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MEMOIRS

OF

THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

MEMOIRS

THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

VOLUME XXI, Parr 3.

Published by order of His Excellency the Governor General of Endia
in Eouncil.

CALCUTTA :
SOLD AT THE OFFICE OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,
AND BY ALL BOOKSELLERS ;
LONDON: TRUBNER & CO,

MDODCCCLAXXY,

SAS bit ew © (

CALCUTTA:
PEINTED BY THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA,

166, DBURRUMTOLLA sTEREKT,

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.—GENERAL REMARKS.

Paar

SECTION I.—Introduction . F - : : P ; 1
_ II.—Physical features F : OF ; : F 4

_ III.—Previous observers and geological Table : , 5 AKG

CHAPTER II.—IDENTIFICATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ROCKS.

SECTION IV.—Metamorphic and Bijdwar : : : - Tg
3 V.—Télchir : : ; < : ‘ é - 5 Ie,
3 VI.—Barakar : : ; : 5 é ; : ol
As VII.—Umaria coal-field . ; ; ‘ : ; ; es
ie VIII.—Korér i j : : : i : F . 29
o IX.—Johilla ‘5 : ; : F : : ‘ « 68
3 X.—Sohdgpir ,, : 3 : : 3 ; p . Al
i XI.—Kirdsia _,, : ; ‘ c F é : . 66
Pa XIIL.—Koréagarh ,, 5 - : : - : ‘ . 68
3 XU1—Jhilmili __,, . 6 . : é : : . 69
ss XIV.—Supra-Bargkars . : : : 5 : ; oe FE
ye XV.—Laméta : ; . : : ‘ . ; 5 Ye
Pr XVI.—Trap . : F : : - ‘ : : « 44

CHAPTER II.—ECONOMIC.

Section XVII.—Coal . ; F 3 : ; : é 5 + WG
% XVIII.—Iron ore : : - ( : : : . . 83
- XIX.—Limestone . : : : heros . ‘ =) 84
_ XX.—Clay . c . c : : : : . 85
oe XXI.—Building stones . : ; P F : : . -8&

1 CONTENTS.

CHAPTER IV.—APPENDIX.

Section XXII.—Boring sections
+ XXIII.—Index of coal sites
By XXIV.—Analyses of coal

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Kirwahi waterfall, Hestho river .

Map of Umaria and Korér coal-fields, 1 inch = 1 mile .

Environs of Umaria-Kéglesur, 4 inches = 1 mile

Sections of borings, Umaria coal-field, 1 inch = 24 feet

Map of Johilla coal-field, 1 inch =1 mile . . : A
Sections of borings in Jéhilla and Korér coal-fields, 1 inch = = 24 feet
View of Kewai river, near Gambhirua

Large map of South-Rewah coal-fields, 1 inch = 4 aie

Pacu
86
100
110

FRONTISPIECE.
Pace

19

28

28

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eouFO AVAAN Joo) FE pHUrsg WAAIN OHASAH # YT ‘Sanquneyog ¢

oa
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—
ne
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VIGNI FO AWMAUHRS TTVIINOTORDS

MEMOIRS

OF

THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA.

Tus SouTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF THE Rewau G6npwAna Basin: Umarta,
Koérir, Jéuttra, Sondcrtr, Kérasta, Konticaru, Juiumini, by
Tusoporre W. H. Huauss, A.R.S.M., F.G.S., Geological Survey
of India.

CHAPTER I.
GENERAL REMARKS,
SECTION I,—INTRODUCTION.

In different numbers of the Records of our Survey, I have already
partially sketched the geology of portions of the

Geology partially a
sketched in Records,Geo- country that it has now fallen to my task to de-
eee st scribe in full; but as they were merely preliminary
notices I would wish it to be understood that the views expressed in
them were based upon contemporaneously progressive knowledge, and
were therefore open to modifications as maturer and fuller observations
Frineipal objec the Were accumulated. My chief aim has been to
coal deposits. give prominence to the coal deposits which were
met with, and I think I may point with some satisfaction to the result
of the joint labours of my colleague Lala Hira Lal and myself in connec-
tion with the investigations of the coal-measures in the neighbourhood of
Discovery’ of fossil bt Umaria. The fortunate discovery on his part of
Léla Hira Lal. fossils which definitely confirmed my conviction as

to the true geological horizon of the coal encouraged the hope that, if
(«lev .)
Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, Vol, XXI, Part 3.

2 HUGHES : SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

sanction could be obtained for practically testing the area by borings, the
previous conceptions as to the poverty and worthlessness of the coal
might possibly have to be modified.

So long as the Umaria coal was supposed to be of upper-Géndwéna
age, and that was the opinion entertained of it up to the time of our
examination,! it would have been running counter to our experience to
have recommended a special scheme of exploration ; but so soon as the coal
was shown to be of Damiida age, there was sufficient presumptive evidence
to warrant an appeal for assistance to determine its positive value.

An agreeable surprise awaited me in the responsive readiness with

Capen mean aeecady which Captain Barr, the Political Agent of Baghél-
response to suggestions. hand and Superintendent of Rewah, met my sug-
gestions, and having arranged that I should superintend and direct
operations, he furnished all the necessary sinews of war.

The expenditure up to the present amounts to something over
R34,000, of which R25,000 have been absorbed
by salaries and labour in nearly equal portions.?
Of those associated with me during the exploration, Mr. T. G.
Stewart has the eredit of having put down the

Amount expended on
explorations 34,000.

Mr. T. G. Stewart. : L : - ee
first series of borings, by which preliminary know-

2 The statement in the text isnot complete; the history is as follows: This ground
was first examined geologically by the late Mr. J. G. Medlicott, at a time when we knew
very little indeed regarding the groups of the Géndwana rock-system. On the map then
published (1859), Umaria (Omria) is on the lower Dama, i.e., the true coal-measure rocks
(Memoirs, II, part 2, p.171); but so also were placed the undoubted top Géndwana beds
(Jabalptr) on the Méhénadi. In 1868-69 I made a traverse of all these rocks between
Hazaribagh and Jabalptir, and then detected the Talchirs along the gneissie promontory
north of Umaria. In 1871-72 Mr. Hacket undertook the detailed survey of that ground
with the new large-scale maps. His work was so manifestly incomplete and faulty, all the
rocks from the Méhdnadi to Pali on the Jéhilla being coloured as Jabalptr, that it was con-
demned as useless. Thus, the age of the Umaria coal was very much an open question
when Mr. Hughes took up the work which he has completed in so thorough a manner.
It is very good of Mr. Hughes to distribute to others the professional credit that is vir-
tually all his own; to find fossils when one is told to look for them, is a very small contri-
bution towards the final result.—H. B. M.

2 Extract: Financial report, Rewah Coal Explorations, from 1st January 1882 to 30th
June 1884—

Salaries . : 7 c é 0 . 813,829 13 9
Tabour . ‘ - : : : 565 AGO eG

(183)

INTRODUCTION. 3

ledge of the Umaria and Johilla fields was gained. The more import-
Mr.'T. Forster, ME, ant duties of Mining Engineer were discharged by
and Mining Assiatants. Mr. Thomas Forster, M.E., whose name came into
prominence in connection with the extinction of the disastrous fire of
1882 in the Warora Colliery. The Assistant Mining Engineers, MM.
Hallett and Munsch, during their connection with the coal explorations,
performed their duty efficiently and willingly, The latter had special
charge of the borings in the Korar coal-field, and recorded his observa-
tions with minute precision. I am sorry to say that while residing at
Jabalptir, after the close of the season, he died from weakness of heart,
and we have thus lost an intelligent and conscientious worker.
I have to acknowledge my obligation to Captain Barr for his unweary-
Geren Bare aelnaw: ing promptitude in sweeping away difficulties as they
ledgment of assistance. = gyose, some having their origin in the irritation of
the native chiefs who deemed their rights invaded, and of petty officials
whose dignity was compromised by the presence of foreigners, and others
having their source in the unforeseen contingencies of a novel under-
taking. In securing and moulding labour we should have been perfectly
helpless without Captain Barr’s aid, and the end of our researches would
have been in the far future, instead of having its termination in the season
1883-84. Itis no detraction from the service rendered to us, that we were
working in the interest of the Rewah State ; the professional reputations
of all were at stake, and they would have been seriously impaired if
apathy on the part of the Political Agent had prolonged the term of
our probation. j
I would enter a warning concerning village sites. In many instances
the present hamlets are at some distance from the positions indicated on
a the maps. ‘This is due to the migratory and shift-
Village sites, shifting. , i - oe:
ing habits of the Gond and Baiga tribes, who, from
one cause or another, rarely remain stationary for more than six or seven
years. Over and over again have I been the victim of misplaced confi-
dence in the accuracy of my Atlas-sheets, and it was not until experience
had enlightened me, that I found out on whose shoulders the blame of my
( 189 )

4 HUGHES : SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

troubles should properly be placed. The maps are now fifteen to twenty
years old, and considerable changes have taken place since they were
completed.

The task of writing this memoir has been committed to my care, but
the observations embodied in it are the result of the joint labours of my
colleague Lala Hira Lél and myself. At the outset of the survey, he
was entrusted with the examination of the Metamorphic, Talchir, Laméta,
and Trappean boundaries, but during the last two seasons he was appor-

; _ tioned a share of the more arduous and more
Authorship of memoir. _, . p
important task of prospecting for coal and tracing
the limits of the Bardkar group in the Koréa and Jhilmili States.
Without the aid that he ungrudgingly gave, it would have been most
difficult in face of the many interruptions that I-received to my more
legitimate work, to have completed in so short a time the survey of the

large area which engaged our attention.

SECTION II.—PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION.

The area described in this memoir forms a portion of the great
central basin of Géndwana rocks occupying a large part of the country
drained by the Sdn and some of its southern leading tributaries and
principally comprised within the limits of the Rewah State.

In touching upon the various physical and geological features, I
have been guided in selecting a starting-point by the circumstance that

Deseription proceeds the western end of the basin is nearer to the
from west to east, "station of the East Indian Railway, whence our
annual departure for our season’s work took place. It would have been
as easy, so far as describing them was concerned, to have commenced in
the east, but this would have been an inversion of the order in which
the survey was actually carried through.

The range of our observations extended proximately for a distance
of 150 miles from Long. 80° 45’ E. to Long. 82° 55’ E., and I have
been able to add the link required to connect the
investigations of MM. Hacket and Mallet in the

Area surveyed.

( 140 )

PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION. 5

Jabalptir district, with those of MM. Ball and Griesbach in the Gurjat
States of Chitia Nagpur.

The limits to the west and east are the two tributaries of the Sén, the
Ma4hanadi! and the Rér; the boundary to the north is the boundary
of the supra-Bardékar rocks, and the extension southwards is demarcated
by a varying fringe of stratigraphical deposits. As thus defined, the
different rock formations oecupy an area of nearly 3,200 square miles,
of which about 870 are included in the zemindaries of Koréa and Jhilmili.

The leading title that has already been applied to denote this area,

namely, the Rewah Géndwana basin is the most
Name of area. : :
comprehensive and convenient one that has been
proposed, and I would certainly retain it in preference to amplifying
for the mere purpose of including the territory which is beyond the fiscal
limits of the Rewah State. Mr. Ball gave the separate name of Jhilmili
coal-field to the coal bearing rocks of the Jhilmili estate, and Lala
Hira Lal proposed the designation of Koréagarh for a small outlier in
Koréa; but as these are integrant portions of the Géndwana basin,
they have been subordinated to the weightier claim of Rewah, as a
representative title, and-in this way share the lot of the Umaria, Kérdar,
Sohagpur and other coal centres.

ecko pee abe paysite aspect = the country ae Rey
: varied, but its most prominent, characteristic is

its hilliness.

The chief highlands are, those to the north, marked by the famous
hill fortress of Bandégarh and the numerous detached peaks and lesser
ranges belonging to the same system, extending far to the east
and west beyond our area; the uplands of Koréa,’ the watersheds of
the Johilla, Sdn, and Hestho rivers, and the great plateau of the
Deccan (Dakhan) trap to the south. There is a gradual rise from west
to east, and from north to south. At Umaria in 80° 54’ BR, . Long.
and 23° 23’ N. Lat., which I mention in likelihood of its becoming a
place of repute, the height of the plain above

Level above 6a; ; 5
sea level is 1,490 feet; and thence there is a slow

’ This is not to be confounded with the greater Méhinadi of Cuttack (Katak).
( 141 )

6 HUGHES : SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

and regular increase of elevation to 2,477 feet in the neighbourhood
of Sanhat, the capital of the Koréa State on 82° 25’ E. Long. The
loftier peaks, such as Bandégarh, Koréégarh, Mahéra, and the crests
of the Dakhan uplands, of which Amarkantak is one, are respectively
2,662 feet, 2,955 feet, 3,371 feet, and 3,400 feet high.

The hills vary in shape according to the rocks of which they are

at made up. Those of Baéndégarh and its associates

are usually flat topped with precipitous sides for
some distance down, and then a sloping termination of broken rocks and
stones to the foot, preserving a steady alignment for long distances or
sweeping in full curves. This is the characteristic form produced by the
sculpturing of the Mahadéva and other supra-Barakar sandstones, and
is quite distinct from the scarped facing of the trappean plateau, which is
much more irregularly eaten into, and has not the same prominent
accumulation of debris at its base,

The small independent hills, of trap, sandstone, or shale, have no
definite contour, and are narrow or broad, conical or lumpy, as the caprice
of Nature has determined.

The highlands to which reference has just been made constitute the

mee, watershed of several of the larger rivers of India,
Of these, the S6n more immediately concerns
us; as, though the Narbada rises in the Amarkantak plateau, a part
of Rewah, it soon passes into the territory of the Central Provinces, and
beyond the scope of our notice.
The Sén has its source in the Pendra table-land at an elevation of
2,100 feet, but it enters the Rewah State about 30
Hae miles from its origin, and a short distance above
its junction with the Kéwai. Thence it flows in a generally northern
direction, until it receives the Mahdnadi. At this point, in 24° 5’ N.
Lat., and 81° 5’ E, Long., it is diverted to the east, and holds that way
until it falls into the Ganges.
Its feeders in its upper course are quite equal to it in size, and in
fact the Kéwai, which has its origin in the uplands of Koréa, is a more
» important stream, and contains a greater volume of water.
( 142 )

PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION, if

Enumerating the tributaries that fall directly into the Sén, they are
eh ; the Kéwai, Tipan, Kanak, Mtirna Jéhilla, Mahé-
Tributaries of Sén. :

nadi, and the Rér. These two latter rivers, how-

ever, join the Sdn outside our ground, and consequently they appear on

the map as independent streams. The Sdn is the essential river of the

Rewah State, and it drains the whole of the Géndwadna basin with the
exception of the part in the Koréa zemindari,

There, the Hestho and the Géj constitute an independent drainage

: , system, as they are affluents of the greater Maha-

Rivers of Koréa. : ; Raed

nadi which empties itself into the Bay of Bengal.
The watershed of the two systems is coincident with the territorial
boundary between the Rewah State and Koréa, but that the uplands of
the latter State should be apportioned to a drainage basin other than
that of the Sdn seems an invasion of the latter’s rights. A glance at
the map certainly produces the impression that the Hestho has been
needlessly intruded into the confines of the Sén basin, as both to the
east and to the west of it the neighbouring streams are tributary to the
Son. The waters of the Hestho and its tributaries wend their way
southward, in direct contrast to those of the Sdn and its feeders, which
flow northward.

In many places the scenery is exquisitely charming, the hilly nature
of the country that the streams run through lending itself especially to
the indefinite multiplication of varied prospects. In the Jéhilla, that
takes its rise near the sacred source of the Narbada, and flows to the
lower level of the Géndwana basin, there are reaches as romantic as its
own mythological story,’ where it coyly steals in view, struggling slowly
as it wends its way through overshadowing jaémun and fringing
tamarisks, and then gathering strength in some narrow gorge, it dashes,
flecked with foam and to the music of its onward song, a candidate
for our admiration. ‘There are several falls in its course, but their

1 The Jéhilla, the hand-maiden of Narbada, is said to have appropriated her mistress’s
jewels, at the time when arrangements were being entered into for the marriage of Nar-
bada and Sdn, and presenting herself, decked with her borrowed charms, to the latter’s
view, sO won upon him that he preferred the maid to the mistress. In wounded pride,
Narbada turned her back upon them, and sought a home in the far west.

( a3) 9)

8 HUGHES : SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN,
height is not great enough to make them imposing, and during the cold
weather, which was my only opportunity for seeing them, the water
passing over the dark basaltic sheets of the river channel was too
attenuated to be a pronounced embellishment to the sombre background
of the picture.

In the Hestho, and most of the streams directly and indirectly con-
nected with it, there are some very striking water-
falls, and in the statistical account of the Tributary
States of Chitia Négpar, edited by Dr. W. W. Hunter, Vol. XVII, men-
tion is made of one of the finest in the Hestho near the village of Kir-
| Kirwshi falls—see W4hi.! A large volume of water is precipitated, and
froneiapieve: the sound of its falling can be heard for a long
distance on a still evening. A representation of it from one of my own
photographs forms the frontispiece of this memoir.

In the Kéwai there are long reaches of much-eroded sandstone, and
the appearance of some of them struck me as being of sufficient interest
to form another illustration of fluvial scenery.

There is a rank luxuriance of grass in all the lowlands and high-

Waterfalls.

lands, and wherever trap occurs. The latter is
Grass. Spear grass.
always a nursery for the worst form of spear
grass, and for the several years that we have been engaged in tracing
the boundaries of intrusions or overflows of voleanic origin, we have
been compelled, where accuracy was a matter of necessity, to delay our
examinations until the season was well advanced, and spring fires and
migratory herds of cattle had assisted to clear the ground of this unwel-
come hinderance to geological research. In all instances where I have
been forced into contact with this baneful pest, I have deemed it a duty
to inveigh against it, but no emphasizing can convey a proper sense of
the condemnation that it deserves in the south Rewah and Koréa
district. In the cold weather it possesses the charm of greenness ; but the
feeling of pleasure that this gives rise to is dashed by the disappointing
knowledge that every stalk is armed with a sheaf of barbed arrows,

1 Kirwahi, 82° 24’ E. long., and 28° 21’ N. lat.
( 144 )

PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION. 9

ready to pierce through breeches and socks, and rankle in one’s flesh.
There is probably no sportsman who has not anathematised this grass,
and though an Indian geologist is wellknown as long-suffering and of
many virtues, I question whether there is one who could plead “ not
guilty ” of having consigned it to the region of Pluto.
Everywhere there is an abundance of coppice and jungle, but there are
oe very few blocks of fair-sized timber. During the
construction of the Great Indian Peninsular Rail-
way, the contractors for sleepers who rented the forests from the late
Maharaja of Rewah, Raguraéj Sing, cut and hacked mercilessly ; and
now some years will have to elapse before the trees that are growing
acquire useful dimensions. Of late, attempts have been made to induce
the native fief-holders to conserve woodlands, but they look upon the
suggestions laid before them as subtle traps to eventually deprive them
of their forest rights.
In view of the construction of the railway from Katni to Umaria, and
Scareity of largetim. ts future extension to Bilaspar, it would have
ber: been very convenient had there been a supply of
ready-grown trees fit for sleepers ; and though the requirements of mining
are less exacting, the existence of timber land near at hand would be of
great consideration in estimating the advantages of a given coal-field.
The most universal forest tree is the Shorea robusta or Saré, and it
Habit of Shorearobusta gTows in all situations, but, as is wellknown, it is
pud Boswell not a lover of trap rock, and avoids those soils in
which the special constituents of trappean matter preponderate. Its
place in this instance is taken by Boswellia or Sd/é and so frequently
is this a significant circumstance, that I have often been led to the
discovery of some dyke or run of trap by noticing the presence of this
tree. Probably there are many affections of this sort, but this is the
only useful one that I know of to the geologist.
Bamboos, which are invaluable for numberless purposes, occur in and
diene near to the plateau to the south ; also in the neigh-
bourhood of Bandogarh, and along the banks of
the Jéhilla and the Sén. Then sparsely in the eastern portion of the
( 145 )

-

10 HUGHES : SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

Sohégpur district ; more plentifully in the border land of Rewah and
Koréa, and in overflowing quantity in the latter State and that of
Jhilmili. There are no bamboos in proximity to Umaria.

The abundance of coppice and grass land doubtless modifies the
temperature, and renders the climate much more

Climate pleasant. ¥ :

bearable in the warm season than if there were

large open spaces of bare or cultivated ground. And certainly the wide-
spread verdure of the jungle in May gladdens the sight, and makes one
thankful to the destiny that has still preserved parts of this country
from the encroachment of the ploughshare and the axe.

The landholders are principally Bréhmans and Baghél Rajputs, but
: the tillers and hewers are the Gonds and Baigas,
Inhabitants, ae : fs

who were undoubtedly the original inhabitants

of the country. These two tribes may be looked upon as the source from
which colliers must be obtained when the opening of the Rewah coal-
field on a large scale is decided upon. From my experience of them
during the past five years, I think the Baiga is to be preferred to the
Goénd, being more hardy by nature and more deft with his hands.
In the mines, the Baigds were certainly more fearless, as well as more
staunch to their work, ‘Their intelligence is of a low order, and they are
slavishly susceptible to the promptings of their village elders. They
have not courage enough to exercise their individual independence, and
for some time to come they will require delicate handling before they are
made to understand that coal mining is an occupation by which their
interests will be advanced.

SECTION III.—PREVIOUS OBSERVERS AND GEOLOGICAL TABLE.

Of writers and others, as well as officers of our department, who
come under the heading of previous observers,

Previous observers. 3 E : é
there is very little to remark. The published
literature is meagre, and the manuscript reports refer only to a limited
portion of the Rewah Géndwana basin, and do not pretend to be more
than introductory traverses, The most useful notes for reference have

( 146 )

GEOLOGICAL TABLE. ll

been compiled by the late Mr. J. G. Medlicott, and the geological lines
that he laid down correspond closely to my own. As my opportunities
for careful examination have been greatly in excess of those of any prede-
cesssor, I think it unnecessary to quote from them in order to contrast
the advances that have been made in our knowledge during the last
few years.
The following scale of succession indicates the geological divisions in
: and adjoining the Rewah basin that are noticed or
Geological table. : :
described in the present memoir :—
Surface deposits.
Deccan-trap, with Lamétas.
Gondwana system.

Supra-Bardkars, not yet worked out,
Barakars, with Karharbaris.
Talchirs,

Bijawars.

Metamorphics.

My researches have principally been confined to the coal-measures,
and it is to them that the present memoir is almost entirely devoted,
as the succeeding rocks still require further investigation before their
position in the geological scale can be categorically affirmed. Under com-
pulsion, I could, of course, assign a place to them, but I should have an
uncomfortable consciousness that my decisions were open to correction.

The evidence afforded by the plant-remains which are gradually being
collected, seems to point out a closer relation be-

Evidence of closer re- ,
lationship between the tween the contiguous groups than was formerly

ia allowed, and less stress must be laid on what were
deemed lithological characteristics.

This, however, is an alternative admission, depending upon the relative
value that we accord to lithological and paleontological evidence,
whether what were deemed mineral characteristics are to be subordinated
to the supposed fixed horizon of certain fossil plants, or whether those
plants are to have a wider range in time. In the Damida and Wardha

( 147 )

12 HUGHES : SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAIH GONDWANA BASIN.

valleys the presence of ferrnginous matter was in some cases testimony
enough to determine the affiliation of the rocks, but this again was perhaps
due to the imperfect measure in which their paleobotanical resources were
explored, and evidence was passed bye, that might have tempered its

value as a decisive index.

CHAPTER II.
IDENTIFICATION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ROCKS.
SECTION IV.—METAMORPHIC AND BIJAWAR.

The Metamorphic series apppears occasionally along the southern

margin of the basin, between Lora and Umaria,
Metamorphic. S ane , :
in the Johilla Valley, at Baghalwdri, where the
proposed railway line crosses the Basdr stream, in the south-eastern
part of the Sohagpdr district, and in Koréa and Jhilmili.

The inlier west of Umaria, forming the western shore margin of the
Umaria coal-field, is of considerable significance in any speculative
discussion on the facility of reaching the coal measures, presuming their
extension in the direction of the Mahanadi. The cropping up of the
Metamorphic rocks at Léra points to the probability that the floor of
deposition of the Géndwana formation is at a shallow depth from the
present surface.

The Bijéwars, represented almost entirely by silicious limestones, are
confined to the strip of land between the Mé4-
hdnadi and the Machrér stream. With some
modifications, the geological lines are those of Mr.C. A. Hacket’s map,
The only addition to the former known exposures is a small inlier

Bijdwar,

near Narwar.
SECTION V.—TALCHIR.

Although the Bijawar rocks are more recent than the Metamorphic
TAlchirs not seen in series, it so happens that the Télchirs are no-
contact with Bijawars. where seen to be in contact with them. They

( 148 )

TALCHIRS. 13

rest always on the Metamorphics. Their most westerly exposure is
in the neighbourhood of Kathai, and they run in a north-easterly
direction through Léra to Achala and Majgama and then turn south-
ward towards Baréri. Here they are overlapped by higher rocks, but
they reappear in the vicinity of Marodhi Chandwar and Paunia. Their
fullest developement is in the district of Sohagptr, and they extend
thence far to the sonth and east, connecting the Rewah area with the
Talchirs of the Mahanadi basin.

The identification of this group is perfectly easy, as it exhibits
with two local exceptions the same lithological features that charac-
terise it elsewhere. It seems gainsaying my own statement to assert

Sit that at one time I questioned the occurrence of
Télchirs at Lora. The point had been passed on
to me to decide, and at first I was inclined to think that the Talchirs
were absent. This was a misapprehension, but it was due entirely to the
fact that there were no sections open enough to decide a question that was
already surrounded by controversial assertion. Had I wandered away
either to the north as far as Lagwari, or to the south as far as Kathai,
T should have met with T'alchirs in unmistakeable garb. It so happened,
however, that it was not until two years after my first visit that
I undertook the thorough examination of that part of the country, and
arrived at the true knowledge of its structure. At the commencement
of each season’s tour, the tendency was always to press forward, and thus
the places near at hand were passed over.

The recognition of Talchirs at a given spot usually gives encourage-
ment to the hope that we are within discoverable distance of the true

Palehuerasnally favour: coal measures, for we know as a fact that the
able indication of coal. Talchirs underlie the coal-bearing rocks, The
application of this knowledge made me question the supposed geological
horizon of the Umaria coal; and it has strengthened the expectations of
meeting with coal where there is no actual exposure of it.1 In tracing
the outlines of the Talchirs a great deal of time was spent in the mere

1 The application of this same knowledge in the Satpura basin did not meet with
success, though it may stili be said that the borings there were not carried deep enough,
See Records, Vol. XI, p. 8; and Vol, XII, p. 97.—H, B. M.

