagal epithelium neitlier heiiii;- furnished with ducts nor storage pockets (fig.
18).

The suijrapharjngcal glands are jjosteriorly connected with the septal glands,
not only with the nearest pair, but with all the pairs in the respective somites. In
Ocnerodrilus Beddardi I called the attention to this fact, but I was not able to point
out the connection between all the glands, which connection, however, I do not doubt
really exists in all genera of this family, and probably in most other Oligochseta.

Sep/al glands{fig. 2) . As regards these glands our present species offers no great
peculiarities different from species of Ocnerodrilus generally. There arc four pair which
surround the oesophagus in the usual way in somites v, vi, vii and viii. The glands are
considerably lobed (fig. 1-2), and decrease in size posteriorly. That is, the pair in v
is by far the largest, the one in vi is smaller and so on, the one in viii being much the
smallest. This gradual decrease in size posteriorly, though the most common one in
this class of Oligoch.Tta, does, however, not always exist in all species. I have one
species yet undescribed from Guatemala in which all the glands are of the same size.
In our present species the glands are distinctly paired, but they lie so close together that
that they appear in each somite as one single gland surrounding the intestine. In
sections the glands are seen to be abundantly supplied with blood sinsues or larger
vessels.

These septal glands (fig. 2), connect one and all with the suprapharyngeal
gland, being, so to say, superposed on several main longitudinal muscular bands con-
necting the pharyngeal glands with the body-wall in somite ix. Wide and narrow
ducts follow these muscles, causing the secretions of the septal glands not to empty in
the alimentary canal in the respective somites in the glands, but in the pharyngeal
cavity as shown in fig. 18.

Fig. 2 is, as far as outlines are concerned, a correct representation of these
glands from a section lateral to the oesophagus. ]\Iost details, however, are not filled
out. The glands on the upper side are those above the oesophagus, the lower row
again those below the oesophagus, both opening on the upper side of the pharynx.

The seke occur in couples of two, as usual, the distance between setse 1 and 1
being about the same as the distance between 2 and 2. The shape is the usual sigmoid
one found in Ocnerodrilus, and the size is rather large. The free points are slightly
corrugated. The seta? occur in all somites after the first, but there are never any devel-
oped setiie where should be the inner couples in xvii. Very small undeveloped tips
may sometimes be seen close to and lateral to the male pore enclosed in the reserve
bag, but even thej' are not always present.

The blood vessels agree in all respects with those of Ocnerodrilus. There are
two pair of hearts, one each in x and xi and one pair of connecting vessels in ix.

Nepliridia are found in all the somites except the first few anterior ones. In
somites iii to v the nepliridia are very small and dwarfed, but from there
on posteriorly they increase in size. Those in front of the clitellum are not fur-

fiS CALU'OUMA ACADKMY OF SCIENCES.

nished with a glaiuliiliir covering of peritoneal cells; those in the clitoUum show a few
of those cells, while the nephridia ]iosterior to the clitelluni show a highly developed
envelop of peritoneal cells, similarly as is the case in some species of Ocnerotlriliis.
In our present form the difference between the anterior and postclitellar nephridia is
very marked, the latter ones being prominently visible through the body-wall bf)th in
alcoholic specimens as well as in alive ones. As regards the form of the nephriilia,
it agrees in general with that of the various species of Ocnerodrilus, some of which I
have re-examined. The windings of the canals as well as the general arrangement
of tlic diu'ts is inuch the .same in the genera which I have examined more in detail,
such as Ocnerodrilus, Kerria, Dellania, Argilophilus, Pontodrilus. Especially is this
the case with Ocnerodrilus and Kerria, the nephridia of which have been misunder-
stood, in several particulars, esi)ecially so as regards the windings of the canals and
the presence of blood vessels.

In Ocnerodrilus as well as in PhdMiicodrihis the nephridium consists of two
distinct parts. A, the folds, with the winding canals, and 15, the peritoneal covering,
with more or le.ss numerous blood vessels. The peritoneal covering again is also divided
in two parts, one upper almost free, and one lower surrounding or at le<a.'<t adjoining
the canals, alxiut which iiioi'e later on.

In PiiQ'nicodrilus the nephrostomc leads to the narrow duct which connects
with the folds of the main nephridial body. The folds of these canals are placed on
the outside of or rather on the upper edge of the peritoneal covering. The narrow
duct when it enters the fold is very narrow, in fact conspicuously .so. In the neck of
the nephridiimi it coils itself several times around the part of the wiile duct that is
enclosed in the neck, lletaining its narrow size it enters the anterior fold, in which
it is the most anterior and exterior canal, but nowhere does it appear to ramify as in
Pontodrilu^i, Deltania, Argi!o[)liihis, etc. It retains its narrow size all through the
windings (fig. 12), but increases in size in the posterior fold, in which tiie three canals
arc of equal size.

In the apex of the spur, which as usual is thicker than the fold, the continua-
tion of the narrow duct connects with the very wide canal which later on forms the
bridge. After passing the bridge this wide canal becomes much narrower but still
coiitiiuies as thicker tlian the other canals nnlil it enters the posterior fold. It is also
less coiled than any of the other canals, in fact it is most conspicuous by being very
straight — it always occupies the under and inner side of the folds. Even in the
" windings," which, in this si)ecies, occupy a very large part of the folds, this canal is
straight, whilethetwo other canals are coiled and Ixnt. WC thus liml in this genus all
the principal parts of the nephridium of the luueh larger Argilophilus, and it may
be safely stated in all highly dcveloj>ed ()ligoch;eta the structure of the nei>hridia
are in the main the .same. As far as I am aware we may distinguish the following
divisions of a perfect nephridium:

I'ACIFIC COAST OLIGOCir.KTA. 69

ji. Nephrostomal part.

Nephrostoine, or funnel.

Neck of neplirostome, consi.stinj;- of ghindnlar cells.

Narrow, or nephrostotual duct.

b. Main glandular part.

Neck of glandular lobe, connected witli tlie nephrostoraal duct.

Anterior fold.

Tlie windings, or tlie coiled [)art of tlie two folds.

Posterior fold, in wliich the three canals arc of the same size.

(Spur, with four canals.

Bridge, with only one canal.

c. Efferent part.

Wide terminal-duct or outlet. The latter is frequently furnished with a

ccelomic bladder.
Nephropore.

When the nephridium is spread out and mounted in glycei-ine it is seen that
the canals are of different transparency. Thus the wide canal coming from the bridge,
together with its continuation in the spur, is much darker than the two other narrow
canals, which are conspicuous through their brilliancy. These two white canals meet
in the very apex of the spur, while the two darker canals meet a little further in.
The greater obscurity of the wider canal is partly due to ciliation.

The nephrostome of Pluinicodrilus taste is furnished with a large neck, almost
as large as the rosette, containing several very hirge cells with conspicuous nuclei.
The nephrostome is about as long as the narrow tube.

In size the nephrostome ranges with the very largest, it being conspicuous
and readily dissected.

The marginal cells vary in number between eight and fourteen. There is a
larger central nucleus as usual. The glandular neck of the nephrostome contains
two of these nuclei much larger than any of those found in the rosette, though it also
contains several smaller ones. When the body of the annelid is laid open and viewed
from above, the nephrostomes are seen to lie on their side as in fig. 9, the side of
the thick rim of the rosette being uppermost. In order to see the rosette flattened
out it is necessary to dissect out the nephrostome, which operation in this species is
not particularly difhcult, as the muscular tissues easily separate.

The peritoneal covering of the posterioi' nephridia separates itself in two dis-
tinct masses, one dorsal and one ventral, the latter being somewhat the smallest. At
the point where they join the peritoneal covering has narrowed down to a narrow
band connecting the two main parts.

The upper peritoneal mass does not surround or contain any of the canals or
ducts, but a])pears to be merely an api)endage, a gland, as it were, engrafted on the
lower part. The canals and tubes are entirely confined to this part, as is also the case
in the nephridia of Ocuerodrilus and Kerria.

70 CALIKOKXIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The peritoneal sac consists of very large cells with small, sharply defined and
very round nuclei. When these cells are empty they are very transparent and
their walls are very plain. There are a few blood vessels on the peritoneal sac, and
few of these cover also the folds.

NepJiridin nf Kenin (fijf. 2o). Having recollected Kcrrla Mr /Jiuin/di in tlie
ponil near Miraflores in the Cape Region of Baja California, the only place where it is
found to date, I have taken the opportunity to re-examine the nephridia in order to
ascertain their resemblance to those of our present form as well as Ocnerodrilus. As
a consequence I am able to correct .some errors and to add several details. The gen-
eral structure is the .same as in the Ocnerodrihis and Plia'nicodrilus and the windings
of the canals the same as in the Argilophilus, etc. The two folds make a large
rounded loop upwards, and join posteriorly in a very long .spur partly free from
peritoneal covering. The bridge connecting the junction of the spur and the
posterior fold with the junction of the anterior fold, wide duct and narrow duct,
is wide and ciliated, in fact it is the widest part of the canal. Posteriorly the
canal of the britlge projects into the spur forming the widest of the four canals in
this part. At the apex of the spur two and two of these canals are seen to join as
usual, forming two loops, one outside of and above the other. The inner and lower
one of these is the bend of the ciliated canal from the bridge, but il does not ap-
pear to be ciliated at this point.

The posterior fold contains as usual three canals, and so does the anterior fold.
The rounded stretch where the two folds meet is more irregular in outline, and con-
tains more windings than any other part of the fold, though not as many as in Ponto-
drilus. The nephrostome is connected with the main body by a slender and nar-
row tube, the connection being a little in fi-ont of the one between the wide duct and
the main l)ody. This wide duct is almost straight with oidy a slight curve away from
the nephridiiim. It becomes slightly wider towards the iiephropore, just before
reaching which it turns sharply upon itself.

Another point of considerable interest is the presence of numerous blood
capillaries on the nephridia, especially in the peritoneal sac, which they peiini-
ate. The blood has its origin from two vessels, one from the branch from the ven-
tral main vessel and one from the branch from the dorsal main vessels, the two con-
necting l)y capillaries on tlie nepbridial folds. Until now it has been supposed that
Ocnerodrilus and Kenia did not possess blood vessels on their nephridia, but this is evi-
dently an error as far at least as some .species are concerned. ( )r(linarily these vessels
are not visible and not distinct from the peritoneal cell-walls but a staining with
oranjre (i. will brinjr them out at oncie.

'i'be (/cncrntive oriinna, with one or two exceptions, resemble those in Ocnero-
(liiliis ill form and general arrangement, and if it were not for the regular absence of
a prostate our species would be considered as a true ( )cneri)drilus. The Sperniatheca
is very large and resembles in general oulliiie that of Ucntnutritiis lieddardi. In
species of Ocnerodrilus the sjierniatlieea always stands up and is pressed close to the

PACIFIC COAST OLiaOCH.ETA. 71

anterior se2ituni. In PlutnicodrUm taste, however, tlie spermatheca lies always flat
pressed against the ventral side of the body-wall, and is of sufficiently large size to reach
as far backwards as to the posterior septum between ix and x, which makes it about
equal in length to the diverticula of the (esophagus (fig. 1, spth.) The lower part
of the spermatheca is as usual more muscular than the free end, which in this species
is more or less, though always shallowly, lobcd, showing a large niunber of incipient
diverticula irregularly foruied and arranged. The spermatozoa are found [)riiicipally
in these warty diverticida.

7t',s/es are vcr}^ long and situated as usual in x and xi. The posterior one at
least, and propably both pairs, coniiecit with the sperm-sacs in the same somite.

jSjierm-sacs are arranged as in some species of Ocnerodrilus. They are all
paired. The anterior pair in ix is attached to the posterior septum of that somite.
This pair is ver>' much lobed, the lobes being more in number and in shape more
round than in any species of Ocnerodrilus, the pair resembling two bunches of large
grapes, completely filling the whole available space in the somite, especially above the
diverticula and the oesophagus. The sperm-sacs in x and xi are less or hardly lobed,
connecting with the the testes below, the latter, being long, slender and not branched,
reach across the somite and joining the sperm-sacs in the posterior part near the sep-
tum. The sperm-sacs in xii are connected directly with those in xi, but otherwise
attached to the anterior septum of somite xii. This pair of sperm-sacs are lobed but
not as much so as those in ix.

There are two pair of ciliated rosettes in x and xi, and two pair of spermducts
as usual leading from them. The spermducts join, as is generally the case, forming a
single strand which runs close to, but a trifle more dorsally, than setse 2, until somite
xvii is reached. In this somite each spermduct enters a small muscular atrium devoid
of prostate, and entirely confined to the longitudinal layer of the body-wall. A.s soon
as entering the body-wall and this muscular chamber the two lumens of the spermduct,
which until now had been separate, fuse together and enter the muscular chamber as
one single duct.

As atrium I consider a small muscular chamber entirely confined to the body-
wall, in wliich the spermducts open. This chamber is, however, devoid of any
glandular cell prolongation such as we are accustomed to find in Ocnerodrilus, and
ordinarily it ends where the spermducts enter, which is at the upper end of the layer
of the body-wall. The atrium itself consists of an inner layer of epithelial cells,
which at the very pore are much larger and furnished with larger nuclei, but which
gradually decrease in size as they approach the place where the spermducts enter.
This layer is a direct continuation of the hypodermal layer of the body-wall. An
outside layer again consists of fine muscular fibres with smaller nuclei directly con-
tinued from the transverse muscular layer of the body-wall. We see thus that this
short chamber might in reality be nothing but the remnants of a degenerated atrium,
or rather remnants of the lower muscular part of a degenerated prostate, which gland-
ular prolongation has disappeared. That this is the case I judge from the structure

Memoiks, Vol. II, 4. February, 1895.

72 cAi.ii (ii:ma acaukmv of sciences.

fouiiil in one specimen differing; from any other wliicli I iiivoi?tigatecl. Ont of six
specimens which I sectioned off five agreed in all particnlars as regards the absence
of a prostrate, as generally understood in Ocnerodrilns, neither did seven specimens
which I dissected show any trace of such a prostate. One specimen which I .sec-
tioned, however, showed an abnormal prolongation of the muscular chamber, in every
particular resembling the lower muscular part or the atrium proper of the prostate as
characteristic of Ocnerodrilns. It ascended inwardly in tin; cavity of the body as
high as to sette 3 and 4, ended here blindly without any differential glandular part
or prostate proper, as is always found in Ocnerodrilns. Such " returns " to original
characters and ancestors must, of course, be expected, and are the more interesting
when encountered. We might on the other hand consider Phtnicodrilus taste as
standing on a lower grade than Ocnerodrilns, the prostate not having yet appeared.
But against such a view speaks the fact that her organs are as highly develo|)ed as
in Ocnerodrilns, which would hardly be expected of a lower form, in which we would
naturally look for a lower degree of development in several organs at the same time.
A degeneration of a certain organ, however, such as the prostate, would not necessitate
a similar degeneration of several other organs at the same time.

The absence of a prostate in l'h(jenicodrilus is of considerable interest, ami I
think it clearly demonstrates that the absence or presence of this organ cannot be laid
at the foundation of families. Such absence of the prostate in an Ocnerodrilide is not
unexpected. A perusal of the various species of Ocnerodrilns shows us how these
species may be arranged in a series according to the size of the prostate, the list being
headed by Ocnerodrihia occidentalis, with a very extended prostate, while at the other
extremity we find Ocnerodrilu» Ilendriei with the most diminutive prostate, not extend
ing outside of the somite. There is thus only a step further to Phoenicodrilus where
this organ is entirely absent. That this fact will have some influence upon our views
of the classification of (Jligoclueta is evident, and several genera or even families
which hitherto have been considered far apart solely on account of the presence or
absence of a glandular prostate, must now be brought closer together.

Ocanj and oviduct occupy the same somites as in Ocnerodrilns and offer no
cliaracteristics of interest.

JIahltdt. T found this species in the Sierra el Taste, in the Cape region of Haja
California, some 40 or <3U miles north of Caho San Lucas, at an altitude of 4,U00 feet.
Later on I found specimens in great number in a garden at Pescadero on the Pacific
coast, on the western slo|)e of the same sierra, but at an altitude ol only a few feet above
the ocean. The water used for irrigation was taken from a creek coming from the
sierra.

The species lives in damp .soil and occur in gri'at numbers, nuL mixed with
any other form as far as my experience goes. The distribution of the species is most
interesting as on the eastern side nf ihe Sierra in the valley of San Jose, I never found
any other Ocnerodrilid than Ocucrodrllus Bcddardi. The question if the Sierra really
absolutely divides the habitats of the two oidy forms of this fninily found in the Cape
Ivegion, further explorations are necessary to decide.

PACIFIC COAST OLIGOCn.ETA. 73

PONTODRILUS Grube.

• The genus Pontodrilus, together with Pliotodrihis, is distinguishetl from all ro-

lati'd genera l)v the absence of nephridia in the twelve anterior somites. In the
majority of sj)ecies the nephridia commence in somite xiii, but in two species they
commence respectively in xivand xv. A common character to all the species appears
to be the very great thickening of the septa between somite v and xiii.

I have so far on the Pacific Coast only found one species of the genus Ponto-
drilus. Examinations were made from alcoholic specimens, I having no oj)portunity
to examine them when T found them in their native habitat — Mexico.

Pontodrilus Michaelseni n. sp.

This .species differs from all other species, except P. Maronis* which have been
referred to this genus in possessing a glandular crop occupying somites xiv, xv and
xvi, as well as in other minor details. The habitat of the species is the very narrow
moist line between high tide and dry soil on the shores of the Gulf of California
around Guaymas, Mexico. The soil in which it occurs is very sandy and thoroughly
soaked or moistened with the strongly saline water of the gulf. It occurred here in
large numbers, but unfortunately at ray visit most of the specimens were immature,
only two possessing clitellum in the end of November, 18D3. I dedicate this species
to Dr. W. Michaelsen of Hamburg, wiiose labors in our common field are among the
the most thorough and best.

EXTERIOR CHARACTERS.

The body of this species reaches a length of oj inches with a width at the
clitellum of less than ^ of an inch, but the raajoi'ity of specimens are somewhat
smaller. The above measurement refers to specimens slowly killed and then hard-
ened in alcohol. The body is tapering towards the tail end, the latter however being
slightly swollen (fig. 2-4).

The prostomium encroaches on somite i, dividing it about one-half. Somite i
is slightly larger than any of the following somites (fig. 25).

The clitellum commences in xiii and in full-grown specimens includes part of
xix. It is incomplete in a peculiar manner. In xiii to xvii inclusive it is only
developed on the dorsal side of the body. But in xviii and in pai*t of xix the clitellum
is only developed on the ventral side of the body, though this fact cannot be ascer-
tained from exterior inspection. Viewed from the underside the clitellum appears to
be on a line drawn through seta one. Between xvii and xviii the clitellar swelling
recedes slightly, again to widen out in xviii, and here joining to a pair of ventral
cushions, between which and the clitellum proper are situated the male pores.

Another pair of swellings are noticed around the spermathecal pores, covering
on either side parts of somites vi, vii and viii (fig. 26).

*I received M. Perrier's memoir on Pontodrilus only after this jjaper was parlly in print.

74 CAMI'OKNIA ACADKMY OF SOIKN'OES.

External pore!<. Tliere are no dorsal pores. The spermathecal pores are
found l)etwec'n .'^oinitcs vii viii and viii/ix in front of seta 2, each one situated on a
sligiitly elevated cushion. The ovipore in xiv in front of seta 1. The male pores are
in xviii in front of and in line with seta 2 (fig. 2G6 ). The nephropores are in front
of seta 2.

Setre. The setse commence in somite ii, eight in each segment and in couples.
The distance between 3 and 4 is only slightly larger than that between 1 and 2. The
distance between 1 and 1 is nearly twice as large as that between 1 and 2, and (he
distance between 2 and 3 is a little smaller than that between 1 and 1 (fig. 27).

Colo7- of body pale flesh, rather transparent and marbled very innch like
Deltania. Clitellum yellowish.

INTERXAL ANATO>rY.

Bodij-icall. The body-wall appears to me to be of unusual thinness, throughout
the length of the body. The dorsal side is slightly thinner than the ventral side, at
least anterior to the clitellum (fig. 29). Dorsally the longitudinal muscular layer is
of about the same thickness as the transverse layer while on the ventral side the
longitudinal muscular layer is about twice as thick as the tranverse muscular layer.
This refers to the anterior somites. To this there is however an exception in somites
viii and ix where on the ventral side in the vicinity of the spermathecal pores the
transverse layer is thicker than the longitudinal layer. The transver.se layer tapers
down towards the spermathecal pores, but this thickening is found only in the imme-
diate vicinity of the sperniatheca. In the clitcUar somites the relative development of
the muscular layer is very different. Here the inner or longitudinal muscular la^'er
is enormously thickened laterally in somites xvii and xviii or in the vicinity of the
male pores (figs. 37, 38, 40, 41), while in the anterior part of the clitellum the longi-
tudinal layer is only thickened vontrally, between the inner couples of setfc it here
being at least twice as wide as it is dorsally (fig. of)).

C/t<e^/«?n offers many points of interest. It has already been stated that this
organ is incomplete, that is, not simultaneously developed on the dorsal and ventral
sides. A section through an immature specimen shows (fig. 38) that the clitellar
glandular layer is developed only between the seta, that is, from seta 4 ventrally to
seta 4, while donsally there is no trace of such cells. As regards the nature of these
cells it is to be remarked that they are unusually small or rather thin compared to the
larger and thicker cells of tlie dor.sal part of the clitellum in the anterior somites of
that organ. These latter cells offer nothing in particular of interest, resembling those
of other genera of the family as far as I can make out. Unfortunately most of the
specimens were immature and only two po.sse.sscd clitellum, but these two had unavoid-
ably not been treated, and had contracted to such very great extent that the finer
structure of the clitellum had been hopelessly lost. From cross and longitudinal sec-
tions made it was, however, evident that the clitellar glandular cells, which constitute the
(ditelluni. do not extend ventrally further than to setu' 1, thus leaving the ventral space

PACIFIC COAST OUGOCII.KTA. 75

between setse 1 and 1 with the usual layers less the glandular cells (fig. 41, h. el.)
marking the jxiints where the clitellum ceases. We have thus before us a species
with a dorsal and lateral clitellum in some somites, and with a ventral and lateral in
one somite.

In all of the clitellar somites the inner or longitudinal muscular layer possesses
an enormous development laterally, especially so in the region of the prostate, where
it reaches a width four times that at the dorsal and ventral part. The reason of this
enormous thickening of this layer is readily understood when we view one of the
sections of this region. The part of the body-wall, on which rests the prostate, is
attached by numerous arciform muscular bundles, arranged in a fan-shaped manner,
to the dorsal and lateral sides of the body. These muscles are more numerous and
stronger than any I have seen described in other species, making it possible for this
region of the body to contract in a most characteristic manner.

When the body is opened and flattened out these muscles are seen to spread out
from the male pore laterally, connecting the center of somite xviii with the two
nearest somites xvii and xix as I have endeavored to show in fig. 42. As may be
judged from the figure the muscles are arranged in regular fascicles of which we may
count twenty-two to twenty-four as being more prominent and overlapping the other —
a smaller number of fascicles situated below. The wider periphery of the attachment
is situated on the body-wall above the prostate, but the lower and narrower part of
the attachment of the fan is situated on a peculiar swelling which I have designated
as the copulatory cushion (fig. 42, c. c; fig. 41, c. c; fig. 38, c. c; figs. 44, 45),
apparently a thickening of the longitudinal muscular layer, trausversed by innumer-
able other muscles in every direction, all connected by what looks like connective
tissue. The size of this copulatory cushion is very great; not only do these swellings
project considerably outward but inwardly they encroach to a great extent on the
internal cavity, especially so in mature specimens. This peculiar organ is entirely
muscular, there being no sign of any outwardly opening papillse. The prostate pore
is situated between this cushion and the projection caused by the increased thickness
of the longitudinal layer and the contraction of the fan-shaped muscles. In fig. 43
the section, a longitudinal one, is somewhat oblique, having followed the large muscular
strands which suri'ound the outlet duct of the prostate as well as the muscles of the
copulatory cushion. Fig. 44 repre.«ents a more vertical, longitudinal section, more
interior to the large fan-muscles, which do not show in the section except their inner
attachments [a. m.) The large arciform strands vary considerably in size, those
nearest the body-wall being the smallest, those nearest the intestine the largest.
When a cross-section through somite xviii is viewed it will be seen that the smaller
strands are filled between with connective tissue (fig. 41, c. (.), while a concentric
transverse muscular strand is crossing them near the inner angle of the prostate pore.
Other muscles connect the glandular prostate with the body-wall (figs. 37, 40 m and
42 sj). m.) The large strand sp. m in fig. 42, connects the bend of the prostate, where
enters the sperm duct, with the ventral part of the body-wall under the ventral nerve-
cord .

76 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Septa. The first very [)ronounced septum is t'oiind between somites iv and v.
Boddard lias already remarked that the septa in Pontodriluii hd^poridum are unusu-
ally thickened, some of them being thicker even than the body-wall at the point
where they are attached to it. The septa in our picsent form are almost gradually
increasing in thickness towards the one between xi and xii, which septum is the
thickest, being almost as thick as the ventral body-wall. Tlie septum dividing xii
and xiii, while thickened, is much thinner, and those bounding the somites down to
xix are almost normal in thickness, that is, equal those posterior to the clitellum. A.s
a rule the attachments of the septa correspond with the intersegmental furrows. The
septa bounding vii/viii and viii/ix are, however, exceptions as far as the jdace of their
ventral attachment is concerned. These two septa are here affixed to the body-wall
half-way between the set;e of the anterior somites, respectively vii and viii. This makes
it appear as if the sperraathecre opened in the centre of the somite, when in reality
they open as usual in the intersegmental groove.

AUmentanj cnudl. The aliiucnlary canal takes the shape of a long, narrow
duct, singularly straight and without any i)rominent characteristics until it reaches
somite xiv, in which somite commences a kind of gizzard of peculiar construction
(fig. 29, (jh.) Though this organ resembles a gizzard in outward form it is in reality
no gizzard at all, but rather a glandular modification of the ulimentary wall. With
a gizzard we must of course mean an enlargement of the alimentary canal in which
the muscular part has reached an enormous development in order to grind the food
projierly. In the organ referred to in our present species the muscular layers are on
the contrary not increased in size, the thickening of the wall being caused exclusively
by a new layer composed of glandular cells, which has been interposed between the
transverse muscles and the inner epithelium, thus forming a glandular crop between
the oe.sopliagiis and the tubular intestine. This organ occii[)ies three .somites, xiv, xv,
xvi, or very much the same place as is so frequently the location for gizzard in other
Oligochictse. If we view a longitudinal section of the body through this crop (fig. 47)
we llnd it In be more or less tapering towards cither end. The large longitudinal
blood vessel lies almost immediately on the top of the outer or chloragogic cells, in
places penetrating them with connecting vessels which supply the underlining sinus
with blood (iig. 47, (/. c. r.).

The chloragogic layer of cells vary coiisideralily in size. Sometimes there is
more than one row of cells, one projecling al)i)ve the oilier. The nuclei are oval and
situated at the place where the cells become narrower. The longitudinal muscular
layer is narrow, about two strands thick, immediately superposed the transver.se layer,
which consists only of one single thickness of strands (fig. 4(S to 54 t. m.) The case gen-
erally observed in gizzards is that this layer is composed of a great number of strands
more or less regularly arranged around a central plate. Below thi-; transverse layer,
commences the very thick layer of glandular cells, about \'l cells wide in centre.
In the upper part of this layer are seen niinierous blood lacuiies, which in
places join the muscular layers (fig. 49 to 53 bl.), at other times are more or less

PACIKIC COAST OLIGOCHiETA. 77

perfectly enclosed in the glandular layer, forming generally a row of vascular
lacnmes near its onter margins (fig. 48 1)1. x.) apparently without touching the mus-
cular layer, or doing this oidy at certain places. Figs. 49 to 53 represent cross-section
from different parts of (he crop, fioiu tlic posterior part, near the boundary of somite
xvii (fig. 49), to the anterior part of xiv (fig. -52), illustrating the variations in thick-
ness of the g!an(hdar layer. In the posterior part this layer is very thin (fig. 49 (jl.)
consisting only of a few cells, from one to tliree cells wide. l\\ figs. 50 to 52 tlie
glandular layer is seen to have increased in thickness and so has the inner epi-
thelial cells. Fig. -io is a portion of the glandular hiyer, in wliicdi the inner lumen
is more plainly represented. The outer part of this glandular layer is divided up in
lobes by the luimerous blood siiuises, and in each such lobe there is a wider or nar-
rower, generally, branched lumen, which, however, I have not been able to follow
down to the epithelial cells.

The sacculated intestine commences at the posterior end of the crop, and
offers nothing of great intei'est or characteristic.

There is no thyphlosole, but the intestine is otherwise very rich in blood
lacunes.

Phnrijii.geftl or Salivnnj Gland. Pharynx which occupies somites ii and iii is
only developed dorsally. It is superposed by a large mass of glands and muscles, as is
usual in a large number of Oligochietie. In outline this glandular mass is remarkably
even, especially so at its posterior end. In a longitudinal section we see customarily
three lobes (fig. 29), supported by long strands of muscles, running back to the pos-
terior boundaries of somites vi, vii and viii.

On the ventral side there are seen three of those muscular strands, similarly
running back to vi, vii and viii, indicating that there is a I'ow of similar strands corres-
ponding with somites ii, iii and iv. In somite v there is a pair of smaller glands of
similar nature attached to muscles which connect with the larger strands of the main
gland (fig. 29, s.s. gl.)

A cross-section of this glandular mass (fig. 30), shows us that the glands are situated
pi-incipally on the periphery, supported by muscles (?/i.s.), while the inner and posterior
part is principally taken up by strands and ducts. A division of the mass in three more or
less distinct layers is discernible, probably corresponding to somites ii, iii and iv. These
glands communicate directly by means of ducts with the epithelium of the pharynx.
In fig. 29 these ducts are roughly represented as dark violet. In the cross-section
(fig. 30), the darkest blotches are intended to represent the ducts, while the lighter
colored violet ones are the glands. In fig. 31 a lobe of the longitudinal section is seen
in a larger magnification, and in fig. 32 a smaller lobe, yet more highly magnified.
The glandular cells are rather of varying size, and arranged around the margin of
glandular sack, leaving the inner space open. The cell cytoplasm is massed in places,
leaving in other places larger or smaller, generally roundish, vacuoles (fig. 35, vn.)

In figs. 33 and 34 I have endeavored to show the relative arrangement of the
muscular strands, the glandular ducts and the glandular cells. As will be seen these

78 CAI.I1 OUMA ACADIiMV OF SCIENCES.

ducts are in places entirely closed in l)y muscles, while the glands themselves are
only su|i|)ortc(l hy them.

'i"he diK't.s lead directly to tlie itiiaryiigeal eiuLluliiim; arrived lieiv liicy ijraneh
out .sending numerous discharge-tubes between the epithelial cells (tig. 30 yl. d(.), di.s-
charging the salivary mucous in the pharyngeal cavity. These ductules are fre-
(juently, though not generally, branched while in the epithelial layer. Each duetide
is furnished at the distal end with a small .storage chand)er (o(5a) of oblong form and
considerably smaller than the nucleus of the epithelial cells.

Septal glands. As has already been stated there are five pair of very small glamls,
which are pricipally attached to the connecting vessels in .somites v to ix, and sit-
uated on the ventral side of the cesophagus. These glands do not hang on closely to
the septum, but are apparently suspended from it only by a few tiny mesenteric tis-
sues and by a muscle or two. In longitudinal section they appear as suspend entirely
between the two septa (fig. 29), while in cross-section they are seen to be affixed to
the connecting vessels anil from them project laterally, the point of affixion being
close to the ventral vessels (fig. 70 gl.) The general outline of these glands resemble
the so-called liver cells attached to the connecting and other vessels in some Lumbri-
cides, but the structure is similar to the salivary glands. The gland in v resembles
exactly the structure in the salivary glands which open in the pharynx, it being
transversed by blood capillaries, infested with the same parasites, supported by mus-
cles, and finally is only sparcely surrounded by floating, globular, crelomic cells. The
other gland in vi to ix are all surrounded by a thick coating of these floating ctelomic
cells. These glands stain in the same way as the salivary glands, their secretions being
stained deep violet witli hicmatoxylon-orange, while the cffilomic cells stain pale yellow.
A fine and very thin duct runs backwards and upwards from the far upper end of
each gland towards the alimentary canal to its junction with the sc[)tuni, l)ut I
have .some doubt about it emptying into the intestine, and it is much more
probable that in Pontodrilus, as well as in Phoenicodrilus and Ocnerodrilus, these
septal glands empty into the pharynx. None of my sections, however, show
this to be the case. Certain it is that in Pontodrilus the various septal glands
are not as closely connected with the .salivary glands as in the just mentioned
genera, in which the respective glands are actually not only suspended from the same
longitudinal nnisciiiar band, but along and resting on the latter run also the collective
ducts of the glands. Among the salivary and septal glands are seen numerous ir-
regular, generally oval or oblong bodies full of nuclei. These are the terminal pock-
ets of the capilaries, generally termed blood glands.

Bhxnl (j/ands (fig. 7;)A, /.). Ed. Perrier was the first to describe blood glands
in Pontodrilus, but he found them exclusively in the blood vessels or at the end of
the (•a[>ilaries investing the nephridia. In mir pnseiit .-picics, /'. Michneheni, I have
found these glands only in the capillaiii's of the salivary and septal glands. They
here occur in very large numbers, especially in llie former, being massed at
or near the posterior edge of the gland in varying numbers. Some specimens con-

PACIFIC COAST OLIGOCH^-TA. 79

tiiiu coiupanUivcly few blood gluiulsi, others three or four times as many. They
are of all sizes and shapes, as Perrier has "shown. Some contain only one single
nucleus, then frefpiently surrounded by a blood clot; others again contain a very great
number of nuclei, which are then situated in a sac-like pocket at the end of the blood
capillary. In some of the larger blood vessels in the salivary gland the blood gland
takes the form of a " hertzki)rper." The smaller ones situated on the capillaries
may be named terminal blood glands, while those situated inside the larger vessels
may be designated interior blood glands. The structure of the two are at least in this
species very similar.

In fig. 73, a. to .s., I have cn<lcavored to illustrate the structure of these blood
glands from sections. In (j.a large blood vessel with a blood clot, at the base of which
is an inner blood gland. On one side of the blood vessel is a part of a salivary gland
with brown secretions. In a. a small terminal blood gland is shown, and in h. and e.
some of a greater development. The nuclei are not always surrounded by a distinct
cell membrane, in fact in almost every gland are found some nuclei with distinct cell
membranes while others lie loose in the granular serum. The exterior line in all
the figures represents the wall of the blood vessel, and the difference between the
terminal and inner blood glands consist in reality only in the absence or presence of
blood surrounding the glands. As far as the granular protoplasm concerns it is always
differentiated in two parts. The one at the distal extremity is more evenly dif-
fused and finer grained than the one next the capillary, which again is coarser, streaky
and which, besides, stains differently or at least more intensely than the other. Many
of the glands contain larger or smaller bodies {p., t. and o.) equally of round form
and lighter in color than the cytoplasm, but sometimes they are very opaque, stain-
ing deeply as at r., the two classes probably being of entirely different character.
The former resembles a pale nucleus, while the latter opaque bodies appear only to be
secreted matter. The paler ones may possibly be parasitic protozoa.

The blood glands described by Claparede, Lankester and others in Lumbricus,
etc., are probably of a similar construction, and judging from the figure given by
Michaelsen of the " hertzkorper " in Enchytrseus, we may conclude that it, too, is
identical with the blood gland in Pontodrilus.

Spermathecre (figs. 30, 55, 5Q, 57, 58). There are two pair of spermathecse
found in somites viii and ix, the exterior pores being as usual in the intersegmental
grooves between vii/viii and viii/ix in line with setse 2. Each spermatheca possesses
a tubular diverticulum, the junction of the two being in the body-wall. The position
of the diverticulum is always ventral to the spermatheciB proper. This is cylindrical,
quite narrow, with a larger globular chamber at the free inner end, in which the wall
is much thinner than in the cylindrical part. At the junction with the body-wall
is a much larger swelling, the lower and more strongly muscular part of the main
cylinder being greatly widened, presenting a muscular cushion partly projecting above
the body-wall, partly again being immerged in it. The spermatozoa are principally
massed in the inner globular chamber, though they are seen also in the diverticulum.

80 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OK SCIENCES.

The miiiii s|)erinathcca is stroiif^ly miiscular, csptjciully at its lower end where
the muscular layer is iiiuoh thicker than the inner epithelial cells. These latter are
larse with oval nuclei. Outside of these cells and between thoni and the muscular
layer are seen a row of inter.stitial nuclei of much smaller size than the nuclei of the
epithelial cells (fig. 56 infnx. v.) The structure of the diverticulum is somewhat
different. Interiorly we find largo epithelial cells with large round nuclei. Outside
of them is a single row of interstitial nuclei. Surrounding them we find a circular
muscular layer varying in thickness (fig. 57, c. in.) and with few, small nuclei.
Exterior to this layer are seen numerous blood vessels, and outside of them a two or
three cells thick layer of glandular cells {gl. c.)

When the body of the worm is viewed from tiic iiitciior, with the alimentary
canal removed, the spermatheca as well as their diverticula are seen to extend back-
ward, parallel with the ventral ganglion. The diverticulum is always much shorter
and narrower than the spermatheca proper.

Testes and Ovaries. The former organs consist of two pair of mimite narrow-
lobed bodies (fig. 29, t. 59, GO), the lobes being all in one plane, parallel to the body-
wall. One pair are in x and one in xi as usual.

The ovaries consist of one pair of flat bodies with wavy margin and wide and
shallow lobes, distributed in both a horizontal and vertical plane (figs. Gl and G2).
As usual the ovaries are in xiii.

The oviduct is placed as usual with the funnel in xiii and the pore in xiv. The

funnel part is very thick, fig. G:3 drawn from a longitudinal section.

Ciliated rosettes, Spermducis and Prostates. There are as usual two j)air of
ciliated rosettes in x and xi opposite the testes. The funnels are very thick and not
much erimpled or hardly crini|)led with one flare on either side. The epithelial nuclei
are quite long, and their cells are superposed a thick layer of very distinct blood
vessels (fig. 65, cr. 66 and 67). The spermducts unite to a single duct which passes
immediately outside of the second setie. 'J'he duct is unusually narrow, the narrowest
I have seen in any species of this size. The spernuluct enters the glandular part of
the pro.state just above the intersegmental groove separating xviii/xvii (fig. 42, sj)d.;
68, sjnl)

The prostate is tubular, very large, bent upon itself once. Tt starts from the
male pore, which is situated in the center of xviii, forwards, running parallel with
ventral nerve cord. When it reaches xvii it turns liaekwanl, its apex being in the
center of xviii. The prostate consists as usual of two distinct parts, connected in the
center of xvii. The advancing part is strongly muscular, the returning part again is
glandular. The prostate is cylindrical, the two halves being almost equal in thickness.
The part which penetrates the muscular body-wall is several times thinner than the
other part. The muscular part consists of two layers, the inner one consisting of a
row of e])ithelial cells with oblong nuclei. The outer layer, which is very thick, con-
sists entiiciv of circulai- miiseles with a few small nuclei.

PACIFIC COAST OLIGOCH^TA. 81

The glandular part of tlio ])rostate wliich commences at the anterior bend of
the organ consists of two or possibly of tliree layers. The inner lining consists of only
one layer of epithelial cells with ovoid nuclei. These long cells appear to be sur-
rounded by a narrow zone of fd)rou8 or perhaps muscular tissue with few nuclei.
Bnt by far the greatest part of the prostate consists of fibrous tissue with inuiierous
small roundish nuclei, with here and there a cell being visible, and with a few cells
of a glandular appearance (fig. <>8), especially toward the circumference. In cross-
section the anterior part of this prostate is triangular in outline, while the muscular
part is always circular, and in size always thicker. The very nari-ow part of the
prostate which penetrates the body-wall is strongly muscular of the same general
structure as the free muscular part. Tlie general structure of the prostate appears
similar to the one of Poniodrilus hesperidicm as described by Beddard. He has
pointed out the absence of a regular layer of glandular cells in the prostate of that
species, and it is possible that this construction of this organ which thus ap-
proaches that of Ocnerodrilida?, is not a species but a generic character, if it does not
prove to be of even greater value.

Vascular system. There are a dorsal and ventral vessel, but no subneural, nor
any subintestinal vessel, and no thyphlosole. The two main vessels are connected
with hearts in x, xi, xii, xiii, the most posterior one of which is found in somite xiii,
immediately in front of the sacculated intestine. This heart is the largest, the others
gradually decrease in size forward. The posterior part of these vessels are entirely
free of brown cells. The ventral vessel is forked in somite ix in two parallel
lateral vessels, there being no central vessel left. These two branches are always of
unequal size, both being situated immediately under the oesophagus (fig. 64 v. v.) In
the somites anterior to x, these branches of the ventral are connected by laterals with
the dorsal vessel. In one specimen the ventral fork commenced in xii (fig. 04).

