HARVARD UNIVERSITY. LIBRARY OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY i\b bLO lX\*MjMWKs «*Oi/3. MEMOIRS OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY AT HARVARD COLLEGE. VOL. XXXVI. CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A. 1913. TROPICAL PACIFIC. The following Publications of the Museum contain Reports on the Dredging Operations in charge of Alexander Agassis, of the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer "Albatross," during 1899 and 1900, Commander Jefferson F. Moser, U. S. N., Commanding. I. A. Agassiz. Preliminary Report and List of Stations. With Remarks on the Deep- Sea Deposits by Sir John Murray. Mem. M. C. Z., Vol. XXVI. No. 1. Janu- ary, 1902. 114 pp. 21 Charts. II. A. G. Mayer. Some Species of Partula from Tahiti. A Study in Variation. Mem. M. C. Z., Vol. XXVI. No. 2. January, 1902. 22 pp. 1 Plate. III. A. Agassiz and A. G. Mayer. Medusae. Mem. M. C. Z., Vol. XXVI. No. 3. January, 1902. 40 pp. 13 Plates, 1 Chart. IV. A. Agassiz. The Coral Reefs of the Tropical Pacific. Mem. M. C. Z., Vol. XXVIII. February, 1903. 33,410 pp. 238 Plates. V. C. R. Eastman. Shark's Teeth and Cetacean Bones from the Red Clay of the Tropical Pacific. Mem. M. C. Z., Vol. XXVI. No. 4. June, 1903. 14 pp. 3 Plates. VI. W. E. Hoyle. Cephalopoda. Bull. M. C. Z., Vol. XLIII. No. 1. March, 1904. 71 pp. 12 Plates. VII. H. Ludwig. Asteroidea. Mem. M. C. Z., Vol. XXXII. July, 1905. 12, 292 pp. 35 Plates, 1 Chart. VIII. W. E. Ritter and Edith S. Byxbee. The Pelagic Tunicata. Mem. M. C. Z., Vol. XXVI. No. 5. August, 1905. 22 pp. 2 Plates. IX. Mary J. Rathbun. The Brachyura. Mem. M. C. Z., Vol. XXXV. No. 2. August, 1907. 54 pp. 9 Plates. X. C. H. Gilbert. The Lantern Fishes. Mem. M. C. Z., Vol. XXVI. No. 6. July, 190S. 24 pp. 0 Plates. XL A. Agassiz. Echini: The Genus Colobocentrotus. Mem. M. C. Z., Vol. XXXIX, No. 1. November, 190S. 8, 33 pp. 49 Plates. XII. J. Murray and G. V. Lee. The Depth and Marine Deposits of the Pacific. Mem. M. C. Z., Vol. XXXVIII. No. 1. June, 1909. 170 pp. 5 Plates, 3 Maps. XIII. W. C. Kendall and E. L. Goldsborough. The Shore Fishes. Mem. M. C. Z., Vol. XXVI. No. 7. February, 1911. 106 pp. 7 Plates. XIV. H. Heath. The Solenogastres. Mem. M. C. Z., Vol. XLV. No. 1. June, 1911. ISO pp. 40 Plates. XV. A. M. Westergren. Echini: Echinoneus and Micropetalon. Mem. M. C. Z., Vol. XXXIX. No. 2. August, 1911. 34 pp. 31 Plates. MEMOIRS OF THE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY AT HARVARD COLLEGE. VOL. XXXVI. CAMBRIDGE, MASS., U. S. A. 1913. flDemotrs ot tbc flDuseum of Comparative Zoo'loox? AT HARVARD COLLEGE. Vol. XXXVI. THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. (SHARKS, SKATES, AND RAVS). BY SAMUEL GARMAN. WITH SEVENTY - SEVEN PLATES. TEXT. CAMBRIDGE, U.S.A.: printeo for tbe flDuscum. September, 1913, \ CONTENTS. THE PLAGIOSTOMIA (SHARKS, SKATES, AND RAYS). By Samuel Garman. 528 pages. 77 plates. September, 1913. CONTENTS. Page INTRODUCTION 1 SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS ... 9 Chondroptekygia 9 Chismopnea 9 Plagiostomia 10 Antacea 10 Synopsis of groups of families ... 10 Synopsis of families 11 Chlamydoselachidae 13 Chlamydoselachus 14 C. anguineus, Plate 59, fig. 4-0; Plate 61, fig. 7-8 ..,-... 14 Hexeptranchidae 15 Hexanchus 16 H. griseus 16 H. corinus 17 Notorynchus 18 N. platycephalus 18 N. pectorosus 20 Heptranchias 21 H. pcrlo, Plate 56, fig. 1 ... 21 Carcharidae 23 Carcharias 23 C. owstoni 24 C. taurus, Plate 6, fig. 1-3; Plate 39, fig. 1; Plate 41; Plate 51, fig. 7 . 25 C. tricuspidatus 26 C. ferox 27 Scapanorhynchus 28 S. owstoni, Plate 40; Plate 51, fig. 1- 6; Plate 56, fig. 2 28 Yulpeculidae 30 Vulpecula 30 V. marina, Plate 7, fig. 1-3; Plate 42 30 Isuridae 31 Carcharodon 32 C. carcharias Plate 5, fig. 5-9 ... 32 Isurus 34 I. nasas 34 I. punctata--, Plate 0, fig. 4-6; Plate 56, fig. 5; Plate 58, fig. 3; Plate 62, 63 36 I. tigris 36 I. oxyrhynchus 37 I. glaucus . . . 3S I. giintheri 39 Cetorhinus 39 C. maximus 39 Rhincodontidae Rhincodon R. typua . . . Orectolobidae . . Hemiscyllium H. oeellatum H. trispeculare H. freycinel i Brachaelurus B. modestus B. colcloughi Orectolobus O. ornatus O. japonicus, Plate O. tentaculatus . O. maculatus Eucrossorhinus . E. dasypogon Gingly most oma G. cirratum, Plate 59, fig. 3 . . G. brevicaudat una G. ferrugineum Nebrodes N. concolor . N. macrurus, Plate Stegostoma . S. varium Chiloscyllium C. punctatum C. plagiosum C. griseum C. indicum Parascyllium P. variolatum P. collare Catulidae Poroderma P. africanuni P. pantherinum Catulus . . C. caniculus C. duliameln C. capensis . C. stellaria C. retifer C. boa C. torazame 12 56 fig. 3 fig. 'late fig- -10 I ' iGJ 41 II 156 13 44 44 15 46 47 47 18 49 49 50 51 52 53 53 54 54 55 56 56 57 58 59 59 60 61 62 64 65 66 67 67 68 69 70 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 77 CONTENTS. Page C. cephalus 78 Cephaloscyllium 78 C. isabellum 79 C. ventriosum, Plate 9, fig. 6-9 . . 80 C. umbratile 80 Halaelurus 81 H. biirgeri 83 H. chilensis 83 H. natalensis 84 H. quagga 84 H. hispidus 85 H. analis 85 H. bivius 86 H. alcockii 87 H. canescens 87 H. labiosus 88 Parmaturus S8 P. pilosus, Plate 8, fig. 1-6; Plate 50, fig. 2 89 P. xaniurus, Plate 9, fig. 1-5 ... 90 Pristiurus 91 P. melastomus 92 P. eastmani 93 P. murinus 93 P. sauteri 94 P. spongiceps 94 Pentanchus 95 P. profundicolus 95 Apristurus 96 A. indicus 97 A. macrorhynchus 97 A. platyrhynchus 98 A. profundorum 99 A. brunneus 99 Atelomycterus 100 A. marmoratus 100 Haploblepharus 101 H. edwardsii 102 Proscyllium 102 P. habereri 103 Pseudotriakidae 103 Pseudotriakis 104 P. microdon 104 P. acrages 104 Carcharinidae 106 Loxodon 107 L. macrorhinus 107 Physodon 108 P. mulleri 108 Scoliodon 109 S. sorrakowah 110 S. palasorrah Ill S. dumerilii Ill S. walbeehmi 112 S. porosus 112 S. lalandii 113 S. longurio, Plato 50, fig. 13-16; Plate 52, fig. 1 114 Page S. terrae novae, Plate 2, fig 1-4 . 115 S. intermedins 115 S. vagatus 116 Aprionodon 117 A. brevipinna 117 A. acutidens 118 A. isodon 119 Hypoprion 120 H. brevirostris 120 H. macloti 121 H. hemiodon 122 H. playfairii 122 H. signatus 122 Carcharinus 123 C. platyodon, Plate 3, fig. 4-6; Plate 43, fig. 4-5 126 C. limbatus, Plate 2, fig. 5-8 . . .127 C. brachyurus 128 C. amblyrhynchus 128 C. falciformis 129 C. velox 130 C. obscurus 130 C. porosus 131 C. sorrah 132 C. milberti, Plate 50, fig. 4 . . . . 133 C. amboinensis 134 C. melanopterus 134 C. menisorrah 135 C. acronotus 136 C. spallanzani 136 C. dussumicri 137 C. pleurotaenia 137 C. borneensis 138 C. remotus 138 C. gangeticus 139 C. commersonii 140 C. albimarginatus 141 C. glyphis 141 C. ellioti 142 C. temminckii • 142 C. oxyrhynchus 143 C. munsing 144 C. maou 144 Galeus 145 G. glaucus Plate 3, fig. 1-3 . . . 14:. Thalassorhinus 146 T. rondeletii 146 T. platyrhynchus 147 Galeocerdo 148 G. arcticus, Plate 43, fig. 6-8 .. . 148 Hemigaleus 149 H. peetoralis, Plate 4, fig. 1-5; Plate 50, fig. 9; Plate 52, fig. 2; Plate 58, fig. 4 150 H. microstoma 151 H. macrostoma 151 H. balfouri 152 Eugaleus 152 CONTENTS. P/LOl E galeus, Plate 50, fig 10 153 E. japanicus .... lit i lest rac tidae .... 155 Cestracion 155 c blochii 156 ( ' 5 gaena, Plate 1 , fig. l- 3; Plate 43, fig. 2-3 .... 157 ( '. oceanica 158 i ' tudea 159 C. mokarran .... Hill C. tiburo, Plate 1, fig. 4-6; Plat.' 13 fig. 1 160 Galeorhinidae L62 1 1 1 lenodon 102 T. obesus, Plate 50, fig. 3 1(13 T. obtusus 1(13 Leptocharias .... 10 1 L. siniihii 104 Triakis 105 T. semifasciata, Plate 50, fisj 5, 11. 12 105 T. scyllium 100 T. maculata .... 107 T. henlei, Plato 5, fig. 1-4; Plate 50 fig- ' 168 Galeorhinus 109 G. mustelus 170 G. manazo 171 G. fasciatus .... 172 G. punctulatus . . . 173 G. lunulatus .... 174 G. antarcticus .... 175 G. laevis, Plate 4. fig. 6-9; Plate 50 fig. 1, 6, 8; Plate 00. fig. 1-4 . 170 G. californicus 177 (1. dorsalis 178 Seylliogaleus .... 179 S. quecketti 170 Centraciontidae .... lso Centracion L80 C. zebra 1S1 C. philippi, Plate 47, fig. 4-1 . L82 C. japonicus .... 184 C. galeatus 185 C. francisci, Plate 15-46 lso ('. quoyi, Plate 47, I'm- 1-3 1S7 g Squalidae 188 Oxynotus L89 O. ccntrina 190 0. bruniensis .... 191 Squalus 191 S. acanthias, Plate l 1, \i R. trachura R. abyssicola R. parmifera . . R. interrupta R. rosispinis . . R. binoculata R. inornata . . . R. stellulata . . R. rhina . . . R. fusca Plato 24, fig R. mammillidena . R. porosa . . . R. konojei, Plate 24, fig R. hollandi . R. andamanica R. philipi . . 1 . fig Plat e 41. In; CONTENTS. Paqi . 315 R. powelli .... . 316 R. isotrachys . 316 R. rev'ersa . . . . :;i; R. johannis-davisi . 318 R. tengll .... . 318 R. chinensis . 319 R. extenta . . . . 320 R. equatorialis . . 321 R. badia .... . 321 R. aguja .... . 322 R. microps 323 R. lima .... . 324 R. brachyurops . . 325 R. magellanica . 325 R. flavirostria . 326 R. castelnaui . . 327 R. cyclophora . 32S R. platana . . . . 329 R. nitida . 329 R. lemprieri . :::;i> R. murrayi . 330 R. eatonii . . . . 331 R. ocellifera . . 332 R. sniithi 333 R. nasuta . 333 Uraptera . 334 U. agassizii, Plate 53 fif . 335 is, tig. 2 . . . . 335 Dactylobatus . 336 D armatus . 336 Sj mpterygia . . 5; S. bonapartii . . . :',:;: s. acuta, I'lat.- 27, fig 1-: . 338 fig. 1; Plate 68, tig. 1-1 . 339 Ps ammobatis fig. P. soobina . 340 P. brevicaudatus . 341 Malacorhina ill' M mira, Plato 27, tig. 3-r . 341 . fig 1-2 .... . 342 __ Dasybatidae 343 --'" Rhachinotus . 343 R. afrieanus . 344 Dasyb.il us 344 D uarnak . . 345 D flavus . . . 345 D gerrardi 346 D alcockii . 346 I) jenkinsii . . . . 347 I) marginatus . . 348 D bleekeri :;is D iniblieatlis . . 349 D ponapensis . . 350 D microps . . 350 D marinus, Plate 33, fig. . 351 44, fig. 7; Plate 53.' fig. J . 351 D latus, Plate 32, tig. 1-2 . 352 D bonnetti .... . 353 D rudia .... Paoi . :;;,:; 354 :;:,:, . 355 . 356 356 . 357 . 357 . 358 359 359 . 360 360 361 . 361 362 363 363 . :;c,i 364 365 365 366 , 366 367 late Plate . 5; I'l ite 69, late 367 368 368 369 369 370 370 370 371 372 372 373 37:: 371 375 376 377 :;77 378 378 37s 379 379 380 381 382 383 383 384 CONTENTS. Page I), sephen list D. brevicaudatus 3S5 D. margarita 386 I), schmardae 386 I), torrei 3S6 D. pastinacus 389 D. brucco 389 D- violaceus 390 D. longus, Plate 32, fig. 3-4 ... 390 D. hastatus 391 D.guttatus, Plate 71, fig. 1-2 . . .391 D. sinensis 393 D. na-varrae 393 L> fiuviorum 394 D. akajei 394 D. kublii 395 D. sayi 396 D. brevis, Plate32, fig 5-6 . . . 396 D. sabinus 397 D. zugei, Plate 71, fig. 3 398 Taeniura 398 T. lymma, Plate 53, fig. I; Plate 55, lit;. 7; Plate 71, fig. 4-5 !99 T. melanospila ion T. meyeni 100 T. atra 401 Urobatis 101 U. sloani, Plate 28; Plate 53, fig. 3; Plate 69, fig. 4-5 102 U. vermiculatus, Plate 29 .... 402 ['. nebulosus 403 U. halleri 403 V. maculatus 104 Urotrygon 104 U. chilensis 105 II. goodei 405 l:. aspidurus, Plate 69, fig. 3 . . . 405 U. mundus, Plate 30, fig. 1-2 .. . 406 Urolophus 407 r armatus 407 U. cruciatua 408 U. kaianus 409 U. fuscus 400 Trygonoptera 109 T. testacea 410 T. javanica 410 T. bucculenta 410 Aetoplatea 411 A tentaculata 411 A. zonura 411 Pteroplatea 412 P. poecilura 412 P. japonica 413 P. hirundo 113 P. crebripunctata . 113 P. micrura, Plate 33, fig. 3-4 . . .414 P. marmorata Ill P. altavela, Plate 53, fig. 6; Plate 57, fig. 3; Plate 72 415 Page Potamotrygonidae 415 Potamotrygon 410 P. laticeps, Plate 31, lig. 3-4; Plate 55, fig. 6 417 P. scobina 418 P. circularis, Plate 31, lig. 1-2; Plate 54, fig. 1; Plate 70, fig. 1-2 . . . 419 P. humerosus 419 P. signatus 420 P. magdalenae 421 P. hystrix 422 P. motoro 423 P. orbicularis 423 P. brachyurus 424 P. reticulatus 121 Elipesurus 424 E. spinicauda 425 ?E. strogylopterus 425 I »i ceua 426 D. thayeri, Plate 34; Plate 51, fig. 2; Plate 57, lig. 2; Plate 70, lig. 3-4 . 426 Myliobatidae 427 Myliobatis 42> M. californicus, Plate 49, lig. 1-6; Plate 55, fig. 8 ...... . 129 M. peruvianus, Plate 36, fig. 1-0; Plate 73, fig. 2 430 M. goodei 430 M. aquila, Plate 7:;. fig. 1 .... 431 M. freminvillii, Plate 35; Plate 39, fig. 2; Plate 54, fig. 3 .... 432 M. tobijei 433 M. tenuicaudatus 433 M. rhombus 131 Aetomylaeus 431 A. maculatus. Plat. 36, lig. 1-3; Plate 73, fig. 3 435 A. milvus 435 A. uichofii 436 A. vespertilio 437 Pteromylaeus 437 P, asperrimus 437 I' bovina 439 P. punctatus 139 Aetobatus 440 A. flageilum 440 A. narinari, Plate 10. lig. 1 3; Plate 54, fig. 4; Plate.,:,, fig. 9; Plate. ,7. fig. 1; Plate 7:;. lig 1 441 A ocellatus I 12 ■ Rhinopteridae 1 13 Rhinoptera 443 K quadriloba, Plate 37, lig. 1-3 . Ill I: lalandii, Plate is, fig. 5-6 .. . 445 K marginata, Plate 18, lig 1 . . . 445 1! steindaehneri 440 11. javanica 146 R. adspersa 447 R. jussieui, Plate 48, fig. 1-3; Plate CONTENTS. Page 54, fig. 5; Plate 55, fig. 10; Plate 57, fig. 5; Plate 59, fig. 9-10; Plate 74, fig. 1-3 447 R. jayakari 448 R. peli 44S R. polyodon 448 R. encenailae 448 Mobulidae 448 Mobula 449 M. mobular 440 M. japanica 450 M. eregoodoo-tenkee 451 M. draco 451 M. kuhlii 452 M. hypostoma, Plate 38; Plate 54, fig. 0; Plate 57, fig. 6; Plate 59, fig. 7-8; Plate 75 453 Page M. rochebrunei ... ... 453 Ceratobatia ... 453 C. robertsii 154 Manta 454 M. birostris 454 M. ehrenbergii 455 ADDENDA 450 Rhincodon R. typus 456 Triakis T. venusta 456 Squalus S. barbifer 457 BIBLIOGRAPHY 459 INDEX 507 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. (SHARKS, SKATES, AND RAYS.) INTRODUCTION. The purposes of this Memoir are to make additions to knowledge of the Sharks, Skates, and Rays (Plagiostomia) and to present the subject in such a manner as will be most useful to the greatest number of students. If in further- ance of these intentions it is found that there has been some elimination or apparent neglect of particular special advances in the science it is to be remem- bered that the latter being technical appeal more directly to the few specialists than to the much greater number of general inquirers. The work is necessarily a revision; and being a revision, however original, that begins at the same sources, and treats of the same material, literary or other, as a classical work like that of Miiller and Henle, 1841, it must of necessity be to a great extent confirmatory in its results; and it must either begin at the same sources and go over the grounds traversed by the earlier authors or it must accept their con- clusions. Going over the entire field as is done here discovers many occasions for difference of opinion. This is most true in the nomenclature and synonymy. Happily there has been a somewhat general agreement among zoologists in regard to nomenclature of animal species that it is not advisable to go farther back, or to earlier dates, than 1758, the date of the tenth edition of the "Systema naturae" of Linn6; but unhappily a few writers prefer to select their authorities, later than Linne, as binomial or nonbinomial rather than to accept the earliest, after 1758, properly formed and bestowed binomial names by whomsoever made and applied. The selection of one authority because he favored binomials more than another has led to much uncertainty among names and to many changes. It has led authors to belittle and ignore excellent works which at their time of publication and much later ranked in accuracy and influence among the first of the scientific publications of their period. In support of this, two works to 2 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. which various references are made below may be cited: — the " Dictionnaire raisonne" universel d'histoire naturelle" by Valmont de Bomare, Paris, 1765, republished in several editions (the second, 1768, a four volume quarto being used here), and the "Neuer schauplatz der natur nach den richtigsten beobach- tungen und versuchen in alphabetischer ordnung durch eine gesellschaft von gelehrten," Leipzig, 1775-1781 in ten volumes octavo, both of which works for their excellence in the time of publication, soon after the appearance of Limit's works, and for their aid in the diffusion of scientific knowledge deserve much from the scientist. In choosing a nomenclature it is better to take from such works the binomials correctly formed and applied than to accept them years later from writers inspired by the same books. The "Schauplatz" referred to above is anonymous, it is true, but it gives the authorities for its generic and specific names and thus its citations amount to republication after 1758 by the original authors, previous as the first publication may have been. With due regard to the more generally accepted rules of priority and publication since 1757, the generic name of an animal applied in 1758 or later and accompanied by a pertinent diagnosis or by a named characterized and recognizable species is used in these pages without question of its author's standing as a binomialist. This limits attention to the merits of the diagnosis and prevents the intermina- ble discussions of those of its author. The following notes will explain certain adoptions and changes. Chondropterygii. — This term is used by Linne, 1735, Artedi, 1738, Gronow, 1754-63, Gmelin, 1789, and Walbaum, 1792; the names for its subdivisions Chismopnea and Plagiostomia and for the subdivisions of the Plagiostomia, the Antacea and the Platosomia, are from Rafinesque, 1815, as is set forth at greater length in the publication on the Chimaeroids, Garman, 1904, Bull. M. C. Z., 41, p. 269. Hexeptranchidae. — Heptranchias and Hexanchus are generic names given by Rafinesque in 1810 to sharks having seven and six pairs of gill openings respectively. These genera were thrown together by Cuvier, in 1817 and 1829, in his genus Notidanus, from which authors have formed the name Notidanidae. Notidanus being reduced to the synonymy the name Notida- nidae loses its pertinence. A later family name, Hexanchidae, used by some authors is not well adapted for inclusion of a seven-gilled genus, and simi- larly Heptranchiidae should not include a six-gilled genus. To obviate these objections a portion of the name of each genus is used to form the word Hexeptranchidae. INTRODUCTION. 3 Carcharias. — This genus was characterized by Rafinesque, 1810, from the species C. taunts Raf., 1810; it is retained here as originally introduced. Carcharias Cuvier, 1817, belongs to a different family; it is a synonym of a Carcharinus Blainville, 1816. Yulpecula. — Valmont, 1768, gives a descriptionof V. marina of earlier authors. His species is Squalus vulpinus Bonn., 1788, the Alopias macrourus Raf., 1S10, A. vulpes Bonap., 1S41. The genus and the species are adopted from Valmont. Rhincodon. — Smith, 1829, describes this genus from the species R. typus Smith, 1829. Rineodon, Rhineodon, Rhinodon, and Micristodus are synonyms. Catultjs. — Catulus saxatilis Valmont, 1768, equals Squalus stellaris Linne, 1758. The name of the genus is retained ; the type species is given the earlier name. Scyliorhinus. — In this subgenus of Squalus Blainville, 1816, placed twenty- two nominal species. After types of eight genera, Catulus, Poroderma, Cephaloscyllium, Pristiurus, Stegostoma, Ginglymostoma, Orectolobus, and Chiloscyllium, have been removed there remain a half dozen or more of the species not yet fully recognized, sufficient to prevent the adoption of the name for a genus of different inclusions. Scyllium Cuvier, 1817, was founded on species of Catulus Valmont, 1768. S/cAia, caniculae, dog-fish. Galeorhinus. — This genus is adopted from Blainville, 1816, with the first of the six nominal species (of four genera) included by him as the type, G. mustelus Linne sp. (part). Musteltjs. — Because of diverse applications this name is not adopted. In the feminine it was used by the earliest writers for both mammals and fishes. It was used thus by Pliny. Jovius, 1524, applied it to a lamprey and states its use among the Galei. Wotton, 1552, used it for a mammal and also mentions "Galeus laevis vel Mustelus." Belon, 1553, p. 67 gives the name to a number of sharks, on p. 75 to a lamprey, on p. 129 to a gadoid fish, and on p. 69-70 he describes and figures Mustelus spinax, a species now in the genus Squalus. Later authors show a similar diversity. Linne gave the name Mustela to the mammal in 1735, 1758, and 1766. Vahnont's 1768, Mustela vulgaris "du genre des monies," 3, p. 178, was too late to hold. His "Mustelus, espece de chien de mer," "C'est le galeus stellatus des Auteurs," that is Squalus >nustelus Linne. Under the name stellatus it appears as Galeus stellatus Duhamel, 1777-1782, with its ally Galeus laeris, 3, section 9, p. 300. If desirable to retain the name Mustelus for the Shark it should be on the authority of Valmont, 1768, rather than on that of Linck, 1790. 4 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. Galeus. — "Cagnot bleu, Galeus glaucus" appears, with a description, on page 371 of the first volume of Valmont's work. Adopting this name for the genus, the type is Squalus glaucus Linne, 1758. This anticipates the use of Galeus by Rafinesque, 1810, for the genus later named Pristiurus by Bona- parte, 1832, or that by Cuvier, 1817, for species which had no generic name properly their own before that by Gill, 1864, Eugaleus. Carcharintjs. — Under this name, as a subgenus of Squalus Blainville, 1816, placed fourteen species. The first of these C. commersonii was known from a recognizable figure by Lacepede, 1798, of Le Squale Requin, 1, pi. 8, f. 2, which, with part of the description, leaves no doubt of the generic characters of the young specimen figured. This figure served as the original of Blain- ville's species C. commersonii, as asserted by him on page 90 of the Faune Frangaise, Poissons. Cestracion. — This genus is from Klein, 1776, as reprinted in the Schauplatz, 3, p. 524, with the type species Squalus zygaena Linne, 1758. Walbaum, 1792, Art. Gen. Pise, p. 580, also gives the genus from Klein including the species Squalus zigaena and S. tiburo of Linne. Centracion. — This name was given to one of the Port Jackson Sharks by Gray, 1831, in the first number of his Zoological miscellany, p. 5. The entry is "Zebra Centracion. Centracion zebra n. s."; it is followed by the descrip- tion of a species accepted as valid by authorities generally. Heretofore it has been taken for granted that Centracion was a mistake or a misprint for Cestracion, the latter as applied by Cuvier, 1817, to the Port Jackson Shark. Cuvier did not, as usual, give a derivation of his generic name; and there is a possibility that Cestracion is an error, since neither /ceorpa, a hammer or pickaxe, nor Kecrrpov, an instrument for engraving, is espe- cially pertinent. It may have been that Gray intended substituting Centracion for Cestracion, the latter having been used in the Schauplatz, 1776, and by Walbaum, 1792, from Klein, for the Hammer-Head Sharks. However this may have been, the question that concerns us is whether it is better to conjecture a reason for the existence of Centracion or to accept the fact, and use the word if available. The latter alternative is preferred. The word does not appear to have been preoccupied; it is sufficiently correct in form, is better in signification than Cestracion, and it is accom- panied by the description of a firmly established species. In all respects it compares favorably with any one of a number of generic names proposed by the author of Centracion. Cestracion was derived from Kearpa and a/as; INTRODUCTION. 5 Centracion derives from Kevrpov and olkls, or possibly kuov, and is better suited to the genus. An earlier name for the Port Jackson Sharks, Hetero- dontus, had been bestowed by Blainville, 1816, in disregard of the fact that Heterodon, identical in derivation, was applied by Latreille, 1802, to a genus of snakes. Blainville is followed by some authors, but, as his name is preoccupied in snakes, and as Cuvier's name, Cestracion, had been ap- plied to a very different genus of sharks, Centracion becomes the earliest substitute as a generic name for the Port Jackson Sharks. It is not found that Gray made any explanations. He wrote Cestracion instead of Centra- cion in his synonymy when, in 1851, he adopted the name Heterodontus for the genus; having dropped the name Centracion explanations were unnecessary. The apparent displacement in the earlier literature of recent and fossil forms is not as great in the change to Centracion, as would appear in the use of Heterodontus, Tropidodus, or Gyropleurodus of later dates. Acanthiditjm. — As published by Lowe, 1839, in Proc. Zool. soc. London, p. 92, this genus contained two species, A. pusillum and A. calceus. The first was a species of Etmopterus Raf., 1810; its removal from Acanthidium left A. calceus the type and only known species of the genus. Dalatias. — This is not recognized as a genus. Rafinesque, 1810, gave as a principal character no spiracles. Under the name he placed two species; one of which was possibly a species of Squalus, with spiracles and dorsal spines; the other has not been identified from the description and the figure. It has a large first dorsal near the pectorals, a small second dorsal distant from the ventrals and is without spiracles. Bonaparte, 1846, suggested that Dalatias might have been the genus named by himself Scymnorhinus, and Gray, 1851, and others following him, adopted the suggestion; but Scymnorhinus licha Bonn, and Bonap., the species under consideration, has a small first dorsal behind the pectorals, a larger second dorsal, above the ventrals, and has spiracles, sufficient reasons to discredit the identity. Rhina.— Klein's genus Rhina, 1742, Hist. pise, miss., 3, p. 13, and 1776, Schau- platz, 2, p. 587, and of Walbaum, 1792, Art. Gen. Pise, p. 580, had for its type Squalus squatina Linn6, 1758. The name Squatina was used instead of Rhina by Valmont, 1768, but without mention of a type. Rhinobatus.