T n A. AGASSIZ. HARVARD UNIVERSITY. LIB RAR Y MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. GIFT OF ALEX. AGASSIZ. UdfUjui 0^ Explanation of the Plates INTRODUCTION The U. S. Fish Commission Steamer " Albatross " was_, with the consent of the President, placed at my disposal by Secretary Cortelyou of the Bureau of Commerce and Labor, at the suggestion of the Hon. Geo. M. Bowers, Commissioner of Fisheries. The area selected for this crui.se of the " Albatross " included the vast tract of the Eastern Pacific south of the Panamic region, explored by her in 1891. This area was crossed by lines from the Galapagos to Aguja Point (PL 1), thence in a southwesterly direction, then to Callao. From Callao we ran to Easter Island, then to the Galapagos, next to Manga Reva, and finally to Acapulco, where our exploration ended, after having steamed from Panama over a distance of more than 13,000 miles. From Acapulco the " Albatross " ran to San Diego, where the col- lections were shipped to the Fisli Commission, to be distributed to the specialists who have kindly undertaken to work up the material collected during her cruise. The collections made during the present expedition will give ample mate- rial for extensive monographs on the holothurians, the siliceous sponges, the cephalopods, the jelly-fishes, the pelagic crustaceans, worms, and fishes of the Eastern Pacific, as well as on the bottom deposits and on the radio- larians and dinoflagellates, diatoms, and other protozoans collected by the tow-nets. Small collections of plants were made at Easter Island and Manga Reva which may throw some light on the origin and distribution of the flora of the Eastern Pacific.^ With one exception, the lines we ran were all well within the steaming range of the " Albatross," so that the work laid out was satisfactorily car- ried on. Our last line, however, from Manga Reva to Acapulco, while practicable under ordinary circumstances, proved beyond the capacity of ' A brief account of the progress of the expedition was sent to the Hon. Geo. M. Bowers from Callao, from the Galapagos, and from Acapulco. These letters were published in the American .Fournal of Science for February, April, and May, 190."), and were reprinted in the Bull. M. C. Z., Vol. XLVI, No. 4, April, 1905. X INTRODUCTION. the " Albatross." Our progress, which was excellent during the first days of our journey after leaving Manga Reva, soon became greatly impeded by head winds in the region where we ought to have been in the full swing of the southeasterly trades. This led us to abandon with great reluctance all idea of further work when in the equatorial belt of currents ; to give up our proposed visit to Clipperton, and, on account of our limited coal supply, to make for Acapulco, merely sounding every morning. This was a great disappointment, as we had every reason to expect to be able to spend some time in the western region of the equatorial currents belt, and settle more conclusively than we have been able to do the question of their influence upon the richness of the fauna living on the bottom in their track, far from continental shores or insular areas. We were most fortunate in our arrangements for our coal supply. It was a somewhat risky undertaking to provide coal at the Galapagos, Easter Island, and Manga Reva. But, thanks to the interest of Messrs. Burns, Philp & Co. in our behalf, their contracts to supply us with coal were carried out most punctually. Their failure to meet us either at Easter Island or Manga Reva would have been disastrous, as neither of these islands are visited more than once a year. We hoped to be docked at Callao, but, owing to the prolonged occupa- tion of the dock by a disabled steamer and the uncertainty of its becoming free within reasonable time, we decided to proceed without further delay to Easter Island and continue the expedition without docking. But little is known of the hydrography of the area we explored, but few soundings are recorded from that area of the Eastern Pacific before the present expedition of the " Albatross ; " one to the N. W. of Callao by the Italian S. " Vittor Pisani " ' in 1882, three by the Cable S. " Silverton " in 1893,^ and four by the U. S. S. " Alaska." ^ A few deep-sea soundings east- ward of the Paumotus, to the meridian of 91° 31' W., are all taken by H. M. S. "Alert" in 1878-80. I do not include the long list of soundings taken by the steamers of the Central and South American Telegraph Com- pany along the west coast of South America. They are all within very moderate distance of the coast, and bear mainly upon the configuration of the submarine western slope of South America. 111° 4' S. 80°33'W. 2729 ^ » 11° M' S. 78° 59' W. 2107 2 10° 14' S. 79° 29' W. 1267 I 11° 52' 78° 39' 2017 , 10° 47' 79° 3' J J ^5 j fathoms. 11° 51' 78° 54' 3368'""*"°™®' 11° 16' 78° 4' 1109 2729 ^ 1267 I J 11° 53' 76° 9' 3164 j INTRODUCTIOlSr. xi The greatest interest attached to this exploration, there is no other oceanic I'eorion situated at so s-reat a distance from a continental area and O O interrupted by so few ishxnds. The eastern tropical Pacific extends south from a line between Acapulco and the Galapagos, and to Cape San Fran- cisco as a northern boundary, to a distance of over 3000 miles as far as the latitude of Manga Reva, Easter Island, and a point north of Valparaiso ; and the distance of Manga Reva fi'om the South American coast is fully 3500 miles, with nothing to break this vast expanse of water. The investigation of this region promised interesting results and valuable data regarding the extension of an abyssal oceanic fauna far from shore and its dependence upon the pelagic food carried by tlie great oceanic currents. The " Albatross," under command of Lieut.-Commander L. M. Garrett, U. S. N., left San Francisco on the 6th of October and arrived at Panama the 22d. On her way along the coast Professor C. A. Kofoid took advantage of the opportunity for making surface hauls with the tow-nets, as well as vertical hauls, generally to a depth of 300 fathoms. A large amount of pelagic material was thus collected, not at a great distance from the coast, however. Off Mariato Point the " Albatross" made two hauls in the vicinity of the stations where in 1891 she found " modern green sand," in 555 and 782 fathoms.* It was interesting to find the green sand again, as the speci- mens collected in 1891 were lost in transit to Washington. I was fortunate in having as assistant for this trip Professor Kofoid, who has had great experience in studying the Protozoa both in fresh water and at sea. He was given charge of the collection of Radiolarians and Diatoms, and of other minute pelagic organisms ; and he will prepare a report on the results of that branch of the expedition. It will be interesting to compare the pelagic fauna at intermediate depths collected along the coast from San Francisco to Panama with that of the Eastern Pacific. A glance at the preliminary records of that line shows the great abundance along the continental area of the embryos of littoral types of Echinoderms, of Lamellibranchs, GasterojDods, Acalephs, Crustacea, Fishes, and others mixed with Dinoflagellates, Radiolarians, Tintiunids, Globigerince, and pelagic types of Copepods, Amphipods, Tunicates, Ostracods, Annelids, Sagittaj, Pteropods, Cephalopods, Acalephs, and Fishes. The oceanic lines were marked for the total absence of littoi'al embryos. 1 Stations 3357, 3358, Bull. M. C. Z. XXIII, No. 1, p. 5, 1892. xu INTRODUCTION. At Panama the "Albatross" was coaled and provisioned at once; on my arrival there on the 1st of November I found her ready for sea, and on the 2d we left for Mariato Point to make a few additional trawl hauls in the region of the green sand. In both the hauls made off Mariato Point green sand was found, but not in the quantity obtained in 1891. These were the only trawl hauls made in the Panamic District north of the Galapagos. The changes made in the working apparatus of the "Albatross" under the superintendence of Lieutenant Franklin Swift, U. S. N., proved most satisfactory. The alterations in the main drum and the device for preventing the piling of the wire on the surging drum and the accompany- ing shock have greatly reduced the risk of breaking the wire rope when trawling at great depths. The wire rope j^roved an excellent piece of workmanship, and worked admirably in the comparatively deep water in which most of our trawling was done. A new dredging boom was also installed, and everything relating to the equipment of the " Albatross " was carefully overhauled before her departure. Lieut. -Commander L. M. Garrett was indefatigable in his interest for the expedition ; the officers and crew were devoted to their work ; and the members of the scientific staff carried out most faithfully their duties of preparing and preserving the collections made. I have to thank specially for assistance and advice, during the equipping of the " Albatross " for her voyage. Captain Z. L. Tanner, U. S. N. ; the late Admiral Sir Joseph Wharton, R. N. ; Mr. Richard Rathbun, assistant secretary of the Smithsonian ; Mr. J. W. Littlehales for copies of the report of Commander B. F. Day, U. S. N., of the " Mohican," on Easter Island, and for the corrections made on the chart of the island by the officers of the " Mohican ; " the managing director of the Telegraph Con- struction and Maintenance Company, and Mr. Lucas, the engineer of the company, for advice regarding his automatic sounding-machine ; Mr. Jas. A. Scrymser, the president, and Mr. Kingsford, the manager, of the Cen- tral and South American Telegraph Company ; the managing director, and Mr. A. Birrell the manager, of the Pacific Steam Navigation Company ; Messrs. Burns, Philp and Co., of Sydney; Messrs. W. R. Grace and Co., of Callao ; Captain Pillsbury of the Bureau of Navigation ; the Panama R. R. Company ; the late Secretary Hay, who was kind enough to obtain through our embassies at London, Paris, Mexico, Lima, Santiago, Ecuador, and Pan- INTRODUCTION. xiii araa, letters from the governments to whom they were accredited recom- mending the "Albatross" to the good-will of the officials of the ports we intended to visit. Nothing could have been more cordial than our reception at tlie points where we coaled. I may also mention the assistance given us by Mr. C. Cooper, the manager of the Easter Island Company, during our visit to that island, and the cordial reception given the " Albatross " while at Manga Reva by the governor, Dr. Fernand Cassiau. Finally my thanks are due to the officers in charge of the Bureau of Fisheries at Washington for their attention to all the details called for by the fitting out of the " Albatross." Nkwport, R. I., November, 1905. LIST OF THE OFFICERS OF THE UNITED STATES STEAMER "ALBATROSS.^ Lieut. -Commander . . li. M. Garrett, U. S. N., Commanding. Lieutenant .... W. J. Manion, U. S. N., Executive Officer and Navigator. Boatswain .... John Mahoney, U. S. N. Boatswain .... Louis M. Sopp, U. S. N. Acting Boatswain . . F. W. Metiers, U. S. N. Past Assistant Surgeon Joseph C. Thompson, U. S. N. Assistant Paymaster . E. H. Cope, U. S. N. Warrant Macliinist . . Charles Crater, U. S. N. General Assistant . . L. M. Tongue, U. S. F. C. Scientific Staff. C. A. KoroiD, Assistayit. H. B. Bigelow, Assistant. F. M. Chamberlain, Naturalist, U. S. F. 0. M. Westergeen, Artist. "ALBATROSS" EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION. GENERAL REPORT. HYDROGRAPHY. Plates 1-12. During this expedition we sounded every day wliile at sea, and developed very fairly the contour of that part of the Eastern Pacific which lies to the south and west of the line from Cape San Francisco to the Galapagos and of a line from the Galapagos to Acapulco, limiting an area occupied by the "Albatross" in 1891. The area developed by us is included by a line over 3200 miles in length from Acapulco to Manga Reva, and the area north of a line from Manga Reva to Easter Island and from Easter Island to Callao. During our voyage one hundred and sixty soundings were taken with the Lucas sounding-machine. The bathymetrical chart of the " Albatross " expedition of 1891^ was somewhat modified by the northern soundings of our present expedition on the lines Manga Reva to Acapulco, Manga Reva to the Galapagos, and Easter Island to the Galapagos. The soundings affected the 2000-fathom line off the Galapagos Plateau, and off the Mexican coast (PI. 1). The soundings of the area we surveyed in the Eastern Pacific are com- paratively shallow. With the exception of the area to the westward and south- westward of Callao, the soundings generally varied from 1800 to 2300 fathoms, while off Callao and in the direction of Easter Island are found a number of soundings varying from 2000 to over 3000 fathoms (PI. 1). Following our lines as they developed after leaving Panama, we made a straight line of soundings (PI. 1) from Mariato Point towards Chatham Island in the Galapagos (PI. 4), intersecting the ring of soundings we made northeast of the Islands in 1891.^ The deepest point of the line (1900 • PI. Ill, Bull. M. C. Z. Vol. XXIII, No. 1, Feb., 1892. "■ Ibid. 1 2 "ALBATROSS" EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION. fathoms) was found about 100 miles southwest of Mariato Point. The depth then continued to show about 1700 fathoms for nearly 200 miles, and shoaled very gradually to 1418 fathoms about 80 miles from Chatham Island. From this point it sloped quite rapidly, the 1000-fathom line being not more than 60 miles from Chatham Island. "We ran a short line south of Hood Island, and found a somewhat steeper slope to that face of the Galapagos, reaching over 1700 fathoms in a distance of less than 50 miles ; the bottom then remained comparatively flat, attaining a depth of 2000 fathoms about 100 miles farther south. This depth we carried east- ward on a line to Aguja Point (PI. 7). When half-way, the soundings had increased to over 2200 fathoms, and remained near that depth to within 60 miles of the coast, when the depth rapidly shoaled. From Aguja Point we ran a line of soundings to the southwest, to a point about 675 miles west of Callao (PI. 6, fig. 1) ; on this line the depth gradually increased from 2200 fathoms, 100 miles off the Point, to nearly 2500 fathoms. On run- ning east to Callao (PI. 9), the depth soon increased to about 2600 fathoms, and at a distance of about 80 miles off Callao we dropped into the Milne- Edwards Deep and found a depth of over 3200 fathoms. We spent a couple of days in developing this Deep, making soundings of 1490, 2845, 458, 1949, 2338, and 3120 fathoms; showing a great irregularity of the bottom within a comparatively limited area of less than 60 miles in diameter. The soundings taken to the south of the Galapagos (Pis. 4, 6), developed the outline of the 1500-fathom curve as well as that of the 2000-fathom line to the south and west, showing that the latter enclosed a very much larger area (PI. 1) than had been inferred from the soundings taken in 1891. Our soundings also showed that the Guatemala Basin was enclosed by the 2000-fathom line, forming a large elliptical area to the west of the Mexican and Guatemalan coast (PI. 1). The soundings we made to the eastward from the Galapagos to the South American coast (Pis. 7-9, PI. 10, fig. 1), and to the westward of Callao, as well as on the line from Callao to Easter Island, all indicate a gradual deepening to the eastward, to form the northern part of a basin I have called the Bowers Basin (PI. 1), and which is independent of what has been called on the " Challenger " Charts the Buchan Basin, with greatest depths of 2400 to over 2700 fathoms, and passing at several points near the coast to Milne-Edwards Deep, Haeckel Deep, Kriimmel Deep, Bartholomew Deep, and Richards Deep, some of them with a depth of over 4000 fathoms. HYDROGRAPHY. 3 It is difficult from the absence of soundings between the southernmost lines of the '■ Albatross " and those of the '• Challenger " in the latitude of Valparaiso to fix any limit to the Buchan Basin. For this reason I have merely kept the legend without attempting to define its boundaries. The line from Callao to Easter Island (PI. 10, fig. /), passes through Milne- Edwards Deep, which is separated from the southern part of Bowers Basin having a depth of over 2700 fathoms, by a ridge of about 2500 fathoms. The slope of tliat line rises very gradually from 2400 fathoms to the 2000-fathoni line, forming the eastern flank of the plateau enclosing Sala y Gomez and Easter Island. The latter, the larger island, rises more suddenly from a much smaller plateau than the one of which the small rocky islet of Sala y Gomez is the visible area (PL 1), the loOO-fathom line extending nearly half-way from Sala y Gomez to Easter Island and within a short distance of Easter Island connecting Sala y Gomez and Easter Island. On the ridge we found 1142 fathoms near Sala y Gomez, and 1696 fathoms half-way between that point and Easter Island. The ridge rises rapidly from about 2000 fathoms, the general oceanic depth within about 100 miles, to over 1100 fathoms within a comparatively short distance from both Sala y Gomez and Easter Island. The plateau connecting Sala y Gomez and Easter Island forms a marked spur on the southeast point of the Albatross Plateau (PI. 1). The two lines centering at Easter Island (Pis. 4, 10, fig. i), developed the eastern edge of the Albatross Plateau (Pis. 5, 6, fig. l, 9, 11, 12), indicated on the " Challenger " bathymetrical charts, on the strength of a few soundings reaching from Callao in a northwesterly direction and of a couple of sound- ings on the 20th degree of latitude. It is surprising that with the few soundings known at the time the " Challenger " charts were published so accurate a sketch of the Albatross Plateau should have been made, and still more interesting that the plateau should have been called the " Albatross " Plateau, and be developed by the "Albatross" nearly thirty years later. The " Albatross " Plateau is the most interesting bathymetrical feature of the Eastern Pacific (Pis. 5, 6, fig. 1, 9, 11, 12). It is a triangular area (PI. 1), indicated by the 2000-fathoni line pointing towards the Galapagos, with a base starting from Easter Island almost reachin"- Mant!;a Reva. According to the " Challenger " bathymetrical chart (PI. 1 B), the Juan Fernandez Plateau connects with the Albatross Plateau and forms the southern limit separating Buchan Basin from Barker Basin south of the Juan 4 "ALBATROSS" EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITIOX. Fernandez Plateau. I hesitate to accept this interpretation of the few- shallower soundings taken by the " Challenger " more than six hundred miles south of the 2000-fathom line defining the Easter Island and Sala y Gomez Plateau. The Albatross Plateau, as developed by the "Albatross" (Pis. 9, 11), separates the Bowers and Buchan Basins from the great basin to the north- west. The eastern slope indicated by the 2000-fathom line gradually falls into deeper water as we pass towards the South American coast, while the western slope passes into deep water in the direction of Grey's Deep and of the Moser Basin and Moser Deep (PL 1). The Galapagos Plateau is separated from the Albatross Plateau by a wide channel of more than 300 miles, with a probable greatest depth of nearly 2300 fathoms. Our line from Easter Island to the Galapagos (PL 12) shows a wonder- fully level tract, varying in depth only from 2020 to 2265 fathoms in a distance of nearly 2000 miles. On our line, Galapagos to Manga Reva, we developed the western extension of the Albatross Plateau (PL 5), and found it varying in depth from 1900 to somewhat less than 2300 fathoms in a distance of nearly 3000 miles ; about half-way from the Galapagos to Manga Reva we came upon a ridge of about 200 miles in length with a depth of 1700 to lOoS fathoms, dropping rapidly to the south to over 1900 fathoms. 