Between the dorsal vessel and the ventral forks there are connecting vessels,
one pair in each of the somites v, vi, vii, viii and ix. To the ventral parts of these
connecting vessels are attached oblong glands, which again are surrounded by a coat-
ing of globular brown cells. These glands do not extend clear to the dorsal vessel,
but end laterally before reaching it. The nature of the glandular cells appear the
same as those of the pharynx, staining in exactly the same way. The cells of these
septal glands are more numerous in the anterior somites, gradually diminishing
posteriorly, while the opposite is the case with the free round cells which are more
numerous in the posterior glands (figs. 29 gl. and 71 gl.)

Nej^hridla (figs. 71 and 72). These organs commence in somite xiii, or in the
same somite as the ovaries. The first two anterior nephridia are furnished with a
smaller covering of peritoneal cells, but already in xvi do the nephridia attain their
full size, as in all posterior somites.

The nephridia are built upon the same general principles as those of Argilo-
philus, Deltania, Ocnerodrilus and Phffinicodrilus, as well as of Lumbricus as shown
by Beuham. We find here the corresponding ducts, canals, lobes, etc., and a gen-

82 CALiFOKNiA aoaukmv of sciences.

cral dpscription of tlicni will he siiporfliions. The spur is directed l)ack\var(ls and the
two tolds are directed upwards in al)Oiit right angle to the spur and narrow duct as
well. The spur and the folds rest on the large lobes of peritoneal cells, one of which
is posterior and one anterior. The posterior one surroiimls the spur, upon the ante-
rior one, which is the smallest, rests the two folds. The narrow duct is not unusually
narrow, while the wide duct or outlet duct is very narrow, not any wider than the
narrow duct. The neck of the anterior fold is, where it connects with the nar-
row duct, very wide, enlarged, irregular and sigmoid, gradually increasing in size to
the anterior fold. Where the two folds join, the fold is always very coiled. The tube
forming the bridge is not any wider than the clear canals, but it is less clear or trans-
parent, just as in Lumbricus. The canal leading from this bridge into the anterior
foM, is straighter, darker, and slightly wider than the two bright tubes which are
much coiled and situated more anteriorly and superiorly to the straighter canal. This
coiling ceases as soon as the big bend and windings ai'e pas.sed an<l the po.sterior fold
is reached.

The nephrostome is large. The marginal cells in the rosette are only slightly
decreasing in size toward the extremities or centripetal marginals. There is a large
centripetal protuberance surrounding the inner opening of the duct, as in Lumbricus.
as described by Benham, but the centrifugal cells are less regular and more scattered,
The centrifugal cells are never hidden by the centripetals as in Lumbricus, and the
whole centripetal protuberance is most {irominent seen in whatever direction. The
outlet duct enters the fold much closer to the narrow or nephrostomal duct than is
usual in Oligoclueta, in fact it connects with the free neck of the anterior fold, close
behind the septum.

The relationship of PnntodrUus JMichaelseni to the other species of the genus
is not as clear as we might wish. Beddard's description and noles in his paper,
"V. Some new or little known Oligochseta," are the only comparative remarks yet
made on the few worms which are grouped under this genus, an arrangement which
must be considered as entirely preliminary. The only very characteristic features
which connect the six species of the genus is the commencement of the nephridia
posterior to somite xii, and the opening of tiie spermduct into the prostate, absence
of typhlosole, gra[)e-like sperm-sacs, and no pcnial setir. None of these species
have been sufficiently described, an unavoidable fault attendant all species im-
mersed in alcohol without previous careful preparation and evacuation. In the
following table I have endeavored to compile the characters of the various species as
far as I can make out from the descriptions, no spceinuiis for comparison being in my
po.ssession. I include here, as suggested by Beddard, the genus PliotudrUus Giard.
I have had no access to Grube's descri|)tion of P. l'dturali)>, and have therefore
excluded it from this table.

PACIFIC COA.ST OLIGOCn.KTA.
SPECIES OF I'ONTODRILUS AND PHOTODIULUS.

83

Nephridia commence
in somite

P . Michaelseni
n. sp.

xiii.

P. areme
Fr. Muller &
Michaelsen.

xiii.

P. hcsperidtim
Bedd.

xiii ?

P. insularis

Kosa.

xiii.

P. Marionis
Perrier.

XV.

P . phosphoreus
Dugi's.

xiv.

Nephropores in line

2.

Kudimeutary.
None.

»

Absent.

?

Absent.

4.

Undiiiicntavy.
None.

2.

Rudimentary?

None.

2.

Gizzard

Absent.

(Enophnf/eal swellings. .

None.

None.

Four in x-xiii.

(llandular crop

Large in xiv,
XV, xvi.

None.

None.

None.

Present.

None.

Septdl tjlands. ....

In V to ix.
Absent.
Plain, regular.

1
Absent ?

Ornamented,
regular.

None.
Absent.
Plain, regular.

None.

Absent.

Plain, irregular
behind.

Present.
Absent.
Plain, regular.

In v i\

Peuial sette ,.

Two pair in
viii and ix;
one diverti-
cle.

Two pair in
yiii and ix;
one diverti-
cle.

Two pair in
viii and ix;
one diverti-
cle.

Two pair in
yiii and ix;
n 0 diverti-
cle.

Two pair in
viii and ix;
one diverti-
cle.

One pair in ix;
one diverticle.

Sperm-scirs. ....

Two pair,
grape-1 i k e,
in xi and xii.

Two pair,
grape-1 i k e,
in xi and xii.

Two pair, rac-
emose, in xi
aud xii.

Two pair,

grape-1 ike,
in xi and xii.

Two pair in xi
and xii.

Two pair in xi
and xii.

ClitclluTn. . . ....

xiii-xviii,
incomplete.

xiii-xvii,
incomplete.

V

•>

xiii to xvii
complete (?).

xiii xvii '*

Prosiomiiim

Encroaches on
somite 1.

Encroaches J
on somite 1.

9

Does not eu-
c roach on
somite 1.

Encroaches on
somite 1.

Does not en-

croach on so-
mite 1.

Ventral papillee.

In xvii and xix

One central,

xix-xx,aud one

ditto, xx-xi.

Habitat

Guaymas,

Mexico.

Desterro,

Brasil.

Jamaica.

Aru Island.

Marseilles .

France.

In the above table T have principally followed Beddard, but I cannot agree
with his opinion as regards the identity of Grube's P. Uttornlis, with that of P. Jfarionis
of Perrier. As Perrier remarks, the ventral median papilhe described by him in P.
Marionis are not found in P. littoralis, in which species these papilke were paired.
Until Grube's species has been found and redescribed we must therefore accept it as
a separate one. It is of course not by any means impossible that one or more species
of Pontodrilus are to be found in the same locality.

In reference to the gizzard I have given it as rudimentary in two species. This
refers only to an anterior gizzard close behind the pharynx, in which the muscular
layer of the oesophagus is simply thickened as shown in fig. 46 A and b. lieddard says
that P. liiioralis Grube has also a rudimentary gizzard, but I think that he judges by
M. Perrier's description of what I call a glandular crop in the somites posterior to the
testes. It may not be impo.ssible that the muscular thickening of the oesophagus
really exists in all the species more or less prominently, as it is easily overlooked.

84 CALIFOIlNrA ACADEMY OK SCIENCES.

'i'liat tlu' filaiidiilar crop really exists in P. Mnrionis is evident from Penier's drawinir
(fig. 22, pi. xvi), llioiigli I eannot accept the e|)itiieiial nature of the cells. Peirier
says nothing of the place t'roni wliieli this drawing is taken, Imt I snspect that it was
from a section of (he intestine between the tubular and sacculated parts, similar as in
/'. Michaeheni.

LITEKATURE.
Bkddard, Fr. E. Abstract on Some Investigations into the Structure of the Oligocha^tn. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

.Ian., IS'M, p. 06.
ISkddakii, Fk. E. Some New or Little Known Oligochirtn. Proeeeiliugs of the Koyal Physical Society, Edinburgh,

.Inne 1.3, 1893.
Bkiioari), Fk. E. On the Anatomy of Ocnerodrilus. Proc. IJoynl Society of Edinburgh, vol. xxxvi, p. 'yd^.
MicHAKUSEX, W. Terricolen iler Berliner Zoologisclien Samnilimg II, page 14.
Bkniiam, W. B. An Attempt to ('lassify Earthworms. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, vol. xxxi,

part ii, page 243, etc.
Rosa, Danikle. Sui Generi Pontodrilus, Microscolex, e Photodrihis. Boll. Mas. Torino, vol. iii.
Rosa, Daniele. Die Exotischen Terricolen des K. K. Naturhist. Wieii. Annal. K. K. Nat. Hofmiis. Wieu, Bd. vi,

p. 387.
ElSKN, G. Aniitomioal Studies on New Species of Ocnerodrilus. Proc. C'al. .\cad. Sci., ser. 2, vol. iii.
EisHN, (i. Anatomical Stnu-tnie of Two Speiies of Kerria. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., ser. 2, vol. iii.
Pkrrikr, Edmonu. Etudes sur rOrgauisatioii des Lombricicus Terrestres. IV Pontodrilus. Archives Zoologie

Experimental, vol. ix, images 175 to 248, pi. xiv. to xviii.

Eclipidrilus frigidus Eisen.

Through the kindness of a friend traveling in Sierra Nevada I have received a
small number of specimens of this interesting oligoclnvta, but unfortunately all the
specimens were in a poor state of preservation and much macerated. However
I was enabled to make several very nearly continuous series of sections and thus settle
several very important points in the anatomy of tliis worm. My former study of the
species was entirely dependent on di.ssection, which could not possibly reveal all the
details of this minute species, es]>ecially as regards the spermducts, the presence of
which I am now able to demonstrate. My present researches show that the species
is less erratic in its anatomy than I first supposed, while again in many respects it
(lifTers .strangely from its nearest allies, the various genera of Liiml)iiculida\ For
the present I retain the family of Eclipidrilidiv, but not on the same grounds as
formerly, and I now consider it rather as a subfamily to Lumbrieulidic than one
standino' Isolated, however with strons; leaning towards INIonilioaster.

The generative organs are situated as follows:

Testes, two pair. TIic antcrinr pair attached to the anterior septum of somite
ix. The posterior pair similaily to the aiitiTior sL'ptinn in somite x.

Ocari/, one pair attached to the anterior septum of somite xi.

Oviduct in xii, opening in front of the inner pair of settp.

Spermathecce, one pair in ix opening po.sterior to the .seta' and near the posterior
septum.

Atrinm and prostate, one pair opening in x, po.sterior tti the inner pair of seta\
'i'liis organ, which is very long, occupying seven to eight somites, consists of three
parts, first, one anterior atrium and prostate proper, .secon<l, a thin and narrow pari

PACIFIC COAST OLIGOCII.ETA. 85

connootiiig the former with, tliird, tlio postei'ior one, a storage cliainl)cr for sjicrni-
atozoa.

Spermducl^ arc two j)airs, exceedingly narrow, opening close together in the
posterior pai't of the storage chamber.

Ciliakd rosettes, two pairs, the anterior ]iair opening in ix. The posterior pair
in X, both in front of the scptnm. They are exceedingly thin and Hat. Tiic posterior
wall is attached to the scptnni.

Sperm-sacs consist of a pair of very long continnons sacs, which cover the
generative organs, including the spermatheca, and extending from somites x to xvii
or xviii, generally several somites posterior to the caudal [)art of the storage chamber.

Setce are 8 in 4 pairs in each somite, commencing with the second.

The vascular system is characterized by blind forked vessels in the posterior
30 odd somites, thus bringing the genus in close relationship with T.,iiiubriciilidie.
Another characteristic is the two loops of lateral vessels which branch out from the
main vascular trunks in somites ix and x, and which run backwards as far as the end
of the storage chamber. The anterior eight somites contain winding lateral vessels
connecting the two main dorsal and ventral trunks. Hertzkorper in the dorsal vessel
as well as in the branches in the intestine. After these preliminary references to
the main anatomical points I will enter more fully upon the anatomical and histo-
logical structure of the various organs.

Bodij-v<nll and Clitellam. The finer structure must be left for future study.
The inner longitudinal muscular layer is considerably thicker than the transverse
layer and hypodermis together. The longitudinal strands are very thin and ribbon-
like, some being much longer than others and reaching through the width of the
layer, others being very much smaller, situated principally close to the transverse layer.
Figs. 77, 79, 09, etc.

The clitellum comprises about 6 somites, commencing in the posterior part of
ix and extending to the center or posterior part of xiv. The clitellar glandular
cells, one layer thick, are oblong, irregular, flask-like, containing very coarse, angular,
grains (fig. 79). They are separated or interspersed by large non-staining cells.
The peritoneum is rather poor in blood vessels, but the layer is very thick, in places
almost as thick as the longitudinal muscular layer (fig. 82, pr).

Septa. None of the septa are abnormally thickened. The first distinct sep-
tum is seen between somites v and vi. The septa are straight, not cup-shaped. Those
surrounding the various divisions of the prostate are much firmer than the others.
They constrict the prostate, in fact the latter appears notched at every septum
(figs. 78, 92, 94).

Alimentary canal. The alimentary canal can properly be only divided in two
parts — jiharynx and intestine. The pharynx which ends in somite v is developed
latterally and dorsally, but not ventrally (figs. 83, 77). The thickened part is very
thick, consisting of the usual narrow and almost filiform cells. The ventral part is

86 CALIFORNIA ACADKMV OK SCIENCES.

very tliiii, lliirincr in I'iict tliaii any oilier [kuI of iIk! alimentary cuikiI. Of the Ualance
of tlii.s canal there is no distinction hetweeii uwophaj^iis and sacculated intestine. Tiie
gilt is every where sacculated, only increa-sing in thickness towards the genital somites,
where it is thickest. The alimentary canal throughout its length is lined hy a
columnar, ciliated epithelium, outside of which is a v(;ry thick va.scular layer, with
large blood lacunes, directly connected with the dorsal and ventral vessels, wiiich are
closely attached to, or almost imbedded in the intestine. The latter as well as the
vessels are covercti wllii chloragogic cells, which, especially in the region <jf the
dorsal vessel, are very large (tigs. 85 to 91), the layer l)eing thickest close to the
strands of mesenteric tissue connecting the intestine with body-wall.

The free coiloraic lateral vessels in the eight anterior somites are similarly
surrounded by a thick mass of glandular cells, arranged around muscular .strands, and
which are quite distinct from the chloragogic cells and more resemble real glands.
Their reaction to stains is entirely distinct from that of the chloragogic cells of the
main ve.ssels and of the alimentary canal, staining very deeply with aramoniated
hicmatoxylon (fig. 84), and showing a coarser grainy secretion, while the real chlora-
gogic cells remain much more pellucid and contain much finer grains. Cells similar
to the former are also seen attached to the cffilomic covering of the pro.state (fig.
107, etc.) They also greatly resemble the glandular cells, or multicellular glands
from the pharyn.x of Pontodrilus and other oligochicta, possessing i)liaryngeal glands.

The vascular layer of the intestine is very much developed, especially on the
ventral side, where it connects with the ventral vessel, through a thick band of mesen-
teric and connective ti.ssue. This as well as the walls of the blood vessels were so
thickly studded with a protozoa (Hjcmagregarina) that the structui-e of the layer
could not even in a single instance be properly made out.

There are no pharyngeal glands, though a few glandular cells are seen scat-
tered about between the muscular strands connnecting the pharynx with the body-
wall, lint these cells resemble more chloragogen cells than true pharyngeal glands.

The (entes arc of no unusual structure. The anterior pair, in the specimens I
opened, are smaller than the posterior pair, which were always forked, while the ante-
rior pair was undivided.

The ODiirij in xi is always sigmoid of irregular shape and present the peculiarity
that seldom more than one ovum is developed at a time, this one being situated not at
the ])eriphery or at the free end of the ovary, but in the inner angle of the sinus. The
ovum is uiuisually small in si/(_' and readily detachcil I'ikui the gonad (figs. 78, 108).
It grows large after separation, and is found in numbers in the posterior somites.

The ornnj is of large size reaching far ijuck to tiie posterior septum. Its lower
end is not oidy attached to the se[)tum and body-wall, but also to the narrow end of
the outer sperm funnel (or ciliated rosette) fig. OG. In one of the specimens sectioned
the <jvaries either extended past the ovidiicl through somite xii, or there wsis a second
pair of ovaries in xii. Heddard has similarly remarked liiat the ovary in Sutroa is
attached to the cells of -the spermidiu-al ftinn(d.

PACIFIC COAST OLIGOCH.KTA. 87

Spermatheca. As stated there is one pair situated in ix, the spermathecal pore
boina; posterior to the setiP, and in line with the inner couples. The spermatheca
consists of two distinct parts, as is usual in this group, the lower nuiscular part, and
an ni)[)L'r rounded part consisting- of an unicellular layer of dice-shaped cells. This
rounded chamber was sometimes situated in the same somite, ix, as the muscular
body, but frequently it projected backwards into somite x.

The structure of this muscular part is re[)resented in ligure SU. The inner epithe-
lial layer, consists of narrow columnar cells, with rounded nuclei and striated proto-
plasm. Exterior to this layer, there is a thin one of transverse or circular muscles,
outside of which again is an epithelial stratum one or two cells deep, with slightly
oblong nuclei, the cells themselves being irregularly dice-shaped (fig. 82).

Prostate and sper inducts. The most interesting, as well as the most complicated
structure of this species, is the prostate, of which I am now able to give a fuller ac-
count, which I believe will not leave any of the points of its structure in doubt.

I have already referred to the three main divisions of the organ, the proximal
one consisting of a long cylindrical tube, containing penis, atrium and prostate.
Second, a very narrow tube of almost the same structure as the prostate part of the
former, connecting with a long cylindrical chamber of somewhat modified structure,
into which the two spermducts open, quite near its junction with the naiTow part or
bridge. If we, however, disregard the difference in size of these various parts and
only consider the structure, we find that the whole organ may also be divided in
three parts:

First, the proximal part, which is entirely confined to somite x. This i:)art is
upright, so to say, does not run backwards; it is also somewhat bent, forming a right
angle with the balance of the organ. This part consists of penis, and a long tubular
part which, in want of a better name, I designate as atrium (fig. 100 atr. and p.).
With somite xi commences a change of structure of this organ, common both to the
wide part and to the very narrow i^osterior part. I will refer to it as the prostate
proper, as it contains the thick layer of regular prostate cells so common in all higher
oligochseta where this organ occurs; it is the " two layer " — prostate of Beddard. The
third part or storage chamber is characterized by the absence of this layer.

I will now refer to each one of these three or four parts in succession and more
in detail, beginning with the penis and atrium.

Next to the body-wall, ending at the transverse muscular layer and from there
stretching inwards, is a reversible sac — a preputium — consisting of epithelial cells,
with very large, round, compressed nuclei and striated contents. This epithelium is
surrounded by a thin muscular layer (fig. 100, pre., 101).

Into this preputium opens a penial glans (fig. 100 p. qls., 101, etc.), consisting of
two separate covers, posteriorly attached to a collar of larger rounded or i)ear-shaped
cells, at the base of which are seen a number of muscular plates. This collar is
folded on itself, one part of the fold connecting with outer and one part with the
inner cover of the glans. Through the median line of these parts runs a long, very

Memoirs, Vol. II, 4. February, 1S95.

88 TAMKOKNIA A<AI>KMV OF SCIENCES.

iiaiiiiw excretory tube witli thick wiiUs. Nearest tlie iimli' pure this tube is quite
striiii:;ht, or only slii^htly foliled, I)ut at its distal end tln' wiiKlin^^s are greatly packed
or irrcf^nlarly coileil (fi;;. !'!*, tuln).

The part posterior to the pcnial collar 1 have designated the atrinni proper,
simply because it does not contain any inner layer of glandular cells, and because in its
distal (Mil it connects with the true prostate. The excretory tube continues all through
this pari and is, so to say, suspended in a more or less dense ma.ss of fibrous tissue.
Nearer the collar this nui-ss is reduced to a few strands oidy, but towards the distal end
it becomes quite den.se, especially so nearest the tube, while towards the periphery it is
nnich less dense ((ig. 02,/. /., fdjrous tissue;/, xl., fibrous strands). Fig. 100 repre-
sents a cross-section taken near the distal end; the tid^e is seen coile(| in the center,
while fibrous tissue connects it with the walls of the atrium.

The exterior layers of the atrium are constructed very much as the same lay-
eis o| the prostate proper and the storage chamber. There are three layers which
are common to the two diflfereiit parts of the [)r()state. Interiorly a thin layer of eir-
cidar nuisclcs somewhat variabh; in thickness in difTeiciit parts, but generally tjnly
three or four strands thick. Exterior to this layer runs a spirally wound layer of lon-
gitudinal muscles, arranged in band-like plates, and when seen in cro.s.s-section re-
sembling a row of fringes (figs. 100, 101, 102, 103, lOG, 107, /. m). Fig. 107 shows these
plates, highly magnified, to consist of rather rectangular muscular strands. Exterior
to this layer of I. m. muscles we find everywhere a broken row of prostate glands of
very minute size, appearing to [)enetrate in between the muscular j)Iates, though on
account of the macerated condition of the tissues I could not follow their tubes. These
small glands, which barely project outside of the muscles, are found everywhere from
the distal end of the storage chamber to the penial collar, wherever this muscular
layer is found. In places they are continuous, in others scattered about, seldom more
than one row thick (fig. 101, 7/s). Ihit as we reach the region of the narrow part of
tlu; |)roslate and especially the [)art of the storage chamber where the spermducts
enter, we find another thicker layer of prostate glands similarly scattered over the
longitudinal muscular fringe (figs. 102, 103, 10(>, 107, ///•. ///. s, small pro,state glands;
pr. (ft. /., large prostate glands). In the region where the spcimducts enter the stor-
age chamber this layer of large prostate cells is almost continuous and considerably
thicker than the muscular layers combined (fig. 103).

The prostate proper contains besides these layers of muscles and exterior
prostate glands two inner layers, which resemble and propably correspond to the two
cell-layers found in the prostate of the higher oligoclweta, viz.: one layer of lining
epithelium (fig. 101) and one layer of glandular pro.state cells, with veiy large nuclei,
and separated one from the other by transparent spaces, through which possibly enter
projections of the exterior prostate glands. These two characteristic layers do not
extend to the narrowest part of the pro.state. Hence tlu' nuiseular layer is covered
by a single row of inner lining epithelium with large, slightly oblong nuclei (fig.
102), whicli in the very inirrowest part are about 12 to 14 in the row.

The proximal end of the storage chandxi' is lined by a very thick I'pitludium

PACIFIC COAST OLlGOCH^TA. 89

with very ol)long nuclei (fi<;-. lOo ep.). This epithelium is thickened only at the
anterior side, nearest the narrow tube (fig. 104), l)nt narrows quickly both superiorly
and posteriorly. The inner transverse muscular layer is similarly thickened in this
region (fig. 105, f. in.).

The storage chamber contains the .same general layers as the narrow bridge.
The inner lining epithelium is narrow, with very compressed miclei, with the flat side
lying against the muscular wall (fig. 107).

The nature of the prostate differs apparently much from that of the prostates of
some members of Lumbriculidje, especially Sutroa, as lately more minutely described
by Beddard, but more resembles in structure Lumiirieuhis. But T am more inclined
to compare its makeup with the prostate of Moniligaster. In Eclipidrilus the pros-
tate contains the characteristics of both Limicohe and Tericohe, if I may yet use the
expression. The inner two-celled layer of the jirostate which is characterizing most
higher earth worms, possessing a prostate, is superposed by the layers, muscular and
glandular which characterize Tubifex, Moniligaster, etc.

iSj)ermdncts. I am now able to describe the spermducts for the first time.
They enter the storage chamber of the prostate near to the bridge and close to-
gether, but still entirely separate (fig. 95), and when the inner surface of the
chamber is viewed from above the entrance pores are seen as two small slightly ele-
vated papilhe (fig. 95 sp.) From these the spermducts, which are of very minute
size, run forward parallel to the prostate, one on either side, except alongside of the
bridge where they run close together. The outer pair leave the prostate in xi, dip
down to the ovaries in which they are partially engaged and push their ciliated
rosettes through septum x/xi, the rosettes opening in x. The inner spermducts are
similarly engaged in the gonads in x, push through septum ix/x and open their
I'osettes in ix, all very close to the liody-wall.

The rosettes are only one cell thick, very thin and flat, with the posterior sur-
face attached to the septum, the anterior lip only being free. Only the inner deeper
surface of the rosettes is ciliated.

Sperm-sacs, one on each side and continuous from the beginning of the sperm-
atheca, reach as far back or further than the posterior end of the storage chamber of
the prostate. Generally the sperm-sacs reach two or three somites further back.
Each sac is separate from the other and consists of one continuous bag contracted
somewhat at the septa. It is not racemo.se and does not connect with the septa as in
so many of the higher forms, but greatly resembles those of Sutroa. The sperm-sac
only covers the prostate, but does not properly enclose it, as it does not extend to the
space between the prostate and the intestine. With the latter, however, it is con-
nected by two continuous walls of connective tissue, one on the dorsal and one on
the ventral side of the intestine. In the enclosure thus formed the prostate, as well as
the upper part of the spermatheca, lies free.

In the posterior parts of the sperm-sacs are always seen very large sacs of yolk
granules. In one specimen I found a mass of these yolk granules surrounding the

\){) fAI.IJOKNIA ACADEMY OK SCIENCES.

spermiitozoii ill tlio ]iros(iitc storaj^^e clianibor (figs. 120 to Tio). The yolk sacs are
fiv(|iioiitly so large that they fill the larger part of the ctjeloiuic cavity pressing
the intestine close np against the wall of body.

Nephridia. The most anterior iieplirostome is fomnl in iii in front of septum
iii iv. The most anterior nephropore is found in iv in I'lont of the inner couple of
seta^. There are ncjihridia (pores) in iv, v, vi, vii and viii, while somites x, xi, xii
have no nejihridia. The neck of the ncplirostonu' contains a large glandular swcdl-
ing, to which is attached muscles connecting with the septum. This neck is perforated
by several narrow ductules, which occasionally branch. The duct appears to con-
sist of a single tube not covered by peritoneal glands. On account of the lather mac-
erated condition of the specimens I could not investigate the ncpridial .structure any
closer.

Some of the specimens collected by my friend were from a new locality and
.somewhat larger in size. This locality is Three Spring Meadow, on the east
side of the North Fork of Kings River, opposite the natural bridge, at an altitude of
about 8,000 or 9,000 feet, and several thousand feet above the river bottom at that
point. They were there found under some old logs lying across the meadow, and over
which the water was fiowing, the worms being attached to the surface of the decayed
wood. These specimens were about ^ larger than those from the springs at Alpine
Meadows on the South Fork of Kings River several thousand feet higher up, but I
find no distinct characteristics, though the spermathcca ai)poared more twisted.
Among the specimens were a few of TcliiKitndrUus IVytZocs/i///, for which 1 am thus
able to note a new locality.

rACIFIc: COAST OI,I(iOCH.l-;TA. 91

• .

Plate xxx.

92 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

PLATE XXX.

PHCENICODRILUS TASTE.

lA. Semi-dingiammatic view of the body in a lougituiliiml vertical section, sbowing the position and proportion of
the various oryans. phx. pharynx, nl. yl. salivary glands, sji-gl. septal glands, up. x. sperm-sacs. <-/. cli-
tellnui. h. hearts and dorsal vessel. «■. cesophagns. sjilh. sperniathecn. dirt, divertienlum of usophngus.
t. testes, si. sacculated intestine. ?. ovipore. ov. ovary. <? male pore.

IB. View of the interior organs, the body-wall being laid open from above. On the right hand side the sperm-
sacs have been removed in order to show the underlying organs. The letters indicate the same as in tigure
one. The shaded part of somites xiv to xviii indicate the clitellum proper, ac. accessory copulatory papillw

around the outer seta' in somite xiv.

2. Longitudinal section through some of the anterior somites, from a section lateral to the (esophagns, illustrating
the connection between the sei)tal and sujira osophagal glands and their dutts, which all open into the upper
wall of the pharynx, s. septum. Inl. u-. body-wall. sLr/l. salivary or supra pharyngeal glands, s. gl. sep-
tal glands.

;{. Spermatheca in outline.

4. The spermdnct and male pore viewed from above or from the interior of the body. Both are covered by the
longitudinal muscles, as well as by numerous arciform muscles.

JE|

i

PACIFIC COAST OLIGOCH.KTA.

93

Plate xxxi

94 CALIKOK.NIA AfADK.MV UF SCIENCES.

PLATE XXXI.

PHCENICUDRILUS TASTE.

.5. A transverse seotinu of thr body-wiill iu souiite xvii, through the male pore showing the degenerated atrium
and the wider upper piirt where enters the spermduct. These latter have just Vjeeu fused and enter the pore
as one siugle duet. <(. clitellar cells, hij. hypodcrmal layer, cl. collar of epithelium of the atrial ehaiuher.
rtc m. aroiform muscles. /. »;>. fused sperniduet just eutcriiig the atrial chamber. /. m. longitudinal mus-
cular layer of body-wall. tr. m. transverse muscular layer of body-wall. '. male pore.

G.\. The section nearest anterior to the former, showing the spermducts just as they enter the atrial chamber.
The spermducts are not yet fused. Figures indicate the same as in the preceding figure. »;). spermducts just
before being fused together.

6H. Section nearest anterior to the former showing the two spermducts, etc.

7. The three somites xvi, xvii and xviii viewed from the interior, the alimentary canal and nerve-cord having been

removed, as well as nephridia.

8. One of the setaa magnified, the same relative proi)orlluu as that usid in my piii)er on Oinemdrilus.

9.\. One of the uephrostomes seen in front views. When in proper position the face of the rosette stands
parallel to the septum, r. rosette proper, n. neck with very large glandular cells, h. </. narrow duct.
a. septum. /. fold of the main nephridial body.

!)B. Nephrostome seen from the side, the position when the body is opened and spread out. Letters indicate the
same as in the last figure.

10. O:io of the muscles connecting septal glands with body-wall, in cross-section, .s. sci)tum. m. muscular

fascicle.

1 1 . One of the i)oslerior nephridia seen under a low magnifying power in order to show the peritoneal covering

and the general outline of the canals in the lower peritoneal lobe. a. f. anterior fold of canals. /)./. posterior
fold of canals, xpn. the partially free spur. s. septum. nsl. nephrostome. «/<. nephropore. »■. I. the
wule tube leading to the nei)liropore. hr. bridge connecting the spur with one of the folds. u. I. upper
lobe of peritoneal cells which docs not contain any canals, e. I. connecting lobe. I. I. lower lobe. The two
peritoneal lobes vary greatly in shape and hardly two are found exactly alike, though the |general form is the
same in all.

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lu.

PACIFIC COAST OLIGOCU.KTA.

95

Plate xxxii.

yy CAMI'OKMA ACAUKMV OF SCIENCES,

I'l.ATE XXX 11.

l'HOiNICX)DKILUS TASTE.

I"J. ()ii( iif till' iiostorior ncpliiidiit iiicni' liij,'lil_v iii:iguilie<l, to show the cuur.se of thi' cnuals.

13. VlKLiiiiooiliilus taste, natural size, the worm hiiviuy lir.-it been killed gradually with iiicreasinj,' streugtb of

nleohol. Largest Kpeciiiien.

14. Section of the iutestiiio at the point of connection with the diverticula, in onler to show the arraugeiueut

of the blood vessels and the subdivisions of the diverticula. This figure is taken at the junction and shows
the diverticulum as one chambered, and with a large blood vessel penetrating the diverticulum from the
outside. This blood vessel comes from the dorsal vessel. This and the following live figures are outline
drawings from slides, but the details of less importance are not filled in. ht. small vessels iu the vascular
layer of the alimentary canal, dv. diverticulum, lit. v. large blood vessel penetrating the diverticulnm
from the exterior, ep. epithelial lining of the intestine, m. I. muscular layer of the intestine.

la. Section closely following, or anterior to the former, showing the diverticulum as one chambered and with a
division of the blood vessels into smaller ones. Letters indicate the same as in the former figure.

16A. A section of one of the diverticula a little anterior to the former, the organ is yet one chambered, and a large
blood vessel is seen on the left side or the side nearest the intestine. I. hi. t\ very large vessel, hi. v. small
vessels in the wall of the diverticulum.

KiB. A section anterior to the former, showing the beginning of the subdivision of the diverticulum.

160. .\ section next anterior to the former, showing the diverticulum two chambered.

ItiD. .V section near the ce:iter of the diverticulum, showing six interior ehauibered and a multitude of blood
vessels.

16E. A part of diverticulum more highly magnified, showing uuulii and striated cycloplasm.

16F. Section of alimentary canal.

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I'ACIFIC COAST OLIGOCH.KTA.

97

Plate xxxiii.

1)8 (;ai,ii'okma aiadiomv ok sciences.

PLATE XXXIII.

PHCJiNICODHILUS TASTE.

17. Ijougitudiiiftl section of the aliincutivry caunl ((usoplmgiLs), in vi. e/i. iuucr lining epithelium, r//. glnndnhir

cells, hi. blood siims. m. the two mnscnlnr layers, pt. peritoneal epithelium.

18. Longituilinnl section of the pharynx, showing the ghimliilar ilucta aud ductules penetrating the pharyngeal

epithelium. <■/. ciliated surface, n. ep. nuclei of epitlielium. dus. ductules, ilnrt. large duct fiom the
pharyngeal glands above the fesophagus. n. ep. cesophageal epithelium joining the pharyngeal ciliated
epithelium.

19. Section of the body through one of the clitellar somites, a diagrammatic view, to show the relative size of the

different layers of the body-wall. (/. c. dorsal vessel, .s. S. saculated intestine. »i. /. the muscular layers.
rl. c. clitellar cells, up. d. spermducts. c. v and n. c. ventral vessel and nerve cord.

•20. .V diagrammatic section of the body in somite ix showing the relative size, etc., of the diverticnla and the
layers of the body-wall. d. v. dorsal vessel. .</<. s. sperm-sacs in somites ix and x. ilic. diverticula of the
intestine. i\ v. ventral vessel. )i. c. nerve cord.

21. Section of body-wall of a uon-ditellar somite. _</. r. nniiillulfir glands. .i. r. supporting cells, t.m. trans-
verse muscular layer. I. m. longitudinal umscular layer. />r. peritoneum.

KE11RI.\ McDONALDI.

2.S. Ncphridium of Kirria MiDonaldi from one of the somites closely posterior to the clitellum. pr. s. peritoneal
sac with nuclei. The posterior end of this sac is not furnished with blood capillaries, c. hi. capillary blood
vessels, spreading principally through the peritoneal sac. a. I. anterior lobe. p. I. posterior lobe, nephr. si.
nephrostome. nephr. pr. nephropore. w. d. wide duct outlet, n. d. narrow duct. nee. neck of the
nephridium. hr. bridge, apr. spur. s. septum.

PONTODRILUS MIOIIAELSENI.

24. A specimen, natural size, having been slowly killed and extended. One of the largest specimens, the majority
l)eing only one-half as large.

2"). The three anterior somites seen from the side. /)r. prostomium. per. peristomium.

26. The anterior part of the worm more highly magnified, ventral view. rl. clitellum. ! male pore. splh. p.

spermathecal pores, ov.p. ovipore. c.pr.m. cushion where ends the fan-shaped fascicle of prostate or arci-
forra muscles, c. c. exterior copulatory cushion.

27. Part of the body-wall laid open and spread out to show the relative distances of the setie, the numerals

indicating tin' nuuibcr of the seta. The ventral nerve cord is indicated.

28. One of the seta' highly magnilied.

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PACIFIC COAST OLIGOCn.'ETA. 99

Plate xxxiv.

100 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

PLATE XXXIV.

PONTODRILUS MICHAELSENI.

'JU. A somewhat dingrniumntiv view of tlip anterior somites Heeii in loii^-itiKliiml section. I>r. brain, mo. month.
/i/i.r. jiharynycal cavity. ;</i2'. pharynx, m. nniKCiilur strand connectin).; |iharynx with the lioily-wall. nl.ijl. khI-
ivary or [iliaryngenl (,'hiu(ls opening by ducts in the pharynx, the ducts being snpported by njnscnlar strands
(stained yellow), gn. ijl. smaller gland; connected with blood vessel. ;//. glands connected with the lateral vessels.
le. cesophagMS. iZ. ii. dorsal blood vessel. «. septa. «/<<A. spermatheca, and their diverticula. The lower end
of the spermatheca is greatly enlarged, forming propiilsory bursa. KjHh. p. spermathecal pore. I. testes.
01). ovaries, ovd. oviduct, c r. ciliated rosettes. A. hearts, sp. s. sperm-sacs. These sacs are principally
ventral to the oesophagus. Hc/<Ar. nephridia, the most anterioroue is found in somite xiii. r/. clitellnm. yl.er.
glandular crop in shape resembling a gizzard, s.i. sacculated iutestine. //r. prostate. ^ the muscular duct
of the prostate cut through, c. c. copulatory cushion. The dotted line indicates the outlines of the duct as
they ajipcar in other sections.

.'to. Section through the posterior part of the pharyngeal glands, showing the arrangement of the glands, dncts,

muscles and blood vessels, all in vertical section, /p. cesophagus. (/). inner epithelial lining, m. <r. circular

lesophageal muscles, m. muscular strands, phx. gl. pharyngeal gland. //. r. dorsal vessel.

In this figure the glands are stained violet, the muscles appear as yellow and the ducts are dark violet. The

blood vessels are black (Corosive sublimate, abs. alcohol, orange G. amm. hiematoxylon. Thus in xylol.

This and the following five figures are all drawn from sections treated in the same way.)

.'tl. .\ longitudinal section of a lobe, showing the general arrangement of the glands and ducts, due. ducts from
the gland, leading anteriorly to the pharynx. ;//. c. glandular cells. hi. <jL blood glands. m. supporting
muscular strands, hi. r. blood vessels.

.'t'2. .\ small glandular lobe more highly magnified. The letters indicate the same as in the preceding figure. The
nuclei are stained yellowish with orange G. The secretion of the cells is preciiiitated ? and stained dark violet
with amm. h.'ematoxylou.

.S.S. A part of a glaud, with supporting muscles.

.'M. Two sections of muscular strands, showing the connection with the ducts in which the secretion has been
stained deep blue.

3"). One of the glandular cells with nucleus stained yellow. The vacuoles (im.) are white, the protoplasm grayish,
while the secretions are stained dee]) bluish-violet.

.'IGA. The proximal end of two glandular ducts where they penetrate the epithelial lining of the pharynx, near its
dorsal side, showing theductules or eud dncts leading between theepithelial cells, hi. blood vessels, m. ;<A.
supporting muscles for the ducts connecting with pharynx. I. m. transversal muscles cut ocross. ijl. d.
glandular ducts leading from the gland at the distal eud beyond the pharynx. These ducts are the largest
and collective ones, having received the secretion from many smaller ducts. </>. epithelial cells lining the
pharyngeal cavity, ijl. dt. glandular ductules passing between the former into the pharyngeal cavity, n.gl.
two of the smallest of the salivary glands, a few of which are found at the periphery of the pharynx.

.'KiH. A longituilinal section of one of the small septal glands, one pair of which is found in v, vi, vii, viii, ix.
'■. /./. V. connecting blood vessel between the ventral vessel c. hi. vi and the dorsal vessel. This vessel is
cut in two places, the one marked <■. hi. vii being nearest to and just below the (esophagus {le. v.) the ventral
outline of which only is figured diagrammatically. n. septum, outline of, between vi. vii. ;//. small glands, a
few of which surround the somewhat larger septal gland. «. ijl. the largest septal gland, ip. r. wandering or
perigastric corpuscles, il. I. discharge ducts from glands, probably connecting with the pharynx.

.'17. Cross-section of an immature specimen, through the inters<'gmeiital groove between somites xvii /xviii, just
anterior to the copulatory cushions. In this section no clitellar cells have yet developed on the ventral side
of the l>ody. hy. hypodcrniis. t. m. transverse muscular layer. /. m. limgitudinal niuscular layer, inph.
iiepliiUliuni. .v. «. septum between xvii/xviii. »h. muscles connecting the glandular part of the sperma-
theca with the body-wall. <//. /•>■. glandular i)art of the prostate, .i/id. the sperm-duct just entering the
glandular prostate, tii, /ir. muscular part of the iirostate. c. nr. ventral nerve cord. .v. i. sacculated intes-
tine.

.'tS. C'ross-section of the body of an immature specimen, through somite xviii, the section passing through the
copulatory cushions and through a part in which the clitellar colls on the ventral side of the body are already
developed, a. m. arciform muscles connecting the copulatory region with the dorsal part of the boily-wall.
rl. r. clitellar colls developed in this somite only on the ventral side, never extending to the dorsal side even
in fully mature s])eciniens. Other letters indicate the same as in the preceding figure.

;(!). ('ross-seitioii tliidugh somite xiii close to the anterior septum. The clitellar cells are here fully developed.
». .1. part of septum between xii/xiii. rl. r. clitellar cells, only ilcveloped dorsally. r. rl. ventral termini of
the clitellar cellH. i.e. ovaries, iipd. siieriinluct. I. i. tubular intestine, dv. dorsal vessel A. hearts.

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PACIFIC COAST OMGOCHiETA.

101

Plate xxxv.

1(12 c;amfoknia acahk.my uk scjknces.

PLATE XXXV.