( 149 )

14 HUGHES : SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN,

drudgery of tramping many hundreds of miles of small and large streams
to guard against inaccuracy as much as possible. They have been
carefully mapped on a scale of one inch to the mile, but the exigencies of
publication have necessitated the issue of a copy on a reduced size.

The boundaries near Umaria are for the most part conjectural, as
weAdegel the Talchirs are only exposed once in the Umrar
Umaria, Maréhi. :

river, at their contact with the metamorphic
rocks south of Mardéhi, and again in the small feeders of that stream
east of Koiléri; and near the tank at Chandwar. The whole of the
remaining ground to the limit of the Bardkar group is obscured by
alluvium.
ee Between Ké6talwdr and Ké6rar, where there

is a small coal-field, there is an inlier of the
Talchirs in the Barakars,

In the valley of the Jéhilla they are again met with forming a

distinct area, They are seen both north and south

Johilla valley. By :

of the inlier of metamorphics that extends from
Mangthar to Pénri. Those to the south are not well exposed, but on the
north side they stretch from Pénri to Bara Chada. The bottom bed is a
fine-grained compact brownish-grey calcareous sandstone; then above
comes the famous boulder-bed, the matrix consisting of greenish-grey
silt; the contained fragments are red binary granite, conglomeratic
quartzite, quartzite and green schist. The bed is quite 80 feet, if not
more, in thickness. To this succeed claret-coloured greyish-green and
yellowish silts; one or two thin boulder beds; compact slightly cal-
careous sandstones; soft fine-grained, slightly pinkish and yellowish-grey
sandstones, with felspar decomposed, and weathering with rounded out-
lines ; then alternating silts and sandstones to the end of the section.
There might possibly be a little doubt about including as Talchirs the
sandstones in the long reach of the Jéhilla, at the eastern end of which is
the village of Goraia, were they seen alone; but most characteristic
greyish-green splintery shales occur above them in the reach of the river
near Bara Chada that do away with all question as to their position.
The Télchirs extend only a very short distance inland from the

( 150 )

TALCHIRS. 15

right bank of the Jéhilla, but they can be traced for 4 or 5 miles
in the opposite direction, until they are overlapped by Lamétaés and
Barakars. :

Leaving the valley of the Jéhilla and proceeding eastward, no
snereneen Talchir rocks are exposed until the edge of the
4 main body in the Sohagpur district is reached
near Tiirri at the base of the trappean plateau. Here they are made up
of the same varieties of beds as occur in the Damfida valley, and the
green and yellowish silts are the predominant rocks. Excellent sections
of them are visible in the Sdn, the Hesia, the Alan, the Tipan and other
rivers ; and in several places I procured fossil ferns.

There is a local modification of some of the sandstones, which I think
might mislead an observer who approached them with the ordinary
T4lchir panorama before his eyes.

Their appearance at all events was questionable enough to raise, in my

Sandstones, modifica- Clleague’s mind when mapping them, a doubt as
tion—near Nindauan. to their true affinities. They occur on the isolated
hills east of Nindauan and are compact and vitreous-looking, like
quartzites ; added to which, the accident of their resting on metamorphic
rocks, and being represented where first seen by a slight thickness,
strengthened the idea that they were members of the metamorphic
series. On examining them carefully, however, it became evident that
they were sandstones with the texture distinctly granular, not in the
slightest degree crystalline, but rendered close and hard by calcareous
matter. Eventually, decisive evidence of their specific character was
obtained in one of the streams near the village, where they were found
overlying a boulder-bed.

Throughout an extensive tract in the southern part of Koréa and

k Jhilmili, the Talchirs are displayed in great force,
on and many of the higher hills are partly constituted
of them. The boulder beds are more heavily weighted than they are in
the west, and as a whole the group is of more importance. The litholo-
gical characteristics, however, are unaltered, and it is therefore unneces-

sary to dwell upon them.
( 1b5l-)

>

16 HUGHES : SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

The eontacts of the group are almost all original ones, but there
hs 2 are a few small faults, the most noticeable being

Fault. Bamhani Chilpa. df i
the one south of Bémhani Chilpa, where there are

two inliers of Télchirs.

The thickness of the Talchirs, where most freely developed, appears
Thickneea (bateeon to be between 400 and 500 feet, but there are
400 and 500 feet. no sections continuous enough to furnish more
than a proximate estimate. Jn the Johilla the figures would be about
400 feet, supposing an average dip of 5° to 6° over one mile of exposure.
Plant remains were discovered at different spots, but usually in such
an imperfect state of preservation that it was not
Plant remains. ; ; ‘
worth while keeping them. A few good specimens,
however, were obtained, which Dr. Feistmantel has noticed in Vol. 1V

Pt. I. Fossil Flora of the South Rewah Gondwana Basin. They are—

Ganganopteris cyclopteroides.
Gangamopteris cyclopteroides, var. attenuata,
Gangamopteris major.

Gangamopteris comp. spathulata.
Glossopteris, sp.

Noéggerathiopsis hislopt.

Samaropsis.

Vertebraria indica.

Equisetaceous stems.

SECTION VI.—BARAKARS.

There is satisfactory proof of the occurrence of this group over a
large portion of Rewah, Koréa, and Jhilmili in the strong resemblance
that its sandstones and other rocks bear to the typical representatives in
the Raniganj field. Included with it are the beds containing a flora
which partly coincides with that of the Karharbari group. I saw no

reason, however, either on stratigraphical or litho-

Karharbari flora. :
logical grounds, for separating them from the Ba-
rakars, and consequently I have not mapped a line of demarcation. This
may be a misfortune, so far as it fails to be in harmony with the restricted
application of the paleontological facts, but as the wider bearing of the
evidence demonstrates a closer knitting of all the groups than has hitherto

( 1525)

BARAKARS. iby

been admitted, I am not yet ready to allow, in the absence of other
testimony, that a sub-division of the Barakars is a necessity.

The same remark applies to the upper part of the group, where
one or two plants may be referred to upper-Damuda forms.

By far the most abundant rock is, massively bedded yellowish-grey

aes felspathic silicious sandstone, that undergoes muta-
tions due to different degrees of decomposition in
the felspar, to the presence of caleareous matter, and to the changing size
and relative proportions of the felspar and quartz grains.

Shaly sandstones and shales bear an insignificant proportion to the
whole, and carbonaceous shales and coal are rare, though essential consti-
tuents of the group. Pebbles are not so frequently present as in other

localities, and there is an entire absence of the
Pebbles rare.
strong conglomerate beds that are so constant an
accompaniment of the lower portion of the Barakar group in the Jharia,!
Bokaro, and Karanpiira fields of Bengal.
There are several exposures of the Barakar group ; and as they can
Several exposures of Conveniently be described under separate heads, I
Barska. propose doing so for facility of reference. Relatively
to the main body, which occupies a superficies of 1,587 square miles, the
other areas are outliers of small extent, but the accident of geographical
position has made the two westerly ones the most important economically,
so far as immediate commercial considerations are concerned.

One of these is the Umaria coal-field, of which I have already written
several notices, and on which the interest attaching to the coal resources
of the Rewah Géndwana basin has for the last few years hinged. As it
takes precedence in order of situation, according to the plan of descrip-
tion already adopted, IT will refer to it in detail first.

Asa matter of interest, I give in column’ the

Square areas, c
exposed areas of the various fields :

1. Sohdgpitr field or main area. : : : - 1,587 sq. miles.
2. Kiurdasia field . : 6 , , : ‘ a 48 >
38. Jhilmili field . : ; 7 fs ; ; 4 41 A

1 Written Jherria in the Memoirs of the Survey.

B (nse e

18 HUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

4, Jochilla fields (north and south) ‘ é ° f . 14sq. miles.
5. Kordar field . ; , ; : ; ; : ~ 8) og
6. Korédgarh field . : ‘ 3 C 4 <P NG he
7. Umaria field ; ; : : : - : > “Grails

SECTION VII.—THE UMARIA COAL-FIELD.

This name has been adopted from the village of Umaria, which occu-
ec pies a nearly central position in the field, and is

a place of considerable importance. It is on the
high road from Mtrwara to Sohég par, and contains nearly 600 inhabit-
ants, a permanent bazaar, police station, post office, and a forest out-
post. A weekly market is held, and since the establishment of explora-
tory coal operations, traders of all descriptions have been attracted to the
spot.

It is situated on the left bank of the Umrar river, a tributary of the
Mahanadi, and is distant 36 miles from the station of Katni, on the East
Indian Railway.

The most noted local points of reference are the fort of Bandogarh, 16
miles in a north-easterly direction, and the towns of Kauria and Chandia,
situated respectively in latitude N, 5°" and longitude E. sa and
celebrated formerly for the manufacture of native arms.

The field occupies moderately level ground, but along its western
border is a low range of metamorphic rocks, and to the south and north
are other hills composed of different formations. They assist in giving
to the neighbourhood of Umaria a very picturesque aspéct, and as there
is no lack of trees and coppice, the scenery is in striking contrast with
the cheerless coal-fields of Bengal.

The Umrar is the principal river of the district: it rises in the trap-
pean plateau to the south, and enters the area of the
Bardkar rocks a little above Kalésar. Where it
flows past the village, it is confined between rocky banks, sufficiently
high to be noticeable. A somewhat imposing-dwelling-house belonging
to the local Baghél chief, Chathar Dhari Sing, has been built on the
cliff overlooking the stream; and certainly credit is due to whoever took

( 154 )

River Umrar.

ons

Hughe

GEOLOGIC

AL

1569
A

<2 Korar
Coney

fal Coal Stinte +6

Koal $y a

O Birbospux
14 82 x y
Ca’ Gagrar

4

Carb Shale

Murgurt

a) o\ oN

SOUTH REWAH GONDWANA BASIN,
UMARIA & KORAR
COAL-FIELDS.

Bareri

Supra Barakar

Barakar

alchir

Metamor phic

onl shaft

Bore Hole,

Dip

TONE SY KHADEM HOSSAIN

SURVEY

UMARIA COAL-FIELD. 19

advantage of the situation ; for, during the cold weather, when the bed of
the river is still moderately full, and ferns and other plants and climbing
fiz trees deck and festoon the banks, it presents a charming coup d’wil
to the traveller who stays on his way to cool himself at the river
ford.
With the exception of the Umrar, all the streams become dry soon
after the ending of the rainy season. And from
_ Rocks dry. : : : OGLE
experience gained in sinking for coal, the rocks do
not appear to hold much water. Most of the rain that falls is evidently
carried away at once, as there is a very thin capping of soil to gather it.
The total exposure of the Bardkars is, as I have said before, six
square miles, the greatest length being four miles,
and the average breadth one and a half, The bound-
aries cannot be very closely and accurately defined, as the sections are not

Area, 6 square miles.

; open enough for this purpose. I have, however,
Boundaries.

mapped them as suggested by the evidence that was
available. The contacts with the upper and lower groups are all na-
tural. The Talchirs are overlapped, where the Bardkars rest upon the
metamorphic rocks of the Léra inlier, and the Barakars themselves are
irregularly overlaid by newer Gondwana groups.

To the south-west of Umaria, the lower limit of the group is fairly
recognisable, and the borings near the railway track indicate that the
lines shown on the map are passably accurate. Near Chatén and Lél-
pur there is more satisfactory ground, in the clearer views obtainable of
the beds, for belief in the correctness of the limitation adopted. To the
east of Umaria, however, and within the Kélésar holding, there is a
broad margin of uncertainty, as the surface soil effectually hides every-
thing from view. While opportunity offered, I had three borings put
down in order to test the extension of the coal measures in that direction,
but unfortunately a series of mishaps prevented their completion, and the

question is still an open one as to how far eastward the boundary ought
to be placed.

There is no continuous section showing the arrangement of the
group, but a very fair idea of the stratigraphical sequence may be obtained
(255) )

20 HUGHES : SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

by following the course of the small stream! between Koiléri and Mé-
rohi downwards to its junction with the Umrdr, and then onward in the
latter river to Kalésar, Umaria and Lélpir.
The lowest bed of the Bardkars in the rivulet referred to is a slightly
1 eg eee ferruginous-tinted, felspathic silicious sandstone.
Above it is a thin band of coaly shale, and then
a succession of laminated sandstones, argillaceous blue carbonaceous
shales and thicker bedded sandstones, some of which are fine-grained,
faintly salmon-coloured, slightly micaceous rocks. Near the temple of
Dévi, and higher in the series, is a seam of coal of very good quality,
but measuring only 14 inches, which puts it out of consideration in an
economic summary. The dip is N.N.E. at a low angle of 5°. At
the elbow of the stream, above its junction with the Umrdar, are some
slightly carbonaceous grey argillaceous shales, in which the fossils were
found that determined the true age of the Umaria measures. Then
follow thick-bedded light grey tinted sandstones, flushed with a pinkish
hue and stained in portions on the outside rusty yellow. In the
Wardha Valley field this colouring would have been the peculiar mark
of the Kamthi series, but in the Rewah Gondwana basia it has no

specific significance.

These sandstones, with a varying proportion of caleareous matter, are
Sandstones constitute ™ainly of the ordinary slightly nodular, felspathic,
about 200 feet. silicious type of coal-measure sandstones, and con-
stitute about 200 feet of the Bardkar group. They are deeply eroded
near the village of Kalésar, and the Umrar flows through a short but
pretty gorge, where an excellent view of the rocks may be obtained.
Intercalated with these sandstones are the various carbonaceous layers
that give value to the Umaria coal-field.

In the Umrar river, however, only one seam is visible, and the refer-
ence that I have just made in the plural number is due to the light

thrown upon the constitution of the field by the various borings.

1 A temple dedicated to Dévi, one of the wives of Shiva, has been erected on the bank
of this stream, where it is reported that a seam has once been on fire. I saw no sign of
such an occurrence.

( 156 )

UMARIA COAL-FIELD. Q1

From Kalésar to the upper boundary of the Barakars*ygtween Uma-
ria and Lalpdr, only sandstones are seen, at intervals of varying
distances. They differ but slightly from those already alluded to ;
the highest beds are grey and pinkish coarse-grained felspathic sandstones
partly decomposed and with thin lenticular shaly layers. To these succeed
the red and other coloured clays of the supra-Bardkars, from which the
village of Lalpar is probably named.

Though there are several different courses of coal, I failed to find
more than one outcrop in addition to that alluded

Coal seam. ;

to near the temple of Dévi, and that was of the

seam exposed in the Umrar at the southern water-ghat of Kalésar

in which quarries were eventually opened. It can be traced on the left

bank of the riverin a little rivulet, which is shown on the annexed map,

exhibiting the environs of Umaria-Kalésar, on a scale of four inches

to the mile. After extending about 200 yards to the westward, it is
lost to view.

Many years have elapsed since the original discovery of this coal.
The first who drew attention prominently to it was Captain Osborne,

eae Grank, the Political Agent of Rewak in 1860, and on his
and Captain H. Hyde, representation, Mr. Alexander Grant, of the East
Indian Railway, and Captain H. Hyde, R.E.,
Consulting Engineer for Railways, visited Umaria and other localities
where coal was stated to occur, Their recommendations were opposed
to any active steps being taken to explore the field. Mr. Grant, in his
report, stated—“ The seam shows itself in four different places in the bed
“and sides of the Umrar, a little above the village Kalésar. It is in
“all about 3 feet 6 inches thick, being made up of thin layers of carbon-
“aceous shale of different degrees of consistency and different shades of
“ eolour, some of them being indurated, others earthy, some black and
“others bluish. Amid them is one band or layer of some 6 or 7 inches
- “in thickness of the substance resembling coal evidently in greater

“part of vegetable origin, and what we have seen to be combustible.”
There was some excuse for the low estimate they formed of the value

( 157)

22 HUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

of the Umaria seam, owing to the washed-out and dull appearance of the
coal at the outcrop. but their conclusion drawn from inadequate investi-
gation shows how dangerous it is to frame an adverse opinion of the
quality of any coal until careful analysis and experiment have proved
what its composition and real worth are.

Subsequently at different times the existence of the seam was again

bat dlNaunreyane ene noted by some of our own officers, but no regular

rath survey of the coal deposits of the Rewah State

was instituted until the season of 1879-80. Late in May 1880, I obtained
without visiting Umaria some samples of coal from a few inches below
the outcrop. These were submitted to assay by Mr. Mallet, the Curator
of the Geological Museum, and the average of his determinations gave
a sufficiently favourable view of the quality of the coal to prompt a more
searching investigation when the opportunity arose.

The figures were—

Moisture . fs 5 ‘ : é 4 ‘ = ES:
Volatile matter exclusive of moisture : 5 : 5 o BIA
Fixed carbon . > 5 . ‘ ° 6 . 45°8
Aghia ; 5 - : 3 f 6 * ales

100°0

The ash was much less than I anticipated from the appearance of the
samples, but the amount of moisture was high, and as it confirmed in a
measure the opinion then held of the age of the coal, I deferred a closer
examination until the mapping of the known areas of Baradkars had
been completed.

It was not until November 1881 that in the ordinary course of the
general survey it came under my observation. The first field day was
enough to make me suspect that the sandstones and consequently the
coal with them were much older than had hitherto been supposed ;
and, acting on this belief, I endeavoured to obtain confirmatory
paleobotanical evidence. The credit of supplying the direct proof of the

Discovery oft plants by horizon of the coal-measures rests with my colleague,
Hira Lal. Lala Hira Lal, who, more favoured by fortune
( dee)

UMARIA COAL-FIELD. 23

than myself, was the first to have his efforts rewarded by the discovery of
a few plants of specific lower Gondwana age.

Recruiting the services of my personal servants, and stimulating their
zeal by the promise of reward, we eventually obtained several fronds of

Glossopteris communis.
Gangamopteris cyclopteroides, var. Ape
Noggerathiopsis hislopi.

None of the fossils were perfect specimens, as they occurred in friable
slightly carbonaceous argillaceous shale, which it was difficult to handle
in a satisfactory manner, but they were sufficiently distinct to enable
Dr. Feistmantel to fix their genera. With the assurance that the proper
place of the Umaria coal was with the true or older coal-measures of India,
Thad no hesitation in spending a small sum of money to clear the outcrop
and obtain a clean piece of coal. Selecting an average sample from the
lower portion of the seam, the percentages of ash, fixed carbon, and
water showed so great an improvement on the first analysis, that I was
impressed with the desirability of drawing the attention of the Rewah
administration to the fact of the occurrence of true coal-measures at

Umaria, and that if arrangements could be made

Borings suggested.

for practically exploring the field by boring, I
should be happy to render what service I could in directing operations.
Fortunately for the furtherance of my views, Captain Barr, the Political
Agent of Rewah, responded cordially to my suggestions, and within a few
weeks of my broaching the plan of operations, the necessary plant was
purchased, and Mr. Stewart, who had previously been in charge of the
Narbada trial borings, was appointed to test the various sites indicated
by myself. There is no mechanical establishment in connection with
our own department, and there is no such thing as a grant for independ-
ent explorations, so that, had the Political Agent for Rewah put aside
my communication, it is probable that the Umaria coal-field would once
more have been dropped for a period of years into the shadow of
obseurity.}

? It is also certain that if Captain Barr had declined to take this matter up, the
Government of India would have done so on the strength of Mr. Hughes' recommenda-
tion.— H. B. M.

( 159 )

24 HUGHES : SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

The first boring was commenced on the 22nd January 1882. It was

Boring commenced, Placed a short distance to the north of the out-

22nd January, 1882. crop of the seam, and was sunk to procure in-

formation as to whether the coal thickened or thinned to the deep. It
proved three bands of coal, measuring respectively 3 feet, 7 feet and 2
feet, the reading being—

ft. in

1. Surface, soil . ; F F 4 ; ¢ so. DLS:
2. Sandstone a 6 : ° ‘ 5 : ‘ . 42 6
3. Sandstone, carbonaceous, shaly . 3 0
4, Shale, carbonaceous . ; 2 0
5. Coal . A 2 3 ap 1)
6. Shale, carbonaceous 4 a : A 1 0
7, Sandstone ie (o)
8. Coal : ; ‘ : 70
9. Sandstone, carbonaceous, shaly ; ; 4 A 970
10. Shale, carbonaceous 2 : : . . 2 0
11, Coal . ; ye)
12. Sandstone, carbonaceous, shaly 210
13. Sandstone, white, not gone through 16 0
93 0

At the outcrop the main band measures only 4 feet 44 inches to 4
feet 8 inches, and its increase to7 feet was a pleasant confirmation of the
hope which had been entertained of its probable behaviour.

As many as 15 bore-holes were commenced before the rains put an

end tothe season’s operations. Most of them were

Bore-holes. chines ees : ;

sunk within the limits of the Umaria holding, and

satisfactorily indicated the occurrence of coal over a sufficiently large area
to supply several million tons of fuel.

On the other side of the river, five borings were started. Two of
these proved coal, but a series of misfortunes rendered the holes between
Kaélésar and Lalpir useless as indicators, none of them having been com-
pleted. The question, therefore, as to what becomes of the coal in that
direction is an open one, but I incline to think that the coal is there, and
that, had the borings been carried deeper, they would have proved
this to be the case.

(- 160")

UMARIA COAL-FIELD. 25

It would be needless multiplication of details to allude here to each
Lore-hole section, but for the purpose of reference they are given in the
chapter of appendices. ‘The dates of their commencement and completion
and the depth at which water was tapped have been added as items of
interest ; and diagrams, for which I am indebted to Mr. E. J. Jones, are
attached.

The deepest hole in which thick coal was recorded was No. is

Deepest bore-hole, due north of Umaria, but on the right bank of the
No. 7", 184 feet. Umrar. Two seams respectively 13 and 11 feet
separated by 25 feet of carbonaceous sandstone were passed through
at 184 feet from the surface. It is possible that these measurements
may not be quite exact, for the readings of coal and shale may be so
influenced by the desire to tell a promising tale, that the latter is
often unduly elevated to the dignity of the former; but I think it
would be inconsistent to accept one journal as correct, and doubt the
accuracy of another. Boring records are generally trustworthy enough to
establish the broad fact of the occurrence of coal, though considerable
caution is necessary when accurate discrimination of coal and shale is
demanded.

The boring No. 9*, which was really a test of No. 7*, and put down in
November 1883, was most carefully supervised and a lower seam was
met, so that we may fairly accept as proved that there are two.

Considering all the facts that were established during the first stage
of our practical explorations, I think it must be confessed that the labours
of the Geological Survey were eminently satisfactory ; coal was proved to
exist in abundance, that it lay within easy access from the surface,
that it thickened to the deep, and that the gradient, as shown by
the horizon at which the seam was struck at various points, was low and
advantageous for working.

Every circumstance was promising, and from the exceptionally
commanding geographical position of the field, it required small advo-
eacy to show that a splendid reserve of fuel had been unearthed in the
Rewah State.

In order, however, to set at rest any apprehensions that prudence or

€ ier

26 HUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

experience suggested, it was deemed well that they should be reduced to
their smallest limits, and, to achieve this object, it was determined that
the coal should be approached under the ordinary conditions of approved
mining. ‘There were two plans open for adoption,—either to drive an
incline from the outerop, or to sink a shaft to the seam. The second
method was preferred as being in every sense more workman-like,
and as affording more scope for efficiently dealing with an influx of
water.

On the 1]th March 1883 a pit of 10 feet internal diameter was
Pit commenced, 11th Commenced. At a later date it was found neces-
March 1883. sary to open inclines from the outcrop, but this
was only to meet a temporary demand for coal, while the trial pit was in
progress.

As special qualifications were required for the charge of the contem-
plated underground expansion of our operations, Mr. Thomas Forster,
who had gained his experience of colliery work both at home and in the
Bengal coal-fields, was engaged as Mining Engineer.

The position selected for the pit was near hore-hole No. 8, where
the section is somewhat in accord with Nos. 9 and 77—an upper and a
lower seam of coal having been cut in each.

No. 7. No. 8. No. 9.

Sandstones , . A ‘ A 5 Hy 93’ 0” 69’ 0”
Coal . . Fi Ls 5 . ae BAUS 10' 0” 10' 0”
Intermediate beds 4 j - a Ay Oy 8’ 0” y/o”
Coal ; ° A : 5 1207 EO 6’ 0"

The depth of the shaft was calculated at 108 feet, and the sinking
did not seem a very formidable task. It was not completed, however,
until May 1884. During the sinking there was no difficulty in dealing
with the water, a pair of ordinary buckets being quite sufficient to keep
the pit dry ; but the moment the coal was reached, a rush took place, and
though baling was kept up unremittingly day and night, it overpowered
the means we had at our disposal, and the pit was abandoned until more
efficient power could be applied.

( 162 )

UMARIA COAL-FIELD. Q7

Thad a strong wish to go further to the deep towards No. 9 bore-hole,
but I was at first deterred by the dread of water, and the possibly heavy
outlay that would have to be incurred for pumping machinery. In
an untried field, it is impossible to gauge the water difficulty, and
T selected the spot for the trial shaft, where I anticipated the least
amount of inconvenience on this score. While it was being proceeded

Second shaft. Com. With, my original desire to open out the site of
menced December 1883. No, 9 bore-hole was carried into effect; but,
without any extra machinery to combat the anticipated influx of
water, it was looked upon as rather a hopeless undertaking. Strange
to say, however, the measures in this part of the field were unusually
dry, and the coal was reached just before the close of the past season
without any other difficulty to overcome than occasional scarcity of
labour.

There was not time enough to drive into the seam, so that the only
objects achieved by the completion of either shaft were the procurement
of more perfect samples of coal and the more exact determination of the
thickness and constitution of the main seam than that afforded by the
simpler method of a small boring. Seven feet of clear good coal, free
from the stone bands that are visible at the outcrop, were passed through
in the second pit, and the analysis of a fair average dried piece gave the

following result :—

Water . 3 ; ° qi ; - ° 5 5°46

Volatile matter ; d ; 3 7 Fi . 25°17

Fixed carbon . 6 6 F : F 9 ; 66°71

Ash 7 . 3 : é é 5 : : 8:12
100-00

Such a certificate as this speaks for itself, and from the first analysis
in 1880 to this one in 1884 there has been a conspicuous improvement ;
the only coals of Bengal that can surpass it are some from the Kar-
harbari field.