1 propose to call this elevation Garrett Ridge (Pis. 1, 5). Our line from Manga Reva to Acapulco (PL 12) shows the gradual slope of the western extension of the Albatross Plateau towards the great basin of the Eastern Pacific. This line is almost level; in a distance of 3200 miles the depth varies only about 400 fathoms. The great area traversed by the "Albatross" was practically mare incognUum. Three soundings in latitude 20' S., towards the Paumotus, and five soundings in a north- westerly trend from Callao to Grey's Deep (PL 8) are all the depths that were previously known of this great expanse of water. The existence of a great plateau dividing Bowers Basin along the South American coast from Grey and Moser Basins (Pis. 1, 9, 11) to the west is most interesting. It recalls the division of the Southern Atlantic into an Eastern and Western Basin by a central connecting ridge, the " Challenger " Ridge. The existence of a sounding of 2554 fathoms near the equator in longi- tude 110° W., would seem to indicate a small basin disconnected from Grey's Deep and Moser Basin. How far west towards these basins that CHARACTER OF THE BOTTOil OF THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC. 5 extension reaches, no soundings indicate as yet. It is interesting to note that along the Mexican coast tliere are a number of deep disconnected basins lying close to the shore, just as there are a number of discorniected deeps close along the South American coast, extending from oH Callao to off Caldera, Chili, opposite high volcanoes or elevated chains of mountains. These basins and a great part of the steep Mexican continental shelf form a deep channel, separating in places the oceanic slope from the steep conti- nental slope. The steepness of the continental shelf is especially well seen off Acapulco and Manzanilla. One of the small basins along the Mexican coast, with 2661 fathoms, lies off Sebastian Viscaino Bay; a second south of Tres Marias with 2395 fathoms ; another with more than 2900 fathoms is to the west of Manzanilla Bay ; a third to the southeast of Acapulco has about the same depth, and a fourth with 2500 fathoms is off San Jose, Guatemala. Our last soundings off Acapulco, about 29 miles south of the lighthouse, in 2494 fathoms, showed the western extension of one of these deep holes lying to the east of Acapulco. These small basins off the west coast, close to the shore, at the foot of a steep continental slope, are in great contrast to the wide continental shelves of Yucatan and Florida, which characterize the east coast of Central America and the east coast of the United States from Florida to the Banks of Newfoundland. CHARACTER OF THE BOTTOM OF THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC. Plate 3. The bottom of the area explored by the "Albatross" in 1891 is covered by green and brown mud mixed with masses of decayed and decaying vege- table matter. South of this area we come upon the great tracts of tlie Eastern Pacific the bottom of which is covered by manganese nodules. The extent of this tract is shown in Plate 3, where are given the northern and eastern limits of the manganese nodules as well as its southern limit extend- ing from Easter Island to Manga Reva. From the northern extremity of Moser Basin the line forming the northern limit of the manganese nodules runs in a southeasterly direction to about 100' W. Long., and 5" south of the equator where it runs nearly due east off Aguja Point, its eastern line then runs south, parallel to the South American coast. The southern limit of the nodules as here given (PI. 3) is probably not its southernmost limit, as the " Challenger " obtained manganese nodules a long way south in the 6 "ALBATROSS" EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION. latitude of Valparaiso ; but nothing is known of the character of the bottom on the area interveninsr between the lines of the ''Albatross" and " Chal- lenger." The western and northern and eastern limits of the Radiolarian ooze (PL 3) indicate a great tract partly covering the area of manganese nodules. To the west of the Radiolarian ooze area lies a great tract of Globigerina ooze ; it is east of the Marquesas and of the Paumotus and extends north some way into Moser Basin (PI. 3). Diatoms are found in a very wide belt reaching from the equator to nearly the general latitude of 15° S., in some localities south and west of Aguja Point, as well as others. Close to the South American coast they occur in sufficient quantities to have formed silicious earth. It will be noted that the belt where diatoms occur is entirely within the influence of the western and northern set of the Humboldt current, and that while diatoms are found in great abundance in an area near the equator, yet they have undoubtedly been brought north by the Humboldt current from more southern latitudes than those explored by the " Alba- tross," and have been spread westward by the prevailing southeast trades of the belt where they are found (PL 4). BOTTOM FAUNA OF THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC. Plate 3*^. Hauls of the trawl made off the Galapagos and at the western extremity of our lines off Aguja Point brought us within the area of the manganese nodules, with its Radiolarian ooze mud, Cetacean earbones, and beaks of Cephalopods ; nothing could stand the damaging work of these nodules in grinding to pieces all the animal life the trawl may have obtained (PL 3). Down to a depth of 2200 fathoms or so the bottom was constituted of Globigerina ooze, its character being more or less hidden when near the coast by the amount of detrital matter and terrigenous deposits which have drifted out to sea. North of the Galapagos, as in the 1891 expedition,' we found vegetable matter at nearly all the stations, and between the Galapagos and Callao such material was not uncommon in the trawl. Beyond the line of 2200 fathoms dead radiolarians become quite abun- » Bull. M. C. Z. XXIII, No. 1, p. 11, 1892. BOTTOM FAUNA OF THE EASTERN rROPTCAL PACIFIC. 7 dant oil tlie bottom, as well as in the mud of the manganese nodules, though amoiiii; the nodules it was not uncommon to find an occasional Biloculina. Many of the dead radiolarians found on the bottom were obtained from the guts of Salpce swimming near the surface or within the 300-fathom line in the tow-nets sent to that depth. The same is the case with many of the Dinofiagellata which have been considered as deep-sea types. North of Callao our trawls brought up from the bottom many interest- ing fishes, among which I may mention Bathyptero'is, Ipnops, Sternoptyx, Nemichthys, Alepocephalus, Macrurans, Brotulids, Cyclothone, Melamphaes, and a few bat fishes, all, tlius far, described by Mr. Garman from the 1891 expedition. I may mention also a Chimoera, different from the Chili species. Among the Crustacea were Lithodes, ]\Iunidopsis, a number of Macru- rans, many Schizopods, large Pycnogonids, and several species of Scalpellum, all well-known species of the 1891 expedition ; we found a few Molluscs, and a few interesting genera of Tubicolous Annelids, among them Hyali- ccena. Compared to the 1891 expedition, few starfishes and brittle stars were obtained, and still fewer sea urchins, only one species of Aceste and one of Aerope, a new species of Asthenosoma and Homolampas, in marked contrast to the numerous Echini collected in the Panamic Basin in 1891. We obtained, however, a magnificent collection of Holothurians, nearly every species occurring in the Panamic Basin being found in numbers in our track south of the Galapagos, in the wake of the great Chili-Peruvian cur- rent, and at considerable depths. On one occasion, at Station 4647, in 2005 fathoms, we obtained no less than sixteen species of Holothurians, among them brilliantly colored Benthodytes, Psychropotes, Scotoplanes, Euphro- nides, and the like. At Station 4G70, in 3209 fathoms, we obtained six species of Holothurians. At Station 4072, in 2845 fathoms, we obtained also very many specimens of three species of Ankyroderma, a large Deima, two species of Scotoplanes, two of Psychropotes, with a number of young stages of that genus, repeating thus the experience of the '• Challenger," which found Holothurians at great depth in abundance, not only in the number of specimens but also of species, though the "Challenger" did not in any locality obtain as many as we did at Station 4647. Mr. Westergren made a number of sketches of the species which were not obtained in the 1891 expedition. We also collected in the trawl a number of deep-sea Actinians, Stephanactis, Actinauge, none different, however, from genera previously found in the Panamic district. We obtained only a few Penna- 8 "ALBATROSS" EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION. tnlids, Gorgonians, and Antipathes, and a very considerable number of sili- cious sponges, usually associated with the Holothurians found in deep water in the track of the Peruvian current. In the track of tlie current, at not too great distances from the coast, we invariably brought up, even from very considerable depths, sticks and twigs and fragments of vegetable matter. On two ocasions we brought up in the trawl specimens of Octac- nemus. The trawl had been working at 2235 and 2222 fathoms. Both Moseley and Herdman described this interesting Ascidian as attached to the bottom by a small peduncle. While the presence of the peduncle cannot be denied, yet its attachment, if attached at all, must be of the slightest, its transparent, slightly translucent body, with its eight large lobes, suggesting rather a pelagic type than a sedentary form. Octacnemus was discovered by the " Challenger " west of Valparaiso. In the "Albatross" Tropical Pacific expedition (1899-1900) Octacnemus was obtained in the tow-net from less than 150 fathoms at station 15 Lat. 4° 35' N., Long. 136° 54' W., about 600 miles north of the Marquesas. The "Albatross" also collected in 1883, on her way from New York to San Francisco, specimens of Octacnemus, off Port Otway, Patagonia, in 1050 fathoms. They were described and figured by Mr. M. M. Metcalf,^ showing that the individuals are not solitary but are attached to one another in a linear series by means of a slender stolon. It is possible that they were attached to some solid object or normally lived upon the bottom. In the stomach of one of the specimens of Octacnemus was found a species of Tanais. Of this Dr. Hansen says : The species is certainly new, and the specimen well enough preserved so that it can be described. All the spe- cies of Tanaidacea, some curious males perhaps excepted, live on the bottom, some species rather near the shore, and many forms at considerable or great depths. This is of interest in the present case, because it would serve to show that the Octacnemus has taken the animal on the bottom and that it therefore goes down to the depth recorded — 2222 fathoms. But as this locality is comparatively near shore and in the track of the disturbances due to the Humboldt current, it is not safe to assume that the Octacnemus lived at that depth, as it is also known to live within 150 fathoms of the surface in other localities. On our way from Callao to Easter Island in the early part of December, > Octacnemu8 patagoniensis. Spengel, Zool. Jahrb. Abth. f. Anat. u. Ontol., Bd. 13. PI. 40, fig. *0, p. .572, 1900. BOTTOM FAUNA OF THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC. 9 as far as 90' west longitude, we remained in the Humboldt current, as we could readily see from the character of the temperature serials and from the amount of pelagic life we obtained from both the surface and the in- termediate hauls. This current also affected the bottom fauna, which was fairly rich, even as far as 800 miles from the shore, while we remained within the limits of the northern current (PI. •3''). As soon as we ran outside of this the character of the surface fauna changed ; it became less and less abundant as we made our way to Easter Island, the western half of the line from Callao becoming gradually barren. This current also affected the deep-sea fauna to such an extent that towards Easter Island, at a distance of 1200 to 1400 miles from the South American continent, our trawl hauls were absolutely barren (PI. 3'') ; the bottom of the greater part of the line was covered with manganese nodules on which were found attached a few insignificant silicious sponges, an occasional ophiuran, and a few brachiopods or diminutive worm tubes, tlie same bottom continuing to Sala y Gomez and between there and Easter Island. The southern part of our line from Easter Island to the Galapagos shows all the featux'es characteristic of the western part of the line from Callao to Easter Island ; like the latter, as far as the 12th degree of soutliern latitude, it proved comparatively barren, the bottom consisting of manganese nodules to within about 250 miles of the Galapagos (PI. 3''). The pelagic and inter- mediate fauna from Easter Island to 12' south latitude was very poor, and the serial temperatures show that we were outside and to the westward of the great Humboldt current. But near the 12th degree of southern latitude a sudden change took place ; the pelagic and intermediate fauna became quite abundant again and soon fully as rich as at any time in the Humboldt current. There was also a marked change in the temperature of the water as indicated by the serials, showing that from the 12th degree of southern latitude to the Galapagos we were cutting across the western part of the Humboldt current (Pis. 3", 4). The presence of diatoms in all parts of the Humboldt current, which we crossed from south of Callao to the equator at the Galapagos and west towards Clipperton, shows how far the track of a great oceanic current can be traced, not only by its temperature but also by the pelagic life within or near it (PI. 3). When once in the warm westerly equatorial current, the diatoms disappear and the bottom samples show only surface radiolarians and globigerinse. 10 "ALBATROSS" EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITIOISr. As we passed south from the Galapagos and gradually drew out of the influence of the western current, we entered the same barren region we passed through to the eastward when going to and from Easter Island. By the time we reached latitude 15° S., the hauls became quite poor ; this barren bottom district extended to within a short distance of Manga Eeva ; cor- responding to it we found a most meagre pelagic fauna, both at the surface and down to 300 fathoms — so poor that it could afford but little food to the few species, if any, living on the bottom in that region (PI. 3°). The samples of the bottom obtained by the soundings taken by the ex- pedition or gathered in tlie mud-bag and in the trawl indicate that an immense area of the bottom of the Eastern Pacific is covered with manga- nese nodules, and that they play an important part in determining the character of the bottom, not only in the area covered by this expedition but also in other oceanic regions ; the Eastern Pacific area of manganese nodules probably extends to the northwest of our lines to join the stations where manganese nodules were found by the "Albatross" in 1899 in the Moser Basin, on the line San Francisco to Marquesas (PI. 3). This area may also extend south of our lines, Callao to Easter Island, and join the line west of Valparaiso where the '• Challenger " obtained manganese nodules at many stations. I do not mean to imply that manganese nodules are present to the exclusion of radiolarians and of globigerinoe. It is prob- able that the layer of nodules is partly covered by them, and by the thick, sticky, dark chocolate-colored mud which is found wherever manganese nodules occur. On the northern part of the line, Galapagos (Wreck Bay) to Manga Reva, we did but little work beyond sounding, as we were likely to duplicate our former work to the eastward. The fourth day out, in latitude 5^ S., we began a series of trawl hauls, surface hauls, and intermediate towings from the surface to 300 fathoms. In the northern part of the line to Manga Reva the hauls were remarkably rich as long as we remained within the influence of the western extension of the Humboldt current, and as long as there dropped from the surface masses of the radiolarians, diatoms, and glo- bigerinoe living in the upper waters. Some of the hauls were remarkable for the number of deep-sea Holothurians and silicious sponges. Among the former I may mention a huge Psycln-opotes, 55 cm. long, and another a large Benthodytes which was viviparous. As we passed south and gradually drew out of the influence of the western BOTTO:\r FAUXA OF THE EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC. 11 current, we entered the same barren region we passed through to the east- ward when going to and from Easter Island. By the time we reached latitude 15^ S., the hauls became quite poor ; this barren bottom district extended to within a short distance of Manga Reva ; corresponding to it we found a most meagre pelagic fauna, both at the surface and down to 300 fathoms — so poor that it could afford but little food to the few species, if any, living on the bottom in that region. The extensive barren area of the Eastern Pacific is situated a consider- able distance from land. It is bounded on the north by the curve indicating the position of — h on PI. 3'', it is out of the track of great oceanic currents. Similar but less extensive barren tracts have been indicated by the trawling of the "Albatross Tropical Pacific Expedition," and by those of the "Chal- lenger" in the Central Pacific, and in the line from the Paumotus to Valpa- raiso. All these areas are at a distance from land where no food comes from telluric sources owing to the steep continental slopes of the adjoining continents. We left Port Rikitea for Acapulco on the 4th of February to anchor off Aka-Maru ; on the 5th we left our anchorage, sounded off' the east face of Manga Reva, and took photographs of the islands from characteristic points. On our way north from Manga Reva to Acapulco we did not begin to trawl or tow until warned by the contents of the surface-nets that the surface was becoming richer in animal and vegetable life (PI. 3 ) and also by indica- tions of the surface temperatures showing that we had reached the southern edge of the cold western equatorial current (PI. 3"). A little north of 10', south latitude, we made our first trawl haul and deep tow, and found a very rich fauna down to the 300-fathora line, recalling the pelagic fauna of the northern extremity of the eastern lines and fully as rich. On trawling we found, as we expected a very rich bottom fauna. Among the animals brought up in the trawl there were some superb Hyalonemas, silicious sponges, Benthodytes and other deep-sea Holothurians, fine specimens of Freyella, and some large Ophiurans. This haul is interest- ing as showing that in the track of a great current, carrying an abundance of food, we may find at a very considerable depth (2422 fathoms) an abundant fauna even at very great distances from continental lands. We were, at this station (4740), about 2140 miles from Acapulco, 1200 miles from Manga Reva, 1700 miles from the Galapagos, and about 900 miles from the Marquesas. 