PONTODRILUS MICHAELSENI.

40. Cross-Beotion through somite xvii of a matiire specimen Hhowiug the development of the clilellar cells on the

dorsal and lateral sides of the clitellum. i\ cl. ventral termini of the clitellar cells. il. i\ dorsal vessel.
». I. sacculated intestine. neph. nephridinm. 'jl. i>r. glandular part of prostate. /ir. m. muscular part of
prostate. m. muscles connecting the prostate with the body-wall. I. m. transverse muscles. /. m. longi-
tudinal muscles, rl. clitellar colls, c. cl. ventral termini of the clitellar region.

41. Cross-section through a strongly contracted, fully matured specimen, through somite xviii, showing the copula-

tory cushions as fully developed, as well as the clitellar cells on the ventral side. Unfortunately the only fully
developed specimen at m_v disposal had been badlj' contracted, hence the cells appear smaller than they wnuld
have done in properly prepared specimens, c. c. copnlatory cushions, a. m. areiform or fan-shaped muscu-
lar strands, which contract the copnlatory region, i. t. m. interior transverse muscular strand, ending
respectively in the copnlatory cushions and in the projecting ventral lubes of the br)dy. Other letters as in
the last four figures.

4'J. The body-wall viewed from the inner side of somites xvii, xviii and xix, showing the genital region of the loft
side. ///•. m. prostate muscles connecting this organ with the body-wall. n. m. areiform muscles connecting
the copnlatory cushion with the upper body-wall. c. r. copnlatory cushion, .s/i. m. muscles connecting the
body-wall with the prostate at the junction with the spcrmduct. n/i.il. spermduct. 1 anil .^ ». first and
second seta. v. c. ventral nerve cord. <ll- pr. glandular prostate, m. pr. muscular prostate, s. in. smaller
muscles, fan-like arranged, confined entirely to the copulatory cushion, sp. il. p. spermidncal pore overlaid
by muscles, n. septa.

i'.i. A somewhat diagonal longitudinal section through the body-wiiil and copnlatory cushion in somite xviii. The
section is parallel with the muscular fan of areiform muscles, passing through the copulatory cushion near
but not through the body-wall. Illustrating the arrangement of the muscular strands around the prostate iu
the vicinity of the male pore. The letters indicate the same as iu the preceding figure.

44. A longitudinal section through the cojuilatory cushion and the body-wall, the section being almost vertical.

pr. prostate, just leaving the areiform nmscles, and inimidiately before bending down towards the prostate
pore. 711. muscles connecting the prostate with the body-wall. n. m. the entrance of the areiform muscles
into the copulatory cushion.

45. A horizontal section of ihe body through somite xviii and the copulatory cushions, showing their size and

position, etc.

PACIFIC COAST OLIGOCH.ETA.

103

Plate xxxvi

KM CAI-H'OltMA ACADKMY OF SflENC'ES.

PLATE XXXVI.

I'UNTODKILUS MICHAELSENI.

46A. Scrtion thi'ovish tlio rudiiiu-utiiry gizzard or thickening of the iutcstiiml wall in soniitf v. *

4(iB. One of the circuhir muscular strands of the former figure.

46C. Section of the alimentary wall adjoining posteriorly to the rudiuicutary gizzard in somite vi.

4T. .\ loiigiindiual section through the intestine showing the glandular-crop in somites xiv, xv, xvi, and the be-
ginning of the sacculated intestine in xvii. d.v. dorsal vessel, d. r. c. connection between the dorsal vessel
and the vascular system of the crop. ijt. rr. glandular crop. hi. k. blood sinns in the outer layer of the
glandular layer, gl. c. glandular cells constituting the bulk of the crop. elo. chloragogeu cells, hi. I. the
two muscular layers, t. i. the end of the tubular intestine or cesophagus.

48. A section of the former more highly magnifitd, showing the glandular cells which constitute the crop and the
branched lumens which are especially ]>rouounced in the outer part of the layer. /.»«., (. ni. the two mns-
cular layers, which here are not more developed than in any other i)art of the intestine.

40. Cross-section through the glandular crop iu the posterior part of the organ in somite xvi. In this section only
few of the glandular cells are found.

50. A section anterior to the former, but in the same somite. Here many more of tlic glandnlar cells arc seen. Iu

these two sections the chloragogen layer is thick and the cells crowded, similarly the ridges of the epithelial
cells aie high and separated by deep grooves.

51. A similar cross-section through the crop in somite XV. Both the chloragogen cells and the epithelial cells are

lower.

.VJ. .\notlicr cross-section showing the entrance of a blood vessel from the dorsal vessel into the vascular system
of the glandular cro)).

5.'}. .\ part of the glandular cells of the crop more highly maguilied showing the strncture of the colls and the
branched lumens between them. fjl. c. glandular cells. /. lumen, hi. blood sinus, cp. inner epithelial
cells.

54. An oblicjue section through the surface of the crop showing the two muscular layers, a blood siuns and a few
chloragogic cells cut through. The glandular cells immediately below are not delineated.

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PACIFIC COAST OLIGOOH.HTA. 105

Plate xxxvii.

100 CALIKOICNIA ACADIOMY OV SCIE>'CE.S.

PLATE XXXVIT.

rONTODRILUS MICHAELSENI.

55. A spoimntheca with its diverticulum seeu from interior of the l)ody, when the body-wall is spread out. upth. p.

spermiithcciil pore. il. diverticulum, up-., iuner sac-like enlaryemeut where the spermatozoa are massed.

56. A cross-sectiou of the hody-wall throuj^h the spermatheca near its pore. v. I. thin vascular layer or perito-

neum, l.m. longitudinal muscle.s. /. m. transverse muscles, hy. hypodermis. npz. spermatozoa, int. ii.
interstitial nuclei, fu. epithelial nuclei and cells, e. m. circular muscles of the spermatheca. (/;r. diver-
ticulum.

57. A cross-section of the diverticulum of the spermatheca. in. inner nuclei of the epithelium, ints. n. inter-

stitial nuclei, c. m. circular muscles. ///. vascular layer, gl. c. exterior glandular layer consisting of a
double or triple row of cells.

58. A longitudinal section of the body-wall, somites vii, viii and ix made through the spermathecal pore, spth, p.

spermathecal pore. .yilh. the lower, enlarged part of the spermatheca, which forms a strongly muscular
papilla, dr. the junction with the diverticulum, net. seta. /. »i. longitudiual muscles. /. m. transverse
muscles, a. s. anterior septum of somite viii. p. s. posterior septum of somite viii.

59. One of the testes.

(iO, A longitudiual section of one of the testes.

01 . An ovary.

(j2. Longitudinal section of an ovary.

63. Longitudiual section of the oviducal funnel. «. septum.

51.

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PACIFIf COAST OLIGOCHiETA. JQ'J-

Plate xxxviii.

108 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCKS.

PLATE XXXVIII.

PONTODKILDS MICHAELSENI.

Gt, Section throiigb the body iu somite xi, showing the sperm-aacs and their relative position. ». anterior septam.
(/. V. dorsal vessel. h. hearts. <r. cesophagus. v. v. the hrauehed ventral vessel, sp. ». the racemose
sperm-sacs situated much veutrally of the intestine. »i. c. ventral nerve cord. /. m. and (. m. longitudinal
and transverse muscles of the body.

65. A cross-sectiou of the same region more magnified, s. x/xi. septum between x/xi. «. xi/xii. septum between
xi/xii. sp. n. one of the sperm-sacs. .«/):. spermatozoa. 7». c mother cells, c. r. ciliated rosette, m. ra.
muscles connecting the septum below the sperm-sac with the oesophagus.

00. .\ more longitudinal section of the ciliated rosette, showing the muscles and the blood vessels in the thick
funnel.

07. Another section through the ciliated rosette, showing the thick layer of blood vessels below the ciliated
epithelium.

OS. \ cross-section through the glandular part of the prostate, near the entrance of the spermduct. ep. epithelial
cells with round nuclei, r. m. circular muscles, e. glandular cells, m. muscles connecting with the body-
wall, sp. d. spermduct.

09. (!ros8-section Ihrnugh the muscular part of the prostate.

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PACIFIC COAST OLIGOCH.'ETA. 109

Plate xxxix.

Ill) CALIFORNIA ACADKMV OK SCIENCES.

PLATE XXXIX.

PONTODKILUS MICHAELSENI.

70. CrosH-sectioii of the budy iu samite xi, showing the relative thickness of the septa and budy-wall, the sepia
being very uiiich cupped, showing the msophagus, etc., of the somite ix, as well as the septnm and ciliated
rosettes of x. v. v. x. the ventral vessel in x where it connects with the hearts, v. v. ix. the two forms of
the ventral vessel. ;//. septal gland snrroiuuliug the connecting vessels iu somite ix. There are five pair of
these glands, one each in v, vi, vii, viii, ix.

7 1.V. One of the nephridia isolated. ;/. /. posterior lobe of the peritoneal sac of the nephridinm. a. I. anterior
lobe of the same. n-. windings of the canals where the two folds meet. }>■/• and a./, posterior and anterior
folds of the canal, n. p. nephroporo. n. at. uephrostome. spr. spur with four canals. Iir. bridge.
bl. V. blood vessels on the uephrldiuni.

71B. Nephrostome isolated, m. marginal cells, iv. d. wide duct. hic. neck iu which the narrow duct is seen to
be branched.

7-. An enlarged and souuwhat diiigrauimatic drawing of the course of the ducts, etc., of the nephridiuui. The
letters indicate the same as in the preceding figure. The canals have been representtd as further apart
than they are in reality, otherwise their course could nut have been clearly delineated. Wheu the uephridium
is viewed from above mounted in glycerine, the outlines of the canals are only dimly discernible, being giently
obscured by peritoneal cells and blood vessels, neither of which have been delineated. The shape of the
neck varies to some extent, iu some specimens being much wider than in others.

73. Various forms and sizes of blood-glands from the supra pharyngeal and septal salivary glands. Drawn from
paratiue sections, hardened in Formaline, and stained: ii. orange (>. alcohol, Ehrlicb's hiematoxylou amm.
h. rose aniline in hydrochloric alcohol, Bismark brown, and Ehrlich's ha^matoxylon. The latter combination
gives by far the finest results, clearly diSTerentiatiug the blood from the gland-secretion, this being very
imperfectly done by the orauge (J.

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PACIFIC CUAST OLItiOCII.in'A. J j[|

Plate xl

irj CAI.IIOUMA nCAUEMV OK SCIENX'ES.

PLATE XL.

PONTODKILUS MICHAELSENI.

74. ('ross-spction through the body-wall mid Ihrouyh the iiophroixiro and wide dmi. The latter is seen to enter

the ftluiidular iirok of the nepliridinm (""), its inner duet having lieen ent twiee, these cross-sections
being always of nneiiual width. The section a passes through the distal windings of the duets, the letters
in the duct indicating that they belong to the same duct. c. c. ciliated canal, always wider than the other.
The canal c. is a branch or forking of one of the other ducts. At d. about an inch of the drawing is left out
in order to economize room.

75. Longitudinal section of the nephridium near the windings showing the furkings of one of the canals, c. c. is

the ciliated larger canal, h. is the body of the nephridium, in which are eeen the branched canals and lacnnes,
as well as the branching blood vessels which arc held back.

76. Part of the neck in cross-section, a larger magnification of a section similar to « 74, showing the branching of

the narrow duct n. il. The wide duct w. il. I. is cut twice; the part uuukiil "•. il. is the i)art of the wide duct
as it leaves the neck for the exterior pore of the body- wall.

ECLIPIDKILUS FKKIIDUS.

77. \ diagrammatic view of the anterior somites of the body, composed from several longitudinal sections. Only

part of the vascular system is shown, and none of the nephridia, the princi|ml object being to
show the arrangement of the reproductive organs and the shape of the alimentary canal. Sperm-sacs not
shown, br. brain. bd. body-wall. j>hx. pharynx, c. r. connecting vessels. (/. r. dorsal vessel, c. r.
ventral vessel. <•/. clitellum. r. c. ventral nerve cord. I. first and second pair of testes. s^iM. spermatheca.
ov. ovary. oihI. oviduct. .-. ;■. inner and outer ciliated rosette, rl. clitellar layer of glands, sps.
spermatozoa. I. testes. chlo. chloragogcn cells. < male pore. /i. penis. nlr. ■(• /<r. prostate and
atrium, pr. m. muscular layer of prostate, pr. g. glandular part of prostate, atr. atrium, str. storage
chamber for protozoa, f/id. spermduct. int. intestine, br. bridge.

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PACIFIC COAST OLIGOOHiETA. II3

Plate xli.

114 CAI.llOliMA Ai'ADK.MY OK SCIENCES.

PLATE XLI.

ECLIPIDRILUS FKIGIDUS.

78. A (lingramumtic figure of the region of the reproductive organs, including somites ix to xvii, showing the arrange-

meats of the reproductive organs. The body- wall is represented ns being cut open dorsally and spread out.
br. the bridge or narrow part of the prostate connecting the wide and lower part with the storage chamber of
the spermatozoa, str. storage chamber of spermatozoa. The prostate and ciliated rosettes are somewhat
stretched, as otherwise they could not be seen both at the same time.

79. Part of theclitpllum in transverse section, showing the clitellar glands, the Innf^itmlinal an<l transverse mnscn-

lar layers.

80A. One of the blood glands or horzkiirper.

80H. A single gland cell of tin- former.

81. A transverse section of the dorsal vessel, showing the blood gland occupying the ventral part of the vessel.

82A. Cross-section of the lower part of the spermatheca, at the spermathecal pore. htl. body-wall. ep. inner lining
epithelium, m. muscular transverse layer, ex. exterior layer. /. m. longitudinal muscular layer of the
body-wall. I. m. transverse muscular layer of the body-wall.

8'2B. Cross-section of the distal end of the spermatheca.

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PACIFIC COAST OIJGOCH.I^.TA.

315

Plate xlii.

IJi; CAMKOKNIA AfADKMV OK SCIENCES.

PLATE XLII.

ECLIPIDIULUS FRIGIDIIS.

83-91. RepreKPiit somewhnt (liiif;rammatie views of trnusverse seetiou of the body, respectivfly tbrotiRh somites iii,
iv, ix, X, X, xi, xi, xiv ami xv. Of somites x aud xi sections from the nnterioi- and posterior parts are shown.
The following letters are common and indicate the same in each one of the figures: v. v. ventral vessel.
d. V. dorsal vessel, int. intestine. I. m. longitudinal muscular layer. I. m. transverse muscular layer.
V. c. ventral nerve cord. in. muscles and connective tissue uniting the intestine aud body-wall. sp. a.
sperm-sacs. c. i>. connecting vessels, cut in various places, phx. pharynx, shown to be developed only on
the upper side of the alimentary canal.

84. The intestine is here seen only to l]e connected with two superior muscular fascicles with the body-wiiU. The

connecting vessels between the ventral and dorsal vessels are covered with glandular cells, the contents of
which stains deeply with hieujatoxylon, and are of a dififerent nature from the chloragogic cells.

85. Section through the first clitellar somite ix. cl. clitellar layer, s/ith. spermatheca. >/>:. spermatoza.

86. Section through somite x. In this specimen both the spermatheca project into somite x. The blood vessels

which are seen in the sperm-sacs and surrounding the spermatheca are the anterior part of the anterior pair
of lateral vessels, which project no further thiui here.

87. Section through the posterior i)art of x cutting through the atrium aud penis. The ciliated rosettes were not

seen in this section, only some parts of the spernuluct. The blood vessels seen surrounding the penis aud
atrium are the anterior parts of the posterior pair of lateral longitudinal vessels.

88. Section through somite xi, close behind the anterior septum, showing the middle part of the outer ciliated

rosette cut through. The other rosettes having been torn were not seen on the section. The spermducts
are seen as a small circle, one on either side of the prostate.

89. Section through the posterior part of somite xi. The outer spermducts are seen os situated further down,

approaching each other, the approach being yet closer in the next section.

90. Section through somite xiv. The prostate l)eing lie.it zigzag is seen as cut iii three dififerent places. At a the

part anterior to the very narrow pirt or bridge is seen cut. At fi this very narrow part and at <• the posterior
part or storage chamber where the spermducts are seen eutering the chamber.

91. Section through somite XV. The storage chamber is cut close through its anterior end aud is seen snrronuded

by a thick layer of prostate glands.

92. Cross-section of tlie atrium below its junction with the prostate, yl. small prostate glands penetrating the outer

muscular layer, m. «. muscular layer. lube tube winding in the inner layer of fibrous tissue. Ji. nuclei
of lining layer, boundaries of the cells not distinct probably on account of maceration. A few nuclei only are
seen in the fibrous mass, which is much thicker in the center surrounding the tube.

93. Cross-section of the prostate proper in somite xii. ijl. k. small surface glands penetrating between the longi-

tudinal muscular layer, m.s. longitudinal muscular layer conii>osed of fascicles («• plates of strands. I.m.
transverse muscular layer. <//. <•. thick glamlular layer of one row of cells. /, i/i. lining ep. of cells. .<i^:.
spermatozoa.

94. Cross-section of the narrow part or bridge of the prostate. The layers are the same as in the preceding figure,

but of different relative thicknesses. Letters as in jueceding. s/i. sperm ducts, out. m. outer layer of
muscles, running in difl'erent directions.

95. Cross-section of the storage chamber in somite xv, posterior to. the entrance of the spermducts, but very close

to it. up. d. spermducts. ijl.s.l. large surface or prostate glands, (jl.s.s. small surface or prostate glands.
»H. «. longitudinal layer of muscles. ^ »n. transverse muscles, rp. lining epithelium with large nuclei.

90. A somewhat obli<jue section of the iioaterior part of the bridge, near its junction with the storage chamber,
but anterior to the entrance of the spermducts, showing the relative size of the layers aud the increased
epithelium in the anterior ])art. Id: posterior part of bridge, near its widening. «■/». lining epithelium, pr.
ijl. prostate glands. /. m., I. m. longitudinal and transverse muscular layers, both cut oliluiueiy. Hoth the
transverse muscles and the epithelium are thickened towards one end.

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PACIFIC COAST OLIGOCH^TA. . -\l',

Plate xliii.

118 . ( AMKOHMA ACADKMY OK SCIENCES.

PLATE XLIII.

EOLIPIDKILUS FKIGIDUS.

OTA. Cross-sectiou of the iit'ck of n ucphridium.

!I7B. Sfctiiju of tlif long ihict.

97C. Nfplirostoinc uiul part of duct.

!)I)A. Section of the lower part of the male orgau, slightly ol>li(jiic- to the lougitiidiual axis of the penis, but parallel
to the atrium, atr. atrium. /. t. fibrous tissue, iti. inner liniug of the atrium with long oval nuclei.
I. mn. longitudiual muscular layer of atrium, t. ms. transverse muscular layer. <//. small glands scattered
over the surface of atrium and prostate, sfxl. spermduct. nep. part of the septum between x xi. ajihxl. cir-
cular muscles or sphinxter. fjl. r. large glandular cells composing the collar, m. p. muscular plates, to which
the longitudinal muscles of the atrium aie joined, iuhe. penis tube. /«. penis sheath, pre. preputium.
lid. body-wall.

00I>. Section of inner penis tube of the former ligure.

lOU. The lower end of the male organ, atrium and prostate in somite x, xi, somewhat diagrammatically figured, in
order to show the different layers, penis, etc. pr. prostate proper, projecting somewhat into x. ». septum.
I. pr. terminus of prostate. pr. m. muscular layer surrounding the prostate. This layer contains numer-
ous glands, pr. (jl. glandular layer of long flask-like cells, ep. inner lining epithelium, luhi: tube running
from prostate through penis and atrium — a penis lumen, with thick walls connected with the atrial wall by
numerous strands, which on the upper part form a thick layer surrounding the tube, but lower down becomes
thin, at least consisting of only few strands. col. collar surrounding posterior part of penis, p. penis,
projective part, //re preputium, eversible. hd. body-wall. /. t. fibrous tissue.

101. A somewhat larger view of the lower end of the penis. Both this and the former drawing are made from
dissections mounted in gum-thus and viewed from above. Letters indicate the same as in fig. 92.

97B

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PACIFIC COAST OLIGOCH^TA. J] (J

Plate xliv.

120 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

PLATE XLIV.

ECLIPIDKILUS FKIGIDUS.

102. Tli(- ccntiiil i)ait of the dissected prostate and male orgau, as seen when mounted in gum-thus. This lifjure

represents the narrow part of the prostate or tube, connecting the lower or glandular part with the upper or
storage part. The two spermducts are marked much more strongly than they appear and are more spread
or separated. The drawing represents views at two ditfereut foci. Zeiss C. Eyep. 3, t. 165. a. the posterior
part or storage chamber in which the spermducts open at j. s/i. The anterior end of this chamber is lined
by a very thick epithelium, which however rapidly diminishes in thickness backwards, li. the very uaiTow
part connecting the posterior storage chamber with the anterior prostate. <•. the anterior prostate, out.
outer layers of the storage chamber and prostate, surface views, lu. lumen of storage chamber. Iitm. lumen
of prostate. cj>. very thick epithelium at the anterior end of the storage chamber, j. sji. junction of sperm-
ducts and storage chambei-. /. r. lateral longitudinal blood vessels, se. septum between xiv/xv. apt. sep-
tum between xv xvi. spd. spermducts. br. narrow part of prostate or bridge, r/l. glandular layer of
prostate. <;)^ lining-epithelium of prostate,

103. The anterior end of the storage chamber, dissected, mounted in gum-thus. The focus is set on the inner

concave surface, showing the junction of spermducts and bridge with the storage chamber proper. »//. the
pores where enter the two spermducts. outer, coats of muscles and small prostate glands of the storage
chamber, hr. bridge or narrow jiart of the prostate.

104. Longitudinal section of the body-wall, showing posterior ciliated rosette, etc., behind the male pore.

10'). The inner end of the former more highly magnified. The letters indicate the same as in the last figure.
Only some of the larger prostate glands are figured. Zeiss C. Eyep. 3.

106. A part of the former more highly magnified. Zeiss Horn. Im. 1-1'2, Eyep. 3-l.">5. The letters indicate the same
as in lig. 104. This section is more parallel with the longitudinal axis of Ihe organ. The cell walls of the
epithelial cells were not distinct, probably on account of maceration.

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PACIFIC COAST OLIGOCHiETA. 121

Plate xlv.

122 CALIFORNIA ACADKMY OK SCIENCES.

PLATE XLV.

ECLIPIDRILUS FRIGIDUS.
107. A transverse section, the storage chamber more hiyhly magnified. Zeiss Horn. Im. 1-12 Eyp. .3. 155. pr.yl.l.
larj-e prostate glands, pr. <jl. n. small prostate glands. /. m. longitudinal muscles, arranged in btrands.
t. m. transverse muscles. «. nuclei of inner lining epithelium.

108A. A dissected ovary.

108B. A ripe ovum.

109A. A dissected oviduct.

109B. Longitudinal section of the body-wall, at the ovipore, showing the latter to be situated in the intersegmental
groove.

110 to 124. Various and successive stages of development of spermatozoa.

110. A resting spermatogonium (spermatospore) from the testes.

111. A spermatogonium from the outer edge of the testes ready to fall ofl'into the sperm-sac. The chromosomes of

the nucleus have begun to develop into winding rods.

112. Nucleus from a spermatogonium from the sperm-sac.

11.3. Spermatogemme (spermatosphere or spcrmpolyblast). The spermatocytes (spermatoblasts) are surrounding
and attached to a central, non-nucleated cytophore (or spermblastophore).

1 14. The same shortly before division of the spermatocytes.

1 17. A spermatogemme in the next last stage of development. The spermatocytes have through division reached
their final number. The cell divisions are indistinct. The nuclei are globular with scattered chromosomes.

118. A further developed or next last stage of the spermatogemme. The i.uclei have assumed an ovoid shape, stain-
ing very dark with saflfrauiu.

1 l!l. .\ part of a spermatogemme, last stage. The nuclei have again diminished in size and become perfectly round,
previous to growing out into spermatozoa.

120. Part of spermatogemme in which the nuclei of I I'J have begun to grow out into spermatozoa.

121. A fully developed spermatogemme with grown spermatozoa attached to the cytophore.

122. The same in a state of dissolution, the spermatozoa detaching themselves.

123. Spermatozoa fully developed, the nuclear end being only slightly thicker than the other part of the body.

124-125. Sections of fully developed spermatogenimes, showing spermatozoa in cross-section, they having gradually
diminished in diameter since the nuclei were first concentrated (fig. 119). but having proportionately grown
in length.

126. Nuclei from 11.3, 117, 118, show their relative size.
127-129. Yolk sac with yolk cells.

127. The whole sac in section. Zeiss C.

128. Yolk cells without granulation.

129. Further developed yolk cells with granulation.

KERRIA McDONALDI.

130A. Longitudinal section of the alimentary canal of Ki rriu MrDoiiiihli in the somite next posterior to the male
aperture, showing unicellular glands alternating with ciliated epithelial cells, y/. unicellular glands.

130B. A more highly magnified part of the former, showing one of the unicellular glands, surrounded by common
epithelial cells, also rudimentary glands, r. yl. ludinjontary glands, i/l. large gland. /). its poie. rp.
epithelial cells, hi. o. blood-lacuue. /. m. longitudinal muscles, i. m. transverse muscles.

107.

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PACIFIC COAST OLIGOCH^TA.

II.

Benhamia, Acanthodrilus, Aleodrilus, Sparganophilus, Deltania,

Phcenicobrilus.

by gustav elsen, ph. d.

The following genera and species are treated of in this paper:
Benhamia nana n. sp.
Benhamia mexicana Kosa.
Benhamia Bolavi Michaelsen.
Benhamia palmicola n. subsp.
Benhamia papillata n. sp.
Benhamia rugosa n. sp.
Benhamia octonephra Rosa.
Benhamia Godeffroyi Michaelsen.
Benhamia malayana Horst.
Benhamia fioresiana Horst.
Benhamia Annae Horst.
Acanthodrilus tamajusi n. sp.
Acanthodrilus Vasliti n. sp.
Aleodrilus Keyesi n. sp.
Sparganophilus Benhami n. sp.
Sparganophilus Smithi n. sp.
Sparganophilus sonomee n. subsp.
Sparganophilus Eiseni Smith.
Sparganophilus guatemalensis n. subsp.
Sparganophilus carneus n. sp.
Sparganophilus tamesis Benham.
Deltania Troyeri var. crassa n. var.
Deltania Troyeri var. lagunae u. var.
Phcenicodrilus taste Eisen.
Phoenicodrilus tepicensis n. sp.

Memoirs, Vol. II, 5. December 14, 1895.

124 CAI.II'ORNIA AfAI'KMY OK SCIEN'CES.

BENHAMIA Micl.aelsen.

The <;;emi.s Beiiliainia was for .some time considered a typical African genus,
and wliun later on a few extra-African si)ecies were found it was supposed that these
were recent emigrants, which had become more or less cosmopolitan. Of American
species two are known from Mexico and Venezuela, vi/.: IS. Bulari and B. mi'i-
icana, and one, B. octoncpJira Kosa, has been described from Paraguay since this
paper was presented for publication. This latter species ap|>ears very nearly related
to B. ritgosa, described below, but differs through tiie absence of penial setie.

The discovery of species of Beniiamia at Miraflores, in the Cape Region of
Eaja California, in a locality to which plants of any kind have rarely if ever been
introduced directly from foreign countries, would indicate that this genus has possessed
representatives on American soil for ages past, and that we really must consider these
American species as truly endemic. A final answer to this (juestion of habitat mu.st
be deferi'ed to a future time, when more researches will have been made as regards
the distrii)ution of these and other Bciihamia species, as it is probal>le many more will
be found on this continent. A difficulty, which besets us from the beginning, is, that
so few species have been properly delineated, all descriptions having been made chieHy
with a view to distinguish the species from others already known, while with proper
delineations of the various organs, we would in all probability be able to make a satis-
factory comparison between species new and old. I have received much aid from
Dr. W. Michaelsen, of Hamburg, who has described more Benhamia species than any
other investigator, and who has written extensively upon this genus. He has kindly
placed at my dispo.sal several species of African Benhamia, as well as of B. Bolaci. for
comparison with forms found by me. This has enabled me to point out several im-
portant differences between B. Bo/ari and B. paiiniro/n, which are sufficient to dis-
tinguish these as subspecies from each other, as well as from others previously known.
At the emi of the descriptions of the various new species I append a table of charac-
teristics, etc., between species which may be confouinhMl with our present ones, either
on account of similarity of some characters or because ol their geographical distribu-
tion in the Malay archipelago, or in America.

As we now understand the distribution of this genus, the species are divided as
follows: America, 7 species; Malay archipelago, 3 species; Africa, 25 species; West
Indies, 2 species.

It may, however, be remarked that B. rixjosa describeil l)elow is of uncertain
habitat having only been found iu a hot-house, to which it had been imported from
unknown country.

Considering our various new species of Bi-iiliamia this genus may be charac-
terized as below:

Benhamia Michaelsen.

Acanthodrilid oligochicta. Setre strictly iiaircd, ventral and lateral. Cli-
tellum generally incomplete, l)ut in some species complete in smue sumites. Two
gizzards in succeeding .somites. Calciferous glands generally three [nnv^, but .some-
times only two pairs, very distinctly set oil from the tubular intestine. Xephriilia in

PACIFIC COAST 0LIC30CH^,TA. l25

respective species either diffuse or micronepliridia arranged in three, four or more
rows on either side, some species showing several gradations. Spermatheca two pairs,
contracted at center witli one or more small diverticula, Penial setne nearly always
present. Generally small, tropical worms.

DEFINITIONS OF AMERICAN SPECIES OF BENHAMIA.

Benhamia nana n. sp.

Definition. Size — Length :W to JO mm.; nnmher of somites 110; skin strongly
pigmented. Fird dorsal pore between iii/iv. Prostomium very svjollen and overlapping.
Clltellum complete in central somites. Penial sette, the largest with 12 or more bristles.
Common setce, distance between the dorsal couples about equal to that between the ventral
couples. Oviducts, two pores, open in front of 1 and 2. Prostate pores not on pap'Mm.
Pharynx situated very far forward. Gizzards in viii and ix. Calciferous diverticula,
two pairs in xv and xvi. Sperm-sacs in x and xi. Spermducts thicker at the base in
xviii, xvii and xvi. Nephridia in three rows on either side, the posterior ivith coelomic
mantle. Spermatheca, basal part with one diverticulum, apical part warty and irreg-
ular. Typhlosole large, begins in xviii. Color broiunish red. Habitat, San Bias,
Mexico, at sea level.

Benhamia mexicana Rosa.

Definition. Length .iO mm.; number of somites 120. Skin not pirpnented.
First dorsal pore between iii/iv. Prostomium divides the first somite completely. Cli-
tellum complete in xiii to xxi. Penial setce not ornamented (? ); common setce, 3 and A
further apait than 1 and 2. Oviducts, two separate pores in front of 1 and 2, on small
2)apill(e. Gizzards in viii and ix. Calciferous gland 3 pairs in xv, xvi and xvii. Ne-
phridia in 3 roros on either side. Spermatheca luith a single short diverticulum. Alco-
holic specimen colorless. Habitat, Durango, Mexico, at 2500 meters altitude.

Benhamia Bolavi Michaelsen.

Definition. Length 40 to 00 m^in.; number of somites 97. I\rst dorsal pore
between v/vi. Clitellum incomplete in all somites, xiii to xx. Penial setce, the largest
with five to eight notches, the smaller spoonlike and slightly forked; common setce couples
equidistant. Oviducts opien in one single pore on a median papilla in xiv. Gizzard two
in vii. Calciferous gland three piairs in xv, xvi and xvii. Sperm-sacs one pair in xi.
Nephridia in three rows on either side. Spermatheca, the basal part with a single small
diverticulum. Saculated intestine begins in xxi. Color dingy flesh. Habitat, Venezuela
[and Hamburg).

Benhamia palmicola n. subsp.

Definition. Length 50 to 60 mm.; number of somites 00. Skin not pigmented.
First dorsal pore between iv/v. Clitellum incomplete in all somites. Penial setce, largest
vnth four notches, the smaller one sjMonlike and forked; common setce about equal dis-
tance betrveen the dorsal and ventral as betujeen the ventral couples. Oviducts open in one
single pore on a median papilla. Gizzards both in viii. Calciferous gland 3 pairs in

126 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OK SCIENCES.

xw;, xvi and xvii. Spenn-sacs in xi and xii. Spermducts of even roidth. A^ephidia
in J distinct rous on either nide. SpermntJieca basal dicision (/lobular, equal in size and
shape to the apical part, single small diverticulum. A typhlosole. Color reddish Jiesh.
Habitat, Baja California, Cape Region, 1000 feel; Tepic, Mexico, 4000 feet.

Benhamia papillata ii. sp.

Definition. Size 50 to 70 mm. bij 2 nim. Number of somites 125. First
dorsal pore v/vi. Prostomium divides somite 1 more than one-half, and is much swollen.
Clitellum. complete, xiii-xx. No ventral setce in xviii, but sette S and 4 present. Prostate
pores on large papilke, the four papilUe being close together in the sunk clitellar pit.
Oviducal pores on a large median papilla, but the pores are separate and on a line drawn
between the set(p. Penial setre, largest slighthj hooked with H indistinct notches, smallest
loith a hair-like sigmoid tip. Spermnthecce, the apical-sac not globular, basal part
ivith a swell diverticulum. Sacculated intestine commences in xiv. Typhlosole in xx-xiv.
Calciferous diverticula S pairs in xvi, xvii, xviii; the anterior one is much smaller.
Sperm-sacs in x avd .ri. Nepridia a co7isists of three distinct lobes, each one icith a
ccelomic mantle. Color pale flesh, no pigment. Habitat, Tepic, Mexico, 4000 feet.

Benhamia octonephra Rosa.

Definition. Compiled after Rosa. Length 20 to 4" mm.; number of somites
85 to 95. First dorsal pore between v and vi. Clitellum incomplete, in xiii to xx. Pe-
nial setm, the larger loith six groups of two blunt tubercles; the smaller seta like a scalpel.
Common setre, couples equidistant. Oviducts open into a single median pore on a slight
swelling. Calciferous diverticula three pairs in xv, xvi and xvii. Sperm-sacs in xi and
xii. Nephridia micronephric in four rou-^ on either side. Spermatheca, basal part
pear-haped ivith a globular diverticulum. Habitat, Paraguay.

Benhamia rugosa n. sp.

Definition. Length SO mm.; number of somites 118. Skin slightly pigmented
ami corruqated. Clitellum incomplete, in xiii to xx. Penial setce, largest with five
notches; smaller seta forked with prongs of equal size. Common setce pointed and ven-
tral. Oviducts open jointly in a median pore. Gizzard in vii and viii. Calciferous di-
verticula in XV, xvi and xvii. Nephridia micronephric in four rows on either side.
Typhlosole present. Spermatheca much flattened. Color reddish flesh. Habitat, Cal-
ifornia, in hothouse {imported).

Benhamia Godeffroyi Michaolsen.

Definition. Li'itgth no mm. by 4 mm.; number of somites 174. Skin pig-
mented anteriorly. Clitellum incomplete fxiiij xiv to xx. Penial set <k slender with nu-
merous irregular notches; many seUe in each sac. The curved fossa between the pros-
tate pores roith the convex side toivard the median line. The anterior prostate largest.
Calciferous diverticula three pairs. Nephridia plectonephric. Spermatheca without diver-
ticulum, but with warty protuberance. Color, anterior pale reddish, posterior part gray.
Habitat, flayti (?).

Table A.

COMPARATIVE TABLE OF ALL KNOWN EXTRA- AFRICAN SPECIES OF THE GENUS BENHAMIA.

To face pase 126.

Habitat

Size

Number soimtes .

First dorsal pore
Proslomium . . . .

Ctit^llum

Ptnial set(E

Common setos .

Oviducal pore.

Prostate pores .

Pharynx .
Oizzarda .

Spermatheca

Typhlosole.
Color

nana u. sp.

San Bias. Territory of Te-
pic, Mexico, at sea level.
Strictly tropical form.

20 to 30 mm.

110. Skin strongly pig-
mented in anterior so-
mites.

Very swollen and overlap-
ping-

Complete in the central
somites, xiii-xx.

mexicana Eosa.

Durango, Mexico, 2565
metres above the sea level.
Temperate form.

30 mm.

120. Skiu not pigmented.

Divides the buccal somite
completely ( ? )

Complete, xiii-xxi.

The largest with 12 or Not ornamented (Rosa),
more strong bristles. j According to Ude, faintly

ornamented with 6 thick-

Calctftrous diverticula .

Spermsacs

Spermducls

Nejihridia

Distance between the dor-
sal couples about eqnal
to that between the ven-
tral couples.

SettB 3 and 4 further apart
than 1 and 2.

Two pores, open in front Two pores in front of

of set* 1 and 2. set!© I and 2 on small

I papillse.which touch with

i their bases.

Not on papillfe.

Situated very far forward.
In viii and is.

Two pairs in xv and xvi.

Thicker in xviii, xvii and
xvi.

In three rows on each side
of the median line. The
posterior ones with ctelo-
mic cell - mantle. The
nephridia in each somite
of about the same size.
The nejihridia on each
side about equidistant,
but the dorsal nephridia
are much further apart
from the dorsal median
line than from the lateral
nephridia. Nephridia a
open in front of 3 and 4.

Basal part with one plain
diverticulum. Apical
part warty and irregular.

Not on papilla

Three pairs in xv, xvi and
xvii.

In X and xi.
Not enlarged ( ?)

In three rows on either
side, probably all of the
same size. Nephridia a
correspond to setfe 1 and
2. The nephridia on each
side are equidistant, and
the dorsal nephridia c aie
as equidistaut from the
dorsal median line as
from thelateral nephridia
b. With ccelomic mautle.

Bolavi Miohaelsen.

Hamburg, at Bergedorf,
imported, and Venezuela

(Ude).

40 to 60 mm.

Does not divide buccal
segment.

Incomplete in all seg-
ments, xiii-xx.

The larger seta with five
{or eight B) notches on
apex; the smaller is spoou-
like and slightl}' forked,
with no denticulation.

Those on posterior seg-
ments larger. The couples
equidistant.

One single pore on a large
median papilla in xiv.

Never elevated.

Not forward.
Two in somite vii.

Three pairs in xv, xvi and
xvii.

One pair only in xi.

In three rows on either
side; the anterior ones
have no ccelomic mantle
like those posterior to
the male pore. The two
lateral nephridia of equal
size; the ventral nephrid-
ium is much narrower,
but furnished with two
separate ccelomic man-
tles, the inner of which is
smallest. The nephridia
are more separated than
in B. palmicola.

The basal part wide, grad- Basal part with a single

ually changing into the small diverticulum,

apical part. Single short Apical division not glob-

diverticulum. ular.

Very large; begins in xviii.

Eeddish-brown, even m
alcohol .

Alcoholic specimens color- Dingy flesh-colored alive;
leas. clitellum yellowish or pink.

palmicola u. subap.

Baja California, Cape Re-
gion and Tepic, Mexico,
1000 and 4000 feet.

50 mm.

90. Not pigmented.

IV -V.

Not very pointed.

Incomplete in all somites,

xiii-xx.

The larger seta with four
notches, the smaller one
spoon-like at apex and
forked .

About equal distance be-
tween the dorsal and ven-
tral as between the ven-
tral couples.

One pore on a central
media papilla.

Not on papillfe.

Not forward.
Two; both in viii.

Three pairs in xv, xvi and
xvii.

Not thicker in any so-
mites.

Arranged in three distinct
rows on either side of the !
median line. Nephrid- '
ium a consists of two '
unequal parts, the most
veutral of which is the
smallest. Nephridium a
is much larger than the
other nephridia. The
dorsal nephridia far apart. '
Nephridia a open in front I
of 1 and 2. |

papillata n. sp.
Tepic, Mexico. 4000 feet.

50 to 70 mm.

125 {largest specimen),

Divides partly buccal
segment; swollen.

Complete, but ventrally
thin, xiii-xx.

Larger with eight faint
notches; smaller with
a hair - like sigmoid
point.

Inner couples wanting
in xviii, equidistant.

Two closely approxi-
mated pores on a me-
dian papilla.

Each on a large papilla.

Not forward.
Two.

Three pairs in xv,
and xvii.

octonephra Bosa.
Paraguay.

20 to 40 mn
85 to 95.

In three rows, the pos-
terior ones with ccelo-
mic mantle. Nephrid-
ium a consists of three
lobes, each with a sep-
arate ccelomic mautle.
The inner lobe is much
the smallest. The ne-
phridia are closer, over-
lapping.

Basal and apical divisions Apical division not glob-
globular, equal in size. ular; dorsal part with
Single small diverticu- a single diverticulum.
Ium.

Typhlosole present, but Present in xix-xxiv.
not very large.

Beddish flesh when alive.

Palereddish; nopigment.

xiii to XX, incomplete be-
tween the ventral set^.

The larger curved, strong-
ly curved at apes, and
with 6 groups of 2 blunt
tubercles, the smaller
expanded at apex like
a scalpel.

Strictly paired, all ven-
tral; couples equi-
distant.

A single pore on median
line in xiv, on a slight
swelling.

In line with veutral setffi.