In order to supply our own local wants and enough for a few trial

ies runs on the East Indian and Great Indian Peninsula
Quarry and inclines. :
Railways, a quarry was sunk on the outcrop; and

(163. 4

28 HUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF. REWAH GONDWANA BASIN,

eventually an incline 6 feet high and 8 feet broad was driven in on the
chance of its affording direct confirmation of the augmentation indicated by
the borings. Following on this, a considerable impetus to the extraction
of coal was given by the acceptance on the part of the Great Indian Penin-
sula Railway of a tender in March of the present year for the supply of
2,000 tons of coal. As neither of the shafts at that time had been com-
pleted, a second incline and several cross-roads were opened out, which
enabled the raisings to be increased from 3 to 15 tons a day.

Throughout the workings the seam retains nearly, though not quite,
the thickness that it has at the outcrop. I give for comparison the
following measurements made in the quarry and at the dip and rise ends
of No. 1 incline.

Quarry (descendinz),

Lac)
or

name

(a) Coal, bright
(4) Stone band
(c) Coal, bright
(d) Stony shale, dull . : ’ ; ;
(e) Coal, bright ; - ; 3 5 A
(f) Coaly shale, dull . °
(g) Stone band 5 ‘ i
(h) Coal laminated, bright and dull
Coal shale, dull ; 7 f
Coal, homogeneous

oe

spe

mooococoocooso
wSOwReE KD ANDAHD

rs
is
np

Incline No. 1.
{ISK END. Dip END.

fits in.
(a) Coal, hard 3 O46 0 10
(b) Stone band é : a) 3 Oe
(ce) Coal, bright . : . . ‘ 0 6 OW,
(d) Stonyshale . . - : : ORR 0 6
(e) Coal, bright . : ° : 0 6 0 6
(f) Coal, hard i ° ° 0 4 0 - 1%
(g) Stone band 5 , . : Om, Oo ¢
(h) Coal . : 0 5 10)
Carbonaceous shale . 0 4
Coal il 3}
A 8 4 84

( 164 )

Hughes: GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA. Memoirs , Vol: XXI1. }'t:3

ENVIRONS OF UMARIA-KALESAR

SHOWING POSITION OF BORE HOLES. & SHAFTS.

+

Scale 4 Inches to the Mile

B HN? fed BHLNGS. ()

— © B.HN°o i. Shaft. N°2. (®)H.ANS7™

(@EHNG7. BHNS6&
—@) aa ——_walg © B.HN24. BHN2S
B.H.N210 Af :
= 4

Shaft N°1

;
2

@BHUN2E

@BHN?O1L BHN2 5

To
Theo ren

SN

Note. Reduced from Railway Survey
(Feb. 1883.) by A. Penny MI.C.E
Engmeer in chief, Bilaspur Etawah

Railway.

On Stone by SK. Hossain Geol: Survey Office

GE OLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA
Hughes Memoirs: Vol. XXI. Pt. 3.

SECTIONS OF BOPINGS

UMARIA — KALESAR

PN SNES ANN ORS ON ANE Nw ZN ONIN ON ON ON ONS NON oe Ne NO

NANA Ne ee ee eee

= |

Nes eRe
SN eN ene Neu see
NeNe Ne AN ees

FNINGAS
SOP aS A

Scale of Feet 1 Inch = 24 Feet

5 10 15 oO 25 3,0 35 40 45 30

On Stone by Aminullah

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA
Hughes: Memoirs: Vol. XXI. Pt. 3

SECTIONS OF BORINGS

i
UMARIA — KALESAR

oS
=a
SN
——
SS
_ aS
—Zz
SS
_————S
—SS
SS
SS
—=

a

x
.

‘

Ve NN ee eee

sone

Vou oN
eye sees
Ses esses
Cae errand a

.
-
‘

BIS

PFS Surface Soil

Sandstone

On Stone by Aminullah

KORAR COAL- FIELD. 29

The roof is a tough, strong carbonaceous shale, and in appearance
isnot unlike the d band. It has stood excellently,

Roof good. A 5 : :
and not a single piece of timber has been required

to support it.
The dip is very low, which is a favourable point in the estimate of the
Dies value of the field, scarcely rising above 4° in the
inclines. Its direction is nearly north-east.

The quality of the coal wrought in the quarry and in the inclines
has been strongly tested under various conditions, but I intend reserving
my full remarks as to its effective character for the Economic chapter of
this memoir.

In anticipation, however, I may observe that the lowest 2 feet and
the bright coals constitute the best portion of the
seam; and that the hard band d would have to
be picked out, as it readily forms clinker.

Band d, clinkers.

The area over which coal has been proved may be accepted as 1}
Proved coal area 1; Square miles, but it will -be quite legitimate
square miles. to assume that the underground extension of
the measures in the direction of their exposed dip will give a far
higher figure for probable coal lands. I think it quite possible that they
extend uninterruptedly to the northward, dipping beneath the supra-
Barakars and appearing again, as the Kérar coal-field. With reference to
the Johilla Valley, I scarcely like to venture even an opinion; the dis-
tance between the two coal-fields is 12 miles, and the intervening
stratigraphical evidence is altogether too meagre to make any statement
on the subject of their continuity other than an idle guess,

SECTION VIII.—THE KORAR COAL-FIELD.

The next outlier of Bardkars to be described is 3 miles from the
nearest margin of the Umaria coal-field and to the north of it. It has,
in default of a better name, been alluded to in our manuscript reports as
the Kordar field. There was no natural feature distinctive enough to
suggest a title, and so the village nearest to the locality where coal was
most conspicuously exposed was adopted as the distinguishing appellation,

(165; 3]

30 HUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

Its total area is 9} square miles, forming an irregularly shaped
crescent around the north-eastern prolongation of
Area 9} sq. m. why CRE .

the Loéra metamorphic inlier. The boundaries of
the Barakars are fairly well seen, and the supra-Bardkars are too distinct
in character to leave any doubt as to their identification, so that the
separation between them and the coal-measures is easy.

Several streams traverse the field, and one of them is the Umrar. Its
; confluence with those flowing from Baréri,
River Umrar, P

Margtri, Gagrar, and Damokar marks the upper
limit of the Bardkars.

The major portion of the field has been cleared of jungle, but
adjoining it there are several plots of underwood, and more especially to

egy Ps the north of Dudraunri. Near at hand are the

reserves of the English Forest Department, coin-
cident for some distance with the boundary of the Rewah State. I
have no doubt that they can furnish some useful timber, and this
will be a convenience of no small consideration when a colliery is
started.

There are numerous sections of the Barakars, but the most complete
views of them are in the neighbourhood of Kéraér, Dudraunri, and Achala.
The rocks consist of grey and yellowish somewhat porous felspathic
sandstones, occasionally micaceous and sometimes calcareous, associated
with beds of carbonaceous shales and coal. A large sheet of trap,
varying in width, runs nearly the entire length of the field, and there is
an inlier of the Talchir group between K6étalwdr and Khaira. The
general dip is to the north.

Notice of the existence of coal in the Kordr field was originally
brought to us when encamped at Baréri by the landlord of Bardauha,
but it was not professionally confirmed until my colleague, while tracing
the boundary of the trap eastward of Tali in December 1882, saw and
mapped the different seams.

There are several outcrops, but there is only one main carbonaceous
horizon, as in the case of the Umaria field.

( 166 )

KORAR COAL-FIELD. 31

The most westerly exposure is to the east of Achala in the Umrar at
the village water-ghat. Two small bands show in
the banks of the river; and in order to find out
whether they increased in thickness to the dip, directions were given to
Mr. Munsch, the Assistant Mining Engineer of the Rewah Explorations,

Achala.

to carry out a boring (1884). In this instance there was no improve-
ment either in the quantity or quality of the bands, and after going
down 181 feet the rods were shifted to a more promising locality. The
rocks passed through were—

ft. in.
1. Sandstones, brown, grey, and yellow 5 : ° 58 O
2. Carbonaceous shale and sandstone 2 0
3. Carbonaceous shale and coal 4 0
4. Sandstone with pyrites 10 0
5. Shale with coal 2 0
6. Blue shale 10
7. Sandstones r x 52 0
8. Grey shale with coal 2 0
9, Sandstones, &c. 50 0

TOTAL 5 akshl

South-west of Dudraunri, and about three-quarters of a mile from it,
a bed of coal and carbonaceous shale occurs near
Coal and carbonaceous :
shale south-west of the boundary of the trap; it may be better than it
Dudraunri, : : :

looks, but its appearance at the outcrop did not
impress me favourably,

After the failure at Achala, borings were commenced at Jawdla
Mikhi, a locality in the jungle between Kotalwar
Coal at Jawdla Mukhi. ne Be

and Ké6rar; and here very gratifying results were
attained. A seam was known to occur, and it had already been mapped
and reported on (1883) ; but whereas at its outcrop the section only

disclosed

ft. in
Shale : z : c . : ; , . 7 & 0
Coal ; é 5 ; c : : s 4 0 2 O
Shale, parting 0 6
Coal 1 6

32 HUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAIH GONDWANA BASIN.

the real thickness as demonstrated by the borings was much more—

ft. in. ft. in.
No, 1. No. 3.
1. Sandstone . é > te (@) 1. Brown surface soil 5, oa fH)
2. Sand with gravel . 5 &-@ 2. Sandstone ‘ . 42 0
3. Sandstone : peo 70 3. Sandstone, carbonace-

ous, shaly ‘ 2) Ba

4. Coal F , » & @ 4. Coal - j =) a

5. Shale, carbonaceous, ‘ 5. Shale, carbonaceous . 6 O
with coal By)

6. Coal ; 40 6. Sandstones, grey Becta)

7. Shale, carbonaceous, —————s

with coal 2 0 Torar . 63 0
8. Coal 40
9, Shale 8 0
10. Sandstone 62 0O
11. Shale 000
12. Sandstone 10
TOTAL . 122 O

The angle of dip varies from 8° to 10°. Direction north-north-west.

High Speroontaae sof A sample of weathered coal gave most excellent

fixed carbon. results, and I would draw special attention to the
high amount of fixed carbon.
Analysis :—
Moisture . 0 . , : . f 6 A . 5:04
Volatile matter, exclusive of moisture 3 ; ; : E2256)
Fixed carbon A 2 5 9 : A 4 , . 65°48
Ash . 5 ‘ : ‘ 4 : 5 F C - 16°92

100:00

Although the outerop of this seam can only be traced for a short
distance at the surface, there is no misgiving in my own mind of its
general extension to the northward and in the direction of Dudraunri and
Khaira. I anticipate also that it might be proved south of T4li, if
borings were undertaken there. I would recommend this being done,
should the desire to test the ground in the vicinity of Dirouri and thence

Conlleprebably occurs westward ever take a practical form. With coal
near Tali, demonstrated as occurring in its usual strength at

( 168 )

GEOLOGICAL Wy Oe Vie OF TAN, DeleA

Hughes

Memoirs, Vol: XXI, Pt-%

Trap

Talchir

Supra Barakar

Barakar ie Coal seam

SOUTH REWAH _GZONDWANA

JOHILLA VALLEY

COAL-FIELD.

Scale 1 Mile = 1 Inch

Furlongs _—— SS SS Mile

INDEX.

Metamorphic

Bore Hole

Amadongre

BASIN

On Stene by Khadom Hosain

Geological Survey Office

JOHILLA COAL-FIELD. 33

or near Tali, there would be considerable encouragement for the prosecu-
tion of further enquiries ; each point progressively fixed as coal-bearing
being the presage of additional success.

The only other band of coal is north-north-east of Khaira in the
oo Chapar Nala. It is very thin, and overlies shales.

Dip towards north.
A bed of carbonaceous shale occurs at Barbasptir, another at
Ronis eke Jagat} ir, and one near the junction of the Baréri

and Korar streams.
The various out-crops of coal and carbonaceous shale that have been
Grereval beaase Hose alluded to do not imply that there are several in-
zon. dependent seams or bands. The exposition of the
Umaria measures is to my mind a fair gauge of the structure and
composition of the Kérar coal-field, and hence we may assume that
there is one main coal-bearing horizon with a like minimum thickness of

workable coal.
SECTION IX.—THE JOHILLA COAL-FIELD.

The Bardkars of the Johilla valley are exposed about 13 miles south-
east of Umaria, and constitute two separate tracts, one to the north, and
the other to the south of the metamorphic exposure of Péuri. By far

the larger of the two, and the only one important from an economic point of
2 view, is the northern area. In consequence of this
Map of north portion : :
of Jéhilla field—scale 1 circumstance I have not thought it necessary to
inch to 1 mile.
prepare a map of each of them on an enlarged scale.
The accident of position has caused much more attention to be
devoted to the Umaria than to the Joéhilla field; but at the outset of
the Rewah coal explorations, not knowing what the fate of our purpose at
Umaria might be, a few borings were simul-
taneously carried out in the Johiila valley with
the object of testing the value of the signs of coal that were there
visible. The extra distance would have been a very small drawback if
the only alternative of procuring coal had been the opening up of that
part of the district. As events have shown, there was no immediate
c ( 169 )

Borings to prove coal.

34 HUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

necessity to have taken the precaution of examining the Jdéhilla valley,
but nothing has been lost by the course then pursued, and it is a matter
of congratulation that we have acquired definite knowledge of a further
and extremely valuable stock of coal land.

The rise of the Jéhilla river has already been described as being in
nAeyS the high trappean plateau of the Mandla District.
Jdhilla river, c :

It passes by a succession of descents into the lower
level of the Singwara division of the Rewah State, and, after winding
through a narrow valley known as the Khéli, which formerly enjoyed,
and even now, though in a less measure, an inviting reputation as a
splendid tiger-ground, exposes near Lakhanpara, 81° 6’ E. Long., and
23° 17’ N. Lat., the thin strip of Barakars that forms the south portion
of the Johilla valley coal-field. At Mangthar it passes through Talchirs,
and then soon after enters the metamorphic area of Pénri, the rocks of
which constitute its channel for 2 miles. A little to the north-east of
Pénri, it strikes the southern boundary of the Talchirs connected with
the northern division of the Jdéhilla coal-field, and then, flowing past
Bara Chada, offers from that point to its union with the Sén, the most
typical section of the Barakar and supra-Bardkar rocks that can be
found in the whole district.

I think it unnecessary to defend the propriety of the designation
Jchilla coal-field. There are no other exposures of the Barakar
group than those already alluded to; and as the southern area requires
only a brief notice, it may be dismissed in a few words.

South area.—Johilla Coal-field.

The measurement of its area gives 34 square miles, which is a magni-
se tude quite enough to make it a valuable field, if

coal occurred in workable thickness.

There are no out-crops, however, of any promise, and though I have

No lout oronrecfenny quoted several instances, as warnings against form-

promise. ing a damnatory opinion on the mere evidence of
out-crops, I am now speaking with the knowledge acquired in the

CLO: 4

JOHILLA COAL=FIELD. 385

Umaria and Koérar fields. There, the main coal occurs well up in the
measures, but the difference here, so far as I could judge, lies in the

circumstance that the rocks are all below that horizon.
I would not discourage any who may, years hence, wish to satisfy
a at their own expectations, and the following is a
statement of the few places at which there are

slight signs of carbonaceous matter.

(2) South of Amuari, where the road from that village to Lakhan-
pura crosses the Johilla, there is the following

Amuari, : :
section (descending) :—

od
ed
-
3

Thick-bedded grey sandstone. : : . 2
Thin lenticular band of coal and peri hacapus eiale

Micaceous sandstone

Grey and carbonaceous shale

Sandy micaceous shale

aor BN OO
ooooo;:

Dip north-north-west
(6) Half a mile south of Mangthar, on the right bank of the
Jdhilla, a thin bed of coal and carbonaceous shale,
Mangthar. :
2 feet thick, crops out.
From this place, as also Amuari, fossils were procured, which Dr.

Feistmantel determined to be!—

Gangamopteris cyclopteroides.
Noéggerathiopsis hislopi.
(c) Some carbonaceous shale is exposed west of Mangthar in one of the
small streams having no name, but in which there are several salt-licks.
There may be a possibility of finding the thick coal under the
Lamétas of Istinpdra and Taktai; but to sear
Possibly thick coal ee a P eae se uGs
occurs in direction of for it will be a speculative undertaking, and one
Istinpira. c
quite unnecessary, so long as the more conveni-
ently situated seams of the northern area and those of Umaria and

K6rar are not exhausted.

1 Palwontologia Indica, 1882, Ser. XII, Vol. IV, p. 14.
( 14

36 HUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN,

North area.—Johilla Coal-field.

This portion of the coal-field extends over an area of 114 square
ans miles distributed on each side of the Jéhilla river
and forming a band of varying width between the

Talchirs and the supra-Barakars.

The attention of several previous observers appears to have been
drawn to the fact of the occurrence of coal in
the Jdhilla valley. This is probably due to the

conspicuous manner in which the coal is exposed, and its propinquity

Previous observers.

to Pali, one of the usual and most favourite halting-places en route to
and from Sohagptr.

For travellers progressing eastward, Pali is the last village at which
supplies can be procured; and there is a great temptation to steal a
day in one’s programme of marches to enjoy the shady mango groves,
the beautiful prospect, and the wild duck and snipe-shooting that the
large tank and rice-runs afford,

In 1840 Dr. Spilsbury, in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of

Bengal,’ mentioned coal as being found in the bed

ate tas ore of the Joéhilla river near Pali, and likewise in a
small stream near K4lésar-Umaria of Rewah. .At that time the Sing-
Souilin welley former: wara, and the whole of the Jéhilla coal lands were
ly under English rule. under English domination, but after the Mutiny
they passed, together with the Sohagpdar taluk and the shrines of Amar-
kantak, into the hands of the Rewah administration. In 1854 Major
Wroughton stated that coal occurred in the Jéhilla.

Major Wroughton, Mr. :
Grane Captain Hyde, In 1860 Mr. Grant and Captain Hyde, of whom

Game mention has already been made, passed by the
Jdhilla in the belief that the coal was no better than that of the Umrar
river. In the same year Mr. J. G. Medlicott inserted, in the Memoirs
of the Geological Survey of India, Vol. II, Part 2, a short paragraph

concerning coal near the village of Malidgura, and mentions that it was

1 Journal, Asiatic Society, Bengal, Vol. IX, Part 2, p. 903.

JOHILLA COAL-FIELD. 37

light and very bituminous. The subsequent notices of the Jébilla valley
are those by myself in the Records of the Survey.

The boundaries of the Barakar group are fairly well discernible, and
; the only indeterminate portion is near Kimirdu,
Boundaries, :

where alluvium and rank grass frustrate all at-
tempts at close delimitation.

There is very little departure from the ordinary type of sandstones in
any of the river sections; but in that of the Dhébghata I remarked
some yellowish felspathic silicious sandstones near Khodargaon, with
d thin vitreous ferruginous plates and containing
Ferruginous sandstone, : c ,

pebbles. It goes against my previous experience to
place such beds either in the Raniganj or Bardkar divisions of the
Damudas, but immediately above them is a grey earthy shale, coloured
here and there by carbonaceous matter, in which fossils of true Barakar
type, of the genera Glossopterzvs and Vertebraria, were found, and I have,
in consequence, accepted the evidence as decisive of the horizon.

In the Ganjra Nala, where the road from Pali to Malidgtira crosses
it, sandstones very similar to those in the Wardha
valley may be seen on either side of the ford.
They are nodular, texture granular, felspar slightly decomposed, and

Ganjra Nala.

colour either somewhat yellowish-grey or reddish-grey,
The general dip is to the north and at low angles.
Coal occurs in several places, but just as in the other fields there is
only one main horizon, so the same feature is
Outcrops.
repeated here. The most noted out-crop is that
in the Jéhilla river, where the Ganjra-Nala joins it. A shallow boring
(1882) was sunk on it to get a fair reading of the
Jéhilla boring. 3
general thickness of the seam, and the result
showed a great advance on my measurements at the surface,

As a point of interest I place the two sections side by side :—

ft. in, ft.) ins,
No. 2 Johilla Valley Bore-hole. Surface section,
1. Dark surface soil . St SLO
2. Sandstones . % ~ tb t@) Sandstones

ete

38 HUGHES; SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

ft. in. ft. in,

No. 2 Jéhilla Valley Bore-hole. Surface section.
3. Coal . “ : 7s 10. Coal and coaly shale . 5; Lee
4. Sandstone . : ek 0 Grey micaceous sandstone . 5 O
5. Carbonaceous shale OuLO Coal and coaly shale 6 0
6. Carbonaceous shale and sand- Argillaceous shale 2 0

stones 5 - a UA Coal and carbonaceous shale tee
7. Coal . ; 5 > @
8. Carbonaceous sandstone

The seam can be traced both east and west, and a bore-hole was put
down (1882) near the junction of the Marjada and
Marjada boring. ;
Umarha streams, where the coal appears in great

foree, The section agrees closely with that of the Jéhilla boring—

ft. in.
1. Yellow clay a ° 4 4 6 c 5 < 0
2. Sandstone and shale. 5 ° C 2 : a. 45) £0
3. Carbonaceous clay and shale . ‘ . 3 : I ae)
4. Sandstone “ : ; : 4 : é 5 Tee wy
5. Coal . 5 . - 5 ob hae 10,
6. Carbonaceous and grey shaly sandstone . 5 A ‘ 2 O
7. Coal. A ; : “ 5 3 ; 3 O
8. Carbonaceous shale and sandstone c C é s 6. 10
9. Coal . ; c 8 O

Sandstone and pariodnecote wales
Angle of dip is 6°, direction nearly due north.
From this point westward I failed to procure further evidence of the
existence of this seam, but I have strong faith in its extension, and also
that, when circumstances render it a matter of importance to follow it up,

it will be found to occur under the Lamétas of the Marni Nala.
For the purpose of having the coal practically tested, 500 maunds
Goalquemiedfor'tdal Wee quarried from the out-crop in the Marjada
on railway. Nala and delivered to the Great Indian Peninsula

Railway for trial in their locomotives,

Average samples selected by myself gave excellent percentage figures,
and for comparison with those of Umaria coal I append a few analyses of

each.
Vol. matter. Fixed carbon, Ash,

Marjada . > F . s . 32:31 54°58 1311

3 3 ° : : . 35°60 52°77 11°63

D 3 : 5 . 38664 55°93 743

Umaria . 6 0 a . 26°70 59°20 14°19

5 a 2 5 f 5 . 26°40 60°90 12:70

5 : : 5 0 5 . 28°40 60°70 10°90

( 4)

JOHILLA COAL-FIELD. 89

I believe that in the running trials the Jéhilla coal was stated to have
shown a slight superiority, but it is difficult to reconcile this assertion
with the deduction to be drawn from the analyses.

Considering the distinct advantage in fixed carbon possessed by the

. , Umaria coal, the latter ought to have been the
Umaria and Joéhilla
coal probably alike in better fuel. Eventually, when both seams are cut
quality. : F
into, under a moderate amount of covering, I
have no doubt that they will give very even returns. There is sulphur
in all the coal,
A third boring marked on the map as III was instituted to prove a
: small out-crop in the Dhébghata Nala; but after

Dhébghata boring. Y 3
going through 153 feet of successive sandstones,
the rods were withdrawn, the conelusion being that the coal was
ephemeral.

Below the junction of the Bichna and the Dhébghata, there is a band
of coaly shale, but no coal. In the bed under it some specimens of
Glossopteris were procured.

In several places plants were discovered. Three species were obtained

: below the seam in the Johilla river—G@lossopteris
ir communis, Gangamopteris comp. cyclopteroides,
and Néggerathiopsis hislopi. From the Kiidri feeder of the Dhébghata —
Nala, seven species—Vertebraria indica, Glossopteris communis, Glossopteris
indica, Glossopteris browniana, Glossopteris damudica, Gangamopteris, sp.
Néggerathiopsis hislopi. From the head waters of the Dhdébghata
stream, and not far from the village of Amadéngri, eight species—G/os-
sopteris indica, Glossopteris tanioides, Glossopteris angustifolia, Ganga-
mopteris angustifolia, Gangamopteris cyclopteroides, Gangamopteris sub-
auriculata, Samaropsis, comp. parvula, Noggerathiopsis hislopt.

Dr. Feistmantel points out, with reference to these forms, that
they correspond to the association of fossils found with the second and
third seams of the Karharbari coal-field. That there is this correspon-
dence is clear enough, but I have hitherto failed to see anything dis-
tinetive enough in the character of the rocks containing this partial
Karharbari flora to warrant a separation from the Barakar.

( He)

40 HUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

Before closing my remarks on the Johilla field, I would wish to say
Repedioner ee weirs that these explorations are another illustration of
to supplement researches the expediency of supplementing our geological
of Geological Survey. : . .
researches by boring’ operations, for, like those who
preceded me, I formed a poor opinion of the seam from the evidence at
the out-crop. Greater experience of the frequent fallacy of surface indi-
cations enabled me to guard myself against expressing unequivocal
condemnation, but the general bearing of my opinion was, ? as expressed
in my first contribution on this area in the Records of the Survey, that
the coal was poor, and not worth much consideration. The borings and
quarrying have proved that something more practical than hammer tap-
ping is required to frame a correct estimate of the value of a seam.

It is fortunate that justice has been done to the Jéhilla valley, for,
notwithstanding the fact of its coal being 13 to 14 miles further from
Katni than Umaria, it will prove either a very formidable rival to that
field or a seasonable reserve, according to the conditions on which the
lease of the Rewah mining rights is granted. i

There appears to be quite 20 feet of coal, and, although the out-crop
of the seam cannot be traced for more than 2 miles, it is almost a
certainty that both in the direction of Khodargaon and of Pali shallow
sinkings would touch it.

I refrain from attempting to make a close estimate of the available
Ecce ee quantity of fuel, for there ne undefined area
under the supra-Barakars which introduces such
latitude into one’s figures that to my mind there is no satisfaction in
treating the question. If asked, however, whether 100,000,000 tons
of coal might be extracted from the Johilla valley down to a depth of 500
feet, I should reply in the affirmative.

1 “Records, Geological Survey of India, 1881, Vol. XIV, Part I, p. 127,”—“I do not
condemn it because experience has taught me that many seams (as in the Wardha and

Méhp4ni fields) with thin outcrops may thicken rapidly, and furnish a good deal of coal, I
can say, however, that the signs are not promising.”

é 276

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA
Hughes Memoirs: Vol. XX1.Pt. 3.