12 "ALBATROSS" EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION. Another haul made under the equator near the northern edge of the cold current in 2320 fathoms gave us the same results. The pelagic fauna was very abundant, tlie surface teemed with radiolarians, diatoms, and globi- gerinse, and swarmed with invertebrates. The trawl contained a superb collection of bottom species of Holothurians, Brisinga, Hyalonema, and Neusina ; Professor F. E. Schulze has shown these to be a new type of Rhizopod which he has called the Xenophyophora,' and on this occasion we brought up the only stalked crinoid collected during this expedition -;- parts of the stem of two specimens of Rhizocrinus, of which, unfortunately, the arms were wanting. PELAGIC AND INTERMEDIATE DEPTHS FAUNA. Plate S*-. In the Panamic Basin to the nortliward of the Galapagos we occupied ten stations with the tow-nets, hauling both at the surface and at 300 fathoms, and vertically from that depth ; we also continued this pelagic work at nearly all the stations from the Galapagos to Callao. When off Cliatham Island we began to trawl, and used the tow-nets regularly, occupying twenty stations as far as Callao. The nets were in charge of Mr. F. M. Chamberlain. Tlie pelagic collections, as a whole, are remarkably rich. They are especially noteworthy for the great variety and number of pelagic fishes obtained inside the 300-fathom line at a consider- able distance from shore — from 300 to 650 miles. Many of these fishes had been considered as true deep-sea fishes, to be obtained only in the trawl when dredging between 1000 and 1500 fathoms or more. On one occasion the tow-net brought up from 300 fathoms, the depth being 1752 fathoms, no less than 12 species of fishes ; of some species of Myctojshum we obtained 18 specimens; of another, 37; of a third, 45; in all, nearly 150 specimens. On other occasions it was not uncommon to obtain 8 or 10 species, and from 50 to 100 specimens. Among the most interesting types of fishes obtained in the tow-net I may mention Plagusise, Leptocephalus, and, as coming from less than 300 fathoms, Stylophthalmus and Dissoma, both of which Chun considers as deep-sea fishes, found in depths of 600 to 4000 meters ; also a species of Eurypharynx obtained for the first time in the Pacific. Styloph- thalmus I had caught in the tow-net in 1900, during the Tropical Pacific 1 Val.iivia Ex., Vol. XT, 1005. PELAGIC AND INTERMEDIATE DEPTHS FAUNA. 13 expedition of the '^ Albatross," in depths of less than 300 fathoms. In the lines we ran across the great northerly current which sweeps along the coasts of Peru and Chili and is deflected westward at the easterly corner of the Galapagos Islands, we obtained with the tow-nets an unusually rich pelagic fauna at depths less than 300 fathoms (PI. 3*"). We collected a number of Schizopods, among them many beautifully colored Gnathophau- siaj, Willemoesia, Eryonicus, Glyptocrangus, and pelagic Macrurans ; huge, brilliant-red Copepods, as well as many other species of blue, gray, mottled, and banded Copepods. EuphausiiB, Saphirinre, Phyllosoma, Thysanopoda, Lucifer, and Sergestes were abundant in many of our hauls. Many species of Amphipods were collected, Hyperids without number, especially where the surface hauls were made among masses of SalpsB, which, on several occasions, formed a jelly of Tunicates. Several species of Plironim* also occurred constantly in the tow-nets. Sagitta3 were very numerous, a large orange species being noteworthy. Several species of Tomopteris, some of large size and brilliantly colored, violet or carmine with yellow flappers, and two species of Pelagoncmerteans and other pelagic Nemerteans. Two species of orange-colored Ostracods were also common, one having a carapace with a long spiny appendage. We obtained several species of pelagic Cephalopods, Cranchia and Taonis among them, and one with telescopic eyes. Two species of Doliolum also occurred, but they were never as abundant as the Salpae, two species of which often constituted the whole contents of the tow-net. Appendicularise often swarmed and Pyrosomce were occasionally found. In the surface and deeper tows we procured also a number of Acalephs. We have collected more than 150 species of Medusie and Siphonophores, many of which have been figured by Mr. Bigelow, differing from those of the 1891 expedition. Atollse and other deep-sea MedusjB were common within the 300-fathom line. Characteristic genera of the Humboldt current, both off the coast of Peru and on the line Easter Island to the Galaimgos, are Atolla, Peripliylla (once), Nauphanta, Jilginura, Crossota, Colobonema, Halicreas, Haliscera, Aequorea, Ehegmatodes, Cunina, Solmissus, Pegantha, and a new genus closely allied to Ptychogena ; among Siphonophores, Athorybia, Crystallodes, \'ogtia, Physophora, Porpita; and among Ctenophores, Cestum, Beroe, Mertensia, and Eucharis. There were many genera of very general distril)ution over the whole area, especially Liriope, Geryonia, Rhopaionema, Solmaris, Ag- 14 "ALBATROSS" EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION". laura, ^ginella, Cytaeis, Diphyopsis, Dipliyes, Praya, Galeolaria, Rhizophysa, Cymba, Bassia, and very numerous monogastric forms, as Urstea, Eudoxia, Eudoxella. Aglaisma, and Agalmid larvae. In the barren area south and west of the Humboldt current few forms were taken except Tiriope. Rhopal- onema, Aglaura, Pelagia, Tiara, Cytaeis, Diphyopsis, Porpema, Sphaeronectes, and one specimen of Stephanomia. Off the coast of Mexico we took Velella, Porpita, Physalia, Cestum, and Cunina, and in Acapulco Harbor a large number of Leptoline forms, among them Zanclea, Pennaria, Ectopleura, Cytaeis, Limnorea, Willia, Bougainvillia, Stomotoca, Phortis, Eucheilota, Oceania, besides Ehopalonema, Cunina, Ocyroe, Mnemiopsis and Agalma and Diphyes. A few Sertularians were brought up in the trawl. The Salpce guts gave us, in addition to the finer tow-nets, immense collections of radiolarians, diatoms, and dinoflagellata, many of which have been considered to live at great depth and upon the bottom. It is most interesting to note the number of diatoms found in this tropical region. They have usually been considered as characteristic of more temperate and colder regions. On several occasions the surface waters were greatly dis- colored by their presence, and the extent of their influence on the bottom deposits is shown by the discovery of a number of localities where the bottom samples at depths from 1490 to 2845 fathoms, in the track of the great Peruvian curi'ent, formed a true infusorial earth. The tow-nets also contained many species of Limacina, Spirialis, Atlanta, Cavolina, Hyala, Cymbulia, Styliola, Cleodora, Tiedemannia, Clio, and the like. Or one occasion the mass of the pelagic hauls consisted entirely of small brown Copepods, the contents of the tow-nets looking like* sago soup. Another time Sagittae, Salpae, Doliolum, and Liriope, all most transparent forms, formed the bulk of the tow-net's catch. Again another time, Firo- loides, Cymbulia, and Carinaria constituted the bulk of the haul. At other times Euphausiae and Schizopods constituted the mass of our catch. These catches, coining on successive days, or interrupted with hauls of more than mediocre quality, show how hopeless it is at sea to make any quantitative analysis of the pelagic fauna and flora at any one station within the influ- ence of such a great oceanic current as the Chili and Peruvian stream. We came across such huge masses of pelagic surface animals at Station 4647 consisting mainly of Cytaeis. At Stations 4650 and 4660 and Stations 4709, 4720, a large Salpa species and Doliolum constituted nearly the whole of the catch. PELAGIC AND IXTER^MEDIATE DEPTHS FAUNA. 15 Euphausiaj witli other Schizopods and Ilyperids and Amphipods consti- tuted the mass of pelagic animals at Stations 4G54 and 4676. Acalephs, mainly Liriope and Glossocodon, filled the nets at Station 4671. At Station 4743 Crystallodes swarmed with a few other Acalephs and Siphonophores. At Stations 4712, 4715 a snrface lianl contained mainly transparent types : Sagitta, Doliolura, Pteropods. Plalobates were quite common at the stations where the swarms of pelagic animals occurred. A large Tornaria with rows of feathery vibratile cilia was also not uncommon on such occasions. When coming across such masses of Salpa?, of Cytosis, or Cymbulia or swarms of other pelagic animals as to make a thick soup of the water and its contents, one cannot fail to be struck with the huge quantity of minute pelagic organisms which must be devoured by these larger pelagic animals. An excellent example of this is the instance given of the contents of the guts of Salpa?, at Stations 4650, 4660, and 4709. They contained among other Diatoms : Planktoniella, Rhizosolenia, Coscinodiscus, Asteromphalus, and Synedra, many Dinoflagellates such as Ceratium, Peridinium, Steiniella, and a great number of Radiolarians : Acanthonia CoUosplucra Coelddeiidrum Acanthochiasma Ellipsostylus Dorotas})idio Acantlioinetron Hexalouche Acantluu'ia Zjgaeantha Diploeonus Lithocampe Acantliostaurus Haliomina Aulos[)li;eia Quadrilonclie Covonidiuiu Astrolophus Rhopalastruni Between Panama and the Galapagos and from the Galapagos to Callao we found very commonly in our tow-nets, from 300 fathoms, Tuscarora, Tuscarusa, Aulosphcera, and others. In depths of 300 fathoms to the surface, the tow-net was rich in Tintinnida^, either dead or moribund Planktoniella^, and Dinoflagellata. Among these were species of Ceratium, of Peridinida3, Gonyaulax, Phalacroma, Pyrocystis, Cyttarocylis, Undella, and Dictyocysta. On the surface Planktoniella sol predominates, with Asteromphalus, Biddul- phia, and Thalassiothrix. Among the Dinoflagellata we obtained .species of Ceratium, of Peridinium, and species of other Peridinidte ; among the Protozoa were a number of Sticholonche ; among the Acantharia were especially to be noticed Acanthometron, Acantliostaurus, Amphilonche. Collozoum, Thalassi- cola, and a number of Chirospira murrayana and a few species of Challengeridae were frequently found. 16 "ALBATROSS" EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION. It is impossible at present to indicate the geographical distribution of the Diatoms, Dinoflagellates, Tintinnids and Radiolarians thus far collected in our pelagic hauls. The same genera of these groups are constantly occurring at very distant points and their distribution seems mainly charactei-ized by the association of varying numbers of specimens of the same genera and species. But undoubtedly a closer tabulation of the species of these groups may lead to a general conception of their geographical distribution over the area of the Pacific explored by the "Albatross." The principal genera of Diatoms met with are Coscinodiscus, Asteromphalus, Planktoniella, Rhizosolenia, Synedra, Gossleriella, Eucampia, Thalassiothrix, Biddulphia, Euodia. Of the Tintinnids: Tintinnus, Undella, Dictyocysta, Amphorella, Cytta- rocylis, Codonella, Poroeca are the principal genera found. Coccoliths, Coccospheres, and Rhadospheres, occurred in the whole area' explored by the " Albatross." Noctiluca and Pyrocystis were not uncommon. Challengeridae, Challengeron, Tuscaroridae and Tuscarusa were obtained in nets sent down to 150 and 300 fathoms, and from the surface. Trichodes- miuin, Halosphaera, and other pelagic Algae were most common. Among the Radiolarians the following genera have been noted, many of which have been described as living at great depths while in reality they are only the dead carcasses of types living at the surface or close to it and gradually falling to the bottom : Collozoum Rhopalastrum Cyrtophormis Belonozoum Concliidiuni Lithostrobus Cenosphfera Litholophus Lithomitra Ethmosph?era Acanthonia Eucyitidium Odontosplifera Acanthostaurus Lithocampe Chtt'iiicosphiBra ("Speciesdescribedby Belonostaui'us Aulactinium ri- 1 1 Haeckel as found in r/ , * i ^i biphonosplisera '2500 fathoms in Cen- Zjgostaurus Aulocautha Trypanosphrera I'"'''' Pacific. Amphibelone Sagosphtera Soleno.sphffira Perispyris Aulosphtera Hexastylus Nephros]3yris Cannosphsera Hexacontium Litharaehniuni Challengeron Echinonnna Carpocanistrum Challengeria Cromyomma Cornutella Cadium Pityomma Tripocyrtis Mednsetta Ellipsostylus Lychnocanium Euphysetta Stylatractus Carpocaniuni Circoporus Spongocore Sethoconus Tiiscarora Porodiscus Dictyoceras Tnscarnsa Euchitonia Theocalyptia Tuscaiidium PELAGIC AND INTERMEDIATE DEPTHS FAUNA. 17 Of the Dinoflagellates the following were recognized. Pj-roeystis Ceratium Ceratocoiys Exuviaella Gonyaulax Phalacroma Prorocentruni Goniodonia Dinnphysis (ileiKulinium Diplopsalis Ampliisolenia Ptycliodiscus Peridinium Omithocercus Pyropliacus Podnlampas Histoneis Steiniella Blepliarocysta Citharistes Protoceratiuiu Oxytoxuiu Cladopyxis The great changes of temperature which took place at some localities in the layers of the water between 50 and 300 fathoms are most striking, and show what a disturbing element the great mass of cold water flowing north must be in the equatorial regions of the Panamic district to the south and to the north of the Galapagos (Pis. o"; i, fig. ;>; 6, fig. 3; 10, fig. ,?). South of the Galapagos the western flow of the Humboldt current must be nearly 800 miles wide, and of about the same width when running parallel to the South American coast. The range of temperatures between 30 fathoms and 150 fathoms is at some points as great as 21" (PI. 4, fig. j). Such extremes cannot fail to affect the distribution of the pelagic fauna, and may account for the mass of dead material often collected in the intermediate tows at depths of less than 300 fathoms, when the range becomes as great as 28'. Such a range of temperature is far greater than that of the isocrhymic lines which separate coast faunal divisions. A preliminary examination of the contents of the nets from 800 fathoms shows nothing which had not been obtained in lesser depths of from 300 to 150 fathoms from the surface. These nets coming from 800 fathoms, as at Station 4517,* contained a mass of dead and mori- bund material collected on its way to the bottom. A lot of Copepods came up, fully 65 per cent of which were dead. Of the Dinoflagellata, most of them had no chlorophyll, and of the Radiolarians many were the skeletons of surface colonial forms. At Station 4697 at 300 fathoms to the surface more than one-third of the contents of the net was dead. At 800 fathoms at Station 4701, of the Copepods in the net, 25 per cent were dead, and of the Radiolarians, 70 per cent. From 800 fathoms at Station 4715, a great deal of dead material and debris was collected, mainly of Diatoms and Dinoflagellates. From the same depth, at Station 4717, many dead Globigerinoe were obtained, and 25 to 30 per cent of the Copepods collected were dead. 18 "ALBATROSS" EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION. From 800 fathoms at Station 4728 many of the Copepods, Diatoms, and Radiolarians brought up m the net were dead. From 800 fathoms at Station 4732, the net sent down on the serial line contained a great deal of dead and moribund stuff. At 300 fathoms at Station 4736 a great many dead Diatoms, Copepods, Radiolarians, Globigerinse, and Dinoflagellates were found. The poor hauls made after leaving Easter Island, and composed of dead and moribund and battered stuff, occur beyond the limits of the Humboldt stream, where the pelagic fauna gets no food ; it is dying and dropping to the bottom. At Station 4710, in a surface haul, much debris of Diatoms, Dinoflagellates, Tintinnids, and Radiolarians was obtained. At Station 4721, though still in the current, the Diatoms in the fine nets had greatly diminished in number. The next Station, 4722, is still poorer in Diatoms, and at Station 4725 about half-way to Manga Reva very few Diatoms were collected. In the Eastern Tropical Pacific area, Globigerinae increase in number in the warmer water. This is very marked on the way from the Galapagos to Manga Reva. At Station 4679, we met in the warmer waters representative tropical forms of Dinoflagellates, forms not seen since leaving the Galapagos: Gonio- doma, Gonyaulax, Phalacroma, Histoneis, Ornithocercus, Ceratocorys, Dino- physis; among Radiolarians: Trypanosphaera, Coiichidium, Cornutella, Choeni- cosphfera. The abyssal fauna, as we entered the Humboldt current going north from the Galapagos, gradually became richer in spite of the bottom being covered with manganese nodules. The distribution of the pelagic and bottom fauna can be seen at a glance on Plate 3''. The curves drawn show in a general way the area over which the pelagic fauna is rich, poor, or barren. The northern limit of the rich pelagic fauna (1) runs somewhat north of the equator from Long. 120° W. and nearly parallel with it as far as the northern Galapagos Islands ; thence it runs in a northeasterly direction to a point south of Mariato Point. The southern limit of the rich pelagic fauna (1) coincides with that of the rich trawl hauls. It runs east to Long. 105° W., makes a bend to the south, crossing the 100° W. Long, at about Lat. 15° S., and then trends in a southeasterly direction, crossing Lat. 20° S. at Long. 90° "W. The southern SERIAL TEMPERATURES. 