Thi'ee pairs in xv, xvi
and xvii.

In xi and xii, two pairs.

Arranged in four series
on either side of the
median line; the veu-
tral one correspouds to
the dorsal set*.

Basal part pear-shaped;
apical part sac - like,
basal part with a glob-
ular diverticulum di-
rected forward.

malayana Horst.
Malay Archipelago.

95. Skin without pig-
mentation.

v-vi or vi-Tii.

Continued into the buc-
cal segment.

Complete in the auterior,
incomplete in the pos-
terior somites, xiii to xx.

The larger seta with 4
broad bristles; the
smaller spoon - like,
but not forked.

Distance between dorsal
and ventral couples
about equal to that be-
tween ventral couples.

Two distinct pores.

The depression connect-
ing the prostate pores
concave, with the con-
vex part turned toward
the median line. An
elevated area around
the depression.

The posterior nephridia
arranged in 3 groups
of delicate tubuli on
either side, the iuter-
ual ones situated near
the dorsal setie.

Basal part longest and
as broad as the apical
part, with a narrow di-
verticulum.

fioresiana Horst.
Malay Archipelago.

35 to 40 mm.

125. Skin without pig-
mentation.

Divides somite I about
one-half.

Incomplete, xiii to 3

Anterior part much un-
dulated, the smaller
seta less so; three small
bristles at apex of
largest seta.

Distance between a dor-
sal and ventral couple
about three-fourths of
that between the two
ventral couples.

Open in an oval gland-
ular aiea, pores opeu
separately on line with
set* I and 2.

Not elevated, situated
at the cornel's of a
square area.

85. Skin without pig-
ment.

Divides partly the buc-
cal segment.

rugosa n. sp.

Qodefroyi Michaelsen,

San Francisco. Califor- Hayti (or New Zealand?)
nia, imported,

30 mm. : 90 mm. by 4 mm.

118. Skin slightly pig- 174. Anterior part of
laented and anteriorly body pigmented,
corrugated. I

Divides buccal somite Divides buccal segment
about one-half. somewhat less than J.

Incomplete in xiii to xxi. | Incomplete in xiii to xx. Incomplete (xiii), xiv-xii

Undulated, with 1 2
{about?) slight dentic-
ulations or notches.
The form of smaller
seta doubtful.

The four couples are
ventral and equidis-
tant.

Largest seta with five Slender, numerous irreg-
notches; smaller seta ular notches, giving
forked, with prongs of knotty appearance, but
equal size. no teeth or bristles.

Many set* in each sac.

Strictly ventral.

Open jointly in a median
pore in xiv.

In 4 couples, all ventral.

Depressions connecting | Anterior prostate pores | The curved fosse between

Three pairs.

Arranged in four longi-
tudinal series on each
side of the median
line.

pores lunate, with the
convex side turned to-
wards median line.
Area oval, not square;
a ridge borders the
grooves.

Two in vi and vii.

XV, xvi and xvii.

Basal part the longest,
uarrow; single pear-
shaped diverticulum.

Alcoholic specimens col-
orless.

A network of delicate
tubules anteriorly
spread over the body
area, except for a nar-
row dorsal and veutral
median line. Posteri-
orly arranged in four
rows on either side of
median line, and fur-
nished with ccelomic
mantle.

Basal part longest and
very narrow, with a
narrow diverticulum
situated near the con-
traotiou.

elevated on papillie

Not forward.
In vii and viii.

Three pairs in xv,
and xvii.

Arranged in four rows
on either side of me-
dian line. Posterior
nephridia with coelo-
mie mantles . Neph-
ridia of nearly the same
size. Neph. d and d
about equidistant as
a and a. The most
ventral part of nephrid-
ium a not covered by
mantle. Clitellar ne-
phridia much larger
than those anterior of
clitellum.

Apical part smallest.
Both parts much flat-
tened. Very small di-
verticulum.

the pores, with the con-
vex side turned towards
the ventral median line.
The anterior prostate
the largest.

Three pairs.

Alcoholic specimens dis-
colored.

Plectorephric condition,
but not known in detail,
except that they cover
the whole of the body-
wall except a narrow
strip dorsally and ven-
trally. Stronger in the
clitellar somite, where
they form a thick cov-
ering.

Spermathecip with no
distinct diverticula, but
the smaller basal part
with irregular warty
protuberances. Anterior
spermathecfb the larg-
est. The apical part sac-
like, larger and thin-
walled. The basal part
shorter.

Anterior part reddish;
posterior part gray.

PACIFIC COAST OLIGOCH.ETA. 127

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES.

Benhamia nana n. sp.

Figs. 1-42.

Hnhitat. San Bias, territory of Tepie, ^Mexico. I found a small number of
specimens, of which only two possessed a perfectly developed clitellum, October, 18U4.
A real tropical form.

Color. Deep reddish-bnnvn and very opaque.

EXTERIOR CHARACTERS.

Size small, 20 to 30 mm.

Somites. 110.

Clitellum comprises somites .\iii to .x.x, being complete in the central somites,
but incomplete in xiii, xvii, xviii and xix.

First dorsal pore iii-iv.

Spermaihecnl pores, one pair vii-viii, and one pair between viii-ix, rather close
together in a ventral grove.

Ovidnca I pores open separately in xiv in front of seta? 1 and 2.

Prostate ports, one pair in xvii, one pair in xix, open with penial sette.

Fenial setce, two in each pocket, the largest of which is furnished with 12 or
more bristles.

Common setce, distance between the dorsal couples equal to that of the ventral
couples.

INTERNAL CHARACTERS.

Buccal cavity with a dorsal pocket.

Supraphanjngeal glands with pharynx opening far forwards.

Gizzards in viii and ix.

Calciferous glands two pairs, one in xiv, one in xv.

Septal glands very minute in ix, x, xi.

Sacculated intestine commences in xiv.

Typhlosole very strongly developed in xviii to xxii.

Sperm-sacs two pairs in x, xi.

Ciliated rosettes in x, xi. The lower part of the spermducts in xvi, xvii, xviii
is thickened and twice the diameter of the anterior part.

Prostates are straight and tubular, each one confined to one or two somites.

Spermathecfe in vii-viii, viii-ix. The apical part much smaller than the
ba.sal part, the latter with a small diverticulum placed high up near the constriction.

Nepliridin arranged in three rows on either side of the median line. Pair a
open in front of the outer couple of set;e, pair h and c open laterally and dorsally as
regards the setae. The posterior nephridia furnished with a large coelomic cellular
mantle. The nephridia in each somite of about equal size. The nephridia on each
side about equidistant, but the dorsal nephridia c are much further apart from the
median line than from nephridia h.

128 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION.

Bndy-yall. The |)ro.stoinium with buccal cavity i.s strongly ever.sible, foiinir)g
a bladder-like apex to the body, as is so frequent in oligochfeta. Somite i is very
narrow, especially laterally, and may readily, when viewed from the exterior, be taken
for part of the prostomium.

The body-wall contains the usual layers of which the muscular fibers show the
same bipinnate arrangement as in Lumbricus, etc. This arrangement is less regular
and pronounced in the anterior somites, but quite plain in the genital and clitellar
ones, especially so on the ventral side, immediately below the nerve-cord.

Sensa organs of the epidermis. All the species of Benhamia described here
possess a continuous row of sense organs, in the equatorial plane of each somite, be-
tween the setiB. Outside of this equatorial circle I have not found thom anywhere
in the epidermis; there, however, tliey are very plain ami prominent, appearing under
low power and in longitudinal sections, as a large pellucid spot in the center of each
somite. Tlu' organ consists of two distinct kinds of cells, a double line of large lunate
cells, surrounding a row of sense cells, several layers thick. These lunate cells are
generally three or more thick in the row, evidently modifications of the common
goblet cells of the epidermis. They do not stain with the ordinary aniline colors, or
only so with difficulty, and generally remain transparent and white. These lunate
cells run continuously around the somite, and enclose between them bunches of sense
cells, which may now and then be seen to penetrate the cuticle (fig. 20). Somewhat
similar sense organs have been known in Lumbricus, etc., for considerable time, but
have lately been described more in detail by Richard Hesse and F. E. Langdon.
The sense organs of Benhamia difl'er from those of Lunihricu^ agricdla (probably a
collective name used for some Ea.st American AUolobophora) in two prominent
points. Presence of the large lunate cells in Benhamia, which are not seen in
Lumbricus. The continuous and broad circle of these organs in Benhamia, while in
Lumbricus they appear to be much further a[)art. Unfortunately my Benhamias
were collected at a time when no special preparation for nerve structure was feasii)le,
and this made it impossible to work out the details as minutely as (lcsirai)le. The
work had already been linislicd when Langdon's beautiful paper reached me.
Fig. 20 represents a section of the body-wall in somite iv. Letters org. signify
the sense organ.

Besides these epidermal sense organs I find in all the Benhamias, ubservetl by
me, a large zone in the buccal cavity characterized by almost cubical transparent
cells arranged in one single row deep, just as the epithelial cells in the pharynx, but of
the same nature as the transparent cells in the sense organs of the epidermis. Tiiis zone
is nearly always folded against itself like a sac, and is of considoral)lo extent, as long
or longer even than the pharynx. In certain j)laces apparently scattered about, but
principally near the opening of this sac, I find clusters of sense cells of the same
structure as tho.se of the e|)idermis. They are all narrow, do imt reach below
in the co'lomic cavity, but end in this direction in line with the pellucitl cells and
connect at the end with nerve fibres. Tiie free ends penetrate above in what ;ip-

PACIFIC COAST OI,IGOCn.4';TA. 129

pears as a veritable cuticle, though I can fintl none above the pellucid cells. In
fact the whole structure of those oroans is verv much the same as the sense or<rans of
the epidermis of the body-wall, in connection with them I may point out the simi-
larity of structure of these organs with those described below in Acanthndrilus Vaditi^
in the vicinity of the prostates; and with those in the tubercula pubertatis of Sparga-
iiophilus Smit/ii and tejncensii<, in all of which I find the same sense cells.

It remains to add that this pouch-like area of sense cells and glandular cells has
previously been observed by both iNIichaelsen and Horst and designated as a diver-
ticulum ot the buccal cavity, but the true nature of the pouch as a sense-area has, I
believe, not been previously recognized. B. Bo/avi, malayann and probably most, if
not all other, Bcnhamias possess this organ of the buccal cavity.

Kie/jfff. These are generally very thin, only two being thicker than the rest,
viz.: xii-xiii and xiii-xiv. These septa do not strictly correspond with the inter-
segmental grooves, but are affixed much further back in the somites.

PJinrijiKjea/ and scptdl glands. The usual supra-pharyngeal glands are present.
They are evidently unicellular and arranged ribbon-like as will be directly described
below. The septal glands are found in ix, x and xi, are very narrow and only one cell
thick in the row as the former. These glandular masses are much thicker in B.
palmicola, but not any longer.

Infestine. In all the sj)ecimens which I coukl examine I found the pharyngeal
parts strongly everted and protruded to such an extent that it formed the lip or front
margin of the body, taking the usual place of prostomium proper. I cannot ascribe
this entirely to a simple protrusion of the pharynx, but believe that this part is actu-
ally situated much more forward than in other species, as I found it to be the case in
every specimen observed. The pharynx was found actually on the outside of the body
(figs. 15, IG, 17, 18). The real pharynx, of course, is the zone in which open the
supra-pharyngeal glands. The wall of this part is in our present species hardly
thicker than those of the buccal cavity and the oesophagus, but it contains the usual
arrangement of narrow epithelial cells, between which penetrate the fine ducts from
the supra-pharyngeal glands. The ends or discharge pockets of these glands are
almost globular or rounded flask-like (fig. 18). The supra-pharyngeal glands are
arranged as ribbons, running singly along muscular strands. They differ from similar
glands in Pontodrikis, Phoenicodrilus, Ocnerodrilus etc., by their arrangement in
single rows, and here and there the duct of a single glandular cell may be followed
clear to the discharge pocket (fig. l«j). These glands appear to consist of a single
cell with if long duct, just as the corresponding glands in Euchytrseus, described by
Hesse. But to draw the conclusion from this fact, that all the pharyngeal and septal
glands are unicellular is, I think, premature. In Pontodrilus, at least, there
may be seen plainly numerous nuclei on the gland ducts, which, of course, indi-
cates that we here have a fusion of several cells. The pharyngeal glands in that
genus do not show this ribbon-like arrangement as in Benhamia. I could, however,
see that some of the smaller glands nearest the pharynx consisted of only one cell,
but the majority, and all the large glands, consisted of several cells, the respective

130 CAI.IFOKNIA ACADK.MY OK SCIENCKS.

ducts of which finally uiiitefl into one. In Benhaniia T could see no such union, and
the single duels could be followed with great facility to the outlets. Fig. 17 repre-
sents some of these cells with three narrow ducts and secreted matter.

(EaophfKjHx, following pharyngeal division, is very long. The upj)er part, im-
mediately below the pharyngeal gland, is very thin-walled, consisting of only one
strand each of transverse and longitudinal muscles, and line<l t)y a very narrow epi-
thelium (fig. 19). Posteriorly the walls of the (esophagus thicken considerably. The
two distinct gizzards are in viii and \x, as usually connected by a very thin wall of
the same general nature as wsophagus (fig. 7). The muscles of the gizzards are
columnar ])ut not bipinnatoly arranged, the rihitoiis running ])arall(d with the short
diameter of the body (figs. 7 and 21).

The tubular intestine extends through somites x to xiv, being of irregular out-
line. Sacculated intestine commences in xv, and is furnished witli a typhlosole in
somites xviii to xxiii, or thereabout.

K|)itlielial colls of the alimentary canal surround glands of various forms. In
the epithelial lining of the gizzard we find club-like glands (fig. 21 (jl.) consisting
each of one (seldom of more) large cell with round nucleus, a narrow duct reaching
between the epithelial cells, and ending with a large chamber, in very much the same
way as the pharyngeal and septal glands.

In the narrow thin walled part between the two gizzards I find a few clusters
of glands (?) similar to those I have described in Argilophilus. At the bottom of the
cluster we find a glandular cell, upon which are butting the })eculiar lunate cells,
which again surround a lumen, which is much wider than in the corresponding organ
in Argilophilus (fig. 22 ql. and c.) The lining of the sacculated intestine and the
typhlosole arc composed of three distinct kinds of cells, two of which are glandular
(figs. 24 and 25.) The common epithelial cells offer nothing of particular interest.
The glandular cells are of two distinct kinds (fig. 25). One kind is the one most
common in oligocha'ta (fig. 25 <//.) and its enclosed granules are much smaller. The
other kind is probably identical with the T-shaped cells described by Benham in
Eminiodrilus, though tin; T-shaped form is not (luite so prominent. The granulation
is coarse and highly refractive and the distal part of the cell stains intensely, especially
with methyl green. The other or first mentioned glands remain at the same time un-
affected by this stain. These dark staining cells are much less luimerous than the
other kind, and are scattered about in a rather regidar way. Fig. 24 /* rei)re.sents
one of the lobes of the typhlosole, showing the absence of glands at the apex as well
as the general distribution of tli(' dark staining cells.

Calciferuus diverticula. I found in the two specimens dissected and sectioned
only two pairs of calcifcrous glands in somites xv and xvi, but \ am unable to .say if
this will be found constant, as all other species of BiTihanjia possess three pairs
of calcifcrous pockets, which Beddard claims are characteristic ol tiiis genus.
Michaelsen's observation that the two diverticula are of difTereiit nature is confirme<l
here, as in tlu; posterior j)air no lime crystals were found, either in this or in the other
species described below. Also the histological structure of tiie posterior and anterior

PACIFIC COAST OLinoCH.ETA. 131

diverticula is distinct. The nuclei of the anterior pair arc round while those of the
posterior pair are more oval, and the cells of the latter pair are not separated by dis-
tinct walls. They contain also numerous vacuoles or bladder-like bodies, some of
which deatch themselves from the main body of the organ.

Figures 27 and 28 represent the anterior pair, 29 and 30 the posterior pair of
calciferous diverticula seen respectively under high and low power. The posterior
pairs only were found covered by chloragogen cells. These differences in structure I
also found in the calciferous diverticula of the following species: Benhamia palml-
cola and rugosa, and they probably hold good with all the species of Benhamia.

2\jphlosole exists in somites xvii or xviii to xxii, and is greatly developed as
regards length, width and depth (figs. 7 and 14). It is widest and deepest in somite
xix, tapering or diminishing both anteriorly and posteriorly. In the following species
the typhlosole is much smaller.

Spermathecce. The two pairs as usual in vii-viii and viii-ix. The form of the
spermatheca and its diverticula may be best understootl from the figures 34 and 35.
The pores come ratlier close together in a general groove below the ventral ganglion.
There is a muscular ami a glandular part, and the spermatozoa were fonnd as usual
principally in the diverticula.

tipermducts and rosettes. The only peculiarity of the spermducts is that they
are thickened in somites xviii, xvii and xvi. In xv the duct narrows, and continues
forward, with about half the thickness it possesses in the above posterior somites. The
thickening is due to an increase of a circular muscular layer (figs. 7, 11, 12, 13, 36,
37). The rosettes are in x, xi, as usual.

Prostates. The usual two pairs are in xvii and xix. The lower part is long,
slender and muscular, while the upper thicker part is glandular. This glandular pai't
consists of onl}^ one layer of cells, covered by a thin epithelium. The glandular cells
are of different length, as shown in fig. 32. The muscular part consists mainly of a
thick layer of circular muscles (fig. 36), lined by a very thin layer of interior epi-
thelial cells (fig. 38).

Penial seta'. A sac with two penial setae open jointly with each prostate. At
least one of the setse is sculptured as shown in the figures 31 and 33, with a number
of bristles, 12 or more. The smaller seta was broken in all the specimens, and I
could not ascertain if it was sculptured or not.

Ne-pltridia. Benhamia nana belongs to a group in which the nephridia are
arranged in three rows on either side of the median line. There is not a diffuse
uephridic condition, but each nephridium is well developed, and upon the same
principle as the mega-nephridia of Acanthodrilus. Nephridia a. b. are ventral and
in front of setre 3 and 4, while the other nephridium c, is lateral and partly dorsal.
The posterior nephridial ducts, from xvii to xviii, are superposed each on a large oval
sac of c(jelomic cells, while those in front of the male-pore are not furnished with any
coelomic mantle. Of the anterior nephridia those in the genital somites are some-
what smaller than those in the vicinity of the pharynx, the increase in size forward
being gradual. Blood capillaries are found in great numbers on all the nephridia, but

Memoirs, Vol. II, 5. . December H, 1895.

132 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

especially so ou the posterior ones. The general structure of the nephridial canals
and their windings resembles those of fully developed nicga-nophridia (figs. ;i9, 40,
41), but the siuallness of these organs jjrevented ine from definitely ascertaining the
relative size and structure of all the canals. The canal leading to the outlet duct is
strongly ciliated. Fig. 41, which represents the inner part of one of the anterior
iiephridia is held somewhat diagrammatic, as the respective thickne.s.ses of the canals
couUl not be properly delineated. I believe the most anterior nephridia are found in
iii, in which somite they are very large, crowding each other.

Benhamia palmicola n. subsp.
Figs. 43-55.

Habitat. Miraflores, in the Cape Region of P>aja (Adifornia, some 40 miles
north of San Jose del Cabo; also around Tepic, territory of Tepic, on the Pacific
Coast of Mexico. The altitude of Miraflores is about 1,000 feet, wiiile that of the
City of Tepic is about 4,000. Probably the species does not descend to the hot low-
lands of the coast belt, at least no specinunis have been found cither at Han Jose del
Cabo or at San Bias.

Color. The specimens are pink flesh, much less opaque than B. nana, no pig-
ment cells.

General Remarks. For the present I arrange this as a subspecies under
B. Bolnr'u from which it differs in several points of considerable importance. These
are the difl'eix'ut form of spermathecas the situation of the first dorsal pore, the differ-
ent sculpture of the largest penial seta, the location of the gi/zard, tlie number of
sperm-sacs, etc.

EXTERIOR CHARACTERS.

Size 50 to 00 mm.

Somites 110.

Clitellum incomplete in all somites xiii-xx.

Dorsal poies, most anterior one between iv-v.

Spermathecal pores in line with seta^ 1 and 2, between vii viii and viii'ix.

Ociducal pore. One central median oviducal pore in xiv.

Penial setm, two in each sac. The longer seta has apex curved and furnished
with four blunt, bristle-like crenulations. The smaller seta has tlie point slightly
forked, one j)rong being longer, and a thin mendjrane extended between the two forks.

Cniiunon setdi. About equal distance between the dorsal and ventral couples
as between the ventral couples.

INTERNAL CllAKArrKKS.

Buccal canity with a dorsal pocket of sense organs and glandular cells.

Pharynx not situated far forward.

Gizzards liotb apparently in \iii.

Calciferoas diverticula, '6 pairs in xv, xvi and xviii.

Septal (J la ads, small in ix and x.

Pacific coast oi.iGocii.ETA. iSS

Typhlosok small.

Sperm-sacs in xi and xii.

Spermducts not thickened in the somites near the pores.

Prostates are larger than in B. nana, but mostly confined to one somite each.

SpermathecGi in vii-viii and viii-ix. The two divisions are of equal size, and
globular; small tubercular diverticle pointing forwards.

Nephridla in three distinct rows on either side of the median line. Nepliri-
diuni a nearest the ventral ganglion consists of two unequal parts, the most ventral
of which is the smallest. These two parts together are much larger than either of
the other two nephridia. The dorsal nephridia are far apart.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION.

Bodjj-ivall and sense organs. We find the same zone of sense organs in the
body-walls as in B. nana. In B. palmicola this zone is found in all the somites,
while in B. nana I found none in somite i.

The sense-organ zone with pellucid cubic cells is in this species larger than in
B. nana, and stands out most prominently on the upper side of the buccal cavity.

Septal glands. As has already been stated small septal glands are found in
somites ix and x or posterior to the gizzard. These glandular masses are quite small,
are situated in the anterior part of the somite, close to the intestine, but hardly pro-
jecting above the latter. I cannot find that they are in anyway connected with the
pharyngeal system of glands.

Intestine, etc. The portion of the pharynx is not far forward. The region of
its epithelial columnar cells is thick and the discharge chambers of the pharyngeal
glands are tubular, instead of globular as in B. nana. The pharyngeal glandular
mass is less lobed than in B. nana.

The region between somite i and pharynx is much longer in B. palmicola than
in nana. The specimen sectioned longitudinally showed the two gizzards as both sit-
uated in viii, and there was no septum separating them. If this character is constant
is undecided as I did not wish to sacrifice another specimen. The tubular intestine
is long and cylindrical and furnished with the regular three pairs of calciferous
diverticula in somites xv, xvi, xvii. No lime crystals in the posterior pair. The
sacculated intestine commences in xviii or xix. The typhlosole is smaller than in
B. nana, but owing to sand I could not definitely ascertain its location.

Spermathecce. The four spermathecie are of the same form and size. The
contraction at the center is deep, dividing the organ in two equal, globular sacs, each
sac being confined to one somite; that is, the apical part is situated entirely in the
somite posterior to the pore. The basal part carries a short narrow cylindrical and
tubular diverticulum pointing forwards. The equality in size and the globular form
of the two parts of the spermatheca appears very constant and characteristic of the
species.

Sjierm-sacs are sac-like, not racemose. They are found in xi and xii, while
in B. nana they are placed in x and xi.

134 CALIFORNIA ACAUEMY OF SCIENCES.

Spermdncts. are coiisiderabl}' thickened, l)iit the lower part is not any thicker
tlian the upper part, as in B. nami.

Gonaih are affixed higli up on the septum and not at the junction with septum
and body-wall.

Prostates. These bodies are larger than in //. mimr, but nevertheless generally
confined to one somite cacb. The pciiial seta- areas usual, of unequal size. The
larger seta is i'urni.slied with four notches, the smaller is spoon-like and forked at the
apex.

Nephridia. These organs are arranged in three distinct rows on either side of
the median line, but the nephridia in each somite are of unequal size. The nephri-
dium nearest the ventral ganglion or nopbridiiim n consists of two, more or less,
separate parts, evidentl}' a tendenov to diilnsion or an imperfect centralization. The
most ventral part is the smallest and the most distal the largest. The ducts run con-
tinuously between these parts, l)ut tlu> co'lomic cells are grouped in such a way that
the bridges between the two jjarts are quite narrow. The nophrostome of nopbridium
a was always plain and readily seen, but I never succeeded in finding the nepliio-
stomes of &and c. Still, these nephridia appear perfectly formed on the meganephric
princiiile, and I couUl never see any connection by canals between " and />, and //and
c, though sometimes the ca3lomic cell masses extended more or less continuously over
and between the respective nephridia n, h and c.

Ncpliiidia (I open in front of setse 1 and 2, while in B. nana they open in front
of '■) and 1. I'bc most anterior nephridium possessing a ccelomic covering I found in
xxi. Tiirougii tiie courtesy of Dr. Micliaelsen, I have received specimens of B.
Bolnri for comparison. The nepliridium of B. pahnicola resemble that of />'. Bolari,
but is much larger, and the respective nephridia cover each other slightly, while in
the two specimens of B. Bolavi which 1 dissected the respective nephridia were sep-
arated by considerable distance; the latter nephridia are also smaller. I bad at first
intended to assign these species of Benhamia possessing several nephridia of a perfect
form under a separate subgenus, when my attention was called to the fact, by Dr.
Michaelsen, that B. Stuhhiiaiuti sometimes possessed a similar arrangement of nephri-
dia as those in B. Bolavi, etc." As the nephridia of B. Stnhlinnnni are generally
plectonephric or difTuse, it became at once evident that this distinetion emild not be
used as a generic character of value, and that it really is impossible to draw any dis-
tinct line between a plectonephric and a micronephric condition. It is, however, en-
tirely incorrect to characterize these nephridia as a mass of tubules, etc., as wherever
they are separated one from the oilier, as in Bolnri, pahnicola, nana, mgosa and
probably great many other species, each micronephridium is perfect in itself, and liuilt
on the same general principle as the meganepbridia of tiie other terricohv. T wmild
therefore propose to make a distinction between plectonephidia, or really dilTuse
nephridia, and micronephridia, or nephridia of small size, but perfect, or built on the
meganephric plan. Sucii a disliru-tinn maybe u.seful in descrii>tions, even if tiuy are
not mor|)hologically distinct.

PACIFIC COAST OLIGOCH^TA. 135

Benhamia papillata ii. sp.
Figs. 43 A, B, V, D, e; -52.

Habitat. Tepic, Territory of Tepic, 4000 feet; Mexico.

I am nnablo, on account of want of time, to add any detailed description to the
short definition of this s])ecies given above. When T described Bi'nh.nmui paimicoia
I possessed only a single specimen of B. papillatn, and I supposed that the differences
in the structure of some of the organs, as well as the presence of the prostate papillae,
were due exclusivel}' to individual variation. But while this paper was being printed
I became possessed of about twenty specimens fi'om the same locality, all of which
resemble each other in all the points referred to in the description, and I therefore
do not hesitate now to assign to them a specific name, especially as I find that this
species is much more distinct than I at first suspected. While it in many respects
resembles B. Bolitvi, it differs in other points which must be considered of specific im-
portance. B.'pai^illata differs thus from B. Bolnei in possessing four exterior tubercles,
one for eacli prostate pore. The smaller penial seta in B. Bolavi is flat and somewhat
forked, while in B. pnpiUatd the smallar seta is furnished with a sigmoid tip of ex-
ceeding thinnesss. The clitellum in B. Bolavi and B. 'palmicola is incomplete, but
in B. papUlnta it is complete even on the ventral side, showing several rows of glan-
dular cells, but the width of the layer of clitellar cells is much narrower in the central
part. Clitellum is ventrally complete only in somites xiv, xv and xvi.

The following are the other points of interest as regards the character of this
species: It is larger than B. palmicola. The four papilhie, each one of which
carries a prostate pore, are very distinct and prominent, and they stand close together
in the sunken genital pit of the clitellum. The median central papilla, on which open
the ovipores, is elevated and oval. The two ovipores are situated in the center of the
papilla, but entirely separate. They are in the very center of the somite and in a
line drawn between setne 1 and 1. In B. palmicola the ovipores join, and the common
pore is situated somewhat in front of a line drawn between setfe 1 and 1. Longitu-
dinal section of a specimen shows that the septum separating somites xiii/xiv is very
much cupped, and the oviducal funnel is situated exactly above the central papilla in
xiv and dips down straight to the ovipore. The anterior sept* are hardly thicker
than the posterior ones, but they are all very much cupped. Sacculated intestine
commences in xix. There is a strong superior typhlosole in xx to xiv. Of the three
pairs of calciferous diverticula the anterior one in xv is very much, or about four
times, smaller than each of the posterior ones. The glandular part of the prostate is
folded and quite thick, but confined to one somite.

Penial seta'. The penial setse are the most distinct character of this species,
besides the tubercles of the prostate pores. In general shape the two setse are much
more slender than those of B. palmicola, and several times narrower at the apex. They
are so thin that it required an oil-ira. 1/12 to show their structure sufficiently to enable
me to sketch it. The larger seta is slightly curved, gradually tapering from the root
to the apex. The apex is much less curved than that of B. Bolavi or B. palmicola,
and furnished with seven or eight shallow but still distinct notches. But the smaller

130 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIEN'CES.

seta differs entirely from that of the B. Bolnri group. Instead of being more or less
di.stinotly forked and wider at the apex, a.s in those species, it is drawn out to an ex-
ceedingly thin hair-like point, which is sigmoid (fig. A?> e). In shape the seta is almost
straight, with the two ends slightly curving.

The papillce of the genital region are most characteristic. Each papilla forms
the exterior apex of a prostate. With a low power lens these papilhe appear round,
but under a higher power they appear rosette-like, and consist of two or three divisions,
one on top of the other. The ventral part of segments xvii, xviii and xix, carrying
the genital pores, is iniich contracted, and the papilhe appear as in a bunch. The
distance between the male or spermaducal pore and the prostate papilla is just about
the same as the base of the papilla.

In a section the structure of the oviducal median papilla appears to greatly
resemble that of the tubercula pubertatis of Sparganophilus. T find there the same
relatively large number of tali, narrow cells, radiating from the ovipore, but I cannot
discern any sense cells.

The spcrmathecie differ in shape from tho^e oi -B. pa /miroln. The apical sac
is not globular, but pointed and narrow, as represented in fig. •')2 o and h.

The nei)hridia also differ some from those of B.palmwjln. In this species the
inner nephridium, or a, consists of two parts, each one with a c«elomic mantle separate
from the other, l)ut in B. pdpUlnta nephiidium a consists of three distinct parts, each
one with a ccelomic mantle. This, of course, refers only to the po.sterior ncphridia;
the anterior ones are not covered by ccelomic mantle.

Sperm-sacs in .\ and xi, not racemose. In other respects, as far as I can judge
by a hasty examination, this form resembles B. palmicola.

Benhamia rugosa n. sp.
Figs. o6-63.

Hnhitat. Native habitat unknown. The eight specimens in niv possession
were found in the orchid house in the Golden Gate Park of San Francisco, California,
under pots. Two were adult, two imperfectly developed, the others immature.
duly, 1895.

Color reddish flesh.

EXTERIOR CHARACTERS.

Size, 30 mm. by 1^ ra.

SeijmenU, 118. Cephalic lobe very long, pointed.
. CrUellum incomplete.
Dorsal pore, most anterior v-vi.
Oviducal pore, one single in the median line in xiv.
Prostate j)oren, the anterior ones elevated on tubercles.

Pen'ial seUe. Largest seta with five notches, smallest seta forked with jirongs
of equal size.

Common setctt. All ventral in four couples; the inner setaj are present in xviii.

I'ACIFIC COAST OLIGOCH^TA. 137

INTERIOR CHARACTERS.

Gizzards, two in vii and viii.

Calcifewas direrticul.n. Three pairs in xv, xvi and xvii.

Sacculated intestine commences in xviii.

l\jphlosole present.

Prostates slender, confined each to one somite.

Spermatheca;. The apical part a trifle smaller than the basal. Both parts
mnch flattened. A very small diverticulum pointing forwards.

Ni'phvidia in four rows on either side of the median line. The posterior ne-
phridia ^itli coelomic glandular mantle. Nephridia in each somite of about equal
size. Nephridia d and d about equidistant as a and (t. The most ventral part of
nephridiuin a not covered by the mantle. The cliteHar nephridia larger than those
anterior to clitellum.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION.

Size. The specimens had been slowly killed and extended before hardening.
All the specimens were curved backwards, thus with the dorsal line on the inner
margin of the crescent, causing the male pores to be situated at the greatest bend on
the outer margin of the crescent. Most terricolse curve the opposite way.

Shape of segments. The first ten somites are very nearly of the same diameter
in the direction from head to tail. Somites xi and xii are slightly narrower. The
clitellum which comprises somites xiii to xx shows plainly the intersegmental grooves.
The posterior somites are of a somewhat shorter diameter than xi and xii. All the
anterior somites including the most posterior ones of the cliteUum are sculptured by
longitudinal furrows running in the diameter from head to tail. This corrugation is
seen all around the body, and gives the anterior part of the worm a very marked
appearance. The posterior somites show a fainter corrugation. All somites are
3-ringed, except those of the clitellum.

Prustoiniam is long and pointed and slightly curved upwards (figs. 57 and 58)
and is a trifle longer than somite ii. In all the specimens but one, somite i, was nearly
entirely retracted in the buccal cavity, and when viewed from the exterior only a
short portion of its dorsal part could be seen (fig. 58) and the prostomium appeared
as if projecting from somite ii. One specimen had somite i extended as figured
in fig. 59. Dr. Michaelsen has remarked a somewhat similar retraction of somite i in
B. kafuruensis. Spermathecal pores as usual, vii-viii and viii-ix.

CliteUum is narrower than the surrounding somites. It is strongly corrugated,
especially at the anterior and posterior margins. The prostate pores are, as usual, in
xvii and xix. The exterior part of the genital region is very characteristic. In
young specimens the two prostate pores are connected by a deep furrow in the
center of which is seen the slight depression for the male pore. In the two fully
adult specimens, however, the two anterior prostate pores were each situated on a
very large globular papilla, surrounded by a deep fossa; while no such papilla and
fossa characterized the posterior pair of prostate pores. In fact, these posterior pores

138 CALIFOKNIA ACADEMY OK .SCIENCES.

were not visible from the exterior and could only be ascertained by dis-section and
transparent light. Viewed from the exterior the clitellum appears incomplete.

/'('itinl '<rtii'. The longer seta is hooked at the apex and furnished with live
notchi's oil the inner side, very iiuicli as in //. Bu/din. Tiie shorter seta is le.ss curved
ami about | as long as ihc larger seUv. It is not iiooked and tlie free apex is slightly
forked, each prong being of the same lengtli. There is no flare or wing between the
two prongs (tigs. (JO, Gl and <)2).

Oviducts. Both open together in a central pure in llu- median line in xiv,
very close to the groove between xiii xiv. In tin' laigust of the two adult specimens
the ovipore was situated abnormally between xv and xvi.

fnteadne nm\ (j/(indx. A strong supni-pharyngeal gland as usual. (Jiz/.ard in
vii ami viii, separated l)y a thin wall, as in other species. Tubular intestine extends
from gizzard to xvii, and is in xv, xvi and xvii furnished with the three pairs of
calciferous diverticula, of which the two anterior ones are of difftirent construction
histologically just as in other species. The sacculated intestine commences in xviii.
There is a typhlosole.

Spermathecd'. As usual, in vii and viii. Those in vii were slightly smaller,
and entirely confined to their somite, while those in viii projected their distal part
through the septum into ix. The distal part is only a little smaller tlmn the other
part. The spermatheca is much flattened. Seen from below it appears as in fig. .")2 in,
while seen from the side it looks as in fig. o2 n. The lower [)art is furnished with
a very small diverticulum, pointing forwards. The duct leading to the pore is very
short, almost not set off fiom (he lower sac.

Oviducts are slender, tubular, with a small and narrow funnel.

Nephrklin. Those posterior to xix are furnished with a ccelomic cell mantle
of oval form, even and regulau, and of the same size in the various ne|diridia. Pos-
terior to xix we find foiii- rows of nepluidia on each side of the median line, the rows
being regular and parallel. The most ventral nephridiura or n is situated between
the seta' couples 1 and 2 and 3 and 4. The other nephridia h, c and d are dorsal and
lateral. The two dorsal nephridia d and d are about as ecjuidi-stant as nephridia a and
a, and much closer together than the dorsal nephridia of B. nana, palmico/o and
Bolavi, the three other species which 1 have examined. The more ventral part com-
prising the outlet duct, etc., of nephridium c is longer than the corresponding parts
of the other nephridia, and not covered by the eodomic mantle. The clitellar nephri-
dia are larger and tiieir ducts thicker than tlie other anterior nephridia. The
nephridia anterior to clitellum are very small, except those in somites iv and v, where,
as usual, the nephridial ducts are long. Ivach nephridium a{)pears perfect, and built
on the meganephric plan (fig. 03).

IJi'nhainla riKjosa is readily recognized and characterized by the large pa|)ilhe
on which open the two anterior prostate pores, by the four rows of nephriilia, l»y the
forked smaller penial seta', by the corrugation of the anterior somites, inclusive of
clitellum, by the pointed prostomium, by the flattened spermatheca\

Since this was written Rosa has described a new .\inerieaii iK'nliainia from

PACIFIC COAST OLIGOCH.I'ITA. 13'J

Piiraguay, viz.: D. nrtonephra, whicli appears to resemble ray B. rngosa in several
points, especially in having four ro\v.-> of nepliridia on eitiier side of the ventral median
line, or eiglit parallel rows in all. But it also diiiers in several others, sullicicnlly to
be arranged under separate species. B. octonephra has about 90 somites, B. rugosa
about lis. B. riKjonn possess penial setfe, which, as far as I can judge from Rosa's
description ai'c diflferent from those of B. octonephra.

Unfortunately, the characteristics of Benhamia species must be founded on
most minute characters, which cannot always be expressed in words, as long as so com-
paratively few species are known. Too few of these characters have been figured,
and many have been entirely overlooked. The penial sette, whicli are of the utmost
importance as species characters, should be in all instances figured. They vary much
less than do the spermathecjT?, the shape of whicli is only ajiproxiniately constant.

ACANTHODRILUS Perrier.

Out of thirty-five species of this genus, which have been described to date and
recognized by Beddard, none have been found as far north as Central America or
Mexico. The two new additions to the genus which I am able to describe below will
therefore prove of considerable interest on account of their habitat so far north, while
one of the species shows a combination of characters rarely met with in this genus.

DEFINITIONS OF SPECIES.

Acanthodrilus tamajusi n. sp.

Definition. Length 15 cm., vrklth 1 cm. in thickest part in front of clitellum;
number of somites about 218. Clitellum xiii to xx. First dorsal pore posterior to clitel-
lum. Penial setre ornamented, one seta only in each sac. Common setce paired. Pros-
tate pores each on a round papilla. Gizzard in v. Calciferous diverticula 3 pairs in
vii, viii and ix. Sacnlated intestine commences in xiv. l^yphlosole present. Sperma-
theca large sac-like, ivith a few small warty diverticula. Sperm-sacs not racemose, in ix,
X, xi, xii. Prostates four, much folded, opening 7vith penial setce. Nephridia large,
meganephridia, not alternate. Color reddish, partly jngmented. Habitat, Guatemala,
lowlands.

Acanthodrilus Vasliti n. sp.

Definition. Length 6 cm. by 2 mm. in the region of somite viii; number of
somites 92. Prostomium distinct, divides somite 1 about ^. Clitellum unknown. First
dorsal pore vii/viii; first large dorsal pore ix/x. Penial setce absent; common setm
paired, 1 and 2 not present in xvii and xix. Prostate pores not on papilla; each pore a
duplex one. Oripores in front of setce 1 and 2. Spermathecal jwres in front of
setre 1 and 2, and betiveen somites vii-viii, viii-ix. Spermiducal pores in xviii in line
with setce 1 and 2. Sept'i v to xii slightly thickened. Gizzard in v. Sacculated intes-
tine in XV. No calciferous diverticula. Peritoneum covered rvith a single layer of very
large glandular cells. Very large suprapharyngeal gland, and a very small subpharyn-
geal gland. Spermatheca long tubular in viii and ix, no diverticula. Prostates 8 in

Memoirs, Vol. II, 5. December 16, 1895.

140 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

wniiber, 2 and 2 npeninri close fof/ether in the prostate pore. Typhlosole. Nephridin large,
maganephridia, not nlternnte, opening in front of set<n -i and A. Color mdkij irhlti', no
pigment. Habitat, Tepic, Mexico, 4000 feet nltitnde.

Acanthodrilus tamajusi n. sp.
Figs. 87-9(1

Habitat. Of this species I possess one adiiil and half a dozen young speci-
mens, principally from Tamaju on the rio Polochic in ( iiiatcniala. The largest in-
dividual measures about 150 mm., but even tliis one did not have the clitellum per-
fectly developed, but was otherwise seemingly mature. One of the smaller specimens
measuring only 70 mm. in length possessed a more perfect clitellum than the larger
specimen. These specimens were found by myself several yearn ago in June and
July on toj) of the ground after rain. It is probably a common species in tropical
Guatemala. On account of imperfect preservation of the specimens, some hi.stological
details are wanting.