SECTIONS OF BORINGS

JOHILLA VALLEY & KORAR

KORAR
JOHILLA
eS)
o
©
x
i ST
Al
JNININ NI
WAT AYA i
SNANAN
\WATAWA ds;
JN/NIN
NS NANG i
JVININ a=)
WAWAW
ZNININ a
WAWAWA
\
Yvs\e 5
©
o
By
a
le}
©
oO
2p)
INDEX
ZA ~ .
BARA Surface Soil
Sandstone
Oss] Carbonaceous Sandstone
COR
| 15 Shale

On Stone by Aminullah Geol. Surv Uffice

SOHAGPGR COAL-FIELD. 41

SECTION X.—THE SOHAGPUR COAL-FIELD.

From the description of the three small outlying fields, I now pass
Afataaceatl Gordan to the notice of the more extensive main area
miles, comprising nearly 1,600 square miles, and to which
I would give the name of the Sohagptr coal-field. It may hereafter be
found convenient to introduce some restricted local designations. The
portion within the Koréa district appears suggestive of such a course, but
T have no doubt that the adjustment of names and titles will be satis-
factorily carried out when the necessity arises.
Roughly speaking, the Sohagpur field stretches through two degrees
of longitude, from the river Sén to the river Rér. There is no great
Coal seams not plenti- ichness of coal, nature having apparently exhausted
ful. herself in abortive efforts resulting in carbona-
ceous or coaly shale, or seams too thin, according to the present standard
of working, to be mined profitably. Owing to the horizontality of the
strata, however, such seams as occur of available size possess the advan-
tage of extreme accessibility, and can be easily won over an extensive
area.!
Of the rocks constituting the Bardkars of the Sohdgpdr field, quite

Retactdes constitute nine-tenths are sandstones, of which the major

Yoths of group. portion are the ordinary grey or yellowish-grey
silicious sandstones, sometimes earthy and sometimes slightly calcareous,
with a small percentage of mica.

I have grouped the whole of the coal measures as Bardkars, rather than
enter upon the uncertain and equivocal task of separating them under
the divisions of Karharbari, Bardkar, and Raniganj. Amongst the
lower strata there are fossil forms which agree with many of those found
in the Karharbéri beds of the Karharbdari field, and in the higher strata
are a few plants which were formerly esteemed as distinctive of the
Réniganj horizon. Later researches, however, have shown that the

range of many of the supposed characteristic fossil forms is much greater

1 This remark applies only to the portio of the Sohdgpur field in the Rewah territory.
Cae)

42. HUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

than was formerly supposed, and in the absence of collateral strati-
graphical evidence, I have preferred to retain all the coal-bearing rocks
under one denomination.

With the exception of the lowest beds of the group around Saranpar,
Dhémni, Amiliha, and Dhirauli, there is a common type of feature in all
the sandstones, until the unmistakable ferruginous sandstones of the
supra-Bardkars are reached. There is no representative here of the
iron-stone-shales group, which, coming between the upper and lower
coal measures of the Damiida valley fields, makes the separation of the
Damida series in that region a matter of extreme facility ; and though
it isa fact patent to every ordinary mind that where little or no disturb-
ance has taken place, lower beds must necessarily be older than upper
ones, there is nothing sufficiently distinctive either in the distribution of
the plants or the succession of the strata to call for further sub-division.

It would involve a tiresome rehearsal of a multiplicity of names

Baandaviontoficokse to describe the course of the boundaries of the
pur field. Sohdgpar field. I would refer the reader to the
large map; from which it may easily be perceived that the supra- Barakar
and Laméta groups are unconformable to the Barakars, Nearly through-
out their entire extent the boundaries are natural, the only doubtfully
faulted portion being that in the Jbilmili area, where a fault was mapped
by my late colleague Professor V. Ball.’ I was not able to make an
independent inspection of this feature, but I assume that my views
would have been in accord with his could I have devoted enough time to
the study of the question.

Dip northerly, at low There is a general dip to the north at low
Buble. angles, implying very slight disturbance.

In an Appendix a list has been drawn up of all the sites at which

List of coal outcrops Coal has been noticed. It presents a formidable
Ha greni es length, but this bears evidence rather to the fact
that so far as mere plodding was concerned it was energetically carried
out, and not that there is a super-abundance of coal. For such a wide

} It is marked in his map of the Bisrémptr coal-field, which lies to the south-east of
Jhilmili (Records, Geological Survey of India, Vol. VI, part 2).

(Vs

SOHAGPUR COAL-FIELD. 43

area as 1,600 square miles, outerops were very sparingly met with,
and when this fact was understood, it became an obligation to explore
every stream, great and small, much more closely than was at first
contemplated.

In the comparatively level expanse of the Sohdgpir district, this
obligation was almost too scrupulously discharged. But in the hilly
tracts and uplands of Koréa and Jhilmili, the tax on our time was too
great, the streamlets and the runlets being overwhelming in number ;
and many of them, in which doubtless there are exposures, have conse-
quently been unheeded.

Entering the Sohagptr field from the west, through the picturesque
Marcha pass on the road between Pali and the town of Sohagpir, several
miles of sandstones have to be traversed, both with and across their
strike, before anything like a workable seam of coal is met with.

Following the proposed line of railway as marked on our map, there
ES Aen eee are only a few thin outcrops of carbonaceous mat-
Méhroi, Semriha, Kaund- ter near Mahroi, Semriha, Kaundbahara, and So-
babiey sud Solleepar. hagpur, which seem to me utterly devoid of pro-
mise of anything better below the surface.

The thickest of these is 2 feet, and it occurs in the Kaundb4hara
stream, a short distance above its junction with the one coming from
Semriha. It is much weathered at the surface. Northward from this
outcrop, the sandstones are thickly bedded porous rocks with decomposed
and undecomposed felspar, the former of which is of an unusually reddish
colour.

Specimens of the fossil Zrizygia speciosa together with Glossopteris
communis, Glossoptercs formosa, and Vertebraria indica, were found in
some variegated micaceous shales, and greenish close-grained micaceous
argillaceous sandstone, associated with the coal band exposed in the
Marna river where it flows past Sohagptr.

This is one of the few localities in which Zrizygia was met with. As
bearing on the unification of the Damidda series, this equisetaceous plant
is a very interesting one. In former years it was supposed to bea

( *EA9) )

44. HUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

characteristic Raniganj form, but it appears that it occurs almost as
frequently in the Barékar as in the Raniganj group, as shown in the
following list } :—

Raniganj Barakar
group. group.
Réniganj field : ; . 5 . : *
Satpara Basin . . 4 é ; ; .
Auranga field . ° ° 5 : . 4
Bokaro : : : . 5 5 : id
Talcbir ; Ss | A : ia $

To the east of Soh4gpir an admixture of coal and carbonaceous
Perit |. Shae shale—the latter largely preponderating—shows at
Chainpdr and Jamia- the edge of the trap formation between Chainpir
gts and Jamtia-Jaméi. The bed measures 7 feet, but
did not impress me favourably as a source of coal.

It was my intention to have had three or four borings made in the
neighbourhood of Sohdgpdr to place our knowledge of that part of the

Borings not carried field on an exact footing, but unfortunately cireum-
ORE stances arose which necessitated the presence at
Umaria until the close of the working season (1883-84) of the Assistant
Mining Engineer, to whom the task of carrying out my views had been
entrusted. Neither here therefore, nor at Lalpar, Khaira, or Dhanpdri
—all villages, further to the east and south, where sites had been marked
out for trial borings—have any underground readings been obtained.

Judging from the evidence available at the surface, I should not be
; disposed to commend the area immediately adjoin-

Area adjoining railway =, :
between Mircha pass and ing the railway from the Mircha pass to Sohagpur
Sohdgptir, not valuable. £5» initial mining operations in this field.

There are more decisive and cheering indications of fair coal lands in

eM 4 the vicinity of the Sén; and as a convenient line

aera of description to follow, I shall take the river up

where it enters the Bardkar area north of Antkpair? and comment on

the outcrops in it, and near. it until it passes beyond the confines of the
field.

J Pal. Indica, Fossil Flora of the Gondwana System, Vol. III, Pt. 2, p. 71.
2 Anukpir is the residence of the Chief of Sohdgpur.

( 180. )

SOHAGPGR COAL-FIELD. 45

The lowest seam is exposed between the villages of Karaibéhara and
Mariaras in the Bakan Nadi, a tributary on the left side of the Sdn.
It measures 3’ 3” at the crop, but will in all likelihood thicken to the deep.

With the object of determining this circumstance,

Bakén Nadi seam 33”, : :

and the further question of whether it was the
probable representative of the Umaria band, I marked a spot fora boring
near Chachai, but, for the reasons previously explained as affecting the
other sites in the neighbourhood of Sohagptr, my purpose was not ful-
filled, A feeling of grateful relief, after a month’s close survey, at having
found anything like coal, made me at first estimate my discovery of this
seam a little too highly. Referring to my field notes, I see that I al-
luded enthusiastically to the coal; a more moderate view gives, I
think, a truer idea of its quality.

The outerop is confined to the Bakan Nadi, as there is not a trace of
it in any of the numerous streams either to the east or to the west of
the Sdn.

I searched carefully around Mariaras for further signs of coal, but

Water-borne coal in ~ could only find water-borne fragments in the
Suthné Nala, Suthné Nala. I endeavoured to lay my hand on
the bed that they came from, and spent more than a week in prospect-
ing, without obtaining a satisfactory return for my labour,

The next stream in which there is evidence of coal is the Katna, on
the right bank of the Son. In the lower portion

Katna Nala. *

of its course there are two outcrops near Rampir,

but they are scarcely worth recording. Inthe upper reaches there are

Rampur, Manglichtian, Several places in the neighbourhood of Manglichtan

Harri, and Manjira. where indications of coal are visible, but with the

exception of abed of inferior quality between Harri and Manjira,
measuring about 6 feet, none of them exceed 30 inches.

North of the confluence of the Katna with the Sdn, we find a belt
of productive measures, occurring at about the same horizon as that of
the Umaria field, There is one main seam which is something more
than 5 feet, and two smaller ones underlying it,
Good seam of coal, : 5 :

varying from 12 to 30 inches. Owing to gentle

CSE}

46 HUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

rolling in the strata, and to the low dip that obtains, the outcrops of
all the different beds are repeated, and we must guard against over-
estimating the number of seams that we are dealing with.

The main seam comes to the surface between Bargaon and Kelhauri,
once in the Jamunia, thrice in the Sdn, frequently
Outcropsof good seam, ¥ te: x
in the Bagéha, and twice in the Nargara stream.
It covers a large and easily workable area on either side of the Sdn, and
it can be picked up along its strike for a distance of 10 miles.

It is the seam par excellence of this part of the field, none other
approaching it in thickness; and I am glad to see that the line of
__ railway actually touches it between the villages of
Proposed railway line , : wees ;
touches seam between Burhar and Amlei, thus making it immediately
Burhar and Amlei. ° ,
accessible to any adventurers who may wish to
work it. The coal is of fair quality throughout, but that in the upper

portion of the seam is the best, The assay of a sample of the latter

gave—
Moisture 3 0 c - : 4 5 Dis

Volatile matter 5 . C 5 : : . 29°5

Fixed carbon . é : 5 é 5 . 55:0

Ash ‘ ; 4 ; 5 7 ; 5 EL

100'0

It does not cake. Colour of ash reddish-grey. I failed to trace the
seam west of the Nargara river, and strange to say there is not a
vestige of coal exposed in the wide tract extending from the river to
the boundary of the overlying Laméta and supra-Baradkar groups to
the south-west. In the Sarpa Nadi, there is just sufficient coal to oblige
me to allude to it, but this is north of the area indicated as sterile.

The next tributary of the Sdn of noticeable size below the Bagéha
is the Kasér Nadi, which with its feeders gathers
the waters over a large stretch of country south
of the Kandk river, and the irregular line of trap extending from the
trap-capped hill of Mahdéra. There are very few outcrops of coal
within the limits of its drainage basin, and in two instances only could
I make a complete measurement of their thickness. To illustrate the

€ 182) 5)

Kasér Nadi.

SOHAGPUR COAL-FIELD.

47

character of the sections afforded by this river, 1 quote the remarks on

my field map appended to each plotted outcrop.

Village. River.

Kharla 0 Z . | Kasér : ¢
Nimhua A . $ a 0
Terriha : . | Jamuna trib.
Channauri . . .| Tributary , :
Bargaon. . . | Jamuna trib, 6

Ditto 5 3 ¢ » .
Hatgala. . .| Tributary .
Bahgar c . | Kasér F A

Sahipur . : . | Tributary

Bacharuar , 6 6 of
Daukibtiri 5 . . »
Kiréli é A . | Bichli trib..

REMARKS.

Coal obscure.

Coal under water,

Coal under water.

. | Shale under water.

. | Coal under water.

Coal only partly exposed.
Coal partly seen.
Not all seen.

Seam not seen.

. | Small exposure. Only 1'6” seen,

Coal under water. Difficult to see.

Coal and carb. shale badly seen.

The definite measurements were—

Village. River.

Nimhua Fi 4 .| Kasér

Kivéli z , . | Jéba trib. .

REMARKs,

Coal 42/10":
Coal Gis
{ Coal 1’ 6”,

The story of the Kasér is that of nearly every remaining

river and

Like conditions else- Stream in the Rewah portion of the Sohdgpir

where. field, east of the Sdn.

The seams are few in

number, small in thickness, and imperfectly exposed, and it would be an
infliction on the reader to devote a paragraph to each, as full justice

in most instances is meted to their claim for consideration by the general

designation, unimportant.

(males)

48 HUGHES; SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

There is however one seam near Sahipdr which, though obscured by

Séhipir noticeable Water, appears worthy of attention. It crops out
ba where a small stream east of the village joins
the larger one coming from Karrabdn. About 4 feet are visible, but
probably 6 to 7 feet would be a nearer approximation to its true thickness.

About a mile below the Kasér is a little stream flowing from Birhdli

wines in which there is an inferior seam measuring 3
; feet, the continuation of one of those noticed
above. Then for 8 or 9 miles the Sdn flows over a considerable mass
of trap and through sedges which give the river bed an unusual appear-
ance of luxuriant greenness.

Near Nabalptr the Sarpa falls into the Sén. This stream rises at

the foot of the trappean plateau to the south, and

Sarpa stream. A 4 i :
recelves a prodigious number of tributaries.

One of them between Hardi and Sérangpur exposes a thin band of
carbonaceous shale at a spot where several specimens of plants were
obtained. As this is the nearest and only approach to anything like
coal over a large area, I have noticed it. It has no significance, however,
from an economic point of view.

In another tributary,—the Jamina Baisaha—near Dhdmni, some

ore very fine leaves of Néggerathiopsis hislopi were
procured, and in association with them were seeds
of the same plant. “Of these latter, which Dr. Feistmantel has named
Carpolithes millert, he says, that they were first described from Passerabhia
in the Karharbéri coal-field from Karharbari beds. Jt is somewhat
interesting to find them in such a distant region as showing the wide
distribution of this particular cycad.

Enumerating the different collections of fossils from the neighbour-
hood of Dhamni, Sarangptr, and Hardi under one head as they all
belong to the same horizon, they comprise Vertebraria indica, Glossopteris
communis, Gangamopteris cyclopteroides, Gangamopteris spathulata, Ano-
mozamites, Néggerathiopsis hislopi, Noggerathiopsis lacerata, Voltzia
heterophylla, Carpolithes millert, Samaropsis, cf. parvula.

( 184 )

SOHAGPGR COAL-FIELD. 49

There is an analogy between these fossils and those from the Kar-
harbari group, but a recent visit to Karharbari has shown that, so far
as petrological and textural features are concerned, there is no harmony
between the rocks of the two fields. In the strata of the Karharbari
horizon, one of the points chiefly insisted on is the brecciated character of
the sandstones. Those of this region are peculiarly devoid of pebbles
either worn or sharp; they are principally soft earthy sandstones
and shales occasionally micaceous, moderately fine-grained, and either
whitish or grey dashed with pink or brown.

Passing the neighbourhood of Khaira, the Sarpa and its affluents

No coal outerops near Cut through typical felspathic Barakar sandstones,
pete: but, strange to say, I could not find a trace of coal
or any approach to coal. So much, however, was I struck with the pro-
bability of its occurrence, that I chose two sites for boring ; one between

Khaira and Piparia, and the other at the junction

Sites for boring. 3
of the Bartia and the Sarpa streams, As I have
previously explained, however, these borings were not carried out, but
should explorations ever again be thought necessary, I recommend them
as suitable positions.

The only outerop of coal of any pretension in the Sarpa is near

the southern margin of the trap area north of
Lalpar seam.

Lalpfr. It is better seen east and west of the

river in two small streams and the section is (descending) —

£t> in:
Carbonaceous shale . é F 2 - 5 4h ©
Coal * 7 . . . . . « . 2 0
Carbonaceous shale i : 5 F ‘ 6 oh

Tam inclined to believe that this seam corresponds with the shale
and coal east of Sohagpir along the border of the traps between Chainpa
and Jamtia-Jam6i, and perhaps if driven into, the proportion of coal at
both places may be found to be actually greater than appears at the
surface.

North of the Sarpa we find in the Sdn another outerop of what
struck me at first as being mainly carbonaceous or coaly shale, but it is

D ( 185 )

50 HUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAIL GONDWANA BASIN.

evidently the continuation of a large seam that is very plainly exposed
in the Nagaua and Jamtniha streams, and which, when accessible for
examination and measurement, proved to be a useful collection of
coal.

The full section is best seen where there is a waterfall in the
Jamtniha north of the village of Nandnah, and

Nandnabh seam. , cl
- the several dimensions are as follow :—

ft. in.
1, Fine-grained grey felspathic sandstones.
2, Fine-grained slightly carbonaceous micaceous sandstones 2 8
3. Carbonaceous shale 5 ; : : 2 0
4, Coal ., 3 : : . 3 4 . omO,
5. Carbonaceous sandy shale 5 0
6. Coal. . 3 ’ : - 5 5 5 ; 0 2
7. Shale. d : ° . . ; . . . 0 3
8. Coal : 46
9. Carbonaceous shale. 3 4 0
10. Coal, hard . : ; . 38 6
11. Carbonaceons shale : . : : ° ° 10
12. Ironstone (this is a distinctive band) . ° ° - : 0 8
13. Carbonaceous sandy shale 0 9

14, Sandstone.

This seam can be traced over a very large area, and I am of opinion
that it appears again in the north in the Khairi and Kanak rivers. I
make this statement, however, with some diffidence, as the section across
country, although suggestive of this, is not a clear one. Analyses of
coal from the bands numbered four, eight, and ten give the following

results (ewclusive of water) :—

Volatile matter. Fixed carbon. Ash.

No. 4 23°84 62°50 13°66
eS 26°55 62°89 10°56
sy I) 18°28 48:15 33°57

The better portions 4 and 8 are said to cake and partially eake, and as
the samples represent the worst quality of their respective bands, having
been taken from where the coal has undergone deterioration by exposure
to alternating heat and rain, we may confidently commend this seam as
a valuable item in appraising the merits of this part of the Soh4gpiar
field.

( 186: )

SOHAGPUR COAL-FIELD, 51

Higher in the series are two or perhaps three small beds of coal,
Small seams in various the outerops of which have been met with in
picts. the Nagaua and its tributaries, and also in the
Ghorbei, Gurrha, Kanuahi, and Khairi streams. Not one of these
strikes me as being of much importance; the greatest thickness in
no case exceeds 3 feet 4 inches. Several of the outcrops are at the

Seams at base of base of waterfalls, and whilst our survey was
PE progressing, this connection of coal with each
abrupt fall in the level of the rivers was found to be of constant oceur-
rence; during the later years of our labours, we took advantage of
this circumstance to diminish the toil of speculative wandering.

I am inclined to think, as I have already said, that the Nandnah
seam crops out at the mouth of the Khairi and Kanak rivers, but the
sections are very imperfect. ‘The first one, just at the junction of the

Khairi with the Sén, when roughly measured, gave (descending) —

ft. in.
Thick bedded sandstune . : s ‘ ‘ 5 3 ilrf (0)
Coal interior . 5 3 3 4 c c F ; 1 10
Blue shale . 5 5 c 6 P A : 4 0 5
Coal inferior . j 5 : 5 5 A , : 5310)
Blue shale - ; 5 é 5 : é é 110
Coal 5 é : 6 . 4 ; 2 0
Carbonaceous and shaly sandstone ‘ : 5 4 f 7 O

Some of the coal was submitted to examination in the laboratory,
but the results obtained were not encouraging.
In the Kindk, the seam is but partially seen, and the exposure is
4. feet 9 inches to 5 feet. It cannot be traced far, and in all directions
there is a great abundance of trappean matter, which covers up the rocks.
Of the small seams higher in the series on the right side of the S6n,
there are representatives or the actual continuations on the left side of
Oultataees anes the river within the holdings of the villages of
Semdih, Maiki, Kushai, Semdih, Maiki, Kushai, Kathdari, and Nipanian.
Kathari, Nipanian. one :
Not one of them exhibits a greater thickness than
2 feet 6 inches. The dip varies, being both to the north and south, but
the angle throughout is small, only very occasionally rising to 8 degrees.

¢- 187)

§2 HUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

Passing again to the other side of the Sén, three coal bands occur in
me the Singaora and Silpari and Didpipar streams.

Outcrop in Singaora, :
Silpari, and Didpipar The largest of these is at the outfall of the Singaora
eas into the Son at the bottom of a small cascade ; but
like the rest it seems to promise nothing of practical value.

In the actual bed of the Sén, there is no sign of coal for many miles
down its course beyond the junction of the Singaora Nala, until the village
of Girart is reached ; but in the Marna river, which was alluded to when
describing the neighbourhood of the town of Sohaégpar, there is an out-

Mirna Nala, Bijauri CTOp between the hamlets of Udri and Bijauri. 1
Ouycror could not in any of my measurements make the
thickness more than 5 feet, and the quality struck me as being poor,
pieces of the coal being very heavy. One of the exposures is at. the base
of a small waterfall at the mouth of a rivulet joining the Mirna, and
while examining it I disturbed a fine male tiger (which I subsequently
shot) that had retired for the day to the cool enjoyment of an umbrageous
retreat.

The last seam of coal in the Sdn, and the highest in the series crops
eu out in several different places near Gararé. It

Gurarti seam. 4

is capped by carbonaceous shales and sandstones,

and the whole mass of dark-looking rocks forms a conspicuous feature
in the river bank. It was the first seam of coal that I met with
after we had commenced the survey of the Sohagpir field. I could
obtain no information about coal from the natives; but by follow-
ing up the water-borne fragments for several miles along the channel
of the Son from the confluence of the Johilla, I discovered the source
whence they were derived. The following is the section -of the

seam :-—
ft. in.
Coal 5 0
Carbonaceous shale ; 6 0
Coal ; : : I p 24
Carbonaceous shale 2 0
Coal 28

Carbonaceous shale and coal, not all seen.

@ 188)

SOHAGPOR COAL-FIELD. 53

There is a sufficient workable thickness of coal, but an analysis of, it by

Mr. Mallet was disappointing.

Moisture : ; : 27
Volatile, exclusive of moisture 95
Carbon, fixed 40°5
Ash 47°3

100:0

If it were not that the distance between Girard and the Kunuk out-
fall was rather too far, and the evidence too imperfect to reduce correla-
tion to a certainty, I might be tempted to suggest that from the simi-
larity in the composition of the coal at these two places, the exposures in
both localities are of the same seam.

With this notice is ended the description of all the more important
outcrops of coal in the actual bed of the Sdn and the area drained in the
lower courses of the lesser tributaries that join it below Antkpur, after
the commencement of its traverse through the Bardkar group.

A large number of specimens of plants were found with comparatively
little trouble in the tracts of land enclosed by the
S6n and the supra-Bardkars, north of the latitude
of Nabdlpar. They were mainly of the genera Glossopteris, and Verte-
braria, and the latter occur in profuse abundance in many spots.
Quoting again from Dr. Feistmantel’s Fossil-Flora of the Rewah Gond-
wana basin,! the different forms determined, and some of the localities
whence a large proportion of them were procured, are—

Amliha, Glossopteris communis, Glossopteris angustifolia, Vertebraria
indica ; Maiki, Glossopteris communis, Vertebraria indica ; Murna river,
Trizygia speciosa, Dicksonia hughesi, Glossopteris angustifolia, Gl. com-
munis ; Gardrd, Vertebraria indica, Schizoneura gondwanensis, Glossopteris
angustifolia, Gl, communis, Gl. formosa, Gl. formosa var. major, Gl.
tndica, Gl. browniana, Squame gymnospermarum ; Sarsi, Schizoneura

Fossils.

gondwanensis, Glossopterts browniana.
In this list Vertebraria is found high up in the series, and it is abund-
ant everywhere. Trizygia is seemingly confined to upper beds. Certain

! Pal, Ind., Fossil Flora of the Gondwana System, Vol. [V, pt. 1.
(risa

54, HUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

species of Glossopteris are generally distributed, but others are restricted.
Schizoneura is more common in upper beds.

There are no specimens of Gangamopteris, and it is noticeable that
this plant is confined to the lower horizon of the Barakar group.

East of the Sén a very convenient division for details of other out-
crops may be drawn at the north and south watershed of the Kéwai river
and its tributaries, near east longitude 82°. Although the area is a large
one, there is a notable absence of thick seams, and indeed there is not
one exposure which at first sight would undeniably be declared valuable.
Almost without exception every outcrop was imperfect or indistinct,
Many of them were entirely under water, and their discovery was
chiefly due to having a graduated scale of liberal rewards which excited
the exploratory ardour of my camp. There was no opportunity of learn-
ing anything by boring, and the fact of coal occurring at Umaria and
being worked there made it appear unnecessary to expend time and
money in even shallow trenching.

Proceeding eastward from Gurard there are carbonaceous shales here
and there ; and some inferior coal south-east of the
village of Khama. The largest of these outcrops

is capped by rather coarse sandstone with a roseate tinge, and the
measurements are —

Poor coal at Khama,

ft. in
Sandstone ;: 5 c , = - 5 A le)
Coaly matter and shale : : 5 : : , 0 5 0
Coal : 5 < : ‘ 5 4 . : OMS:

There is nothing inviting in the appearance of this seam, but it is
noticeable as being the principal mass of carbonaceous matter for some
miles around.