19 limit of the poor pelagic hauls begins off the eastern face of the Paumotus running east, somewhat north and south of Lat. 20' S. to about 95' W. Long., when it runs off in a southeasterly direction. South of the southern limit of (2) the pelagic fauna is barren ; its southern lunit begins off Manga Reva, running eastward and passing somewhat north of Easter Island and Sala y Gomez. The southern limit of the rich trawling is found at the latitude of the Marquesas, about in Long. 125" W., running in an easterly direction to Long, 100° W., Lat. 7 S., when the curve takes a bend and runs in a southeasterly direction to Lat. 20' S., Long. 80 W. The northern limit of the poor trawl hauls extends almost to the southern limit of the rich trawl hauls. It forms a regular curve from off the east face of the Paumotus, cutting Long. 100' W. at 10" S. Lat., and thence curves in an easterly and southeasterly direction, cutting Lat. 20' S, at about 84' W. Long. The whole of the bottom area of that part of the Eastern Pacific is barren of animal life and forms a great desert on which but little animal life is found and upon which drop the dead carcasses of a' poor pelagic area ; while the belt of the rich bottom trawling is in a region where the bottom fauna is abundantly supplied with the remains of a rich pelagic fauna. No line is shown as the northern limit of the rich trawl hauls, as in the Panamic district to the north of the northern limit of the rich pelagic fauna the bottom fauna was found to be uniformly rich from the equator as far as the coast line. The area situated between the northern limit of the rich pelagic fauna (1) and the southern limit of the rich trawl hauls corresponds to the rich belt of the pelagic fauna which is swept north by the Humboldt current and then westward towards the Marquesas and Moser Basin. SERIAL TEMPERATURES.! Plates 3« , 4-12. All station.s maikeil * arc hydrograpliic stations. The serial temperature stations occupied on the lines between the Gala- pagos to Aguja Point, southwest from Aguja Point to the western edge of the Humboldt current and east to Callao, as well as on the lines from Callao 1 The stations at which serial temperatures were taken are marked t on Plate 1. For position of stations see Plate 2. 20 "ALBATKOSS" EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION. to Easter Island, Easter Island to the Galapagos, and Galapagos to Manga Reva, developed the course and width of the Humboldt current, while the line from Manga Reva indicated its western extension and the position of the equatorial current to the west of the Galapagos. The temperature conditions of tlie Pananiic district were observed by the " Albatross " in her expedition of 1891, and were noted in my general sketch of the cruise/ Beginning with a line running in a northwesterly direction from Aguja Point (PI. 7) towards the Galapagos, we find at 50 fathoms, at the three eastern stations, a nearly uniform temperature, varying between 57.8 and 58°.8, while at a western station the temperature at that depth was 62^.5. The belt of 60° begins at about 25 fathoms near the coast and widens to 75 fathoms towards the west. At 100 fathoms the temperature is between 54°. 9 at the western station and 57°.5 near the coast, and the belt of water adjoin- ing tlie coast maintains its greater temperature to a depth of 800 fathoms, the cold belt of 38° and 40° rising as we go west. Yet the surface tempera- ture is colder towards Aguja Point. It is 64° at Station 4652, 67° at Station 4651, rising to 71°, 71°.5, 72°, 75°.2, 77°, and reaching 78°.5 as we proceed westward from Station 4652 to Stations 4649, 4647, 4646, 4523*, and 4539*. Between Station 4651 and Stations 4647 and 4713 the rapid fall of tempera- ture from the surface to 50 fathoms is very striking, falling from 67° to 58°.8 ; 71° to 57°.8 ; 71°.5 to 58°.6 ; 75°.2 to 62°.9, or varying between 8°.2 and 13°.2 (PL 6, fig. 3). In a section from Aguja Point in a southwesterly direction (PI. 6, fig. j) from Station 4655 to Stations 4662, 4701, the surface temperature gradually rises as we pass westward. Near the coast it is 65° at Station 4654, 67° at Station 4655, 70° at Station 4658, 69" and 69°.4 at Stations 4660 and 4662, and it rises to 74°.7 at Station 4701. The temperature curves of 60°, 50°, 40° and 38° are at about the same depths as those of the more northern line. A line about west of Callao to Station 4535*, nearly 2750 miles from Callao, shows the same increase in surface temperature (PI. 9). At Stations 4509* and 4670, about 80 miles from the coast at the western edge of Milne- Edwards Deep, it is 67° ; it has risen to 69° at Station 4666, to 69°.4 at 780 miles from the coast, at Station 4662, to 72°.7 at Station 4707, to 76°.7 at Station 4724 on the Albatross plateau, and to 80° at Station 4535*. The body of water having a temperature above 38° is larger north at Aguja Point 1 General sketch of the expedition of the " Albatross " from J\'bruary to May, 1891, BuU. Mus. Comp. Zool. XXIII, No. 1, p. 12. SERIAL TEMPERATURES. 21 than south off Callao. Off the former locality the curves of 38', 40', 50', and 60° are near the coast at 850, 650, 250, and 30 fathoms. Off Callao they are at 700, 550, 150, and 40 fathoms. That is, the cold water extends from 150 to 100 fathoms nearer the surface off Callao than at Aguja Point. In the line from Callao to Easter Island (PI. 10, fig. 1) we begin near the coast at Station 4509* with a surface temperature of 07"; between this station and Station 4676, the surface temperature varies rapidly, passing to 65° then 70° and 69° at the last station. At Station 4681 it has risen to 70", again rising further west to 70°.6, 72°, 73°, 74°, at Stations 4683, 4685, 4687, 4689, 4691, dropping to 73° and 71° near Sala y Gomez and between it and Easter Island, when it rises again to 74°^ at Stations 4512*, 4693, 4513*. At the stations which are nearly on the 20° S. Lat. (PI. 11), the surface temperature of 70\6 at Station 4683 gradually increases as we go west to 73°, 75°, 81.5, and 81° at Stations 4685, 4699, 4737, and 4532*. The rapidity with which the temperature of the Humboldt current drops from the surface to a very moderate depth is shown in Plates 4, fig. 2 ; 6, fig. ;j ; 10, fig. s. At Station 4713, south of the Galapagos, the temperature at 15 fathoms is about the same as at the surface — 75°.2. It has fallen 1° at 30 fathoms, it has dropped nearly 12 at 50 fathoms, and 6 more at 75 fathoms, and has fallen to 54°. 9 at 100 fathoms, a difference in 100 fathoms of 20°.3. At Station 4651 off Aguja Point near the coast, about in the same latitude as that of Station 4713, the surface temperature of 67° has only dropped to 57°.5 at the depth of 100 fathoms, the body of water between the surface and 75 fathoms being colder. At Station 4683 on 20° S. Lat., at a greater distance from land, the surface temperature is 70°. 6, and at 125 fathoms is still over 62° (62°.5), the water off the western edge of the Humboldt current being much warmer to a depth of 125 fathoms than that in the Humboldt current itself. At Station 4685, a little more to the south and west than Station 4683, the body of water down to 200 fathoms is as a whole warmer than at the stations to the eastward. Taking a section in a northwesterly direction from Callao (PL 8), we note the same increase of surface temperature as we go west. At Station 4670, on the western edge of Milne-Edwards Deep, the tem- ' A current runs north to .south between .Sala y Gomez and Easter Island. 22 "ALBATROSS" EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION perature is 67°. It becomes 70° at Station 4658, 75°.3 at Station 4711, and 79° at Station 4540*, about 2400 miles northwest of Callao, the tempera- ture of the body of water between the surface and 500 fathoms gradually rising from 59°.7 to 67°.6 at 50 fathoms, from 54°.l to 65°.3 at 100 fathoms, from 48°.9 to 52°.9 at 200 fathoms, from 44°.6 to 46°.7 at 300 fathoms, and from 42 to 44°.l at 400 fathoms. At 600 fathoms the temperature of the same stations differs only 0°.2. It is 39°.4 at the eastern and western stations. Taking the sections running in a general way from the north to the south, the line from Callao to Easter Island and that from Aguja Point in a southwesterly direction have been described. On the line from the Galapagos to Easter Island (PI. 4, fig. i) the surface temperature varies from 74° to 75° as far south as Station 4705, where the surface temperature becomes 72°. This remains the surface temperature as far south as Station 4703, where it is 73°, it rises to 74°.7 at Station 4701, gradually rising to 75° towards Easter Island, where it drops to 72°. At Station 4707 we have a warmer body of water between 300 fathoms and the surface than at the stations to the south and north of it. The Humboldt current probably extends as far as the 12° of southern latitude. On the line from the Galapagos to Manga Eeva (PI. 5), the surface temperature rises and falls from 76° at the Galapagos to 75° at Station 4722 ; from that point, going south and west, it rises gradually to 81°.5 at Station 4736, and again drops to 80° at Station 4524* and to 77° at Manga Reva ; tlius passing across the colder water of the Humboldt current, which, south of the Galapagos, must be about 800 miles wide, to warmer waters. South towards Manga Reva, at 400 fathoms, the temperature is colder near Manga Reva (41°.7) than near the Galapagos (44°. 1) ; the same is the case at 300 fathoms. But at 200 fathoms the temperature of that depth, while falling from 52°.9, at Station 4718, to 50°.3 at Station 4721, and to 48°.5 at Station 4724, rises again south of it, at Station 4728, to 50°.], and continues to rise to 51°.9, 55°.4 and 56°.7 as we go south and west at Stations 4732, 4736, 4739, to drop again to 53°.5 at Manga Reva, at 225 fathoms. A similar condition of temperature exists at the 200-fathom line. At 100 fathoms the temperature is higher near the Galapagos, at Station 4714; it falls from 65°.3 to 55°.7 at Station 4721, to rise to 64°.5 at Station 4724, and gradually rises to 67°.6 at Station 4729, to 70°.5 at Station 4732, to 71°.7 at Station 4736, and to fall to 68°.5 at Station 4739 near Manga Reva. SEEIAL TEMPERATUEES. 23 The water of the western part of the line as a whole being warmer than the eastern part, the intrusion of a large body of cold water between Station 4721 and Station 4717, between 50 and 200 fathoms, is a marked feature of the northern end of the line Galapagos to Manga Reva. Only two serial temperatures were taken at Stations 4740 and 4742 on the line Manga Reva to Acapulco (PL 12). To the eastward on the line, Galapagos to Manga Reva we took a number of serial temperatures, passing from the colder water of the Humboldt current to the warmer waters south towards Manga Reva. The temperatures at 200 fathoms are nearly identical. North, a great change in temperature takes place between 25 and 200 fathoms, where there is a difference of 24'. South the belt of warm water extends 100 fathoms, a great change occurring between 100 and 200 fathoms, a drop of 16 \ The serial temperatures taken at the southern and northern edges of the cold current on the line Manga Reva to Acapulco agreed well with those taken in the same current to the east. Station 4725, which is in the same latitude as 4740, shows a difference (colder) of 4' at the surface, of 5" at 50 fathoms, of 2' at 100 fathoms, and of 0°.3 at 200 fathoms. Station 4714 which is a little to the south of the western Station 4742, shows a difference (colder) of 2" at the surface, 3".4 at 50 fathoms, IIM at 100 fathoms, 1^4 at 200 fathoms, while at 300 and 400 fathoms the western station is colder, 1 .2 at 300 fathoms, and 1 .6 at 400 fathoms. At 800 the temperature is 39 .4 at both stations. It may not be out of place to correlate the temperature results ol)tained south of the Panamic region with those (obtained in the Panamic district by the "Albatross" in 18'Jl.' A transverse section of the Mexican current from Mariato Point to Cocos Island shows the existence of a cold current running north parallel to the coast : the northern extension of a branch of the Humboldt current. This is pushed to the east by the Mexican branch of the California current and also by the easterly equatorial set. The latter is deflected to the west- ward and becomes a part of the westerly equatorial current flowing well north of the eastern set which flows by the Galapagos in the oceanic basin between them and Acapulco as far as Lat. 12" N., while in the oceanic valley separating Galera Point and the Galapagos there is a wide current of cold water flowing north towards the Bay of Panama. > Bull. M. C. Z. XXIII, No. 1, p. 12, 1902. 24 "ALBATROSS" EASTEEN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION. RECORD OF SERIAL TEMPERATURES. Temperature. At Fathoms station. At Bottom. Depth Id Fathoms. Of the Air. Attbe Surface. 25 50 100 20O 300 400 600 800 "F. o o o o 0 o 0 o O o 4647 72 71.5 68.6 56.4 50.4 45 42.6 39.9 37.8 35.5 2005 4649 71 71 62.9 57.8 55.6 50.3 45.1 42.8 39.8 39 35.6 2235 4651 4651 4662 68 68 70 67 67 69.4 61 68.8 67.5 61.3 48.2 44.4 40.6 39.5 35.5 35.5 35.3 2222 2222 2439 5f. 10 f. 20 f. 30 f. 40 f. 50 f. 75 f. 100 f. 67 61.6 60.6 59.9 58.7 67.9 57.1 69.1 59.3 63.6 49.7 40.2 42.6 89.4 37.4 4666 68 69 67 68.5 55.3 50.6 45.3 43.2 39.3 37.3 .35.1 2600 4670 68 67 63.8 59.7 64.1 48.9 44.6 42 39.4 38.1 36.6 3209 4676 70 C9.5 65.7 64.4 53.4 49.4 44.8 42 31.9 37.3 35.5 2714 4081 4683 4685 68 72 80 70.3 70.6 72.5 68.5 67.8 61.3 49,1 43.8 41.8 39. 1_ 37.3 36.6 35.8 36.4 2395 2385 2205 75 f. 100 f. 125 f. 150 f. 175 f. 200 f. 69 68.5 68.4 62.7 62.6 52.3 60.4 50.6 68.6 67.7 64.8 49.2 42.7 41.1 38.7 37.2 4689 81 74 70.1 68.8 64.4 51 44.1 41.4 38.3 37 35.5 2186 4517* 75 74.6 73 6 68.8 07 56.2 53.2 41.6 38.6 36.8 36.5 1723 4701 75 74.7 72.6 69.9 68.5 50,4 43.5 41.3 39 37.2 35.5 2205 4707 73 72.7 72.6 09.8 60.7 49.2 45.1 42.2 39.1 37.3 36.8 2120 4711 4713 4715 74 77 77 76.3 75.2 74.7 73.8 59.5 64.9 51.1 46.6 43.4 39.2 37.4 35.8 35.8 2240 2191 1743 15 f. 30 f. 50 f. 75 f. 100 f. 125 f. 150 f. 75.2 74.1 62.5 56.3 64.9 64.4 53.8 70.6 62.7 50.7 51.6 47.9 43.8 40.4 38.2 4717 81 76.2 76.5 66.7 65.3 52.9 46.7 44.1 39.4 37.9 36.8 2153 4721 79 75.7 76 73.1 56.7 50.3 40.3 42.7 39.2 37.3 2084 4724 79 76.7 76.6 73.8 64.6 48.5 45.3 42.4 39 37.3 35.8 1841 4728 80 78.7 78.7 74.2 67.6 50.1 44.4 42.4 39.1 37.4 30.6 1055 4732 80 81 77.3 73.6 70.6 61.9 44.4 42.3 39.3 37.4 35.1 2012 4736 81 81.1 79.6 74.7 71.7 55.4 44.1 41.2 38.9 37.3 34.8 2289 4739 81 79.7 79.6 74.7 68.5 50.7 44.6 41.7 39.3 37.4 34.9 2042 4740 81 80.7 80.6 78.7 66.6 48.8 45 41.9 39.1 37.4 34.2 2422 4742 78 77.4 76.8 70.1 50.2 51.5 45.5 42.6 39.4 37.8 34.3 2320 * Hydrographic station. SURFACE TEMPERATURES. 25 The existence of tliese large bodies of warm water in the western and central area of the Pananiic region is well shown by the temperature sec- tions (Pis. VIII, IX), Bull. M. C. Z. XXIII. No.l. The confusion existing in the currents north of the Galapagos due to the How of the cold Humboldt current between the southeastern islands of tlie Galapagos is easily traced in Plates X-XII of the Report of the 1891 expedition. As we go southwest of Cocos the body of water becomes warmer, but again becomes colder to the south of Malpelo and still colder to the east- ward under the influence of the eastern branch of the Humboldt current. Near Galera Point we find the same extremes of temperature in a small bathymetrical range : 20° in less than 50 fathoms. SURFACE TEMPERATURES.! Plate 3'^'. On Plate 3" are found the curves of temperatures characteristic of the Eastern Pacific from November to March. The heavy lines indicate tem- peratures of 65\ 70', 75', and 80'. As the surface temperatures are known only along the lines run by the " Albatross," they are of course not simul- taneous observations. A glance at Plate 3" shows the two great warm areas above 80". One south of the equator, east of the Marquesas and the Paumotus ; this is somewhat pear-shaped, while the corresponding warm area, nearly in the same position north of the equator, is elongated in shape and extends east almost to 100" W. Long. A smaller warm area, bounded by the 80 curve, runs parallel in a general way to the trend of the Central American and Mexican coast. Within this area are smaller areas of greater degree of temperature. The effect of the southeast trades in pushing west- ward a large body of warm water close to the equator, and with a tempera- ture between 75' and 79', is well shown on Plate 3'*. A huge body of water, with a temperature of between 75" and 80°, oc- cupies the greater part of the Eastern Pacific. Next come the warui areas over 80'. A mass of water, with a, surface tempei'ature between 70' and 75°, extends from Lat. 20' S. and about Long. 94' W., to Long. 110' W., and runs north to the latitude of the Galapagos in the west, when the 75' line runs east toward the coast of Ecuador. The eastern face of this belt runs north to the latitude of Aguja Point, when it runs in a northeasterly direc- 1 For record of surface temperatures see List of Stations pp. 37-50. 