Color. Deep violet-brown and iridescent when alive. Skin pigmented strongly
on the tail, slightly on anterior i)art, but only on the upper side in the two mature
specimens. A large immature specimen possessed no pigment, and was of a grayish
color, but there may be some doubt as to its belonging to this species.

Size. Largest specimen 15 cm. by about 1 cm. in front of clilelkim. The
specimen had not been extended and killed before being placed in alcohol and must
therefore have been considerably longer.

Number of somites 218 about, those in front of clitellum much larger than
those posterior to it.

First dorsal pore in the pigmented specimens only posterior to clitellum. fn
the unpigmented between vii and xiii.

Prostomium doubtful (injured), but appears to incompletely or not at all divide
somite i.

Clitellum comi^lete, xiii to gxx.

Penial setce. A sac with one penial seta at each prostate. This seta has
numerous short rows of teeth, decreasing in number towards the apex. The seta is
quite short, blunt atone end and broad, tapering gradually toward the apex which is
slightly recurved. The whole seta is irregularly sickle-shaped. The teeth are on
the concave side. One seta possessed four notches with short teeth also on the con-
vex side posterior to the other, or about where the thickest part begins (figs. 93 a, b, c) .

Common setre strictly paired on ventral side of body. The distances between
the couples about the same. The ventral couples of seta' are present near to the
s|)ermiducal or male pores. They are the ordinary form but slightly larger than the
common setse.

Oviducal pores in xiv situated somewhat nearer the median line than to the
inner couples of seta?, anil the distance between the pores is a triilc more than the
distance between setjc 1 and 2 in the .same somite.

Prostate pores situated each on a small papilla.

PACIFIC COAST OLIGOCHiETA. 141

Giz7.nrd is in v.

Cnlciferous diverticula, three pair.s, one each in vii, viii and ix, all of the same
structure.

Sacculated intestine commences in xix and fnrnished with a typhlosole.

Spermathecdi in viii and ix with a few warty diverticula, one of which is
larger and furnished witli two swellings. Spormathecal pores in front of setie 1 and
2. The spermathecie are large, fdling the space between the sci)ta on the ventral side
of the body. No spermathecal copulary seta>.

Sperm-sacs sac-like, not racemose, occupying the whole space left in ix-xii.

Prostates much folded, opening with penial setse; each pro^^tate confined to
one somite each, the free distal end pointing backwards, and situated close behind the
male pore.

Nephridia, sti'ictly meganephridia, not alternating.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION.

Each prostate pore is situated on a round globular papilla, between which and
the male pore runs a copulatory fossa. In xvi and xx there is in each a copulatory
ridge, running parallel with the intersegmental grooves and somewhat longer than the
space between setse 2 and 2 (fig. 91). There is a shorter ridge in xviii extending
between the male pores.

The prostomium and somites i and ii are transversely sulcated, most so somites
i and ii. Also somite iii shows this sulcation in a smaller degree. The anterior nine
somites are more or less distinctly segmented in three parts, that is, they show a central
ridge on which are situated the setse. The following posterior somites show a seg-
mentation in five parts. In the clitellium the segmentation is clear, as far as regards
the intersegmental grooves, but the segmentation of the somites is not very distinct.

The siq^ra-phnrijngeal glands form a very large body, superposing the pharynx.
It is rounded posteriorly, and consists of four larger and five smaller lobes, this when
viewed in a longitudinal section just outside the median line (fig. 96).

The calciferous diverticula show all the same structure.

The sperinathecre are large, globular masses, as seen in figs. 94 and 95, with
warty diverticula, one of which is much larger. The spermathecte overlap each other
and are bunched in a solid mass between the septa on the ventral side of the body.

Testes are in two pairs, quite or very small when viewed in sections — in x and
xi, in front of the ciliated rosettes, on the posterior face of the anterior septa.

The ciliated rosettes or sperm-funnels are in xi and xii, and are very large,
crimped and furnished with a wide muscular duct. The funnels in xii lie much
higher up than the one in xi, much closer to the intestine. The posterior part of the
funnel is very thick, and so is the duct. The ducts join and open as usual in xviii.
The rosettes lie free, but are connected by connective tissue with the anterior septa.
They thus point backwards.

The body-ivall is very thick, and the longitudinal muscles are not bipinnately
arranged. The septa between v, vi and so on until xi, xii, are much thickened, and
thicker than the other, though the one between xi, xii is not as thick as the anterior

142 CAMFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ones. The gizzard is connected by several poweiiiil muscular strands with the body-
wall in xi.

There is a very large mass of /)'/il')-nephridi(tl tubes situated immediately above
the posterior part of the pharyngeal gland. Longitudinal sections show the anterior
nc'ithridial canals to be greatly folded and very narrow. There are very large masses
ol free ca'lomic cells situated in the somites containing the sperm-sacs and the funnels
of the sperraducts.

Acanthodrilus Vasliti n. sp.
Figs. 148-154.

General Remarks. This species is one of those abnormal forms which occur
in almost every large genus, and whose organization and characteristics are not readily
accounted for. It is also the most nortlicin of any Acanthodrilus found so far, though
undoubtedly true Acanthodrili will be found much further north. Acanthodrilus
Vasliti differs from any other Acanthodrilus in possessing eight prostates or spermi-
ducal glands, ari'anged in four pairs, two and two prostates oi)ening together in each
one of the four prostate pores in somites xviii and xx. Also in one other respect does
this species show an interesting characteristic. The peritoneum lining the septa and
body-wall is covered with cnornions glinuhilar cells, verj' much resembling those
forming the nephridial mantle in many species. The duplication of the prostates is
also found in Ktrrin McDonnldi, while abnormal development of peritoneal cells re-
mind us of certain ca?lomic organs found in Periclueta and some species of Acantho-
drilus (Beddard, page 29, Monograph of (J)ligoth!eta). Four pairs of prostates have
been described by Ude in Geodrilns siiujularis, but details are wanting.

Of the specimens in my possession one was sectioned longitudinally, two were
dissected and afterwards sectioned vertically. None of the specimens were fully
adult; the various generative organs were developed, but there was no trace of
clitellum.

Hahititt. Tepic, Territory of Tepic, Mexico, at 4000 feet altitude, in the
moist ground immediately under decaying logs, in the shade of a stone-fence, about
one mile north of the city. October, 18!)4, Eisen and Yaslit, col.

Color. Milky white, like an Ench3'trieus, without trace of pigment.

Size. Length (> I'Ui. by 2 mm. in the region of somite viii. Slightly t<ipering
towards the tail, the end of which is thickened.

Number of somitt;!^ 92 in the largest specimen, all of about the same size, ex-
cept the last few caudal ones, which diminish in width towards the most posterior
somite. All nre smooth, the anterior ones with a faint tiace of trisegmentation.

Doisal //ores. The most anterior one that is distinct is seen l)etweeii ix-x.
Jietween vii/viii and viii/ix tiiere is respectively a much snialler but still distinct pore.
The most anterior pore is thus between vii viii.

I'roxtomium is distinct, dividing somite i about .'.. Tlie anterior somites are
more distinctly .set than the others. A long narrow groove begins on the ventral
median line between somites xvi and xviii, and extends backwards about 20 to 25

PACIFIC COAST OLIGOCH^TA. 143

somites, then clianges into a narrow keel. This in the largest specimen, all having
been slowly killetl and straightened out.

Clitellum unknown, all specimens being immature.

Genital 'porc^. Two pairs of s/)ermathecal pores between ix-viii and viii-vii, in
front of the respective septa, the spermathecic thus being in ix and viii. The pores
are in line with setic 1 and 2, but are not prominent. Ovidacal pores are in front of
sette 1 and 2 between xii/xiv.

Prostate /)ores in two pairs in the center of somites xvii and xix, in line with
setjc 1 and 2. But each pore is really a duplex of two joint pores, which are only
separated at the very epidermis by a thin wall. Thus the two prostates of each
couple run parallel through the body-wall, each one opening separately, but the pores
being so closely joined that they appear almost as one. No setag of any kind near these
pores (figs. 151 and 152).

Spermiclacdl pores are seen in line with sette 1 and 2, close posterior to the
sette, only visible by strong transmitted light. The genital region in my immature
specimens did not show any particular structure with papilhe, etc. The median fossa
already referred to causes these pores to be situated on a slight ridge, which was not
marked off laterally. Close to each prostate pore on their ventral side is a small
tubercula piibertatis, only visible in sections.

Fenial sctic absent.

Common setre. Strictly paired ventral and lateral; 3 and 4 being situated
slightly ventral, below the horizontal line. Setae 1 and 2 are missing in somites xvii
and xix. In xviii the ventral setfe 1 and 2 are present, but do not differ from the
other sette, which are all plain and sigmoid.

Kephro2)ores in front of sette 3 and 4.

INTERNAL CHARACTERS.

Bodij-wnU offers no prominent characteristics, except that the peritoneal layer
is enormously developed in all somites posterior to xiii. Peritoneum is strongly vas-
cular, but in addition to the usual small peritoneal cells we meet with a thick layer
consisting of a single row of tall peritoneal cells of varying but fairly even height.

Peritoneal cells are in places as high as the other layers of the body-wall com-
bined, while in other places they are shorter. Similar peritoneal cells cover also the
septa, principally those posterior to xiii. The center of the septa bear as a rule the
tallest cells (figs. 149 and 153). These cells show a round nucleus and a granulation
which resembles that of chloragogen cells, but which does not stain deeply as does
the one of the latter cells.

The heaits in x, xi and xii, as well as the septal glands in vii and viii, are also
surrounded by similar cells. The dorsal blood vessel again is covered by regular
chloragogen cells.

Septn. Those separating respectively somites v to xii are slightly thickened
and very strongly cupped, but not covered by any peritoneal cells. The septa sep-
arating xii to xiv are less cupped, not thickened, but all covered by a few peritoneal

144 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

cells. The septa posterior to somite xiv again are not miieli eiipped, hut each one is
lined on each side hy a single hxyer of very thick tall perittuioal cells (fig. 1 "»o).

Alimentary canal. Phnnjnn is furnished with a large upper chamber and is
apparently only developed superiorly, allliDiij^^h it possesses a small suhpharyngeal
gland close to the ventral nerve cord.

CEaophtgus rises diagonally upwards and joins the single gizzard situated in
V. The tiibulnr-intpMlne extends to xiv. The saccfilalcd-intestine commences in xv.
There is a ty[)hlosole in the donsal wall of tlic iiile-tine in .vvi to xix. The typhlo-
sole presents a network of fibres resembling in a general way the structure of a
sponge. This typhlosole does, however, not descend into the canal, but partakes
more of the nature of a wide continuous blood-sinus.

Salivary glands. The suprapharyngeal glands form a mas.s with five distinct
lobes, of which the posterior one, as usual, is the largest and the anterior one the
smallest (fig. 149). There is also a suhpharyngeal gland very low but rather long
(fig. 14!)). A thin but wide septal gland is found in vi, posterior to the gizzard,
while smaller septal glands, which are principally developed ventrally are found in
vii and viii.

Spennalhecie consist of two pairs of long and narrow organs in viii and ix
opening in the intersegmental grooves between vi and viii and viii and ix. In my
specimens they were probably rather undeveloped and did not show any trace of
diverticula either externally or in the wall.

Testes are in x and xi and ovaries in xiii. The nndnct opens between the
setns and septum. SpermiducH I funnels or rosettes are ver}' small, thick and compact,
and situated in x and xi. The spermducts run separately backwards between the
longitudinal layer and peritoneum and open jointly on the center of xviii as usual.

Prostates are in foiir pairs as has been already stated, two and two opening in
each pore in line with setie 1 and 2, these setae, however, not being present in these
somites (fig. 1 oO). The prostates showed no glandular part, the whole being muscu-
lar (fig. 1.j4). They were very thin, tubular, the two prostates in each twin couple
running entirely parallel and close together along the septa, as far as the line of setiC
3 and 4. A large pait of this distance the muscular part is surrounded by regular
peritoneal cells, not by the large glandular ones. Each prostate remains separate
from the other and even their external pores, though situated close to each other, are
not strictly joined, though they are surrounded by a common thicker lip (figs. 1 oO
and ]/>lj. I have already referred to the duplication of prostates in one species of
Kerria, otherwise it has not been found with certainty in Acanthodrilidse. Some of the
earliest described Acanthodrilides were, however, supposed to have a prostate and
spermducts open jointly, and it does not seem unreasonal)le to suppose that in some
case at least a <luplicate prostate existed, and one was mistakeuM'or a spermdiict. This
would be (|uite easily done in specimens poorly preserved, especially if the prostates
should be entirely muscular as in Aca nthodrilus Vasliti, in which species they are
also very narrow and thin and not really wider than the spermducts of many forms.
Ude, in descril>ing Ucodntus singularis from Danville, Illinois, mentions as one of the

PACIFIC COAST oi,igocha;ta. 145

generic characteristics four pairs of prostate glands, l)ut does not describe nor figure
these in detail. The only wa}* I can understand the presence of four pairs of pros-
tates opening into four pores, is that two and two prostates open together. But on
the following page (70) we are told that there are two pairs of prostates in segments
18 to 22, which open in segments 17 and 19. The figure shows us four prostate pores.
If the first statement is not a misprint, we would in Geodrilns slngularis have an
analogy similar to what we find in Acnnthodrilas Vasliti. But Beddard states in his
large monograph on Oligoclueta that Geodrilus singnlaris is probably identical with
Diplocardia communis. This couhl, of course, not be tiie case if the prostates were
duplicated in the former.

Tuherculn pubertatis. Although no large and prominent elevation in the
genital region is found, I have, however, satisfied myself that a tubercula pubertatis
is really present even in my undeveloped specimens. Adjoining the prostate pore is
a small tubercle, consisting of some tall supporting cells surrounding a bundle of sense
cells, the latter characterized by the usual long, oval nuclei. These nuclei are
situated much deeper than they are in the sense cells of the epidermis or in the buccal
cavity, and they are also narrower than those. Otherwise this organ shows a very
great resemblance to those in Benhamia, except for the absence of the glandular
refractive cells. At the base of the sense cells in the tubercle I find numerous smaller
round nuclei, the relationship of which my sections do not fully explain. Numerous
nerve fibrils are seen to connect with the sense cells. Although no clear glandular
cells are seen around the sense-organ in the tubercle, it may be possible that some
may develop later at the same time as the clitellar cells, none of my specimens pos-
sessing any.

Vascular system. The last heart is in xi. The dorsal vessel is single; no
subneural vessel. A large blood sinus in xvi to xix inclusive.

Nepliridia are strictly paired, opening in front of setse 3 and 4. Those posterior
to somite xiv are surrounded by large peritoneal cells, while those anterior to xv con-
sisted of the usual narrow ducts, free of any ccelomic peritoneal cell mantle. Numer-
ous blood vessels cover the nephridii. The most anterior nephridium is found in iii.
No pepto-nephridium. The anterior nephridia gradually diminish in size towards the
anterior part of the body.

ALEODRILUS n. gen.
Figs, m to 86.

Definition. Acanthodrilidce. Paired meg a nephridia, not alternating. Pros-
tate pores, two p)airs; one pair in xx and one pair in xxii. Svermiducal i^air of pores
in xxi. No calciferous glands; no penial setre. Two pairs of spermatheae in viii and
ix. Cliiellum xiii-xx. Two gizzards.

General remarks. I possess only one single specimen of this interesting oli-
gochteta, collected at Ensenada de Todos Santos in the northern part of Baja Califor-
nia. My time for searching was very limited and the season unfavorable, and this
will account for the want of specimens. The single specimen was found in the dry

146 CAMFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

bed of tlie river ><outli of tijwii at a water-hole in the otherwise dry creek bottom
sand. It occurred here with Deltania and Liiniiodrihis. Tlie .sand was merely moist
on account of overlyinj^ rubbish and .sacks. The species is undoubtedly a native (jiie
and the only Acanthodrilid f(jun(i on the coa.st so far north in the open {ground, ami
and on this account even of geoti;ra|)hical interest, 'i'iie intestine of the worm was
gorj^ed with the coarse white .sanil of the river beil. The anterior part of the worm
was cut lengthwise, one-half dissected and the other half sectioned cro.sswise. The
want of specimens made a full investigation impossible, though I believe none of the
important points remains in doubt. 1 have no reason to believe the species is scarce,
though piohably it isshariiig the fate with all native worms, that of being displaced by
European importations. The species is dedicated to Professor W. .S. Keyes, my com-
panion in many travels in tropical Mexico.

Ajfinities. It is interesting to note that Aleodrilus shows considerable affinity
to the only other North American genus of this family, viz.: Diplocardia. It re-
sembled this genus by having two gizzards, no calciferous glands, meganephridia, no
sacs with penial seta?. It resembles Eenhamia in having two gizzards, etc., but it
differs from these two, as well as from all other Acanthodrilid.c, by the far backward
position of the' prostate and spermiducal pores, these being in xx, xxi and xxii re-
spectively, while all other genera of this family have these respective pores in xvii,
xviii and xix. The genital male pores are thus in Aleodrilus pushed three somites
further back. Considering these and some minor characters I believe I am justified
in ])lacing this worm in a new genus.

Aleodrilus Keyesi n. sp.

Definition. Leiu/th 7 cm., by fi mm. wide; number of somites SO. First dor-
sal pore vlii-ir. Clitellum complete in (interior, incomplete in the posterior somites,
^xiii-h^v. iVb penial sacs and setce. Common setre paired, those of the inner couple
closer than those of the outer couple. Spermathecal pores between vii/viii and viii/ix.
Gizzards in v and vi. No calciferous glands. Nephridia nut covered by a celotnic man-
tle. Nephrop)orcs outside of seUv 4. Hearts in x, xi, xH. jSperm-sacs racemose in x,
xi, xli. Testes in x, xi. Color pale flesh, no pigment. Habitat, Northern Baja Cal-
ifornia, at Ensenada de 2'odos Santos.

EXTERNAL CHARACTERS.

Color is very pale, mottled and marbled, showing clearly the intestines and
blood vessels. When collected this worm resembled in delicacy of color and trans-
parency Deltania eleyans and I supposed it to be this species. Spermathecal pores are
separate in front of setic 1 and 2 between vii/viii and viii/ix. Setd are ventral and
lateral, H in each somite ap[)roached in couples. The setic of the inner couple is
closer than those of the outer couple. The tlistance between the couples is about twice
as large as the distance between sette 1 and 2, and one antl one-half as wide as the dis-
tance between seta? '■'> iin<l I. No penial seta' in special sacs. All seta' an- sigmoid
without sculpture. The anterior live somites are two-ringed, that is with a single
groove in the equatorial i-cgion, while all the tollowing somites are four-ringed, or

PACIFIC COAST OI.KJOCII.KTA. ' 147

witli two parallel grooves in the equatorial region. The posterior somites are very
wide and four-ringed, hut the 'segmentation is irregular.

Oviporu a little interior to seta 1; uephropores outside of seta 4.

INTERIOR CHARACTERS.

Body-'i-aU. There is a special zone of sense organs in the anterior somites as in
Benhamia, but they are more scattered than in this genus. The longitudinal muscles
run irregularly, with no trace of hipinnatc arrangement. The strands are rather
narrow. The longitudinal layer is very narrow, especially in the clitellum. 'i'he
transverse layer consists of only 3 to 4 strands. The hypodermis offers nothing of
special interest.

The longitudinal layer in the clitellum is greatly diminished in thickness, most
so in the lateral and dorsal region of the clitellum. Anteriorly in somites ii and iii,
the longitudinal strands leave the body-wall and spread out fan-shaped to the inner
wall of the prostomium, forming retractor muscles for the upper and lower lips.

Arciform mnscks. In somites xx, xxi and xxii we find on each side of the
ventral nerve-chord several oblique or aciform muscles, running from the region of
the copulatory grooves to the region above the lateral setoe, thus serving to depress
and relax the two grooves. These muscles are confined to a single row, and do not
show a complex arrangement, as is so frequently shown in oligochteta.

Septa. The septa between somites vii and xiv are much thicker than the others,
esjDecially thickened are those separating somites from vii to x. Those between x and
xiii are less thick than the anterior ones. The thickest septa, vii/viii, viii/ix, ix/x, are
much thicker than the body-wall. The most anterior thick septum is the one which
posteriorly bounds the gizzard (fig. 74).

The septum next anterior to this, the one which separates the two gizzards,
presents the peculiarity of not being attached to the body-wall, between vi and
vii, but it extends forward parallel with the intestine and passes in front of the brain
on the upper side, while the ventral side is attached to the oesophagus below the
pharynx. It forms thus a sac, as in various species of Benhamia. Anterior to this
sejitum I find no trace of others.

Alimentary canal. The pharynx is well developed and superposed by a very
large glandular mass, which consists of about six layers of lobes, attached to muscular
strands, as usual. The most posterior mass is the thickest. The discharge pockets of
these glands into the phaiynx are much thicker than any I have seen in other species,
but are otherwise not of any characteristic construction.

Septal glands are situated far back in somites vii to xi. They are of the same
nature as those which discharge in the pharynx, but I have good reasons to believe that
the glands in this species discharge in the tubular intestine. I have been able to
follow the discharge duct as far as to the muscular layers of the intestine, which would
hardly have been the case if the ducts had continued forwards into the pharynx, as
do those of the forward septal glands in many genera. A peculiarity of these glands
is that they are especially developed on the ventral side of the intestine (fig. 7o) and

Me.moie.s, Vol. II, 5. January 6, 1S96.

HS ■ CAMKOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

arc (listiiictly paiicil. On the nK-iliaii line below tlie intestine the end.s of each
glanilular mass meet an<l join into one duet, the one 1 have just referred to. The free
ends of the <i;laiidular masses are attached by mesenteric tis.sue to the ventral or sul>-
intestiiial blood trunk.

A much .smaller tubular gland of the same nature runs between the dorsal
vessel and the intestine; discharge duct unobserved. A yet smaller glan<l is seen
above the sid)ventral vessel in the same somite as the former; its discharge duct could
not be followed.

These glands stain exactly as the eoiiunou >ti|ira-|i!i;iiyngeal glands and septal
glands, but they show no similarity as regards reagents with the chloragogic cells of
the intestine and blood vessels, in corres[)onding places in the .somites posterior to xi.
The septal glands appear to be of about equal size, a close examination being im-
possible, from want of sufficient material.

Other glands are found in the epithelial walls of the intestine, arranged in
clusters, like the cloves in a garlic. They are scattered about at short intervals among
the epithelial cells, and appear of the same nature as those I have described in Ar-
gilophilus, but they are not as numerous as in that species. They do not stain freely,
but stand out bright and [)elliicid aniong llie daiker staining cells.

Ttjpltluwle not present.

Gizzarch are connected by a very thin wall of the .same nature as the (esophagus.
As far as I can make out the gizzard must be in v and vi, at least the posterior gizzard
is bound liy the sc|itnm separating vi and vii. The ciii-iilar muscular layer is about
30 strands wide, and is at the widest place about four times thicker than the epithelial
layer and cuticle together. The whole width of the gizzard wall is little more than
twice that of the bo(l3-wall in that somite. The longituilinal muscular layer of the
gizzard is oidy one single stiand thick, and the thickness of this strand is less than
any one sli'and of the eircidar layer of the gizzard, The epithelial layer is com-
paratively thick, about one-lifth (jf the whole gizzartl. It contains the same peculiar
glands as I figured in Benhamia.

Spermathecii;. The absence of diveiticula is interesting in as much as most
species of related genera possc-s ihcni. Tlieic are, Imwever. some warty eU-vatiuiis.
The niiiscidar oi- l)asal duct is very long, slender and tnladar, several times longer
than the up[)er ovoid sac (lig. 74). The muscular part offers no peculiarities of
structure. The spermathec;e occupy each only one somite. They stand upright fol-
lowing close to the anterior surface of the septum.

Testes are greatly lohed and are situated high up nn the >(|itiini. just as are the
ovaries.

S/tcrjndurfx iind ciliated rosettes. The spermducts are separated, but enclosed
ill a coininon muscular sheath until somite x.\i is reached. Ketween xx and xvi the
two ducts fuse into mic liinicii, wliicli upciis (uit iiild the center of somite xxi. The
double luiiicii runs along the circular iiiu>ciil;ir layer forward iiiilil somite xiii xii,
when the respective ducts rise u|>\var(ls following the septum to tlii' ovary and testes.
From here on forward each duct is thicker and inuscidar, anil instead of following the

Pacific coast omgocii.kta. 14!)

body-wall passes straight through the ctrloniic cavity to the anterior septa, which they
pierce immediately at the Ijase of the ovaries and testes (fig. 78). A double lumen
is seen only after it passci^ i)osteriorly to the ovary. The rosettes are not large,
hut I hick with a wide base; the latter is furnished, where it passes through the sep-
tum, with several small sac-like glands, each with a distinct lumen, which I followed
thi'ough the nuiscular layer of the spermduct and which T suppose empties into the
neck of the rosette (fig. 79). The rosettes are not enclosed in the sperm-sacs.

Spenn-snoi. The three pairs of sperm-sacs are racemose, but not exceedingly
.so. There ai'e four or five large lobes of glol)idar shape seen in every section sus-
pended from the septum and on the under side of the intestine, tlKuigh somewhat
projecting above it. The two anterior sperm-sacs in x ami xi are smaller than the
posterior one in xii, the one in x being the smallest of tlie three pairs. Those in
X and xi are suspended from the anterior septum separating x/xi and xi/xii. Of the
position of the posterior sperm-sacs I am uncertain, but it appears suspended from
the posterior septum, the one separating xii/xiii, as far as I can judge from a cro.ss-
section.

Spermatogonia. In the two anterior sperm-sacs the spermatogonia offered
nothing peculiar as regards the development of the spermatozoa. There is in each
sperm-sac a large central zone of peculiar cells, staining differently. They re situ-
ated very close together, and possessed in my preparation rather shrunken nuclei
(figs. 63 and 75). This zone exists iu all the various sperm-.sacs in the anterior as
well as in the posterior ones. The development of the spermatozoa in the two an-
terior pairs appeared entirely normal, the spermatogonia possessing the same form as
in other species, the large nuclei standing out freely like beads above the wall. But
in the posterior sperm-sacs the spermatogonia, one and all, looked quite differently.
They were here of many varying sizes, some small, some enormously large, and the
nuclei, instead of standing out from the wall of the spermatogonium, were always
bunched in the center, or sl:i'uug across it as a central band (75). In other spermat-
ogonia the nuclei were arranged as in a ring along the cell walls, but without pushing
out. When the nuclei were in the center there appeared always a row of large and
small vacuoles along the cell-wall. I find two sizes of nuclei, the smaller being al-
ways less in number, and about four times smaller than the large nuclei. When
counter-staiued with orange, the larger nuclei give quickly up part of their hsema-
toxylon, the smaller ones giving it up slowly and not at all. The cytoplasma of the
spermatogonia presented a very strong polarity as regai'ds its position, it being always
massed towards the cell-wall nearest the central germinative area (fig. 63). A some-
what sirailar^process of developing spermatogonia have been described by Vernon in
the ,spei*m cells of Bombyx. The central germinative cell in Bombyx appears to
correspond with the central area or cell agglomeration in Aleodrilus, but I have seen
no such budding out of the germ cells as figured by Vernon, but this may depend
on the insufficient material at my command.

A large number of similar spermatogonia were found in very large numbers
in nearly all the anterior somites, either loose in the coelomic cavitv, or in a

!.')(» CALIKOKNIA ACADKMY OK SCIENCES.

peculiar tis.siio wliicli Mils niucli of tlio co'lomic cavity. This tissue cons^ists of large,
more or less connected cells, very nuicli like tlie co'lomic ^lamUilar cells surrounding
so in.uiy nephridia. These cell masses are more or less difTuse, and appear not dis-
tinctly connected with aiiv of the interior origans of thi Imdv. A inonsr these cells
are found scattered aljout large masses of spermatogonia, all in about the same stage
of development. There are also numerous small free cadumic cells, such as found in
all earthworms.

Xephridia. There is one pair of mega-iiephridia in each somite. The
nephridium is very large, projecting above the lateral line of the l)ody. The nephro-
pores — at least some of them — are seen outside of or more dorsal than sette 4. The
nephrostome again is as usually seen very near seta- 1. There are no glandular
eoeloraic mantles on any of llie mpliridia. Tlie anterior fold is much wider then the
posterior one.. The windings are very deep and twistiil, and the spur generally sigmoid.
The outlet duct, which is tapering towards the pore, is much darker than the other
ducts. Tts prolongation into the anterior fold forms there the central wider canal,
which is also darker than the other two. The canal in the bridge continues forwards
and upwards through the anterior fold, ami is there the posterior one of the three
canals.

Vatfcular i^ystem. The ventral and dorsal longitudinal vessels are both single.
Tiiere are connecting vessels in somites vii to xii. In x, xi and xii, these vessels are
very large, and take the form of so-called hearts. Each heart consists of four or five
links, increasing in thickness upwards. Between each two links there is a thick
circular valve. Similar valves are seen also in the dorsal vessel at the junction with the
hearts. At the base of some of the valves are seen two row"s of very large cells, the
nuclei of which are about 3 to 4 times larger than the nuclei in the valve cells (fig.
83). All the valves in the hearts point downwards or ventrally. There are no
glandular cells in the vessels, such, for instance, as are found in Pontodrilus, etc.

Posterior to the hearts we find long, tubular connecting lateral vessels, between
tlie dorsal and ventral trunks, in the anterior part of each somite. These vessels, one
pail- in each somite (fig. 8(5), are of even thickness throughout, but with two short
kiioli-likc diverticula, one al)ove the other, about ('(pial distances from each other and
from the longitudinal vessels, lioth the dorsal vessel, as well as the laterals, are
thickly covered with codomic chloragogen cells of a yellowish opaque color. These
cells do not cover the ventral longitudinal vessel. These lateral ves.sels contain no
valves.

,Ea( h valve consists of several circular rings, each containing a number of
muscular strands enclosed within a common membrane. In longitudinal sections of
the vessel most of the nuclei lie parallel with each other, but llu' outsiile ones run as
the periphery in a circle. The smaller valves consist each of only one such lobe (tig.
T3a), while the large ones are composed of several (fig. Tab).

PACIKIC COAST OLIGOCHVETA. 1 H 1

SPARGANOPHILUS Benliara.

Definition. Aquatic oUgocluita. Eight xetre in four cou,]-)les. Prostoinium
not marked off from perldom'mm, hitf furnixlwd ivith a aupvrior pit. Feio dorsal porex.
(Jlitellum very large, from eight to twelre somites. No 'penial setai. Spermathecw in
' vii, via and it:, from tiro to eight in each somite. Sperm -sacs in xi and xii, racemose.
Specmduct alir<ti/x sicbepidennaL Male pore ■vviii/ix, or anterior p<irl of xix. Pros-
tates generally present in three or four pairs situated several so7nites posterior to the
spermiducal pores. No gizzards, no calciferous diverticula, no typhlosole. Four pairs
of hearts. Tioo pairs of lateral, longitudinal integinnental vessels extending forward
from somite xiv, not connecting anteriorly irith /he gnt-icall and median trunks.
Nephridia meganephrir, commence in somite xii or xiii.

Principal species characters arc derived from the (jos^ition of the netif; nmnber
and sliape of spermathecje in eacli somite; lobulation of tiie sperm-sacs; course of the
spermducts; shape and position of tubercnla pubertatis, whether dorsal or ventral, to
the male pore or sperraduct; extent of clitelhim; presence of a subpharyngeal integ-
umental gland in iii; length of worm and number of somites, etc.

GENERAL REMARKS.

The first species belonging to this genus was described by Benham from the
river Thames in England. Later, Fraidc Smith described another species from North
America and it became doubtful, as first suggested by Benham, if the genus was
originally an American or European one. 'ilie very restricted locality or habitat of
the European species would indicate its probable importation from some other country,
and when the American species was fonnd it became almost certain that we had to
search for the original home of this genus on the American continent. Ali'eady
when Benham's paper was published T had in my possession specimens of this genus
from Guatemala, California and the Central North American States, and there
remained no doubt in my mind as to the native habitat of the genus. As it now stands
we have seven species sufficiently well defined to be recognized and one more of which
no detailed description can be had, but of which we know enough to be able to
recognize it should it again be observed. Of these eight species then seven are
American and one European, and everything points to the probability that the latter
one is a lately imported species to England most likely fiom this country, as Ben-
ham originally supposed.

The species described here below are not of equal value as species as might
be naturally inferred. Four of the species are well defined, which principally
is due to better preserved and abundant material for study. These species are: Spar-
ganophilus ta7nesis, Eiseni, Benhami and Smithi. Two are less well-known, due entirely
to want of sufficient well preserved material. These species are Sparganofddlus car-
neus and guatemalensis, both of which may prove only varities of Sj). Benhami. The
remaining species Sparganophilus sonomce may pi'ove a variety of Sparganophilus
Smithi, but just as such all the more interesting.

A point of unusual interest in this genus is the presence of prostates, or, as

152 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OP SCIENCES.

Boddiud calls tlicni, s]iormi(liical glands. These glands are, in f>pargano|>liilus, situ-
ated much further from the male or spermiducal pores than in any other genus,
apparently quite independent of the pores. They are al.so subject to considerable
variation, in some species being three, in others four; in one species none. Of the
.same nature I consider the forward parietal pair of glands in somite iii of Sjxtrynno-
pldl.uH Eixeiti, and it seems not unlikely that originally this genus possessed many
more pairs of spermiducal glands, perhaps one in every somite. This location of the
spermiducal glands favors greatly Beddard's view that these glands were originally
independent of the spermduct, and according to this view these glands are in
Sparganophilus the most ])rimitive of any. '^i'liere is also much difference as to the
development of these glands in the various species. Thus in Sp. limihami the gland
consists of two distinct parts and is both glandular and muscular, while in Sp. Smithi
the muscular part is degenerate or undeveloped, the whole gland being vqi\ dimin-
utive. Another point showing the primitive arrangement of the spermiducal glands
is the absence of any copulatory 8et;c, the common seta" in their vicinity being
unmodified.

There is no doubt that a large number of species of this genus will soon be
found on the American continent, especially as specimens appear numerous and widely
distributed. In Guatemala I found them everywhere in springs and lakes, and a
hasty examination of live specimens satisfied me that there were among them about
three species, characterized by the position of the hearts, whether in viii-xi, ix-xi, or
x-xiii. Unfortunately my Guatemala collection was destroyed and only few speci-
mens in poor condition remain.

In this connection I will also call attention toanother species of Sparganophilus
not described below, but found by me several years ago in the small lake known as
Laguna Puerca, situated near the ocean at San Francisco, California, or in the same
lake as I now find Spiir(/anophilus Smithi. This species which 1 have since been
unable to re-collect, although I have made repeated excursions to the place and dug at
the identical spot, offered much of interest and was undoubtedly a different form
from any now described below. It was much shorter and thicker, about ■'> cm. long
by 4 mm. thick, or about half as long and twice as thick as our smallest species now
known. The licaiis were, according to a iieldnote, situated in vii, viii, i\, x. The
longitudinal laJcial vessels began in xiv, but most interesting of all, the species
possessed five distinct and large eye spots on the first somite and prostomium, an
occurrence not recorded in any other of the higher earthworms.

The specimens were very rare- -I couUl only tind two or three in an houi-: tiiey
occurred in the clay .soil near the .shore at shallow depth.

In connection with this it is most interesting to note that at that time I found
no trace of S/turf/iniojihiliis Smithi, which now occurs in the same lake in countless
numbers, a woini many times longer and much thinner. It is impossible that I could
be mistaken in regard to my Ioihk r observations. My explanation is this: Formerly
the Laguna Puerca was much lower, the bottom .soil near the surface was clayey, while
now the lake is several feet higher, the bottom soil near the surface is .sandy. A

PACIFIC COAST OLIGOCH^TA. . 153

number of vegetable gardens have of late years been established at the headwaters
along the creek furnishing the lake, and it is probable that Spdrgnnophihi^ Smifhi
has been introduced with watercress, etc., from some other locality within the last few,
say ten years, while the eye-bearing species may yet bQ living in the bottom soil.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF SVARGANOPHILUS.

I. Set:p ;l and 4 ventral; no prostates, spermducts dorsal to tubercula pubertatis.

Spakganophilus tamesis Benham.

II. Setiv 3 and 4 dm-sul, prostates present, situated sevei-al somites posterior to the male pores.

.\. A pair of ventrally situated parietal glands in somite iii. Spermducts and spermiducal pores dorsal to
tubercula pubertatis. Sparoanophilus Eiseni Smith.

B. No ventral parietal glaud in any somite.

X. Spermiducal or male pore ventrally situated to the tubercula pubertatis.

a. 8 spermathecai in each of somites vii, viii, ix. 2 ditto in vi. Sparganophilu.s Smithi u. sp.

b. 4 spermatheciT' in each of somites vii, viii, ix. 2 ditto iu vi. SPARiiANOpmr.us sonom.e n. subsp.
XX. Spermiducal pore dorsally situated to tubercula pubertatis.

e. Spermathecaj trowel-shaped, outline crenulated. Spargaxophii.os Besiiami n. sp.

d. Spermatheca? trowel-like, but outline smooth. SPAROANOPHlLtJS gitatemale.vsis n. subsp.
XXX. Spermiducal pore unknown, but probably dorsal to tubercula pubertatis

e. SpermatheciE club-like, apical end globular, smooth. Sparoanophilus carneus n. sp.

Sparganophilus tamesis Benham.

Definition. Length 7 to 10 cm. Clitelknn 1-2 xv-1-2 xxv. Tubercula puber-
tatis xvii to xxii ventral to spermiducal jMre. Setm 3 and 4 ventral. Spermiducal pore
between xviii and xix dorsal to tubercula pubertatis. Sperm-sncs in xi and xii minutely
lobulate. Spermathecce one pair in each of somites vii, viii, ix, ventral. No prostates.
Anterior nephridium in xiii. Septal r/lands in v and vi. iVo subpharyngeal integu-
mental glnnd. Blood capilaries on nephridia are numerous. Continnous blood sinus in
the sacculated intestine. Hearts in viii, ix, x, xi, not filling the C(jelom. Color pinkish
with violet iridescence. Habitat, England, Thames. Descri^ition is compiled after
Benham's paper only, as I have not seen any specimens.

Sparganophilus Eiseni (Smith.

Definition. Length iA' to 20 cm.; vAdth £6 cm. Clitellum dorsally 1-4 xv-
XXV, ventrally 1-2 xiv-xxvi. Tubercula jnibertatis 1-2 xvii-1-2 xxii, ventral spermathecal
pores. Setre 3 and 4 dorsal. Spermiducal pore in anterior part of xix, dorsal to tubercula
2)ubertatis. Sperm-sacs minutely lobulate. Spermathecai, one pair each in vii, viii^ and
ix, all dorsal. Prostates 4 pairs in xxiii-xvi; muscular duct present. Anterior
nephridia commence in xiii. Septal glands in iv, v, about the same size, tvhile the one in vi
is very small. A subpharyngeal parietal pair of glands jyresent, opening in front of
setce 1 and 2 in somite Hi. Blood capillaries on nephridia are many. Continuous blood
sinus in sacculated, intestine present. Hearts in viii, ix, x, xi small. Color violet flesh.
Habitat, Illinois, North America.

Prof. Frank Smith has kindly sent me for comparison a full set of sections of
this species, also several mature specimens in alcohol and formalin. As, however,
Prof. Smith writes me that he intends to further work out the details of the anatomy
and histology of this species, I have not considered myself at liberty to more than

154 CALIKOUNIA Al'AUEMY OK SCIENCES.

touch u|)<ni ;i few essen(i:il points of importance in furtlier characterizing this species
from its oilur American allies. The species is nearest related to Sji. Htuhnial and its
subspecies. The main points of difTerence and similarity may he found in the com-
parative table of the species of Sparganophilus. Sp. Benhn7ni is a much more slender
form than Sp. Ekeni, especially as regards the body posterior to clitelhim. The ven-
tral side of the genital regions in the two species difler. Thus in Sp. BcnJiaini the
ventral dejiresscd area between the tnbercula pubertatis and the ovidiical pores is
circnlar or oval, while in Sp. Emud it is contracted in the middle, the shape of a sand
time-glass. The presence of a small parietal gland in sotnite iii in Sp. Eiseni
distinguishes this species from all others known so far. This gland is paired, extends
considerably into the coHomic cavity, is racemose and opens to the exterior in front
setse 1 and 2, and projects its free apex back through septum into iv. Another
character is the small si/e of the septal glands in vi, the corresponding pair iti
Sp. Benhami being larger.

Sparganophilus Smithi n. sp.

Definition. Length 2i) cm. by -i l-i mm. loide; number of somites 1^-'k Dor-
sal pores, the most anterior one between i/ii, the most posterior one between xii/xiii. Cli-
'tellum dorsally 1-2 xvi-xxinii, ventrally xlx-x.rv. Tubercnla pubertatis xix-xxvii, dorsal
to sper ) aid ncal pores. Setfe -3 and 4 dorsal. Spermiducal pore between xviii/xix, ventral
of tubercnla pubertatis. Sperm-sacs in xi and xii. SpermathectK 4 pairs in each of
somites vii, viii, ix, and 1 pair in somite vl, slender, dorsal mid lateral. Prostates -i pairs
in xxii, xxiii/xxlr. No min^cidar duct. Anterior nephrldlum xri. Septal glands in
iv, V, vi and vii about equal in size. No subpharyiujeal parietal gland. Blood capillaries
on nephridia numerous. Blood sinus in sacculated intestine not continuous. Hearts in
viii, ix, x, xi, small. Color nolet flesh, somewhat iridescent. Habitat, San Fi-ancisco,
California.

