oe * a e Pe ‘ ss Uae Se ee ee oS : : ney Hise A, 4 . Y hity a wt. 0 not Circulate R>5 h i » Library of the Museum OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY, AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. Pounded by private subscription, Mm 1861. len diate ih i dies bahae i, m7 la 4 a "i aN ae et. ee ae “ab ry tle fot ae s i os a 3% pe: a i ‘ oh) ip he ae A Be Fay ap iets 4A PAS ne ev Ae ae i | r pig a ae Pant: and 4 Me as MEMOIRS OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY AT HARVARD COLLEGE. VOM. Xxe CAMBRIDGE, MASS. U.S.A. 1895-1897. —_ i University Press: © ; uf Joun Witson anv Son, Campriper, ‘U.S. A. yee Let Nerd acm Hepa 4 inf em a em ling t CON TEN Ts: No. 1. THE CYPRINODONTS. By S. Garman. pp. 179. 12 Plates. July, 1895. No 2, REPORTS ON THE RESULTS OF DREDGING BY THE UNITED ‘STATES COAST SURVEY STEAMER “BLAKE.” — XXXV. DESCRIPTION DES CRUSTACES DE LA FAMILLE DES GALATHEIDES RECUEILLIS PENDANT L’EXPEDITION. By A. MrtnE-Epwarps and E. L. Bouvier. pp. 141. 12 Plates. 1897. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology AT HARVARD COLLEGE. Volk XX? Now 1. TFHE CYPRENODONTS. By 8S. GARMAN. WITH TWELVE PLATES. CAMBRIDGE, U.S. A.: Printed for the Museum. JULY, 1895. INTRODUCTION . HaAsits DISTRIBUTION . CoLoRATION STRUCTURE . History . CYPRINODONTES Agassiz SyNOPsIS CYPRINODONTINZA. Cyprrinopon LaC. . Lepras Cuv. TELLIA Gerv. . CHARACODON Gthr. . GirARpInicutuys Blkr. NeEoLesrAs Steind. PQCILIINA. GLARIDODON Gen. n. CNESTERODON Gen. n. . GIRARDINUS Poey Puatypacitus Gthr. Mottrenista Les. Pacit1a Bl. Schn. XipHoPHoRus Heck. JENYNSIINZ . JENYNSIA Gthr. ANABLEPINZ . ANABLEPS Art. CONTENTS. Beitonesox Kner. PsEupoxieHopHorus Blkr. GamBusiA Poey HETERANDRIA Ag. HAPLOCHILINA . Lucania Grd. . ApintA Grd. Funputus LaC. . Fundulus . Hydrargyra . Xenisma . Plancterus Funputicutuys Blkr. . EmperricutuHys Gilb. ZYGONECTES Ag. . Haprxocartus McClell. . Rivuxuus Poey . PTEROLEBIAS Gen. n. CyNoLeBIAS Steind. . ORESTIASINA . OresTras Val. . NOTHOBRANCHIINZ . Hapxuocuricutuys Blkr. . NorHosrancuius Pet. . NOTES . LITERATURE . INDEX . PAGE BELONESOCIN A (Gambusiine) 80, 159 145, 156, 80 80 82 90 93 93 94 95 96 96 96 a a El oat 3 } pe —e j | oo: ¥ ~ ah THE CYPRINODONTS. Tue “ Cyprinodonts,” “ Top minnows,” or “ Toothed Carps,” as they are variously called, form a well defined group. An average of their shapes would approach that of a common Gold Carp with the tail rounded instead - of notched. The species resemble the Carps, Cyprinide, in form, possession of a single dorsal fin, absence of a pouch on the stomach, lack of pyloric ap- pendages, and in other features; but they are readily distinguished by scales on the head, and the teeth on the jaws, by the forms and dentition of the pha- ryngeals, the structure of the air bladder, and by their habits. In a general way it may be said of this family they are surface fishes, while the Carps, properly so designated, are fishes of the bottom. All the Cyprinodonts are small; none of them reach the length of a foot, most are less than six inches; and among them are found the smallest of the fishes, in species of which the individuals are fully mature at a length of less than an inch. From carnivorous they range to mud-eating, and from oviparous, laying numerous eggs, to ovoviviparous, producing comparatively few. Like other bony fishes some lay their eggs; others retain the embryo until the yolk is entirely absorbed; in a few of those that keep the embryo until fully developed, it is provided with albuminous nutriment, in addition to the yolk, within the egg, and is possessed of a peculiar temporary absorption system by which it avails itself of the provision. From ordinary sexual habits, such as most prevail among their allies, the Cyprinodonts vary to the extraordinary conditions, described below, in which the males and females are rights and lefts, that is, in which a dextral male pairs with a sinistral female, or a sinistral male with a dextral female. In this case sexes exist in nature that in a measure are ‘¢ Like those sweet birds that fly together, With feather always touching feather, Linked by a hook and eye,” of the poet’s imagination.* * Translated by Moore from Abdallah’s Persian, referring to the jaftak, ‘‘a sort of bird that is said to have but one wing; on the opposite side to which the male has a hook and the female a ring, so that when they fly they are fastened together.” 6 THE CYPRINODONTS. Between the sexes in certain species of these fishes there are great differ- ences in size and shapes ; commonly the female is larger and less modified. The greater number belong to the fresh waters; many are inhabitants of “brackish water or of the sea along the shores. In the new world the known distribution extends from the basin of the great lakes and British America on the north to Argentina and Chili on the south, and from the Pacific to the West Indies and the Bermudas; in the old world it comprises the whole of Africa, Madagascar, the Seychelles, and the southern portions of Europe and Asia, from Spain to India and Japan. Marine species are known only near the surface ; fresh water species carry the vertical distribution from the sea level up to altitudes of 13,000 feet or more; the highest points reached by any of the fishes. Brownish or olivaceous, more or less tinted with greenish or yellowish, prevail in the ground colors. Metallic tints, especially those of silver, are common, most on the males. Apparently some of the species, or individuals, pass from the fresh to the salt waters ; on these a change in the coloration obtains similar to that affecting Salmo salar, which in the land-locked stage, so called, is more brown with numerous spots of black, but which on reach- ing the sea becomes more silvery with obsolescent spots. This modification is marked in the common minnows of the Gulf coast, Fundulus grandis, and in F. heteroclitus, from the Gulf northward along the eastern coasts of the United States. Another variation is exemplified by F. heteroclitus, a general diffusion of brownish with corresponding decrease in the amount of silver, or in the brilliancy of coloration; this is noticeable on comparing the more modest coloration of the variety, badius, from Grand Menan with the more ornate representatives of the species from South Carolina to Florida. The male is the more highly colored of the sexes. Of some species the males are brilliant with striking combinations of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, gold, silver, white, or black, several of which colors sometimes unite in producing marked contrasts as compared with the plainer garb of the females. The fins of some of the males resemble the wings of gorgeous butterflies, in Mollienisia for instance. Among birds the female is commonly more modest in color than the male; this according to the Darwinian is beneficial, in that it renders the female less conspicuous when nesting; whether the benefit caused the difference is another question. Females of these fishes also are less conspicuous than the males; but necessarily the fact in this case is pro- vocative of some other theory in explanation. Considerable changes in color- THE CYPRINODONTS. 7 ation, and in the shapes and sizes of their fins are undergone by males in the breeding season, for examples, in Mollienisia and Xiphophorus, the former in its enlarged and ornamented dorsal fin, the latter in its sword-shaped caudal, and both in the acquisition of brilliant colors over the body. By common experience collectors find males to be less numerous than females. The striking appearance of the male will no doubt be claimed as evidence of selection because of a possible benefit in enabling the female more readily to find him ; it may also be utilized in explaining the discrepancy in num- bers since it must be effectual in making him an object of more prominence and a more frequent prey than the other sex for enemies of the species. From this one might be led to inquire whether the species is not on the way to extinction, or whether the females eventually are somehow to continue its existence on their own responsibility. Plates LX. to XII. show admirably, so far as black and white may do it, various phases of the coloration in species of several genera. These plates are from the pencil of the artist Sonrel; they were originally intended by Professor L. Agassiz for his work on the North American Fishes, of which the present is to be regarded as a continuation. The differences between the young stages, in which the sexes are alike, and the adult, in which males differ from females, of Fundulus majalis, are indicated on Plate IX. Very young individuals are blotched with black along the side; adult males have vertical bands, while adult females are longitudinally banded, except at the base of the tail. On Plate X. variations within the species Zygonectes Nottii are shown to include all phases between such as exhibit a spot on each scale and those with longitudinal stripes or transverse bands or combinations of both bands and stripes. Plate XI. depicts, among the ordinary variations of form and coloration, a couple of the startling mixtures occasionally met with in Gam- busia Holbrookii, Fig. 4 and 5, in which the specimen takes on a dress entirely at variance with that common to the species. The presence of parasites in certain individuals thus peculiarly marked suggests a possible connection of such variation with disease. The Professor has figured both sexes of Mol- lienisia latipinna on Plate XII., and has indicated the progressive modifica- tion of the male. Ornate as shadow and light have made these figures, without considerable more assistance, the imagination will yet fail to sup- ply the tints, of blue, green, orange, silver and gold, necessary to represent the ornamentation of a living individual. : The most common form of body is slightly compressed; it varies to 8 THE CYPRINODONTS. depressed in Anableps, and to much compressed in Cyprinodon and others. In all species the caudal region is compressed. The head and cheeks are covered with scales. The gills, four in number commonly, are well pro- tected. Those forms subjected to the roughest treatment, from rocks or currents, as Anableps, have the walls of the gill-chamber of more than ordinary firmness. Pseudobranchiz occur in few cases. The scales are comparatively large and firm; on Rivulus they are thin, and on Orestias, with age they become thick and tubercular on some portions of the body and head. With the variety in habits there are great differences in structure. Such are particularly noticeable in the mouth. Generally the intermaxillary forms the upper border of the mouth and is dentigerous. Among those forms in which the mouth is most protractile the internarial processes of the inter- maxillaries are narrow and elongate; but in species like Cyprinodon these processes are short and broad. Belonesox and Haplochilus have the inter- maxillaries produced forward so that the snout is shovel-shaped. Ordinarily the upper jaw is narrow at the angle of the mouth; Nothobranchius has a mouth more like a perch. The mandibles of many are firmly joined at the symphysis; but in Poecilia and allies the connection is very loose. Excep- tional species of Haplochilus have vomerine teeth. On Plates I. to V., the teeth of many of the genera and species are shown. The variations range from the simple conical firmly set teeth of Haplochiline to the com- pressed tricuspids of Cyprinodon, or to the broad oar-shaped movable ones of Poeciliz. The number of series varies from one to many. Funduloids usually have on each jaw a series of larger teeth behind which there are several series of smaller ones in a viliform band. There are African species which have two series of larger ones to each jaw, and between them a band of smaller ones. The pharyngeal teeth vary nearly as much as those of the mouth. In some they are simple conical hooks; in others they have a shoul- der, more or less blade-like, below the hook; and in still others, some or many of the teeth lose the cusps and enlarge to become stout, broad- crowned molars. These teeth are rigidly set in most cases, but in Pce- cilia, as Duvernoy has pointed out, they are more less movable. In cer- tain aspects the affinities of the genera are rather more apparent in them than in the teeth of the jaws. To some extent the teeth are convenient for purposes of classification, THE CYPRINODONTS. 9 but reliance is not to be placed entirely on them. The same may be said of the anal fin, or other features, when taken alone. By means of the anal the family might readily be subdivided into three groups: a first, in which the anal is not modified on the male, a second, in which it forms a clasper with- out an urogenital tube, and a third, in which a tube passes to the extremity of the fin; but in the first we should have Haplochilinze with conical teeth and Cyprinodontinz with compressed tricuspidate, and in the second Gam- busiinee, with conical, and Peeciliinse with compressed teeth, while in the third would be placed the conical toothed Anablepinz with the compressed tricuspidate toothed Jenynsiin, both of which are still more widely separated by the eyes and the ventral fins. To depend on the teeth alone would bring together the Cyprinodontine, Jenynsiine, and some Peeciliinse, by the com- pressed and fixed dentition; by the conical shapes, Haplochiline, Gam- busiinzs, and Anablepinze would be included; and by the oar-shaped and movable, only a part of the Poeciliinz would be placed. The unnatural nature of such arrangements is sufficiently evident. Five or six branchiostegal rays are most common ; in a few types the number is smaller. With the variety in the food, the gill rakers vary in the different genera from short and tubercular to elongate. The greatest departure from the average vertebra is seen in Anableps where each side of each segment of the column over the body chamber has an elongate triangular process, grooved on the upper side, to the end of which the rib is attached. Great breadth of back with shortness and greater strength of rib is secured in this genus by means of these processes. At the base of the tail behind the terminal vertebra the processes forming the sup- port of the central portion of the caudal are broad and fan-like posteriorly throughout the family ; in some instances the hindmost pair anchylose, and form a single broad expanse, in which the original lines of separation are hardly visible. In number the vertebra vary considerably. Anableps has more than fifty; certain species of Cyprinodon have hardly half as many. A peculiar modification of several of the vertebre is to be noticed on males of some species, in which the anal fin is modified and carried forward; an inferior process from the centra of two or more of the vertebrae over the hinder portion of the body cavity is sent down to furnish support for the base of the transformed fin, Plate VIII. In Peecilia there are two of these stays; in Gambusia there are two in one species, and three, with more or 2 10 THE CYPRINODONTS. less modification, in others; and in Heterandria, Glaridodon, and Girardinus, there are three. In addition, on the stays, lateral processes are prominent in some; while in others the inferior stay alone is to be discovered. On Xiphophorus there are four or five of the stays. Another feature of the modification occurs in the males of some species, of Glaridodon for example, in which the basal spines, to which the anterior anal rays are articulated, are much broadened. ‘This is most pronounced in forms on which the clasper is longest, and it furnishes a broader base of attachment for the muscles con- trolling the movements of the organ. By recent discussion attention has been directed to a decrease in the number of vertebrae, of fishes in general, in and toward the torrid zone, and several theories have been propounded to account for the phenomenon. The species of this family, and others, have been somewhat carefully studied, — first, to determine the facts, and, second, to test the theories. It is found that those species making most use of the vertebra and the column have the greatest number of vertebrae whatever the temperature, as may be seen in the different genera together inhabiting Cuban waters, or those of Brazil, or in the different species of a single genus like Orestias in Lake Titicaca. It is true a decrease obtains, with few exceptions, in the direction of warmer waters, but warmth of water in such instances is attended by both increase in the amount of food and decrease in the need of it, thus lessening the comparative activity of the species. Some would ascribe the differences directly to natural selection. This hypothesis of course cannot be proved ; it begs the entire question. It is also found that with the decrease in the number of vertebra, there is in some cases a decrease in the number of fin rays and scales. The stomach is an enlargement of the intestine; it is not particularly distinct, and is without a pouch or caecal appendages. As with higher animals, the intestine is shorter in proportion to the greater amount of flesh in the food. Variation in regard to feeding habits in the species of a genus are readily indicated by comparisons of this organ. Fundulus in general has a comparatively short intestine; but in F. Kansae the tract is much elongated. Lebias has a medium length, while its nearest ally, Cyprinodon, has an intestine considerably longer. This organ in the mud- eating species is very long. A membranous air bladder is present in all the known species of this THE CYPRINODONTS. 11 family. In females it forms a single large chamber behind and above the ovaries and intestine; in males of those species in which the anal fin is much carried forward, the stays from the vertebra and the supports of the anal divide the air bladder into separate chambers. The ovaries vary somewhat according to the modes of reproduction ; the simpler forms are the oviparous. Anableps represents the most modified. The embryology of this genus as interpreted by Valenciennes and Wyman is liable to some corrections; these are noted below under the generic description. The development of another of the viviparous forms, Gam- busia, has been well worked out by Ryder. The breeding female of some Funduli is provided with a tube upon the anal fin, which, though less de- veloped, recalls that of the female Rhodeus of the Cyprinidae; it varies with the season. An urogenital tube on the anal fin is a marked feature of the male in Anablepinae and Jenynsiinae, Plates VII., VIII. The absence of this tube distinguishes other viviparous forms. In these latter the clasper varies much in length and structure ; it may be barbed, or furnished with hooks, or provided with fleshy pads, or may end in a simple point without either barbs, hooks, or flaps. The kidneys and testes resemble those of most fishes. Their secretions are not thrown together in a common receptacle, as was supposed to be the case by Valenciennes in Anableps. The structure of the separate recep- tacles is sketched on Plate VII., and described below. A minor sexual character is that of the small spines appearing on the fins of males in several genera in breeding time; and another is seen in the growths of the fins, anal and dorsal in particular, at the same time. As in the organs of nutrition, excretion, and generation, there are con- siderable differences in the sensory apparatus. The peculiar eye of Ana- bleps, half of which looks up and half down, has been well known since the time of Artedi. This genus has a tubular nostril; also possessed, less de- veloped, by one or more of the other genera. The affinities of the Cyprinodonts to Esocidswe, Cyprinide, and others, were pointed out by Professor Agassiz in his Poissons Fossiles. The family was differentiated quite early, as is shown by the Tertiary fossil types, Lebias and others; its derivation is to be traced through extinct forms. A search for direct connecting links with other recent families is not a promising field of inquiry. 12 THE CYPRINODONTS. HISTORY. It is only in tracing the origin of a couple of the generic names, Fun- dulus and Peecilia, that the history of the Cyprinodonts is carried back farther than the time of Artedi, 1738. Fundulus was originally applied to species of the Cyprinid, the habits of which kept them near the bottom and made the name more appropriate than it is in its present use among the “ Top minnows,” as placed by La Cépéede. The earliest mention is that of Albertus Magnus, 1478, lib. 7, tract. 1, cap. 8, who applies Fundula to a fish that is probably Cyprinus gobio of Linné, Gobio fluviatilis of Fleming. Figulus, 1540, and Gesner, 1556, connect the name Fundulus with species of Gobio or Cobitis (Misgurnus). Gesner, 1558, refers both forms, Fundula and Fundulus, to Cobitis barbatula. Schwenckfeld, 1603, gives Fundulus seu Fundula a similar connection, and in this is followed by Aldrovandi, 1613. Schonevelde, 1624, presents the Italian form, Fondola, under Cobitis fluviatilis, and the Latin, Fundulus, under Gobio fluviatilis. Charleton, 1677, has ‘‘Gobio fluviatilis, Fundulus (quia degit in fundo:) the Gudgeon, aut Pink.” Willughby, 1686, and Rzaczynski, 1721, speak of Fundulus as a name for Cobitis fluviatilis, or an allied fish. Artedi, 1738, places “ Fundulus seu Grundulus Figul. f 1b,” among the synonyms of Cobitis barbatula, Syn. Pisc., p. 2, and again has Fundulus among those of Gobio fluviatilis, p. 11, and in the Philosophia, p. 65, he notes it as an instance of diverse application of vulgar names. Klein, 1744, Miss, 1V., 60, under one of his species of Enchelyopus mentions the name as applied to Gobio fluviatilis. Wulff, 1765, and Miiller, 1774, bring the name within the Linnean period. In all these cases it has been used as a vernacular or common name. La Cépéde, 1803, first made it the name of a genus, transposing it from the Cyprinidz to the Cyprinodonts, from fishes of the bottom to those of the surface. Peecilia also has a pre-Linnean history. As Peecilias it served Schwenckfeldt, 1603, as a name for a fish, probably Cobitis fossilis (Mis- gurnus). Rzaczynsky, 1742, makes a similar use of it. Schonevelde, 1624, applies Poecilia to a form possibly the same. Artedi, 1738, Syn., p. 3, puts at the end of his synonymy for Cobitis cerulescens (Misgurnus fossilis LaC.) “ Pecilia Schonev., p. 56, forte?” Referring to Schonevelde, Klein, 1744, Hist. Pisce. Miss. IV., 59, remarks upon the name under a species of his Enchelyopus, possibly Cobitis fossilis of authors. The name is first used as that of a genus, by Bloch, Schneider, 1801, among the Cyprinodonts, and there is nothing on which to base a claim for priority in other or earlier usage. THE CYPRINODONTS. 13 The direct history of the Cyprinodonts begins with Anableps anableps of Artedi, 1738. In his Synonymia this author mentions the genus, with references to his Genera, and to Seba’s work, saying, “ Est piscis antea non descriptus ; cujus adcuratam delineationem in opere D. Sebae dedimus.”’ In the Genera he gives the generic characters “ Membrana Branchiostega Ossiculis sex. Pinna unica, exigua, in extremo dorso,” remarking for the species “ Novus piscis, quem in Sebae thesauro descripsi.’ His description, in the third volume of the Thesaurus, occupying four pages folio with figures noting the peculiarities of the eye and anal fin among other features, was not published till 1761, after Anableps had been mentioned by Linné in several editions of the “ Systema,” and described and figured by Gronow, 1754. Linné’s, 1766, Cobitis heteroclita, now Fundulus, was the second species of the family to be recorded. Another species, now of the same genus, was made known by Schoepff, 1788, and received a Latin name, Cobitis majalis, at the hand of Walbaum, 1792. Bloch, Schnei- der, 1801, added a new genus and the fourth species, Peecilia vivipara. La Cépede, 1803, established the genus Cyprinodon, with a new species, C. variegatus, also the genera Fundulus and Hydrargyra, the latter of which is now placed as a subgenus in the former. The next genus in sequence was Lebias of Cuvier, 1817, with the species L. calaritana. This was fol- lowed by Mollienisia of Lesueur, 1817, who also added a new species, Hydrargyra diaphana, Riippell, 1828, made known a new species, Lebias dispar, from the Red Sea. Valenciennes, 1828, also contributed a species, his Fundulus brasiliensis, to the number known previous to 1830 and accepted as valid at the present writing. Several of these had already repeatedly been described and named ; their history, and that of subsequent additions and changes of names, is sufficiently indicated in the synonymy given below with the various genera and species. Before establishment as distinct, the family history of the Cyprinodonts is merged with that of the Cyprinide, which may be traced to Rafinesque’s “ Ordine Cyprinidi,” of 1810. This group was made to contain a species of Mugil and three species of Cyprinus. In the Analyse, 1815, Rafinesque characterized his 16th family, “ Cyprinia. Les Cypriniens,” as follows: « Point d’appendices aux nageoires pectorales, téte troite, point de seconde nageoire dorsale adipeuse ; souvent des dents et opercules quelquefois écail- leux.” This family comprised genera now distributed among seven or eight families. In the second of its sub-families, the Gymnopomia, he placed 14 THE CYPRINODONTS. Cyprinodon and Hydrargyra of La Cépéde, but located Fundulus and Anableps in his 18th family, the Cylindrosomia. Cuvier, 1817,-reduced J the family, “Les Cyprins,” so that it comprised only true Cyprinide and Cyprinodonts. Of the latter he recognized four genera, Anableps, Peecilia, Lebias, and Cyprinodon. Fleming, 1822, used the name Cyprinidx, with the characters: ‘ Jaws and teeth feeble. The plates of the pharynx thickly set with teeth. Stomach destitute of a pouch, and the intestine without cxca.’ As subgenera his family contains Cyprinus, “ Gobitis,’ Anableps, “ Poceilia,” Lebias, and Cyprinodon. Latreille, 1825, names the family “‘Cyprinides,” and enlarges it by a genus not now admitted. Authors are somewhat divided among themselves on the question whether the distinct history of the family of Cyprinodonts should begin with Agassiz, 1834, or with Bonaparte, 1838. In this they seem to ignore entirely an earlier work, that of Wagner, 1828. The independent existence of the family commonly known as Cyprinodontide really began with his work in Isis, XXI., col. 1053, the article on the genus Lebias. His references and the amount of dependence on Valenciennes make it evident that the paper by the latter in Humboldt’s “ Observationes ” was published as early as 1828, if not earlier ; the completed volume bears the date 1832. Wagner’s words leave no doubt whatever of his intentions, though mistaking in a couple of details, as is shown by the following: “ Die Gattung Lebias bildet mit den Gattungen Poecilia, Fundulus, Cyprinodon, und Molienesia Lesueur, wenn sich letztere Gattung durch weitere Untersuchung bestiitigen sollte, eine sehr schine kleine Familie, welche ich die Familie der Cyprinoiden ge- nannt habe, wegen ihrer grossen Verwandtschaft mit den Cyprinus-Arten, wovon sie sich jedoch durch die Ziihne in dem Ober- und Unterkiefer, durch die Lage der Riicken- und Schwanzflosse und die Zahl der Strahlen der Kie- menhaut unterscheiden. LEinige dieser Familie gebiiren lebendige Junge, so wenigstens einige Poecilien. Schwimmblase ist bey einigen vorhanden, bey andern fehlt sie oder ist nicht untersucht. So fand sie Humboldt bey Peecilia bogotensis, wo sie doppelt ist, die erste Abtheilung ist eyformig, die zweyte 2-3 mal liinger als die erste. Nach Valenciennes Untersuchungen fehlt sie bey Peecilia unimaculata. Ich fand eine einfache, ansehnliche Schwimmblase, wie ich oben erwiihnte, bey Lebias lineato-punctata. Der Magen und Darm- canal der bisher untersuchten Gattungen scheint gleich gebildet und denen der Cyprinus-Arten analog zu seyn.’ The exceptions to be taken to the foregoing relate only to Peecilia bogotensis, which is one of the Characinide, THE CYPRINODONTS. 15 and to the air-bladder, which so far as now known is present in all members of the family. Wagner gives a diagnosis as follows: “ Familia, Cyprinoide. Corpus oblongum, subcompressum vel teretius- culum squamatum ; caput supra depressum, squamis tectum ; maxille ample; apertura oris parva, transversa; dentes in utroque labro et in pharynge. Membrana branchiostega radiis 4 ad 6. Pinna dorsalis unica, anali opposita vel subopposita. Pisces parvuli, fluviatiles, fcre omnes Americee indigeni. Genera quinque.”” The five genera are those above mentioned. After all synonyms are eliminated, Fundulus brasiliensis Val. is the only new species. The state- ments quoted are certainly enough for the establishment of the family. The next question concerns the adoption of the name he gaye it. The name Cyprinidz was fixed upon the carps by Fleming when the “ Top minnows ” were included, it is true; but it belongs to the carps also by virtue of Rafi- nesque’s use of Cyprinidi, in 1810, when these minnows were not included. The word Cyprinoide is incorrectly written ; etymologically corrected, it is identical with Cyprinidx. It seems to have been Wagner’s intention to coin a different word. This is shown both in the form he gives the name as he writes it and in the reason given for bestowing it, “wegen ihrer grossen Verwandtschaft mit den Cyprinus-Arten.”’ As he has failed to give a dis- tinct title, it is left for us to adopt the next subsequent applied to the family as such. Cuvier, 1829, employed the name Cyprinoides, as also Cyprins, for the Cyprinide inclusive of the Cyprinodonts ; in this he has not retained the advance made by Wagner. Bonaparte, 1831, accepted the family Cyprinidx from Fleming and Cuvier, and made three sections in it, — Anableptini, Peecilini, and Cyprinini. The sections are made in 1838 to rank as sub- families ; a new one, Leuciscini, is added to the Cyprinide, while the Peci- lini are removed to form, by name only, the family Peecilidse, modified to Peecilinide in 1839, to Peecilids again in 1840, including Anableptini and Peecilini only. Previous to Bonaparte’s use of his name for either family or sub-family, Kirby, in 1837, had used Poecilide for a family of insects. Poeci- lioidei of Fitzinger, 1832, was applied to Umbride only. Agassiz, 1854, four years previous to Bonaparte’s separation of the fam- ily Peecilide by name and six years before a diagnosis of the family was published by him, again separated and named the family of Cyprinodonts as distinct from the Cyprinide, remarking, “ Aprés l’exposition de ces carac- téres [of the Cyprinide properly so-called], on pressent déja que j’exclus 16 THE CYPRINODONTS. de cette famille tous les genres qui, dans le régne animal de Cuvier, suivent les Loches proprement dites, savoir les Anableps, les Pecilia, les Lebias, les Fundulus, les Molinesia et les Cyprinodon, pour en faire une petite famille 4 part, sous le nom de Cyprinodontes.”” To this family he refers again in 1839, in 1844, and in 1854. It was adopted by Miiller, 1845 and 1846, Miiller and Troschel, 1848, Gill, 1856, Poey, 1858, Kner and Steindachner, 1865, Fitz- inger, 1873, and others, under the name first given, and under the form Cyprinodontidx, its adoption has been pretty near general. Valenciennes, 1846, retained Cuvier’s name Cyprinoides, without separating the families and was imitated by Poey, 1855, with the orthography Cyprinoidei and Cyprinoidea. Owen, 1846, renders the name Cyprinodontidx#, mentioning “Umber” as the type, and this form of the title has been somewhat gen- erally accepted, but with the exclusion of the Umbride. Swainson, 1839, divided the Cyprinidz and put his Cyprine in the Salmonide as a sub- family, while he raised the remainder to family rank as the Cobitide with three sub-families, Cobitinee, Anablepidx, and Peeciline. McClelland, 1839, has in his family Cyprinidze, what he calls ‘‘a small group” containing P- cilia, Lebias, Aplocheilus, Fundulus, Molinesia, and Cyprinodon. Macleay, 1842, placed the Poecilianz, Cobitine, and Platycarine in his Apalopterine, a division of the Cyprinids. Bleeker, 1859, divides his Cyprinodontoidei into Cyprinodontini, Aplocheilini, Orestiasini, and Anablepini. In 1863, the family became Cyprinodontoides, the sub-families Cyprinodontiformes, with stirps Tellianini, Cyprinodontini, and Belonesocini, and Aplocheiliformes, with stirps Orestiasiformes and Anablepiformes. Gill, 1856, adopted the Cyprino- dontes ; in 1861, his family became the Cyprinodontoidx, with sub-families Cyprinodontine and Hydrargyrine ; in 1865 he took up Peeciliidx, as from Bonaparte ; in 1872 he grouped together the Esocide, Umbride, and Cypri- nodontidze under the name Cyprinodontoidea; and in 1894, ignoring the fact that it was preoccupied in insects, he again prefers Peeciliide. This last, or his Cyprinodontide of 1872, is the equivalent of the Cyprinodontidse of Giinther and later authors. Giinther, 1866, subdivides the Cyprinodon- tide into Cyprinodontide carnivore, containing the Cyprinodontina, the Fun- dulina, Jenynsiina, and the Anablepina, and the Cyprinodontide limnophage, including such genera as are here placed in the Peeciliine. In the present writing the characters and contents of the family and of the genera vary somewhat from those of other authors, as is indicated in the synopsis below. Though the structure of the eye, of the anal fin and of THE CYPRINODONTS. 17 the ventrals, together with the great differences in skeletal and embryonic features, might demand rank as a family, the Anablepine are included. CYPRINODONTES. Cyprinoide Wagner, 1828, Isis, XXI, col. 1054. Cyprinodontes Agassiz, 1834, Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Neuch., I, 35, — 1839, Poiss. Foss., V, pt. 2, p. 47, — 1844, l. ¢., I, pp. xlvii, 170, — 1854, Am. Jour., XVIT, 353; Miull., 1843, Wiegm. Arch., IX, (1) 820,— 1846, Abh. Ak. Wiss. Berl., 183; Mull. & Tr., 1848, Schomb. Fauna, 632; Gill, 1856, Smith. Rep., 264; Poey, 1858, Mem., II, 3888; Kn. & St., 1865, Abh. Wien Ak., I, ext. p. 24; Kner, 1867, Novara Fische, 344; Fitz., 1873, Sb. Wien Ak., LX VII, (1) 34. Peecilini and Anableptini (Sections) Bonap., 1831, Saggio, 94, 113,-- 1838, Nouv. Ann, Sci. Nat., Bo- logna, II, 132 (sub fam.), — 1840, Syst. Vert., 53, — Nouv. Aun. Bolog., LV, 195. Peeciliini and Anableptini Bon., 1850, Consp. Syst. Ichth. Peciliane McClell., 1839, J. As. Res., XIX, (2) 424. Peeilinini Bon., 1839, Sel. Tab. Anal., 14. Peciling and Anableps Swains., 1838, Classif., I, 365,— 1839, l. c., IT, 190, 311. Pecilide Bon., 1838, Nouv. Ann. Bologna, II, 132, —1840, 1. c., IV, 194, — Syst. Vert., 52, — 1841, Tr. Linn. Soc., XVIII, 299, —1845, Spece. gen., 8 (as Peecilide the name was first applied to a family of Coleoptera by Kirby, in 1837). Pecilinide Bon., 1839, Sel. Tabl., 14. Peciliane Macleay, 1842, Ann. N. H., 204. Peciliide Bon., 1846, Cat. Meth. Pesci, 25, — 1850, Consp. Ichth.; Gill, 1865, Can. Nat., — 1894, Mem., Am. Nat. Ac., VI, 133, — P. U. S. Mus., XVII, 115. Pecilidi Bonap., 1841, Fauna Ital., Pesci; Doderl., 1879, Atti Ac. Sci. Pal., (2) VI, 56. Cyprinodontide Owen, 1846, Lect. Comp. Anat., 48 (type named belongs to Umbride) ; Grd., 1859, Mex. Bd., II, Fishes, 66, —P. R. R. Rep., X, 302; Rich., 1856, Encycl. Brit., XII. — 1860, Mus. Nat. Hist., Fish, 153; Gth., 1866, Cat., VI, 299, — 1880, Intr.,613 ; Stor., 1867, Mass. Fish, 127; Gill, 1872, Arr. Fam., 15 ; Day, 1878, Fish. Ind., 521; Steind., 1880, Denk. Ak. Wien, XLII, 85; Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U. S. Mus., 326; Seeley, 1886, Fish. Eur., 22, 369. Cyprinodontidi Poey, 1868, Repert., IT, 209, 410, — 1876, An. Soc. Esp., V, 140. Cyprinodontoidei Blk., 1859, Enum., 155,— 1860, Zesde Bijd., 59, 99,—Cypr., 479, — 1862, Mém. Poiss. Guin., 116, —1875, Poiss. Madag., 101, 1879, Enum., 24. Cyprinodontini Blk., 1860, Cypr., 481, — 1863, Atl., III, 129. Cyprinodontoide Gill, 1861, Cat., 51. Cyprinodontine Gill, 1861, Cat., 51. Cyprinodontoides Blk., 1863, Atl., III, 189. Cyprinodontiformes Blk., 1863, 1. ¢. Cyprinodontide carnivore Gth., 1866, Cat., 301, — 1880, Intr., 614. Cyprinodontide limnophage Gth., 1666, Cat., VI, 339, — 1880, Intr., 617. In the following references, besides Cyprinodonts other fishes were included. Cyprinia Raf., 1815, Analyse, 88. Cyprins Cuv., 1817, R. An., I, pp. viii, 190. Cyprinide Flem., 1822, Phil. Zool., I, 386; Bonap., 1831, Saggio, 113, —1839, Selach. Tab. Anal., 14; McClell., 1839, Cypr., 424; Macleay, 1842, Ann. Mag., IX, 208. Cyprinides Latr., 1825, Fam. R. An., 122. Cyprinotdes Cuy., 1829, R. An., LU, pp. xii, 269; Val., 1846, C.V. Poiss., XVIII. Cobitide Swains., 1839, Classif., II, 309. Cyprinoidet Poey, 1855, Mem., I, 390. Cyprinodontoidea Gill, 1872, Arr. Fam., 15. Commonly among the fishes of this group the head is somewhat broad and flat on the crown, the body is compressed and moderately arched on the 3 18 THE CYPRINODONTS. back, and the body cavity is rather short and deep. The head and body are covered with scales. The mouth is anterior, its upper margin is formed by the intermaxillaries, and its cleft varies from vertical to horizontal in the dif- ferent genera. The eyes are lateral. Teeth are borne on mandibles and intermaxillaries, in one to many series, and in cardiform groups on the upper and lower pharyngeals. A single dorsal, on the hinder portion of the body. Air bladder simple in the females, membranous, without ossicula. Alimen- tary tract short to long. No blind sac on the stomach. No pyloric append- ages. No adipose fin. No barbels. But few species possess pseudobranchice or vomerine teeth. The descriptions of a number of species lack the details of most impor- tance in comparisons ; in consequence it is not possible to satisfactorily place such forms in synopses. Teeth compressed ; anal not modified on the male ; Pace jaws firmly joined; teeth fixed ; CypRINODONTINE 19 cusps three ; series of teeth on each jaw one; body deep; intestine long Cyprinodon 19 body elongate; intestine medium Lebias 29 ventrals absent ; Tellia 35 cusps two; body elongate ; series of teeth several Characodon 35 intestine short; D. and A. long Girardinichthys 38 series of teeth two Neolebias 39 anal modified, without a tube; teeth chisel or oar-shaped, hooked Pa@c1niinz 40 anal process long ; teeth chisel shaped, broad ; jaws firmly joined, teeth fixed Glaridodon 40 jaws loosely joined teeth movable Girardinus 45 anal process short jaws loosely joined; teeth movable series of teeth on each jaw one Platypecilus 48 series of teeth several D. long; body short Mollienisia 49 D. short; body short Pecilia 52 caudal of male sword-shaped Xiphophorus 67 anal modified, with a tube ; pupil entire ; pelvis entire JENYNSIINE 69 males rights and lefts Jenynsia 69 Teeth conical, in bands ; anal modified, with a tube ; pupil divided ; pelvis divided ANABLEPINE 70 males and females rights and lefts Anableps 70 THE CYPRINODONTS. Teeth conical, in bands ; anal modified, without a tube ; pupil entire ; pelvis entire intermaxillaries produced intermaxillaries not produced ; A. smaller than D. and farther back A. and D. small; D. backward of A. ; mouth wide; chin low mouth narrow ; chin steep Teeth conical; pupil entire; pelvis entire; anal not modified ventrals absent ; pharyngeal teeth slender pharyngeal teeth thick, molars ventrals present ; jaws with teeth in a single series jaws with teeth in bands ; pseudobranchiz absent ; intermaxillaries produced intermaxillaries not produced ; D. and A. nearly equal ; origin of D. forward of A. first spine of D. strong caudal forked origin of D. backward of A. DP. smaller than A. and farther back body and head compressed body sharp-edged behind vent pseudobranchiz present ; mouth resembling that of Fundulus mouth resembling that of perch CYPRINODONTIN. CYPRINODON. Plate I. Fig. 1-4, teeth. GAMBUSIINE Belonesox Pseudoxiphophorus Gambusia Heterandria FAPLOCHILINE Orestias Empetrichthys Lucania Haplochilus Fundulus Adinia Fundulichthys Zygonectes Rivulus Cynolebias Pterolebias Haplochilichthys Nothobranchius 145 116 95 124 Cyprinodon La C.; 1803, Poiss., V, pp. xxxi, 486; Raf., 1815, Anal., 88; Cuv., 1817, R. An., II, 199, — 1829, R. An., IT, 281, — 1836, R. An., I, 533; Flem., 1822, Phil. Zool., Il, 386; Val., 1828, Humb. Obs., II, 164, — 1846, C. V. Poiss., XVIII, 145; Wagner, 1828, Tsis, XXI, col. 1056; Schinz, 1836, Abb. Fische, 217; Guer., 1838, Icon., Poiss., 29; Stor., 1846, Syn., 183, — Mem. Am. Ac., 435; Dum., 1856, Ichth., 410; Blkr., 1860, Cypr., 481, —1863, Atl. Cypr., IIT, 189; Gill, 1861, Cat., 51; Gthr., 1866, Cat., 301, — 1880, Intr., 614; Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U.S. Mus., 328. Lebia Les., 1821, J. Phil. Ac., 11; Swains., 1888, Classif., I, 366, — 1859, II, 190, 311. Lebias Schinz, 1836, Abb., 216; Guer., 1838, Icon. Poiss., 28; DeK., 1842, N. Y. Fish, 215; Stor., 1846, Syn., 179, — Mem. Am. Ac., II, 431. Pecilia (part) Goldf., 1820, Handb., 11, 17; McClell., 1839, As. Res., XIX (2), 424. Trifarcius Poey, 1861, Mem., I, 305, 383 — 1868, Rep., II, 209, 411, — Mem., IT, 305, 383. Jordanella Goode, 1880, P. U. S. Mus., II, 117; Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U. 8. Mus., 327. 20 THE CYPRINODONTS. Form robust, short and deep; body and head compressed ; back arched ; crown flattened; snout short, blunt ; caudal pedicel deep. Mouth of moder- ate size, obliquely directed upward ; lower jaws longer, firmly united ; upper short, protractile. Teeth in a single series in each jaw, compressed and broadened toward the crowns, tricuspid. Gill membranes united, free from the isthmus. Branchiostegal rays six to five. Origin of the dorsal fin in the anterior half of the length, forward of that of the anal. First ray of dorsal large and strong. Anal unmodified in the male. Ventrals small. Caudal large, deep. Intestine long, much convolute. Species small, hardly as much as two inches in length. United States to Brazil; Cuba. Cyprinodon variegatus. Plate I. Fig. 1 & 2, teeth. Cyprinodon variegatus LaC., 1803, Poiss., V, 486, pl. 15, f. 3; Flem., 1822, Phil. Zool., II, 386; Cuy., 1829, R. An., II, 281,—1836, R. An., I, 533; Val., 1828, Humb. Obs., I, 165, —1846, C. V. Poiss., XVIII, 173; Wagn., 1828, Isis, XXI, 1057; Stor., 1846, Syn., 183, —Mem. Am. Ac., 435, — 1867, Fish. Mass., 279; Blk., 1860, Cypr., 484, — 1863, Atl, III, 139; Gill, 1861, N. A. Fish, 51, — 1873, N. A. Fish, 31; Gth., 1866, Cat., VI, 305; Bd., 1873, R. U.S. F. Com., I, 826; Jor. & C., 1877, B. Buf. Soc., III, 141; Yarr., 1877, P. Phil. Ac., 214; Jor., 1878, B.U. S., G. Sur., IV, 411, 432, — 1885, _P. U.S. Mus., VII, 322, —1887, P. U. S. Mus., 1X, 26,—R. U. S. BF. Com., 835; Jor. & G., 1879, P. U.S. Mus., I, 384,—1882, B. 16 U. S. Mus., 329, —1883, P. U.S. Mus., V, 250, — 1887, P. U.S. Mus., IX, 26; Goode, 1880, P. U. S. Mus., II, 117; G & B., 1880, P. U. 8. Mus., I, 151, — 1883, P. U.S. Mus., V, 239; Bean, 1881, P. U.S. Mus., IIT, 104, —1889, B. U.S. F. Com., 132, 148, —1892, P. U.S. Mus., XIV, 92; Jor. & E.,1888, P. U. S. Mus., X, 269; Hensh., 1891, B. U.S. F. Com., IX, 374; Smith, 1892, B. U. S. F. Com., X, 64, pl. 18, f. 1, 2 Le Cyprinodon varié Cuv., 1817, R. An., I, 199. Esox ovinus Mitch., 1815, Tr. L. & P. Soc. N. Y., I, 441, pl. 4, f. 7. Pacilia (Cyprinodon) variegatus Goldf., 1820, Handb., II, 17. Lebias rhomboidalis Val., 1828, Humb. Obs., II, 160, pl. 51, f. 3 & 7; Wagn., 1828, Isis., XXI, 1055; Guer., 1838, Icon., Poiss., 28. Cyprinodon ovinus Val., 1828, Humb. Obs., II, 164; Wagn., 1828, Isis, XXI, 1056; Rich., 1837, Sixth R. Br. Assoe., 213; Bd. 1855, Ninth R. 8. Inst., Extr. p. 31. Lebias ovinus DeK., 1840, N. Y. G. Sur., 29, — 1842, Fish N. Y., 215, pl. 27, f. 84. Lebia ellipsoidea Les., 1821, J. Phil. Ac., II, p. 5, pl. 2, f. 1-38; Rich., 1837, Sixth R. Br. Assoc., 213. Lebias ellipsoides DeK., 1842, Fish N. Y., 216; Ayres, 1843, J. B. N. H. Soc., IV, 265 ; Stor., 1846, Syn., 179, — Mem. Am. Ac., IT, 431. Var. gibbosus. Cyprinodon gibbosus B. & G., 1854, P. Phil. Ac., VI, 1853, p. 390; Grd., 1859, Mex. Bd. Sur., Fish, 67, pl. 38, f. 1-7; Blk., 1860, Cypr., 484; Jor & C., 1877, B. Buf. Soc., III, 141; Jor., 1878, B. U.S. G. Sur., IV, 432; Jor. & G., B. 16 U.S. Mus., 329; G. & B., 1883, P. U. S. Mus., V, 239 Cyprinodon Riverendi Jor., 1885, P. U. 8. Mus., VII, 109, 147. Cyprinodon variegatus gibbosus Jor., 1887, R. U. 8. F. Com., 835. Cyprinodon variegatus Everm., 1893, B. U. S. F. Com., 1891, p. 84; Everm. & K., 1894, B. U.S. F. Com., 1892, pp. 66, 75, 79, 83, 87, 89, 92, 106, pl. 22, f. 2, 3. Var. Riverendi. Trifarcius Riverendi Poey, 1861, Mem., II, 306, 383, —1868, Repert., II, 411, — 1876, An. Soe. Esp., V, 140. Trifarcius Felicianus Poey, 1868, Repert., Il, 412, — 1876, An. Soc. Esp., V, 140. THE CYPRINODONTS. 21 Cyprinodon riverendi Jor., 1887, R. U. 8. F. Com., 835. Cyprinodon variegatus riverendi Jor., 1887, P. U. S. Mus., TX, 564. Cyprinodon felicianus Jor., 1887, P. U. S. Mus., 1X, 564. Var. bovinus. Cyprinodon bovinus B. & G., 1854, P. Phil. Ac., 1853, p. 389; Grd., 1859, Mex. Bd. Fish, 67, pl. 37, f. 12-18; Blk., 1860, Cypr., 484; Gth., 1866, Cat., VI, 307; Jor. & C., 1877, B. Buf. Soc., III, 141; Jor., 1878, B. U. S. G. Sur., IV, 432, — 1887, R. U.S. F. Com., 835; Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U.S. Mus., 890; G. & B., 1883, P. U. S. Mus., V, 239. B. 6 (frequently 5); D. 11-12 (10-13); A.11-10 (10-12); V. 7; P.16- 15; Li. 27-29; Ltr. 12; Vert. 12+12 to 13. Body and head compressed, deep. Depth of large specimens one half to two fifths of the length to the base of the caudal; back strongly arched from snout to end of caudal, highest in front of dorsal. Head short, as deep as long, two thirds as wide as long, one third of the length to the caudal base; crown flattened. Snout short, blunt, as long as eye, nearly one fourth of head. Mouth medium, oblique, slightly directed upward; lower jaws longer, firmly united; upper short, protractile ; chin steep. Eye large, as long as snout, three tenths to one fourth of head, two thirds of forehead. Teeth in a single row on each jaw, chisel-shaped, tricuspid. In young stages the cusps are sharp; with age they are ground down or truncated. Dorsal large, originating nearly midway from snout to base of caudal, anterior ray strong. Anal much smaller than the dorsal and originating below its hinder half, base and tip reaching a little farther backward than on that fin. Ven- trals small, hardly reaching the anal. Pectorals larger, reaching behind a vertical from the bases of the ventrals or from the origin of the dorsal. Caudal deep as long, shorter than the head, truncate. Scales large, wide, short ; humeral scale larger. Some individuals have five branchiostegal rays on one side; rarely five are found on each side. Pharyngeal teeth com- pressed, with a blade-like shoulder, above which there is usually a hook. Intestine three to three and a half times as long as the fish. The young are more elongate and less compressed than the old. Grayish or silvery in ground color, with transverse blotches of brown- ish on the back and others more or less confluent with them and one another on the flanks. Vertical bars of brown on the flanks more or less y-shaped, wedge-shaped, broken or irregular; varying from narrow and numerous to wide and few. Commonly there are six to eight of the verti- cal bars, about as wide as the interspaces and alternating with the dorsal blotches. A vertical bar of darker color crosses the bases of the caudal rays, and frequently the caudal is tipped with dark. A large white edged black 22 THE CYPRINODONTS. spot on the posterior rays of the dorsal, sometimes absent. Rarely a similar spot occurs on the anal. Numerous specimens have dorsal and anal, and more rarely ventrals and pectorals, with dark tips. Top of head dark, clouded. Belly and lower half of head silvery. Aged specimens show a tendency to become uniform olivaceous. | New England to Florida. Var. gibbosus has the same markings, with less of the olive, perhaps, but is more brilliant in general coloration, and has a scale or two less in the lateral line. Florida to Texas. Var. Riverendi is much the same in squamation, but has fewer and broader bars and interspaces, and becomes uniform olivaceous with age. Cuba. Var. dovinus differs from gibbosus mainly in coloration. It has a narrow silvery band nearly level with the upper edge of the eye to a point a little above the middle of the base of the caudal, separating the dorsal blotches from those of the middle of the flank. The blotches on the side are some- what confluent in a longitudinal band, with irregular lower margin and more or less broken. The vertical bar on the bases of the caudal rays is distinct, and on many specimens the caudal is tipped with black. Leon’s and Comanche Springs, Texas. Cyprinodon latifasciatus. Cyprinodon latifasciatus Garman, 1881, B. Mus. Comp. Zool., VII, 92; Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U.S. Mus., 329; Jor., 1887, R. U.S. F. Com. 835; Everm. & K., 1894, B. U.S. F. Com., 1892, pp. 78, 83, 87, 89, 90, 92, 106. B.5; D. 12-11; A. 12-10; V. 6-5; P. 15; Ll. 27-30; Ltr. 11; Vert. 13+14. The shape of this species is similar to that of C. variegatus ; but marked differences appear in the coloration, the number of branchiostegal rays, and in the number of rays in the ventral fins. In a specimen of two and one eighth inches the depth of the body is contained in the length to the base of the caudal two and one-third times, while the head is about two thirds of the depth. Snout broad, short, blunt; chin steep. Mouth medium, oblique, directed upward ; lower jaws longer, upper short, protractile. Teeth in a single series, tricuspid. Eye little less than snout, nearly one fourth of head, or half of forehead. Branchiostegal rays five. Dorsal origin nearly midway from snout to base of caudal, fin rounded on outer margin. Anal large, smaller than dorsal, rounded on outer border; base and tip extending THE CYPRINODONTS. 23 little farther back than in dorsal; origin below hinder half of dorsal base. Ventrals small, more often with six rays, sometimes with five. Pectorals moderate, reaching behind a line uniting bases of ventrals and origin of dorsal. Scales large, harsh with striz. On some individuals the edges of the scales about the head are beset with short spines. Similar spines are seen along the anterior rays of the anal fin. Caudal deeper than long, two thirds as long as head, truncate. Intestine long, more than twice the total length of the specimen. Viewed from above the appearance is black. On the flank there is a brown band from the eye to the middle of the base of the tail; above this there is a narrower more or less indistinct band of silvery ; below it there is a wider band of yellowish, and below the latter from the pectorals to the lower edge of the caudal there is a fainter band of brownish. Cheeks brown. Lower surfaces silvery to yellowish. Dorsal brown; pectorals, anal, and ven- - trals brownish. On lighter colored fins there is a narrow margin of black, in cases preceded by yellowish. Across the bases of the caudal rays there is a narrow vertical bar of brown. Between this bar and a broad margin of black the fin is yellowish to brownish yellow, more intense at the edge of the black border. The black tip of the fin is much broader than in the other species, varying from one third to one half of the free portion. The variations in shape from small to large individuals are the same as in C. variegatus. In colors the variation is greater, being much lighter and more silvery in the young; the pattern in the numerous specimens examined varies but little, which may be accounted for by the fact that all were secured at one locality. Parras, Mexico. Cyprinodon elegans. Cyprinodon elegans B. & G., 1854, P. Phil. Ac., 18538, p. 889; Grd., 1859, Mex. Bd. Sur., Fish, 66, pl. 37, fig. 1-7; Blk., 1860, Cypr., 484; Trosch., 1865, Verz. Wirb. Mex., 104; Jor. & C., 1877, B. Buf. Soc., III, 141; Jor., 1878, B. U. S. G. Sur., IV, 432, —1887, R. U. S. F. Com., 835; Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U.S. Mus., 329; G. & B., 1883, P. U. S. Mus., V, 239; Everm. & K., 1894, B. U. S. F. Com., 1892, pp- 66, 75, 83, 87, 92, 106; Woolm., 1894, B. U. S. F. Com., 59. Cyprinodon eximius Grd., 1859, P. Phil. Ac., 158; Blk., 1860, Cypr. 484; Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U.S. Mas., 890; Jor., 1887, R. U. S. F. Com., 835; Woolm., 1894, B. U. S. F. Com., 59. B.6; D. 12-11; A. 11-10; V. 6-7; P. 15-16; Ll. 27-30; Ltr. 12. Outlines similar to those of C. gibbosus, possibly a trifle more elongate. Body compressed, depth two fifths and head one third of the length from snout to caudal base. Crown arched. Snout short, blunt, longer than eye ; chin steep. Eye shorter than snout, two sevenths of head, three fourths of 24 THE CYPRINODONTS. forehead. Mouth medium, oblique, opening upward. Teeth in a single series, tricuspid. Branchiostegal rays six. Origin of dorsal midway from front edge of orbit to base of caudal. Base of anal below hinder half of that of dorsal, and extending a little farther backward. Anal fin rounded, hardly half as large as dorsal, but extending farther back. Ventrals small, with six or seven rays, or absent. Some have six rays on one side, seven on the other, and in one case there is no trace of the fin. Pectorals broad, rounded, hardly reaching a line from first ray of dorsal to base of ventral. Caudal large, longer than deep at the base, about two thirds as long as head, slightly concave on the hind margin. Back greyish brown to brownish; sides lighter, to silvery on the entire ventral surface. Sides with or without a median series of small blotches separated from the brown of the back and from one another by silvery. In cases each scale has a spot of brown, those on the lateral line being larger and darker. Some have silvery cheeks, others are puncticulate with brown on the sides of the head. The longitudinal bar of silvery above the lateral line when present becomes indistinct in its forward half. Pectorals dusky ; other fins freckled with brownish toward their bases. A darker spot on the basal portions of the hindmost rays of the dorsal; a darker bar across the bases of the rays of the caudal; caudal in the majority of cases tipped with a narrow border of black. The specimens described are from the Rio Grande del Norte, the locality furnishing the original description of Baird and Girard, and from the Chihuahua, whence Girard’s specimens of C. eximius were brought. The Chihuahua representatives are lighter in colors, but otherwise furnish no reasons for separation from those of the Rio Grande. Cyprinodon macularius. Cyprinodon macularius B. & G., 1854, P. Phil. Ac., VI, 389; Grd., 1859, Mex. Bd. Fish, 68, pl. 37, f. 8-11; Blk., 1860, Cypr., 484; Trosch., 1865, Verz. Wirb. Mex., 104; Jor. & C., 1877, B. Buf. Soc., III, 141; Jor., 1878, B. U. S. G. Sur., IV, 432, — 1887, R. U. S. F. Com., 885; Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U.S. Mus., 330; Hig., 1892, P. U. S. Mus., XV, 142; Gilb., 1893, N. Am. Fauna, No. 7, p. 282. Cyprinodon californiensis Grd., 1859, P. Phil. Ac., 157; Blk., 1860, Cypr., 484; Jor. & C., 1887, B. Buf. Soc., III, 141; Jor., 1878, B. U. S. G. Sur., [V, 432, — 1887, R. U.S. F. Com., 835; Jor. & G., 1881, P. U. S. Mus., III, 457, 1882, P. U. S. Mus., IV, 42, — B. 16 U. S. Mus., 330; Jor. & J., 1882, P. U.S. Mus., IV, 18; Hig., 1888, W. Am. Sci., V, No. 1, p. 3. Cyprinodon nevadensis Hig., 1889, P. Cal. Ac., (2) I, 270. B.6; D. 11-10; A. 11; V. 7 (rarely 6, or absent); P. 15; Ll. 27-29; Ltr. 11-10; Vert. 12+14. In the young stages this species resembles C. elegans ; large specimens, THE CYPRINODONTS. 25 however, do not retain the elongate form of that species, but become much deeper and more like C. variegatus, and they lose their markings in a nearly uniform light olivaceous. On a two inch specimen the depth is one third and the head one fourth of the total length. Body compressed ; caudal pedicel deep. Head short, thick, nearly as wide as deep from the occiput; crown arched, rather pointed. Snout short, blunt, as long as the eye; chin steep. Mouth medium, oblique, opening upward ; lower jaws longer ; upper short, protractile. Eye large, three tenths of head, two thirds of forehead. Origin of dorsal about midway from snout to base of caudal. Anal origin under hind half of base of dorsal. Ventrals small, most often with seven rays, occasionally with six on one side or the other, sometimes six on each side ; one or both of the fins are occasionally lacking. Caudal short, deep, truncate to slightly convex. : The smaller individuals are brownish on the back, more or less clouded and mottled, and have a series of irregular brown blotches along the lateral line, sometimes divided into two series by a longitudinal band of silver color on the lower half of the flank. In cases the blotches on the flank are con- fluent into a brown band. Fins clouded or puncticulate with brownish ; hind rays of dorsal with a darker spot, not always present; caudal, and - frequently the dorsal and anal, tipped with black. With age the markings on the scales are lost and the coloration becomes nearly or quite uniform olivaceous, light to dark, with or without lighter centres to the scales, while the entire body takes on a metallic tint that varies in individuals from silvery to golden. Ventral surfaces lighter, bright to dingy. Colorado River basin to the Pacific Coast. Cyprinodon Baileyi. Cyprinodon macularius baileyi Gilb., 1893, N. Am. Fauna, No. 7, 233. “ Hleven immature specimens from Pahranagat Valley, Nevada, show no trace of ventral fins. They are olivaceous above, bright silvery on the lower half of sides and below, and have two lengthwise series of coarse black spots, one along middle line of body, the other on a level with the lower edge of caudal peduncle. The anal fin is larger than in typical macularius, the eleven specimens having each 13 rays instead of 10 or 11, as constantly in the lat- ter. The material is insufficient to fully decide the status of this form. Except in the characters noted it agrees in proportions and formule with macularius.” 