— Klein's Rhinobatus, 1742, Hist. pise, miss., 3, p. 32, and 1776, of the Schauplatz, 2, p. 593, was drawn from Aristotle, Pliny and others by way of Columna, 1744, Phytob., p. 101, pi. 27 ('Pharos sive Squati- noraia, on the plate). The reference in the Schauplatz fixes the type as 6 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. Raia rhinobatos Linn<§, 1758. Walbaum, 1792, gives the genus under the name Rhinobatus, refers to Klein, but does not name a type. Narcacion. — Torpedo in early literature was a Latin vernacular name for animals known to Aristotle as Napx^. Pliny makes various mentions of the Torpedo as a cartilaginous fish, see Lib. IX, C. 24, c. 42. Albertus Magnus, in the edition of 1495, Lib. 24, f. 245, speaks of the Torpedo and its proper- ties. Jovius, 1524, c. XXVIII, applies the name to the five-spotted species of the Mediterranean. Wotton, 1552, in the course of his article on Tor- pedoes, f. 145, remarks "Sunt qui duo torpedinis genera tradunt: marinum scilicet et fluviatile." Belon, 1553, describes and figures two of the marine species. Salviani, 1554, f. 142, says "Omnes, qui de Torpedine loquuti sunt, earn marinam solum fecerunt, uno deopto Athenaeo, qui fluviatilem etiam, Nili scilicet accolam, earn esse asseverat." Rondelet, 1554, treats of the Mediterranean species and cites Athenaeus and Strabo as authorities for the existence of a Nile Torpedo. Gesner, 1558, figures several of the Torpedoes. Aldrovandi, 1613, Pise, p. 415-423, discusses the Torpedoes and gives two plates to the maculosa and the nonmaculosa. Cuba, 1536, Hortus, Pise, lib. 3, c. 62, fol. 85, makes use of the name Narcos for the Torpedoes. Klein, 1742, Hist. pise, miss., 3, p. 31, gave the generic name Narcacion to the marine species of Artedi's, 1738, "raia tota laevis," from Rondelet, 1554. The Schauplatz, 1777, 4, p. 726, brings Klein's Narcacion among the binomials by referring for its type to the Raia torpedo of Linne\ 1758, as also Walbaum, 1792, Art. Gen. Pise, p. 580, who has but one species, Raia torpedo, in the genus. The two species in Raia torpedo as it was left by Linne" had been separated by Miiller, 1774, when he figured the five-spotted R. torpedo without directly crediting it to Linne\ At the hands of Risso, 1810, the second species received a name, Torpedo marmorata. The electric rays were separated, under Torpedo from the Raiae, the "eigentlyke Rochen," by Houttuyn, 1764, without mention of type species. Valmont, 1768, also applied Torpedo to the proper group without indicating a type. Forskael, 1775, was in error in describing the fish now known as Malapterurus electricus Linne, Lac6pede, as Raia torpedo but in an observation at the end of his description he remarks that it may be a new genus to which he indirectly applies the name Torpedo. Torpedo of Dumeril, like that of Houttuyn had no type and, following Forskael's Torpedo, has less reason for existence. Risso, 1810, apparently was the first to supply the type for the genus Torpedo under that name. It does INTRODUCTION. 7 not appear that anything would be gained in favor of a stable nomenclature either by adopting the genus from Risso or from the next in order, Blain- ville, 1816, who changes the name to Narcobatus. As Narcacion has been applied only to the electric rays and as it was the first generic name given to the genus with a type after 1758, it has been recognized in the present work. Dasybatus. — Klein, 1742, Hist. pise, miss., 3, p. 34, founded this genus and placed in it as the first species " Pastinaca marina, quae Dioscoridis; Fab. Columnae. Willughby Tab. D. f. 3." This species is the "Pastinaca marina Dioscoridis Tab. 28 of Columna, 1592 and 1744 in the Phytobasanos, p. 105 of the reprint. Plate 28 also bears the names Tpvyav ®a\acro-ta Squatinoraia, whence Trygon thalassia Mtiller and Henle, 1841, and of Giinther, 1870. In the Schauplatz der natur, 1775, 1, p. 992, Dasybatus of Klein reappears and its first species is "Pastinaca Marina des Dioscori- dis, Fabii Columnae. Willughby, Tab. D. 5, fig. 3," which figure is repro- duced from that of Columna. This species was unknown to Linne, or was confused with his Raia pastinaca, 1758. Walbaum, 1792, republishes the genus without naming the species; in 1793, Ichthyol. Enod., p. 35, the species is given as "Raia pastinaca L. S. N. 396" (1766) which included more than one species; he also cites plate 82 of Bloch, which represents Dasybatus pastinacus and not D. marinus. Instead of Dasybatus from Klein in the Schauplatz, and from Walbaum, some prefer to take Dasyatis from Rafinesque, 1810, for these sting rays, claiming that the earlier name was not regularly established. Dasyatis of Rafinesque was first published in his work "Caratteri di alcuni nuovi generi, etc., p. 16; it included but one species, Dasyatis ujo Raf . In a later work, the Indice of the same year, he took his D. ujo and made a new genus of it, Uroxis, naming the type Uroxis ujus, Indice, p. 48. After this he founded the genus Dasyatis again on another type, Raia pastinaca Linne, 1758. In other words Rafin- esque took its only species out of the genus Dasyatis to make a new genus and afterward made another new genus under the old name with a new type species, Indice, p. 49. It is very evident he did not consider Uroxis ujus to be congeneric with Dasyatis pastinaca Linne, Raf. Dasyatis ujo, actually the type of the genus Dasyatis, has never been recognized; no known species of Dasybatus agrees with its description; consequently it seems better to leave Dasyatis with its type, the only species, until it can be determined. On the other hand there is no doubt concerning Dasybatus 8 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. marinus of Klein, later named Trygon aspera by Cuvier, 1817, and here identified with Raia centroura of Mitchill, 1815, and Trygon thalassia of Miiller and Henle, 1841, from Columna. The name Trygon was applied to this genus by Cuvier, 1817, from an unpublished work of Adanson, 1844 to 1845, Cours d'hist. nat., 2, p. 170. The genus Trygon of Cuvier, that is the genus Dasybatus, contained species that are types of several different genera. These having been removed, the genus, under the earlier name, Dasybatus, is found to contain subgenera to which various names have been applied. Riippell, 1S28, in Atl. reise N. Afrika, p. 51, gave the name Pastinachus to a subdivision containing two species, Trygon lymma (Rata lymma Forsk., 1776) and Trygon sephen (Raia sephen Forsk., 1776) characterized by a fin fold wholly or partly subtending the tail. Riippell, 1835, took the name Pastinachus, for a species wholly without fin folds, D. narnak. As he could not by accepted usage make such a change, the name must be retained with at least one of the species originally included. Miiller and Henle, 1837, took the species without traces of fin folds, D. uarnak, for their division Himantura, and, disregarding Riippell's earliest arrangement, took one species of Pastinachus, P. lymma for the type of their genus Taeniura while the other, P. sephen, was placed as the type, and only species, of a new genus, Hypolophus. The latter is not generically distinct; its type remains in Dasybatus, the type of a subdivision under the name originally bestowed by Riippell, 1828. The recognized sections of Dasybatus are (1) Himanturus Miiller and Henle, 1837, without fin folds or keel on the tail, (2) Pastinachus Rupp., 1828, with a fin fold below the tail, equal Hemitrygon Miiller and Henle, 1838 and Hypolophus Miiller and Henle, 1837, (3) Dasybatus with a keel above the tail and a fin fold below, as in D. pastinacus, and (4) Amphotistius, the species of which have fin folds on the tail both above and below, as in D. sabinus and D. kuhlii. Myliobatis. — Cuvier, 1817, founded this genus on Rata aquila of Linne, 1758, a species not placed in Aetobatus by Blainville, 1816; thus the two genera cannot be synonymous. Aetobatus. — Blainville, 1816, listed eleven species. From these authors com- monly have chosen Raia narinari Euph., 1790, as the type. Restricted to A. narinari and its closest allies, there is no conflict with Myliobatis Cuv. Mobula. — Rafinesque, 1810, Ind. itt. Sic, p. 48, 61, founded this genus on Raia mobular Lacepede, 1798, Poiss., 1, p. 151. The type is that named Raia mobular by Bonnaterre, 1788, Ichth., p. 5, with references to Duhamel's CHISMOPNEA. 9 description and figure. It anticipated Dieerobatus Blainville, 1816. Cephalopterus Risso, 1810, had been preoccupied. Aodon of Lacepede, 1 798, was founded on toothless sharks Squalus massasa and S. kumal men- tioned by Forskael, 1775, and a toothless head described by Brunnich, 1768. The name is not appropriate ; the species are unrecognizable, though there is a possibility that Squalus edentulus Brunn., renamed Aodon cornu by Lacepede, may have been the head of a species of Mobula or of Manta. SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS. Chondropterygia. This class contains fish-like vertebrates with a skeleton that is more or less completely cartilaginous, with six to eight branchial arches, with fins having cartilaginous basal supports and fibrous extensions, with teeth not implanted in the jaws, with spiral folds in the intestine, and with internal fertilization of the eggs. There is no air bladder; the males have paired intromittent organs; and the embryos have deciduous external gills. Two orders may be separated as follows : — An erectile dorsal spine; vertebrae undifferentiated one external gill opening; teeth few, plate-like . . . Chismopnea No erectile dorsal spine ; vertebrae more or less differentiated five or more gill openings ; teeth numerous . . . Plagiostontia CHISMOPNEA. Body elongate, tapering to a point in the tail; erectile spine of the dorsal above the shoulders; pectorals free. Mouth inferior; upper jaws fused with the skull, lower directly articulated to it; four upper and two lower teeth. Hemispheres of the brain distant from the optic lobes. Eggs incased in a fibrous horny shell; embryo hatched after extrusion of the egg. Male with a frontal tenaculum, with ventral tenacula and with claspers. For a systematic account of this order see Garman, 1911, Memoirs M. C. Z., 40, p. 79-102. The three families recognized may be distinguished thus: - Notochord with narrow rings snout not produced, short Chimaeridae snout produced in a long pointed rostrum . . Rhinochimaeridae Notochord without narrow rings snout produced in a leaf-like appendage .... Callorhynchidae 10 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. PLAGIOSTOMIA. The Plagiostomes, Sharks, Skates, and Rays, are distinguished from the Chismopnea by the presence of from five to seven external gill openings and the absence of an erectile dorsal spine, and, in the males, by the lack of a frontal tenaculum and of subventral tenacula. The Plagiostomia are divided into two suborders : — Body subfusiform; pectorals not attached to the head gill openings at the side of the body . . . Antacea (page 10) Body discoid; pectorals attached to the head gill openings below the disk Platosomia (page 257) ANTACEA. Body fusiform to subcylindrical. Pectoral fins free from the head, with short basal articulations and comparatively few radials; shoulder girdle not directly or firmly attached to the vertebral column. Dorsal fins one or two, without or with a fixed spine in front. Anal fin present or absent. Nostrils separated from the mouth or connected with it by grooves. Eyes lateral, without or with a nictitating membrane or fold. Spiracles present or absent. Mouth inferior or anterior; teeth numerous. Five to seven gill openings, in front of the pectorals or above them. Hemispheres of the brain not distant from the optic lobes. Name from "Avra & d/a's. Synopsis of Groups of Families. Body subcylindrical one dorsal, without a fixed spine; an anal fin; caudal axis low gill openings six to seven ; no nictitating membrane spiracles present .... Hexanchoidei (page 11) two dorsals, without spine; an anal fin gill openings five; caudal axis low spiracles present; no nictitating membrane Carcharoidei (page 11) gill openings five; caudal deep, axis raised spiracles present, rarely absent; no nictitating membrane nasoral grooves none . . . Isuroidei (page 12) two dorsals (except on Pentanchus) , without spine; an anal / CARCHAROIDEI. 11 gill openings five; caudal axis little raised; no nictitating membrane spiracles present; nasoral grooves present or absent Catuloidei (page 12) two dorsals, without spine; an anal; caudal axis slightly raised gill openings five; a nictitating membrane spiracles present nasoral grooves absent (except on Scylliogaleus) Carcharhinoidei (page 12) two dorsals, with fixed spine; an anal; no nictitating membrane gill openings five; teeth raptorial and molarial spiracles present ; nasoral grooves present . Centracoidei (page 13) two dorsals, with or without a fixed spine; no anal fin gill openings five to six; no nictitating membrane spiracles present; teeth raptorial to sectorial; no nasoral grooves Squaloidei (page 13) Body and head depressed; mouth anterior; teeth raptorial two dorsals, on the tail, without a fixed spine; no anal gill openings five; pectorals produced, but free from the head Rhinoidei (page 13) Synopsis of Families. Hexanchoidei. One small spineless dorsal fin; an anal fin; caudal long, axis low; 6 to 7 gill openings six gill openings, anterior covers crossing the throat teeth with three long sharp cusps; mouth anterior Chlamydoselachidae (page 13) six to seven gill openings, covers not crossing the throat teeth compressed, blade-like, notched on the edges; mouth inferior Hexeptranchidae (page 15) Carcharoidei. Two spineless dorsals; a large anal; five gill openings ; no nictitating membrane snout pointed, short to very long; caudal large, axis low; spiracles present teeth with a long slender cusp and a two-rooted base Carcharidae (page 23) 12 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. ISUROIDEI. snout conical; spiracles present; caudal very long, axis rather low teeth triangular, compressed; no nictitating membrane; no caudal keels Vulpeculidae (page 30) snout subcorneal; spiracles absent or minute; tail with keels and pits caudal axis much raised, lower lobe produced; mouth inferior Isuridae (page 31) snout broad; spiracles small; tail and body with lateral folds or keels caudal axis much raised, lobe produced; teeth many, minute Rhincodontidae (page 41) Catuloidei. snout depressed; body short; tail without keels and pits; spiracles present caudal long, axis little raised, lower lobe not produced nasoral grooves and nasal cirri present; anal small Oredolobidae (page 43) caudal short, axis not raised, lower lobe not produced; nasal cirri absent or present nasoral grooves absent or rudimentary . Calulidae (page 68) snout broad, depressed; body long; first dorsal in advance of ventrals; spiracles present caudal short, axis little raised, lower lobe not produced; mouth very large nasoral grooves absent; teeth many, minute, 3-5 cusped Pseudotriakidae (page 103) Carcharinoidei. Two spineless dorsals, first above the body ; an anal; 5 gill openings; tail with pits and a produced subcaudal lobe snout depressed ; spiracle absent or present; no nasoral grooves; a nictitat- ing membrane teeth compressed, triangular, one series in function head not expanded across the orbital region Carcharinidae (page 106) head much expanded across the orbital region Cestracionidae (page 155) CHLAMYDOSELACHIDAE. 13 snout depressed; spiracle present or absent; a nictitating fold teeth in bands or pavements, more than one series in function Galeorhinidae (page 162) Centracoidei. Two dorsals each with a fixed spine; an anal; spiracles; nasoral grooves snout short; mouth narrow, lobed and folded; caudal short, axis raised teeth raptorial in front, molarial backward Centraciontidae (page 180) Squaloidei. Two dorsals each with a spine; no anal; spiracles; no nasoral grooves snout moderate to long; mouth protrusible, with a deep groove at each angle teeth compressed, sectorial to cuspidate . . Squalidae (page 188) Two spineless dorsals; no anal; no nictitating fold; spiracles present snout short; tail without pits or keels; mouth inferior, with grooves and folds teeth raptorial on upper jaw, sectorial on lower Scymnorhinidae (page 233) snout short, broad; dorsals small, behind the body; caudal axis raised teeth sectorial on both jaws; no nasoral grooves; Echinorhinidae (page 242) snout greatly produced, with sharp teeth on its edges and with barbels teeth on the jaws small, a number of series in function; 5-6 gill openings Pristiophoridae (page 244) Rhinoidei. Two dorsals, without spines; no anal; head and body depressed snout very short; pectorals expanded, free from the head; dorsals on the tail mouth wide, anterior; spiracles present; tail keeled at each side Rhinidae (page 2 18 CHLAMYDOSELACHIDAE. Body elongate, slender. Head broad, depressed. Eyes lateral, without a nictitating membrane. Nostrils distinct from the mouth. Mouth anterior, without labial folds; teeth with broad, backward-extended bases and slender cusps. Spiracles small. One dorsal, not preceded by a spine. An anal fin. 14 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. No pits at the root of the caudal. Margin of first gill cover free across the isth- mus. Intestine with a spiral valve. Pterygoquadrate not articulated to postorbital process of the skull, hyomandibular elongate. Chlamydoselachus. Chlamydoselachus Garman, 1884, Hull. Essex inst., 16, p. f>2. Six gill openings, margin of first free across the isthmus. Mouth very wide, longer than the skull, without labial folds. Teeth raptorial, similar in the two jaws, each with a broad base and three slender, curved, subcorneal cusps, with or without rudimentary cusps at their bases; no median teeth in the upper series; a median series on the symphysis below. Eyes lateral, elongate. Fins broad, caudal without a notch. C. lawleyi Davis occurs in the Pliocene of Tuscany. Chlamydoselachus anguineus. Flute 69, fig. 4-5 (egg, embr.), fig. 6 (br. skel.); Plate 61, fig. 7-8 (embr.). Chlamydoselachus anguineus Gahman, 1884, Jan. 17, Bull. Essex inst., 16, p. 47, fig. 5, 1884, Feb. 1, Science, 3, p. 116; 1884, Mar. 21, ibid., p. 345; 1884, Nov. 28, ibid., 4, p. 484; 1885, July, Bull. M. C. Z., 12, p. 1, pi. 1-20; 1885, Proc. Amer. assoc. adv. aci., 20, p. 536; 1887, Mar. 18, Science, 9, p. 267; 1888, Bull. M. C. Z., 17, p. 82, pi. 15; 1899, Mem. M. C. Z., 24, p. 41-44, pi. 70. l)i ptranchias (page 21) 16 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. Hexanchus. Hexanchus Rafinesque, 1810, Caratteri, p. 14. Six gill openings; margin of first gill cover not free across the isthmus. Mouth wide, shorter than the skull, with a rudimentary labial fold on the lower jaw at the angles. Teeth dissimilar, anterior of upper jaw raptorial, lower teeth sectorial, compressed in cusps and bases. Eyes lateral. Spiracles minute. Fins moderate, a notch near the tip of the caudal. Mediterranean; Atlantic; Eastern Pacific. Median tooth of lower jaw with or without a medial cusp seven cusps, or more on lateral teeth of lower jaw inner edge of primary cusp without serrations griseus (page 16) Median tooth of lower jaw with a small medial cusp six cusps on lateral teeth of lower jaw inner edge of primary cusp with fine serrations corinus (page 17) Hexanchus griseus. Vacca Scilla, 1759, De corp. mar. lap., pi. 1, 27, 28. Le griset Brotjssonet, 1780, Mem. Acad, roy., p. 663. Squalus griseus Bonnaterre, 17S8, Ichth., p. 9; Gmelin, 1789, Linn6 Syst., 1, p. 1495; Schneider, 1801, Bloch Ichth., p. 129; Risso, 1810, Ichth. Nice, p. 37. Le squale griset Lacepede, 1798, Poissons, 1, p. 269. Squalus vacca Schn., 1801, Bloch Ichth., p. 138. Hexanchus jriseus Rafinesque, 1810, Caratteri, p. 14; 1810, Ind. itt. Sic, p. 47; Muller& Henle, 1841, Plagios., p. 80; Yarrell, 1836, Brit, fishes, 2, p. 515; Dumeril, 1865, Elasm., p. 431, pi. 4, fig. 9-12; Moreau, 1881, Poiss. France, 1, p. 339; Jord. & Everm., 1896, Bull. 47, U. S. nat. mus., p. 19; 1900, ibid., Atlas, pi. 2, fig. 8; Regan, 1905, Ann. mag. nat. hist., ser. 7, 16, p. 571 (part). M onopterinus griseus Blainv., 1816, Bull. Soc. philom., p. 121; 1830, Poiss. Fr., p. 77. Notidanus griseus Cuvier, 1817, Reg. anim., 2, p. 128; Agass., 1835, Rech. poiss. foss., pi. E, fig. 2-4; 1838, ibid., Texte, p. 92; 1843, ibid., 3, p. 216; Bonaparte, 1841, Icon. Fauna Ital., Pesci, fig.-; Couch, 1846, Zool., p. 1337; 1865, Brit, fishes, 1, p. 21, pi. 4; Bocage & Capello, 1866, Plagios., p. 15; Gunth., 1870, Cat. fishes Brit, mus., 8, p. 397. Notidanus vacca Cuv., 1817, Reg. anim., 2, p. 128. Notidanus monge Risso, 1826, Hist, nat., 3, Poissons, p. 129. Body moderately elongate, cavity little more than half, head near one fifth, and tail one third, or more, of the total length. Head large, broad, depressed; snout short, blunt. Nostrils small, near the end of the snout. Eye as long as the snout. Spiracle small, far behind the eye. Six wide gill openings in front of the pectoral. Mouth large, a groove behind its angle reaching half way to the gill aperture, with a labial fold mainly on the lower jaw at the angle. No median tooth on the upper jaws; anterior teeth slender, sharp, without or with basal cusps; anterior two or three of lateral teeth larger with a single cusp at the outer side of the primary, posterior lateral teeth with two or more outer HEXANCHUS CORINUS. 17 cusps, hindmost teeth small, with cusps much reduced. Lower jaws with a median tooth which is without or with a median cusp. Agassiz and Dumeril have no median cusp in their figures, while Bonaparte and Moreau both figure it as present; in the specimen at hand there is no median lower tooth. First lateral teeth of the lower jaw with seven cusps; primary cusp little longer, without serrations on its inner edge; other cusps and teeth decreasing in size regularly, and cusps increasing in number, one or more, backward. Dorsal moderate, origin above ends of bases of ventrals, hinder angle acute. Anal smaller, origin below middle of base of dorsal, middle of base below end of that of dorsal, fin acute-angled behind, base about one length distant from origin of subcaudal. Caudal long, one third or more of the total, with modified scales along its upper edge; subcaudal deep anteriorly, separated from the tip by a notch. Pectorals large, as broad as long, subtruncate. Ventrals rather longer than the dorsal, three times as long as broad, hind margin very oblique, outer angle rounded. Uniform dark brownish. Described from a 33 inch specimen, taken at Nice, France, which exhibits no traces of symphyseal teeth on the lower jaws. Regan, 1905, identifies this species from Japan, which appears to be correct; he also identifies H. corinus from California as the same species, which is not quite so satisfactory. Hexanchus corinus. Hexanchus corinus Jordan & Gilbert, 18S0, Proc. U. S. nat. mus., 3, 352; 1S83, Bull. 16, U. S. nnt. mus., p. 62; Jord. & Everm., 1896, Bull. 47, U. S. nat. mus., p. 18. Notidanus vulgaris Perez, 1886, Estud., p. 8; Philippi, 1887, Ann. Univ. Chile, 71 , p. 22, pi. 41, f. 1. Head large, broad, depressed; snout short, blunt. Nostrils near the end of the snout. A groove at the angle of the mouth reaching halfway to the gill opening. Eyes large, two thirds the length of the snout. Spiracles small, far behind the eyes. Six gill openings. No median tooth in the upper jaw, anterior teeth slender, sharp, without basal cusps; the anterior of the lateral teeth is larger, has a single cusp at the outer side of its base and is without denticles on its inner edge; backward the number of denticles on the outer side of the base and on the inner edge increase, thus approaching the forms of the teeth of the lower series. Median tooth of lower jaw small, with a median cusp and three cusps at each side the inner of which is the larger; the first of the lateral teeth like the second to the fifth has six cusps, the inner of which is largest and finely serrated and the others decrease gradually in size outward; sixth and seventh of these teeth somewhat smaller. IS THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. Dorsal small, little higher than the anal, above the middle of which it termi- nates. Ventrals small extending behind the origin of the dorsal. Tail long, twice as long as the head, little less than one third of the total, scales on the upper edge of the caudal fin somewhat enlarged. Uniform dark brown to black, greyish below. Young specimens brown. Type described, forty-three inches long, from Neah Bay; young from Soquel, Bay of Monterey. NOTORYNCHUS. Notorynchus Ayres, 1855, Proc. Cal. acad. aci., 1, p. 73; 1873, p. 77 (reprint). Resembling Hexanchus, but with seven gill openings. Head broad, de- pressed, snout broad. Mouth wide, broadly curved in front, with a labial fold from the angle on the lower jaw, and with a deep groove behind the angle. Teeth dissimilar, anterior of the upper raptorial; lower teeth sectorial, com- pressed in cusps and bases, 6 broad laterals on a lower jaw. Nostrils anterior. Eyes lateral. Spiracle small. Dorsal small, behind the ventrals. Pterygo- quadrate loosely articulated to the posterior and lower side of the postorbital process; hyomandibular stout. Species, N. primigenius and N. serratissimus, apparently of this genus were described by Agassiz from the Eocene of England. No median tooth in the upper series a median cusp on median lower tooth present or absent primary cusp of lower lateral teeth little the larger, denticles of inner edge weak or absent ..... platycephalus (page 18) A median tooth in the upper series no median cusp on the median lower tooth primary cusp of lateral lower teeth little larger, denticulate on the inner edge pectorosus (page 20) NOTORYNCHUS PLATYCEPHALUS. Squalus platycephalus Tenore, 1809, Mem. Acad. Pont., 1, p. 241, 258. Notidanus sp. Cuvier, 1S29, Reg. anim., 2, p. 390. Notidanus indicus Agassiz, 1835, Reeh. poisa. fuss., pi. E, f. 1, Feuilleton, p. 71; 1838, ibid., Texte, p. 92; 1843, ibid., p. 217; Gunth., 1870, Cat. fishes Brit, mus., 8, p. 378 (part). Heptanchus indicus Muller & Henle, 1841, Plagios., p. 82, pi. 32 (teeth); Schleoel, 1850, Jap. Pisces, p. 303; Dumeril, 1865, Elasm., p. 434. Heptanchus platycephalus Costa, 1854, Chondr., Squal., p. 12, pi. 14, f. 1, 2, 4-6. Notorynchus maculatus Ayres, 1855, Proc. Cal. acad. sci., 1, p. 72; 1873, p. 76 (reprint). Heptanchus maculatus Girabd, 1858, Rept. Pacif. R. R., Fish, p. 367. J NOTORYNCHUS PLATYCEPHALUS. 