Sparganophilus sonomae n. subsp.

Definition. lAngth Ji) cm. by -i /-.-' mm. n-lde; number of somites about 200.
Dorsal pores. Clitallum dorsally xvii-xxviii, ventrally xci-xxix. Tnbercula pubertatis
xix-xxviii, dorsal to spermiducal pore. Setoi 3 and 4 dorsal. Spermiducal pores
between xviii/xix, ventral of tnbercula pubertatis. Sjierm-sacs in ri and xii. Spertna-
theco', two px^irs in each of vii, viii, ix; one pair In vi, not slender. Prostates -i pairs
in x.ciii, xxiv, xxv, no muscular duct. Anterior nephrldlum in xvi. Sej)tal glands in
iv, v, vi, vii, about equal in size. No subpharyngeal parietal gland. Blood capillaries
on nephridia numerous. Blood !<nni.>i In saccniated intestine not continuous. Hearts
in viii, ix, x, xi, small. Color violet- Jicsh, less iridescent than Sp. Stnlthl. Habitat,
Sebastopot, Sonoma County, Callfurniu.

Sparganophilus Benhami n. sp.

Dki'imtion. LriKjlh 17 cm. by 2 I-' mm. in the posterior part of the clitellum;
namber of somites about 2o(). No dorsal pores. Clitellum, dorsally xv-.cric; venlrully
xvii-xxvi. Tidjercula /mbcrfatln xrUi-x.rii, ventral to spermiducal pores. Set(e 8 and 4

Table B.

COMPARATIVE CHART OF SPECIES OF SPARGONOPHILUS.

To face page 154.

Habitat

Length and width .

Seta 3 and 4

Clitellum

Tuherciila puberlatis.

Spermiducal pore.

Spermathecce .

Sperm-sacs .

Prostates

Anterior nephridia

commence in .

Septal glands in .

Parietal ccelomic

gland in Hi.

Blood sinus in the

sacculated intestine .

Hearts .

Capillaries on the ne-
phridia and in the
body-wall

tamesis Benham.
England, Thames.

7 to 10 cm.

Ventral.

ixv-Jxxv.

xvii-xxii, ventral to
spermiducal pore.

Between xviii/xix, dor-
sal to tubercula puber-
tatis; so are the sperm-
ducts.

Slender; one pair in each
of somites vii, viii, ix;
ventral in line with
3 and 4.

In xi and xii, minutely
lobulate.

Not present.

iv, V, vi; the posterior
are the largest.

Absent.

Continuous.

viii, ix, X, xi; not filling
the ccelomic cavity.

Very numerous.

Eiseni Smith.
Illinois River, U. S. A.

18 to 20 cm. by 2 mm.

Dorsal.

Dorsally ixv-xxv;
ventrally ^xiv-xxvi.

Jxvii-Jxxii, ventral to
the spermiducal pore
and to the spermducts.

On anterior part of xix,
dorsal to the tubercula
pubertatis; so are the
spermducts.

One pair in each of so-
mites vii, viii, ix, dor-
sal in line with 3 and
4; slender.

In xi and xii, minutely
lobulate.

Four pairs in xxiii-xxvi.

iv, V, vi. Those in iv
audv about equal size;
the one in vi is very
diminutive.

One pair of glands open
in front of ventral setse
in iii; distal end ex-
tending into iv.

Continuous.

In viii, ix, x, xi not fill-
ins the ccelom.

Very numerous.

Benhami n. sp.
Tepic, Mexico; 4,000.

17 cm. by 2\ mm.

Dorsal.

Dorsally xv-^xxv;
ventrally xvii-xxvi.

xviii-xxii, ventral to
spermiducal pore and
to spermduct.

On anterior part of xix,
dorsal to tubercula pu-
bertatis.

Bobust, trowel-like, with
wavy outline; one pair
in each of somites vii,
viii, ix; dorsal.

xi, xii, less minutely
lobulate.

Four pairs, one each in
xxiii-xxvi; a long mus-
cular basal duct.

xii. The first two pairs
smaller; the first large
pair in xiv.

iv, v, vi. About equal
in size.

None.

Continuous.

viii, ix, X, xi, not filling
the coelom.

Very few.

guatemalensis n. subsp.
Guatemala.

10 cm. by 2 mm.

Dorsal.

xvi-xxvi.

Parallel ridges, xviii-xxii

carneus n. subsp.
Mississippi Eiver, Iowa.

9 cm. by 2 mm.

Dorsal.

Dorsallj' xv-xxiv;
ventrally ? '

Bobust, trowel-shaped,
with smooth outline,
in vii, viii, ix.

Foiir pairs in xxiv, xxv,
xxvi, xxvii.

None.

viii, ix, X, xi, not filling

the coelom.

Dorsal, one pair in each
of somites vii, viii, ix.
Apical end globular,
not trowel-like.

xi and xii, lobulate, but
not minutely so, as in
Sp. Eiseni.

Present; four pairs in
xxiii, xxiv and prob-
ably in xxv and xxvi.

iv, T, vi; the one in vi

the smallest.

None.

viii, ix, X, xi, completely
filling the coelom.

Numerous and large; on
the body-wall very nu-
merous in the six an-
terior somites.

Smithi n. sp.

Laguna Puerca, San
Francisco, California.

20 cm. by 3J mm. (or less)

Dorsal.

Dorsally ^xvi-xxviii;
ventrally xix - xxv .

xix -xxvii, dorsal to
spermiducal pore.

Between xviii/xix, ven-
tral to tubercula pu-
bertatis.

Slender; four pairs (8)
in each of somites vii,
viii, ix, dorsal and lat-
eral; oue pair only in
vi dorsal.

xi and xii, more lobulate
than in Benhami, but
less so than in Eiseni.

Three pairs, one each in
somites xii, xiii, xiv;
no muscular duct.

In iv, V, vi, vii; about
equal in size.

None.

Not continuous.

viii, ix, X, xi, quite small,
not filling the coelom.

Numerous, giving the
nephridia a pink color.

Sonoma: n. subsp.
Sonoma Valley, California'

25 to 30 cm. by 3J mm.

Dorsal.

Dorsally xvii-xxviii;
ventrally xvi-xxix.

xix-xviii, dorsal to
spermiducal pore and
to spermduct.

Between xviii/xix, ven-
tral to tubercula p\iber-
tatis.

One pair in vi; two pairs
(4) in each of somites
vii, viii, ix; not slender.

xi and xii, more lobulate
than Benhami, but less
than Eiseni.

Three pairs in xxii, xiii,
xiv.

iv, V, vi, vii, about equal
in size.

None.

Not continuous.

viii, ix, X, xi, quite small,
not filling the ccelom.

Very numerous.

PAOIFIC rOAST OLIC.OCH.KTA. 155

are (/or^d/. Spermiducal pore on anterior pari of xix. Sperm - »acs in xi avd .rii, not
minutely lobulate. Si^ermatJiecce one pair in each of vii, viii and ix are dorsal. Sperjn-
iducal glands or prostates 4 jjairs in xxiii-xxvi, loith a lonr/ miiscular duct. Most
anterior nephridium in xii. Septal glands in iv, v, vi of ahoid equal size. A pair of
subpharijngeal parietal glands not present. Blood capillaries on nephridia few. A
continuous blood sinus in sacculated intestine. Blood glands many. Hearts in viii, ix,
X, xi. Color violet, strongly iridescent. TlaJilfnf, Tepic, Mexico, J/>00 feet.

Sparganophilus guatemalensis n. subsp.

Definition. Length lO cm. by 1 1-,J mm. rvlde; number of somites SfiO. Dor-
sal pores none. Clitellum xvi-xxvi. 2\ibercula pubertatis xviii-xxii, parallel ridges.
Setce 3 and A dorsal. Spermlducal jwres unknorcn. Prostates four pairs in xxvr, xxv,
xxvi, xxvii. Spermathecdi one pair each in vii, viii, ix; wide free end, rcide, flat, outline
smooth. Hearts very strong. Color deep bluish violet iridescence. Habitat, Guatemala
City.

Sparganophilus carneus n. subsp.

Definition. Length 0 cm. by 2 mm. wide; number of somites 160. Clitellum
dorsally l-2xv-x.i:v. Tuhercula p)ubertatis unknown. Set(e 3 and 4 dorsal. Spermldu-
cal [tores u.nknoivn. Sperm-sacs in xi and xii, lobulate, but less minutely than in Sp.
Eisenl. Spermathecm one pair each in vii, viii, ix dorsal; free end globular. Prostates
unknown. Septal glands in iv, v, vi, the one in ri the smallest. iV'o subpharyngeal
integumental glands. Blood cajnllaries enormously large and many in the anterior six
somites. Llearts very large In rill, ix, x, xi. Color reddish flesh, much darker when in
alcohol than Sp. Benhami. Habitat, Mississippi River, near Clayton,, Joiva.

After tliese preliminary definitions I will now des^cribe in detail the various
species of Sparganophilus examined by me.

Sparganophilus Smithi n. sp.
Figs 120-122, 124, 129-39.

Habitat. This species is very abundant in a small lake or pond known as
Lagnna Puerca and situated between Lake Merced and Golden Gate Park at San
Francisco. Adult form in June to October, more frequent in the latter month. It
occurs at or near, above and below the water's edge, the earth being thrown up in
abundance and in heaps. I have already referred to nonpresence of this species
some ten years ago in the al)ove locality.

EXTERIOR CHARACTERS.

Color. A brownish flesh with violet reflex, but much less so than Sp. Benhami
or Sp. guatemalensis. In alcohol this s|)ecies becomes much paler than either of the
two just referred to, almost pure white, looses its irridescence entirely. In formalin
the color is pale, the irridescence very faint, strongest on the clitellum, and hardly
perceptible on any other part of the body.

Length varies some, but generally reaches in fully grown and largest speci-

Memoirs, Vol. II, 5. January 6, 1896.

l.">ti CAI.IKOHXIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

inen.s 20 era., while the widtli is about 3A rarii. posterior to clitelhim. Tliis and the

follow ill"; species are the loiii^cst forms so far known of the iioiiiis. The wunns are
not renuirl<al)ly lively when out oi the j^roiiml.

Seta. TIk' couple '•> ami I are distinctly dorsal, and il may he of interest to
note lli;it in nil species fonnd in America the dorsal portion of these setae appear
characteristic, while in <S//. t(im(.-sl.s tiie seta' 3 and 4 are ventral or suhlateral. T can
lind no character in the form of the settc in the various specie-;. They are all slightly
sigmoid, slightly hooked and <levoid of ornamentation. There are no penial setteand
no modified seta' in any part nf the genital region. The setie of >//. finnesis as figured
by Benham are more hooked than those of my new forms.

Prdslomiini) and /i>/i/i(U)i)u. I cannot find any good characters in the form of
these i«ut in the i'es])ective species. The small pit in the pro>tominm of Sp. tniiuKu^,
described by Benluim, is fonnd in all the species. The pygidium varies greatly.
While some specimens have the anal milice elevated and dorsal others have it central.
The shape and size of the last somite varies also to such an extent that no species
character can be derived from it. I will then in the following not refer to these part
in any of the species described below.

CliteUuni. In ;ill the species of this genus the clitelhim is very large, occupy-
ing from 8 to 13 somites. In Sp. SDiithi it is located as follows: doi'sally, ^Twi-ixxviii;
ventrally, xix-xxv. Continuous all around the body. In all preserved specimens
the bodv is bent tow'ards the ventral side just at the clitelhim, and .special pains must
be taken if a straight specimen is desired.

7'uberciila puhertnlls. consists of a very elevated, eontimioiis ridge, which is
broken or depressed at the intersegmental grooves. It extends through somites
xix-xxvii and is situated dorsally to the spermiducal duct and its pore. The ridge is
further generally concave on the dorsal and convex on the ventral side. The ventral
area between the two tubereiila pul)eitatis ridges is thus niueh wider than in any of
the other three new species described here. Anteriorly the tubereiila pubertatis
ridge is continued forward in a kind of semicircle which ends at the groove between
scHiiites ix/x. But these anterior ridges are much lower than the tubercula pubertatis
proper, but nevertheless very sharply defined and distinct.

Spernndiic'i/ jmre is sitiaited between xix xx, laterally to the sette 1 and 1* and
about three times as far from 2 as 2 is from 1. Uut the pore is ventral to the tuber-
eiila pubertatis ridge. This is an important characteristic and only shared with Sp:
fiOHor'i . In S/j. tiiiiu:^ls, Klsvni and iJcn/uinii, the .spermiducal pores are dorsal to the
tubercula pubertatis ridge.

Oriihii'iil p<iris arc plain in front of seta' 1 and 2 on somite xiv.

Prostiite jjons externally not visible, but situated in front of seta' 1 and 2.

Snvi'dcs. All the anterior somites are three-ringed, except i, ii, iii, which are
smooth.

Dorsal pores. The iiio-t aniciior pore is situated l)etween i ii, and the most
posterior one between xii/xiii.

I

PACIFIC COAST OLIGOCH^TA. 157

INTERIOK CHARACTERS.

Sepfa. Thickest septiiin is t'ouiHl between somites xi/xii. Anterior septa are
gradually diminisliiiig in thickness forward, and siniilarl}' the sc|)ta posterior to xi/xii
are diminishing in tliickness backwards. The most posterior tliickened septum, the
one between xiv/xv, is hardly thicker than the one next posterior. The central
part of the thickened septa is very much thickiT liian the [)art near the body-wall,
(tig. 127 t.ni.) The septa correspond more to the intersegmental grooves than do those
in Sp. Benhami. When the body is viewed in cross-section it will be seen that the
septa are principally attached to the botly-wall at four points nearly half way between
the setae (fig. 131).

8upraphavyngeal ami septal glands. There are dorsal septal glands in iv, v,
vi, vii, about e(]ual in size, and ventral septal glands in v, vi, vii, also of about equal
size. The latter are much larger than in Spargannphilus Benhami, and reach above
the center of the body (fig. 120). In addition to these glands I find an accessory
septal gland attached to the central antei'ior surface of septum ix/x, just above the
intestine and extending downwards. This gland is closely attached at every point to
the septum, and projects only .slightly into the coelomic cavity. In height this gland is
not much thicker than the central part of the septum (fig. 132). Its free surface is very
smooth and even. I could follow ducts with precipitated secretions running along the
septum downwards towards the intestine, but its connection with the latter, if any, I
could not ascertain. Beddard suggests that as the nephridia only commence in the
thirteenth segments the se|)tal glands described by Benhani in S]). tarnesis are homo-
logous with the nephridia. In all species of Sparganophilus investigated by me I find
no such mucous glands as in Pontoscolex, only regular salivary glands, which open
into the pharynx, and of the same structure as the supra-pharyngeal glands generally.
These salivary glands in Sp. tarnesis occur exactly in the same somites as in all other
Sparganophilus species, viz.: iv, v and vi.

Bodij-wall offers no other characteristics, excei)t that it is throughout of almost
the same thickne.ss, and not thinner along the dorsal parts of some of the central
somites, as in 8'p. Betiliami.

Clitellum is continuous all around the body, but it is much thicker dorsally
than ventrally. This thicker dorsal portion commences with the tuljercula pubertatis,
gradually increasing in thickness dorsally towards the median line, where it is four
times thicker than at the ventral median line between the tubercula pubertatis. This
refers only to the clitellar cells in the central clitellar somites. The long clitellar
cells are confined to the latero-dorsal part, while the ventral part contains only
the short clitellar cells, the point where the former cease being the tubercula
pubertatis. This is the case in all the species examined by me.

I'ubercula pubertatis. It has already been stated that they form a continuous
ridge, only broken in the anterior two somites xvii and xviii. Their structure differs
considerably from that of Sparganopliilus Benhami. We find the tubercle cells less
differentiated (fig. 138), and more resembling the short clitellar cells, of which they
are only a variety. Another characteristic is the ])]'esence of a large blood vessel in

1.">S CAMl'OUMA ACADK.MY OF SCIENCES.

the center of the tubercle. The most interesting; feature, however, consists in the
presence of throe or four arciform niiisciilnr hands which connect the opposite sides
of tlie tuhercuiar i)r()jectii)n, ami wiiich, ol (•(Mirse, serve tn further pu>h out tlio tip
of tiu- luliercle, oi' to icla.x it, as the occasion may demand. Tliese hands are entirely
conlined to llic ciitLllMr cell hiyer, and |)eMetratc to the very cuticle, to which at least
.some of the museles are attaciied, while others seem attached to the cells themselves.
Besides these epidermal arciform muscles, there are numerous co-lomic arciform
muscles, which also penetrate the glandular layers and serve to cor)nect the two sides
of the clitellum on either side of the tubercula pubertatis (fig. 138). While the
arciform muscles of the epidermal layer have been described by Cerfontaine in Lum-
bricus, they arc by no means known from many species. Their presence varies con-
sidcnibly in dilTerent species of Spargauophilus, but they are especially numerous
and strong in this one.

Q£snj)hagiis and intestine. As regards the general shape of the alimentary canal
T can see no marked difference in the various species so far examined. Again as to
structure I find two points worthy of mention. The chloragogen cells which are
everywhere covering the intestine are much larger and more numerous in this species
tliau in Sp. Benhmni, covering as they do both tubular and sacculated intestine-
Aiiotiier point is the absence of a continuous blood-sinus. A continuous Mood-sinus
in the sacculated Jntestine has been described by J.ciiham in .S/v. taiiuais, by Smith in
Sp. Eiaou and is also found in tip. JJeuIiaiiii, as will be recorded further on. In this
species, Sp. Smithi, the sinus is not quite continuous, the respective blood lacunes are
quite close and in places run together, but they are nowhere continuous in the .same
way as in the species referred to above. The sacculated intestine commences in xiii.

Spermathecw (fig. loO). The most characteristic feature of Spart/annphi/tis
Smithi is the occurrence of numerous speiinatheca' in at least three somites, while in
one somite there is fouml only one pair. Seven adult specimens from Laguna Puerca
were opened and agreiMl in the I'ollowing arnuigcincnt and niinibcr of sptTuialliecsB:

Somite vi: 2 spermathec;e, in front of or slightly dorsid to setu' ;i and 4.

Somites vii, viii, ix: 8 spermathcca* in each, in front of, slightly dorsal and
lateral of setse 3 and 4.

The locniioM of these sperraathecte is not strictly constant as in .some specimens,
as well as in some somites of the same specimen, the spermatheca* were shoved a little
dorsally or ventrally of setic 3 and 4. One specimen possessed three spermathecir
on one side and four on tin; other sidi' in the .same somite, but all the other s|)ecimens
po.s.ses.sed eight spermathecje in each oi the somites, except in vi where invariably
only one pair was found.

These spermathecie are very large (fig. 125), tall and slender, and viewed
in cros-s-sections of their body they are seen to extend from one end of the ccelom to
the opposite side, touching both body-walls. They arc generally directed forward
and cnjwding each other; they occupy nearly all ot the availabb- room in the somite.
I believe there is no other case known in oligoclneta where so many and so large
spermathecje are known to occupy the same .somite. The size of the res[)ective sperm-

PACIFIC COAST OLIOOCn.'KTA. 159

atheciP varied some, but the iiciuM-al shape appeared quite constant within certain
limits. The figures appended represent the sperrnathecie taicen from one specimen.
There is a narrower muscular l)asal tube and a more swollen non-muscular chamlxu-
as usual, the structure of \vhich olfers no characteristics.

S'penn-ifacs. Of the two pairs of sperm-sacs the ant(;i'i<ir one in somite xi is
much the narrowest in the direction of the median longitudinal diameter (if the body.
It is principally ventral in location, but extends upwards and joins the one from the
opposite site. It is closely surrounded by a sperm reservoir without enclosing mem-
brane. The sperm-sacs in xii are much broader and longer, but are generally only
dorsal and do not enclose the intestine in any of the specimens sectioned. This rela-
tive size of the two pairs of sperm-.sacs appeared constant. Somites ix and x are
transformed into two very extended sperm reservoirs.

Ovaries in the various species are long and flat, not lobed, and in i)oth longitu-
dinal and transverse section offer to view a single undivided surface.

Oviducts are very broad and furnished each with an ovisac consisting of an in-
vagination of the septum, which in all my specimens weic filled with large gregarinse,
rarely containing any ova.

Ciliated rosettes are similar to tho.se of Sp^Benhaml in size. The sperraducts run
ventrally to as the tubercula pubertatis, about four times as fai- laterally and dor.sally
from seta 2, as 2 is distant from seta 1. The sperraiducal pore is similarly situated
ventrally to the tubercula pubertatis. This characteristic is in all the species onlv
shared by Sparyanoplulus sonoma^. All other species are characterized by having the
spermducts run dorsally as to the tubercula pubertatis. The sperraiducal pore is .simi-
larly in Sp. Smithi situated ventrally to the tubercula pubertatis, and is found in the
intersegmental groove between isomites xix/xx.

Prostates or spermidncal glands (Beddard). There are three pairs of .s^Dermi-
ducal glands, one pair each in somites xxii, xxiii, xxiv. One specimen possessed only
one gland in xxiv, and there may possibly be found some variation in number when
more specimens have been investigated. In all cases these glands were much smaller
than in Sparganophiliis Benliami, but otherwise almost similar in structure, except for
the entire absence of the basal muscular duct. The glandular part was never large
enough to be folded on itself lengthwise, but its tube was much twisted in the direction
of its long diameter, often to such extent that cross-sections always showed the tube
as three or four circular openings, surrounded by a wall two cells thick. The muscu-
lar ba.sal part is absent, and the lower tube, where it enters the muscular layers, being
very short, is surrounded by a thin layer of connective tissue. The whole organ in
mature specimens projects only slightly above the body-wall, and the glandular part
is in either diameter not any thicker than the body-wall.

Nephridia are in this species covered and perforated by numerous blood
capillaries, to a much greater number than in Sparganophilus Benhami, but similar to
what is described in Sp. tamesis and Sp. Eiseni. Otherwise the nephridia of the re-
spective species appear to be of the same general size and structure.

Vasculfrr sijxti'm. The hearts begin in xi, and extend forwards to viii. In xii

160 CAMFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

aiitl xiii there are no connecting vessels. In xiv to xvii we find the dorsal ves.sel en-
larged and folded on itself in a zigzag tnaiincr. Hotli hearts and dorsal vessels are
thickly covered with ehloragogen cells. 1 have already pointed out the absence of
a continuous lilond sinus in any of the various parts of the intestine. All the various
organs of the body are thickly covered with blood capillaries, especially .<o the iieph-
ridia, sj)erniatheca', the clitellum, in which strong capillaries separate every two or
three rows of the large clitellar cells. In the center of the tubercula pubertatis is
always seen a dense mass of larger and smaller capillaries.

A characteristic of the vascular system is also the great scarcity of blood
glands, these being very numerous in /Sp. Benhami.

Sparganophilus sonomse n. subsp.
Figs. 123, 12G.

Habitat. Creeks and springs around Sebastopol, Sonoma County, California.
Adult specimens very numerous in April.

General Remarks^. I consider tSpar(/nnophihts sonomfn as probably a sub-
species under Sp. Sinithi, which it resembles in most points, two of which are of
the greatest importance, viz.: The position of the sperraduct and spermiducal pore,
and the duplication of the spermathecse in several somites, liut as long as I found
the number of sperinatheca^ constant, and .some other minor points of difference, I
thought it best to describe this form more carefully, leaving the rjucstion of species or
subspecies as a matter of choice, and for future consideration and study.

EXTERNAL CHARACTERS.

Tubercula pubertatia are the only external oi-gans which differ fi-oni Sp. Smithi.
While in Sp. Smithi they form a continuous ridge on either side, they are in Sp. aonomm
broken \\\) in numerous tubercles, generally two or three on each somite (tig. 123).
I believe there is another characteristic worthy of mentioning. The single puberty
groove is in the center of the tubercle, while in Sp. Sm'Uld there are two grooves, one
at the base on either side of the tubercle. But I freely confess that I have not sec-
tioned up a sufficient number of specimens in order lo know if these points are really
constant, or if not rather they are subject to considerable variation. My sup|)ly of
mature specimens of Sp. mnoma> was very limited, but in all I found the tu!)ercula
pubertatis broken into a succession of little knobs, but all together forming a ridge
in outline like that of Sp. Smiihi.

INTERIOR CHARACTERS.

Spermatheae. AVhile in all llie specimens of Sp. Smithi I found eight sperma-
thecje in each of somites vii. viii, ix, the subspecies possess them as follows: Somite
vi: one pair with the pore in front of seta 4. Somitet^ vii, viii, ix: two pairs (4) in
each, with pores in front of setie 4, and between 3 and 4. Each pair consists of two
separate spermathecje, one of which opens in the intersegmental groove in front of
seta 1, while the other opens similarly in front of a line drawn .'j the di>lanee ln-tween
settTi ;> and I, the ^ being toward- 1 and the 5 towards 3. r>i>tli pairs are, therefore,

PACIFIC COAST OLIGOCH.ETA. ]»')]

dorsal. The direction of the spermathecte is in the diameter of head to tail. They
lie closely pressed to (he body-wall. As regards size, the most anterior j)air is the
smallest, and the most [)osterior the largest.

Sparganophilus Benhami n. sp.
Figs. 97-111).
lliihittit. In the nuul of springs, October, November, 1894. Topic City, Ter-
ritory of Tepic, Mexico, 4000 feet altitude. Of some fifty specimens collected only
three were well developed as regards clitellura and tubercula pubertatis.

EXTERIOR CHARACTERS.

Color, reddish-violet, very strongly iridescent. The violet tint is very pro-
nounced, much more so than in any other species that I have examined except Sj).
yuatenidknsh, where the bluish-violet tint is very deep and intense.

Bodij. This is a long and slender species tapering towards the tail end. The
cephalic lol)c is superiorly not distinct from somite i, but there is a small pit on the
boundary between the two. tSomites i, ii, iii are less prominent. Somites iv to ix are
strongly convex, but x to xv are much less so. The clitellar intersegmental grooves
are only distinct between the ventral setje.

Dorsal pores. The most anterior dorsal pore is seen between i/ii; the most
posterior one between v/vi. There is a central pit in the dorsal side of somites i, ii, iii.

Clitellum, as in other species; the extent of the clitellum is different on the
dorsal and ventral sides. This I think can best be expressed thus: dorsally, |xiv —
xxiv; ventrally, xvii — xxvi. The clitellum is continuous, but much less developed
ventrally between the tubercula pubertatis than dorsally. This is also characteristic
of the other species I have examined. Viewing the clitellum exteriorly, it appears
as discontinued between the tubercula pubertatis ridges.

Tubercula jiubertatis begin in xviii and end in xxii. Each one consists of a
straight ridge on the top of which runs a groove jiarallel to the ridge. Posterior to
the tubercula pubertatis proper the ventral part of the clitellum is concave deepening
posteriorly and ending in a deeper pit in the posterior part of xxvi. Anteriorly the
tubercula pubertatis ridges continue forwards almost straight and outside of the ventral
setse 1 and 2 to the center of xii, where they end in the region of the ventral setiie. These
two almost parallel ridges are very thin and sharp, several times narrower than the
tubercula pubertatis proper. They only appear in fully adult specimens, and are very
characteristic. I believe that the underside of the clitellum will furnish good species
characteristics if carefully noted. But in order to bring out this region properly the
specimens must be slowly killed and then as rapidly as possible be passed through the
alcohols into that of 96%. Formalin specimens do not .show the region as well as
alcoholic specimens.

Male pore or sperraiducal pore is situated on the anterior j of xx, just lateral
to the tubei'cula pubertatis. The pore is not prominent, but may be readily seen.

Prostate pores are not prominent, but in adult specimens they may be seen in
front of setse 1 and 2 in somites xxiii, xxiv, xxv, xvi.

s

162 CAMFOKNIA ACADEMY OF SCIKNCES.

Ovipores are separate between somites xiii/xiv, or sliorlitly on the anterior part
of xiv.

Acjihrojjorc!< prominent in front of 8et;e 1 and 2 in all somites posterior to xii.

INTKItlOI! C'HAUACTKHS.

Bodij-irali. In .somites x to xiv the body-wall is nincli thinner on the dorsal
ide of the body than on the ventral side. As lienham does not mention this peculi-
arity in Sji. /(iiiK'^i^, and as I have not observeil it in Sp. Smithi, I take it for granted
that this character is peculiai' to this species. The clitellum is complete, but much
thinner on the ventral side between the seta-, as shown by figure 111', which repre-
sents the ventral body-wall in somite xix. It will be seen that the longitudinal muscular
layer is several times thicker lh:in tlu; transverse layer. The strands are separated
by irregular layers of granulated tissue of various thicknesses. The circular layer
again consists of oidy one row of fascicles, each fascicle being tubular, and inclosing
numerous irregularly distributed nuiscnlar fibers, strongly striate. When viewed in
cro.s.s-.section it becomes apparent that the strands of the longitudinal muscles are of
varying thicknes.s, the thiekcr- ones being situated nearest the coelomic cavity, from
there gradually decrease in size towards the circular muscles.

('/ife/litf cellx. The clitellar cells are especially interesting on account of their
relationship to the cells of the tubercula pubertatis, which will be described later on.
Figs. 107, 108 represent a longitudinal section of the body-wall in somites xxiii and xxiv.
The muscular layers are much thinner, the clitellar cells are only developed in the
vicinity of the prostates. P>elow the clitellar cells are seen long tubular cells, some-
wiiat like those of the tubercula ])ubertatis, and between them are seen, now and then
(fig. Wi d.ch.), the deeply staining discharge chambers of the clitellar cells. The uni-
cellular glands, which are here very irregular, are entirely confined to the zone
surrounding the intersegmental grooves. In fig. 108 is seen a more magnified part
of the region close to the prostate. Only one unicellular gland, though of unusual
size, is seen. It is a stray one, as they are rare in this particular zone. The structure
of the clitelhnn of 8])arganophilus has been well described by Benham in his paper
on Spanj(iii(iiihilii>^ tame.Hix, and 1 can only add a few points ot interest. For studying
the clitellar and tubercula pul)ertatis cells I have used principally the iron-lack
Heidenhain process, but by atlding a light tint of Ehrlich-Biondi to the ammonio-
ferric-alum solution the most perfect dinerciitiation may be had of the various clitellar
elements. The clitellum in Sparganophihis contains the following various varieties
of cells:

1. Kegular epidermal cells, secreting the cuticle, furnished with oval nuclei.
Even on the fully developed clitellum of Sji(U(janoji]n/it!< Btitliaini they occur all
around, both on dorsal and ventral sides. Their inner ends are drawn out into one or
more threads, some of which extend to the innermost margin of the epidermis
(fig. 103, 1).

2. Unirclliiliir ijiihlit glands, entirely confined within the outer layer of the
foregoing cells. They are very irregular as to size. These cells are the only ele-

PACIFIC COAST OLIGOCH.ETA. 163

ments in the clitellum which stain deeply with h<ieniatox)din. Tliese cells offer
nothing characteristic of the species. They are the last to be affected by tropoeoUmi
and orange, their mucin remaining intensely blue. Their nuclei are com2)ressed and
placed in the posterior part of the cell in the triangular mass and extremity, staining
black ill the iron-lack (fig. 103, 2).

o. fShoii, club cells. These are of very uniform size, their free ends forming a
marked line all around the clitellum interior to the goblet cells. The free end of
this cell is club-shajied and generally regular in outline. The heights of the indivi-
dual cells are quite even, and, as these cells stain darker than the following kind,
they form a marked contrast to all others. The granulation is coarse and regular, but
does not stain readily with luematoxylin. It lakes, however, deeply the red aniline
stains. On the dorsal side of the clitellum these cells reach inward about ^ of the
whole width of the epithelium, while on the ventral side, they constitute the only
so-called clitellar cells. The nuclei of these cells are oval and always prominent
(fig. 103, 3).

4. The pre-eminently clitellar cells consist of several, 3 or 4, different lengths.
This class of cells are in many genera, such as Lumbricus, etc., massed in columns,
often very regular, and separated by septa. In Sparganophilus these cells are not
arranged in columns, but distributed almost regularl}' all through the epidermis, of
which they occupy about | of the whole mass. At certain intervals, however, may
be seen a thin triangular septa of connective tissue with nuclei, projecting down-
wards or outwards from the muscular layers, dividing this part of the epidermis in
numerous irregular pyramidal masses, which latter are homologous with the columns
in Lumbricus, etc. The nuclei of these clitellar cells are shrivelled up and situated far
back in the triangular apex where the cellular plasma is especially agglomerated.
There is no such granular secretion in this class as in the former, and they stain much
less intensely than No. 3. These cells occur only dorsally to the tubercula pubertatis,
and are entirely absent from the ventral side between the tubercula pubertatis.

5. Here and there we find intermediate varieties of oval and club-shaped
cells longer and wider than the epidermal supporting cells and furnished with large
round nuclei.

6. Connective tissue cells with large round nuclei, especially prominent
between the circular muscular layer and the tall clitellar cells. At intervals this
tissue forms triangular projections outwards, separating bunches of cells four or five
wide and of different sizes. This tissue is generally accompanied by numerous
capillaries.

Tubercula i^ubertati'^. These organs are very prominent, and situated on a
nearly continuous ridge occupying somites xviii-xxii. Benham has described this
structure in detail in his species Sp. tamcds, and called attention to the fact that it is
composed of long narrow cells, which are modified clitellar cells. In Sparganophilus
Benhami these cells are of two kinds, as far as regards the form.

a Some which are very narrow, longer than the others, and narrowest at the
free end. All of this class are grouped in such a way that they radiate outwards

Memoiks, Vol. II, 5. January 7, 1896.

164 CAMFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCKS.

toward.s iiiul aruiiml a .small cuiicavf pit or j^rouve in the (jiiLer udge of the oi»iilcriui.s
(fig. 10.-)).

A. Int. ridf ((I tiioi' I a lie r cells arc ^Imi'lcr aii<l lliickcr ccIU, indicated asi in the
above figure.

Exterior to these, the regular and eliaracteristic luhorcida pubertati.s cells
proper are .seen nnnieron.s unicellular gland?^, the same a.s the goblet cells of the
epidermis.

In addition to these glandular cells, I find at certain intersal-a few sense cells
opening out into the narrow pit or groove just referred In. They are everywhere very
few in number, tall, narrow, with now and then the tip projecting through the cuticle
into the shallow pit (fig. lOo.^. r. /. ) There is not a continuous row of these cells, but
here and there are found iMinchesof half a do/en cells, opening close together. They
do not seem strictly parallel, but bulge and diverge in such a way that in sections,
which .show the common cells parallel, rarely more than one single sense cell is in
view to any great part of its length. This, together with the small number of these
cells, is undoul)tedly the reason why they are frequently overlooked.

In connection with these sense organ cells, f have re-examined the ventral
papiihe found in Arglloj/hi/ua mariiioratim, and I find that these structures are really
nothing but tubercula pubertatis nature, or at least sense organs furnished with .sense
cells, a description of which will be deferred to a future paper. As a general con-
clusion, I may state that the tul)ercida pubertatis are really sense organs, furnished
with sense cells of the same nature as those found in other parts of the epidermis, and
descril)ed by me in Benhamia, and by Vejdovsky in Rhyntdielinis, by Cerfontaine
and Langdon in Lumbricus, by Hesse in Lumbricus and Allolobophora, etc.

Septa. The septa are not all of the same thickness, neither is each individual
septum of the same thickne.ss throughout. The first distinct sei)tum is found bi'lween
iv/v. It is of regulation thickness, or as thick as septum x xi and those f(dlowing
posteriorly. The anterior septa increase in thickness forwards and backwards in such
a way that septa vi vii, vii/viii are of about e(puil thickness, while those in front and
behind these are thinner in proportion as they are more distant. The anterior five
septa are much thicker in their cenlial area, and thin out towards the periphery and
body-wall, l)ut even then, at the thinnest part, they are about four times thicker than
the posterior septa. The six anterior septa do not strictly correspond with the .seg-
ments, but are attached to the body-wall about one-fifth the distance forward from the
posterior intersegmental groove.

Siiprapharyuyedl and f^eptal glnndx. The glandular mass superjiosed on the
pharynx and opiniing into it, is prominent, but situated far back, and with its lobes
pointing forward, or in the same direction as the septal glands. The opposite is gen-
erally the case, and has l)een so in all other species examined by nie.

Longitudinal sections show that tlu' regular septal glands are jiresent in three
somites. The most anterior pair is in iv, immediat(dy behind the supraphary ngeal
glands, and not separated from the latter by any septum. The other two pairs are in
v and vi. In longitudinal sections the su[>raj)hary ngeal glands are seen to be com-

PACIFIC COAST OLIGOCH^IiTA. 165

posed of two distinct lobes of about equal size, one situated closely posterior to the
other. This is also the structure of the septal glands in iv and v, but the one in vi is
solid, consisting of only one lobe, when viewed in longitudinal section. The main
lobes are situated on the .';anie longitudinal muscular band, witii their discharge ducts
running forwards into the pharyngeal cavity, [n each of the three somites there are
two distinct glands on either side of the median line. One larger supraintestinal
consisting of three parts extending laterally, and one smaller subintestinal. These
latter ones also open into the pharynx, but into its ventral side, the pharynx
thus being partially developed even on the ventral side. The discharge tubes and
chambers are very large, and the latter occupy more than one-half the width of the
pharyngeal wall. They stand very close together, and are all of about tiie same height
and form (fig. 112). The dorsal wall of the pharynx is much thicker and denser
than the ventral one, and the discharge chambers stand closer and are of more uni-
form size, more tubular. The discharge chambers on the ventral side are thicker,
more pear-shaped and much fewer in number. Fig. 112 represents the lining of
the dorsal wall of the pharynx; fig. 115 the ventral wall of the same, and fig. 114
the wall next posterior to the main dorsal section.

(Esophagus and intestine. The description given by Benham of the histology
of the intestine of Sp. tamesis may in the main points be applied to this species.
The oesophagus is cylindrical with parallel sides and slightly nipped by the septa. It
is sparsely covered by chloragogen cells, which latter are more numerous on the
intestine. The ciliie of the inner epithelium are much longer in the oesophagus,
and so are the epithelial cells themselves. Seen in longitudinal section (fig. 110)
we find that the transverse muscles surrounding the eesophagus are more numei'ousand
present in several rows, while in the intestine they are few and far between, and
arranged only in one row. There is thus a distant approach to a gizzard in the
oesophagus. The longitudinal muscular layer is reduced everywhere in the intestine
to a single strand, but in the resophogus it is double, sending out strands to the septa
and to the mesenteric sac.

Blood sinus. Both Benham and Smith have shown the existence of a conti-
nuous blood sinus in the intestine of the species described by them. In the oesophagus
of our present species we find only a vascular network and confluent smaller lacunes,
but in the intestine proper we meet with a continuous blood sinus all around the
epithelial cells. The radiated appearance of the blood in the sinus, as well as in the
other vessels, must as Benham suggested be due to the crystalization of htematine. In
8p. Benhami and Sp. Smithi these crystals are so many and so heavy that they invari-
ably destroyed the edge of the microtome knife and made sectioning most difficult.
But the crystalization presents some peculiarities, and in places appears as if there
was a mass of radiating fibers always from the side nearest the center of the body
radiating towards the periphery, but never the contrary. In *S'/;. Benluimi these crystals
are much more slender than in -S'^;. Smithi. In the latter species their nature is not
to be doubted. They are also found in the hearts, but more rarely in the main longi-
tudinal vessels.

166 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCF-S.

Ill tlu; intestine we fiiul l)t't\veeii the imior cuds of tlie epithelial cells a layer
of coimec'tivu tissue, .streniitlieiiiiii^ as it were that side of tlie perienteric sinus (fig.
111). Both oesophagus ,im<1 intestine are enclosed hy a tliiii mesenteric sac, which
is nipped by the septa (Hg. Ill, ihck.) and pressed close to the chloragogen cells.

Spi'fmnlltecii. These are much broader than those of Sp. S?nithi or Sp. tnmPi^U,
hut resemble more those of Sp. Eiseiii and t'ip. (pmternakasis. Their position in
somites vii, viii, i.\, is in the anterior part of the somite, opening in the intersegmental
groove and pointing backwards. Their pores are in line with the dorsal couple of
setaj, or 3 and 4. The muscular part is tubular, smaller, and consists of two layers,
one inner of epithelial cells, one outer thicker, of circular muscles. The inner epi-
thelial layer, which is a direct continuation of the epidermis of the l)ody-wall, consists
of very tall, narrow, coliuniiar cells, while the thick inii>ciilar coating is a direct con-
timialidii of the eircMilar muscular layer of the body-wall. The free end of the
s|)ermatlK'ca is wavy and warty in outline, and consists of much shorter epithelial
cells, simply covered by the peritoneum. The spermatheca is verv broad and very
flat (fig. 118).