No coal is seen between this and the Obhi river, forming the bound-
ary of the Rewah and Chang Bhakar States, and there are no seams of
any importance in the Kanuk or its feeders until nearing the village of
Jaintptr, Passing over the names of the streams that yield no surface
evidence of coal, in order to avoid adeluge of useless references, there

‘ is an outerop in the Khappar-Kita within sight
Khappa- Kuta stream, : i i 2 ;
of its junction with the Kanak, and in descend-

(, 100) =)

SOHAGPGR COAL-FIELD. 5D

ing order the following rocks are visible :—

eh
-
Ss

Fine-grained grey sandstone fs} (0)
Blue shales ‘ 2 0
Coal . 5 ° é ; : : nw)
Carbonaceous shales, with a string of coul 10
Coal 20

Shale or coal, ander waters
In one of the sources of the same stream and about a mile and a
Bandhua hamlet and quarter south-east of Bandhua hamlet, and the
Eibote aaa, same distance east-north-east of Khohara, there is

a fair-sized seam with an exposed section of—

ft. in.
Coal . 5 5 ‘ é 5 A 4 5 oF
Carbonaceous shale 2 0
Coal 2 0

This is the most promising seam in this part of the field, and though
T can assert nothing positively about the goodness of the coal or the
real underground relative thickness of the shale, I am inclined to form a
favorable judgment of its worth and to hope that the shale may diminish.
In the Kundk there isa 4-feet seam of moderate quality below the
RAE CORGCORS deen outfall of the Dhoran, and then there is along
4’ 0". blank of 8 or 9 miles, in which there is no
appearance of true coal. As its head waters are neared, however, there
are numerous subsidiary streams, and in them, as also in the Kanik,
there are some outcrops of carbonaceous matter.
All of them, with the exception of a 3-feet seam of coal south-west

Semaria hamlet, seam 0f Semaria hamlet, come under the head of ‘insigni-

ae ficant,’ as neither the quality of their coal nor
their thickness at the surface recommends them.

The rivers examined were those flowing past the villages of Kiumer-
hin, Delbhaékherua, and Khamaria, and falling into the Ktntk on its left
bank, and the Bichli and others on the right bank.

At different spots on the l-inch maps the Topographical Survey

Coal marked by Topo- ave defined as coal what really is carbonaceous
graphical Survey. shale; but though this mistake has been com-
mitted, the records proved very useful in suggesting closer search for

Seley |)

56 HUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

true coal seams, and in directing attention to localities that might other-
wise have escaped observation. The bed, however, marked as coal near

Kichri does contain 1 foot of coal, the section being, descending

ft. in.
Carbonaceous shale 4 6
Sandstone 2 ‘ 0 6
Argillaceous sandy shale 1 0
Coal 10

There is a smal] fault running east-north-east.
At several places in the actual channel of the Kantk my colleague

and myself were fortunate enough to find fossils :

Schizoneura gondwanensis, Glossopteris communis,
and Vertebraria indica.

Fossils.

The Schizoneure occurred in grey olive-green shales, bearing resem-
Kanhér village, Verte. Dlance to some of the Panchet and Talchir shales
Bae of the Réaniganj field. The Vertebrarie were
found north-north-west of Kanhér, in a bed of carbonaceous. and argil-
laceous shale, and are noticeable because they occur erect. This is the
first instance in which I have ever met with roots or stems in such a
position, and on account of the rareness of the circumstance, I have
thought it worth while recording. There is every appearance of the
Vertebrariz being in their original situation, having grown in the carbo-
naceous shale, and penetrated into the underlying bed.

Outside the drainage system of the Kinuk, there is still one river,
the Géhirdri and its tributaries, lying west of the
watershed of the Kéwai, in which there is evidence
of coal, It joins the Sén within the area of the Talchirs, but throughout
its entire course it is the old story of no seams of a determinable thick-
ness of over 3 feet. There are outcrops near
Taraidél, Chinmar, Sardih, Mérdhéa, Ledara,
Pakariha, Rédla, Bargaon, Dhtima, and Titripénri.

In quality, the seam south of Dhtima and the one north of Réula are

Gohirari Nala,

Outcrops.

Dhima and Rétla Seemingly the best, bat my opinion must be ae-
seams.

( 192 )

cepted as open to possible correction when more

, a)
OF = 7 ie

‘0

eA

ia
a

Lay

“SNOLSONVS YVYVYVS 40 NOISOHS INIMOHS
goTg ‘seyguy ‘ ‘ ; ; :
‘soo ABAaNg ‘ToOH Ve paquray VOYMIHSNVS YVIN Y3IAIY IVMSX JHLNO MGA pIVUT Sanquineyoa 'p

’ ~ :
<= . x ay

Way,

“4d IXX [0A ‘Satoure ‘salen
am VIGNI dO ATANYNS TVIOIIO TO WD 7s

SOHAGPUR COAL-FIELD. 57

detailed and more special enquiry is instituted. 1 deemed it a sufficient
reason, so far as this country is at present concerned, for abridging my
examination of a seam when its apparent thickness did not exceed 3
feet ; at the same time I am aware that beds of less thickness than this
are sometimes successfully worked in Europe.

Kéwai River.—The next observations on coal fall within the drainage
system of the Kéwai river, and there is some satisfaction in being able to
state that two or three of the outcrops met with rise above the yard
limit.

The Kéwai and the Sén meet about 24 miles below the border of the
Pendra subdivision of the Bildéspur District. Of the two rivers the
Kéwai is the larger, and its name should either have been substituted
for that of the Sdn, or the course of the latter should have been along
eae that of its affluent. The scenery of the Kéwai is

in many places very bold and impressive, there
being repeated stretches of rocky channels and cliffs of coal-
measure sandstones. The eroding action of water is remarkably illus-
trated in the form of pot-holes; and I have never
Gambhiria: pot-holes. F ee A “

met with more striking displays in any of the
fields that have fallen to my lot to survey, than those which are to be
seen in this river. I have selected for this memoir a view near Gam-
bhirda of an area of erosion just within the boundary of the Bardkars,
where there are some cave temples, reaches of clear deep water, a succession
of small falls, and a lining of forest trees, in fact where circumstances
combine to make a varied and an attractive picture.

Proceeding up the Kéwai northwards, two thin bands of coal are ex-
posed between Pasdn and Gambhiria, but the first fair-sized seam occurs

iy west of Bélha Paiari. There are several exposures
Bélha-Paidri : seam 8’ 2”, 4 F
of it, but the most open one is where there is a
warm spring in the left bank of the river, and the section is—

ft. in.
Coal P 5 - - . ; : 6 F 8 0
Carbonaceous shale 6 5 C s ° “ 2
Coal, not all shown : . : . 5 6 . 4 0

58 HUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

I have allowed 7 feet of clear coal; and as the analysis of an average

sample gave—

Water, hydgroscopic and combined : . 10°30

Volatile matter 4 ‘ ; 3 “| 4 A A 25°49
Fixed carbon , é a 5 4 - A 4 4 63°54
INV : : 7 , 5 - 5 . p 10:97

100'00
it will be at once seen from the high amount of fixed carbon in it that
this seam may be adjudged a good and useful one.
A little higher up the Kéwai, at the outlet of the Kétma, where
: there is a waterfall, 1 foot of coal is visible. No
Kétma Nadi, - ; ;
other outcrop occurs in this tributary, and for a
considerable distance to the north in the main river, and in its succes-
sive feeders, there are no signs of coal.
In the Chaurar, however, that joins the Kéwai on its right bank, and
on which stands Ningiiani, one of the principal
Cope eNs villages of the district, we again meet with a
fine seam of coal, as well as others of less value. The lowest in the
series is about 2’ 0” thick, and lies south of Urtan. Then above it is
the largest seam in the section ; it is exposed in the southern branch of
Chapéui Nala: seam the river, flowing from Chapani, under an over-
Cyt, hanging mass of sandstone. The measurement is
6’ 7”, but there is more of it under water. The coal seemed to me very
good, but, though I broke off a piece for analysis, it does not appear to
have reached the laboratory.
Proceeding to the main or northern channel, which is named Sin-
ghara, there are two other seams of coal, the
Singhéra Nala seams. 1 ver of which is not measurable. The upper one
is 2’ 3”, and, unlike most beds of coal, is not accompanied by any under-
clay. Above this there is nothing of further interest, but there isa very
fine extent of deep clear water, invitingly adapted for a mid-day swim.
Returning to the Kéwai, which is barren of anything in the shape
of coal, we next have the Kanai, and its minor

Kanai Nala and tribu- :
taries. system of tributaries, the Bichli, the Kharbura, the

( 194 )

SOHAGPGR COAL-FIELD. 59

Jengarada, the Sui, the Chilam, and the Gandra Ktind and others, of
which many rise in the Koréa district. The only seams of proper size
crop up near the heads of the Gandra Kund and Chilam streams in
localities difficult of access, and which it would probably puzzle me to find
PEE ear ey Re second time. They UG! respectively 5” 4”
and 5’ 0’, and appear to contain good coal. The
other seams and bands are either petty in dimensions or poor in character ;
but for those who in future years may have the curiosity to examine
them, I give a list of the village lands within whose limits they lie—

Village. Number of seams. REMARKS,

Thangaon ; : . .| One seam | Coal and shale, 1’ 6” seen, rest under
water.

Bélgaon 5 . : - | One seam . | One foot thick.

Bachaoli * 5 : . | One seam . | Seen 2’ 6”, rest under water

Kanai Tolah_ . ‘ 2 . | One seam . | Section—
Coal, 1’ 6”.
Sandy carbonaceous shale, 1’ 2”,
Coal, 1’ 6”.
Sandy carbonaceous shale, 1’ 0”,
Coal, 2”.

Coaly shale, 1’ 0”.
Seam is repeated several times,

Lohari . F 3 . , | One seam - | Quite under water.

Ratoura . 5 : : . | One seam . | Imperfectly exposed, only 2’ 0” visible.

The next tributary of the Kéwai, the Latbira, was incompletely
examined, but I am inclined to think that there

Latbira Nala.
are no outcrops of carbonaceous matter, as the
portions of its channel that I looked at contained no washings of

coal,

North of the Latbtira there is nothing seen for about 5 miles, either
Pachktira seam re- 1 the Kéwai or other streams, but near Pachkira
eae is an outcrop of a seam which I believe is repeated
in the K6ki, and again at Bichia, Chatai, Haswahi, Bhalmari, Pip-
ria, and K6énwahi, Like the generality of the seams in the neighbour-

( 195 )

60 HUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

hood, it is only partly exposed, and, strange to say, not more than 3 feet
are visible in any section. Iam quite prepared, however, to express the
conviction that it is probably 1 to 2 feet thicker. An analysis of a
_ K6ki Nala coal analy. sample from the Koki river outcrop did not give
S1s,

favorable results, the fixed carbon being meagre,
and the ash abundant,

Water, hygroscopic and combined i 5 4 - 212
Volatile matter exclusive of water : 5 5 o) 2 kcO
Fixed carbon, 5 5 ° 0 : 4 . 45°50
Ash , . 2 C < - A A : . 33°49
100700

At Bichia the union of the Barnai and the Kéwai takes place, and
then the latter river forms, for about 7 miles, the boundary between the
Koréa and the Rewah States. West of Kérabahdra it is confined to
Koréa, and takes it rise between the upland peaks of Khéro and Dha-
marpinga. In this remaining part of the field, watered by the Kéwai
and its streams, there are not many seams of noteworthy size, but, as
usual, there are several of small dimensions, at Charwahi, Mouhari, Dagla,
Roji, Kérébéhéra, Chaton, Kaparia, and Pakriha. The principal expo-

p . sure of coal is in a branch of the Jhiria, north

Cheat of Nerfia, Its thickness is nothing striking, but

it looks good, and, as is almost always the case, the dip is easy. The
direction locally is to the south. Section—

ft. in.
Coal : 5 , 5 J 5 - 4 ape he)
Carbonaceous shale band ; t H ; 5 . 0.49
Coal 3 é : , ; - ‘ . : oe 8

Hestho River.—The next convenient division of the field is denoted
by the important drainage system of the Hestho. And justas the Sdn
is the paramount river in the Rewah State, so is the Hestho in the Koréa
State. A few minor tributaries of the Hestho on its right bank just reaeh
into Rewah territory, but with these exceptions the Hestho, at all events
in its upper course, is truly a Koréan river. It takes its rise in the heights

( 196 )

SOHAGPUR COAL-FIELD. 61

north of Sfinhat, the capital of Koréa, amongst the supra-Bardkar sand-
stones, and enters the field of the true coal-measures in the vicinity of
the town. Its course and that of many of its feeders lies in great part
in a hilly and impracticable country so far as communications are con-
cerned. In consequence of this physical drawback connected with the
coal-measures, the value of the different bands of coal is so reduced that 1
have curtailed my notices, and have passed by all but the larger and
more important seams with very brief allusions. All the details of
locality necessary to again find the outcrops that we met with are in the
Chapter of Appendices.
The Barakars are contracted in width in the Koréa State owing to
Productive measures denudation, and the chief feature in the distribu-
in south of field. tion of the coal is, that the productive measures
are confined to the lower horizon of the group, forming a narrow zone
along the southern border of the field.
Before describing the Koréan portion proper, there are two streams,
Kilharia and Jhiria the Kulharia and the Jhiria, tributaries of the
streams. Hestho, that rise in the Rewah State and which
I should first treat and dispose of. Being tributaries of the Hestho,
I left them for notice with the drainage system of that river, but the
accident of local position throws the coal-measures that are exposed
in them rather out of harmony with the restriction of the fiscal limits
of the Koréa State.
There are two seams of coal, of which the upper is exposed close to
Bhalmiri Dumarka- the village of Bhalmtri, measuring 5 feet 4 inches.
char, seam 5’ 4", The direction of dip just at this locality is to the
south, but the rocks undulate, and the seam is again seen near Dimar-
kachar. The lower seam is visible at the confluence of the Kulharia and
the Jhiria at the foot of a waterfall. It is capped by greyish-white
felspathic sandstone, very soft at the surface with felspar decomposed ;
there is here and there a slight tendency to ferruginous segregation, but
not nearly to such an extent as in the regular Mahadévas, I make this

allusion as a warning, for, though the presence of iron is a very essential
(2 197>~)

62 HUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

element in characterising the sandstones of the Mahadévas, it often plays
a prominent part, but not to so great an extent, in varying the appear-
ance of rocks that do not belong to that group.

ft. -in.
The thickness of the sandstone is, , ; ; : , 28. 0
Coal seam . F : - 3 7 P : : ae) Mi2
ft. in.
Coal 38 6
Carbonaceous shale 1, 40
Coal 2 8
Underneath this—
Carbonaceous shale and sandstone , : : ° A oe,
Sandstone . A ° ; 5 5 3 sO
Coaland coaly shale, ° : 4 - . A 5 (aly

Then sandstones to the end of the section where the road from Bhauta
to Jhagrakhand crosses the stream, and where Talchirs are brought up
by a fault. Owing to the undulations of the strata the seam is repeat-
edly exposed to view for about a mile and a half in the bed of the stream.
The analysis made by Lala Hira Lal, of what was selected as an average

sample of the coal, gave—

Moisture : : - : 5 ; : 5 ee /
Volatile matter . - A 7 5 C . . 282
Fixed carbon . fs 3 A 2 : . 5 . 596
Ash t c A ' ;. 4 - : . 65

100:0

It does not cake. Ash reddish in colour.

This is much more favourable testimony to the excellence of the coal
than I anticipated ; the smallness of the ash is remarkable, and for the
future credit of the Sohagpir field, I hope this amount of 5°5 per cent.
will never be exceeded by this seam. With such fuel as this much
might be accomplished, but, unfortunately like most good things, it is
not to be easily obtained, being 86 miles further away from a line of rail-
Lae way than Umaria. The continuation of this

Continuation of seam,
towards the Jhagrékhand seam is met with both to the north in the Jhagra-
bag or oa khand, and to the south in the Néori, 2 miles
south-east of Tanki village. My colleague, who traced it in the latter
direction, states that 6’ 4” are exposed and the rest hidden under water.
There is a thin parting of shale, and the quality of the coal is good.

( 19sen)

SOHAGPGR COAL-FIELD. 63

Turning northward, the first tributary of the Hestho that concerns
. us is the Hasia. It is a rocky stream fed by
Hasia Nala. é : i
several branches from the direction of Bahia,

Misra, and Bahi. These all unite below the village of Bahi, and
thence the Hasia proper begins. Near the boundary of the Bardkars
with the Talchirs there is a commanding waterfall known as the Karam
Ghag, at the base of which some indifferent coal occurs. Quoting from
the manuscript report of Lala Hira Lal, “There are two seams north
of the very prominent dyke crossing the Hasia near the waterfall,
whose calculated thicknesses are 16 and 22 feet. They dip at high
angles.” Nothing is said as to their quality, but probably they will be
found of the same composition as those that have been analysed and tested.
Besides these, there are eighteen to twenty outcrops, but some of them

are repetitions of the same bed, and most of them are under the yard
limit. Only two are over it, bearing roughly east of Bahi, and measur-
ing 5’ 0” and 3’ 10” respectively. In the Kara-
Karakachdr Nala. . ; Sena :
kachar, which is the stream adjoining the Hasia,

there are only two full-sized seams amongst the many outcrops which
are visible. The lowest in the series measures 4’ 8’, A sample of it

was analysed, but the amount of ash was very high.

Moisture 5 : A 4 A 5 - ; . 226
Volatile matter, exclusive of water . 5 . 0 5 SoH
Carbon, fixed ; . Z A : ‘ : - 48°40
Ash, 3 i , : , : ; ‘ . 89°72

100:00

The other seam is 7’ 6”, Both dip at rather high angles, 18° to 20°.
The outerop of a large seam, which I take to be the extension east-
' ward of one of those already noted, occurs in one
Balbahara seam. ;

of the streams north of the village of Balbahara.
It is clearly exposed in a precipice, and possesses a total thickness of

10 feet of coal. The section according to Lala Hira Lal is, descending

ites an.
Sandstones
Coal inferior ; A J : 3 f re 710
Shales, about ; 6 2 A : ‘ » 0
Coal 3 F : . : ‘ 5 5 » 10-0

64 HUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

Analyses of three specimens from different parts of the 10’ 0” seam, gave
moderately promising results, showing, in fact, that, as compared with
the average of Raniganj field coals, it could quite hold its own—

EXCLUSIVE OF WATER.

Volatile matter Fixed carbon. Ash.
30°42 57°51 12:07
28°85 §3°42 17°73
27°84 51°32 20°84

There are two other, but smaller seams.

Next comes the Dhinéti, into which several little streams fall,

ee: but I met with only three unimportant outcrops
between Ghitra and Bahia. There are some

fine waterfalls in its course, and the tongue of land enclosed by it and

the Hestho near their junction, is one of the favorite “ drives” of the Raja

of Koréa, Paran Sing, who is an enthusiastic sportsman.

After the Dhanéti comes the Hestho itself. Its scenery is repeatedly
ete, ates diversified by some PO NS ae

which is the one at Kirwaéhi forming the frontis-
piece. This is unquestionably the most striking and charming of all the
falls in this amply watered country. There is a broad sweep of rock
over which the greater portion of the stream precipitates itself in one
Srey. sheer drop, and then flows on through a long

winding gorge below, blocked with enormous
masses of debris, from amongst which and on which a rich vegetation
springs. It was a refreshing sight in the warm days of the summer
months, and I felt that I had parted with one of the sweets of life when
my duty obliged me to leave it behind.

Strange to say, there are no seams of noteworthy size or quality,
except one, in the whole length of the Hestho from where it enters
the area of the Bardékars near Sinhat to the point whence it leaves them

at Lai. It occurs at the end of the gorge below

Seam 5’ 0". . ‘
the waterfall, and has the following section :—
ft. in.
Coal . : . - . . . Q : . 5
Shale 5 : F 5 : : B c - <7 OLEG
Coal . : : ‘ : ‘ . : 5 = 020

( 200 )

SOHAGPUR COAL-FIELD. 65

In the face of the waterfall there are four carbonaceous bands, but it
is only the third in descending order that has true coal in it. Its thick-
ness is 3’ 6.”

Near the villages of Balsing and Basér there are indications of coal,
but from those localities eastward to within a mile
of the Jhilmili border, there is, practically speak-
ing, no coal with the exception of the belt of productive measures to the
south. Signs of carbonaceous deposits are not altogether wanting, but
they either rank clearly below the dignity of coal, or they are too thin,
or too indistinctly exposed to be classed definitely as worth consideration.

In this category are included the outcrops near

Balsing and Basér coal.

Outcrops, various, ns a ;: F x3
Kisaha, Amhdr, Stnhat, Orgai, Tunjara, Pathar-

gua, Bhoswai, and Latma.

Of the productive band to the south, the remarks which have already
been made of the area west of the Hestho give the reading. There are,
amongst many smaller seams, two of sufficient size to be workable under
the present ordinary conditions of Indian mining. To obtain a standard
section my colleague and myself ascended most of the streams, large
and little, which, curiously enough, have their watershed nearly coincid-
ent with the upper limit of the productive measures, but there was in
each instance too much incompleteness in the sequence of the rocks to
secure this result. We saw, however, outcrops after outcrops, which of
course were only the repeated symptoms of the same seams. The rivers
we examined specially were those of the villages of Lai, Harra, Kachar,
Nagar, Labji, Sardih, and Chircha.

Beyond Chircha is the border land of Jhilmili, the boundary between
which and Koréa passes by Roudserai and Tanjara, To the north-
PUM eo north-west of Roudserai, which is situated on the
new district road joining the capitals of the two

States, a good seam of coal occurs, but I could not see its entire thickness.
The small area of Bardkars extending into Jhilmili was examined
Barékars in Jhilmg; #24 mapped by Lala Hira Lal. A considerable
State. portion of it is overlaid by trap, coursing north-east

E | ( 201 )

66 HUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

and south-west and separating the field into two narrow strips. Coal occurs
at several localities, but its value is reduced, as in Koréa, by the im-
practicable nature of the country.

In the northern strip of the field, the main stream is the Géknai,
ee and in it and in nearly all its feeders there are out-

crops of coal and carbonaceous shale. The prin-
cipal ones are exposed near the deserted village of Jumri.
In the southern strip, the coal is gathered within
Southern area of field.
the circle of Kundour and Kupi villages.

There is a stray outcrop near Dédékhol, and another in the Géj

Déékhol and Rukaja West of Rukaia. At this latter place the coal
outcrops. seems of tolerable quality, and the seam, which
occurs at the base of a waterfall, is not less than 6 feet. Angle of dip
10°. Direction N. N. W.

This concludes the references to the distribution of the coal-measures
in this extensive field. The number of distinct seams is small, and for
such an area there is not an abundance of coal. The lateral extension,

Rafshiata gt nqientats however, is so great that the problem of how many
not made, million tons of coal are there, and for how many
years at a given rate of consumption will the coal last, may be left for

solution to the coming geologists of the twentieth century.

SECTION XI.—THE KURASIA COAL-FIELD.

This title, derived from the name of the only inhabited village within
the limit of the coal measures that it applies to, defines an independent
tract of Barakars lying south of the main area, and east of the Hestho
river in the Koréa State.

The superficial area is 48 square miles, and it embraces some very
wild country densely packed with bamboo jungle,
to which ferine elephants are wont to resort both
for food and shelter.

Owing to the difficulty of obtaining supplies for our camp, my col-

Area,

league and myself had to be content with making a couple of arduous
( 202 )

KGRASIA COAL-FIELD. 67

traverses from north to south, and along the course of the Kaoria stream.

Survey of field incom. He) survey of the field therefore has not been a
plete. complete one, but the boundaries are sufliciently
defined to allow of their being published until such time as more finished
details are required.

These traverses proved the existence of coal, and the occurrence of the
ordinary rocks that accompany it elsewhere. On one of the higher hills
south of Kirdsia, there is a capping of supra-Barakar sandstone ; and
possibly on the Bartunga and Anjan hills there may be similar de-
posits. They were not visited, however, and I make the suggestion
merely on account of the heights marked on the map.

Seven outcrops of coal were met with, of which the three most important
are in the vicinity of the village of Kurdsia. The
finest seam, with a total measurement of 13’ 6,”
was discovered by Ladla Hira Lal at the head of one of the feeders of the
Kiudra, and the result of the analysis of a sample

Outcrops of coal.

Seam 13’ 6”.
of average coal gave—
Water, hygroscopic and combined. . a . c - 2°20
Volatile matter . c : : : : : 29°15
Fixed carbon ° ; . : . ; C 64:65
Ash. : . * : ‘ : . 6:20

10000

Such figures as these are a high recommendation, and should this
coal at any future time fall within reasonable distance of any demand,
it ought not to be overlooked.

The second seam, measuring 6’ 6”, occurs a mile and a half S. S. E.
of Kurdsia, and, like the one first alluded to, con-
tains excellent coal. The sample examined had
the following composition :—

Seam 6’ 6”.

Water, hygroscopic and combined 5 ; 3 - 6:84
Volatile matter : c 4 A a : ; 32°43
Fixed carbon 4 ; ; 4 6 3 59°95
Ashes = 3 5 . ; 5 ‘ : 7°62

100°00

68 HUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

The third seam crops out in the Gorghéta, a tributary of the Hestho,
about half way between Kdrdsia and the site of
the deserted village of Dabchdla. It is 8’ 0” thick,
and the coal is fairly good.

The remaining seams are inferior to these, and their positions only

Seam 8/ 0”,

have been noted.

SECTION XI.—THE KOREAGARH COAL-FIELD.

This independent area of Bardkars is a small basin, of which merely
the outline has been traced. It lies south-east of the Kir4sia field, and
nig covers about 6 square miles. The name given
to it was suggested by my colleague, from the

hill of Koréagarh, which is the highest point in it.
With respect to coal, only a hurried examination was made. No
seams of any value were noticed ; but this does not in the least imply
that they do not occur; and it is highly probable that with closer
search they will be proved. In his manuscript report Lala Hira Lal says :
, ** Went to see the hill named Koréagarh, in order
Koréagarh hill. :
to make out to what formation the roeks belong.
As one ascends, the first rocks met with are grey felspathic sandstones,
then yellowish-grey felspathic sandstones, then ferruginous sandstones
of Méahadéva type. Descending the hill, the following section oceurs

in a stream :—

1. Greyish felspathic sandstones.

2. Coal : - 5 F 3 ; - : s - 6"
3. Bluish shales . - . 2 : : s ; . 4 oO"
4. Coal : - : F 5 3 4 : Z 3 vk
5. Shale parting . : : ; : ‘ - : : Ty
6. Coal : : ; ‘ 5 A “ 2 2 L ae
7 Shald. “p),>¢' as ed slew, p 4k Ulck) Vc ee ee
8. Coal : : . : . fe ee 2 5 <pyo:
Shale.

He further alludes to a thin band of coal, 6 inches thick, near
Digidai hill. There is no other information to quote, and the apology
for the scantiness of the details in connection with this field is, that two
days only were assigned to its survey.

( 204 )

JHILMiLI COAL-FIELD. 69

SECTION XIII.—THE JHILMILI COAL-FIELD.