19 Heplranchias maculatus Gill, 1861, Ann. N. Y. lye, 7, p. 404; Jordan & Gilbert, 1880, Proc. U. S. nut . mus., 3, p. 353; 1883, Bull. 16, U. S. nat. mils, p. 62. Notorhynchus maculatus Gill, 1S62, Proc. Acad. nat. sci. Phil., p. 495; 1S64, ibid., p. 150; Jord. & Everm., 1S96, Bull. 47, U. S. nat. mus., p. 17; 1900, ibid., Atlas, pi. 2, f. 7. Notorhynchus borcalis Gill, 1864, Proc. Acad. nat. sci. Phil., p. 150. Notidanus platycephalus Gunth., 1870, Cat. fishes Brit, mus., 8, p. 398. Form moderately elongate, depressed anteriorly, compressed backward, much resembling that of Hexanchus griseus; body cavity less than half the total in a specimen two feet in length. Head more than five times in the total, broad, depressed, slightly convex on the crown; snout broad, blunt. Eyes medium, half as long as the snout, lateral. Nostrils anterior, near the end of the snout. Spiracles small, far behind the eye. Mouth large, more than twice as wide as long, broadly arched in front. Teeth compressed in cusps and bases; no median tooth in the upper series; at each side of the symphysis there is a pair of small teeth with indistinct basal denticles; at the outer side of these on the six lateral teeth the primary cusp becomes more oblique and the denticles at its base increase in size and number which causes them to resemble more and more the lateral teeth of the lower jaw, though there is more difference in size between the primary cusp and the two to five at its outer side; a median tooth on the lower jaw, more often without a median cusp, is followed by six large laterals on which there are from three to six cusps beside the primary cusp, which latter, as in the upper teeth, is denticulate or serrate on its inner edge; at the angle of the mouth behind the pectinate teeth there are from six to eight rows of small elongate low-crowned teeth remotely resembling those of species of Hybodus or Acrodus. A distinct lower labial fold at the angle of the mouth. As this fold contains the labial cartilages it is evident that the edge of the groove behind the angle is a different structure. The upper extremity of the labial fold encloses a blind sac of considerable size extending toward the eye. Gill openings seven, large, in front of the pectoral. Pectorals large, nearly as broad as long, hind margin concave. Dorsal small, hardly as large as the ventrals, originating above or little forward of the ends of the ventral bases, hind angles acute. Anal smaller than the dorsal, origin little forward of the end of the latter's base; anal base one and one third times its length forward of the origin of the caudal. Caudal fin very long, on young nearly two and one half times in the total length, subcaudal slightly produced in an angle anteriorly, narrow and separated from the tip by a notch posteriorly; tip pointed; upper edge, in young stages, armed with modified scales. 20 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. Back brownish, with scattered small spots and dots of darker; lower sur- faces light to whitish. Mediterranean Sea; Indian Ocean; Eastern North Pacific. NOTORYNCHUS PECTOROSUS. Heptranchus indicus Macdonald & Barron, 1868, Proc. Zool. soc. Lond., p. 371, pi. 33 (non Agassiz). Notidanus indicus Hutton, 1872, Cat., p. 79; 1889, Trans. N. Z. inst., p. 276; Ogilby, 1888, Cat., p. 6. Notidanus (Heptanchus) indicus McCoy, 1880, Zool. Vict.., 6, pi. 43, f. 2. Heptranchias pectorosus Garman, 1884, Bull. Essex inst., 16, p. 56; Separate, p. 13. Notidanus ferox Perez, 1886, Estud., p. 7; Philippi, 1887, Ann. Univ. Chile, 71, p. 24, pi. 6, f. 2. Heptanchus indicus Ogilby, 1889, Proc. Linn. soc. N. S. W., ser. 2, 4, p. 179. Heptranchias haswelli Ogilby, 1902, Proc. Linn. soc. N. S. W., ser. 2, 22, p. 62. Notorhynchus indicus Waite, 1904, Synopsis, p. 5. Compared with N. platycephalus this species is rather more robust; the body appears to be longer and the caudal shorter; the outlines of the head are more regular as seen from above, the snout is more broadly rounded, is less produced between and is less indented at the nostrils. Body elongate, moder- ately stout, subfusiform, depressed anteriorly and compressed backward; the cavity is nearly half the total length in young, more in adult. Head broad, short, blunt. Eye moderate, length about half the distance from the end of the snout. Spiracle very small, on a vertical a trifle nearer to the first gill opening than to the eye. Mouth large, a thin labial fold extending on the lower jaw less than half way from the angle to the symphysis. Teeth compressed, bases quadrate, cusps narrow; a median tooth in the upper jaw, first lateral tooth with indistinct denticles at the base of the primary cusp, second and third laterals with weak denticles on the inner side and stronger horizontally directed ones on the outer, and the following three or four of the laterals have one or more small cusps on each side of the base of the primary cusp. Lower teeth larger; median tooth small, with four or five denticles at each side; laterals large, denticulate on the inner side of the base of the primary cusp which is hardly larger than the three to five, or more, cusps at its outer side, decreasing in size backward. Several rows of small teeth behind the sixth laterals. Gill openings seven, in front of the pectorals, widely separated across the chest. Pectorals nearly as broad as long, posterior margin slightly indented. Dorsal small, origin above the ends of the bases of the ventrals, base reach- ing little behind a vertical from the origin of the anal. Anal smaller than the dorsal, origin below the hinder portion of the base of the latter. Caudal shorter than that of iV. platycephalus; subcaudal with a low angle or lobe anteriorly, / HEPTRANCHIAS PEHLO. 21 separated from the tip by a decided notch. In young the upper edge of the caudal is protected by three series of enlarged, thickened, and broadened scales. Scales small with a sharp median keel and point, at each side of which there is a smaller shorter one. Brown with small spots of darker. Patagonia; New Zealand; Australia. Heptranchias. Heptranchias Rafinesqde, 1810, Caratteri, p. 13. Body elongate subfusiform, compressed; head tapering forward; snout narrow, produced. Mouth large, cleft long and wide, narrow in front; angle with a rudimentary labial fold, and a deep groove toward the gill opening. Teeth dissimilar, compressed, laterals each with a large primary cusp denticulate on its inner edge and with four or more smaller cusps, increasing in number backward, behind it; a small symphyseal tooth on the lower jaw. Eye large, lateral. Spiracle small, far behind and above the eye. Dorsal small, behind the ventrals. Caudal long. Pterygoquadrate closely articulated to the short postorbital process, against the skull ; hyomandibular slender, attached to the skull at a lower level than in either Hexanchus or Notorynchus. One living species known. Mediterranean; Atlantic; Japan. Heptranchias perlo. Plate 66, fig. 1 (heart); Plate 58, fig. 1 (intestine). Le perlon Broossonet, 1780, Mem. Acad, roy., p. 668. Squalus perlo Bonnaterre, 1788, Ichth., p. 10. Squalus cinereus Gmelin, 1789, Linn6Syst., 1, p. 1497; Schn., 1801, Bloch Ichth., p. 133; Risso, 1810, Ichth. Nice, p. 24. Heptranchias cinereus Rafinesque, 1810, Caratteri, p. 13; Gill, 1861, Ann. N. Y. lye, 7, p. 404 (name). MotiopterinuscinereusBLAiNV., 1816, Bull.Soc.philom.,p. 121; 1S30, Poiss. Fr.,p.80. Notidanus cinereus Cur., 1829, Reg. anirn., 2, p. 390; Bonaparte, 1841, Icon. Fauna Ital., Pesci; Gunth., 1870, Cat. fishes Brit, mus., 8, p. 398. Heplanckus cinereus Muller & Henle, 1841, Plagios., p. 81, pi. 35, f. 3; Dumeril, 1865, Elasm., p. 432; Moreau, 1881, Poiss. France, 1, p. 339, f. 57. Heptrancus angio Costa, 1854, Chondr., Squal., p. 5, pi. 13, 14, f . 3. Heptranchias deani Jord. & Starks, 1901, Proc. Cal. acad. sci., ser. 2, 2, p. 348; Jord. & Fowler, 1903, Proc. U. S. nat. mus., 26, p. 595. Body elongate, slightly compressed; head short, near one fifth of the total length, narrowed forward, little flattened on the crown; snout narrow, produced. 22 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. Nostrils small, at the edge of the snout, nearer to the tip than to the mouth. Eyes large, about two thirds as long as the snout, lateral. Spiracle small, on a vertical midway between eye and gill opening. Mouth large, nearly as long as wide, subangular in front, nearly straight on the sides; labial fold rudimentary, on the upper jaw, in the angle; a deep groove from the angle half way to the gill opening. Gill openings seven, wide, close together, in front of the pectoral. Teeth compressed in cusps and bases; upper without a median tooth, about nine (9-10) laterals each with a slender, fang-like, curved, hooked cusp, without or with one or two denticles or serrations on the inner edge of its base, and, posteriorly at least, with one or two denticles on the outer; a few very small teeth behind these laterals (above and below) ; lower median tooth with a strong cusp at each side of which stands one or a pair of smaller ones ; at each side of the median there are five large compressed, quadratic, pectiniform, lateral teeth all of which are denticulate on the inner edge of the primary cusp and bear four to seven (3-9) much shorter cusps on the outer side of the primary, the number increasing backward. Upper jaw (pterygoquadrate) articulated closely and rather firmly to the short postorbital process, against the side of the skull ; hyomandibular weaker, more slender, and articulated to the side of the skull at a lower level than in either Hexanchus or Notorynchus. Pectorals nearly as broad as long, hind margins concave, angles rounded, bases closely bound with the muscles of the side. Dorsal small, origin near a vertical from the ends of the bases of the ventrals, hind angle produced, hind margin concave. Anal base about as long as that of the dorsal, origin little forward of that of dorsal base, fin narrow, outer edge very oblique, hind angle produced, length of base more than half the distance from the caudal. Caudal long, less than one third of the total length, tip broadened outward; subcaudal produced in an angle anteriorly, narrow and separated from the tip by a notch posteriorly. Ventrals rather narrow, outer margins very oblique. Scales minute, median keel strong ending in a sharp point, a short less developed keel at each side of the median. In a young one of ten inches the snout is more depressed and has a deep indentation in front of each nostril; the pectorals are more truncate, the hind angles of the fins less produced, the lower angle of the subcaudal less prominent, and the upper edge of the caudal is armed by three series of large modified scales. The back of this specimen is brown to the middle of the flank, thence the lower surfaces are whitish; the pectorals are dark brown to the wide margin of white across the ends; ventrals and anal are white; dorsal white in forward half and at base to the posterior angle, a large spot of black on upper half; a band of CARCHARIAS. 23 brownish along the base of the subcaudal, lower margin broadly edged with white; caudal tipped by a large spot of black in front of which is a transverse band of white. Larger specimens brown on the back shading to white on the lower surfaces. The specimens at hand, from the Mediterranean Sea and from Japan, belong to the species known to the French by the vernacular name "Perlon," first described by Broussonet, 1780, afterward given the name "Squalus perlo" by Bonnaterre, 1788, a year earlier than the designation Squalus cinereus by Gmelin, 1789. A closely allied species of this genus, very abundant in the formations of the Upper Cretaceous, is that described by Agassiz, 1835, from the English Chalk under the name Nolidanus microdon, Poissons Fossiles, 3, pi. 27, f. 1. Carcharidae. Body elongate, subfusiform, compressed. Head depressed, tapering. Tail long, compressed, without lateral folds, vertebral axis of caudal nearly horizontal. Nostrils transverse. Mouth large, greatly arched, with labial folds on the lower jaws. Eyes small, without nictitating folds. Spiracles small. Gill openings wide. Teeth subulate, slender, with two rooted bases. Snout short, mouth somewhat protractile dorsals, ventrals and anal subequal caudal pit present above subcaudal lobe produced .... Carcharias (page 23) Snout much produced, mouth greatly protractile dorsals smaller than ventrals and anal caudal pit indistinct subcaudal lobe not produced . . Scapanorhynchus (page 28) Carcharias. Carcharias Rafinesque, 1810, Caratteri, p. 10. Triglochis Muller & Henle, 1837, Sitzb. Akad. wiss. Berlin, p. 113; Wiegm. arch., p. 396. Odonlaspis Agassiz, 1838, Rech. poisa. foss., Texte, p. 87; 1843, ibid., 3, p. 287, 306; Muller & Henle, loc. cit., p. 114; 1841, Plagios., p. 73. Eugomphodus Gill, 1861, Proc. Acad. nat. sci. Phil., p. 60 extra. Body fusiform ; head depressed, tapering; snout short. Nostrils transverse. Eyes without nictitating folds. Mouth large, arched forward. Teeth with awl-shaped lanceolate cusp and two-rooted base, with or without denticles at each side of the cusp. Spiracles small, behind the eyes. Gill openings wide, in 24 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. front of the pectorals. Dorsal behind the middle of the trunk, above the space between the pectorals and the ventrals. Second dorsal and anal rather large. Tail compressed, without lateral folds, with a pit at the root of the caudal. Caudals elongate; subcaudal followed by a shallow notch, lobe moderately produced. Numerous fossil species known from the teeth have been described from the Eocene and later. Teeth without denticles owstoni (page 24) Teeth with one denticle at each side dorsal in front of the ventrals, first upper tooth smaller than second rows of teeth ^^j taurus (page 25) dorsal partly above the ventrals, first upper tooth equal second rows of teeth g^Egj tricuspidatus (page 26) Teeth with two denticles at each side rows of teeth ^ ferox (page 27) Carcharias owstoni, sp. nov. Body fusiform, robust; head depressed; snout medium, rather pointed, broader than deep. Nostrils transverse, nearer to the mouth than to the end of the snout, anterior valve with a short rounded prominence on its inner half. Mouth large, length nearly two thirds of the width, outline broadly rounded in front; lower labial fold nearly one third of the length of the jaw, upper rudi- mentary, a mere gash hidden by the lip. Teeth much smaller than those of C. taurus on individuals equal in total length: in ('. taurus the third tooth of the lower jaw of a thirty-eight inch specimen measures a little more than half an inch; in C. oivstoni this tooth is a little less than three eighths of an inch. Teeth lanceolate slender, two-rooted; first upper tooth little smaller than the second from the middle, fourth upper very small and followed by a vacant space; first lower small; bases without denticles at the sides of the cusps. Eye small, diameter of orbit one third of the preoral length of the snout. Spiracle small, three lengths of the orbit behind the eye, above the angle of the mouth. Gill openings wide, hindmost in front of the pectorals, width equal length of snout from the mouth. Front edge of pectoral broadly curved, nearly twice the length of the hinder edge, inner angle much rounded. Hind margins of all fins concave. Dorsal origin behind the ends of the pectorals, extremity of fin reaching a vertical from the ventrals, little larger than second dorsal, ventrals or anal, which are subequal and somewhat less in size than the pectorals. Ventrals below the / CARCHARIAS TAURUS. 25 space between the dorsals, end reaching little below the second dorsal. Second dorsal like the first in shape, little shorter, base equal three fourths of its distance from that of the first dorsal, anterior two thirds in front of that of the anal. Anal like the second dorsal, base half its length from the caudal. Depth of caudal two fifths of its length, upper margin curved, vertebral axis little raised, length nearly one third of the total length. Outlines, proportions and markings resembling those of C. taurus, front edges of fins more curved, teeth smaller and without the basal denticle, and caudal rather more deep. Caudal peduncle compressed, without lateral keels. Total length 38, snout to abdominal pores 19, snout to first dorsal 14, snout to fifth gill opening 8i, snout to mouth 2, and length of caudal 12 inches. Greyish or ashy brown, irregularly spotted with rusty brown; lighter on. the lower surfaces; borders of fins blackish. Japan. Alan Owston. CARCHARIAS TAURUS. Plate 6, fig. 1-3; Plate 41 (brain); Plate 61, fig. 7 (intestine). Carcharias taurus Rafinbsqde, 1810, Caratteri, p. 10, pi. 14, f. 1; Ind., p. 45. Squalus americanus Mitch., 1815, N. Y. lit. & philos. trans., 1, p. 483 (non Gmelin, 1789). Squalus UUoralis Mitch., 1818, Amer. mo. mag., 2, p. 328; Lbsueur, 1818, Journ. Acad. nat. sci. Phil., l,p,224. Squalus macrodous Mitch., 1818, Amer. mo. mag., 2, p. 32S. Triglochis taurus Muller, & Hbnle, 1837, Sitzb. Akad. wiss. Berlin, p. 114; Wiegm. arch., p. 386; Canestrini, 1872, Ital. pesci, p. 44. Odontaspis taurus Muller & Henle, 1841, Plagios., p. 73; Dumeril, 1S65, Elasm., p. 417; Moreau, 1881, Poiss. France, 1, p. 291; Doderlein, 1881, Man. ittiol. Medit,, 2, p. 58. Carcharias litloralis De Kay, 1842, N. Y. fish., p. 351; Storer, 1846, Mem. Amer. acad., new ser., 2, p. 503. Carcharias griseus Ayres, 1843, Bost. journ. nat. hist., 4, p. 288, pi. 12, f. 4; Storer, 1867, Mass. fishes, p. 241, pi. 36, f. 1. Odontaspis americanus Abbott, 1861, Proc. Acad. nat. sci. Phil., p. 400; Dumehil, 1865, Elasm., p. 419; Gunth., 1870, Cat. fishes Brit, mus., 8, p. 392 (part). Eugomphodus griseus Gill, 1861, Proc. Acad. nat. sci. Phil., p. 60 extra. Eugomphodus UUoralis Gill, 1864, Proc. Acad. nat. sci., Phil., p. 260. Carcharias americanus Jordan & Gilbert, 1883, Bull. 16, U. S. nat. mus., p. 27. Odontaspis UUoralis Jordan & Gilbert, 1883, ibid., p. 874. Carcharias (Eugomphodus) UUoralis Jord. & Everm., 1896, Bull. 47, U. S. nat. mus., p. 46. Body robust; head depressed; snout short, tapering, blunted on the end. Nostrils transverse, anterior valve with a somewhat produced lobe near the inner edge. Mouth large, length nearly equal width, arched in the forward portion; lower labial fold nearly one third of the length of the jaw, upper fold rudimentary, hidden. Teeth slender, lanceolate, crooked, in ^55 rows; bases two rooted, with a denticle at each side of the cusp; first upper tooth smaller than the second, fourth small; first lower small. Eye small, length of 26 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. orbit about one third of the preoral length, or of the distance from the spiracle, or two fifths of the distance from the nostrils, front edge behind the front of the lower jaws half the length of the orbit. Spiracle small, behind the eyes above the angle of the mouth. Gill openings wide, in front of the pectorals, width of hindmost four fifths of the length of the snout. Pectorals subtriangular, front margins slightly convex. Dorsals, ventrals and anal about equal in size. Origin of first dorsal above the extremity of the pectoral, base equal the height or three fourths of the distance from the second dorsal, end of fin reaching a vertical from the ventrals, hind margin slightly concave. Ventrals below the space between the dorsals, ends reaching little behind the origin of the second dorsal. Second dorsal as large as first, base equal distance from the caudal. Origin of anal, below middle of second dorsal base, length of base nearly twice its distance from the caudal. Depth of caudal less than half the length, which latter is less than one third of the total length; subcaudal lobe produced, rounded on the extremity. Caudal peduncle strong, compressed, with a pit at the root of the caudal, without lateral keels. Total length 38, snout to abdominal pores 20, snout to dorsal 15, snout to fifth gill opening 85, snout to mouth 2, and length of caudal ll| inches. Ashy gray, lighter below, spotted and blotched with rusty brown. Specimen described and figured from Buzzard's Bay, Massachusetts. Atlantic and Mediterranean. Carcharias tricuspidatus. Odonlaspis americanus Gunther, 1870, Cat. fishes Brit, mus., 8, p. 392 (part i. Carcharias tricuspidatus Day, 1878, Ind. fishes, p. 713, pi. 186, f . 1. Odontaspis tricuspidatus Day, 1888, Ind. fishes, Suppl., p. 810. This species is accepted on the authority of Day and Gunther. It is evident from the description by the latter of his species Odontaspis americanus that it pertains to a distinct form, in which the first tooth of the upper jaw is not smaller than the second and in which the first dorsal is very close to the ventrals. Additional items from Day give his C. tricuspidatus a rather broadly rounded snout, place the origins of the ventrals below the hindmost third of the base of the first dorsal and the origin of the anal below the end of the first fourth of the second dorsal, make dorsals, ventrals, and anal about equal in size, give the pectoral a very sharp outer angle, locate the gill openings entirely above the level of the pectorals, put the eyes near one length of the orbit behind the for- ward ends of the lower jaws, and make the number of rows of teeth 30Z34. As CARCHARIAS FEROX. 27 in C. taurus the long teeth are provided with a small cusp at each side of the base. Day's specimen was 12 feet 3 inches in Length; he says the species attains a length of 20 feet. The localities given are the coasts of Kurrachee and Baluchistan; a speci- men from South Australia is mentioned. Gunther mentions others from the Cape seas, and from Tasmania, which are probably of the same species. CARCHARIAS FEROX. Squalus ferox Risso, 1810, Ichth. Nice, p. 38. Galeorhinus ferox Blainv., 1816, Bull. Soc. philom., p. 121; 1830, Poiss, Fr., p. 87, pi. 21, f. 2. Carcharias ferox Risso, 1826, Hist, nat., 3, Poissons, p. 122. Odontaspis ferox Agass., 1835, Rech. poiss. loss., pi. G, f. 1; 1838, ibid., Texte, p. 8"; Muller & Henle, 1841, Plagios., p. 74, 191; Bonaparte, 1841, Icon. Fauna Ital., Pesci, pi. 53, f. 2; Dumeril, 1865, Elasm., p. 418; GtiNTH.,'1870, Cat. fishes Brit, mus., 8, p. 293; Gerv. & Bodl., 1877, Poiss. Fr., 3, p. 186, pi. 71; Doderlein, 1881, Man. ittiol. Medit., 2, p. 56; Moreau, 1881, Poiss. France, 1, p. 293; Perugia, 1881, Pesci Adriatico, p. 54. Triglochis ferox Muller & Henle, 1838, Charlesworth's mag., 2, p. SS; Bonaparte, 1839, Mem. Soc. sci. Neuch., 2, p. 9; Canestrini, 1872, Ital. pesci, p. 43. Body elongate fusiform; head depressed; snout short, blunted. Nostrils near the mouth; anterior valve, small, triangular. Eye small, above the mid length of the mouth. Mouth large, labial folds on the lower jaw, as in C. taurus. Teeth with a strong lanceolate cusp at the base of which on each side there are two denticles, in || rows; anterior tooth of each upper jaw small, second and third large, fourth to seventh small, eighth and following large but gradually diminishing in size toward the angles of the mouth; anterior tooth of each lower jaw small, second larger, third largest and followed by similar teeth gradu- ally reduced in size to the small compressed chisel-shaped teeth at the angles. Spiracles small. Gill openings large, width about equal length of snout, hind- most in front of the pectoral. Pectorals moderate, longer than broad, hind margin nearly straight. Dorsal origin above the inner angle of the pectoral about the middle of the trunk, excluding the caudal fin, extremity reaching little behind a vertical from the origin of the ventrals, size greater than that of the second dorsal. Origin of second dorsal behind the ends of the ventrals. Anal smaller than second dorsal and origin nearly below the middle of the latter's base. Caudal less than a third of the total length; subcaudal followed by a shallow notch, lobe somewhat produced. Back and sides ashy brown; lower surfaces lighter. Mediterranean and Atlantic. 28 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. SCAPANORHYNCHUS. Rhinognalhus Davis, 1887, Trans. Roy. Dub. soc, ser. 2, 3, p. 480. Scapanorhynchus Woodward, 18S9, Cat. foss. fishes Brit, mus., 1, p. 351. Mitsukurina Jordan, 1S98, Proc. Cal. acad. sci., ser. 3, 1, p. 200. Body long, slender; snout elongate, with a much produced rostrum. Mouth large, protrusive, inferior, with labial folds. Teeth subulate, with two rooted bases. Eyes without nictitating folds. Spiracles present. Gill open- ings five, wide. First dorsal above the space between pectorals and ventrals. Tail long, without lateral folds or caudal pits. Caudal fin long. This genus dates from the Cretaceous; at present it contains a single known living and four or five fossil species. It is most closely allied to Carcharias as founded by Rafinesque, with which most of the fossil species have at some time been identified, under the name Odontaspis. Scapanorhynchus owstoni. Plate 40 (brain); Plate 51, fig. 1-6 (general anatomy); Plate 66, fig. 2 (heart). MitsvJcurina owstoni Jordan, 1898, Proc. Cal. acad. sci., ser. 3, 1, p. 200, pi. 11-12; Jord. & Fowler, 1903, Proc. U. S. nat. mus., 26, p. 621, pi. 26, 27; Bean, 1905, Proc. U. S. nat. mus., 28, p. 815, fig. 'Scapanorhynchus owstoni Woodward, 1899, Ann. mag. nat. hist., ser. 7, 3, p. 487; Howes, 1902, Proc. Brit, assoc. adv. sci., p. 626; Dean, 1903, Science, 23, p. 630; Vaillant, 1904, Comp. rend. Acad. sci. Paris, 138, p. 1517; Regan, 1906, Proc. Zool. soc. Lond., p. 744; Dopl., 1906, Ostas., p. 256, fig.; Hussakof, 1909, Bull. Amer. mus., 26, p. 257, fig. Scapanorhynchus jordani Hussakop, 1909, loc. cit., p. 257, pi. 44. Body elongate, slender, compressed; head depressed, length to the fifth gill opening nearly one third of the total length; snout very long, pointed, broader than deep, longer than the skull behind it; rostral cartilage simple anteriorly, deeper than wide, posteriorly in three branches, two upper and one lower, as in Carcharias. Nostrils small, oblique, near mouth and eye, anterior valve with a rudimentary lobe above the internal partition of the sac. Eyes small, not as wide as the nostril, pupils vertically elliptical, diameter of orbit two thirds of its distance from the nostril or half the distance from the spiracle. Mouth large, protrusible, somewhat extensible; a labial fold on the lower jaw only, hardly one fourth of its length. Teeth with slender awl-shaped cusps and broader two-rooted bases, in f§Ej§ rows; those in nine or ten rows at the angles of the mouth very small, irregular and without the long cusp; lateral teeth with a denticle on the base at each side of the cusp, anterior teeth larger, without the denticle; anterior tooth of lower series much smaller than the next one to it. A larger space between the third and the fourth teeth of the upper jaw near the SCAPANORHYNCHUS OWSTONI. 