8perm-saci>. There are two pairs of lobulate sperm-sacs in xi ami .\ii projecting
from the anterior septum. They are situated principally donsally, and resemble those
of Sp. tameai!^, but are much less lobulate than those, and very much less lol)ulate
than the sperm-sacs of tSp. Elfteni, judging from sections of the species sent me by
Prof. Frank Smith for comparison.

Large masses of free spermatogonia and spermatozoa are seen in front of the
ciliated rosettes.

CUintad roseftef( (tig. 100) are large and very regularly folded. Each rosette
sends out a long tubular lip into the sperm-sacs, in way which I have figured in fig.
119c. In a cross-sectioned specimen I found tliis lip far back in the posterior part
of xii. The liiwer convolute lip of the funnel is almost absolutely regular, and similar
in each of the four rosettes. The spermducts appear to resemble those of Sp. tnmexis
and Sp. Ei»eid. The spermiducal pore is situated just outside of the tnbercula puber-
tatis in the anterior part of xx, just as in Sp. Eiseni.

Primlateii. Sinitli is the first to describe the prostates in Sparganophilus. In
Sp. tnmesix they api)ear not to be present, as Benham does not mention them. In Sp.
Bcn/inmi there are four pairs opening in somites xxiii, xxiv, xxv and xxvi, in front
of setie 1 and '1. The prostates are consti'ucted on the same principle as the prostates
in AcanlhiM|iili(l;i' and ( 'ry plodrilida', and consist of two parts; one basal and
muscuhir, line apical ami glamhilar. The glandular |)art is tubular, straight or folded,
of considerable length, but conlined to one somite. The glandular part contains an
inner epithelium, and surrounding it clul)-like glandular cells of varying lengths,
giving to the surface of the pro.state a wavy and irregular appearance. The prostates
in this species dilhr from those of Sp. Sniitlti by having a muscular duct or l)as;il
part. 'IMiis latter does not exist in Sp. Sniif/ii, \\\v. glandular part in the latter species
being immediately attached to the body-wall.

\(plti'ttli<i. There is undoubtedly some difi'erence in the location of the most

PACIFIC COAST OMGOCH^TA. 167

anterior nopliridia in the various species. In Sj). Benhami tlie most anterior pair is
in xii, but tiiey are smaller than those in xiii. In xv we find the fir«t very hirge
nophridiiim covered with a tliick cnelomic cell mantle. This mantle covers the ducts;
sometimes we also find a mass of siniilai- cell-^ attached to the nephridium as a rounded,
nearly separate mass, only connected with the nephridium by means of a very narrow
part. Owing to the great opaipieness of the nephridia, I have not been able to make
out the run of all the canals, and can illustrate only a little more than the outline of
tiie organ. It appears, however, that some of the canals are doubled. The outlet
duet is very heavy, wide, and its walls are thick. It runs fai' up into the windings.
There is a bridge, and I can distinguish all the various ])rincipal parts described by
me in the nephridium of Pontodrilus. There are comparatively few blood vessels on
the nephridia, and in this respect the species diflfers from Sp. Mseni and Sp. Smithi,
in which the nephridia are thickly covered and penetrated by capillaries, causing
tliera to be of a deep pink color. As regards size, the nephridia are as high as the
diameter of the coelom. The nephropores are in front of setse 1 and 2, and very
wide.

Yascular system. Benham's description of the vascular system of Spargano-
philus is so complete that I can add but little; the various species seem to agree to a
very great degree. Sj). Benhami is distinguished by a scarcity of capillaries on the
various organs of the body, such as clitellum, nephridia, etc., while in <Sj>. Shiithi
and -6'/^. E'iseni capillaries are so abundant that they, for instance, almost obscure the
nephridial surface. The crystalization of the blood has already been described. It
is found in all the vessels of the body, but especially in the mesenteric blood sinus.
I have found swimming free in the blood two distinct cell elements, some of which
are very large — possibly leucocytes, while others are extremely minute, more round
and dense — possibly erythrocytes. But as their description requires more time and
study, I will defer it to a separate paper.

The walls of the blood vessels present a banded appearance, caused by par-
allel bands of thicker tissue, furnished with large circular nuclei, arranged in rather
regular rows.

A characteristic feature of the capillaries of this species are the numerous
blood glands, similar to those I have described in Pontodrilus and Argilophilus. They
are especially numerous in the nephridia and in the septal glands. They also contain
a large number of nuclei.

Sparganophilus guatemalensis n. subsp.
Habitat. Guatemala. While in this Central American State several years
ago I found a great number of specimens pertaining, as I believe, to at least three
distinct species of Sparganophilus. These, as well as my other oligocha'tological col-
lections made there, were mostly destroyed by accident, few s{)ecimens being saved.
Tiiese are now not in good condition for description, and this must account for the
imperfect data I am able to furnish for all species now described from Guatemala. I
found Sparganophili in that country in the most varied localities — City of Guatemala
at Los Bafios, Los Arcos, Laguna Amatitlan, Coban, Panzos Ysabal, Duenas, etc.
The present form is from Los Banos and from Coban.

168 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

OENEKAL RKMAKKS.

I coiLsider tliis ;i subspecies of SpargnnophUuti Bmiluinu, al least until a closer
investigation of better material may reveal otlier characters, if any there are. Spnr-
ganophilus gnatemalensis is one of tlie smaller species about 10 cm. long by 2 mm.
wide; the specimens were considerably stretched. Color is deep flesh, with an intense
deep, dark violet lustre, much darker than in any other species and woll prcscrvcil in
alcohol, in which the specimens appear blackish violet.

Setre are lateral and dorsal.

flitellum extends from xvi-xxvi, but cannot be well defined on the ventral
side. The tnhercu/a [tnhertdtix arc in the shape of two parallel ridges extending from
xviii to xxii or specimens from Fatal and (,'oban, wiiich I take to belong to the .same
species as those from Los Bancs in the City of Guatemala.

INTERNAL CHARACTERS.

Of these T could only distinguish a few. The xpermnfhecff: are in three pairs,
one each in vii, viii, ix, opening in the anterior intersegmental groove. The apical
L'lid ill the fully developed spermatheca is very wide, flattened like a mason's trowel.
Several of the sperraathecie possessed a slit or opening in the npical end whicli cora-
tnunicated with a longer or shorter .sac, continuous with the exterior lining of the rest
of the spermatheca. It is possible that this is only a result of maceration, as I have
seen nothing like it in other species of Sparganophilus, and it is not probable that we
here have an analogy with the spermathecae of Enchytrreus or Sutroa, where this
organ communicates with the intestine.

/'rtiKtiid's are found in four pairs and situated in somites xxiv-xxvii or one
somite further back than in >'ip. Be/i/irnni. Tiiis in specimens from 8apote. If this
character holds good it is one of considerable importance.

Hearts were in viii, ix, x, xi strongly developed, but mit filling the cijelom.
Rome of the Guatemala Sparganophili possessed only three pair of hearts in somites
ix, x, xi, with the ventral vessel branching in xv/xvi. Those were specimens from
Los Arcos. Others again from Amatitlan pos,sessed the hearts in x, xi, xii, .xiii, with
the ventral vessel divided in xv/xvi, while those from Los Bafios, Guatemala City, hail
the ventral vessel branched in xiv/xv. I believe those from Amatitlan and Los
Arcos belong to different species, but, as all the specimens are lost, I can only call
attention to the differences and to the importance of further investigations.

Sparganophilus carneus n. su))sp.

Habitat. Mississippi river near Clayton, Iowa, in soil at the water's edge,
under pieces of boards and lumber. Numerous specimens at end of .Vugust, ISUO,
only few of which were adult'.

Oencrnl remark!^. It is [)robable that this is only a iinrtlieiii fni-m nf Sparga-
nophilus Benhami, from which species it differs principullv in llie form i>f the sperm-
atheca', and l)y a much lighter color. The specimens at my eomniand were not in projier
condition and the shape and jxtsition of the tnbereula pubertatis cnuM not lie made out.

PACIFIC COAST OMGOCHiETA. 169

My object is merely to call attention to this form which after all may be more distinct
as more of its structure is known. In regards to the form of the spermathecie it
diflfers much more from Sp. Benhami than does the other subspecies Sp. guutemalensis.
It is also much smaller.

CHARACTERISTICS.

Color is much lio;hter, more flesh and less violet than that of Sp. Benhami and
iSp. ynatemalem^iti, and the irridescence more faint. The species is smaller than
Sp. Benhami, being about 9 cm., about one-half the size of that species.

Clitellum in the most developed specimen occupied xv-xxiv ventrally, dorsally
it could not be properly defined. Prostates present with certainty in xxiii, xxiv, but
owing to the somites being torn in xxv, xxvi I could not with certainty ascertain their
presence there.

Setoi are similar to those in Sp. Benhami. The anterior xxii somites have
much larger setae than the other, except the most posterior ten. The setae increase
in size from somite ii to somite xv, then diminish backwards to xxiii, in which somite
they are smaller yet, this size continuing to the tail, where at about ten somites from
the anus the setse again begin to increase. There is no parietal gland in somite
iii as in Sp. Eiseni, and this is the chief reason why I class this species under xb'p.
Benhami. The xpermathecin are in three pairs and open in front of 3 and 4 dorsally.
Their shape resembles much more those of Sp. Eiseni than they do those of Sp.
Benhami. The apical end is globular and very much larger than the basal part.
The spermathecfB are not trowel-like. I give some outline drawings of the sperm-
athecse taken from one and the same individual.

Sperm-saca are very large in xi, xii, the one in xxii projecting into xxiii filling
the somite also. The sperm-sacs are coarsely lobulate, much less so than in Sp. Eiseni.

The capillaries resulting from the lateral integumental vessels are very large
in the anterior six somites. The hearts also are very large and seem. to fill all available
space on the ccelomic cavity in viii, ix, x, xi.

Deltania Troyeri Eisen, n. var. crassa.
Figs. 142, 143.

Definition. Size 45 mm. by 2 1-2 mm. Septal glands in v and vi, about twice
as thick as (he septum. Spermathecoi each with two diverticles, which have the apical
ends globular and inflated. Prostates thick, loith the glandular part about 1 1-2 times
longer than the thin muscular duct. Habitat, Baja California.

In other respects like the type, judging from two dissected specimens.

Habitat. Of this variety I possess only three specimens, from Ensenada de
Todos Santos, in the northern part of Baja California, on the Pacific Coast side. They
were taken in the same locality as Aleodrilus Keyesi, in the pure sand in the creek
bottom, in a spot which had been kept moist by the accumulation of some sacks and
rubbish. The specimens became strongly contracted, on account of the necessity of
immediately placing them in alcohol.

170 CAMFOKNIA ACAUEMY OF SCIENCES.

EXTERNAL CllAKAfTEK.S.

I'lic variety resembles the main form in most respects, but is mucb larger,
especially thicker. The contracted specimens were as long as tiie longest of the main
form from San Francisco, when fully extended, and twice as thick, and must, when
alive, have measured 4") mm. by 2i mm. Other external characters agreed exactlv
with those of DtUania Tioijeii type from San Francisco, California. The deltoid
arrangement of the ventral .setse in the genital region was identical, which satisfies me
that we in (liis ;ii langement have most important species characters between the
species of this genus.

INTERNAL CHARACTERS.

The variety differs from the type in two particular ))oint<.

The xepta! r/l'inJs are present only in two somites, v and vi.and are exceedinglv
thill, or about one-fourth as thick as those of D. Troijerl type. This refers to those
superior to the intestine. Those below the intestine I could not discern, as no sections
were made. The glands were lamellae-like, and only about twice as thick as the
septum.

The siicrnidthecd' were thicker than those of the type, with more inllateil diver-
ticula.

The jiroatnfe was thick, and its glandular part about I5 times longer than the
very thin muscular duct. Two or three fully developed penial sette with each
prostate.

Deltania Troyeri Eisen, 11. var. lagunse.

Figs. 144-147.

Definition. Size S£ mm. b;/ I 1-.' mm. No rnpitlnfori/ j)nj)ii'lii-. Seta a and
I) ne.d poiilerlor to clUellnm, reach the'w jliuiJ didance in the fifth somite posterior to clitel-
lum. Spermathecf.e in ii; tivice as larye as those of the type, contracted at center, apical
part swollen. Prostates more slender than in the type. Large ovisacs. Habitat, Baja
California, Sierra hiunuia.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION.

Ilabitiit. The exact locality in the Cape Region of Baja California and Sierra
Tjaguna is a camping-plaeo called La Jovii. There, where the trail crosses the creek
the water had backed up behind some fallen logs causing a miniature mudllat covered
with leaves and sediment. The specimens were found in the rotten wood and under
the decayed leaves in the mud. Altitude about 5500 feet.

EXTERIOR CHARACTERS.

The average specimen is larger than the type from San I'laiuisen, the largest
specimen of the latter being smaller than the average maturi' specimens of the
variety lag ana . The two round copulalory pali)illa' ligurcd by me from l>. Tmyeri
are not seen in the variety, 'i'he sacs of penial setic in several dissected specimens
po.ssessed each two penial set.e fully developed, one having three, but of which one

PACIFIC COAST OMC.OCH.KTA. 171

was undeveloped. One of the setae is a trifle more curved than the other. The
point of each penial seta shows a slight and indistinct ornaniontation (fig. 144).
Since my first description of D. Trayeri I have found some more mature s])ecimens at
the old locality in San Francisco. One of these specimens possessed two penial setse
in each sac, both slightly sigmoid, with trace of ornamentation at the free apex. In
the variety lngun(F the ornamentation is more distinct.

CoNimnn sede resemble the type, but setse a iuid b next posterior to clitellum
reach their proper and final distance from each other only in the fifth somite posterior
to clitellum, while in I). Troyeri type they reach the final distance iu the third somite
posterior to clitellum.

INTERNAL CHARACTERS.

Spermathecpe are much larger in the variety fagume, or about twice the size of
those in D. Troyeri, with the main body distinctly contracted at the center, and with
the apical part much enlarged. The diverticula are distinctly tri-digitate and reach
up to the narrow contraction of the main sac.

Prostates or spermiducal glands are much more slender and longer than in
D. l^royeri type, and generally but not always confined to one somite.

Ovisacs are two, projecting from the septum xiii/xiv into xiv, occupying the
largest part of the coelomic cavity in the latter somite. The structure of the ovisac
is characterized by numerous trabecula forming an extensive system of round pockets
of various sizes. Where there are no pockets there are solid zones of round or slightly
oval nuclei (fig. 147) imbedded in a dense mass of tissue without di.stinct cell-walls.

PHCENICODRILUS Eisen.

The finding of a new species of this genus enables me to more properly define
it. The genus was originally based on the absence of a prostate at the male-pore,
there being, however, a short muscular atrium, in which opened the sperraduct. The
type was Phanicodrilus taste, a species from the Cape Region of Baja California.
The new species described below under the name of Phosnicodrilus tepicensis possesses
a much more developed atrium, in shape and structure resembling a spermatheca.
There is a total absence of glandular cells, such as are found in prostates, the whole
atrium being muscular. There is besides another difference between Phoenicodrilus
and Ocuerodrilus, though of much smaller importance. In Phoenicodrilus we find a
large number of muscular fascicles divided in three paired groups in somite xvii, radiat-
ing from the male pore. In Ocuerodrilus these arciform muscles are few in number.
In Phoenicodrilus these muscles are .so thick and numerous that the atrium itself can
only be seen in sections, not by suface view of the inner side of the body-wall.

Through the possession of a muscular atrium this genus comes rather close to
Nannodrilus Beddard. This genus, of which so far only one species is known from
Africa, possesses a muscular bursa copulatrix, in which opens separately the anterior
prostate and the anterior spermduct. The great similarity between the^atrium in
Phoenicodrilus and the bursa copulatrix of Nannodrilus is very striking, especially as

Memoiks, Vol. II, 5. Jauuary 28, 1896.

1,2 CAI.IKOUNIA ACAUEMY OK .SCIENCES.

tlie spcniKliict.s ill i'lKi-iiicodrihis iilso ()|icii iiitu tlic Jitiiuni. lint the qiic.-ti(»ii that still
rt'iiiain.s to be .settlod is this. Is the atrium in Phu'iiicutlriliis a inodilieiJ bunsa copii-
latri.x, or is it simply the rtMnaius of deteriorated prostate. The absence of a penis
ill I'lmiiicodrilus makes the hitter alternative seem most probable. While in Ocne-
rodriliis the reduction of the prostate consi.sts in the lo.ss of one layer of glandular
cells in the iipieal part, this reduction has proceeded further in Pho'iiicodrilns, the
whole glandular apical part here being wanting.

The j)rincipal differences between the genera Ocnerodrilus and I'hu-nicodrilus
are then as follows:

Ocnerodrilus. A prostate of varying size is always present at tlie male pore.
This prostate consists of two parts, one glandular, lined by a single layer of cells, and
one mu.scular basal part.

l'h(inicodr'dii.s. No prostate, only a slioil or rudimentary muscular atrium, in
the lower [lart of which opens the spermduct.

Phoenicodrilus taste Eisen.

Definition. Atrium rvxlimentary, muscular and bulbous, only about ticice as
thick as the spermducts. No ovisac. SpermalheG(.e covered ivith vmrty excrescences.
Arciform muscles in .vvii cornparatirelij fev\

This species, which I first described from the west coast of the Cape Kegion
of Baja California, has since been found by Messrs. Eisen and Yaslit in two widely
separated localities. Ft was found in great iiuniiiers at Miraflores, on the east side of
the Sierra of the Cape Kegion, some 30 miles north of San Jose del Cabo, together
with (Jcnenidrilus Beddardi, Sept., 1894. It was, however, quite unexpected to find
this species also common in garden soil at San Bias, the sea|)ort in the territory of
Tepic, several hundred miles south of the Cape Region peninsula. I can liiid no
differences in the anatomy, nor in the exterior of the specimens from these respective
localities. The small copulatory papilla in .somite xiv, lateral to the oviduct, is present
in all. So are the numerous muscles in the copulatory region around the male pore.

Phoenicodrilus tepicensis ii. sp.
Figs. 155-100.

Definition. Atrivm about tu<ice as long as the body wall, but hidden by arciform
muscles in somite xrii. A median ovisac tw xir/xiii. Spermatheae entirely smooth,
rvithout icarty excrescences. Arciform muscles in xvii very mtmerous.

Habitat. Numerous specimens in and around the city of Tepic, territory of
Tepic, Mexico, 4000. In iii(>i>l >n\\ undiT logs, in gardens, etc. November, 1804.
Found together with Arn iilluidrilus I'asliti. Only few specimens were adult in
November.

EXTKKIol; ( llAltACTEKS.

/Size 4 cm. by U nnii. Niiiiibcr of somites 75.
Clitellum incomplete, comprising somites xiii-xix.

t'ACIFIC COAST OIJOOCH/KTA. 173

8et(P, strictly paired, sigmoid plain. The pair 1 and 2 is wanting in xvi.

Sperviatliecnl pores in ix in fi'ont of set;e 1 and 2.

Oviducnl pores in xiv in front of setfe 1 and 2.

Spermnducal pores in the center of xvii, where otherwise would he the setae
1 and 2. A small copulatory papilla around each male pore, but it is not connected
with a zone. No dorsal pores.

INTERNAL CHARACTERS.

Muscles. Numerous arciform muscles in the copulatory region, but especially
in xvii, connecting the copulatory papilhe with the body-wall in line with sette 3 and 4.
These arciform muscles are arranged in three distinct groups. The central group
which branches out fan-shaped from the inner surface of the copulatory papilUe, is by
far the largest, consisting of about 10 to 12 distinct fascicles. Anterior to this is
another group of 6 to 7 fascicles, and in the posterior part of the somite we find a
swollen group of about o fascicles. To what extent these vary as to numbers, etc., is
uncertain, but my observations in PJue.nicodrUus taste are that they are (juite constant,
and might be used as valuable characters in determining the species, as with a change
in the muscular strands is also connected one in the exterior copulatory zone. Between
xvii and xiii, as well as between xvii and xix we find several pair of arciform muscles
in each somite.

Sejdal glands are well developed. The suprapharyngeal glands are very long
and extend far backwards. The septal glands in the following somites diminish
posteriorly.

Spermathecrp. One pair in ix open between viii/ix in front of seta; 1 and 2.
Form sac-like, very thin walls, peUueid, outline smooth, without any warty diverticula.
No distinction between a muscular and glandular part. The size is large, about as
long as the somite is wide.

Testes, ovaries and ciliated rosettes not characteristic.

Ovisac. There is a median ovisac in xiii/xiv (fig. 157), consisting of a
pouching backwards of part of the septum. This is the only species in the three
genera, Ocnerodrilus, Gordiodrilus and Phoenicodrilus, which possesses an ovisac.

Spermducts are of the same width throughout, without any muscular enlarge-
ment near the male pore. The two ducts run together, but their lumens are separate,
until they reach the muscular atrium, where, just before they enter it, the two lumens
fuse into one (figs. 158, 159).

Muscular atrium. As has already been stated the usual prostates in Ocnerodrilus
are replaced by a pair of muscular pouches, entirely covered up by the numerous
arciform muscles. There are no glandular cells, and these atria can best be compared
to the basal muscular parts of the Ocnerodrilid prostate only they are very much
thicker, and consist entirely of muscular cells with the lumen in the body-wall lined
by columar epithelium. In the main pouch this epithelium consists of short cells with
round nuclei, around which extends a thin muscular layer, which becomes wider at
the base. This atrium is very short and cannot readily be seen when the opened

1j4 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

body cavity is viewed from the interior .surface. It is attaclied to the at this point
very much thickened body-wall (fig. lo8) by numerous muscles and connective
tissue. Tlic various species of Ocnerodrilus, especially tho.se with short prostates,
require reinvestigation in order to ascertain the .structure of the prostates. Should
intermediate forms l)e found it might become proper to merge the two genera into one.
Ne/)hrldia. Tho.se anterior to clitL'lhiiu are not covered with a co'lomic cell
mantle, while those posterior to the clitelUini are surrounded by a very thick one.
The structure of the nephridia appears to be similar to those of Phobnicodrilus taste,
at least in a general way.

LITERATURE REFERRED TO.

Bexham, W. B. A uew English Geuus of Aquatic Oligochteta (Sparganophilus), belonging to the family of Rhino-

drilida?. Quarterly Jourual Micros. Science, vol. xxxiv.
Beniiam, W. B. Report on an Earthworm collected for the Nat. Hist. Dept. of British Museum by Emin Pasha in

East Africa. Journal Roy. Microsc. Society, February, 1891.
Beddard, Fb. E. Two New Genera, Comprising Three New Species of Earthworms from Western Tropical Africa.

I'roccedings Zoological Society, 1894, pages 379, etc.
Beddaki), Fr. E. a Monograph of the Order of Oligochivta. Oxford, 1895.

Cerkontaine, p. Eecherchcs sur le Systeme Cutane, etc., du Lombric Terrestre. Archives de Biologie, x, 1890.
EiSEN, G. California Eudrilidu-. Memoirs Gal. Academy of Sciences, vol. ii. No. 3.
ElSEN, O. Pacific Coast Oligochatn I. Memoirs Cal. Acad, of Sciences, vol. ii. No. 4.
EiSEN, G. Anatomical Studies on New Species of Ocnerodrilus. Proceedings Cal. Academy of Sciences, ser. 2,

vol. ill.
Garman, H. On the Anatomy and History of a New Earthworm (Diplocardia communis). Illinois State Labora-
tory of Nat. History, iii, 1888.
Hesse, Richard. Uber the Scptnldriisen der Oligochajten. Zoological Anzeiger, No. 456, 1894.
Hesse, Richard. Zur Vergleichendc Anatomie der Oligocha'ten. ZeitscUrift f. Wissensch. Zoologie, 1894, pages

406.
HoKST, R. Earthworms from the Malay Archipelago. Zoolog. Ergebn. e. Reise in Niederland. Ost-Indien. Dr.

Max Weber, B. ii, Leiden, 1892.
Lanudon, F. E. Sense Organs of Lumbricus. .luurnal of Morphology, vol. xi.
MiCHAEUSEN, W. Oligochajten des Nat. Hist. Museum, Hamburg, iii.
Michael-sen, W. Oligochneten des Nat. Hist. Museum, Hamburg, No. iv.
MicHAEi.sEN, W. RegenwUrmer der Thicrwelt Ost-Afrikas, Bd. iv, Berlin, 1895.
Rosa, Dr. D. Annalleu d. K. K. Nat. Hist. Hofmuseums. Die Exotischeu Terricoleu, Wien, 1891.
Rosa, Dr. D. Contributo alio Studio dei Terricoli Neotropicali. Accademia Reale dcUc Scienze di Torino, 1895.
Smith, Frank. A Preliminary Account of Two New 01igocha>ta from Illinois. Bulletin Illinois State Laboratory

of Nat. History, vol. iv, 1895.
Ui>E, H. Beitr;ige zur Kentniss nusl.'UKlischer Regenwuriuer. Zeitscbr. f. Wissens. Zoologie, 57, 1894, page 69, etc.
Vejdovskv, Fr. Organogenic der (iordiodrilen, Zeitschr. f. Wissensch. Zoologie, Bd. Ivii, p. 642.
Vejdovsky, Fr. System u. Morphologie der Oligochieten, Prag., 1884.
Verso.v, E. von. Zur Si)ermat<>genesis, Zool. Anzeiger, xii, 1889, p. 100.

I'ACIKIC COAST OLIGOCHiETA.

175

REFEEENCE TO LETTERS ON PLATES.

a. c. gl. anterior calcic glaud.

a./, anterior fold of uephridium.

a. nephr. anterior uepliridia.

a. spd. anterior spermduct.

atr. atrium.

bd. body-wall.

il. blood vessel or capillaries.

bl. s. blood sinus.

br. bridge in nepbridinm.

buc. buccal cavity.

c. clusters of lunate cells.

c. c. columnar cells.

c. ep. ccelomic epithelium.

c. gl. calciferous glands.

ch. discbarge chambers of glands.

chto. chloragogeu cells.

cil. ciliated epithelium.

cl. c. clitellar cells.

cl. clitellum.

e. m. circular muscles.

com. commissures.

c. r. ciliated rosettes or sperm-funnels.

c. t. connective tissue.
cu. cuticle.

d. gl. dark staining glands.
d. pr. dorsal pore.

d. V. dorsal vessel.

e. epithelial cells.
ept. epithelium.
gl. glands.

gl. c. unicellar glands.

gl. pr. glandular part of prostate.

gizz. gizzard.

h. heart.

hy. hypodermis.

i. s. gr. intersegmental groove.

I. c. large cells.

I. m. longitudinal muscles.

m. muscles.

m. atr. muscular atrium.

mes. mesenteric tissue.

m. pr. muscular prostate.

n. nephridia.

n. c. nerve cells.

ne. nerve ganglion.

ne.c. neck of nephridium.

neph. nephridium.

neph.p. nephropore.

(es. oesophagus.

ov. ovary.

ovd. oviduct.

org. sense organ.

p. c. gl. posterior calciferous diverticulum.

p./. posteiior fold, uephi-idium.

phx. pharynx.

p. neph. posterior nephridia.

pr. prostate.

p. spd. posterior spermduct.

pr. sto. prostomium.

ps. peuial seta?.

prt. peritoneum.

se. secreted matter.

s. int. sacculated intestine.

Sep. gl. septal gland.

Sep. septum.

s. gl. suprapharyngeal glands.

s. org. b. sense organ cells in equatoreal zone.

s. org. pr. sense organ cells in prostomium.

spc. sperm-cells.

spd. spermduct.

spgn. spermatogonia.

spr. spur of nephridium.

s. ps. sac with penial sets.

sp. s. sperm-sacs.

s. ph. sgl. subpharyngeal glands.

spth. spermatheca.

splh. p. spermathecal pore.

t. testes.

t. m. transverse muscles.

trb. trabecula.

th. spd. thicker part of spermduct.

tu. tubular intestine.

tub. p. tubercula pubertatis.

ty. typhlosole.

u. c. unicellular glands.

V. g. ventral ganglion.

V. V. ventral vessel.

V. sgl. ventral gland.

w. "windings " of nephridial ducts.

176 CAI.IFOKNIA ACADKMY OF SCIENCKS.

PLATE XLVI.

BENHAMIA PALMICOLA.

0. Longitudinal section of the genital somites.

BENHAMIA NANA.

1. A specimen; natural size.

2. The ventral side of the anterior somites, showing the exterior pores, etc.

3. The ventral side of the most anterior somites, showing the everted pharynx and the very narrow somite i, etc.

4. Side view of the same somites.

5. The anterior twenty somites laid open, exposin'^; the various organs, etc. The alimentary canal is removed

and the whole figure is held somewhat schematic, air. thickened part of the spermducts.

6. Part of a posterior somite viewed from the inner side, showing the relative position of set.-e and nephropores.

1, 2, 3, i refer to the setie; a, b, c to the nephridia.

Mem.Cal.Acad.Ii; ?im XLVI

-or

«^-~5^'

■■

■•i

II

—1

G'dsiAy E^EN Dbl.

Benhamia papiiiaia Fig D. Benhamia nana Fib's 1 td B.

ZJTH. BfUTTQN (? RET. S.P

PACIl'IC COAST OLIGOCHiETA.

177

REFERENCE TO LETTERS ON PLATES.

a. r. gl. anterior ciilcic gland.

a. f. anterior fcild of nephridium.

a. nephr. luiterior nephridia.

a. spd. anterior spermduct.

nlr. atrinm.

hd. body-w:ill.

III. lilood vessel or capillaries.

bl. .<. lilood siuns.

hr. bridge in nephridium.

hue. buccal cavity.

c. clusters of lunate cells.

c. c columnar cells.

c. ep. coelomic epithelium.

c. gl. calciferous fjlands.

ch. discharge chambers of glands.

chlo. chloragogen cells.

oil. ciliated epithelium.

cl. c. clitellar cells.

c^ clitellum.

c. m. circular muscles.

com. commissures.

c. r. ciliated rosettes or sperm-funnels.

c. I. connective tissue.
cu. cuticle.

d. gl. dark staining glands.
d. pr. dorsal pore.

d. V. dorsal vessel.

e. epithelial cells.
ept. epithelium.
gl. glands.

gl. c. unieellar glands.

gl. pr. glandular pai't of prostate.

gizz. gizzard.

h. heart.

hi/, hypodermis.

('. s. gr. intersegmental groove.

I. c. large cells.

I. m. longitudinal muscles.

m. muscles.

m. atr. muscular atrium.

mes. mesenteric tissue.

m. pr. muscular prostate.

n. nephridia.

n. c. nerve cells.

ne. nerve ganglion.

nee. neck of nephridium.

neph. nephridium.

iieph. p. nephropore.

a>s. oesophagus.

ov. ovary.

ovd. oviduct.

org. sense organ.

;). c. gl. posterior calciferous diverticulum.

/)./. posterior fold, nephridium.

/ihx. pharynx.

p. neph. posterior nephridia.

//;■. prostate.

/). spd. posterior spermduct.

pr. sto. prostomium.

ps. penial setav

prl. peritoneum.

se. secreted matter.

s. int. sacculated intestine.

Sep. gl. septal gland.

Sep. septum.

s. gl. suprapharyngeal glands.

s. org. b. sense organ cells in equatoreal zone.

s. ory. pr. sense organ cells in prostomium.

spe. sperm-cells.

spd. spermduct.

spgn. spermatogonia.

spr. spur of nephridium.

s. ps. sac with penial set*.

sp. s. sperm-sacs.

s. ph. sgl. subpharyngeal glands.

spth. spermatheca.

spth. p. spermathecal pore.

t. testes.

I. m. transverse muscles.

trb. trabecula.

th. s]id. thicker part of spermduct.

ill. tubular intestine.

tub. p. tubercula pubertatis.

ty. typhlosole.

u. c. unicellular glands.

V. g. ventral ganglion.

V. V. ventral vessel.

V. sgl. ventral gland.

w. " windings " of nephridial ducts.

178 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

PLATE XLVII.

BENHAMIA NANA.

7. A somewhat diagrammatic figure representing the anterior part of a specimen sectioned lengthwise, composed

from several seutions, showing the location and size, etc., of various organs, x. beginning of the mnscnlar
part of the spermduct.

8. Cross-section throngh the most anterior part of the body, through prostomium and buccal division, showing

the pharyngeal glands in four distinct divisions. The section is anterior to the cephalic ganglion.

9. Section posterior to the former, through somite ii.

10. Section through somite vii.

11. Section through somite xiv; the cnlciferoiis gland with the intestine belongs to somite xiv; the ovary to xiii.

The section passes just in front of the oviduct, x. the limit of the clitellum.

12. Section through somite xvi. The cnlciferous diverticula belong to somite xv.

13. Section throngh somite xvii and the anterior prostate pore. x. ending of clitellar cells.

14. Section through somite xx, showing the typhlosole.

15. Longitudinal section through the most anterior part of the body, showing the projected pharyngeal division

with the gland ducts, phx. pharyngeal division. The dark line indicates the row of discharge chambers of
the ducts from the glands. A more magnified view is represented in lig. 18.

16. A couple of strands of the unicellular salivary septal glands with their muscles.

17. Some of the septal unicellular glands more highly maguitied.

18. Section through pharynx, showing the discharge ducts and pockets from the septal and pharyngeal glands.

19. Lining of the cesophagus below the salivary glands, showing its exceeding thinness.

20. Longitudinal section through the body-wall, showing the sense organ region in the equatorial line of the

somite, c. e. central lumen or organ proper, in which are seen the sense cells, together with nuclei of
supporting cells. These supporting cells are surrounded by peculiar lunate or sac-like transparent cells, also
found in the sense organ of the pharynx, n. c. nerve cells and their nuclei.

21. Longitudinal section throuj;h gizzard, showing glands with their discharge tubes and small terminal pockets.

22. Section through the alimentary canal between the two gizzards, showing glands, c. cluster of lunate cells

surrounding a lumen.

23. Longitudinal section of the tubular intestine from somite xvi. h. r. unicellular glands, hi. s. blood sinus.
24i. One of the lobes of the typhlosole, showing distribution of glands, some of which are dark staining, others

not.
24b. Section through the intestine adjoining the typhlosole.

25. Two glandular cells from the former section, more maguitied. The two glands belong to different types.

26. A pair of calciferous diverticula from xiv. The right-hand gland is much smaller, which is an exception, as

generally they are of equal size.

27. Detail of a section of lamella from one of the anterior calciferous diverticula.

28. Two cells more highly magnified.

29. Section through one of the posterior calciferous diverticula.

30. Part of the same more highly magnified. Zeiss Hom. Im. Eyp., 2.

31. One of the prostates with sac with penial setie.

32. Cross-section through glandular part of prostate.

33. Part of a penial setiu near the apex; the latter is broken.

%.■ r*.

MsM.LAL.iAD-JJ.ll, rif.Ti h.

BOIHAMIA NANA FiB'S. 7 TO 33.

PACIFIC COAST OLIUUCII.ETA.

171)

EEFEKENCE TO LETTERS ON PLATES.

a. c. ijl. anterior calcic gland.

a. J', anterior fold of uepbridium.

a. nephr. anterior nephridia.

a. spd. anterior spermduct

atr. atrium.

hd. body-wall.

bl. blood vessel or capilliiries.

6^. 8. blood simis.

br. bridge in uephridium.

buc. buccal cavity.

c. clusters of lunate cells.

c. c. columnar cells.

c. ep. c<t'lomic epithelium.

c. gl. calciferous glands.

ch. discharge chambers of glands.

chlo. chioragogen cells.

cil. ciliated epithelium.

cl. c. clitellar cells.

cl. clitellum.

c. m. circular muscles.

com. commissures.

c. r. ciliated rosettes or sperm-funnels.

c. t. connective tissue.
cu. cuticle.

d. gl. dark staining glands.
d. pr. dorsal pore.

d, V. dorsal vessel.

e. epithelial cells. .
epl. epithelium.

gl. glands.

gl. c. unicellar glands.

gl. pr. glandular part of prostate.

gizz. gizzard.

h. heart.

hi/, hypodermis.

i. s. (jr. intersegmental groove.

I. c. large cells.

I. m. longitudinal muscles.
m. muscles.

m. air. muscular atrium.
mes. mesenteric tissue
TO. pr. muscular prostate.

II. nephridia.

n. c. nerve cells.
nc. nerve ganglion.

nee. nei'lc of nepluidium.

neph. nephridium.

neph. p. nephropore.

as. cEsophagus.

ov. ovary.

ovd. oviduct.

org. sense organ.

p. c. gl. posterior calciferous divertionluni.

/)./. posterior fold, nephridium.

/ilix. pharynx.

]). neph. posterior nephridia.

pr. prostate.

;). .fpd. posterior spermduct.

pr. slo. prostomium.

ps. penial setae.

prl. peritoneum.

.If. secreted matter.

s. int. sacculated intestine.

Sep. gl. septal gland.

Sep. septum.

s. gl. suprapharj'iigeal glands.

s. org b. sense organ cells in equatoreal zone.

s. o?-<jr. pr. sense organ cells in prostomium.

.s/)c sperm-cells.

spd. spermduct.

spgn. spermatogonia.

■ipr. spur of nephridium.

,s. ps. sac with penial setaj.

.''p. s. sperm-sacs.

.s. ph. sgl. subphai'yngeal glands.

spth. spermatheca.

spth. p. spermathecal pore.

t. testes.

t. m. transverse muscles.

trb. trabecula.

//*. spd. thicker part of spermduct.

In. tubular intestine.

tub p. tubercula pubertatis.

lij. typhlosole.

u. c. unicellar glands.

V. g. ventral ganglion.

V. V. ventral vessel.

V. sgl. ventral gland.

!«. "windings" of nephridial ducts.

l.sd (;ai.iii>i;ma .mahkm y ok sciences.

PLATE XLVIII.

BENHAMIA NANA.

.'{6. Section through one of the prostate pores, showing prostate, sac with penial seitm and the thickened spermduct.
X. at this point the clitelhir cells cease, c. I. connective tissue between the two muscular layers.

.^7. Cross-section of the thickened part of the spermduct, showing the two lumens separate.

SS. Section through the muscular part of the prostate, showing the epithelium and some of the muscles nearest
the lumen.

S9. One of the posterior nepliriilia; the shaded sac-like part represents the ccelomic mantle. It is generally co\ ered
with capillaries to such an extent that the structure of the organ is obscured, hr. bridge, nee. neck of nar-
row duct, spr. spur. 0./. anterior fold. />./. posterior fold.

40. One of the anterior nephridia, showing absence of ccelomic glands, also the arrangements of blood vessels.

41. Part of the nephridium more magnified. No capillaries are represented.

42. Part of culomio mantle of one of the posterior nephridia. se. secreted matter staining very deep. «. nuclei of

the glandular cells.

BENHAMIA PAPILLATA.

4.S.\. A specimen, imturiil size, from Tepic.

4.')B. The ventral zone of the clitellum.

43C. The same more highly magnified, showing the pnpilhe and prostate pores.

4.30. The two penial setif in one sack. Zeiss D. Eyep., 2.

43E. The tips of the two penial setu-. Zeiss 12, Eyep., 2, I.

BENHAMIA PALMICOLA.
44A. The ventral side of the anterior somites.
44B. The ventral region of the clitellum.
44C. A specimen, natural size.
4.T. Penial setie. A. apex of the shorter setiu. B. apex of the longer seta). C. two setif, whole.

Mem.Cal.Acad.II. PlATE XLVIIL

uiimAvEisiaillm..

Benhamia nam Fig3. 35 to 42. Benhamia pahliaia Fig. 43. Benhamia palmicqla Fig's. 44 s 45

A/77/. SftJTT^SV X Rey: S,F.

fAClFiC COAST or^ir.ocii.KTA.

I8l

REFEUENCE TO LETTERS ON PLATES.

a. c. gl. anterior calcic glniul.

a.f. anterior fold of nephridium.

a. nephr. anterior uephridia.

a. spd. anterior spermduct.

air. atrium.

b(l. bod J- wall.

bl. blood vessel or capillaries.

bl. s. blood siuns.

br, bridge in nephridium.

buc. buccal cavity.

c. clusters of lunate cells.

c. c. columnar cells.

c. ep. coelomie epithelium.

c. ijl. calciferous glands.

ch. discharge chambers of glands.

ehlo, chloragogen cells.

(■;/. ciliated epithelium.

cl. c. clitellar cells.

cl. clitellum.

c. m. circular muscles.

com. commissures.

c. r. ciliated rosettes or sperm-funnels.

c. t. connective tissue.
ru. cuticle.

d. gl. dark staining glands.
d. pr. dor.^al pore.

d. V. dorsal vessel.

e. epithelial cells.
ept. epithelium.
;;(. glands.

gl. c. unicellar glands.

gl. pr. glandular part of prostate.

gizz. gizzard.

h. heart.

hy. hypodermis.

i. s. gr. intersegmental groove.

I. c. large cells.

I. 7)1. longitudinal muscles.

m. muscles.

7rt. cUr. muscular atriiim.

mes. mesenteric tissue.

ni. pr. muscular prostate.

n. nephridia.

n. c. nerve cells.

ne. nerve ganglion.

uec. neck of nephridium.

neph. nephridium.

neph. p. nephropore.

ces. oesophagus.

ov. ovary.

ovd. oviduct.

org. sense organ.

/). c. gl. posterior calciferous diverticulum.

p. /. posterior fold, nephridium.

phx. pharynx.

p. mph. posterior uephridia.

pr. prostate.