Under the above name, Mr. V. Ball, formerly of our Survey, desig-
nated a semi-detached portion of the main area
Mr, V. Ball's notes. jing principally within the limit of the Jhilmili
State; and as I am almost entirely indebted to the notes that he has
left behind him for the matter here published, I have retained both the
title and the limits that he selected."
So far as is at present known, the coal-measures occupy a lenticular-
; shaped area of about 41 square miles, with its
om ae ae long axis running S, W.—N. E. They are stated
to be faulted on the north, and thus brought into contact with an
alternate succession of Talchir and metamorphic rocks. To the south
they are for the most part but little disturbed.
The evidence of the main fault is very clear in a small stream near
the village of Tarka, the Barakar sandstones hav-
North main fault. ‘ ‘
ing been lowered along a line of fracture to the
level of the more ancient rocks. In the M4nikmara stream, the faulted
character of the northern boundary is still more clearly exposed. Mr.
Ball states : “ North of the line of fracture, there are Talchir shales and
flags which are horizontal or slightly rolling towards the north. At the
fracture the edges of these beds are crushed and dragged down, and the
Bardkar sandstones close by are tilted to angles of from 40° to 50° to 8,
and S. E., their edges being in direct apposition to those of the Talchirs.
Associated with these sandstones, there are two small and much-crushed
seams of coal, measuring respectively 1’ and 2’ 0’. A more beautiful
and clearly-exposed example of the mechanical effects resulting from a
fault is not often met with.”
Of seams of coal, there are none exposed in the River Rér, on the
left bank of which the town of Jhilmili is built, and there are no
outcrops in the Pasla stream. In the Manikmara, ~

Méanikmara stream, é ene
however, in addition to the two crushed seams

? The eastern extremity of this field is shown in Mr. Ball’s map of the Bisrémpur coal-
field, Records, Vol. VI., part 2, 1873.

( 205 )

70 WUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

near thef ault, Mr. Ball found others, one of which was of excellent
quality. He describes the river section as follows: “A couple of
reaches above the northern boundary there is a step of sandstone, over
which the water falls from a height of about 30 feet into a deep hollow.
Passing this, another coal seam is reached, on the western bank of
Coal seam, 3’ 6” ex- the river; it exhibits an extraordinary amount of
Dee local disturbance, dipping at angles of 45°—50° N.
This high inclination is, however, soon lost, and not far off, on the eastern
bank, it is nearly horizontal like the accompanying sandstones. The
base of the seam is hidden. In the exposed portion there is about
3’ 6” of poor stony coal.
“ A short distance further up stream, just inside the mouth of a small
tributary, there is a seam of excellent coal, the top of which only is
Coal seam good. Only ¢Xposed, measuring 1’ 4”. The analysis made of
oe this coal by Mr. Tween freely justifies the good
opinion formed of it in the field :—

Analysis—

Volatile matter . : A : i : : z 5 33°38
Fixed carbon 5 5 > ; A 5 - 5 > 60'°6
Ash : + ; 6 4 : 5 ; - 56

100'0
It is, moreover, a good caking coal. Its practical usefulness as a source
of fuel depends upon the total thickness of the seam. The amount and

direction of the dip is uncertain ; but the former is inconsiderable.
“Following the river up to the entrance of the valley north of the
Kaltanghat hill, the rise is so steep and constant that progression
entails a great amount of physical exertion. The stream falls over a
succession of steps formed of massive beds of sandstone, and three

coal seams are seen, bearing N. and N. E. from
Three seams,

Kaltanghat peak—
1. Coal, good ‘ : 5 5 : 5 . wglioney
2. Coal seam with stony parting, base hidden . : . 5 GY SM
3. Coal seam, inferior tgNo.2 . 5 F , : ay Oy

All these seams are nearly horizontal, and accordingly so far favourable
for working. Their position in the valley is, however, eminently not so.
( 206 )

SUPRA-BARAKaRs. 71

“To the westward, in one of the tributaries of the Dharsinda,

two coal seams are imperfectly exposed. They are

Dharsinda Nala. 4 i : ‘ A

probably identical with two of the seams described
above, as occurring in the Ménikmara section.”

There are no other remarks about coal exposures, but Mr. Ball men-

Coal fragments in tions that fragments of coal are abundant in the
Bebri Nadi. bed of the Gébri near Nouapara, and far south-
ward in the Talchir area.

The notice of the coal-measures of this field is confessedly imper-
fect, and Mr. Ball has been careful to say in his report that his examin-
ation was very hurriedly carried through, with a view merely to obtaining
a rough idea of the rocks to guide future more detailed work.

SECTION XIV.—SUPRA-BARAKARS.
Above the undoubted coal-measures are a succession of rocks extend-
Uncertain relationship 1g up to known Jabalpur beds, but whose relation-
of supra-Barékars, ships are as yet too uncertain for me to say with
confidence to what group or groups they should be assigned ; in order
to defer the solution of their classification to a more convenient season,
they are provisionally termed supra-Barakars.1

Their most prominent feature is the occurrence of ferruginous and
“LasSAied Sie a silico fermueinous matter, Pe ocetas different de-

grees of induration and various ferric tints. There
are all gradations of texture, but coarse-grained sandstones predominate.
Pebble beds and likewise conglomerates occur. Shales—red, pink, laven-
der, and mottled (red, purple, and yellow) —are moderately frequent in the
lower portion of the group, and, being usually brightly coloured, readily
catch the eye. Clays occur occasionally.

As seen in the Jéhilla valley, where the best section in the whole of
the South Rewah area is to be met with, the sand-
stones are massively bedded, often false-bedded,
generally coarse-grained, and friable when not indurated by iron ; rusty

Johilla valley.

7 On the map one colour represents the entire series of rocks between the coal-measures
and the Laméta group.

( 207 )

72 HUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

brown, salmon, and various shades of grey and yellow are the most com-
mon colours ; scattered pebbles and strings of pebbles are frequent; ferru-
ginous matter, either in bands, in strings, or in plates, or as a general
indurating agent, is freely distributed ; mica is not nearly so universal a
mineral component as it is in the Barakar group.

A very marked feature in many of the sandstones is their weathered

eee AEDST, when owing to unequal degradation

their surfaces are traversed by chisel-edged ribs
running usually in various directions, but occasionally presenting the
symmetry of geometrical figures,

In some respects, that is, in reference to their petrological and litholo-
gical features, they might at once be placed partly with the Panchét group,
and partly with the Mahadéva group as understood in the Bengal

Conflict of palwontolo- CO0al-fields; but the palzontological evidence is
gical evidence. conflicting, for such fossils as have been found in
them indicate a somewhat lower horizon than that of the Mahaédéva.
Perhaps the Kamthi group, as defined in the Wardha valley coal-field,
would more fittingly embrace the various characters that appertain to these
supra-Bardkar beds, there being in that area a like assortment of clays,
varied sandstones, pebble beds, and abundant ferruginous matter. From
my published notes in the Records of the Survey it may be gathered
how strongly I was of opinion that in the valley of the Johilla the strata
immediately above the unquestionable coal-measures were Mahédévas.
On re-consideration, however, I think the suggestion of Dr. Feistmantel in
the Palwontologia Indica embodies a more reasonable view of the situa-
tion, and that some portion of the area mapped as supra-Barakars should
form an intermediate zone between the Mahadévds and the coal-measures,

Taking the section of the Johilla river in ascending geological order
from the Barakar boundary, there is a small island
at the mouth of the Bichna Nala, and in some pur-
plish, fine-grained argillaceous sandstone that forms a thin bed amongst
more massive sandstones that I had judged to be Mahadévas, I found

Fossils.

Vertebraria indica, Glossopteris communis, and Glossopteris indica. On
the left bank of the Bichna there are strong pebble beds and ferrugi-
( 208 )

SUPRA-BARAKARS, : 73

nous sandstones, which strengthened my belief that I was dealing with
a group high in the Gondwana series ; and it was, I confess, disconcert-
ing when the palwontological evidence was so much at variance with my
first conclusions. On the same line of strike are the rocks of Dhaurai,
Uchéhra, Karkati, Kurabar, and the Murcha Pass lying, broadly speaking,
to the north of the village of Pali composed of coarse pebbly sandstones,
yellowish, grey, massively bedded, and frequently with oblique lamina-
tion. At intervals, purplish fine-grained argillaceous sandstones and
brick-red clays, and fine-grained purple sandstones frequently so ferrugi-
nous as to become iron ore! beds. All these appeared to me to assimilate in
character with the Mahadéva group, but here also the paleontological facts
were, that at Karkati, in very ferruginous red-brown slightly sandy shale,
there were specimens of Hguzsetaceous stems, Schizoneura ? Sphenopteris
polymorpha, Glossopteris communis, Glossopteris cordata,and seeds. From
Kirabar, Vertebrarta indica, Schizoneura, Sphenopteris polymorpha, Glossop-
teris communis, Glossopteris damudica ; and from the Mircha Pass in very
ferruginous micaceous sandy shale, near Ganjra, Glossopteris communis.
From Parséra, which is still farther to the north, in extremely fine-
Sy grained dark-red ferruginous shales, associated with
Fossils at Parsdra. :
sandstones having altogether Mahédéva features,
Daneopsis hughest, Thinnfeldia (comp.) odontopteroides, Asplenium whit-
byense, and Noggerathiopsis hislopi, were identified by Dr. Feistmantel, and
classed by him as Lower rather than Upper Gondwana forms. Here we
have fossils distinctly newer than those of the Johilla and in the vicinity
of Pali, but they are associated with rocks whose features are quite iden-
tical with those of the latter localities, and we shall have to determine at
some future time what value this circumstance bears.
On the outskirt of the Umaria field at Chatan, Vertedraria indica and
Glossopteris angustifolia were obtained in buff shale intermixed with

1 Two analyses of ferruginous argillaceous sandstones from the Jéhilla river showed—

No. 1. No. 2.
Ferric oxide , é 6 C 5 6 6 41°14 36°00
Loss on ignition . . : c C 5 6:05 8:00
Ignited insoluble residue ~ . ; F : 52°80 52°80
Undetermined c : : ° , é 3°21 3°20

( 209 )

74 HUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL*FIELDS OF REWAL a6NDWANA BASIN,

white sandstones. The rocks here will probably be assigned to either the
Panchéts or Kaémthis, as there are red lumpy shales, and white and pink
argillaceous sandstones, such as are frequently met with in the latter
group.

Over the remaining area embraced by the map in the eastern part of
the Rewah State, and in the Ching Bhakdr and Koréa States, I cer-
tainly think the supra-Bardkars are Méhadévds. It remains to be seen
whether paleontological evidence confirms this opinion, or whether the
value of our Gondwana fossil forms will have to be freshly appraised.

SECTION XV.—LAMSTA.

Of this group I have only to mention that it is utterly unconform-
able to all the series of rocks included under the heading of supra-
Bardkars, and that the distinctive rock in it is limestone. Sandstones
and clays occur; the former usually fine-grained, soft in texture, and
often greenish-grey and purple tinted; the latter are of various colours,
but more frequently deep iron-red and greenish.

The Laméta group is otherwise known as the Infra-trappeans, being
very extensively found underlying the Deccan trap, and closely related
to it and to the like deposits occurring between the trap flows, known
as Inter-trappeans. Both are fresh-water deposits, of upper cretaceous
or lowest eocene age. They have thus been compared to the similarly
placed Laramie group of North America (Records, G. S. I., xvii, p. 87).

SECTION XVI.—TRAP.

A large part of the trap that has been mapped in South Rewah is
elearly a continuation of the great Deccan (Dakhan) trap formation,
and it is found capping an extensive elevated area in the drainage basin
of the Jéhilla, and various portions of the Séhagptr and Koréa districts
to the eastward.

Within the coal-field there are well-defined sheets and dykes, and
the question which arises is, whether these are of different age to the
covering trap-flows. I can adduce no evidence that they are distinct,
and I have coloured them as belonging to the same formation.

( 210 )

ECONOMICS: COAL. 75

There are some instances of partial horizontal intrusion, and one
clear case is seen in the left bank of the Joéhilla river about a mile
north of Chichéra. At Harha on the Son there is another example, and
here the upper sandstone with which it is in contact is hardened, thus
showing that it is not a contemporaneous lava flow.

As a rule very little contact action appears to have taken place along
lines of intrusion: two instances may be mentioned, one between Mahrdi
and K4annabahara west of the town of Séh4gptr, and another near the
junction of the Rajehata and the Kantk, in which the varying steps
of alteration effected by trap are most clearly exhibited.

The first one was pointed out by Lala Hira Lal, where sandstone
has been changed not only into quartzite, but also into a highly erystal-
line rock resembling gneiss and granite. The belt of metamorphic
action is about 30 yards wide, and the trap is seen intruded in greater
or less quantities.

In the Rajghata noticed by myself, I was at first of opinion that
Thad met with an inlier of metamorphic rocks, but on closer investi-
gation it was apparent that the case was similar to that near Kdénnaba-
hara, and I was able to select specimens illustrating the various stages
of alteration from sedimentary sandstone to a rock which was quite
undistinguishable in the hand from ordinary granite.

These instances of metamorphism are interesting owing to their
rarity, as in no other coal-field have I observed the same phenomena,

CHAPTER ITI.
ECONOMIC.

SECTION XVII.—=COAL.

I have previously drawn attention to the fact of there being in the
Appendix a list of all the places at which outcrops of coal have been
found in the various fields described in this memoir. I propose reducing

( 2 @)

76 HUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

my remarks under the present section of Economie Geology to the facts
in connection with the coal of the Umaria field, its greater geographical
importance, and the more complete determination of its value as com-
pared with those of the other coal-measure areas, having made it the real
gauge of their present worth.

As at present proved in No. 7a bore-hole, there is a maximum thick-

Thickness of coal in Mess of 24 feet of coal at a depth of 184 feet from
No. 7a bore ole, the surface. This is accumulated in two seams
measuring respectively 13 and 11 feet, and separated by 25 feet of car-
bonaceous sandstone. The outcrop of the lower of these is visible in the
Umrar river near Kalésar. It is traceable thence westward through
ravines and gullies south of and near to No. 1 shaft. From that point,
there is no sign of coal in the direction of the Narsara Nala or elsewhere,
and it becomes a matter of supposition as to how the outcrop runs,
Probably the strike changes, and veering to the north-west and north
gradually becomes parallel with the Chatan range of hills. Speaking
generally, the dip of the measures within the exposed limits of the field

Toei is to the north-east at a low angle; but from the
evidence in No. 2 shaft there is the probability
of local variations, for the level course at that spot in the field is
north-east and south-west. Such variations, however, are always to
be expected, and do not affect the main dispositions for the working of a
colliery.

There is no evidence of the second seam at the surface, but I think
that the journals show it to be nearly co-extensive with the lower
seam. Many of the borings were not carried through the whole
thickness of the coal bands, but such as were, bear testimony to two
seams,—as, for example, those where the shafts are placed, and Nos. 7a
and 16.

In speaking of the thickness of the coal, then, we may reasonably
assume that after excluding a superficial breadth of 500 feet from the
outcrop of the lower seam, measured in the direction of the general dip,
there is quite 20 feet of it.

( 212 4

ECONOMICS: COAT. 1 Tf

The full area over which this thickness occurs is undetermined ; but
Calculablearea4square lf the limit of a reasonable working depth of 500
miles down to 500 feet. feet is taken, we may say that there are 4 square
miles in and around the neighbourhood of the village of Umaria.

These data give us a total quantity of 80 million tons of coal, of

' f which 55 millions may be taken as available within

Available quantity. C
an area of 4 square miles at a depth of 500 feet
from the surface. I merely give this estimate to satisfy the desire for
figures which seems inseparable from the mention of a coal-field. The
statement that there are 55 millions of tons of coal within a given area
expresses the value of a restricted portion of the coal-measures.

There is every likelihood that coal occurs under the supra-Barékars in
the direction of Gangri, Maihmar, Kua, and Piparia, and that it extends
continuously to the exposed edges of the Korar field. Such a contin-
gency as this, of course, raises the total quantity of coal, and the union
of the Umaria and K rar fields through Chirwar, Mirgiri, and Barbaspiar,
and so on, increases the number of tons to a formidable amount,

Abundant opportunity has been afforded for judging both of the

Nature of seam and ature of the seams and the quality of the differ-
quality of coal. ent bands of coal that they contain. In reference
to the outcrop explorations, Mr. Forster says that the coal works easily,
and that the thin band of soft shale under the bottom of the seam will
facilitate pricking, and so reduce very materially the amount of waste.
The roof is an excellent one, and, except quite near the entrance to the
different inclines, not a single stick of timber has been required to sup-
port it. This is a most favourable feature in the estimation of a seam,
for when the roof is bad the expenditure under the heading of timber
forms a considerable item; and there is the constant dread of accidents
to life,

In No. 2 shaft the coal can easily be got in large blocks, and up
to the present time the roof has shown no signs of weakness.

The composition of the coal has been determined by several assays
made by M. M. Mallet and Fedden and Lala Hira Lal in the labora-

( 213°)

78 HUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

tory of the Survey. A complete series of samples was taken from where
the seam crops in the quarry, and the following figures show the relative
percentages of volatile matter, fixed carbon, and ash in the several
bands into which the seam was divisible :—

EXCLUSIVE OF MOISTURE.

a Moisture.
Volatile matter. | Fixed earbon. Ash.
A 25-1 556 19:3 58
Cc 311 556 13°3 36
Dav =e thin wae 2071 58:7 21'2 26
E 35°6 569 75 34
F 25° 36°4 38°6 22
H 26°4 60°9 127 2-4
er eer ee 26°7 59°2 141 24
gh. ee a ee 30°0 53°6 16°4 26

eee. te Fa 28°4 60-7 109 28

The bright soft coals C and E are excellent in quality, and I am
Fee strongly of opinion that they would yield a fair
BandsCandE. = amount of gas for illuminating purposes. The
best coal supplied from the Raniganj field for the use of the Oriental
Gas Company of Calcutta yields between 9,000 and 10,000 cubic feet of
gas to the ton, and judging from the appearance of the bands C and E,

they seem quite capable of giving the same quantity.
The band indicated as D would have to be

picked out, as it clinkers readily.

The band F is scarcely within the limit of coal, and it was analysed
in view of its capability as an oil-producing mate-
rial. It yielded about 15 per cent. of oils and

Clinker band D.

Oil band F.

tarry matter.

( 214 )

ECONOMICS: COAL. 19

The main stay of the seam is the bottom portion, and there is no
Botton a pores on disputing its worth. Bearing in mind that the
Beata Good) eusarucaa specimens examined were from the outcrop, we
have in the analyses before us the worst aspect that the coal presents,
and as this is better than that of the average of the fuels from the Rani-
ganj field, we have at the outset a high standard of excellenee.

The coal has a dull look like that of the best Karharbari coal, and is
very compact.

It appears to be homogeneous, but when separated into its layers,
finely divided mother-of-coa] is visible on most of the faces. This is
a favourable feature and usually means that the coal will have consider-
able heating power. It ought to be a good steam coal, and it bears
transport well.

A strong point in its favour is the manner in which it withstands

Coal withstands Weathering. A stack was left exposed to the full
weathering. force of the sun and rain for nine months, and
at the end of that time the coal showed no sign of deterioration.
Usually the laminated coals of Bengal and the Wardha valley split
into thin papery layers when left unprotected, and occasionally they
take fire, but in both these respects the Umaria coal has proved very
satisfactory.

No attempt has yet been made to produce coke in ovens, but my

Coal probably caking belief is, that it may be converted into just as good
if properly treated. coke as is now produced in the Karharbari field,
the soft bands containing sufficient bituminous matter to act as a bind-
ing medium.

In the analyses, no determination of sulphur was made, but this im-

Sulphur. purity disfigures the coal in places, and though
Caution concerning fire. there is not enough to cause anxiety in stacked
coal, care should be exercised to keep the workings perfectly clear of
dust, otherwise the misfortune that overtook the Warora colliery will
probably be repeated at Umaria, and loss both of life and money may be
the result.

80 HUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

The running power of the coal has been tested on several occasions
Running power of 02 the East Indian and Great Indian Peninsula
eral Railways, and with one of the trial trips on the
latter line I was personally concerned. Reports were drawn up by the
Locomotive Superintendent of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway and
by Mr. Thomas Forster, the Manager and Mining Engineer of the
Umaria Colliery, and I give extracts from them further on.

The coal was from the outcrop galleries, and no other care was taken
than to pick out the clinker band, There was no selection, and the
average of one consignment will be the average of another until the
character of the seam itself varies. After the necessary arrangements,
the local foreman of the line, Mr. Forster and myself left Jabalpir on
the 12th May 1884, with a baggage train of an average gross weight,
excluding the engine and tender, of 410 tons, and our run was to Sohaég-
pur, a distance of 122 miles. Mr. Forster, in addressing the Political
Agent of Rewah, stated :—

“‘T have the honour to submit a report of the
trial trip made on the night of the 12th instant.
« By the kindness of the Traffic Superintendent, Mr. Maurice, we

Mr. Forster’s report.

were given a full train-load of 32 vehicles, the biggest load run on the
portion of the line between Jabalpur and Gadawara. The locomotive
supplied by Mr. Watson of the Locomotive Department was all that
could be desired for trial of coal.

“We started from Jabalpar at 10-20 p.m., arriving at Sohdgpdr
about 9 A.M. on the morning of the 15th.

“T am exceedingly glad to say that the coal steamsadmirably. Even
when going up hill with the full load, steam was blowing off from the
safety valve. The fire was cleaned out twice on the journey, not that it
was really necessary, but it is better always to trim the fire in a journey
so as to prevent the fire-box getting chocked and so prevent the admis-
sion of air.

“ On arrival at Sohagpar we found that the Traffic Superintendent
had telegraphed permission to weigh the train.

( 216 )

ECONOMICS: COAL. 81

“The gross average weight amounted to 410 tons.

“ At starting we had 3 tons 16 ewts. and 19 lbs. of coal on the
tender, lighting up of engine included. The amount of coal left on
tender after completing the trip was 1 ton 9 ewts. 2 qrs. 2 lbs. The
consumption on the journey was therefore 2 tons 6 cwts, 1 qr. 21 lbs.

“The evaporation was 54 Ibs. to 1 Ib. of coal.”

“ Reducing these figures to the standard of pounds consumed per train
mile, we have 8,531 Ibs. —3,330 lbs. = 5,201 lbs., the actual amount

burnt.” Then ©2Ls. = 42°63 Ibs. per train mile.

“This compares favourably with Karharbdari coal, as a 500-ton train on
the East Indian Railway is run at the rate of 48 lbs. per train mile.
Then 500 tons : 48 lbs. :: 410 tons = 39°36 lbs. per train mile for same
weight of train.

‘«Tke average consumption per mile of the Mohpani coal! is 55 lbs.,
so that we ran 12°37 lbs. per mile less.

“T think this speaks well for the quality of the Umaria coal, and
places beyond doubt the assertion that it is an excellent country fuel.
During the trip I noted particularly that very few sparks were thrown
out, and that the coal is not more fuliginous than the general run of
country coal.”

I am of opinion that Mr. Forster has given more credit to the
Mohpani coal than it is entitled to, for, in the last annual report of the
Director of Railways, the all-round figures per train mile are 100.
Allowing, however, 55 lbs., the comparison for different coals is—

Karharbari. Umara. Raniganj. Mobpani.
39°36 lbs. 42°63 lbs. 51:00 1bs.55°00 lbs,
The report of the Locomotive Superintendent, Great Indian Penin-

Report of Locomotive Sula Railway, was addressed to the Agent of the

SHIRES CON Company, and he summarised the various trials

that had been made. His conclusions were, “ The coal is of very good
quality, and does very well, much better than either the Warora or the

Narbadda! coals, and not very much inferior Jf at all) to that received

' This is Mohpani coal. The name of the colliery is Mohpani.

F (a 2ifees)

82 HUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

from Giridih collieries in Bengal. The coal steams well, has very little
clinker, but a large amount of ash; it throws very few sparks, and
makes little smoke. It should not be forgotten that the above report is
based upon a small consignment which we have received from the col-
ery and was no doubt specially selected. I am, however, of opinion
that if coal such as has been sent to us can be guaranteed, we could have
nothing to complain of.”

In these extracts we have the opinions of practical authorities, and
although there is no gainsaying an assay, it is pleasant, when advocating
the claim of any given object, to find engineers and chemists in accord
with each other. And I think it reasonable to conclude that even in the
outcrop coal at present being worked in the Umaria field, we have a high-
class fuel.

In No, 2 shaft much better coal has been reached, the amount of

Excellent coalin No.g fixed carbon that it contains showing a marked

aD advance on that of the very best of the samples

from the outcrop workings. I again give the analysis :—

EXCLUSIVE OF WATER.

Volatile matter, Fixed carbon, Ash,

No. 2 shaft . . . ° 0 25°17 66:71 812

None of this coal has been tried for locomotive purposes, but it
should equal anything turned out either by the Karharbari or Raniganj
fields.

In view of attempts to utilise the magnificent resources of the Jabal-

Coal in reference to Pur district for the production of iron, the small
SUNBEDS AE amount of ash is a most promising feature, for
one of the greatest drawbacks in connection with the endeavours to make
pig-iron in the Wardha valley at Warora was the large quantity of
impurity in the form of ash that the fuel contained. It was quite 50 to
60 per cent. in excess of that in the Umaria pit coal.

( 218 )

ECONOMICS : IRON ORE. 83

After exactly three years of preliminary explorations,! the Umaria field
has passed from the control of the Rewah Adminis-

Transfer of control M
from Rewah to Govern- tration to that of the Government of India, who

pk oe have decided to work it during the minority of
the Mahdrajah and to pay a handsome royalty of eight annas a ton on
the raisings.

With unquestioned credit, and absolved from the necessity of large
profits, the Government of India can increase its area of distribution to
a much greater extent than the policy of any private company would
permit, and therefore with larger proportionate raisings, the arrangement
that has been entered into is the very best possible for the Rewah State.
A fixed annual rental could never have been calculated at the true rate
of production, whereas a royalty binds in equal degree the interests. of
the colliery and the lord of the soil.

Under the title of the Umaria Coal Estate, E have indicated the limits

Umaria Conl Estate Of the area over which it would be well to acquire
OEEINESe surface and mineral rights, so that future mining
operations may be carried on without the recurring necessity of taking
up fresh land and re-opening negotiations regarding its value.

The boundaries agreed upon have the advantage of being distinct
and simple; they are, the range of Chatan hills to the west, the Umrér
river to the north and east, and the line of railway to the south, and.

include a superficies of about 4 square miles.