26 THE CYPRINODONTS. Cyprinodon carpio. Plate I. Fig. 3, teeth. Cyprinodon carpio Gth., 1866, Cat., VI, 306; Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U. 8. Mus., 330; Jor., 1887, R. U. S. F. Com., 835; Hensh., 1891, B. U.S. F. Com., IX, 374. Cyprinodon mydrus G. & B., 1883, P. U. 8. Mus., V, 433; Jor. 1885, P. U. 8. Mus., VI, 110, — 1887, R. U. 8. F. Com., 835. B.6; D. 12(11-13); A.10 (10-9); V.7; P. 16-17; Ll. 25-26; Ltr. 10; Vert. 10+13. This species does not appear to reach as great a depth in comparison with the length as C. variegatus ; its head is more angular at the sides and more regularly arched from snout to dorsal, and its scales are larger and thicker. On an individual of two and five eighths inches the depth is little more than a third of the total, and the length of the head is little more than a third of the length to the base of the caudal. The arch from the mouth to the origin of the dorsal is quite regular. Snout short, blunt ; chin not so steep as in C. variegatus. Mouth medium, below the level of the lower edge of the orbit, slightly directed upward. Teeth in a single series, tricuspid. Lower jaws longer, firmly united; upper shorter, protractile. Eye large, two sevenths of head, ‘three-fourths of forehead, nearly as long as snout. Orbits prominent at the sides of the crown, which is a trifle concave transversely. Dorsal origin about midway from snout to base of caudal. Anal origin below hindmost rays of dorsal; base short, rays elongate; fin narrow and extending farther back than the dorsal about half the length of the posterior ray, or to the short rays of the caudal. Pectoral reaching behind bases of ventrals. Length or depth of caudal, or depth of pedicel, about two thirds of the length of the head. Olivaceous, light on the flanks, lighter below, with or without longitudinal streaks of lighter across the middle of the scales. Smaller specimens have a spot on each scale of several rows on the back, forming vitte. Cheeks silvery. Specimens of an inch and three quarters are grayish on the back with groups of small spots marking the positions of five or six transverse blotches on the way to disappearance. The sides and below are silvery. The flanks are crossed by six or eight faint bands of darker, one of them crossing the bases of the caudal rays. Dorsal and caudal puncticulate with brown. Longitudinal streaks of light color on the sides. Others of this THE CYPRINODONTS. PN length are more nearly uniform in color. An individual of about one inch has the dorsal blotches more distinct and separated from the lateral by a light stripe, below which there is a series of eight triangular or v-shaped blotches, some of which coalesce. Below the eye downward and forward a brown spot extends to the chin. On the cheeks, snout, and top of head there are dots or mottlings of darker. Florida to Texas. Cyprinodon Floridae. Plate I. Fig. 4, teeth. Jordanella Floride Goode, 1880, P. U. S. Mus., II, 117; Jor. 1881, P. U. S. Mus., III, 20, —1885, P. U. S. Mus., VII, 322; Jor. & G., 1882, B.16 U.S. Mus., 328; Hensh., 1891, B. U.S. F. Com., IX, 374; Woolm., 1892, B. U. S. F. Com., X, 294, 296, 298, 300, pl. 52, fig. 4. B.5; D. 17 (16-18); A. 12 (11-18); V.6; P. 14; Ll. 25-27; Ltr. 11- 10; Vert. 138+14. Body and head compressed ; crown flattened ; caudal pedicel deep, taper- ing more, in a lateral view, than on other species; back arched, descending gradually toward the caudal from the origin of the dorsal. Depth one third of total length; head one third of distance from snout to base of caudal. Snout short, blunt; chin steep. Mouth medium, oblique, opening upward ; lower jaws longer, firmly united; upper shorter, protractile. Teeth in a single series on each jaw, tricuspid. Eye large, one third longer than snout, one third of head, nearly as wide as forehead. Dorsal elongate, originating about midway from the middle of the eye to the base of the caudal; base little shorter than head, extending little backward of that of anal ; first ray strong, spine-like, following rays weak and slender. Anal small, originating in front of a vertical from the middle of the dorsal base. Ventrals small, not reaching anal. Pectorals reaching bases of ventrals. Caudal large, convex on hind margin. Scales large, humeral scales larger. Intestine nearly thrice the length of the body. Brownish to olivaceous, with a series of six or eight brown transverse blotches on the back, and another series, opposite those of the former, along the lateral line ; with a black spot below the eye; with or without a blackish spot on the hindmost rays of the dorsal, and with a large blackish spot, in the lateral series, on the middle of the side below the dorsal spine. Fins, body, and head, with puncticulations of brown. Belly and lower parts of head whitish. In life there were longitudinal streaks of lighter color on the flanks. 28 THE CYPRINODONTS. The length of the dorsal fin and the slenderness of the rays behind the first serve to distinguish this species from any other of the genus. Florida. Cyprinodon Marte. Cyprinodon Marte Steind., 1876, Sb. Ac. Wien, LXXII, 1875, extr. p. 60; Jor., 1887, P. U. S. Mus., IX, 564. D9; A. 10; Vis Po dG 265 ind: Depth three and a half, and length of head four times the length of the body. Eye three, snout three and two thirds, and forehead twice the length of the head. Snout blunt. Teeth in a single row, tricuspid. Dorsal origin a half length of the head nearer the insertion of the caudal than to the end of the snout. Anal origin below the middle of the base of the dorsal. Rays of dorsal and anal elongate in the male, those of the anal reaching the short rays of the caudal. Base of ventrals nearer to snout than to caudal ; longest ray as long as the head, reaching the anterior rays of the anal. Pectorals as long as the head, reaching backward of the bases of the ventrals. Front edge of the dorsal, on the male described, blackish ; three to four of the hindmost rays of dorsal and anal banded alternately with light and dark ; the bands appear on the basal fourth and less distinctly on the an- terior rays. Two to three darker transverse bands on the caudal, hind- most broadest. Back gray; sides silver-white. Santa Marta, near the mouth of the Magdalena River. (Steindachner). Cyprinodon amazona. Cyprinodon amazona Hig., 1894, Aun. N. Y. Ac., VII, 627. « PS) 20 elitr Viertate naar Shape similar to that of H. formosa. Depth of body or length of head one fourth of the length from snout to base of caudal. Head depressed, crown flattened, Snout short, blunt, rounded, little more than half as long as eye. Chin steep. Mouth small, narrow ; lower jaws firmly united, longer ; upper short, very protractile. Eye large, three eighths of head, three fourths of interorbital space. Teeth in bands; outer teeth firmly set, larger, slightly compressed near the apex, or spear-shaped ; inner smaller and less hooked. Intestine elongate, convolute. On females the fins are small, dorsal and anal are opposed, the former smaller and originating midway from head to base of caudal, a trifle backward of the origin of the anal; ventrals small, reach- ing the vent; pectorals elongate, reaching above the forward half of the ventrals; caudal as long as the head, median rays longest. On males the bases of anal and ventrals are much advanced, being below the pectorals, and greatly modified ; the anal is about one third of the length of the body to the base of the caudal, its distance from the snout about equals its length, and its anterior rays form a long slender pointed organ ; a couple of the outer rays of each ventral form an elongate spear-pointed process which extends along nearly half the length of the anal, resting at its side as if forming part of the intromittent organ, while the inner rays of the ventral are only about half as long as the outer, and near their ends form a projection which in cases turns downward, as if to grasp the anal and better to hold the fins together. The ventral modification appears greater in this species than in H. formosa, where it amounts to a simple elongation of an anterior ray in a flexible process. Females of three fourths of an inch in total length con- tain fully developed embryos. Light olivaceous, probably yellowish in life, belly and lower parts of head silvery. Top of head and base of dorsal darker. Edges of scales darker. A white edged black spot on the basal half of the dorsal fin. The length of the males is about seven tenths of an inch and that of the females about eight. Villa Bella, Brazil. THE CYPRINODONTS. 93 HAPLOCHILIN. LUCANIA. Iucania Grd., 1859, P. Phil. Ac., 118; Blkr., 1860, Cypr., 481, — 1863, Atl. Ichth., III, 189; Gthr., 1866, Cat., VI, 309; Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U. S. Mus., 342. IIlead and body compressed ; caudal section moderately deep. Head short, crown little arched; snout short, blunt; chin steep. Mouth small, narrow. ‘Teeth conical, in a single series in each jaw. Caudal large, other fins small. Dorsal origin near the middle of the length to the caudal, for- ward from that of anal. Anal fin not modified in the male. Scales large, smooth to the touch. Intestine short. Differing from the typical Funduli in the compressed anterior half of the body, and especially in having but a single series of teeth in each jaw. The shape of the teeth is similar in the two genera. Lucania parva. Plate III. Fig. 5, teeth. Cyprinodon parvus Bd., 1855, Ninth Rep., 8. I., 345, extr. p. 31; Blkr., 1860, Cypr., 484; Gill, 1861, Cat. N. A. Fish, 51, —1873, Cat. N. A. Fish, 31; Gthr., 1866, Cat., VI, 307; Jor. & C., 1877, B. Buf. Soc., III, 141; Jor., 1878, B. U.S. Geol. Surv., IV, 432. Limia venusta Grd., 1859, Mex. Bd., Fish, 71, pl. 39, fig. 20-23. Lucania venusta Grd., 1859, P. Phil. Ac., 118; Blkr., 1860, Cypr., 484, —1863, Atl. Ichth., III, 139; Gthr., 1866, Cat., VI, 310; Jor. & C., 1877, B. Buf. Soc., IfT, 142; Jor., 1878, B. U.S. Geol. Surv., IV, 411, 432, —1887, Rep. U. 8. F. Com., 8387; Jor. & G, 1882, B. 16 U.S. Mus., 343, 893, — 1883, P. U.S. Mus., V, 239, 256; Everm. & K., 1894, B. U.S. F..Com., 1892, pp. 75, 76, 88, 87, 89, 107. Lucania afinis Grd., 1859, P. Phil. Ac., 118; Blkr., 1860, Cypr., 484; Jor. & C., 1877, B. Buf. Soc., III, 142; Jor., 1878, B. U. S. Geol. Surv., IV, 432. Lucania parva Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U.S. Mus., 348, 893; Jor, 1885, P. U. S. Mus., VII, 109, — 1887, Rep. U. S. F. Com., 837; Bean, 1889, B. U.S. F. Com., VII, 129, 182, 148, pl. 2, fig. 18, — 1892, P. U.S. Mus., XIV, 92; Hensh., 1891; B. U. S. F. C., IX, 374; Smith, 1892, B. U.S. F. C., X, 68; Everm., 1893, B. U.S. F. Com., 1891, p. 87; Everm. & K., 1894, B. U. S. F. Com., 1892, pp. 83, 92, 107, pl. 25, fig. 1. ; B, 63D. 10-12; A. 10-1 Vibe Pl4; Li. 27-30; Lire Vert: 14-- 14. The arch on either back or belly is not very strong. As compared with species of Fundulus and Zygonectes the amount of compression over the body cavity and forward is quite marked. Depth about two sevenths of the length to the caudal; caudal region moderately deep. Head about one fourth of the total length, deeper than wide, flattened on the crown. Snout short, blunt, three fourths of the eye; chin steep. Mouth rather small, lower jaw longer, 94 THE CYPRINODONTS. symphysis firm, upper jaw protractile. Teeth subconical, strong, sharp, hooked, firmly set, in a single series in each jaw. Pharyngeal teeth stouter, with a more or less pronounced shoulder. Eye large, longer than the snout, four fifths of the interorbital space, one third of the head. Scales large, easily lost. Dorsal larger than anal, rays strong, first ray midway from front of eye to base of caudal, seventh or eighth over the first of the anal. Anal smaller, and reaching a little farther back than the dorsal. Ventrals small, bases a little in front of midway from snout to base of caudal, not reaching the anal. Pectorals moderate, tips reaching little backward of bases of ven- trals. Caudal broad, subtruncate, not as long as the head. The intestine extended reaches to the base of the caudal. Light olivaceous; edges of scales darker ; darker on middle of back and toward middle of flank. Belly and lower half of head silvery. A silvery streak along the middle of the flanks. Darker across interorbital space and on occiput. Fins yellowish, or clouded with puncticulations of dark, or uni- form dusky. About half of our collection shows a dark spot, edged by lighter color, at the bases of the anterior dorsal rays. Small specimens have less of the dark color, and have a more pronounced silvery band on the flank. Fre- quently the broad scales on the middle of the side present the appearance of vertical bars of silver. Largest individual two and one tenth inches in length. New York to Texas. ADINIA. Adinia Grd., 1859, P. Phil. Ac., 117. Body short, compressed, deep ; caudal pedicel deep; head rather large, crown flat; snout short, pointed ; chin steep. Mouth medium, oblique, open- ing upward; lower jaws longer, firmly joined; upper short, protractile. Teeth conical, outer series larger, strong, hooked. Pharyngeal teeth hooked, with a shoulder. Dorsal rather small, originating behind the middle of the body, in advance of the anal. Anal small, not modified to form an intromit- tent organ on the male; first ray backward of that of dorsal. Anterior rays of dorsal and anal strong, spine-like. Scales large. Intestine short. Type A. multifasciata of Girard. Texas. THE CYPRINODONTS. 95 Adinia multifasciata. Plate Ill. Fig. 3, teeth. Adinia multifasciata Grd., 1859, P. Phil. Ac., 117, — Mex. Bd. Surv., pl. 38, fig. 12-14, said to be an immature female; Jor. & C., 1877, B. Buf. Soc., IIT, 142; Jor., 1878, B. U. 8. G. Surv., IV, 411, 434, — 1887, Rep. U. 8. F. Com., 836. Gambusia multifasciata Blkr., 1860, Cypr., 485. ‘undulus (Adinia) xenicus Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U. 8S. Mus., 892. Fundulus xenicus G. & B., 1883, P. U. S. Mus., V, 239; Jor. & G., 1883, P. U. S. Mus., V, 255; Everm., 1893, B. U.S. F. Com., 1891, p. 85. B.5; D. 9-10; A. 11; V.6; P. 12-14; Ll. 25-27; Ltr. 8-9; Vert. 12-4; 16. Body short, much compressed, deep, considerably arched on the back. Head narrow below, broader and flattened on the crown, length equal depth of body, or one third of the length from snout to caudal. Snout short, nar- row, somewhat pointed. Mouth medium, narrow, lower jaw longer, upper very protractile. Teeth conical, hooked, outer series larger, in open order ; pharyngeal few in number, hooked, bearing a shoulder. Eye large, one third of head, three fourths of interorbital space. Dorsal origin half way from the middle of the eye to the base of the caudal; rays strong, spinelike, fourth or fifth above the first of the anal. Intestine short. Light olivaceous, silvery below, brown on top of head; with about nine silvery bands across the flank, more distinct toward the tail; a darker band across the bases of the caudal rays. On young specimens the sides are more silvery and the bands more distinct and numerous. This species differs from the other Funduli in the greater compression of the body and the stronger dorsal rays. The individual described had a length of one and three eighths inches. Texas. FUNDULUS. Fundulus LaC., 1803, Poiss., V, pp. xx, 37; Cuv., 1829, R. An., IT, 280, —1836, R. An., I, 533; Val., 1828, Humb. Obs. Zool., II, 160, 162, — 1846, C. V. Poiss., XVIII, 178; Wagn, 1828, Isis, XXT, 1056; Schinz, 1836, Nat. u. Abbild., 217; M’Clell., 1839, As. Res., XIX (2), 424; Swains, 1839, Class., TI, 311; DeK., 1842, N. Y. Fish., 216; Blkr., 1860, Cypr., 483, —1863, Atl., ITI, 140; Gill, 1861, N. A. Fish, 52, — 1865, Can. Nat., extr. p. 16; Gthr., 1866, Cat., VI, 318, — 1880, Intr.,615; Stor., 1867, Mass. Fish, 127; Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U.S. Mus., 331; Seeley, 1886, Fish. Eur., pp. 22, 871. Fondule Guer., 1838, Icon. Poiss., 29; Dum., 1856, Ichth., 411, 440. Funduline Gill, 1894, Mem. Acad., VI, 133. Hy- drargira LaC., 1803, Poiss., V, 378; Les., 1817, Jour. Phil. Ac., I, 126; Stor., 1839, Mass. Fish., 93. Hydrargyra Stor., 1846, Syn., 180, —Mem. Am. Ac., II, 432, — 1867, Mass. Fish, 131; Poey, 1855, Mem., I, 382; Blkr., 1860, Cypr., 483, — 1868, Atl., IIT, 140; Gill, 1865, Can. Nat., ex. p. 16; Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U.S. Mus., 331. Hydrargyrine, Gill, 1861, N. A. Fish, 51, —1865, Can. Nat. Hydrargyre Dum., 1856, Ichth., 411, 441. Pecilia Stor., 1846, Synops., 178, —Mem. Am. Ac., II, 4380. Xenisma Jor. & C., 1877, B. Buf. Soc., ITI, 142; Jor. & B., 1878, B. 12 U. S. Mus., 48, 62, 77; Jor., 1878, B. U. S. G. Surv., IV, 411, 4338, —1889, P. U. 8S. Mus., XI, 856; Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U. S. Mus., 356. 96 THE CYPRINODONTS. More or less depressed forward, compressed posteriorly ; head broadened ; snout blunt ; caudal fin and pedicel deep. Mouth developed laterally and horizontally ; lower jaws longer, firmly united, upper protractile. Teeth conical, in bands, larger in the outer series. Branchiostegal rays five to six. Pharyngeal teeth with a hook and a shoulder, some to many, according to the species, enlarging and becoming molars with age. Gill openings wide ; membranes united, free from the isthmus. Dorsal and anal behind the middle of the body, opposed, the former commonly larger and originating a little farther forward than the latter. Anal not modified into an intromittent organ in the male, but generally, as other fins, a trifle larger in that sex. Intestine rarely long. This genus is subdivided into four or five subgenera: Fundulus, with the type I. heteroclitus, Hydrargyra, of which the typical species is F. majalis, Xenisma, containing F’. catenatus and its closer allies, Plancterus, based upon F. Kanse, and possibly a fifth for trans-Atlantic species, of which FP. dispanicus is best known. North and Central America; Southern Europe ; Africa. Fundulus grandis. Fundulus grandis B. & G., 1853, P. Phil. Ac., VI, 389; Grd., 1859, Mex. Bd. Fishes, 69, pl. 36; Blkr., 1860, Cypr., 487; Jor. & C., 1877, B. Buf. Soc., III, 141; Jor. 1878, B. U. 8. G. Surv., IV, 433; G. & B., 1880, P. U. S. Mus., II, 151,— 1883, P. U. S. Mus., 239; Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U.S. Mus., 891, — 1883, P. U. S. Mus., V, 253. Fundulus floridensis Grd., 1859, P. Phil. Ac., 157; Blkr., 1860, Cypr., 487; Goode, 1880, P. U.S. Mus., II, 118. Fundulus spilotus Put., 1864, B. M. C. Z., ex. p. 13. Fundulus ocellaris Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U. S. Mus., 891; G. & B., 1883, P. U. S. Mus., V, 239; Jor. & G., 1883, P. U. S. Mus., V, 254, 306; Jor., 1885, P. U.S. Mus., VII, 319, — 1887, R. U. 8. F. Com., 837; Hensh., 1891, B. U. S. F. Com., IX, 374; Woolm., 1892, B. U.S. F. C., X, 300, pl. 52, fig. 2. Fundulus heteroclitus grandis Jor. & G., 1888, P. U. 8. Mus., 586; Jor. & S., 1885, P. U.S. Mus., VII, 230; Jor., 1887, R. U.S. F.C., 837; Everm. & K., 1894, B. U.S. F. Com., 1892, pp. 66, 75, 79, 83, 87, 89, 92, 106. Fundulus heteroclitus Gthr., 1866, Cat., VI, 318 (part); Jor., 1885, P. U. S. Mus., VII, 109. Fundulus confluentus Goode, 1880, P. U. S. Mus., Il, 118; Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U.S. Mus., 334; Jor., 1887, R. U.S. F. Com., 837. Fundulus pallidus Everm., 1893, B. U. 8. F. Com., 1891, p. 84, pl. 35, fig. 2; Everm. & K., 1894, B. U. 5. F. Com.,1892, pp. 83, 87, 89, 90, 92, 106, pl. 23, fig. 1. Zygonectes pulvereus- Everm., 1893, B. U. S. F. Com., 1891, p. 85, pl. 36, fig. 1; Everm. & K., 1894, ]. c., 1892, pp. 88, 87, 89, 92, 107, pl. 24, fig. 2. Zygonectes funduloides Everm., 1893, B. U. 8S. F. Com., 1891, p. 85, pl. 35, fig. 3; Everm. & K., 1894, 1. c., 1892, pp. 83, ete., pl. 24, fig. 1. B..5; °D.-1l-e AL 0=1- V.-6;° P. A617 al 33-56% or, 13%) Vert: 15+ 18. Shape resembling that of F. heteroclitus. Stout, much compressed, head THE CYPRINODONTS. 97 subquadrate in transsection, caudal and pedicel deep. Young are more rounded and have not so much of massiveness in the snout. On large ones the head is one third or more of the length to the caudal base. Snout broad, blunt, rounded, one half longer than the eye. In a five inch specimen the eye is two thirds of the snout, one half of the interorbital space, and one fifth of the head. Mouth wide, lower jaw longer, upper protractile. Teeth conical, in bands, outer series larger; pharyngeal as in F’. heteroclitus. Chin steep. Dorsal origin little behind the middle of the total length, little in front of that of anal. Pectorals reaching a vertical from base of ventrals. Caudal deep, two thirds as long as head, rounded to subtruncate, sometimes oblique, by reason of the lower half being longer. Oviduct apparently not adherent to anal so long a distance as in F’. heteroclitus. Most large individuals from the salt water are brownish with faint spots of brown, thickly freckled with small spots of white or silver. The fins vary from dark to light, more or less spotted with brown and with light color. The ocellate spot of dorsal or of anal becomes indistinct or obsolete. Top of head and back dark; cheeks dark, sometimes bronzed. In cases that retain the ocellus the dorsal may have several transverse series of light spots. Anal uniform or spotted. Caudal marked with irregular transverse series of small spots to uniform. A whitish margin to dorsal, caudal and anal is not rare. Medium sizes from the sea have more of the silver color on the flank, in cases arranged in narrow vertical bands. Young individuals from fresh water are rusty brownish, with little of the silver, with numerous scattered small spots of brown, in cases forming longi- tudinal series, in others vertical bands. Lower surfaces lighter, whitish under the head. A black spot on the hinder rays of the dorsal is commonly pres- ent; occasionally a similar one is found on the anal. Generally these spots are edged by white. The spots along the middle of the side are usually larger. The tail is spotted but rarely ; generally the fins are nearly uniform light colored. Reaches six inches or more in length. Plorida to Texas. Fundulus heteroclitus. Plate II. Fig. 2, teeth; Plate VIII. Fig. 1, female. Cobitis heteroclita Linn., 1766, Syst., I, 500; Miull., 1774, Nat. Syst., IV, 285; Neuer Schauplatz der Natur, 1775, I, 284; Bor., 1784, Nat. Abb. Fische, 125; Schoepff, 1788, Schr. Ges. N. Fr., VIII, 171, 172 (Killfish, and Yellow-bellied Cobler); Gmel., 1789, Syst., I, 1852; Walb., 1792, Art. Gen. Pise., IF Donnd., 1798, Beytr., ITI, 581; Turt., 1806, Syst. Nat., I, 837. Cobitis macrolepidota Walb., 1792, Art. Gen. Pisc., 11; Donnd., 1798, Beytr., III, 582. 13 98 THE CYPRINODONTS. Pecilia fasciata Bl., 1801, Schn. Syst. Ichth., 453. Fundulus fasciatus Val., 1828, Humb. Obs. Zool., 11, 162, pl. 52, fig. 1, 4, 5; Wagn., 1828, Isis, XXI, 1056; Rich., 1837, Rep. 6 Brit. Assoc., 213; Guer., 1838, Icon., 29; DeK., 1842, N. Y. Fish, 216, pl. 31, fig. 98; Knight, 1866, N.S. Fishes, 26. Hydrargyra fusciata Ayres, 1843, J. B. N. H. Soe., IV, 266; Stor., 1846, Syn., 180, — Mem. Am. Ac., II, 432. Pecilia cenicola Bl. Sch., 1801, Syst., pp. lii, 452. Fundulus cenicolus Val., 1828, Humb. Obs. Zool., 162, — 1846, C. V. Poiss., XVIII, 179, pl. 530; Wagn., 1828, Isis, XXI, 1056; Rich., 1837, Rep. 6 Brit. Assoc., 213; Blkr., 1860, Cypr., 486. Hydrargira swampina LaC., 1803, Poiss., V, 379, pl- 10, fig. 3; Val., 1846, C. V. Poiss., XVIII, 203; Blkr., 1860, Cypr., 486, — 1863, Atl., III, 140; Gill, 1861, N. A. Fish, 51, — 1873, N. A. Fish, 31; Yarr., 1877, P. Phil. Ac., 214; Jor. & C., 1877, B. Buf. Soc., II, 141; Jor., 1878, B. U. S. G. Surv., IV, 411, 433 ; Jor. & G., 1879, P. U. S. Mus., I, 384; Goode, 1880, P. U. S. Mus., II, 118. : Pecilia (Hydrargyra) swampina Goldf., 1820, Handb. Zool., II, 16. Fundulus (Hydrargyra) swampinus Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U.S. Mus., 331, 332. Fundulus mudfish LaC., 1803, Poiss., V, 37, 38; Blkr., 1863, Atl, III, 140. Esox pisciculus Mtch., 1815, Tr. Lit. Phil. Soc., I, 440. Esox pisculentus Mtch., 1815, Tr. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 441. Hydrargyra pisculenta Ayr., 1843, J. B. N. H. 8., IV, 267; Lins., 1844, Am. Jour., XLVII, 68 ; Stor., 1846, Syn., 180,— Mem. Am. Ac., II, 432. Fundulus pisculentus Stor., 1855, Mem. Am. Ac., V, 294, pl. 23, fig. 3, 4, —1867, Mass. Fish., 128, pl. 23, fig. 3, 4; Blkr., 1860, Cypr., 486; Gill, 1861, N. A. Fish, 52,1873, N. A. Fish, 31,— 1865, Can. Nat., extr. p. 16; Holm., 1862, Sec. Rep. Me., 32; Put., 1863, B. M.C. Z., 13; Gthr., 1866, Cat., VI, 324; Yarr., 1877, P. Phil. Ac., 214; Jor. & C., 1877, B. Buf. Soce., ITI, 141; Jor., 1878, B. U. S. G. Sur, IV, 433, — 1878, Man. Vert., 263; G. & B., 1879, B. Essex Inst., XI, ext. p. 22; Bean, 1881, P. U. S. Mus., III, 104. Esox zonatus Mtch., 1815, Tr. Lit. & Phil. Soc. N. Y., I, 4438. Hydrargira ornata Les., 1817, J. Phil. Ac., 1,131; Rich., 1837, Rep. 6 Brit. Assoc., 213; DeK., 1842, N. Y. Fish, 221; Lins., 1844, Am. Jour., XLVII, 68; Stor., 1837, J. B. N. H.S., I, 131, — 1839, Mass. Fish, 94, — 1846, Syn., 181, Mem. Am. Ac., II, 433, — 1857, J. B. N. H. Soc., VI, 264. Hydrargira nigrofasciata Les., 1817, J. Phil. Ac., I, 133; Rich., 1837, Rep. 6 Brit. Assoc., 213 ; Stor., 1839, R. Mass. Fish, 94, — 1846, Syn., 182, — Mem. Am. Ac., II, 484; DeK., 1842, N. Y. Fish, 221; Lins., 1844, Am. Jour., XLVII, 67. Fundulus nigrofasciatus Val., 1846, C. V. Poiss., XVIII, 193; Blkr., 1860, Cypr., 486; Gthr., 1866, Cat., VI, 325; Stor., 1867, Mass. Fish, 199, pl. 23, fig. 1; Gill, 1873, N. A. Fish, 31; Jor. & C., 1877, B. Buf. Soc., III, 141; Jor., 1878, B. U.S. G. Sur., IV, 433, — 1878, Man. Vert., 263; G. & B., 1879, B. Essex Inst., ext. p. 22; Ag., 1882, P. Am. Ac., XVII, 297, pl. 19-20; Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U.S. Mus., 335; Gthr., 1889, Pelagic Fishes, 33. Fundulus zebra DeK., 1840, N. Y. G. Sur., 29, — 1842, N. Y. Fish, 218; Bd., 1855, Ninth Rep. S. L., 28; Gill, 1856, Smithson. Rep., 264. Fundulus flavidus DeK., 1840, N. Y. G. Sur., 29. Fundulus viridescens DeK., 1842, N. Y. Fish, 217, pl. 31, fig. 99; Gill, 1856, Smithson. Rep., 264. Fundulus fonticola Val., 1846, C. V. Poiss., XVIII, 198; Blkr., 1860, Cypr., 486; Jor., 1887, P. U. S. Mus., 526, 564. Fundulus heteroclitus Gill, 1861, N. A. Fish, 52, — 1873, N. A. Fish, 31; Put., 1863, B. M. C. Z., 13; Gthr., 1866, Cat., VI, 318; Jor. & C., 1877, B. Buf. Soc., ITI, 141; Jor., 1878, B. U.S. G. Sur., 411, 433, ~- — 1885, P. U. S. Mus., VII, 322, —1887, P. U.S. Mus., IX, 26, — R. U.S. F. Com., 837; Jor. & G., 1879, P. U.S. Mus., I, 384, —1882, B. 16 U. S. Mus., 336, — 1883, P. U. S. Mus., V, 585, — 1887, P. U.S. Mus., IX, 26; Goode, 1880, P. U. S. Mus., II, 118; Bean, 1881, P. U. S. Mus., III, 104, — 1889, B. U. 8. F. Com., VII, 182, 148; G. & B., 1886, P. U. S. Mus., VIII, 204; Ryd., 1887, J. R. M. Soc. Lond., (2) VI, 941; Gilb., 1890, B. U. S. F. Com., VIII, 227; Hensh., 1891, B. U. S. F. Com., IX, 374; Smith, 1892, B. U. 8. F. Com., X, 66, pl. 19, fig. 4; Boyer, 1892, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXIII, 91, pl. 1-8; Everm., 1893, B. U.S. F. Com., 1891, 84. Fundulus Bermude Gthr., 1874, Ann. Mag. N. H., (4) XIV, 370,— 1880, Chall. Shore Fishes, 10, pl. 32, fig. B; Goode, 1876, Berm. Fish, 68, —B. U. 8. Mus.; Jor., 1887, P. U. S. Mus., IX, 564. Fundulus rhizophore Goode, 1877, Am. Jour., 298. Fundulus heteroclitus grandis Bean, 1892, P. U. 8. Mus., XIV, 92. THE CYPRINODONTS. 