26 "ALBATROSS" EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION, tion towards Cape San Francisco. In this area, south of the equator and southwest of the Galapagos, lies a small, isolated, elliptical area, having a temperature of 77', and one of 75' near Easter Island running in a northeast- erly direction. An area of cold water exists between the 65° and 70" curve, extending from 20' of southern latitude to the equator, where the curves meet across the ridge off Cape San Francisco. The coldest water of this area is immediately west of the South American coast. It will be noted that, owing to the mass of cold water between 65° and 70° which is forcing its way north, the belts of temperature are not continuous either in the colder area or in the adjoining somewhat warmer area having a temperature be- tween 70' and 75°. Belts of warm and colder water alternate with one another, forming thus a most singular set of longer or shorter temperature lines running from south to north. It is only outside of the 75° curve line that the temperature lines assume any regularity and limit definite areas. The surface temperature of the Eastern Pacific is nowhere below 77° north of the equator, with the exception of a very narrow strip north of the Gala- pagos, where the temperature falls to 75°. South of the equator, on the con- trary, east of about 110° W. Long, to the South American coast, the surface of this great body of water is nowhere higher than 75°, and gradually becomes colder as we go east, reaching its minimum of 65° immediately off the South American coast. Wliile west of the 75° curve the temperature gradually rises toward the warm area enclosed by the 80° curve, which lies to eastward of the Paumotus. The warm areas north and south of the equator are separated by a wide belt in which the surface temperature does not fall below 79°. The warm shore belt (of 80°) is off the Mexican coast, separated from the northern equatorial warm belt of 80° by surface water of 79°, but between the former and the 75° curve, which extends eastward nearly on the line of the equator, the surface temperatures gradually fall from 80° to 75° passing south. SPECIFIC GRAVITIES. Plate 3''. On Plate 3'^ the specific gravity is indicated merely by the decimal numbers ; to avoid confusion, instead of being given as 1.0252 or 1.0260, it is given only as 252 or 260 etc., etc. . . . ; the 1.0 should be prefixed to each record. The heavy lines on PI. 3-' indicate the specific gravities of 1.0240, 1.0245, 1.0250, 1.0255, 1.0260. SPECIFIC GRAVITIES. 27 Mr. F. M. Chamberlain made two daily observations of the density of the water, and found the same discrepancies between our observations and those of 1891, and those given by the "Challenger" and in the Atlas of the Pacific Ocean published by the German Naval Observatory. Whenever we took a serial temperature, he also determined the density at 800 fathoms. The observations made in 1891 were not sufficiently numerous to enable me to draw the curves of densities in the Panamic district and connect them with the observations taken during the present cruise. They varied so rapidly from station to station as to indicate great difference in densities in belts of water sepai'ating adjoining stations. This rendered it impracticable to sketch out a chart of the densities of the Panamic region from the con- fused data available. From the effect of the prevailing southeasterly trades and the northerly set of the Humboldt current off the South American continent the lines of equal gravity are frequently separated by narrow belts of different gravities. This is well shown on PI. o'', in the area between the curves of 1.0250 and of 1.0255 off the coast of Peru, as far north as Aguja Point and half-way from Callao to Easter Island. This confusion becomes still greater in the Panamic district north of the equator and to the east of the line run by the "Albatross" from Mariato Point to the Galapagos. The densities increase in a southwesterly direction from Acapulco, from 1.0240 to 1.0245, 1.0250, 1.0255, and 1.0260. These lilies are about 600 miles apart, and all trend in a southeasterly direction. The area of greatest specific gravity is enclosed by the 1.0200 line which runs from a point north of the Marquesas to about 300 miles northeast of Easter Island, where the line forms a loop and runs towards Manga Reva about half-way between Easter Island and the equator. The 1.0255 line coming from Moser Basin runs east and then, forming a sharp elbow, south, about parallel with the South American coast line. The 1.0250 curve runs in a general way about parallel with the 1.0255 and 1.0260 curves and makes a sharp angle off Aguja Point and runs south in loops about parallel to the coast off Callao. Towards Acapulco only parts of the 1.0240 and 1.0245 curves are indicated parallel to the 1.0250 line. On the line from the Galapagos to Acapulco an area of greater density is indicated, with a specific gi'avity of 1.0256. This area crosses the belt of hot water with a temperature of 78' to 80° lying to the west of Cocos Island and extending westward to the Moser Basin. 28 "ALBATEOSS" EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION. RECORD OF SPECIFIC GRAVITIES. Date. 1904. Time of Day. station. Latitude North. Longitude West. Depth. Temperature by Altachwl Tllermometer Specific Gravity Reduced to 15° C. Remakes. o ' 0 ' 0 Oct. 19 7 P.M. 4615 9-07 85-11 Surface 80 1.0221 20 9.30 " 4619 7-15 82-08 do. 78 1.0218 21 8.45 " 4624 6-58 80-46 do. 80 1.0212 28 4 1 'anama Ray do. 83 1.0207 Nov. 2 7 4627 7-21.3 79-55.8 do. 81.5 1.0204 4 9 4634 4-35.4 South. 83-32.3 do. 77 1.0235 6 1 4639 0-04 87-39.5 do. 76 1.0234 6 8 4640 0-39.4 88-11 do. 75 1.0234 7 8 4644 2-13 3 89-42.2 do. 72 1.0243 8 8 A.M. 4645 3-37.6 89-43.1 do. 70 1.0255 8 8 P.M. 4646 4-01.6 89-16.3 do. 70 1.0254 9 8 A.M. 4647 4-33 87-42.5 do. 70 1.0252 9 8 P.M. 4648 4-43 87-07.5 do. 71 1 0253 10 8 A.M. 4649 5-17 8^3-19.5 do. 70 1.0254 10 2 P.M. 4649 5-17 85-19.5 800 fathoms 39.5 1.0247 10 8 4630 5-21 84-39 Surface 71 1.0254 11 8 A.M. 4651 5-41.7 82-59.7 do. 66 1.0251 11 3 P.M. 4651 5-41.7 82-59.7 800 fatlioiiis 40.1 1.0246 11 8 4652 5-44.7 82-39.5 Surface 66 1.0260 12 12 M. 4653 5-47 81-24 do. 62.5 1.0250 12 8 P.M. 4655 5-57.5 80-50 do. 65 1.0260 13 8 A.M. 4656 6-54.0 83-34.3 do. 69 1.0260 13 8 P.M. 4657 7-12.5 84-09 do. 69 1.0253 14 9 A.M. 4658 8-29,5 85-35.6 do. 70 1.0263 14 8 P.M. 4659 8-54.5 86-05.5 do. 70 1.0253 15 8 A.M. 4660 9-55.6 87-30 do. 69 1.0252 15 8 P.M. 4661 10-17 88-02 do. 09 1.0256 16 8 A.M. 4662 11-13.8 89-35 do. 09 1.0254 16 2 P.M. 4662 11-13.8 89-35 800 fathoms 38 1.0244 16 8 4663 11-20.3 88-55.2 Surface 69 1.0254 17 8 A.M. 4664 11-30.3 87-19 do. 68 1.02.53 17 8 P.M. 4665 11-45 86-05.2' do. 67 1.0250 18 8 A.M. 4866 11-55.5 84-20.3 do. 67 1.0253 18 2.20 P.M. 46R6 11-55.5 84-20.3 800 fathoms 38 1.0248 18 8 4607 11-59.5 83-^0.4 Surface 08.5 1.0252 19 8 AM. 4668 12-09.3 81-45 2 do. 67 1.0252 19 8 P.M. 4669 12-12.7 80-25.0 do. 67 1.0249 20 8 A.M. 4670 12-08.7 79-02.4 do. 66 1.0248 20 3 P.M. 4670 12-08.7 79-02.4 800 fathoms 38.7 1.0246 20 8 4671 12-06.9 78-28.2 Surface 66 1.0260 21 8 A.M. 4672 13-11.6 78-18.3 do. 66 1.0250 21 8 P.M. 4673 12-30.5 77^9.4 do. 66 1.0250 Specimen taken a short 22 8 A.M. 4509 12-20.6 78-34.5 do. 08 1.0260 distance beyond station. 22 8 P.M. 4075 12-64 78-33 do. 68 1.0249 23 8 A.M. C Jallao B.iy do. 68 1 .0250 23 8 P.M. " " do. 60 10248 Dec. 4 8 A.M. 13-08.5 78-59 do. 69 1.0252 4 8 P.M. 4510* 13-48.2 80-13 do. 70 1.0250 5 8 A.M. 4G76 14-28.9 81-24 do. 09 1.0260 5 3 P.M. 4070 14-28.9 81-24 800 fathoms 37.3 1.0244 5 8 4077 14-37.5 81-41 Surface 68 1.0260 6 8 A.M. 4511* 15-39 83-27.4 do. 09 1.0262 6 8 P.M. 4078 16-31.2 85-03.8 do. 68 1.0252 7 8 A.M. 4679 17-26.4 86-46.5 do. 02 1.0252 7 8 P.M. 4680 17-55 87-42 do. 69 1.0252 8 8 A.M. 4081 18-47.1 89-26 do. 68 1.0254 8 2 P.M. 4681 18-47.1 89-20 800 fathoms 37.3 1.0246 8 8 4682 19-07.6 90-10.6 Surface 69 1.0256 9 8 A.M. 4083 20-02.4 91-52.5 do. 70 1.02.53 9 10 4683 20-02.4 91-52.5 200fatlioms 50.6 1.0244 10 8 4685 21-36.2 91-50 Surface 72 1.0257 10 10 4685 21-36.2 94-56 800 fathoms 37.2 1.0248 10 8 P.M. 4686 22-01.3 95-50.5 Surface 71 1.0255 * Hydrographic station. SrECIFIC GRAVITIES. 29 RECORD OF SPECIFIC GRAVITIES. — C'on^m?^?,/. Date. 1904. Time of Djy. Station. Lntitiiile South. Longituiio Wf-st. Depth. Temperature by Attached Thermometer Sperilie Or.ivity Reduccil to 16^ C. Remarks. 0 / 0 / 0 Dec. 12 8 A.M. 4689 24-05 100-20 Surface 72 1.0257 12 10 '' 4K8'.t 24-05 100-20 800 fathoms 37 1.0247 1-2 8 P.M. 4(i'.lO 24-45.8 101-46.2 Surface 73 1.0258 13 8 A .M. 4(i'.ll 25-28.7 103-30.8 do. 73 1 .0258 1:5 8 P..M. 4692 25-40.3 101-014 do. 72 1.0257 14 8 A..M. 4512* 26-17.3 105-25 2 do. 71.5 1.0256 14 8 P M. 26-37.5 106-29.4 do. 71 1.0256 15 8 A.M. 20-53 108-00 do. 72 1.0257 15 8 P.M. Conk Bay, Easter Island do. 73 1.0257 l(i 8 A.M. La Pt-rouse Hay, Raster Isl. do. 74 1.0258 17 8 P..M. Cook Bay, Easter Isl. do. 74 1.0260 22 9 A M. " " " " do. 72 1.0259 22 3 P.M. 4517* 26-50.9 109-12.5 800 fathoms 36.8 1.0248 22 8 4694 26-34 108-57.3 Surface 72 1.02.58 23 8 A.M. 4695 25-20.2 107-43.7 do. 74 1.0258 23 8 P.M. 4696 24-40.3 107-05.3 do. 74 1.0259 24 8 A.M. 4697 23-27.2 105-59.6 do. 75 1.0260 24 8 P..M. 4098 22-50.4 105-31.7 do. 75 1.02.59 25 8 A.M. 4099 21-39.5 104-29.8 do. 75 1.0257 25 8 P..M. 4700 20-28.8 103-26.3 do. 74 1.0259 26 8 A.M. 4701 19-10.8 102-24.4 do. 72 1.0259 26 2 P M. 4701 19-10.8 102-24.4 800 fathoms 37.2 1.0247 26 8 " 4702 18-39.5 102-00 Surface 73 1.0259 27 8 A.M. 4703 17-18.6 100-52.3 do. 73 1.0259 27 8 P..M. 4704 16-55.3 100-24.6 do. 73 1.02.59 28 8 A.M. 4705 15-05.3 99-19 do. 72 1.0258 28 8 P.M. 4700 14-18.7 98-45.8 do. 72 1.02.56 29 8 A.M. 4707 12-33.2 97-42 do. 72 1.0257 29 10 " 4707 12-33.2 97-42 800 fathoms 37.3 1.0248 29 8 P.M. 4708 11-40 96-55 Surface 72 1.0256 30 8 A.M. 4709 10-15 2 95-40.8 do. 72 1.0255 30 8 P.M. 4710 9-30.5 95-08.3 do. 74 1.0255 31 8 A.M. 4711 7-47.5 94-05.5 do. 75 1.0256 31 10 " 4711 7-47.5 94-05.5 800 fathoms 37.4 1.0247 31 8 P.M. 4712 7-05 93-S6.5 Surface 74 1.0252 1905. Jan. 1 8 A.M. 4713 5-35.3 92-21.6 Surface 73 1.0251 1 9 " 4713 5-35.3 92-21.6 150 fathoms 53.8 1.0250 1 8 P.M. 4714 4-19 91-28,5 Surface 75 1.0252 2 8 A.M. 4715 2-40.4 90-19.3 do. 75 1.0251 2 9.30 " 1 4715 2-40,4 90-19.3 800 fathoms 38.2 1.0240 2 8 P.M. 4710 2-18.5 90-02.6 Surface 75 1.0250 0 8 A.M. 1-16.3 89-35.7 do. 75 1.02.52 3 8 P.M. Wreck Bay, Cliatliam Isl. do. 74 1.0254 11 11 A.M. 2-22.9 92-47 do. 76 1.0252 11 8 P.M. 2-57.8 93-55 do. 76 1.0251 12 8 A.M. 4523* 3-34 95-35.4 do. 77 1.02.52 12 8 P.M. 3-49.7 96-05.5 do. 75 1.0257 13 8 A.M. 47i7 5-10 98-56 do. 76 1.0252 13 10 " 4717 5-10 98-56 800 fathoms 37.9 1.0250 13 8 P.M. 4718 5-32.4 99-32.2 Surface 76 1.0256 14 8 A.M. 4719 6-29.5 101-16.8 do. 75.5 1,0251 14 8 P.M. 4720 7-13.3 102-31,5 do. 75 1.0252 15 8 A.M. 4721 8-07.5 104-10.5 do. 75 1.02.54 15 10 " 4721 8-07.5 104-10.5 800 fathoms 37.3 1,0248 15 8 P.M. 8-35 104-57.2 Surface 75 1.0256 16 8 A.M. 4722 9-31 106-30.5 do. 75 1.0254 16 8 P.M. 4723 10-14.3 107-45.5 do. 76 1.0255 17 8 A.M. 4724 11-13.4 109-39 d.i. 77 1.0254 17 9.30 " 1 4724 11-13 4 109-39 800 fathoms 37.3 1.0250 17 8 P.M. 4725 1 1-38.3 110-05 Surface 76 1.0265 18 8 A.M. 4726 12-30.1 110-42,2 do. 78 1.0250 18 8 P.M. 4727 13-00.3 112-44.9 do. 77 1.0258 19 8 A.M. 4728 1:3-47.5 114-21,6 do. 77 1.0256 * Hydrographic station. 30 "ALBATROSS" EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION. RECORD OF SPECIFIC GRAVITIES. — Confnwcd. Date. ]905. Time of Day. Station. Latitude South. Longitude West. Depth. Temperature by Attached Thermometer. Specific Gravity reduced to 15^ C. Remarks. 0 ' o / o Jan. 19 9.30 A.M. 4728 13-47.5 114-21.6 800 fathoms 37.4 1.0248 19 8 P.M. 4729 14-15 115-13 Surface 78 1.0260 20 8 A.M. 4730 16-06.2 116-37.7 do. 79 1.0259 20 8 P.M. 4731 15-47.2 118-22.5 do. 79.5 1.0259 21 8 A.M. 4732 16-32.5 119-59 do. 81 1.0268 21 9 A.M. 4732 16-32.5 119-59 SOOfatlioms 37.4 1.0248 21 8 P.M. 4733 16-57.4 120-48 Surface 80.5 1.0260 22 8 A.M. 4734 17-36 122-35.6 do. 81 10259 22 8 P.M. 4735 18-16 123-34.4 do. 81 1.0259 23 8 A.M. 4736 19-00.4 126-05.4 do. 81 1.(1258 23 9.30 A.M. 4736 19-00.4 125-05.4 800 fathoms 37.3 1.0248 23 8 P.M. 19-15 125-41.4 Surface 81 1.0260 24 8 A.M. 4737 19-57.5 127-03 do. 81.5 1.0261 24 8 P.M. 4738 20-26.5 128-30.2 do. 81 1.0259 25 8 A.M. 4524 * 21-03 130-10.3 do. 80.5 1.0269 25 8 P.M. 4525* 21-36.1 131-35.3 do. 79 1.0268 26 8 A.M. 4739 22-11.1 133-21 do. 79 1.0259 26 9 AM. 4739 22-11.1 13.3-21 800 fathoms 37.4 1.0246 26 8 P.M. 22-26.2 133-52 Surface 79 1.0257 27 8 A.M. 4526* 22-55.3 134-48.6 do. 78 1.02.53 About 20 minutes' run 27 8 P.M. Off Rikitea, Manga Reva do. 78 1.0262 beyond station. Feb. 5 8 A.M. Outer Harbor, Manga Reva do. 77 1.0259 5 8 P.M. 22-15 134-09,6 do. 77.5 1.0259 6 8 A.M. 4531* 21-04.5 133-01.2 do. 79 1.0260 6 8 P.M. 19-49.2 131-57.7 do. 79 1.0261 7 8 A.M. 4532* 18-29.4 130-16.8 do. 81 1.02G1 7 8 P.M. . . 17-27.2 129-48 do. 82 1.0261 8 8 A.M. 4533* 16-20.3 128-46 do. 82 1.0261 8 8 P.M. 15-10 127-49.8 do. 81.5 1.0262 9 8 A.M. 4534* 13-51 126-53.1 do. 82 1.0261 9 8 P.M. 12-39.5 125-58.3 do. 81.5 1.0259 10 8 A.M. 4535* 11-20 126-01.3 do. 80 1.0258 10 8 P.M. 10-17.4 124-14.4 do. 80 1.0258 11 8 A.M. 4-40 9-02.1 123-20.1 do. 81 1.0257 11 9.30 A.M. 4740 9-02.1 123-20.1 800 fathoms 37.4 1.0248 11 8 P.M. 4741 8-29 122-56 Surface 80 1.0264 12 8 A.M. 4536* 7-10.3 122-13.2 do. 80 1.0266 12 8 P.M. 5-56.6 121-30 do. 79 1.0252 13 8 A.M. 4537* 4-60.5 120-45.7 do. 79 1.0254 13 8 P.M. 3-37.3 119-54.9 do. 79 1.0251 14 8 A.M. 4538* 2-14 118-55.1 do. 79 1 .0263 14 8 P.M. 1-19.2 North. 118-05 do. 78.5 1.0257 15 8 A.M.. 4742 0-03.4 117-15.8 Surface 77 1.0251 15 4 P.M. 4742 0-034 117-1.5.8 800 fathoms 37.8 1.0248 15 8 P.M. 4743 0-21.3 117-02.6 Surface 78 1.0251 16 8 A.M. 4539* 1-35 116-38 do. 78.5 1.0247 16 8 P.M. 2-45 115-65.6 do. 79 1.0247 17 8 A.M. 4540* 3-25.6 116-05.4 do. 79 1.0248 17 8 P.M. 4-29 114-00 do. 80 1.0248 18 8 A.M. 4541* 4-55 112-27 do. 80 1.0247 18 8 P.M. 6-01 111-33 do. 80 1.0248 19 8 A.M. 4542* 7-08 7 110-45.3 do. 80 1.0247 19 8 P.M. 8-02.2 109-40 do. 79.5 1.0243 20 8 A.M. 4643* 8-52.2 108-54 do. 79.5 1.0240 20 8 P.M. 9-46.2 107-62 do. 80 1.0244 21 8 A.M. 4544* 10-38 106-47.6 do. 80 1.0240 21 8 P.M. 11-34 105-42.5 do. 79 1.0246 22 8 A.M. 4545* 12-42.5 104-45 do. 79 1.0242 22 8 P.M. . 1.3-66.3 103-28.2 do. 80 1.0242 23 8 A.M. 4546* 14-60 103-31 do. 81 1.0240 23 8 P.M. 16-43.6 100-.30 do. 82 1.0240 24 8 A.M. • • 16-39 99-53.9 do. 82 1.0240 Mar. 2 4 P.M. Acapulo Mexico do. 81.6 1.0243 * Hydrographic station. SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF THE PANAMIC REGION. 31 SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF THE PANAMIC REGION. Date. Time of Day. Station. Latitude North. Longitude West. Deptli. Temperature by attached Thermometer. Specific Grav- ity reduced to 15 C. 1891. 0 t It o / n Fatlioms. o Feb. 18 12 M. I'anama, U. S. C. Surface 74 1.02.5480 23 12 M. 7 07 00 80 43 00 do. 76 1.025480 23 7 P.M. 7 09 30 81 05 30 do. 83 1.024880 23 do. 7 09 30 81 05 30 26 68.4 1.02.5280 23 do. 7 09 30 81 05 30 50 05.9 1.02.5680 23 do. 7 09 30 81 05 30 100 68.5 1.026080 23 do. 7 09 30 81 05 30 200 52.9 1.026280 23 do. 7 Oil .30 81 05 .30 300 44,9 1026280 23 do. 7 09 30 81 06 30 400 48.7 1.020280 23 do. 7 09 .30 81 05 30 646 40.1 1.026480 23 12 P.M. 6 59 30 81 15 00 Surface 81 1025280 24 9 A.M. 6 35 00 81 44 00 do. 83 1.023880 21 do. 6 35 00 81 44 00 25 74.4 1.024092 21 do. 6 35 00 81 44 00 50 76 1.025892 24 do. 6 35 00 81 44 00 100 1.026092 24 do. 6 35 00 81 44 00 200 51.8 1.026092 24 do. 6 35 00 81 44 00 300 46 1.026292 24 do. 6 35 00 81 44 00 400 43 1.026092 24 do. 6 35 00 81 44 00 500 41 1.026092 24 do. 6 35 00 81 44 00 600 1 026092 24 6 P.M. 6 17 00 82 05 00 Surface 83 1.024092 24 12 P.M. 6 16 00 82 23 00 do. 83 1.024092 25 6 A.M. 6 10 00 83 00 00 do. 82 1.023892 25 do. 6 10 00 83 06 00 25 76.9 1.025092 25 do. 6 10 00 83 00 00 50 59 1025292 25 do. 6 10 00 83 06 00 100 55.7 1.025692 25 do. 6 10 00 8:5 06 00 200 60.5 1.026092 25 do. 6 10 00 83 06 00 300 46.8 1.026292 25 do. 6 10 00 83 00 00 400 43.6 1 026292 25 do. 6 10 00 83 06 00 500 41.9 1.026292 25 do. 6 10 00 83 06 00 600 40.2 1.026292 25 do. 6 10 00 83 06 00 700 38.3 1.026292 25 do. 6 10 00 83 06 00 800 38.9 1.026292 25 do. 6 10 00 83 06 00 000 37.5 1.026492 25 do. 6 10 00 83 00 00 1,000 36.5 1.026092 25 12 M. 6 11 00 83 16 30 Surface 84 1.024092 25 6 p.m. 0 05 00 83 55 00 do. 84 1.023892 26 6 A.M. 5 56 00 85 10 30 do. 84 1.023906 26 do. 6 50 00 85 10 30 50 1.025706 26 do. 6 56 00 85 10 30 100 66.8 1.026106 26 do. 5 56 00 85 10 30 200 51.3 1.026106 26 do. 5 50 00 85 10 30 300 46.7 1.026306 26 do. 5 50 00 85 10 30 400 1.026100 26 6 A.M. 5 56 00 85 10 30 500 '40.3 1.026100 26 do. 5 56 00 85 10 .30 COO 1.026100 26 do. 5 56 00 85 10 30 700 39.1 1.020100 26 do. 6 56 00 85 10 30 800 1.026.300 26 do. 6 56 00 85 10 30 900 37.3 1.026300 26 do. 6 56 00 85 10 30 1,000 36 8 1.026300 26 12 M. 5 6100 85 23 30 Surface 83 1.023920 26 6 P.M. 5 50 00 86 41 00 do. 84 1.023720 27 6 A.M. 5 .30 00 86 08 .30 do. 81 1.024080 27 do. 6 30 00 86 08 30 26 76.4 1.024680 27 do. 6 30 00 86 08 30 60 58.9 1.025480 27 do. 5 .30 00 86 08 30 160 54.4 1.025680 27 do. 5 30 00 86 08 .30 250 48.8 1.025880 27 do. , 5 30 00 86 08 30 350 44.9 1.02.5880 27 do. 5 30 00 86 08 30 450 42.8 1.026880 27 do. 5 30 00 86 08 30 550 41 1.025880 27 do. 5 30 00 86 08 30 650 1.026080 27 do. 5 30 00 86 08 30 900 38 1.026280 27 12 M. 5 30 00 86 23 00 Surface 85 1.023780 27 6 P.M. 5 30 00 86 45 00 do. 84 1.023780 27 do. 5 30 00 86 45 00 25 73.7 1.023980 27 do. 6 30 00 86 45 00 50 68.9 1.026280 27 do. 5 30 00 80 45 00 100 55.8 1.025480 32 "ALBATROSS" EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION. SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF THE PANAMIG REGION. — Cmtinued.. Mar 1891. Feb. 27 27 27 27 27 27 28 28 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 10 11 20 20 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 23 24 24 24 24 25 25 25 25 26 26 26 26 27 27 Time of Day. do. do. do. do. 6 P.M. do. 12 m. 6 P.M. 12 m. 6 P.M. 12 m. 6 P.M. 12 m. 6 P.M. 12 P.M. 6 A.M. 12 M. 6 p.m. 12 P.M. 6 A.M. 12 M. 6 P.M. 12 P.M. 7 A.M. 12 m. 6 P.M. 12 P.M. 6 A.M. 12 m. 6 p.m. 12 P.M. 6 A.M. 12 m. 7 P.M. 12 m. do. do. 6 P.M. 12 P.M. 6 A.M. 12 m. 6 P.M. 12 P.M. 6 A.M. 12 m. 6 P.M. 12 P.M. 6 A.M. 12 m. 6 P.M. 12 P.M. 6 A.M. 12 M. 6 p.m. 12 p.m. 6 A.M. 12 m. 6 P.M. 12 p.m. station. 