29 symphysis is curved upward and is without or with teeth that are much smaller than those at either side of it. Spiracle small, less than half the diameter of the eye, behind the orbit, sometimes absent on one side, perhaps on both sides. Gill openings wide, at least three times the width of the orbit, hindmost above the pectoral. All fins rounded on their extremities, longer than wide, and covered by shagreen. Pectorals medium, reaching below the middle of the base of the dorsal. Dorsal origin behind the base of the pectoral, above the hinder half of the fin extremity; end reaching a vertical from the ventrals; fin smaller than the pectoral, rather narrow, in height less than the length of the base. Ventrals larger than the pectorals, equal to the anal, below the space between the dorsals, reaching a vertical from the second dorsal. Second dorsal little longer than the first, base little shorter, end reaching beyond the middle of the anal base; base equal two sevenths of the interdorsal space or two fifths of the distance from the caudal. Anal large, base subtending two fifths of that of the second dorsal, as long as the bases of the ventrals, ending close to the subcaudal. Caudal nearly one third of the total length, deep anteriorly, without a produced sub- caudal lobe, subcaudal followed by a shallow notch at the edge of the terminal ; vertebral axis of fin very slightly raised. Lateral line distinct, pores small, line nearly straight behind the aural region, descending little on the side of the muscular portion of the tail, resembling that of Carcharias taurus. Claspers slender, pointed, reaching one and one-half inches behind the origin of the anal, slit for about six inches, that is from the base of the ventral to within an inch of the end of the organs. Total length of an adult male 104, snout to abdominal pores 53, snout to first dorsal 36, snout to fifth gill opening 28, snout to skull 10?, length of caudal 34 inches. Greyish brown, lighter and rust-colored on lower surfaces, darker toward the margins of the fins. Plate 51 contains a view of a longitudinal section of the skull, a drawing of the branchial cartilages from above and from below, another of the heart and arterial branches, and a section of the spiral intestine as compared with that of Carcharias taurus, and on Plate 66, figure 2 shows the arrangement of the valves in the bulbus. Sagami Sea, Japan. Specimens, large and small, from Mr. Alan Owston. 30 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. VuLPECULIDAE. Body fusiform; head short, rounded ; tail very long. Mouth arched, with labial folds. Eyes without a nictitating membrane or fold. Spiracles present. Gill openings five, moderate. Pectorals large; first dorsal above the space between the pectorals and the ventrals. A pit at the root of the caudal; verte- bral axis raised in the tail; no lateral keels on the caudal peduncle. VULPECULA. Vulpecula Valmont, 1768, Diet. hist, nat., 3, p. 740. Alopias Rafinesque, 1810, Caratteri, p. 12. Alopecias Muller & Henle, 1837, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 114, Wiegm. arch., p. 397. Trunk slightly compressed. Snout subcorneal, short, blunt. Nostrils transverse. Mouth crescent-shaped. Teeth compressed, triangular, with two- rooted bases and without serrations. Eyes large, pupil vertical. Spiracles small, behind the eyes. Gill openings moderate, hindmost above the pectorals. Pectorals subfalciform. First dorsal large; second dorsal and anal small. Caudal peduncle compressed; fin very long, half or more of the total length; subcaudal lobe produced. Miocene species are assigned to this genus. Vulpecula marina. Plate 7, fig. 1-3: Plate 42, (brain). Simia Belon, 1553, Aquat., p. 65. Vulpecula Salviani, 1554, Aquat., f. 134, pi. 42; Duhamel, 1777, Traite, 3, sect. 9, p. 302, pi. 21. Vulpes Rondelet, 1554, Pise, p. 387; 1558, Hist, poiss., p. 303. Vulpe marina Gesner, 1558, Aquat., p. 1248; Valent., 1720, Amph. zoot, 2, p. 82, pi. 65. Vulpecula marina Aldrov., 1613, Pise. & Cet., p. 396; Jonst., 1649, Pise., p. 27, pi. 7, f. 3; Will., 1686, Pise., p. 54, pi. B6; Valmont, 1768, Diet. hist, nat., 3, p. 740. Le Renard marin Perr., 1699, Mem. Acad, sci., 3, pi. 15, 16; Broussonet, 1780, Mem. Acad, roy., p. 664. Sgualus No. 8, Artedi, 1738, lehthyologia, tiyn., p. 96, Gen., p. 68. Sea Fox Borlase, 1758, Nat. hist. Cornwall, p. 265; Brookes, 1763, Nat. hist., 3, Fishes, p. 31; Pennant, 1769, Zool., 3, p. 86, fig.; Couch, 1867, Brit, fishes, 1, p. 37, pi. 7. Long-tailed Shark, Pennant, 1776, Zool., 3, p. 97, pi. 14. Squalus vulpinus Bonnaterre, 178S, Ichth., p. 9, pi. 85, f. 349. Sgualus vulpes Gmelin, 1789, Linn6 Syst., 1, p. 1496; Schn., 1801, Bloch Ichth., p. 127; Turton, 1807, Fauna, p. 102; Risso, 1810, Ichth. Nice, p. 36; Mitch., 1815, N. Y. lit. & philos. trans., 1, p. 482. Le Squale Renard Lacepede, 1798, Poiss., 1, p. 267. Alopias maerourus Rafinesque, 1810, Caratteri, p. 12; 1810, Ind. itt. Sic, p. 45. Sgualus (Carchariuus) vulpes Blainv., 1816, Bull. Soc. philom., p. 121; 1830, Poiss. Fr., p. 94, pi. 14, f. 1. Carcharias vulpes Cuv., 1817, Reg. anim., 2, p. 126; Risso, 1826, Hist, nat., 3, Poissons, p. 120; DeKat, 1842, N. Y. fish., p. 348, pi. 61, f. 199; Guichenot, 1850, Expl. Alg., p. 124; Gav, 1854, Hist. Chile, 2, p. 363; Storer, 1867, Mass. fishes, p. 245, pi. 36, f. 3. Fox Shark, Yarrell, 1836, Brit, fishes, 2, p. 379. Alopecias vulpes Muller & Henle, 1837, Sitzb. Akad. wiss. Berlin, p. 114; Gunth., 1870, Cat. fishes Brit, mus., 8, p. 393; 1910, Sudsee fische, 3, p. 486. [SURIDAE. 31 Alopias rulpes Bonaparte, 1841, Icon. Fauna Ital ., Pesci; Miller & Henle, 1841, Plagios., p. 74, pi. 35, f. 1 (teeth); Kroyer, 1853, Damn, fiske, 3, p. 929, 937; Dumeril, 1865, Elasm., p. 421; Bocage & Capello, 1866, Plagios., p. 14; Doderlein, 1881, Man. ittiol. Medit, 2, p. 52; Moreau, 1881, Poiss. France, l,p. 287; Jordan & Gilbert, 1883, Bull. 16, U. S. nat. mus., p. 27; Day, 1884, Brit. fishes, 2, p. 300, pi. 157; 1888, Ind. fishes, Suppl., p. 810; Garman, 1888, Bull. M. C. Z., 17, p. 80, pi. 12-13; Jord. & Everm., 1S96, Bull. 47, U. S. nat. mus., p. 45; 1900, ibid., Atlas, pi. 6, fig. 20. Squalus alopecias Gray, 1854, Gron. syst., p. 7. Trunk robust, less than half of the total length, little deeper than wide from the nape to the dorsal. Head short, less than one seventh of the total, forehead steep. Snout broader than deep, bluntly rounded at the end. Nostrils small, transverse, nearer to the mouth than to the end of the snout, nearly midway from the eyes; anterior valve with a short lobe near the inner edge. Mouth medium, semicircular; outer labial fold half as long as the mouth, inner half ;is long as the outer. Teeth small, with a sharp smooth-edged cusp and a broader base, in ff rows, in a specimen of four feet four inches in length, the third tooth, from the median if present, on the upper jaws little smaller. Eye large, diameter nearly half the length of the snout. Spiracle minute, behind the eye one diameter of the orbit. Gill openings moderate, hindmost two of each side close together at their lower angles and above the pectorals. Front margin of pectorals about one and two thirds times the length of both inner margin and base. Dorsal large, in height equal its entire length, origin above the inner angle of the pectoral, not reaching a vertical from the ventrals. Second dorsal and anal equal, small, origin of latter about one length of its base behind the base of the former. Fins all concave on the hind border. Caudal peduncle strong, deeper than wide; fin more than half of the total length, with a strong subcaudal lobe and with a shallow notch separating the subcaudal from the terminal fin. Total length 52, snout to abdominal pores 18, snout to caudal 21 1, snout to fifth gill opening 7, snout to mouth 1 ^, and caudal fin 30 h inches. Dark plumbeous brown on back and flanks to the level of the spiracle where there is a rather abrupt change to the white of the lower surfaces; lower sides of pectorals and a space below the gill openings dark. Specimen described and figured from Massachusetts Bay. Isuridae. Body fusiform; head subcorneal; caudal peduncle depressed, witli lateral folds and caudal pits; vertebral axis of caudal much raised backward from the horizontal. Nostrils oblique, near the mouth but not confluent with it. Mouth large, crescent-shaped, with labial folds. Eye* without nictitating folds. 32 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. Spiracle small. Gill openings wide, in front of the pectorals. First dorsal large. Pectorals falciform. Second dorsal and anal small. Many species of fossil forms belonging to this family have been described from the chalk and later formations. Gills without strainers teeth large, triangular, edges serrated without denticles at the base . . . Carcharodon (page 32) teeth subulate, smooth-edged with or without denticles at the base . . . Isurus (page 34) Gills with strainers teeth small, numerous, conical .... Cetorhinus (page 39) Carcharodon. Carcharodon Muller & Henle, 1838, Charleaworth's Mag., 2, p. 37; 1841, Plag., 70. Trunk fusiform, massive anteriorly; head conical; caudal peduncle strong, depressed, with lateral keels and with caudal pits. Snout produced. Eye medium, pupil erect; no nictitating folds. Mouth large, crescentic. Teeth large, compressed, serrate, triangular, broader in the upper jaw, on which the third tooth on each side is small. Spiracles small, behind the eye, sometimes absent. Gill openings wide, in front of the pectorals. Pectorals large, falci- form. First dorsal large, above the space in front of the ventrals. Second dorsal and anal small. Caudal with vertebral axis much raised backward and with a much produced subcaudal lobe. Numerous fossil species, Eocene and later, of this genus have been identified by the teeth. Very large teeth have been secured from great depths in recent dredging operations. Fossils from the Eocene, Miocene, and Pliocene have been identified with species now living. Carcharodon carcharias. Plate 6, fig. 5-9. Lamia Rondelet, 1554, Pise, p. 390; 1558, Hist, poiss., p. 305; Gesner, 1558, Aquat., p. 204. Canis carcharias Aldrov., 1613, Pise. & Cet., p. 383. Squalus No. 14, Artedi, 1738, Ichthyologia, Gen., p. 70, Syn., p. 98. Squalus carcharias Linne, 1758, Syst., 1, p. 235; 1766, Syst., 1, p. 400; Gmelin, 1789, Linne1 Syst., p. 1498 (part). White Shark, Brookes, 1763, Nat. hist., 3, Fishes, p. 28; Pennant, 1769, Zool., 3, p. 82; 1776, ibid., p. 93. Carcharodon vents Agass., 1838, Rech. poiss. foss., 3, p. 91; 1830, ibid., pi. F, f. 3; Muller & Henle, 1838, Charlesworth's mag., 2, p. 37. CARCHARODON CARCHARIAS. 33 Carcharodon smithii Bonaparte, 1839, Mem. Soc. sci. Neuch., 2, p. 9 extra. Carcharodon lamia Bonaparte, 1841, Icon. Fauna Ital., Pesci, pi. 52. Carcharodon rondeletii Muller & Henle, 1841, Plagios. p. 70; Dumeril, 1865, Elasm., p. 411; Bocaqe & Capello, 1SG0, Plagios., p. 13; Gunth., 1870, Cat. fishes Brit, mas., 8, p. 392; Doderlein, 1881, Man. ittiol. Medit., 2, p. 66; Jordan & Gilbert, 1883, Bull. 16, U. S. nat. mus., p. 30; Ogilby, 1888, Cat. p. 2; Gonther, 1910, Stidsee fische, 3, 485. Carcharias atwoodi Storer, 1848, Proc. Bost. soc. nat. hist., 3, p. 72; 1867, Mass. Bshes, p. 246, pi. 36, f. 4. Carcharodon capensis A. Smith, 1849, Afr. Pisces, pi. 4. Carcharodon carcharias Jordan & Gilbert, 1883, Bull. 16, U. S. nat. mus., p. 875; Stevenson, 1884, Trans. Vassar Bros, inst., 2, p. 83, pi. 1, 2; Jord. & Everm., 1896, Bull. 47, U. S. nat. mus., p. 50; 1905, Bull. U. S. fish, comm, 23, p. 44. Head little more than one fourth, body cavity more than one half, and caudal less than one fifth of the total length. Snout subcorneal, little wider than deep at the nostrils, blunted at the end. Nostrils small, far apart, nearer to the mouth and the eye than to the end of the snout, with a very small projection on the anterior valve. Eye above the front of the mouth, pupil erect. Mouth wide, with labial folds. Teeth large, triangular, serrated, in if rows; upper broader, third tooth on each side smaller, PI. 5, fig. 6; lower narrower and with edges more concave in the cusp. Spiracle minute, behind the eye in front of midway to the gill opening. Gill openings very wide, space between first and second four times as wide as that between fourth and fifth, hindmost in front of the pectoral. Pectorals falciform, front margin nearly twice the length of base and inner edge. First dorsal moderate, entirely in front of the middle of the total length, origin behind the bases of the pectorals, little longer than high. Second dorsal very small, base entirely forward of that of the anal. Anal small, similar to second dorsal, origin behind a vertical from the base of that fin. Ventrals rather small, below the middle of the interdorsal space. Caudal peduncle broader than deep, a pit above and a less developed one below. Caudal fins broad, supracaudal raised and longer than the subcaudal, subcaudal lobe much produced making the depth of the caudal greater than its length. Scales small, tricarinate. Total length 86|, snout to caudal pit 69|, snout to ventrals 47, snout to first dorsal 32, snout to fifth gill opening 23|, snout to first gill opening 17, snout to mouth or to eye 4^, and length of caudal 16§ inches. Specimen taken in Massachusetts Bay. Said to reach a length of forty feet or more. Back slaty brown, shading to white on the sides and beneath. A black spot in the axil of the pectoral is followed by white on body and fin. Fins darkening backward, except ventrals, which are olive on the front portions and elsewhere white. Seas of the temperate and the torrid zones. 34 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. ISURUS. Isurus Rapinesqde, 1810, Caratteri, p. 12. Lamna Cuv., 1817, Reg. anim., 2, p. 126. Lamna and Oiyrhina Muller & Henle, 1837, Sitzb. Akad. wiss. Berlin, p. 1141. Isuropsis, Isurus, and Lamna Gill, 1861, Ann. N. Y. lye, 7, p. 398. Snout produced, pointed. Teeth awl-shaped, with two-rooted base and with or without denticles on the base. Spiracles behind the eye, sometimes absent. Gill openings wide, in front of the pectoral. Pectorals large, subfalci- form. First dorsal large. Caudal with a much produced lower lobe. With two subgenera, Isurus and Lamna. Many Cretaceous and Tertiary species. Teeth with denticles at each side of the base in adults . Lamna (page 34) dorsal origin above the ends of the pectorals second dorsal above the anal .... nasus (page 34) Teeth without denticles Isurus (page 36) dorsal origin above the pectorals second dorsal above the anal teeth small punctatus (page 36) second dorsal in front of the anal teeth medium tigris (page 36) dorsal origin near a vertical from end of pectoral base second dorsal origin in front of that of anal . oxyrhynchus (page 37) dorsal origin near a vertical from the ends of pectorals second dorsal nearly in front of the anal teeth large, in about §| rows . . . glaucus (page 38) dorsal origin behind the pectoral about one length second dorsal in front of the anal teeth in §§ rows " either side " . . . gilntheri (page 39) Isurus nasus. Porbeagle Borlase, 1758, Nat. hist. Cornwall, p. 265, pi. 26, f. 4; Pennant, 1769, Zool., 3, p. 92; 1776, Zool., 3, p. 117; Goodenough, 1797, Trans. Linn, soc, 3, p. 80, pi. 15; Yarrell, 1836, Brit, fishes, 2, p. 384; Couch, 1867, Brit, fishes, 1, p. 41, pi. 8. Squalus glaucus Gunner, 1770, Norsk, vid. selsk.skr., 4, p. 1 (nonLinne); Ascanius, 1777, Icon., pi. 31. Beaumaris Shark, Pennant, 1776, Brit, zool., 3, p. 104, pi. 17. Haaebrand Ascanius, 1777, Icon., pi. 31. Le Nez Broussonet, 1780, Mem. Acad, roy., p. 067. Touille boeuf, Taupe de Mer, Duhamel, 17.82, Trait,'-. 4, p. 298, pi. 20, f. 4 (lacks anal fin). Squalus nasus Bonnaterre, 17S8, Ichth., p. 10, pi. 85, f. 350; Walbaum, 1792, Artedi, p. 517. Squalus comubicus Gmelin, 1789, Linne' Syst., 1, p. 1497; Schn., 1801, Bloch Ichth., p. 132; Turton, 1807, Fauna, p. 113; Donovan, 1807, Br. fish., 5, pi. 108; Neill, 1811, Mem. Wern. soc, 1, p. 549; Jentns, 1835, Man., p. 500; Wright, Fries, & Ekstrom, 1836, Skand. fisk., p. 135, pi. 30. ISURUS NASUS. 35 Sqiialus pennanti Walbaoth, 1792, Artedi, p. 517. LeSquale'long-nez Lacepede, 1798, Poissons, 1, p. "216, pi. 2, f. 3. Sqpudus monensis Shaw, 1S04, Zool., 5, pt. 2, p. 350; Ctrv., 1817, Reg. anim., 2, p. 127. Squalus selanonus Leach, ISM, Mom. Wem. soc, 2, p. 64, pi. 2, f. 2. Carcharinus cornubicus Blainv., 1810, Bull. Soc. philom., p. 121. Lamna cornubica Cuv., 1817, Ro«. anim, 2, p. 127; Fleming, 1828, Brit, anim., p. 108; Parnell, 1838, Mom. Worn, soc, 7, p. 413; Miu.F.it & Henle, 1841, Plagios., p. 67; Bonaparte, 1841, Icon. Fauna Ital., Pesci; A.;ass., 1843, Rech. poiss. foss., 3, p. 287, pi. G, f. 3; Schlegel, 1850, Jap. Pisces, p. 304; Thompson, 1856, Nat. hist. Ireland, 4, p. 251; Kroyer, 1853, Danm. fiske, 3, p. 852; Nilsson, 1855, Fisk. Skand., 4, p. 718; Dumeril, 1865, Elasm., p. 405; Bocage & Capello, 1866, Plagios., p. 12; Gunther, 1870, Cat. fishes Brit, mus., 8, p. 389; Gerv. & Botjl., 1876, Poiss. Fr., 3, p. 180, pi. 168; Moreau, 1881, Poiss, France, 1, p. 296; Doderlein, 1881, Man. ittiol. Medit., 2, p. 60; Day, 1884, Brit, fishes, 2, p. 297, pi. 156; Jensen, 1907, Dan. fiske, p. 296, pi. 27, f. 2. Selanonius ivalkeri Fleming, 182S, Brit anim., p. 169. Squalus (Carcharinus) lamia Blain., 1830, Poiss. Fr., p. 88. Squalus (Carcharinus) cornubicus Blain., 1830, Poiss. Fr., p. 96, pi. 14, f. 2. Tsurus cornubicus Gray, 1851, Chondropterygii, p. 58. Body subfusiform, more massive anteriorly, slender, depressed, and with a prominent keel at each side in the caudal peduncle, from the second dorsal backward. Snout conical, longer than the mouth. Eye large, above the middle of the mouth. Nostrils small, in the hindmost third of the snout. Mouth large, much arched in front. Teeth with broad two-rooted base and slender lanceolate cusp at the base of each side of which in the larger specimens there is a sharp denticle, in || rows, third upper tooth at each side of the symphysis much smaller. Outlines of the teeth as seen from the sides less waved than those of I. punctatus and other species; the teeth are more compressed and the edges are sharper. Spiracles minute, nearly midway from the eye to the gill opening, or absent. Gill openings large, width rather more than the length of the snout. Pectorals subfalciform, pointed, outer margin about four times the length of the inner. Origin of the first dorsal above the ends of the bases of the pectorals, length of base about equal to height of fin, upper angle sharp, end far from the origins of the ventrals, basal length nearly two fifths of the distance from the second dorsal. Ventrals midway between the dorsals. Second dorsal very small, above the anal, which latter it nearly equals in size. Vertebral axis of the caudal much raised from the horizontal; a notch behind the subcaudal fin; subcaudal lobe much produced; lateral keels prominent. Specimens are said to reach a length of more than ten feet. Greyish brown above; white below; young with white edges on some of the fins. Jensen, 1907, publishes a fair representation of this species and of its denti- tion. Reported from the British Isles, the Mediterranean, the Western Atlantic, and from Japan. 36 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. ISURUS PUNCTATUS. Plate 6, fig. 4-6; Plate 56, fig. 5, (heart); Plate 58, fig. 3, (intestine); Plate 62, 63, (skeleton). Lamna punctata Storer, 1839, Report fishes, p. 1S.5, pi. 3, f. 2; Boston journ. nat. hist., 2, p. 534; 1846, Mem. Anier. acad., new ser., 2, p. 504; 1867, Mass. fishes, p. 249, pi. 37, f. 1 (non syn.). Oxyrhina dekayi Gill, 1861, Proc. Acad. nat. sci. Phila., p. 60 extra. Isuropsis glaucus Gill, 1864, Proc. Acad. nat. sci., Phil., p. 260. Oxyrhina punctata Dumeril, 1865, Elasm., p. 409. Lamna cornubica Jordan & Gilbert, 1883, Bull. 16, U. S. nat. mus., p. 30. Isurus punctatus Garman, 1888, Bull. M. C. Z., 17, p. 79, pi. 1. Form similar to that of /. nasus. Body subfusiform, massive in the anterior half, depressed and with lateral keels in the caudal peduncle. Head slightly flattened on the crown, snout long, pointed, conical. Nostrils small, far apart, near the mouth and the eyes. Eye large, orbit round, pupil erect; no nictitating membrane. Mouth large, crescentic ; upper labial fold less than half as long as the jaw, lower much the shorter. Teeth rather small, in || rows, with slender sharp-edged cusp and broad two-rooted base, without denticles at the sides, lower teeth more erect. Spiracles minute, above the angle of the mouth. Width of gill openings less than length of snout. Pectorals subfalciform, width not more than half the length, angles rounded, outer extremity reaching beyond the base of the dorsal. Dorsal in front of the mid length, origin slightly behind the base of the pectoral, greatest length little more than the height, upper angle rounded. Second dorsal very small, above the anal. Anal little larger than second dorsal and origin very little farther forward. Ventrals below the middle of the space between the dorsals, caudal about one fifth of the total length, vertebral axis much raised backward. Spiral intestine with about 38 turns. Dark bluish brown on back and sides, abruptly changing to white on the lower surfaces; dorsals, pectorals, and caudal tipped with black. In the axil on the base of the pectoral there is a black area, followed on the fin and the body by a white space as in Carcharodon carcharias. A large spot of black below the outer half of the pectoral. Abundant off the eastern coast of the United States. ISURUS TIGRIS. Lamna punctata DeKay, 1842, N. Y. fish., p. 352, pi. 63, f. 206 (non L. punctata Storer, 1839). Isuropsis dekayi Gill, 1861, Ann. N. Y. lye, 7, p. 409 (non Oxyrhina dekayi Gill, 1861); Poet, 1868, Repertorio, 2, p. 446. Carcharias ligris Atvvood, 1S69, Proc Boston soc. nat. hist., 12, p. 268. Isurus glaucus Jordan & Gilbert, 1883, Bull. 16, U. S. nat. mus., p. 28. Isttrus dekayi Jordan it Gilbert, ibid., p. 874; Jord. & Everm., 1896, Bull. 47, U. S. nat. mus., p. 48; 1900, ibid., Atlas, pi. 6, f. 21. ISURUS OXYRHYNCHUS. 37 Head to the fifth sill opening nearly one fourth of the total length; body moderately robust; snout subcorneal, elongate, sharp. Teeth smaller than those of /. oxyrhynchus, similarly without basal denticles, with a sharp slender curved cusp, and with the third tooth at each side of the middle of the mouth on the upper jaws much smaller than the second or the fourth. Pectorals sub- falciform, outer portion rather narrow, front margin about twice as long as the base and the inner margin together, inner angle rounded. First dorsal a short distance behind the pectorals, front margin straighter and upper angle sharper than in /. glaucus. Second dorsal little in advance of the anal and nearly its equal in size. Ventrals about midway from the bases of the pectorals to the caudal, nearer to the dorsal than to the anal. Extremities of the caudal sharp, front margin of the subcaudal lobe about two thirds of the length of that of the supracaudal. Attains a length of more than ten feet. Bluish to ashy brown; white on the lower surfaces, color sharply defined on the level of the caudal keels. This species is distinguished from /. pundatus by a sharper snout, narrower and longer pectorals, narrower dorsal and caudal, and by the positions of the dorsals. A higher more erect and sharper dorsal, placed farther back, and narrower and more pointed pectorals separate it from /. glaucus. The backward insertion of the dorsal, and smaller teeth, and the forward position of the second dorsal as compared with the anal prevent confusion with /. oxyrhynchus. Non- acquisition of denticles on the teeth of adults and the rearward insertion of the first dorsal limit its affinities with /. nasus. Gulf of Mexico to New York; West Indies. IsiTRTJS OXYRHYNCHUS. Cane di mare di Messina Spallanzani, 1793, Viagg. alle due Sicil., 4, p. 325. Tsurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque, 1810, Carratteri, p. 12, pi. 13, f. 1; Jordan & Gilbert, 1883, Bull. 16, U. S. nat. mus., p. 29; Jord. & Everm., 1896, Bull. 47, U. S. nat. mus., p. 48. I surus spallanzani Rafinesque, 1810, Ind. itt. Sic, p. 45, 60; Jordan & Gilbert, 1883, Bull. 10, U. 8. nat. mus., p. 874. Lamna oxyrhina Owen, 1840, Odont., p. 28, pi. 3, f. 1, pi. 5, f. 1. Oxyrhina gomphodon, Muller & Henle,1S41, Plagios., p. 68, pi. 28; Bocage & Capello, 1866, Plagios., p. 13. Oxyrhina spallanzanii Bonaparte, 1841, Icon. Fauna Ilal., Pcsci, pi. 53; Agass., 1843, Rech. poiss. foss., 3, p. 276, pi. G, f. 2; Dumeril, 1865, Elasm., p. 408; Doderlein, 1881, Man. ittiol. Medit., 2, p. 62, synon. part; Moreau, 1881, Poiss. France, 1, p. 298. Lamna spallanzanii Gunth., 1870, Cat. fishes Brit, mus., 8, p. 390 (excl. synon). Outlines similar to those of I. nasus or /. pundatus; body apparently a trifle more slender than in either. Snout long, pointed, subconical, slightly angular in a cross section. Crown depressed in a low arch transversely. Nos- 38 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. trils much nearer to the mouth than to the end of the snout. Eye little in advance of the mid length of the mouth. Mouth large, length equal to preoral distance, angles midway from end of snout to pectorals. Teeth large, in 2^~ rows; cusp lanceolate, strong, curved, with sharp edges, without basal denticles; base two-rooted, rather swollen; third tooth of the upper jaws much smaller than the second or the fourth. Eye comparatively small. Spiracles minute, above and somewhat behind the angle of the mouth. Width of gill openings nearly equal to preoral length of snout. Pectorals large, falciform, base and inner edge together equal to about half of outer edge, outer angle sharp, hind margin deeply concave. Origin of dorsal nearly above the end of the pectoral base; dorsal base nearly one third of the interdorsal space, and about equal to the distance from the origins of the ventrals. Second dorsal and anal subequal, origin of anal a short distance behind that of the second dorsal. Caudal large, lunate, subcaudal lobe greatly developed, blunted. Bluish grey to brown; white beneath. Mediterranean and Atlantic. ISURUS GLATJCUS. Oxyrhina glauca Muller & Henle, 1841, Plagios., p. 69, pi. 29; Schlegel, 1850, Jap. Pisces, p. 302; Dumeril, 1865, Elasm., p. 409. Isuropsis glaucus Gill, 1861, Ann. N. Y. lye, 7, p. 398, 409 (name); Johd. & Fowler, 1903, Proc. U. S. nat. mus., 26, p. 623. Lamna glauca Giinth., 1870, Cat. fishes Brit, mus., 8, p. 391; 1910, Siidsee fische, 3, p. 484. Lamna spallanzanii Day, 1878, Ind. fishes, p. 722, pi. 186, f. 2. Head nearly one fourth of the total length ; crown depressed in a low arch transversely; snout longer than the mouth, subcorneal. Nostrils small, width two fifths of the length of the orbit, nearer to the eye than to the end of the snout. Length of mouth equal its width; sides straight to the broadly arched anterior portion; labial folds nearly half the length of each jaw, at the inner edge of the lips. Teeth long slender, unequal, in §§ rows, sharp-edged, outlines sinuate, without denticles at the sides of the base. Spiracles minute, above the angle of the mouth. Outer edge of pectoral about four times as long as the inner, angles rounded, hind margin slightly concave. Origin of the first dorsal near a vertical from the inner extremity of the pectoral, front margin strongly curved; base about half its length farther back than that of the pectoral, length little greater than the height of the fin, more than one third of its distance from the second dorsal; hind angle rather short but sharp; greater part of hind margin vertical. Second dorsal very small, base almost entirely in front of that of the anal. Anal CETORHINUS MAXIMUS. 