99 B. 5 (rarely 6); D. 11-13; A. 10-12; V.6; P. 17-19; Vert. 14-15 + 19-20, Moderately stout, compressed posteriorly, depressed on the head; arch from head to dorsal rather low; depth in front of dorsal equal length of head, or one half more than depth of caudal pedicel. Head two sevenths of the length to the base of the caudal, as broad as deep, flattened on the crown. Snout as long as eye, blunt, rounded ; chin convex, moderately steep. Mouth nearly twice as wide as eye. Teeth conical, in bands, outer series larger ; pharyngeal with a shoulder, some of the median larger, compressed, swollen. Eye medium, once in snout, twice in interorbital space, four and a half times in the head. Cheek scales in three rows below the orbit. Dorsal and anal little behind the middle of the total length ; dorsal origin midway from head to base of caudal; fin not reaching as far backward as the anal. Base of anal opposed to that of dorsal, hardly reaching as far either forward or back- ward as that of dorsal. Fins comparatively large and broad, varying with age and sex. Caudal deep, subtruncate to rounded. Pectorals wide, short, rounded, reaching a vertical from the bases of the ventrals. Scales large, striate. Oviduct adherent for some distance along the first ray of the anal. Intestine as long as the fish. A few individuals have six branchiostegal rays instead of five. Males are most often olivaceous, darker on the back, lighter to white or silvery beneath, with a dozen or more narrow vertical bars of light color across the flanks, and with a black spot edged with white on the hind rays of the dorsal. Fins and body are more or less marked with small spots, bars, or dots of dark and of light colors. A black spot sometimes present on the hind rays of the anal; and not rarely the hind margins of dorsal, anal, and caudal are whitish. On some individuals of this sex the colors are more like those of the females. Southward the silvery spots and dots are more distinct on body and fins. As in the salmon and trout the silver color is more prevalent in salt-water specimens, and no doubt fresh-water examples change on entering the sea. Females are not so brightly colored as males; some are nearly uniform brownish on the backs, lighter below, with a darker spot on each scale ; others have vertical bars or spots of brownish on the flanks. The vertical silvery streaks are frequently met with, but less distinct. In cases a silvery tint extends the length of the body on the middle of the side. The spot on the dorsal is rarely present on the female. Generally the lower half of the 100 THE CYPRINODONTS. opercle is silvery, and across the upper edge there is a darker streak. The largest male at hand is four and three fourths inches in length; the largest female five and three fourths. Of this species there are several varieties beside the typical hetercolitus : Bermude from the Bermudas, dadius from Grand Menan, and pisculentus of the coasts of New England. Eastern coasts of the United States and Canada to Bermuda. Fundulus parvipinnis. Plate II. Fig. 3, 4, teeth. Fundulus parvipinnis Grd., 1854, P. Phil. Ac., VII, 154, —1859, P. R.R. Rep., X, Fish, 303; Blkr., 1860, Cypr., 487; Gthr., 1866, Cat., VI, 319; St., 1876, Sb. Ak. Wien, LXXIV, ext. 153, pl. 10, fig. 1-2; Jor. & C., 1877, B. Buf. Soe., III, 141; Jor., 1878, B. U. 8. G. Sur., LV, 433; Smith, 1880, List Fish San Diego, — 1884, P. U. 8. Mus., VI, 233, — 1885, W. Am. Sci., 54; Bean, 1881, P. U. 8. Mus., III, 105 ; Jor. & G., 1881, P. U. S. Mus., ITT, 30, 457, —1882, P, U. S. Mus., IV, 42, —1883, P. U. S. Mus., V, 355; Jor. & J., 1882, P. U. S. Mus., IV, 13; Hig., 1892, Ann. Lye. N. Y., VI, 352,—P. U. S. Mus., XV, 142. Fundulus (Hydrargyra) parvipinnis Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16, U. S. Mus., 333; Jor., 1887, R. U. 8. F. Com., 836. Fundulus punctatus Gthr., 1866, Cat., VI, 320, —1868, Tr. Z. Soc., VI, 482, pl. 84, fig. 5; Jor., 1886, P. U.S. Mus., VIII, 368; Hig., 1893, P. U. S. Mus., XVI, 56. Fundulus guatemalensis Gthr., 1866, Cat., VI, 321, — 1868, Tr. Z. Soc., VI, 482, pl. 84, fig. 3-4; Jor., 1886, P. U. S. Mus., VIII, 368; Hig., 1891, P. U. S. Mus., XIV, 64, — 1893, P. U. S. Mus., XVI, 56. Fundulus pachycephalus Gthr., 1866, Cat., VI, 321,— 1868, Tr. Z. Soc., VI, 483, pl. 84, fig. 6; Jor., 1886, P. U. S. Mus., VIII, 368; Hig., 1893, P. U. S. Mus., XVI, 56. Fundulus vinetus Jor. & G., 1882, P. U. 8. Mus., V, 355; Jor., 1886, P. U. 8. Mus., VIII, 368, — 1887, R. U. 8. F. Com., 837. Fundulus lima Vaill., 1894, Bull. Soc. Philom., (8) VI, 71. Var. labialis. Fundulus labialis Gthr., 1866, Cat., VI, 319, — 1868, Tr. Z. Soc., VI, 481, pl. 84, fig. 1, 2; Hig., 1893, P. U.S. Mus., XVI, 56. Fundulus robustus Bean, 1892, P. U. 8. Mus., XV, 285, pl. 44, fig. 2. B. 5; D. 18-15; A. 12-16; V.6; P. 18-20; Ll. 34-36; Ltr. 12-14; Vert. Jo, 19- From the side this fish bears some resemblance to F’. heteroclitus : but the head is smaller, and seen from above head and shoulders are more com- pressed. Head somewhat narrow and pointed, about one fourth of the total length, or a little more than the depth of the body ; crown flattened. Snout comparatively narrow, blunt, as long as the eye. Mouth medium, lower jaw longer, upper protractile. Teeth conical, hooked, in bands, outer series larger; pharyngeal with a shoulder, median swollen and molar-like. Eye large, as long as snout, one fourth of the head, two thirds to three fifths of the interorbital space. Dorsal origin near the middle of the total length, a THE CYPRINODONTS. 101 little farther forward than that of the anal. Anal base shorter than that of dorsal, opposed, fin rays more often longer and reaching farther back. On large males the anal becomes long, pointed on the lower angle and con- cave on the outer (hinder) margin, Both dorsal and anal vary greatly with age and sex. Ventrals small, not reaching the anal. Pectorals small, short, broad. Caudal broad, two thirds the length of the head, subtruncate. All fins longer on males. Oviduct produced but little on the first ray of the anal, a prominent flap at each side of the bases of the anterior rays. If straightened the intestine would reach to the end of the caudal. Olivaceous, puncticulate with brown. Old males become very dark on the upper surfaces. A more or less distinct band of brown along the flanks, fading anteriorly. With or without numerous vertical bars on the flank ; in some cases each bar is broken into three, forming three longitudinal series of spots. Scales commonly darker on their edges. A silvery tint along the sides is not rare. Cheeks and belly with a metallic lustre. Some of the males are very dark, have the dorsal and anal fins considerably elongated, and the borders of these fins light colored, while the middle is crossed by cloudings or a band of black puncticulation. Largest specimen three and three fourths inches in length. California and southward. Var. labialis has the same coloration, but seems to possess a few more scales and fin rays. The variability of the species is so great, however, that these features are hardly sufficient to distinguish it. Guatemala. Fundulus adinius. - Plate II. Fig. 8, teeth. Hydrargyra zebra Grd., 1859, P. Phil. Ac., 60; Blkr., 1860, Cypr., 486. Fundulus zebra Gthr., 1866, Cat., VI, 324; Jor. & C., 1877, B. Buf. Soc., ITT, 141; Jor., 1878, B. U. 8S. G. Surv., IV, 433, 664. Fundulus (Hydrargyra) zebra Sox. & G., 1882, B. 16 U. S. Mus., 333. Fundulus adinia Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U. S. Mus., 335; G. & B., 1883, P. U. S. Mus., V, 239; Jor., 1887, Rep. U.S. F. Com., 837. Fundulus zebrinus Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16, U.S. Mus., 891; Everm. & K., 1894, B. U. S. F.Com,., 1892, 76, 77, 83, 89, 92, 106. Fundulus extensus Jor. & G., 1883, P. U. S. Mus., V, 355; Jor., 1886, P. U. S. Mus., VIII, 368, — 1887, R. U. 8. F. Com., 837. Fundulus diaphanus Cope, 1880, B. 20, U. S. Mus., 83; Everm. & K., 1894, B. U.S. F. Com., 1892, 83, 90, 92, 106, pl. 23, fig. 3, 4. Fundulus ? multifasciatus Cope & Y., 1875, Wheel. Exp. Zool., V, 695. B.5; D. 14; A. 14; V.6; P.17; Ll. 48; Ltr. 15; Vert. 15+18. O02 a THE CYPRINODONTS. Form rather stouter than that of F’. diaphanus, and somewhat more com- pressed. Depth, or length of head, three elevenths of the length to the caudal. Head narrow forward, crown slightly convex. Snout nearly twice as long as the eye, blunt. Eye almost twice in snout, about one fifth of head, one half of forehead across the eyes. Mouth medium, oblique, with consid- erable lateral development. Teeth conical, in bands, outer series larger, hooked. Origin of dorsal midway between front of eye and tip of tail, or midway between head and base of caudal. Anal origin a little farther back than that of dorsal, tip of fin reaching nearer the caudal; oviduct extended upon the anterior ray; ventrals short, not reaching anal. Pec- torals not reaching bases of ventrals. Caudal medium, subtruncate. Scales smaller than those of F’. diaphanus, harsh. Ashy brown or grayish, lower surfaces silvery, upper brown. With about sixteen narrow bands of brown across the sides, and one or more fainter ones across the caudal. A dark streak on the operculum, behind the eye. A dark spot at the origin of the dorsal. Fort Defiance, New Mexico. Fundulus diaphanus. Plate II. Fig. 7, teeth. Hydrargira diaphana Les., 1817, J. Phil. Ac., I, 180; DeK., 1840, G. Surv. N. Y., extr. p. 29, — 1842, N. Y. Fish, 219. Hydrargyra diaphana Rich., 1837, Rep. 6 Brit. Assoc., 213; Stor., 1846, Syn., 181,— Mem. Am. Ac., II, 433. Hydrargira multifasciata Les., 1817, J. Phil. Ac., I, 131; DeK., 1840, N. Y. G. Surv., 29, — 1842, N.Y. Fish, 220. Hydrargyra multifasciata Rich., 1837, Rep. 6 Brit. Assoc., 213; Stor , 1846, Syn., 181, — Mem. Am. Ac., LI, 433. Fundulus diaphanus Bd., 1855, Ninth Rep. 8. L., extr. p. 29; Gill, 1861, N. A. Fish, 52; Nels., 1876, B. I. Lab., I, No. 1, 42; Jor. & C., 1877, B. Buf. Soc., IIT, 141; Jor., 1878, B. U. 8. G. Surv., IV, 433, — B. 2 I. Lab., 51, — 1887, R. U. S. F. Com., 837; Forb., 1878, B. I. Lab., I, No. 2, 78, 85, — 1883, No. 6, 71, 93; Cope, 1880, B. 20 U. S. Mus., 32; Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U.S. Mus., 334; Bean, 1884, P. U.S. Mus., VI, 366, —1889, B. U.S. F. Com., VII, 132, 148, — 1892, P. U.S. Mus., XIV, 92; Crag., 1885, B. Wash. Lab., I, 110; Meek, 1889, Ann. N. Y. Lye., IV, 310; McC., 1892, B. 2 Ob. Coll. Lab., 23; Smith, 1892, B. U. S. F. Com., X, 65, pl. 19, fig. 2-8. Fundulus multifasciatus Val., 1846, C. V. Poiss., XVIII, 200 ; Bd., 1855, Ninth Rep. S. I, extr. p. 30, — 1873, R. U.S. F. Com., I, 826; Blkr., 1860, Cypr., 486; Gill, 1861, N. A. Fish, 52, —1873, N. A. Fish, 31; Put., 1863, B. M. C. Z.,7; Cope, 1865, P. Phil. Ac., 78; Gthr., 1866, Cat., VI, 324; Stor., 1867, Mass. Fish, 130, pl. 23, fig. 2; Jor., 1874, Ind. Fish, 32, —1878,B 21. Lab., 52; G. & B., 1879, B. Ess. Inst., XI, extr. p. 22. Fundulus pisculentus Val., 1846, C. V. Poiss., XVIII, 190. Hydrargyra swampina Val., 1846, C. V. Poiss., XVIII, 203. Fundulus swampinus Gthr., 1866, Cat., V1, 323. Fundulus (Hydrargyra) swampina Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U. 8. Mus., 332. Fundulus menona Jor., 1877, P. Phil. Ac., 68, —1878, Man. Vert., 263, — B. U.S. G. Surv., IV, 433; Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U. S. Mus., 335. Fundulus diaphanus menona Everm. & J., 1889, P. U. 8. Mus., XI, 55; Boll., 1890, B. U. S. F. Com., VIII, 223; Hig., 1894, R. Ind. Biol. Surv., 94. THE CYPRINODONTS. 103 B.6; D. 14 (13-15); A. 12-11; V.6; P. 16-17; Ll. 41-48 ; Ltr. 15 (14-16); Vert. 17+ 18. Form more elongate than that of either F. hetleroclitus or F. majalis, out- line of back straighter, body less compressed. Shape of head intermediate between these species, length less than depth of body, three and one half times in the distance from snout to caudal; crown flattened. Snout medium, little longer than the eye. Mouth moderate ; lower jaw longer, not so much turned upward as in Ff’, majalis, symphysis firm; upper shorter, protractile. Eye large, less than one and one half times in the interorbital space, about two sevenths of head. Teeth conical; outer series larger, hooked; pharyn- geal with a shoulder, some of the median resembling molars. Origin of dorsal a little in front of midway from snout to tip of caudal, nearly half of the base of the fin being forward of the anal. Oviduct of females not much prolonged upon the first anal ray, but appearing rather as if a fold at each side of its base. Caudal pedicel moderately slender; fin not as long as head, truncate. Olive brown to very light and translucent, darker on the back, lighter below ; with numerous narrow vertical bars of brown on the flanks, separ- ated by spaces silvery to yellowish or pinkish. The bars are variable in number, size, and distinctness ; on some the brown is most extensive and the light color is reduced to narrow streaks; on others the silver has taken the place of the brown to a great extent. Translucent or very light colored specimens are not very rare, the condition being in some cases individual and in others perhaps induced by the character of the water. An occasional one has black specks scattered over the entire body ; these seem more notice- able where the bands are obsolescent. The brown is made up of puncticu- lations; exceptionally these are ranged around the edges of the scales. Reaches a length of three and a half inches or more. Maine to the Mississippi Valley inclusive, and southward to the Carolinas. Fundulus Kanse. Plate II. Fig. 10, teeth. Fundulus zebrinus Gilb., 1884, B. Wash. Lab., I, 15, —1889, B. 9 Wash. Lab., 39, 40; Crag., 1885, B. Wash. Lab., I, 110; Everm. & F., 1885, P. Phil. Ac., 412; Jor., 1885, Rep. U. 8. F. Com., 48, — 1887, R. U. 8. F. Com., 836, — 1891, B. U. 8. F. Com., IX, 17; Hay, 1888, P. U. S. Mus., X, 249, 250, 252; Everm. & K., 1894, B. U.S. F. Com., 1892, pl. 23, fig. 2. B. 5; D. 15-17; A. 13-15; P. 16-17; Ll. 60-65; Ltr. 18-20; Vert. 15-30 104 THE CYPRINODONTS. Head depressed, body compressed, depth equal length of caudal or two elevenths of the total. Head as wide as deep, subquadrate in transsection, one fourth of the total length, three tenths of the length without the caudal ; crown broad, flat to concave in front of the orbits. Snout blunt, large, wide and long, twice as long as the eye, slightly turned upward at the mouth. Mouth wide. Teeth conical, slender, hooked ; outer series larger, in open order ; pharyngeal groups much reduced in size, shoulders present or absent. Eye rather large, twice in snout, twice in forehead ; two elevenths times in head. Scales small, harsh. Intestine one and one half times the total length of the fish. Dorsal originating in the middle of the total length, longer in base and shorter in rays than anal. Anal origin a little farther back than that of dorsal, oviduct extending a short distance on first ray. Ventrals small, reaching anal. Pectorals medium, reaching bases of ventrals. Caudal large, deep, subtruncate. Peritoneum black. Largest specimen three and three fourths inches in length. Back brownish olive, belly silvery white. Flanks crossed by twelve to twenty-two bands of brown separated by silvery, varying from mere streaks to bands broader than the interspaces. In such cases as have wide bands these may posteriorly cross the lower surface. The convolutions of the intes- tine and the reduction of the pharyngeals indicate habits differing from those of the majority of the genus. This is not the species to which the name zebrinus was first applied. Kansas. Fundulus majalis. Plate II. Fig. 5-6, teeth; Plate IX. Mayfish Schoepff, 1788, Schr. Ges. N. Fr., VIII, 173. Cobitis majalis Walb., 1792, Art. Gen. Pise., 12; Donnd., 1798, Beytr., IIT, 582. Pecilia majalis Bl. Schu., 1801, Syst-, pp. li, 453. Fsox flavulus Mtch., 1815, Tr. L. & P. Soc. N. Y., I, 439. Cyprinodon flavulus Val., 1828, Humb. Obs. Zool., II, 164, pl. 52, fig. 3, 6, 75 Wagn., 1828, Isis, XXT, 1056; Guer., 1838, Icon., 29, pl. 48, fiz. 3; Rich., 1837, R. 6 Brit. Assoc., 213; Val., 1840, R. An. IIL, Poiss., 229, pl. 95, fig. 5. Hydrargyra flavula Stor., 1839, Mass. Fish, 95, — 1846, Syn., 180, — Mem. Am. Ac., II, 482, — 1855, Mem. Am. Ac., V, 294, pl. 28, fig. 5-6, — 1867, Mass. Fish, 131, pl. 23, fig. 5-6; Ayr., 1843, J. B. N. H. S., IV, 267; Lins., 1844, Am. Jour., XLVII, 68; Bd., 1855, Ninth Rep. 8. Inst., ext. p. 30; Gill, 1856, Rep. 8. Inst., 264. Hydrargyra formosa Stor., 1837, P. B. N. H.8., I, 76. Hydrargyra trifasciata Stor., 1837, J. B. N. H. 8., I, 417. Hydrargyra vernalis Val., 1846, C. V. Poiss., XVIII, 206, pl. 531, fig. 2; Blkr., 1860, Cypr., 486. Hydrargyra majalis Val., 1846, C. V. Poiss., XVIII, 207; Blkr., 1860, Cypr., 486 ; Gill, 1861, N. A. Fish, 52, — 1865, Can. Nat., ext. p. 16, —1873, N. A. Fish, 31; Put., 1863, B. M. C. Z., p. 185 Bd., 1873, R. U.S. F. C., I, 826; Yarr., 1877, P. Phil. Ac., 214; Jor. & C., 1877, B. Buf. Soc., III, 141; Jor., 1878, THE CYPRINODONTS. 105 B. U.S. G. Surv., IV, 433, — Man. Vert., 262; G. & B., 1879, B. Ess. Inst., XI, 21; Goode, 1880, P. U. S. Mus., II, 118; Jor. & G., 1879, P. U. S. Mus., 1,384; Bean, 1881, P. U. 8S. Mus., IIT, 105. Fundulus majalis Gthr., 1866, Cat., VI, 322; Jor. & G., 1883, P. U. S. Mus., V, 585; Ryder, 1886, P. U. S. Mus., VIII, 155, pl. XI, fig. 29-30; Jor., 1887, P.U. S. Mus., IX, 26; Bean, 1889, B. U.S. F. Com., VII, 132, 147, —1892, P. U. S. Mus., XIV, 92; Smith, 1892, B. U. S. F. Com., X, 65, pl. 19, fig. 1. Fundulus (Hydrargyra) majalis Sor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U. 8. Mus., 331, 332; Jor., 1887, R. U.S. F. Com., 836. Fundulus similis Jor. & G., 1883, P.U. 8. Mus., V, 585, 619. B. 6; D. 14-13; A. 11-10; V.6; P. 18; LI. 36-33; Ltr. 13-12; Vert. 14+ 20. Form somewhat elongate, compressed, not very wide at the shoulders, subquadrate in transverse section through the head, arch of back rather low, caudal pedicel moderately deep. Head long, pointed, as broad as deep, three tenths, or less, of the length to the base of the caudal; crown straight to slightly concave longitudinally, a trifle arched transversely. Snout elongate, one and one half times as long as the eye, blunt, not so steep or so much rounded as in F’ heteroclitus. Mouth wide; lower jaw longer, upper protrac- tile. Teeth conical, hooked, in bands, outer series larger; pharyngeal with a shoulder, hooked, a considerable number, and more with age, of the me- dian resembling molars. Eye two thirds of snout, three sevenths of inter- orbital space, one fifth of head. Two to three rows of scales below the eye on the cheek. Origin of dorsal midway from nostril to tip of caudal, several rays forward of that of anal. Base of anal shorter than that of dorsal, but tip of fin reaching farther back. Anal of male becoming pointed, and concave on its hinder border. Pectorals reaching bases of ventrals. Caudal subtruncate, two thirds as broad as long, rays two thirds as long as head. Olivaceous, centres of scales lighter, whitish to yellowish below, brownish, bronzed and puncticulate to silvery on the cheek, top of head dark. Males and young with ten to eighteen narrow bands of brown across the sides. Females when half grown or larger have a longitudinal band: from the upper angle of the opercle to the middle of the caudal pedicel ; commonly there is a shorter band below this more or less broken into spots; many have two bands below this long one and another above it. On the caudal pedicel the female usually has one or more vertical bands, the most distinct and longest being that nearest the rays. The upper end of the hindmost band on the pedicel is deepest in color and remains as a black spot in case the bands fade. The colors in young and old and male and female are well shown on Plate IX. A black spot is occasionally present on the posterior rays of the dorsal. Attaining a length of six inches. Canada to Florida along the shores, 14 106 THE CYPRINODONTS. Fundulus similis. Hydrargyra similis B. & G., 1853, P. Phil. Ac., VI, 389; Grd., 1859, Mex. Bd., Fish, 68, pl. 35, fig. 1-8 ; Blkr., 1860, Cypr., 486; Put., 1863, B. M. C. Z., p. 13; Jor. & C., 1877, B. Buf. Soc., IT, 141; Jor., 1878, B. U.S. G. Sur., IV, 400, 433; G. & B., 1880, P. U. S. Mus., I, 151. Fundulus similis Gthy., 1866, Cat., VI, 323; G. & B., 1883, P. U. 8. Mus., V, 239; Jor. & G., 1883, P. U.S. Mus., V, 252, 619; Jor., 1885, P. U. S. Mus., VII, 109, 322; Jor. & S., 1885, P. U. S. Mus., VII, 230; Hensh., 1891, B. U. S. F. Com., IX, 374; Everm., 1893, B. U.S. F. Com., 1891, p. 84; Everm. &K., 1894, B. U. S. F. Com., 1892, pp. 66, 75, 77, 79, 83, 87, 89, 92, 106. Fundulus (Hydrargyra) similis Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U. 8. Mus., 331, 333, 891; Jor., 1887, R. U.S. F. Com., 836. B. 6; D. 14-12; A.11-10; V.6; P.18; Ll. 35-33; Ltr. 13-12; Vert. 15+ 19. ; Similar to F. majalis in shape, but with longer snout and different color- ation. Back considerably arched above the pectorals. Head elongate, one third of length to base of caudal, subquadrate in transsection, crown flat or slightly concave longitudinally. Snout long, twice the eye, as wide as deep, slightly turned upward in larger individuals, blunt; chin steep. Mouth wide, oblique, lower jaw longer, upper protractile. Teeth conical, in bands, outer series longer ; pharyngeal with a shoulder, median resembling molars. Eye medium, twice in the snout, one and one half times in the interorbital space, four and one half times in the head. Three series of scales below the eye on the cheek. Dorsal origin about midway from opercle to base of caudal, little forward of that of anal. Base of anal opposed to that of dorsal, not reaching as far forward, and hardly as far backward. On males anal and dorsal are more or less pointed and the former has a slight indentation on the outer border, behind the point. Anal rays longer than those of dorsal. Caudal deep, two thirds as long as head, truncate. Light olivaceous to yellowish, back darker, centres of scales lighter, sil- very to brownish on the flanks, white to yellow beneath. With eight to twenty narrow bars of brown across the flank. The following are either present or absent according to the individual or sex: a blackish spot at the upper angle of the opercle, cloudings or spots in the fins, a black spot at the upper end of the hindmost bar on the base of the caudal, a dark band across the hind edge of the caudal, and an ocellate spot on the hinder rays of the dorsal. Cheeks commonly silvery. Largest specimen six and one half inches in length. Texas; Louisiana; Alabama; Florida. THE CYPRINODONTS. 107 Fundulus Rathbuni. Plate II. Fig. 9, teeth. Fundulus (Xenisma) rathbuni Jor., 1889, P. U.S. Mus., XI, 351, 356, pl. 44, fig. 7. B. 6 (rarely 5); D. 11-12; A. 12-13; V.6; P. 16-17; Ll. 36; Ltr. 12- 13; Vert. 16 +19. From intermediate between that of F. catenatus and that of F. heterochtus, with nearer approach to the latter. Body stout, compressed, caudal region deep. Head broad, one fourth of the total length ; crown flat. Snout medium, blunt; chin moderately steep. Mouth wide; lower jaws longer, upper protractile. Teeth conical, in bands, outer series longer; pharyngeal with a shoulder,a few stout and thick, groups small, as in heteroclitus. Eye large, as long as snout, three and one third times in the head, two thirds of the interorbital space. Pectorals and ventrals small. Dorsal and anal elon- gate, acuminate posteriorly. Dorsal origin close to the middle of the total length. Base of anal shorter than that of dorsal, opposed. Caudal deep, rounded on hind margin. Oviduct slightly extended on the anal. Olivaceous, light to rusty, lighter below, silvery on cheeks, white on throat ; with few to many small spots of brown on head and flanks. The spots sometimes form short bars, becoming more or less confluent. Edges of scales darker, forming reticulations. The specimens examined are without large spots on the fins. On the bases of the caudal rays there are some small ones, and on the dorsal there are a few faint indications of others. If it were not for the six branchiostegal rays, in most cases, it would be dif_i- cult to find reasons for separating this species from F’. heferoelitus ; to which it would bear much the same relationship as exists between the brown spotted and the silver flecked individuals of #. grandis. About three inches. Fresh waters of North Carolina. Fundulus catenatus. Plate Il. Fig. 11, teeth. Peecilia catenata Stor., 1846, Syn., 178, — Mem. Am. Ac., II, 430. ‘ Hydrargyra catenata Ag., 1854, Am. Jour. Sci., XVI, 353, extr. p. 15; Blkr., 1860, Cypr., 486 ; Put., 1863, B. M. C. Z., 7. Fundulus catenatus Gthr. 1866, Cat., VI, 322; Cope, 1869, J. Phil. Ac., 238, — 1877, P. Am. Phil. Soc., XI, 456; Jor., 1887, R. U. S. F. Com., 837; Jor. & G., 1887, P. U.S. Mus., IX, 5,12; Gilb., 1891, B. U. S. F.C., IX, 149; Meek, 1891, B. U. S. F. Com., IX, 118, 122, 180, 134, 188, 146; Kir., 1892, B. 108 THE CYPRINODONTS. U.S. F. Com., X, 291; Woolm., 1892, B. U.S. F.Com., X, 258, 263, 266, 269; Garm., 1894, B. Ess. Inst., XXVI, ext. p. 47. Zygonectes catenatus Jor., 1876, Man. Vert., 252. Xenisma catenata Jor. & C., 1877, B. Buf. Soc. III, 142 ; Jor., 1878, Man. Vert., 263, —B. U.S. G. Surv., IV, 433; Jor. & B., 1878, B. 12 U. S. Mus., 62, 77. Fundulus (Xenisma) catenatus Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U. 8. Mus., 337. Xenisma stellifera Jor., 1876, Aun. N. Y. Lyc., 322, —1878, B. U.S. G. Surv., IV, 411, 433; Jor. &C., 1877, B. Buf. Soc., III, 142; Jor. & B., 1878, B. 12 U. S. Mus., 48. Fundulus (Xenisma) stellifer Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U. 8. Mus., 337. Fundulus stellifer Jor., 1887, R. U. 8. F. Com., 837; Gilb., 1891, B. U. 8. F. Com., IX, 155, 158. B. 6-5; D. 15-14; A. 16-15; V.6; P. 16-15; Ll. 45-53; Ltr. 13-14; Vert. 17+ 20. Body moderately elongate and compressed, depressed anteriorly and on the head. Head broad, three and a half times in the length to the caudal, or more than four times in the total; crown flat. Snout medium, broad, blunt ; chin moderately steep. Teeth conical, in bands, outer series larger ; median pharyngeal teeth enlarged, blunt, others hooked. Eye large, two thirds of either snout or interorbital space, two sevenths of head. Dorsal anal and ventrals somewhat larger, broader and deeper, and ending in a sharper angle on males than on females. Origin of dorsal about midway from base of pectoral to base of caudal. Base of anal opposed to that of dorsal and originating a little farther back. On females the anal appears to extend a little farther back than the dorsal. The oviduct is prolonged a short distance on the first anal ray. Intestine about equal to the total length, not much convolute. Caudal broad, subtruncate or rounded. Light olivaceous to greenish olive, light to dark; with small spots of brown forming more or less irregular longitudinal streaks on the flanks. On males the brown becomes less distinct in cases giving rise to a more uniform coloration on the upper surfaces, which fades into silvery on the flanks and below. The male most often bears a blackish band near the hind border of the caudal fin, in front of a narrow edging of white or cream color. More rarely the dorsal is dark and has a white border. Scattered spots of orange, present in life, disappear in the alcohol. Reaches a length of six inches. Fresh waters of Kentucky and Virginia and southward. # Fundulus seminolis. Plate II. Fig. 12, teeth. Fundulus seminolis Grd., 1859, P. Phil. Ac., 59; Blkr., 1860, Cypr., 487; Gthr., 1866, Cat., VI, 325; Jor. & C., 1877, B. Buf. Soe., ITI, 141; Jor., 1878, B. U. S. G. Surv., IV, 433, —1885, P. U. S. Mus., VII, 322, — 1887, R. U. S. F. Com., 837; Goode, 1880, P. U. S. Mus., II, 117; Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U.S. Mus., 334; Woolm., 1892, B. U. S. F. Com., X, 297, pl. 52, fig. 3. THE CYPRINODONTS. 109 Be G5) Di Wi gVAGS (457 Volbe reece. Lito6 3) Ltr) 20; Vert. 174- 18, Form bearing some resemblance to F. catenatus. Elongate, stout, com- pressed. Head about one fourth of the total length, crown flat. Snout broad, blunt, one and one half times the length of the orbit. Mouth of medium size; lower jaw longer, upper protractile. Teeth conical, in bands, outer series larger; pharyngeal with a shoulder, many of the median becom- ing molars, like those of F’. majalis. Eye large, less than five times in the head, more than half of the width of the forehead. Dorsal originating little in advance of half way from snout to end of tail, about six rays forward of the origin of the anal; base extending several rays farther back than that of the latter; upper margin convex; hind angle acute, Anal elongate, lower angle acute, hind margin concave. Caudal broad, length slightly greater than that of the base of the dorsal, two thirds of the head, trun- cate. Ventrals small, not reaching the anal. Pectorals medium, reaching a vertical from base of ventrals. Intestine short, extended, reaching nearly to end of anal fin. Olivaceous, lighter beneath, opercle silvery; a brownish spot on the base of each scale, forming longitudinal vittae. Fins with irregular transverse series of small spots or dots. Attaining a length of five inches or more, Florida. Fundulus Dugesii. Fundulus Dugesii Bean, 1888, P. U. 8. Mus., X, 373, pl. 20, fig. 5; EHig., 1898, P. U. 8. Mus., XVI, 56. Doran it El 30; Ltr, 11. Body comparatively short and deep, depth less than one third of the total length, back somewhat arched. Head moderately broad, about equal depth of body, or nearly one third of the length to the base of the caudal ; crown flattened. Snout short, less than eye; lower jaw longer, upper protractile ; chin steep. Teeth conical, in a double series, outer larger. Eye longer than snout, two thirds of interorbital space, one fourth of head. Fins short, rounded. Dorsal and anal opposed, behind the middle of the total length. Dorsal origin midway from the upper angle of the opercle to the end of the caudal. Base of anal half as long as that of dorsal, below the middle of the latter. Caudal slightly convex, least depth of the pedicel half the depth of the body. Light brown, with five or six broad vertical dusky bars on the flank, be- 110 THE CYPRINODONTS. tween head and caudal. One of the bands below anterior half of dorsal, another on the caudal pedicel. On sides and head tinted with green mixed with silver ; belly yellowish ; upper cheek bronze, lower silvery ; operculum silvery. Length about three inches. Guanajuato, Mex. (Bean.) Fundulus Lucie. Hydrargyra lucie Ba., 1855, Ninth R. 8. Inst., 344, ext. p. 30; Blk., 1860, Cypr., 486; Gill, 1861, N. A. Fish, 52; Bean, 1889, B. U.S. F. Com., VII, 129. Haplochilus lucie Gthy., 1866, Cat., VI, 316. Zygonectes lucie Jor., 1887, R. U.S. F. Com., 837; Smith, 1892, B. U 8. F. Com., X, 67, pl. 18, fig. 3. Fundulus lucie Bean, 1889, B. U. S. F. Com., VII, 130, 132, 140. “ General form elongated, though of rather short appearance. Head con- stituting less than one fourth of the total length. Insertion of anal slightly in advance of origin of dorsal, and rather more developed than the latter. Ventrals very small; their extremity reaching the anus. Tail large. D. 8; ASO). Vin Ons Belo: OMbs el ogo: “Dark olive green above, lower part of sides and beneath rich ochre yellow. Sides with 10 or 12 broad, well defined, vertically disposed dark bars, nearly as large as their interspaces, which are of a faint tint of green- ish white. All the fins but the dorsal are of a uniform yellowish, lighter than the abdomen. Dorsal, yellow on the terminal half, the basal portions olivaceous, with a large black spot posteriorly, and immediately anterior to it a white one. The dark spot is bordered above and behind by the yellow part mentioned. In one specimen the posterior half of the base of the dorsal fin is dull white, with a large subcircular spot of black in the centre. Length about one inch. P. similar, the dorsal unspotted, the yellow less intense. A few specimens only were taken, in a small ditch at Robinson’s landing, Peck’s beach, opposite Beesley’s point.” (Baird.) We are indebted to Smith for additional particulars. D.8; A. 10; Ll. 34-35; Ltr. 10-11. Head two sevenths of length to base of caudal; eye two thirds of snout and two thirds to three fourths of interorbital space. It will readily be seen that this form might be derived from the ornate types of Fundulus heteroclitus, The only difference to be noted lies in the short dorsal. Examination of a large number of individuals of this species of Fundulus discovers none on which the dorsal has less than ten rays. The lack of a couple of the anterior in a young specimen is all that is needed to THE CYPRINODONTS. 