6 a.m. 12 m. 6 P.M. 12 P.M. 6 A.M. 12 M. Malpelo Island Latitude North. 5 30 00 6 30 00 6 30 00 5 30 00 5 30 00 5 30 00 5 33 20 5 32 45 5 11 00 4 40 00 4 01 00 3 50 00 2 32 00 2 33 00 2 34 30 2 34 00 2 49 00 3 09 00 3.30 00 3 50 00 4 0.3 00 4 30 00 4 56 00 4 58 30 5 08 30 5 29 00 5 48 00 6 19 20 6 40 00 6 59 00 7 2100 7 26 00 7 40 00 7 00 00 7 13 30 7 29 00 8 34 00 7 42 00 6 .50 00 5 56 10 5 13 00 4 32 00 3 5100 3 00 30 2 31 00 2 02 00 1 33 00 1 07 30 105 00 1 05 30 104 00 1 04 30 0 50 .30 0 47 00 0 4100 0 31 00 0 19 00 0 07 00 South. 0 06 00 0 18 00 0 23 00 0 27 00 0 36 00 0 40 00 Longitude West. 86 45 00 86 45 00 86 45 00 86 45 00 86 45 00 86 45 00 86 58 20 86 54 30 86 40 00 86 11 20 84 55 00 84 45 00 83 55 00 83 29 00 83 03 00 82 29 00 82 23 30 82 10 30 81 57 30 81 44 20 si'sVoo 81 12 00 80 52 30 80 52 00 80 34 00 80 16 00 79 58 00 79 37 40 79 25 30 79 13 00 79 02 00 79 07 00 79 17 50 79 55 00 79 39 00 78 43 30 79 35 00 79 62 00 80 09 00 80 28 00 80 32 00 80 30 00 80 28 30 80 30 30 80 24 00 80 19 00 80 12 00 80 05 00 80 21 00 80 37 00 80 53 00 81 14 30 81 40 00 82 06 00 82 32 00 82 69 00 83 20 00 83 56 00 84 23 00 85 03 00 85 34 00 86 05 00 86 36 00 87 06 30 Depth. Fathoms. 200 300 400 500 600 700 Surface do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. do. Temperature by attached Thermometer. 50.9 45.9 44.7 41.5 40.4 38.8 84 84 83 82 82 81 80 80 79 77 78 77 77 77 78 78 77 77 77 77 76 75 76 75 75 74 74 74 73 73 70 75 73 74 74 75 75 78 79 80 80 79 80 84 80 80 82 84 80 81 82 82 81 83 83 82 83 82 Specific GraT- ity reduced to 15' C. 1.025680 1.025680 1.025880 1.025880 1.025880 1.026080 1.023780 1.023780 1.023740 1.023740 1.024340 1.024.340 1.024340 1.024740 1.024940 1.025340 1.025140 1.026140 1.025140 1.024940 1.026140 1.026140 1.026340 1.026140 1.025140 1.026340 1.025340 1.026340 1.025340 1.026906 1.026106 1.026106 1.026106 1.026106 1,026106 1.026106 1.026306 1.026106 1.026306 1.026106 1.026106 1.026906 1.025706 1.026706 1.026606 1.026506 1.025506 1.025406 1.025406 1.026406 1.025206 1.025206 1.026506 1.025506 1.025506 1.025706 1.025506 1.025506 1.025306 1.025306 1.024706 1.024506 1.024706 1.024706 1.024506 SPECIFIC GEAVITIES OF THE PANAMIC EEGION. 33 SPECIFIC GEAVITIES OF THE PANAMIC UEGION . — Continued. Date. Time of Day. station. Latitude Sout4i. Longitude West. Deptli Temperature by attached Thermometer. Specific Grav- ity reduced to 16^ C. 1891 O r II o ' /' Fathoms Mar. 27 6 P.M. 0 46 00 87 40 00 do. 83 1.024906 27 12 I'M. 0 51 00 88 14 00 do. 82 1.024906 28 6 A.M. Off Chatham Island do. 82 1 024906 28 12 M. 1 oi 00 89 22 00 do. 82 1.024906 29 12 m. Wreck Bay do. 81 1.026706 April I 12 M. diaries Isl;ind do. 80 1. 025306 2 12 M. Duncan Island do. 81 1.026306 2 0 P.M. Indefatigable Island do. 82 1.025106 3 12 M. 0 01 00 North. 90 23 00 Surface 81 1.524906 4 12 m. 1 05 00 91 17 00 do. 82 1.026106 4 tj P M. 1 23 00 91 30 00 do. 82 1.025106 4 12 P.M. 1 51 00 91 43 00 do. 81 1.026292 6 6 A.M. 2 14 00 91 56 00 do. 82 1.025192 6 12 M. 2 39 00 92 09 00 do. 83 1.025292 6 6 P.M. 3 17 00 92 31 00 do. 84 1.025492 6 12 P.M. 3 55 00 92 61 00 do. 83 1 .025692 6 6 A.M. 4 34 00 03 14 00 do. 82 1.(I2.J692 6 12 M. 5 13 00 93 35 00 do. 83 1.026092 6 0 P M. 5 63 00 94 03 00 do 82 1 .026092 7 6 A.M. 7 10 00 94 69 00 do. 81 1.020092 7 12 M. 7 64 00 95 27 00 do. 82 1,025692 7 0 P.M. 8 31 00 95 43 00 do. 81 1,025492 7 12 P.M. 9 08 00 95 69 00 do. 82 1,025492 8 6 A.M. 9 45 00 96 15 00 do. 82 1,025492 8 12 m. 10 23 00 96 30 SO do. 83 1.025292 8 6 p.m. 10 58 00 96 44 00 do. 83 1.025292 8 12 P.M. 11 33 00 96 58 00 do. 82 1.025292 9 6 A.M. 12 08 GO 97 12 00 do. 81 1.026292 9 12 M. 12 46 00 97 20 00 do. 83 1.025492 9 6 P M. 13 33 .30 97 57 30 do. 83 1.025492 9 12 P.M. 14 09 00 98 18 00 do. 83 1.025492 10 8 A.M. 14 40 00 98 40 00 do. 82 1.026692 10 fi P.M. 15 28 00 98 19 00 do. 84 1.025692 10 12 P.M. 15 49 00 98 09 00 do. 82 1.025892 11 6 A.M. 16 10 00 97 58 00 do. 80 1,025892 11 12 M. 16 32 00 97 48 40 do. 82 1,025892 16 6 P.M. 16 .50 00 100 20 00 do. 80 1,025767 16 12 P.M. 17 05 00 100 58 00 do. 80 1,025820 16 6 A.M. 17 20 00 101 34 00 do. 78 1.(12.5820 Ki 12 M. 17 43 00 102 19 .30 do. 80 1,025620 Iti 6 P.M. 18 12 00 102 68 00 do. 80 1,625620 16 12 P.M. 18 41 00 103 .37 00 do. 76 1,026620 17 6 A.M. 19 10 00 104 16 00 do. 77 1,025620 17 12 M. 19 44 40 104 50 .30 do. 74 1,025620 17 6 P.M. 20 02 00 105 17 00 do. 72 1.0256-.'0 18 6 A.M. 20 46 00 106 59 00 do. 74 1.025020 18 12 M. 21 07 30 106 21 30 do. 75 1,026020 19 12 M. 22 58 00 107 20 00 do. 73 1,025820 20 12 m. 24 20 30 108 34 30 do. 71 1,025420 21 12 m. 26 33 00 109 50 00 do. 71 1,025620 22 12 m. 26 58 00 110 49 30 do. 71 1,026020 23 12 m. Guayraas, Mexico do. 71 1,020220 24 12 m. 27 33 00 110 02 00 do. 71 1,020220 25 12 M. 25 06 00 109 61 00 do. 72 1,025620 26 12 M. 23 07 00 110 08 00 do. 65 1.025420 27 12 M. 24 41 30 112 16 30 do. 62 1.025020 28 12 M. 26 40 00 114 06.30 do. 64 1.025020 29 12 m. 28 51 .30 115 06 30 do. 67 1,024820 30 12 m. 30 44 30 116 13 45 do. 57 1,025020 May 2 12 M. San Diego, Cal. do. 06 1,024820 3 12 M. 33 55 40 118 54 20 do. 00 1,026020 4 12 m. 35 49 30 121 36 00 do. 58 1.026020 34 "ALBATROSS" EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION. RECORD OF AIR TEMPERATURES IN FAHRENHEIT DEGREES. MiDimuui Minimum Date. 7 A.M. Noon. 6 p.m. Mean. for 24 Hours. Date. 7 a.m. Noon. 6 p.m. Mean. for 24 Hours. 1904. o o o o 0 1905. 0 0 0 0 0 Not. 2 78 85 84 81 77 Jan. 1 76 80 79 771 74 3 78 85 80 801 78 2 75 80 77 763 76 4 81 81 78 791 77 3 75 82 78 771 74 5 77 79 76 763 75 4 76 81 81 781 75 6 73 77 74 741 73 5 75 82 82 781 74 7 74 75 72 73 71 6 76 80 77 763 74 8 71 72 72 711 70 7 75 79 80 77 74 9 71 74 72 72 71 8 75 82 79 772 74 10 71 73 72 711 69 9 75 83 82 783 75 11 68 74 71 70 67 10 76 82 78 78 76 12 65 67 67 653 64 11 76 82 76 771 75 1.3 69 74 70 70 67 12 78 82 77 78' 76 14 70 76 72 713 69 13 77 83 78 782 76 15 70 72 69 70 69 14 77 80 77 772 76 16 69 72 69 692 68 15 76 82 77 772 75 17 67 72 69 683 67 16 78 87 79 793 75 18 68 72 69 69 67 17 82 80 78 79 76 19 67 72 70 69 67 18 79 80 80 783 76 20 67 68 68 671 66 19 78 82 80 792 78 21 66 72 78 702 66 20 81 85 81 811 78 22 67 69 69 672 65 21 84 80 79 801 78 23 65 71 69 671 64 22 85 89 82 833 79 24 64 73 68 663 62 23 84 86 81 823 80 25 64 76 68 67 60 24 89 88 84 8.51 80 26 65 76 69 683 65 26 78 82 78 782 76 27 68 73 69 683 65 26 80 83 80 801 78 28 66 78 68 691 65 27 78 76 81 773 76 29 66 78 71 693 64 28 76 80 77 763 74 30 65 79 72 701 65 29 79 84 84 803 76 Dec. 1 68 78 72 71 66 30 79 85 84 81 76 2 67 75 72 693 65 31 75 82 83 782 74 3 07 74 69 683 66 Feb. 1 75 81 82 78 74 4 70 77 71 713 69 2 75 81 76 762 74 5 71 74 69 702 68 3 79 82 77 781 75 6 71 70 68 69 67 4 80 79 80 78' 74 7 68 74 69 692 07 5 75 78 85 78 74 8 66 70 69 673 66 6 79 81 82 792 76 9 68 75 73 702 66 7 81 81 86 802 74 10 74 74 74 722 68 8 82 86 86 833 81 11 79 78 74 75 69 9 82 86 87 832 80 12 75 82 75 752 70 10 82 84 86 823 80 13 74 82 74 752 72 11 80 84 85 813 78 14 71 76 72 722 71 12 81 84 83 82 80 15 79 81 78 77 70 13 80 82 82 81 80 16 72 75 75 731 71 14 80 82 81 80 77 17 74 79 79 76 72 16 78 81 82 791 76 18 73 80 86 77 70 16 78 83 80 793 78 19 74 80 78 752 70 17 79 84 83 811 79 20 69 73 72 701 67 18 80 85 82 813 80 21 69 75 72 703 67 19 80 84 82 812 80 22 71 76 77 731 69 20 81 84 84 82' 80 23 74 80 77 752 71 21 82 84 82 82 80 24 76 80 76 763 75 22 81 86 84 822 80 25 75 79 81 771 74 23 78 86 84 811 77 26 74 80 79 762 73 24 77 88 80 802 77 27 72 78 75 741 72 28 73 70 74 732 71 29 73 78 78 751 72 30 70 77 79 74 70 31 74 85 83 783 73 WINDS. 35 WINDS. Plate 3'1 The daily direction of the winds is indicated on PI. S'^, the arrows show- ing the direction, and the number of barbs the strength of the wind accord- ing to the Beaufort scale. From Panama to the Galapagos we encountered during the first days of November southwesterly winds for the first half of the distance, and then southeasterly winds as far as the islands, and the same southeasterly trades from the Galapagos to Aguja Point, and in our line to the southwest of the Point as well as from that point to Callao, the southeasterly trades extend- ing on the line, Callao to Easter Island, to about 17" S. latitude and 85° W. longitude. From that point to Sala y Gomez the winds were from the north- east. At Easter Island we found them variable during our stay during the middle of December. From Easter Island to latitude 19" S. we encountered westerly and north- easterly winds ; from that point northward to the Galapagos we met south- easterly and easterly trades. From the Galapagos towards Manga Reva the same easterly and southeasterly trades flanked us as far as 10' S. latitude. The winds then became northeast almost to Manga Reva, where they were southwesterly. From Manga Reva towards Acapulco we encountered, north of 20' S.' lati- tude, northerly winds for about 500 miles. The winds then became easterly or southeasterly to nearly 3' N., where we struck strong northeast trades to within 250 miles off Acapulco, where we met light northwesterly winds. From Panama to the Galapagos, from the Galapagos to Aguja Point, on the line to the southwest of this point, and thence to Callao, and from Callao about a third of the distance to Easter Island, the set was usually in the direction of the wind. Though near the shore the current was in a north- easterly direction, and from latitude 20 S. as far as Sala y Gomez the set was strong in a northeasterly direction. On the line from Easter Island to the Galapagos there was a strong southeasterly set as far as latitude 15' S. Then the set was in the direc- tion of the wind to the northwest as far as the Galapagos. It became variable in the vicinity of the Galapagos. From the Galapagos half-way to Manga Reva the set was in the direc- tion of the southeast trades to the northwest. The remaining distance 36 "ALBATROSS" EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION. there was a strong northeasterly set changing to northwest near Manga Reva. From Manga Reva to Acapulco there is a southeasterly set as far north as latitude 10" S. Then the set is northwest as far as 5° N., where it becomes southwest until within the influence of the Mexican coast winds off Acapulco. RECOED OF PELAGIC STATIONS. 6i EECORD OF PELAGIC STATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION STEAMER "ALBATROSS" BETWEEN SAN FRANCISCO, CAL., AND PANAMA DURING OCTOBER, 1904. Position. . rt a Datb. Time. = 9 S.3 Time in Min- utes. Distance from Laud. Remarks. ."s Lat. hong. a'" ■- s OQ North. West. S p U.8 P.C. 1904. h. m. o / 0 ' 0 h. m. miles. (Pump filter No. 20 silk started at 4567 Oct. 6 1 30 P.M. 37 25 122 26 60-63 28 3 30 4.25 { 10 a.m. at 37° 50' N. and 122° I 30' W. 4568 " 6 6 30 P.M. 36 45 122 02 60-63 486 4 00 10.0 ) Pump filter. Started at 1.30 p.m. j at 37° 25- N., and 122° 26' W. (Pump filter No. 20. Started at { 5.30 p M., Oct. 6, at 36° 45' N., I and 122° 02' W. 4560 " 6-7 6 00 a.m. 34 45 120 15 60-63 38 12 30 11.5 4570 " 7 9 00 A.M. 34 20 120 20 63-64 187 3 00 6.8 (Pump filter. Started at 6 a.m. at ( 34° 45' N., and 120° 15' W. 4571 " 7 4 23 P.M. 33 40 119 35 71 825 18 00 18.3 Surface haul Vertical haul. Started at 3.04 p.m. 4572 " 7 5 30 P.M. 33 30 119 25 64-66 890 8 30 13.4 (Pump filter. Started at 9 a.m. at ( 34° 20' X. and 120° 20' W. 4573 " 7-8 7 00 A.M. 31 35 118 10 64-67 1076 13 30 62.6 jPuuip filter Started at 5.30 p.m. ( at 33° 30' N., and 119° 25' W. 4574 " 8 3 45 P.M. 30 35 117 15 69 330 42 00 69.3 Vertical hauls. 4575 " 8 5 30 P.M. 30 15 117 10 67-70 1466 10 30 56 Pump filter. 4576 " 8 8 51 P.M. 29 52 116 56 69 1466 21 00 55.2 Surface haul. 4577 " 8-9 7 00 a.m. 28 25 115 55 66-70 1279 13 30 17.3 ( Pump filter at 5,30 p.m., Oct. 8, at ( 30° 15' N. and 117° 10' W. 4578 " 9 7 00 P.M. 27 02 114 40 70-71 543 12 00 14.4 ( Pump filter. Started at 7.00 a.m. ■( at 2«° 25' N., and 115° 55' W. , Pump filter. Started at 7.00 p.m.. 4579 " 9-10 7 00 a.m. 2620 113 13 70-72 75 12 00 45 Oct. 9, at 27° 02' N. and 114° I 40' W. 4580 "10 11 20 a.m. 24 55 112 45 76 19 20 00 14.4 Vertical hauls. 4581 "10 7 00 p.m. 24 15 11152 72-77 40 12 00 5.1 jPump filter. Started at 7 a.m. at 1 25° 20' W. and 113° 13' N. 4582 " 10-11 7 00 A.M. 23 12 110 32 77-82 323 12 00 19.5 Pump filter No. 20. Started at 24° 15' N. and 111° 52' \V. 4583 " U 10 30 A.M. 22 45 110 5 83 1048 23 00 8.2 Vertical hauls. 4584 ■• 11 7 00 P.M. 22 05 109 10 81-87 1624 12 00 62.3 (Pump filter. Started at 7 A.M. at I 23° 12' and 11(J°32' W. (Pump filter. Started at 7 p.m., 4585 "11-12 7 00 A.M. 21 00 107 37 80-83 1747 12 00 W4.3 - Oct, 11, at 22° 05' N. and 109° >- 10' W, 4586 "12 7 30 P.M. 19 52 100 22 83 1923 9 30 28.7 (Pum[> filter. Started at 10 a.m. ( at 20° 42' N. and 107° 25' W. 4587 "12 10 39 A.M. 20 42 107 25 82 18S5 24 00 58 Vertical hauls. 4588 "12 8 50 p.m. 19 52 106 22 81-83 1923 20 00 28.6 Surface haul. .Pump filter. Started at 19° 52' 4589 " 12-13 10 30 A.M. 18.50 104 50 82-83 1038 13 00 21.8 { N, and 106° 22' W. at 7.30 p.m., ^ (let. 12. 4590 "13 10 40 A.M. 18 .50 104 50 82-83 1038 22 00 21.8 Vertical hauls. (Pump filter No. 20. Started at 4591 "13 7 00 P.M. 18 20 103 40 83-87 30 8 30 4.5 10,30 A,M, at 18° 50' N. and 104° V 50' W. 4592 "13 7 54 P.M. 18 20 103 40 84 30 24 00 4.5 Surface hauls. 1 Pump filter. Started at 7.00 p.m., 4593 "14 7 00 a.m. 17 25 101 50 82-85 627 12 00 19.0 - ( )ct. 13, at 18° 20' N. and 104° t 40' W. 38 "ALBATROSS" EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION. RECORD OF PELAGIC STATIONS F.TC., — Continued. s Position. la 2 a •2 Date. Time. Is 5§ 0 -s Time in Min- utes. Distance from Laud. Remabks. ta Lat. Long. a"" S£ 02 North. West. S as U.S.F.C. 1904. h. m. o . o r o h. m. miles. 4594 "14 10 30 A.M. 17 20 10132 84 627 30 00 16.0 Vertical hauls. 4595 "14 7 00 A.M. 16 47 100 27 84-85 838 9 00 14.4 j Pump filter. Started at 10 a.m. at ( 17° 26' N. and 101° 32' W. 4596 "14 7 24 P.M. 16 47 100 27 84 838 24 00 14.4 Surface liaul. (Pump filter. Started at 7 p.m., 4597 "15 7 00 A.M. 16 10 98 37 81-84 30 12 00 7.1 \ Oct. 14, at 16° 47' N. and 100° I 27' W. 4698 "15 10 35 A.M. 15 58 98 13 84 99 30 00 4.6 Surface haul. 4599 "15 7 00 P.M. 15 36 97 00 80-85 160 12 00 5.3 { Pump filter. Started at 7.00 a.m. ( at 16° 10' N. and 98° 37' W. 4600 "]5 7 25 P.M. 16 36 97 00 82 160 25 00 5.3 Surface haul. Started at 7.00 p.m. , Pump filter. Started at 7.00 p.m. 4601 "16 7 00 A.M. 14 58 95 17 81-83 120 12 00 61.2 Oct. 15, at 15° 36' N. and 97° V 00' W. 4602 "16 7 00 P.M. 13 37 93 52 79-82 2166 12 00 103.2 ( Pump filter. Started at 7.00 a.m. ) at 14^ 58' N. and 95° 17' W. (Pump filter. Started at 7.00 p.m., ■l Oct. 16, at 13° 37' N., and 93° ( 52' W. 4603 "17 7 30 A.M. 12 30 92 30 81-83 2166 12 30 110.0 4604 " 17 11 30 a.m. 12 21 92 13 84 2166 30 00 110.1 Surface haul. 4605 "17 1 30 P.M. 12 21 92 13 85 2166 30 00 110.1 Vertical hauls. Started at 1 p.m. rPump filter No. 20. Started at 4606 "17 7 00 P.M. 12 00 9130 81-83 2600 11 30 116.0 \ 7.30 A.M. at 12° 30' N., and 92° I 30' W. Surface haul. 4607 "17 7 22 P.M. 12 00 9130 83 2500 22 00 116.0 j Pump filter. Started at 7 p.m., 4608 "18 8 00 A.M. 11 16 89 48 82-83 2052 13 00 130.4 { Oct. 17, at 12° 00' N. and 91° I 30' W. 4609 "18 10 30 A.M. 1105 89 36 81 1970 30 00 132.2 Vertical hauls. 4610 "18 7 00 P.M. 10 33 88 30 78-83 1792 11 00 135.0 (Pump filter. Started at 8.00 a.m. i at 1 1° 16' N., aud 89° 48' W. 4611 "18 7 23 P.M. 10 33 88 30 78 1792 23 00 135.0 Surface haul. C Pump filter. Started at 7.00 p.m.. 4612 "19 7 00 A.M. 9 50 86 40 78-80 1833 12 00 66.7 \ Oct. 18th, at 10° 33' N., and 88° I 30' W. 4613 "19 10 30 A.M. 9 45 86 20 80 1833 30 00 64.4 Vertical hauls. Started at 10 a.m. 4614 "19 7 00 P.M. 9 7 85 11 79-82 1708 12 00 26.2 (Pump filter. 9° 50' N. and 86° i 40' W. 4615 "19 7 20 P.M. 9 7 85 11 80 1708 20 00 26.2 Surface liaul. Started at 7 p.m. (■Pump filter. Started at 7 p.m., 4616 "20 7 00 a.m. 8 10 83 33 79-80 956 12 00 17.2 { Oct. 19, at 9° 7' N. and 85° ( 11' W. 4617 "20 4 25 P.M. 7 46 82 26 78 1185 25 00 10 Vertical haul. Started at 4.00 p.m. 4618 "20 7 00 P.M. 7 15 82 8 77-80 792 12 00 12.8 (Pump filter. Started at 7.00 a.m., ( at y° 7' N., and 82° 11' \V. 4619 "20 7 20 P.M. 7 16 82 8 79 792 20 00 12.8 Surface haul. Started at 7.00 p.m. (-Pump filter. Started at 7.00 p.m., { Oct. 20, at 7° 16' N., and 82° l 8' W. 4620 "21 8 00 A.M. 6 46 8147 78-79 782 13 00 27 4621 "21 10 26 A.M. 6 36 8144 79 581 36 00 36.4 Vertical haul. 4622 "21 12 50 P.M. 6 31 81 44 81 681 74 00 40.8 Vertical haul. 4623 "21 7 00 P.M. 6 58 80 46 78-81 692 11 00 12.8 ( Pump filter. Started at 8 a.m., at \ 6° 45' N. and 81° 47' VV. 4624 "21 7 30 P.M. 6 58 80 46 79 592 30 00 12.8 Surface haul. rPump filter. Started at 7 p.m., . Oct. 21., at 6° 58- N., and 80° 4625 "22 7 00 A.M. 8 00 79 33 79-80 75 12 00 37.0 I 46' W. 4626 "22 7 00 P.M. 8 55 79 32 80-84 5 12 00 0.7 ( Pump filter. Started at 7 a.m. 1 at 8° 00' N., and 79° 33' W. RECORD OF DREDGING, TRAWLING, AND PELAGIC STATIONS. 39 RECORD OF DREDGING, TRAWLING, AND PELAGIC STATIONS OCCUPIED BY THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION STEAMER "ALBATROSS" IN THE EAST- ERN TROPICAL PACIFIC FROM NOVEMBER, 1904, TO MARCH, 1905. Position. Latitude North. Lon^tude West. Tehperatcilbs. Sur- face. Character of Bottom. Reuabes. 4627^640 Panama to Galapagos Islands. 4627 4628 Not. 2 " 2 4629 4630 coco 4631 " 3 4632 4504* 4633 " 3 " 3 " 4 4634 " 4 4635 " 4 450o« 4636 " 5 6 4637 5 4638 " 6 4639 " 6 4506* " 6 4640 " 6 7 9 P.M. P.M. 7 21.3 7 15 79 55.8 80 5.5 81.5 80-83 8t 8 A.M. A.M. 6 52 6 53 81 42.5 81 42.5 81) 81 i 40.5 556 1 P.M. 6 26 8149 82 38.0 774 8t 10 8 P.M. P.M. A.M. 5 48.5 5 36 4 40 82 16.3 82 28 83 24.4 79-83 80 79-80 36.4 1885 10 30 A.M. 4 35.4 83 32.3 80 35.9 1729 8 P.M. 3 52.5 84 14.3 79 3 8 A.M. A.M. 3 11.6 2 44.5 84 57.4 85 23.5 78 78 36.4 1705 9 P.M. 131 86 32 76 no record 1541 7 A.M. 0 27 LiUiltiile South. 