39 little, if any, larger than second dorsal. Ventrals below the middle of the space between the dorsals. The width of the gill openings of the specimen described equals the length of the snout; the hindmost opening is in front of the pectoral. The teeth are larger than in a specimen of /. punctatus of the same length. Back dark bluish or blackish brown, the dark color being distinctly limited on the level of the caudal carinae from the white of the lower surfaces. Idzu Sea, Japan. Alan Owston. ISURUS GUNTHERI. Lamna guntheri Murray, 1884, Ann. mag. nat. hist., scr. 5, 13, p. 349; Day, 18S8, Ind. fishes, Suppl., p. 810. Snout much produced, triangular. Nostrils nearer to the eye than to the end of the snout. Teeth " §f on either side " (Day), with smooth sharp edges, without basal cusps. Anterior teeth of the lower jaw largest; third tooth at each side of the symphysis on the upper jaws smaller than the rest. First dorsal nearer to the pectorals than to the ventrals, a little farther behind the base of the former than in /. spallanzanii, that is, about its own length behind the bases of the pectorals. Anal about its own length behind the second dorsal. This species differs in the large numbers of rows of teeth from the other known Isuri. Type, from Kurrachee, India, 86 inches in total length, caudal 18, and pectorals 16 inches. Cetorhinus. Cetorhinus Blainv., 1816, Bull. Soc. philom., p. 121. Selache Cuv., 1817, Reg. anim., 2, p. 129. Polyprosopus Couch, 1867, Brit, fishes, 1, p. 67. Body elongate, subfusiform. Snout produced, subcorneal. Nostrils near the mouth. No nictitating folds. Mouth large. Teeth conical, small, numer- ous. Spiracles small, behind the eye. Gill openings five, very wide, hindmost in front of the pectorals. Gills with strainers. Pectorals and first dorsal large, latter above the space between pectorals and ventrals; second dorsal and anal small. Tail with a keel at each side and with caudal pits. Caudal large, vertebral axis raised, subcaudal lobe much produced. One living species known. Fossil forms have been described from the Chalk and later. Cetorhinus maximus. Squalus maximus Gunner, 1765, Trondj. sels. selskr., 3, p. 33, tab. 2; Linne, 1766, Syst., 1, p. 400; Gunner, 1770, Norsk, vid. selsk. skr., 4, p. 14, tab. 3; Bonnaterre, 17S8, Ichth., p. 10; Schn., 1801, Bloch Ichth., p. 134; Blainville, 1810, Jour, de phys., p. 1 extra; Mitch., 1815, N. Y. lit. & philos. trans., 1, p. 486; Fleming, 1828, Brit, anim., p. 164. 40 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. Basking shark Pennant, 1769, Zool., 3, p. 78; 1776, ibid., 3, p. 101, pi. 13; Home, 1810, Philos. trans., p. 206; Low, 1813, Fauna Oread., p. 173; Yarrell, 1836, Brit, fishes, 2, p. 396; Couch, 1867, Brit, fishes, 1, p. 60, pi. 14. Lc (res-grand Broussonet, 1780, Mem. Acad, roy., p. 669; Daubenton, 1787, Encycl. meth., 3, p. 96; Lacepede, 1798, Poissons, 1, p. 209. Sqttalus pelegrinus Blainv., 1810, Journ. de phys. p. 18, pi. 2, f. 2; Ann. mus., 18, p. 88, pi. 6. Cetorhinus gunneri Blainv., 1816, Bull. Soc. philom., p. 121. Cetorhinus homianus Blainv., 1810. Journ. de phys., p. 19, extra, pi. 2, f . 1, 1816, Bull. Soc. philom., p. 121. Cctorhimis shat'ianus Blainv., 1816, Bull. Soc. philom., p. 121. Selache maxima Cuv., 1817, Reg. anim., 2, p. 129; F. Faber, 1829, Fische Islands, p. 20; Richardson, 1836, Faun. Bor. Amer., 3, p. 29; Parnei.l, 1838, Mem. Wern. soc, 7, p. 418; Muller & Henle, 1841, Plagios., p. 71; Nilsson, 1855, Fisk. Skand.; Thompson, 1856, Nat. hist. Ireland, 4, p. 253; Domeril, 1865, Elasm., p. 413; Bocage & Capello, 1866, Plagios., p. 14; Capello, 1869, Jor. Acad. sci. Lisboa, 7, p. 140; Gonth., 1870, Cat. fishes Brit, mus., 8, p. 394; Pavesi, 1874, Ann. Mus. civ. Genoa, 6, p. 36; 1878, ibid., 12, pi. fig.; Lutken, 1880, Vid. medd. nat. forh., p. 62; Doderlein, 1881, Man. ittiol. Medit., 2, p. 70; Day, 1884, Brit, fishes, 2, p. 303, pi. 158, f. 1. Squalus isodus Macri, 1819, Atti Accad. sci. Napoli, 1, p. 55, pi. 1, f . 1, pi. 2. Squalus rostralus Macri, 1819, ibid., p. 76, pi. 1, fig. 2. Squalus elephas Le Sueur, 1822, Journ. Acad. nat. sci. Phil., 2, p. 350, pi.; Storer, 1839, Report fishes, p. 407. Squalus rashleighanus Couch, 1825, Trans. Linn, soc, 14, p. 91 ; 1838, Cornish Fauna, 1, p. 51. Squalus cetaceus Gray, 1854, Gron. syst., p. 6. Polyprosopus rashleighanus Gill, 1861, Ann. N. Y. lye, 7, p. 398; Couch, 1867, Brit, fishes, 1, p. 67, pi. 14, f. 1. Polyprosopus macer Couch, 1867, Brit, fishes, 1, p. 68, fig. Cetorhinus blainvillii Capello, 1869, Jor. Acad. sci. Lisboa, 7, p. 133. Cetorhinus rostratus Cornish, 1870, Zool., 2, no. 59. Selache rostrata Pavesi, 1874, Ann. Mus. civ. Genoa, 6, p. 36, pi. 1-3. Cetorhinus maximus Gervais, 1876, C. R. Acad. sci. Paris, 82, pi. 138; Journ. zool., 5; Jordan & Gilbert, 1883, Bull. 16, U. S. nat, mus., p. 31; Jord. & Everm., 1896, Bull. 47, U. S. nat. mus., p. 51; 1900, ibid., Atlas, pi. 7, f. 23. Outlines bearing much resemblance to those of Isurus. Body subfusiform, massive forward, more slender behind the dorsal fin. Snout subcorneal, of moderate length. Eyes small, without a nictitating membrane, above the forward end of the mouth. Spiracle small, behind the eye, above the hinder part of the mouth. Nostrils small, near the sides of the snout and near the mouth. Mouth very large, curved forward. Teeth small, subcorneal, very numerous, a half dozen or more of the series in function at once, smooth edged. Gill openings in front of the pectoral, extending nearly around the neck, the anterior pair being narrowly separated on the back and on the throat. C 1 ill arches bearing strainers, apparently modified teeth or scales, in some respects resembling whalebone, whence the name "Bone Shark." Pectorals medium, pointed, front edge about twice the length of the base and the inner edge to- gether, fin reaching below the middle of the dorsal. Dorsal above the space between the pectorals and the ventrals, nearer to the latter, origin a short distance behind the inner extremities of the former, height less than length of base, fin angled above; hinder angle sharp, not reaching a vertical from the ventrals. Ventrals rather small, below the space between the dorsals, nearer X RHINCODON. 41 the first dorsal. Second dorsal and anal small, nearly equal, anal base the farther hack, origin below the hind part of the second dorsal. ( 'audal peduncle depressed, with lateral folds and with pits at the root of the caudal fin. Caudal fin large, vertebral axis much raised backward, a notch behind the subcaudal, subcaudal lobe produced, sharp. Reaches a length of thirty- five feet or more. Back greyish brown ; lower surfaces white. Arctic Seas to the temperate regions. Rhincodontidae. This family contains a species of large shark, the affinities of which place it near Cetorhinus. It approaches that genus in its enormous size, large mouth, small eyes, small spiracles, small teeth, large pectorals, in the sizes and propor- tions of dorsals and anal, in the erected caudal, the caudal pit and the develop- ment of the subcaudal lobe. It has nasoral grooves, and has keels on the body as on some of the Orectolobidae, but it differs from them in lacking nasal cirri, in size, in the disproportions of pectorals and dorsals, in the erected supracaudal, the lobed subcaudal, and the lateral keels of the caudal pedicel. Rhincodon. Rhincodon A. Smith, 1829, Zool. journ., 4, p. 443. Rhineodon Muller & Henlb, 1837, Wiegm. arcliiv., 1, p. 84; Swains., 1839, Class, 2, p. 314; Jord. & Fowler, 1903, Proc. U. S. nat. mus., 26, p. 626. Rineodon Muller & Henle, 1838, Charlesworth's mag., 2, p. 37; Swains, 1838, Class., 1, p. 142. Rhinodon Muller & Henle, 1841, Plagios , p. 77; A. Smith, 1849, Afr. Pisces, pi. 26; Gunth., 1870, Cat. fishes Brit, mus., 8, p. 396. Micristodus Gill, 1865, Proc. Acad. nat. sci. Phil., p. 177. Subfusiform. Head depressed; snout broad, blunt. Eyes small, lateral, near the angle of the mouth, without a nictitating membrane, lower lid with- out a fold. Spiracles small, lateral. Nostrils anterior, grooved to the mouth, without cirri. Mouth large, anterior, with labial folds on both jaws. Teeth very small, very numerous, subcorneal, curved. Gill openings wide, hindmost narrower, two above the pectoral. Pectorals large, falciform. Two dorsals, without spines, with produced angles; anterior near the middle of total length, much the largest, separated by more than the length of its base from the second dorsal. Anal very small. Tail with a pit at the origin of the supra- caudal, which latter is erected as, in Isuridae; subcaudal with a well developed lobe; pedicel with a keel at each side. Pacific and Indian Oceans. 42 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. Rhincodon typus. Rhincodon typus A. Smith, 1829, Zool. journ., 4, p. 443. Rhinodon typicus Muller & Henle, 1841, Plagios., p. 77, pi. 35, f. 2; A. Smith, 1849, Afr. Pisces, pi. 26; Dumeril, 1865, Elasm., p. 428; Gunth., 1870, Cat. fishes Brit, mus., 8, p. 396; Halt, 1883, Ann. mag. nat. hist., ser. 5, 12, p. 48; Thurston, 1884, Bull. 1 Madras mus., pi. 3A; Regan, 1908, Proc. Zool. soc. Lond., p. 353; Gunther, 1910, Slidsee fisehe, 3, p. 486. Micrislodus punctatus Gill, 1S65, Proc. Acad. nat. sci. Phil., p. 177; Jordan & Gilbert, 1883, Bull. 16, U. S. nat. mus., p. 32; Jord. & Everm., 1896, Bull. 47, U. S. nat. mus., p. 52. Rhinodon pentelinealus Kishinouye, 1901, Zool. anz., p. 694. Rhineodon typicus Jord. & Fowler, 1903, Proc. U. S. nat. mus., 26, p. 626. A very large species, attaining a length of more than 30 feet, with feeding habits resembling those of the basking shark, Cetorhinus. Head depressed; snout broad, sub truncate; body cavity more than half the total length. Eye small, lateral, near the angle of the mouth, lower lid without a fold. Spiracle small, behind the eye. Nostrils at the end of the snout, near the lip; anterior valves widely separated, reaching the teeth, without cirri. Mouth wide, anterior, transverse, with labial folds on both jaws; upper fold elongate, lower short. No longitudinal symphyseal groove. Teeth very small, subconical, sharp, numerous. In the type the teeth were said to be 12 to 15 in a longitudinal row and about 250 in a transverse series; Kishinouye, 1901, counted on his specimen 16 to 30 in a longitudinal row and 300 or more in a transverse series. Gill apertures very wide, hindmost narrower, hindmost two above the pectoral. Gill arches with long rakers serving as strainers for small prey. A pair of keels or ridges on each flank beginning above the gill apertures, the upper continued to the space between the dorsals, the lower meeting the keel at the side of the tail. Pectorals large, broad, falciform with sharp angles and concave hind margin. Dorsals unequal, hinder angles produced; anterior dorsal large, posterior margin deeply concave, nearly in the mid total length. Second dorsal small, distant from first more than length of base of latter. Anal smaller than second dorsal and originating below the hinder half of its base. Ventrals small, origin below hinder portion of first dorsal base. Tail with keel at each side of pedicel; with notch at origin of fin. Caudal large, vertebral section raised, subcaudal lobe well developed. Purplish to reddish brown profusely sprinkled with small spots and streaks of white; lower surfaces light reddish brown. Cape Good Hope; Japan; Knights Key, Fla. ORECTOLOBIDAE. 43 Orectolobidae. Body short and subeylindrical to moderate and depressed. Head narrow with snout of medium length to broad with a very short snout. Tail long and slender with short caudals to rather short with long caudals. Nostrils with a nasoral groove and with a cirrus on the anterior nasal valve. Mouth transverse, with labial folds around the angle on both jaws. Teeth compressed with or without lateral cusps at each side of the median. Eyes small, without nictitating membrane. Spiracle minute and behind the eye to large and more or less below it. Gill openings small to medium, hindmost two or three above the pectorals. Fins short and broad, except the caudal which most often is narrow and not lobed. No fin spines; no pits at the root of the caudal. First dorsal above the ventrals second dorsal in front of the anal tail long, caudal short; no dermal lobes body short; anal close to the caudal Hemiscyllium (page 44) tail long, caudal long body short; mouth inferior; anal close to caudal Brachaelurus (page 47) anal at a short distance from caudal Hcteroscyllium (page 48) tail short, caudal short; dermal lobes present body long; mouth nearly anterior . Orectolobus (page 49) dermal lobes numerous under the lower jaws Eucrossorhinus (page 53) tail medium; caudal medium; teeth tricuspid; body medium ; fins rounded . . Ginglymostoma (page 54) tail long; caudal long; teeth multicuspid; body medium ; fins angulate Nebrodes (page 56) First dorsal forward of the ventrals second dorsal in front of the anal tail very long; caudal very long; fins rounded body short Stegostoma (page 59) First dorsal behind the ventrals; body short tail very long; caudals short; fins small . Chihscyllium (page 60) First dorsal behind the ventrals second dorsal behind the anal . . Parascyllium (page 66) 44 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. Hemiscyllium. Hemiscyllium A. Smith, 1837, Proc. Zool. eoc. Lond., p. 86; Muller & Henle, 1838, Charlesworth's mag., 2, p. 34; 1841, Plagios., p. 16. Body moderate, shorter than the tail. Nostrils inferior, near the end of the snout, with nasoral ^grooves; anterior valves reaching the mouth, widely separated by the preoral attachment, each with a long cylindrical cirrus ; poste- rior valves with a flap at the outer side of the nostril and forming a fold on the outer side of the nasoral groove with a short free extremity at the angle of the mouth. Mouth transverse, nearer to the end of the snout than to the eye, with labial folds on both jaws around the angle, not crossing the symphyseal region; no transgeneial fold. Teeth small, tricuspid. Eye small, without a fold in the lower lid. Spiracle small, below the angle of the eye. Gill openings small, fifth widest, fourth and fifth close together. Fins rather small; dorsals larger than ventrals or anal and above the space between them. Anal close to the caudal. Subcaudal narrow, short. Australia; Melanesia. Front edge of dorsals with two large spots a large ocellate spot above the pectoral origin of first dorsal above ends of ventral bases spots black, round, scattered . . . ocellatum (page 44) origin of first dorsal behind a vertical from ventral bases spots brown, grouped .... trispeculare (page 45) a nonocellate spot above the pectoral origin of first dorsal above ends of ventral fins; angle produced spots dark, numerous, rounded . . freycineti (page 46) Hemiscyllium ocellatum. L'oeille Brousso.net, 17S0, Mem. Acad, roy., p. 660. Squalus ocellatus Bonnaterre, 1788, Ichth., p. 8; Gmelin, 1789, Linn6 Syst., 1, p. 1494; Shaw, 1793, Nat. misc., 5, pi. 161; Lacepede, 1798, Poissons, 1, p. 253; Schn., 1801, Bloch Ichth., p. 129. Hemiscyllium ocellatum Muller & Henle, 1841, Plagios., p. 16. Scyllium ocellatum Blyth., 1847, Journ. Asiat. soc. Bengal, 16, p. 726, pi. 25b, f . 2. Hemiscyllium oculalum Dumeril, 1853, Rev. et mag. zool., Scyll., p. 34; 1865, Elasm., p. 326. Chiloscyllium ocellatwn Gunth., 1870, Cat. fishes Brit, mus., 8, p. 410; Regan, 1908, Proc. Zool. soc. Lond., p. 359; Gunther, 1910, Siidsee fische, 3, p. 488. Elongate, head moderate, snout short, blunt, rounded. Nostrils inferior, near the end of the snout, connected with the mouth by a nasoral groove; an- terior valves reaching the mouth, widely separated by the preoral attachment, HEMISCYLLIUM TRISPECULARE. 45 somewhat folded, with a cylindrical cirrus hardly as long as the valve; posterior valves with a fold outside of the nostril and ending in a fold on the outer side of the groove, extending to the angle of the mouth. Mouth medium, transverse, nearer to the end of the snout than to the eye, with short labial folds on both jaws around the angles, not crossing the symphyseal space. No transgeneial fold like that of Chiloscyllium. Eye small, lower lid without a fold. Spiracle moderate, below the hinder part of the eye. First gill opening smallest, third to fifth above the pectoral, fourth and fifth close together, fifth widest. Fins rather small, angles rounded; pectorals little the larger; dorsals subequal, origin of first nearly above the end of the base of the ventral, origin of second about three times the base of the first farther back, and about two and one half times the same base forward from the anal. Brownish, greyish or yellowish, light below, back, sides and fins with scat- tered irregular spots of darker brown and, on young, with ten or more indefinite transverse bands of brownish. Above the end of each pectoral base there is a large white-edged rounded spot of black. New Holland; Australia; New South Wales. HEMISCYLLIUM TRISPECULARE. Hemiscyllium trispeculare Richardson, 1843, Icon., p. 5, pi. 1, f. 2; 1848, Erebus & Terror, Fish., p. 43, pi. 28, f. 3-7; Dumeiul, 1853, Rev. et mag. zool., Scyll., p. 35; 1865, Elasm., p. 326. Chiloscyllium trispeculare Gunth., 1870, Cat. fishes Brit, mus., 8, p. 411; Regan, 1908, Proc. Zool., soc. Lond., p. 359. Similar in outlines to H. ocellatum, apparently with the origin of the first dorsal a trifle farther back, the base of the anal a little shorter and the posterior extremities of the dorsals more angular. The space between the bases of the dorsals is about one and one half times the base of the second. Anal base short, nearly equal to that of the second dorsal. The mid total length is behind the first dorsal. Body short, little more than one third of the total; snout short, blunt. Caudal region, long, slender. Nostril inferior, near end of snout, with a nasoral groove; anterior valves extending to the mouth, widely separated by the pre- oral attachments, with cirri; posterior valves with a fold at the outer side of the nostril, continued in a fold on the outer side of the groove with a short free extremity at the angle of the mouth. Mouth moderate, with labial folds on both jaws around the angles, not crossing behind the symphysis. No geneial fold across the chin. Eye small, lower lid without a fold. Spiracle small, below 46 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. the hinder part of orbit. Gill openings small, third to fifth above the pectoral, third and fourth close together, fifth widest. Scales small, with median keel. Fins all short; dorsals subequal, hinder angles produced, first larger and originating behind the bases of the ventrals, distant from base of second one and one half times the base of the latter, or a little more than the distance of the latter from the origin of the anal. Subcaudal narrow. Brownish with many small dots and spots of darker, grouped in threes and fours, and with eleven or more indefinite cross-bands of darker, separated by spaces of nearly equal width, with one or more large white-edged spots of black above the hinder part of the pectoral and with a couple of smaller spots on the front edge of each dorsal. Ventral surfaces uniform light. Type specimen 22 inches in length, a male. Northwestern Australia. Hemiscyllium freycineti. Scyllium freycineti Quot et Gaimard, 1824, Voy. Uran., Poiss., p. 192. Scyllium malaisianum Lesson, 1830, Voy. Coquille., Poiss., p. 94, pi. 6. Chiloscyllium malaianum Muller & Henle, 1S41, Plagios., p. 20; Dumeril, 1853, Rev. et mag. Zool., Scyll., p. 40; 1865, Elasm., p. 332. Chiloscyllium freycineti Regan, 1908, Proe. Zool. soc. Lond., p. 359. Elongate, slender; body cavity in the anterior third of the total length; head short, subconical; snout very short, blunt. Anterior nasal valves with fleshy, pointed cirri. Mouth near the end of the snout, with labial folds around the angles. Three gill openings above the pectoral, fourth and fifth close to- gether and largest. Spiracle below the hinder part of the orbit. Dorsals subequal, hind angle produced; origin of the first dorsal above the ends of the ventral fins. Anal small, close to the caudal. Caudal short, narrow; subcaudal fin small, narrow, without a produced lobe. Reddish brown, darker on the back; body and fins with numerous irregular rounded spots of darker; a pair of the larger spots on the front edge of each dorsal, a spot above the base of each pectoral, and several spots on the caudal. From the nape backward there appear indications of cross-bands in positions like those on H. ocellatum and H. trispeculare, and with the spots on the fins the markings are very suggestive of close affinities with those species. Waigiu Island, New Guinea. BRACHAELURUS MODESTUS. 47 Brachaelurus. Brachaelurus Ogilby, 1907, Proc. Roy. soc. Queensland, 20, p. 27. Cirriscyllium Ogilby, 190S, Proc. Roy. soc. Queensland, 21, p. 4. Form somewhat like that of Orectolobus; the body elongate and depressed anteriorly, subcylindrical posteriorly. Head broad; snout short, broad, blunt. Nostrils near the end of the snout, with nasoral grooves, and long, slender cirri. Mouth medium, transverse, with labial folds on both jaws, around the angles, and with a symphyseal fold. No transgeneial fold. Teeth small tricuspid. Eyes small. Spiracles medium, behind and partly below the eye. Gill openings small, hindmost widest, hindmost two closer together, three above the pectoral. Pectorals short, broad. Dorsals subequal; first dorsal above or behind the ventrals, second in front of the anal. Anal small, near the subcaudal. Caudal axis raised but slightly. Scales small, keeled. Australia. Base of the anal near the subcaudal .... modestus (page 47) Base of anal nearly twice its length from the subcaudal . colcloughi (page 48) Brachaelurus modestus. Chiloscyllium mode/slum Gunther, 1871, Proc. Zool. soc. London, p. 654, pi, 54. Chiloscyllium funum Macleay, 1882, Proc. Linn. soc. N. S. W., 7, p. 364. Chiloscyllium fuscum Parker & Haswell, 1897, Zoology, 2, p. 135. Hemiscyllium modestum Waite, 1901, Rec. Austr. mus., 4, p. 28, f. 9, pi. 4, f. 1. Brachaelurus modestum Ogilby, 1907, Proc. Roy. soc. Queensland, 20, p. 27, Regan, 1908, Proc. Zool. soc. London, p. 354. Cirriscyllium modestum Ogilby*, 1908, Proc. Roy. soc. Queensland, 21, p. 3. Body moderate; head broad, depressed; snout short, broadly rounded in front; caudal region longer than the body cavity. Nostrils inferior, nearer to end of snout than to mouth; anterior narial valves reaching the mouth, each with an elongate cirrus; posterior valves with a fold on outer side of nostril and continued in a fold on the outer side of the nasoral groove with free end at angle of the mouth. Mouth medium, with long labial folds, on both jaws, around the angles, not meeting behind the symphysis on the chin. No trans- geneial fold, a short longitudinal groove at the symphysis. Teeth small, tri- cuspid, median cusp largest, several series in function. Eye small. Spiracle smaller than the eye, behind and below the posterior portion, with raised bor- der. Gill openings small, third to fifth above the pectoral, fourth and fifth little closer together. 48 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. Fins of moderate size, angles not produced. Dorsals subequal; origin of first above the middle of the bases of the ventrals, base extended little beyond the ends of these fins and ending about mid total length; base of second distant from that of first little more than half its length. Anal small, near the caudal, origin below the end of the base of the second dorsal. Caudal short, lower subcaudal margin a broad convex,- not lobed. Claspers ending in a slender, sharp, flexible point. Brownish to greyish brown, back darker, belly yellowish ; young with about ton transverse bands of darker on back and sides, separated by narrower spaces, with irregular scattered small spots of whitish on body and fins. Adults more nearly uniform brownish. New South Wales. Brachaeltjrus (Heteroscyllium) colcloughi. Brachaelurus colcloughi Ogilbt, 1908, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland, 21, p. 3. Heteroscyllium colcloughi Regan, 1908, Ann. mag. nat. hist., ser. 8, 2, p. 455. Body robust. Preoral length one third of that of the head. Anterior angle of the nostril equidistant from the mouth and the tip of the snout; inter- narial width about equal the preoral length, eight ninths of the width of the mouth; nasal cirrus five sevenths of the preoral length, not extending to the lower labial groove, one and one half times the diameter of the eye. Mouth much nearer to the eye than to the tip of the snout, width seven sixteenths of the length of the head. Eye somewhat nearer to the tip of the snout than to the first gill opening, length of orbit six and two fifths times in the length of the head. Spiracle smaller than the eye. Length of body to vent four fifths of the caudal length. Origin of the first dorsal above the middle of the bases of the ventrals, hind angle pointed. Second dorsal similar in shape to the first, somewhat smaller. Distance between the origin of the anal and the second dorsal less than the interdorsal space; free space between the anal and the caudal less than twice the length of the anal base. Distance of the pectoral from the ventrals two thirds of that from the tip of the snout; pectoral base rather more than half the greatest width of the fin, and rather less than half the length, which is six sevenths of that of the head. Origins of the ventrals a little nearer to the first dorsal than to the pectorals. Back, flanks and tail ashy grey; lower surfaces white. Type about 18.1 inches (460 mm.). Coasts of Queensland; Aloreton Bay. . ORECTOLOBUS ORNATUS. 