111 provide a type that would agree perfectly with the descriptions of Luciz, in respect to origin of dorsal and all other particulars. The proper standing of the species Luciz is not yet satisfactorily determined. Fundulus Goodei. Plate III. Fig. 4, teeth. Iucania Goodei Jor., 1879, P. U. 8S. Mus., 240, —1887, R. U. 8. F. Com., 837; Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U.S. Mus., 343; Woolm., 1892, B. U. 8. F. Com., 294, 296, 300, pl. 53, fig. 2. B. 5; D. 10-12; A. 10-11; V. 6; P. 12; Ll 29-82; Ltr. 8; Vert. 14+ 16. Body compressed, tail moderately deep. Head nearly one fourth of the total length ; crown flattened. Snout short, nearly as long as the eye, blunt; chin steep. Mouth of moderate size, oblique; lower jaws longer, firmly united ; upper short, protractile. Teeth conical ; outer series strong, hooked; inner similar in shape to outer but very small; pharyngeal with a shoulder. Eye large, longer than the snout in small specimens, nearly as wide as the interorbital space. Dorsal rather large, originating about midway from snout to base of caudal. Anal little smaller than dorsal, tip and base extending a little farther backward than those of the latter. Pectorals small, hardly larger than the ventrals and reaching a trifle behind their bases. Caudal deep, convex. Scales large. Olivaceous, silvery on lower half of head and on belly, edges of scales darker. A blackish band from the lower jaw along the flank to the middle of the base of the caudal. A dark band from the lower edge of the caudal passes forward below the pedicel to each side of the base of the anal. A transverse band of dark color on the basal half of dorsal and anal, varying in distinctness. Tips of fins darkened. Florida. The possession of inner series of teeth on the jaws places this species in Fundulus, rather than in Lucania, the essential characteristic of which is the single series of teeth on each jaw. Fundulus hispanicus. Plate III. Fig. 1, teeth. Hydrargyra hispanica Val., 1846, C. V. Poiss., XVIII, 214, pl. 531, fig. 1; Steind., 1865, Sb. Ak. Wien, LI, pl. ? , fig. 4, 5. Cyprinodon iberus Bellotti, 1858, Mem. Ac. Sc. Torin., XVII, p. clx. ‘undulus hispanicus Gth., 1866, Cat., VI, 326; Sauyv., 1880, Nouv. Arch. Mus., III, (2) 27; Seel., 1886, Fish. Eur., 22, 371. 112 THE CYPRINODONTS. B. 6; D. 11-9; A. 11-14; V. 6; P.14; Ll. 29-32; Ltr. 8-9; Vert. 14+ 18. Body comparatively stout, short and thick, compressed behind the head, caudal pedicel deep and short, head and nape broad, depressed on the upper surface. Head longer than depth of body, nearly one third of the length to the base of the caudal, as broad as deep, crown flat. Snout short, not as long as the eye, blunt, rounded; chin steep. Mouth large, directed obliquely upward, lower jaws longer, firmly united; upper short, protractile. Teeth conical, hooked ; outer series larger, in open order; inner small, in bands; pharyngeal with a shoulder. Eye large, little longer than the snout, nearly two fifths of the head, half of the forehead. Dorsal origin almost directly opposite that of anal, two thirds of the distance from the eye to the base of the caudal, or half of that from the occiput to the end of the caudal fin. Anal larger, deeper and reaching farther back than dorsal. Ventrals small, not reaching anal. Pectorals narrow, pointed, not reaching bases of ventrals. Caudal deep, short, little more than half as long as the head, con- vex on the hind margin. Scales large. Intestine short, hardly as long as head and body. Olivaceous, light and yellowish to dark and brownish, whitish to silvery beneath and on the lower half of the head, edges of scales darker. A small spot of brown on the base of each scale, of the upper flank and back, gives the appearance of vitte. Fins plain, or with transverse streaks, or clouded, or darker toward the tips. A darkish streak behind the eye. A faint dark- ish streak along the middle of the side. Top of head dark. Small to medium sized specimens have a blackish patch behind the upper angle of the operculum, half a dozen or more narrow, more or less distinct, vertical streaks of ‘brown on the hinder portion of the body, and transverse series of dots on dorsal anal and caudal, more or less zigzag on the last. Small and light colored individuals have a narrow band of brownish from the eye around the lower lip. Largest specimen two and one half inches. Fresh waters of Spain. Fundulus nisorius. Fundulus nisorius Cope, 1877, P. Am. Phil. Soc. (2d ed. of extra) 456. “Stout; head four times in length to basis caudal; orbit four times in length of head, and twice in interorbital width. Depth 3.75 times in length. THE CYPRINODONTS. 113 Anal fin commencing about opposite the middle of the dorsal. Cheek scaly, operculum smooth. Scales of body in 36 transverse, and 12 longitudinal series. Radii D. 12, A. 10 or 11, extending more than half way from basis of first ray to basis caudal. Length of female four inches. Color uniform light brown, yellowish below. Most of the specimens of this species (seven) are females, and in them the oviducts are prolonged in a tube to near the extremity of the first ray of the anal fin. Several have many well developed eggs in the former. Small, faintly cross-banded specimens, perhaps males, do not present this character. There are no pseudo-branchixe. From Gaboon, W. Africa.” (Cope.) Known only from the foregoing. Fundulus capensis sp. n. Plate III. Fig. 2, teeth. Base Dots A. 1s Ve. 6c LE 365) Ltr, 11. Form resembling that of F. heteroclitus. Body compressed ; head broad, depressed, crown flat. Snout short, rounded from the eye forward, blunt; chin steep. Mouth of medium size, directed obliquely upward; lower jaws longer, firmly joined ; upper short, protractile. Teeth slender, pointed; outer series larger, hooked, appearing slightly expanded near the apex; inner simi- lar to outer, very small, in bands; pharyngeal with a shoulder. Eye large, nearly twice the snout, two fifths of the head, little less than the interorbital space. Dorsal origin midway from middle of eye to base of caudal, slightly forward of vent. Anal origin nearly under middle of base of dorsal. Scales small. Caudal convex. Olivaceous, edges of scales darker. Top of head darker, crossed by a lighter band in front of the eyes. Opercle silvery, crossed by a darkish streak behind the eye. Belly whitish or silvery. A faint band of silvery from the operculum to the caudal along the middle of the side. Five or six broad blotches of brownish across the flanks, separated by rather wider spaces of the lighter color. A vertebral darkish streak, more distinct be- hind the dorsal; a similar line between anal and lower edge of caudal. A band crosses the caudal near its base. Darker color shows faintly through the silvery band on the flanks, Specimen described one inch in length. It may be that with material in better condition, and a knowledge of the sexual peculiarities, a different dis- 15 114 THE CYPRINODONTS. position of this form will have to be made. This possibility is suggested by the shape of the teeth, which is not that of other Funduli, but rather an approach to that of Heterandria formosa. False Bay, Cape of Good Hope. Fundulus teniopygus. Fundulus orthonotus Gth., 1866, Cat., VI, 826; Playf. & Gth., 1866, Fish. Zanzib., 118, pl. 17, fig. 2, 3 ; Sauv., 1880, Nouv. Arch., III (2), 7, 15, 27. Fundulus (Nothobranchius) orthonotus Hilg., 1888, Ges. Nat. Fr., 78. Nothobranchius orthonotus Hilg., 1891, Ges. Nat. Fr., 19. Nothobranchius teniopygus Hilg., 1891, 1. c., 20. Fundulus Giintheri Pfeff., 1893, Jahrb. Hamb. Anst., X, ext. p. 39. D. 15; A. 15-16; V. 5; Li. 30-32; Ltr. 10, Depth of body or length of head three tenths of the length to the base of the caudal. -Head thick, short; snout blunt. Lower jaw projecting be- yond the upper. Eye as long as snout, half of interorbital space, two ninths of head. Dorsal origin half way from eye to root of caudal in males, or half way from preoperculum to base of caudal in females. Anal origin opposite that of dorsal in males, more backward on females, which, be- sides, have the anterior rays of the anal stiff and inflexible. Fins more elongate on the male, which sex has all the scales provided with a carmine- red margin. Sides of head and dorsal and anal with carmine-red spots. Caudal red. Tail, base of anal and caudal dotted with black on the female. East Coast of Africa; Seychelles. (Giinther.) Fundulus Antinorii. Haplochilus Antinorii Vincig., 1883, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen., XVIII, 693, fig. Dis As 45 Vise El 30. Length of head one fourth or more of the length from snout to base of caudal, depth of body little less. Crown flattened. Snout short, blunt, chin steep. Mouth directed upward; lower jaws longer; upper short. Eye large, longer than snout, about one third of the length of the head, equal the interorbital space. Dorsal origin near the middle of the total length, opposite that of the anal in females, above the eighteenth scale of the lateral line. Anal of male slightly advanced. Base of anal longer than that of dorsal. Ventrals small, not reaching the anal. Pectorals rounded, reaching beyond a vertical from the bases of the ventrals. THE CYPRINODONTS. 115 Colore corporis in mare virescenti, in foemina luteo, fusco arenato, pinnis griseis marginibus nigris.” “Tago Arsadé, nella regione degli Adda-Galla al sud della Scioa.” (Vinciguerra.) It is evident that this species is out of place in Haplochilus. Without examining the teeth, the best we can do is to place it with the Funduli. Fundulus virescens. Fundulus virescens Schleg., 1850, Fauna Jap., IV, Pisc., 225, pl. 102, fig. 6; Blk., 1853, Verh. Bat. Gen., XXV, ext. p. 18, —1854, XXVI, ext. p. 32. Fundulichthys virescens Blk., 1860, Cypr., 485, — A. 8. 8. I. N., VIL, ext. p. 59, —1879, Verb. K. A. W., XX, ext. p. 24. RAE Dns sens bp les C18. “L’individu dont nous publions la figure, était long d’un peu plus de deux pouces, taille qu’acquiert ordinairement l’espéce. La longueur de la téte de ce poisson égale la hauteur du trone aux pectorales, et fait environ le cinquiéme de la longueur totale du poisson. Les machoires sont armées, suivant M. Biirger, de plusieurs rangées de dents, dont les mitoyennes sont plus grandes que les autres. Les yeux sont de grandeur moyenne. Les écailles sont passablement grandes, et la ligne latérale est plus rapprochée de celle du dos que de celle du ventre. L’anus est plus rapproché de l’extré- mité de la caudale que de celle de la téte. La dorsale occupe précisément le milieu de la ligne supérieure du poisson; elle est petite ainsi que l’anale. La caudale est un peu échancrée 4 Vextrémité. Les pectorales naissent au- dessous de l’angle de l’opercule. Ce poisson est, 4 I’état frais, d’un vert olivatre foneé sur le dos, plus pale sur les cOtés de l’animal, et passant au blanchatre sur les parties inférieures. La dorsale, l’anale et notamment la caudale, tirant au jaune orangé. “ Oomedaka est le nom sous lequel les Japonais désignent ce petit poisson, trés commun dans les ruisseaux et petites riviéres qui se jettent dans la baie de Nagasaki.” (Schlegel). ; The figure places the dorsal entirely forward of the anal, above the middle of the space between the latter and the ventrals ; this and the forked tail make the outlines resemble those of some Cyprinoids rather than the Cyprinodonts in general. It is known only from the original description and figure, which are insufficient for determination of affinities or position. A very doubtful addition to Fundulus. 116 THE CYPRINODONTS. EMPETRICHTHYS, Empetrichthys Gilb., 1893, N. A. Fauna, No. 7, pt. 2, p. 233. Head and body compressed, mouth oblique, chin steep. Teeth conical, in bands. Pharyngeal bones massive ; teeth resembling molars, much as in Fundulus myalis. Branchiostegal rays five. Dorsal and anal opposed, behind the middle of the body. Intestine of moderate length. Allied to Fundulus through the more compressed species. Empetrichthys Merriami. Empetrichthys merriamt Gilb., 1893, 1. ¢., p. 234, pl. 5. B.5; D.11-13; A. 13-15; Ll. 33-34; Ltr. ca. 16. Deeper and more compressed than Umbra limi, to which there is some resemblance. Head compressed, crown slightly convex. Mouth very oblique ; maxillary reaching little behind front edge of the eye. Eye small, once the snout, half the interorbital space, one fifth of the head. Fins medium, angles blunt or rounded. Dorsal near midway from head to end of caudal, opposite the anal. Caudal broad, subtruncate. Pectorals rounded, extending half way to vent. Intestine one and one half times as long as the body. Back brownish ; lighter on flanks and below; irregularly blotched or clouded on the flanks with brown and white ; fins brownish, more or less clouded with brown. Scales on the ventral surfaces in cases with lighter borders. Ash meadows and the Pahrump Valley, Nevada, near the California line. (Gilbert.) ZYGONECTES. Zygonectes Agassiz, 1853, Am. Jour. Sci., XVI, 135,— 1854, Am. Jour., XVII, 353, — Fish. Temn., 15; Grd., 1859, P. Phil. Ac., 113; Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U. S. Mus., 338. Micristius Gill, 1865, Can. Nat., ext. p. 24; Jor. & C., 1877, B. Buf. Soc., III, 142. Haplochilus (part) Gthr., 1866, Cat., VI, 310. Intermediate in general features between Fundulus and Haplochilus. Body compressed posteriorly, depressed forward. Crown flat. Snout short, broad. Mouth slightly oblique; upper jaws shorter, protractile, not ex- panded and produced as in Haplochilus ; lower longer, firmly joined. Teeth conical, in bands. No vomerine teeth. Dorsal and anal behind the middie of the body, opposed, the former smaller and originating above or a little THE CYPRINODONTS. Ay behind the origin of the latter; fins similar in the sexes, Caudal very con- vex or pointed. Intestine short. This genus is so closely allied to Fundulus that separation is difficult. The most noticeable distinctive feature obtains in the backward position and the smaller size of the dorsal fin, smaller than the anal. From Haplo- chilus the genus is distinguished by lack of the expansion and production of the intermaxillaries and by the opposition of dorsal and anal. Zygonectes and Haplochilus have been thrown together by some authorities ; but a consist- ent adherence to such an estimate of the actual affinities would necessitate uniting both with Fundulus. North American. Zygonectes olivaceus. Plate I. Fig. 14, teeth; Plate X. Fig. 10-13. Pecilia olivacea Stor., 1845, P. B. N. H. Soc., IH, 51, — 1846, Syn., 178, — Mem. Am. Ac., II, 430. Fundulus tenellus B. & G., 1853, P. Phil. Ac., 389. Zygonectes tenellus Grd., 1859, P. Phil. Ac., 60; Blk., 1860, Cypr., 485. Zygonectes olivaceus Ag., 1854, Am. Jour., XVII, 353, — Fish Tenn. Riv., 15; Blk., 1860, Cypr., 485. Zygonectes zonatus Ag., 1854, Am. Jour., XVII, 353, — Fish. Tenn. Riv., 15. Zygonectes lateralis Ag., 1854, Am. Jour., XVII, 353, — Fish. Tenn. Riv., 15; Blk., 1860, Cypr., 485. Zygonectes pulchellus Grd., 1859, P. Phil. Ac, 113; Blk., 1860, Cypr., 485; Jor. 1874, Fish. Indiana, 32. Haplochilus pulchellus Gth., 1866, Cat., VI, 314. Zygonectes notatus Nels., 1876, B. Il. Lab., I, 42; Jor. & C., 1877, B. Buf. Soe., III, 142; Jor., 1877, B.9 U.S. Mus., 47, — 1878, B. Ill. Lab., I, No. 2, p. 52, —1878, Man. Vert., 264, — 1878, B. U.S. G. Surv., IV, 411, 433, — 1887, R. U.S. F. Com., 837; Jor. & B., 1878, B. 12 U. S. Mus., 62, 77; Forb., 1878, B.2 Ill. Lab., 78, 85, — 1883, B. 6 Ill. Lab., 71, 93, — 1890, B. Ill. Lab., II, 499; Cope, 1880, B. 20 U. S. Mus., 34; Hay, 1881, P. U. S. Mus., III, 501, — 1883, B. U. 8. F. Com., 66, 74; Bean, 1882, B. U.S. F. Com., I, 206; Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U. 8. Mus., 339, —1887, P. U.S. Mus., IX, 5, 8, 12, 14, 16, 17, 19, 21; Everm. & F., 1885, P. Phil. Ac., 412; Hensh., 1888, Cin. Soc. N. H., 79; Everm. & J., 1889, P. U. S. Mus., XI, 43, 53, 56; Gilb., 1889, P. U. S., Mus., XI, 609, — 1891, B. U. S. F. Com., IX, 150, 155; Garm., 1890, B. Ill. Lab., IIT, 141, — 1894, B. Ess. Inst., XX VI, ext. p. 47; Bollm., 1890, B. U. S. F. Com., VIII, 223; Meek, 1891, B. U.S. F. Com., IX, 119, 128, 130, 134, 139, 140; Woolm., 1892, B. U.S. F. Com., 251, 258, 261, 263, 271, 278, 274; Everm. & K., 1894, B. U.S. F. Com., 1892, pp. 78, 81, 83, 92, 107, pl. 24, fig. 4; Hig., 1894, R. Ind. Biol. Surv., 94. Fundulus aureus Cope, 1865, P. Phil. Ac., 78. Haplochilus aureus Gih., 1866, Cat., VI, 315. B. 5; D. 10-8; A. 12-10; V. 6; P. 14-15; Ll. 33-37; Ltr. 11-10; Vert. 17-- 18. . Body subfusiform in horizontal outline, depressed and flattened on head and nape, compressed from the head backward, deepest above the ventrals, moderately deep in the caudal pedicel. Head equal depth, one fourth of the length to the base of the caudal, depressed, as wide as deep. Snout wide, not deep, broadly rounded, little longer than the eye. Mouth wide ; man- 118 THE CYPRINODONTS. dibles longer, firmly joined; intermaxillaries shorter, protractile. Teeth small, in bands, subconical, hooked, outer series larger. Eye large, shorter than snout, two sevenths of head, three fifths of interorbital space. Dorsal origin about midway from eye to tip of caudal, a trifle backward from the first ray of the anal, Anal larger than dorsal, base extending farther for- ward and not quite so far back, fin length varying with age and sex. Ven- trals small, not reaching the anal. Pectorals small, reaching the bases of the ventrals. Median rays of caudal longer ; fin rounded to bluntly pointed. Light olivaceous to greenish or yellowish olive, with a band of brown or black passing from the snout, through the eye, above the pectoral, to the middle of the tail, about one scale and two half-scales in width. Back and flanks, to the lower edge of the band, commonly sprinkled with small spots of brown. Dorsal, anal, and caudal with smaller spots, to some extent forming transverse series. Top of head dark, frequently a light spot on the occiput. A light streak along the edge of the dark band on the flank is not rare. Below the band, lighter to white. Specimens marked with vertical bars of brown on the lower portion of the sides, as in Fig. 10, Plate X, are common. On many the spots are more numerous than on Fig. 12 of the same plate. ; The variety to which the name zonatus was given by Agassiz, from Michi- gan, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois, appears to have more distinct and persis- tent vertical bars than the southern representatives. In cases the lateral bars are broken into spots, in many the longitudinal band extends out upon the caudal. A phase of coloration frequently met with shows the band with the bars forming mere serrations or projections on its edges. Alabama to Wisconsin. ‘ This species has been identified by different authors with Semotilus? notatus of Rafinesque. It is, however, impossible to determine from the description of that author what he had before him. The following is his account : — “107th species. Silverspotted chubby. Semotilus? notatus. Semotile taché. Breadth one sixth of the length, brownish, pale beneath; head small, obtuse, with a large silver spot on the forehead between the eyes, jaws nearly equal; dorsal fin opposed to the anal, tail oboval entire. It is found in the Cumberland River, and the Little River, a branch of it. Communicated by Mr. Wilkins. It is rather doubtful whether it belongs to this genus, or Minnilus, Rutilus, ete. It might perhaps be found to constitute a peculiar one by the small mouth without lips, and the posterior dorsal THE CYPRINODONTS. 119 fin. Vent posterior. Pectoral and abdominal fins oboval. Eyes large. Length three inches ; good bait for Perch, Bass, Red-eyes or Ring-eyes, etc.” Raf., 1820, Ichth. Ohio, 86. A small obtuse head with a silver spot on the top (but not always be- tween the eyes), dorsal opposed to anal, oboval entire tail, jaws nearly equal, small mouth (but not without lips), posterior dorsal fin, pectoral and abdomi- nal fins oboval, vent posterior, and eyes large (especially in young) may refer to either of several species in the Cumberland; while in that described here as olivaceous of Storer, the silver spot is usually on the occiput when present, the mouth is large and has lips, and broad lateral bands are so con- spicuous that one can hardly believe Rafinesque would describe a fish possess- ing them as merely “ brownish, pale beneath.” Zygonectes cingulatus. Plate I. Fig. 13, teeth. Fundulus cingulatus Val., 1846, C. V. Poiss., XVIII, 197; Blk., 1860, Cypr., 486 ; Gill, 1861, Cat. N. A. Fish., 52. Micristius cingulatus Gill, 1873, N. A. Fish., 31; Jor. & C., 1877, B.- Buf. Soc., III, 149. Zygonectes (Micristius) cingulatus Jor., 1878, B. U. 8. G. Sur., IV, 433; Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U.S. Mus., 342. Zygonectes cingulatus Jor. & G., 1883, P. U. S. Mus., V, 586; Jor., 1887, P. U. S. Mus., IX, 527; Bollm., 1887, P. U. S. Mus., IX, 463; Gilb., 1891, B. U. S. F. Com., IX, 158. Fundulus zonatus Val., 1846, C. V. Poiss., XVIII, 196; Blk., 1860, Cypr., 486; Gill, 1861, N. A. Fish., 52. Haplochilus zonatus Gth., 1866, Cat., VI, 316. Micristius zonatus Gill, 1873, N. A. Fish., 31; Jor. & C., 1877, B. Buf. Soc., III, 142. Zygonectes (Micristius) zonatus Jor., 1878, B. U.S. G. Sur., [V, 411,433; Jor. & G., 1882, B.16 U.S. Mus., 342. Zygonectes chrysotus Put., 1863, B. M. C. Z., p. 18; Goode, 1880, P. U. S. Mus., II, 117; Jor., 1885, P. U. S. Mus., VII, 319, 322, —1887, R. U.S. F. Com., 837; Hensh., 1891, B. U. S. F. Com., IX, 374; Woolm., 1892, B. U. S. F. Com., X, 296, 300, 301, pl. 53, fig. 1. Haplochilus chrysotus Gth., 1866, Cat., VI, 317. Micristius chrysotus Gill, 1873, N. A. Fish., 31; Jor. & C., 1877, B. Buf. Soc., III, 142. Zygonectes (Micristius) chrysotus Jor., 1878, B. U.S. G. Sur, IV, 483; Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U.S. Mus., 342. Gambusia arlingtonia G. & B., 1880, P. U. S. Mus., I, 118; Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U. S. Mus., 345; Jor., 1887, R. U. S. F. Com., 838. Zygonectes Henshalli Jor., 1880, P. U.S. Mus., II, 237, — 1881, ILI, 21, —1885, VII, 322, — 1887, R. U.S. F. Com., 887; Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U. S. Mus., 338. Zygonectes rubrifrons Sor., 1880, P. U.S. Mus., II, 237, — 1881, ITI, 20, — 1887, R. U. S. F. Com., 837; Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U. S. Mus., 338. Zygonectes auroguttatus Hay, 1886, P. U.S. Mus., VIII, 556. B. 5 (rarely 6); D. 9-8; A. 10-12; V.6; P. 14-15; Ll. 29-32; Ltr. 11 =I2) Vert. do 17. Depressed and flattened on head and nape; compressed behind the head ; caudal pedicel deep. Head broad, flat on the crown, subquadrate in trans- 120 THE CYPRINODONTS. section, two sevenths of the length to the base of the caudal, almost equal greatest depth of body. Snout short, hardly as long as the eye, broad, very blunt: chin steep. Mouth wide ; lower jaws little longer, firmly joined ; upper shorter, protractile. Teeth conical, sharp, hooked, outer series larger. Eye large, little if any longer than the snout, two thirds of the forehead, two sevenths of the head. Dorsal origin nearly midway from occiput to tip of caudal, hardly as far forward as first anal ray, hind end of base a trifle farther back than that of anal. Ventrals small, not reaching anal. Pec- torals small, hardly reaching bases of ventrals. The length of the caudal pedicel from the origin of the dorsal to the bases of the median caudal rays is about the length of the head; the depth is two thirds as much. Caudal fin nearly as long as the head, rounded. Genital tube of female extended a little in front of the anal, the anterior rays of which have a fold at each side of their bases. Olivaceous, yellowish, golden or reddish, to brownish or blackish; back and top of head darker; opercle silvery. With or without eight to sixteen vertical bars of brown on the flanks. Dorsal, anal, and caudal plain, or clouded, or having more or less regular transverse series of dots. Some specimens have a light streak on each scale, forming longitudinal streaks on the flank. Many are freckled with golden, silvery, or light colored scales, in cases forming lines. Others have freckles of brown, on single scales, scat- tered over the body. Rarely a silvery band passes back from the opercles Frequently a light spot is present on the crown. A few are profusely blotched with black or brown. Occasionally indications of darker longi- tudinal bands are present. Reaches three inches and a half, or more. The Carolinas to Texas. Zygonectes Nottii. Plate I. Fig. 10, 12, teeth; Plate X. Fig. 1-9. Zygonectes Nottii Ag., 1854, Am. Jour. Sci., XVII, 358, — Fish. Tenn. Riv., 15; Blk., 1860, Cypr., 485; Jor., 1876, Man. Vert., 252; Jor. & C., 1877, B. Buf. Soc., ITI, 142; Jor. & B., 1878, B.12 U.S. Mus., 31, 48; Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U. S. Mus., 341; Hay, 1886, P. U. S. Mus., VIII, 557; Gilb., 1890, B. U. 8. F. Com., VIII, 227; Woolm., 1892, B. U. S. F. Com., X, 301. Zygonectes (Micristius) Nottit Jor., 1878, Man. Vert., 264, — B. U. 8. G., Sur., IV, 433. Zygonectes lineolatus Ag., 1854, Am. Jour., 358, — Fish. Tenn. R., 15; Blk., 1860, Cypr., 485. Zygonectes guttatus Ag., 1854, Am. Jour., 353, — Fish. Tenn. R., 15; Blk., 1860, Cypr., 485; Jor. & C., 1877, B. Buf. Soc., IIT, 142; Jor. & B., 1878, B. 12 U. S. Mus., 48; Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U. S. Mus., 341; Gilb., 1891, B. U. S. F. Com., IX, 158. Zygonectes (Micristius) guttatus Jov., 1878, B. U. 8. G. Sur., TV, 433. Zygonectes dispar Ag., 1854, Am. Jour., 353,— Fish. Tenn. R., 15; Blk., 1860, Cypr., 485; Nels., THE CYPRINODONTS. 