87 13 75 no record 1450 1 P.M. 0 4 87 39.5 76 35.4 1418 5 P.M. 0 21 87 57.5 75 no record 1433 8 P.M. 0 39.4 88 11 75 37.4 1061 gn. S., Irge. glob. gn. S. fine gn. M. gn. M., glob. ml. & Irge. glob., It. gn. glob. Oz. It. gn. glob. Oz. It. gy. glob. Oz., br. M. gy.glob. Oz.,br.M. no sample Surface haul. Pump filter, n'unip filter. Trawling \ for the green sand col- l lected in 1891. j Pump filter. TrawUng , for the green sand col- V Icctcd in 1891. Pump filter. Pump filter. (Trawl. Towed at 300 t fathoms. (Surface haul; pump fil- ( ter. Pump filter.§ Globigerinae similar to tliose found in pump filter on surface (8a.m.). Thermometer did not trip. Towed at .300 fathoms and vertical haul to surface. /'Thermometer did not trip. At Stn. 4638 also made a surface haul and towed with open net at 300 fathoms and vertically to surface. Pump filter. ; Surface haul poor. ( Pump filter, and extraor- I dinarily rich surface haul, with a large imm- [ ber of pelagic fishes. * Hydrographic Stations where soundings alone were made. See Note, page 60. t Stations occupied at 8 a.m. are usually trawling stations at which temperature serials were also taken and intermediate tows at 300 fathoms and to the surface, t At 8 P.M. a surface haul was usually made daily. § When not mentioned to the contrary, the pump filter was run each day. 40 "ALBATEOSS" EASTERN TfiOPIUAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION. RECORD OF DREDGING, TRAWLING, AND PELAGIC STATI01sS. — Conti7itied. 1904. Latitude South. Longitude West. Temperatures. Sur- face. Character of Bottom. 4641-4644 Southeast Face of Galapagos Islands. 4641 4642 4643 4644 Not. 7 " 7 " 7 " 7 8 A.M. 134.4 89 30.2 74 39.5 633 0 30 A.M. 130.5 89 35 74 48.6 300 1 30 P.M. 1 28.7 89 48.5 74 67.2 100 8 30 P.M. 2 13.3 89 42.2 72 35.4 1752 It. gy. glob. Oz. brk. Sh. & glob. brk. Sli. & glob, fine It. gy. glob. Oz j- Trawl liaul, 10 miles • from Hood Island, >. Galapagos. (5 miles from southeast '. end of Hood Island ; I Tangles. (■ About H miles soutli- ( west by south from \tlie west end of Hood; Tangles and Trawl. ( Surface haul with many I fishes ; puuip filter. 4645-4654 Galapagos to Aguja Point. 4645 4646 4647 4648 4649 46.50 4651 4652 Nov. 8 10 10 11 " 11 8 00 A.M. 7 00 P.M. 800 A.M. 7 00 P.M. 8 00 A.M. 7 00 P.M. 800 A.M. 7 00 P.M. 3 37.6 89 43.1 70 4 1.6 89 16.3 72 4 33 87 42.5 70 4 43 87 7.5 71 5 17 85 19.5 70 5 22 84.39 71 5 41.7 82 59.7 60 5 44.7 82 39.5 66 36.0 35.4 35.5 35.4 35.4 1955 2058 2005 2235 2222 fine It. gy. glob. Oz fine It. gy. glob. Oz, and br. M. very It. gy. glob. Oz. large glob., br. M. itky. gy. M., very few glob. itky. fine gy. S. : trace of shore M. ( Trawl came up empty. 1 (Pump filter.) /Towed 20 minutes with I open net at 300 fath- ■j oms and vertically to { surface. /Trawl, magnificent haul I of Iloliithurians, open j net tow to surface from [ 800 fathoms. Surface haul and towed 20 minutes at 300 fath- oms and vertically to surface. Swarm of Cytfpis on surface. )Trawlhaul. Octacnemus j in the trawl. Pump fil I ter. Open net tow from I 800 fatlioms to surface. /Surface haul; mass of I Salpae ; towed 20 min- I utes at 300 fathoms and I up to surface. /Trawl, fine lot of sili- I cious sponges ; net I towed open at 800 fath- I oms and to surface. Surface haul. Towed 20 rain, at 400 fathoms and to surface. Towed 20 min. at 200 fathoms and to surface (Dissoma Towed 20 min. at 100 fatlioms and to surface. RECORD OF DREDGING, TRAWLING, AND PELAGIC STATIONS. 41 RECORD OF DREDGING, TRAWLING, AND PELAGIC STATIONS. — Cfew/m<«?. 4507* 4653 4508* 4654 1904. Nov. 12 " 12 " 12 •' 12 h. m. 700 A.M. 10 27 A.M. 1 00 r..M. 1 50 P.M. Latitude South. 5 43.6 5 47 5 46.5 5 40 Lougitude West. 81 43.8 81 24 81 26.9 81 31.9 Temperatures. Sur- fai-e. 64 65 65 65 34.9 41.3 38.5 37.3 2312 536 685 1036 Ch.iracter of Bottom. «„„ fi ., 11 Ar , Trawl, mucli vegetable fine stky. blue M., ^ - shore M.,l'um.ce.(^ land, Nonuna I't. (Ik. br. gy. shr. M.,l)„ , m.iny Diatoms. ' ^'^'^ '• (Ik. gn. sliore M. ilk.br.M.,veg.Mat., / ,j, , many Diatoms. i -^rawi. 4655-4661. Line fbom Aguja Point tovtards the outer Western Edge of the CniLi-PERnviAN Stream. 4655 4656 4657 4658 4659 4660 4661 Nov. 12 13 14 14 15 15 7 P.M. 8 a.m. 7 00 P.M. 800 A.M. 7 00 P.M. 8 00 A.M. 7 00 P.M. 5 57.5 80 50 65 6 54.6 83 34.3 69 7 12.5 84 9 69 8 29.5 85 35.6 70 8 54.5 86 5.5 69 9 55.6 87 30 69 10 17 88 2 69 35.2 35.3 35.4 2222 2370 2425 fine gn. M. mxd witli gy. Oz. , mill part. Sponge spic, many Diatoms. fine gn. M., Mang, noJ. ; Rad. Oz. fine br. M. ; Mang. nod. ; Rad., a few Diatoms ; Sponge spic. I Surface haul. Towed at 400fatlioms,20min.and I, to surface ; Pump filter I Trawl; Octacnemus in r trawl. ("Surface haul. Towed at "I 300 fathoms and verti- ^ cally to surface. Trawl full of Manga- nese nodules 3 to b" in diameti'r. Sharks' teeth. Cetacean car- bones. Towed witli Tanner closing net at 300 fathoms 20 min- utes, failed to close. j Surface haul and towed I 20 min. at 300 fathoms l andverticallytosurface. iTrawI, pump filter. j Surface haul. Salpasoup. . Towed at 300 fathoms, I, 20 min. and to surface. 4662-4669. From the Western Part of the Peruvian Cuhrkxt to the Western Edge of Milne-Edwards Deep. 4662 4663 Nov. 16 16 8 00 A.M. 7 00 P.M. 11 13.8 11 20.3 89 35 88 56.2 69 69 35.2 2439 br. Rad. Oz., Mang. nod. (Pump filter: towed net V at 800 fathoms and to ' surface. f Pump filter, surface haul; ' Salpa soup. Towed at I 300 and to surface. Yel- L low Pelagonemertes. * Hydrographic Stations. 42 "ALBATROSS" EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION. RECORD OF DREDGING, TRAWLING, AND PELAGIC STATIO'NS. — Continued. 4664 4665 4666 4667 4668 4669 Date. Not. 17 " 17 " 18 " 18 " 19 " 19 h. jn. 800 A.M. 7 00 P.M. 8 00 A.M. 7 00 P.M. 8 00 A.M. 7 00 P.M. Position. Latitude South. 11 30.3 1145 11 55.5 11 59.5 12 9.3 12 12.7 Longitude 87 19 86 5.2 84 20.3 83 40.4 81 45.2 80 25.6 Temperatuees. Sur- face. 68 68 67 08 67 67 Bottom. 34.9 no record 2600 2620 Character of Bottom. It. gy. Oz., floe, de- bris, few Mang. nod. .Cetacean ear- bones. fine gy. Oz., few Diatoms & Rad., glob. rPump filter, surface baul, towed at 300 fathoms -| and to surface, Tanner closing net at 400 V fathoms. r Surface haul, poor tow J at 300 and vertical to \^ surface. Pump filter. j Trawl, angular frag- ) nients of rocks. Pump I filter. (Surface haul. Towed at 300 fathoms and to surface. 1 Tanner net towed at 300 j fathoms 20 minutes. /■Surface haul. Tow at J 300 fathoms and to sur- (_ face. Pelagonemertes. 4670-4675 from the Western Edg-e of Milne-Edwards Deep off Callao. 4670 4671 4672 4673 4509* 4674 4675 Nov. 20 20 21 21 22 22 22 8 00 a.m. 7 00 p.m. 7 00 A.M. 7 00 p.m. 7 00 A.M. 9 00 A.M. 7 00 P.M. 12 8.7 79 2.4 66 35.4 3209 12 6.9 78 28.2 66 35.4 1490 13 11.6 78 18.3 66 35.2 2845 12 30.5 77 49.4 67 42.5 458 12 26.6 78 34.6 67 35.2 1949 12 14.4 78 43.4 68 35.1 2338 12 54.0 78 33.0 68 no record 3120 sft. It. br. M. fine gn. clay ; infus earth full of Dia- toms. similar to above rky. fine dk. gn. M., many Diatoms. fine dk. gn. M., Sponge spic; few Dial. & few Rad., Diat. Oz in mud- bag. fn. dk. gn. M., floe, organic matter, Diat. debris, Sili- cious infus. earth. Trawl. Serial temp, and towed net at 800 fath- oms to surface. {Water of late discolored by Diatoms. Surface haul and tow at 300 fathoms to surface. Pump filter. C Trawl. Fine haul of Ho- { lothurians. Tanner net '- towat400. Pump filter, ( Surface haul, and tow at i 300 fms. j Pump filter. [Large angular frag- ments of rock in trawl. Surface haul tow at 300 I fathoms and to surface. * Hydrographic Station. RECORD OF DREDGING, TRAWLING, AND PELAGIC STATIONS. 43 RECORD OF DREDGING, TRAMPLING, AND PELAGIC STATIONS. — CV>«//«««/. 1904. Position. Temperatcres. a % 1 d Latitude South. Longitude West. Sur- face. Bottom. -, , o ' Cliaractpr of Bottom. Remabb-3. 4510*-4514* 4676-4693 Callao to Easter Island. 4510* Dec. 4 4676 " 6 4677 " 6 4511* " 6 4678 " 6 4679 7 4680 " 7 4681 " 8 4682 " 8 4683 " 9 4684 " 9 4685 " 10 4686 " 10 4687 " 11 7 00 P.M. 8 00 A.M. 7 00 P.M. 8 00 A.M. 7 30 P.M. 8 00 A.M. 7 00 P.M. 8 00 A.M. 7 30 P.M. 8 00 A.M. 8 00 A.M. 8 00 A.M. 8 00 P.M. 8 00 A.M. 13 48.2 80 13.0 70 14 2S.'.t 81 24 69 14 .37.5 8141 C8 15 39 83 27.4 69 10 31.2 85 3.8 08 17 20.4 86 46.5 69 17 55 87 42 68 18 47.1 89 26 68 19 7-6 90 10.6 69 20 2.4 91 52.5 70 20 40.3 93 19.2 71 21 36.2 94 56 72 22 2.2 95 52 71 22 49.5 97 30.6 73 35.4 35.2 35.4 35.2 35.3 35.4 2543 2714 2020 2485 2395 2385 2205 2184 finelt. gy. clay Oz floe. mat. ; few I!ad.,Spongespic.; Diat. Uz. finedk.br.Oz.,Diat Kad. Maiig. nod. It. br. R.ad. Oz Kad. filled with M., no Diat. It. br. stky. Oz, Sponge spic, few Rad. or glob. choc.br.clay.Mang. nod., few glob., few Rad. dk. choc. col. clay, no Diat., very few glob. Mang. nod. few Rad., a gd. many glob., dk. br. clay, no Diat., Orbulinae partly decomposed. dk. choc. col. clay, few more glob., few Rad., very few Sponge spic. 'Pump filter every a.m. at 8. Lost trawl frame and bag ; serial temp. , and tciw at 300 fins. Poor surface haul. Surface liaul very poor. jTow at 300 fathoms. I Water has been a most I intense ultramarine to- l day. ( Very little in tangles. I Very fine surface haul. *- Cynibulia soup. Tow at 300 fathoms, se- rial temp. ; trawl came back torn to pieces; a few manganese nodules left in bag ; must have been too lioavy a load. Surface haul ; Cynibu- lia soup again. I. Serial temp., tow at 300 fathoms. Poor surface haul. fTow at 300 fatliomsand to surface ; very poor haul. Serial tempera- ture. Trawl haul ; small trawl came up with \\ tons of manga- nese nodules, very lit- tle animal life. Very poor surface haul. Tow at 300 fathoms, very poor. Tow at 2125 fathoms ; nothing not taken before; very little in net, not more than in .300 fms. haul. Surface haul very poor here, out of current. 1260 miles from Callao and 500 from Salay Gomez. * Hydrographio Stations. 44 "ALBATEOSS" EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION. RECORD OF DREDGING, TRAWLING, AND PELAGIC STATIONS. — Continued. u i Date. "3 03 4688 1904. Dec. 11 4689 " 12 4690 " 12 4691 " 13 4692 " 13 4512* " 14 4693 " 14 4513* " 15 4W4* '■ 16 h. m. 8 00 A.M. 8 00 A.M. 8 00 P.M. 8 00 A.M. 8 00 P.M. 8 00 A.M. 11 00 A.M. 2 00 A.M. 1 00 P.M. Latitude South. 23 17.2 24 5 24 46 25 27.3 25 40.4 26 17.3 26 30.1 26 60 27 1.6 Longitude West. 98 37.5 100 20 101 46 103 29.3 104 1.3 105 25.2 105 46.2 107 30 108 56 Temperatures. Sur- face. 72 72 73 73 72 71 71 74 Bottom. 35.4 35.3 36.4 35.4 35.4 35.4 2185 1939 885 1142 1696 1552 Character of Bottom. dk. br. choc, clay mrkd. incr. in glob., few Rad. It. yl. br. glob. Oz., few Rad., Sponge spic rky. rky.,f5ne glob, from mudbag of trawl. Lava rk. & Mang. nod. rky , no bot. spec, yl. clay, Mang. nod., few glob. & Rad. Surface haul very poor. i Tow at 300 fatlionis, ex- \ tremely poor haul. Se- l rial temperatures. (Surface haul extremely \ poor. Tow at 300 fatlioms; very poorest haul of all; trawl came up torn, with lot of angular fragments of volcanic rocks, pumice, and manganese nodules. Nothing in surface haul. ( Off Sala y Gomez. Did ( not dare to trawl. I Sharks' teeth and ceta- I cean earbones in trawl. ( Anchored in Cook Bay, ( Easter Id., 5.30 p.m. 4515*-4518* 4694-4716 Easter Island to Chatham Island, Galapagos. 4616* 4516* 4517* 4518* 4694 4695 4696 4697 4698 Dec. 22 " 22 " 22 " 22 " 22 " 23 " 23 " 24 " 24 11 00 A.M. 12 30 P.M. 1 30 P.M. 3 30 P.M. 8 00 P.M. 8 00 A.M. 8 00 P.M. 8 00 A.M. 8 00 P.M. 26 58.7 109 20.3 72 36.5 1145 26 54.8 109 16.4 74 35.4 1627 26 50.9 109 12.5 74 35.4 1723 26 47.3 109 9.3 75 35.3 1770 26 34 108 57.3 72 26 22.4 107 45 74 2020 24 40.3 107 5.3 74 23 24.4 106 2.2 75 36.5 2188 22 60.4 105 31.7 76 fine vol. S., few glob., Sponge spic fine vol. S., Obsidian fgt., many glob. It. br. Oz., many glob. Orbulina, a few Rad, vol. part finelt. br.Oz.,many Irge. & sml. glob., Sponge spic, few Rad. in mudbag fine It. br. Oz.,very many glob., few Rad. dk. br. choc, clay, few Rad.. very few glob., fine min. part. 5 miles off N. Pt. of Easter Id. 10 miles off N. Pt. of Easter Id. 15 miles off N. Pt. of Easter Id. ; serial Km- peratures. I 20 luiles, off Easter Id., j' too rough to trawl. (Surface haul fair; very - many Radiolarian col- ^ onies. Lost thermoni. and 90 fnis. wire. Trawl haul, very little inbag. Man- ganese nodules, sharks' teeth. Very poor surface haul. ITo-w at SOO very poor. I Trawl tripped, proba- 1 biy from load of man- \ ganese nodules. ( Wretchedly poor sur- ( face haul. * Hydrographic Stations. RECORD OF DREDGING, TRAWLING, AND. PELAGIC STATIONS. 45 RECORD OF DREDGING, TRAWLING, AND PELAGIC STATIONS. — CowimMer?. Date. 4699 4700 4701 4702 4703 4704 4705 4706 4707 4708 4709 4710 4711 4712 4713 1904. Dec. 25 " 25 26 " 26 " 28 " 28 '• 29 " 29 " 30 " 30 " 31 " 31 1905 Jan. 1 h. m. 8 00 A.M. 8 00 P.M. 8 00 A.M. 10 11.5 Latitude South. 21 39.5 20 28.8 Longitude Sur- West. face. Tempera TURBs. 8 00 r.M. 27 8 00 A.M. 18 39.5 17 18.6 104 29.8 103 26.3 102 24 102 100 52.3 27 8 00 P.M. 16 55.3 100 24.6 8 00 A.M. 15 5.3 8 00 P.M. 14 18.7 8 00 A.M. 12 33.2 8 00 P.M. 1140 8 00 A.M. 10 16.2 8 00 P.M. 9 30.5 8 00 A.M. 7 47.6 8 00 P.M. 7 5 8 00 A.M. 6 35.3 99 19 98 45.8 97 42 96 55 95 40.8 96 8.3 94 5.5 93 35.5 92 21.6 76 74 72 73 73 72 72 72 72 72 74 75 74 36.5 35.3 Character of Bottom. 2168 2265 36.3 35.3 36.3 .35.3 dk. br. choc, clay very few liail., are- naceous Forara. Remarks. dk. br. choc, clay, sharks' teeth, ear bones,Manf,'.nod., very few glob. & Rad. 35.3 35.3 2228 2031 2120 2035 2240 2191 [dk. choc. col. Oz., some glob. very It. gy.yl. glob. Oz., some Diat. & very many Rad. dk. choc. br. Oz . very many glob. &Rad.&Coscinod It. gy. glob. Oz., very many Rad. & Diat. It. gy. glob. Oz.. with many R.ad. & Diat. all dead. it. br. glob. Oz. at top of cylind.. It. gy.glob.below.few glob, at top, many Rad., few Diatoms. (Tow at 300 fathoms; ( very poor iiaul. j Surface haul, very I marked improvement I in catch ; getting into I trade wind region. Tow 300 fatlioms ; very much better haul, more like those half way from Callao to Easter Id., poor trawl haul, bot- tom still very barren. "^ Serial temperatures. ( Surface haul very poor, "I some increase in the *- tine stuff in the water. TTow at 300 fathoms, hauls continne poor, a few more Copepods. Trawl obtained noth- ing ; barren bottom. Surface haul quite good. Tow at .300 fathoms and to surface, excellent haul; areinthewestern j edge of the Humboldt current. Brought up ^ very little in the trawl. Very fair surface haul. (Tow at 800 fathoms, I excellent haul. Very good surface haul. rFair haul towing at I 300 fathoms. Trawl tripped, but good trawl haul in bag. Earhoius, sharks' teeth, and Man- ganese nodules. Surface haul. Salpa soup. Tow at 300 fatlioms, very good haul. Ring trawl sent to tow at hot- torn. Brought uplarge load of Manganese nod- ules and a few sharks' teeth and earbones. Fair surface haul. Serial temperatures. - Tow at 300 fathoms, good haul. 46 "ALBATROSS" EASTERN TROPICAL PACIFIC EXPEDITION. RECORD OF DREDGING, TRAWLING, AND PELAGIC ST ATIONS. — Continued. 4714 4715 4716 Date. 1905. Jan. 1 h. m. 8 00 P.M. 8 00 A.M. 8 00 A.M. Position. Latitude South. 4 19 2 40.4 2 18.5 Longitude West. 91 28.5 90 19.3 90 2.6 Temperatures. Sur- face. 75 75 75 Bottom. failed to register 1743 Character of Bottom. It. gy. glob. Oz., many Diat. and many Rad. Reuabks. Surface haul, fair catch. Serial temperatures, at base of rim of rise of the Galapagos. Splen- didhaulatSOO fathoms. Trawl, fair haul. Sur- face haul excellent about 55 miles from Hood Island, Galapa- gos. Anchored Wreck Bay, Chatham Island, Galapagos January 3 at 11 A.M. 4519*-4526* 4717-4739 Galapagos to Manga Reva. 4519* Jan. 10 4520* " 11 4521* " 11 4522* " 11 4523* " 12 4717 " 13 4718 " 13 4719 " 14 4720 " 14 4721 " 15 4722 " 16 4723 " 16 4724 " 17 4725 " 17 7 00 P.M. 131 91 4 76 35.6 1386 12 06 a.m. 1 46.8 91 36 74 35.5 1815 8 00 a.m. 2 14.3 92 29.9 75 failed to trip 1871 4 00 P.M. 2 42.4 93 30 77 35.4 1924 8 00 A.M. 3 34 95 35.4 77 35.3 2031 8 00 A.M. 5 10 08 56 75 3.5.2 2163 8 00 P.M. 5 32.4 99 32.2 76 .. 8 00 A.M. 6 29.8 101 16.8 75 Th. failed to reg. 2285 7 30 P.M. 7 13.3 102 31.5 76 8 00 A.M. 8 7.5 104 10.5 75 failed to reg. 2084 8 00 A.M. 9 31 106 30.5 75 36.1 1923 7 30 P.M. 10 14.3 107 45.5 76 8 00 A.M. 11 13.4 109 39 79 35.1 1841 7 30 P.M. 11 38.3 110 5 77 hard. gy. glob. Oz., very many Kad. &Diat. ;lob. Oz. as at St. 4520.* It. gy. glob. Oz.,gt. many Kad. and Diatoms. H-h.glob. Oz., very many Kad.& Diat. red br. glob. Oz., glob, much brok. up, many Diat. & many Rad. filled withblk.min. part. Red clay, cup cut Mang. nod., no glob, or Rad. It. br. glob, oz., Spongespictnany Diat., few Rad. rky. hrd.,col.cup empty. (-40 miles from abeam - P. 0. Bay, Charles Is- >. land, Galapagos. ( About 75 miles from 1 last station, on course to Manga Reva. j About 143 miles from 1 Charles Island. I Pump filter collected on f this line at 8 a. M. daily. Tow at 300 fathoms, I very fine haul Trawl I excellent catch. Serial temperatures. Excellent surface haul. r Excellent haul 300 fms. -1 to surface; did not dare I totrawl.mang nodules. Surface haul, Salpa soup. Tow 300 fms. and up to surface; excellenttrawl haul; temp, serial. Huge Psychropotes 66 cm. long. (Good haul 300 fms. to ( surface. Fair surface haul. I Tow at 300 fms. to sur- face; rather poor, serial temp., trawl came up empty. Poor surface haul. * Hydrographic Stations. KECORD OF DREDGING, TRAAVLING, AND PELAGIC STATIONS. 47 RECORD OF DREDGING, TRAWLING, AND TELAGIC STATIONS. — Confinue J. 4726 4727 4728 4720 4730 4731 4732 4733 4734 4735 4736 4737 4738 4524* 4525* 4739 1905. Jan. 18 " 18 " 19 " 19 " 20 " 20 " 21 " 21 " 22 " 22 " 23 " 24 " 24 " 25 " 25 " 26 b. m. 8 00 A.M. 7 30 I'M. 8 00 .v.M. 7 30 P.M. 8 00 A.M. 7 30 r..M. 8 00 A.M. 7 30 P.M. 8 00 A.M. 7 30 i-.M. 8 00 A.M. 8 00 A.M. 7 30 P.M. 8 00 A.M. 7 00 P.M. 8 00 A.M. Latitude South. 12 30.1 13 03 13 47.5 14 15 16 7 15 47.2 10 32.5 16 57.4 17 36 18 16 19 0.4 19 67.5 20 26.5 21 3 21 36.1 22 11.1 Longitude Sur- West. face. Temperatures. HI 42.2 112 44.9 114 21.6 115 13 117 1.2 118 22.5 119 50 120 48 122 35.6 123 34.4 125 5.4 127 20.3 128 30.2 130 10.3 131 35.3 133 21 78 77 77 78 79 79.5 79 80 81 81 81 81.5 81 80 80 79 35.1 35.8 35 34.8 34.9 34.8 34.8 34.5 34.8 34.9 1700 1055 Character of Bottom. choc. br. M. full of glob., aren. For. (Sponge spic, few Diat. Coscin., few Rad. glob. S. pkd. lirJ in mudbag. Few Diat. &. Kad. jni.) clasper did not close. 