49 Orectolobus. Orectolobus Bonaparte, 1834, Icon. Fauna Ital., Pesci, fasc. 7. Crossorhinus Muller & Henle, 1837, Sitzb. Akad. wiss. Berlin, p. 113. Body stout, depressed, cavity half or more of the total length; tail shorter, slender, compressed. Head and snout flattened above, broad, blunt. Nostrils at the end of the snout, connected with the mouth by a nasoral groove; anterior nasal valve with a cirrus. Mouth transverse, nearly terminal, with labial folds on both jaws around the angles. Teeth compressed, narrow, with or without small lateral denticles. Eye small, orbit elongate. Spiracle moderate, behind and below the eye. Gill openings narrow, third to fifth above the pectoral, fourth and fifth close together. Dorsals above the space between the ventrals and the anal. Anal small, close to the subcaudal. Caudals narrow, other fins short and broad; a notch between the subcaudal and the terminal. The largest species reach a length of eight feet or more. Trahsgeneial folds, like those of Chiloscyllium, are absent, but on some perhaps all of the species there is a short longitudinal fold below the symphysis of the lower jaws, similar to that noted on species of Hemiscyllium, suggesting a distensible mouth aperture with elastic ligaments, as in some serpents. No orbital papilla dermal lobes simple ornatus (page 49) dermal lobes bifid to trifid japonicus (page 50) One orbital papilla one dermal lobe at side of throat . . . tentaculatus (page 51) Two orbital papillae two dermal lobes at side of throat a few short lobes below the chin . . . maculatus (page 52) Orectolobus ornatus. Crossorhinus ornatus De Vis, 1883, Proo. Linn. soc. N. S. W., 8, p. 289. Orectolobus ornatus Regan, 1908, Proc. Zool. soc. London, p. 356, pi. 11, f. 2. Closely allied to 0. maculatus, but differing in that the nasal cirrus and the dermal lobes are less developed and more simple. The lobes occupy similar positions; that is, there are two above the upper lip, two at the angle of the mouth and two at the side of the head, but they are not bifid or trifid at their ends. Gill openings small, hindmost two closer together, three above the pecto- rals. Mouth moderate; lower labial folds long, not crossing the symphysis. 50 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. A short symphyseal fold below the chin. Fins with rounded angles and slightly convex free margins. Dorsals subequal; base of second dorsal longer than the interdorsal space; origin of first dorsal above the ends of the bases of the ventrals. Anal small, origin below the tip of the second dorsal. Subcaudal longer than the anal; separated from the terminal by a notch. Greyish brown, with irregular blotches of brown crossing the body at the nape, between the pectorals, forward of the ventrals, through the dorsals, through the anal and across the caudal. Fins blotched. A lighter spot above each eye. Queensland. Orectolobus japonicxjs. Plate 66, fig. 3, (heart). Crossorhinus barbatus MOller & Henle, 1841, Plagios., p. 21, pi. 5; Schlegel, 1850, Jap. Pisces, p. 301 ; Dumeril, 1865, Elasm., p. 338 (part); Gunth., 1870, Cat. fishes Brit, mus., 8, p. 414 (part). Orectolobus barbatus Jord. & Fowler, 1903, Proc. U. S. nat. mus., 26, p. 606. Orectolobus japonicus Regan, 1906, Ann. mag. nat. hist., ser. 7, 18, p. 435; 1908, Proc. Zool. soc. Lond., p. 356. Elongate, depressed in head and body, body cavity half or more of the total; head one fifth, longer than broad; tail slender, compressed in the posterior half. Snout short, broad, blunt, extending very little beyond the mouth. Nostrils below the end of the snout, connected with the mouth by a nasoral groove; anterior valves reaching the teeth, somewhat lobed and fringed, with a median attachment, separated from one another, by a median preoral lobe to which they are attached; each valve with a long slender cirrus, twice as long as the valve, bearing a lobe or fold on the proximal half of the inner side; posterior valves forming a fold around the outer side of the nostril and subcontinuous with the upper lateral fold and a fold along the outer side of the nasoral groove to end in a cirrus or slender point toward the angle of the mouth. Mouth wide, subterminal, close to the end of the snout, with long labial folds, on both jaws, around the angles, the lower almost reaching the symphysis. No transgeneial fold; a short longitudinal fold below the symphysis. Teeth moderate, compressed, with a narrow sharp triangular cusp on three lobes at the base. Eyes small, prominent, hardly one third of length of snout, without a fold in the lower lid, without dermal prominences on the top. Spiracles large, twice as long as the eye, lower than the eye and behind a vertical from its hinder angle, elongate, oblique. Above the upper lip there is a group of three barbels, second shortest, third longest. Behind the angle of the mouth on a fold there are five, the first two of which are not entirely separated, the second two more completely, ORECTOLOBUS TENTACULATUS. 51 and the fifth is bifid near the end. Behind these at the side of the throat there are two short bifid lobes, separated by the length of the eye from one another and by twice as much from those at the angle of the mouth. Scales small, pluricarinate or striate. Pectorals short, little longer than wide, width about equal their distance from the ventrals, ends truncate, angles blunt. Dorsals subequal, angles slightly produced, ends slightly concave; origin of first dorsal behind the mid length, nearly above the ends of the bases of the ventrals, base separated by less than its length from the second; base of second ending about one length of the orbit forward of the anal. Anal small, rounded, narrow, close to subcaudal, base equal half length of subcaudal, nearly equal to base of first dorsal. End of caudal fan-shaped, broadening outward. Rusty marbled brownish, with light edged spots, and with ten or more irregular transverse blotches of darker: first blotch across occiput and nape, second between the pectorals, third above the space between pectorals and ventrals, the fourth at the origin and the fifth at the end of the first dorsal, the seventh at the end of the second dorsal and the eighth and two or more others across the caudal. The blotches are dark more or less edged with light ; some contain ocellate spots. A small spot of white behind each spiracle. A dark spot on the interorbital space; pectorals and ventrals with dark blotches. Lower surfaces uniform light brownish. The specimen described, from Japan, closely agrees with the figure pub- lished by M filler and Henle. ORECTOLOBUS TENTACULATUS. Crossorhinus lentaculatus Peters, 1864, Monatsb. Berl. akad., p. 123; GOnth., 1870, Cat. fishes Brit. rnus., 8, p. 414; Macleat, 1881, Proc. Linn. soc. N. S. W., 6, p. 365. Oreclolobus tenlaculatus Regan, 1908, Proc. Zool. soc. Lond., p. 357. In most features like 0. maculatus. Nasal cirri long, simple. A small wart-like papilla above each eye posteriorly. Dermal lobes simple; one above the upper lip, one at the angle of the mouth and another at the side of the head. Gill openings small, three above the pectoral, hindmost two close together. Spiracle moderate, behind and below the eye. Pectorals short, broad, rounded. First dorsal the longer, origin nearly above the ends of the bases of the ventrals. Second dorsal entirely forward of the anal, base longer than the interdorsal space. Anal close to the subcaudal. Fin angles more rounded and edges more convex in the young. Yellowish grey with light-edged blotches of darker: one blotch on the nape, 52 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. a larger one between the pectorals, a third forward from the ventrals, and others across each dorsal and the anal. Posteriorly the blotches extend downward more on the flanks. Fins with dark spots. A lighter spot behind each spiracle. Queensland. Orectolobus maculatus. Le barbu Broussonet, 1780, M6m. Acad, roy., p. 657. Squalus maculatus Bonnaterre, 17S8, Ichth., p. 8. Watt's shark Philipp, 1789, Voy. Botany Bay, p. 285. Squalus barbatus Gmelin, 1789, Linne" Syst., 1, p. 1493; Schn., 1801, Bloch Ichth., p. 128. Le squale barbu Lacepede, 179S, Poissons, 1, p. 247. Squalus lobatus Schn., 1801, Bloch Ichth., p. 137. Squalus appendiculatus Shaw, 1806, Nat. misc., 17, pi. 727. Chrossorhinus lobatus A. Smith, 1837, Proc. Zool. soc. Lond., p. 86. Crossorhinus barbatus Ddmeril, 1865, Elasm., p. 338 (part); Gunth., 1870, Cat. fishes Brit, mus., 8, p. 414. Crossorhinus barbatus McCoy, 1880, Zool. Vict., 5, pi. 43, f. 1; Macleay, 1881, Proc. Linn. soc. N. S. W.( 6, p. 365. Orectolobus barbaius Jord. & Fowler, 1903, Proc. U. S. nat. mus., 26, p. 606; Regan, 1908, Proc. Zool. soc. Lond., p. 355. Body and head broad, little more than half of the total length; tail slender, compressed posteriorly. Head depressed, snout very short, broad. Eye small, prominent, opening longer than wide. Spiracles large, elongate, oblique, close behind and below the eye. Nostrils anterior, connected with the mouth by a nasoral groove; anterior valve with a long cirrus on the upper half of which there is a dermal fold with one or more short lobes ; posterior valves forming a fold at the outer side of the nostril and continuing into the upper labial fold and a longitudinal fold along the outer side of the nasoral groove the free pointed extremity of which extends toward the angle of the mouth. Mouth wide, nearly anterior, with labial folds around the angle on both jaws. Teeth moderate, anterior larger with a single narrow elongate cusp and a broadened base, posterior small with a more or less developed lateral cusp at each side of the median. A couple of dermal folds or barbels, ending in bifid or trifid lobes at the angle of the mouth, a couple more at the side of the throat, and a few very small ones below the chin. A prominent ridge over and above each eye, bearing processes above the orbit. Dorsals subequal, subangular, base of first dorsal equal to their distance apart. Anal short, origin nearly below tip of second dorsal. Greyish brown to brown spotted and mottled with various shades of darker, commonly with larger blotches on the back and across the tail. Many of the brown areas edged with lighter. Lower surfaces plain. Australian Seas. EUCROSSORIIIXrs DASYPOGON. 53 ElTCROSSORHINUS. Eucrossorhinus Regan, 1908, Proc. Zool. soc. Lond , p. 357. Head broader and more depressed, eyes smaller, spiracles larger, and dermal lobes around the head more numerous and more dissected than in the species of Orectolobus. A series of branching dermal lobes below the lower jaws and a nearly continuous series from the n'arial lobe to the base of the pectoral. Dorsals smaller than the ventrals. Anal smaller than the dorsals, close to the sub- caudal ; latter narrow, separated by a notch from the terminal. Probably a subgenus of Orectolobus. Eucrossorhinus dasypogon. Crossorhinus dasypogon Bleekeb, 1S67, Arch. Need., p. 400, pi. 21, f. 1. Eucrossorhinus dasypogon Regan, 1908, Proc. Zool. soc. Lond., p. 357. Elongate, depressed in body and head; tail nearly half of the total length, compressed posteriorly; snout short, broad. Eyes small. Spiracles large, two or more times the length of the eyes. Nostrils at the end of the snout; anterior valves with a long cirrus on one side of which there is a fold with several lobules; posterior valves f orming a fold around the outer side of the nostril and continuing backward into the fold of the upper lip and another along the side of the nasoral groove and ending in a cirroid free extremity toward the angle of the mouth. Between the narial lobe and that at the angle of the mouth there are about five lobes, and between the angle of the mouth and the pectoral there are about twenty more, of which six or eight are on the fold extending from the angle. Sixteen or twenty more form a transverse series behind the lower lips. Pectorals short, broad, rounded. Dorsals subequal, rounded ; origin of first dorsal above the hindmost fourth of the base of the ventrals, base ending about its length forward from the second dorsal. Anal much shorter than the dorsals, origin behind the base of the second dorsal, narrowly separated from the subcaudal. Brown profusely marked with small spots of white ; a small spot of white behind each spiracle; caudal region with four of five indefinite irregular trans- verse areas of darker; lower surfaces light, plain. Bleeker's description and figure were drawn from two specimens, a male of 220 mm. and a female of 800 mm., taken off Waigiu, Aru, New Guinea. 54 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. GINGLYMOSTOMA. Ginglymostoma Muller & Henle, 1837, Sitzb. Akad. wisa. Berlin, p. 113; 1841, Plagios., p. 22. Body medium, depressed and broadened forward, compressed posteriorly. Head broad, snout short, blunt. Nostrils near the end of the snout; anterior nasal valves reaching the mouth, broadly separated by attachment across the symphysis, each with a cylindrical cirrus at the outer edge; posterior valve a fold on the outer side of the groove. Mouth wide, little curved, inferior. Teeth small, in If or more rows, compressed 3-5 cusped, with a strong sharp cusp at each side of which there is a pair of denticles, median cusp strongest, several series in function, eyes small, without a fold. Spiracle minute, at a distance behind the eye. Gill openings, moderate, fourth and fifth widest and above the pectoral, close together. Dorsals approximated, rather large, first above the ventrals, larger; second origin forward of anal. Caudal large, subcaudal not lobed. Tropical Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. Fin angles rounded anal small cirrus as long as narial valve subcaudal narrow cirratum (page 54) anal large cirrus much shorter than narial valve subcaudal deep ..... brevicaudatum (page 55) Fin angles sharp cirrus hardly reaching the teeth subcaudal feebly lobed .... ferrugineum (page 56) Ginglymostoma cirratum. Plate 7, fig. 4-6. Le Barbillon Broussonet, 1780, Mem. Acad, roy., p. 656. Gala Parra, 1787, Hist, nat., p. 86, pi. 34, f. 2. Squalus cirratus Bonnaterre, 1788, Ichth., p. 7; Gmelin, 1789, Linn6 Syst., 1, p. 1492; Lacepede, 1798, Poissons, 1, p. 245; Schn., 1801, Bloch Ichth., p. 128. Squalus punctulatus Lacepede, 1800, Poissons, 2, p. 120, pi. 4, f. 3; Schn., 1801, Bloch Ichth., p. 549. Squalus punclalus Schn., ibid., p. 134. Squalus argus Bancroft, 1835, Zool. journ., 6, p. 82. Ginglymostoma cirratum Muller & Henle, 1841, Plagios., p. 23; Dumeril, 1865, Elasrn., p. 334; Gunth., 1870, Cat. fishes Brit, mus., 8, p. 408. Ginglymostoma fulvum Poey, 1861, Memorias Cuba, 2, p. 342; 1868, Repertorio, p. 455. Ginglymostoma caboverdianus Capello, 1867, Jor. sci. math. phys. nat. Lisboa, 1, p. 167, f. 1. GINGLYMOSTOMA BREVICAUDATUM. 55 Body cavity nearly one half of total length, head about one fifth and caudal not far from two sevenths. Body and head broad and depressed anteriorly, width of head equal to its length to the first gill opening. Eye very small, elongate. Spiracle pore-like, lower than the eye and one length farther back; farther from the eye than on G. brevicaudatum. Nostrils small, near the end of the snout, connected with the mouth by a nasoral groove, anterior valves with a cirrus extending to the mouth cleft, widely separated by the preoral attach- ment across which a ridge passes from one valve to the other. Mouth moderate, lips swollen, extending over about half the length of each jaw. Teeth small, about §§ rows on specimens of 15 inches or less, several series in function, compressed, with a strong sharp median cusp and small lateral denticles (1 or 2) on each side of it. Gill openings small, first about twice the length of the eye, posterior widest, fourth and fifth close together above the pectoral. Fin angles broadly rounded. Pectorals larger than the first dorsal; origin of first dorsal little forward of the mid length total, opposite or little backward of that of the ventral. Second dorsal more than half as long as the first, one length of the base from that of the latter. Anal much smaller than second dorsal, and origin below the middle of its base which ends below the middle of the space between end of second dorsal base and origin of caudal. Subcaudal long, rather narrow. Scales small, with a low keel or smooth, hinder edges sharp, those on upper edge of caudal and about openings of pores larger. Colors of large individuals brown, yellowish to plumbeous, of young yellow- ish to light brownish, most often with scattered small spots of brown; in cases with a transverse band of brownish across the snout, another through the first dorsal and ventrals, a third through the second dorsal and the anal; lower surfaces lighter. Tropical Atlantic and Eastern Pacific. GlNGLYMOSTOMA BREVICAUDATUM. Ginglymostoma brevicaudatum GtiNTH., 1866, Fishes Zanzibar, p. 141, pi. 21 ; 1870, Cat. fishes Brit, mus., 8, p. 408. Head broad depressed, snout broad and broadly rounded at the end, broader, thicker and less pointed than that of G. cirralum. Eye minute. Spir- acles small, distant from the eye one length of the latter. Nostrils small; ante- rior valves reaching the lip, separated by the very broad preoral attachment, with a cirrus half as long as the valve; posterior valve a fold on the outer side of the 56 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. nasoral groove. Mouth wide, labial folds crossing half or more of the distance from the angles to the symphysis on the lower jaw and little less on the upper. Teeth small, on a 23 inch specimen in §§ rows, in several functional series, commonly with a strong hooked median cusp at each side of which there is a denticle. Fourth and fifth gill openings wider than the first, close together, above the pectoral. Fins short, broad, convex on the margins, rounded on the angles. Origin of first dorsal opposite the middle of the base of the ventral, end one length in front of the base of the second dorsal. Origin or end of base of second dorsal little forward of those of the anal. Anal little smaller than second dorsal, position slightly backward. Subcaudal short and deep, not lobed anteriorly. Scales small, with quadrangular exposure, with 3-9 keels or smooth, with hinder edges notched by the keels or entire. Uniform brown, young with small spots of black. Zanzibar and Seychelles; Indian Ocean. GlNGLYMOSTOMA FERRUGINEUM. Scyllium ferrugineum Lesson, 1830, Voy. Coquille, Poiss., p. 95. Ginglymostoma concnlor Muller & Henle, 1841, Plagios., p. 22, pi. 6. Ginglymostoma midleri Gunth., 1870, Cat. fishes Brit, mus., 8, p. 408; Klunzinger, 1871, Syn. fische, 2, p. 230; Day, 1878, Ind. fishes, p. 725; Gunth., 1910, Stidsee fische, 3, p. 487. Ginglymostoma ferrugineum Jord. & Snyder, 1906, Bull. U. S. fish, comm., 26, p. 182; Regan, 1908, Proc. Zool. soc. Lond., p. 51. Head depressed; snout short, moderately broad, more pointed than that of G. brevicaudatum , bluntly rounded. Anterior nasal valves reaching the mouth, cirrus much shorter, hardly half as long as the valve. Teeth small, with a strong median cusp and several, 3-5, smaller lateral cusps, several rows in function. Fins short, with rather sharp angles; dorsals moderately large, origin of the first nearly opposite that of the ventral, base little more than dis- tance from that of second, more than base of second. Anal little smaller than second dorsal, bases equal, hinder angle produced. Caudal nearly 5 of total length. Scales small, with obtuse central keel, crenulate on the hind margin. Uniform rusty brown. India and East Indies. Nebrodes. Nebrius Rti ppell, 1837, Beschr. Chondropt., p. 2; 1838, Neue wirb., fische, p. 62. Closely allied to Ginglymostoma but readily distinguished by the teeth, NEBRODES CONCOLOR. 57 which are different in shape and much less numerous; there is a smaller number of series in function at the same time, apparently not more than one. Snout hardly as broad as that of Ginglymostoma. Eyes very small. Spir- acles minute, about one length of the orbit behind the eye. Nostrils connected with the mouth by nasoral grooves; anterior valves with cylindrical cirri, reach- ing the mouth, widely separated by their preoral attachment, posterior valve a fold on the outer side of the groove at the angle of the mouth. Mouth rather small; lips swollen, lower shorter. Teeth small, polycuspid, compressed, one or two series in function. Fourth and fifth gill openings close together, above the pectoral. Indian Ocean. First dorsal above the ventral, second above the anal first dorsal distant from second less than length of base . concolor (page 57) first dorsal distant more than the length of its base from that of second. macrurus (page 58) Nebrodes concolor. Nebrius concolor Ruppell, 1837, Beschr. Chondropt., p. 2, pi. 17, f. 2; 1838, Neue wirb., fische, p. 62, pi. 17, f. 2. Ginglymostoma concolor T. Cantor, 1849, Malay, fishes, p. 395; Gunth,, 1870, Cat. fishes Brit, mus., 8, p. 409. Ginglymostoma ruppellii Bleeker, 1852, Plagios., p. 91; 1852, Nat. tijds. Ned. Ind., 3, p. 83; Dumeril, 1865, Elasm., p. 334. Snout bluntly rounded. First dorsal much larger than second, bases of the two separated by the length of the base of the second, origin of the first directly above the bases of the ventrals. Caudal 3 of the total, with the merest suggestion of a lower lobe. Teeth small, in several transverse series of which only one is in function; each tooth with a convex cutting edge formed of small cusps the median of which is stronger. Angles of pectorals, ventrals, dorsals, and anal sharp. Cirrus shorter than the narial valve. Color brownish or rusty brown. Distinguished from N. macrurus by the size of the first dorsal, its distance from the second, its origin above that of the ventral, and by the sharp angles of the fins. Red Sea to India. 58 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. Xebrodes macrurus, sp. nov. Plate 8, fig. 7-10. Body moderately slender, tapering backward from the shoulders. Head depressed; snout short, blunt. Nostrils near the end of the snout, anterior nasal valve with a long cylindrical cirrus, posterior valve a fold on the side of the nasoral groove. Mouth moderate, nearly transverse, nearer to end of snout than to eye, with strongly developed labial folds that are widely separated across the symphyseal space; jaws much arched forward; teeth in about |g rows, one transverse series in function, much compressed, each with a low median cusp at each side of which there are 4 or more smaller ones gradually decreasing in size toward the outer. The one series in function with the continuous edge of sharp cusps in some measure recalls what obtains on the jaws of Heptranchias and suggests an intermediary position between its dentition and that of such a form as Catulus or others with compressed pluricuspids. Eye small, open- ing elongate, length about 5 the width of the mouth. Spiracle small, minute, behind the eye, distant one ocular diameter. Gill apertures as wide as the space between the labial folds on the middle of the mouth; fourth and fifth much narrower and closer together, above the pectoral. Fin angles blunt, inner more rounded, hinder edges more or less sinuous. First dorsal somewhat larger than the second, base entirely in front of total mid length, about as long as high, base distant near lj times its length from that of the second, originating little forward of the middle of the base of the ventral. Second dorsal smaller than first, origin forward of that of the anal. Anal more oblique, more pointed, longer in base and extending farther backward than second dorsal. Caudal long, near 3 of the total; subcaudal portion deep anteriorly, with a slight lobe, tapering gradually backward. Pectorals wide, length § of the width, slightly falcate. Ventrals near the size of the first dorsal, one and one half times as long as broad. Scales small, resembling those of particular Centrophori, rather smooth to the touch, bearing a low median keel with or without smaller lateral keels, larger scales intermixed with the smaller, hinder edges not crenulate. Rusty brownish, with a sprinkled appearance, from the larger whiter scales. Distinguished from N. concolor Riipp. among other features by less differ- ence in the sizes of the dorsals, by the smaller size of the first dorsal and its greater distance from the second, by the larger anal, and by the longer cirrus. Type No. 820, M. C. Z., Port Louis Harbour, Mauritius; a male of 3li inches, body cavity 15 in. STEGOSTOMA VARIUM. 