121 1876, B. 1 Tl. Lab., 42; Jor., 1877, P. Phil. Ac., 67,1878, B. 2 Ill. Lab., 52, —1887, R. U.S. F. Com., 837; Jor. & C., 1877, B. Buf. Soc., III, 142; Forb., 1878, B.2 Ill. Lab., 78, 85, — 1883, B. 6, 72, 93; Hay, 1883; B. U. S. F. Com., Il, 66; Gilb., 1885, P. U. S. Mus., VII, 208; Everm. & J., 1889, P. U.S. Mus., XI, 55; Hig., 1894, R. Ind. Biol. Surv., 94. Zygonectes (Micristius) dispar Jor., 1878, B. U. S. G. Sur., IV, 433, —1878, Man. Vert., 264; Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U. S. Mus., 341. Zygonectes hieroglyphicus Ag., 1854, Am. Jour., 353, — Fish. Tenn. R., 15; Blk., 1860, Cypr., 485; Jor. & C., 1877, B. Buf. Soc., III, 142; Jor. & B., 1878, B. 12 U. S. Mus., 48; Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16 U.S. Mus., 341. Zygonectes (Micristius) hieroglyphicus Jor., 1878, B. U. 8. G. Sur., IV, 433. Zygonectes melanops Jor., 1878, B. 2 Ul. Lab., 52; Hay, 1881, P. U.S. Mus., III, 501; Bean, 1882, B. U.S. F. Com., I, 206. Zygonectes inurus Jor. & G., 1882, B. 16, U. 8. Mus., 892, —1883, P. U.S. Mus., V, 143; Forb., 1883, B. 6 Ill. Lab., 71, 93. Zygonectes craticula G. & B., 1883, P. U. S. Mus., V, 483; Jor., 1887, R. U.S. F. Com., 837. Zygonectes zonifer Jor. & M., 1885, P. U. S. Mus., V, 482; Jor., 1887, R. U.S. F. Com., 837. Zygonectes Escambie Bollm., 1887, P. U. S. Mus., IX, 463; Everm., 1893, B. U. S. F. Com., 1891, p- 87; Everm. & K., 1894, B. U. 8. F. Com., 1892, 78, 83, 90, 92, 107. B.5; D. 8-9; A. 10-11; V. 6; P. 14-12; Ll. 34-36; Ltr. 11-12; Vert. 15+ 18. Form a little shorter than that of Z. olivaceus. Compressed from the head backward ; depressed on the head, crown and nape flattened. Outline less arched from snout to dorsal than from snout to anal. Head broad, about two sevenths of the length to the base of the caudal or two ninths of the total. Snout nearly or quite as long as eye, varying with age, slightly nar- rowed at the mouth, blunt. Mouth of moderate size, a trifle oblique ; lower jaws longer, firmly united ; upper shorter, protractile. Teeth in bands, coni- cal, hooked, outer series larger; pharyngeal with a shoulder. Eye large, about as long as the snout, one third or less of the head, two thirds of the forehead. Scales large, extending upon the base of the caudal. Intestine as long as the body excluding head and caudal. Dorsal and anal of medium size and rounded margins, opposed, behind the middle of total length; dorsal smaller and originating a little farther back than the anal, the comparative position of the origin varying slightly with age and sex. The base of the dorsal extends little if any nearer the caudal than that of the anal. Caudal large, median rays longer, posterior border convex, almost pointed. Ventrals small, not reaching the anal. Pectorals small, reaching to, or a little beyond, a vertical from the bases of the ventrals. The northern variety, Z. lineolatus Ag., shows a tendency to more scales and fin rays than the southern or typical forms. Olivaceous, greenish, yellowish, reddish or brownish, lighter to silvery below, each scale with a brown more or less distinct spot, forming vitte. 16 122 THE CYPRINODONTS. On some of the darker types, Plate X. Fig. 8, the spots form narrow longi- tudinal stripes. A black blotch extending from the eye down and backward is rarely absent. Narrow vertical bars of brown across the flanks are com- monly present, sometimes as many as eighteen; on forms like those shown on Plate X. Fig. 6 and 9, the bars are obsolete. Fins marked with small dots, sometimes in two or more regular transverse series, frequently plain, clouded, or puncticulate. Top of head darker, in many cases with a silvery spot on the occiput; frequently light to whitish above the snout and between the eyes. Occasionally the spaces between the bars on the flanks are silvery. Cheeks silvery to bronzed. Alabama to Iowa and Virginia. Zygonectes sciadicus. Plate II. Fig. 1, teeth. Fundulus sciadicus Cope, 1865, P. Phil. Ac., 78, 316. Haplochilus sciadicus Gth., Cat., VI, 316. Zygonectes sciadicus Jor. & C., 1877, B. Buf. Soc., ITI, 142; Jor., 1887, R. U. S. F. Com., 837. Zyyonectes (Micristius) sciadicus Jor., 1878, B. U. 8. G. Sur., IV, 433; Jor. & G. 1882, B. 16 U.S. Mus., 342. Haplochilus floripinnis Cope, 1874, P. Am. Phil. Soc., 138, ext. p. 12; Cope & Y., 1875, Zool. Wheel. Exp., V, 695. Zygonectes floripinnis Jor. & C., B. Buf. Soc., I, 142; Jor., 1878, B. U. 8. G. Sur., TV, 433, — 1887, R. U. S. F. Com., 837, — 1891, B. U. S. F. Com., IX, 8; Jor. & G., B. 16 U.S. Mus., 339. Var. lineatus. Zygonectes lineatus Garm., 1881, B. M. C. Z., VIL, 88; Jor. & G., 1882, B.16 U.S. Mus., 339; Jor., 1887, R. U.S. F. Com., 837. Zygonectes Macdonaldi Meek, 1891, B. U. S. F. Com., IX, 122, 126, pl. 42, fig. 1. Fundulus albolineatus Gilb., 1891, B. U. S. F. Com., IX, 141, pl. 43, fig. 1. B.5; D. 10-11; A. 12-14; V.6; P. 14-16; Ll. 36-39; Ltr. 11-13; Vert. 15-F 18. Compressed behind the head, depressed on head, flattened on crown; caudal pedicel moderately deep. Head as broad as deep, two sevenths of the length to the base of the caudal, more than depth of body. Snout rounded at the end, as long as the eye. Mouth wide, slightly oblique; lower jaws longer, firmly united; upper shorter, protractile. Teeth conical, hooked, in bands, outer series larger. Eye large, as long as the snout, or longer in young, three fifths of forehead, two sevenths of head. Origin of dorsal behind the middle of the total length, a very little backward of that of anal. Anal larger than dorsal and opposed, origin a trifle in advance; like the dor- sal this fin is rather pointed. Caudal medium, varying from much to little convex on the hind border. Ventrals small, not reaching the anal, varying THE CYPRINODONTS. 123 in length in the sexes. Pectorals short, not reaching the bases of the ven- trals. Scales medium, the smaller ones on the caudal rays were not included in the numbers given above. Olivaceous, yellowish to dark brownish, light to dark ; back darker, with or without a darker vertebral streak and darker centres to the scales; belly light to whitish; opercle silvery. In some localities the color is very light, more or less blotched or clouded with large areas of darker. In the breed- ing season the fins are rather highly colored. The variety /ineatus tends toward an increase in the number of fin rays and in the rows of scales; the color is darker on the centres of the scales, and the fins are darker toward their tips. The top of the head is commonly marked with whitish in the midst of darker ; in many the crown is dark, unmarked. Little darker along the lateral line. Described from two-inch specimens. Dakota southward in tributaries of the Mississippi. Zygonectes Jenkinsii. Zygonectes jenkinsii Everm., 1892, B. U.S. F. Com., for 1891, 86, pl. 36, fig. 2, —1894, B. U. S. F. Com. for 1892, pp. 83, 87, 89, 92, 107, pl. 24, fig. 3. Be 53. D, 89; A. 1i=-12; V. 6; B. 14-163 LL 302325) Ltr -9-8; Vert. 15+ 18. Moderately elongate and slender, compressed posteriorly, depressed on the head, depth of a specimen of one and five eighths inches two ninths of the length to the base of the caudal. Head two sevenths of the length, excluding the caudal, narrowed forward, crown flat. Snout nearly as long as the eye, poimted, chin not very steep. Mouth wide, not much directed upward ; lower jaws longer, firmly jomed ; upper short, protractile. Outer series of teeth conical, hooked, stronger near the symphyses; inner small, similar in shape to the outer. Eye large, little longer than snout, nearly one third of head, three fourths of forehead. All fins with rounded margins. Dorsal smaller than anal, originating above its fourth or fifth ray, or about midway from the base of the pectoral to that of the caudal. Pectorals reaching a vertical from the bases of the ventrals. Ventrals small. Caudal not as long as the head, median rays a trifle the longer. Light rusty olivaceous, edges of scales darker, belly golden to silvery, 124 THE CYPRINODONTS. lower surface of head silvery, top of head darker, with or without a blackish line along the middle of the flank and transverse cloudings on the fins. Small scattered spots of brownish are usually present along the middle of the flank, in cases arranged in a longitudinal series in a darkish band from the opercle to the base of the caudal. Under a powerful lens, body, head, and to some extent the fins are seen to be puncticulated with darker. Alabama to Texas. HAPLOCHILUS. Aplochilus McClell., 1839, As. Res., XIX, 301, 426; Blkr., 1863, Cypr., 483, 490, — 1863, Atl., ITI, 141. Po 14: Lh 32). litrs8 = Vertanlaae B. 5-6; D. 8-9; A. 15-17; V.6; P. 15; Ll. 32-34; Ltr. 9. (Day.) Shape of body similar to that of the preceding. Head four and one fourth, depth five to five and one fourth, and caudal four and one third times in the total length. Eye three and one half times in the head, one and one third times in the snout, and one and one half times in the forehead. Snout broad, depressed, rounded ; jaws of equal length. Vomerine teeth present. Third ray of ventral prolonged in a filament. Median rays of caudal longer, fin rather pointed. Greenish to olive, with six to ten narrow transverse bands of darker on the flank. On some the lighter centres of the scales form vitte. A black spot at the base of the dorsal. Fins more or less marked with small spots. A silver spot on the occiput. This species is said to attain the length of four inches. The specimens examined were secured at Canara. 126 THE CYPRINODONTS, Haplochilus Dayi. Haplochilus (Panchax) Dayi Steind., 1892, Denk. Ak. Wien, LIX, 376, pl. 1, fig. 2-2%. D. 6-7; A. 15; Ll. 29-30. Allied to ZH. lineatus but differmmg in coloration and in the fins. Head about half as wide as long. Snout three, and eye three and one half times in the length of the head. Vomerine teeth present. Dorsal origin above the base of the hindmost anal ray, 24-25 scales from the snout. Medium caudal rays longest. Second ray of ventrals prolonged; longer on males. Posterior rays and angle of anal produced on the male. Fins more or less freckled or spotted with brown. Females commonly with six to eight vertical bars of brown on the lower portions of the flanks. Males with some or without any of the blotches on the sides. A silvery spot on the top of the head. (Steindachner.) Ceylon. Haplochilus rubrostigma. Aplocheilus rubrostigma Jerd, 1849, M. J. L. & Sc., 331. Panchax rubrostigma Day, 1867, P. Z.S. Lond., 706. Haplochilus rubrostigma Day, 1872, J. As. Soc., 259, — 1873, Fish. Ind. & Burma, 276, — 1878, Ind. Fishes, 522, pl. 121, fig. 5; Beav., 1877, Fish. Ind., 156. Aplocheilus affinis Jerd., 1849, M. J. L. & Sc., 331. Dy8e 7A. (71S < Vos ibe lesser autre. Body compressed, depth less than length of head; caudal pedicel more slender. Length of head near two sevenths of the distance from snout to base of caudal. Eye four fifths of snout, two thirds of forehead, four thir- teenths of head. Jaws about equal in length, maxilla reaching to below first third of eye. Teeth in the outer row of each jaw much enlarged, hooked. Base of dorsal above the hindmost rays of anal. Anal rays much shorter anteriorly, increasing in length to the last. Second ray of ventral elongate, reaching the middle of the anal. Pectoral not quite as long as the head. Median caudal rays rather prolonged. Reddish brown above, shading to yellowish on the sides and below. Each scale along the sides with a central red spot. A silvery spot on the occiput. A row, or two, of red spots along the base of the anal, and some on the dorsal. A few dark spots on the caudal. Reaches three inches. Malabar coast of India ; lower portion of the Coromandel coast. (Day.) THE CYPRINODONTS. 127 Haplochilus melastigma. Aplocheilus melastigma McClell., 1839, As. Res., XIX, 301, 427, pl. 42, fig. 3; Blk., 1860, Cypr., 487. Haplochilus melastigma Day, 1873, Fish. Ind. & Burm., 276, — 1878, Ind. Fishes, 522, pl. 121, fig. 4; Beay., 1877, Fish. Ind., 156. Aplocheilus sp. McClell., 1839, As. Res., XIX, 302, pl. 55, fig. 4. Aplocheilus McClellandi Blk., 1854, Nat. Tyd. Ned. Ind., VII, 323, — 1860, Cypr., 487. Aplocheilus carnaticus Jerd., 1849, M. J. L. & Se., 331. Haplochilus argenteus Day, 1867, P. Z. 8. Lond., 706, — 1873, Fish. Ind. & Burm., 276; Beav., 1877, Fish. Ind., 156. Panchax cyanophthalmus Blyth, 1858, J. As. Soc. Beng., XX VII, 288, — 1860, p. 111; Blk., 1860, Cypr., 487. Haplochilus cyanophthalmus Gth., 1866, Cat., VI, 312; Beav., 1877, Fish. Ind., 191. D. 6-7; A. 20-24; V.6; P. 15; Li 27; Ltr. 9-11. Body compressed, deep in the middle, caudal pedicel much less. Depth three and three fourths to four, length of head four and one fourth, and length of caudal four and a half times in the total length. Eye equal snout or forehead, one third of head. Lower jaw longer. Teeth small, none on the palate. Dorsal base above last fourth of anal. Anal of some with rays extended beyond the membrane. Ventrals small, rays not prolonged. Pec- torals as long as the head. Caudal rounded. Dull green on the back, shading to dull white on the belly. Outer por- tion of anal white edged. A narrow dark line along the middle of the side terminates in a dull spot on the centre of the base of the caudal. Attains about one and one half inches. Wynaad, and Madras Presidency, Orissa, Lower Bengal and Burma. (Day.) Haplochilus javanicus. Aplocheilus javanicus Blk., 1854, Nat. Tyd., Ned. Ind., VII, 323, —1859, En. Pisc. Ind., 155, — 1860, Cypr., 487, 490, — 1863, Atl., III, Cypr., 142, pl. 144, fig. 2. Haplochilus javanicus Gth., 1866, Cat., VI, 311; Jan., 1882, Term. Fiiz., V, ext. p. 35. B.S; D6; A. 25; V. 6; Lk 30. Body compressed, one fourth to two ninths as deep as long. Head pointed, flat on the crown, two ninths to one fifth of the length of the body. Eye four ninths to two fifths of the length of the head, in the middle third. Dorsal opposite the hinder portion of the anal. Caudal blunt, convex. Pec- torals reaching behind the bases of the ventrals. Body yellowish green, belly lighter. A narrow streak of violaceous from head to caudal. Fins plain, yellowish. Java. (Bleeker.) 128 THE CYPRINODONTS. Haplochilus latipes. Pecilia latipes Schleg., 1850, Fauna Jap., Pisc., 224, pl. 102, fig. 5; Blk., 1853, Verh. Bat. Gen., XXV, ext. p. 18, —1854, Verh. B. G., XXVI, ext. p. 32; Mart., 1876, Preuss. Exp. Zool., I, 126. Aplochilus latipes Blk., 1860, Act. Soc. Ind.-Ned., VII, Jap., VI, 99, —A. 8.8.1. N., ext. p. 59, — Cypr., 487, —1879, Verh. K. A. W., XX, ext. p. 24. Huaplochilus latipes Gth., 1866, Cat., VI, 311; Mart., 1876, Preuss. Exp. Zool., I, 118, 401. B. 6; D.6; A. 19-20; EL 29. Body compressed, depth about equal to length of head. Head depressed, one fourth of the length to the base of the caudal, or one fifth of the total. Snout shorter than the eye, blunt. Mouth directed upward; lower jaw longer; upper short, protractile. Hye large, longer than snout, one third of head. Dorsal small, origin about two thirds of the distance from eye to base of caudal, base above the posterior third of that of the anal. Anal large, origin a little in advance of the middle of the total length. Ventrals small, reaching the vent. Pectorals reaching behind a vertical from the bases of the ventrals. Caudal subtruncate. Nearly uniform pale brownish, tinted with blue in life. Belly yellowish. Fresh waters of Japan. (From lit.) Haplochilus Playfairii. Haplochilus Playfairii Gth., 1866, Cat., VI, 314; Playf. & Gth., 1866, Fish. Zanzib., 118, pl. XX, fig. 1; Playf., 1867, P. Z. S. Lond., 868; Blk., 1875, Poiss. Madagasc., 101; Pet., 1876, Mb. Brl. Ak., 445. Deo A183 Vio 6 5) Tl32\5 aang, Depth one fourth, and head four thirteenths of length from snout to base of caudal. Head rather elongate, much depressed anteriorly. Eye shorter than snout, one fourth of head, more than half of interorbital space. Jaws equal in length anteriorly. Dorsal origin midway from preoperculum to end of caudal, above eighteenth scale of lateral line or middle of anal fin. Pec- toral hardly reaching beyond root of ventral; latter reaching anal. Con- spicuous sexual differences in the fins not apparent. Brownish, with three or four indistinct, serrated, dark, longitudinal bands. Sometimes a black line across the base of the middle dorsal rays. Attains a length of three and a half inches. Seychelles. (Giinther.) Yellowish olive, in life, with about seven longitudinal rows of red spots (between the serrated bands) corresponding to the series of scales; opercles with four similarly colored lines; vertical fins spotted and reticulated with brown. (Playf. and Gth.) THE CYPRINODONTS. 129 Haplochilus fasciolatus Huaplochilus fasciolatus Gth., 1866, Cat., VI, 358; Sauv., 1880, Nouv. Arch. Mus., III (2), 23; Rocheb., 1883, Poiss. Seneg., 139. D. 11; A. 18; V. 6-7; Lil. 28; Ltr. 9-10. Depth one fourth of the length to the base of the caudal. Head rather elongate, little more than depth of body, depressed anteriorly. Snout longer than eye ; lower jaw little longer than upper. Eye somewhat more than one fourth of the head, half of the interorbital width. Dorsal origin mid- way from eye to end of caudal, opposite the seventeenth scale of the lat- eral line, rather before the middle of the anal. Pectoral reaching beyond root of ventral; latter reaching vent. Brownish, each scale with a red spot at the base. Lower parts of sides of the abdomen and tail with eight or nine oblique narrow brownish-black streaks, descending from the middle of the side forward. Vertical fins with purple spots, dorsal and anal with a light basal band. Reaching three inches in length. Sierra Leone; Upper Nile. (Giinther.) Haplochilus senegalensis. Haplochilus senegalensis Steind., 1870, Sb. Ak. Wien, LXI, ext. p. 27, pl. 7, fig. 2. Haplochilus Chaperi Sauv., 1882, B. Soc. Z. de F., 323, pl. 5, fig. 4-5. D. 8; A. 15; LI. 28 (4+ 2 auf der Caudale). (Steind.) TD. 7; A. 15; Ll. 25. (Sauv.) Depth five and two thirds to five and one fifth times, and head three and two fifths times in the length from snout to base of caudal. Head and for- ward portion of body depressed, elongate. Crown flat, lower jaw prominent. Eye little more than four times, and forehead twice in the length of the head. Dorsal origin near three fourths of the distance from snout to caudal base, or midway from the occiput to the same point, above or a little behind the middle of the anal. The original description and the figure do not agree as to position of fins. Pectoral reaching above base of ventral; latter above origin of anal. Caudal rounded, little longer than the head. One of the types had twelve to thirteen narrow bands of brown descend- ing obliquely forward across the flank, a longitudinal band a little above the middle of the flank from the eye to the caudal, and dorsal, anal, and caudal marked with brownish. Two others lacked the transverse bands, but had the 17 130 THE CYPRINODONTS. longitudinal band more distinct and possessed in addition a narrower band along the entire lower edge of the body to the caudal. Back violet brown ; bands separated by yellowish. A brownish band around the lower jaw toward the eye. Dagana, Senegal. (Steindachner.) Apart from the red markings of the scales, which belong to the sexually mature or the nuptial season, there seems to be little reason for the separa- tion of H. chaperi, from freshwater in the lagoon “ d’Assinie, & Couacrou,” in the gold coast region. Haplochilus Marnoi Steind., 1881, Sb. Ak. Wien, 198. D. 85 A. 14-155 Ve 6; Milne. 27; tr, se. This apparently is a variety of HZ. senegalensis. The locality given is Bahr el Seraf and Bahr el Gebel. Haplochilus bifasciatus Steind., 1881, Sb. Ak. Wien, 199. D. 6-7; A. 15; V.6; Li. 28; Ltr. 74. The differences by which this form is distinguished from the preceding are mainly in the coloration: it has a couple of streaks of brown from the orbit to the base of the caudal and another from the lower edge of the base of the pectoral along the base of the anal and the lower edge of the caudal. I am inclined to place it as a variety of HZ. senegalensis with H, Marnoi from the same locality. Haplochilus Petersii. Haplochilus Petersvi Sauv., 1882, Bull. Soc. Zool. de France, 324, pl. 5, fig. 6. Di 3 Al l4 5 32: Depth six and two thirds, and head five times and a half in the total length. Head depressed ; snout flat, as long as the eye. Lower jaw longer than upper. Eye little more than three times, and interorbital space little less than twice in the length of the head. Dorsal origin half way from eye to end of caudal, above the middle of the anal, or the twenty-first scale of the lateral line. Ventrals reaching the anal, not reached by the pectorals. Dor- sal and anal not reaching the caudal. Caudal as long as the head, rounded. Brownish yellow, edges of scales darker With eight vertical streaks of darker crossing the flanks. Caudal puncticulate; anal and dorsal greyish ; ventrals whitish; pectorals slightly clouded. “ Lagune d’Assinie, 4 Couacrou,” Western Africa. (Sauvage.) "2 THE CYPRINODONTS. 131 A comparison of types of this form with specimens H. spilargyreus, H. spilauchen, and H. senegalensis will be necessary before deciding as to its relationship or position. Haplochilus Johnstoni. Haplochilus Johnstoni Gthr., 1893, P. Z. S. Lond., 627. D. 7; A. 12-18; U1. 29; Ltr. 7. “The height of the body is one fourth or one fifth of the total length, without caudal; the length of the head a little less than one fourth. Head compressed ; snout somewhat depressed ; lower jaw projecting beyond the upper. The width of the interorbital space is less than one half of the length of the head. The diameter of the eye equals the length of the snout, and is a little less than one third of the length of the head. The origin of the dor- sal fin is twice as distant from the eye as from the root of the caudal, and corresponds to the seventeenth scale of the lateral line or to the ninth anal ray. Pectoral fin extending beyond the root of the ventral. None of the fins elongate. Coloration of specimens in spirit uniform reddish olive; a fine bluish line runs along the scales of the lateral line. Several specimens are sent from Fort Johnston; they were collected in November; their length is from 18 to 20 lines. Allied to Haplochilus Petersii (Sauvage), but differing in various particulars.’ (Giinther.) Haplochilus spilargyreus. Pacilia spilargyreia Dum., 1861, Arch. Mus., X, 258. Epiplatys sexfasciatus Gill, 1863, P. Phil. Ac., 1862, 136; Cope, 1871, P. Am. Phil. Soc., XI, 457. Epiplatys spylargyreia Gill, |. c., 136. Haplochilus infrafasciatus Gth., 1866, Cat., VI, 313; Sauv., 1880, Nouv. Arch., III (2), 23; Steind., 1893, Notes Leyd. Mus., XVI, 76. . Epiplatys infrafasciatus Cope, 1871, P. Am. Phil. Soc., XT, 457. Haplochilus spilargyreus Rocheb., 1883, Poiss. Seneg., 139; Sauv., 1880, Nouv. Arch., III (2), 23. Dp. 10;-A. 14. ¥.6; 214. (um) Dt; Al 14; °¥. 6; Vt 285 htr: 9) (Gth.) D. 11; A. 16; Ll. 28-29; Ltr. 81. (Steind.) Depth about one fourth, and head near three tenths of the length of the body. Head depressed, snout moderate, lower jaw projecting little beyond the upper. Eye about two sevenths, forehead more than one half, and snout nearly two fifths of the head. Snout as long as the eye, mandible much longer. Dorsal origin midway from eye to end of caudal, opposite the nine- 132 THE CYPRINODONTS. teenth scale of the lateral line, nearly above the middle of the anal. Dor- sal of male reaching the caudal; the anal not. Caudal little longer than the head. Brownish red; with or without a more or less distinct lateral band of darker, with seven to nine transverse blackish brown bars on the sides, in cases not reaching above the lateral line, anterior one or two indistinct, pos- terior across the root of the caudal. On many specimens each scale of the upper portion of the body bears a carmine red spot, and dorsal, anal, and caudal are freckled or spotted with the same color. West Africa. (From literature.) Haplochilus homalonotus. Pecilia omalonota Dum., 1861, Arch. Mus., X, 257, pl. 22, fig. 7; Guich., 1866, Mem. Soc. Cherb., XI, ext. p. 19. Epiplatys omalonota Gill, 1863, P. Phil. Ac. (1862), 136. , Haplochilus homalonotus Gth., 1866, Cat., VI, 314; Blk., 1875, Poiss. Madag., 101; Sauv., 1891, Poiss. Madag., 485, pl. 47, fig. 2. Del 4 Ve 16; ed: Depth of body one fourth and length of head three tenths of the dis- tance from snout to base of caudal. Head and anterior portion of back depressed. Snout little longer than the eye, of medium breadth, blunt. Kye shorter than snout, about two thirds of forehead, two sevenths of head. Dorsal origin half way from gill-opening to end of caudal, opposed to the seventh or eighth ray of the anal. Ventrals small, not reaching the anal. Pectorals reaching behind a vertical from the bases of the ventrals. Caudal convex. Uniform brownish red. Nossi-Bé, Madagascar. (Duméril.) Sauvage says the teeth on each jaw form a single series behind which there are smaller ones irregularly placed. His figure shows the lower jaw to be longer, and the upper to be produced as in Asiatic Haplochili. He finds twenty-eight scales in the lateral line. Haplochilus nuchimaculatus. Pecilia nuchimaculata Guich., 1866, Mem. Soc. Cherb., XII, 148, ext., p. 15. Haplochilus nuchimaculatus Blk., 1875, Poiss. Madag., 101; Sauv-, 1891, Poiss. Madag., 486, pl. 41>, fig. 1. Dat = cAldS < lies0: THE CYPRINODONTS. 133 Body rounded forward, compressed posteriorly; depth one fifth of the total length. Head depressed, crown flat. Eye two thirds of the inter- orbital space, two sevenths of the head. Lower jaw little longer than the upper. Teeth small, in bands, outer series larger. Dorsal origin midway from the edge of the opercle to the end of the caudal, slightly backward from the middle of the anal. Pectorals terminating far in front of the origin of ventrals, which are small. Caudal rounded, one seventh of the total. Body brownish, lighter below. Dorsal and anal with brownish dots on a yellowish ground. A large spot of black on the neck. Madagascar. (Sauvage.) The published figure of this fish shows the snout to differ from that of the typical Haplochili. The intermaxillaries are apparently similar to those of Fundulus. Nothing is said concerning pseudobranchiw. Until we know more of its characters the position of this species must remain doubtful. Haplochilus Dovii. Haplochilus dovit Gth., 1866, Cat., VI, 316, — 1868, Trans. Zool. Soc., VI, 481, pl. 82, fig. 5; Jor., 1886, P. U. S. Mus., VIII, 368. Zygonectes dovii Hig., 1893, P. U. 8. Mus., XVI, 56. Dasa vero st) Tl Si. Ltr. 8! Body elongate, depth five, and head three and two thirds times in the length to the base of the caudal. Head long, depressed, with flat crown. Snout long, broad; upper jaw little longer. Eye in the middle of the length of the head, of which it is two ninths, more than half of the interorbital space. Fins well developed ; dorsal origin little nearer to end of caudal than to gill opening, above twenty-third scale of the lateral line; anal entirely forward of dorsal and behind the middle of the total length; pectorals reaching the ventrals; ventral reaching the vent ; caudal rounded. . Light brownish olive ; caudal and inner portions of dorsal and anal with blackish cross bands or series of spots; basal half of caudal with round spots of light color. The specimens described were six inches in length, probably males. From Punta Arenas, Costa Rica. (Giinther.) 134 THE CYPRINODONTS. RIVULUS. Rivulus Poey, 1861, Mem., II, 307, 383, — 1868, Repert., II, 209, 412; Gthr., 1866, Cat., VI, 397. Body moderately elongate, depressed anteriorly, compressed in the pos- terior half. Head depressed, broader than deep, crown flat. Snout short, blunt, rounded. Mouth medium; upper jaw shorter, slightly protractile, not expanded and produced; symphyses rather firm. Teeth small, sub- conical, in bands, Eyes medium to large, lateral. Gill openings wide; mem- branes short, partly united, free from the isthmus. Scales thin, flat, striate, covering belly and head, except chin to throat. Intestine short. Ventrals small. Other fins well developed ; dorsal and anal behind the middle of the length, former smaller and farther back; caudal broad, convex to pointed. Air bladder present. Cuba, Central America, and South America from the La Plata northward. The form is more elongate and the dorsal is farther back, compared with the anal, than in Fundulus. The structure of the mouth differs much from that of Haplochilus, the upper jaw being short and not at all expanded and produced forward. The head has not the compressed appearance, nor the body the depth, obtaining in Cynolebias. And compared with Pterolebias the ventrals are less developed and the caudal section is not so sharp and thin. I find the Rivuli to agree with their kindred in the possession of an air bladder. Rivulus cylindraceus. Rivulus cylindraceus Poey, 1861, Mem., IT, 308, 383, — 1868, Repert., II, 412, —1876, An. Soc. Esp., V, 140, pl. V, fig. 4, — 1880, An. Soc. Esp., IX, 247, pl. VIL, fig. 1; Gthr., 1866, Cat., VI, 327; Jor., 1887, P. U. S. Mus., IX, 564. Rivulus marmoratus Poey, 1880, An. Soc. Esp., IX; Jor., 1887, P. U. 8S. Mus., IX, 564. B.6; D. 10-11; A, 13; V.6; P. 14; LL 38-39; Ltr, 11-12; Vert. Jose Ai, In this species the form is moderately elongate, compressed behind the body cavity, depressed anteriorly, and little, if any, more nearly cylin- drical around the middle than some of the other types. Depth about two ninths of the total length. Head broad, flattened on the crown, three and a half times in the length, without the caudal. Snout broad, blunt, hardly as long as the eye. Mouth moderate, superior in aspect, cleft nearly hori- zontal: jaws somewhat firmly united. Teeth simple, hooked, firmly set, "Sad THE CYPRINODONTS. 