2012 2019 2289 2060 2197 2123 2042 It. gy. glob. Oz.. sharks' teeth, and earbones, niang. nod., very few Diat. & Rad., S])onge si)ic. nothing in cup dk.br. olioc. M.full of glob., very few Had., in trawl sharks' teetli, ear bones, pumice & Mang. slabs. verylittleinclasper, dk. br. clioc. M. full of glob. dk. br. clioc. M. glob., Mang., nod. stky. red clay with glob., no Diat., verj-few Rad., fine min. part, dk. gy. glob. Oz., no Diat., very few Rad. in mudbag, obsid- dian like frag.; large & sml. Mang. nod. About half way to Manga Reva from the Galapagos. Garrett Riilgi : trawl came up empty. Fair surface haul. Tow at 300 fms. to surface, trawl empty, mudbag full of glob, sand, temp, serial, (Jar- rett Iii(liV. I i Plate 6. Plate 6. 1. Temperature section from Aguja Point to a poiut about 1800 miles in a southwesterly direction. 2. Temperature sections at Stations 4651 and 4656 from the surface to 100 fathoms. ahouUSOOmiles South lihferty fiim:twn. fhm Aguja PI :S S ^ Surface . 100 200 300 «0 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1300 i-too I5Q0 1600 n TV *r.s y* 5 2 E 2 a i _? Surface ^ . .17-2 3;7:t "~~"^— -^ 395 ^"^^t--^:/ : ; i ^ i ■ ^ : ; / 1 : ■ : / \ \ \ ; I : ; / ''*^- '■ '^ ' ' ^ \ / AbatrosS' \Plateau : \ : / \ : \^uvi(S teeth Kud cfTi.y ■fVuUoms 38 37:3 s 6;7- 10 ei;s 20 60.-6 30 59:9 ^ Surf ate Fig-2. WL -'/my. _}t(in(/ ^fnna.y RaA cCf:!-"-?' rii'J«j .'i-,3*9 M/iJT^Ai >?;■. Hsl^5i^K.(Ws*^t^!n^ Plate 7. Plate 7. Temperature section fiom Aguja Point to a point about 2100 miles in a northwesterly direction. "Albatross Eastern Pacific Exped. 1904-1905. Agassiz Report Plate 7. about 2100 miles No Westerly froniAguja Poiiit 1 3TAJ<1 TflO«fl WBBMA MVi.viv mufV xi^M'uJSI Plate 8. Plate 8. Temperature sectiou from Callao to a poiut about 2400 miles northwest of Callao. "Albatross Eastern Pacific Exped I904--I90S. Agassiz Report Plate 8 2H00 3000 3100 320lt abt. 2400 mites NW.of Caliao. ?5 SQ- 100 300, . WQ. 500 — tlUO - 700 soo. 900 moo UOO.-. 1?00 1300 1-K)0 1500 1600 - 1700 IKOO 1900 2000 ?I00 ^ Surface Diat Rod an M, Eji:! 52:9 ■ *«.» t6-7 *S-6 «4:c 1 4i*:i liai* 4ir 3i9;t aaa »9:4 a:?: 9 ST.* __ 3:8:i 38- ; ; ' ■ ; 1 ; ■ : : 1 ; ■ ; i ' i ■ i ; ■ • ■ ' \ \ : : : ! • ' i ■ i ■ i ' ^ ! /35:i 5 3 Plate 9. Plate 9. Temperature section from Callao in a uortliwesterly direction about 2750 miles. 'Albatross" Eastern Pacific Exped I904-190S. Agassiz Report Plate 9 Lttiirzo's. 2750 miles NWestlwm. Callan. 60' Plate 10. Plate 10. 1. Temperature section from Callao to Easter Island through Sala y Gomez. 2. Temperature at Station 4683 from the surface to 200 fathoms. "Albatross" Eastern Pacific Exped. 1904-1905 Agassiz Report Plate 10. 'Ml9 miles. 70 65 e~^" Surface _™16 Surface Fig. 2. Rod Ifang tin CtayXl Diut.ea.Hh. Plate 11. Plate 11. Section from Cape Lobos running approximately west, in the 20*^ of South Latitude, a distance of about 3600 miles. Albatross Eastern Pacific Exped. I9(W-I905. I I i 81:5 Line nmnimfW/hm. Cape Lobos approximately on i^O' So LatUudf abtMOOtn i 8 _&1L1 &z:t Agassiz Rtpom Plate ; %. 3 j:oo .1300 .'MUO !i 3-tAJ9 TB i>n^^ ^«4i^ vaff^^w^dA-navtimA -%nv^. 20e|-+0ei a3'!X3 iRlDA9 MR3TaA3 «**.»!(«»¥.> '♦O.jr.'W, MX Plate 12. Plate 12. Temperature section from Manga Reva to Acapiilco. Albatross Eastern Pacific Exped 19041905 Agassiz Report Pute 12 Sarfa Plate 13. Plate 13. Chart of Easter Island from H. O. Chart No. 1119. Scale 5 miles to 4 inches. 5k Y. ^ Q 12; < .s i ^ S ^^ J t.s 5 1 A CO ins X < ■ii'i.l l-H X Z " " 2 0 ■< B w Pi ',• p - a H H p g -a p s .2 p B c ^ 0 ^ H 0 "a -3 5 .3 r Tj f^. c X P^ rf J3 S C/D , 'tJ =^ !/5 -^ H ■" g-s r^'^ V '■+-! ^ ? = Plate 14. Plate 14. Chart of Manga Eeva or Gambier Islands. From Brit. Adm. Chart, No. 1112. Scale 2 miles to the inch. Aibnlross'' Eustfni I'acitlc ICn. 1904-1905. Atfassiz Rr]ioit. Pl.ATE 14. .m.\>"<;a keva GAiyiBIEE. ISLANDS t'.pt" l> L'rvillc ai Uin FntnrL Nuw IB.IH 'iiif' ^ /np^ .d '^ V * ^' . '-■^ ■'i 'i-.J,' '^ , " J' tl,»m/ ) ., •^*%j;'' MANGA - R V, ' ^.•"' ° '*„ , v., '"" ■:.*■' ;'/*"■ 3"-' "" '""° ■ 11 ^ •* * x< ' t '/■■. rT!'']!? KuiD (Ulo '' ' .V.i*i1 ti;': Plate 21. Plate 21. General view of western face of Easter Island, looking north towards La Perouse Mountain, on the way up to Rana Kao. K i w Plate 22. Plate 22. General view of the southern slope of Easter Island, looking eastward towards Cape Roggewein on the way up to Rana Kao. Cape Roggeweiu, the eastern cape of Easter Island, is seen on the extreme right of the plate. 1 ^:^ § Plate 23. Plate 23. Gap in the soiitherii rim of Ran.i Kao, seen from the west, showing the surface of the crater lake overgrown with reeds and mosses. a ^%, Plate 24. Plate 24. Part of the easteiu rim of the crater aud of the crater lake of Raua Kao, seeu from the west. w Plate 25. / Plate 25. Part of the northeru rim of the crater and crater lake of Eana Roroka with the fringe and patches of bulrushes. o ST OS Plate 26. Plate 26. 1. The western rim of the crater of Raua Roroka, seen from the west on the way from La Peroiise Bay. 2. The southern rim of the crater of Raua Roroka, seen from Tongariki. "Albatross" Easleiii I'aiilU' l',\. i<_)<.)4 -190^. Ai;assiz Krport. Plate .''1. F. M. C. PHOTOG. *aj^ F. M. C. PHOTOG. Plate 27. Plate 27. 1 . Front view of platform near La Perouse Bay. 2. Remnant of large blocks of platform ueai- La Perouse Bay. I ■t- iM. *^- C: ;^ ' V.V-",T"W^ ■ Plate 28. Plate 28. Froot view of remnant of platform to south of La Perouse Bay, showing the character of the surrounding country to eastward of Auakena Bay. o c < Plate 29. Platr 29. Rear view of large platform at Tongariki, showing the images thrown down. The bluff of Point Auataavauui is seen beyond the islet of Marotiri. u Plate 30. Plate 30. 1. The front face of the western extremity of the large platform at Tongariki, facing the sea. A part of one of the images is still standing. 2. The western and central part of the platform at Tongariki, facing the sea. At high tide the sea washes the large blocks of the lower part of the iihotograph. jT, , ,1 : f r.!, s;^';;>;; M'K'n fl m w m nfi. [■*•;* c ?<^; Plate 31. Plate 31. Images on the western face of the rim of Raua Roroka, looking northwest over the plain extending towards Blossom Range. ■J a, % la 'i.-'^'t ^ ft W 1 1f Plate 32. Plate 32. Images on the south face of the outer rim of Kana Roroka. < a, '^ bjO ^- * y ,4 '.^V' .'■f a w Plate 33. Plate 33. Group of images on the southeastern face of the outer rim of Rana Roroka. Pi .^ ^' ■4: Plate 34. Plate 34. Large image on the outer face of the rim of Rana Roroka. Alhnliiiss" Eastfiii I'.icilk- V.s. ii) -i; .. -s*, ir^^aF-'g!gamT-''?T' ' Plate 37. Plate 37. Cluster of images ou the western iuuer face of the southeastern rim of Rana Roroka. '":!!^J'l.~ jaaS'^ a: a Plate 47. Plate 47. Stone houses at Orongo forming angle, with sculptured rocks in the backgrouuci. Plate 48. Plate 48. 1. Ruins of stoue house near shore of La Perouse Bay. 2. Double stoue house at Orongo. < w <>*^- Plate 49. Plate 49. 1. Ruins of stone house on the edge of crater l^ike of Rana Kao. 2. Keystone of opening to part of cave of a ruined stone house near La Perouse Bay. •■Albatross" Easlcin I'aiilu' Ex. \rt. V\ ATi-: 49a. ■* "^ J^ J*»jlSi.2S«9!-*rLj' Abw«»«- V • C. A. P . PHTiT. Plate 50. Plate 50. 1. Summit of Chatham Island, Galapagos, as seen from anchorage at Wreck Bay. 2. First ridge adjoining Wreck Bay, showing character of vegetation on the slopes during the dry season. ?^3i ■: ' :^* M ■•.jr^ 4^mi Plate 51. Plate 51. Looking across "Wreck Bay from the beach south of the landing-place. Plate 52. Plate 52. Vegetation during the dry season on the limestone plateau to the rear of landing-place at Wreck Bay ; wild cotton on the right. w Plate 53. Plate 53. Vegetation on volcanic rock soil during the dry season, as seen on road leading to hacienda, Chatham Island. a, a: Plate 54. Plate 54. Vegetation on volcanic rock soil during the dry season, on way to hacienda, Chatham Island. Plate 55. Plate 55. 1. Vegetation to rear of landing-place, Wreck Bay, Chatham Island ; limestoue plateau. 2. Vegetation on way to hacienda, Chatham Island ; volcanic rock soil. "Albatross" Eastern Pacilk- Ex. i<>'-f lyos- Ajjassiz i^cport. Plate yv ^V' ■■•- ;;>%*•(■ "^ ir^^5^?^ ^ -% ,.^..'"^%. • iS^JMii ' ^ ■■ '••'{■'.■'i'i OT^PE CO.. BOSTON. Plate 56. Plate 56. Vegetation on waj- to hacienda, Chatham Island ; volcanic rock soil. Plate 57. Plate 57. Mount Duff, Jlauga Reva Island, seeu from the east from the pass leading into Riiiitea Harbor. e: Plate 58. Plate 58. Mount Duff as seen from the anchorage of Port Rikitea. < Plate 59. Plate 59. Mount Duff as seen from the summit of the plateau, on the south side of the peak. "Albatross" P^aslcni I'.-uilU- F,x. I;T0N Plate 61. . Plate 61. Mount Mokoto seen from the anchorage at Port Rikitea. "■^'^s w ■i^ Plate 62. Plate 62. A part of the central ridge of Manga Reva Island to the north of Port Rikitea, seen from the anchorage. < ^ Plate 63. Plate 63. 1. Ancient volcanic crater, forming bay to south of Kotu Poto Point, with Kotu Marei Islnnd on the west face of Manga Reva Island, seen from the ridge west of Port Eikitea on way to Kirimiro. 2. Bay and Port Rikitea, showing the central ridge of Manga Reva Island to the north. "'II' I W Platk 64. Plate 64. 1. Mount Duff, Mount Mokoto, and central ridge of Manga Reva Island, as seen from south of Moka-pu Island. 2. Mount Duff and Mount INIokoto, seen from the southeast, half-way from Manga Reva to Aka-Maru, showing plateau at base of Mount Duff. '(^mGk m ''mm , 'w:% ■I, ,.!..: '■■mi i Plate 65. Plate 65. 1. The Islands of Aga-kanitai and Tara-Vai, as sceu from the anchorage off Aka-Maru. 2. Aga-kanitai and Tara-V'ai, as seen from the plateau at the base of Mount Duff. The western line of the outer encircling reef is seen in the gap between the islands. fcj mm-. ;T''i'i'Hfi"i I'M'''' ''mm' '%: Platp: 66. Plate 66. 1. Au Kena as seen from the anchorage at Aka-Maru, with the line of the eastern encircling reef on the north and south of the island. 2. Au Kena as seen from the anchor.age at Port Rikitea. 3. The gap between Au Kena and Aka-Maru with the line of the eastern encircling reef, as seen from the anchorage at Port Rikitea. ': i'i I V/J'l !,''.; n;-; i\\'. Iff! . 1 f>m i if S'i y i 11 m ■I Plate 67. Plate 67. 1. The islands of Mekiro and Aka-Maru, seen from our anchorage to the west of Aka-Maru. 2. Aka-Maru, with the island of Maka pu in front, forming the western rim of the former Aka-Maru Maka-pu crater. < w m f\' !:' I Plate 68. Plate 68. 1. The islands of Maumi and Kamaka, as seen from the east, steaming out of the southeast pass. 2. The island of Makaroa, with its satellites Motu-teiko and Maumi, as seen from our anchorage off Aka-Maru. ''I' ■■: ki im m m.^n 'jl'fl ;.M i ■w-^ie'.if:, IH Plate 69. Plate 69. 1. The northwestei'n and northern encircling reef line, as seen from the ridge of the central crest of Manga Reva near the tunnel leading to Kirimiro, west face of Manga Eeva. The extreme land is Point Teaua-ua, the northwestern point of IManga Reva Island. 2. A part of the same encircling reef line as fig. 1, seen from a somewhat higher point of the central ridge. m.::yM:^^' w Plate 70. Plate 70. 1. A part of the eastern encircling reef line, as seen from the crest of the eastern end of the central ridge immediately above Point Mata-iutea. 2. A part of the noi'tbeastern encircling reef line, as seen from the crest of the central ridge well towards the eastern extremity of Manga Reva Island, looking over Point Mata-iutea. I Plate 71. Plate 71. 1. A part of the eastern encircling reef line, seen from the southern face of Manga Reva, looking over Point Mata-iutea. 2. A part of the eastern encircling reef line, seen over Point Mata-iutea from the eastern part of the south face of Manga Reva Island. 5- •y. ■I "^B i i Plate 72. Plate 72. 1. The islands of the southern part of the Gambler group, seen looking to the northwest, across the southeastern line of the eiicircliug reef after rounding the southeast passage going north. The large island is Aka-Maru, with a part of Jleklro to the right, Makaroa to the left of Aka-JIaru, and ^Maiuui on the left edge of the plate. 2. The islands of the Gamhier grou|), as seen from the east, looking to the northwest across Tauna Island, Mekiro on the left, Tara \'ai in the rear. Mount Duff to the north of Tauna, and Au Kena to the right of the plate. < -J p. '■m It' I'. an- 'W; I I \WI I' Plate 73. Plat 10 73. Looking across the eastern horn of the eastern encircling reef line, to the north of Tekava Island, seen from the south. The islands of the eastern part of the Gamhier group, as seen looking west across the last island of the eastern encircling reef line, north of Tauna. Aka-Maru and Mekiro, to the sotith of the extremity of the barrier reef island, and Au Kena to the right of the plate. -Ill I' V Plate 74. Plate 74. 1. The Mouut Duff massif with the central ridge of Manga Reva, looking across the encircling reef as seen facing the eastern part of Au Kena; on the left, Makaroa in the distance. 2. The islands of Aka-Maru on the left, Mekiro in the centre, and Au Kena on the right. as seen from the east through a gap between the southern end of Tarauru-roa and au islet to the south. . n ., 1', ' . ■ I Jt Mi « * i r mi r^::'Mv?«.M 1 (M Plate 75. Plate 75. 1. Looking westward across an encircling reef islet to the gap between Aka-Maru and An Kena, with Mount Duff to the right. 2. Looking westward across encircling reef island opposite the eastern face of Au Kena ; Mount Duff and Mansra Keva to the right. 4 ( - Tlate 76. Plate 76. A view similar to that of Plate 75, fig. S, but taken nearer the northern extremity of All Keua, so as to take in the whole of Manga Reva Island from the eastern point to Mount Duff. The western part of Manga Reva Island, with the Mount Duff massif seen from the east through a gap in the eastern encircling reef line between Tarauru-roa Island and an island to the south of it. •i.; ■i^M Plate 77. Plate 77. The eastern extremity of Manga Reva Island, seen across a part of the northern horn of the eastern encircling reef. In the distance are seen the islets of the northern horn of the barrier reef. Looking westward across the narrow eastern encircling reef line, opposite the eastern face of Manga Reva Island, with Mount Duff and Mount Mokoto in the distance. 1 II V t w Plate 78. Plate 78. 1. Vegetation of one of the islets of the eastern encircliug reef line, about opposite the eastern face of Manga Reva Island. 2. The northeastern part of Manga Reva Island, distant about 2 miles, seen through a gap in the eastern encircliug reef line. Albatross" Kastoni I'aiil'u' K\. 11^)4-11/1/; Agassi; Rf|)i)rt. I'i.ate 78. ^■tilaiSKf&^it^-ii . L MELiOTtPE CO., BOSTON. Plate 79. Plate 79, The eastern face of Manga Reva Island, distant about 3 miles, with Mount Duff in the rear, seen looking westward through a gap in the eastern narrow encircling reef line. Lagoon coral sand dam crossing the gap. ; i ^> ' ■ I '^ 'V, ii^^ 1I3:*^*:*--;..; . ^ "2h. Plate 80. Plate 80. The eastern face of Manga Eeva Island and the Mount Duff massif, seen from nearly the same point of view as that of Plate 79. Point Teaua-iutea on the right and Point Mata-iutea on the left. " Miki Miki " bushes on the sand beach. be < W Plate 81. Plate 81. Lagoon beach of Vaiatekeue about opposite the eastern face of Manga Reva Island. Islets of the northern bom are seen in the distance. " Miki Miki " bushes. '».->* f\ .. t'.. , M ^. ♦•" ^ a.^.^ \ J > 4.". K:4 S > ^^; I • v:' Plate 82. Plate 82. Lagoon face of an islet to the north of Vaiatekeue, showing sand dam with gap leading to the sea face of the island through the coral rock beach. ,i( . *|i ' ti a" 'ff'. I ^5 "'■'•: it ' *"i, I;'«4'4^'^'^«-^*^- ■■■'1 f.^i'AMhW'y^i ^ 5 • ^ -'^■f;. Plate 83. Plate 83. Wide gap on sea face of another part of the eastern encircling reef line, seen looking north, at high tide. A second gap is seen a little more to the north. ^ "jy^^/^' , } 111 & Ail * • i Plate 84. Plate 84. Another part of the sea face of the eastern encircling reef line, looking north, at high tide, sea breaking against the steep coral rock beach. Oh if '^l# 4. •m*:'*^^' W- ■ £■/■■■ <^ mm Plate 85. Plate 85. Sea face of a part of the eastern encircling reef line, looking south, about half-tide, showing the erosion of the old land line. y. W nil |fc*^% '-■ . -■?'-^ ^-'^^ ^ .^ ."K Plate 86. Plate 86. Near the same part of the eastern encircling reef line as Plate 85, looking north, at low tide, showing the large blocks left from the erosion of the old land line. Plate 87. Plate 87. Showing the line of demarcation between the outer reef flat and the eroded face of the old laud line at the base of the coral rubble dam. i ■.■f4-^ : fer* I ' ^ t Plate 88. Plate 88. The summit of the coral rubble dam formed from the eroded reef flat, slightly sloping west- ward aud iu places covered by vegetation. K Plate 89. Plate 89. 1. Islet covered with vegetation, thrown np on a spur between two gaps across the eastern encircling reef line, seen from the sea face. 2. Lagoon beach of eastern encircling reef line looking north, showing beach rock formation. *'• Plate 90. Plate 90. 1. Gap in eastern encircling reef line, extending from the sea face to the sand dam separat- ing it from the lagoon, also showing beach sand outcrop. 2. Showing line of demarcation between the reef rock flat and eroded blocks of the face of the old land line. <; :*-»'• Jifi ' V!'. ^ . m. 1.1 Plate 91. Plate 91. 1. Narrow part of the eastern encircling reef line seen from the lagoon side, separated from the sea face by a narrow belt of coral l)0ulder breccia. 2. Sea face of Plate 80, with only a narrow belt of coral breccia thrown up from the reef flat. "it MF^ PUBLICATIONS OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY AT HARVARD COLLEGE. Tliere have been published of the Bulletin Vols. I. to XLIL, and also Vols. XLIV., XLV., and XL VII. ; of the Memoirs, Vols. I. to XXIV., and also Vols. XXVIII., XXIX., XXXI., and XXXII. Vols. XLIIL, XLVI., XLVIII., and XLIX. of the Bulletin, and Vols. XXV., XXVL, XXVII., XXX., and XXXIII. of the Memoirs, are now in course of publication. A price list of the publications of the Museum will be sent on application to the Librarian of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass. « f^'^^d^^^uuMjL 7^ ^-^ ft a Til /^& S I Harvard MCZ Llbran 3 2044 066 30 516 Date Due