59 Stegostoma. Stegostoma Muller & Henle, 1837, Sitzb. Akad. wiss. Berlin, p. 112; Wiegm. archiv., p. 395; 1838, Charlesworth's mag., 2, p. 35; 1841, Plagios., p. 24. Body slender, less than half the total; head short broad; snout short thick blunt; tail long, slender, compressed. Nostrils with a nasoral groove; anterior valves united in a broad thick pad in front of the preoral fold, each with a cylin- drical cirrus; posterior valves reduced to a narrow fold on the outer side of the groove, terminating in a short flap at the angle of the mouth. Mouth trans- verse, upper lip thin, between the nasal valves and the teeth; labial folds short, around the angles. Narial valves, preoral fold, and chin invested with modified scales. Teeth small, tricuspid, in transverse pads, of about 28 rows each. Eyes small, lids without folds. Spiracles small, behind the eyes. Gill openings small, fourth and fifth close together, hinder three above the pectoral. Dorsals approx- imated, small; first larger, above the ventrals; second smaller than the anal and farther forward. Anal near the caudal. Caudal long, horizontal; sub- caudal narrow, not lobed. East Indies; India; Africa. Stegostoma varium. Squalus sp. Gronow, 1754, Mus., 1, p. 62. Squalus varius Seba, 1761, Thesaur., 3, p. 105, pi. 34, f. 1; Gronow, 1763, Zoophy., 1, p. 33, no. 147. Le Tigre Broussonet, 1780, Mem. Acad, roy., p. 658. Squalus tigrinus Forster, 1781, Zool. Ind., p. 24, pi. 13, f. 2; Bonnaterre, 1788, Ichth., p. 8, pi. 8, f. 23; Gmelin, 1789, Linne Syst., 1, p. 1493; Lacepede, 1798, Poissons, 1, p. 249. Squalus fascialus Hermann, 1783, Tab. affin., p. 302, tab.; Bloch, 1785, Ausl. fische, 1, p. 19, pi. 113; Shaw, 1800, Nat. misc., 11, pi. 434; Schn., 1801, Bloch Ichth., p. 130. Squalus longicaudus Gmelin, 1789, Lmn6 Syst., 1, p. 1496. Pollee Makum Russell, 1803, Coromandel fishes, 1, pi. 18. Scyllium heplagonum Ruppell, 1835, Neue wirb. Abyssinien, Fische, p. 61, pi. 17, f. 1. Stegostoma fasciatum Muller & Henle, 1837, Sitzb. Akad. wiss. Berlin, p. 113; Wieqm. archiv., p. 395; 1838, Charlesworth's mag. 2, p. 35; 1841, Plagios., p. 24, pi. 23; T. Cantor, 1849, Malay. fishes, p. 396; Bleeker, 1852, Verh. Bat. gen., 24, Plagios. p. 23; Dumeril, 1865, Elasm., p. 336; Gunth., 1866, Fishes Zanzibar, p. 140. Stegostoma carinatum Blyth, 1847, Journ. Asiat. soc. Bengal, 16, p. 725, pi. 25 b, f. 1. Stegostoma cirrosus Gray, 1854, Gron. syst., p. 6. Stegostoma tigrinum Gunth., 1870, Cat. fishes Brit, mus., 8, p. 409; Regan, 1908, Proc. Zool. soc. Loud., p. 363; Tanaka, 1911, Fishes of Japan, 4, p. 65, pi. 16. Body and tail compressed; on a thirteen inch specimen the body cavity is one third and the caudal more than one half of the total length. Head broad, thick, crown convex; snout short, broadly rounded in front. Nostrils near the end of the snout, connected with the mouth by a nasoral groove, anterior valves fused into a broad pad free at the preoral edge, each with a slender cylindrical 60 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. cirrus extending to the lips. Mouth inferior, transverse, with short labial folds around the angles, and with a preoral fold in front of the upper teeth behind the narial flap. Eye small. Spiracle small, wider vertically, behind and near the orbit. Width of first gill opening equal length of orbit, hindmost three of the openings above the pectoral, fourth and fifth widest, overlapping. Dorsals ventrals and anal small; subcaudal narrow, not lobed. Base of first dorsal equal the space between it and the second, middle above origin of ventral and end slightly forward of end of ventral base. Second dorsal smaller, origin above the middle of the space between ventrals and anal, end of base above the origin of the anal. Base of anal about equal to that of the second dorsal, fin longer. Caudal not raised from the axis of the body. On the speci- men described the vertebral column protrudes below the supracaudal. Brown on back and sides, with six cross-bands or blotches of yellow on the body, and twenty-two on the tail : the anterior crosses the occiput to the bases of the pectorals, the second crosses above the pectorals and extends obliquely backward and down to the fins, this band is followed by a dorsal spot behind which the bands are more vertical and more irregular; on the tail they divide so as to form a series of spots on the lower part of each side. Belly white. Giinther describes an individual as brownish yellow with black or brown cross bands or stripes or with snuff-colored rounded spots. Rlippell figures another as brownish with spots and bands of brown. Individual variations appear to connect these extremes. A specimen about five feet in length is brownish with faint transverse cloudings of brown on the body; it bears numerous round spots of dark brown, as large as the eye or smaller, beginning as dots about the eyes on the head and extending back and downward to the ventrals. Behind the first dorsal the spots become less numerous and more scattered; they disappear near the root of the caudal. India and East Indies to Africa. Chiloscyllium. Chiloscijllium Miller & Henle, 1837, Sitzb. Akad. vviss. Berlin., p. 112; Wiegm. archiv., p. 395; 1838, Charlesworth'a mag., 2, p. 34; 1841, Plagios., p. 17. Synchismus Gill, 1861, Ann. N. Y. lye, 7, p. 413. Elongate; body less than half of the total length; head short, depressed, narrowed above and forward; tail long, slender. Eyes small, lower lid without, a fold. Spiracle small, below hind part of the eye, without or with a process on the hind margin. Nostrils inferior, near the end of the snout, with a nasoral CHILOSCYLLIUM PUNCTATUM. 61 groove; anterior nasal valves reaching the mouth, widely separated by the median preoral attachment, each valve with a long pointed cirrus; posterior valves forming a fold at the outer side of the nostril, continued in a fold on the outer edge of the nasoral groove with a short free extremity. Mouth transverse, with labial folds, around the angles, and with a transgeneial fold across the chin below the symphysis. Teeth small, compressed, median cusp triangular witli or without smaller lateral cusps at its base, three or more series in function. Gill openings narrow, hindmost two wider and close together, hindmost three above the pectoral. Fins medium to small; dorsals above the space between ventrals and anal; anal and subcaudal narrow, close together. India and China to Australia. Fossil species are known from the Miocene. One dermal ridge on the back anal shorter than the subcaudal origin of the first dorsal above forward half of ventral bases dorsals larger than the ventrals, hind angles produced punctatum (page 61) origin of first dorsal above middle of ventral bases dorsals smaller than the ventrals, hind angles not produced body with transverse bands and white spots plagiosum (page 62) origin of first dorsal above ends of ventrals dorsals smaller than ventrals, hind angles rounded body with transverse bands and spots of dark griseum (page 64) Three dermal ridges on the back; fins all small anal as long as the subcaudal origin of first dorsal above ends of ventrals dorsal fins equal ventrals, hind angles not produced indicum (page 65) Chiloscyllium punctatum. Chiloscyllium punctatum Muller & Henle, 1841, Plagios., p. 18, pi. 3; Bleeker, 1852, Plagios, p. 22; Dumeril, 1865, Elasm., p. 330; Gunth., 1870, Cat. fishes Brit, mus., p. 413; Regan, 1908, Proc. Zool. soc. Lond., p. 360. Chiloscyllium griseum, Muller & Henle, 1841, Plagios, pi. 4. Elongate, slender, subcylindrical, body cavity more than one third, head about one sixth, of the total length. Snout moderate, broad and blunt. Nostrils with nasoral grooves; anterior valves extending to the teeth, cirri longer, witli a free angle behind the preoral attachment; posterior valves forming a fold 62 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. outside of the nostril, continued in a fold along the outer side of the groove, subcontinuous with the upper labial folds, with a short free end at the angle of the mouth. Mouth medium, with short labial folds around the angles, and with a deep transgeneial fold below the symphysis. Teeth small, triangular, com- pressed, cusps with or without feeble lateral cusps. Eye small, elongate. Spir- acle small, below the hinder part of the eye, with a low tubercle on the margin. Gill openings moderate, hindmost widest, third to fifth above the pectoral, fourth and fifth close together. Scales minute, sharp, with a median keel. Dorsal fins larger than the ventrals, bases equal, second little smaller, hinder angles produced, sharp, hind margins deeply concave; origin of first above forward portion of ventral base; origin of second about one length of base farther back and one half length of base forward of the anal; extreme end of second dorsal nearly above the origin of the anal. Anal fin short, narrow, base equal two thirds of that of the subcaudal, width of free portion of the fin about half the base. Pectorals rather narrow, angles rounded, hinder margins oblique. A seventeen inch specimen is brownish, with ten or more broad bands of darker, wider than the interspaces : first band across the nape, second in front of the first dorsal, third through the hinder part of the same fin, fourth in front of and fifth through the posterior half of the second dorsal, sixth through the anal, and the others through the caudal. Some individuals, are more or less spotted with small areas of brown. The front edges of the gill openings are white. A male of more than 26 inches is about uniform brown but retains the white edges of the gill openings; he has a few scattered spots of brown. Description from specimens taken at Singapore and at the Philippines. This is probably a species of which individuals reach a considerable size; on the male mentioned the claspers are very small and immature. A specimen from southern Celebes does not differ from those described above. Chiloscyllium plagiosum. Bokee Sorrah Russell, 1803, Coromandel fishes, 1, p. 10, pi. 16. liu Sorrah Russell, 1803, ibid. Scyllium plagiosum, Bennett, 1830, Mem. Raffles, p. 694. Scyllium ornatum Gray &. Hardwicke, 1832, 111. Ind. zool., 1, pi. 98, f. 2. Chiloscyllium plagiosum Muller & Henle, 1841, Plagios., p. 17 (part); T. Cantor, 1849, Malay. fishes, p. 392; Bleeker, 1852, Plagios., p. 17; Dumeril, 1865, Elasm., p. 328; Day, 1865, Fishes Malabar, p. 267. Chiloscyllium margaritiferum Bleeker, 1864, Faune ichth. Obi, p. 5. Chiloscyllium indicum Gunth., 1870, Cat. fishes British mus., 8, p. 412 (part). Chiloscyllium indicum var. /ilagiosa Gunth., 1870, ibid. Chiloscyllium indicum Jord. & Fowler, 1903, Proc. U. S. nat. mus., 26, p. 605, f. 2. Chiloscyllium plagiosum Regan, 1908, Proc. Zool. soc. Lond., p. 362, pi. 12, f. 1. CHILOSCYLLIUM PLAGIOSUM. 63 Form elongate, slender; tail longer than body; head short, crown and forehead convex longitudinally and somewhat flattened transversely; snout narrowing forward, short, blunt. Eye small, no fold in the lower lid. Spiracle smaller than the eye, below the posterior extremity of the orbit, with a low process on the edge. Nostrils with a nasoral groove; anterior valves and cirri reaching the mouth, widely separated by the preoral attachments; posterior valves forming a fold on the outer side of the nostril and continuing in a fold along the outer side of the nasoral groove to end at the angle of the mouth with a very short free end. Mouth with short lateral folds on both jaws around the angles, and with a transgeneial fold behind the symphysis, covering the lower labial folds, its hinder margin of considerable width and more or less scalloped. (Jill openings narrow, hindmost widest, third to fifth above the pectoral, fourth and fifth close together. Scales small, irregular, carinate, smooth on large individuals. Fins moderate; pectorals broad, margins and angles broadly rounded. Dorsals subequal, hind margins nearly straight, angles not produced; origin of first dorsal above end of base of ventral, distance from second less than twice the length of the base; origin of second two lengths of its base forward of the anal. Base of anal longer than base of second dorsal, equal to two thirds of that of the subcaudal. Caudals narrow. Fin margins more convex on the young. Greyish brown, lighter beneath, with about twelve irregular transverse blotches of darker on the back: the first on the crown, the second between the pectorals, the third at the tips of the pectorals, the fourth at the origin and the fifth at the end of the first dorsal, the sixth at the origin and the seventh at the end of the second dorsal, the eighth at the origin of the caudal, and the others upon the caudal fin. On young specimens the anterior blotches enclose white spots on the edge of the snout, at the side of the nostril, above each eye, and two or more in each of the forward bands. The ground color is lighter on small ones and on some dark spots are scattered over the body and white markings on the edges of the fins. Adults are less spotted and are darker; some of them nearly uniform brown. Specimens described here are from Hong Kong. Of other localities Siam, while close to the Chinese, exhibits more and larger spots of light color; Singa- pore types are more spotted with brown, the white spots also being present, and the young have the brown blotches darker, the dark edges becoming scries of spots on larger specimens. On Penang examples the ground colors are much lighter and the dark edges of the blotches are more broken into series of small 64 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. spots. Females are adult at twenty-eight inches; the largest at hand is thirty- two inches in length. Chiloscyllium griseum. Chiloscyllium griseum Muller & Henle, 1841, Plagios., p. 19; Regan, 1908, Proc. Zool. soc. Lond., p. 360, pi. 11, f. 1, pi. 13, f. 3, juv. Chiloscyllium plagiosum Muller& Henle, 1841, loc. cit., p. 18; T. Cantor, 1849, Malay, fishes, p. 392. Chiloscyllium obscurum Gray, 1851, Chondropterygii, p. 35. Chiloscyllium plagiosum Bleeker, 1852, Plagios., p. 17; Ddmeril, 1865, Elasm., p. 328; Day, 1865, Fishes Malabar, p. 267. Chiloscyllium hasseltii Bleeker, 1852, Plagios., p. 19. Chiloscyllium indicum Gunth., 1870, Cat. fishes British mus., 8, p. 412 (part). Chiloscyllium indicum Day, 1878, Ind. fishes, p. 726, pi. 188, f. 3. Elongate, depressed, body cavity five twelfths, head one fifth of the total length. Head rather large, broad posteriorly, narrowed forward, flattened beneath; snout depressed, subacuminate, blunt at the end. Nostrils near the end of the snout, inferior, with a nasoral groove; anterior valves and cirri reaching the teeth, widely separated by the preoral attachments, behind which they present an angle on the free margin ; posterior valves forming a fold at the outer side of each nostril, continued in another along the outer side of the nasoral grooves and subcontinuous with the upper labial folds, with a short free extrem- ity at the angles of the mouth. Mouth wide, transverse, nearer to the eye than to the end of the snout, with short labial folds around the angles, on both jaws, and with a transgeneial fold of conspicuous width below the symphysis. Teeth small with sharp triangular median cusps concave on the lateral margins and with broad bases, with or without feeble indications of a lateral cusp at each side of the median. Eye small, in length one fourth of its distance from the end of the snout. Spiracle as large as the eye and more behind than below the orbit, with a prominent fold on the posterior edge. Gill openings narrow, third and fifth widest, fourth and fifth close together, hindmost three above the pectoral. Scales small, carinate, keels converging; when worn smooth the scales have per- ceptible indications of five to nine keels around the front edge. Pectorals and ventrals short and broad, subtruncate, angles broadly rounded. Dorsals smaller than the ventrals, second smaller, both much longer than high, hinder angles not produced, hind margins truncate, that of the second more oblique, bases and distance apart equal, more than twice the distance of the second from the origin of the anal; origin of the first dorsal above the middle of the bases of the ventrals. Anal long, little less than the subcaudal. Olivaceous brown, whitish below the body and head. Young with about ten transverse bands of light color, and with light spots on the fins. CHILOSCYLLIUM INDICUM. 65 Described from a female, of about twenty-four inches, from Penang. In the ovaries there is a number of small eggs nearly or quite ready to enter the ducts, while in each of the latter there are two provided with shells, firm and blackish. These shells resemble those of Raiidae more than those of Catulidae. The angles are provided with short blunt processes without tendrils and at the distal end the processes are brought closer together. One edge is longer than the other and more curved; on the inner or shorter edge, near each end there is a mat of long filaments, similar to those of raioids, to serve as anchors. The structure is quite firm being heavily reenforced along the lateral edges. This species differs from C. punctatum in shape of head and snout, in the longer spiracle, in the positions and in the lack of sharpness in the hinder angles of the dorsals, and in the lengths of anal and subcaudal respectively. From C. griseum it is distinguished by smaller dorsals, with positions and non production of angles, by the distance of the second dorsal forward from the anal, etc. India to South Africa and Japan. CHILOSCYLLIUM INDICUM. Squalus sp. Gronow, 1754, M113. 1, p. 61, no. 133; 1763, Zoophy., 1, p. 34, no. 150. Squalus indicus Gmelin, 1789, Linn6 Syst., 1, p. 1503; Schneider, 1801, Bloch Ichth., p. 137. Le squale denlalee Lacepede, 1798, Poissons, 1, p. 281, pi. 11, f . 3. Le squale gronovien Lacepede, 1798, ibid., p. 280. Squalus tuberculalus Schneider, 1801, Bloch Ichth., p. 137. ChUoscyllium tuberculatum Muller & Henle, 1841, Plagios., p. 19; Bleeker, 1852, Plagios., p. 20; Dumeril, 1865, Elasm., p. 331 ; Kner, 1867, Nov. fische, p. 412. Cliiloscyllittm phymatodes Bleeker, 1852, Plagios., p. 20; Dumeril, 1865, Elasm., p. 331. Squalus caudalus Gray, 1854, Gron. syst., p. 8. Synchismus tuberculatum Gill, 1861, Ann. N. Y. lye, 7, p. 408 (name only). ChUoscyllium indicum var. 5, e, f , Gunth, 1870, Cat. fishes Brit, mus., 8, p. 412-413. ChUoscyllium iyidicum Regan, 1908, Proc. Zool. soc. Lond., p. 362, pi. 13, f. 2. Body slender, cavity little more than one third of the total length; head little more than one sixth, rather narrow, depressed on the crown; snout medium, blunt. Nostrils with nasoral grooves; anterior valves and cirri reaching the mouth, separated by the moderate preoral attachments; posterior valves form- ing a fold at the outer side of each nostril and continuing in another on the outer side of the nasoral groove, to end in a short free fringed extremity at the angle of the mouth, subcontinuous with the upper labial fold. Mouth small, with short labial folds on both jaws, and with a narrow transgeneial fold behind the symphysis, in front of the lower labial folds. Eye small, elongate, lower lid without a fold. Spiracle small, its front edge below the hind edge of the orbit. Gill openings narrow, hindmost widest, third to fifth above the pectoral, fourth and fifth close together. 66 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. Dorsals smaller than the ventrals, equal, hinder margin nearly straight, angles not produced; origin of first dorsal at a vertical from the end of the ven- tral base; origin of second the length of its base forward of that of the anal, or nearly twice its length backward of the base of the first. Anal narrow, as long as the subcaudal, or longer. Caudals narrow. Claspers short, stout, the outer joints extended beyond the ventral fin. Scales small, with a median keel. A tubercular ridge on the middle of the back from head to tail, broken by the dorsals and a space as long as the orbit in front of each. At each side of this ridge along the upper part of each flank there is most often a less developed ridge. The amount of development in these ridges varies greatly in individuals from the same locality. Greyish to rusty brown, with narrow streaks or series of brown spots simi- lar in positions to such as might outline the cross bands on C. plagiosum. Speci- mens from Penang are much darker and show larger numbers of spots and intermediate series on the snout and over the body. Distinguished from C. plagiosum by smaller dorsals, longer anal, shorter •subcaudal, narrower geneial folds, and the coloration. Specimens described here are from Penang and Singapore. Adult males measure eighteen inches. Parascyllium. Parascyllium Gill, 1861, Ann. N. Y. lye, 7, p. 412. Body long, slender, cavity less than half the total. Head short; snout short, blunt. Nostrils connected with the mouth by nasoral grooves; anterior narial valves with a cirrus, widely separated by the preoral attachment. Mouth with well-developed lower lip; no geneial fold. Teeth small, lanceolate, median cusp longer, lateral cusps small or absent. Gill openings narrow, fourth and fifth close together above the pectoral, fifth widest. Spiracle small, below hinder part of orbit. Fins all small; first dorsal above the space between the ventral and the anal; second behind the anal; subcaudal short, not lobed. Off coasts of Australia and Tasmania. Brown, spotted with black on the fins and with white on the body a darker transverse band on the nape . . . variolatum (page 67) Brown, spotted with black on body and fins darker cross bands on nape and body . . . collare (page 67) PARASCYLLIUM COLLARE. 67 Parascyllium variolatum. He.miscyllium variolatum Dumeril, 1853, Rev. et mag. zool., p. 121, pi. 3, f. 1; 1865, Elasm., p. 327. Parascyllium nuchale McCoy, 1874, Ann. mag. nat. hist., ser. 4, 13, p. 15, pi. 2. Parascyllium variolatum Gill, 1861, Ann. N. Y. lye., 7, p. 413; Regan, 1908, Proc. Zool. soc. Lond., p. 349. Slender, elongate; caudal region very long; head short; snout short, bluntly rounded. Nostrils large, connected with the mouth by a nasoral groove; anterior valves reaching the lip, widely separated by the preoral attachment, with short cirri. Mouth small, midway from eye to end of snout, with labial folds around the angle, without a geneial fold across the chin. Teeth small, tricuspid, in young. Gill openings small, fourth and fifth close together above the pectoral, fifth widest. Fins small; dorsals subequal, first above middle of space between ventrals and anal, near the total mid length; second little smaller, almost entirely behind the anal; pectorals short and broad; Ventrals entirely forward of the dorsal; end of base of anal little behind origin of second dorsal. Caudal short, narrow, not lobed. Brown with spots of black. On the type, a young individual, the spots are rather large and distinct in the vertebral series and on the fins ; on the body and in a dark band across the nape there are numerous irregular maculae of lighter color. Type, about 14 inches long, from Australian waters. Parascyllium collare. Parascyllium collare Ramsay & Ogilby, 1889, Proc. Linn. soc. N. S. W., ser. 2, 3, p. 1310; Waite, 1899, Mem. Austr. mus., 4, p. 32, pi. 2, f. 2; Regan, 1908, Proc. Zool. soc. Lond., p. 349. Parascyllium variolatum Gunth., 1870, Cat. fishes Brit, mus., 8, p. 410. In some respects it appears as if this species was founded on adults of the preceding. Hardly any divergence is to be seen in the positions and the sizes of the fins, and the differences in coloration are such as might well be brought about by difference in ages. The individual figured by Waite, 1899, was thirty-three and a quarter inches in length, more than twice the length of the type of P. variolatum; according to this author it was yellowish tinged with brown, had eight cross-bands, two of which were situated on the tail, and the under parts were yellow. His figure places the first and more distinct band across the nape, the second behind the pectorals, the third from ventral to ventral, the fourth at the end of the base of the first dorsal, the fifth above the anal, and the sixth at the end of the base of the second dorsal. Between the 68 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. nape and the tip of the caudal and on the fins there are spots of black as large as the eye or smaller. Off Australian coasts; near Port Jackson. Catulidae. This family contains small sharks having an anal fin and spiracles and small spineless dorsal fins which are situated behind the body cavity. In one genus (Pentanchus) the first dorsal has disappeared. In all of the species the mouth is large and below the head, the upper lip generally hiding the lower at the angles; the teeth are small, numerous, and acute and there are several series in function; the nictitating membrane is rudimentary, its office being performed by the lower lid, which closes within the upper; the hindmost of the narrow gill openings are above the pectorals; the scales are small and have one to several cusps, the median and its keel usually being sharper; and the eggs are inclosed in horny cases. Fossil species of Catulidae are found in the Upper Cretaceous and in later formations. Origin of the first dorsal not in advance of the ventrals labial folds on the lower jaw, none on the upper anterior nasal valves with a cirrus ventrals of the male discrete (not concrescent) Poroderma (page 69) anterior nasal valves with a rudimentary cirrus ventrals of the male concrescent . . Catulus (page 71) labial folds absent or rudimentary posterior nasal valves present . . Cephaloscyllium (page 78) labial folds around the angle of the mouth posterior nasal valve present anal and subcaudal short snout short Halaelurus (page 81) anal long, subcaudal long; nostrils near the mouth snout short, thick . . . Parmaturus (page 88) posterior nasal valve rudimentary, anterior not reaching mouth anal and subcaudal elongate; dorsals small snout elongate, depressed edge of caudal with a special armature Pristiurus (page 91) PORODERMA. 