135 outer series larger and in open order, inner small, in bands. Eye large, nearly four and a half times in the head, twice in the mterorbital space. Scales large, thin. Dorsal fin small, base originating near two thirds of the distance from the occiput to the caudal, over the middle of the anal, and extending back about as far as that of the last, varying in position in individuals. Ventrals very small, not reaching the anal. Pectorals small, reaching more- than half way to the ventrals. Caudal large, fan shaped, rounded on the margin, scaly on the base. Olivaceous, uniform or with darker mottlings or cloudings, centres of scales darker; fins more or less clouded with fine puncticulations, sometimes tipped with darker ; an ocellate spot of black on the bases of the caudal rays in the upper half of the fin. The females examined measure one and six tenths inches, the males but one and one tenth. Cuba. Rivulus brasiliensis. Plate III, Fig. 12, teeth. Fundulus brasiliensis Val., 1828, Humb. Obs. Zool., II, 163, pl. LII, fig. 2, —1846, C. V., Poiss., XVIII, 199, —1840, R. An., ed. Ill., Poiss., 228, pl. 95, fig. 3; Wagn., 1828, Isis, XXI, 1056; Guer., 1838, Icon. R. An., Poiss., 29, pl. 48, fig 3; Blkr., 1860, Cypr., 486. Haplochilus brasiliensis Gthr., 1866, Cat., VI, 317. Rivulus urophthalmus Gthr., 1866, Cat., VI, 327; Hig., 1891, P. U. S, Mus., XIV, 64, —1894, Ann. N: Y. Ac., VII, 629. Rivulus Poeyi Steind., 1876, Sb. Ak. Wien, LXXTV, extr. p. 117; Hig., 1891, ]. c., 64. B.6; D. 6-7; A. 12-13; V.6; P.14; Ll. 42-48; Ltr. 10-11; Vert. 15+ 19. Moderately elongate, compressed toward the tail, depressed on head and nape, depth one fifth of the length without the caudal. Head two ninths of the length to the tail, broad, flattened on the crown. Snout shorter than the eye, bluntly rounded. Mouth medium, nearly horizontal in the cleft, lower jaw prominent. Teeth subconical, hooked, outer series larger, in open order, inner smaller, in bands. Eye large, one fourth of head, one half of inter- orbital space. Dorsal small, origin three fourths of the distance from eye to base of caudal, extending above several of the hindmost rays of the anal (varying in this respect in individuals). Ventrals very small, not reaching the anal. Pectorals small. Caudal as long as the head, rounded on the margin. Olivaceous to brownish or reddish, with a lighter dark edged band on the back, possibly lost with age, clouded more or less on the flanks. Belly 136 THE CYPRINODONTS. lighter, as also lower surface of head. Centres of scales darker. Dorsal and caudal with transverse series of small spots, often irregular, sometimes absent. An ocellate spot on the bases of the caudal rays in the upper half of the fin is not always present. Pectoral and anal somewhat clouded in large speci- mens. Top of head between the eyes darker. Longest example one and three eighths inches. Para; Gurupa. Rivulus micropus. Plate III. Fig. 13, teeth. Fundulus micropus Steind., 1863, Sb. Ak. Wien, XLVIII, 184. Rivulus micropus Gthr., 1866, Cat., VI, 327; Cope, 1878, P. Am. Phil. Soc., XVII, 695; Jor., 1887, P. U.S. Mus., IX, 564; Hig., 1891, P. U.S. Mus., XIV, 64. Rivulus (Fundulus) micropus Steind., 1880, Denk. Ak. Wien, XLII, 86. Haplochilus Hartii Blgr., 1890, Aun. Mag. Nat. Hist., (6) VI, 190. B.6; D. 8-9; A. 14-15; V.6; P. 13-15; Ll. 42-44; Ltr. 11; Vert. 14+ 18. Form rather elongate, compressed backward, depressed from the shoul- ders forward, depth about two ninths of the length to the caudal. Head broad, flattened on the crown, five and a half times in the length with the caudal or four and a half without it. Snout broad, rounded, hardly as long as the eye. Lye large, three and a half times in the head, twice in the fore- head. Mouth medium, nearly horizontal; upper jaw shorter; symphyses firm. Teeth simple, pointed, hooked, outer series larger, not in contact ; inner in bands. Dorsal small, origin above hind part of anal, three fourths of the distance from the snout to the base of the caudal. Anal larger, base extending farther forward than that of dorsal and nearly as far backward. Caudal broad, fan-shaped, regularly rounded, as long as head. Ventrals small. Pectorals not large, with rounded margins. Olivaceous, darker on back and top of head, lighter to whitish beneath. Centres of scales on flanks darker. Fins lighter with darker edges. Lower lip darker. Dorsal fin with vermiculations or irregular series of small spots, or uniform. Caudal in many cases with white edge above and below, occa- sionally a black blotch in the white. Specimens of less than two inches are lighter colored and have a light band more or less marked by blotches along the back, while the dark in the middle of each scale on.the flank forms vitte ; a dark spot surrounded by white on the upper portion of the base of the tail is not rare. As the individual grows darker the spot is undistinguishable. Largest example three and one eighth inches. Trinidad ; Rio Negro. =” THE CYPRINODONTS. 137 Rivulus ocellatus. Rivulus ocellatus Hens., 1868. Wiegm. Arch., XXXIV, 365, —1869, 1. c., XXXV, 89; Hig., 1891, P. U.S. Mus., XIV, 64. Dios A. 13 COLT 5 L389: Die Unterkiefer, fest vereinigt. Die vordere Zahnreihe besteht aus grossen spitzen Ziihnen, die nach hinten gebogen und weiss oder nur an der Spitze kaum merklich gelblich sind. Sie stehen sehr weitliiufig, und ihre Zahl betriigt in jedem Unterkiefer fiinf bis sechs, im Zwischenkiefer weniger. Hinterihnen sind mehrere Reihen kleiner hechelformiger Zihnchen. Die Augen sind gross, ihr Durchmesser betrigt ungetiihr ? des Abstandes der Augen von einander. Die Mundéffnung ist diesem fast gleich, und grésser als bei Pweilia unimaculata. Das Maul ist vorstreckbar, die Linge der Pectoralflossen verdoppelt, erreicht den Ursprung der Analflosse. Die Ventralflossen sehr klein, erreichen mit ihren Spitzen den After. Der Ur- sprung der Dorsalflosse in der Verticallinie des Endes der Basis der Anal- flosse. Der Ursprung der Dorsalflosse ist von der Kiemenéffnung ungefihr um das Doppelte der Kopfliinge, von der Caudalflosse um die Kopflinge selbst entfernt, der erste Strahl in der Dorsal- und Analflosse ist sehr klein und leicht zu iibersehen. Die Caudalflosse hat 17 griéssere und einige ganz kleme Strahlen. Die Farbe (in Spiritus) ist gelblich graubraun, nach dem Riicken zu dunkler als an der Unterseite. An der Schulter iiber dem Ur- sprunge der Pectoralflosse befindet sich ein dunkler Fleck ungefiihr von der Grisse des Auges, ein anderer, kleinerer, an der Basis der Caudalflosse, ober- halb der Mittellinie der Seite nahe dem oberen Rande, ein noch kleinerer etwas undeutlicher genau in der Mittellinie der Seite an der Basis der Caudalflosse. Die Dorsal- und Caudalflosse, welche an ihrer Basis mehr- fache Reihen kleiner Schuppen hat, sind undeutlich gefleckt. Eine Un- tersuchung der Eingeweide hat nicht stattgefunden. Die Linge des einzigen Exemplares welches bei Rio de Janeiro in Gesellschaft der Poecilien gefangen wurde, ist 37 mm. (ohne Schwanzflosse). ( Hensel.) The differences indicated by this description are hardly sufficient to establish the species as distinct from R. brasiliensis. 18 138 THE CYPRINODONTS. Rivulus Balzanii. Haplochilus Balzanii Perugia, 1891, Ann. Mus. Civ., (2) X, 653; Hig., 1893, P. U. 8. Mus., XVI, 54. D. 9; A. 14; LI. 34; Ltr. 10. L’ altezza del corpo forma circa il quarto della lunghezza. I capo é molto depresso e sua lunghezza é il terzo del corpo. L’ occhio é grande, il suo diametro é di poco pitt della meta dello spazio interorbitale ed é contenuto 3 volte nella lunghezza del capo. La dorsale ha origine sopra il settimo raggio anale, é uguale in altezza a questa ed entrambi chiuse e piegate all’ indietro arrivano alla base della caudale. Il colore é bruno al capo, i fianchi giallastri con 4 a 5 fascie longitudinali brune, ognuna delle quali occupa I’ altezza di una squama. Dorsale ed anale chiare, con tre serie regolari di macchie brune. Le altre pinne immacolate. Villa Maria (Matto Grosso), Rio Paraguay, Prof. Balzan. (Perugia.) Rivulus elegans. Rivulus elegans Steind., 1880, Denk. Ak. Wien, XLII, 85, extr. p. 33, pl. VI, fig. 6; Jor., 1887, P. U. S. Mus., IX, 564; Hig., 1891, P. U. 8. Mus., XIV, 64. D. 7-8; A. 13-15; Ll. 35-36 (bis zum Beginne der Caud.). Korperform stark verliingert ; Kopf deprimirt, an der Oberseite fast voll- kommen flach, seitlich schwach gewodlbt. Kopfliinge mehr als 3} — nahezu 4 mal, grésste Rumpfhihe 44— 54 mal in der Koérperlinge. Augendiameter je nach dem Alter 22 mal (bei jiingeren Individuen) bis 3} mal, Stirnbreite 13 —2 mal, Schnauzenliinge weniger als 4 mal in der Kérperliinge enthalten. Dorsale in verticaler Richtung ein wenig vor dem hinteren Basisende der Anale beginnend, von geringer Basisliinge, doch verhiiltnissmiissig hoch ; Anale vielstrahlig, lang; Ventralen klein; Caudale am hinteren Rande schwach gerundet oder vertical abgestutzt. Kérperfiirbung variabel, an der Oberseite dunkel violett oder dunkelbraun, seitlich heller violett oder briiun- lich, an der Bauchseite und gegen den Schwanzstiel zu hell gelbbraun, gelb- lichweiss oder perlgrau. Ein rothgelber Fleck im Centrum fast jeder Rumpf- schuppe in den beiden oberen Dritteln der Rumpfhohe; zuweilen fleissen diese Flecken mehr oder minder vollstiindig zu Liingsreihen zusammen, die dann mit dunkleren, schmiileren Binden oder Streifen (von der Grundfarbe des Rumpfes) alterniren. Dorsale mit zahlreichen kleinen, dunklen Fleck- THE CYPRINODONTS. 139 chen besetzt, zuweilen auch die Caudale. Die iibrigen Flossen stets unge- fleckt ; Caudale am hinteren Rande zuweilen (bei Miinnchen) breit, weisslich gesiiumt und in der vorderen Hiilfte stets dicht tiberschuppt. 55-36 Schup- pen zwischen dem oberen Ende der Kiemenspalte und dem Beginne der Caudale in einer Liingsreihe und 114 zwischen der Mittellinie des Riickens und der Basis des iusseren Ventralstrahles in einer Querreihe. Cauca. (Steind.) Closely allied to R. micropus, of which it may yet prove to be a variety. Rivuius ornatus sp. n. B. 6-5; D.6; A. 10-11; V.6; P. 12-14; Ll. 31; Ltr. 8. Shaped like the majority of the species in the genus. Head one fourth of the length to the base of the caudal, broad, flattened on the crown, de- pressed. Snout broad, rounded, about as long as the eye. Eye one fourth of the head, one half of the interorbital space. First ray of dorsal above last of anal, two thirds of the distance from the base of the pectoral to the base of the caudal, or three fourths of that from the front edge of the eye to the caudal. First ray of anal half way from head to base of caudal. Ven- trals small, not reaching the anal. Pectorals elongate, as long as the head, reaching nearly to the ventrals. Caudal elongate, pointed. The markings of this fish are made up of puncticulations ; they form transverse blotches along the back, streaks along the sides, series of dots across the fins, a dark band on the lower lip, and a dark streak backward from below each eye. In cases light bands’ on the back meet dark vertical bars on the flank. Some specimens are dark brownish, others very light. A few are quite dark on the back. The longest measure one and three eighths inches. Silva ; Cudajas; Lago Alexo; Lake Hyanuary. The formula D.6; A. 8; P. 12; Ll. 26; Ltr. 6, is taken from an indi- vidual resembling the preceding in position of dorsal and anal, but lacking the blotches and bearing a streak from occiput to caudal and another from anal to caudal. Other collections may prove this to belong to a distinct species. It was obtained in Lago Alexo. 140 THE CYPRINODONTS. Rivulus isthmensis sp. n. DVO AS Ts V6 3 PR: 105 Gl B2aaiatens: Elongate, compressed posteriorly, depressed forward. Head broad, much depressed, flattened on the crown, three tenths of the length without the caudal. Snout medium, blunt, half as long as the eye. Eye one third of the head, twice the snout, less than the interorbital space. First ray of the dor- sal over the middle of the base of the anal, two thirds of the distance from the head to the base of the caudal. First ray of anal midway from head to caudal, last ray nearly as far back as that of the dorsal. Caudal elongate, pointed, as long as the head. Light olivaceous, with a dark blotch at the base of the dorsal and an- other on the back above or in front of the first ray of the anal. Apparently there is a light transverse streak at the base of the caudal. Rio San José, Costa Rica. Rivulus obscurus sp. n. IDAGE Aes WV Ob ae ial 20> apres: Moderately slender, shaped like R. cylindraceus. Head broad, flat on the crown, much wider than deep, three elevenths of the length to the caudal. Snout broad, blunt, rounded, little more than half as long as the eye. Mouth wide, lower jaw longer, upper short. Eye large, one third of the head, twice the snout, two thirds of the interorbital space. Origin of dorsal behind the base of the anal, three fourths of the distance from the middle of the eye to the base of the caudal. Origin of anal half way from head to caudal; about one half of the base is in front of that of dorsal. Ventrals small, hardly reaching the anal. Caudal long, pointed, longer than the head. Light brownish on the back; with or without brownish blotches, among which, on each side of the vertebral line, there 1s a series of three or more light blotches. Snout whitish on the top; occiput dark. Lake Hyanuary. Rivulus atratus sp. n. B55 D6 s “AS9=10Fave6 Plt al ait aye Klongate, rather slender, depressed forward, compressed behind the vent somewhat less than in any of the other species, depth about one sixth of the THE CYPRINODONTS. 141 length to the caudal. Head one and one half times the depth, two thirds as broad as long, flattened on the crown. Snout very broad, rounded in front, two thirds as long as the eye. Mouth wide, intermaxillary slightly protrac- tile, symphyses firm. Teeth simple, hooked, outer separated, larger, inner in bands, smaller, pharyngeal stouter, larger, a few stout with cusps ground off like molars. Eye large, two sevenths of the head, half of the interorbital space. Dorsal small, origin three fourths of the distance from the occiput to the base of the caudal, base its length farther back than that of anal. Anal larger, farther forward than dorsal. Ventrals very small, not reaching the vent, sometimes absent on one side. Pectoral elongate, poimted, nearly as long as the head. Caudal one and one half times the length of the head, or longer, median rays longest, acute pointed. Scales large. Brownish ; blackish at the lower edge of each flank and below the caudal pedicel. Black bands from the chin meet at the anal fin. Occasionally the entire lower surface is blackish. A broad dark band reaches up the sides behind the pectorals, another between the ventrals and the anal, and a third from the ventral surface to the base of the dorsal. A dark band from eye to eye around the chin; behind this a whitish streak. The dark color is on the centres of the scales, which produces the appearance of vitte. Fins brownish, clouded or banded, darker toward the ends. Top of snout lighter in color. The vertical bands grow fainter with age. In shape this species approaches Anableps. Jutahy. PTEROLEBIAS. In the species upon which this genus is founded the body is much com- pressed, the caudal section especially being deep, thin, and blade-like at the lower edge. A transsection of the middle of the head is a sub-quadrate. The snout is short and blunt, the chin steep, and the mouth has an oblique cleft, as in Orestias, The lower jaw is the more prominent, the upper is somewhat protractile, and the symphyses are firm. The teeth are small, subconical, in bands, and the pharyngeal have a shoulder. Gill openings wide; gill membranes short, partly united, free from the isthmus. Fins pointed; fin rays elongate. Dorsal short, its origin behind that of anal. Anal long. Pectorals and ventrals of medium size. Lateral line distinct. Body cavity nearly half the length of the body, without the caudal. The proper place for this genus is between Rivulus and Cynolebias. 142 THE CYPRINODONTS. From the former it differs in the long anal fin, the deep caudal pedicel, and the sharp compression between ventrals and caudal; while it is dis- tinguished from the latter by the short dorsal, its posterior position, and the depth and compression of the hinder portion of the body. The structure of the jaws and mouth remove it entirely from Haplochilus. Pterolebias longipinnis sp. n. Plate III. Fig. 14, teeth. B. 6; D. 10-9; A. 20-19; V.8; P. 16-15; Ll. 31-32; Ltr. 10-11; Vert. 15+ 16. Body of moderate length, depth three and two thirds times in the length, without the caudal; caudal portion deep, thin, sharp at the lower edge. Head depressed, crown flattened, three and one half times in the length to the caudal fin. Snout short, half as long as eye, curved from orbit to orbit. Eye large, less than three times in head, one and one half times in forehead, longer than snout. Mouth wide, extending close to the eye, oblique; sym- physes firm; lower jaw prominent, upper short not very protractile. Man- dibles comparatively long. Teeth subconical, hooked, in bands, outer series larger, in open order. Pharyngeal teeth resembling the maxillary but stouter, some usually worn off on the tops like molars. Scales large; lateral line distinct. Fins elongate, varying much in shapes among individual specimens, bases scaly. Dorsal small, pointed, first ray four fifths of the distance from snout to caudal, above fourteenth ray of anal. In cases some of the rays are nearly as long as the head and extend upon the caudal. Anal long, deep, reaching the caudal, pointed behind, rounded below. Ventrals narrow, anterior rays near half as long as body without head or caudal, with the filamentary prolongation, reaching hind end of base of anal; bases under mid-length of pectorals in males, and under their tips in females. Caudal broad, pointed, long, in one case as long as the body without the caudal or head. Females of one and three-fourths inches with fully developed ova. Olivaceous or brownish, darker on chin, back, and edges of fins. All fins with small spots in transverse series, fainter on ventrals and anal. Ventral surface little lighter. Largest specimen three and two tenths inches in length, one and three tenths of this being caudal. Santarem. THE CYPRINODONTS. 143 CYNOLEBIAS. Cynolebias Steind., 1876, Sb. Ak. Wien, LXXTV, extr. p. 124. Head and body compressed, body deep, caudal pedicel medium. Chin steep, lower jaw massive, prominent, symphyses firm. Teeth subconical, in bands. Gill openings wide; membranes short, united for a short distance, free from the isthmus. Dorsal and anal with numerous rays, opposed, anal longer and originating a trifle farther forward. Ventrals small, bases near anal. Body cavity hardly half of the length to the caudal. Body and head are both more compressed in this genus than in Rivulus ; the body is deeper in the forward half and rather more slender in the caudal section; the fin rays are more numerous, and the base of the dorsal is longer. Compared with Pterolebias the body is deeper forward and has not the sharp edge between ventrals and caudal. The head also is more compressed, the snout longer, and the mouth more nearly horizontal. Four species have been described from La Plata river, and one from Pernambuco; of the five it does not appear that more than three are valid. Cheek, preopercular, scales in six or more series ; Pace Ll. more than forty © porosus 143 Cheek scales in two or three series; Ll. less than thirty-five ; anal rays more than twenty-five Bellottii 144 anal rays less than twenty-five maculatus 145 Cynolebias porosus. Cynolebias porosus Steind., 1876, Sb. Ak. Wien, LXXIV, extr. p. 125, pl. 10, fig. 3; Perug., 1891, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen., (2) X, 651; Hig., 1891, P. U. S. Mus., XIV, 65. Cynolebias elongatus St., 1881, Denk. Ak. Wien, XLIV, extr. p. 11; Hig., 1891, P. U. S. Mus., XIV, 64. B. 7; D. 17-18; A. 20; V.5; P. 14; Ll. ca. 45-48; Ltr. 21. Body compressed, depth at origin of dorsal nearly equal length of head, equal three tenths of the body without the caudal, or little more than one fourth of the total length. Back arched from head to hind end of dorsal. Pedicel of caudal mediim. Head compressed, crown flattened, cheeks covered with scales, chin and throat naked. Eye small, lateral, hardly as long as snout, two ninths of head, one half of forehead. Anterior nostril a short tube. Mouth nearly horizontal; lower jaw longer, massive; chin steep; 144 THE CYPRINODONTS. symphyses firm. Teeth subconical, in bands, outer series larger. Base of dorsal not quite as long as that of anal, originating midway from opercle to base of caudal, above the fourth anal ray. These positions vary with indivi- dual or sex. Pectoral medium, fin reaching behind origin of anal. Ventrals small, close to anal. Caudal rounded, its length about five eighths of that of head. The longest rays of dorsal and anal appear at the beginning of the hindmost third or fourth of the fin, from these they decrease to less than half as long at the ends. Dull reddish brown, belly yellowish white. Dorsal and anal grayish toward outer margins. La Plata specimens are yellowish brown with a num- ber of not well defined dingy bands across the flanks. Attains a length of four inches or more. Pernambuco to La Plata River. Cynolebias Bellottii. Cynolebias Bellottii Steind., 1881, Denk. Ak. Wien, XLIV, extr., p. 9, pl. 5, fig. 3; Perug., 1891, Ann, Mus. Civ. Gen., (2) X, 651; Hig., 1891, P. U. 8. Mus., XIV, 64. D. 23; A. 28-29; V. 6; Li. 30; Dir. ca. 14. Body compressed, greatest depth three eighths, and length of head two sevenths times in the length of the body. Diameter of eye three and three fifths times, and width of forehead little more than twice in the length of the head. Crown slightly arched; back more curved from head to dorsal. Mouth broad, nearly horizontal; jaws firm, lower prominent, massive, upper somewhat protractile. Teeth small, in bands, outer series larger, in open order. Anterior nostrils tubular. Snout short, blunt, subtruncate. Head covered with scales, except on snout and chin to throat. Origin of dorsal little nearer to the snout than to the bases of the median caudal rays, a little behind the origin of the anal; dorsal rays increasing in height to the thir- teenth, which is nearly two thirds of the length of the head. Anal reaching its greatest depth in the eighth or ninth rays, which are about two thirds of the length of the head. Pectorals well developed, rounded, one third longer than the head, reaching the origin of the anal. Ventrals near the anal, one third of the length of the pectoral. Caudal as long as the pectoral, rounded, Head and body dull brownish; caudal, anal, dorsal, and ventral olivaceous. Pectorals dull brownish gray, lower edge lighter. A dark band from the back of the head obliquely forward and downward through the eye. La Plata. THE CYPRINODONTS. 145 Cynolebias maculatus. Cynolebias maculatus Steind., 1881, Denk. Ak. Wien, XLIV, extr. p. 9, pl. 5, fig. 3; Perug., 1891, Ann. Mus. Civ. Gen., (2) X, 651; Hig., 1891, P. U. S. Mus., XIV, 65. Cynolebias robustus Gthr., 1883, Ann. Mag., (5) II, 140; Perug., l. c., 651; Hig., l. c., 65. D. 17-20; A. 22-23; V.9; P. 13; LI. 30-35; Ltr. ca. 14. Shape similar to that of the preceding; dorsal and anal shorter and farther from the head. Greatest depth, about the middle, over the ventrals, two and two thirds times in the length without the caudal, equal one and one third times the length of the head. Head three tenths of the body with- out the caudal, its greatest width one and two fifths times in its length. Eye nearly four times in the head, twice in the forehead. Mouth horizontal, maxillary reaching below anterior margin of eye; lower jaw prominent, bulky; symphyses firm. Anterior nostril tubular. Snout blunt, as long as eye. - Teeth in bands, subconical, hooked, outer series larger. Origin of dorsal about midway from opercle to base of caudal; origin of anal little farther forward. Pectoral not quite as long as head, not reaching anal. Ventrals near the anal, close together, larger than those of C. Bellottii. Violaceous to brown, with or without small spots of brownish in more or less irregular series; smaller spots on dorsal and anal. Apparently the colors darken, and the spots are lost with age. A dark band through the eye, as in C. Bellotti, is present on the maculate specimens, which suggests a closer relationship between these species than we are at present able to establish. Giinther’s specimen measured three and three fourths inches. La Plata. ORESTIAS. Plate III. Fig. 9-11, teeth, Orestias Valenciennes, 1839, L’Institut, VII, No. 276, 118, — 1846, C. V. Hist. Poiss., XVIII, 221; Dum., 1856, Ichth., 226, 441; Blkr., 1860, Ind. Cypr., 483, — 1863, Atl. Ichth., III, 140; Gthr., 1866, Cat., VI, 328, —1880, Intr., 615. Ovestiasini Blkr., 1860, Ind. Cypr., 483. Orestiasiformes Blkr., 1863, Atl. Ichth., III, 140. Orestiine Gill, 1894, Mem. Nat. Acad., VI, 133. Excepting the absence of the ventral fins, in this genus young specimens, up to medium size, resemble Funduli; on larger ones of some species th head becomes swollen and angular, and bears a likeness to Uranoscopi. The mouth is directed upward, and varies from small to large; the lower jaw is prominent, the upper protractile. All of the teeth are small, subconical, and hooked ; on the jaws they are placed in a single series or in a narrow band; 19 146 THE CYPRINODONTS. on the pharyngeals they form a card, and have a slight shoulder, as in Rivulus. The gill membranes are partly united, but free from the isthmus. Normally there are five branchial rays. In cases the length of the intestine about equals the total length of the fish; from this it varies to nearly twice as long; the stomach is but little differentiated. On the young generally, and throughout life on a few species, the scales are thin and striate; later stages of particular types are marked by a thickening and enlargement of the scales on the anterior portion of the body and head, which scales are in some species tubercular or granulated, or in others smooth and polished. A medium size obtains in the fins; dorsal and anal are behind the middle of the body, opposed, and the latter is unmodified in the male; there are no traces of ventrals. The genus inhabits the freshwaters of the upper Andes of South America, especially Titicaca and similar bodies. In these isolated lakes Orestias and a siluroid, Trichomycterus, are so far as known the only genera. Their food is mostly animal. Whether the vegetation of these waters, abundant — such as it is—is at all fit for a vegetable-eating fish, like the carp, can be deter- mined only by an experiment in fish culture, for which it appears as if a grand opportunity is here provided. Valenciennes, in 1839, named this genus, from the Greek word dpeorids, a nymph of the mountains, on page 118 of the journal L’Institut, where he mentions the lack of ventral fins, and enumerates several of the species with their localities and vernacular designations. Young individuals of all the species are much alike, even those which become very distinct in their later stages; for this reason a synopsis that serves to separate large individuals of the different types is of less value when applied to the small ones. The following includes the species recog- nized in these pages. Elongate, in adult ; Pace seales granulate ; mouth large; teeth many Cuvieri 147 mouth small; teeth few Pentlandii 148 scales striate ; mouth small elegans 149 Mediun ; scales striate; crown flat; mouth large Milleri 149 scales smooth, in part; crown convex; mouth small Agassizii 150 Short; belly naked ; body rounded; head rounded ; mouth small; scales striate olivaceus 152 THE CYPRINODONTS. 147 body compressed; head angular Pian scales granulate, in part; snout large; mouth wide albus 153 snout narrow; mouth small luteus 154 scales smooth, in part; back high Sussieui 155 Short; belly covered with scales ; body much compressed Ince 155 Orestias Cuvieri. Plate III. Fig. 11, teeth. Orestias Cuvieri Val., 1839, L’Inst., VII, 118, — 1846, C. V. Poiss., XVIII, 225, pl. 5382; Blkr., 1860, Ind. Cypr., 487, — 1863, Atl. Ichth., III, 140; Gthr., 1866, Cat., VI, 328; Garm., 1876, Bull. M.C. Z., III, 276; Hig., 1891, P. U. S. Mus., XIV, 65. Orestias Humboldtii Val., 1839, L’Inst., VII, 118, —1846, C. V. Poiss., XVIII, 233, pl. 534; Blkr., 1860, Cypr., 487. Orestias Pentlandi Cast., 1855, Exp. Am. Sud, Poiss., 52, pl. 27, fig. 2. B. 5; D. 15-16; A. 17-18; P. 18; Ll. 41-43; Ltr. 13-16; Vert. 14+ 20. Body elongate, slightly compressed ; caudal pedicel rather slender, broad- ening at base of the fin. Head large, one third of length, without caudal ; crown broad, depressed and concave at occiput and snout, flattened in the middle. Snout large, broad, blunt, rounded, nearly twice as long as eye ; chin vertical. Mouth wide, oblique, cleft reaching below the lower level of the orbit. Teeth strong, in bands, numerous, hooked, subconical. Eye medium, about half the length of the snout, one sixth of that of the head, and three fifths of the width of the interorbital space. Scales of head and shoulders granular; a series of about twenty large vertebral scales, in front of the dorsal; scales of the lateral line larger than those on each side of it ; belly scaleless. On young individuals all the scales are flat, thin, and con- centrically striate; the granulation and thickening appear first at the head then gradually extend farther back. Dorsal origin near half way from head to caudal; fin low, rounded on upper margin, third ray above origin of anal. Anal extending a little farther back than dorsal, in base and fin. Pectorals about the size of anal, reaching half way to the vent. Caudal broad, hinder margin concave, more deeply indented in the young. Specimen described ten and a half inches in length. Brownish on back, lighter on flanks, centres of scales lighter; white beneath ; fins clouded with brownish ; young with blotches and spots on the upper surface, and several series of small spots across dorsal and caudal. 