SECTION XVIII.—IKON ORE..

I have no information to proffer regarding irom ores, but im so far as
the possibility of using Umaria coal to utilise the magnificent deposits
of iron in the Jabalpar district brings the coal-field into relation with
them, I would mention, for the information of those who may be interest-
ed in bringing smelting operations to a practical issue, that in the Re-
cords of the Survey, Vol. XVI, Part 2, Mr. F. R. Mallet has given
all the most important facts known regarding the iron ores, and subsi-
diary materials for the manufacture of iron in the north-eastern part of

1 The first boring was commenced 22nd January 1882, and the coal-field, comprised
within the boundary of the Umaria Coal Estate, was transferred 21st January 1885.

(. eile” 5)

84 HUGHES : SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

the Jabalpir district. In the early part of 1881 Mr. Trimnell was
successful in treating the iron ores in the neighbourhood of Mtrwé4ra,
but the fuel employed was charcoal. No attempt has been made to use
Umaria coal, but I have lately been informed that the Government
(Central Provinces) intend making a few trials with some best selected
pit coal as fuel. Instead of carrying out independent experiments, how-
ever, I think the better plan would be to forward ore and fuel to the
Bardakar iron-works where the whole process of manufacture has been

brought under practical control.

SECTION XIX.—LIMESTONE.

Limestone is found abundantly in the form of rock limestone, wherever
the Laméta group is developed.

The Bij4war formation also yields it; and within the Lora meta-
morphic inlier there are beds of crystalline limestone.

The Laméta limestone varies a great deal, and care must be exercised
in its selection if it be intended for use.

Kankar is freely distributed, but its occurrence in large nodules is
restricted to small areas. Tufa or travertine is also met with.

The following analyses show the average composition of the different

lime-bearing sources :—

| . re
PosITION OF - 3
VILLAGE, = 4 o
5 2 5
é = 2
ad ee =)
VILLAGE. S eal ce ° S REMARKS,
Sale Is ulee |S ip
See a Seales 2 | 32
= Bo ret a ees 3 3
3 8 ye E Ee
i | — [o) 5) oC
Kalésar (Rewah) . | 23°°31| 80°54) 20°10) 4°95} 71-40) 355, Kankar burnt for lime at Umaria,
Karimati » . . | 23°29] 80°63) 1°65] 1°05] 95°20) 2°10} Tufa.
Mahddéopara (Korea) | 23°12) 82°°38) 0°15 *50| 99°3 "05] 55 ;
1 5 Sand So) = Insoluble
Bédri (Rewah) . - | 28°°11) 81°30} 59 *60| 865 | 56 |Lameta maa 2) fo BS 59,
ay
Jhapi Hy o . | 23° 27) 80°°37| 14°90 ‘75| 61°60) 32°75] Bijawar limestone,

Majgama ,, 4 . | 23°°33] 80° 50} 7°95 ‘90| 73°40| 17°75} Metamorphi limestone.

1 In these analyses, magnesia was determined by difference,

( 220°) :

ECONOMICS: BUILDING STONES, 85

SECTION XX.—CLAY.

There appears to be a great want of good clay for even ordinary bricks
in the Umaria coal-field, and in default of better material the arenaceous
alluvial clay along the banks of the Umrar river has to be used. A very
limited amount of clay is procurable in the tanks around Umaria,
but it will not hold out for long. Perhaps the scarcity of a suitable
substance for brick-making may force the use of stone, which in my
opinion would be an advantage, as ensuring more permanency in the
buildings that may have to be erected. The village potters of Umaria
and Kalésar, after specially treating the sandy clays, make excellent
porous drinking-vessels.

SECTION XXI.—BUILDING STONES.

Considering the large area of sandstones over which choice may be
made, it would not at first sight seem a difficult task to procure building
stone suitable for most purposes. From the statements, however, of the
various engineers who have been engaged upon the survey of the Bilds-
par-Etawah Railway, it appears that the scarcity of good stone is a very
serious embarrassment in their plans for heavy bridging.

The sandstones of the coal-measures are all soft when really quarried,
but they possess the advantage of hardening by exposure to the air.
Closed-grained sandstones occur in plenty throughout the Upper Bardkar
series, and I am of opinion that it merely requires search to obtain stone
of suitable strength. Probably the question of the lead (distance) has
more to do with the perplexity of supply than anything else.

Beyond the Umaria field, exeellent material is procurable between
Kirintal and Amha, and the rollers and grindstones in use at the Umaria
colliery are obtained from the quarries in the neighbourhood of those
villages. For less exact requirements than those of bridges and engine

foundations, the coal-measure standstones would fully answer.

86

HUGHES; SOUTHEKN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

CHAPTER IV.
APPENDICES.

SECTION XXII.--BORING SECTIONS.
Umaria—Rewah State.

No. 1.

Commenced . : : ‘ : . 22nd January 1882.
Ended . : : : : » ldth February 1882.

Water tapped at 27 feet from surface.
Coul struck at 49 feet from surface.

ft.

in.
1. Black surface soil 1 6
brown
grey
2. Sands and sandstone . « = 42 6
yellow
mottled .
LShaly «J
8. Sandstone, carbonaceous, shaly 3 0
4, Shale, carbonaceous : 3 - ‘ ‘ 2 0
BiCoalear 3 0
6. Shale, carbonaceous ; ‘ - ; ] 0
7. Sandstone, grey, shaly . 1 0
8. Coal . : . 7 0
9. Sandstone, carbonaceous, shaly 9 0
10. Shale, carbonaceous * ; ‘ ; F 5 é 2 (6)
ne Coalms : : ’ : : , A 5 2 0
12. Sandstone, carbonaceous, shaly A 5 5 A 2 4 3 0
13. Sandstone, white . j c : : : 15 0
TotTaL 93 0

( 222 )

T. G. STEWART,
In charge of Boring Operations,
Rewah Coal Explorations,

APPENDIX : BORING SECTIONS. 87

Umaria—Rewah State.

No. 2.
Commenced . ° ° . ° 5 26th January 1882,
Ended C . : : 11th February 1882.
Coal struck at 64 feet fan iifave:
Eten
1. Surface soil . : 5 : ‘. é \ é 5 : cage 0

brown . F , ; 5 3
2. Sandstone . é f sellow : C - : . toa 0)

grey c .

3. Clay, carbonaceous F ; . ; 5 : F aL 0
brown . : P : A é 5 )) KR
4. Sandstone . : 4 tle go> i a D) 0
5. Clay, carbonaceous : ¢ : : : : é on oe
(brown . ; : i F ; a)
yellow . : : : : : : |
6. Sandstone . + 4 grey - 3 5 ‘ ; : . $29 0
red : F é ; 5 : :
UShaly . : é ; : : |
Ven Codion. ‘ , - : 5 é 5 : ; 5 ull (4)
8. Shale, carbonaceous : ‘ . j . - ; ree: (0)
9. Sandstone, carbonaceous, haly : : F , 28 0
10. Sandstone, grey . F ‘ : : . : 6 eG 0)
ToTaL - 98 0

T. G. STEWART,
In charge of Boring Operations,
Rewah Coa! Explorations,

Umaria—Rewah State.

No. 3.
Commenced : . : : . - 6th February 1882,
Ended A ‘ F . 24th 1 “5
Coal struck at 75 ‘feet on irfice,
ft.) Ins
1. Black surface soil 5 ; ; A : ; 5 6 4 0

( white Me es
2. Sandstones and clays . | Ook : : : . . | an

yel.ow 2
grey. : ; : 5 :

Carried over GS O
( 4223) 4)

88 HUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

ft, Sin;
Brotght forward . 68 0
3. Sandstones, carbonaceous, shaly ; : : 5 2 0
4 3 grey, shaly l 0
5. Shale, carbonaceous : , : 2 9
6. Sandstone, carbonaceous, shaly : i 1 0
7. Shale, carbonaceous. A - 1 0
8. Coal 4 0
9. Shale, carbonaceous 5 0
10. Coal ; , af 0
11. Sandstone, white, shaly : . : ; 1 0
12. carbonaceous 2 0
13. Shale, carbonaceous ; ‘ : ; ] 0
14. Coal : : F ; : j A 3 0
15. Shale, carbonaceous. A 5 4 A , : : A 1 0
16. Sandstone, grey, shaly . 2 0
if ; and shale, carbonaceous ° . 3 0
18. e shaly i 0
19. Coal : : : 4 0
20, Sandstone, carbonaceous, shaly . ; : ; 1 0
brown 3 ; 5 : . ;
21. Sandstone . 5 : {sit ; : : ‘ , : 7 0
grey

Tora. 2 Ld 0

T. G. STEWART,
In charge of Boring Operations,
Rewah Coal Explorations.

Umaria—Rewah State.

No. 4.
Commenced : ‘ : ; 5 . llth February 1882.
Ended A é é j j 5 . 28th 3 53
Coal struck at 79 feet from surfice.
ft. in
1. Sandy soil E 5 ; 2 , 4 5 ; 0 5 4 (0)
brown : ‘ A fs , 7
red. ; ‘ i ; 5 :
2. Sandstones and clays ae ello ; & 40 0
(white ; : ; ; )

Carried over . 44 0

so

10.
Wile
moe
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18,
19.
20.
21.

1.

2.

ahaa

APPENDIX: BORING SECTIONS.

. Shale, carbonaceous

Sandstone, brown, shaly

. Shale, carbonaceous
. Sandstone, carbonaceous, hele

- grey, shaly

op brown
PA carbonaceous
Clay 9 ;
Sandstone, e shaly .
” grey ” :
3 carbonaceous ,,
* grey and brown

carbonaceous, shaly
Coal
Gerdetonel Benet ahialy
Coal
Shale, carbonaceous
Coal

Shale, carbonaceous

Brought forward

ToTaL

T. G. STEWART,
In charge of Boring Operations,

as

NOwWNHOPRAK OEP KReE NOREEN DY Be DD

©
Or

Go
Je}

SISOSOSGSSSOSOSOSGSOSSEOO SG

o

Rewah Coal Explorations.

Umaria—Rewah State.

Commenced
Ended

No. 8.

Coal struck at 84 feet from Farhieer:

Surface soil ; 6
Clay . : : ©

Sandstone . :

21st April 1882.
10th May 1882.

Carried over

5 Shay
4 1)
4 0
76 0
84 0
)

90

HUGHES ; SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

or
=]

ooo Ss oo oc 6 oS oO

SoosacaooooF

1a
Brought forward 84
3. Coal F ; P ; 1
4. Sandstone, carbonaceous, shaly 5 3
5. Shale . - “ 5
6. Coal 5 5 - 5 HY
7. Shale, carbonaceous : 3
8. Sandstone 5 shaly 5 5
9. Coal ; . J of
10. Shale, carbonaceous 4
11. Sandstone : : 14
12. a carbonaceous, shaly 4,
ToraL - 140
T. G. STEWART,
In charge of Boring Operations,
Rewah Coal Explorations.
Umaria—Rewah State.
No. 9.
Commenced ; c : : ‘ ‘ lst May 1882.
Ended 4 F ; : . LOthwe. 3
Coal struck at 63 feet from surface.
ite
1. Black and brown soil : ; 5 f 5 5 ; Seats)
2. Sandstone, brown ‘ ‘ 5 : 3 : 5 ces)
33, 35 red z : ; A : ; 0 5 - 30
4. ay carbonaceous, shaly : : ; : ; 5 4g 2083
5. es 3 6 . ‘ 4 6 . P lcs
6. Coal ; < 5 5 : P é - 3 foe 3
7. Shale, oarbonaceous : A ‘A : ; Ais, ak
8. Sandstone, ,, shaly 5 § - 5 é 3 3
9. Coal 4 . 5 A 2 ° G 5 10
Carried over 3» 49

( 226 )

me

DOO SGSOS SS DOO SOSO OSE

APPENDIX: BORING SECTIONS.
ft.
Brought forward 79
10. Sandstone, carbonaceous, shaly F : A 5 5
11. Shale, carbonaceous 1
12. Coal ‘ 2
13. Shale, carbonaceous 1
14. Coal ; 6
TorTaL 92
T. G. STEWART,
In charge of Boring Operations,
Rewah Coal Explorations,
Umaria—Rewah State.
No. 9A,
Commenced : 8th November 1883
Ended , : A : 28th 5 a
Water tapped at 11 feet from surface.
Coal struck at 57 feet from surface.
ft
1. Brown surface soil 3
2. Sandy clay 3
3. Sand 6
4. White sandstone 2
5. Red ss J
6. Yellow ,, é 3 5 1
7. Reddish-grey sandstone : : ° 1
8. Grey 9 : é 1
9. Yellow 5 : 1
10. Red 5 1
11, Grey - ‘ F 3
12. Reddish grey _,, 5
13. Grey > 2
14. Reddish grey ,, 9
15. Grey y - 5 5 1
16. Reddish grey ,, A 3 1
17. Grey Fo : C 3 1
Carried over 85

( 227 )

SAQQq Gor

fo)

for)

92. HUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

>
cr
~

18. Yellowish sandstone
19. Grey

20. Reddish grey
21. Grey

22. Reddish grey ,,
23. Grey

24. Reddish grey
25. Red

26. Grey

27. Coal

28. Carbonaceous shale

29. Carbonaceous shaly sandstone

Brought forward 74235

30. 59 shale
31. Coal
32. Carbonaceous shale
33. Coal
34. Carbonaceous shale
35. Coal
36. Carbonaceous shale
37. Coal

38. Carbonaceous shaly sandstone
39. Grey sandstone

OMA WKH RK Dr wWwWD DH WWH YH Ne
eH OOS SS SiS SS See SSS SS Seon |

ce
for)

ToTAL

A. MUNSCH,
Assistant Mining Engineer,
Rewah Coal Explorations.

Umaria—Rewah State,

No. 10.
Commenced : - : : : 10th May 1882.
Ended ‘ : 5 x 18th ,, 5
Coal struck at 36 feet from surface.

é sie tiny
1. Brown surface soil - ; $ : : ‘ : : 5 9 8)
2. Sandstone ‘ { eel : 4 ‘ ‘ . : 7 ee (0)
3. Coal (not gone through) . . : F : é : : 3 0

ToTaL mee Rt) 0

T. G. STEWART,
In charge of Boring Operations,
Rewah Coal Erplorations.

( 228 )

APPENDIX: BORING SECTIONS, 93

Umaria—Rewah State.

No. 11.
Commenced . : : : ; . 17th May 1882.
Ended i , j A : C 6 PUR oF, op
Coal struck at 45 feet from surface.
ft.) 10
set : (black. Fi ; ‘ ‘ : ; 5 0
1. Surface soil a Aen : ; j ; :
light brown. A . ‘ : : ‘
‘ 5 34 0
2. Sandstone = ona ; ;
3. Sandstone, carbonaceous 3 0
4. Shale ay 2 (0)
5. Coal, shaly il 0
6. Coal 4 6 0
7. Shale, carbonaceous , 3 : ; 5 0
8. Coal . : 5 j ; : aq 3 0
9. Shale, carbonaceous 1 (0)
10. Sandstone, ,, 5 (0)
ToTAL 65 @)
T. G. STEWART,
In charge of Boring Operations,
Rewah Coal Explorations.
Umaria—Rewah State.
No. 12.
Commenced . 0 : . . : . 22nd May 1882.
Ended ; : 3 2 6 PAN s
Coal struck at 31 feet from surface.
fire thn
1. Surface soil, brown sandy : E ’ : F : : do (0)
light brown 3 : F : al
2. Sandstone .4 white 3 : é : é : - 714 0
brown
3. Sandstone, carbonaceous, shaly P ; 3 j : : ae, 0)
4. Coal . 5 : : ‘ : ; ‘i ; , : a Ue 0
Carried over - 8? O

( 229 )

94 HUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

5. Sandstone, carboneceous
ryellow
; 4 orey
ae

6. Sandstone

7. Shale, carbonaceous
8. Coal (not gone through)

ft.) in,
Brought forward oe 9)
0)
7
( 23 0
3 0
8 0
ToraL 72 0

T. G. STEWART,
In charge of Boring Operations,
Rewah Coal Erplorations.

Umaria—Rewah State.

No. 13.
Commenced - Ist April 1883.
Ended 3 A e - Athi, a
Coal strvck at 96 feet from surface.
ft sein
1. Surface soil, brown 2 0
2. Clay, stone and sand 12 0
8. Sandstone, grey 13 0
4. Coal, mud . : ; : 5 2 6
5. Shale, blue . 8 (0)
6. Sandstone, grey 50 9)
7. Shale, blue . 2 : 8 6
8. Coal . é . 5 Pee 0
ToTaL 103 (0)

( 280 )

T. FORSTER,
Mining Engineer,
Rewah Coal Explorations.

APPENDIX: BORING SECTIONS.

Umaria—Rewah State.
No. 16.

Commenced ‘ ‘ é 5 . 16th December 1883.

Ended c 6 . c ¢ « 22nd 3
Water tapped at 18 feet from surface,

Coal struck at 88 feet from surface.

1. Surface soil, black
2. Clay, sandy
3. Sand, yellow : c
( brown
erey A :
4, Sandstone . : 4 red
| yellow

L reddish grey

A. MUNSCH,

”

+ 107

ea
or

“J & ©

NN ORY RY BDH D

95

Rey Ses Sys eye) S&S)

Assistant Mining Engineer,

Rewah Coal Explorations.

5. Shale, carbonaceous, with pyrites
6. Sandstone, grey
tl 3 carbonaceous
8. 99 56 shaly
9. Coal, with shale : ‘ . A : ‘
10. Coal . ; F A : F . A F :
11. Coal, with shale .
12. Coal ;
13. Sandstone, carbonaceous, soft
14. Coal . ‘
15, Shale, carbonaceous 5 ‘ 5
ToTaL
Kdlésar—Rewah State.
No. 5.
Commenced : ; . 25th February 1882.
Ended ; ; : ‘ . 6th March 1882.
Coal struck at 47 feet from surface.
1. Brown soil .
2. Sandstone, red. : s
: Carried over

(

231

96

HUGHES : SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

Ft; “aims
Brought forward . 47 0
SaiCGoatae . f A é : ; : F : 10 0
4. Sandstone, white, shaly ; : 5 é 5 F 3 ee 0
ToTaL . 69 0

T. G. STEWART,

In charge of Boring Operations,
Rewah Coal Explorations.
Kdlésar—Rewah State.
No. 6B.
Commenced Le er : : . 2nd April 1882.

on

i

Ended : i : 3 x
Water tapped at 23 feet from surface,
Coal struck at 120 feet from surlace.

27th May 1882.

ft. im
. Surface soil é 5 : : : : : : : : 8 0
. Sand and clay, brown . 2 A : Fs : é smioalip CG
. Sandy clay, with pebbles, brown . : ; ; : A : 2 (6)
[ red 7
white shaly : ,
+ Randetone mottled shaly aif oo
(grey J
. Coal ‘ , A A 1 0
. Sandstone, carbonaceous il 6)
. Coal : “ 2 0
. Sandstone, carbonaceous 2 6)
. Coal : 4 : . 2 0
Sandstone, carbonaceous 8 0
D grey . 6 ae
3 carbonaceous 19 0)
ToraL -» 16L 0
T. G. STEWART,
In charge of Boring Operations,
Rewah Coal Explorations.
(( 23259)

Hughes

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDI4.

Memoirs, XXI. Part $

= fh. y
LS, Dingrowred

Bast
_eilait

REWAH GONDWANA BASIN

Bari

i Lala 4
pot Ao

piKachothh out

Vt Jost ae ha fet

DL pRS ee ag
Ce ple
PA - See

= 2

INDEX

Alluvium

THE SOUTITERN COAL-PIELDS

OF THE

‘ ’ I “ : i Motamorphie Limoston
7 oat Pye tinitd 9 i : 4 > x J ,
tan. “ fo Kuh { »
(UMARIA, KORAR, JONILLA, SOHAGPUR, KURASIA, ty, r S t "7 \\ we nes PS
KOREAGARH, JEILMILL) Y

Coal Seam
Coal Shaft

Goologioally eurveyod by Tino. W. U1. THvenns
Bore Hole
and Sub-Assistont Eira Dal

Scale 1 Inch 4 Miles
a Vos (Fs) % y Miles

| 3
lav Ina ps ail o ho F B2h0

Lithograpbed at the Survey of India Offices, Calcut!

APPENDIX : BORING SECTION. 97

Kdlésar—Rewah State.

No. 7A.
Commenced eden ; : . 17th March 1882.
Ended : : : ° . 30th April 1882.
Coal struck at 135jfeet from surface.
ft. in,
1. Dark-brown surface soil . cC : . é A LG 0
¢ brown - : ; c =)
mottled - C : f C
red . : : : :
2. Sand and sandstone -4 yellow +78 0
white
grey ‘ F ‘ : :
U shaly s : : : A “J
3. Sandstone, carbonaceous, shaly - me 0
A. as grey ; . 1 0
5. 3 carbonaceous C C z 5 0)
6. Sandstone, grey . 2 (a)
Tle os carbonaceous 8 (0)
8. = grey : - C ; : : ; 20 (0)
9. Coal 0 - : ; : : : ¢ A - 5 We) 0
10. Sandstone, carbonaceous : - ; - : é : » 26 0
1l. Coal P ; - 11 0
Toran . 184 0

T, G. STEWART,
In charge of Boring Operations,
Rewah Coal Explorations.

Johilla Valley.—Rewah State.
No. 2.

Commenced E é : 6 6th March 1882.

Ended : : : : April 1882.
Coal struck at 34 feet from surface.
ft. in.
1. Clay, yellow A 6 ] (0)
2. Sandstone, brown shaly 15 0
3. Clay, carbonaceous. : 2 6)
Carried over 2 a8 0
G ( 233 )

98

ft; sins
Brought forward - 18 O
4. Shale, carbonaceous 5 3 A ° A 4 5 5 « 2° <0
5. Sandstone, grey shaly . Ae ye 0)
6. - brown , . ; Bb 10
7. Coal 4 5 : 17 a0
8. Sandstone, carbonaceous, shaly 1 10
o op grey shaly hee {6
10. Coal 6 A . aye 0)
11. Sandstone, carbonaceous, shaly LO
12. rs grey shaly 0)
ils} rs carbonaceous, shaly Be 0)
14. Coal : ; F C yb)
15. Sandstone, carbonaceous, shaly : 2 A 4 0O
16 7 grey shaly 4 ZO
17. Shale, carbonaceous ; A ‘é ‘ 2 O
18. Sandstone, grey shaly . A> 20
19. 5 carbonaceous, shaly : ‘ : , 7 : Peabo +i)
20. : grey shaly . > 2 : “ ; : A + th: 46
21. s) carbonaceous - 5 0
22, » grey . ° : 7 A 6 70
ToTaL 90 O

T. G. STEWART,

In charge of Boring Operations,
Rewah Coal Explorations.
Johilla Valley—Rewah State.
No. 3.
Commenced 5 ; : 5 5 . 13th March 1882.
Ended : 6 . - : < 5 April 1882.
Coal struck at 6 feet from surface.
ft. in.
1. Surface soil, brown . c “6 ; c : : ae dee yO)
2. Sandstone : ; : 5 ( brown : ‘ i 5 60
( grey - 5

3. Coal . A 5 6 A 5 5 5 . 5 = Lh 0.
4. Sandstone, grey shaly . . : c 5 . 5 ee ewe)
5. Shale, carbonaceous 5 0 5 5 < é ‘ - 16.40
Carried over oO O

HUGHES : SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

( 2384 )

6.
7.
8.

9.
10.
VIG

12.

mwhere

OOWTWAM

10.

12.

APPENDIX :

Sandstone, grey shaly <
Shale, carbonaceous 5
Sandstone, ,, shaly A
Shale, > 5 Sal ott)
Coal . 4 5
Sandstone, Gachon iseaiin: shaly

” grey ”

BORING SECTIONS.

©
<2)

fie ine

Brought forward - 30 O
: : ° . 1 O
1 (0)

8 O

4

. ° C a GG
@

. ae 10

Toran - 58 O

T. G. STEWART,
In charge of Boring Operations,
Rewah Coal Explorations.

Kordr.—Rewah State.

No. 1.

Commenced .
Ended

Water tapped at 7 fest fom sur cree.

Coal struck at 12 feet from surface,

. Sandstone, reddish yellow
. Sand, yellow, with gravel
. Sandstone, brown .

Coal . :

. Shale, ea eee with Goals

Coal .
Shale, Bee apsoties with oar
Coal .

. Shale, ee

Sandstone, grey

11. Shale, carbonaceous, ith coal aad bytes

Sandstone, grey

19th February 1884.
L6th March 1884.

ft. ins
- ; a-- 6. 0
3 6(OO
C : ; By (0)
Sts 0)
. 3 (0)
4 0
' 2° 0
4 O
O 5 8 (0)
. 62 O
. SaeO
1] 0
Toran 122.0
A. MUNSCH,

Assistant Mining Engineer,
Rewah Coal Explorations.
( 235 )

100 HUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

Kérdr—Rewah State.

No. 3.
Commenced A : 5
Endedj : : ¢ : ;
Water tapped at 12 feet from surface.
Coal struck at 48 feet from surface.

13th March 1884.
20th March 1884.

ft. in.
1. Brown surface soil ° a. 0
2. Sandstone, grey : : : ° 42 0O
3. Sandstone, carbonaceous, shaly Bye (0)
4. Coal, shaly . : (6 (0)
5. Shale, carbonaceous 2 : 5 i 6 O
6. Sandstone, grey . ° 5 ; : ZO
ToTaL 7 (63.95 90
A. MUNSCH,
Assistant Mining Engineer,
Rewah Coal Explorations.
SECTION XXIII.-——-INDEX OF COAL SITES.
Village. River. State. | Lat, N.| Long. E.
Achala, } a mile E.N.E. . | Umrar . | Rewah 23° 86’ | 80° 51’
Agariépéra, 1 mile W.N.W. . | A tributary of the Géknai| Jhilmili .| 23° 28’ | 82° 46’
# 1 mile N.W. - Ditto ditto.
Amhifr, 1 mile E.N.E. Ghiingatta, a tributary | Koréa 23° 29’ | 82° 31’
of Hesto.
Bahi, $ of a mile N.N.E.. . | A tributary of Hesia PS 23° 21” | 82F 1b?
» Ll mile S.S.W. é : Ditto ditto.
» 1 mileS.E. A . Ditto ditto.
» 2 miles S.S.E, - . | Hesia.

» 2% miles South C . | Ditto.
», 2¢ miles South 4 . | Ditto.
» 98 miles South F . | Ditto.

( 236 )

APPENDIX: COAL SITES.