/'. spd. posterior spermduct.

pr. slo. prostomium.

pa. penial seta>.

prl. peritoneum.

se. secreted matter.

«. inl. sacculated intestine.

Sep. gl. septal gland.

Sep. septum.

s. gl. suprapharyugeal glands.

s. org. b. sense organ cells in equatoreal zone.

8. org. pr. sense organ cells in prostomium.

spc. sperm-cells.

spd. spermduct.

spgn. spermatogonia.

spr. spur of nephridium.

s. ps. sac with penial setse.

sf). s. sperm-sacs.

s. ph. sgl. subpharyngeal glands.

spth. spei-matheca.

spth. ]>. spermathecal pore.

I. testes.

t. m. transverse muscles.

trb. trabeoula.

th. spd. thicker part of spermduct.

til. tubular intestine.

tub. p. tubercula pubertatis.

ty. typhlosole.

«. c. unicellular glands.

V. g. ventral ganglion.

V. V. ventral vessel.

V. sgl. ventral gland.

w. "windings "' of uephrulial ducts.

IS'i C;.\r.IKORNIA ACADKMY OK SCIKNCKS.

PLATE XLIX.

BENHAMIA PALMICOLA.

4G. A somewhat diiiHrammntio ligiire, composed from severiil loiigitudiuiil sec-tioiis. n. org. pr. seuse orgau zone
of the prostomium. a. org. h. the sense orgiiu zoue of the body wall, on the etjuatorial line of the somite.

47. Some of the seuse orgau cells of the prostomium more highly magnified. Zeiss. 12; Horn. Im. Eyrp. i. The

seuse cells are seen in the center between the pellucid sac-like cells. Between the sense cells ore seen uuclei
of supporting cells.

48. Part of a posterior somite laid open, showing the three nephridia on one side.

4!). A part of a uephridial cell mantle, showing various kinds of cells, some of which appear to contain calculi.
.W. Cephalic gaugliou, etc.

51. The spermathecal zoue seen from the'iuuer side of the body. The large globular apical ])art of each sperma-

theca is situated in the somite posterior to the pore.

52. Outliues of the spermatheoie of various e.itra African species of Beuhamia, some of which are copied from

various sources.
5'2A-B-C-D. Spermathecai of Benhamia Bolavi, from specimens from Hamburg, kindlj- furnished by Dr. \V.

Michaelsen.
52E. Spermatheca of Benhamia mnlaijana after Dr. Horst.
52P. Spermatheca of Benhamia Jloresiana after Dr. Horst.

52G-H. •Two spermatheca* from the same .side of a specimen of Binhamia /lapillata from Tepic, Mexico.
521. Spermatheca of Benhamia wtoncphra after Rosa.

52K-L. Spermatheca' of Binhamia jjitimicola from Miraflorcs, Baja California.
52M-N. A spermatheca of Ih-nhamla rmjoaa seen from two difJ'erent sides.

■Mem.CaL.Acad.II. PlATE XLIX,

BusDkv &s0f Bel

Benhamla pamcdia Fig's 4B td 51

urn BRITTDN S, HSY. 9.F

PACIKIC COAST or.UiOOH/KTA.

183

KKFEKKNCE TO LETTEKS ON PLATES.

a. c. ijl. anterior caU-ic gland.

a.f. anterior fold of uephridium.

a. nephr. anterior uephridia.

a. upd. anterior spermduct.

atr. atrium.

bd. body-wall.

U. blood vessel or capillaries.

6^ s. blood sinus.

br. bridge in nephridiiini.

buc. buccal cavity.

c. clusters of lunate cells.

c. c. columnar cells.

e. ep. coelomic epithelium.

c. gl. calciferous glands.

ch. discharge chambers of glands.

chlo. chloragogen cells.

cil. ciliated epithelium.

cl. c. clitellar cells.

cl. clitellum.

c. m. circular muscles.

com. commissures.

c. r. ciliated rosettes or sperui-funuels.

c. I. connective tissiie.
cu. cuticle.

d. gl. dark staining glands.
d.pr. dorsal pore.

d. V. dorsal vessel.

e. epithelial cells.
ept. epithelium.
gl. glands.

gl. c. unicellar glands.

gl. pr. glandular part of prostate.

ghz. gizzard.

k. heart.

hy. hypodermis.

i. s. gr. intersegmental groove.

I. c. large cells.

I. m. longitudinal muscles.
m. muscles.

m. air. muscular atiium.
■mes. mesenteric tissue.
m. pr. muscular prostate.

II. nephridia.

n. c. nerve cells.
ne. nerve ganglion.

71IC. neck of uephridium.

neph. uephridium.

neph. p. uephropore.

(es. oesophagus.

ov. ovary.

ovd. oviduct.

org. sense organ.

l>. c. gl. posterior -alciferous diverticulum.

p.f. posterior fold, uephridinni.

phx. pharynx.

p. neph. posterior uephridia.

pr. prostate.

p. spd. posterior spermduct.

pr. slo. prostomium.

pa. penial seta>.

prl. peritoneum.

se. secreted matter.

«. int. sacculated intestine.

seji. gl. septal gland.

8ep. septum.

». gl. suprapharyngeal glands.

s. org. h. sense organ cells in equatoreal zone.

s. org. jir. sense organ cells in prostomium.

spc. sperm-cells.

spd. spermduct.

spgn. spermatogonia.

spr. spur of uephridium.

s. ps. sac with penial setae.

sp. s. sperm-sacs.

s. ph. sgl. subpharyngeal glands.

spth. spermatheca.

splh. p. spermathecal pore.

I. testes.

(. m. transverse muscles.

Irh. trabecula.

Ih. spd. thicker part of spermduct.

ill. tubular intestine.

tub. p. tubercula pubertatis.

iy. typhlosole.

M. (,•. unicellular glands.

V. g. ventral ganglion.

V. V. ventral vessel.

V. Kgl. ventral gland.

to. " windings " of nephridial ducts.

184 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OP SCIENCES.

PLATE L.

BENHAMIA PALMICOLA.

53. Part of the intestine aud hearts dissected out.

54. Prostate and sac with peuial setic.

BENHAMIA RUGOSA.

56. The ventral side of clitellum, showing the copulatory papillse on which are situated the anterior prostate pores

in xvii. The clitellum is much crenulated.

57. Anterior somites seen from above, showing prostomium, somite i, ii and iii, the first of which is much swollen.

58. The same seen from the side. In these two figures somite i is retracted in the buccal cavitv.

59. Another specimen; the anterior somites, but i, is fully extended.

60. Larger peuial setic, free end.

61. Smaller penial setai.

63. A partly diagrammatic representation of the interior surface of a posterior somite, showing the nephridia.
1, 2, .3, 4, small, refer to seta>; I, 2, 3, 4, large, refer to nephridia.

ALEODRILUS KEYESI.

66. A specimen, natural size.

67. The anterior somites seen from the ventral side, showing the generative pores and the position of setsB.

68. Prostomium and somite i.

69. The sexual fossiu and papillo).

70. A somewhat diagrammatic view of the anterior somites, composed from several longitudinal sections.

Mem.CalAdS.II. Piate

Benfmia PAiMicDiA Fig's 53 x54 Benhamia rugdsa Tigs. 5B td 53. Aieddrilus fe/ESi Fie's. GEto i

unt. aHTtTHN K. H$rr. bj'.

PACIFIC COAST OLIGOCHiKTA.

185

KEFERENCE TO LETTERS ON PLATES.

a. r. f/l, auterior calcic glaud.

a. f. anterior fold of uephridium.

a. nephr. anterior nephridia.

a. spd. anterior spermduct.

atr. atrium.

bd. body-wall.

bl. blood vessel or capillaries.

bl. s. blood sinus.

br. bridge in nephridium.

buc. buccal cavity.

c. clusters of lunate cells.

c. c. columnar cells.

c. ep. cuilomic epithelium.

c. gl. calciferous Klands.

ch. discharge chambers of glpuds.

chlo. chloragogen cells.

cil. ciliated epithelium.

cl. c. elitellar cells.

cl. clitellum.

c. m. circular muscles.

com. commissures.

c. r. ciliatt'd rosettes or sperm-funnels.

c. t. connective tissue.
CM. cuticle.

d. gl. dark staining glands.
d. pr. dorsal pore.

d. V. dorsal vessel.

e. epithelial cells.
epi. epithelium.
gl. glands.

gl. c. unicellar glands.

gl. pr. glandular part of prostate.

gizz. gizzard.

h. heart.

hi/, hypodermis.

i. s. gr. intersegmental groove.

I. c. large cells.

I. m. longitudinal muscles.

m. muscles.

m. atr. muscular atrium.

mes. mesenteric tissue.

m. pr. muscular prostate.

n. nephridia.

n. c. nerve cells.

ne. nerve ganglion.

nee. neck of nephridium.

7iepk. nephridium.

neph. p. nephropore.

cea. oesophagus.

ov. ovary.

ovd. oviduct.

org. sense organ.

p. c. gl. posterior calciferous diverticulum.

/)./. posterior fold, nephridium.

phx. pharynx.

/(. neph. posterior nephridia.

pr. prostate.

;). spd. posterior spermduct.

pr. sto. prostomium.

ps. peuial seta?.

prt. peritoneum.

se. secreted matter.

s. int. sacculated intestine.

Sep. gl. septal gland.

Sep. septum.

s. gl. suprapharyugeal glands.

s. org. b. sense organ cells in equatoreal zone.

8. ory. pr. sense organ cells in prostomium.

spc. sperm-cells.

.ipd. spermduct.

spgn. spermatogonia.

spr. spur of nephridium.

s. ps. sac with penial setre.

sp. s. sperm-sacs.

s. ph. sgl. subpharyugeal glands.

spth. spermatheca.

spth. p. spermathecal pore.

I. testes.

t. m. transverse muscles.

trb. trabecula.

th. spd. thicker part of spermduct.

tu. tubular intestine.

tub. p. tubercula pubertatis.

ti/. typhlosole.

u. c. unicellular glands.

V. g. ventral ganglion.

V. V. ventral vessel.

V. sgl. ventral gland.

M). " windings " of nephridial ducts.

186 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

PLATE LI.

ALEODRILUS KEYESI.

71. Crosa-seetioii throu<<h somite ix, showing the septal ylauds and the thickeued septa, x. ijl. septal gland, the
prolougatiou of \ihich probably connects with the intestine and the median blood vessel, x. at this point the
ventral vessel and the septal gland have been bent and cut twice.

73. Cross-section through somite .\ii, showing the posterior sperm-sac. Ir<i. trabecula. v. v. ventral vessel in two

successive somites, s-pc. sperm-cell germinative area of colls with narrow nuclei.

74. Section through apical part of spermathcca.

75. Section through intestine and septal gland in somite x, anterior to fig. 72, showing discharge duct of septal

gland. The ventral vessel and heart have been folded and cut three different times; similarly part of the septal
gland has been cut twice, d. discharge duct of septal gland; it probably reaches in between the epithelial
cells of the intestine.

77. Section through dorsal median vessel, where it connects with two lateral vessels; the section goes only through

one of the points of connection. The lateral vessels are covered with chloragogeu cell.

78. Section through the suspended posterior part of the spermduct in the anterior part of somite xii. The duct is

seen suspended between two mesenteric strands, one connecting with the heart, the other with the septum
close to the body wall. h. v. heart valve, yl. gland emptying in spermduct.

79. Section through spermduct in somite xi, the cut going through testis, which is immediately superposed on the

duct or rather the posterior part of the ciliated rosette.

80. Section through spermduct going through the ovary iu xiii. a. sjul. spermduct from anterior rosette, already

attached to the body wall. p. sjnl. spermduct from posterior rosette, yet suspended and passing through the
ovary, ov. ovary with full-grown ova, with germ-cells and with a germinative area where cells are in mitosis.
The nuclei in the germ-cells are oval, while those in the grown ova are round. Zeiss D. Eyp. 2.

81. Section through si)crniduct through one of the posterior somites where the two ducts have joined iu the body-

wall, clil. clitellum in xiv.

Mem.CalAj^d.IL Pi ate u

BUSIX^ ElSSTf IJUL.

Aleddrilus IfeEsi Figs. 71 td fli.

um.BfiTTTaii ^ rry: Bjr.

PACIFIC COAST OLIU0CH.ETA.

J 87

REFERENCE TO LETTERS ON PLATES.

a. c. gl. anterior calcic glaud.

a.f. anterior fold of iiephridiiuu.

a. nephr. anterior nephridia.

a. spd. anterior spermduct

atr. atrium.

bd. body-wall.

bl. blood vessel or capillaries.

bl. s. blood sinus.

br. bridge in nephridiuni.

buc. buccal cavity.

c. clusters of lunate cells.

c. c. columnar cells.

c. ep. coelomic epithelium.

c. gl. calciferous glands.

ch. discharge chambers of glands.

chlo. chloragogeu cells.

cil. ciliated epithelium.

cl. c. clitellar cells.

cl. clitellum.

c. m. circular muscles.

com. commissures.

c. r. ciliated rosettes or sperm-funnels.
«. t. connective tissue.

<•». cuticle.

d. gl. dark staining glands.
d. pr. dorsal pore.

d. V. dorsal vessel.

e. epithelial cells.
ept. epithelium.
gl. glands.

gl. c. unicellar glands.

gl. pr. glandular part of prostate.

gizz. gizzard.

h. heart.

hi/, hypodermis.

('. s. gr. intersegmental groove.

/. c. large cells.

I. m. longitudinal muscles.

m. muscles.

m. air. muscular atrium.

mes. mesenteric tissue

TO. pr. muscular prostate.

n. nephridia.

n. c. nerve cells.

ne. nerve ganglion.

nee. neck of nephridium.

neph. nephridium.

neph. p. nephropore.

ces. cesophagus.

ov. ovary.

ovd. oviduct.

org. sense organ.

/). c. gl. posterior calciferous diverticulum.

/)./. posterior fold, nepliridium.

phx. pharynx.

p. neph. posterior nephridia.

pr. prostate.

p. spd. posterior spermduct.

pr. slo. prostomium.

ps. penial seta?.

prl. peritoneum.

.w. secreted matter.

«. i7it. sacculated intestine.

nep. gl. septal gland.

Sep. septum.

s. gl. snprapharyugeal glands.

s. org b. sense organ cells in equatoreal zone.

s. org. pr. sense organ cells in prostomium.

spc. sjjerm-cells.

spd. spermduct.

spgn. spermatogonia.

spr. spur of nephridium.

s. ps. sac with penial setae.

sp. s. sjierm-sacs.

s. ph. sgl. subpharyngeal glands.

spth. spermatheca.

spth. p. spermathecal pore.

I. testes.

t. m. transverse muscles.

trb. trabecula.

ih. spd. thicker part of spermduct.

lu. tubular intestine.

tub p. tubercula pnbertatis.

ty. typhlosole.

u. c. unicellar glands.

V. g. ventral ganglion.

V. V. ventral vessel.

V. sgl. ventral gland.

w. " windings " of uephridial ducts.

188 C'AMKORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

PLATE LI I.

ALEODKILUS KEYESI.

82. Section through (he epithelium of tubulitr intestine, showing a cluster of glands between the epithelial cells.

III. blood liiciiii''.

83. Section through one of the valves of the heart. I. c, large cells at the base of the valves.

84. Some spermatogonia from the sperm-sacs in xii.

8.5. Cells from the central gerrainative and in the sperm-sac.

86. One of the uephridia with an anterior lateral vessel, connecting dorsally with a branch from the ventral vessel.

d. V. diverticula of the lateral vessel, lal. v. lateral vessel.

ACANTHODRILUS TAMA.JUSI.

87. The largest of my specimens, natural size. This specimen is strongly contracted, ond was when alive con-

siderably longer.

88. The anterior somites, ventral view.

89. The anterior somites, dorsal view.

90. The anterior somites, side view.

91. The ventral part of the genital region in the clitellum, showing genital papillrt*, the three transverse genital

ridges, penial setie, common seta», etc. The clitellum is not well developed, but in somite xx may be seen its
posterior termination. The other one of my specimens, which possessed a more developed clitellum, had
these papillic less pronounced, though of the same form and arrangement.
9"2. Cross-section of the body-wall, showing the common setie.

93. The free end of the penial seta.

94. The spermathecie, dorsal view.

95. One of the spermathecw dissected out.

MEM.CALAlAn.!!. PlATE UI

Eusmr MiSEH ni

AeODRILUB KeYESI FiG5. 82 TD BB, ACANTHDDMLUS TAMAJTISI Fib's. fl7 TD SS.

Lrm. BRiTTati x rby; s.f

^ACIFIC COAST OLIGOCHyETA.

IS'J

REFHKENCE TO LETTERS ON PLATES.

a. r, gl. anterior ciilci(! glnnd.
a.f. anterior fold of nephridium.

0. nephr. auterior nephridia.
a. spd. anterior spermduet.
air. atriiim.

hd. body-wall.

hi. blood vessel or capillaries.

bl. 8. blood sirnis.

br. bridge iu uepbridium.

buc. buccal cavity.

c. clusters of lunate cells.

c. c. columnar cells.

c. ep. coelomic epithelium.

c. gl. calciferous glands.

ch. discharge chambers of glands.

chlo. chloragogen cells.

cil. ciliated eijithelium.

cl. c. clitellar cells.

cl. clitellum.

c. m. circular muscles.

com. commissures.

c. r. ciliated rosettes or sperm-funnels.

c. I. connective tissue.
cu. cuticle.

d. gl. dark staining glands.
d. pr. dor.-ial pore.

d. V. dorsal vessel.

e. epithelial cells.
ept. epithelium.
gl. glands.

gl. c. unicellar glands.

gl. pr. glandular part of prostate.

gizz. gizzard.

h. heart.

hy. hypodermis.

i. a. (jr. intersegmental groove.

1. r. large cells.

I. 7)1. longitudinal muscles.
m. muscles.

m. air. muscular atrium.
mes. mesenteric tissue.
m. pr. muscular prostate,
n. nephridia.
n. c. nerve cells.
ne. nerve ganglion.

nee. neck of nephridium.

neph. nephridium.

neph. p. nephropore.

(I'S. oesophagus.

ojj. ovary.

ovd. oviduct.

org. sense organ.

p. c. gl. posterior calciferous diverticulum.

/). /. posterior fold, nephridium.

phz. pharynx.

;). neph. posterior nephridia.

pr. prostate.

/). .<;«/. posterior spermduet.

pr. sio. prostomium.

ps. peuial setaj.

prt. peritoneum.

se. secreted matter.

8. int. sacculated intestine.

Sep. gl. septal gland.

Sep. septum.

s. gl. suprapharyngeal glands.

s. org. b. sense organ cells in equatoreal zone.

s. org. pr. sense organ cells in prostomium.

spe. sperm-cells.

spd. spermduet.

apgn. spermatogonia.

spr. spur of nephridium.

«. ps. sac with penial set;©.

sp. 8. sperm-sacs.

«. ph. sgl. subpharyngeal glands.

spth. spermatheca.

spth. p. spermathecal pore.

I. testes.

t. m. transverse muscles.

trh. trabecula.

th. spd. thicker part of spermduet.

iu. tubular intestine.

tub. p. tubercula pubertatis.

ly. typhlosole.

u. c. unicellular glands.

V. g. ventral ganglion.

V. V. ventral vessel.

V. sgl. ventral gland.

w. "windings " of uephridial ducts.

190 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

PLATE LIII.

ACANTHODBILUS TAMAJUSI.

96. A somewhat diagrammatic view composed Irom several longitadinal sectious of the body. r. m. retractor mus-

cles of gizzard, c. c. masses of free erelomic cells.

SPARGANOPHILUS BENHAMI.

97. Adult specimen, natural size.

98. The iiuterior somites, ventral view, iucludiuf; clitellum, tnberciila pubfrtntis, etc., magnified fonr times.

99. Longitudinal section of the anterior somites passing through the spermathecal and prostate pores, composed

from several sections. Somites lix-xxii are not figured, sep. gl. septal glands which open in the dorsal part
of the pharynx. /. sep. gl. lower septal glands which open in the ventral part of the pharynx. The spernia-
thecic have been cut through diagonally and the figure does not give any idea of their real shape.

101. Section of the body-wall in ventral part of somite xii. p. peritoneum, n. ep. nuclei of supporting cells.

102. Longitudinal section of the clitellum. 1. Supporting cells. 2. Unicellular glands. 3. Short clitellar cells,

staining deeply, and furnished with perfect nuclei, /f. Largest clitellar cells, staining less deeply and with
imperfect nuclei. Zeiss D.

103. -V part of the same section, more magnified. Iron, h.i>matoxyliu, Haidtuheiu, Ehrlith 3 acid. Numerals indi-

cate the same as iu fig. 102. d. n. degenerate nuclei of the 4 cells, n. mc. cell plasma around the nuclei
pushed far back in the apical part of the cell. n. sh. c. nuclei of the short clitellar cells surrounded by cell
plasma and mucin, c. t. connective tissue, hi. r. blood capillaries which are very scarce in the clitellum of
this species.

104. Section of the body wall iu somite xiv.

105. Cross-section through clitellum and tubercula pubertatis. /. Supporting cells. 2. Unicellular glands. S.

Shorter clitellar cells staining darkly. ,>. The longer clitellar cells. 5. tpc. tubercula pubertatis
cells, largest kind. A few of these are seen to contain free but shrunken nuclei. '<'. tpc. tubercula puber-
tatis cells of the narrow kind, with cell plasma in the apical end, but also with shrunken nuclei. I. p. tuber-
cula pubertatis groove, n. f. nerve fibers, cl. c. J. large unicellular glands, a large form of the usual uni-
cellular epidermal glands. Above these is seen a wide lumen, probably a blood vessel.

100. Longitudinal section of the body-wall, through spermatheca.

107. Longitudinal section of body-wall through prostate and pore in somite xxiv. t. c. tubular supporting cells.

g. (-. glandular cells confined to the zone around the intersegmental grooves.

108. The same as 107, more magnified.

II)!). The inner whorl of the ciliated rosette.

110. Section through the oisophagus. i". c. interstitial cells. 3/. interstitial glands.

HI. Section through intestine in somite xii. Hhr. blood crystals and fibrine. 10. bl. u\ wall of blood sinus.

11'2. Section through upper pharyngeal wall, showing epithelial rells, and between them the discharge tubes of the

glands. Zeiss 12, horn. im.
11:!, Section through the same part, showing a three-forked duct.

1 1 1. Section through the iulostiual wall, next posterior to the real pharynx, showing larger discharge tubes and
chambers.

1 \'y. Section through ventral wall of pharynx, with ducts and storage chambei-s of glands, and between them shorter

epithelial cells, to. and d. muscles along which run the ducts, n. d. nuclei of ducts.
110. Surface view of one of the larger blood vessels.

117. Outline of one of the uephridia.

118. Outline of a spermatheca.

•Mem CalAkd 11. Pure lill.

i

PACIFIC COAST OLIGOCH/ETA.

191

REFER KNCE TO LETTERS ON PLATES.

a. c. gl. anterior calcic nlaiul.

re. /. anterior fold of uephridiiim.

a. nephr. anterior uephridia.

a. spd. anterior spermduct.

atr. atrium.

bd. body-wall.

hi. blood vessel or capillaries.

6/. s. blood sinus.

hr. bridge in nephridinni.

buc. buccal cavity.

c. clusters of lunate cells.

c. c. columnar cells.

c. ep. coelomic epithelium.

c. </^ caleiferous glands.

ch. discbarge chambers of glands.

chlo. chloragogeu cells.

ril. ciliated epithelium.

rl. c. clitellar cells.

el. clitellum.

c. m. circular muscles.

com. commissures.

c. r. ciliated rosettes or sperm-fnunels.

c. I. connective tissue.
cii. cuticle.

d. gl. dark staining glands.
d. pr. dorsal pore.

d. V. dorsal vessel.

e. epithelial cells.
epi. epithelium.
gl. glands.

gl. c. imicellar glands.

gl. pr. glandular part of prostate.

gizz. gizzard.

h. heart.

hy. hypodermis.

>. s. gr. intersegmental groove.

I. c. lai'ge cells.

/. m. longitudinal muscles.

m. muscles.

■m. atr. muscular atrium.

mes. mesenteric tissue.

m. pr. muscular prostate.

n. uephridia.

n. c. nerve cells.

ne. nerve ganglion.

ne.c. neck of nephridium.

neph. nephridium.

•neph. p. nephropore.

as. oesophagus.

ov. ovary.

ovd. oviduct.

org. sense organ.

/;. c. gl. posterior caleiferous diverticulum.

p.f. posterior fold, nephiidium.

phx. pharynx.

p. neph. posterior uephridia.

/()•. prostate.

p. upd . posterior spermduct.

pr. nlo. prostomiiim.

ps. penial seta*.

prl. peritoneum.

ne. secreted matter.

s. int. sacculated intestine.

sep. gl. septal gland.

Sep. septum.

s. gl. suprapharyngeal glands.

K. org. b. sense organ cells in equatoreal zone.

s. org. pr. sense organ cells in prostomium.

spc. sperm-cells.

spd. spermduct.

spgji. spermatogonia.

spr. spur of nephridium.

s. ps. sac with penial setae.

up. s. sperm-sacs.

s. ph. sgl. subpharyngeal glands.

spth. spermatheca.

spih. p. spermathecal pore.

I. testes.

t. m. transverse muscles.

trb. trabecnla.

Ih. spd. thicker part of spermduct.

tu. tubular intestine.

tub. p. tubercula pubertatis.

'.'/• typhlosole.

u. c. unicellular glands.

V. g. ventral ganglion.

V. V. ventral vessel.

V. sgl. ventral gland.

w. " windings " of nephridial ducts.

192 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

PLATE LIV.

SrARGANOrHILUS BENHAMI.
11!). Five cross-3ectious through various i)arts of the body.

a. Through posterior part of pharynx in somite v. s. ;//. dorsal septal glands. I. .<. gl. lower septal glands.
I). Through spermathecne and somites viii and ix.
c Through somite x. t. r. r. tube of ciliated rosette.
tl. Through oviduct, somite xiv with sperm-sacs.

f. Through clitellum in somite xix, showing tuberoulii (lubertati.^. el. c. 1 long clitellar cells. <•/. c. 3 short
clitellar cells, spd. spermduct running below the muscular layers.

•i

MEM.CAL.ACAn.II. PlATE LIV

/.:*5 g«q :f)itj pg .|f 0 , k«ni>,

BusiKT ErssF BsL.

SPi^EANDPHims Benhami Fig's. llfl^ Spapmdphilus Smithi Fig's, lie.

LTTH. Bitmwif n ASTf b.p:

PACIFIC COAST OLIGOCHiETA.

103

EEFEKENCE TO LETTEKS ON PLATES.

a. c. ijl. aiiteriur calcic glaini.

a. f. auterior fold of iiophriilinm.

a. nephr. anterior nc'[iliriilia.

a. spd. anterior spermduct.

air. atrium.

bd. body-wall.

hi. blood vessel or capillaries.

bl. s. blood siuus.

br. bridge iu nephridiiim.

buc. buccal cavity.

c. clusters of luuate cells.

c. c. columuar cells.

c. ep. coelomic epithelium.

c. gl. calciferous "lands.

ch. discharge chambers of glands.

chlo. chloragogeu cells.

cil. ciliated epithelium.

cl. c. clitellar cells.

cl. clitellum.

c. m. circular muscles.

com. commissures.

c. r. ciliated rosettes or si^erm-funuels.

c. t. connective tissue.
cu. cuticle.

d. gl. dark staining glands.
d. pr. dorsal pore.

d. V. dorsal vessel.

e. epithelial cells.
ept. epithelium.
gl. glands.

gl. c. lanicellar glands.

gl. pr. glandular part of prostate.

gizz. gizzard.

h. heart.

hy. hypodermis.

/. s. gr. intersegmental groove.

I. c. large cells.

I. m. longitudinal muscles.

m. muscles.

m. atr. muscular atrium.

mes. mesenteric tissue.

m. pr. muscular prostate.

n. nephridia.

n. c. nerve cells.

ne. nerve ganglion.

nee. neck of nephridium.

neph. nephridium.

neph. p. nephropore.

res. oesophagus.

ov. ovary.

ovd. oviduct.

org. sense organ.

p. c. gl. posterior calciferous divorticulum.

/)./. posterior fold, nephridium.

phx. pharynx.

p. ne/ih. posterior nephridia.

/);-. prostate.

/). spd. posterior spermduct.

pr. sto. prostomium.

ps. penial setie.

prl. peritoneum.

se. secreted matter.

s. int. sacculated intestine.

Sep. gl. septal gland.

Sep. septum.

s. gl. suprapharyugeal glands.

s. org. b, sense organ cells iu equatoreal zone.

s. ory. pr. sense organ cells iu prostomium.

spc. sperm-cells.

spd. spermduct.

spgn. spermatogonia.

spr. spur of nephridium.

s. ps. sac with peuial setie.

sp. s. sperm-sacs.

s. ph. sgl. subpharyugeal glands.

spth. spermatheca.

spth. p. spermatheoal pore.

I. testes.

t. m. transverse muscles.

Irb. trabecula.

th. spd. thicker part of spermduct.

Iu. tubular intestine.

tub. p. tubercula pubertatis.

ty. typhlosole.

u. c. unicellular glands.

V. g. ventral ganglion.

V. V. ventral vessel.

V. sgl. ventral gland.

w. " windings " of nephridial ducts.

194 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY (IK SCIENCES.

PLATE LV.

SPAEGANOPHILUS SMITHI.

120. A large specimen, natural size, ventral view.

1'21A. Anterior part of the body, side view, showing tuberciulii pubertatis ridges, a'nl their anterior extension to

the center of somite xi. The dorsal and ventral termini of clitellum marked by x.
I21B. The anterior somites, ventral view. The spermiduial pore is seen about half way between setie 1 and 2 a id

the tubercula pubertatis in xix/xi.
122. Two of the clitellar somites, side view, showing tubercula pubertatis ridge, v. ventral. <l. dorsal side.

SPAEGANOPHILUS SONOMA.

12;?. The same as 122, but from Spargniio/<hilu.s sonortue, showing the tubercula pubertatis ridge to consist of a suc-
cession of separate tubercles, two or three on every somite, with the groove very nearly in the center of each
papilla.

SPARGANOPHILUS SMITHI.

124. Longitudinal section of the anterior somites, composed from several sections, v. sgl. ventral septal glands in

V, vi, vii. s. V. spermtanks. s. «. sperm-sacs. /. four large folds of the dorsal vessel in somites xiv-xviii.
sp. gl. prostates.

125. A series of outline drawings of spermathecjp from one specimen.

SPAEGANOPHILUS SONOMA.

126. Outlines of spermathecse from a single specimen.

SPAEGANOPHILUS SMITHI.

127. Cross-section of septum xi/xii.

128. Cross-section of the body; the Roman numeral indicates the somite.

129. Cross-section of the body; the Roman numerals indicate the somites.

Mfv Ta'. ArAD.II. Platf

BPAT^EANDPfflLUS SMmi FiGS

bpy\R[WioPHiLi]s mmm Ym 123^126.

OTH. BHTrrON !k REY: B.K

PACIFIC COAST OLKjlH II.ETA.

195

REFERENCE TO LETTERS ON PLATES.

a. c. ijl. anterior calcic glaud.

a./, anterior fold of nephridium.

a. nephr. auterior nephridia.

a. spd. anterior spermduct

atr. atrium.

bd. body- wall.

bl. blood vessel or capillaries.

hi. s. blood sinus.

hr. bridge iu nephridium.

hue. buccal cavity.

c. clusters of lunate cells.

c. c. oolumuai' cells.

c. ep. coelomic epithelium.

c. gl. calciferous glands.

ch. discharge chambers of glands.

chlo. chloragogeu cells.

cit. ciliated epithelium.

cl. c. clitellar cells.

cl. clitellum.

c. m. circular muscles.

com. commissures.

c. r. ailiated rosettes or sperm-fuuuels.

c. t. connective tissue.
<•!/. cuticle.

d. gl. dark staining glands.
d. pr. dorsal pore.

d. f. dorsal vessel.

':. epithelial cells.

epi. epithelium.

gl. glands.

gl. c. unicellar glands.

gl. pr. glandular part of prostate.

gizz. gizzard.

h. heart.

hi/, hypodermis.

1. s. gr. intersegmental groove.

I. c. large cells.

I. m. longitudinal muscles.

m. muscles.

in. air. muscular atrium.

mes. mesenteric tissue

m. pr. muscular prostate.

n. nephridia.

n. c. nerve cells.

ne. nerve ganglion.

nee. neck of nephridium.

neph. nephridium.

7ieph. p. uephropore.

ces. oesophagus.

01". ovary.

ovd. oviduct.

org. sense organ.

p. c. gt. posterior calciferous diverticulum.

p.f. posterior fold, nephridium.

phx. pharynx.

p. neph. posterior nephridia.

pr. prostate.

p. upd. posterior spermduct.

pr. sto. prostomium.

ps. penial setic.

prt. peritoneum.

ne. secreted matter.

». int. sacculated intestine.

Sep. gl. septal gland.

sep. septum.

s. gl. suprapharyngeal glands.

s. org h. sense organ cells in equatoreal zone.

s. org. pr. sense organ cells in prostomium.

spc. sperm-cells.

spd. spermduct.

spgn. spermatogonia.

spr. spur of nephridium.

s. ps. sac with penial setae.

sp. s. sperm-sacs.

s. ph. sgl. subpharyngeal glands.

spth. spermatheca.

spth. p. spermatheeal pore.

t. testes.

(. m. transverse muscles.

trb. trabecula.

Ih. spd. thicker part of spermduct.

III. tubular intestine.

tub p. tubercula pubertatis.

ty. typhlosole.

«. c. unicellar glands.

V. g. ventral ganglion.

I'. V. ventral vessel.

V. sgl. ventral gland.

w. "windings" of nephridial ducts.

196 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

PLATE LVI.

SPAKGANOPHILUS SMITHI.

130-136. Cross-sectious through various somites. The details are indicated diagi-nmrnatically. The Roman numer-
als indicate the number of the somite or somites through which the section passes. «. m. septal muscles.
a. s. gt. accessory septal gland of septum between somites ix and x. spz. t. spermatozoa in spermtauks. spz. ».
spermatozoa and spermatogonia in sperm-sacs. ok. ovisac, a. m. t. arciform muscles of tubercula puber.
tatis, connecting the opposite surfaces of the tubercula pubertatis. o. m. c. arciform muscles passing from
opposite sides of clitellum through the coulomic cavity.

137. Section through sacculated intestine, hi. e. blood capillary reticulum.

138. Tubercula pubertatis, Zeiss Hom. Im. ,',. of. m. arciform muscles passing through ca-lom. a/. (. arciform

muscles confined to the epidermal cells of the tubercula.

139. Section through the liody-wall through one of the prostates, r. m. retractor muscles passing to the cuticle

and the outermost epidermal cells, ct. connective tissue.

SPAKGANOPHILUS CARNEUS.

140. Two spermathecaj from the same specimens. The free or apical end is seen to be almost globular.

SPAKGANOPHILUS GUATEMALENSIS.

141. a and b. Two spermatheca'. The apical end is flat and trawl-like, bearing a sac-like pouch which connects

with the interior of the spermatheca, through a small slit.

DELTANIA TROYERI var. CRASSA.

142. A prostate gland with penial setai.

143. A spermatheca.

DELTANIA TROYERI var. LAGUN.^:.

144. One of the penial setio with the tip more highly mngnitied.

145. Two spermatheca-, both from the same specimen. A and B are seen fmni the broad side, C from the narrow

side.

146. Two prostates with peuial seta». A is seen from the Hat side, B is seen from the broad side.

147. Section of one of the ovisacs. Zeiss /,, Hom. Im.

):.-A

Cal^Acad II. Plate lvi

■Ji.wni' jQsav £!a

SPfflMQPHiUH Smm Fig's. 13D TD 13a Bparbandphilus carneus Fia MO Spargandphilus buatemalensis Rb 141 HeltaniaTrdyeriw crassa Fic's. MZslfl rEL™iATRaYERi\fiR.LABUM Figs 144 tc 147

••*

PACIFIC COAST OMGOCHyKTA.

197

REFEEENCE TO LETTEHS ON PLATES.

a. c. gl. auterior calcic gland.

a./, anterior fold of uepbridium.

a. nephr. anterior nephridia.

a. spd. anterior spermdiict.

atr. atrium.

bd. l)0(ly-wall.

bt. blood vessel or capillaries.

bl. s. blood siuiis.

br. bridge in uephridium.

buc. buccal cavity.

c. clusters of lunate cells.

c. c. columnar cells.

c. ep. ca;lomic epithelium.

c. gl. calciferoiis glands.

ch. discharge chambers of glands.

chlo. chloragogeu cells.

cil. ciliated epithelium.

cl. c. clitellar cells.

cl. clitellum.

c. 7)1. circular muscles.

com. commissures.

c. r. ciliated rosettes or sperm-funnels.

c. i. connective tissue.
CM. cuticle.

d. gl. dark staining glands.
d. pr. dorsal pore.

d. V. dorsal vessel.

e. epithelial cells.
ept. epithelium.
gl. glands.

gl. c. uniccllar glands.

gl. pr. glandular part of prostate.

gizz. gizzard.

h. heart.

hij. hypodermis.

!. s. gr. intersegmental groove.

I. c. large cells.

I. in. longitudinal muscles.

VI. muscles.

m. air. muscular atrium,

mes. mesenteric tissue.

m. pr. muscular prostate.

n. nephridia.

n. c. nerve cells.

ne. nerve ganglion.

iip.c. neck of uephridium.

neph. uephridium.

neph.p. uephropore.

ffis. u'sophagus.

ov. ovary.

ovd. oviduct.

org. sense organ.

p. c. gl. posterior calciferous diverticulum.

p.f. posterior fold, nephi'idium.

phx. pharynx.

p. neph. posterior nephridia.

pr. prostate.

p. spd. posterior spermduct.

pr. slo. prostomium.

ps. peuial seta>.

prt. peritoneum.

se. secreted matter.

s. inl. sacculated intestine.

Sep. gl. septal gland.

Sep. septum.

s. gl. suprapharyngeal glands.

s. org. b. sense organ cells in equatoreal zone.

s. org. pr. sense organ cells in prostomium,

spc. sperm-cells.

spd. spermduct.

S]}gn. spermatogonia.

spr. spur of uephridium.

s. ps. sac with penial setee.

sp. s. sperm-sacs.

s. ph. sgl. subpharyngeal glands.

splh. spermatheca.

spth. p. spermathecal pore.

t. testes.

t. m. transverse muscles.

trb. trabecula.

th. spd. thicker part of spermduct.

tu. tubular intestine.

tub. p. tubercula pubertatis.

ty. typhlosole.

u. c. unicellular glands.

V. g. ventral ganglion.

V. V. ventral vessel,

V. sgl. ventral gland.

w. " windings " of nephridial ducts.

198 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

PLATE LVII.

ACANTHODEILUS VASLITI.

148. The largest specimen, natural size, but not yet adult; the clitellum not developed.

149. Anterior part of a young specimen; clitellum not developed. The nephridia and some other detail not figured.

s. pt. "(jt. subpharyngeal salivary gland, pre. ss. peritoneal cells forming solid masses, probably surrounding
rudimentary sperm-sacs, pre large peritoneal cells lining the septa as well as the peritoneum, o. p. pr.
anterior pair of prostates opening close together, p. p. pr. posterior pair of prostates.

150. Part of the ventral part of the body in somites xvii, xviii, six laid open, showing prostates and thick septa

with peritoneal cells, m. copulatory muscles, a. pr. anterior prostate. />. pr. posterior prostate both of
the same pair.

151. Cross-section of the body-wall in somite xix, showing the prostate pore, and the two prostates opening close

together.

152. Section through the same pore, three or four sections further back, showing the tubercula pubertatis, sense

organ, etc. deb. debris, sup. c. supporting cells.

153. Part of a septum, showing the very large peritoneal cells, some of which are broader, others longer and nar-

rower.

154. Cross-section of the two prostates. />. pr. posterior prostate pore. a. pr. anterior prostate pore, preperito-

neal cells and connective tissue connecting the prostates with the body wall.

PHCENICODRILUS TEPICENSIS.

155. Spermathecif, side and front view of oue and the same.

156. Cross-section of the body in somite xvii through the male pore, showing the copulatory region with muscular

atrium and spermduct. The longitudinal muscular layer is greatly increased at the male pore. The mnscn-
Inr atrium is seen in cross-section, the cut passing through the whole length of that organ. This is also
seen in figures 158, 159, the latter being taken from a section posterior to the former.

157. The oviduct, ovisac and part of the ovaries, interior view of the body.

158. Section through muscular atrium in cross-section of the body. The spermducts have not yet united, nor have

they entered the atrium. The section passes through the whole length of the atrium. The arciform mus-
cles must have been torn, as they did not show in the section.

l.W. The same parts as seen in fig. 158, but four sections further back, the section passes through the outer layers
of the atrium. The two spermducts have united and are entering the atrium in line with the longitudinal
muscular layer.

160. Arciform muscles amund one of the male pores, viewed from the interior surface of the body. Only one side
is shown.

Mem.CalA]ad.II. Plate ivfi

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