148 THE CYPRINODONTS. The shape of the head, massive snout, large mouth, numerous teeth, and larger scales readily distinguish this species from its nearest ally 0. Pentlandit. Common in Lake Titicaca. Orestias Pentlandili. Orestias Pentlandii Val., 1839, L’Inst., VII, 118, — 1846, C. V. Poiss., XVIII, 280, pl. 583; Blkr., 1860, Ind. Cypr., 487; Gthr., 1866, Cat., VI, 329; Cope, 1875, Jour. Phil. Ac., 185; Garm., 1876, Bull. M. C. Z., III, 275; Hig., 1891, P. U. 8S. Mus., XIV, 65,— 1894, Ann. N. Y. Ac., VII, 629. Orestias Bairdii Cope, 1875, J. Phil. Ac., 185; Hig., 1893, P. U. S. Mus., XVI, 54. B. 5 (rarely 6); D. 18-15; A. 15-18; P. 19-20; Ll. 55-63; Ltr. 15-18; Vert. 16 + 21 or 17 + 20. Body elongate, moderately compressed ; caudal pedicel slender, broaden- ing at base of fin. Head one fourth of the length, without the caudal, broad and convex on the crown, narrowing toward the snout. Snout medium, little longer than the eye, rounded, blunt; chin vertical. Mouth medium, not reaching downward to the level of the lower edge of the orbit, nearly verti- cal. Teeth few, lacking the band of smaller ones behind the outer row, easily lost. Eye shorter than snout, two-elevenths of head, four-ninths of interorbital space. Origin of dorsal half way from occiput to caudal, little forward of that of anal, fin rounded above, forming an angle in the posterior rays. Pectorals moderately broad, reaching two fifths of the distance to the anal. Caudal three fifths the length of head, hinder margin slightly con- cave. Scales thin, somewhat deciduous, one to three vertebral rows larger, about twenty seven from head to dorsal, with age becoming thickened and rugose or smooth on head and shoulders and to some extent backward along the flanks, the hard enlarged series occasionally extending quite to the base of the tail. Belly naked, as also an area along the sides of the anal and behind it, or another at each side of the vertebral series of scales. Back brownish, sides lighter to silvery, in lower half, ventral surface white. Young mottled and blotched on the back. Dorsal and caudal brown- ish, with or without small spots of brown, that sometimes form transverse series. Fins in cases brownish toward the outer edges. Pectorals brownish in upper half, white in lower. Very common in Lake Titicaca. Specimens from the Cuzco Valley are about two thirds as large as those described ; they are much darker on the back, above the lateral line, and apparently belong to a distinct variety, fuscus. THE CYPRINODONTS. 149 Orestias elegans sp. n. B. 5; D. 15; A. 16; P. 16-18; Ll. 34-36; Vert. 14-18. Compared with that of O. Agassiz the body is more elongate and less compressed, the crown between the eyes is more convex, and the eyes are smaller. Head three and three fourths, and height four times in the length to the caudal. Eye as long as the snout, four fifteenths as long as the head, as wide as the interorbital space. Mouth vertical, cleft not reaching the level of the lower edge of the orbit. Teeth in a single series. Dorsal originating midway from eye to caudal and distant the length of its base from the latter. On the male anal and dorsal, toward their extremities, are laterally beset with small sharp spines. Caudal about four-fifths as long as the head, con- vex on its posterior margin. In a female of two and one-eighth inches the eggs are nearly mature. Scales medium, flat, so thin as to be hardly visible, apparently lost at each side of the vertebral series. Light brownish, yellow tinted, lower half silvery, top of head dark; a silvery band along the side, in cases longitudinally bisected by a dark streak ; thickly freckled with small spots of brown; larger blotches on the dorsum, becoming more distinct and vertically elongate at each side of the dorsal fin and above the caudal pedicel ; five or six narrow wavy transverse streaks of brown on the caudal fin, and two or three similar ones on the dorsal. This is at present the smallest known species of the genus. It was taken in small lakes among the head waters of the Rimac river, Peru: “ Lagunas de la Cor- dillera de la Ascension, origen del rio de Santa Eulalia que se reune con el rio Rimac que pasa por Lima, 4200 metros.” Orestias Mulleri. Orestias Miilleri Val., 1846, C. V. Poiss., XVIII, 240; Blkr., 1860, Cypr., 487; Garm., 1876, Bull. M. C. Z., III, 276. Orestias luteus Gthr., 1866, Cat., VI, 331. B. 5; D. 12-13- A. 13-14; P. 17-19; Ll. 38-42; Ltr. 16-17; Vert. 14+ 18. Body moderately compressed ; back not high, but arching regularly from head to dorsal ; caudal section compressed, slender, deepening considerably at base of caudal fin. Head large, as broad as high, one third of the length to base of caudal, crown flattened, orbits prominent above. Snout shorter than eye, broad, blunt, rounded, not bent upward as in O. Cuviert. Mouth 150 THE CYPRINODONTS. oblique as in O. Cuvieri, but intermediate in size between that species and O. Pentlandii. Tongue with papille resembling small teeth. Eyes large, orbit extending above level of crown, longer than snout, little less than one third of head, nearly equal to interorbital space. Bases of dorsal and anal short, about twice their lengths from the caudal, prominent beyond outline of body. Caudal moderately long, subtruncate, conspicuously wider than caudal pedi- cel, which has a more slender appearance than in other species. Scales medium, regularly placed, thin, flat, not granulate, with very fine striz, those along the vertebral line small, irregular and showing a slight indication of a vertebral keel. Belly appearing naked, but seen under the lens to be nearly covered by smaller scales. Entire space below orbit to preorbital covered with scales. Entire body light olivaceous brown to yellowish ; sides below lateral line, belly, cheeks, and throat somewhat silvery. Back above lateral line brown- ish, freckled with faint spots of rusty brown. Dorsal and caudal with irregu- lar transverse series of brownish spots. Young similar in markings, bearing a dark streak in a silvery band along the flank, and more of the silvery tint on cheeks and beneath. Largest specimen at hand three and three fourths inches. Lake Titicaca. Orestias Agassizii. Plate III. Fig. 10, teeth. Orestias Agassti Val., 1846, C. V. Poiss., XVII, 238, pl. 536; Blkr., 1860, Cypr., 487. Orestias Agassizii Garm., 1876, Bull. M. C. Z., II, 275; Hig., 1891, P. U. S. Mus., XIV, 65, — 1894, Ann. N. Y. Ac., VII, 629. Orestias Tschudii Cast., 1855, Exp. Am. Sud, Poiss., 51, pl. 27, fig. 1; Blkr., 1860, Cypr., 487. Orestias Owenii (part) Gthr., 1866, Cat., VII, 330. Orestias Ortonit Cope, 1875, J. Phil. Ac:, 186; Hig., 1898, P. U. S. Mus., XVI, 54. Orestias frontosus Cope, 1875, 1. c., 187; Hig., 1893, 1. c., 54. B. 5; D. 14-15; A. 16-17; P. 17-18; Ll. 34-36; Ltr. 14-15; Vert. 15 or 14+ 18. Body rather elongate and compressed, not rising so high above the pec- torals as in O. Jussiew, not angular. Head short, less than depth, four and one fourth times in the length without caudal, rounded on all sides, inter- orbital space much arched both longitudinally and transversely. Snout medium, longer than eye, narrow, blunt, rounded; chin nearly vertical. Mouth narrow, vertical, cleft extending a little below the lower level of the eye. Teeth small, simple, hooked, inner series smaller; pharyngeal THE CYPRINODONTS. 151 teeth with a shoulder, as in Anableps and Rivulus. Eye one and one- half times in the snout, twice in the interorbital space, and four and three fourths times in the head. Scales large ; on head and body to tips of pec- torals thick, convex, smooth, and glossy ; on hinder portion of body flat, thinner, with fine striz, not glossy; breast naked, more of the lower surface covered on this species than on O. Cuvier or O. Pentlandii ; about four series of scales on the cheek; more or less of the top of the snout naked; verte- bral series irregular. Dorsal fin originating about half way from occiput to base of caudal, its third ray above the first anal ray, which is midway be- tween base of pectoral and caudal. Base of anal extending a couple of rays farther backward than that of dorsal. Caudal broad, as long as head, rounded on the posterior margin. Pectorals reaching little more than half the distance to anal. Intestine convolute, one and a half times to twice the total length. On old individuals the nape and back of the head become strongly arched, the latter becoming quite prominent, and the scales are lost from the interorbital space and forward. The thickness and the worn ap- pearance of the scales suggests a great deal of rubbing against the rocks or gravel. On specimens of three inches the convex and glossy scales are hardly to be detected; and those of two inches are much like the Funduli, the head and shoulders being less prominent and the body more compressed. As in the other species the main osseous support of the caudal is a single very broad fan-like ray, in which there is little or no evidence of fusion, passing directly backward from the vertebre. Eight inch specimens are olivaceous on the back, lighter to whitish on the lower half of the body. The scales being lighter colored in their cen- tres give the back a tessellated or reticulated appearance. The fins are brownish, more or less clouded. Young less than half grown are much lighter colored; they have a narrow streak of darker along the middle of the flank, faint transverse bands or series of spots or blotches on back and fins, and a yellowish tint below the gills. In this stage snout and eye have about the same length. When about two inches in length the color is much lighter, there are transverse streaks of brown on the fins, clouded blotches, formed of puncticulations, on the flanks and in a somewhat irregular series along the middle, and the cheeks and a streak below the dark line on the middle of the side are silvery. The amount of silvery space on the lower half of the body varies greatly. Abundant in Lake Titicaca. 152 THE CYPRINODONTS. Orestias affinis is apparently a variety of O. Agassizi, from which it differs in being smaller, shorter, stouter, and lighter olive in color. There are four series of scales below the eye, and the young are spotted, freckled, and trans- versely blotched on the hinder part of the back, or streaked across the fins very much as in Agassizii. The teeth form a band in which the outer series is larger. The vertebral series of scales are rather irregular in front of the dorsal. There are 15 or 16+18 vertebra. A number of specimens of three and a quarter inches or less were taken in Lake Umayo. Orestias Owenii. Orestias Owenii Val., 1846, C. V. Poiss., XVIII, 241; Blkr., 1860, Cypr., 487; Gthr., 1866, Cat., VI, 330, in part. Deilse ANS Pais Ceol: Height of body, or length of head, one fourth of the total length. Muzzle large, rounded. Fins as in the other species. A narrow band or a line traverses the length of the body. On larger individuals the black line is pale upon a silvery band. Appears to be always small. From lake Urcos, south of Cuzco, 13,000 feet above the sea. The proper position for this form, so far as may be determined from the description, seems to be that of a variety under the species 0. Agassizit. Orestias olivaceus sp. n. B. 5; D. 15; A. 16-17; P. 20-22; Ll. 32; Ltr. 14; Vert. 13+ 18. Body short, compressed, slightly arched from occiput to caudal, in depth nearly one third of the length without the caudal fin. Head broader than high, swollen at the cheeks, one third as long as the body to the caudal base ; crown convex between and in front of the eyes, rather concave at the occiput. Snout short, as long as the eye, comparatively narrow, blunt, rounded. Mouth small, vertical, cleft reaching downward little below the level of the middle of the eye. Teeth slender, subconical, hooked, in a single series. Eye medium, one fifth of the head, as long as the snout, half as wide as the interorbital space. Scales large, with small granula- tions and strie that are quite harsh to the touch, some near the head thicker and convex, three vertebral series larger and regular; cheek scales in three series, below the hinder half of the eye; a naked space around the eye, enclosed by a series of pores. Fins medium, broad; dorsal midway from occiput to tail, its base longer than the distance between it and the caudal ; THE CYPRINODONTS. 153 anal little nearer the latter; pectorals broad, rounded, reaching more than half way to the anal; caudal pedicel deep, the fin deeper than long, subtruncate. Color of specimens of four and a half inches, olive, darker on back, sil- very on belly and throat; fins paler, uniform, or with a darker streak around the base of the caudal. Three inch specimens are olive, with faint mot- tlings of darker, on head, body, and fins, silvery on flanks and lower surfaces, and dark on the chin. Individuals of two inches are olivaceous mottled with brownish, with silvery cheeks and a silvery band along the lateral line ; belly whitish. Compared with O. /uteus, in specimens of equal length, this species is much less rough and angular, and has a different coloration, a smaller mouth and less arch to the back. Lake Umayo, whence the specimens were brought, is said to be without an outlet, nine miles northwest of Lake Titicaca, and four hundred feet higher. Orestias albus. Orestias albus Val., 1839, L’Inst., VII, 118, — 1846, C. V. Poiss., XVIII, 242, pl. 537; Blkr., 1860, Cypr., 487; Garm., 1876, Bull. M. C. Z., III, 276. Orestias Milleri (part) Gthr., 1866, Cat., VI, 330. B. 5; D. 14-15; A. 14-16;°P. 21; LI. 31; Ltr. 12; Vert. 13 +-18. Body short, stout, compressed, rising high above bases of pectorals, great- est depth about equal to length of head. Head large, about two fifths of the length of the body without the caudal, lateral angles blunt, crown flat to concave. Snout large, longer than eye, wide and deep, greatest width about half that of head, chin prominent. Mouth large, vertical, cleft de- scending little below the level of the lower edge of the eye. Teeth not as numerous or strong as those of 0. Cimzieri. Eye medium, two elevenths of the head, equal to distance from the mouth, two thirds of snout, more than half of the interorbital space. Scales large, rough with granulations, largest on head and above pectorals, fourteen to fifteen wide ones between head and dorsal, three rows below the eye, lacking behind the preorbital and at each side of the vertebral series. Base of dorsal its length from the caudal, origin half way from the latter to the head. Margins of pectorals, dorsal and anal rounded. Caudal subtruncate with angles rounded, half as long as head. Brown to olive, dark to light yellowish or whitish, centres of scales lighter; white to yellowish below. Specimens described five and a half 20 154 THE CYPRINODONTS. inches in length. Young, half grown or less, appear darker on body and fins, and clouded blotches of dark are sometimes arranged in three or four series along the flank. The large snout serves to distinguish this species from O. luteus ; its breadth at the mouth makes the head less pointed and gives it more of the appearance of being truncate. On old individuals the forehead is con- cave and the snout turned upward so as to resemble that of O. Cuvieri. Abundant in Lake Titicaca. Orestias luteus. Orestias luteus Val., 1839, L’Inst., VII, 118, — 1846, C. V. Poiss., XVIII, 248; Blkr., 1860, Cypr., 487. Orestias Milleri Gthr., 1866, Cat-, VI, 330, in part. B. 5; D. 15; A. 15-16; P. 19-20; Ll. 31-32; Ltr. 14; Vert. 13+18. Body compressed, short, high in front of the dorsal. Head broad pos- teriorly, flattened or concave on the crown, pointed at the snout, one third as long as the body to the caudal, equal depth. Snout short, as long as eye, pointed. Mouth small, cleft hardly reaching as low a level as the lower edge of the eye. Hye as long as snout, half as wide as interorbital space, two-ninths of head. First dorsal ray half way from occiput to base of caudal, above third anal ray. Caudal short, broader than long, convex on hinder margin. Scales large, rough, granulated, thickened on head and shoulders, thirteen in the series between head and dorsal, three series on cheek, three vertebral series wider. On large specimens the head is as wide as long and the angles at the sides are very distinct. Olivaceous to yellowish, with fine puncticulations of black, edges of scales darker, lighter below the lateral line. Some are much clouded or mottled with darker ; in cases this color extends down the cheeks to the throat. Small ones have clouded spots of darker, traces of bands across the fins, and a faint band of silvery, in which there is a narrow streak of dark, along the flank. The scales of the young are not granulated, but are thin and bear fine striations. A female in the collection, with mature eggs, is six inches in length. The stomach contains small mollusca. Lake Titicaca. THE CYPRINODONTS. 155 Orestias Jussieui. Orestias Jussiet Val., 1846, C. V. Poiss., XVIII, 235, pl. 535; Gthr., 1866, Cat., VI, 329; Hig., 1891, P. U. 8. Mus., XIV, 65. Orestias Jussieui Cast., 1855, Exp. Am. Sud, Poiss., pl. 27, fig. 3; Blkr., 1860, Cypr., 487. Deis AS lS. P. 145 C228: In being short and considerably arched in front of the dorsal, as figured by Cuvier and Valenciennes, this species resembles 0. albus and O. luteus, from which it is easily distinguished by its smooth scales. Between it and O. Agassizii the differences in arch of back and shapes of crown and snout are very marked. Length of head less than depth of body, little less than one third of body without caudal. Crown flattened. Snout massive, twice as long as eye. Mouth large, cleft descending much below the level of the eye, oblique. Eye half as long as snout, one-sixth the length of head. Scales on back forward from the dorsal, and on head and cheeks large, thick, smooth. Suborbital, cheek, and opercle covered with scales. Largest scales above the pectorals. Behind those that are enlarged the scales are thin and bear concentric striz. Ventral surface naked anteriorly. Color yellowish green, fins pale. Described from four inch specimens. Valenciennes says his examples came from Titicaca, Guasacona River, and the Lake Chinchoro, near Cuzco. The dimensions given suggest that he had two species in hand, for part of his details, in regard to crown and length of head, apply to O. Agassiz and not to the form he figures as O. Jussieu. Orestias Inc® sp. n. Plate III. Fig. 9, teeth. B. 5; D.16-18; A. 16-18; P.18-20; Ll.32; Ltr. 16-17; Vert. 134 18. Body much compressed, depth two fifths of length, without caudal, or one third of total, highest point at first rays of dorsal, nearly straight from snout to dorsal fin. Head narrow, higher than deep, little less than one third of total length ; crown a trifle convex transversely, straight, back becoming slightly arched behind occiput. Snout medium, as long as eye, blunt, broad. Mouth small, vertical, cleft downward almost to lower level of eye. Eye large, as long as snout, two sevenths of head, not quite as wide as inter- orbital space. Teeth few, simple, hooked, apparently in a single series, ‘Pharyngeal teeth stout, with a shoulder. Scales medium, not granulate, 156 THE CYPRINODONTS. but somewhat rough with concentric striz, flat, thin, not thickened on anterior parts of body or on head; belly entirely covered. Cheek scales, below the eye, in three rows, two of which extend forward farther than the orbit. Origin of dorsal midway from head to caudal, nearly opposite that of anal. Caudal broad, subtruncate, two thirds as long as head. Intes- tine about equal to the total length. Brown to yellowish brown, clouded or mottled with darker; sometimes with three rather indefinite and irregular longitudinal series of blotches on the sides. -Males and females are adult at a length of two and a half inches. The species is most closely allied to O. albus and O. luteus, with which it is found in Lake Titicaca ; from the former it differs in length of snout and shapes of head and body, from the latter especially in shape of head, and from both in the squamation of the ventral surface. On one specimen of eight the rays of which were counted, dorsal and anal have each but four- teen rays, indicating a considerable amount of individual variation. HAPLOCHILICHTHYS. Aplocheilichthys Blkr., 1862, Poiss. Guin., 116, — 1863, Atl., III, Cypr., 140. Epiplatys Gill, 1863, P. Phil. Ac. (1862) 136, part. Lycocyprinus Pet., 1868, Mb. Brl. Ak., 396. Corpus elongatum compressum, squamis magnis deciduis vestitum, dorso humil, ventre convexo. Caput et rostrum latum depressa. Maxilla superior protractilis. Rictus terminalis. Dentes intermaxillares et inframaxillares uniseriati, simplices; vomerini nulli. Os supramaxillare post os inter- maxillare rejectum. Pinna dorsalis pauciradiata analis parti posteriori opposita in initio dimidii corporis posterioris inserta. Pinnze ventrales longe post basin pectoralium insertze Pinna analis media corporis lon- gitudine inserta, pluriradiata, altior quam longa. Apertura branchialis ampla. Membrana branchiostega radiis 5. (Bleeker.) This is Lycocyprinus of Peters, which that author says, in comparing with his Nothobranchius, “ebenfalls freie Nebenkiemen, aber gebogene Zwischenkiefer und eine kurze, ganz hinten iiber dem Ende der mittellan- gen Analflosse stehende Riickenflosse hat. Er hat ebenfalls die Kiemen- deckelstiicke deutlich beschuppt und die Ziihne der hinteren, so wie der vorderen Reihe etwas grisser.” THE CYPRINODONTS. 157 Haplochilichthys and Nothobranchius differ from other Cyprinodontidx in possessing pseudobranchs, and in the enlargement of the teeth in the inner row on the jaws; they are distinguished from one another by the structure of the jaws. No doubt several of the species of Haplochilus from Africa are yet to be placed in this genus. The characters necessary for a positive decision are not given in the descriptions, and in the absence of specimens they remain as placed by others. Haplochilichthys spilauchen. Pecilia spilauchena Dum., 1861, Arch. Mus., X, 258, pl. 22, fig. 6. Aplocheilichthys spilauchen Blk., 1862, Mem. Poiss. Guin., 117. Aplocheilichthys typus Blk., 1862, Mem. Poiss. Guin., 116, pl. 24, fig. 1, — 1863, Atl., TIT, 140. Epiplatys spilauchen Gill, 1863, P. Phil. Ac. (1862), 136. Haplochilus spilauchen Gth., 1866, Cat., VI, 312; Steind., 1870, Sb. Ak. Wien, LXT, ext. p. 26, — 1893, Notes Leyd. Mus., XVI, 75 ; Sauv., 1880, Nouv. Arch. Mus., IIT (2), 28, 31. Pecilia Bensoni Pet., 1864, Mb. Brl. Ak., 395. Pecilia sexfasciata Pet., 1864, Mb. Brl. Ak., 396. Haplochilus sexfasciatus Gth., 1866, Cat., VI, 313; Sauv., 1880, Nouv. Arch., IIT (2), 23. Lycocyprinus sexfasciatus Pet., 1868, Mb. Brl. Ak., 146. D. 7-8; A. 12-13; V.6; Ll. 24-27; Ltr. 8. Depth of average specimens about two sevenths of the length to the base of the caudal; head two sevenths to three tenths. Eye three sevenths to three eighths, forehead one half, and length of snout four elevenths to one third of the length of the head. Dorsal origin near half way from the head to the base of the caudal. Anal with several rays to half of its base in advance of the origin of the dorsal. Hinder half of the body with six or seven grayish violet narrow trans- verse bands, and as many on the caudal. Males with a little broader silvery band in front of each of those on the body, and the anal flecked with light and darker on its hindmost rays. On young the transverse bands are indis- tinct or absent. (Steindachner.) Jaws equal in length. Dorsal origin midway from eye to end of caudal, opposite the seventeenth scale of the lateral line and the middle of the anal. All the fins elongate in the male. Nearly uniform greenish olive, with a blackish spot behind the upper part of the humerus. Males have the tail ornamented with irregular silvery cross bars, and the vertical fins with fine blackish transverse lines. (Giinther.) Liberia; Gaboon. 158 THE CYPRINODONTS. NOTHOBRANCHIUS. Nothobranchius Peters, 1868, Mb. Brl. Ak., 145, — Flussfische Mossambique, 60. Rictus mediocris, adscendens. Ossa intermaxillaria haud angulatim recurvata; dentalia mandibularia immobilia, preeorbitale angustum, infra- orbitalia nulla. Dentes intermaxillares et mandibulares acuti, pluriseriati, seriei externe et interne majores recurvati; pharyngei breves conici (po- stremi majores). Radii branchiostegi utrinque seni, branchiz quaterne; pseu- dobranchiz liberse; processus arcus branchialis primi anteriores longi. Caput squamosum, squame mediocres, linea lateralis parum distincta. Pinna dorsalis mediocris, pone ventrales anali opposita. Ventriculus parvus, intestinum breve. Vesica aérea simplex. Feminz masculis haud dissimiles. Diese Gattung, welche mit den tibrigen kurzdarmigen carnivoren Cypri- nodonten in den meisten Punkten, in der Entwickelung der hinteren Fort- siitze der Zwischenkiefer, in den durch Naht befestigten und fiir sich allein nicht beweglichen zahntragenden Knochen des Unterkiefers, in dem allen Cyprinodonten zukommenden Mangel des Infraorbitalbogens und der blind- sacklosen Bildung des Magens iibereinstimmt, wiihrend sie sich in der Zahn- bildung den Fundulus (und Hydrargyra) anschliesst, unterscheidet sich wesentlich durch die Gestaltung der Zwischenkiefer, welche, wie bei Cyprinen und den meisten Knochenfischen, in gewdhnlicher Weise zum Mundwinkel herabsteigen, ohne einen nach hinten vorspringenden Winkel zu bilden, so wie durch die Anwesenheit von freien Pseudobranchien. Letztere sind zwar nicht sehr gross indem sie nur drei bis vier kiemenfirmige Fortsiitze bilden, aber deutlich, wiihrend ich sie ausserdem nur noch bei einer erst neuerdings von mir aufgestellten Gattung von Cyprinodonten aus Westafrica, Lycocy- prinus, gefunden habe. (Peters. ) Nothobranchius orthonotus. Cyprinodon orthonotus Pet., 1844, Ber. k. Akad. Wiss. Brl., 35; Blk., 1860, Cypr., 484. Hydrargyra maculata Pet., 1855, Arch. f. Naturg., I, 269. Hydrargyra orthonota Pet., 1868, Flussf. Mossamb., pl. 12, fig. 1. Nothobranchius orthonotus Pet., 1. ¢., 61. Fundulus orthonotus Blk., 1875, Poiss. Madagasc., 101. Div =A. 15= V6 Palo Cee: Kérperform gestreckt. Linie des Riickens von der Schnautze bis zum Schwanz gerade, Bauchlinie convex. Eine kurze Riickenflosse gerade tber THE CYPRINODONTS. 159 der Afterflosse, ein wenig grosser als diese. Zwischenkiefer und Unterkiefer mit einer Binde feiner spitzer gekriimmter Ziihne, deren iiussere Reihe die hinteren iiberragt. Gaumen zahnlos. Schlundknochen mit kurzen dicken conischen Ziihnen besetzt. Keine Nebenkiemen. Fiinf Kiemenstrahlen. Seitenlinie schwach, gerade. Schuppen glatt, an hinteren Rand ganz. Grundfarbe dunkelgriin, metallisch gliinzend, nach den Unterbauch in’s Goldige iibergehend. Auf dem hintern Dritttheil der Schuppen ein schwarz- brauner Fleck, wodurch am ganzen Kérper alternirende Reihen von solchen Querflecken entstehen. Die hinteren Flossen goldgelb mit eben solchen Flecken. Ein einfacher Magen und grader kurzer Darm ohne Anhingsel. Einfache Schwimmblase. Die EHiersticke fiihren nach aussen. Mozambique. (Peters. ) NOTES. Tue foregoing descriptions were drawn mainly from specimens in the collections at hand. When dependence was placed on literature the words of the original character- ization have been put forward, rather than translations. The scales of the lateral line were counted from the upper angle of the gill opening to the end of the series on the tail. The transverse series were usually taken from the origin of the dorsal fin to the anal. On many of the species the number of scales in the lateral line closely corresponds with the number of vertebre. All of the rays in the fins were enumerated. No special stress was placed on the shapes of the fins, as they change so much with age or in breeding males and females. The gill rakers being normal in the younger stages and degrading and to some extent disappearing later, as in certain Salmonide, Pleuronectide, etc., little dependence was placed on them. The majority of the teeth were hardly visible without the aid of lenses; consequently the figures represent them greatly enlarged. Size varying with the individual, the shapes were of most value in comparisons; yet in each figure (group), the details all having the same enlargement, comparative sizes of outer, inner, and pharyngeal teeth were preserved. Belonesocine, being the earlier name, takes the place of Gambustine on pages 19 and 80. Orestiasine is to be inserted above Orestias on page 145. Nothobranchiine is to precede Haplochilichthys on page 156. Opportunity is here taken to express a hearty appreciation of the kindness of Prof. Dr. Karl Mobius, Dir. Zool. Mus. Berlin, and of his assistant Dr. Hilgendorf, in regard to examination of particular types, of that of Dr. B. W. Evermann, of the U.S. Fish. Comm., for certain publications, and of that of Prof. H. Garman, of the Ky. State College, for specimens. vo Ora Ati? fo a) yea! he. } (iis 4 il