Village,

Bahgar, } a mile E. 4
= 4a mile N.E.
» 2ofamileN.E. .
Bakdhi, 3 a mile N. 5
Balbahara, 1 mile N.N.E.

13 miles N.
a + miles N. F

ay 1 mile N.N. W.
> 1 mile W.S.W.
3 13 miles W.N.W.

» 1 miles W.N.W.

A 2 miles W.N.W..

Ess 2 miles W.N.W.
5 24 miles N.W.
2% miles N.W.

3 2? miles W.N.W.

Balsing, } of a mile N.N.W.
» 3 of a mile S.S.E.
» smiles N.N.E. .
a ee mlepN PE.
» 1 mile S.S.E,
» 13 miles S.E.

Bara Chada, 2 of a mile N.N.E..

Bargauan, }a mile N.W. ,

101

River. State,
Kasér Rewah
Ditto,
Ditto.
Sén . : . : »
A tributary of Hesto . | Koréa
A tributary of Karaka-
char.
Eastern tributary of
Karakachar.
Ditto ditto.
Ditto ditto,
Western tributary of
Karakachar.
Ditto ditto.
Ditto ditto.
Ditto ditto,
Ditto ditto.
Ditto ditto.
Ditto ditto.
A tributary of Hesto Koréa
Ditto ditto.
Ditto ditto.
Ditto ditto,
Hesto.
Ditto.
Johilla Rewah

Jamiina, a tributary of 0
Kasér,

Lat, N. | Long. E.
23° 21’ | 81° 43’
23° 13’ | 81° 39’
23° 18’ | 82° 19’
PB OBY I eer

28° 21’ | 81° 4’

23° 18’ | 81° 44’

(237 )

102 HUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

Village.

Bargauan, 4 a mile E, 3
Bacharuar, 4 a mile N,

“pj 3a mile E,
Basér, 34a mile W.N.W. .
» 1 mile W.N.W.

» 1 mile S.W.

» 1 mile S.S.W.

» 1} miles S.S.W.

5) $ of a mile S.E.

» 1 mileS.E.
Bhalmiri, 4 a mile E.S.E.
Bhoswai, } a mile S.W.

5 4a mile W. 5
Bichia, 4amileS.W. .

» 1 mile W.S.W.
Birhdli, $a mile S.E. :
Chapéni, 3 a mile S,
Charwéhi, 4a mile E.

5 1 mile 8.E.

Chatai, south of village
it.)

» LwmileN.E. , 5
Chataén, 3 a mile S. . 5
Chatei, 3 a mile N.E.
Chinmér, } a mileS.W. .

Chitdjhér, 3 a mile S.S.W.

(near

River.

Jamina, a tributary of
Kasér.
A tributary of Kasér
Ditto ditto.

A tributary of Hesto

Ditto ditto.
Jura, a tributary of
Hesto.

Ditto ditto,

Ditto ditto.
Darpani.
Ditto.

Kilharia
A tributary of Hesto
Ditto _— ditto.

Jamuniha, tributary of
Son.

Sdn.
A tributary of Sén
A tributary of Thema

Késlara 5 0

A tributary of Kintk .

Ditto ditto,
Gandra nadi 5
Kéwai . 5
Goirari 4 0

Kauria nadi, branch

( 238 )

State.

Rewah.

”

Koréa

Rewah

Koréa

Rewah

Lat. N. | Long. E,

23° 20’

81° 49’

28° 214/| 82° 25’

23° 11’
23° 24°

23° 13/

28° 17’
23° 18/

PESO |

23° 29’

23° 25
23° 22’
28° 17’
23° 233’

82° 09°
82° 37’

81° 43’

81° 37’
82° 01’

82° 4’

81° 56’

82° 11’
82° 5
81° 54’
82° 237

APPENDIX: COAL SITES.

Village.

Chircha, 13 miles N.W.
” 1 mile N.N.E. e
” $ of a mile N.E. .

» 1 mile E.N.E.

Delbhakhertia, ? of a mile E.S.E.

ss 1 mile E.S.E.
Déokhél, 1 mile N. .
Déori, 14 miles S.W. 6
Dhakar, at the Ghat
3

Dhanpiri, 2 of a mile S.S.E.
of a mile E.S.E.

Ble

2

53 $ of ajmile N.N.E

Dhimédoél, 4 a mile S.W. .
op 2 of a mile E.S.E.
Dhind, 1 mile N.E. .
Didpipar, $a mile S.S.E. .
Dubchéla, 14 miles N. :
Diigla, ¢ of a mile E.N.E.

Dimarkachar, 1 mile N. .
PA 2 miles S.E,

Ghorbei, 1 mile N.E,
Ghinghita, 4 a mile N.
Ghitra, 1 mile W.S.W.

» Lmile W.

» 14 miles W.S.W. .

103

River. State.

A tributary of Géj . | Koréa.
Ditto,
Ditto.
Ditto.

A tributary of Kintk .| Rewah

Ina tributary of Géj_. | Koréa
Kasér 4 2 . | Rewah
A tributary of Kinik .| » :

Bagéha, tributary of Sdn} »

Nargara, tributary of
Bagéha.

Katna . ° . ” e

Ditto.

A tributary of Méhan . | Jhilmili .
A tributary of Sdn , | Rewah
Gurgheta . 2 . | Koréa
Khétomadhar . .|Rewah .

Kilharia, tributary of | ;,
Hesto.

At the junction of Jhiria
and Kulharia.

Nagana. : . | Rewah
A tributary of Kintik .| »
Hesin 3 4 . | Koréa
Ditto.

Ditto.

Lat. N. | Long. E.

23° 20’

28° 25'

23° 22/
23° 17’
23° 28’
23° 11

23° 22/

23° 29’
237 26’
23° 9/

23° 25’
23° 10’

23° 20’
23° 25/
23° 21’

82° 36’

81° 56’

82° 39’
81° 41’
81° 55’
81° 37’

81° 50’

82° 55’
£1° 26’
82° 27’
S2mndi
82° 9

81° 36’
81° 55’
82° 18°

( 239

104

Village.

Ghutra, 13 miles W.S.W. .
» 2 miles S,W.
», 24 miles 8,W.
4a mile S.E.

Gtraru, $a mile S, W. of Southern

Tola.

» amile N.E, of Southern

Tola.
Giuridand, 4 of a mile N.
» mile N.E,
F 1} miles N.N.E,
” 13 miles N.N.W.
Harra, 4 of a mile N.W.
» 3amile N.N.W.
2 of a mile N.N.W.
1 mile W.N.W.
>, 14 miles N.W.
Hatgala, 4 a mile E.S.E.
Jaintptir, 14 miles W.N.W.

Jamia, }amile N. .

Jurra, 1 mile S.S.W. 5
1 mile E.S.E..

»

Jauari, } a-mile N. .

Kachar, } a mile N.N.E, .
» FanmileS.E.

» fanmilek. .

Hesin.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.

Sén

Koilari, tributary of Sdn

Kéwai
Ditto.
Ditto.

| Ditto.

Eastern tributary of Jura}. Koréa

Ditto
Ditto
Ditto
Ditto

Jamiina,
Kasér.

Khaparktita nadi, tribu-

River.

ditto.
* ditto.
ditto.

ditto.

tributary of | Rewah

tary of Kunuk.

Tanki

nadi,

of Mirna.

Késlara nadi

Ditto.

Dhoran nadi, tributary

of Kunuk.

A tributary of Dhdéb | Koréa

nadi,
Ditto

ditto.

tributary

HUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

State. | Lat. N. | Long. E.
Rewah 23° 29’ | 81° 28”
» . | 28° 21’ | 82° 5”

28° 173’! 82° 25’

28° 19’ | 81° 44’

yy . | 23° 28 | 81° 467

2 . | 23° 173’) 81° 26’

”» . | 23° 24” | 82° 4”
» . | 23° 25’ | 81° 49’
23° 19’ | 82° 267

—

( 240 )

APPENDIX: COAL SITES.

Village.

Kachai, 1 mile N.E.
» 1i miles E.N.E.
Kalésar, at the Ghat r

» afew score yards W.

» 2ofamile W.S.W.

Kamta, 1 mile 8.S.E.
Kanai, } a mile N.N.W.

» *O0famile W.N.W.

» ILmile W.S.W.
Kanchanptr, }amile N. .
K4nndbahra, 4 of a mile N.W.
Kanwé4hi, 1 mile N. .

Kanwahi, W. of, near the Ghat .

» y a mile N.E.

Kaparia, N.W. of, at the Ghat .

» #ofa mile N.N.W.
Kelhauri, 4 a mile N.
Khairbana, 134 miles S.S.E.
Khamaria, } of a mile N. V.

nN 4amile N.E,

» 1 mile N.E.

Kharla, 3 of a mile N.N.E,

Khodargaoan, ? of a mile N.N.E.

» $ of a mile E.N.E,

Marjada

River.

In the right bank of
Umrar.

In a tributary of the
Umrar.

In a tributary of Umrar
near temple,

Kintk

Tributary of the Kéwai

A tributary of Sarpa
A tributary of Mirna

In Khairi stream, tribu-
tary of Son.

Késlara.
Ditto.
Kéwai.
Ditto.
Sdn.
Kauria.
A tributary of Kintk.

Ditto ditto.

Dhébghata, tributary of
Johilla,

tributary of
Jdhilla,

State. Lat. N. | Long. E,
Rewah 23° 81’ | 80° 537 ,
- wie23 rez fan Sle 46r
es 5 || 2Es SY | eee ey
5 . | 28° 15’ | 81° 30°
1. . | 23° 19’ | 81° 21’
” . | 28° 23” | 81° 32’
Ps 5 || 289 257 | 82° 47
» . | 28° 24/ | 92° 12’
» o |) 23,01" |) 812407
Koréa 23° 182’) 82° 19’
Rewah 23° 27’ | 81° 56’
” a ezoe 7a) ola 407
oF lou elaimo loon:

(2 24)

106 HUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

Khohfra, ] mile E.N.E. .

Village. River.

Ghordéna nadi.

Kichri, ? of a mile S. ; -|In_ a__ tributary
Kuantk,
4 in the Ghat N. of the Ditto ditto.
village
“0 ZofamileN. . . | Bichli nadi,

”»

1 mileN.N.E. . F Ditto.
1} miles N.E. ; ; Ditto,

Kirwéhi, 1} miles W.S.W. . | Hesto.

”

Korar, 4 a mile S.E.

»

afew score yards W. .| At the falls in Hesto.

1} miles N, A . | Hesto,

Unmrar.
1} miles E.S.E, : ; Ditto

Ké6ta, 3a mile N.E. . : . | Goirdri nadi,

”

$ of a mile E.N.E.

nadi.

K6ti, 1 mile S. F : . | Goirari nadi.

K6tmi, 4 a mile N.W.

ditto.

State. Lat, N.

Rewah .| 23°31’

of ¥) . | 23° 28/

Koréa ~,| 23° 20/

In a tributary of the| Rewah .| 23° 37’

” - | 23° 22’

A tributary of Goirari

” .| 23° 24/

In a tributary of Kidra,

Hesto. 23° 10’

Sp LaaTleeNe A - ; Ditto ditto.
Kundhour, just N.E. : -|In a tributary of | Jhilmili . | 23° 25’

Goéknai.

» ZamileN.E. . . Ditto ditto.

Dp just S. . c 5 Ditto ditto.

55 3 of a mile S.E. A Ditto ditto.

» 1 mileS.S.E. . “ Ditto ditto.

» 1} miles S.E. : 4 Ditto ditto

» 3 ofamile W. . 5 Ditto ditto.

5 3 ofamile W.S.W. . Ditto ditto.
Kiupi, lmileS.W. . ‘ A tributary of Géknai. os .| 82° 24’

Kirdsia, }amileS.E. .

of Hesto.

( 242 )

Kiidra branch, tributary | Koréa .| 23°14’

Long, E.

81° 49’
81° 54’

82° 22/

80° 55’

81° 53’

81° 54’

82° 283

82° 46°

82° 43/
82° 277’

APPENDIX: COAL SITES.

ee

107

Village.

Kirasia, 1} miles S.E.

» 2 miles S.E.

» 2% miles S;
Kiréli, 1 mile S.W. .

» lmile W.S.W,
Kisaha, S.E.

Kishai, } of a mile N.

>» ¢amile W.S.W.
Labji, 1 mile S.S.W. 5

» 13 miles S.S.W.

Lai, 3 of a mile N.E.
Lama, 1 mile S.W.

Tech 3 of a mile N.
Mangthar, } a mile S.S.W.
Maiki, 1 mile N.N.W. 5
Malga, 1 mile N.

» Iljmiles EK. .
Manjira, # of a mile W.
Mariards, 1 mile E, . C
Mouhari,3 amileS.E. .
Mirdhoa, } of amile W..
Misra, 2 miles N.N.W.

» Lmile S.S.W. 0
Nandna, 3 of a mile E.N.E,

51 1 mile N.E, . 2
ep lmileS. .

Nertia, 1 mile N. 5 .

River.

Kiidra branch, tributary

of Hesto,
Ditto ditto.

Gorghéta nadi branch,
tributary of Hesto.

Bichli nadi, tributary of
Kasér,

Joba nadi, tributary of
Kasér.

Hesto .

Sén
Taptai, tributary of Sdn.
A tributary of Jhtinka

nadi.

Ditto ditto.

A tributary of Hesto
Thema,

Sén
Tributary of Hesto

tributary of

Joéhilla river

Goraghat nadi, tributary
of Son.

Jhiria : - °
Ditto
Katna . .
Bakan .
Késlira °
Goirari : .
A tributary of the
Kawai.

Ditto ditto.
Nagaua - .

Tributary of Sdn . :

Ditto ditto.

State.

Rewah

Koréa

Rewah

Koréa

”
Rewah
Koréa

Rewah

*
”»

Koréa

Rewah

”»

”»

A tributary of Khatoma- | Koréa

dhar,

Lat. N. | Long. E.

23° 233’

23° 26/
28° 23/

4
.| 23° 237

CB WEY
BBS Wl
23° 222/
23° 18/
DBS Pal
23° 8

23° 16’
23° 8!
23° 26/
23° 152’
Be 2B

28° 20/

81° 48’

82° 32’
81° 27’

8225372
81° 7’
81° 28'
S2iade

81° 51’
81° 41’
82° 4’
81° 552

82° 16’

81° 33’

82° 11’

108

Village.

Nimuha, 3 a mile E.

35 %ofamile N.E. .
Pachkura, 4 a mile N.E,
Paiari, 2 miles S.W.

Pakariha, 1 a mile S.E.

Pathargaua, 13 miles S.E.
Pipria, 3a mile S.W. .
» +a mile N.W.
Rémpir, 2 of a mile N.W..
» 1 mile S.S.W.
2a mile 8.S.W.

”»
Raksa, 1 mile S.E.
Rataura, 1 mile N.E.
2 of'a mile W.N.W.

”

1 mile W.

R6ji, 4 a mile S.E.
Roudserai, 1 mile N.N.E. .
1 mile N.E.

Rohania, 3 a mile N.E,

5 ;
. 3 of a mile S.

Riundaha, 1 mile W.N.W.
» 40famile N.E.
» ofamile E.S.E.
Ripaura, } a mile S.W,
Séhiptr, 3 a mile S,
Sardih, } of a mile S.S.E. .

Semariha, 1 a mile E.

HUGHES : SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

River.

A tributary of Kasér

A tributary of Kéwai
Kéwai

A tributary of Thema,
Soén.

A tributary of Géknai .

A tributary of Kéwai

Jaminiha, tributary of
Sén.

Katna.

Ditto.

Goirari

Gindraékind

A tributary of Géknai .
Ditto ditto.

In a tributary of Son

A tributary of Son.

Goknai

A tributary of Goknai.

Géknai.

Katna

A tributary of Kaser

Goirari : 4 -

Ditto

( 244 )

State.

Lat. N. | Long. E.

Rewah 23° 19’

” «| 2821"
” Berio fod
os Pivperaay
Koréa 23° 26’
Rewah 23° 23
” . | 23° 137
” 3282 9f
Koréa 23° 23/
” all PBS PAY
” .| 23° 26’
Rewah 230 257
Jhilmili .| 23° 282’
Rewah .| 23° 20’

” . | 28° 21’
» af 28 ily}?
23° 16’

81° 40°

82° 4/
82° 4/
81° 59’
82° 38/

82° 8’

81° 44’

81° 53’
82° 14’

82° Tee
82° 41’

81° 27’

82° 48’

81° 52
81° 46’
81° 540’
81° 54

APPENDIX: COAL SITES.

109

Village.

Semdih, 1} miles N.

» lLmile N.N.E.

Semriha, } of a mile S.W.
Schagptr, } a mile N.W.
Stnhat, 1 mile S.S.E.

» 1 miles S.S.E.
Tanjara, 1} miles S.E.
Tanki, 2 miles E.S.E.

» 2 miles S.E.

Terriha, 4 a mile W.

» 3amile W.N.W. .

Thangaon,!} a mile N.
» 12 miles E.S.E,
Thuthi, } a mile N;
Titripani, 3 a mile S.E.
Udri, +a mile N.E. .
Umaria, see Kalésar.
Urtan, 1 mile S.W. .
» anmileS.S.W.

River.

At the junction of
Kiinuk and Sén,

At the junction of
Khairi stream with
Sdn.

Bartha, tributary of
Sén. fi

Mirna, tributary of Sén

Hesto
Ditto.
A tributary of Géknai .

Batidhar nadi, tribu-
tary of Hesto.

Neori nadi, tributary
of Hesto.

A tributary of Kasér,
Son.

Jamtna, tributary of
Kasér.

A tributary of Kéwai

.| A tributary of Gandra-

kind.
A tributary of Sén

Nagrari nadi

Mirna

Chaurar nadi

Nors.—The latitude and lon

others to the village.

1st October 1884.

Lat. N.| Long. E.

23° 23’ | 81° 30’

23° 20’ | 81° 21’
23° 19’ | 81° 24’

23° 29’ | 82° 34”

23° 29’ | 82° 39’
23°77’ | 82° 9/

23° 18’ | 81° 41’

23° 18” | 82° 103
28° 10’ | 81°51’
23° 8’ | 81° 55’

23° 242) 81° 21’

23°19’ | 82° 1’

gitude in some instances refer to the position of the coal seam, and in

LALA HIRA LAL.

( 245 )

110 HUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

SECTION

Analyses of Coals, from the Southern Coal-

LOCALITIES.

Name of Village and other sites. Rivers.

Balbahardé,1} miles, N.N.E. (Koréa)

> ” ~

Bélha Paiari (Rewah) .
Bichia, near a
Gurari 55
Girrha and Bhagéh 5

Hatgala, about 1 mile S.E. ,,

(Koréa)
Khairi (Rewah)
Korar, S.E. ”

2°

Kundhour, } mile N.E. (Jhilmili).
ny 4 mile S.E. 3

Kirasia, } mile $.E. (Koréa) .

Kéwai

Jaminia Nadi
Billa and Bagéha
Nadis, junction.
Sén = A

River between

. | NalajoiningJamunia

Jéhilla .

”

» Marjada Nala

Karakachar Nadi .

. | Junction of a rivulet

with the Sén.

Khéki and Kéwai
Nadis, junction.

.| Kulharia Nadi

EXCLUSIVE OF WATER.*
Weiter, ee
Seat Parcentages.

and
bined. ips) dam, | Anh
6°4 28°85 | 53°42 | 17°73
5°68 | 30°42 | 57°51 12°07
5'6 27°84 | 51°32 | 20°84
592 | 29°03 | 54°09 | 16°50
10°3 25°49 | 63°54 | 10°97
58 31°3 58°4 10°3
7°76 | 36°90 | 55°25 7°85
27 9°8 41°6 48°6
74 29°3 46°35 | 24°62
12°28 | 28°64 | 59°28 12°08
12°7 31°23 | 58°23 | 10°54
9:08 | 29°39 | 5405 | 16°56
10°30 | 32°31 54°58 | 13°11
11°8 35°60 | 52°77 | 11°63
8:14 | 36°64 | 55°98 7°43
11'9 84°26 | 51°53 | 1421
2°26 9°84 | 49°52 | 40°64
4:2 20°12 | 27°06 | 52°82
3°28 | 29°90 | 43°30 | 26°80
52 27°30 | 47°26 | 25°44
e12 | 21-01 | 45:50 | 33:49 |
54 13:22 | 68°96 | 17°82
6:7 30°2 63°9 59
4°22 | 17°10 | 73°40 9°50
2°36 | 24°16 | 68°57 7:27
2°20 | 29°09 | 64°65 6°26

* In order to reduce these numbers to a common standard, the resultsare given in percentages of dry coal.

( 246 )

XXIV.

ANALYSES OF COALS. ial

fields of the Rewah Gondwana Basin.

Analyst.

PosITION OF VIL-

LAGE ON MAp.

Latitude |Longitude

.

23° 18°

23° 9/
23° 14’

23° 29/
23° 21’
23° 197

23° 25/

aoe

23° 37’

23° 257

eee

23° 14/

82° 19’

82° 4’
81° 44’

81° 23’

81° 34/

81° 44’

81° 34’

80° 56’

82° 45’

82° 287

Does not cake.

” ”

Does not cake.

” 9

REMARKS.
Ash brownish,
», reddish.

” ”

Ash reddish. Position of Paidri given.
” ” grey.

Cakes. Colour of ash brick-red.

Does not cake.

Ash reddish.

Cakes. Ash brownish.

Does not cake.

Does not cake.

” ”

Does not cake.

> 9

Ash reddish-brown.
Bottom part of seam.

Ash greyish.

5 h Middle of bottom seam.

;, white. Below middle of bottom seam.
s, reddish. Lower part of bottom seam
»» greyish.
Ash bluish-grey.

» veddish-grey.

Cakes partially. Ash reddish.

Does not cake.

”» ?

” ”

Ash greyish.
5, brownish.
», reddish.

% ”
3, brownish.

53) Leads

Cakes. Ash reddish.

+ Picked out promiscuously from heap quarried for despatch to railway.

( 247 )

112 HUGHES: SOUTHERN COAL-FIELDS OF REWAH GONDWANA BASIN.

LOCALITIES. EXCLUSIVE OF WATER.*
VU Sa
hygro-
goonic Percentages.
3 B A and
Name of village and other sites. Rivers.

com-
ei Volatile| Fixed
Baud: Matter. | Carbon. Ash.

Kiurasia, 13 miles 8.S.W. (Koréa) , 6°84 | 32°43 | 59°95 7°62
Maiki (Rewah) . 3°27 | 19°40 | 61:33 | 19°27
Mangthar » «|Jé6hilla. « .| 8°42 | 82°08 | 50°62 | 17°30
Mangthar and Lakhan- » Yightbank.| 7°06 | 38°37 | 42°80 | 18°83.
pura, between r .

Nandnah a ol disks 5 a .| 2°94 | 28°84 | 62°50 | 13°66
» ” 3°2 26°55 | 62°89 | 10°56

” » 4°8 18°28 48°15 33°57

Nérua (Koréa) .| Nérua Nala, N.| 8°28 | 29°57 | 53°29 | 17°14

branch of.
Pipria (Rewah).|Kéwai . . .| 42 | 186 | 574 | 240
Séhipir sf Sih =e .téostn 7°88 | 32°05 | 51°67 | 16°28
Zendatels Village,| 3°08 | 22°49 | 55°63 | 21°88
ala.
99 > «| 1°84 | 22°57 | 51:02 | 26°41
Umaria i -| Umrar . c aly ales 33°15 | 51°68 | 15°22

-
.
-

* In order to reduce these numbers to a common standard, the results are given in percentages of dry coal.

( 248 )

ANALYSES OF COALS, 1138

POSITION OF
VILLAGE ON Map.

Analyst.t Latitude |Longitude REMARKS.
N. E.
isle 1p sec een Cakes partially. Ash red.
5p 23° 22/ 81° 28’ | Does not cake. Ash reddish.
oS 2d1345 1 SLOT! » ” » grey.
» 232 Mice) | SLOG? Ap p »» greyish.
” 600 tos Cakes. Ash greyish,

Cakes partially. Ash brownish.
5) 23° 207 81° 32’ | Does not cake. Ash brownish.

o 23°25’ | 82° 11’ 06 » » ”

> 23° 23’ | 82° 8/ 99 ” » »

p 23° 21’ 81° 46’ | Cakes partially. Ash brownish.
ay Bae Does not cake. Ash dull-red.

” ee sep Cakes. Ash brownish-red.

F.R.M. | 23° 32’ | 80°54’ | Does not cake. Ash reddish. Analysis of outcrop coal.
June 1880.
Does not cake. Ash white.

H. L. ” ” ” ” ” ” (a) 0’ 6”. Hard coal.
a ee 55 », pinkish-white. (c) 0’ 6”. Bright
coal, soft.

pices uot cake. Ash greyish-white. (d) 0’7”. Clinker
and.
Does not cake. Ash white. (e)0’6”. Bright coal, soft.

” 33 ” ” (f) 0’ 4”, Hard coal (Oil
coal,—heavy oils, and tarry matter about 15 per cent.)
1aln 6p Ap 95 Does not cake. Ash white. (h)

(h) 2’ 0”. Hard coal.
eregmenstzom four
ifferent parts of

(h) the seam.

Cakes only partially. Ash white. (h)
Does not cake. Ash white. Hard coal for Exhibition.
ms 9 i Cakes. Ash white. Soft coal.

Does not cake. Ash greyish. Carb. shale above coal (a).
Rec., G.S.I., Vol. XVI, pt. 2, p. 120,

x 35 of Does not cake. Ash greyish-white. Carb. shale in the

bottom, 2 feet hard coal.

FE. F. 5p oh Does not cake. Top coal. No. 2 shaft.

+ H. L. signifies Hira Lal.
PSR. Mee, Mallet.
F.F. y Fedden.
t Lakhanpura.

Hl ( 249 )

Government of India Central Printing Office.—No, 14S, G. S,—28-4-85.—100,

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Mallet; Barren Island : Memoirs, Vol: XXI.
——

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Scale 4 Inches =—1 Mile

« Furlongs

, a

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pls. 4.

-
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.

(Ser X.)—INDIAN TERTIARY AND POST-TERTIARY VERTEBRATA.
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” ”?

Vol. IIL, pt.

ApwNreoanpnwwre wee b&b

(Szr. VII, XIV.)—TERTIARY AND UPPER CRETACEOUS FAUNA OF WESTERN INDIA.

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» ”

”» ”

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ADDRESS—
Superintendent of Geological Survey of India, _
Paki vans Survey Office, Indian Museum,
CaLcuTta,