69 edge of caudal without special armature A pristurus (page 96) anal and subcaudal elongate; only one dorsal fin Pentanchus (page 95) posterior nasal valve absent, anterior reaching mouth anal and subcaudal short, dorsals larger snout short, narrow; a fold below the eye Atelomyderus (page 100) anal and subcaudal short, anal larger than dorsals snout short, depressed; no fold below the eye Haploblepharus (page 101) Origin of first dorsal slightly in advance of ventral origins labial folds short, upper longer anal long, distant from the subcaudal snout elongate .... Proscyllium (page 102) PORODERMA. Poroderma A. Smith, 1837, Proc. Zool. soc. Lond., p. 85. Body rather stout, cavity more than half the total length. Head less than one fourth of the total; snout short, longer than the mouth, depressed, blunt. Nostrils without a nasoral groove; anterior valves short, widely separated, not reaching the mouth, with a strong cirrus; posterior valves broad, short. Eyes small; lower lid with a very slight fold. Mouth wide, short; teeth small, tri- cuspid. Labial folds at the angles of the mouth, on the lower jaws only. Spir- acles moderate, behind the eyes, not distant. Ventrals short. Scales small, tricuspid, median cusp elongate, acute. First dorsal fin behind the ventrals; second dorsal smaller than either first or anal. Gill openings medium, hindmost above the pectoral, narrow. Off the coasts of southern Africa. The species are distinguished almost entirely by differences in their mark- ings; they are separated as follows: Marked by longitudinal stripes, nearly or quite unspotted nasal cirrus usually not reaching the edge of the lip . africanum (page 70) Marked by spots, rings or vermiculations, spots sometimes confluent nasal cirrus longer, reaching the edge of the lip or beyond ■pantlierinum (page 70) 70 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. PORODERMA AFRICANUM. Le Gulonni Broussonet, 1780, Mem. Acad, roy., p. 659. Squalus fasciatus Bonnaterre, 1788, Ichth, p. 8. Squalus africanus Gmelin, 1789, Linn6, Syst., 1, p. 1494. Squalus ritlatus Shaw & Nodder, 1798, Nat. misc., 9, pi. 346. Scyllium africanum Cuv., 1817, Reg. anira., 2, p. 124; 1829, 2, p. 386; Muller & Heni,e, 1841, Plagios., p. 12, pi. 7, f. ; A.Smith, 1849, Afr. Pisces, pi. 25, f. 1; Dumeril, 1865, Elasm., p. 321; Gunth., 1870, Cat. fishes Brit, mus., 8, p. 405; p. 406 " var. a. africana s. striata." Poroderma africanum A. Smith, 1837, Proc. Zool. soc. Lond., p. 85. Squalus striatus Forster, 1844, Descrip. anim., ed. Lichtenstein, p. 407. Scyliorhinus africanus Regan, 1908, Ann. mag. nat. hist., ser. 8, 1, p. 456. Lui haai, Lazy shark, local names. Snout short, narrowed toward and rounded at the end. Nasal cirrus rather short, in most cases not reaching the lip. The first dorsal appears to be larger than the ventrals, its origin is placed closer to a vertical from the ends of their bases, and the difference in size between this dorsal and the second dorsal is perhaps a trifle greater than in the species P. pantherinum. Like that species this one is subject to great variations in markings. As figured by Smith individuals of P. africanum have five or seven longitudinal bands each of which, between the head and the caudal region, divides into two narrow stripes while the lower one on each side breaks into spots or short bars behind the ventrals. On the cheek in front of the gill apertures there are some small spots. Other descriptions give five or seven bands along the upper parts each band sometimes lighter in the middle. Reaches a length of three feet or more. Types described from Algoa Bay and the Cape. Poroderma pantherinum. Poroderma pantherinum A. Smith, 1837, Proc. Zool. soc. Lond., p. 85. Poroderma variegatum A. Smith, 1837, ibid. Poroderma submaculatum A. Smith, 1837, ibid. Scyllium pantherinum Muller & Henle, 1841, Plagios., p. 13, pi. 7, f.; A.Smith, 1849, Afr. Pisces, pi. 25, f. 3; Dumeril, 1865, Elasm., p. 322. Scyllium africanum var. variegatum Gunth., 1870, Cat. fishes Brit, mus., 8, p. 406. Scyllium africanum var. pantherinum Gunth., 1870, ibid. Scyliorhinus pantherinus Regan, 1908, Ann. mag. nat. hist., ser. 8, 1, p. 456. Snout short, blunt, rounded at the end. Nasal cirrus reaching the lip or beyond it. Origin of the first dorsal a short distance behind a vertical from the bases of the ventrals; base of first dorsal nearly two thirds, and base of sec- ond dorsal less than half the length of the anal base. One third or more of the base of the second dorsal lies behind that of the anal. Pectorals nearly as broad as long, subtruncate. Greyish to brownish, with brown markings. Smith says fresh specimens CATULUS. 71 have, nn the head, the hack, the sides superiorly, and the tops of the pectorals, a tint intermediate between lavender-purple and brownish purple-red, the dorsals and pectorals stronger in the reddish or flesh color, and on the lower surfaces generally and the caudal a yellowish gray faintly tinted with flesh-red. The variety paniherinum is marked by spots and rings or enclosures; var. varie- gatum by spots and longitudinal streaks. An individual from the Cape shows the brown rings placed nearly in longitudinal as also to some extent in transverse rows. It exhibits many of the rings divided into two, each of which is open toward the other. All stages of this division are to be seen; whether it is made more often vertically or longitudinally is undecided. Many of the halves resemble the letter C. On Smith's figure of P. variegatum the spots are small, numerous, and in some measure arranged longitudinally. Above the middle of the flank they tend to form two long stripes; the fins are immaculate. The figure of P. panthcrinum has the fins and the head sprinkled with small maculae and the body is closely marked by brown rings or enclosures of no regularity in positions or shapes. Reaches three feet or more in length. South Africa. Catulus. Catulus Valmont, 1768, Diet. hist, nat., 4, p. 51; A. Smith, 1837, Proc. Zool. soc. Lond., p. 85 (part). Scyliorhinus Blainv., 1816, Bull. Soc. phil., p. 121 (part). Scyllium Cuv., 1817, Reg. anim., 2, p. 124 (part). Body shorter than the tail; head and caudal short; snout short, blunt. Nostrils distinct from the mouth, or, in the species in which the posterior nasal valve is cirroid, with a rudimentary nasoral groove. Anterior nasal valves not confluent across the internarial space, cirri absent or rudimentary. Spir- acles small, close to the corner of the eye. Mouth large; a labial fold on the lower jaw. Teeth in numerous rows, each tooth with a median larger cusp and one to several small lateral cusps. Gill openings small, hindmost above the pectoral. Dorsals and anal small, anal the largest; caudal short. First dorsal above or behind the bases of the ventrals. Ventrals of the male more or less concrescent above the claspers. Fossil species from the Cretaceous and later. Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. Anterior nasal valves reaching the mouth posterior nasal valves cirroid ; a shallow nasoral groove first dorsal behind ends of ventrals bases second dorsal partly above the base of the anal caniculus (page 72) 72 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. second dorsal wholly behind base of anal length of anal base about equal its distance from the caudal duhamelii (page 73) length of anal base less than its distance from caudal capensis (page 74) posterior nasal valves not cirroid first dorsal at ends of ventrals second dorsal base with half its length behind the anal base marked by scattered spots as large as the eye, larger and smaller stellaris (page 57) Anterior nasal valves not reaching the mouth posterior nasal valves broad, not cirroid first dorsal behind the ends of the ventrals second dorsal small, mainly behind the anal marked by a network of brown . . retifer (page 76) marked by transverse series of blotches of brown and of whitish boa (page 77) first dorsal at the ends of the ventrals; snout short second dorsal small, at the end of the anal marked by transverse blotches of brown and by spots of whitish torazatne (page 77) first dorsal ending above the ventrals second dorsal small, half its base behind that of the anal uniform brown cephalus (page 78) Catulus caniculus. Galeus stellaris major Belon, 1553, Aquat., p. 73. Catulus minor Salviani, 1554, Aquat., fol. 137, 138, fig. 46; Aldrovandi, 1613, Pise. & Cet, p. 390; Will., 1686, Pise, p. 64, pi. B4, no. 2; Jonst., 1649, Pise, p. 25, pi. 8, f. 2. Canicula aristotelis Rondelet, 1554, Pise, p. 380; Gesneb, 1558, Aquat., p. 198. Catulus major vulgaris Ray, 1713, Pise, p. 22; Valmont, 1768, Diet. hist, nat., 4, p. 51 . Squalus sp. Artedi, 1738, Ichthyologia, Gen., p. 68, 69, no. 10-11; Gronow, 1756, Mus. 2, p. 44, no. 199; 1763, Zoophy., 1, p. 32, no. 144. Squalus canicula Linne, 1758, Syst., 1, p. 234; Bonnaterre, 1788, Iehth., p. 6; Gmelin, 1789, Linne" Syst., 1, p. 1490; Risso, 1826, Hist, nat., 3, Poissons, p. 116. Squalus catulus Linne, 1758, Syst., 1, p. 235; Brunnich, 1768, Ichth. Massiliensis, p. 5; Bloch, 1785, Ausl. fische, 1, p. 21, pi. 114; Gmelin, 1789, Linne" Syst., 1, p. 1490; Schn., 1801, Bloch Ichth., p. 127; Donovan, 1804, Br. fish., pi. 55; Risso, 1810, Ichth. Nice, p. 29; Gray, 1851, Chondro- pterygii, p. 29; 1854, Gron. syst., p. 5. Lesser dog Jish Pennant, 1769, Zool., 3, p. 90. Catulus stellaris major Duhamel, 1777, Trait6, 3, sect, ix, p. 304, pi. 22, f. 1 . Le squale rockier Lacepede, 1798, Poiss., 1, p. 233, pi. 10, f. 1. Galeus caniculus Rafinesqde, 1810, Ind. itt. Sic, p. 46. CATULUS DUHAMELII. 73 Scylinrhinus caniculits Blainv., 1810, Bull. Soc. philom., p. 121; 1830, Poiss. Fr., p. 71, pi. 17, f. 1; Jen- sen, 1907, Dan. fiske, p. 301, pi. 27, f. 3; Regan, 1908, Ann. mag. nat. hist., ser. 8, 1, p. 458. Scyllium canicula Cuv., 1817, Reg. anim., 2, p. 124; Pabnell, 1838, Mem. Wern. soc, 7, p. 407; Bona- parte, 1841, Icon. Fauna Ital., Pesci, pi. 48, f. 1; Muller & Henle, 1841, Plagios., p. 6, pi. 7; Kroyer, 1853, Danm. fiske, 3, p. 814; Nilsson, 1855, Fisk. Skand., p. 711; Dumeril, 1865, Elasm., p. 315; Bocage & Capello, 1866, Plagios., p. 11; Gunth., 1870, Cat. fishes Brit, mus., 8, p. 402; Canestrini, 1872, Ital. pesci, p. 50; Malm, 1877, Goteb. och Bohus. fauna, p. 619; Winther, 1879, Prodr., p. 57; Collett, 1875, Norges fiske, p. 210; Moreau, 1881, Poiss. France, 1, p. 278; Doderlein, 1881, Man. ittiol. Medit., 2, p. 24; Day, 1884, Brit, fishes, 2, p. 309, pi. 159, f. 1. Scylliorhinus catulus Blainv., 1830, Poiss. Fr., p. 69, pi. 17, f. 1. Scylliorhinus elegans Blainv., ibid., p. 73. Rough hound Couch, 1867, Brit, fishes, 1, p. 14, pi. 2. Snout short, broadly rounded. Nostrils nearer to the mouth than to the end of the snout. Anterior nasal valves reaching the mouth in a broad flap in which they are narrowly separated at their point of attachment in front of the symphyses of the jaws; a very rudimentary cirrus on each valve. Posterior nasal valve a narrow short cirroid. A shallow nasoral groove. Mouth wide, much curved; upper lips concealing the lower at the angles; a labial fold at the angles, on the lower jaw, extending half way to the symphysis. Eyes moderate; edge of lower lid closing within the upper. Spiracle small, near the corner of the eye. Gill openings small, hindmost two above the base of the pectoral. Dorsals small; origin of the first dorsal a short distance farther back than the ends of the bases of the ventrals; second dorsal smaller, origin above the hindmost fourth of the base of the anal. Base of the anal one and two thirds times as long as that of the first dorsal; tip of the fin ending below the middle of the base of the second dorsal or farther back. Ventrals very oblique, those of the male joined above the claspers and more produced. The base of the anal is longer than its distance from the caudal and it subtends one fourth to one half of the forward portion of the base of the second dorsal. Light rusty or reddish brown thickly sprinkled with small spots of brown, smaller than the eye to mere dots, on back and flanks, larger and more widely scattered on the fins and on the lower flanks. Among the specimens examined, males of eighteen inches were immature, and those of about two feet in length appeared to be quite mature and had claspers fully developed. In the small variety usually confused with this, C. duhamelii, described below, the male is mature at a length of thirteen inches. Mediterranean and Atlantic; off the coasts of Europe. Catulus duhamelii, sp. nov. Catulus saxatilis Duhamel, 1777, Trait.6 3, sect. 9, p. 304, pi. 22, f . 2-3. Petite roussette ou Chat rochier Duhamel, 1777, loc. cit. 74 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. Snout short, longer than the mouth, broadly rounded at the end. Nostrils nearer to the mouth than to the end of the snout. Anterior nasal valves broad, reaching the mouth, narrowly separated from one another at their median attachment; posterior valves narrow, cirroid. A labial fold on the lower jaw, extending half way to the symphysis. Upper lip closing outside of the lower at the angles. Eye medium ; lower lid closing inside the upper. Teeth very small, with three to five cusps, median longest; six rows at the symphysis of the lower jaws of much smaller teeth. Spiracle small, close to the angle of the eye. Gill openings moderate, anterior widest, hindmost smaller and above the pectoral. Dorsal fins small, first larger and originating a short distance behind the ends of the bases of the ventrals; origin of the second dorsal at the end of the base of the anal. Anal base twice the length of the base of the first dorsal, longer than its own distance from the caudal. Subcaudal short, its basal length nearly one and one half times that of the anal. Hack and fins with diffused or indefinite spots and blotches of brown vary- ing greatly in depth of color, especially toward the back, where they are darker more or less fused and intermixed with others of white. Description from a female of 17 inches, from the Adriatic, and from a fully mature male of 131 inches, from Nice. Distinguished from Catulus caniculus by the positions of the dorsals and by the markings, and from C. stellaris by the positions of the dorsals, the markings, and a narrower separation of the nasal valves on the internarial space at the mouth. It is the smaller southern race of C. caniculus. Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic coasts of Europe. Catulus capensis. Scyllium capense A. Smith, 1837, Proe. Zool. soc. Lond., p. 85; Mullbr & Heni.e, 18-11, Plagios., p. 11; Dumeeil, 1865, Elasm., p. 320; Gunth., 1870, Cat. fishes Brit, mus., 8, p. 404; Regan, 1908, Ann. mag. nat. hist., ser. 8, 1, p. 458. Snout short, blunt. Anterior nasal valve reaching the mouth, broad, with a moderate attachment or median separation in front of the symphyses; a rudimentary cirrus. Labial fold short, on the lower jaw. Teeth small with one to two lateral denticles more or less distinct. Hindmost gill opening above the pectoral. First dorsal above the space between the ventrals and the anal, nearer to the former. Origin of second dorsal a little forward of the hind end of the base of the anal, fin smaller than that of the first dorsal. Base of the anal nearly twice as long as that of the second dorsal, length less than the distance from the caudal. Scales small, tricuspid. / CATULUS STELLARIS. 75 Back with alternating light cross-hands and darker ones with whitish spots. Lower surfaces uniform light. A longer species than the preceding, more closely allied to C caniculus. The types of the species were 24-41 inches in length. Off the coasts of southern Africa. CATULUS STELLARIS. Galeus stellaris, minor Belon, 1553, Aquat., p. 74. Catulus maior Salviani, 1554, Aquat., fol. 138, pi. 45; Will., 1686, Pise, p. 62, pi. B4, f. 1. Canicula saxatilis Rondelet, 1554, Pise, p. 383; Gesner, 1558, Aquat., 4, p. 199. Catuhis maximus Will., 1686, Pise, p. 63; Ray, 1713, Pise, p. 22. Squalus stellaris Linne, 1758, Syst., 1, p. 235; 1766, Syst.., 1, p. 399; Gmelin, 1789, Linn6 Syst., 1, p. 1491; Risso, 1810, Iohth. Nice, p. 31; 1826, Hist. nat. 3, Poissons, p. 116. Catulus saxatilis Valmont, 1768, Diet. hist, nat., 4, p. 51. Greater dog fish Pennant, 1769, Zool., 3, p. 88. he chat rochier Broussonet, 1780, Mem. Acad, roy., p. 651. Squalus canicula Bloch, 1785, Ausl. fische, 1, p. 16, pi. 112; Bonnaterre, 1788, Ichth., pi. 6, f. 17. he squale roussette Lacepede, 1798, Poissons, 1, pi. 9, f . 2. Galeus stellaris Rafinesqtie, 1810, Ind. itt. Sic, p. 46. Scyllium catulus Cuv., 1817, Reg. anim., 2, p. 124; Parnell, 1838, Mem. Wern. soe, 7, p. 410; Muli.er & Henle, 1841, Plagios., p. 7; Dumeril, 1865, Elasm., p. 316; Bocage & Capello, 1866, Plagios., p. 11; Coste, 1867, Compt. rend. Acad, sci., p. 99; 1867, Ann. mag. nat. hist., ser. 3, 19, p. 227; Moreau, 1881, Poiss. France, 1, p. 280; Day, 1884, Brit, fishes, 2, p. 312, pi. 159, f. 2. Scyllium stellare Fleming, 1828, Brit, anim., p. 165; Bonaparte, 1841, Icon. Fauna Ital., Pesci, pi. 48, f. 2; Thompson, 1856, Nat. hist. Ireland, 4, p. 247; Gunth., 1870, Cat. fishes Brit, mus., 8, p. 402; Malm, 1877, Goteb. och Bonus, fauna, p. 622. Scijlliorhinus stellaris Blainv., 1830, Poiss. Fr., p. 71, pi. 17, f. 2; Regan, 1908, Ann. mag. nat. hist., ser. 8, 1, p. 457. Nurse hound Cor/cn, 1867, Brit, fishes, 1, p. 11, pi. 1. Snout short, little longer than the mouth, broadly rounded in front. Nos- trils little nearer to the mouth than to the end of the snout. Anterior nasal valves short, reaching the mouth, broad, with a rather wide space half the width of each valve between them at the lip, and with a prominent rudiment of a cirrus on the middle of each; posterior valves small, short, broad, not cir- roid. Width of mouth twice the length; a short labial fold on the lower jaw, not reaching half way to the symphysis. Eye medium; edge of lower lid clos- ing within the upper. Gill openings narrow; hindmost two very small, above the pectoral. Spiracle small, close to the corner of the eye. Dorsals small; anterior dorsal larger, origin little in front of the hinder ends of the bases of the ventrals. Base of second dorsal small, two thirds as long as the interdorsal space, half of its length extended forward above that of the anal. Base of anal less than twice as long as that of the second dorsal; lower margin of the fin broadly rounded. Subcaudal short, base less than four times the greatest depth, or less than twice the length of the anal base. Ventrals of the male united above the claspers. Scales small, rough, with three cusps, median largest. 76 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. Reddish or rusty brown with spots and scattered blotches of brown, ranging in size from small to as large as the eye, or larger, and larger on the flanks; fins maculate. Lower surfaces whitish. Young individuals, of six inches in length, have two rows of larger scales on the back, extending from the nape to points opposite the first dorsal and separated from one another by about ten rows of the smaller scales. In these enlarged scales the median cusp is lengthened and broadened and the laterae cusps are small or absent at one side of the median. Specimens of this size are rough and have seven or eight broad transverse bands of brownish on back and flanks in addition to the darker spots. Tips of fins lighter. On one speci- men four of the bands are behind the vent; one band crosses on the nape another between the pectorals a third in front of the dorsal, two others through the dorsals and two across the caudal fins. Mediterranean and Eastern Atlantic to the North Sea. Catulus retifer. Scyllium retiferum Garman, 1881, Bull. M. C. Z., 8, p. 233. Scylliorhinus retifer Jordan & Gilbert, 1883, Bull. 16, U. S. nat. mus., p. 869; Jord. & Everm., 1896, Bull. 47, U. S. nat. mus., p. 25; Goode & Bean, 1896, Mem. M. C. Z., 22, p. 16, pi. 1, f 14, 15; Regan, 1908, Ann. & mag. nat. hist., ser. 8, 1, p. 457. Body cavity nearly half of the total length. Snout depressed, blunt, length about equal to width of mouth. Nostrils much nearer to the mouth than to the end of the snout; anterior valves not reaching to the mouth, widely separated on the internarial space, with an indistinct rudiment of a cirrus; posterior valves short. Length of mouth two thirds of the width, lower lip with a fold at the angle reaching about one fourth of the distance to the symphy- sis. Eye moderate; lower lid apparently translucent or transparent, closing inside of the upper. Spiracle very small, close to the corner of the eye. Gill openings small, hindmost two above the bases of the pectorals. Dorsals small; first dorsal origin at a very short distance behind the ends of the bases of the ventrals, tip reaching the origin of the anal; second dorsal half as large as the first, origin above the posterior fourth of the base of the anal, nearly two thirds of the base extending behind that of the anal. Subcaudal short, narrow, widest at mid length. Ventrals of males partly united above the claspers. Scales small, with three to five keels. Light brown or reddish brown, crossed at irregular intervals by groups of two to four narrow black lines which are joined, toward the flanks, by short lines in such a manner as to enclose polygonal areas, thus forming a network in CATULUS TORAZAME. 77 which the meshes vary exceedingly in size and shape. Uniform light yellowish below. The first mesh of the network crosses the nape and passes backward to the first gill opening; the second crosses the ends of the bases and the third goes above the tips of the pectorals; the fourth mesh is over the origins of the ventrals; the fifth at the origin and the sixth at the end of the base of the first dorsal; the seventh and the eighth are similarly placed in regard to the second dorsal; and the eighth is at the origin and the ninth in the middle of the caudal. Specimen twelve inches in length, taken off the coast of Delaware, in a depth of 89 fathoms, Lat. 38° 22' 05" N.; Long. 73° 33' 40" W. Cattjlus boa. Scylliorhinus boa Goode & Bean, 1896, Mem. M. C. Z., 22, p. 17 (name only). Scylliorhinus retifer Goode & Bean, 1896, ibid., pi. 2, f. 6. Catulus relifer var. boa Ribeiro, 1904, Bol. Soc. nac. agric, p. 17. Catulus haeckelii Ribeibo, 1907, Arch. Mus. nac, 14, p. 163, pi. 8. Scyliorhinus relifer var. boa Regan, 1908, Ann. & mag. nat. hist., ser. 8, 1, p. 457. Rather closely allied to Catulus retifer in many respects. The specimen in hand is the type; it was that examined by Goode and Bean who had it figured (loc. cit.) as Scylliorhinus retifer. Their figure does not show all of the markings, is not exact in the shape of the tail, and differs from the type in other respects. The figure published by Ribeiro as Catulus haeckelii (he. cit.) gives a much better representation of C. boa. The transverse blotches of C. boa would be somewhat nearly outlined in the network of C. retifer, but the latter is without spots while the former has dark spots and blotches as shown in the figure of C. haeckelii, and also has spots of white scattered over the back and the flanks which may not appear in individuals of greater age. The markings can be depended on to distinguish C. boa from C. retifer. The type of the latter was taken off Barbados in water of 200 fathoms in depth; it measures six inches in total length. The type described as C. haeckelii is the more spotted and was 13 inches long; it was taken off Rio Janeiro in about 43 fathoms, giving the known range of C. boa from the West Indies to southern Brazil. Catulus torazame. Catulus torazame Tanaka, 15 March, 1908, Journ. Coll. sci., Tokyo, 23, p. 6, pi. 2, f. 2. Scyliorhinus rudis Pietschmann, 19 March, 1908, Anz. Akad. wiss. Wien, 10, p. 2; 1908, Sitzb. Akad. wiss. Wien, 117, p. 699, pi. 1, f. 3; Regan, 1908, Ann. * mag. nat. hist., ser. 8, 1. p. 457. Halaelurus rudis Tanaka, 1911, Fishes of Japan, 1, p. 13, f. 12. Halaelurus torazame Tanaka, 1912, Fishes of Japan, 6, p. 87. Body cavity nearly half of the total length. Snout short, little longer than the mouth, narrowed and rounded at the end. X' >strils nearer to the mouth 78 THE PLAGIOSTOMIA. than to the end of the snout; anterior valves not reaching the mouth, broad, widely separated on the internarial space; posterior valves shorter. Mouth large, its width more than twice its length; a short labial fold on the lower jaw. Dorsals small; first nearly equal the anal, origin above the ends of the bases of the ventrals ; second dorsal much smaller, origin behind the middle of the base of the anal. Subcaudal short, base nearly twice as long as the base of the anal. Scales rough, with one to three sharp cusps, a median keel and diverging striae. A small species the males of which mature at about twenty inches in length. Brown or greyish brown with nine or ten large irregular subquadrate blotches of darker across the back and the sides, and (on young) with scattered spots of whitish over ground color and blotches. Lower surfaces light, plain. Misaki, Japan. Catulus cephalus. Catulus cephalus Gilbert, 1891, Proc. U. S. nat. inns., 14, p. 541; Johd. & Everm., 1896, Bull. 47, U. S. nat. mus., p. 24. Scyliorhinus cephalus Regan, 1908, Ann. & m:ig. nat. hist., ser. 8, 1, p. 460. A small species from deep waters, taken off the Revillagigedo Islands in 460 fathoms, and in the Gulf of California at 362 fathoms. The description does not include the nasal valves, the labial folds, the eyes, etc., consequently the position of the species is not at all certain. It is placed here provisionally. Head wider and snout shorter than in Parmaturus xaniurus. Length of snout less than half its greatest width. The dorsals are the larger, the anal is the smaller, nearly equal the second dorsal and ending slightly in front of it. The first dorsal terminates above the ventrals instead of behind them. The position of the second dorsal is said to agree with that of Halaelurus canescens, that is its origin is nearly above the middle of the base of the anal. Males of about ten inches in length were nearly mature. Uniform brown, above and below. ( 'ephaloscyllium. Scyliorhinus Blaix., 1816, Bull. Soc. philom., p. 121 (part). Cephaloscyllium Gill, 1861, Ann. X. Y. lye, 7, p. 412. Body robust, longer than the tail. Head broad, depressed. Snout short, blunt, narrowing rapidly forward. Nostrils distant from one another, near the lip. nearer to the end of the snout than to the angles of the mouth; no nasoral groove; valves not extended on the internarial space, without cirri, posterior / CEPHALOSCYLLIUM ISABELLUM. 70 short and joined to the anterior at the inner ends. Mouth wide, greatly arched, distensible, labial folds rudimentary. Teeth small, numerous, with three to five cusps, median cusp longest. Eye lateral, orbit elongate, lower lid include' 1 by the upper in closing. Spiracle behind the eye. Hindmost gill openings above the pectoral. Dorsal behind the ventral origins. Second dorsal smaller than the first and smaller than the anal. Eastern Pacific to New Zealand and Australia and Japan. Band across the head extended from eyes to hindmost gill openings anal fin a little longer than the dorsal lower surfaces yellow .' . . . . isabellum (page 79) Band across the head not reaching from eye to gill openings interdorsal space not longer than base of first dorsal body with transverse bands and with spots; teeth small fins with blotches of dark on each side ventriosum (page 80) Band across the head obsolete; teeth minute interdorsal space longer than base of first dorsal body marbled and blotched with darker fins nearly uniform .... umbratile (page 80) CEPHALOSCYLLIUM ISABELLUM. L'Isabelle Broussonet, 1780, M<5m. Acad, roy., p. 648. Squalus Isabella Bonnaterre, 1788, Ichth.. p. 0; Walbaum, 1792, Artedi, p. 514; Donndorf, 1798, Zool. beytr., 3, p. 836. Squalus sabella Gmelin, 1789, Linne Syst., 1, p. 1489; Waite, 1910, Trans. N. Z. inst., 42, p. 384. Scyliorhinus isabellus Blainv., 1816, Bull. Soc. philom., p. 121. Scyllium laticeps Dumeril, 1853, Rev. et mag. zool., 34, p. 84, pi. 3, f. 2; 1865, Elasm., p. 323; Gunth., 1870, Cat. fishes Brit, mus., 8, p. 404. Cephaloscyllium laliceps Gill, 1861, Ann. N. Y. lye, 7, p. 408 (name only). Scyliorhinus laticeps Regan, 1908, Ann.